, / 1 } WOR UNE 'D--GU IDE THROUGH A PHOTOGRAPHERS EY~E ~INTERESTING FACTS Y O f8 MARGARET B. 5OGAN~, Ph.D -MICHEID. BOGAN, M.S. AUDREY R. SWINDAL, B.S. f r 6 x ~4j " I C9 f r Cs r I, / I p   Vt S.-,, I,' 'S.) CI) tj.S  INTRODUCTION This book is designed for the student learner and adult new to Florida tree identification. It is unique in several ways. It is designed as a photographically intense representation of the flowering cycle of the trees allowing the user to see details that are not commonly found in identification books. These pictures make it easy to compare plant species and display details which are hard to describe in common, nontechnical, language. Each picture is large and detailed. Further distinguishing details necessary for identification is facilitated by large photos of leaves, stems and seeds. The text is additionally enhanced by not only having a Table of Contents, a Scientific Index and a Common Name Index, it has a Photographic Index, arranged by the habitat of the tree or, as we say, "in what kind of an environment am I standing", the woods, near salt water, near a river or a pond. Important technical terms are highlighted and can be found in the vocabulary section at the end of the text. Terms are defined in non-technical and technical language. Students can learn tree identification, botanical terms, connect the terms for tree parts with detailed photographs which stimulate visual memory learning, locate species within plant community types and see tree morphology not always visible without magnification. Habitats are described as you perceive them when you are standing in the middle of a habitat. Plants that cross habitats are indexed multiple times. In addition, a photo-tagged page with interesting, little known facts about a species, precedes the botanical information. Concomitant rationale for book development was the request of our many friends. We had become members of a state-recognized Muskogee Creek Indian village and became aware of the integral nature of plant identification and usage in the beliefs and everyday life of the village. Plants eaten, used to treat ailments, and underlie the inner workings of the Muskogee Creek cosmology and cultural practices. Because of the interdependence of all these parts of everyday life, it is necessary for plants to be preserved. Utilization of plants for food and medicine can only be practiced if the specific species continue to exist in populations sufficiently large for collection. Many members are used to being "in a habitat" and connect important plants in relation to nearby landmarks and species. The habitat index reinforces plants with their physical locations. The animal species which are part of the life of the Muskogee Creek depend on the continued presence of these plant species, habitats, to maintain the animals' populations. The cosmological beliefs and cultural practices of these People define and separate them from other groups. Plants which facilitate communication with the supernatural and reinforce ideas and beliefs within the group are mandatory for the continued self-identity of the group. i  Many members of the village came to the group as adults searching for their cultural background without formal schooling and had limited contact with traditional knowledge or interest in schooling. Consequently the people possessed very rudimentary knowledge of plant identification and less knowledge of the utility of plants. However, as they are knowledgeable outdoorspeople, they know "if I find plant 'A' here, I will also find plant 'B' nearby." It was their request to have an easily used source for some of the cultural information. Other groups also approached us for a text to supply information about common plants of Florida. This compilation is the result of these requests and our own need for a source of easily used plant identification information. The book is computer ready, pictures are easily projected. The volume is usable with modern electronic technologies. ii  TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction i Table of Contents iii Acer negundo 1 Acer rubrum 8 Aesculus pavia 15 Albizia julibrissin 22 Albizia lebbeck 29 Annona glabra 36 Aralia spinosa 43 Ardisia escallonioides 50 Asimina obovata 57 Avicennia germinans 64 Befaria racemosa 71 Bursera simaruba 78 Caesalpinia bonduc 85 Calicarpa americana 92 Carpinus caroliniana 99 Carya glabra 106 Carya illinoensis 113 Celtis laevigata 120 Cephalanthus occidentalis 127 iii  Page Cercis canadensis 134 Chionanthus virginicus 141 Chrysobalanus icaco 148 Cinnamomum camphora 155 Coccoloba uvifera 162 Concarpus erectus 169 Cornus florida 176 Cornus foemina 183 Delonix regia 190 Diospyros virginiana 197 Ficus aurea 204 Fraxinus caroliniana 211 Gordonia lasianthus 218 Hamelia patens 225 Hydrangea querciafolia 232 Ilex cassine 239 Ilex glabra 246 Ilex opaca 253 Ilex opaca arenicola 260 Iex vomitoria 267 tea virginica 274 Licania michauxaii 281 iv  Liquidamber styraciflua 288 Lyonia ferruginea 295 Lyonia lucida 302 Magnolia ashei 309 Magnolia grandiflora 316 Magnolia virginiana 323 Melaleuca quinquenervia 330 Myrica cerifera 337 Myrsine floridana 344 Ostrya virginiana 351 Persea borbonia borbonia 358 Persea borbonia humulis 365 Persea palustris 372 Pinus clausa 379 Pinus elliotii 386 Pinus palustris 393 Platanus occidentalis 400 Prunus angustifolia 407 Prunus caroliniana 414 Prunus serotina 421 Quercus chapmanii 428 Quercus geminata 435 Quercus hemisphaerica 442 v  Quercus laevis 449 Quercus laurifolia 456 Quercus michauxii 463 Quercus myrtifolia 470 Quercus nigra 477 Quercus virginiana 484 Rhizophora mangle 491 Rhus copallinum 498 Sabal palmetto 505 Salix caroliniana 512 Sambucus canadensis 519 Sassafras albidum 526 Schinus terebinthifolius 533 Serenoa repens 540 Sesbania punicea 547 Sideroxylon lanuginosa 554 Swietenia mahogoni 561 Taxodium ascendens 568 Taxodium distichum 575 Ulmus alata 582 Ulmus americana 589 Vaccinium arboretum 596 Vaccinium myrsinites 603 vi  Vaccinium stamineum 610 Zanthoxylum clava-herculis 617 Vocabulary 625 List of References 645 Bibliography 653 Internet Resources 655 Scientific Name Index 657 Common Name Index 663 Community Key 667 Leaf Key vii  VIII  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Boxelder Acer negundo (L.) or BOX ELDER or can be tapped for a sugary syrup. When boiled, the inner bark yields crystallized sugar. Dried and powered, the inner bark is used as a soup thickener. Bark tea has been used traditionally as an emetic. BOX ELDER has edible seeds. Leaves serve as a preservative for packing fruit and or root crops. BOX ELDER burls have been used to make drums. (1,2) 001  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Boxelder BOXELDER or ASH LEAFED MAPLE Acer negundo L. (AY-ser neh-GUHN-doe) GENERAL The BOXELDER is a deciduous tree with a dense, round crown. It grows about 15m or 45 to 50' tall. The round crown is about 12m or 35 to 40' wide. The BOXELDER is unique and fairly easy to recognize because few trees in north Florida have both opposite and compound leaves. Though fast growing, BOXELDERS' tend to have weak, brittle wood of little commercial value. They are best used to help stabilize stream banks and reclaimed land. The fruit provides food for squirrels and other animals. Attractive golden leaves provide visual beauty to the cool fall weather. 002  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Boxelder 003  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Boxelder FLOWERS AND FRUIT Clusters bundles. spring. of small, yellowish flowers grow in fascicles or They appear before the leaf buds burst in early The fruit is typical of all shaped double samara or Samara swirl to the ground maples; a reddish brown, V- winged seed with two wings. like tiny windmills. 004  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Boxelder LEAVES AND STEMS BOXELDER leaves are opposite and with 3 to 5 leaflets. pinnately compound The margins have coarse serrations or teeth similar to other maple leaves. Each leaflet has a long tapering apex or tip with a wedge shaped base. They are variable in shape. The leaves are 15 to 35cm or 6 to 15" long. In the fall, they turn yellow to orange before dropping. 005  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Boxelder The twigs are smooth, and the trunk. Thin, gray-brown fissures. branches usually form low on bark has ridges with shallow 006  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Boxelder DISTRIBUTION BOXELDER is a lowland plant typically found in floodplains and along the banks of rivers and streams. In Florida, they are found from the Apalachicola River to Osceola and Polk County. It is also found from eastern Texas to Vermont. 007  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Red Maple The RED MAPLE or Acer rubrum L. is referred to as October Glory, Red Sunset and Autumn Fantasy (3)! In the fall season leaves turn from green to yellow to a fiery red (4)! Boiled inner bark produces a purple color which an be turned into ink or dye with the addition of lead sulfate (5). Boiled sap yields a good flavored maple syrup of small quantity (6). Fire suppression in the SE permits the RED MAPLE bark to grow thick fire tolerant bark (7). 008  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Red Maple RED MAPLE A cer rubrum L. (AY-ser ROO-brum) GENERAL RED MAPLE is a native, deciduous tree that grows to 25 m or 75'. RED MAPLE provides seasonal color with its red and bronze leaves, seeds and blooms. After the leaves turn red and drop in November and December, they are immediately replaced with colorful blooms and fruits. The genus name, Acer, is Latin for "sharp," and rubrum means "red." These terms describe the leaves. Acer also refers to the wood being used for spear points. The RED MAPLE is a good landscape tree. The strong, hard wood is used for furniture and woodworking. Folk and Native American medicine traditions use an infusion made from the inner bark for cramps, dysentery, hives, and as a wash for sore eyes. 009  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Red Maple 010  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Red Maple FLOWERS AND FRUIT Stalked clusters appear at the leaf of tiny, axils in red to coppery yellow December and January. flowers 011  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Red Maple The flowers are followed by bright red, two-winged samara or 2 seeds with wings. These seeds swirl downward in a spiral motion. 012  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Red Maple LEAVES AND STEMS RED MAPLE leaves 3 lobes. The leaves have palmate veins lobe tips. are simple, opposite and usually have are 5 to 15cm or 2 to 6" long. Leaves and acute apices or long, tapering The lobes are cut less than % way to the main vein. Margins are serrate or toothed to doubly-toothed. The glabrous or smooth leaves are light green above and paler green underneath. When grown in the sun, the petioles and central veins are red. The bark is gray and smooth when young, becoming ash gray and furrowed when older. 013  ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Red Maple DISTRIBUTION RED MAPLES grow in Florida's swamps and wetlands south to the Tamiami Trail. They also grow west to Texas and north to Canada. 014  HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye Family) Red Buckeye RED BUCKEYE or Aesculus pavia L. is called the firecracker plant! The large clusters of red tubular flowers appear in early spring. It is an important food source to hummingbirds and the season's first butterflies (8)! Leaves are velvety purple-green at first unfolding. They have considerable fall color and drop leaves early. Seeds look like chestnuts but are POISONOUS when eaten. All parts of the tree are TOXIC (9). 015  HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye Family) Red Buckeye RED BUCKEYE Aesculus pavia L. (ESS-kew-lus PAY-vee-uh) GENERAL RED BUCKEYE is an attractive, shrubby tree that grows to about 10m or 30' tall. It often has multiple trunks. It is an under story tree found in mesic, or moderately moist forests. It is the only deciduous tree in northern Florida with palmately compound leaves of five leaflets. RED BUCKEYE is a Florida native used in landscapes because of the beautiful panicles of bright red flowers, attractive fruit and graceful branches. Several cultivars are available in native plant nurseries. They grow easily from seeds and bloom in about three years. Hummingbirds are drawn to the flowers, and squirrels and other small mammals enjoy the nuts. According to Julia Morton, the leaves and seeds have caused poisoning in grazing animals and children. Carrying a seed in the pocket was believed to prevent hemorrhoids. 016  HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye Family) Red Buckeye 017  HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye Family) Red Buckeye FLOWERS AND FRUIT Large terminal panicles or branching clusters of tubular, red flowers emerge in early spring along with the new leaves. They grow to 5 to 15cm or 2 to 6". Each flower is about 4cm or 1% " across. 018  HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye Family) Red Buckeye Though the RED BUCKEYE will bloom in full shade, it will have more flowers in sunny locations. RED BUCKEYE fruit consists of flat, round capsules that split open to reveal several attractive seeds. THESE SEEDS ARE POISONOUS TO HUMANS. LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are opposite to sub-opposite and palmately compound. Individual leaflets are elliptic with finely serrated margins and pinnate veins. 019  HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye Family) Red Buckeye The leaves are dark green on the upper surface and lighter green on the undersides. The undersides are slightly hairy especially at vein axils. The leaf blades are 10 to 20cm or 4 to 8" long. 020  HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye Family) Red Buckeye The young twigs are As the tree grows, frequently grows with into a single trunk. smooth and reddish the branches tend multiple trunks, but brown in color. to droop. It can be pruned DISTRIBUTION Found in moist areas along streams, hammocks, ravines and bottom lands, RED BUCKEYE is not drought-tolerant. It is found throughout northern Florida southward to Seminole County, then along the Coastal Plain from Virginia to Texas. 021  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Mimosa The MIMOSA or Albiziajulibrissin Durazz. is one of China's most famous botanicals. The flower and bark are both used for anxiety and depression relief. It rivals the western herbal St. Johns Wort (10,11)! CORPUS OF DISCUSSION ON HERBS: "Sweet in taste, mild in smell, it promotes mental relaxation and a peaceful attitude of mind and spirit (12)." Researchers in the Journal of Ethnopharmocology identified the chemicals therein! When flowers drop off trees and land on the rose bushes, they kill the roses! Not from lack of sun do the roses die but because the flowers drop off the tree and die on the rose foliage, killing the foliage (13). 022  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Mimosa MIMOSA or SILK TREE Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (al-BEE-zee-uh ju-lih-BRISS-in) GENERAL The MIMOSA or Silk Tree is fast growing and deciduous. It grows to 11m or 35'. Albizia julibrissin has an open, airy, umbrella-like canopy with branches that arch gracefully. MIMOSA is resistant to wind damage and allows enough light for grass to grow close to the trunk, making it ideal as a lawn accent tree. Originally from China, the MIMOSA has been cultivated as an ornamental in the southeastern United States and Europe since the 18th century. A common exotic tree of North and Central Florida, MIMOSA is listed as a CATEGORY 1 PEST PLANT by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council because of ecological damage caused by escaped seedlings. There are several named cultivars differing mainly in flower color. MIMOSA fragrance attracts honeybees. 023  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Mimosa 024  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Mimosa FLOWERS AND FRUIT Fragrant, tiny pink flowers are arranged in compound clusters about 15cm or 6" across. 025  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Mimosa They look like fluffy powder puffs. 026  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Mimosa The flat seeds are held in yellow-green pods that are 15cm or 6" long. LEAVES AND STEMS The leaves are alternate, feather-like and bipinnately or twice compound. Each leaf has a central side branches bearing up at night. The leaf is rachis or leaf stem with 12 or more half-inch leaflets. The leaflets fold 10 to 35cm or 4 to 14" long. 027  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Mimosa The trunk is smooth. DISTRIBUTION MIMOSA grows mostly in the northern half of Florida and throughout the United States, Europe and China. 028  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Woman's Tongue WOMAN'S TONGUE or Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. yields a light-colored honey which is highly regarded by beekeepers (14). Its bark contains saponin used to make soap (15). Tannins are used for tanning leather. WOMAN'S TONGUE gum made from sap is used as a substitute for gum arabic. The bark is an anti-inflammatory; seeds are used as an aphrodisiac and for leprosy. The wood is used in cabinet making as a veneer. It is sometimes called Indian walnut (16). 029  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Woman's Tongue WOMAN'S TONGUE or LEBBECK'S ALBIZIA Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (al-BEE-zee-uh LEB-bek) GENERAL WOMAN'S TONGUE is a deciduous tree that grows to 12m or 36' tall. It has a rounded, spreading crown. WOMAN'S TONGUE was introduced to Florida as an ornamental in the late 1880's. In the early 1930's it was identified as invading the tropical hammocks of the Florida Keys. By 1990 it was recognized colonizer of disturbed areas. as a fast-growing Today, it is CATEGORY a 1 common exotic tree. PEST PLANT by the It is Florida listed Exotic as a Pest and Plant Council. Seedlings should be discouraged, large trees should be removed. 030  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Woman's Tongue 031  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Woman's Tongue FLOWERS AND FRUIT WOMAN'S TONGUE has showy round clusters of creamy white flowers with long stamens that form near the stem tips. They are 5 to 6cm or 2 to 2%" across. 032  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Woman's Tongue The flat, linear seed pod is 20 to 25cm or 8 to 10" long. It contains a single row of seeds. The dried pods persistent after the leaves fall and may be heard rattling in the wind. 033  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Woman's Tongue LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate and Each has 5 pairs of pinnae. of evenly-pinnate leaflets. range to 2 to 4cm or 1 to above, paler green below. bipinnately or twice compound. Each pinna has 10 to 15 pairs They are elliptic to oblong and 2" long. They are dull green The full leaves are 15 to 40cm 034  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Woman's Tongue or 6 to 16" long. base. The petiole has an elliptic gland near the The green stems have noticeable lenticels or pores. have no spines or thorns. They The bark is light gray. DISTRIBUTION WOMAN'S TONGUE is native to tropical Asia to northern Australia. It is found in yards and escaped in hammocks from central Florida to the Keys. 035  Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Pond Apple Annona is a Haitian or Taino Indian dialect name for the plant. Alligators sometimes eat the fruit hence the name Alligator apple. Though edible, the species is not commonly eaten in the western hemisphere. It tastes astringent, but it does provide food for wildlife. It is used to make wine and jelly. The bark is an excellent home for orchids and other air plants. The light and soft wood is used to substitute cork in fishing nets. It is a 'freshwater or brackish water mangrove' as its roots tolerate both high tide and freshwater flooding. Islanders make the fruit into a juice that some say has a noble taste. Called Kalhuhuthu Meyvaa, on the Island Republic of the Maldives, Annona glabra, is considered a pest plant to the islands in the Indian ocean (17,18,19,20). 036  Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Pond Apple POND APPLE Annona glabra (an-NO-na GLA-bra) GENERAL The POND APPLE is a semi-deciduous shrub or small tree with many branches. It grows to 13m or 40' tall. Its trunk is buttressed. POND APPLE is water tolerant and can spend long periods with its roots under water. The species name, glabra, means "without hairs" and refers to the smooth, leathery leaves. Annona glabra serves as good root stock for other Annoneacea. Annona squamosa, the Sugar Apple, is its only relative in the USA. A. squamosa was introduced for its sweet fruit and is found mostly in planted landscapes in the Keys. 037  Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Pond Apple 038  Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Pond Apple FLOWERS AND FRUIT The creamy white flowers hang on short stalks. petals form an interesting triangular bud. Six thick The edible spots. fruit is egg shaped, pale yellow with brown 039  Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Pond Apple LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate and simple. They are shiny green and leathery and grow to about 7.5 to 15cm or 3 to 6" long. They are pointed and fold into a V-shape from the midrib. The leaves are similar to some species of Ficus (fig family), but the reflexed leaves and unusual flower distinguish the POND APPLE. 040  Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Pond Apple I" y I 54 4.__ _ 041  Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Pond Apple DISTRIBUTION POND APPLE grows in freshwater ponds and wet hammocks from Brevard County south. 042  ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Devil's Walking Stick Devil's walking stick or Aralia spinosa L. is often used for its tropical looking landscape effects. The tea from the bark was given as a purgative while the berries were used in pain killing preparations. Flowers must be FULL of nectar in the afternoon as they are then absolutely covered with honeybees! Raw berries are toxic; ripe berries are a food for wildlife (22). 043  ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Devil's Walking Stick DEVIL'S WALKING STICK Aralia spinosa L. (uh-RAY-lee-uh spin-OH-suh) GENERAL The DEVIL'S WALKING STICK is a deciduous, shrubby tree with sharp spiny thorns that spiral around the trunk. A mature specimen may grow up to 6m or 10 to 20' tall. They tend to grow with a single, thorny stem with a cluster of leaves at the top. Rhizomatous roots are thick underground horizontal stems. They produce roots and shoots which develop into new plants. This accounts for the colonial growth habit of Aralia spinosa. It is frequently mistaken as Zanthoxylum clava-herculis or Hercules Club. Native Americans found A. spinosa to be useful as medicine. It was used to kill pain and infections of the skin and eyes. Asians eat specially prepared young tips of Aralia edulis with hot sauce. The flowers produce copious amounts of nectar valued by honeybees and Tiger Swallowtail butterflies. The berries provide food for birds and other wildlife. The terrible spines make it useful as a living barbed wire fence in the landscape. 044  ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Devil's Walking Stick 045  ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Devil's Walking Stick FLOWERS AND FRUIT Toward the end of summer, tiny white flowers form dense clusters up to 1 m or 3' long on terminal branches. The flowers are followed by large masses of purplish black drupes. Each berry is about 5 to 8mm or 1/4 to 3/8" in diameter. The stems are dark red. 046  ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Devil's Walking Stick 047  ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Devil's Walking Stick LEAVES AND STEMS Compound, fern-like leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate. They can grow up to 1.8m or 5' long. Spines are borne on the stems and ribs of the leaves. Dark green, oval leaflets have serrated margins with pointed tips. The texture is leathery. Rings of leaf scars are found along the stems. Lined with spines, they remind one of dog collars. 048  ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Devil's Walking Stick DISTRIBUTION DEVIL'S WALKING STICK is native to the eastern United States from New York to Florida to Texas and is found in the northern third of Florida's peninsula. It is an understory tree that grows best in light shade, but is tolerant of a wide range of light and moisture conditions. 049  Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) Marlberry Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham. or MARLBERRY is a prodigious native shrub of the central Florida interior, north to the Kissimmee area. It grows under the canopy of cabbage palmetto and live oak along with Callicarpa americana, Psychotria nervosa, and other understory vegetation. Several species of Ardisia sp. Are medicinal in nature but are so highly toxic, medicine should only be administered by a medicine maker or trained herb doctor. 050  Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) Marlberry MARLBERRY Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham. (ar-DIZ-ee-uh ess-kal-Ion-ee-OY-deez) GENERAL MARLBERRY or Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham. is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is endemic to Florida. It grows from 4 to 6m or 12 to 20' tall. It is usually around 5m or 15' at maturity. This glossy leaved plant is excellent for landscaping, having showy clusters of white flowers and fruits. These are desirable to birds and butterflies. It is easily pruned into a hedge, but naturally has an attractive, symmetrical shape. It is important not to confuse MARLBERRY with its close relative, Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Known as the Shoebutton Ardisia. Shoebutton Ardisia has small clusters of flowers and berries at the leaf axils while MARLBERRY has large terminal clusters or flowers and fruit. A. elliptica is a Rank I Pest plant. 051  Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) Mariberry 052  Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) Marlberry FLOWERS AND FRUIT Terminal clusters of fragrant white flowers are borne throughout the year. Some individuals have pink flowers. The fruit is a fleshy round drupe, starting out green, then turning to red and black as it ripens. It ranges to less than 1cm or 2' in length. It is considered edible to humans, but also attracts birds and other small fruit eating animals. 053  Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) Marlberry LEAVES AND STEMS The simple, evergreen leaves have entire margins. Elliptic to oval in shape, they are reflexed upward from the midrib. The glossy leaves are from 10 to 20cm or 4 to 8" long. 054  Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) Marlberry Multiple stems are characteristic, but the shrub can be trimmed into a small tree. The bark is light gray. 055  Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) Marlberry DISTRIBUTION Ardisia escallonioides is frequently found Flagler County to the north and throughout the central and southern peninsula of Florida. Highlands Hammock State Park plays host to many MARLBERRY. It grows in tropical and coastal hardwood hammocks in the Keys and West Indies. 056  ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) SCRUB PAWPAW Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash or SCRUB PAWPAW is a preferred larval food of the Zebra Swallowtail butterfly. The Zebra Swallowtail butterfly has adapted a toxin from Asimina leaves to use for its own protection. The common name pawpaw probably derives from the Spanish papaya due to a casual similarity of pawpaw fruit to papaya fruit. In the 1720's, Mark Catesby wrote the first description of an Asimina sp. He named it "Anona fructu lutescente levi scrotum Arietis referente." This translates to "the Annona with the a smooth yellowish fruit that resembles a ram's scrotum" (23,24,25) 057  ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) SCRUB PAWPAW SCRUB PAWPAW or FLAG PAWPAW Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash (a-SIM-in-uh ob-o-VAY-ta) GENERAL The SCRUB PAWPAW is a large shrub which sometimes becomes tree-like in the deep sands of coastal and inland scrub habitat. It can attain a height of 2 to 3m or 6 to 10'. It re-sprouts after fire. Listed as deciduous, it holds its leaves until new buds are ready to break. Asimina is from the native American name, assimin. The obovate shape of the leaves and outer petals describes the species name, obovata. The showy, fragrant flowers appear in spring, attracting Zebra Longwing butterflies. The edible fruit that follows provides food for wildlife. The Seminoles made a tea from the flowers and used it to treat kidney problems. 058  ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) SCRUB PAWPAW 059  ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) SCRUB PAWPAW FLOWERS AND FRUIT The fragrant white flowers are 10cm or 4" across, and wth. Three outer petals are form on the tips of new grc obovate to oval and tend to droop. The three markings. inner petals are smaller and have burgundy 060  ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) SCRUB PAWPAW The banana-like fruit is an oval berry about 6 to 12cm or 2 to 5" long, containing fairly large seeds. It is sweet, edible and is prized by wildlife, making it difficult to find a ripe one. 061  ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) SCRUB PAWPAW LEAVES AND STEMS The obovate shaped leaf blades are alternate, simple, entire and are about 10cm or 4" long. The base is narrow and attached to a short petiole. The apex is rounded or sometimes notched. The lighter green underside shows reticulated veins. When crushed, the leathery leaves have an unpleasant odor, making it distasteful to cattle and wildlife. The stems are red to brown and tomentose. The bark is dark gray to gray-brown. 062  ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) SCRUB PAWPAW DISTRIBUTION This species is restricted to scrubs of deep sand in central and coastal peninsular Florida. 063  AVICENNIACEAE (Black Mangrove Family) Black Mangrove Avicennia germinans L. or BLACK MANGROVE wood is dark, hard and dense. These properties make it useful for posts, construction and charcoal. Coastal fishing families like the charcoal for smoking fish. The charcoal gives the fish an agreeable flavor. The bark contains tannins used to cure leather. True natives of Florida, these valuable trees are an important resource that must be protected from development. According to Hartwell (1967-1971), peoples of the West Indies use the resin as a folk remedy for tumors (26,27,28). 064  AVICENNIACEAE (Black Mangrove Family) Black Mangrove BLACK MANGROVE Avicennia germinans L. (av-ih-SEN-ee-uh JER-min-ans) GENERAL BLACK MANGROVE is a shrubby, evergreen tree that grows in tidal flats and shallow saltwater areas around the warmer coasts of Florida. It can grow up to 25m or 75' tall. It grows shorter as it nears the cooler end of its range. Part of the group of plants known together as Mangroves, they are all noted for their importance in stabilizing coastal shores with their specialized root systems that trap detritus and other debris. BLACK MANGROVES are distinguished from the red and white mangroves by their many breathing tubes, called pneumatophores. They rise up through the sediment to just above the highest water level, providing air to the roots below the surface. As many as 10,000 pneumatophores may be found under a single tree. The mangroves are valuable food sources in the estuaries and coastal fisheries. They also serve as nurseries for coastal fish, birds and other wildlife. The nectar provides a very high quality honey. 065  AVICENNIACEAE (Black Mangrove Family) Black Mangrove 066  AVICENNIACEAE (Black Mangrove Family) Black Mangrove FLOWERS AND FRUIT Dense heads of white flowers appear repeatedly during the year. Tubular in shape with 4 petals, each little flower is only 0.2cm or 1/". The nectar is a valuable source in honey production. The fruit, known as a propagule, is about 2 to 3cm or 1" diameter. Each has one seed that sprouts while still on the tree. It then drops and floats with the tide until it reaches an area that is shallow enough for the roots to take hold. Sometimes that is directly under the tree. 067  AVICENNIACEAE (Black Mangrove Family) Black Mangrove LEAVES AND STEMS The simple, opposite leaves are 5 to Elliptical in shape, the leaf has a rounded tip. 10cm or 2 to 4" long. wedged base with a w 068  AVICENNIACEAE (Black Mangrove Family) Black Mangrove The entire or smooth margins may be rolled under. The upper surface, while shiny, is covered with salt crystals. Below, the leaf is densely pubescent or hairy. The bark is dark brown with vertical furrows. It is scaly, revealing an orange-red inner bark when it sloughs off. 069  AVICENNIACEAE (Black Mangrove Family) Black Mangrove DISTRIBUTION Species of BLACK MANGROVES grow in marine estuaries and warm tidal zones, usually at a higher elevation than Red Mangroves. It is found throughout the tropics from the Americas to Africa. In Florida it ranges from Cape Canaveral to Cedar Key southward into the Keys. Freezing temperatures, salinity, water temperature and tides are limiting factors. It grows farther north than Red and White Mangroves. 070  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Tar Flower Befaria racemosa or TAR FLOWER is also called Fly Catcher. Its flowers and fruit are sticky to the touch and often trap insects. The resin on TAR FLOWER has the same adhesive strength as commercially available glues for trapping insects. Bartram was the first to describe Florida's Tar flower. A review of his journal identified the plant as Befaria racemosa (29,30,31). 071  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Tar Flower TAR FLOWER or FLY CATCHER Befaria racemosa Vent. (be-FAR-i-a ray-se-MO-sa) Syn. Bejaria racemosa Vent. GENERAL TAR FLOWER is a showy member of the Heath family. The shrub grows upright to 1 to 2.5m or 4 to 7'. This permits it to rise above many other scrub plants. The vertical position of the foliage is a typical scrub adaptation to conserve moisture. Resembling its relative the Azalea, TAR FLOWER is quite striking when in flower. Its common name refers to the sticky feeling of the flower and calyx, or the green petals beneath the flower petals. You can even stick the flowers on your ears for earrings! The species name, racemosa, describes the inflorescence or flower stalk arrangement. A raceme is a long, single flower stalk whereon each flower is connected by its peduncle or individual stem. Once a stem it cut, its flowers will continue to open for a week or more. 072  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Tar Flower 073  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Tar Flower FLOWERS AND FRUIT The fragrant white or pale pink flowers usually grow to 2 to 3cm or 1 to 13/" long. They usually have seven separate petals set in terminal racemes as described in the general section. The lobed calyx is glutinous or sticky. The numerous stamens or male portion of the flower have pubescent or velvety filaments. The seed capsule is globose or globe shaped. 074  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Tar Flower LEAVES AND STEMS TAR FLOWER has alternate, evergreen leaves which are somewhat leathery. They have entire margins or are smooth along the edge of the leaf. Ovate to elliptic in shape, they are sticky to the touch. 075  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Tar Flower r 076  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Tar Flower Its hairy green stems harden and become woody. DISTRIBUTION TAR FLOWER prefers growing in sunny thickets in scrubs and pine flatwoods throughout the state of Florida into the coastal plains of Georgia. 077  BURSERACEAE (Gumbo Limbo Family) GUMBO LIMBO Bursera simaruba L. Sarg. or GUMBO LIMBO, resin has many uses: making incense, turpentine and varnish. GUMBO LIMBO resin is also used to treat gastritis, ulcers and to heal skin wounds. The red fruit of the GUMBO LIMBO attracts birds who, it is thought, use it as grinding stones in their crops (32,33,34). 078  BURSERACEAE (Gumbo Limbo Family) GUMBO LIMBO GUMBO LIMBO Bursera simaruba L. Sarg. (ber-SER-uh sim-uh-ROO-buh) GENERAL A native of South Florida, the GUMBO LIMBO is a mid- sized tree, about 20m or 60' tall. The round, spreading head is as wide as or wider than the height. The trunk and branches are very large in diameter. When very large pieces are stuck in the ground, they will quickly grow into new trees. It is easily distinguished from other trees by its compound leaves and peeling, aromatic bark. Because it looks sunburned and peeling, the tree is sometimes called the "Tourist Tree." In the Caribbean, it is called the "Naked Indian Tree." The wood is rather soft, lightweight and easy to carve. At one time it was used to carve carousel horses. It is valuable as a shade tree in parks and large yards. 079  0 0 CD 0 . E 0 .0 E JD 0 E 3 w U  BURSERACEAE (Gumbo Limbo Family) GUMBO LIMBO FLOWERS AND FRUIT GUMBO LIMBO's tiny green, inconspicuous flowers hang in terminal clusters in the springtime. The clusters of fleshy, red, oval fruits are about 1.5 to 2cm or 1" long. They appear in the fall and winter. They do not attract wildlife. 081  BURSERACEAE (Gumbo Limbo Family) GUMBO LIMBO LEAVES AND STEMS The alternate leaves are odd-pinnately compound with 5 to 9 leaflets and are 15 to 20cm or 6 to 8" long. The bright green leaflets have slightly wavy margins with long, tapering tips. 082  BURSERACEAE (Gumbo Limbo Family) GUMBO LIMBO When crushed, the leaves and bark of GUMBO LIMBO smell similar to turpentine. The stout twigs, branches and trunk have copper colored, papery bark that flakes off showing greenish patches. 083  BURSERACEAE (Gumbo Limbo Family) GUMBO LIMBO DISTRIBUTION GUMBO middens is native LIMBO is found in coastal hammocks and shell from Brevard and Pinellas counties southward. It to South Florida and the West Indies. 084  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Grey Nicker Kids who live near the coast frequently use Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) or NICKER BEANS as ammunition for war games! When a seed is rubbed vigorously on clothing it becomes fairly hot. Frictional heat is highlighted by concentric fracture lines on the seed coat. Touching a hot seed to the skin of an unsuspecting person is another favorite activity! Caesalpinia bonduc often acts like a liana or climbing plant using other trees for support. Its shiny gray seeds are very hard and are used as beads for used for jewelry. Bonducin, a white, bitter glycoside has been used as a substitute for quinine in the treatment of intermittent malarial fever. To evict land crabs from their burrows in urbanized areas, simply place a nicker bean in a crab hole. Due to its symmetry and smoothness, the crab cannot grab the smooth seed with its claws. The crab moves (35,36,37)! 085  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Grey Nicker NICKER BEANS Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. GENERAL NICKER BEANS are evergreen, tropical shrubs that can grow to 6m or 18 to 20' tall. They tend to sprawl over nearby vegetation. The branches, leaves and seed pods are densely armed with sharp, recurved spines. NICKER BEANS often form dense thickets along the backsides of dunes, and serve as barrier plants to seaside landscapes. Since the plants are ever blooming, it is easy to find seeds year round. The NICKER BEAN's grey seeds look like bird eggs on the sand. In some native cultures the seeds and leaves are used medicinally to treat disorders including hypertension, diabetes and malaria. Some consider the seeds to be magical. They are used to make jewelry and as playing pieces for games. 086  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Grey Nicker 087  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Grey Nicker FLOWERS AND FRUIT Large clusters of small flowers are borne at the leaf axils. Each five petaled flower is 1 to 2cm or 3/8 to " wide. 088  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Grey Nicker NICKER flowers are followed by clusters of flattened, oblong seedpods about 4 to 9cm or 1% to 3%" in diameter. Stalks are covered with spines. Mature pods split open to reveal two or three round seeds about 2cm or %" in diameter. They can be gray to yellowish to brown, depending on species. 089  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Grey Nicker Seeds are smooth, shiny and globose or round. They have extremely hard seed coats and travel on ocean currents. LEAVES AND STEMS NICKER leaves are opposite, bipinnate or twice- compound, and grow to 20 to 40cm or 9 to 16" long. They are armed with sharp, curved spines along the rachis or midrib and petiole. 090  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Grey Nicker Ovate leaflets are are up to pubescent 1cm or or shiny arranged in 4 to 11 pairs. %" to long. Leaves are 'green. The petioles either slightly The long, woody stems are curved spines. also covered with sharp, DISTRIBUTION NICKER BEANS are salt resistant plants found along dunes on tropical shores around the world. They are native to the dunes of central and southern Florida. 091  VERBANACEAE (Verbena Family) Beauty Berry Callicarpa americana L. or BEAUTY BERRY is a bush with white and pink spring flowers. The light purple fall fruit can turn to a deepest purple with time. These attributes make BEAUTY BERRY an attractive landscape plant. Though parts of the plant are poisonous, when berries are grown in rich soil or leaf litter, the berries are sweet and make an enjoyable Beauty Berry Pancake (38,39)! 092  VERBANACEAE (Verbena Family) Beauty Berry BEAUTY BERRY FRENCH MULBERRY Callicarpa americana L. (kal-1-KAR-pa a-me-ri-KA-na) GENERAL BEAUTY BERRY, a deciduous shrub, truly lives up to its name. It is most showy in the fall when clusters of bright magenta berries form at each leaf node along the branches. It is most frequently seen along sunny fencerows growing from 1 to 2.5m or 3 to 8' tall. Callicarpa is composed of two Greek words that mean "beauty" and "fruit." Native to the new world, the species name is americana which means "from the Americas." A member of the Verbena family, it is an asset to any garden landscape. Easily propagated from seeds or cuttings, it will flower and fruit in light shade or full sun. Hardened green tip cuttings root easily. The long lasting berries provide food for birds, but are not very tasty to humans even though they are considered edible, best considered only as a survival food. The flowers provide nectar for bees and butterflies. 093  VERBANACEAE (Verbena Family) Beauty Berry 094  VERBANACEAE (Verbena Family) Beauty Berry FLOWERS AND FRUIT Clusters of small pink to white/pink/lavender flowers are borne at the leaf axils in late spring and summer. 095  VERBANACEAE (Verbena Family) Beauty Berry In the autumn, showy clusters of round, magenta to purple drupes are very conspicuous along the stems. 096  VERBANACEAE (Verbena Family) Beauty Berry LEAVES AND STEMS The aromatic leaves are opposite, simple and ovate with serrated margins, and are 7 to 15cm or 3 to 6" long. Magnification shows the lower surfaces of the leaves are covered with star-shaped hairs. The stems become woody as the shrub ages. 097  VERBANACEAE (Verbena Family) Beauty Berry DISTRIBUTION BEAUTY BERRY is found throughout Florida, including the Keys. The plant prefers well-drained soils of pinelands and hardwood forests. It is native to the Coastal Plain from Florida to Texas, Arkansas to S. Virginia. It is also found in Bermuda, Cuba and Mexico. 098  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Ironwood Carpinus caroliniana Walter or IRONWOOD is also called the American hornbeam. It makes an equally good selection for bonsai as its Asian relative. IRONWOOD's zigzag branches make an interesting silhouette in winter. IRONWOOD has no serious insect or disease problems (40,41,42). 099  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Ironwood IRONWOOD, MUSCLE TREE or HORNBEAM Carpinus caroliniana Walter (car-PYE-nus ca-ro-lin-ee-AN-a) GENERAL IRONWOOD, MUSCLE TREE or HORNBEAM is a bushy, deciduous tree that grows to about 10m or 30'. IRONWOOD is identified by its characteristic look of sinewy muscles. The gray bark is smooth and shows off the fluted trunk. This makes the tree look like it has muscles, thus the name "Muscle Tree." The hard, heavy wood is used as tool handles. Clusters of nutty fruits attract birds, squirrels and other wildlife. Found in wet woodlands, flood plains and swamps, IRONWOOD is rarely seen in a garden setting. 100  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Ironwood 101  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Ironwood FLOWERS AND FRUIT Tiny male and female catkins on the same tree. 1" long; the female flower flowers are borne in separate A male catkin is about 2.5cm or is half that length. The fruit of IRONWOOD with a three-lobed bract. clusters ranging from 7 to is an Many 15cm oval-shaped, wingless nut are borne together in long or 3 to 6" in length. 102  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Ironwood LEAVES AND STEMS IRONWOOD's leaves are simple and alternate. The leaf shape is oval, with double serrated margins. This means that the edges of the leaves are double toothed. The leaf has a rounded base and an acute tip. blade is 5 to 10cm or 2 to 4" long. The leaf 103  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Ironwood It is about half as wide as it is long. Leaves are smooth on top, lighter green and pubescent below. Its fluted trunk is covered by smooth, gray bark. IRONWOOD's branches droop at the tip. They grow close to the ground. 104  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Ironwood DISTRIBUTION IRONWOOD grows in wet bottomlands, along streams, and in swamps in the northern Florida counties to the central peninsula. IRONWOOD ranges from southeastern Canada to the southeastern states. 105  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pignut Hickory PIGNUT HICKORY or Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet has been used for tool handles and skis and wagon wheels and even early automobile parts! It is used to make shuttle blocks, mallets, and mauls. The tree can be tapped like a maple tree in order to make syrup. PIGNUT HICKORY bark, flowers, leaves, and nuts are eaten by bear, chipmunks, deer, foxes, rabbits, raccoons, songbirds, squirrels, and turkey (43,44,45). 106  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pignut Hickory PIGNUT HICKORY Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet (KAIR-ee-uh GLAH-brah) GENERAL PIGNUT HICKORY, a deciduous tree with large, compound leaves, can grow up to 40m or 125' tall. Hickories begin to grow in an area that has not burned for a while. If the land were never to burn again, it would develop into a xeric or dry climax Oak/Hickory Hammock. This succession. community called an process is called Showy red to gold buds burst forth in the spring. first seen, many people mistake this for a flower! When The wood is very handles and be strong and is valued as ax and shovel seball bats. The wood is also used to add flavor when smoking meat. Nuts provide food for wildlife. The bark is used medicinally and for a yellow dye. The botanical name is derived from Greek "karya or kaura" which is, walnut. 107  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pignut Hickory 108  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pignut Hickory FLOWERS AND FRUIT The male flowers are called catkins. Hickory nuts have thin, smooth shells. husks that cover thick 109  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pignut Hickory LEAVES AND STEMS PIGNUT HICKORY leaves are alternate, compound, odd- pinnate with 5 to 7 lanceolate leaflets. They have serrated or toothed margins. The leaflets grow larger toward the apex. Unlike other Florida hickories, the pignut leaf is glabrous or smooth, without hairs with occasional hair tufts at the vein axils. A vein axil is where veins join on the underside of the leaflet. The apical or tip leaflet is lifted upward. 110  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pignut Hickory T 111  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pignut Hickory Leaves turn bright yellow leaves showy. PIGNUT HICKORY's furrowed with narrow ridges. in autumn and are quite grayish bark is deeply DISTRIBUTION PIGNUT HICKORY grows in dry woods from Minnesota and Maine in the north to Louisiana, to north and central Florida and south to about Highlands and Manatee counties. 112  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pecan Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch or PECAN flowers are wind-pollinated. The word "pecan" is an Algonquin word meaning "a nut requiring a stone to crack." PECAN trees are recorded to have lived to 350 years old. The heartwood is reddish brown with streaks of a darker hue; the sapwood is white to pale brown. The grain is straight to wavy. The wood texture is coarse. PECAN wood dries easily and rapidly but requires care due to high shrinkage. It is difficult to saw but it planes and bores well and turns easily. PECAN wood is easy to screw. PECAN requires careful machining; a reduced cutting angle of 200 is recommended in working stock with irregular grain. PECAN responds well to polishing (46,47). 113  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pecan PECAN or SWEET PECAN Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch (KAIR-ee-uh ill-lin-no-EN-sis) GENERAL The sweet PECAN is a large, deciduous tree, native to the United States. PECANS can grow to 40m or 120', but most commonly range to 70' to 100'. It's large branches form a broad crown. Best known for delicious, grown commercially. T wildlife. edible nuts, many cultivars are he nuts also provide food for PECAN is tolerant of a wide range soils. It is sometimes found grow of rich ng wit i1 Hackberry and Water Oaks. The trees are desirable in landscaping. , well-drained h Sweetgum, The beautiful wood is used in the manufacture of furniture, paneling and flooring. 114  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pecan 115  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pecan FLOWERS AND FRUIT PECAN trees are monoecious. Both male and female catkins are borne on the same tree. The yellowish pistillate catkins are somewhat hairy with two to four stigmas. 116  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pecan The ovoid nut is enclosed in a thin shell about 3 to 7cm or 2 to 3" long. The nuts are enclosed in husks that turn dark. They split when ripe. 117  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pecan LEAVES AND STEMS The PECAN has odd pinnately, compound leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Each leaf ranges 20 to 40cm or 10 to 20" long with 9 to 17 nearly sessile, or without a stalk, scythe shaped leaflets. The leaflet margins are serrate with sharply pointed tips. The smooth upper surface is yellowish green. The lower surface is lighter and sometimes slender rachis or midrib may also be hairy. turn yellow in autumn. hairy. The The leaves 118  JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Pecan The upright trunk is covered with scaly, grayish brown bark. The bark is of medium thickness and is divided into narrow fissures and patterns. DISTRIBUTION PECAN has escaped from cultivation and may be found growing wild in the Florida Panhandle and the central peninsula in well-drained soils. PECANS are common in the lower Mississippi Valley to central Texas, then to Ohio, to Kentucky and Alabama. They are also found in parts of northern Mexico. 119  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Sugarberry Celtis laevigata Willd. or SUGARBERRY is highly adaptable to a wide range of soil types including calcareous soils. This is one reason it is found throughout the central Florida peninsula. The bark of sugarberry is thin and easily damaged by fire. When top-killed, sugarberry will sprout from the root collar. The fruits of sugarberry are eaten by many birds, including the ring-necked pheasant, ruffed grouse, quail and waterfowl. Turkeys eat SUGARBERRY as a preferred food in fall and winter. Squirrels eat the fruit, buds and bark on occasion. The following data are percentages of dry weight for all fleshy fruits tested, except for crude fat which is the average for drupes only: " Crude protein 8.4 " Crude fat 14.2 " Crude fiber 24.1 " Estimated true dry matter digestibility 64.4 (48,49). 120  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Sugarberry SUGARBERRY or HACKBERRY Celtis laevigata Willd. (SEL-tis 1ev-i-GA-ta) GENERAL SUGARBERRY is a deciduous tree that grows to 28m or 80'. The tree trunk is rather stout and is covered by corky looking warts. The species name, laevigata, means smooth and the bark. The common name "SUGARBERRY" refers to refers to the sweet flavor of the fruit. birds and other animals. This fruit provides food for SUGARBERRY'S furniture. soft wood is occasionally used for 121  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Sugarberry 122  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Sugarberry FLOWERS AND FRUIT Small clusters of creamy colored flowers are borne in leaf axils near the twig tips. the The pistil has two hairy stigmas. 123  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Sugarberry In the fall, the sweet, round berries ripen from yellow- orange to red to purple. They range in size from 6 to 7mm or 1%". The fruit is a wrinkled pit. LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate, simple, ranging to 12cm or 5" long. and broadly lance-shaped, 124  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Sugarberry They are thin and have a smooth texture. They have mostly entire margins with some irregularly spaced teeth toward the long, tapered apex. 125  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Sugarberry The leaf base is wedge-shaped and asymmetrical. surface is light green and mostly smooth, but someti roughened; the lower surface is paler and smooth. leaves have slender petioles. The mes The The branches of this species don't have spines, but the smooth bark is covered with distinctive, corky bumps that look like warts. DISTRIBUTION SUGARBERRY trees prefer rich woodlands, hammocks, riverbanks and grow near lakes throughout the state of Florida except the Keys. They also grow along the coastal plains to Texas and the District of Columbia. 126  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis L. or BUTTONBUSH is often referred to as Honey bells! It is an excellent source for nectar for many species of butterflies including Hairstreaks, Skippers and Swallowtails. Seeds are eaten by many species of songbirds. It is the nesting home of many of these birds and is a favorite of the Prothonotary Warbler. The Seminole and Choctaw used a decoction of the bark to treat diarrhea and other stomach ailments (50,51,52). 127  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Buttonbush BUTTONBUSH Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (sef-a-LAN-thus ok-si-den-TA-lis) GENERAL BUTTONBUSH is a small tree or shrub 6m or 9 to 18' tall. Bees and butterflies unique, white ball-shaped flowers. A characteristic of the BUTTONBUSH is on the new stem growth. that grows to 3 to are attracted to its field identification its reddish petiole BUTTONBUSH is a good landscape plant for wet areas. It may be pruned every few years to maintain a manageable size. In folk medicine, a root tea is gargled for sore throat and colds. Tender leaves were boiled with sea myrtle (Baccharis) to relieve whooping cough. Flowering branches were boiled and the decoction was used as a foot bath to cure ground itch. The name Cephalanthus means "head of anthers." Latin, occidere means sunset. In 128  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Buttonbush a x 1 129  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Buttonbush FLOWERS AND FRUIT Tiny white flowers form a spherical head about 2 to 4cm or 1 to 1%" in diameter. The pendant 'balls' of flowers have long pistils that stick out all over giving the appearance of pincushions. These flowers are quite fragrant. BUTTONBUSH has nut-like seeds that form in reddish brown spherical clusters. 130  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Buttonbush LEAVES AND STEMS The leaves of buttonbush are lanceolate to elliptic, from 7 to 18cm or 3 to 7" long. veins and short red petioles. The leaves have conspicuous 131  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Buttonbush They are opposite or in whorls of three or four. Leaves are deciduous except when winters are very warm. 132  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Buttonbush DISTRIBUTION BUTTONBUSH is found in very wet areas throughout the state or Florida, except the Keys. It is also found to Texas, California, the West Indies and Mexico. 133  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Redbud Cercis canadensis L. or REDBUD is also called the Forest Pansy. Flowers are pickled for use in salads or may be fried. It is a common Mexican food source. Cardinals have been observed feeding on the seeds. Redbuds are subject to damage by insect pests such as caterpillars, leafhoppers, scale and tree hoppers (53,54,55). 134  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Redbud REDBUD or JUDAS TREE Cercis canadensis (SUR-sis can-a-DEN L. -sis) GENERAL REDBUD or 25' tall. is an attractive deciduous tree that grows to 8m It becomes much larger farther north. The bare branches are covered with a profusion of deep rose colored flowers in early spring. Springs blooms are sparse when winter weather remains too warm. As a member of the pea or legume family, this tree has the ability to fix nitrogen from the air to use as a nutrient. The edible flower buds will color to pancakes or muffins. add a nutlike flavor and red The specific name Canada. canadensis indicates it is found in A relative of the REDBUD is which Judas Iscariot hanged names is the Judas Tree. said to be the kind of tree on himself. One of its common 135  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Redbud 136  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Redbud FLOWERS AND FRUIT The tiny, magenta colored flowers appear in clusters of completely four to eight. clothed with color. In early spring trees are often flowers before the leaf buds begin to show 137  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Redbud The fruit is a flat bean pod 7 to 9cm or 3" long. 138  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Redbud LEAVES AND STEMS REDBUD's cordate or heart-shaped leaves are simple and arranged along two sides of the stem. Therefore it has a flat appearance. Its trunk is often curved with a rather smooth, covering brown heart-wood. gray bark 139  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Redbud DISTRIBUTION In Florida, the REDBUD is found in moist, fertile woodlands and roadsides from the Panhandle to the north central peninsula. It is also found from Connecticut to Nebraska, south to Texas and east to North Florida. 140  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fringe Tree The literal translation for Chionanthus in Chionanthus virginicus L. or FRINGE TREE, is "snow flower". Though creamy to greenish white, the flower of the FRINGE TREE is beautiful showy, cottony and snowy in appearance. This tree blooms near the time that the Dogwood blooms in the spring. FRINGE TREE has great potential uses and is pollution tolerant. A tincture made from the bark and grain alcohol is used for jaundice; a tea for topical treatment for cuts, infections and other skin irritations. A poultice can also be made for bruises and ulcers (56,57,58). 141  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fringe Tree FRINGE TREE GRANDSIE- GRAYBEARD or OLD MAN'S BEARD Chionanthus virginicus L. (kye-o-NAN-thus ver-JIN-i-kus) GENERAL A small deciduous tree, the FRINGE TREE has an oval to round crown with bright green foliage. grows to 3 to 8m or 10 to 25' in height. The FRINGE TREE The FRINGE TREE is a Florida native. It has a most unusual flower. chi means white, to virgin or white. The botanical name nan means small ar refers to the flower: id virginicus refers The FRING landscape. E TREE is greatly Birds and insects a desired i re attracted n the home to the trees when in bloom and fruit. The bark was used in folk medicine as a tonic to treat fevers and as a diuretic. 142  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fringe Tree 143  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fringe Tree FLOWERS AND FRUIT The unusual, slightly fragrant flowers emerge with the leaves in March. FRINGE TREE is dioecious. This means that the male and female plants are separate, but there also may be perfect flowers on each plant. A perfect flower has both sexes on the same flower. Flower petals are divided into hairy white lobes that hang in pendent panicles or clusters, causing the tree to appear 144  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fringe Tree to be covered weeks. with cotton. The flowers last about two Dark blue to black egg shaped fruits hang in clusters on long stems that have opposite, leaf-like bracts. The drupe, which frequently has a whitish bloom, contains a hard seed. LEAVES AND STEMS FRINGE TREE leaves are simple and oval to lanceolate. Leaves grow to 10 to 20cm or 4 to 8" long. The leaf edge is entire. Leaves are opposite to whorled. 145  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fringe Tree The bark is thin and prone to physical damage. 146  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fringe Tree The branches droop with age. DISTRIBUTION The FRINGE TREE prefers rich a wide variety of habitats. It is panhandle, north Florida and soy grows north to Pennsylvania Oklahoma and Texas. soils that can be found in widely planted across the uth to Sarasota County. It and west to Arkansas, 147  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum Family) Coco-Plum Chrysobalanus icaco L. or COCO-PLUM fruit has a cotton-candy pulp surrounding the seed. This is edible raw or roasted and tastes similar to an almond. Chrysobalanus icaco L., is known as "Abajeru" in Brazil. It is a traditional medicine for diabetes and rheumatism. In modern herbal medicine, it has been shown to hinder the growth of angiogenesis or new blood vessel formation or by 44%, thus demonstrating potentially important use in cancer and diabetic treatments. Extracts of COCO-PLUM were active in the National Cancer Institute's, AIDS-antiviral screen (59,60,61). 148  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum Family) Coco-Plum COCO-PLUM Chrysobalanus icaco L. (kris-o-ba-LAY-nus i-KA-co) GENERAL COCO-PLUM is an evergreen shrub growing to 5m or 15'. A native, it is a desirable landscape plant of south Florida. It has attractive foliage and edible fruit. The plums are sweet tasting and make delicious preserves. COCO-PLUM was an important food source to the Seminole Indians and early settlers. There is a small industry of canning the fruit for export to the Caribbean islands. 149  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum Family) Coco-Plum 150  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum Family) Coco-Plum FLOWERS AND FRUIT Flowers are fragrant, bell-shaped and form in clusters at leaf axils. They appear year-round. The fruit is a round, creamy to purple plum that may be eaten raw. 151  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum Family) Coco-Plum The pit is grooved with a point on one end. A single seed inside the pit tastes like an almond. LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are nearly round and leathery to 5 to 8cm or 2 to 3" long. They are alternately arranged on the stem side- by-side in two ranks rather than around the stem. Many leaf tips are notched. 152  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum Family) Coco-Plum When grown in the full sun the new growth is brightly colored from gold to orange to scarlet. 153  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum Family) Coco-Plum DISTRIBUTION COCO-PLUM is found in coastal hammocks, beaches, dunes, swamps and bay and cypress heads mostly in coastal counties from Manatee and Brevard south through the Keys. It also grows in the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. 154  LAURCEAE (Laurel Family) Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl or the CAMPHOR TREE is grown commercially for its medicinal oil in Japan and China. Camphor has been used to treat ailments ranging from parasitic infections to toothaches. It feels cool on the skin like menthol, though it also has irritating qualities as well as a numbing effect. Camphor wood is prized for its attractive red and yellow striping and amenability to woodworking. Camphor is harvested for sassafras oil, formerly used in scent applications such as polishes and waxes and detergents and soaps. It blends easily and well with other oils. Its principal use now is as a raw material for the isolation of safrole. This is converted by the chemical industry into two important derivatives: heliotropin, which is widely used as a fragrance and flavouring agent, and piperonal butoxide (PBO), a vital ingredient of pyrethroid insecticides. Camphor Laurel's production and shipment of camphor, in a solid, waxy form, was a major industry in Taiwan prior to and during the Japanese colonial era (1895-1945). It was used medicinally and was also an important ingredient in the production of smokeless gunpowder and celluloid. Wood chips were steamed in a retort. Camphor crystallized on the inside of a crystallization box, after the vapor had passed through a cooling chamber. It was then scraped off for sale (62,63,64). 155  LAURCEAE (Laurel Family) Camphor Tree CAMPHOR TREE Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl (sin-uh-MOE-mum kam-FOR-uh) GENERAL The CAMPHOR TREE is a hardy, evergreen broad as it is high ranging to 13m or 40'. It canopy with strong branches. tree. It is as has a round A fast growing shade tree, well in soils that are dry and noticeable smell of camphor are used in the preparation o- the CAMPHOR TREE compact. The leaves h ,though all parts of the f commercial camphor. does ave a plant They The seeds The seeds provide food for birds and other wildlife. readily germinate when spread in bird droppings. CAMPHOR TREE produces copious amounts of which can drop on sidewalks, driveways and cars. The CAMPHOR TREE has a long history in folk medicine. It is used for arthritis, muscular aches and pains, sprains, rheumatism. This tree is listed as a CATEGORY I PEST PLANT by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. 156  LAURCEAE (Laurel Family) Camphor Tree 157  LAURCEAE (Laurel Family) Camphor Tree FLOWERS AND FRUIT Inconspicuous clusters of small yellow flowers are seldom noticed. A profusion diameter. of blue-black berries range to 2cm or 1/4" in 158  LAURCEAE (Laurel Family) Camphor Tree LEAVES AND STEMS CAMPHOR TREE leaves are alternate, simple and oval ranging from 5 to 10cm or 2 to 4" long . CAMPHOR TREE leaves are thin, leathery and glossy green on the surface, while paler beneath. Leaves have short, tapered tips. Their entire margins are slightly wavy. The stems are green tinged with red. 159  LAURCEAE (Laurel Family) Camphor Tree The crushed leaves have a strong camphor aroma. 160  LAURCEAE (Laurel Family) Camphor Tree The bark is gray-brown. DISTRIBUTION Found in secondary woods has naturalized in northern peninsula. Native to eastern Texas. and disturbed Florida south Asia, it grows sites, the tree to the central from Florida to 161  POLYGONACEAE (Sea Grape Family) Sea Grape Cocoloba uvifera L. or SEA GRAPE leaves grow to platter size! In the Islands, leaves are used to serve food! Cool winter weather will turn leaves red; a freeze can damage the shrub which recovers in the warmth. A salt tolerant plant, seeds are often dispersed by the tides. SEA GRAPE is very drought resistant. The wood can be boiled to yield a red dye. Wood from larger trees is prized for cabinet work. A gum from the bark is used for throat ailments. The roots are used to treat dysentery (65,66). 162  POLYGONACEAE (Sea Grape Family) Sea Grape SEA GRAPE Coccoloba uvifera (L.) Linneaus (ko-ko-LO-ba oo-VIF-er-a) GENERAL SEA GRAPE is a coastal shrub that grows to 8m or 25'. SEA GRAPE is salt tolerant, hence a very popular landscape plant along beaches of south and south-central Florida. The most distinguishing characteristic of this evergreen is its almost circular leaves. It displays many colors and has a tropical appearance. The fruit is delicious when eaten raw or made into wines and jellies. It is best gathered by shaking the tree and allowing the ripe fruit to fall onto a ground cover. The hard wood is close grained and desirable for furniture making and cabinetry. 163  POLYGONACEAE (Sea Grape Family) Sea Grape 164  POLYGONACEAE (Sea Grape Family) Sea Grape FLOWERS AND FRUIT SEA GRAPE flowers appear year-round. and creamy white. They are small They are borne in long racemes to 30cm or 12" long. 165  POLYGONACEAE (Sea Grape Family) Sea Grape The grape-like clusters of ripened, found during the warmer months. purple fruit can be 166  POLYGONACEAE (Sea Grape Family) Sea Grape LEAVES AND STEMS The alternate, circular leaves grow to 25cm or 10" in diameter. The base is usually cordate or heart shaped. Leaves are somewhat stiff and leathery. Mature leaves are bright green with red veins, turning completely red before they drop. The new leaves are a beautiful bronze. 167  POLYGONACEAE (Sea Grape Family) Sea Grape DISTRIBUTION SEA GRAPES are found in south, south-central Florida, the Keys, West Indies, and Central and South America. 168  COMBRETACEAE (Combretum Family) Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus Nutt or GREEN BUTTONWOOD is a marvelous folk medicinal shrub. It is used to treat anemia, conjunctivitis, diabetes, diarrhea, fever, gonorrhea, headache, hemorrhage, prickly heat, and syphilis! A decoction of the leaves is drunk to treat fever! GREEN BUTTONWOOD is susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites yet has a high calorific value as fuel. Its bark contains 16 % to 18% tannin (67,68). 169  COMBRETACEAE (Combretum Family) Green Buttonwood GREEN BUTTONWOOD Conocarpus erectus Nutt (kawn-oh-KAR-pus ee-RECK-tus variety suh-RISS-ee-us) GENERAL GREEN BUTTONWOOD is an evergreen tree with a single trunk that grows to about 6m or 18 to 20'. It stands about as broad as it does tall. It is salt tolerant and prefers to grow in full sun near the seashore. It makes its home right behind the line of Mangroves mostly in the Florida Keys, USDA zone 11. They can be propagated by layering, cuttings and seeds. Combined with their light colored trunks, these plants are most desired in landscaping when they take on unusual shapes from the constant winds. Because the dense wood is durable in water, it is used in boat building and related construction. It makes excellent charcoal and is often used to smoke fish. The leaves and bark have medicinal qualities and are recommended in folk medicine as an astringent and for fever, headache, diarrhea, and conjunctivitis. 170  COMBRETACEAE (Combretum Family) Green Buttonwood 171  COMBRETACEAE (Combretum Family) Green Buttonwood FLOWERS AND FRUIT The tiny greenish flowers are inconspicuous. Small clusters form 1.5cm or %" round heads at leaf axils. Terminal clusters form 5 to 10cm panicles mainly in the springtime and or 2 to 4" throughout branched the year. d, round, re purple- Fruits are tightly-packed multiples of cone-like achenes, up to 1" in diameter. brown to red-brown and darken with age. 2-winge They a 172  COMBRETACEAE (Combretum Family) Green Buttonwood They are borne on 2 to 4" branched panicles. throughout the year. They ripen LEAVES AND STEMS The alternately about 3 to 8cm arranged leaves are elliptical in shape, long or 1 to 3" long. The leaves are leathery and yellow green in color. both ends. They are pointed at 173  COMBRETACEAE (Combretum Family) Green Buttonwood The leaf surface is covered with fine silk. Variety sericeus is glabrous or hairless. The petioles are slightly winged and have two gland dots. 174  COMBRETACEAE (Combretum Family) Green Buttonwood DISTRIBUTION BUTTONWOOD is found from Bermuda and the Bahamas through West Indies to Central Florida. It grows in northern Mexico southward on the Atlantic Coast to Brazil and on the Pacific Coast to Ecuador including the Galapagos and northwestern Peru. 175  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida L. or DOGWOOD is commonly called the Flowering Dogwood or Boxwood. Roots were used to make a red dye by some American Indian people. Teas and quinine substitutes were made from the bark. Plants contain cornine which is used medicinally in parts of Mexico. The juice of the twigs preserve and harden the gums. The DOGWOOD is part of a select group of hardwoods that has opposite branching. Each leaf, twig and branch is paired across from another leaf, twig or branch! We use the acronym "MADBUCK" to recall the first letter of the names Maple, Ash, DOGWOOD, and Buckeye as these are the trees with this "opposite" arrangement! Dogwoods make up 10% of total number of trees sold by retail nurseries (69,70,71)! 176  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Flowering Dogwood FLOWERING DOGWOOD Cornus florida L. (CORN-us FLOR-i-da) GENERAL FLOWERING DOGWOOD is an attractive deciduous tree which can grow up to 12m or 37'. The tree is showy twice a year. It flowers profusely in the early spring before the leaves fully appear. In the fall, bright red berries are accompanied by colorful autumn foliage. In the days of wooden tools it had many uses. Its brownish wood is fine grained, hard, heavy, strong, and shock resistant. It was used to make shuttles in the textile industry. It has also been used as hay forks, golf club heads, jeweler's blocks, knitting needles, mauls, pulleys, roller-skate wheels, wheel cogs and woodcut blocks. In folk medicine, a brew made from the bark was used to treat fevers. The pileated, red-headed and red-bellied woodpecker seek out flowering dogwood fruit. However, the bright red fruits are POISONOUS to humans. 177  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Flowering Dogwood 178  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Flowering Dogwood FLOWERS AND FRUIT FLOWERING DOGWOOD branches in early spring. T are surrounded by notched b white petals. Close inspection flowers. North of Florida, the or reddish. flowers appear on bare he tiny yellow-green flowers racts which look like creamy is required to see the actual bracts may be colored pink 179  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Flowering Dogwood The fall FLOWERING DOGWOOD has clusters of elongated red berries that contain two-celled seeds. The seeds germinate the following spring after passing through the digestive systems of birds and small mammals. 180  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Flowering Dogwood LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple, opposite, somewhat wavy and broadly elliptic. They range up to 5cm or 2" wide with a pointed tip. The wedge-shaped base is often unequal. Upper surfaces are light green with some hairs. The undersides are covered with white, velvety hairs. The veins curve upward from the midrib and follow the margin to the tip of the leaf. When folded along the midrib and torn, the veins will pull loose. The leaves change to dark red in the autumn. 181  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Flowering Dogwood Immature twigs change from red to green. When mature they are gray-brown. The dark brown bark breaks into scaly blocks with age. DISTRIBUTION FLOWERING DOGWOOD grows on rich, deep soils in the shade of other hardwoods. It is found north to Maine, west to Kansas and south to central Florida and eastern Texas. 182  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Swamp Dogwood Cornus foemina Mill. or SWAMP DOGWOOD is also called Stiff Dogwood. When planted in groups and left alone it will spread by suckers. It grows best in well- drained, moist limestone soils but is easily adaptable to wet or drier soils. SWAMP DOGWOOD is tolerant to city pollution. It is rejuvenated by pruning! It has had several medicinal uses over the past several 100 years. The Cherokee People use an infusion for laryngitis. Others use a decoction of bark and root scrapings to treat the symptoms of malaria. The Micmac People mix dried bark with tobacco for smoking. It provides cover and nesting sites for numerous bird species. It serves as a larval food source for the Summer Azure, Celastrina neglecta. The dark blue berries are eaten by a variety of birds and migratory songbirds (72,73,74,75,76). 183  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Swamp Dogwood SWAMP DOGWOOD or STIFF DOGWOOD Cornus foemina Mill. (KORN-us FEM-i-na) GENERAL SWAMP wetlands. DOGWOOD is a small, deciduous It grows more than 8m or 25' tall. tree of the Its species name, foemina, is an obscure reference to "female" or "feminine", perhaps because the plant is smaller and more slender than other dogwoods. The rather long branches give it a graceful appearance. Its oval leaves often turn reddish purple in Autumn. The fruits provide food for wildlife. been used medicinally. A tea from the bark has 184  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Swamp Dogwood 185  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Swamp Dogwood FLOWERS OR FRUIT Small white flowers grow in flat clusters or to 7cm or 22" wide. Individual flowers lanceolate petals with no obvious bracts. cymes ranging have linear to There are four stamens. The fruits are light containing an oblong seed. blue drupes 186  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Swamp Dogwood LEAVES OR STEMS Leaves are opposite, simple, elliptic to ovate. They are 4 to 10cm or 2 to 4" long. In addition, leaves are lanceolate to elliptic with a tapering point. The wavy margin is entire. 187  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Swamp Dogwood The upper surface is pubescent, while the lower surface has appressed trichomes or flattened hairs. 188  CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Swamp Dogwood DISTRIBUTION SWAMP DOGWOOD prefers swamps, wet hammocks and floodplain forests ranging throughout North Florida south to Lee and Hendry counties, then along the Coastal Plain to Texas and Virginia. 189  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Royal Poinciana Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. or the ROYAL POINCIANA was named after M. de Poinci an 18th century governor of the French West Indies. In the Caribbean Islands the pods are used for fuel. It is called "woman's tongue" based on the rattling sound made in the wind. In the Madagascar wild it is endangered, but Delonix is widely cultivated elsewhere. Flowers manufacture copious amounts of nectar and pollen. This guarantees that it will be visited by pollinators. The flowers have insecticidal properties so it is able to manage populations of beetles, caterpillars and weevils. To germinate manually, start with fresh seeds and file them to remove the shine. Soak them for 24 hours. Dip them in boiling water for 3 to 5 minutes. Let them soak overnight in warm water. The seeds should germinate within one week (77,78,79,80). 190  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Royal Poinciana ROYAL POINCIANA or FLAMBOYANT TREE Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. (dee-LON-iks REE-jee-uh) GENERAL The ROYAL POINCIANA is beautiful trees in the world. breathtaking in full bloom. It tall, with a very broad crown. rated one of the five most This semi-deciduous tree is can reach up to 12m or 40' ROYAL POINCIANA is native to Madagascar. The name Delonix is Greek for claw and refers to the petal shape. The species name, regia, means royal. The people of the West Indies call it the Flamboyant Tree for obvious reasons. It is used as a street tree in survives poor drainage and dro pollution. Within its range it Delonix regia is salt tolerant. residential areas where it ught, compact soil and air is useful in xeriscapes. 191  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Royal Poinciana ( 192  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Royal Poinciana FLOWERS AND FRUIT The brilliant red to and are described orange flowers have fan shaped petals as "long clawed" by John Kunkel Small. The sepals are shorter than the petals. these flowers appear before the foliage. Huge clusters of The blooms last for four to six weeks. 193  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Royal Poinciana The woody seedpods are dark brown and hang on the tree most of the year. They are flat, bean-like and are .3m or 12 to 18" long. Locals often use the pods as rhythm instruments. LEAVES AND STEMS The alternately arranged leaves are compound. The soft, delicate leaflets give The oblong leaflets have entire margins. leaves can have up to 50 pinnae. bipinnately light shade. The larger 194  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Royal Poinciana Because it is such a fast growing tree, the wood is somewhat brittle. The branches droop, so they often need to be pruned up from the bottom. 195  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Royal Poinciana DISTRIBUTION In Florida, Delonix is found in hammocks and pinelands. It is found in tropical Florida through the Keys and the West Indies. Though it is native to Madagascar, it is widely cultivated in frost-free areas around the world. 196  EBONACEAE (Ebony Family) Persimmon Diospyros virginiana L. or PERSIMMON shares the same genus as the wood, ebony. It is a prized black, hardwood. The word persimmon is derived from an Algonquian language pasiminan, meaning a dry fruit. Native Americans use its seeds in breads. Its fruit is used to stop bleeding and to treat constipation and hemorrhoids. When mixed with cornmeal, the American persimmon can be brewed into "simmon beer". In 1607 Capt. John Smith of the Jamestown colony wrote: "The fruit is like a medlar; it is first green then yellow and red when it is ripe: if it is not ripe it will drive a man's mouth awrie with much torment, but when it is ripe it is as delicious as the apricock" (81,82). 197  EBONACEAE (Ebony Family) Persimmon PERSIMMON Diospyros virginiana L. (dy-OS-per-us vir-gin-ee-AN-a) GENERAL PERSIMMON is a deciduous tree that grows to 20m or 60' tall. It is most often seen as a shrubby pioneer plant appearing in patches of sunlight after land is cleared or burned. As the droopy leaves age, they are prone to black fungus spots. A member of the Ebony family, PERSIMMON has nearly black heartwood that is very dense, making it desirable for tools and utensils. It was once prized for golf club heads. The unripe fruit is very astringent and was used in folk medicine to treat thrush, dysentery and as a gargle. The ripe fruit is coveted by wildlife, especially deer, raccoons, songbirds and opossums. These animals contribute to the wide distribution of the seeds. 198  EBONACEAE (Ebony Family) Persimmon 199  EBONACEAE (Ebony Family) Persimmon FLOWERS AND FRUIT PERSIMMONS are dioecious or male grow on different plants. Clusters flowers carry pollen; the pale green smaller. and female flowers of fragrant, tubular female flowers are 200  EBONACEAE (Ebony Family) Persimmon The ripe, orange colored fruit is thin skinned, round and sweet to taste. 201  EBONACEAE (Ebony Family) Persimmon LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple and alternate. They have entire or smooth margins and are dark green and glabrous or smooth above. PERSIMMON leaves have tapering points with rounded bases, folding up slightly along the midrib. Leaves grow to 10 to 15cm or 4 to 6" long. The new growth and short petioles are a reddish color. The mature leaves often have black fungal spots. 202  EBONACEAE (Ebony Family) Persimmon The bark is nearly black, thick and broken into scaly blocks that resemble alligator hide. DISTRIBUTION PERSIMMONS are found in a wide variety of habitats throughout Florida to Texas, Iowa and Connecticut. 203  MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) Strangler Fig Ficus aurea Nutt. or the STRANGLER FIG is also called the Golden Fig. The genus Ficus is a member of the diverse Mulberry family, one of the largest genera of woody flowering plants. The Moraceae have approximately 1,000 different species. The Ficus have the most bizarre growth forms and ingenious method of pollination. Fjg are only pollinated by .ig, wasps, and fig, wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. The wasps are housed throughout the year inside the fig's hollow fruits. Each species has its own, host-specific pollinator. They grow with numerous snakelike, aerial roots downward from the limbs. These air roots take in nutrients and water from the air and host trees. A massive, buttressed trunk with vast surface roots spreads in all directions; and an aggressive root growing habit that strangles its host tree. In the case of the STRANGLER FIG, the preferred host tree is the CABBAGE PALM (83,84,85,86,87,88). 204  MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) Strangler Fig STRANGLER FIG Ficus aurea Nutt. (FY-cus ARE-e-a) GENERAL The STRANGLER FIG is not a parasite as many believe. The seeds often germinate in a notch on a larger tree, then send roots down to the ground. As the plant grows, the roots form a network around the host plant and become a "trunk" which eventually "strangles" the host. In folk medicine fig sap or latex has been used to treat ringworm. It has also been applied to wounds and boils. The sap may make the skin sensitive to sunlight or cause itching. Leaves have been dried and smoked to treat asthma. 205  MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) Strangler Fig t - r r 206  MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) Strangler Fig FLOWERS AND FRUIT The inconspicuous flowers form at leaf axils. They are followed by round, golden fruits about 2cm or " in diameter that are sessile or stemless. 207  MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) Strangler Fig LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are shiny, thick and leathery. They are alternate with entire margins. They are simple and elliptical with an acute apex and a wedge-shaped base. They range to 5 to 12cm or 2 to 5" long. The stout, yellowish stems are dotted with lenticels or tiny openings like pores. 208  MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) Strangler Fig The bark is smooth and gray. DISTRIBUTION The STRANGLER FIG is listed as native in the southern In St. Augustine, there third of Florida including the Keys. is a rather well known individual growing around a Cabbage Palm. 209  MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) Strangler Fig 210  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Pop Ash Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. or POP ASH is distinguished from other ash trees in that it is a true swamp species. It also has as interesting 3-winged fruit. It serves as host to endangered epiphytic bromeliads and orchids. Florida is home to one of the top two largest, POP ASH, National Register of Big Trees. This tree can be seen at O'leno State Park. Its descriptive information include: Location: O'leno State Park, FL Circumference: 56 inches Height: 58 feet Spread: 24 feet Points: 120 The wood of the POP ASH is elastic, hard and strong. It is used for baseball bats, bows and guitars. It makes excellent firewood (89,90,91,92). 211  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Pop Ash POP ASH or CAROLINA ASH Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. (FRAK-si-nus ka-ro-Ii-nee-AN-a) GENERAL POP ASH is a small to medium sized deciduous tree ranging to 12m or 40'. It is probably the most widespread species of ash found in Florida. It has a narrow, rounded crown. It is tolerant of very moist soils and is most often found along river banks under larger trees. POP ASH roots are valuable for holding together river banks during periods of high water. The wood is of no economic importance. 212  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Pop Ash 213  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Pop Ash FLOWERS AND FRUIT The dioecious leaves emerge. flowers appear in panicles before the The winged seeds called samara They grow to about 5cm or 2" long. in the middle, and sometimes have are variable in shape. Seeds are often wider 3 wings. 214  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Pop Ash LEAVES AND STEMS POP ASH leaves are compound, pinnate ranging to 15 to seven ovate leaflets. 30 m or 6 to opposite and odd- 12" long with five to A strong rachis supports dark green leaves that are lighter below. 215  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Pop Ash Margins are mostly entire, but sometimes are serrated or toothed. 216  OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Pop Ash DISTRIBUTION POP ASH is found Okeechobee. It is Washington, D.C. grows in Cuba. in Florida swamps as far south as distributed along the coastal plain to Florida and west to Texas. It Lake from also 217  THEACEAE (Tea Family) LOBLOLLY BAY Gordonia lasianthus L. Ellis or LOBLOLLY BAY belongs to the tea family, Theaceae. Although it is not used for tea, a related species, Camellia sinensis, is the source of our iced tea. The five waxy petals of the flower have a cup shape. Each petal is covered with silky hairs on its bottom surface. Each flower has multiple yellow stamens. LOBLOLLY BAY has a shallow root system. It will die if not watered during periods of drought. In the wild, it lives most frequently in the shade of maples, cypress and pines. It is well-suited for planting in boggy and other poorly drained soils (93,94,95). 218  THEACEAE (Tea Family) LOBLOLLY BAY LOBLOLLY BAY Gordonia lasianthusL. Ellis (gor-DOE-nee-uh lay-zee-ANTH-us) GENERAL LOBLOLLY BAY is an attractive evergreen tree with showy white flowers that grows to a height of 20m or 60 to 70' tall. The open, cone shaped crown is supported by a sturdy trunk. It is one of three wetland trees called "bay trees" in Florida. This one does not have aromatic leaves as do the Sweetbay, Magnolia virginiana, and Redbay, Persea borbonia. LOBLOLLY refers to its preference for a muddy habitat. Gordonia was named for nurseryman James Gordon. The famous Franklinia tree, named for Benjamin Franklin, is Gordonia alatamaha. It was collected by John & William Bartram in Georgia, taken to Philadelphia for propagation, and is now one of the most rare trees in the world. Today, it lives only in cultivation. The Tea Family includes commercial tea and the lovely flowering shrubs of the South, the Camellias. 219  THEACEAE (Tea Family) LOBLOLLY BAY 220  THEACEAE (Tea Family) LOBLOLLY BAY FLOWERS AND FRUIT Fragrant white flowers appear throughout the summer. Five, silky petals nestle The single flowers, 6 to in a 8cm calyx with unequal sepals. or 3" in diameter, are borne on long stalks at the leaf axils. A woody capsule splits along 5 sutures to expose tiny, winged seeds. 221  THEACEAE (Tea Family) LOBLOLLY BAY LEAVES AND STEMS The leaves of LOBLOLLY BAY are alternate, simple, oblong and crenate. They are 10 to 16cm or 4 to 6" long, slightly wider past the center, and have an acute tip. The glossy, leathery texture is dark green above and pale green below with a few wooly hairs. 222  THEACEAE (Tea Family) LOBLOLLY BAY At almost any time of year, a few scarlet leaves are evident. The ascending branches contribute to the attractive shape of the tree. The thick, reddish brown bark has deep, vertical furrows. It contains tanning leather. tannins that are used for 223  THEACEAE (Tea Family) LOBLOLLY BAY DISTRIBUTION LOBLOLLY BAY Okeechobee and southern Virginia, is found in wetlands south to along the southern coastal plain, west to Louisiana. Lake from 224  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Red Bush Hamelia patens Jacq. or FIRE BUSH goes by many names. These include HUMMINGBIRD BUSH, IX-CANAN, POLLY RED HEAD, and the TEXAS FIRECRACKER. It's Mayan name, Ix-canan, means "guardian of the forest." Indigenous people throughout Central and South America use the plant to prepare remedies to treat skin problems, relieve pain, heal wounds, reduce spasms, kill parasites and bacteria. The root is used as a diuretic. FIRE BUSH is rich in pteropodine and isopteropodine, patented as effective immune stimulants. They also have shown a modulating effect on brain neurotransmitter receptor target drugs used for depression and other disorders. FIRE BUSH also contains 00.05% ephedrine. The plant has tremendous heat tolerance coupled with good pest resistance. FIRE BUSH does not have a dormant period. It grows and flowers almost continually. These flowers attract many butterflies and humming birds (96,97,98,99). 225  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Red Bush FIRE BUSH RED BUSH ,J or SCARLET BUSH Hamelia patens Jacq. (hah-ME-Iee-ah PAY-tenz) GENERAL FIRE BUSH 5m or 15' is a native tropical shrub or tree that grows to tall. The species name, patens, means "spreading". FIRE BUSH is a salt tolerant shrub which does well on the lime bearing soils of south Florida. Even in the less tropical areas of the state where this lovely plant may be killed to the ground, FIRE BUSH quickly rebounds with warm weather. It is a worthy landscape plant southward from central Florida as it responds well withstands drought. to pruning. It FIRE BUSH attracts butterflies and hummingbirds. 226  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Red Bush 227  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Red Bush FLOWERS AND FRUIT FIRE BUSH has tubular red flowers with five lobes. The flowers are borne in terminal or axillary clusters. The terminal is the end of the stem; the axillary is where the leaves join the stems. The flowers appear almost year-round. stems are the same flame-red color, name FIRE BUSH. Both flowers and giving rise to the 228  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Red Bush The flowers are followed by dark red to black berries. 229  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Red Bush LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple, opposite 15cm or 2 to 6" long. or whorled. They are 5 to Leaves are often folded pointed, oval, elliptic, petioles. upward from the central vein. The leaves have red midribs and 230  RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Red Bush Tiny red hairs add to their satin-like appearance. The leaves have prominent veins and wavy margins or edges. DISTRIBUTION FIRE BUSH grows around the edges of hammocks, roadsides, and disturbed sites from Highlands County through the Keys. 231  HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) Oak Leaf Hydrangea Hydrangea quercifolia W. Bartram or OAK LEAF HYDRANGEA has large, white outer flower clusters which are sterile; inner flowers are fertile. It is a deciduous shrub with leaves that turn red and purple in the fall. Its bark exfoliates cinnamon, orange and tan which provides winter beauty (100, 101, 102). 232  HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) Oak Leaf Hydrangea OAK LEAF HYDRANGEA SEVEN BARK, GRAYBEARD Hydrangea quercifolia W. Bartram (hye-DRAN-jee-uh kwur-sif-FOLE-ee-uh) GENERAL OAK LEAF HYDRANGEA is a coarse textured, deciduous shrub native to the Florida Panhandle. It can grow to 3m or 10' high with a width of 2 to 2.5m or 6 to 8'. Long branches bear clusters of showy white flowers at their tips. Pinching or proper pruning can make the plant more full. The bark, leaves and flower buds contain cyanogenic glycoside or cyanide. If large quantities of these items are ingested it could cause stomach pain, nausea and vomiting. OAK LEAF HYDRANGEA plant. The showy display naturally found as an understory of flowers lasts for several months, making it very desirable for landscaping. A number of cultivars are available from nurseries. The shrubs are successfully planted through north and central Florida. The flowers dry to a light tan and are excellent to use in dried floral designs. The species name was given to this shrub by William Bartram in the 1770's. Querci means oak and folia means leaf. It is the state flower of Alabama. 233  HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) Oak Leaf Hydrangea 234  HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) Oak Leaf Hydrangea FLOWERS AND FRUIT OAK LEAF HYDRANGEA has elongated or round panicles of flowers that grow to 15 to 30cm or 6 to 12" long. They are borne at the ends of long, arching branches. The outer flowers are sterile and are larger than the inner flowers. Flowers start out creamy white and fade to pink. Some cultivars have deep pink flowers. They bloom over a long period beginning in April and May. 235  HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) Oak Leaf Hydrangea The hard, oval seeds are encased in ribbed capsules. 236  HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) Oak Leaf Hydrangea LEAVES AND STEMS The simple leaves are in an opposite arrangement on the stem. The serrated margins have 3 to 5 deep lobes, similar to oaks, or may be entire. The upper surface is yellowish green while the underside is covered with white pubescence. They change to purple in late autumn. The leaves measure from 20 to 30cm or 8 to 12" long. The twigs are reddish brown cover. thick and reddish brown. The bark is and flakes off leaving an attractive ground 237  HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) Oak Leaf Hydrangea DISTRIBUTION OAK LEAF HYDRANGEAS prefer moist, the well-drained soil of rich woodlands with sun to light shade. They grow naturally in the Florida Panhandle, but are cultivated in the north and central peninsula. They grow in the Alabama, Florida, Coastal Georgia, Plain and adjacent counties in Mississippi and Tennessee. 238  AQUIFOLIA (Holly Family) Dahoon Holly hlex cassine L. or DAHOON HOLLY is Florida's Holly! It is a fantastic native landscape tree. It grows by forest and wetlands by streams, lakes or ponds. This tree is becoming ever more popular on the native plant market in its natural growing area. DAHOON HOLLY is an understory tree that tolerates brackish water and low-light conditions. Plants are transplanted or suckers dug and transplanted. Berries are an excellent food source for wildlife, and are a favorite with birds. All Holly berries are POISONOUS to humans (103,104). 239  AQUIFOLIA (Holly Family) Dahoon Holly DAHOON HOLLY hlex cassine L. (EYE-Ieks ca-SEEN) GENERAL DAHOON HOLLY grows to 15m or 45' irregular oval crown. It is considered because it tends to form multiple trunks. tall. It has an a shrubby tree The evergreen trees are dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers each form on different trees. This has implications for gardening. A desirable landscape tree, the glossy leaves and showy red berries are highlighted by smooth, gray bark. When an individual tree is located which has full berries, it is best to propagate it by cuttings or air layers in late spring. Several other trees should be planted nearby. When grown from seed, the - trees with no berries. Christmas decorating, and a many kinds of wildlife. results may be disappointing The berries are desired for re an excellent food source for Early settlers used the leaves to brew tea. 240  AQUIFOLIA (Holly Family) Dahoon Holly 241  AQUIFOLIA (Holly Family) Dahoon Holly FLOWERS AND FRUIT Four petaled white flowers appear at leaf axils. Brilliant red or orange berries with four seeds follow the pistillate or female flowers. 242  AQUIFOLIA (Holly Family) Dahoon Holly The staminate or male flowers are on a separate tree. Male trees do not have berries. LEAVES AND STEMS The shiny, evergreen leaves are simple They range from 5 to 14cm or 2 to 5" long. and alternate. 243  AQUIFOLIA (Holly Family) Dahoon Holly DAHOON HOLLY leaves have mostly smooth margins with a small bristle at the tip. A few leaves may have some tiny teeth. 244  AQUIFOLIA (Holly Family) Dahoon Holly The smooth stems and bark blotched with crustose lichens are light gray, and are often DISTRIBUTION DAHOON HOLLY is associated with acid soils in cypress ponds, flatwoods and swamps. It grows throughout the peninsula of Florida, except the Keys. It also grows in coastal plains to Louisiana and southern Virginia. 245  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Gallberry hlex glabra (L.) or GALLBERRY is a member of the holly family. The origin of the word "holly" is the 11th century Old High German hulis and Old English holegn. The word hulis originates from an even older proto-Germanic word khuli-a shortened derivation of the ancient Gaelic cuilieann. In modern Gaelic, holly is still called cuileann. The botanic name ilex was the original Latin name for the Holm oak, which has similar foliage to common holly. The two plants are occasionally mixed-up. Bluebirds, bobwhite, brown thrashers, hermit thrushes and turkeys frequently eat GALLBERRY fruits. Bears, white tailed deer and marsh rabbits browse on GALLBERRY leaves. GALLBERRY propagates and sprouts from root cuttings, stem cuttings or suckers and root crowns and rhizomes. GALLBERRY may be used for ecological restoration, habitat enrichment plantings and naturalistic landscapes. GALLBERRY is an important nectar source for bees. It yields a mild flavored, light amber colored honey in the coastal southeastern states of America (105,106,107). 246  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Gallberry GALLBERRY or INKBERRY hlex glabra (L.) A. Gray (EYE-Ieks GLAY-bra) GENERAL GALLBERRY is a clump-forming evergreen member of the Holly Family. It grows to 2 to 3m or 6 to 9' tall. A common flatwood plant, GALLBERRY forms attractive thickets with shiny leaves and black berries. A few blunt teeth near the leaf apex help distinguish this species. The common name tells us that the berries are "as bitter as gall." The scientific name, glabra, meaning "smooth, without hairs" refers to the smooth leaves. Several cultivars are available at nurseries. GALLBERRY is desirable in the landscape trade. Clumps may be transplanted into a landscape if the tops are pruned. GALLBERRY has been used in folk medicine in conjunction with Gnaphalium to treat flu. The flowers are used by bees to make mild-flavored honey. 247  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Gallberry 248  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Gallberry FLOWERS AND FRUIT GALLBERRY is dioecious. The male and female flowers are found on separate plants. The 6 to 8 petaled white flowers form in the leaf axils in the springtime. 249  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Gallberry The fruit is a bitter tasting, black drupe that grows to 4 to 6mm or 1/4" in diameter. 250  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Gallberry LEAVES AND STEMS GALLBERRY leaves are alternate and simple. They grow to and 2 to 5cm or 1 to 2" long. The margins are toothed or notched toward the tip. The top surface is medium green and lustrous, but underneath it is lighter in color with tiny reddish glands that can be seen with magnification. The stems often have a velvety pubescence. 251  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Gallberry DISTRIBUTION GALLBERRY grows in either sun or shade in natural flatwoods and bogs throughout the peninsula. It also grows along the Coastal Plain from Florida to Louisiana and north to Nova Scotia. 252  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY hlex opaca Ait. or AMERICAN HOLLY adds the red berries of the northern hemisphere's winter landscape and the Christmas holiday season. It is mainly a tree of the humid Southeast. It grows in a wide variety of soils from the sandy beaches of the Atlantic Ocean to fertile mountain soils. It grows best in the rich, slightly acidic, upland pines. It grows in the bottomlands and swamps and the sandy Coastal Plain (109,110). 253  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY AMERICAN HOLLY hlex opaca Ait. (EYE-Ieks o-PAY-ka) GENERAL AMERICAN HOLLY is a small native evergreen tree that grows to 16m or 50 feet in the southeastern United States. It is the holly we associate with Christmas. Its leaves are leathery with sharp pointed tips and spiny, toothed margins. AMERICAN HOLLY is dense and pyramidal shaped with branches to the ground when young. It opens as it ages; older plants have horizontal branching. Opaca refers to the opaque or dull non-lustrous leaf surfaces of the native species. Today many cultivars exist with more lustrous foliage and berries. Birds eat the fruit. 254  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY 255  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY FLOWERS AND FRUIT The tiny white, 4 petaled flowers are dioecious. The male and female flowers grow on different trees. Male flowers grow in clusters. 256  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY Female flowers are single or grow in pairs. The fruit is a round, red drupe born in small clusters in the leaf axils. 257  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY LEAVES AND STEMS The stiff glossy leaves are alternate and range from 3.5 to 10cm or 1% to 4". Leaves are dark green or yellow- green color above and lighter underneath. They usually have several pointed tips; occasionally only 1, each tipped with a sharp spine. 258  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY The bark is smooth and gray, often splotched with crustose lichens. DISTRIBUTION AMERICAN HOLLY ranges from the maritime forests of Massachusetts to inland Pennsylvania and south Ohio. It grows along the Coastal Plain, Piedmont and Appalachians through mid-peninsular Florida and west to southern Missouri to eastern Texas. 259  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY hlex opaca arenicola (Ashe) or SCRUB HOLLY was first reported by Small in 1924 as hlex arenicola. It was renamed by Ashe in 1925. It was later reported by McFarlinan in 1932 as Ilex pygmaea. This discrepancy was subsequently resolved (110). 260  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY SCRUB HOLLY hlex opaca arenicola (Ashe) (EYE-Ieks o-PAY-ka air-in-a-CO-la ) GENERAL AMERICAN HOLLY grows to 16m or 50 feet in the southeastern United States. It is the holly we associate with Christmas. Its leaves are leathery with sharp pointed tips and spiny, toothed margins. SCRUB HOLLY is a shrub-like version. AMERICAN HOLLY is dense and pyramidal shaped with branches to the ground when young. It opens as it ages; older plants have horizontal branching. Opaca refers to the opaque or dull non-lustrous leaf surfaces of the native species. Today many cultivars exist with more lustrous foliage and berries. Birds eat the fruit. The SCRUB HOLLY is a subspecies or variety of the AMERICAN HOLLY. The name of the subspecies arenicola means "grows in a sandy place." Arenicola is listed as a rare plant on both the state and global registers. It is quite scarce. As more scrubs make way for housing developments, shopping centers and parking lots, most endemic scrub species will be added to the threatened or endangered list. 261  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY 262  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY FLOWERS AND FRUIT The tiny white, 4 petaled flowers are dioecious. The male and female flowers grow on different trees. Male flowers grow in clusters. Female flowers are single or grow in pairs. The fruit is a round, red drupe born in small clusters in the leaf axils. 263  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY LEAVES AND STEMS The stiff glossy leaves are alternate to 10cm or 1% to 4" long. and range from 3.5 264  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY Leaves are dark green or yellow-green color above and lighter underneath. They have several pointed tips, but occasionally only 1. Each leaf is tipped with a sharp spine. The bark is smooth and gray, often splotched with crustose lichens. 265  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) AMERICAN HOLLY DISTRIBUTION SCRUB HOLLY ranges in a very limited area of scrubs from Marion to Highlands Counties. hlex opaca arenicola (Ashe) can be seen in Highlands Hammock State Park and the Ocala National Forest. Further reports indicate its range in north Florida to the Georgia border in Baker and County. 266  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Yaupon Holly An old use of hlex vomitoria Ait. or Yaupon Holly is enumerated. "This Plant is the Indian Tea, us'd and approv'd by all the Savages on the Coast of Carolina, and from them sent to the Westward Indians, and sold at a considerable Price. All which they cure after the same way, as they do for themselves; which is thus: They take this Plant (not only the Leaves, but the smaller Twigs along with them) and bruise it in a Mortar, till it becomes blackish, the Leaf being wholly defaced: Then they take it out, put it into one of their earthen Pots which is over the Fire, till it smoaks; stirring it all the time, till it is cur'd. Others take it, after it is bruis'd, and put it into a Bowl, to which they put live Coals, and cover them with the Yaupon, till they have done smoaking, often turning them over. After all, they spread it upon their Mats, and dry it in the Sun to keep it for Use. "The Spaniards in New-Spain have this Plant very plentifully on the Coast of Florida, and hold it in great Esteem. Sometimes they cure it as the Indians do; or else beat it to a Powder, so mix it, as Coffee; yet before they drink it, they filter the same. "They prefer it above all Liquids, to drink with Physick, to carry the same safely and speedily thro' the Passages, for which it is admirable, as I myself have experimented (111)." 267  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Yaupon Holly YAUPON HOLLY Ilex vomitoria Ait. (EYE-Iex vom-ih-TOR-ee-uh) GENERAL YAUPON HOLLY is a small shrub or evergreen tree with multiple trunks. A mature tree grows to 8m or 25'. Many find its small and compact leaves quite attractive. A number of cultivars are available; several of them dwarf in size making them ideal for landscaping. They can be used as hedges, espaliers or even topiaries. The leaves contain caffeine and some compounds that may be toxic. They can cause digestive upset, causing nausea, hence the species name vomitoria. The flowers attract bees. The colorful berries provide food for wildlife. Native Americans use this plant for medicine and in ceremonies. The tea made from the leaves is the well- known "Black Drink." 268  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Yaupon Holly 269  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Yaupon Holly FLOWERS AND FRUIT Members of the hlex genus are dioecious. This means male and female flowers grow on separate trees. Female trees bear four petaled white flowers in one's and two's. Trees bearing the small white female flowers are ones that will bear fruit, so when selecting purchase, be sure they have fruit showing. the only trees to The round, fleshy fruits appear in clusters at leaf axils. The 5 to 7mm or 3/16" drupes are persistent, staying on the tree through fall and winter. Their bright red color attracts wildlife. 270  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Yaupon Holly LEAVES AND STEMS The simple, gray-green leaves are rather small growing to 3cm or %" long. They are lighter green on the bottom of the leaves. The margins of the oval leaves are crenate. They are alternately arranged along rather stiff branches. The leaves and twigs are very compact. 271  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Yaupon Holly The scaly bark is reddish brown and rather thin so it is easily damaged. 272  AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Yaupon Holly DISTRIBUTION YAUPON HOLLY prefers the acid soils of ponds, flatwoods and swamps. It is common throughout northern Florida south to Sarasota and Brevard Counties. It grows along the coastal plains westward to Texas and Arkansas. 273  GROSSULARIACEA (Currant Family) Virginia Willow or Sweetspire Itea virginica L. or VIRGINIA WILLOW has spectacularly colored autumn foliage. Colors are long lasting and are a mix of maroon, orange, yellow and crimson. Butterflies are attracted by its numerous flowers. The seeds are eaten by birds. Itea is the Greek name for willow. The name refers to the shape of this plant's leaves (112,113). 274  GROSSULARIACEA (Currant Family) Virginia Willow or Sweetspire VIRGINIA WILLOW or SWEETSPIRE Itea virginica L. (eye-TEE-uh vir-JIN-ih-kuh) GENERAL Itea is a graceful native shrub that grows to about 2m or 6'. Thickets may be found in fairly moist, acidic soils. It is evergreen through most of Florida. In the spring, racemes of white flowers are attractive to bees. The leaves are often tinged with red in the fall. VIRGINIA WILLOW deserves a place in Florida landscapes. It will adapt to drier conditions after it is established. An attractive cultivar with green-burgundy leaves, 'Henry's Garnet', is often available at nurseries. Its leaves resemble willow. Its botanical name, Itea, means willow in Greek. Literally, the name means, the "willow from Virginia." 275  GROSSULARIACEA (Currant Family) Virginia Willow or Sweetspire 276  GROSSULARIACEA (Currant Family) Virginia Willow or Sweetspire FLOWERS AND FRUIT In springtime, tiny white flowers are borne in racemes from the terminals of every branch. graceful 277  GROSSULARIACEA (Currant Family) Virginia Willow or Sweetspire It will flower in the shade, but has more flowers in sunny locations. The flower fragrance attracts bees "like a magnet." Hairy, round seed capsules of 2 to 7mm or up to 1/4" form along the racemes. They are persistent from mid summer through early winter. They are helpful to identify the plant. 278  GROSSULARIACEA (Currant Family) Virginia Willow or Sweetspire LEAVES AND STEMS Simple, alternate leaves margins. They are 5 to are elliptical with 10cm or 2 to 4" finely serrated long and 2.5 to 4cm or 1 to 12" wide. The green upper surface is glabrous sheen, while it is lighter beneath. The with dark red in autumn and winter. and has a leaves are satiny tinged 279  GROSSULARIACEA (Currant Family) Virginia Willow or Sweetspire The slender twigs become red in fall and winter. The smooth bark splits slightly and turns brown as it matures. DISTRIBUTION VIRGINIA WILLOW prefers like the edges of swamps most of Florida, it ranges Texas to New Jersey. damp areas with acidic or riverbanks. Growing along the Coastal Plain soils over from 280  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum) Gopher Apple Licania michauxii Prance or GOPHER APPLE was named for the French botanist Andre Michaux. He described the plant in a journal he wrote as he traveled the United States in the 1700's. The GOPHER APPLE is suggested as a native plant for home landscapes and ground cover. Its native habitat is pinelands and sand dunes over entire state. It is well adapted for the Northern, Central and Southern areas of the state. GOPHER APPLE grows in full sun and in dry soil. Research on Licania michauxii has resulted in the revelation of its therapeutic agents. Cytotoxic action against human hepatoma and the colon carcinomas are treatable with said drugs (114,115,116). 281  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum) Gopher Apple GOPHER APPLE Licania michauxii Prance (ie-CAN-ee-a mi-CHO-zee-eye) GENERAL GOPHER APPLE is a colonial, evergreen shrub which grows mostly by underground stems. The tips of its above ground branches conduct photosynthesis, reproduce and occasionally grow to 10cm or 16" tall. GOPHER APPLE provides a bright green ground cover when many other plants appear brown from springtime drought. Its attractive white flower clusters bloom over an extended period. The reference to "gopher" in the common name refers to its underground growth habit. GOPHER APPLE fruit provides food for a wide variety of wildlife. The sweet fruit is also edible by humans, but it has a rather large seed with only a thin layer of pulp. It tastes like watermelon-grape. GOPHER APPLE is being used in cancer research. 282  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum) Gopher Apple Op. I r pI~ I 283  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum) Gopher Apple FLOWERS AND FRUIT The terminal clusters of tiny white flowers are seen most frequently in late spring and throughout summer. 284  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum) Gopher Apple Oval fruits 2 to 3cm or 1 to 1%" long, begin to ripen by late summer. 285  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum) Gopher Apple The cream to pink colored drupes, are a fleshy fruit cover over a hard seed coat. They are a favorite food source of the gopher tortoise. LEAVES AND STEMS GOPHER APPLE leaves are simple, alternate and entire. Leaves are shiny above and sometimes downy beneath. They sometimes have wavy margins. Leaves are oblong are yellow-green in color. The above ground stems are slender, upright, and rarely over 10cm or 16" high. The main stems are underground. 286  CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco Plum) Gopher Apple DISTRIBUTION GOPHER APPLE is common throughout most sandhills in the peninsula of Florida and along the coastal plain from Mississippi to Georgia. 287  HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witchhazel Family) Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua L. or SWEETGUM has dark-purple to reddish brown heartwood. This wood has been marketed in the trade as Italian mahogany or satin walnut. Its bark becomes deeply ringed at approximately 25-years old. The cultivar 'Rotundiloba' displays leaves with rounded, fig-like lobes; This cultivar does not produce the spiky fruit. Molecular studies have shown that Liquidambar would be better placed in the Altingiaceae instead of the Hamamelidaceae (117,118,119,120,121). 288  HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witchhazel Family) Sweetgum SWEETGUM Liquidambar styraciflua L. (lik-wid-AM-ber sty-ra-se-FLEW-a) GENERAL SWEETGUM is a large, rapid-growing, deciduous tree to 40m or 130'. The crown of the tree is cone-shaped. The aromatic, star-shaped leaves turn a beautiful burgundy red with autumn frost. The generic name, Liquidambar, refers to the honey-colored sap that flows from wounds in the bark. This sap turns dark as it thickens. The wood is desirable for furniture, woodenware and veneers. It is also used for pulpwood to make fine papers. It is a traditional medicine used by Native Americans. One remedy calls for burning the fruit and mixing the ashes with cream to treat burns. It is chewed like gum for pleasure or to help treat diarrhea. 289  HAMAM ELIDACEAE (Witch hazel Family) Sweetgum 290  HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witchhazel Family) Sweetgum FLOWERS AND FRUIT The male flowers are slender the female flowers form ball stems. masses shaped of stamens clusters on while long Two shiny, brown winged-seeds form in hard capsules that look like spiny ping-pong balls. 291  HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witchhazel Family) Sweetgum LEAVES AND STEMS The star-shaped leaves are simple and alternate with serrated margins. Most have 5 pointed lobes with palmate veins. The leaves are distinctly aromatic when crushed. 292  HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witchhazel Family) Sweetgum The twigs develop corky wings as they mature the second year. These corky projections give the bark a furrowed appearance. 293  HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witchhazel Family) Sweetgum DISTRIBUTION SWEETGUM trees prefer that occasionally overflow. Cape Canaveral northward to Texas. They are very Nicaragua and Mexico. rich swamps and hammocks They are found from Tampa to to Connecticut and westward common trees in Guatemala, 294  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Rusty Lyonia Lyonia ferruginea (Walter) Nutt. or RUSTY LYONIA is colloquially called the rusty lion! This is due to the rusty color of the new leaf growth. Lyonia grows in the pine Flatwoods or dry scrub (122). 295  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Rusty Lyonia RUSTY LYONIA or CROOKED WOOD Lyonia ferruginea (Walter) Nutt. (lye-O-nee-a fer-roo-JIN-e-a) GENERAL RUSTY LYONIA is an evergreen 9m or 30' tall. Lyonias tend to growth, spreading from rhizomes. it to be fire resistant. The species name ferruginea referring to the rusty scales on the underside of younger leaves. shrub that grows up to have a colonial type of The root system helps means "rusty new growth and color," on the Members of the Heath or blueberry family, Lyonias are related to azaleas and blueberries. This lovely plant can take on a tree-like appearance with several very crooked trunks, thus the common name "crooked wood." The picturesque and gardeners, wood is used to wood is very desirable to flower arrangers and is harvested for that purpose. The make walking sticks. 296  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Rusty Lyonia 297  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Rusty Lyonia FLOWERS AND FRUIT White urn-shaped flowers are found the growth of the previous season. in axillary clusters on 298  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Rusty Lyonia The fruits are dry, hairy, capsules about 1cm or %" long. They often remain on the plant for a long period. LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate and simple. They are elliptic to obovate with entire, revolute margins. 299  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Rusty Lyonia They range up to 9cm or 3%" long. The leaves are densely covered with rusty scales when young. 300  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Rusty Lyonia They remain hairy and scaly at maturity. The stems are twisted and branched, gray or gray-brown and scaly. DISTRIBUTION The preferred habitat of RUSTY LYON IA varies from bayheads, pine flatwoods and moist hammocks to sand scrub. They range along the Coastal Carolina to Central Florida. Plain from South 301  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Lyonia Lyonia lucida (Lam.) K. Koch or SHINY LYONIA has showy, fragrant flowers. Flower fragrance often lasts for weeks. SHINY LYONIA is related to other toxic plants in the Ericaceae family, and it is suspected that it may be toxic to livestock as well; cattle seem to find fetterbush unpalatable. SHINY LYONIA is adaptable to both wet and dry soils. It is a good choice for planting at water edges that experience wide changes in water levels (123,124,125). 302  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Lyonia SHINY LYONIA or FETTERBUSH Lyonia lucida (Lam.) K. Koch (lie-OH-nee-a LU-si-duh) GENERAL SHINY LYONIA is a lovely evergreen shrub that grows in damp soils all over the peninsula of Florida. It is a valuable landscape plant. Though not usually so large, it can grow to 4m or 12' tall. SHINY LYONIA is distinguished by its deep pink urn shaped flowers and shiny, dark green leaves with inter-marginal veins. The vein runs parallel to the margin or leaf edge. Since several members of the Ericaceae or Heath Family also have the common name of Fetterbush, we prefer not to use it because of the confusion. Fetterbush refers to bushes growing in thickets that could fetter or tangle the feet. This interesting family also includes blueberries, azaleas and mountain laurels. 303  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Lyonia 304  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Lyonia FLOWERS AND FRUIT SHINY LYONIA has clusters of cylindrical or bell shaped flowers with persistent sepals axils. This means the clusters base of the leaf. which are born at the leaf of flowers grow out of the The color ranges from light to deep pink to nearly red. 305  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Lyonia The fruit is an urn shaped, dry capsule or achene, that serves as food for some seed eating wildlife. 306  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Lyonia LEAVES AND STEMS The leaves are alternate, simple and broad to narrowly elliptical in shape. They range to 2 to 8cm or 1 to 3" long. This shiny, dark green and leathery foliage is evergreen. The vein that parallels the margin is a distinguishing feature of this species. The stems can grow woody with age. 307  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Lyonia DISTRIBUTION SHINY LYONIA's are found in wet flatwoods, bogs and swamp edges throughout the entire peninsula of Florida and along the Coastal Plain from Louisiana up to southern Virginia. 308  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Ashe Magnolia Magnolia ashei (Weatherby) or ASHE MAGNOLIA transplants poorly and seems to be short-lived in many landscape sites unless its cultural requirements are closely met. Partial shade and well-drained soil are required. It will not tolerate wet soil or drought. Sheltered sites are best since strong winds can shred the papery leaves and break the brittle branches. The large leaves decompose slowly after falling and may be considered a litter problem. Magnolias are an ancient flower family with a fossil record dating between 36 and 58 million years ago. The distribution of existing Magnolias today resulted when Ice Age glaciers destroyed ancient European forests but not those in Asia or America. Surviving species represent some primitive flowering plants. These flowers do not produce true nectar. They attract pollinating beetles of the Nitidulidae family using a fragrant, sugary secretion. This is because Magnolias evolved long before bees and other flying pollinators. An infusion of the bark of Magnolias has been used in the treatment of stomach aches or cramps; a hot infusion is sniffed for sinus problems and swished in the mouth to treat toothaches (126,127,128,129). 309  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Ashe Magnolia ASHE MAGNOLIA Magnolia macrophylla ashei (Weatherby) (mag-NO-lee-uh ASH-ee-eye) GENERAL ASHE MAGNOLIA is a large shrub or occasionally a small tree up to 6m or 18 to 20' tall. It prefers a sunny spot with some light shade, and rich, moist soil. It begins blooming while still quite small, three to four years from seed. ASHE MAGNOLIA is endemic to only a few counties near the Apalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle. This rare plant is listed as ENDANGERED by the Florida Department of Agriculture due to habitat disturbance. Similar to Magnolia macrophylla, Magnolia ashei has smaller flowers and shorter, wider leaves. ASHE MAGNOLIA is sometimes listed as a variety or subspecies of M. macrophylla. When grown in cultivation, ASHE MAGNOLIA is so particular in its requirements that it does not live very long. 310  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Ashe Magnolia ~-4 2' 311  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Ashe Magnolia FLOWERS AND FRUIT ASHE MAGNOLIA has creamy-white petals with a rose- purple tint at the base forming showy flowers in the springtime. The fragrant flowers can range from 20 to 38cm or 8 to 15" in diameter. The petals and sepals are difficult to distinguish, and are called tepals are pale green. tepals. The outer, reflexed The fuzzy red fruit is an oval receptacle about 6 to 8cm or 2% to 3" long. It opens to seeds. display globose, red-orange 312  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Ashe Magnolia 313  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Ashe Magnolia LEAVES AND STEMS The simple leaves with entire margins are alternately arranged almost in a whorl at the ends of branches. The leaves are elliptic to oblong with auriculate or eared bases and acute tips. They measure up to 60cm or 24" in length and 30cm or 12" in width. The upper surfaces are bright green and glabrous while the leaves are silver to pale green and pubescent below. 314  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Ashe Magnolia The twigs and buds are pubescent. dark gray in color. The smooth bark is DISTRIBUTION ASHE MAGNOLIA is the most rare magnolia specie. It is endemic to the woodlands of ravines and bluffs near the Apalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle and has limited cultivation east to Leon County, Florida. 315  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. or SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA is used to make furniture because of its heavy, hard wood. The wood is straight grained and polishes to a lustrous finish. Purple streaks in the wood from mineral deposits make it a valued wood for veneers. Magnolia wood is also used for shiny wood flooring. When the stems are crushed or bruised they have a lemon scent. Extracts of the seed have useful neurological properties such as, as a sedative or calmative (130,131,132,133,134). 316  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Southern Magnolia SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA or BULLBAY Magnolia grandiflora L. (mag-NO-lee-uh gran-di-FLOOR-uh) GENERAL The SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA is a broad-leaved evergreen tree that averages to 20 to 30m or 60 to 90" tall. It has a straight trunk and a broad cone shaped crown. Its large, shiny leaves and showy white flowers make this one of the most popular ornamental trees of the South. It was named for a French botanist, Pierre Magnol. The species name, grandiflora, means large flowered. 317  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Southern Magnolia 4 4 318  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Southern Magnolia FLOWERS AND FRUIT The fragrant, creamy white flowers are 15 to 20cm or 6 to 8" in diameter with 6 to 12 petals surrounding a cone-like center or receptacle. This receptacle holds many pistils and stamens. 319  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Southern Magnolia The receptacle enlarges to 8 to 10cm or 3 to 4" long and begins to turn red. The fleshy red seeds ripen long strings. in the cells and hang on with 320  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Southern Magnolia LEAVES AND STEMS SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA leaves are alternate, simple, oval-to-oblong in shape. They have entire margins with bluntly tapered tips. They are large ranging to 10 to 20cm or 4 to 8" long. Additionally, evergreen. they are leathery, dark glossy green and 321  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Southern Magnolia The undersides are covered with velvety hairs which vary from white to reddish brown. The younger stems and buds are often covered with reddish brown pubescence. The bark is light brown to gray brown with irregular scales. DISTRIBUTION The SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA is found on rich bottomlands, woodlands and coastal hammocks throughout north Florida south to about Highlands and DeSoto counties. It also grows along the coastal plain from North Carolina and west to eastern Texas. 322  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana L. is called the SWEET BAY MAGNOLIA. Linneaus named the genus Magnolia in honor of Pierre Magnol, the physician of King Louis XIV of France who was concomitantly the director and Professor of a botanical garden at Montpellier! Magnolia wood is used to make furniture, boxes, flats, and baskets, popsicle sticks, tongue depressors, broom handles, veneer, and Venetian blinds. SWEETBAY wood is medium soft, straight-grained and uniform. It is resistant to heavy shrinkage, very highly shock absorbent. SWEETBAY has a low bending and compression strength. It takes glues, nails, stains and varnishes easily. SWEETBAY is important forage for deer; they browse the leaves and twigs. The seeds are eaten by gray mice, wild turkey, quail, and song birds. Virginia tribes used decoctions of leaves, twigs, and bark of Magnolia virginiana to treat colds and chills, to warm the blood, and as a hallucinogen. The Colonists called the SWEET BAY the "Beavertree." Colonists trapped beavers using the tree's fleshy roots as bait (135,136,137,138). 323  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Sweetbay SWEETBAY, SILVER BAY, MAGNOLIA BAY Magnolia virginiana L. (mag-NO-lee-uh vur-gin-ee-AN-uh) GENERAL SWEET BAY OR MAGNOLIA BAY is a native tree to the United States. It grows to 30m or 60'. SWEET BAY is evergreen in the South but may be deciduous or semi- deciduous in other areas depending on climate. It is easy to spot while driving! When wind blows the leaves, they flip up their silvery-white undersides to make a glittering show. SWEET BAY tends to form dome shaped thickets in wet areas. This leaves little room for other species. The trees in the center grow taller to reach for the sun. These stands of trees are called "bayheads." SWEET BAY trees are underused in landscapes, where their showy blossoms and red seeded pods make lovely specimens. Nearly all parts of the trees are fragrant. The lumber is used in the manufacture of furniture. The seeds provide food for birds and other wildlife. SWEET BAY trees are larval food for swallowtail butterflies. 324  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Sweetbay I 4 325  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Sweetbay FLOWERS AND FRUIT Creamy white blooms emerge from June to September. Flowers range from 8 to 14cm or 2 to 3" across. They have from 6 to 12 petals and many yellow stamens. Blooms have a fresh, lemony scent. 326  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Sweetbay Oval, red coated seeds about 1cm or 1/4" are arranged in open, cone-shaped pods. These pods change from green to pink before opening to release the seeds. LEAVES AND STEMS SWEET BAY leaves are simple, alternate and have entire or smooth margins. Leaves are elliptic or oval shaped, and about 6 to 15cm or 3 to 6" long. A lustrous bright green above, the leaves are distinguished by their silvery white undersides. When crushed, the leaves are aromatic. 327  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Sweetbay It is important to note that these are not the "bay leaves" used in cooking (See Persea). 328  MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Sweetbay The thin bark is brownish gray and is slightly mature trees. The inner bark has a spicy scent. wood is light brown with darker heartwood. scaly on The soft DISTRIBUTION SWEET BAY is wetlands on the south Florida and commonly found in Coastal Plain from west to Texas. a wide variety Massachusetts of to 329  MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Cajeput Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) S.T. Blake or CAJEPUT was brought to Florida in the early 20th century as a landscape tree. In the 1930's, trees were planted as soil stabilizers on canal levees bordering the southern end of Lake Okeechobee and also in Big Cypress National Preserve. Seeds were scattered from airplanes over the Everglades to dry up the wetland biosphere. Private individuals cannot plant Melaleuca, yet very little is done to force them to remove it from their property. Therefore, while CAJEPUT infestations have declined on public lands, they are flourishing on private lands. These stands on private property unfortunately lead to new re-infestation in areas already treated, thus undermining public control! Better comprehensive planning is necessary for the eradication of CAJEPUT (139). 330  MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Cajeput CAJEPUT, PAPER BARK or PUNK TREE Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) S.T. Blake (mel-a-LU-ka kwin-kwen-NER-vi-a) GENERAL The CAJEPUT is an evergreen tree that grows to 15m or 50'. It is easily recognized by its unique bark. The common name, "Paper Bark Tree" describes the white and tan sheets of soft, pulpy bark that peels off in layers. Respiratory irritations from pollen and dermatitis from bark contact are not uncommon. The oils are used medicinally. It is against the law to plant this tree because it is listed as PROHIBITED by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and a NOXIOUS WEED by the Florida Department of Agriculture and U.S.D.A. Seeds easily sprout where they fall. Originally imported from Australia to help dry up wetlands, CAJEPUT trees have become pests in south Florida, destroying vast areas of natural habitats. Efforts are being made to eliminate these trees from natural landscapes by treating them with herbicides. This requires great persistence and much money. 331  MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Cajeput 332  MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Cajeput FLOWERS AND FRUIT CAJEPUT's terminal clusters of white flowers form along it the appearance of a and around the stem bottlebrush. giving Hard seed capsules flowers. form around the stem, just as the 333  MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Cajeput The seeds are carried by birds. They are dropped with their own supply of fertilizer. 334  MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Cajeput LEAVES AND STEMS CAJEPUT lanceolate. base. leaves are alternate, si They are long and narrow, mple, entire and being wider near 335  MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) Cajeput Leaves have 5 to 7 parallel veins running their length. Stems or branches are weak and soft. The tree trunk is covered with gray colored, corky, peeling bark. DISTRIBUTION CAJEPUT trees grow throughout south Florida and through the central Florida wetland areas. They can be found in the Everglades and marshes, and along roadside canals. 336  MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Wax Myrtle Myrica cerifera L. or WAX MYRTLE was traditionally planted around southern homes to help keep living spaces pest free. This foliage seems especially to repel insects, particularly fleas. Volatile oils are found in tiny glands on the leaves. They cause the WAX MYRTLE to ignite in a flash in a fire, making it a very flammable plant! It takes approximately 3 to 15 pounds of bayberries to make 1 lb of wax. Bayberry candles burn longer, cleaner and with a brighter light than did the traditional candles of the time. The saying went "Bayberry candles burned to the socket, bring health to the home and wealth to the pocket!" The Choctaw Indians boiled the leaves and drank the decoction as a treatment for fever (140,141,142,143,144). 337  MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Wax Myrtle WAX MYRTLE or FLORIDA BAYBERRY Myrica cerifera L. (my-REE-ka ser-IF-er-a) GENERAL The WAX and useful small tree, MYRTLE is one of Florida's most widespread plants. This evergreen shrub can grow into a 8m or 25' tall. It has multiple trunks. WAX MYRTLE is identified by aromatic leaves, which are toothed toward the apex. The silvery gray bark is nearly smooth. Its shiny, dark green leaves, cold hardiness and insect resistance, make it an excellent choice as a native landscape plant. WAX MYRTLE contained in its scent candles, Bayberry. The bearing." repels insects with the fragrant wax leaves and berries. The wax is used to thus the common name of Florida species name, cerifera, means "wax A tea made from tender leaves and twigs has been used to treat colds, stomach aches and ulcers. The leaves are used to flavor stews and soups. 338  MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Wax Myrtle / 339  MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Wax Myrtle FLOWERS AND FRUIT WAX MYRTLE plants are dioecious. They have male and female flowers on separate plants. The tiny male flowers are in catkins, 2cm or 1" long at the leaf axils. 340  MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Wax Myrtle Tiny, white female flowers are borne along the stems. The clusters of gray berries are covered with wax that contains a pleasant fragrance. 341  MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Wax Myrtle LEAVES AND STEMS The glossy leaves are alternate, simple, and 3 to 15cm or 2 to 6" long. Leaves are oblanceolate with teeth toward the pointed tip. Though thin, they have a leathery texture. Tiny glands on both surfaces appear as amber colored dots upon magnification. They are fragrant when crushed. Rubbed on the skin, they repel insects. 342  MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Wax Myrtle DISTRIBUTION WAX MYRTLE is found in a wide throughout Florida. It thrives in pinelands. WAX MYRTLE ranges f New Jersey and west to Arkansas grows in the West Indies. variety of wet woods rom Florida and Texas. habitats to dry north to It also 343  MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family) Myrsine Myrsine floridana A. DC. or MYRSINE is also called Colicwood. MYRSINE provides good food and nesting sites for many species of birds. The thick foliage also provides excellent cover. Myrsine grows from wet to dry ridges in hammocks, pinelands, and along the shoreline. It is also a good hedge plant for barrier islands. The Miccosukee Indians used the dried leaves to mix with tobacco. They call it the white tobacco-seasoning tree (145,146,147). 344  MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family) Myrsine MYRSINE or RAPANEA Myrsine floridana A. DC. (mer-SEEN flo-ri-DAY-na) or Rapanea punctata GENERAL MYRSINE is an attractive shrub or small tree which grows up to 6m or 18'. The berries are available all year long and provide food for many species of fruit eating birds, including mockingbirds and cat birds. The heavy foliage provides nest sites and shelter. It is occasionally confused distinguished by the flowers along the stem. with Marlberry, but can be and fruit appearing in a spiral 345  MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family) Myrsine C I 7 346  MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family) Myrsine FLOWERS AND FRUIT MYRSINE is essentially flowers. In winter, small stems. dioecious, with a few perfect white flowers bloom along the They are followed by clusters of round berries which appear on the bare stems below the foliage. 347  MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family) Myrsine The berries turn blue-black when ripe. 348  MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family) Myrsine LEAVES AND STEMS The leaves appear close together at the ends of branches. They are alternate, simple and occasionally have notched tips. They are leathery textured and have revolute or rolled under margins. The mature stems are whitish and show off the flowers and berries. 349  MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family) Myrsine DISTRIBUTION MYRSINE is found in coastal hammocks from Manatee and Volusia Counties south to the Keys. 350  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Eastern Hop Hornbeam Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch or EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM has unusual eye-catching fruiting clusters. Eastern North American gardeners find it a natural for the native plant landscape. European farmers used relatives of the hop hornbeam to make yokes for oxen thus the names "hornbeam" or "yoke-elms (148,149)." 351  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Eastern Hop Hornbeam EASTERN HOP HORNBEAM Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (OSS-tree-uh vir-gin-ee-AN-uh) GENERAL EASTERN HOP HORNBEAM is a small, deciduous tree that grows to 20m or 60'. The crown is broad and rounded or vase-shaped. The name Ostrya is derived from the Greek word 'ostrua'. This means "bone-like" referring to its very hard wood. The close-grained wood is extremely hard and dense. It is occasionally used for tool handles. Flowers are not particularly showy but are followed by drooping clusters of sac-like, seed-bearing pods which provide food for wildlife. EASTERN HOP HORNBEAM is slow to medium growing and slow to establish when transplanted. 352  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Eastern Hop Hornbeam . g 353  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Eastern Hop Hornbeam FLOWERS AND FRUIT Separate male and female flowers form in catkins. reddish brown, staminate or male catkins are about 1.5cm or %" long. The pistillate or female catkins are the length and have light green scales. The 1 to half The fruits are nutlets enclosed bracts. These appear similar to name. within inflated papery hops, thus the common 354  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Eastern Hop Hornbeam LEAVES AND STEMS EASTERN HOP HORNBEAM leaves are simple and rgins. They are alternate elliptical with doubly serrated ma 355  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Eastern Hop Hornbeam and two-ranked. They have pinnate veins. is symmetric. The leaf base The leaves are 5 to 13cm or 2 to 5" long. They are smooth and blue-green above. The lower surface of the leaf has tufts of white hair at the main vein axils. Their slender petioles are pubescent. 356  BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Eastern Hop Hornbeam EASTERN HOP HORNBEAM bark is reddish brown. It shreds into narrow strips. As the bark matures it turns gray to brown DISTRIBUTION EASTERN HOP HORNBEAM typically grows is north Florida in moist south to woodlands. Hernando Its Florida and Marion range Cou ntie es. It also ranges from Texas north to Nova Scotia. 357  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Red Bay Persea borbonia borbonia (L.) Spreng. or RED BAY as with all bays have oils including cineol, camphor, eucalyptol and p-cymene. They are all medicinal. When plant parts are ingested by humans they are somewhat protected against Giardia infections. RED BAY's aromatic leaves are substitutable for the common spice, bay leaf, Laurus nobilis, a European relative from the same family. Seminoles use the leaves to make a tea and in cooking. Red bay pollen was found in a pre-Columbian site near Lake Okeechobee. RED BAY coevolved with the Spicebush Swallowtail Butterfly and the Palamedes Swallowtail Butterfly. The larvae forms sequester the aforementioned oils for protection against predators. RED BAY wood is used for wooden spoons, inside finishing as well as in boat construction. This wood takes a high polish for furniture (150,151,152,153). 358  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Red Bay RED BAY Persea borbonia borbonia (L.) Spreng. (PER-see-a bor-BONE-i-uh) GENERAL RED about BAY 12m is or an 36'. attractive evergreen tree that It is usually much smaller. grows to RED BAY can be easily identified because of the numerous leaf galls. They are lighter in color than the leaves and often form along the the leaf. leaf margins, deforming There are two varieties common to Florida. They are P. var. humilis borbonia. Var. borbonia is "RED (Nash) L.E. Kopp is "SILK BAY." BAY" and The common name comes from the red heart-wood. Because it is close-grained, heavy and strong, it is used flavorful for cabinet work and furniture. leaves are used for seasoning food. Its aromatic, 359  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Red Bay I T 7[ 360  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Red Bay FLOWERS AND FRUIT Tiny greenish flowers are borne in clusters in the leaf axils. The fruit Peduncles is a dark are 2.5cm blue, oval or 1" long. drupe with one seed. 361  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Red Bay LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple and alternate. They are entire, elliptic to lanceolate and grow to 15cm or 6" long. Bright green and lustrous above, the lower surface is glaucous or has fine white hairs. Var. borbonia shows a prominent yellow midrib. The underside of var. humilis has rusty pubescence. When crushed, the leaves are pleasantly aromatic. 362  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Red Bay The leaf galls, caused by insects, are a common feature and can be used to help identify this tree. 363  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Red Bay The twigs are slightly with flat, scaly ridges when mature. hairy. The divided by bark is reddish brown, deep vertical fissures DISTRIBUTION RED BAY grows in wide hammocks and scrubs in the Keys. It grows west Var. humilis is endemic Florida. variety of habitats from bluffs to every county in Florida, including to Texas and north to Virginia. to the ancient scrubs of central 364  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Silk Bay Persea borbonia humilis Nash or SILK BAY has a National Register tree listed in the Ocala National Forest. The tree has a 55" circumference. It is 38' tall with a 46' spread. It sports 105 points. Its most recent measurement was taken in 1991 (154). 365  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Silk Bay SILK BAY Persea borbonia humilis Nash (PER-see-a bor-BONE-i-uh) GENERAL SILK about BAY is an 12m or 36'. attractive evergreen tree that grows to It is usually much smaller. SILK BAY numerous I leaves and the leaf. can be easily eaf galls. They often form along identified because of the are lighter in color than the the leaf margins, deforming Because it is close-grained, heavy and strong, it is used for cabinet work and furniture. Its aromatic, flavorful leaves are used for seasoning food. 366  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Silk Bay 367  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Silk Bay FLOWERS AND FRUIT Tiny greenish flowers are borne in clusters in the leaf axils. The fruit is a dark blue, oval drupe with one seed. 368  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Silk Bay LEAVES AND STEMS SILK BAY leaves are simple, alternate, and entire. They are elliptic to lanceolate and grow to 15cm or 6" long. Bright green and lustrous above, the underside of Persea borbonia humilis has rusty pubescence or fine hairs. When crushed, the leaves are pleasantly aromatic. The leaf galls, caused by insects, are a common feature and can be used to help identify this tree. 369  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Silk Bay The twigs are slightly hairy. The bark is reddish brown, with flat, scaly ridges divided by deep vertical fissures at maturity. 370  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Silk Bay DISTRIBUTION SILK BAY is endemic to white sands of the ancient scrubs of central Florida. The bays grow in wide variety of habitats from bluffs to hammocks and scrubs in every county in Florida, including the Keys, as well as Texas to Virginia. 371  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Swamp Bay Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. or SWAMP BAY is a wetland plant. It can be distinguished from the other Persea's primarily by its habitat, then by the back of its leaves. The Creeks use the P. palustris root as a hydragogue. They know this because the plant lives in the swamp. SWAMP BAY is noted for its show of fall colors (155,156). 372  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Swamp Bay SWAMP BAY Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. (PER-see-a pal-LUS-trus) GENERAL SWAMP BAY is an attractive evergreen about 12m or 36'. It is often smaller. that grows to It is a perennial shrub or tree with low drought tolerance and concomitant high water intermediate shade. need. It grows best in SWAMP BAY grows in a pH range of 5-7. SWAMP BAY leaves are often infested with gall insects that form swollen knots which serve as an identifier. These knots are called leaf galls. 373  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Swamp Bay 374  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Swamp Bay FLOWERS AND FRUIT Tiny white to yellow flowers are borne in clusters in the leaf axils. Peduncles are 5cm or 2" long. The length of the peduncle distinguishes Persea palustris from Persea borbonia. P. palustris has the longer peduncle. 375  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Swamp Bay The fruit is a dark blue, oval drupe with one seed. LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple and alternat to lanceolate and grow to 5 to underside of the leaf is ligh :e. They are entire, elliptic 15cm or 2 to 6" long. The t green with hairy white pubescence along the veins which turn to golden-reddish with maturity. 376  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Swamp Bay The leaf galls, caused by insects, are a common feature and can be used to help identify this tree. The twigs are slightly hairy. The bark is brown, with flat, scaly ridges divided by deep vertical fissures. 377  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Swamp Bay DISTRIBUTION SWAMP BAY grows in a wide variety of wetland and swamp habitats throughout the state of Florida, including the Keys. It grows west to Texas and north to Virginia along the coastal states. 378  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sand Pine Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) or SAND PINE is a shallow rooted tree. Though drought tolerant and good for Florida landscaping, from that perspective, it should be planted away from buildings due the ease with which it is up rooted. The SAND PINE native range is limited almost entirely to Florida. The largest concentration can be found in Ocala in the "Big Scrub." This variety of SAND PINE also grows in a narrow strip along the east coast of Florida from St. Augustine southward to Fort Lauderdale. A small tract of Ocala SAND PINE can be found scattered north of Tampa southward to Naples. SAND PINE and other members of the Florida Scrub Community prevent fire through fuel reduction. Fire frequency is reduced by keeping leaf litter build-up to a minimum (157,157,159,160). 379  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sand Pine SAND PINE Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex. Sarg. (PYE-nus KLAW-zuh) GENERAL The SAND PINE is a cone-bearing evergreen that grows to 25m or 75'. It has needle-like leaves called "pine needles." The SAND PINE is native to the deep sand ridges and coastal dunes of Florida. Its spreading fibrous roots help anchor the loose, shifting sand. The species name, clausa, refers to the cones that are kept closed by resins. The resins must be melted by heat from the sun or a fire for the cones to open. When this happens, the cones open and drop seeds on the burned ground. However, the adult tree is not very fire resistant and may be killed during this process. Several years after a burn, many sand pine seedlings the same height can be found covering the forest floor. SAND PINE wood is not used for lumber as it has many knots. However, the tree is planted and harvested for pulpwood. SAND PINE is an important food source for wildlife, especially the threatened Florida mouse. The SAND PINE Scrub is a unique community that contains many endemic or common species. 380  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sand Pine 381  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sand Pine FLOWERS AND FRUIT The yellow-brown to pinkish male flowers appear in clusters and are found at the tips of the branches of new growth. They carry heavy amounts of pollen. The pinkish female flowers are in clusters that will develop into cones. Ovoid cones, 5 to 8cm or 2 to 3" long, release their seeds after heat melts the resinous seals. The small cones tend to hang onto the tree. At times the tree will grow over a cone forming what looks like a gall. The nut-like seeds have a wing. 382  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sand Pine 'A 383  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sand Pine LEAVES AND STEMS Fragrant, needle-like leaves are 4 to 8cm or 1%2 to 3" long. They are borne in fascicles or bundles of two. The dark green needles are flexible and twisted. The reddish-brown bark is somewhat smooth, breaking into small, scaly plates as it matures. 384  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sand Pine DISTRIBUTION SAND PINE grows in deep coastal sands and along inland ancient dune ridges southward to Broward and Collier Counties in Florida. Some are found in Alabama. 385  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Slash Pine Pinus elliottii Engelm. or the SLASH PINE's common name originated from the method of extracting the resin from the trees by scoring or slashing the trees to start resin flow. Synonyms for Pinus elliottii include Pinus densa, Pinus caribaea and Pinus heterophylla. SLASH PINES have been in service to Floridians for centuries. This is the most common tree of pine plantations throughout Florida. It was the primary naval stores species, producing rosins and turpentine used for many purposes. Millions of acres of slash pine have been planted, grown and harvested. It takes about 30 years for slash pine trees to reach saw timber size (161,162,163). 386  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Slash Pine SLASH PINE Pinus elliottii Engelm. (PIE-nus el-ee-OTT-ee-eye) GENERAL SLASH PINE is a tall, fast growing grows to 40m or 120' tall. It has a tru diameter. The needles grow to 30cm arranged variously in numbers two or bundle. coniferous tree that nk up to 1m or 3' in or 12" long and are three per fascicle or Two varieties of SLASH PINE are found in Florida. Pinus elliottii var. elliottii is found throughout north and central Florida. Southern SLASH PINE is Pinus elliottii var. densa. It is found in south Florida. They are both for providing lumber and turpentine. The seeds of SLASH PINE are an for gray and fox squirrels and wild tu pine "nuts" and pine needle tea. excellent food source rkeys. Humans enjoy d medicinally as a has been made into used in paints, inks, Pine needles and sap are u disinfectant and a cold remedy. therapeutic ointments. Pine resin paper, soap and tar. se It is 387  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Slash Pine 388  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Slash Pine FLOWERS AND FRUIT The male flowers are long, dark purple clusters. The female flowers are mostly solitary, pink and on long stalks. They are not easily recognized as flowers. The winged seeds are hidden within the thin, woody scales of the closed cones. Cones range from 10 to 15cm or 6 to 8" long. Each scale has a curved, sharp spine. 389  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Slash Pine 390  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Slash Pine LEAVES AND STEMS The dark green needle-like leaves are 20 to 30cm or 8 to 12" long. They are arranged in fascicles or bundles of two and three. Near the ends of the branches, needle-like leaves form broom-like clusters that last through the second season. Each basal sheath is less than 72" long. 391  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Slash Pine The furrowed bark of young trees becomes 2 to 5cm or 1 to 2" thick when mature. The bark then breaks into large plates made up of thin, papery scales of silvery-orange. DISTRIBUTION SLASH PINES are naturally found in flatwoods, swamps, and pond edges. The can thrive in the low sandy soils that have few nutrients. SLASH PINES range from South Carolina to Louisiana and southward to the Florida Keys. 392  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Longleaf Pine Pinus palustris Mill. or the LONGLEAF PINE played a part of Florida's Naval history. In 1782, Francis Philip Fatio recognized the economic value of Florida's pine forests in a report to the Government of the Province of East Florida. It provided an early history of forestry in Florida and its ability "produce Naval Stores, Ship Lumber, and the Asylum it may afford to the Wretched and Distressed Loyalists." He continued that the navigable St. John's River ran parallel to the Atlantic Ocean with forests that would produce substantial quantities of pitch, tar and turpentine. Fatio suggested regulations to prohibit the extirpation of the young saplings, and to fix the number of trees that should remain on every acre. He also indicated that the pines were excellent for deck planks and masts (164). 393  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Longleaf Pine LONGLEAF PINE Pinus palustris Mill. (PIE-nus puh-LUS-tris) GENERAL The stately LONGLEAF called boles. LONGLEAF PINES have PINE long grows to 40m or 120.' symmetrical tree trunks Evergreen, needle-like leaves coating. They are extremely PINES spend their first years grass phase of growth, a thick the bud while the taproot grows are protected by fire resistant. LON n a "grass stage." bundle of needles deeper. a waxy GLEAF In the protects During years 5 about 3 feet i ground fires. protected from 5 r to 7 the top begins to grow. It shoots up n one year holding the crown above most When older, LONGLEAF PINES are fire by the thickness of many layers of bark. LONGLEAF PINE is best known for lumber, naval stores and medicines. Pine needle tea is tasty and helps treat the common cold. In the past, mixtures with turpentine were used to treat sore throats and many other ailments. Also known as the Southern Pine, it once covered much of the state of Florida. 394  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Longleaf Pine 395  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Longleaf Pine FLOWERS AND FRUIT Male flowers appear in long, rose-purple clusters; the female flowers are purple, in clusters of 2 to 4. The cones are usually longer than 15cm or 10" and are slightly curved. LONGLEAF PINE pinecones are the largest in Florida. LEAVES AND STEMS LONGLE needles, AF PINE live 25 to 35cm s up to its name with the longest or 10 to 18" long, in fascicles or bundles of 3. Large round clusters of needles emerge 396  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Longleaf Pine from the ends of the branches. Silvery-white terminal buds, called candles, appear in the spring. 397  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Longleaf Pine The trunk is covered with orange-brown papery scales arranged in thick, protective layers. 398  PINACEAE (Pine Family) Longleaf Pine DISTRIBUTION LONGLEAF PINE is most often found in dry sandhills and acidic flatwoods. It is indigenous to most of the state except the extreme southern tip of the peninsula. 399  PLATANACEAE (Planetree Family) Sycamore Platanus occidentalis L. or SYCAMORE is a heavy, hard and course grained wood. It is used for baskets, boxes, crates and fiber board. Many butcher block tables are SYCAMORE. SYCAMORE is sometimes called Buttonwood. This wood is often called Lacewood due its markings when it is quarter sawn. SYCAMORE made up a large during the Cretaceous and largest native broadleaf tree. as five to six hundred years. trees which family has part of the forests of Greenland and Arctic America Tertiary periods. SYCAMORE is North America's Today, there are SYCAMORE trees that are as old It is a member of one of the planet's oldest clan of been dated to be over 100 million years old. The terms under which the New York Stock Exchange was formed is called the Buttonwood Agreement. This is because the terms were signed under a Buttonwood tree. Sycamore sheds tiny hairs during pruning that may cause an allergic reaction. Some Indian tribes made syrup from sap (165,166,167,168,169). 400  PLATANACEAE (Planetree Family) Sycamore SYCAMORE or PLANE TREE Platanus occidentalis L. (PLAT-an-us ok-si-den-TAY-lis) GENERAL SYCAMORE is a massive, deciduous tree reaching 30m or 90'. It is fast growing and lives in moist compacted soils where little else tends to grow. Champion trees have been found up to 60m or 170' and 5m or 15' diameter! SYCAMORE is one of the most massive of American trees. It is a pioneer tree that establishes old fields and open-pit mines. Planted along waterways, SYCAMORE roots prevent erosion. However, these spreading roots lift sidewalks making walking difficult. The Chimney Swift uses old SYCAMORE hollows as home. The genus name is from the Greek "platanos", which means broad or flat. This probably refers to the broad leaves. The large leaves are difficult to rake and the seed balls are hard to walk on. SYCAMORE is also called the button-ball tree. The peeling bark gives a pleasant mottled appearance. Bark hues of cream, brown, and grey and change as the tree ages. 401  PLATANACEAE (Planetree Family) Sycamore 402  PLATANACEAE (Planetree Family) Sycamore FLOWERS AND FRUIT Inconspicuous red flowers are borne in heads in the spring. Yellow-brown fruit achenes or dry seeds. They appear as a about 6cm or 1" in diameter. The balls long stalk. dense globular is a multiple of hard round ball are borne on a LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate, ovate and simple. They are palmately lobed and toothed with pinnate veins between. They measure 10 to 20cm or 4 to 8" long and are just as wide. They have a flat or heart-shaped base with a 403  PLATANACEAE (Planetree Family) Sycamore tapered apex or tip. The upper surface is glabrous or without hairs. They have pubescent veins below. The long petioles enclose the lateral buds in their swollen bases. 404  PLATANACEAE (Planetree Family) Sycamore Stipules or leafy structures often encircle the twig. 405  PLATANACEAE (Planetree Family) Sycamore Slender stems turn from orange-brown to gray with age. Horseshoe-shaped leaf scars surround the buds. The thin bark is creamy white, turning brown and mottled by plate-like scales. It becomes furrowed and scaly with age. DISTRIBUTION SYCAMORE i floodplains anc central Florida. Michigan, Iowa Florida. d s found throughout the Panhandle in bottomlands of rivers as far south as It ranges from southern Maine to Ontario, and Nebraska south to Texas and east to 406  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Chickasaw Plum Prunus angustifolia Marshall, the CHICKASAW PLUM is also called the Sand Hill Plum. It is a major tree which grows all over western Kansas. A recipe for plum salsa includes green chilies, garlic, onion, cilantro, ripe native plums, pits removed, sugar, cumin, salt, and pepper. Native Americans routinely consumed the fruit fresh or dried it for winter. CHICKASAW PLUM is a butterfly plant and serves as bee food. It has a honey flavor. This tree is an effective means for erosion control along stream banks (170,171,172,173,174). 407  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Chickasaw Plum CHICKASAW PLUM Prunus angustifolia Marshall (PROO-nus an-gus-ti-FOLE-ee-a) GENERAL CHICKASAW PLUM is a breathtakingly beautiful deciduous tree in early spring when clouds of tiny white flowers cover the shiny branches. It grows to 8m or 25' tall. Bright new leaves begin to appear while still in flower. Prunus is the genus of plums and cherries, members of the rose family. The species name, angustifolia, means 'narrow leaf.' The bare branches of the CHICKASAW PLUM can be forced into early bloom for use in flower arrangements by making a cutting and crushing the stem and placing it in hot water. The fruit, though quite sour makes, good jelly and wine. It also provides food for wildlife. 408  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Chickasaw Plum 409  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Chickasaw Plum FLOWERS AND FRUIT Small white flowers cover the almost bare branches in February or early March, depending on the winter temperatures and area of the state. About 1cm or 3 across, the flowers have 5 petals and many stamens. The juicy fruits are bright red to 3cm or % to 11/4" in diameter. yellow and range to 2 to 410  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Chickasaw Plum They mature in August. 411  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Chickasaw Plum LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple, alternate serrated margins. The leaves midrib. The tips of the teeth only with magnification whic species. and lanceolate. They have tend to fold upward from the have tiny red glands seen h distinguish it from other The angled, spreading branches are thorns. The reddish brown bark has typical of cherries and plums. may be armed with horizontal lenticles, 412  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Chickasaw Plum DISTRIBUTION CHICKASAW PLUM tends to along fences and the edges County northward along the Mississippi and New Jersey. grow in thickets in sandy soil of woodlands from Sarasota Coastal Plain from Florida to 413  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Cherry Laurel Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Aitl or CHERRY LAUREL is an American native tree found growing on rich, moist sites, from North Carolina to Florida. The flowers are hermaphroditic. They have both male and female organs. They are pollinated by insects. CHERRY LAUREL grows prominently under power lines. Birds sit to digest their cherry treats and deliver quantities of seed forming linear populations along the utility lines! The leaves, twigs, stems and seeds are poisonous and ingestion can lead to respiratory failure and death. This is due to the presence of the cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin. However, in small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion. It is also claimed as a traditional cancer treatment (175,176,177,178). 414  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Cherry Laurel CAROLINA LAUREL CHERRY or CHERRY LAUREL Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Aiti (PROO-nus ca-ro-lin-ee-AN-uh) GENERAL CAROLINA LAUREL CHERRY is an evergreen tree that grows to12m or 36'. CAROLINA LAUREL CHERRY has an upright oval crown of dark green foliage. Showy clusters of white flowers in spring make this Florida native a desirable landscape tree. The botanical name is Greek "prunos" meaning a plum or cherry and "caroliniana" meaning, of Carolina. The leaves and branches contain so much prussic acid that it can be fatal to livestock if browsed in large amounts. However, the edible fruits attract birds and mammals. 415  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Cherry Laurel 416  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Cherry Laurel FLOWERS AND FRUIT Showy racemes of tiny fragrant white flowers are borne on leaf axils in early spring. A raceme is a long flower cluster. 417  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Cherry Laurel Shiny, black drupes about 12mm or 72" in diameter form in axillary clusters. Each edible fruit contains a small ovoid stone with a prominent dorsal groove. LEAVES AND STEMS CAROLINA LAUREL CHERRY leaves are alternate, simple and elliptic. They range to 12cm or 5" long. The leathery blades have mostly entire margins that are occasionally toothed or wavy. dark green above and lighter be Their surface is waxy and 418  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Cherry Laurel The leaves have a smooth, gray bark mechanical impact. pleasant is thin odor and when easily crushed. damaged The by 419  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Cherry Laurel DISTRIBUTION Native to North America, CAROLINA LAUREL CHERRY is found along the coastal plain from Florida to Texas and North Carolina. In Florida it is found throughout the peninsula south to DeSoto County. These trees are found in a wide variety of habitats as the seeds are widely distributed by birds. 420  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Black Cherry Prunus serotina serotina Ehrh. or BLACK CHERRY is one the more sought after woods for furniture. The wood is hard, tight-grained yet easy to work. The heartwood ages to a deep red color; the sapwood is whitish-yellow. BLACK CHERRY leaves have a pungent odor when crushed. This is caused by the glycoside prunasin and or amygdalin. When ingested amygdalin causes gasping, weakness, excitement, pupil dilation, spasms, convulsions, coma, respiratory failure and death. It converts to hydrocyanic acid. Pitted fruits can be eaten raw or made into jelly with combined with apples; sauces, pies, and flavorings. Native Americans used the inner bark in a tea for colds, coughs, diarrhea, fever, pneumonia, and to purify the blood. Viable seeds have been produced on open-grown seedlings or sprouts as young as 10 years of age and on trees as old as 180 years. However, the period of maximum seed production in natural stands is generally between 30 and 100 years of age. The bulk of the seed crop falls to the ground in the vicinity of the parent tree. Songbirds and omnivorous mammals distribute seeds in their droppings or by regurgitation. This method of distribution accounts for the seedlings in stands lacking BLACK CHERRY trees. BLACK CHERRY is a great landscape tree along highways. It is sun and drought tolerant. It provides an eye-pleasing weeping effect. It is prone to tent-caterpillars and webworms (179,180,181,182). 421  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Black Cherry BLACK CHERRY Prunus serotina serotina Ehrh. (PROO-nus sair-OTT-i-nuh) syn. (P. virginiana) L. GENERAL BLACK CHERRY is a slender, deciduous tree that grows to 30m or 90'. BLACK CHERRY is tall with willowy branches that tend to droop. It has an oval head. Downward tapering leaves are a distinguishing characteristic of BLACK CHERRY. These finely-toothed, glossy, dark green leaves turn yellow during late fall to winter. The species name, serotina, comes from the Latin word for 'late.' This refers to the lateness of bloom and fruit of the BLACK CHERRY. BLACK CHERRY provides food for wildlife. The fruit makes a sweet wine. The wood is highly desirable wood for furniture. A medicinal plant, cherry is used in cough syrup. The root bark contains lignin, tannin, and gallic acid used in the treatment of the digestive tract, circulatory and nervous systems ailments. It is even used as a bath for treating ulcers. Both seeds and leaves are toxic. Cattle have been poisoned by the leaves. 422  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Black Cherry 423  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Black Cherry FLOWERS AND FRUIT Fragrant, five-petaled white flowers hang in narrow clusters about 15cm or 6" long. The BLACK CHERRY has dark purple to black fruit with a single stone. The fruit ripens in midsummer. The fruit has a slightly sweet, astringent taste. 424  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Black Cherry LEAVES AND STEMS BLACK CHERRY leaves are shiny and dark green, id elliptic in shape. They range to alternate, simple a 425  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Black Cherry 15cm or 6" in length. The margins are finely serrated. Each tip has a tiny red gland that can be seen with magnification. The grooved petioles allow the leaves to hang down, pointing toward the ground. 426  ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Black Cherry DISTRIBUTION BLACK CHERRY is found in Florida southward to Hillsborough and Brevard counties. It grows in a wide variety of soils. BLACK CHERRY can be found from Florida to Texas in the south and North Dakota and southeast Canada in the north. 427  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Chapman Oak Quercus chapmanii Sarg. or CHAPMAN OAK is host to the Dusky Wing Skipper and White-M Hairstreak. A recent study of the Scrub has shown that elevated atmospheric CO2 stimulates growth of the fire-regenerated ecosystem, including the CHAPMAN OAK (183,184). 428  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Chapman Oak CHAPMAN OAK Quercus chapmanii Sarg. (KWER-kus chap-MAN-ee-i) GENERAL The CHAPMAN OAK is a small, shrubby evergreen tree that grows to 8m or 24' in height. It is commonly found on well-drained sandhills and scrubs where it associates with the other "scrub oaks," Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus inopina and Quercus geminata. The CHAPMAN OAK is named for Alvan Wentworth Chapman (1809-1899) a botanist who studied and wrote about plants of the South, especially scrubs. Because of its small stature, the hard wood of CHAPMAN OAK is best suited for tool handles and fence posts. The acorns provide food for wildlife, especially turkeys, jays and grackles. The tannins in the bark have traditionally been used to tan animal hides. 429  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Chapman Oak 1 .1-7 .1 430  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Chapman Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT The female inconspicuous flowers are . The male single or in flowers are in pairs, but are drooping catkins appearing in the spring. The acorns grow up to 2.5cm or 1" long. They are covered to by a bowl-shaped cup which without a stalk. is attached 431  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Chapman Oak One of the white oak group, its acorns mature in one season and have a sweet flavor. LEAVES AND STEMS CHAPMAN OAK leaves are alternate and simple. They are ovate to elliptic, but are often spatulate or wider toward the apex. Mature leaves are 5 to 10m or 2 to 4" long. Mostly entire, the margins sometimes have shallow lobes, but most often they are wavy. 432  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Chapman Oak They are distinguished from the other scrub oaks by being sparingly pubescent or having short hairs on their lower leaf surface. The upper surface is lustrous, often with a quilted appearance. 433  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Chapman Oak The thick, gray-brown bark is broken into irregular plates. DISTRIBUTION CHAPMAN OAK is found in scrubs, ancient dunes and sandy hammocks along the coastal plain from south central Florida north to South Carolina. 434  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Sand Live Oak A 100 year old Quercus geminata Small or SAND LIVE OAK was photographed by Robb Vandaveer. It has a dbh of 38 inches. A big tree is located in Gainesville, Florida. It removes almost 20 pounds of nitrogen, ozone, particulates and sulfur each year from the air. Quercus geminata is a tree or shrub of variable shape and size depending on its habitat. There is ongoing discussion that the SAND LIVE OAK represents only an environmentally induced variant of live oak. SAND LIVE OAK only grows in North Carolina from Bogue Banks southward to Florida. It grows in coastal hammocks, flatwoods, sandhill, scrub, and scrubby flatwoods alike. Under winter burn management, SAND LIVE OAK increases in the Flatwoods (185,186,187,188). 435  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Sand Live Oak SAND LIVE OAK or TWIN LIVE OAK Quercus geminata Small (KWER-kus jem-i-NA-ta) GENERAL SAND LIVE OAK is a small, evergreen tree that grows to 3m or 10' tall. It lives in deep sandy areas. It is easy to recognize because the leaves are strongly revolute or its edge is rolled under. The leaves are canoe shaped and the surface has deeply depressed veins. Some botanists believe that Quercus geminata is a variety of Quercus virginiana. SAND LIVE OAK may be confused with Quercus virginiana. Q. virginiana is the much larger of the two trees when they are mature. It is therefore important that the viewer look for the canoe- shaped leaves to identify Quercus geminata. The species name, geminata meaning "twin" refers to the acorns which usually develop in pairs. Acorns have provided food for Native Americans and many types of wildlife. The nuts are boiled repeatedly in clear water until the tannin is removed. They are then dried and pounded into flour. Some species have a more bitter taste than others. 436  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Sand Live Oak 437  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Sand Live Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT Male flowers are catkins which appear in the early spring along with the new foliage. These are followed by the formation of acorns that are 1 to 2cm or % to %" long. The acorns are covered by a top-shaped cap. 438  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Sand Live Oak LEAVES AND STEMS SAND LIVE OAK leaves grow to rugose. veins. 3 to 12cm or 1 to are alternate, simple leaves that 6" long. They are stiff, waxy and they have coarsely netted with Rugose means The margins or edges are strongly revolute or rolled under making the upside down leaf appear canoe-shaped. 439  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Sand Live Oak Leaves are dark green and leathery above. They are densely pubescent or covered with hairs below. short, soft The thick, dark gray, furrowed bark is fire resistant. 440  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Sand Live Oak DISTRIBUTION SAND LIVE OAK grows in deep sands throughout the state southward to Dade and Collier counties. It ranges along the coastal plain to Mississippi and North Carolina. 441  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Laurel Oak Quercus hemisphaerica Bartr. ex Willd., LAUREL OAK or the Darlington Oak is so named perhaps due to the shape of its curved, open crown. It is considered a geographical or climatic sub-species of Quercus laurifolia. The lower leaf surface of the LAUREL OAK is often smooth. A majority of leaves on a mature will have bristle tips. Trees produce regular, abundant crops of acorns. These fruits are important for wildlife. Acorns are eaten by birds, deer, ducks, quail, raccoons, and squirrels (189,190). 442  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Laurel Oak LAUREL OAK Quercus hemisphaerica Bartr. ex Willd. (KWER-cus hem-iss-FEER-i-ca) GENERAL LAUREL OAK is a medium-sized oak tree that grows to 30m or 90' tall. It has a stout, straight trunk. Older trees sometimes develop buttressed trunks with relatively smooth bark. LAUREL OAK is a fast growing shade tree with a full, rounded crown that makes it popular in landscapes. It drops many twigs and has a short life span. Botanists are not in agreement on the Laurel Oaks. Some consider Quercus hemisphaerica to be a subspecies of Quercus laurifolia. The main distinction hemisphaerica is laurifolia is found in between the two is habitat. an upland species, while wetter areas. Quercus Quercus 443  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Laurel Oak 444  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Laurel Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT The male flowers occur in short, hanging catkins. 445  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Laurel Oak The female flowers are found on short stalks on new growth. Both occur on the same tree. 446  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Laurel Oak The acorn is dome-shaped 1 to 2cm or to 1" long with a shallow cup covering of the nut. LEAVES AND STEMS LAUREL OAK leaves are They remain on the tree leaves all at once. Trees the early spring. The sh 10cm or 2 to 4" long a Leaves may have 3 or majority of the mature Neither surface displays have a tiny bristle tip. alternate, simple and deciduous. most of the winter dropping their only stay bare for a few weeks in iny, bright green leaves are 5 to nd 2 to 4cm or 1 to 1 " wide. more lobes at the tips, but the leaves will be laurel shaped. any pubescence, but some may 447  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Laurel Oak DISTRIBUTION LAUREL OAK grows in moderately moist oak-pine does not grow in the Keys. from Texas to Virginia. dry woods and mesic or woods throughout Florida. It It is a tree of the coastal plain 448  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Turkey Oak Quercus laevis Walter or TURKEY OAK is named for its 3-lobed leaves which resemble a turkey's foot. It increases in the sandhill when long leaf pines are removed and or where burns are restricted to winter. The acorns are a food source for animals in the sandhill community. The wood is used for fuel wood and barbecuing though the bark and twigs contain valuable materials for tanning leather. The oak tree was dedicated to Thor, the mythological God of thunder. It was therefore believed that an oak tree could never be struck by lightning. A carry over from this folk history are the acorn-shaped wooden pulls, thought to protect a house (191,192,193)! 449  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Turkey Oak TURKEY OAK Quercus laevis Walter (KWER-kus LEE-vis) GENERAL TURKEY OAK grows a scrubby, deciduous Pine in the Longleaf grows on sand ridges to about 10m or 20 to 30' high. It is tree that grows besides the Longleaf Pine-TURKEY OAK community. It throughout most of Florida. TURKEY OAK is characterized by deeply lobed, bristle tipped leaves. The species name, laevis, means smooth. Sometimes referred to as a scrub oak, it is also called 'sand black-jack oak'. It is one of the red oak group. Bitter tasting acorns provide food for wildlife and turkeys. Because of its small size, TU for firewood. RKEY OAK was mostly used 450  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Turkey Oak 451  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Turkey Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT Pollen containing catkins form on the branch tips. 452  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Turkey Oak The acorns have a wide base are 2 to 3cm or 1" in length. year after blooming. and taper to a point. They Acorns mature the second The acorn cap is edges cover about covered with large scales. one-third of the nut. Its rolled 453  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Turkey Oak LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate and simple with deeply cut lobes. Three-lobed leaves turkey track. three to seven resemble a wild The main rib of each leaf extends into a bristle tip. The upper surface is lustrous but there are small hairs at the vein axils underneath. Petioles are rather short ranging to 1.5cm or 3/8" long. They twist to allow the leaves to turn at about a 45 degree angle to the ground in order to slow moisture loss. 454  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Turkey Oak The red autumn leaves turn brown and remain on the tree through much of the winter. furrowed and blocky. The thick bark is dark gray, DISTRIBUTION The TURKEY OAK grows in dry pinelands from Lake Okeechobee northward to Virginia and west to Louisiana. 455  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Swamp Laurel Oak Quercus laurifolia W. Bartram ex Wild. or SWAMP LAUREL OAK has colorful spring growth. It is much more tolerant of heavy soils with slow drainage than most other oaks. LAUREL OAK pollen listed as a severe allergen (194,195). 456  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Swamp Laurel Oak SWAMP LAUREL OAK or DIAMOND LEAF OAK Quercus laurifolia W.Bartrm ex Wild. (KWER-cus law-ri-FO-li-a) GENERAL SWAMP LAUREL OAK is a medium-sized oak tree that grows to 30m or 90'. It has a stout, straight trunk. A fast growing shade tree with a full, rounded crown makes it popular in landscapes. It has a short life of 50 years and drops many twigs. Older trees sometimes develop buttressed trunks with relatively smooth bark. Laurel Oak, Quercus hemisphaerica was formerly thought to be the same species. Quercus laurifolia is distinguished from it by growing in wetter areas and by some of the leaves being wider near the middle and tapered at both ends. Today, not all botanists agree that these are two separate species. 457  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Swamp Laurel Oak 458  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Swamp Laurel Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT The male flowers occur in short, hanging catkins. 459  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Swamp Laurel Oak The female flowers are found on short stalks on new growth. Both types are on the same tree. The flat-based acorn is 1 to 2cm or % to 1" long, with a rounded tip and a shallow cup. 460  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Swamp Laurel Oak LEAVES AND STEMS SWAMP LAUREL OAK leaves are simple. They are deciduous, though they remain on the tree most of the winter. Dropping their leaves all at once, the new leaves emerge almost immediately in the early spring. The shiny, green leaves are 5 to 10cm or 2 to 4" long and 2 to 4cm or 1 to 1%" wide. Called the Diamond-leaf Oak, many of the leaves are diamond shaped, wider near the middle and tapering toward each end. Sometimes leaves can have 3 or more lobes at the tips. 461  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Swamp Laurel Oak DISTRIBUTION SWAMP LAUREL OAK is found in wet hammocks and floodplains throughout Florida excluding the Keys. It also grows in the coastal plain from Texas to Virginia. 462  Fagaceae (Beech) SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt. or the SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK is a good shade tree that does well in damp locations. It is referred to as the cow oak because cows eat the acorns; the basket oak, for the baskets are made from its wood! The wood splits easily and fibers are used for weaving. It made strong containers that were constructed and used by slaves in the "old south" to carry cotton from the fields. SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK produces the sweetest of the white acorn. It is edible raw. The sweet acorn is preferred by many animals. In Missouri's Big Oak Tree State Park, we find the largest SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK: Circumference: 266" Height: 140' Spread: 115' (196,197,198,199,200). 463  Fagaceae (Beech) SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK or BASKET OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt. (KWER-kus mi-SHOW-zee-eye) GENERAL The SWAM tree that is i the white oa CHESTNUT a crown that P CHESTNUT OAK is a stately, deciduous n the White Oak group. The sweet acorns of ks are more suitable for use as food. SWAMP OAK grows from 24 to 30m or 80 to 100' with becomes more round as it ages. The shallow lobes of the leaf margins remind one of chestnut foliage. The natural habitat is in low, moist areas. The common name of Quercus michauxii is the 'Swamp Chestnut Oak.' It is also called 'Basket Oak' because it has been traditionally used to make baskets. The high quality timber is used to make tools, farm implements and all types of construction. 464  Fagaceae (Beech) SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK 465  Fagaceae (Beech) SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK FLOWERS AND FRUIT The SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK is monoecious, with both male and female flowers on the same tree. catkins 5 to 10cm or 2 to 4" long. It has male 466  Fagaceae (Beech) SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK The inconspicuous female flowers appear in the leaf axils at the same time the leaves emerge. The fruits are very large, about 2 to 5cm or 1 to 2" long. They have scaly, bowl-like cups that cover about 1/3 of the nut. They can grow to 5cm or 2" in diameter. The trees produce a heavier crop of acorns every 3 to 5 years. Acorns usually drop in September and October. LEAVES AND STEMS SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK leaves are alternate, simple, and obovate. They range to 10 to 22cm or 4 to 8" long. 467  Fagaceae (Beech) SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK The margins have many shallow lobes that look like teeth. The upper surface is glabrous or shiny and dark green. It is pale and pubescent below. Similar to chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), its leaves are much larger and the lobes more rounded. The heavy twigs tend to be somewhat fuzzy and an orangey-brown. with age. The scaly, gray bark develops furrows 468  Fagaceae (Beech) SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK DISTRIBUTION Mostly found in moist, bottomlands, the SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK is adaptable and hammocks and hardwood forests. will grow on bluffs, in It ranges along the Coastal Florida, and wet to Texas. Mississippi River Valley. Plain from New Jersey to It is also found in the 469  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Myrtle Oak Quercus myrtifolia Willd. or MYRTLE OAK is growth dependent on the amount of moisture available. It is usually found close to salt water. It sprouts from rhizomous roots and frequently grows into dense often almost impenetrable thickets. This regenerative ability makes it quick to recover after a fire. The thickets provide excellent nesting for birds, including the endangered Florida scrub jay. Acorns are an important high carbohydrate food source for black bear, deer, quail, raccoons, squirrels and wild turkey. Folk legends attribute magical powers which believe the plant to bestow love, passion, and fertility to its users (201,202). 470  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Myrtle Oak MYRTLE OAK Quercus myrtifolia Wilid. (KWER-kus mer-ti-FOL-ee-a) GENERAL MYRTLE OAK grow up to 8m is a shrubby, evergreen tree which can or 24' high. It grows in scrub and beach areas that have not burned for a long period. One of several "scrub oaks", it is easy to distinguish rounded appearance of the leaves. It is often found company of Chapman Oak and Sand Live Oak. by the in the It is attractive in seashore for wood products. landscapes, but has no value It grows into dense thickets along stabilize sand dunes. the beach and helps MYRTLE OAKS provide protection and food for wildlife. 471  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Myrtle Oak 472  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Myrtle Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT Male flowers are catkins about 7 to 12cm or 3 to 5" long. The acorns are 1.5 to 2.5cm or 5/8 to 1" long. They are usually found in pairs or small clusters. The saucer-like to top-shaped cups have flattened scales. half of the nut. It covers about LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple, alternate, oval to oblong and are 3 to 5cm or 1 margins. to 2" long. They have lightly rolled under, entire The dark green, shiny leaves have a slight 473  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Myrtle Oak pubescence on the mature leaves are 1 cm or 3/8" long. lower surface of younger leaves, but smooth. The petioles are less than 474  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Myrtle Oak Twigs are somewhat pubescent. Bark is gray, smooth or with shallow ridges. 475  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Myrtle Oak DISTRIBUTION Myrtle oak is commonly found on coastal and inland sand pine and oak scrubs throughout most of the peninsula of Florida to South Carolina to Mississippi. 476  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Water Oak Quercus nigra L. or WATER OAK is also called Possum oak, Spotted oak, Striped oak, Pin oak, Duck oak and Punk oak! A mulch of dry leaves repels slugs and grubs; fresh leaves inhibit other plant growth. It is a traditional staple food of the Choctaw. The seed can be dried, ground into a powder and used as a thickening or mixed with cereals for making bread. Any galls found on the tree are strongly astringent and can be used in the treatment of hemorrhages, chronic diarrhea and dysentery. The Kiowa use the leaves for paper in rolling cigarettes (201,204,205). 477  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Water Oak WATER OAK Quercus nigra L. (KWER-kus NY-gra) GENERAL WATER OAK grows to 25m or 80' tall. about 1 m or 3' in diameter. It has a trunk WATER OAK grows most commonly in moist areas. Though common in lowlands, it is adaptable to other locations. The round-topped, symmetrical crown has mostly spatulate or wedge shaped leaves that are easy to see from a distance. One of the group of red oaks, two years to mature. Acorns provide food for many have a much more bitter taste WATER OAK acorns require animals in the forests. than white oak acorns. They WATER OAK wood is used as a source of timber. grows quickly and is often used in landscapes. It 478  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Water Oak 479  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Water Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT Male flowers of slender catkins appear when new leaves emerge in spring. WATER OAK acorns take two years to mature. They grow solitary and occasionally in pairs. The light-brown to nearly black nuts are oval to hemispherical in shape and may be pubescent near the tip. They are about 1.25cm or %" long with a pubescent, saucer-shaped, reddish-brown cap. The cap is so shallow that it barely encloses the base of the nut. 480  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Water Oak LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate, simple and range from 5 to 15cm or 2 to 6" long. Margins may be entire, three-lobed near the tip or variously lobed on both margins. 481  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Water Oak Leaves are generally spatulate or wedge shaped, narrow at the base and broadly rounded near the tip. Both surfaces of the leaf are green and smooth except for infrequent axillary hairs below. WATER OAK leaves are semi-persistent, falling a few at a time throughout the winter. The bark is grayish brown and smooth on young trees. It turns blackish and scaly ridged on older trees. 482  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Water Oak DISTRIBUTION WATER OAK is a widespread species found in mixed pine/hardwood forests, along roadsides, in flatwoods, bottomlands or urban settings. Its range extends along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to East Texas and south into central Florida. 483  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Live Oak FAIRCHILD OAK Quercus virginiana Mill. or LIVE OAK has sweet edible acorns considered a culinary delicacy by chipmunks, deer, ground birds, songbirds, small mammals and squirrels. Its name is derived from the fact that its foliage is evergreen through the winter months. In the Creek tradition, it was given the gift of eternal life, being evergreen, because it stayed awake to watch the last night of the Creation. LIVE OAK is the heaviest native hardwoods, weighing 55 pounds per cubic foot when air dried. Dry southern LIVE OAK lumber has a specific gravity of 0.88, the heaviest of any North American hardwood. The LIVE OAK of USS Constitution repelled the shot of the HMS Guerriere so effectively that one of her sailors was heard to shout, "Huzzah! Her sides are made of iron!" The ship was given the nickname, Old Ironsides. Because the USS Constitution was built before shipbuilders learned to bend or steam wood into shape, the LIVE OAK 's long, arching branches were used as "knees" or braces to connect the ship's hull to its deck floors (206,207,208). 484  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Live Oak LIVE OAK Quercus virginiana Mill. (KWER-kus vir-gin-e-AN-a) GENERAL LIVE OAK is a spreading evergreen tree that grows to 20m or 50'. It appears to be as wide as tall, and the crown may reach to more than 15m or 45' in diameter. They have a massive main trunk which divides into several horizontal branches. These branches form a widespread crown an can extend fairly low to the ground. LIVE OAK's live longer than any other oak in Florida. The strong, dense wood was ideal furniture and tools. In 1799 the appropriated money to purchase live Carolinas so the country would have mighty trees for ship timbers and masts. for shipbuilding, U.S. Congress oak land in the enough of these Their heavy branches provide food, shelter and nest sights for many birds and other animals. The rough, furrowed bark makes an ideal base for "air plants," many species of orchids, bromeliads and ferns. 485  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Live Oak 486  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Live Oak FLOWERS AND FRUIT The staminate or male flowers are borne on catkins 5 to 7.5cm or 2 or 3" long. 487  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Live Oak The pistillate or female flowers are arranged on a spike. The acorn is a shiny dark brown to black oval nut about 2.5cm or 1" long arranged with one to five on a spike-like stem. nut. The top-shaped cap covers about one third of the LEAVES AND STEMS LIVE OAK leaves are oblong, stiff and leathery. They are cupped and shiny, dark green above and tomentose or covered with short, soft hairs below. 488  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Live Oak They grow in an alternate pattern and range from 2 to 15cm or 1 to 6" long. Margins of mature leaves are smooth and slightly rolled under, but leaves on new shoots are often toothed or lobed. 489  FAGACEAE (Beech Family) Live Oak LIVE OAK bark is furrowed. It breaks or 1" in thick. gray to brown in color and deeply into small plates that are about 2.5cm DISTRIBUTION LIVE OAK is found in a wide variety of habitats throughout the state. It is the only oak that grows throughout the state including the Keys. Their range is from Texas to Virginia in the coastal plains. 490  RHIZOPHORACEAE (Mangrove Family) Rhizophora mangle Rhizophora mangle L. or RED MANGROVE timber is used for cabinetry, for shipbuilding, and to pulp. Bark extracts are used to stain floors and furniture. Branches are used to make fishing poles. Cattle eat RED MANGROVE leaves following treatment with CaCO3; a wine is made from mangrove leaf and raisin! Gargling with the bark is used to cure throat cancer. "Reported to be an astringent, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostat, styptic, and tonic, red mangrove is a folk remedy for angina, asthma, backache, boils, ciguatera, convulsions, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, elephantiasis, enuresis, epistaxis, eye ailments, fever, filariasis, hemoptysis, hemorrhage, inflammation, jaundice, leprosy, lesions, leucorrhea, malignancies, scrofula, short wind, sores, sore throat, syphilis, tuberculosis, uterorrhagia, and wounds (209)." 491  RHIZOPHORACEAE (Mangrove Family) Rhizophora mangle RED MANGROVE Rhizophora mangle L. (rye-ZOF-or-uh MAN-gul) GENERAL These shrubby, evergreen trees grow to about 7 to 10m or 20 to 30' tall in Florida, but can grow larger. The RED MANGROVE is called the island building tree! They have many aerial roots which arch down into the mud along Florida's coastline, trapping detritus and building up new land. Called prop roots, they stabilize the tree, provide oxygen to the underwater root system and distinguish the RED MANGROVE from similar plants in the same community. 492  RHIZOPHORACEAE (Mangrove Family) Rhizophora mangle -, 3* 4 493  RHIZOPHORACEAE (Mangrove Family) Rhizophora mangle FLOWERS AND FRUIT The RED MAN yellow flowers GROVE has clusters of 2.5cm or 1" creamy are borne at leaf axils. Each flower has 8 stamens and a pistil with a cone shaped ovary. A four lobed develops into a calyx persists under the ovary, which brown, cone shaped berry. A single seed germinates inside the fruit, then passes through a woody tube. 494  RHIZOPHORACEAE (Mangrove Family) Rhizophora mangle The embryo grows into a seedling 15 to 30cm or 6 to 12" long while still attached to the tree. This seedling, called a propagule, drops like a dart into the mud and almost immediately begins to leaf out. This is a very special plant adaptation. 495  RHIZOPHORACEAE (Mangrove Family) Rhizophora mangle LEAVES AND STEMS The RED MANGROVE leaves are persistent, opposite, simple and ovate to elliptical. They range to 8 to 13cm or 3 to 5" long. The margins are entire and thickened. The leathery texture is dark, shiny green on the upper surfaces and pale green below. The apex may be acute or round, but the base is wedged. Long stipules shed as the leaves open. 496  RHIZOPHORACEAE (Mangrove Family) Rhizophora mangle DISTRIBUTION The RED MANGROVE is found in shallow, salt and brackish water of lagoons and bays along the coasts of Florida and the Keys. It these land areas from Mexico, the Caribbean to Central and South America. 497  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Winged Sumac Rhus copallina L. or WINGED SUMAC berries can be chewed to relieve thirst, or brewed to make "lemonade." WINGED SUMAC is also called Shining Sumac. WINGED SUMAC is a good choice for low maintenance xeriscape landscaping. It is easy to transplant and care for. It grows well on sandy, infertile soils. Traditional American Indians use the bark of all sumacs as an astringent. The tannins in the leaves and bark are used for tanning leather. A root extract makes black dye. Sumac leaves are used for smoking (210,211,212,213). 498  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Winged Sumac WINGED SUMAC or SHINING SUMAC Rhus copallina L. (RUS Co-pa-LYE-na) GENERAL WINGED SUMAC is a dec 8m or 25'. The plants g underground stems. They a plant are the same sex clump will be the same sex. ciduous shrub or small tree to grow in clumps connected by are dioecious or all flowers on , therefore all flowers in one The species name copallina means "sticky or resinous." WINGED SUMAC is a traditional Native American medicinal plant. It is used as a tonic, astringent and antiseptic. The hairs on the fruit contain malic acid. The berries taste sour and may be soaked in sugar water to make a substitute for lemonade. The dried leaves are used as a substitute for tobacco. WINGED SUMAC may share a common name with Poison Sumac, Toxicodendron vernix, but they should not be confused. WINGED SUMAC is not poisonous. 499  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Winged Sumac '1e" 500  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Winged Sumac FLOWERS AND FRUIT Terminal clusters of tiny, early summer. greenish flowers are visible in They are followed by drooping clusters of dark red, pubescent or velvety berries. They ripen in autumn. 501  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Winged Sumac LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are alternate, pinnately compound and range to 30cm or 12" long. The midrib of the compound leaf has flattened, leaf- textured sides. This is called a winged rachis. The leaflets are lanceolate with entire or smooth margins, but occasionally they are toothed. The surfaces are mostly glabrous or hairless above and pubescent below. 502  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Winged Sumac Leaves turn scarlet with the onset of cool weather. The bark is gray, and the heartwood with green. is brown streaked 503  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Winged Sumac DISTRIBUTION WINGED SUMAC prefers upland areas throughout the state of Florida except in the Keys. It also is found from Texas to Minnesota and up to Maine. 504  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Cabbage Palm Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. or CABBAGE PALM name came from the early pioneers who harvested the bud called the "heart", for food. They cooked and ate it like cabbage. The tree is often called Swamp Cabbage. Removing this tasty apical meristem from the plant, however, causes it to die. The CABBAGE PALM often lives long after oaks, cedar, and pine have died from tidal flooding. There is a champion tree in Lafayette County, FL, with a circumference of 69", height of 60' and a spread of 14'! The CABBAGE PALM is considered one of the most common species of native trees in North America. Cabbage palmetto leaves are used to make baskets, canes, scrub brushes and thatch. Bees use its pollen. One report indicated that 65 colonies gathered 3500 lbs. of extracted cabbage palmetto honey in two weeks from an apiary on the St. Lucie River. The last full weekend in February, LaBelle, Florida hosts the annual Swamp Cabbage Festival. This was started in 1964 by the Jaycees (214,215,216,217,218,219,220). 505  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Cabbage Palm CABBAGE PALM or SABAL PALM Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. (SAY-bal pal-MET-o) GENERAL An attractive tree with a straight trunk, the CABBAGE PALM grows to about 18m or 60' tall. The trunk may be smooth or cross-hatched with boots of old leaf bases. The large leaves are distinguished by a graceful curve and long, wavy fibers. The strength and durability of the fibrous trunks made them desirable in construction and pilings during early times. The official state tree of Florida and South Carolina, the CABBAGE PALM appears on the Florida State Flag. It is a native tree. The name "CABBAGE PALM" comes from its use as a vegetable. It is necessary to kill the palm in order to cut out the apical meristem or bud, which is the edible portion. It may be eaten raw, as in Heart of Palm Salad, or cooked as Swamp Cabbage. CABBAGE PALM fruit provide food for wildlife. 506  m m m -a 2) 2) cD -a 0  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Cabbage Palm FLOWERS AND FRUIT The stalk of fragrant white flowers is many branched and arching. 508  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Cabbage Palm It is often as long as the leaves. edible, round, blue-black fruit follow. Drooping clusters of 509  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Cabbage Palm LEAVES AND STEMS The triangular shaped leaves are held in a V with a graceful, downward curve. Up to 2m or 6' are divided into long, tapering segments filaments. long, the fronds with thread-like 510  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Cabbage Palm The segments are shiny green above and gray-green below. The petioles or leaf stems grow to 2m or 6' long. DISTRIBUTION CABBAGE PALM is found throughout Florida as well as up the coast to the Carolinas, then west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. 511  SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Carolina Willow Salix caroliniana Michx. or CAROLINA WILLOW is host plant to the Viceroy and Red-Spotted Purple butterflies. The willow tree is associated with life and endurance, perhaps in part for the resilient ability of cut branches to take root in water. The charred wood makes an excellent drawing charcoal. In 1828, the French pharmacist, Henri Leroux, isolated salicin to its crystalline form from the bark of WILLOW. The Italian chemist, Raffaele Piria, separated the acid in its pure state. Native Americans across the American continent use CAROLINA WILLOW as a staple for their medical treatments. Native Americans powdered the bark, leaves, and buds to extract the salicin for medicinal purposes to include pain relief. Today it remains a much cherished plant of the Florida Creek Indian People with many cultural uses. CAROLINA WILLOW wood can be used for basket weaving, cricket bats, fish traps, flutes, poles, sweat lodges, veneer and whistles. CAROLINA WILLOW has yellowish glands on the tips of the serrated leaf margin. With magnification, one can see these glands either on the tip or in the notches between the teeth (221,222,223,224). 512  SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Carolina Willow CAROLINA or COASTAL WILLOW Salix caroliniana Michx. (SAY-liks ca-ro-Iin-ee-AN-a) GENERAL The CAROLINA WILLOW is the most common willow of Florida. CAROLINA WILLOW is a deciduous, shrubby tree which grows to 10m or 30' in height. It has many long, narrow leaves arranged on long, willowy branches. The CAROLINA WILLOW grows at the edges of lakes, streams and rivers. The genus name, Salix, is derived from two Celtic words meaning 'near water.' When you chew a leaf, you may recognize the familiar taste of aspirin! CAROLINA WILLOW contains the same major ingredient of that headache and fever reduction medication, salicin, which is an aspirin precursor. An inner bark decoction has been used for severe colds, fever, diarrhea and dysentery. The long, flexible branches are used for making willow chairs and tables. Split wood is also used to make baskets. 513  SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Carolina Willow 514  SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Carolina Willow FLOWERS AND FRUIT The flowers are born in attractive catkins or spike-like flower stalks bearing small unisex flowers that emerge at the same time as the new leaves. 515  SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Carolina Willow The silk-tipped seeds are released from small pods that split open in the spring. ) 516  SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Carolina Willow LEAVES AND STEMS CAROLINA WILLOW leaves are simple, alternate, and lanceolate or lance shaped. They grow to 8 to 20cm 2.5cm or 3/8 to 1" wide. or 5 to 8" long. They are 1 to The margins are finely serrated or toothed. The upper surfaces are smooth and dark green, while the lower surfaces of the leaves are glaucous and whitish. 517  SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Carolina Willow The stems are strong, long and limber, giving meaning to the term "willowy." DISTRIBUTION CAROLINA WILLOW is found in freshwater wetlands throughout the Florida peninsula, but rarely seen in the Keys. A southern species, it is found from Florida to Texas, north to Maryland, inland to Pennsylvania and West Virginia. They grow along the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys to Missouri. CAROLINA WILLOW is also found in Cuba. 518  CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Elderberry Sambucus canadensis L. or ELDERBERRY leaves, stems and roots are POISONOUS, though they have been used in folk medicine for years. Children have become ill from sucking on stems to make whistles. The flowers and fruit are not toxic. The white blooms can be dipped in batter and fried as a protein rich pancake. The fruit may be eaten raw, used to make pies, jams and jellies and a delicious sweet wine. Elderberries have more vitamin C per unit weight than oranges or tomatoes. The Elder tree, Sambucus nigra, is one of the sacred trees of Wicca and Witchcraft. It represents the thirteenth month on the Celtic Tree Calendar. It is the last two days of October and is the end of the old Celtic year, leading into the 1st of November. We celebrate this pagan festival of 'Samhain', calling it Halloween (225,226,227,228). 519  CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Elderberry ELDERBERRY or AMERICA ELDER Sambucus canadensis L. (sam-BYOO-kus ka-na-DEN-sis) GENERAL ELDERBERRY is a deciduous multi-stemmed shrub that grows to 4m or 12' with stems spreading to 2 to 3m or 6 to 10'. The long stems gracefully arch carrying large clusters of white flowers or shiny purple to black berries according to the season. A wonderful bee plant, birds and other animals also enjoy the ripe fruit. ELDERBERRY re-grows from snapped branches and will soon produce purplish- black fruit. The old Anglo-Saxon word "aeld" means fire. The pith of the ELDERBERRY branches pushout easily and they are used as blowing pipes for fires! Hence the name, ELDERBERRY! It is also known as the Pipe-Tree. The wood was used to make an instrument called a Sambuca, leading to the genetic name. The specific name, canadensis, gives us a clue to the wide range from Canada to Florida. Sambucas may be trimmed into a small tree, but suckers will always be a problem. 520  CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Elderberry 521  CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Elderberry FLOWERS AND FRUIT Little white flowers are densely packed into flat clusters up to 20cm or 8" across. They bloom from April to July, to be followed by their fruit ripening from August to September. 522  CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Elderberry The heavy clusters of sweet, juicy berries turn dark purple to black when ripe. Individual berries are about 7mm or 1/4" in diameter. 523  CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Elderberry LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are compound and oddly pinnate. They are arranged opposite or sub-opposite to each other along the stem. They are 3 to 4cm or 12 to 14" long. Leaflets have elliptic to lanceolate or toothed, serrated margins. The rachis or midrib is grooved. The arching branches are grayish green with covered lenticels. Corky growths appear on the otherwise smooth, gray bark. 524  CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Elderberry Leafing capacity is guaranteed by smaller buds growing underneath the main buds. These smaller buds only open when the main leaf buds are lost. They may remain dormant for years. DISTRIBUTION ELDERBERRY prefers floodplains, wetlands and throughout the state of Florida. It also grows eastern and central United States and Canada. ditches in the 525  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Sassafras Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees or SASSAFRAS leaves and bark both have a citrus scent. The root is used to make root beer. The roots were boiled with molasses and fermented until a distinctive soft drink is produced. Sassafras wood, bark and roots produce an extract, the oil of sassafras. It is useful in flavorings, perfumes and scenting soaps. The medicinal use of the oil has declined recently due to the potential for carcinogenetic effects. Sassafras wood is durable and is used for buckets, cabinets, cooperage, fence posts and rails, interior finish and furniture (229,230). 526  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Sassafras SASSAFRAS Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (SASS-uh-fras AL-bih-dum) GENERAL SASSAFRAS is a deciduous tree that grows to 15m or 45'. In Florida it can appear more shrub-like. Its short, horizontal branches give it a layered appearance. Sixteenth century French and Spanish settlers called this tree by its American Indian name, "SASSAFRAS". Albidum means "white" and refers to white undersides of the leaves. Aromatic oils derived from the roots, bark and twigs of this tree are used in flavoring extracts, perfumes, soaps and in some pharmaceuticals. It is reported that Columbus used the airborne fragrance of the SASSAFRAS as an indicator of land nearby. The Creek People today use the roots in ceremonies. 527  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Sassafras 528  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Sassafras FLOWERS AND FRUIT The flowers appear with the unfolding leaves in racemes. SASSAFRAS is dioecious, male and flowers grow on separate plants trees. Flowers 8mm or %" across and are yellowish green. terminal female are 5 to The small oval fruits are dark blue. They grow as fleshy drupes borne in clusters on red stems. 529  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Sassafras LEAVES AND STEMS Leaves are simple, alternate, and palmately veined. The margins have one to three lobes often looking like mittens or three fingered gloves. A majority of the leaves on younger plants are two and three-lobed where older trees' leaves are unlobed- obovate. base. The apex is usually acute with a wedge-shaped 530  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Sassafras The leaf is yellow-green above with a whitish underside. Leaves turn bronze to red in the fall. 531  LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Sassafras Thick, reddish brown bark is divided into flat ridges by deep fissures. The inner bark is aromatic. DISTRIBUTION SASSAFRAS prefers dry, sandy soils. It is common along fencerows in the northern counties of Florida south to Hillsborough county. It ranges throughout the eastern and southern states from Maine to Florida and Texas. 532  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Brazilian Pepper Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi or BRAZILIAN PEPPER was brought to Florida in the 1840's as an ornamental and has since taken oven many native species and habitats. Though not a true pepper, peppercorns' are sold as pink peppercorns! They add a spice to meals when eaten in small quantity. They are toxic if eaten in large amounts. Ingestion of berries can cause vomiting (231,232). BRAZILIAN PEPPER is invasive to Australia, the Bahamas, Bermuda, southern China, Cuba, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Puerto Rico, Reunion, and the United States, primarily in Florida and Hawaii. It is difficult to manage as it sends up root suckers and shoots if the trunk is cut; seeds are dispersed by birds. Honey bees make honey from BRAZILIAN PEPPER flowers. The berries are an important food source for wintering songbirds. Robins wintering in Florida eat tons of "Florida Holly" berries, and their population has increased since BRAZILIAN PEPPER established in Florida, as does the spread of the shrub (231,232)! 533  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Brazilian Pepper BRAZILIAN PEPPER Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (SKY-nus te-re-bin-thi-FOL-i-us) GENERAL BRAZILIAN PEPPER is an evergreen shrub growing to 8m or 25'. It was introduced from South America before 1900 as an ornamental plant, "Christmas Berry." A very aggressive, invasive exotic specie, BRAZILIAN PEPPER escaped from cultivation and invaded both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. It destroys entire communities of native plants in our state. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Department of Agriculture and the U.S.D.A. list BRAZILIAN PEPPER as a NOXIOUS WEED and prohibit its planting. It is not cold hearty. BRAZILIAN PEPPER is related to poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac. Its sap causes a rash on sensitive skin. People are cautioned to wear protective clothing when pruning or clearing BRAZILIAN PEPPER. Seeds are spread by birds and sprout where they fall. 534  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Brazilian Pepper 535  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Brazilian Pepper FLOWERS AND FRUIT BRAZILIAN PEPPER plants are dioecious. They have The small male* and female' flowers on separate plants. white flowers form large clusters at leaf axils. 536  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Brazilian Pepper The fruit grows in clusters of bright red berries. They are showy from November to February. LEAVES AND STEMS leaves are compound, alternate and oddly pinnate. 15cm or 6" long leaf has a winged rachis. The rachis The The is the midrib of a compound leaf. 537  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Brazilian Pepper Leaflets are elliptic with margins that are mostly serrated or toothed. There are 3 to 9 leaflets per leaf. The foliage smells like turpentine when crushed. 538  ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Brazilian Pepper DISTRIBUTION BRAZILIAN PEPPER is native to tropical America. It grows north to Levy and Duval counties in Florida. 539  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small or SAW PALMETTO blossom fragrance is terrific! Rattlesnakes love to hide in the plants because rats and mice like to hide in them too! The genus name, Serenoa, is named after the American botanist, Sereno Watson (1826-1892). Two vegetative forms are recognized: the common yellow-green color; the less common blue-green color referred to as the silver form. The silver type occurs in a narrow belt along Florida's east coast from St. John's to Dade Counties, and occasionally inland in Polk and Highlands Counties. The Seminoles grind the berries into nutritious flour. An infusion from the berries is used for stomach aches, dysentery and soft drinks. The berries are also used for prostate health. Today, Florida landowners report cases of "SAW PALMETTO rustling" where gangs of pickers move in and strip and area of fruit within a few hours. Tannin from the stems was used to cure hides, while the leaves and branches made baskets, brooms, hats and ropes (223,234,235,236). 540  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Saw Palmetto SAW PALMETTO Serenoa repens (W.Bartram) Small (Se-re-NO-a RE-penz) GENERAL SAW PALMETTO is a creeping palm with a trunk that lies on or just below the ground. It occasionally grows upright in heavily shaded areas. Researchers speculate that these plants may live more than 700 years. The name repens means 'creeping', referring to the trunks that stretch out along the ground or each other. The ripe fruit is used as the Florida Black Bear. source to bees. SAW honey. food by many Flowers are PALMETTO animals, an impor makes a including rtant food superior Harvested palmetto buds are delicious eaten cooked like swamp cabbage. Additionally, PALMETTO fronds are used to make thatch roofs. raw or SAW Seminole and Creek Indians use the SAW PALMETTO as food and as medicine. Its medicinal qualities have long been known by many civilizations. The berries are used as an aphrodisiac and to treat prostate problems. 541  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Saw Palmetto 542  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Saw Palmetto FLOWERS AND FRUIT Fragrant greenish-white flowers structures on a large stalk. are arranged in spike-like The fruit is an about 2cm or 1" oblong long. drupe or olive-shaped stone fruit, 543  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Saw Palmetto The juicy, black berry has an unpleasant, soapy taste. LEAVES AND STEMS The fan shaped fronds divide into many segments. 544  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Saw Palmetto Fronds are yellow-green to green. There is a silvery variation caused by a waxy coating on the surface. 545  ARECACEAE (Palm Family) Saw Palmetto The petiole or leaf stem has sharp, curved spines hence the name, SAW PALMETTO. DISTRIBUTION Palmettos grow on sandy dunes, flatwoods, Louisiana hammocks and the and ridges throughout Carolinas. Florida, 546  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Rattlebox Sesbania punicea (Cav.) DC. or RATTLEBOX is native to Argentina, S.A. Its seeds have saponic glycosides which are lethal if ingested. The species name "punicea" comes from the Latin for crimson. This refers to the color of the flower. This plant is such an invasive species and most references only describe methods of eradication (237,238,239). 547  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Rattlebox RATTLE BOX Sesbania punicea (Cav.) DC. (sez-BAY-nee-uh pew-NISS-ee-uh) syn. Daubentonia punicea GENERAL RATTLEBOX is a very small, deciduous tree. It grows to 2 to 3m or 6 to 9' tall. RATLEBOX has an umbrella shaped canopy, covered with feathery, compound leaves. The specific name, punicea, means reddish purple. In Florida, showy red-orange flowers bloom in the spring. They are followed by winged seedpods that persist into winter. This fast growing tree reseeds easily in moist places. The Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council lists RATTLEBOX as a Rank II Pest plant. Removing seedpods as they form stimulates RATTLEBOX to produce more of its lovely flowers. The flowers and seeds contain a toxic chemical, saponin. This compound causes sneezing and may irritate the respiratory tract. It is hemolytic or red blood cell splitting and may inhibit leukemia. 548  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Rattlebox 549  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Rattlebox FLOWERS AND FRUIT Brilliant sprays of red-orange flowers appear in the spring and early summer. Each spray contains from 5 to 30 keeled blossoms. 550  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Rattlebox The conspicuous four-winged seedpods are 6 to 8cm or 2 to 3" long. The partitioned pods contain 4 to 10 POISONOUS seeds. 551  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Rattlebox LEAVES AND STEMS The feathery leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and are 10 to 20cm or 4 to 8" long. The even-pinnately compound leaves contain 10 to 40 opposite, dark green leaflets. 552  FABACEAE (Pea Family) Rattlebox Each oblong leaflet has a tiny, pointed tip called a beak. DISTRIBUTION A native of frequently four central Florida. South America, Sesbania punicea is d in moist, disturbed areas in north and 553  SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Gum Bumelia Sideroxylon lanuginosa Michx. or GUM BUMELIA is also called Chittamwood, False Buckthorn and or Woolly Bucket Bumelia. Its wood is soft, weak and yellowish-brown in color. The best time of year to collect seeds is in the autumn. Planting seeds is best done in the spring. Seeds should have been kept at 400 F for two months prior to germination. Optimal germination temperature range is between 70 to 850 F. Germination time ranges between 16 to 20 weeks. Seeds should be lightly covered with soil (240,241). 554  SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Gum Bumelia GUM BUMELIA or GUM BULLY Sideroxylon lanuginosa Michx. (si-der-OX-e-Ion Iu-noo-ji-NO-suh) Syn. Bumelia lanuginose Pers. GENERAL GUM BUMELIAS are deciduous, native trees that grow to 12m or 40'. The branches grow close to the ground, but give the tree an open crown. Twigs are somewhat zigzag in appearance and have small thorns. The species name, lanuginosa, means wooly or downy, referring to the downy twigs and undersides of the leaves. Their attractive foliage, fragrant flowers, interesting fruit and adaptability to many soil types make them worthy landscape plants suitable for today's smaller homes. The sweet sap was reported to be American children. The fruit attracts mammals and is edible to man if eaten chewed by Native birds, squirrels and in small quantities. 555  SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Gum Bumelia 556  SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Gum Bumelia FLOWERS AND FRUIT Small, fragrant, white flowers are axils during the spring. borne in clusters at leaf 557  SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Gum Bumelia These berries are followed by edible, fleshy, black drupes or about 10cm or %" long. LEAVES AND STEMS GUM BUMELIA leaves are alternate and oblanceolate or wider above the half way point from the twig, to ovate, with rounded tips. They are often clustered or whorled on lateral spurs. Leaves range to 2 to 8cm or 1 to 3" long. 558  SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Gum Bumelia The upper leaf surfaces are dark green and shiny, while underneath they are densely covered with rusty or whitish felt-like hairs. This pubescence distinguishes them from all other similar species. 559  SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) Gum Bumelia The bark is gray to brown, becoming darker with age. stems are often zigzag, pubescent and guarded spines. The with DISTRIBUTION GUM BUMELIA prefers dry, sandy soils along the ridges as far south as central Florida. They may also be found in Georgia, to Texas and up the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois. 560  MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. or MAHOGANY came to Florida from the other America's, where it was first observed by Europeans in late 1500's by a carpenter aboard ship with Sir Walter Raleigh. When properly finished and polished to a rich sheen, mahogany has a deep rich red color. It has been used since the reign of George I of England for furniture; and is very sought after today. Swietenia mahagoni is a Florida native that ironically is becoming rare in the wild due to development, but is increasingly found as a street and yard tree. MAHOGANY casts a light shadow, concomitantly permitting grass and other plants beneath it to grow. It is known for its ability to withstand strong winds (242,243). 561  MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Mahogany MAHOGANY Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. (swe-TEEN-i-a ma-HOG-o-ni) GENERAL The MAHOGANY are handsome tropical trees, native to the Florida Keys, but are frequently planted as street trees throughout southern Florida. The spreading branches are covered with attractive, evergreen foliage. They grow to 15 to 20m or 40 to 60' in height. They can grow much larger in the tropics. MAHOGANY is a beautifully grained hard wood much desired in building furniture. However, it isn't commercially grown in Florida. 562  MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Mahogany 563  MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Mahogany FLOWERS AND FRUIT MAHOGANY has tiny white or yellow flowers which open in early spring. A single flower is no more than 7mm or /" across. It is interesting central tube. A seen. because the stamens are arranged in a magnifying lens will enable these to be 564  MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Mahogany The remarkable fruit is a thick, woody, capsule that splits into five parts from the base when it releases its winged seeds. The oval pod is held erect on the branches. 565  MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Mahogany LEAVES AND STEMS The glossy leaves are alternate, pinnately compound with 2 to 4 pairs of lance shaped leaflets. The midrib does not divide the leaflet evenly, and the leaflets turn backward. Unlike most other pinnately compound leaves, there is no terminal leaflet. 566  MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Mahogany The bark of this tree is rough with course fissures. When it grows in soft soil, the trunks tend to form buttresses. DISTRIBUTION MAHOGANY is found in the tropics from the southern tip of Florida, the Keys southward to the West Indies, Central and South America. 567  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Pond Cypress Taxodium ascendens (L.) Rich or POND CYPRESS live at higher densities than Bald Cypress. They live in slow moving to stagnant water with low nutrients and occasional fires. These cypress trees are conifers or cone bearing plants that are related to the giant Sequoia trees of California (244,245). 568  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Pond Cypress POND CYPRESS Taxodium ascendens (L.) Rich (taks-O-di-um as-SEN-denz) GENERAL POND CYPRESS is deciduot leaves in winter. At this time o spooky ghosts with "Spanish skeletons. In the springtime, yellow-green foliage. is and loses its needlelike f the year the trees look like Moss" hanging on dead they leaf out with beautiful Though DNA evidence and BALD CYPRESS interbreed. Sometimes CYPRESS and BALD tree. In some areas discrete. suggests that POND CYPRESS are different species, the trees the characteristics of both POND CYPRESS appear on the same these differences may be quite POND CYPRESS serves as an ecotone between the Bald Cypress swamp and wet prairie. An ecotone is an area where two different habitats meet. POND CYPRESS are smaller than Bald Cypress partly because they grow in nutrient poor soils. Their "knees" are part of the oxygen to the tree and supporting loose wet soil. Their buttressed heavy trees. root system, supplying the trees growing in the trunks also support the 569  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Pond Cypress 570  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Pond Cypress FLOWERS AND FRUIT The male cones are in loose, purple-brown clusters. / ~ The female cones or cypress in diameter. balls are about 2.5cm or 1" 571  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Pond Cypress LEAVES AND STEMS POND CYPRESS needle-like leaves lie close to the tiny branches and are scale-like in appearance. 572  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Pond Cypress DISTRIBUTION POND CYPRESS grows in still or slow moving water of ponds. They are found in a more limited range than Bald Cypress with a northern limit of Virginia. 573  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Pond Cypress 574  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum Brongn. or BALD CYPRESS trees were heavily logged during the 19th century. Trees were floated down the rivers to mills. Southeastern U.S. swamps boasted ancient BALD CYPRESS forests with trees more than 1200 years old. The largest remaining old-growth stand of BALD CYPRESS is at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, east of Naples, Florida. Cypress trees have been present in southwest Florida for more than 5,000 years; 6,500 years in the far northern region of the state. Trees as old as 500 years of age exceed 40m or 130' in height. The Senator is the largest individual specimen living near Longwood, Florida. It is 35m or 115' tall, with a trunk diameter of 344cm or 135". In 1740 Mark Catesby, one of the first great nature artist to paint American wildlife, rendered a portrait of a little parrot eating BALD CYPRESS seeds. This answered the question as to how the BALD CYPRESS trees became so widely disseminated. BALD CYPRESS got the name "eternal wood" from long- term use as hollow logs installed as water pipes in 1798 that were still working when removed in 1914 and reports of cypress shingles lasting 250 years (246,247,248). 575  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Bald Cypress BALD CYPRESS Taxodium distichum Brongn. (taks-O-di-um DIS-ti-kum) GENERAL The BALD CYPRESS is one of the largest trees east of the Rocky Mountains often growing to 50m or 150' with trunks 3 or 10' in diameter. Cypress trees are conifers or cone bearing plants that are related to the giant Sequoia trees of California. BALD CYPRESS and POND CYPRESS interbreed. In some geographic areas tree characteristics are distinct. Yet at times the characteristics of both species can appear on the same tree. BALD CYPRESS is deciduous. It looses its needle-like leaves in winter. At this time of the year the trees look like spooky ghosts with "Spanish Moss" hanging on dead skeletons. In the springtime, they leaf out with beautiful yellow-green foliage. Their "knees", part of the root system, may aid in gas exchange. Buttressed trunks support the trees growing in the loose wet soil. This stabilizes the trees during hurricanes in the southeastern United States. 576  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Bald Cypress 577  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Bald Cypress FLOWERS AND FRUIT The male cones grow in loose, purple clusters. The female cones or cypress balls are about 2.5cm or 1" in diameter. 578  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Bald Cypress LEAVES AND STEMS The needle-like leaves of the BALD CYPRESS are feather-like in appearance. They grow to 8 to 20mm or % to ". They grow flat along both sides of the branchlets. 579  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Bald Cypress In the autumn needles turn a rich brown color before dropping from the branches. 580  CUPRESSACEAE (Cedar Family) Bald Cypress DISTRIBUTION BALD CYPRESS is associated with moving water such as river swamps, spring runs, streams and lakes. They occur in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains from Delaware to Texas and also in the Mississippi Valley north to southern Illinois. 581  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Winged Elm Ulmus alata Michx. or WINGED ELM wood is very flexible, hard, resists splitting and it is springy. Its flexibility makes it useful for rocking chairs or curved pieces. Its resistance to splitting makes it good for hockey sticks. Its hardness makes it useful for flooring, boxes, crates, and furniture. The fibrous inner bark is used to make baling twine to bind cotton bales. A wrap of the inner bark was used to stabilize broken bones. The Creek Indians of Alabama, Georgia, and parts of Florida called this tree uhawhu which was anglicized to Wahoo. The Witch Elm is another name given to this tree from which came the forked "divining rod" that dowsers, also known as "water witchers", used for divining water. Once the spot was located over a subterranean stream and double checked, a well was dug (249,250,251,252). 582  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Winged Elm WINGED ELM or ROCK ELM Ulmus alata Michx. (ULM-us a-LAY-tuh) GENERAL WINGED ELM 60'. In winter corky wings on is a deciduous tree that grows to 20m or when the leaves are absent, one can see the edges of the twigs and branches. The species name, alata, means "winged." The wood of the WINGED ELM is flexible and hard. Often called Rock Elm, this tree is used in furniture construction and flooring. These characteristics make it useful for making the supportive curves of rocking chairs. Tender vegetation in spring is good browse for deer. The seeds are eaten by birds. 583  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Winged Elm i e i. 9y '. k 'IN 584  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Winged Elm FLOWERS AND FRUIT Before the leaves appear in early spring, clusters of erae. Each consists of a flowers without petals em yellowish bell-shaped calyx with orange-red anthers and a pale green pistil. The fruit is wing. The a flattened seed samara is about contained 1cm or 3/8" in a hairy samara or long. 585  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Winged Elm LEAVES AND STEMS The leaf of the WINGED ELM is simple and alternate with doubly serrated margins and pinnate veins. They are elliptic to ovate and range from 5 to 10cm or 2 to 4" long. The leaves are unequally rounded at the base and have acute tips. The smooth upper surface is dark green while the lower surface is pale and pubescent. The petioles are short and stout. The leaves turn yellow in autumn. The twigs orange-red are pubescent lenticels. They when young and develop irregular, have tiny flattened, 586  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Winged Elm corky ridges giving them the name WINGED ELM. an appearance of wings, hence 587  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Winged Elm The bark has patches of brown and buff. DISTRIBUTION WINGED ELM is native to the southeastern corner of the U.S. It grows from southern Virginia, west to the Ohio valley to Texas. It grows from moist hammocks to dry, well drained woodlands throughout the Florida Panhandle and south to Pasco County. 588  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Florida Elm Ulmus americana L. or the AMERICAN ELM was once a popular tree in the northeast United States. Its decline in many areas was due to the fungal, Dutch Elm disease. A bark beetle is the disease's vector. The disease was also transmitted from the roots of one tree to another. Disease resistant cultivars are now available. The Florida variety, Ulmus americana var. floridana (Chapm) Little, is smaller in stature (253,254). 589  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Florida Elm AMERICAN ELM or FLORIDA ELM Ulmus americana L. (UL-mus uh-mair-ih-KAN-nuh) GENERAL AMERICAN ELM is a fast growing, deciduous tree that grows to 20m or 60' high. The branches of this shade tree give it a broad, upright silhouette. In a mature tree, the straight bole is 20 to 30cm or 8 to 12" in diameter. The bole is the tree trunk beneath the area from which the branches emerge. AMERICAN ELM wood is quite hard, making the bole a valuable timber tree for furniture and veneers. Early settlers steamed the wood to bend to make barrels and wheels. Native Americans used AMERICAN ELM trunks to make canoes. As a landscaping tree, the AMERICAN ELM is resistant to air pollution, compacted soil and drought or poor drainage. Birds and other wildlife find the seeds valuable food source. People who suffer from allergies consider elms to be one a major source of allergens. 590  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Florida Elm 591  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Florida Elm FLOWERS AND FRUIT The inconspicuous, greenish flowers hang in drooping stems. They appear before the emerge in early spring. clusters from leaves which Seeds form in about 1cm or 3 maturity at 15 y flat, green seed /8" long. This tree ears. pods or samara and are seldom bears fruit before 592  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Florida Elm LEAVES AND STEMS AMERICAN ELM leaves are simple, alternate and have doubly serrated leaf margins. They are ovate or oblong with sharp, pointed tips and unequal, rounded bases. 593  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Florida Elm The leaves are 10 to 15cm or 4 to 6" long and are pinnately veined. Petioles range from 4 to 10mm long. The dark green surfaces are mostly smooth and shiny above, but paler and smooth below. The bark is gray, divided into divided by deep fissures. wide, flat ridges and is 594  ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Florida Elm DISTRIBUTION In Florida, the AMERICAN ELM is found in wetlands and stream margins from Lake Okeechobee northward. It is also found from Newfoundland, west through Canada to the Rocky Mountains, then south to central Florida and westward to Texas. 595  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum Mars or SPARKLEBERRY is distinctive among the blueberries in that it thrives on neutral to calcareous soils. It is highly tolerant of droughts. It is a honey plant in sandy spots in the SE USA. Seeds need light to germinate; they should be sown on the surface of the soil. SPARKLEBERRY is a beautiful landscape shrub. Once established it needs no special treatment. It grows quickly. In full sun, it produces profuse masses of showy white flowers, then masses of equally attractive shiny black berries. SPARKLEBERRY can be propagated from cuttings, but this is difficult. It feeds birds and other wildlife. Bark, leaves and root extracts have been used to treat diarrhea (255,256). 596  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Sparkleberry SPARKLEBERRY or TREE HUCKLEBERRY Vaccinium arboreum Mars (vak-SIN-ee-um ar-BOR-ee-um) GENERAL SPARKLEBERRY to 9m or 30' tall name, arboreum, is a deciduous, shrubby tree that grows though usually smaller. The species means tree-like. These trees are a favorite at native plant nurseries for landscape use as they are very showy during the spring bloom. SPARKLEBERRIES tend to have short boles and crooked branches. They are distinguished from other blueberries by their reddish brown, flaky bark. Another common name for this blueberry is Farkleberry. The flowers and fruit provide food for insects and other animals. The wood is rather hard and has been used to make tool handles tobacco pipes. The root bark has been used to treat diarrhea. 597  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Sparkleberry 598  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Sparkleberry FLOWERS AND FRUIT SPARKLEBERRY shaped with short flowers are small, white petals. They hang in to pink bell long stalked racemes with leafy bracts on new growth. The spherical black berries diameter. are up to .5cm or 1/4" in 599  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Sparkleberry Each berry has many seeds. LEAVES AND STEMS SPARKLEBERRY are also persisten round and may tapering base. leaves are alternate and simple. t, leathery and shiny. Leaves are have pointed or rounded tips They oval to with a 600  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Sparkleberry Leaf margins are entire or smooth with a few glandular teeth. The upper surface is smooth but may be pubescent hairy on the lower surface. SPARKLEBERRY's slender, woody stems are smooth or hairy, and grow to 2cm or " diameter. has many branches. SPARKLEBERRY 601  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Sparkleberry The bark is reddish to dark brown, thin and shreddy. DISTRIBUTION SPARKLEBERRY is found in moist to dry soils in hammocks, on bluffs, and in steep ravines throughout north Florida, south to Lee County. Outside of Florida, it may be found from Texas to southern Virginia. 602  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Blueberry We can always find room for Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. or SHINY BLUEBERRY, the native blueberry, in the cultivated landscape. Once established, they require no care. Hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers; songbirds eat the berries. Traditional Mikasuki-Seminole medicine teachings of the 1950's indicate that an infusion of leaves is used for sun sickness to include eye disease, headache, high fever and diarrhea. SHINY BERRY is also used to treat colds and for chronically ill babies (257,258). 603  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Blueberry SHINY BLUEBERRY Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. (vak-SIN-ee-um mer-sin-NIE-teez) GENERAL SHINY BLUEBERRY is a small, evergreen shrub most noticeable by its petite size. It grows to about 60cm or about 2' tall. The tiny leaves appear delicate. It is distinguished from a similar species, V. darrowi, by having stalked glands on the lower leaf surface. Shiny blueberries are shrub is desirable as low, evergreen shrub without requiring much tasty for humans and wildlife. The a landscape plant because it is a that grows in Florida's sandy soils care. 604  k k 0 10 AMP AAkA 605  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Blueberry FLOWERS AND FRUIT The clusters of urn shaped flowers are white to pink with reddish petioles. The fruit is a sweet, round ripe. berry that turns black when 606  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Blueberry LEAVES AND STEMS SHINY BLUEBERRY has persistent, shiny leaves which teeth. are alternate and ovate to elliptic, with shallow These leaves measure less than 1.5cm or %" long and are half as wide. Stalked red glands can be seen on the undersides of the leaves using magnification. 607  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Blueberry 608  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Shiny Blueberry DISTRIBUTION SHINY BLUEBERRY grows in pine flatwoods, scrubs and sandhills throughout most of the state except the Keys. It grows in acidic soils along the Coastal Plain from Louisiana to North Carolina. 609  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) DEERBERRY Vaccinium stamineum L. or DEERBERRY is called DEERBERRY because it is eaten by deer! Its leaves turn red and orange before falling in late autumn. This is a highly variable species that has been divided into several sub-species and varieties. There are many synonyms found in the literature. Many songbirds eat the berries and white-tailed deer eat the leaves, twigs and berries. The berries are also savored by black bears, bobwhite quail, chipmunks, foxes, raccoons, ruffed grouse, squirrels and wild turkeys (259,260). 610  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) DEERBERRY DEER BERRY Vaccinium stamineum L. (vak-SIN-ee-um sta-MIN-nee-um) Syn. Polycodium stamineum GENERAL DEER BERRY is a deciduous shrub that sometimes grows into a small tree to 5m or 15'. The species name, stamineum, refers to the flower's noticeable yellow stamens that hang below the corolla. The corolla is the flower petals that form a ring around the reproductive organs and are surrounded by an outer ring of sepals. The leaves are distinguished by white undersides and increasing in size towards the end of the stems. The common name, DEER BERRY, is used because it is a favorite browse material for white tailed deer. The fruit is a tasty blueberry for humans and wildlife, such as deer, black bears, opossums, squirrels and a large variety of birds. Our state bird, the mockingbird, is one of the major fruit eaters. It makes an excellent landscape plant on well- drained, acid soils. 611  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) DEERBERRY 612  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) DEERBERRY FLOWERS OR FRUIT Dainty white, cup-shaped flowers hang like ballerinas with yellow stockings. The mass of bright yellow stamens hangs below the petals. Flowers showing stamens turn into green fruit summer. in early 613  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) DEERBERRY The fruit is a typical blueberry, starting out whitish green, and then turning from red to purple and black as it ripens. 614  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) DEERBERRY LEAVES OR STEMS Leaves are alternate, simple They range from 2 to 8cm or 1 in size as they grow toward the and have entire to 3" long. They branch tips. margins. increase DEER BERRY leaves are oval to elliptic shaped. are whitish green below with margins that have tiny These hairs can be seen with magnification. DEER BERRY twigs are often slightly pubescent. They hairs. 615  ERICACEAE (Heath Family) DEERBERRY DISTRIBUTION DEER BERRY prefers open woods with acid soils in pinelands and mixed uplands throughout north and central Florida southward to Martin County. It ranges from Georgia to Louisiana, Minnesota and Maine. 616  RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. or PRICKLY ASH is a traditional North American Native medicinal plant. The Alabama, Cherokee, Chippewa, Comanche, Creek, Delaware, Iroquois, Oklahoma, Menominee, Ojibwa, Pawnee, and Potawatomi alike, use the common PRICKLY ASH for many medicinal purposes. These include alleviating toothaches and intestinal and bladder ailments. An extract of the bark was used to treat the cholera epidemic of 1849. It was used to treat the gaseous bowel compromised from peritonitis. The fruit, which has a lemony smell, has been used by young men as a perfume. Giant swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on the plants leaves (261,262,263,264,265). 617  RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Prickly Ash PRICKLY ASH HERCULES' CLUB or TOOTHACHE TREE Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. (zan-THOK-si-lum CLA-va HER-ku-lis) GENERAL PRICKLY ASH is a small, deciduous tree with a globular crown. It can grow to 15m or 45'. The species name, clava-herculis is descriptive of one of its common names, Hercules' Club. There are Zanthoxylum tree species on the Florida Endangered Species List. They are Zanthoxylum americanum found only in Gadsden & Jackson Counties, Zanthoxylum coriaceum found in coastal hammocks from Brevard Co. South, and Zanthoxylum flavum which is extremely rare and found only in the southern Keys. The bark and seeds of the PRICKLY ASH have long been used in Native American and folk medicine as a treatment for rheumatism. The sap has a numbing quality that gives it the common name, Toothache Tree. An important tree to wildlife, the oily black fruits provide food to fall-migrating songbirds such as the Great Crested Flycatcher and Eastern Kingbirds. 618  RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Prickly Ash 619  RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Prickly Ash FLOWERS AND FRUIT PRICKLY ASH has greenish yellow flowers that grow in terminal clusters. 620  RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Prickly Ash The seed pods hold flat, shiny late summer. black seeds that ripen in LEAVES AND STEMS PRICKLY ASH compound. They rachis or midrib. leaves are have 7 to 20 The leaves alternate and pinnately leaflets arranged along a have sharp thorns. The glabrous or smooth dark green leaves are aromatic, smelling similar to citrus. 621  RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Prickly Ash The sharp thorns along the leaves, branches and young trunks are identifying characteristics. Older trunks have smooth, gray bark with corky knobs. 622  RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Prickly Ash DISTRIBUTION Found in wet woods and hammocks nearly throughout Florida, following the coastal plain to Texas and Arkansas and north to Virginia. 623  624  Vocabulary A An Achene is a small, dry one-seeded fruit. Something that is Acute, tapers abruptly to a point. An Acute Apex/Acute apices is/are the tip(s) of a leaf or petal. Aerial roots are roots that grow above the ground. Many species have them to include epiphytes such as orchids and mangrove and banyan trees. These roots are used to obtain nutrients, for vegetative propagation or growth, and to collect oxygen. Air layers (layering) is a method of propagating or growing new plants. It permits the new growth to develop roots while it is still attached to the parent plant. The word Algonquian refers to the First Peoples of Canada of the Algonquian Nation and several NY language group speakers such as the Montauk, Shinnecock and Wappinger tribes. In this text, we refer to People who used plants as medicine based on habitat. Alternate leaves are single leaves attached at individual or separate nodes. They grow at a 1800 angle to each other. They grow along the stem, alternately, in an ascending spiral. Alternately compound leaves refer to the arrangement of compound leaves along the stem of the plant. They are arranged along the stem in such a way that they are not directly across from each other. Altingiaceae is the name a family of wind-pollinated trees. They produce hard, woody fruits with many seeds. Amygdalin is a chemical isolated from apricot seeds by boiling them in ethanol. In the USA, Laetrile was patented as a semi-synthetic molecule which shares part of the amygdalin structure. When made in Mexico, "laetrile" is usually the natural product, and is obtained from crushed apricot pits. Its metabolite is Hydrogen Cyanide and is used in cancer treatment. Angina is chest pain caused when an area of the heart muscle is not sufficiently oxygenated. Angioenesis1 is a process which results in the growth of new blood vessels from pre- existing vessels. 625  Anther(s) are the pollen bearing portion of the stamen. The Apex is the tip of a leaf or petal. An Apiary is a bee farm. The bees are kept/farmed to make honey. Apical refers to the point or end of a leaf or other plant part. The Apical meristem of a plant is its growth area. The meristem consists of undifferentiated cells or meristematic cells; defines a plant growth area. Appressed trichomes on plants are epidermal growths such as a hair. These plant hairs can be uni or multicellular. When they are flat or pressed closely together on a stem, they are called appressed trichomes. Apricock is an old English spelling of the word, apricot. Aromatic refers to pungent, musky or sweet-smelling scents. Ascending branches are tree branches that curve upward. An Astringent is a chemical substance that causes biological tissue to draw together or contract. An Auriculate leaf is an ear-shaped leaf. Awrie (regarding persimmon). The astringent nature of a persimmon causes mouth tissue to pucker. Axillary clusters (of flowers) are attached to or borne in the leaf axil. Axil(s) are the places where two parts of a plant join, as in where a leaf joins stem. B A Basal sheath (as in pine needles) is/are the bud scales which surround the base of each bundle of needles and remain after the needles emerge. They may last up to 40 years. Bayheads are forested wetlands and swamps that with variety of dominant trees to include bay trees. They usually form in a depression. BEinnate(Iy)compoundEleaves are split twice. Leaflets are arranged along a secondary vein branching off the rachis. There is a central axis and lateral axes upon which the leaflets are attached. 626  The Bole is a tree trunk. A Boot(s) is the remains of old interwoven leaf bases. It is the attachment of a single frond to the tree which remains after the frond breaks off the tree. On the Cabbage Palm, the boots form a cross-hatch pattern that run up the tree trunk. Bottomlands are low-lying land along a river, creek or waterbed. A Bract(s) bract is a specialized lea usually associated with a reproductive structure such as a cone scale, flower or inflorescence(long flower stalk) axis. Broadly lance-shaped leaves are wider at the stem than the leaf apex. Bromeliads are tropical plants with fleshy leaves that look like thick grass. The leaves form a water holding funnel. They are often epiphytic. Buttressed refers to a root structure that is a big bottomed tree support usually when the tree has shallow roots. Trees with buttressed roots are found in nutrient-poor soils. They simply prevent the tree from falling over concomitantly gathering nutrients. Buttressed roots are asymmetrical based on the balance needs of the tree. C Calcareous soils are alkaline with a high pH. Calorific means high in usable energy. The Calyx is/are sepals or the outer part of a flower. Camphor is a chemical obtained only from the tree, Cinnamonum camphora. Camphor has a powerful, strong, fragrant odor. It has a spicy, bitter taste. It numbs sensory nerves directly under the skin. It is slightly cold to the touch and serves as an antiseptic. Canopy trees are the tallest trees in a forest. They are able to photosynthesize relatively rapidly. A Carcinoma is the most common human cancer-type. Catkins are spikes of elongated, slender, single sexed flowers. The flower has no visible petals. Celluloid is a product made from nitrocellulose and camphor. 627  The Cherokee are American Indian people of the Southeastern United States to include the Carolinas, Eastern Tennessee and Georgia. Cholera is a small intestine infection resulting in vomiting and diarrhea. Ciguatera is a tropical fish food poisoning containing neurotoxins from the family of ciguatoxins. The disease presents as acute gastrointestinal with neurological illness. It sometimes mimics chronic fatigue syndrome. Infected people can become symptomatic at a much later date then the original infection. Cineol is naturally occurring eucalyptol. A salt water marsh is peppered with tree islands of the coastal forest, commonly called Coastal hammocks. The trees therein are salt intolerant and must be at an elevation high enough to prevent flooding during high tides. Common species are the sabal palm (Sabal palmetto), the red cedar (Juniperus silicicola), the slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and the live oak (Quercus virginiana). Colloquially means as used in common language. Compound leaves are leaves with two or more blades called leaflets. Coniferous refers to a Conifer which is a non-flowering evergreen, or gymnosperm, such as a pine tree. Cooperage is the profession of making barrels. Copious means a large quantity of something. Cordate leaves are heart-shaped leaves. Corky (as in wings) are appendages found on the side of stems. They are flattened and look like fins or wings. Cornine is a narcotic medicinal compound used in Mexico. The Corolla is the petal or inner part of a flower. Crenate refers to a leaf margin with short, rounded or scalloped projections or notches. Cown (a re) is the top leaf growth of the tree. C#ustose lihens are very closely attached to its substrate (rocks, trees or soils) that they cannot be removed without damaging the substrate. Uivs e are plants that have been breed for desirable characteristics. 628  The Cultural aspects of a plant include its preferred soil type, water preferences and anything that has to do with how and where it grows best. Cuttings are plant clippings used to make grafts for propagation or new growth. Cyanogenic glycoside(s) are chemicals found in plants. They release cyanide when the plant material is broken apart as by chewing. Cyanide is a potent, fast acting, poison. It inhibits oxidation in cells resulting in quick cellular death. Cylindrical refers to a tubular shape. Cymes are inflorescences or flower clusters arranged on a main branch stem. Cytotoxic means being poisonous to cells. D DBH is the tree diameter at breast height, approximately 4.5-5'. Deciduous trees and shrubs shed their leaves every year. Decoction(s) are the chemical result of extraction made by boiling an herb or other plant material. It is a method for extraction. Deeply depressed veins means that the leaf tissue id higher than the vein. Dioecious means that male and female flowers are found on separate trees. A plant that is Discouraged is not to be cultivated or planted. A Diuretic is a chemical that causes one to urinate. A Dorsal groove (on fruit) is the indentation that runs along a fruit. It is also called a suture. Double serrated margins refer to the coarsely serrate margin along the side of a leaf that additionally has smaller teeth on the margins of larger teeth. Doubl serrated leaves refers to a leaf with coarsely serrate margins along the side of a leaf that additionally has smaller teeth on the margins of larger teeth. Dobl-tohed4 odente marg#inhave pointed teeth facing outward, perpendicular to the midrib. Downy (leaf undersides) are excessively hairy. 629  To Droop means to hang down. Drupe(s) are seeds which are enclosed in a hard coat or pit, with an outer fleshy part, as in a peach. Dry scrub has a sandy, well-drained, nutrient-poor substrate. Dysentery is an infection of multiple origins resulting in inflamed bowels, bloody stools and severe diarrhea. E Ebony is a very dense black wood. Elliptic(aI) leaves are widest at the middle with tapering ends. The word Emetic derives in English from the Latin emetica,or Greek emetiks. The feminine of emetikos means, "using vomiting". An emetic is therefore a substance that induces vomiting. In traditional South American medicine, the dried roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha is used to make the syrup of ipecac. Reverse or anti- peristalsis starts pulsing waves up the esophagus and the stomach is emptied. Many plants in North America were used traditionally for the same purpose. Emmenagogue(s) are herbs which stimulate blood flow in the uterus, sometimes facilitating menstruation. A plant is considered Endemic if it is confined to, native or prevalent in or unique to a particular locality, region, or habitat. Entire margins are leaves without teeth or lobes. They have a smooth edge. Ephedrine is a chemical that occurs naturally in the body. It is a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, and decongestant. An Epiphyte(ic) is an air plant. They use a host plant as a place to grow while getting nutrients from rain and dust. Examples are orchids and bromeliads. Eradicaioin is the process(es) by which exotic plants are removed from a natural habitat. Espalierfs) is a horticultural practice of controlling woody plant growth by pruning branches and tying them so that they grow in a flat plane or in desired shapes. 630  Estuaries are waterways where freshwater from land mix with saltwater from the oceans, bays or seas. Eucalyptol is a colorless, aromatic oily liquid derived from eucalyptus and other species. It is used as an expectorant, flavoring agent, and local anesthetic. It is also called cineole. Even-pinnate leaves are pinnately compound with a terminating pair of leaflets. Evergreen trees and shrubs retain their green leaves in the dormant season. Exfoliate(s) (as in bark) means that the bark chips off in small pieces. Exotic plants are foreign or not native to a habitat. Expectorant(s) cause the secretion and expulsion of mucous. Extirpation means the complete removal of something. F From the Latin, fasciculus, the botanical reference to or definition of Fascicles is a slender bundle of flowers or needles (such as a number of pine leaves) in a bundle. The number of leaves per fascicle is an important identifying characteristic of pine trees. To Fetter is to hinder or restrain when walking or moving about. Fibrous roots are thin, branching and grow from the stem. A fibrous root systems is generally found in monocots and ferns. Filariasis is a parasitic infection. Flats are wooded platforms. Flatwoods represent the most extensive type of terrestrial ecosystem in Florida. These low-lying pine forests were formed by changes in the sea level during glaciation. When sea levels increased flat land was flooded and deposited with sand. When sea levels receded , pioneer pine established in the sandy soil. Floodplains are flat land near a river's edge. They run from the bank landward. They are wet in the rainy season. They get more water than they can hold (poor drainage) anf therefore remain flooded. Flutedl means channeled. Foliage - greenery, shrubbery, leaves, plants. 631  G Gallic acid is an organic acid and a powerful antioxidants. Foods and herbs such as blueberries, walnuts, apples, flax seed and tea all contain Gallic acid. It is also found in gall nuts, sumac, witch hazel, watercress, oak bark, and a variety of other plants and herbs. It is used in the tanning process. Plant Galls are growths of plant tissue caused by various parasites such as bacteria, fungi insects and mites. Glabrous leaves or stems without hairs. Glaucous means easily rubber off powdery or waxy coating as found on a plum. Globuse means globe shaped or ball-like. Glutinous is the same as gelatinous, gooey or tacky. A Glycoside is a sugar molecule usually attached to a small organic molecule. Gnaphalium is the a genus in the daisy family Asteraceae. H A Hammock(s) (Hardwood Hammocks) is/are a high-ground fertile area usually higher than its surroundings and characterized usually populated with hardwood trees. A Hybrid is a plant resulting from the cross between two species. Hallucinogen(s) are psycho active chemicals that cause one to perceive imaginary events that seem real. Hamamelidaceae a family of flowering plants including witch hazel. Heartwood is found in the center of a tree. It is a hard, fibrous tissue which resists compression. Heliotrophin is the oil of sassafras. Hemolytic chemicals cause red blood cells to rupture. Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood. Hemorrhaes4 are profuse bleeding. 632  A Hemostat is a chemical or device that stops bleeding. A Hepatoma is a cancer of the liver. Hermaphroditic means an organism with both sexes. Hollows (as in birds live there) as in a basin, depression or hole. A Hydragogue is a diuretic or chemical/medicine which causes a watery discharge. Inconspicuous means not easily seen by the naked human eye. Inconspicuous (clusters of flowers) means flower clusters which are not easily seen by the naked human eye. Inflorescence = a flower. An Infusion is a distillation, mixture or potion. Ingenious means clever, imaginative or resourceful. Insecticidal compounds are chemicals that kill insects. Inter-marginal veins are veins which leaves stands out from the leaf edge during all stages of leaf growth. Isopteropodine is a plant alkaloid which enhances reactions induced by acetylcholine. K Keeled blossom has a sharp or conspicuous longitudinal ridge which is usually the two lower petals. L Laneolate means narrow, lance shaped leaves that taper toward the tip and are wider toward the base. Lartynglii is an irritation of the vocal chords. This inflammation of the larynx causes a hoarse or complete loss of the voice. Laeral spurs are compressed fruiting branches off of a main shoot. 633  Layering is a plant propagation technique in which a portion of a stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant. It then detaches as an independent plant. A Leaf is a plant organ of photosynthesis. Leaf axils the location on a stem between the upper surface of a leaf or leaf stalk. A Leaf node is the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem, from which one or more leaves grow. Leaflets are the leafy segments of a compound leaf. Lenticels are pore-like openings in the bark of woody plants. Leucorrhea is a thick white or yellowish discharge of the female sex organs. Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow. A Liana is a vine or climbing plant. Lignin is the chemical structure of plant cell walls. Linnaeus, Carl Nilsson lived between (1707-1778). He is the author of Systemae Naturalae. He is called the Father of Taxonomy. His system for classifying, naming and ranking organisms is still in wide use today. His ideas on classification have influenced generations of biologists during and after his own lifetime, even those opposed to the philosophical and theological roots of his work. Lobes are the leaves with rounded ends. Lustrous refers to leaves with a sheen or glow. M Monoecious is a tree having both male and female flowers on the same plant. Madagascar is an island country in the Indian Ocean. Magenta is a color between pink and purple. Malariae(l) is a parasitic disease carried by mosquitoes. Mic acid is made by all living organisms. It is responsible for the pleasantly sour taste found in fruits. A Mainl (as in leaf margin) refers to the edges of a leaf. 634  A Medlar is a fruiting, deciduous tree. A Mesic habitat is moderately moist. The Micmac are a First Nations people, indigenous to the northeastern region of New England and Canada's Atlantic Provinces. A Midrib is the main vein of a leaf or leaflet. Moist hammocks are shaded and moist which permits the growth of epiphytes such as Bromeliads, Spanish moss, ball moss and some ferns. Hydric or moist hammocks have soils with organic matter and nutrients. These soils remain moist most of the time but do not usually flood. Monoecious trees are trees that have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. N Naval stores is a term which applied to the resin-based pine pitch and turpentine used in building and maintaining wooden sailing ships. Nitrogen is an element with the atomic number of 7. A Node is the place on a stem from which a leaf or branch emerges. Non-lustrous leaf meaning opaque or dull. Notched refers to with a notch or to notch or score. A Nutlet is a small, indehiscent (not splitting at maturity), one-celled, one-seeded, hard fruit. 0 Oblanceolate leaf structure is a leaf which is broader toward the center and apex, tapering toward the base. Oblong leaf structure is a leaf that is longer than broad, with the sides nearly parallel. Obovateleaf structure is a leaf that is broader above the middle and rounded at both ends. Obscure means little known. 635  Odd-pinnately compound leaves are pinnately compound, with one terminal leaflet. Omnivorous means to eat fauna and flora. Opaque (as in opaca) means dull or not shiny. Opposite branching means side branches grow directly opposite of each other across from a node. Opposite leaves are leaf attachments paired at a node or an axis at one point, and attached or borne facing or diametrically across from each other. Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes as house plants or in landscape design and gardens. An Oval-to-oblong leaf shape is egg-shaped to elongated egg-shaped. Ovate leaves are egg-shaped in outline with broader below the middle and rounded at both ends. Ovoid means egg-shaped. Ozone = 03 P Palmate veins leaf veins (or blades) which radiate from a single point like fingers of a hand. Palmately compound refers to compound leaves, wherein a blade has two or more subunits called leaflets. In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets radiate from a single point at the distal or far end of the petiole. Panicles are branching clusters of flowers. Partitioned seed pods are sectioned seed pods. Pasiminan Algonquian for persimmon. -meine is a constituent of a number of essential oils in cumin or thyme. Pedncle are a flower stalk or the stalk of a cluster of flowers. Perfect(flowers) contain both stamens and pistils. 636  Peritonitis is an infection and inflammation of the abdominal cavity. Persistent means to remain attached. Petiole(s) are leaf stalks. Pine Flatwoods represent the most extensive type of terrestrial ecosystem in Florida. These low-lying pine forests were formed by changes in the sea level during glaciation. When sea levels increased flat land was flooded and deposited with sand. When sea levels receded, pioneer pine established in the sandy soil. Pinnae are the leaflets of a pinnately compound leaf such as a fern. Pinnate veins are leaf veins (or blades) arranged on both sides of a central vein or stem. A compound leaf has two or more blade subunits called leaflets. If a leaf is Pinnately compound, a row of leaflets forms on either side of the petiole extension, called the rach is. Pioneer plant(s) are hearty plants that are the first to colonize an area after the soil is disturbed. Piria, Raffaele (20 August 1814 - 18 July 1865) was an Italian chemist from who converted Salicin into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes Aspirin. Pistil(s) are the female reproductive part of a flower. Pistillate (flowers) are female flowers. Pistillate catkins are female flower spikes, elongated and slender. Pneumatophores are aerial roots above the ground. Profusion means an excessive amount of something. Propagate(d) means to grow, spread or promulgate. A Pr cagle is a reproductive particle released by plant which will germinate into an adult plant. Prosatea gland which is part of the male urogenital system. Prnain is a cyanogenetic glycoside found in the seeds of the plants of the rose family. 637  Prussic acid is a cyanogenic compound. Pteropodine is a plant alkaloid which enhances reactions induced by acetylcholine. Ptperonal butoxide is an organic compound that enhances the potency of pyrethroids. Pubescent(ence) means covered with short, soft hairs like velvet. A Purgative makes one vomit. Pyrethroid(s) are organic compounds similar to the natural pyrethrins which are anti- feeding agents. They keep bugs from eating plants. Q Quinine is a bitter, natural white crystalline alkaloid which reduces fever, stops pain inflammation. It has historically been used as an antimalarial agent. R Raceme(s) are individual flowers arranged along a single stem. A Rachis is the midrib of a compound leaf. Recurved means bent or curved downward or backward. Reflexedleaves are abruptly bent or curved downward or backward. Regurgitation means to vomit. Resin(s) are plant secretions which are viscous in nature such as pine sap. Reticulated means with leaf veins looking like the threads of a net. A Retort can be an answer or a flask used by a chemist to separate liquids. RevolutelRevolute margins have rolled under leaf edges. Rheaisim is a disease that causes aches and pains in the joints and connective tissue. Rhizomatous refers to a horizontal, underground stem which sends out roots from stems or nodes. 638  Rhizomous refers to a horizontal, underground stem which sends out roots from stems or nodes. Ringworm is a fungal infection. Root collar is where the tree meets the roots. Since tree roots breathe, there is a gaseous exchange between the elements of the air and the root system. Planting too deep or applying too much mulch can cause several problems such as suffocating roots and killing trees. Root stock is the healthy rood stem of a plant. Rosins is a solid form of resin obtained from pines and produced by heating. Rugose refers to a leaf surface that has deeply indented veins. S Safrole known as shikimol, is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. It is usually extracted from the root-bark of the Sassafras tree in the form of sassafras oil. Salicin is a precursor chemical to Aspirin. A Samara is a winged-seed or most often one-seeded fruit. It does not open at maturity; it is indehiscent. These seeds can be found in Florida in Maple and Elm trees. Sand scrub is one of the oldest ecosystem types in Florida. As sea levels rose and inundated much of what is now Florida, these upland habitats were isolated by water. They formed desert-like hilltop islands. Several species of plants and animals developed adaptations to the harsh, dry environment of the scrub lands. They are endemic to the area. Sandhill(s) are an upland pine ecosystem found in central and northern Florida. Saponic glucosides are found in liquorice. Medicinally, they act as expectorants, corticoids and as anti-inflammatories. Sassafras is tree specie with three distinct leaf styles. It grows in north Florida. Scroful is a form of tuberculosis that affects the lymph nodes. Scrubhabitat is one of the oldest ecosystem types in Florida. As sea levels rose and inundated much of what is now Florida, these upland habitats were isolated by water. They formed desert-like hilltop islands. Several species of plants and animals 639  developed adaptations to the harsh, dry environment of the scrub lands. They are endemic to the area. Scrubby Flatwoods have an open canopy of widely spaced pine trees growing in otherwise barren white sand. In addition there is a shrubby understory dominated by scrub oaks and saw palmetto. Scythe shaped means shaped like a sickle. Semi-deciduous refers to plants that lose part of their foliage. Semi-persistent leaves survived from the previous season. Sepals are a part of the flower calyx. Sequester means to isolate. A Serrated leaf margin has sharp teeth that point forward as on a saw blade. Serrated margins are leaves with sharp teeth that point forward as on a saw blade. Serrations on a leaf look like saw teeth that point forward or pinking shear blade cuts. Sessile leaves are stalk-less and attached directly at the base. Shallow lobes are lobes that do not approach the midrib. Simple leaves are leaves with one blade. Simple margins refer to a leaf with an undivided blade. A leaf with Smooth margins has neither teeth nor lobes. If a leaf is Spatulate it has a broad, flat end and tapering into a narrower base. The Stamen is the pollen bearing flower part having anthers and filaments. Staminate (flowers) are male flowers. Stigmas in a flower are the surfaces at the carpel that receives pollen. It usually has short outgrowths, flaps, or hairs to trap pollen. Pollen grains often stick to a sticky secretion from the stigma. Stipules are a leaf-like appendages found at the base of a petiole. They usually occur in pairs. 640  A Styptic slows down bleeding rate. Sub-opposite leaves appear near opposite but not exactly opposite each other at a node. Succession is the manner in which a plant community progressively transforms itself until a stable habitat is reached. Sulfur is the chemical element with an atomic number of 16. T Tannin(s) is an astringent, bitter plant compound that binds to and precipitates proteins, amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin is from the German tanna, referring to oak and fir trees. Wood tannins are used for making leather from animal hides. Tepals are part of the outer flower to include the petals. Tepals have a virtually indistinguishable calyx and corolla. Terminal (branches, buds, clusters, flower clusters, leaflet, panicles, racemes) grow from the end or tip of a branch. Thatch is a roofing material often made from reed or palm material. Tomentose means having dense, matted and or soft hairs. A Tonic is a refreshing drink. Toothed margin(s) refers to leaves with toothed margins. This means that the edge of the leaf looks like it was cut with pinking shears. Topiaries are plants that have been pruned into animal forms, geometric designs or other than natural growth forms. Tripinnate compound leaves are compound leaves are composed of several lobes. Each leaf has a long main branch or rachis (primary rachis) on which arise a number of secondary rachii. The secondary rachii produce the tertiary rachii, each tertiary rachis produces the leaflets. Such leaves are said to be tripinnate. Tubular is cylindrical. Turns (as in wood turns easily) refers to wood that a carpenter can work easily on a lathe. A lathe is a machine that spins. The woodworker uses a chisel to cut and shape the wood as the lathe spins. 641  Turpentine is a naval store. It is a fluid obtained from pine resin distillation. Two-ranked(s) leaves emerge from opposite sides of a twig at 180 degrees apart from each other. The two-ranked appearance of leaves is helpful in the identification among the conifers. U Under story trees are the trees that grow in the shade of the tall canopy trees. They are typically short in stature. Unpalatable means it does not taste good. Uterorrhagia refers to bleeding. V Vein axils are an area where leaf veins join or split. Veneers are thin wood slices usually of a hardwood, used to cover particle board or plywood when making furniture. w Wavy margins are undulate leaf edges. Wedged base or Wedge-shaped base of a leaf is cuneate or shaped like a wedge from the base of the leaf its middle. Wet hammocks are dense stands of hardwood trees characterized by wet soils. Whorls(ed) means an arrangement of leaves, petals or sepals in a circle around the stem. A Winged rachis is a compound leaf stem with a membrane-like extension on both sides of the rachis. Woodenare means made from wood. 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ISBN 0-932353-12-6. 654  INTERNET RESOURCES http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/index.htm 680 Tree Fact Sheets. 1-1-2006 http://www.virtualherbarium.org Fairchild Tropical Garden 2-7-2006 http://www.fleppc.org Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council 2-7-2006 http://www.floridaplants.com/trees.htm Florida Plants Online 7-15-2010 http://www.fl-dof.com/Pubs/trees_offlorida/index.html Forest Trees of Florida 6-9-2011 http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h 6-9-2011 http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/index.htm 6-9-2011 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emetic 6-9-2011 http://www.answers.com/topic/pharmacology-related-word-list 7-3 -2011 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ipecac 7-3 -2011 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP08394.html 11-4-11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12191580 11-4-11 http://gap.entclub.org/taxonomists/Linnaeus/index.html 11-4-11 http://en.mimi.hu/gardening/rachis.html 11-15-11 http://irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu/FNL/plant-listl.html 11-15-11 http://www.nbbd.com/godo/ef/woodlands/index.html 11-16-11 http://www.ehow.com/list_7310209_ecosystems-sandhill_-florida.html 11-7-11 http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/marsh.cfm 11-30-11 http://www.cees.iupui.edu/education/Information.../floodplains.htm 12-17-11 http://www.fnps.org/pages/plants/vegtypes.php 12-18-11 http://www.sibleyguides.com/201 0/03/the-meaning-of-two-ranked 11-9-11 http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/1 82_Jenki ns_andPimm .pdf 12-19-11 655  www.statcan.gc.ca 12-20-11 656  SCIENTIFIC NAME INDEX Page Acernegundo 1 Acer rubrum 8 Aesculus pavia 15 Albizia julibrissin 22 Albizia lebbeck 29 Annona glabra 36 Aralia spinosa 43 Ardesia escallonioides 50 Asimina obovata 57 Avicennia germinans 64 Befaria racemosa 71 Bursera simaruba 78 Caesalpinia bonduc 85 Calicarpa americana 92 Carpinus caroliniana 99 Carya glabra 106 Carya illinoensis 113 Geltis laevigata 120 Gephalanthus occidentalis 127 Gercis canadensis 134 Chionanthus virginicus 141 657  Page Chysyobalanus icaco 148 Cinnamomum camphora 155 Coccoloba uvifera 162 Concarpus erectus 169 Cornus florida 176 Cornus foemina 183 Delonix regia 190 Diospyros virginiana 197 Ficus aurea 204 Fraxinus caroliniana 211 Gordonia lasianthus 218 Hamelia patens 225 Hydrangea querciafolia 232 Ilex cassine 239 Ilex glabra 246 Ilex opaca 253 Ilex opaca arenicola 260 Ilex vomitoria 267 Itea virginica 274 Licania michauxaii 281 Liquidamber styraciflua 288 Lyonia ferruginea 295 658  Page Lyonia lucida 302 Magnolia ashei 309 Magnolia grandiflora 316 Magnolia virginiana 323 Melaleuca quinquenervia 330 Myrica cerifera 337 Myrsine floridana 344 Ostrya virginiana 351 Persea borbonia borbonia 358 Persea borbonia humulis 365 Persea palustris 372 Pinus clausa 379 Pinus elliotii 386 Pinus palustris 393 Platanus occidentalis 400 Prunus angustifolia 407 Prunus caroliniana 414 Prunus serotina 421 Quercus chapmanii 428 Quercus geminata 435 Quercus hemisphaerica 442 Quercus laevis 449 659  Page Quercus laurifolia 456 Quercus michauxii 463 Quercus myrtifolia 470 Quercus nigra 477 Quercus virginiana 484 Rhizophora mangle 491 Rhus copallinum 498 Sabal palmetto 505 Salix caroliniana 512 Sambucus canadensis 519 Sassafras albidum 526 Schinus terebinthifolius 533 Serenoa repens 540 Sesbania punicea 547 Sideroxylon lanuginosa 554 Swietenia mahogoni 461 Taxodium ascendens 568 Taxodium distichum 575 Ulmus alata 582 Ulmus americana 589 Vaccinium arboretum 596 Vaccinium myrsinites 603 660  Page Vaccinium stamineum 610 Zanthoxylum clava-herculis 617 661  662  COMMON NAME INDEX Page A American Elm 589 American Holly 253 Ashe Magnolia 309 B Bald Cypress 575 Beauty Berry 92 Black Cherry 421 Black Mangrove 64 Box Elder 1 Brazilian Pepper 533 Bullbay 316 Buttonbush 127 C Cabbage Palm or Sable Palm 505 Cajeput or Paperbark Tree 330 Camphor Tree 155 Carolina Willow Coastal Willow 512 Chapman Oak 428 Cherry Laurel or Carolina Laurel Cherry 414 Chickasaw Plum 407 Coco-plum 140 D Dahoon Holly 239 Deer Berry 610 Devil's Walking Stick 43 Diamond Leaf Oak 456 E Eastern Hop Hornbeam 351 Elderberry or American Elder 519 Fire Bush or Red Fire Bush 225 Flamboyant Tree 190 663  Page Flowering Dogwood Fringe Tree G Gallberry or Inkberry Gopher Apple Grey Nicker or Nickerbean Green Buttonwood Gum bumelia or Gum Bully Gumbo Limbo or Tourist Tree Ironwood L Laurel Oak Live Oak Loblolly Bay Longleaf Pine M Mahogany Marlberry Mimosa Myrsine Myrtle Oak N Nickerbean 0 Oak Leaf Hydrangea or Seven Bark P 176 141 246 281 85 169 554 78 99 442 484 218 393 561 50 22 344 470 85 232 Pecan Persimmon Pignut Hickory 113 197 106 664  Page Pond Apple 36 Pond Cypress 575 Pop Ash or Carolina Ash 211 Prickly Ash or Toothache Tree 617 R Rattle Box 547 Red Bay 358 Red Buckeye 15 Red Fire Bush 225 Red Mangrove 491 Red Maple 8 Redbud 134 Redbud or Judas Tree 134 Royal Poinciana or Flamboyant Tree 190 Rusty Lyonia or Crooked Wood 295 S Sand Live Oak or Twin Live Oak 435 Sand Pine 379 Sassafras 526 Saw Palmetto 540 Scrub Holly 260 Scrub Pawpaw 57 Sea Grape 162 Seven Bark 232 Shiny Blueberry 603 Shiny Lyonia or Fetterbush 302 Silver Bay 323 Silver Bay Magnolia 323 Slash Pine 386 Southern Magnolia or Bullbay 316 Sparkleberry Tree or Huckleberry 596 Strangler Fig 204 Sugarberry 120 Swamp Bay 372 Swamp Chestnut or Basket Oak 463 Swamp Dogwood or Stiff Dogwood 183 Swamp Laurel Or Diamond Leaf Oak 456 Sweetbay or Silver Bay Magnolia 323 Sweetgum 288 Sycamore or Plane Tree 400 665  Page T Tar Flower 71 Tourist tree 78 Turkey Oak 449 Twin Live Oak 435 V Virginia Willow or Sweetspire 274 W Water Oak 477 Wax Myrtle or Florida Bayberry 337 Winged Elm 582 Winged Sumac or Shiny Sumac 498 Women's Tongue 29 Y Yaupon Holly 267 666  COMMUNITY KEY FOR WORT HUNTERS GUIDE LEAF KEY Look at your surroundings. Are you standing on, in or near: 1. (SALT WATER TOLERANT, DUNES) 2. DA "disturbed" area is the result of major changes to an ecosystem. Examples are conversions from a forest to farming or grazing lands, the development of urban areas, and or any anthropogenic changes. An urban area has a population of at least 1000 people. 3. DRY SAND: (SCRUB, PINE FLATWOODS) A "scrub" area has well-drained, deep, fine sand soils, built on old dunes. "Pine Flatwoods" are less well drained than scrub areas. They often are on top of a hardpan. 4. FRESH WATER (PONDS, RIVERS AND STREAMS) 5. HAMMOCKS: (WET AND DRY) Found from the central Florida peninsula northward, a "wet hammock" is a forested area with poorly drained sand/clay/organic soil, over limestone. A "dry hammock" grows predominantly hardwoods. Fires are rare; soils range from sand to clay. 6. LEAVES: (DRY WOODS, RICH WOODLANDS) Both "dry woods" and "rich woodlands" are dominated by hardwood trees. Fires are rare and soils range from sand to clay. 7. STATEWIDE (MULTIPLE HABITATS) 8. WET SOIL: (BAYHEADS, BOTTOMLANDS, FLOODPLAIN, MARSH, SWAMPS, WETLANDS, WET WOODS) "Bayheads" are wetland areas with a peat substrate and a downward slope to allow drainage. They are often saturated and occasionally inundated with water. "Bottomlands" are the low-lying land which parallels a watercourse. A "floodplain" is a flat area of land adjacent to the river that reforms as a function of the actions of the river. A "marsh" is defined as a wetland that is most often flooded with water. Marshes are defined as wetlands frequently or continually flooded with water, characterized by emergent soft- stemmed plants. A "swamp" is partially or intermittently covered with water. NOTE: EXOTIC PLANT common names will be typed in red. 667  BLACK MANGROVE Avicennia germinans L. (COASTAL AREAS, ESTUARIES) PAGE 64 CHERRY (SCRUB, LAUREL Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Ait SAND, COASTAL AREAS) PAGE 414 COCO-PLUM Chrysobalanus icaco L. (COASTAL HAMMOCK, SOUTHERN STATEWIDE) PAGE 148 668  GOPHER APPLE Licania michauxii Prance (SANDHILLS AND COASTAL PLAINS) PAGE 281 GREEN BUTTONWOOD Conocarpus erectus Nutt (COASTAL HAMMOCK) PAGE 169 GUMBO LIMBO Bursera simaruba L. Sarg. (COASTAL HAMMOCK) PAGE 78 669  MYRSINE Myrsine floridana A. DC. (COASTAL HAMMOCKS) PAGE 344 RED MANGROVE Rhizophora mangle L. (SALT AND BRACKISH WATER) PAGE 491 SEA GRAPE Cocoloba uvifera L. (COASTAL HAMMOCK) PAGE 162 SAND PINE Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) (COASTAL SANDS RIDGES AND SCRUBS) PAGE 379 670  NICKER BEANS Caesalpinia bonduc L. (COASTAL HAMMOCK) PAGE 85 BRAZILIAN PEPPER Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (STATEWIDE) PAGE 533 CAMPHOR TREE Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl (DISTURBED AND URBAN AREAS) PAGE 155 MIMOSA Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. (DISTURBED AND URBAN AREAS) PAGE 22 671  RATTLEBOX Sesbania punicea (Cav.) DC. (DISTURBED AND URBAN AREAS) PAGE 547 WOMAN'S TONGUE Allbizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (DISTURBED AND URBAN AREAS) PAGE 29 DRY SAND FLATWOODS, PINELANDS) (SCRUB, PINE Needles LONGLEAF PINE Pinus palustris Mill. (SANDHILLS AND FLATWOODS) PAGE 393 SAND PINE Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) (COASTAL SANDS RIDGES AND SCRUBS) PAGE 379 672  SLASH PINE Pinus elliottii Engelm. (FLATWOODS, SWAMPS, AND POND EDGES) PAGE 386 Simple CHAPMAN OAK Quercus chapmanii Sarg. (SCRUBS, ANCIENT DUNES, SANDY HAMMOCKS, COASTAL PLAIN) PAGE 428 CHERRY (SCRUB, LAUREL Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Ait SAND, COASTAL AREAS) PAGE 414 CHICKASAW PLUM Prunus angustifolia Marshall (SANDY SOIL AND WOODLANDS) PAGE 407 673  DAHOON HOLLY hlex cassine L. (CYPRESS PONDS, FLATWOODS AND SWAMPS) PAGE 239 DEERBERRY Vaccinium stamineum L. (PINELANDS AND MIXED UPLANDS) PAGE 610 GOPHER APPLE Licania michauxii Prance (SANDHILLS AND COASTAL PLAINS) PAGE 281 GUM BUMELIA Sideroxylon lanuginosa Michx. (SANDY SOILS) PAGE 554 674  LAUREL OAK Quercus hemisphaerica Bartr. ex Willd. (DRY WOODS, MOIST OAK-PINE WOOD) PAGE 442 MAHOGANY Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. (TROPICAL SANDS) PAGE 561 MYRTLE OAK Quercus myrtifolia Willd. (SAND PINE AND OAK SCRUBS) PAGE 470 RED BAY Persea borbonia borbonia (L.) Spreng. (HAMMOCKS AND SCRUBS) PAGE 358 675  RUSTY LYONIA Lyonia ferruginea (Walter) Nutt. (BAYHEADS, PINE FLATWOODS/MOIST HAMMOCKS/SAND SCRUB) PAGE 295 SAND LIVE OAK Quercus geminata Small (DEEP SANDS) PAGE 435 SASSAFRAS Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (DRY, SANDY SOILS) PAGE 526 SAW PALMETTO Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small (SANDY DUNES, FLATWOODS, HAMMOCKS AND RIDGES) PAGE 540 676  SCRUB HOLLY hlex opaca arenicola (Ashe) (SCRUBS) PAGE 260 SCRUB PAWPAW Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash (SCRUBS) PAGE 57 SHINY BLUEBERRY (PINE FLATWOODS, Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. SCRUBS, SANDHILLS) PAGE 603 SILK BAY Persea borbonia humilis Nash (ANCIENT SCRUBS) PAGE 365 677  SPARKLEBERRY Vaccinium arboreum Mars (HAMMOCKS, BLUFFS, STEEP RAVINES, DRY SOILS) PAGE 596 TAR FLOWER Befaria racemosa Vent. (SCRUBS) PAGE 71 TURKEY OAK Quercus laevis Walter (DRY PINELANDS) PAGE 449 WATER OAK Quercus nigra L. (PINE/HARDWOOD FORESTS, IN FLATWOODS, BOTTOMLANDS) PAGE 477 678  WAX MYRTLE (WET WOODS Myrica cerifera L. TO DRY PINELANDS) PAGE 337 Yaupon Holly hlex vomitoria Ait. (ACID SOILS OF PONDS, FLATWOODS AND SWAMPS) PAGE 267 FRESH WATER (PONDS, RIVERS, STREAMS) Simple BALD CYPRESS Taxodium distichum Brongn. (MOVING WATER, RIVER SWAMPS) PAGE 575 POND CYPRESS Taxodium ascendens L. (PONDS AND SLOW MOVING WATER) PAGE 568 679  SUGARBERRY Celtis laevigata Willd. (RICH WOODLANDS, HAMMOCKS, RIVERBANKS) PAGE 120 Yaupon Holly hlex vomitoria Ait. (ACID SOILS OF PONDS, FLATWOODS AND SWAMPS) PAGE 267 HAMMOCKS (MOIST, DRY, HARDWOOD, TROPICAL HARDWOOD) Simple FIRE BUSH Hamelia patens Jacq. (HAMMOCKS, ROADSIDES, AND DISTURBED) MARLBERRY Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham. (HARDWOOD HAMMOCKS) PAGE 225 PAGE 50 680  RUSTY LYONIA Lyonia ferruginea (Walter) Nutt. (BAYHEADS, PINE FLATWOODS/MOIST HAMMOCKS/SAND SCRUB) SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA Magnolia grandiflora L. (RICH BOTTOMLANDS, WOODLANDS AND COASTAL HAMMOCKS) PAGE 295 PAGE 316 STRANGLER FIG Ficus aurea Nutt. (TROPICAL HARDWOOD HAMMOCKS, WETLANDS) PAGE 204 SUGARBERRY Celtis laevigata Willd. (RICH WOODLANDS, HAMMOCKS, RIVERBANKS) PAGE 120 681  SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt. (BOTTOMLANDS, HAMMOCKS, HARDWOOD FORESTS) PAGE 463 Compound PRICKLY ASH Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. (HAMMOCKS, WET WOODS) PAGE 617 RED BUCKEYE Aesculus pavia L. (STREAMS, HAMMOCKS, RAVINES AND BOTTOM LANDS) PAGE 15 ROYAL POINCIANA Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. (TROPICAL HARDWOOD HAMMOCKS) PAGE 190 682  LEAVES (DRY WOODS, WOODLANDS) Simple ASHE MAGNOLIA Magnolia ashei (Weatherby) (RAVINES AND BLUFFS NEAR THE APALACHICOLA RIVER) PAGE 309 BEAUTY BERRY Callicarpa americana L. (PINELANDS AND HARDWOOD FORESTS) PAGE 92 CHICKASAW PLUM Prunus angustifolia Marshall (SANDY SOIL AND WOODLANDS) PAGE 407 683  DOGWOOD Cornus florida L. (RICH, DEEP SOILS IN THE SHADE OF OTHER HARDWOODS) PAGE 176 FRINGE TREE Chionanthus virginicus L. (RICH SOILS) PAGE 141 OAK LEAF HYDRANGEA Hydrangea quercifolia W. Bartram (RICH WOODLANDS) PERSIMMON Diospyros virginiana L. (VARIETY OF HABITATS) PAGE 232 PAGE 197 684  REDBUD Cercis canadensis L. (MOIST, FERTILE WOODLANDS AND ROADSIDES) PAGE 134 SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt. (BOTTOMLANDS, HAMMOCKS, HARDWOOD FORESTS) PAGE 463 WINGED ELM Ulmus alata Michx. (MOIST HAMMOCKS, WOODLANDS) PAGE 582 Compound DEVIL'S WALKING STICK Aralia spinosa L. (DISTURBED AREA) PAGE 43 685  PECAN Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (WELL-DRAINED SOILS) PAGE 113 PIGNUT HICKORY Carya glabra Mill. (DRY WOODS) PAGE 106 WINGED SUMAC Rhus copallina L. (FLORIDA UPLANDS) PAGE 498 686  STATEWIDE (MULTIPLE HABITATS) Simple AMERICAN HOLLY lex opaca Ait. (COASTAL PLAIN, PIEDMONT AND APPALACHIANS) PAGE 253 BLACK CHERRY Prunus serotina serotina Ehrh. (WIDE VARIETY OF SOILS) PAGE 421 CABBAGE PALM Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. F. (STATEWIDE) PAGE 505 COCO-PLUM Chrysobalanus icaco L. (COASTAL HAMMOCK, SOUTHERN STATEWIDE) PAGE 148 687  GALLBERRY hlex glabra (L.) (FLATWOODS AND BOGS) PAGE 246 LIVE OAK Quercus virginiana Mill. (THROUGHOUT THE STATE OF FLORIDA) PAGE 484 PERSIMMON Diospyros virginiana L. (VARIETY OF HABITATS) PAGE 197 RUSTY LYONIA Lyonia ferruginea (Walter) Nutt. (BAYHEADS, PINE FLATWOODS/MOIST HAMMOCKS/SAND SCRUB) PAGE 295 688  WATER OAK Quercus nigra L. (PINE/HARDWOOD FORESTS, IN FLATWOODS, BOTTOMLANDS) PAGE 477 Compound BRAZILIAN PEPPER Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (STATEWIDE) PAGE 533 WINGED SUMAC Rhus copallina L. (FLORIDA UPLANDS) PAGE 498 689  WET SOIL (BOTTOMLANDS, FLOODPLAIN, MARSH, SWAMPS, WETLANDS, WET FLATWOODS, WET HAMMOCKS) Needle SLASH PINE Pinus elliottii Engelm. (FLATWOODS, SWAMPS, AND POND EDGES) PAGE 386 Simple AMERICAN ELM Ulmus americana L. (WETLANDS, STREAM MARGINS) PAGE 589 BUTTONBUSH Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (WET AREAS, WET SOIL) PAGE 127 690  CAROLINA WILLOW Salix caroliniana Michx. (WETLANDS) PAGE 512 COCO-PLUM Chrysobalanus icaco L. (COASTAL HAMMOCKS) PAGE 148 DAHOON HOLLY hlex cassine L. (CYPRESS PONDS, FLATWOODS AND SWAMPS) PAGE 239 EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (MOIST WOODLANDS) PAGE 351 691  ELDERBERRY Sambucus canadensis L. (FLOODPLAINS) PAGE 519 IRONWOOD Carpinus caroliniana Walter (WET SOIL WET BOTTOMLANDS, STREAMS, AND SWAMPS) PAGE 99 LOBLOLLY B (WETLANDS) AY Gordonia lasianthus L. PAGE 218 MELALUCA Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) S.T. Blake (WETLANDS AND MARSHES) PAGE 330 692  POND APPLE Annona glabra (FRESHWATER PONDS AND WET SOIL WET HAMMOCKS) PAGE 36 RED MAPLE Acer rubrum L. (SWAMPS AND WET SOIL WETLANDS) PAGE 8 RUSTY LYONIA Lyonia ferruginea (Walter) Nutt. (BAYHEADS, PINE FLATWOODS/MOIST HAMMOCKS/SAND SCRUB) PAGE 295 SHINY LYONIA Lyonia lucida (Lam.) K. Koch (WET FLATWOODS, BOGS AND SWAMP EDGES) PAGE 302 693  SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA Magnolia grandiflora L. (RICH BOTTOMLANDS, WOODLANDS/COASTAL HAMMOCKS) PAGE 316 STRANGLER FIG Ficus aurea Nutt. (TROPICAL HARDWOOD HAMMOCKS, WETLANDS) PAGE 204 SWAMP BAY Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. (WETLANDS AND SWAMPS) PAGE 372 SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt. (BOTTOMLANDS, HAMMOCKS, HARDWOOD FORESTS) PAGE 463 SWAMP DOGWOOD Cornus foemina Mill. (WET SOIL, SWAMPS, WET HAMMOCKS/FLOODPLAIN FORESTS) PAGE 183 694  SWAMP LAUREL OAK Quercus laurifolia W. Bartram ex Wild. (WET HAMMOCKS, FLOODPLAINS) SWEET BAY MAGNOLIA Magnolia virginiana L. (WETLANDS) PAGE 456 PAGE 323 SWEETGUM Liquidambar styraciflua L. (RICH SWAMPS AND HAMMOCKS) PAGE 288 SYCAMORE Platanus occidentalis L. (FLOODPLAINS AND BOTTOMLANDS) PAGE 400 695  VIRGINIA WILLOW Itea virginica L. (ACIDIC SOILS LIKE THE EDGES OF SWAMPS OR RIVERBANKS) PAGE 274 WAX MYRTLE Myrica cerifera L. (WET WOODS TO DRY PINELANDS) PAGE 337 Yaupon Holly hlex vomitoria Ait. (ACID SOILS OF PONDS, FLATWOODS AND SWAMPS) PAGE 267 WATER OAK Quercus nigra L. (PINE/HARDWOOD FORESTS, IN FLATWOODS, BOTTOMLANDS) PAGE 477 696  Compound BOXELDER ASH LEAFED MAPLE Acer negundo L. (WET SOIL LOWLANDS AND FLOODPLAINS) PAGE 1 POP ASH Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. (MARSHES, WETLANDS, SWAMPS) RED BUCKEYE Aesculus pavia L. (STREAMS, HAMMOCKS, RAVINES AND BOTTOM LANDS) PAGE 211 PAGE 15 697