ILLINOIS

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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2014

To Canada, and Through It,

WITH THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.



Parliament House, Ottawa.

By J. P. SHELDON,

PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE AT THE WILTS AND HANTS AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE, DOWN TON, SALISBURY, ENGLAND.

OTTAWA :
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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TO CANADA, AND THROUGH IT,

,	WITH THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION

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It was a half hour of emotion and excitement for a number of passengers whose
friends looked on from the shore, when the Parisian, " smart as a new pin," cautiously
and slowly, now churning the dark water into white foam, then swinging her mighty stern
just clear of some huge granite wall, threaded her way through the maze of docks and
shipping on the afternoon of the famous sixteenth of August, 1884, as she left the
wharf for the ocean with a number of the members of the British Association on board.
How, in the name of' all that's wonderful, a ship of such magnificent proportions can be
got round such corners, and through the docks and locks, without a scratch on her long
black sides, is a mystery known only to the craft! It was done—we saw it—and that was
all a goojJ many of us knew about it at the time. But later on we saw the ease and
celerity with which she was guided among the billows, and our wonder was lost in famil-
iarity. To some of us landsmen the whole scene in the Alexandra Docks, Liverpool,
seemed one of orderly disorder, controlled, as we soon perceived, by the subdued excite-
ment, the almost philosophic calmness, which pervades the minds of men whose calling
lies in the great emporiums of the commerce of Old England.

The Allan Steamship Company, with marked consideration and at no small loss and
inconvenience, had taken the Parisian out of her place in the mail service to Canada, and
placed her as a special ship at the service of the " busy members of the Association," as I
heard these last ones termed, whom she carried from the Mersey to the St. Lawrence
without a stop or a hitch of any sort, in nice time to settle down quietly for a day in
Montreal before the session opened. She was just as " spick and span " on that day as
she was when the builders turned her over to the owners in March, 1881, and when she
left the Clyde for the Mersey to begin her duties as one of Her Majesty's mail boats
£p between England and Canada. She seemed none the worse for the buffeting she had gone
through among three years' storms and billows of the great ocean I have named. Smart
r she ought to be, of course, built of steel throughout, and having all the latest improve-
ments, and smart she is and will be under officers and engineers who take so worthy a
T pride in so noble a ship.

The voyage out to Quebec was a quick and successful, and, on the whole, a pleasant
X one. The ship behaved handsomely in the one or two days' stormy weather we had as we
f| approached the bleak coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland. To say she rode the billows
i\ gracefully like a swan would be to employ no mere euphemism, for the motion, though
considerable at times, was well balanced and easy. The way she pushed her shoulders, so
to speak, into the mighty waves which swirled around her, splitting them into foam, and
hurling them apart on either side, was an unfailing source of interest and admiration to
those who had found their sea legs and whose commissariat departments were not in a
state of disorder; and though a spiteful wave once in a while swept over her, as if con-
♦i sciously bent on mischief, the water passed off again as it does from the back of a duck.
V The fiend of seasickness haunted some of us, of course, but not very seriously, and in a

*	couple of days' time there were few who did not take part in the amusements that were
^ soon in full swing. The President of the Association, Lord Rayleigh, joined in the " tug

of war," and the ladies discoursed sweet music. A few icebergs, one of which was very
® large, according to measurements determined by the scientists on board, and now and

*	then a sail in sight, provided a fund of interest which was eagerly embraced, and the
finny as well as the feathery folk of the vasty deep came in for a due share of attention

< when they hove in sight. Evening entertainments and amusements beguiled the tedium2

of those who did not care to read or write, and lotteries on the ship's run afforded diurnal
and harmless relaxation. One of the most pleasing incidents of the voyage was the
presentation to Capt. Wylie, who is a generah favourite, and bears the reputation of being
one of the safest captains on the Atlantic or anywhere else, of a purse of gold, for the
purchase of a massive watch chain. This was given as a tribute of esteem from members
of the Association, and as a memento of a now historical trip across the Atlantic.

The Straits of Belle Isle were passed after night-fall, so that our first view of Cana-
dian territory was taken under the shadowy light of the moon and stars, and we could
barely discern, if indeed we could discern at all, the few great icebergs that were aground
on the northern coast of Newfoundland. Our first stop was at Rimouski, in the mouth
of the mighty St. Lawrence, where we landed Sir Leonard Tillejr, the Finance Minister
of the Dominion of Canada, and the members of his family; after which we had ample
opportunity of admiring the well-wooded and otherwise beautiful banks of the river, and
the islands we passed on the way. Many attractive farms and residences came into view
on both sides, as the river narrowed toward Quebec, and the green of the grass and the
yellow of tl.3 grain were welcome to our eyes after so much of the restless blue of the
ocean. Early Monday morning, the 25th of August, found us roaming about the steep
streets of the quaint city of Quebec, whose citadel presents a noble spectacle as we
approach it up the river, and some of the party drove down to diminish the somewhat dis-
tant view we had previously obtained from the ship of the beautiful falls of Montmorenci.
We had been boarded at Rimouski by two reporters of an enterprising paper, and on our
arrival at Montreal in the evening, we read with some amusement the result of the various
" interviews " which took place on board the Parisian.

The city of Montreal, whose site is unsurpassed in America, was en fete during the
session of the British Association, and splendid weather contributed not a little to the
success of the meeting. The different sections were located in suitable buildings, mostly
in the rooms of the handsome McGill College; and the Queen's Hall, a commodious and
handsome room, was employed for the opening ceremony, the President's address, and
for various evening lectures. Many of the members of the Association were hospitably
entertained in private houses, and our Canadian friends did their utmost to evince their
appreciation of the compliment which the Association had paid them in holding its 1884
session in this noble dependency of the British Crown. Aforetime no session had been
held outside the limits of the British Islands, but the success of this one has been so con-
spicuous, that we may look forward to visits to other distant portions of the Empire, to
India, Australia and New Zealand, and to Canada revisited. This first excursion to a
distant land will be famous in the annals of the Association, and it cannot fail to be of
great benefit to Canada and to the Empire of which she forms so large a part. Canada
will henceforth be known, as she has not aforetime had a chance of being known, to the
scientific world of Great Britain; and it is competent for me to say that this knowledge
will result in greater respect and admiration of the New Country being entertained by the
scientific visitors. This is as it should be, that the bonds of Union should be strengthened
and tightened, and it can hardly otherwise happen than that a great stimulus will have
been given to the noble idea of closer political confederation between the different coun-
tries which are pearls in the necklet of Great Britain, and diamonds in her crown!

It is outside the limits of this report, as it is also beyond my capacity, to give a*
sketch of the papers and discussions of the Montreal meeting of the British Association.
My object is to discuss the merits of Canada as a place to which the overflow of British
population may well be directed; and as my examination will be mainly from an agricul-
tural standpoint, it will be not inappropriate if I give herewith the substance of the paper
I had the privilege of reading in Section F. of the Association:

BRITISH AND CANADIAN AGRICULTURE.

"A competition that is interesting and important in a high degree is going on between
the farmers of the 'Old Country' and those of the 'New;' and it naturally involves,
fiscal problems which affect already, and in the future will much more affect, the condi-
tion of agriculture in both countries. Of the modern and more striking features of this-
rivalry our fathers had no conception whatever, nor had we a decade and a half ago; but.
with the older ones we had been familiar for some time before, though even now we do
not apprehend the full scope of the influence which they will exert in the future. That
the competition will become keener on the part of the new country, as well as greater in
volume, is clearly enough seen; but we cannot foretell the lines on which it will be3

. developed, or the surprises that may be in store. In this age of steam and electricity, and
of multifarious inventions, new and unlooked-for factors are being brought into play,
and these involve the adoption of various modifications in farming practices. The twin
principles of progress and adaptation are at work to-day in agriculture as they have not
aforetime been, and nothing, even in agriculture, is so inevitable as the unforeseen. Of
this, a striking instance is seen in the transatlantic trade in fresh meat, so recently
developed, and not less so in that of live animals. .	.	*

" I will endeavour to trace out briefly some of the tendencies which are in play just
now, and to indicate the lines which will probably have to be followed in the future. In
. this I do not pretend to more than approximate and suggest, which, indeed, is about all
that any one would venture to do.

" Confining for the present my remarks to Canada, I will give statistics relating to.
exports of dairy products:

Butter.	Cheese.

Fiscal years -A-N	--N

ended June 30. Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.

1873.... 15,208,633 lbs. $2,808,979 10,483,211 lbs. $2,2S0,412
1883.... 8,106,447 " 1,705,817 58,041,387 " » 6,451,870

" These figures show a large falling off in butter, but a much larger proportionate
increase in cheese, which njLay be in part accounted for in the superior advantages which
cheese affords for transit purposes, as well as in—as butter is now made and packed in
Canada—its better keeping properties. Canada, indeed, has in recent years proved her-
self capable of producing cheese of very superior quality and condition, her climate being,
so far as the great American continent goes, exceptionally well adapted to the pursuit of
dairy husbandry. But the disparity I have indicated as between cheese and butter, as
regards transit and preservation, is one which has no need to exist, for butter can be so
made and packed as to travel safely and in good condition to the other side of the world,
and back again, if need be. At the Centennial Fair of New Brunswick last year I exhi-
bited butter in hermetically sealed cans, which was over six months old and still quite
fresh, though but slightly salted. This butter was made in Denmark for the West Indian
trade, and was brought by me from England. Canada may produce such butter, and
may win a large portion of this self-same trade to herself, and if she fails in this, the
fault will be entirely her own.

" The value of Canadian exports, consisting of animals and their produce, for the
year ending June 30,1883, was $20,284,343; and of other agricultural products, §22,818,519.
The great bulk of these products was sent to England, and the demand in that country
is developing in Canada the tendency to largely increase the export in animals and their
produce. Canada, indeed, will owe much of her future agricultural prosperity to the
export of beef and mutton and of dairy products.

" The Eastern and Maritime Provinces of Canada are in the inc'pient stages of agrir
cultural transition, and will in time develop into stock-raising and dairying countries,
though the process may be long in operation. But there can hardly be a doubt that the
tendency is a wise one ; first, because they are better adapted to these pursuits than to
grain-raising; and, second, because the North-West Territory is destined to become, at
no distant day, the chief granary of Canada, as also to a great extent of England, and
probably too of the United States. It has for some years been patent that British- farm-
ers cannot depend on wheat as a paying crop, save once in a while and to a very small
degree ; and even this pittance of profit threatens to vanish very soon. These remarks da
almost equally apply to Eastern Canada, as may be illustrated by figures relating to ex-
ports of that cereal, for the quantity of wheat imported into England from British North
America in 1880 was 3,893,544 cwts.; and in 1881, 2,860,854 cwts.; while the total export
from Canada in the year ending June 3<*, 188 *, to all countries whither it was sent, was-
5,867,458 bushels, or about 3,250,000 cwts. From these returns it would appear that
Canada has not in recent years been maintaining the volume of her wheat exports, though
it is probable that the opening up of the North-West by the Canadian Pacific Kailway
will shortly enable her to greatly increase them, if she thinks well to do so.

" So far, however, as the production of wheat is concerned in British foreign posses-
sions, a new competitor, and a most powerful and therefore dangerous one, lias recently
entered the lists, and Canada may ere long find herself seriously handicapped by India-
The exports of wheat from India to England show a very rapid increase in volume, and
these exports have risen thus quickly without causing ' any appreciable rise in the4

tprice of wheat in the country.' It is probable, indeed, that the price of wheat will this
year touch a lower relative point than it ever did before; and it must be admitted that the
climate and soil of India are eminently suitable to the growth of wheat of fair quality.
The probability now is that, with the extension of the railway system of our Eastern
Empire, we may expect, as a direct and rapid result of the competition of that vast coun-
try, where cheap labour abounds, and the cost of living, clothing and housing is very low,
a still further shrinkage in the price of breadstuffs.

" The question is one of supreme and surpassing importance to the great bulk of the
inhabitants of this country; for agriculture has been, is, and must remain, the chief
glory of Canada. I may, therefore, draw the attention of Canadian farmers, especially
in the Eastern Provinces, to the urgent expediency of extending their operations in stock-
raising and dairy-farming. They will do well to follow the best practices of the Old
Country in having crop rotations made subsidiary to stock-raising, stock-fattening and
the production of milk. And in order to this, the careful breeding, feeding, and improve-
ment of live stock, the conservation of manure, a thorough tilling of the soil, and the
employment of suitable purchased fertilizers and feeding stuffs, will occupy much more
than they have aforetime done, prominent positions in the farmer's programme.

" It is competent for me to record, as a result of personal investigation, my opinion
that the Eastern and Maritime Provinces, in many parts of them, are well adapted in
soil and climate to the growth of roots and green crops, as well as of hay and straw for
forage. These crops supply the foundation for successful stock-raising and dairying, and
by stock-raising I do not mean cattle only, but all sorts of animals which go to the effi-
cient equipment of mixed farms.

" In the Maritime Provinces particularly a change in the habits of the farming com-
munity is pending, and must quickly come, for wooden shipbuilding is dying out, and
lumbering will decline in volume. - These provinces indeed enjoy great advantages in
respect of seaboard, and of a climate suitable to the kind of husbandry I have indicated.
Where, indeed, on the vast continent of America shall we find better stock land than in
the noble valley of the St. John River, in the Sackville marshes, in the vale of Annapolis,
in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, and in many other localities; while, as for cheap
husbandry, where have we a soil so suitable as the dry and friable loam of Prince Ed-
ward Island?

" Meanwhile, what is the position of farmers in Britain ? and what their prospects
in the future ?

" In the ten years ending June, 1883, the area of permanent grass land in England
alone has increased from 10,237,814 to 12,008,679 acres, which is more than one-third of her
Cultivable area, and the tendency to lay down arable land to grass is still in force, for the
heavy soils of the country no longer pay forcultivation. As a corollary of this tendency,
we ought to look for an increase in the number of live stock, providing it does not go too
far; and failing this increase, national agricultural decadence stares us in the face in Old
England. Fortunately, the increase is going on for the present, the figures being as
follow

Cattle.	Sheep.	Pigs.

1882	................ 4,081,735 14,947,094 2,122,625

1883................ 4,216,625 15,594,660 2,231,195

" For the United Kingdom they stand as follow.

Cattle.	Sheep.	Pigs.

1882................ 9,832,417 27,446,220 3,956,495

1883	................ 10,097,943 28,347,460 3,986,428

"In horses there is a decrease in the United Kingdom from 1,905,317 to 1,898,745,
and the increase of other animals of the farm is less than it ought to be, the numbers
being still below those of ten years ago.

44 But even though the laying down of land to grass were accompanied by a commen-
surate increase of live stock, the tendency that way is to be regretted; first, because land
under arable cultivation, in any case light and sound land, may be made to produce more,
food for stock and man, than land in grass; and, second, because the rural population
must diminish correspondingly with the increase of permanent grass land, on account of
the scarcity of employment.5

" The present position of the agricultural labourer, at all events in the Midland and
Northern counties, and so far, in any case as living and working go, will compare not
altogether unfavourably with that of the labourer in Canada—with this all important
difference: the Canadian may rise to better things, but the other one must, as a rule,
remain a labourer until he drops into the bosom of the earth he has tilled so long. In this
there is poetry, no doubt, but poetry is often sad. However, the English labourer of to-day
is better fed, and clothed, and housed, and taught, than his fathers were, and his wages
have so increased that he can raise his family better, and lay by a little store against a
rainy day, providing he is not a slave to the demon of drink.

44 It is painfully evident that seven wet years have left British farmers poor, which
means that they are badly equipped to meet the competition which swirls around them
everywhere to-day; and seven good years, better than we have any reason to expect, are
required to restore to them the measure of prosperity -which they enjoyed ten years ago.
The wonder is that their condition is not far worse than we find it to be, for they have
suffered, not from wet seasons only, but from shorter yields, and from the diminished
values which were the result of sharp foreign competition. The seasons, however, are
again improving, and the present year promises to be the best of any since 1876.

" But the rent-paying farmers of Britain to-day, so far as law is concerned, are placed
in a position much more favourable than that of their fathers, for the money which they
bury in the soil, in the way of adding to its fertility, cannot now be confiscated, as it for-
merly could, by rapacious landlords. The position of the progressive farmer is now
tolerably safe, and in this he has the encouragement without which husbandry cannot
flourish as it ought in a country where the landlord system prevails, and in the face of the
competition of the globe. To place the matter in a nutshell: British farmers must now
be compensated for improvements which they leave behind them when they quit their
farms.

44 The Canadian farmer owns the land he farms, and can do with it what he likes.
All very well, this, when ownership does not bury too large a capital; but in course of
time, as land increases in value, a landlord and tenant system will grow up in Canada,
and it will be well that it should at the outset be defined on equitable lines. The British
farmer avoids the loss which comes of a fall in the value of land—a loss from which every
agricultural landowner inBritain is suffering to-day, more or less—and his capital is all
available for active operations. So long as the industry of farmers is duly shielded from
injustice, it is a loss rather than a gain to them to be landowners, for landowning at
per cent, is a luxury in which bread-winners can hardly afford to indulge.

" Meanwhile, the prospects of British farmers are brightening, and a few good seasons
will revive their confidence and replenish their pockets, while a rapidly growing popula-
tion will maintain the demand for food,nonlatter what the volume of foreign competition
may become. Various means are being taken to inculcate improved practices in hus-
bandry, and sound agricultural knowledge is being imparted to the people. It is in dairy
farming, probably, that the greatest need exists for improvement, specially in butter and
cheese-making, for the need of tuition in these departments seems so far to be perennial.
Dairy schools and other means of dairy tuition have already effected great improvement
in Ireland, and similar means are being adopted in England and Scotland Canada, too,
may wisely employ similar agencies, for her destiny is to develop into a great butter and
cheese, as well as a beef and mutton and live stock exporting country. She ought indeed
to supply England with no inconsiderable quantity of store cattle for fattening there; and
she may do this so long as, by preserving a clean bill of health, and by excluding Ameri-
can stock from transit through her territory, she remains out of the list of countries which
England has been compelled to schedule on account of diseases. This present immunity
from disease among stock is an immense advantage to the farmers of Canada, and it is to
be hoped they will not lose it.

" The needs of the day in England, in order that agriculture may flourish, are im-
proved practices and greater economy, and the adoption of newer and more efficient ideas,
along with more of personal supervision on the part of the farmer and his family. The
rest will follow, as surely as daylight follows darkness.

44 The British farmer of the future, released from the bonds which have hampered
agriculture too long—the bonds of restricted cropping, of problematical compensation for
unexhausted improvements, and of game preservation—blessed, too, with fair play and
no favours, and with seasons tolerably favourable, will, I believe, be able to hold his own
against the competition of every other country. Already the rivalry of this great conti-
nent of America is slackening, so far as the export of wheat is concerned, and will still6

further slacken as population grows thicker on the ground, and we, in England, also with
a rapidly-increasing population, shall be thankful in time to get food from whatever
source is open to us."

The views set forth in this paper were fortunate in winning the approval of leading
authorities in Canada, and I have therefore reproduced them at some length in a report
which is chiefly concerned with Canadian interests.

The session being ended in Montreal, the members instantly began to scatter them-
selves over the vast continent of North America. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company
offered a trip from Montreal to the Bocky Mountains and back, to 150 members, and
about 100 availed themselves of this excellent opportunity of seeing the Great North-
West. The entire number would have gone but for the croakings of a man who was
conspicuous in Montreal, and who had recently been to the Bockies—croakings as to food
and accommodation—croakings which we afterwards found to rest on a very slight
foundation, if indeed on any foundation at all, It must be understood that travellers in
the North-West will not get the accommodation of Pall Mall, and they ought to know
better than expect it. The accommodation, however, is good enough under the circum-
stances, and it is a poor return for the courtesies of a great railway company to exaggerate
the crude accommodation which is unavoidable in a new country, and which is better
than it seems.

Taking advantage of two days' interval before the trip left for the North-West, I ran
ahead into Ontario in order to pay a short visit to Professors Mills and Brown, the former
the President and the latter the Professor of Agriculture of the Agricultural College at
Guelph, afterwards joining the North-West party in Toronto on the morning of the 6th of
September. The route of the Canadian Pacific Bailway from Montreal to Ottawa lies
through a country which contains some good farming land, a heavily timbered country,
with plenty of water unequally distributed. We saw many fields of oats and wheat, short
and light in straw, but apparently well headed with grain. The proportion of grain to
straw is much greater, generally speaking, in Canada than in England, and Canadian
crops, which look very small to an English farmer's eye, commonly yield much more
grain than he would have thought. From Ottawa to Toronto the route is through a
" hard country," which possesses a smaller proportion of good farming land, and which is
only just beginning to yield to the toil of the settler. The soil appears to be a friable loam
in most places, and responsive to culture ; it is, however, encumbered a good deal with
boulders and stones of various shapes and sizes, and these are a hindrance to cultivation.
The better plan by far, and the cheaper in the end, would be to have these stones built
into fences of a permanent character, instead of the wooden snake-fences which are so
common in this part of the country. This course has been followed in places here and
there, much to the advantage of cultivation and of reaping, as well as of grazing, where
the land is in grass. Cattle of an inferior character are seen along the route, and horses
showing better breeding; the sheep, too, are better than the cattle, though tliey too are
open to great improvement. Forest trees grow with great facility, but are repeatedly
destroyed by forest fires, which, it appears, cannot be prevented at present. The bare
poles of the dead trees present a woe-begone and melancholy spectacle, and it seems a
great pity that measures are not adopted to prevent the wholesale destruction of trees
which, in time to come, would prove a source of wealth to the people. I consider, too,
that the cultivation of fruit might be followed with profit by the farmers in many portions
of the country traversed by the Canadian Pacific Bailway, where the soil is rich enough
and the place is sheltered. The hardier sorts of apples and plums would, in any case, be
a source of gain to the farmers, once the trees were big enough.

The Agricultural College at Guelph, in Ontario, is one of the most succcssful institu-
tions of the kind I have yet met with. It is under able superintendence in the various
departments, and is doing good work in Canada. I find a very marked improvement
pervading it, in many respects, since the time of my previous visit, in 1880. The lawn in
front is laid out in a most tasteful and effective and even striking manner, in flower bor-
ders, shrubberies, walks and drives. The main building is substantial, commodious, and
convenient* and the horticultural department is at once extensive, attractive, and in
excellent condition. In the arboretum there are over 400 varieties of shrubs and trees;
many of them, being flora of the States, are not expected to be permanent, but are never-
theless employed for educational and experimental purposes. Possibly more of them may
survive better than is at present expected. Large orchards of apples and grapes have also
been planted, and promise to do very well. There are seventy-five varieties of grapes,
one hundred and thirty of apples, sixty of pears, thirty of plums, and forty of small fruits.7

The experimental field for the growth of various crops, the testing of seed, etc., is divided
•off into 180 plots of one-tenth of an acre each. The permanence and vigour of various
grasses and clovers, and the cropping capacity of other kinds of seeds, are tested in this
field, and the educational value of these experiments is obviously great. The efficacy of
certain manures is also tested on plots which are set aside for the purpose, and the whole
series of experiments is conducted with a view to deciding certain points which, to the
ordinary farmer, are misleading in their undetermined condition, and which are obviously
beyond the scope of farmers to decide for themselves. The rain-fall is ascertained in a
rain-gauge one-thousandth of an acre in area, a well constructed gauge that will give
reliable results, and the rain-water is analyzed in the convenient laboratory which stands
in the middle of the experimental field. The capacity of different soils for absorbing and
retaining water is carefully and continuously tested, in boxes containing the different
earths, and from the bottoms of these run pipes which convey the surplus rain into a
series of glass jars that are situated in the cellar underneath the rain-gauge. During a
shower of rain the clay soil, as was to be expected, gives off rain earlier than the lighter
soils; because,, holding a greater volume of wet in suspension all the time, its capacity
for absorbing more is smaller, and it sooner responds to a downpour of rain.	%

The College, which is a handsome stone structure, stands on an eminence, about one
mile away from the town of Guelph, and commands an extensive and handsome view of
the farm and the surrounding country. The students' private rooms are lofty, spacious,
and well ventilated. The lecture rooms, too, are well adapted to the purpose; and there
is a capital library and an interesting museum, both of which are entertaining to visitors
and useful to the institution. The farm buildings are mostly old ones, and though in
good repair, are not well adapted to the requirements of the institution. They are too
near the College, on the eastern side jof it, standing out rather in front, and showing to
the disadvantage of the main building. I assume that it is intended to build a model set
of farm buildings, of stone, combining all the best features which have been approved in
modern times, economising labour by convenient arrangement of the different offices, the
stalls and sheds for stock, and the barns and cellars in which forage, roots, and ensilage
are stored. The convenient arrangement of farm buildings should form part of every
farmer's education, and he should be trained to have an eye to economy of time and
trouble in the feeding and general management of stock. These two principles, indeed,
a,re interdependent on each other, for the latter is not feasible without the former, while
the former has no ra&on d'etre without the latter. A block of land lying to the west,
between the College and the town of Guelph, appears to offer the best available site for
the new buildings; and as land is tolerably certain to go on increasing in value in this
locality, it would seem advisable that the Provincial Government should purchase this
block, and erect the new farm buildings upon it.	■

The soil of the College farm is a strong loam for the most part, and in some places a
stiff clay, well adapted to the growth of heavy crops of mangels, maize, wheat, and other
crops requiring a strong staple of soil; while yet again there are lighter soils, suitable for
lighter crops, and affording the variety which is so useful in an establishment of this kind.
A well has been sunk some distance away, on the farm, and an automatic windmill pump
provides a supply of excellent water to four different fields whose corners converge at this
point. The value of this simple arrangement is obvious on stock farms, where, next to
food, water is a matter of first importance. Ensilage is followed to some extent, but
cniefiy experimentally, for on a farm which can produce such excellent crops of roots,
ensilage is not so valuable as elsewhere. Professor Brown's experience with ensilage has
not at present made him enthusiastic in its favour, though he grows with great success the
best of all possible green crops for soils, viz., green maize. Ensilage finds, however, as it
should find, a place in the economy of the College farm, and in the course of a few seasons
it is probable that its exact measure of usefulness will be ascertained. So far, however,
it is not considered a good thing for cows in milk, unless when fed m moderation, and in
conjunction with other kinds of food. The idea that it will supersede forage, and be
applicable as the chief food for stock in winter, as grass is in summer, does not find any
favour with the staff at Guelph; but that it may be used to some extent in place of roots,
and that it is a very useful thing to feed along with dry forage, are points that are, s@ far,
allowed to pass. The chief difficulty with it lies in the more than ordinary care that is
required to preserve it—care so much greater than is required with roots or hay, care
which the rank and file of farmers are not well calculated to bestow, particularly in a new
country like Canada.

The varieties of cattle and sheep on the College farm at Guelph are more numerous
iihan we should find at any other single establishment in any country. There are no fewer8

than eighteen breeds of cattle and sheep, all of British origin, represented in the live stock
department, .and not a few of the animals are first-rate specimens of their respective
breeds, while several have won much fame in England. The most famous of the short-
horn bulls is Rob Roy (45484),bred by Mr. J. A. Gordon, Udale, Scotland. This splendid
beast is a rich red in colour, with magnificent shoulders, showing no coarseness at all,
deep and finely shaped; an extraordinary breast, coming well forward and extending in
width too, down to the level of the knee joints; a grand middle, with well sprung ribs and
powerful loins; excellent hind quarters, too, fleshy and well proportioned; and lastly,
splendid outlines, his underline being almost as straight as the upper, which is as near
perfection as we could wish to see. This fine bull is four years old, and his live weight is
2,380 lbs. He is calculated to leave his mark on the bovine stock of Ontario. Then there
is Sir Leonard, a handsome roan bull, bred by Mr. Hugh Aylmer, of West Dereham,
Norfolk, and several shorthorn cows and heifers; one of the latter, Baroness Wild Eyes,
a handsome red and white, bred by Mr. Evans, of Uffington, Shrewsbury, has a pedigree
of a very aristocratic character.	'

There are also several high-class Herefords, and amongst them Conqueror (7510), a
grand bull, bred by Mr. Carwardine, of Stockton Bury. Conqueror was purchased from
Mr. fait, the Queen's steward, and was sired by Lord Wilton who, at eleven years old,
fetched £1,000. Bloomer, a beautiful cow, bred by Mr. Hill, of Church Stretton; and
Cronkhill Duchess 2nd, by the same breeder; and Sunflower, bred by Her Majesty the
Queen, all of them excellent cattle, comprise the female element of the Herefords, and
form a nucleus from which a great deal of excellent blood ought to radiate throughout
Ontario.

Several very good Aberdeen Angus polled cattle, and among them Kyma (4969), a
grand, even, kind, and fleshy cow, who was never beaten in Scotland, form an interesting
and valuable feature in the bovine department of the farm, belonging as they do to a breed
which, having no horns, and being excellent beefers, is increasing in popularity on both
sides of the Atlantic. There is also another and a remarkable cow of this breed, possess-
ing all the well known characteristics of the breed, save that she is red instead of black—
red, which is said to have been to a large extent the original colour of the breed. This
one, however, though red in colour herself, throws black calves to a black bull, and her
colour, as it would seem, is only a remarkable instance of bovine atavism, or " throwing
back " to a bygone type. There are also several excellent Galloways, the other type of
black polled Scotch cattle.

Ayrshires, Devons, West Highlanders, Guernseys and Jerseys, complete the breeds
of cattle, the Welsh breeds and the Kerries not being thought suitable for Canada. One
other English breed, the red polled Norfolk, has no representative, and I cannot but
think the College authorities would be well advised to import a few specimens of this very
practical and useful breed. The origin of these red polled cattle is unknown, but it is
supposed to be the result of importations of Scotch polled cattle into Norfolk centuries
ago. The Scotch polled cattle are now black in colour, but if their original colour was
red, we have presumptive evidence that the Norfolks sprang from that source, and that
they have preserved the ancient tint, whereas the Scotch Angus cattle have lost it.

The breeds of British sheep, most of which, and of the cattle too, were purchased in
the spring of the present year in England and Scotland, by Professor Brown, are repre-
sented by Lincolns, Cotswolds, Leicesters, Highlands, Cheviots, among the longwools,
and Oxfords, Hampshires, Shropshires and Southdowns, among the shortwools. 1
venture to apprehend that the shortwools will be found more suitable than the longwools
to the Canadian climate, once they become thoroughly acclimated, and it will be interest-
ing to watch their development or deterioration, as the case maybe, and the degree to
which any one of them may ultimately prove more suitable than the others. My own
opinion inclines in favour of the Southdowns first, and Hampshires or Shropshires next.

The Guelph College and Experimental Farm is supported by the Ontario Govern-
ment, and is an honour to the Province. It exists primarily for the education of young
farmers m the higher and better forms of agriculture, and next for the improvement of
the breeds of domesticated animals. The students are encouraged to earn their tuition
and subsistence by work on the farm, by the tending of stock, by gardening and the like,
and it is within the capacity of energetic young men to do this without prejudice, and
rather with stimulus, to their academical studies. This, indeed, is the true way to
produce high-class farmers, viz., by a harmony and unity of practice with science. I am
free to acknowledge my warm admiration of the Guelph College as an educational institu-
tion of the highest value, and to declare my conviction that its influence for good on the9

agriculture of Canada will be great in the immediate future, and greater still in the
generations to come. As a lover of agriculture, then, the noblest occupation of man, and
the most ancient of human pursuits, I warmly congratulate the Ontario Government on
the generous way in which they support the Agricultural College at Guelph.

The agriculture of Southern Ontario is far ahead of that of any other part of Canada,
and will compare not unfavourably with that of the best counties of England, all things
considered. As a cheese-making district it is unsurpassed, if even equalled, on the Ameri-
can continent, and it may eventually become one of the best butter-producing districts of
that vast country. A creamery is being established on the College farm, and this will
add greatly to the educational value of this institution. I have elsewhere stated my
opinion, cum grano salis, that Canada ought to win over to herself a good share of the West
Indian trade in canned butter—a trade which is so profitable to Denmark; and the way
to do it is to extend dairy tuition by means of creameries. In a former report, written
for the Dominion Government, I gave my impressions about Canadian dairying, and as
they are just as applicable in 1884 as they were in 1880,1 venture to repeat them.

" The Canadian dairy-farmer has several important advantages over his English
contemporary, not the smallest of which is this: he can grow, at a very moderate cost,
very large crops of forage for winter use; clovers and timothy flourish well on most soils
in Ontario, and I should say that rye-grasses would also, though I did not find they were
much employed, if at all, in the growth of forage; I think they might be used to advan-
tage. It is also clear, from what I saw in many places, that he can raise abundant crops
of swedes and mangolds, and very good ones of carrots, parsnips, and the like. Here
then, after the question of water, are the first requisites for successful dairy-farming. A
rotation of crops is just the system to reinvigorate the older soils of Ontario, which have
been overcropped with wheat, and rotations work well in dairy-farming. It is true that
good natural pastures are scarce in the province, if indeed there are any at all which
deserve the name from an Englishman's point of view (th6 best grass land I saw in
Ontario was in the neighbourhood of London, and on the way to Hamilton); but, as I
have said, clovers, etc., grow well, and they will answer capitally for pastures for a year
or two, a regular succession of them being provided, and it is a simple matter to produce
a large supply of green corn—that is, maize cut before it comes to maturity—for soiling
in summer when the pastures run out. The rotations may be as follows: 1. Wheat or
oats; 2. Roots and green crops for soiling; 8. Oats or barley, seeded down with artificial
grasses; 4, 5, and, if advisable, 6, Grass for forage and pastures. These rotations admit
of endless variation, and in a country where no fossilized restrictions as to cropping exist,,
as they do in England, the farmer can always grow the crops that suit his purpose best.
The practice at Bow Park is to sow western corn, which is a luxuriant cropper, thickly,,
in drills of eighteen or twenty inches wide; in this way the space between the drills is
easily horse-hoed, until the corn is a foot or more high; the corn grows rapidly, and
effectually smothers the weeds and wild grasses which grow vigorously in so forcing a
climate. In Canada, as in England, the axiom is true that nothing cleans the soil of
weeds so effectually as a heavy cultivated crop of some kind or other. If all the western
corn is not wanted for soiling, the balance is cut and stooked while the leaf is still green,
and the grain in the milk, and it is left out in the fields, and fetched in as it is wanted in
winter; in this way it makes very good forage, and the stalks, leaves, and ears are all
passed through the chaff-cutter, and all consumed by the stock. A similar system maj
by followed with almost any other kind of soiling crop—that is, making into forage foi
winter that portion of it which is not wanted for soiling, or converting it into ensilage.

" As in the United States so in Canada, cheese-making has had more attention than
butter-making, more skill and investigation have been applied to it, and cheese is conse-
quently ahead of butter in average quality. It is, however, probable that the climate and
soil are better adapted for the former than the latter; a moist, cool climate, and a natural
herbage full of dalicate and succulent grasses, appear to be best suited for butter-making;
still, it is true that in Erance, for instance, excellent butter is made where the land is
almost'wholly nnder arable cultivation, and the cattle are almost entirely fed on artificial
grasses, etc.; and again, a hot climate induces excessive respiration in cows as in other
animals, and where this is, there is a larger expenditure of fat from the tissues, and a.
smaller supply of it to the milk glands. Be this as it may, however, the cheese of Canada,
in many cases is very good, while the butter is scarcely of more than second class quality,
but it cannot, at the same time, be denied that the present high quality of the cheese is
owing to the adoption of factories some twelve or fifteen years ago. The same thing,
indeed, may be said of the United States, whose cheese—some of it of high average10

quality, while some will rank as first-class anywhere—was of a very inferior character
before Jesse Williams established the first cheese factory near Borne, in the State of New
York. It may be mentioned here that at the late International Dairy Fair in New York,
the highest premium was carried off by Canadian cheese. Cheese factories are already
numerous in Canada, while creameries, on a corresponding system for butter-making, are
as yet few and far between; and so it follows that cheese is a centralized and butter an
isolated manufacture, the one receiving collective and the other individual study and
attention. Thus ib is that-cheese-making is better understood, alike in its principles and
practices, than is the case in the sister industry. I must, however, not omit to say that
I have tasted several samples of butter in Canada that would be hard to beat in Ireland,
and harder still in our London dairy shows. The most conveniently arranged and best
equipped cheese factory I saw in Canada belongs to Mr. Ballantyne, M.P.P.; it is known
as the Tavistock factory, and is situated a few miles from Stratford. The milk received
daily, at the time of my visit, was about 17,000 lb. from nearly 1,000 cows, but this was
in the latter part of September. Mr. Ballantyne contracts with his patrons to make the
cheese for them at 1J cents per lb., and the cheese I saw there was of very good quality,
well made and carefully cured ; the temperature of the curing-room is kept at about 80®
for spring cheese, and 75° for summer, and at 61:0 for rich autumn cheese. The quantity
of salt used is 2 to 2J lb. per 1,000 lb. of milk; the smallest quantity is used when the curd
is dry est.

" Mr. Ballantyne for many years past has paid much attention to the subject of
cheese-making, as also have several other prominent dairymen in Ontario, and their
United labours have done much towards raising the cheese of the Dominion in the esti-
mation of buyers in England. Formerly there was great difficulty and uncertainty in
making autumn cheese in Ontario; it was liable to be puffy and porous; and, as the,
whey was not always got well out of it, the flavour was frequently unpleasant. This
difficulty has been completely overcome by 4 ripening' the milk before adding the rennet
to it. Mr. Ballantyne thought the matter out in his mind, and argued it to me in this
wise: The summer's milk kept through the night is not so deadly cold as the autumn's,
and so is in a more natural condition; its warmth has brought it into that state which
produces the best cheese—that is, it has ripened somewhat, because warmth as well as
time is necessary to the ripening of anything. He declares his belief, further, that the
best cheese cannot be made from fresh, warm milk, because, though it is of course warm
enough, and has never been cold, it has not the required age, and so is unripe. Hence he
prefers tl^at one half of the milk he makes cheese from should be twelve hours old, and
this, being ripe enough in itself, ripens th6 fresh morning's milk when the two are mixed
together. In summer the ripening of the evening's milk is enough for the purpose, but in
the colder weather of autumn ib is not, so the morning's and evening's milk are warmed
up together to a temperature of 90° or eo, and allowed to stand several hours before the
rennet is mixed with them for coagulation, and this is done because the autumn evening's
milk has been too cold to admit of enough if any ripening. As the mass of milk stands
at the temperature named, it ripens, and the difficulty previously so common disappears,
the autumn cheese having all the warmth and mellowness of character of the summer
cheese, and it is not liable to be injured by the excessive heat of the summer climate;
this autumn cheese, in fact, take it for all in all, is probably the best of the season,
whereas it was formerly, in many cases, the worst. The grand principle of the Cheddar
system of cheese-making—which, by the way, is probably the best system the world
knows—consists in the ripening which the curd gets after separating it from the whey,
and before salting and pressing it. This ripening comes of keeping the curd warm, and
exposing it to the air. But even in the Cheddar system it is well known that autumn
cheese does not mature Hke tha|» o| su^im.er, and this, Mr. Ballantyne declares, is owing to
the evening's milk of autumn not having a chance to ripen like that of summer. I was
pleased to find that Professor Arnold, an able exponent of the Cheddar system, has done
much good in Canada in teaching dairymen how to manage floating-curds—that is, by
exposing them longer in the vat, and by developing more acidity to checkmate the* taint
which is common to floating curds. The milk is generally delivered once a day to the
Canadian factories, and the farmers, under pain of having their milk rejected, are required
to take proper care of the evening's milk, and to deliver it in good condition at the factory.
This done, the transit is supposed to do the milk good rather than harm. The dairy,
cattle in some parts of Ontario will compare not unfavourably with those of many parts
of England. Shorthorn grades prevail, and it may be said that, wherever a better class
of cattle are found, the improvement is due, as a rule, to the shorthorn element.'*11

As I have before stated, we joined the North-West party at Toronto on the 6th of
'September, and proceeded thence to Owen Sound, a thriving port on Lak§ Huron, passing
for over a hundred miles through a rich, undulating country, well adapted to farming. At
Owen Sound we went on board the Alberta, one of a trio of powerful steamboats recently
established for the lake trade by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. These boats,
which were built on the Clyde, and sailed or steamed across the Atlantic, run in
forty hours direct to Port Arthur, in the north of Lake Superior, which for the present is
the eastern terminus of the western division of that tremendous railway system. The
scenery on the Great Lakes was much admired, and a good deal sketched by members of
the party, particularly the grand volcanic scenery in Thunder Bay. On landing at Port
Arthur tho British Association scampered away, with all the gleesomeness of a parcel of
school boys, in search of botanical specimens in the woods, and were rewarded for their
pains. Port Arthur is now a thriving town, made and sustained chiefly by the Canadian
Pacific Railway Company, and boasting a large grain elevator, numerous hotels, ware-
houses, steamboat wharves, and the like.

The country through which the railway runs westward from Port Arthur to Winni-
peg, a distance of 429 miles, is designated a " hard country," as also is the country through
which it has yet to be built eastward from Port Arthur to Ottawa. There are, however,
localities along the route where farming is done on a fairly good soil, and in course of
time this immense territory will be taken up by the overflow of the scores of millions of
people which the North-West is destined to contain. Railway employees and their
families are already clearing land, and so far find a profitable market for the produce
they raise. These incipient clearings will form nuclei for the farming communities of
the future, which the railway is sure to encourage, and so the work of colonization will
go on with the years as they roll. Beautiful scenery occurs in places, and the Lake of
the Woods, a sheet of water extending ninety miles, and containing almost innumerable
islands, peninsulas, promontories, and suggesting the future Saratoga of Canada, is one
of the most beautiful spots on the American continent. The geological and botanical
features of this locality are very interesting, and the great mineral and timber wealth of
the vast region to the north of the actual and prospective railway in Ontario will provide
a grand revenue in the future, for minerals of different kinds are known to exist in vast
quantities. By the Lake of the Woods, and near to the town of Rat Portage, we visited
■an interesting geological spot—the junction of the Huronian and Laurentian rocks, which
crop out there on the surface. We broke off portions of rock showing the actual junction,
and one of them lies beside me as I write.

The train which, from Port Arthur to the Rockies and back again, was so munificently
placed at the disposal of the British Association, was under the personal superintendence
of Mr. Egan, the manager of this portion of the C. P. R. system, and a most courteous
gentleman. The train was one of the best and handsomest, probably, that was ever put
together in any country. It consisted of five new Pullman cars of the best that can be
made, and costing $15,000 each. They were not gaudy, as many American Pullmans
tire, but highly ornamental nevertheless, and most substantial in character. Day arid
night alike we travelled in these splendid vehicles, in luxurious ease and comfort, and
with an utter absence of tedium or fatigue. These cars belong to the C. P. R., and the
Pullman Co. has no control over them. The train thundered along the vast prairie, and
we sat or slept in luxury, or wandered from one end of it to the other to stretch our legs,
or paid visits to friends in other cars as we felt inclined. The journey, indeed, was one
of sustained pleasure and interest throughout, and it was justly regarded as the chief
^achievement of the Association, so far at all events as trips were concerned.

The road across the prairie was laid at unexampled speed. Three, four, and even
six or seven miles were laid in a single day, in the most favourable portions of the route.
A wide trench is scooped out on either side of the line, the earth thrown into the middle
and levelled, and in this earth the sleepers are laid. Such a line may appear flimsy to
an Englishman, but I can assure him that it carries the heaviest trains in safety, very
smoothly, and at very high rates of speed. It will be all the better, no doubt, when it
hds become solidified by two or three years' use, yet at present it is an excellent road,
well ballasted, and in capital condition. These remarks apply to the road west of
Winnipeg right away to the Rockies, which was built by the company. East of Win-
nipeg the road was built by other parties, and finally handed over to the company to
finish. True, this section of the road passes through a difficult country; bridges and
embankments have been made, many of them of a flimsy character and on treacherous
.land. The weak places are now being firmly ballasted up with granite, ravines which12

were bridged are being filled in with solid stuff, and in a short time the road will be
satisfactory throughout. This portion of the road has been a burden on the company so
far, and for some time longer will continue to be so; but the burden is growing lighter,,
and in time will disappear. Fortunately there is abundance of granite along the route,
and this is being employed to strengthen the embankments and to disestablish many
of the trestle bridges. The weak places occur in the neighbourhood of lakes, whose
waters permeate the loose subsoil where it is not sufficiently protected by heavy ballast
and hard foundations. Elsewhere, and over by far the greater portion of the section, the
road is good enough, so that the work of consolidating the balance is within measurable
distance of completion. We, in any case, were carried safely over it, and we may there-
fore speak well of it.

The Province of Manitoba—so well known by repute in Europe—is just now emerging
from depression caused by inflated speculation in real property. This was a bubble
which, by opening up the vast territory to the west, the Canadian Pacific Bail way was
sure to burst. Land has now come down to its legitimate and intrinsic value, or has even
sunk below that level for the time being. Confidence, however, which never ought to
have been lost to the extent it was a year ago, is now being restored, and enterprise will
proceed at a regular rate, so that now is the time for emigrants to go out. The province,
which has been greatly enlarged of late, has now an area of 123,200 square miles. It is
one of five sister provinces in the North-West, the others being: Assiniboia, containing
95,000 square miles; Alberta, containing 100,000 square miles; Saskatchewan, containing
114,000 square miles; and Athabaska, containing 122,000 square miles. Manitoba has
therefore an acreage of 473,088,000, of which a considerable,portion is water. In many
parts of the province the soil is of surpassing richness, producing excellent crops of
wheat, barley, oats, turnips, potatoes, carrots, onions, etc., etc., the wheat particularly
being of very superior quality, hard and dry, and much sought after by American millers
for grading up the softer wheats of southern districts. An important natural principle
in respect of the North-West must be borne in mind, viz., that wheat grows in a manner
most nearly approaching perfection, so far as milling properties are concerned, at the
northern limit of its successful growth. This matter stamps for ever the North-West Ter-
ritory as perhaps the best wheat-growing region in the world—better by far than any
which the United States possess, for Alaska is outside the limit of successful wheat
production. Fall ploughing for wheat is done as extensively as time permits, and it must
be remembered that the severe winters of Canada do a great deal of the farmer's work
for him, in the way of pulverising and mellowing the soil, so that harrowing in the seed
is a simple operation, quickly performed, on fall-ploughed land.

A great deal of swampy land, which is excellent for crops when drained, occurs here
and there in Manitoba; elsewhere there are lighter soils, some of which are unsuitable
for agriculture; and there are patches of alkaline land which, until a few ploughed crops
have been taken, are more or less detrimental to the growth of grain and grass. Timber
and water are very unevenly distributed, and generally occur in company with each other.
Water, however, can usually be obtained anywhere by boring for it, and windmill pumps
ought to be of great service to the Manitoban farmers. Water is sometimes conserved for
stock by throwing a weir across a slough, and basin-like hollows, or " meers," scooped out
in the prairie clay, are found to answer fairly well as reservoirs. It is tolerably certain
that properly constructed meers, as we have them on the Derbyshire hills, lined with
concrete first, then with four inches thick of well tempered clay firmly beaten together,,
paid lastly, with well packed stones for protection, would answer well in Canada.

Trees, indeed, are found on the prairies, but chiefly on the banks of the rivers and in
the swampy lands, and it is to the recurrent prairie fires that the scarcity of timber on
the great plains may be attributed. Wherever the fires have found a natural check, as by
the rivers and swamps, we find trees for the most part; and chiefly on the eastern banks
of the rivers which, by affording a boundary, have continued to check the fires that are
driven onward by the prevailing west winds. At various places along the road through
the North-West, at the Bell Farm, at Portage la Prairie, and elsewhere, trees which have
been planted are growing apace. The practice of planting trees on the prairies should be
encouraged by Government subsidies or lewards, for, apart from the questions «of an
increased rain-fall, of fuel and of shelter, nothing can possibly adorn those great plains like
trees. Trees, indeed, are the greatest natural ornament any country can possess, not,
excepting even water and mountains, and they would tend to embellish the life of man oi|^
the prairies.

The grain-growing capacity of the soil is the leading criterion of its value, probably,.
in Manitoba and the North-West generally, and most likely will continue so for some time.-13

iio come, because that region will become the chief granary of the American continent and
remain so ; but it is none the less true that its ability to produce excellent roots and green
crops is a factor whose importance will be utilised extensively in years to come. A purely
grain-raising region is an agricultural anomaly which cannot last, and it is a fact of great
potential value to this vast territory that its soil will produce all the crops which contribute
to the plenary welfare of both men and animals. Cattle, horses, pigs and poultry are
inseparable from the comfort of man in all agricultural communities, and the same may
also be predicated of sheep ; but all of these demand arrangements and provisions more
or less intricate, in the form of shelter and food, provisions which can in a great measure
be dispensed with while the land is devoted to grain-raising only. The process of
populating the North-West with domesticated animals will be contemporary with the
provision of shelter, water, and suitable food; and though the process may be a slow
one, it will be perfected in time. In the foothills of the Bocky Mountains it will be much
more rapid, for there exists in that region a rich natural herbage, a good supply of water
for the most part, and abundance of land shelter " among the hills and dales.'

We passed along through the Provinces of Assiniboia, containing 95,000 square miles,
and Alberta, containing 100,000 square miles, at least fifty per cent, of which is said to
be good land available for agriculture. We saw several of the experimental farms which
have been established by the C. P. B. Co., and found various cereals, roots* and garden
vegetables growing successfully on the new prairie soil. The soil varies from a dark-
coloured clay to strong loams, and light sands, and affords scope for all kinds of agricul-
tural fancy. But the handsomest country we saw was from Calgary up the slopes oi the
Bockies. This is the great ranching country, and we saw many cattle roaming about
the pastures which aclorn this undulating district—a district which stretches a long
distance to the north and south of the railway. It must be admitted that the advantages
which this country affords for cattle-raising are very extensive and important; for, as
the isothermal line runs in a north-westerly direction along the prairies, the climate at
the Bockies is habitable and even genial in a degree of latitude which is desolate on the
Atlantic side of Canada. At a point five thousand feet above the sea level, in the Bocky
Mountains, we found the air so mild that no overcoats were wanted, even at five o'clock
in the morning, although we had come up the mountains in a snow-storm the previous
evening. Above this point, which is the highest the railway attains in the Kicking Horse
Pass, the unnumbered snow-clad peaks of the mountains shoot up into the clear air ten or
twelve thousand feet above us, forming a spectacle grand, sublime, magnificent, and well
repaying a thousand miles' journey over the prairies! The splendid pine trees with which
the mountains are adorned creep up the peaks till they are stopped by the glaciers and
iihe eternal snow, and there is abundant interest for the lovers of botany and geology.
One magnificent day spent among the crags and ravines of British Columbia, brought us
to the beginning of the return journey, many of us carrying away specimens of rocks,
ferns and other flora, including even the wild gooseberry, which we found flourishing
not far below the snow level.

The eastern slopes and foothills of the Bockies and the adjacent prairies are destined
soon to resound, as indeed they already do in. part, to the lowings of herds and the
bleatings of flocks, and they will become one of the most important cattle-raising districts
on the American continent. But ranching has various disadvantages in its present
condition, and cannot well prosper save under the personal supervision of an owner or
owners. Hired men are apt to render only such an amount of work and care as they
deem themselves amply paid for, and absentee ownership is not calculated, as things are,
to meet with much success. A fruitful source of loss occurs in calves when branding
time comes round, many of them passing then into the ownership which happens to be
most vigilant; for, until they are branded, who can say to whom they belong, where
cattle roam in common over millions of acres ? Cattle that are out of condition when
winter comes on are apt to perish in the cold, unless they are carefully fed and sheltered,
and the Cochrane Banching Company suffered severely one winter in this manner, with
cattle that were out of condition after being driven northward from Montana, too late in
the autumn. I am assured, however, that cattle in good cpndition to start with will
stand the winter bravely, keeping on their flesh till long after Christmas. Grass, water,
forage for hard winters, and shelter both natural and artificial, are indispensable to the
continued success of a ranche. The winters vary in severity, so that the amount of
provision to be made for stock, in the way of food and shelter, is always problematical;
but the safe thing is to provide enough for any probable or possible contingency of
^weather, for an early winter and a late spring. It will thus be seen how necessary it is
that an owner should be in residence at a ranche.14

I am assured on good authority that fine crops of roots and oats can be grown witl*
very crude cultivation, and that, even where the land in its natural state appears barren,
maize and cereals prosper amazingly. The ranchers depend a great deal on the hay
which is self-curing, that is, on grass curing as it stands, to be consumed in situ ; and it-
is a peculiarity of, the native grass that it should cure in this way, providing frosts do not
cut it down before it has had time to do so. Generally speaking the cattle subsist very
well through the winter on this self-cured hay, for the winds as a rule blow it bare of the
dry snow; but when it happens to be deeply buried in snow, and remains so until the
snow is frozen so as to resist the wind, then the cattle ai*e in danger of perishing for want
of food; and here it is that a supply of forage is so neccssary and beneficent. Dairy
farming, in connection more or less direct with ranching, will probably open out in
Alberta, where, it is asserted, and I think not unfairly so, that the country possesses all
the natural conditions essential to that business. A young English rancher of two years'
standing, informed me that he contemplated forming a herd of dairy cows to let out to a
dairyman on the " half-sale3 " system. This, however, necessitates the fencing of land
and a provision of buildings and forage, and so can hardly become general for a long time
to come. It is an item of some significance, however, that such an idea should already
be entertained in the naighbourhood of the Rockies, and it serves to illustrate the speed at
which things are moving in that region since the advent of the railway.

The North-West has very large deposits of coal, it is known, in places, and there is
reason to suppose there are many others awaiting discovery. In some of the banks of the
rivers, coal is seen protruding in seams many feet thick, and we brought with us speci-
mens of apparently excellent coal, which was quarried in the Medicine Hat district. At
Langevin, 80 miles west of Medicine Hat, and 695 miles west of Winnipeg, we saw a gas
well, which was then driving a twelve horse-power engine; the gas had been struck at
800 feet deep, while boring for water, and is now being used to bore another well for
water. It is indeed impossible to say what may not be in store in this land of wonders.

At Indian Head, in the Province of Assiniboia, and 3-2 miles west of Winnipeg, we
"laid over " for a few hours to see the famous *' Bell Farm," named after Major Bell, the
manager. This immense undertaking is part of the system of the Qu'Appelle Farming
Co., and has been established to demonstrate the grain-raising capacity of this portion of
the Great North-West. The farm covers an area of ninety square miles, or about nine
and a half miles square, and contains some 57,000 to 58,000 acres. The date of our
visit was Sspt. 14, in the midst of harvest, which this year was much later than usual, for
the harvest is usually ov:>r by the middle of August. The day, unfortunately, was Sun-
day, so that we did not see the harvesters at work, but Major Bell met us at the station
with a string of conveyances, buggies and spring waggons.and off we went for a drive over
this gigantic farm; some twenty vehicles in single file formed a procession which had a*
very remarkable appearance as it wended its way through those enormous fields of waving
grain. There are forty-five reapers, string-binders, whose capacity on occasion is 800
acres a day, and a large area of grain was already cut. Though the farm was started only
in fche .spring of '82, there were this year some 7,000 acres under crop, in wheat, oats and.
flax. Next, year there will be 14,000 acres, a good portion of the extra 7,000 acres of
prairie s »d having been already turned over at the time of our visit, and in this way the
whole farm will be brought under cultivation. From 190 to 200 horses are on the farm,
and these were reaping the grain, and would plough the 14,000 acres for the crops of 1C85-
So soon as the harvest is cut, the threshing machines, driven by straw-burning engines,,
are set to work. At convenient centres about the farm, wooden granaries are erected, and
to each of these two threshers are appointed, one on either side, until the granary is full
of grain. We saw eight of these threshers, so that four granaries are being filled, simul-
taneously, and the machines move from one to another till all the granaries are filled, and
the threshing is over.

It will strike the English farmer as strange that the grain should be threshed in the-
field, direct from the stooks, and i)ut in bulk into the granaries; but the wheat of the
Nortli-West is so hard and dry at this early period, that such a course is practicable and
safe; it is, in fact, dry enough for milling at the same time. The object being, to secure
the grain as soon as possible, and straw being of no value, provide together sufficient ex-
planation for the existence of granaries in the fields, in which the grain is safe until it is.
hauled to the railway in the winter.

The grain is sown by broadcasting sowers, at the rate of 1£ bushels of whea-t, and 2J-
bushels of oats, per acre. Beyond the normal staff of men employed the year round**
extra hands are hired from spring to autumn. Sixty to seventy men are employed aU15

the year, and the number is doubled during the busy seasons. Labourers earn $30 per
month, all found, and foremen $40; or in other words, £6 and £8 respectively. The head
foreman receives $50 a month, with house and board all found. The wheat is sown, in
the first instance, on prairie sod turned over once, in broad furrows, and not " back set,"
according to older practice on the prairie. A single ploughing for the first crop is thus
made to suffice, and the yield is not found to be so deficient as to make a double ploughing
advisable. As far as possible the sod is turned over in the autumn, and all grain is sown
in the spring, autumn-sown wheat being inexpedient on the prairie. After the grain is
sown a disc-harrow is first used, after which the land is harrowed again twice, with
ordinary harrows. The disc-harrow is a valuable clod-crusher, and is at length being
introduced into English agriculture. Red Fife wheat is the only variety grown, and the
seed produced on the farm is used. The estimated yield of wheat was from 20 to 25
bushels per acre; last year the actual yield was 20 bushels, which was raised at a cost,
all things told, of 37 cents a, bushel. This year the cost is expected not to exceed 32 or 33
cents.

A startling itatement made to us by Major Bell was this : "I can afford to deliver
wheat in Liverpool, after paying eight per cent, on capital, and at present rates of freight,
at 20s. a quarter!" This is 2s. 6d. a bushel, and if Major Bell's estimate of the wheat
costing only 32 cents, or Is. 4d., a bushel to raise be sustained, there remains Is. 2d. a
bushel to pay the freight and other charges, so that it would appear feasible for him to
deliver wheat in England at 20s. a quarter. I give the statement cum grano salis, and
decline to commit myself to it in any way.

The growing crops, as we saw them, certainly promised to yield Major Bell's estimate
of 20 to 25 bushels an acre of wheat, and on some parts of the land we saw what I should
estimate as a yield of 40 bushels. The stems tiller out to an extent I have not elsewhere
seen, and I have by me a root, plucked by myself, from which 31 stems spring. I might
have found a still more prolific root if I had searched, no doubt.

An experiment in flax was made this year, on land that was ploughed too late for
wheat or oats, and the 400 acres of flax we saw were ripening nicely, and promised a very
fair yield.

This vast farm is being laid out in sub-farms of 200 acres, each having its houses and
buildings for the accommodation of foremen, men, and horses. Orders are given by
telephone from Major Bell's residence to each of these local centres, and in this way time
and tissue are saved. The sub-farms are laid out in this way for convenience of prospec-
tive purchasers, and each of them has its garden and other appurtenances. Such farms
will probably attract men of capital who prefer a cultivated soil to the crude prairie, and
that such is the destiny of Major Bell's scheme time will no doubt disclose.

Bo far, as Major Bell assured me, this vast concern is beingrun at a profit of 20 to
30 per cent, on the capital employed; but the question of profit is one on which it is
obvious I can give no opinion of my own. The farm is being " rushed," to use an
American term, just as an Englishman would rush a cotton-mill, and everything is done
to realize the best return from both land and labour. Eemembering that Major Bell has
virgin soil to work with, it is interesting to know that he has commenced a system of
summer-fallowing on the older portions of his cultivated land. His plan is' to fallow
one-third of the land each year, and he avers that under this method he will get as much
from the remaining two-thirds as he would otherwise get from the whole. Of the
soundness of this system we need entertain no doubt, especially in a country in which
artificial manuring is out of the question, and on a scale to which it is not applicable.

The fact is obvious that Major Bell is well qualified to run such a large concern with
dash and energy, that he plans out his work on economical principles, that his men do
not lose much time in mere transit from one part of the farm to another, and that profit
and efficiency ar9 his leading objects. He has also an eye to adornment, for he has
planted twenty-five miles of avenue trees, twenty feet asunder, at a cost of $26 a mile
only, the trees, which are poplar standards eight or ten feet high, costing only ten cents
each. In this particular Major Bell is setting an example which cannot easily be too
much commended or too widely copied. Whether or not, however, the Bell Farm as a
whole is an example of the line which profitable North-West farming must chiefly follow,
is a question which time only will solve, and on which I decline to offer an opinion. I
am, however, free to admit that it is a plucky piece of agricultural enterprise, well calcu-
lated to supply highly important data respecting prairie farming on a vast scale. In the
presence of probable low prices of wheat for a long time to come, it is possible that
Centralized agriculture of this sort may be multiplied in the North-West. In any Case, to16

the Bell Farm is owing the existence of Indian Head, already a large town*containing a
church and school, hotpls, livery stables, etc., etc*., and providing an additional nucleus
for the gregarious propensities of our Canadian cousins.

My impression is that the North-West of Canada presents an opening for pushing
young men of good conduct, healthy, sober, thrifty and industrious. An extensive
knowledge of British agricultural practices is not necessary to a farmer in the North*
West, where farming is of the simplest imaginable character where ploughs are used at
all. Capital is most useful in Canadian agriculture, and finds a better reward than in
England, when it is in the hands of men who know how to use it. But even men of
capital, and of experience in British farming, will be well advised not to embark at once
in farming on their own account, but rather to hire themselves out to farmers already
established, and thus to pick up tuition and cash at the same time. There is an old
adage'to the effect that " a man must pay for his learning." This, however, is not true
in Canada, if men will hire themselves out as I have, advised, for there a man is paid for
his learning, and does not pay for it himself. He should also look around the country,
north and south, and east and west, before he finally decides where to locate himself.
Where land is so splendidly abundant, it is hardly worth his while to take hold of the
first block he comes across. A new beginner in the North-West must make up his mind
to " rough it" for a time, until he can get his domestic surroundings fixed up properly,
to which end the energies of a wife would be well directed. He must also*be prepared to
work hard, be steady, and be content with sparse society. Loungers find no congenial
home in that country.

At the outset we placed ourselves, as a party, under the care and management of Sir
Richard Temple, who, genial, considerate, and kindly as he is, won our warm regard, and
from whom we parted at length with affectionate regret. Perhaps the most remarkable
member of the party was Dr. W. B. Cheadle, M.D., who, twenty years ago* in company
with Yiscount Milton, M.P., travelled across the North-West Territory, and over the
Rocky Mountains into British Columbia. Everybody has read, or, if. he has not, should
read, " The North-West Passage, by Land," which, the sequel of the arduous journey
made by these two adventurous gentlemen, is one of the most entertaining books of travel
in the English language. It was my good fortune to live in the same car as Dr. Cheadle
during our trip, and I heard from him a good deal of interesting information about the
country to the north of us. The North Saskatchewan, Dr. Cheadle thinks, is the garden
of the North-West, so far as natural beauty, combined with good land, is concerned.
Yonder is an immense country well wooded, well watered, rolling, hilly in parts, with
excellent land, and abundance of natural pasturage. Well sheltered by the land and trees,
this locality should turn out to be one of the best of the ranching countries, and should
attract a good portion of the tide of emigration which is flowing, and will continue to
flow, into the North-West. Dr. Cheadle informed me that, when he and Lord Milton
wintered in the Saskatchewan Valley, their tired-out horses grew fat in the winter, though
living entirely on what they could find, and were in excellent condition in the spring. Dr.
Cheadle's reflections and reminiscences must have been of a singularly interesting
nature as he thundered along with us in the train, over the prairies and mountains
which had cost him so much paifis to traverse on a previous occasion. To the attention
drawn by Dr. Cheadle and Lord Milton's book to the North-West Territory, m°y in no
small measure be attributed the action which was taken by the Dominion Government
in opening up the close preserves of the Hudson Bay Company, followed after a time by
the confederation of the provinces of Canada into one political and commercial unit—the
Dominion of Canada.

Much of the success and pleasure of our trip was owing to the presence with us of
Professor Macoun, of the Dominion Survey Department, who was indefatigable in giving
all the information possible to the members of the party. Professor Macoun is a botanist
by profession, but there is probably no one better acquainted than he with the climate
and soil, and the fauna as well as the flora of the North-West Territory. In that enter-
taining book of his, 44 Manitoba and the Great North-West," I find a good deal of reliable
information about stock-raising, and he reasons as follows: " Naturalists are well aware
that animals put on more fat in cold countries than they do in warm ones. In fact, to
be fat is the normal condition of all northern animals when in health. On other occa-
sions I have proved that climate, besides thickening the coat, actually fattened the animal,
and this has been borne out by the importation of Texas cattle into Montana. These
cattle actually become fatter on the Montana plains in winter than on their own native
plains in summer." This, no doubt, is true, but it is a principle whose application is
limited.Homestead Farm at Kildonan, near Winnipeg.18

The following is Br. Cheadle's account of the horses, taken from pp. 167-8 of the
sixth edition of the " North-West Passage by Land:" "We now prepared to leave our
winter quarters. The first thing to do was to find the horses, which had been turned
loose at the commencement of winter. We had seen them or their tracks from time to
time, and knew in what direction they had wandered. La Eonde followed their trail with-
out difficulty, and discovered them about eight or ten miles away. We were very much
astonished at their fine condition when he drove them back to La Belle Prairie. Although
very thin when the snow began to fall, they were now perfect balls of fat, and as wild
and full of spirit as if fed on corn—a most unusual condition for Indian horses. The
pasture is so nutritious that animals fatten rapidly even in winter—when they have to
scratch away the snow to feed—if they find woods to shelter them from the piercing
winds. No horses are more hardy or enduring than those of this country, yet their only
food is the grass of the prairies and the vetches of the copses. The milch cows and
draught oxen at Red River and in Minnesota, feeding on grass alone, were generally in
nearly as fine condition as the stall-fed cattle of the Baker Street Show." The district
between Battle River and the Saskatchewan, lat. 53° and long. 112° and 113°, is marked in
Dr. Cheadle's map as possessing " rich soil and fine pasturage."

City of Montreal, from the Harbour.

Many progressive towns are rising up along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Portage la Prairie is an important place, situated in the centre of the richest grain-
growing r>lain of Manitoba, and having grain elevators, flour and paper mills, a biscuit
factory, many hotels, and other well-built edifices, and a population of some 4,000.
Brandon, too," 133 miles west of Winnipeg, is a flourishing town, with mayor and cor-
poration, and a population of over 3,000, though only three or four years old. It has a
fine situation in the Valley of the Assiniboine, and four large grain elevators. At these
two places we received addresses and the hospitality of the people—at the latter place in
the middle of the night, and at the former in the early morning. Yirden, Moosomin,
Broadview, Indian Head, Qu'Appelle, Regina, Moose Jaw, Medicine Hat and Calgary, are
also incipient cities, and already important centres of trade.

Winnipeg, however, is the capital of Manitoba and the commercial capital of the North-
West. It is the great distributing point for all of the country between the Red River and
the Rocky Mountains. In 1870 it was a hamlet, with a population of 250 souls. In 1874
it was incorporated as a city, with an assessment roll of 12,076,018 ; in 1882 it could boast
of 25,000 inhabitants and an assessment of $30,432,270, and its population is now about
30,000. It has broad and well laid out streets, lined with handsome stores and ware-
houses, private residences and public buildings. The city is lighted by electricity and
gas, street railways are in operation, a fire brigade has been organized, and all the
advantages and conveniences of an old established city are enjoyed by its inhabitants.
The offices and plant of the western division of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company
are situated in Winnipeg, and a fine station has been built,19

THE SYSTEM OF SURVEY.

The Canadian North-West is laid off in townships six miles square, containing thirty-
six sections of 640 acres each, which are again subdivided into quarter sections of 160
acres. A road allowance, having a width of one chain, is provided for on each section-line
running north and south, and on every alternate section-line running east and west. The
j( Mowing diagram shows a township with the sections numbered:

N

31	32	33	31	35	36
30	29	28	27	26	25
19	20	21	22	23	21
18	17	' 16	15	14	13
\ 7 \	8	9	10	11	12
6  i	' o	i -	3	2	1

S

The sections are apportioned as follows :

Open for Homestead and Pre-emptions.—Nos. 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28,
30, 32, 34, 36.

Canadian Pacific Railway Sections.—Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31,
33, 35.	;

Nos. 1, 9, 13, 21, 25, 33 along the main line, Winnipeg to Moose Jaw, sold to Canada
North-West Land Company, the balance of their lands being in Southern Manitoba.

School Sections.-—Nos. 11, 29 (reserved by Government solely for school purposes).

Hudson Bay Sections.—Nos. 8 and 26.

regulations for the sale of c. p. r. co.'s land.

The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway to the summit of the Rocky
Mountains, 960 miles westward from Winnipeg, and the rapid progress made in the
Government Surveys during the past season, enable the Company to offer for sale some
of the finest agricultural lands in Manitoba and the North-West* The lands within the
railway belt, extending 24 miles from each side of the main line, will be disposed of at
prices ranging from $2.50 per acre upwards, with conditions requiring cultivation. Prices
of lands without conditions of cultivation can be obtained from the Land Commissioner.
When cultivation or settlement forms part of the' consideration, a rebate for cultivation
will be allowed, as hereinafter described.

These regulations are substituted for and cancel those hitherto in force.Winnipeg in 1871.

Winnipeg in 1883.Terms of P&ymtnv.

If paid for in full at time of purchase, a deed of conveyance of the land will be given ;
but the purchaser may pay one-sixth in cash, and the balance in five annual instalments,
with interest at six per cent, per annum, payable in advance. Payments may be made in
land grant bonds, which will be accepted at ten per cent, premium on their par value and
accrued interest. These bonds can be obtained on application at the Bank of Montreal,
Montreal* or at any of its agencies in Canada or the United States.

Rebate.

A rebate of from $1.25 to $3.50 per acre, according to the price paid for the land, will
be allowed on the acreage actually cropped, on the following conditions :

1.	The purchaser will not be entitled to rebate unless at time of purchase he enters
into an undertaking to cultivate the land.

2.	One-half of the land contracted for to be brought under cultivation within four
years from date of contract. In cases where purchasers do not reside continuously on
the land, at least one-eighth of the whole quantity purchased shall be cultivated during
each of the four years.

3.	Where a purchaser fails to carry out fully the conditions as to cultivation within
the time named, he will be required to pay the full purchase price on all the land con-
tracted for. But if, from causes beyond his control, proved to the satisfaction of the.
company, a settler so fails, he may be allowed the rebate on the land actually cultivated
during the four years, on payment of the balance due, including the full purchase price
of the remainder of the land contracted for.

General Conditions.

All sales are subject to the following general conditions:

1.	All improvements placed upon land purchased to be maintained thereon until final
payment has beien made.

2.	All taxes and assessments lawfully imposed upon the land or improvements to be
paid by the purchaser.

3.	The company reserves from sale, under these regulations, all mineral and coal
lands; and lands containing timber in quantities, stone, slate and marble quarries, lands,
with water-power thereon, and tracts for town sites and railway purposes.

4.	Mineral', coal and timber lands and quarries, and lands controlling water-power,
will be disposed of on very moderate terms to persons giving satisfactory evidence of their
intention and ability to utilize the same. .	. *

5.	The company reserves the right to take without remuneration (except for the
value of buildings and improvements on the required portion of land) a strip or strips of
land 200 feet wide, to be used for right of way or other railway purposes, wherever the
line of the Canadian Pacific Kail way, or any branch thereof, is or shall be located.

Liberal rates tor settlers and their effects will be granted by the company over its;
railway.

DOMINION LAND REGULATIONS.

Persons desirous of obtaining free homesteads from the Dominion Government should
obtain copies of the Dominion Land Regulations. Generally speaking, it may be stated
that all even-numbered sections may be obtained on the condition of three years' residence
and a specified cultivation.

IN THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.

The trip to the Rocky Mountains having been brought to a pleasant and successful
end, and havi r^gen route visited the flourishing city of. Ottawa, inspected the splendid Par-
liamentary and departmental Buildings, the beautiful Library, the excellent Geological
Museum, and various other interesting spots, all of which are greatly to be admired, I
found myself again in company of some of my North-West companions, from whom I
had temporarily parted in the beautiful city of Toronto, and bound for Nova Scotia.
Only about a dozen of the members of the Association were able to collect themselves;
together for this visit to one of the Maritime Provinces, and this small contingent w&sA Fhairie Scene.

under the convoy of Major General Laurie, a well-known officer of the British army, and
one of the Crimean veterans, who has been settled in Nova Scotia for twenty years or
more. General Laurie prefers Canada to England for a home, but this may be owing in
some measure to Mrs. Laurie, who is a Canadian by birth, and an estimable lady.

There is a good deal of interesting scenery along the line of the Intercolonial Railway
from Quebec to Halifax, a distance of nearly 700 miles. This well-laid railway, one of
the best on the continent of America, passes through a country famous for sport, and
along the Metapediac Valley, crossing later on the Restigouche and the Miramichi, all
of them famous salmon rivers. The lake trout, on which the traveller is regaled at
Campbellton, forms a diet forgotten by no one who has tasted it! Geese, and trout, and
ducks are found in myriads along the shores, and in the woods are partridges in plenty ;
while, as for larger game, the caribou and the black bear provide sport of a more exciting
kind. And so the line runs on, through the thickly-timbered Province of New Brunswick,
by lakes, and rivers and streams, and along the winding valleys, in the midst of a
panorama which, ever changing and shifting as it were, presents fresh beauties at every
turn.

We saw the picturesque and sheltered Wallace Yalley as wre passed along, noting the
cozy farms, the sheep on the hill sides, and the capital meadows and pastures below.
Our first stopping place was at Londonderry, where, at the Acadia Iron Works, the
Canada Steel Company employ 500 men. We drove to Great Village, in Londonderry
Township, where we saw, on the New Red Sandstone formation, some fine farming land,
and also some of the dyked marsh land in an inlet of the Bay of Fundy. The uplands of
this locality appear well adapted for stock-raising, and should answer well for both cattle
and sheep. The dyke lands make capital meadows, and commonly cut from two to three
tons of hay per acre—hay whose quality is said to be very good—without the aid of
manure. On the tidal marshes a large quantity of "salt hay," as it is termed, is cut;
and these marshes are extremely valuable to the upland farmers. In the Truro district,
not far away, there are many fine meadows and pastures, worth £20 an acre, while the
dyke lands are worth £30 and upwards. I was assured, on the testimony of a man of
experience, that the Nova Scotian farmers can afford to grow beef at ten cents a pound,
butchers' meat, and deliver it in Liverpool at fifteen cents, which is 5d. and 7£d. respect-
ively, but that they cannot afford it at less.

We were most hospitably received and entertained in Halifax by the Lieut.-Governor,
and the Mayor and Corporation, and we shall long retain warm feelings of regard for the24

kindly, and more than kindly, treatment of which we were the recipients. The city of
Halifax is handsomely situated on the banks of one of the finest harbours of the world, and
affords many beautiful views to the traveller. The public gardens are a great ornament
to the town, and skillfully kept, and a drive through the handsome park discloses much
of the beautiful scenery for which the place is famous. We drove to the Montague or " Blue-
nose" gold mines, a few miles from Halifax, and saw the vein from which two brothers took
gold to the value of £40,000 in two or three years' time. The mines are being profitably
worked among the extensive gold-bearing quartz of this district. The total area assigned
to the auriferous strata, and the rocks most intimately connected with them, is estimated
at 6,500 to 7,000 square miles, from which it is probable that Nova Scotia will contribute
precious metal to the world for ages to come.

From Halifax we went to Windsor and Williamsport, in the midst of the beautiful
Grand Pre district, which Longfellow has immortalised in the poem, " Evangeline ;"

"In the Acadian land, on the shores of the Basin of Minas,

Distant, secluded, still, the little village of Grand Pre
Lay in the fruitful valley. Vast meadows stretchcd to the eastward,

Giving the village its name, and pasture to flocks without number."

This section of the country, indeed, stretching away to Kentville, and down the vale
of Annapolis, possesses, in common with the corresponding shores of New Brunswick, on
the other side of the Bay of Fundy, a large area of what is probably the finest grass land
on the American continent or in any other country. Much of ihis land has been dyked
out from the sea, on the French (ibordeau system, and consists of extraordinarily minute
particles of red-coloured alluvial earth, which has been deposited in the course of ages by
the great tides of the Bay of Fundy. This earth is many yards deep, entirely free from
stones; and it has been, and still is being, enriched by the outcrops of sulphate of lime,
whose particles are finely comminuted by the tidal waves, and deposited with the rest of
the earthy matter. The dykes keep out the sea-water, which, however, as occasion may
require, is let into the land, and escapes again through the abordeaux. When it is thus let
in, it deposits a coating of finely granulated mud, which serves as a coating of the best
possible manure, and operates for many years in this capacity, freshening up the land in
an extraordinary manner. This system of warping is conducted with marked success in
many places around the Bay of Fundy, on some of the land that was first dyked in by the
French; and meanwhile the tides are forming more land outside, which will be dyked in
course of time. The older and higher dyke lands, which are now beyond the aid of
warping, have been used as meadows for scores of years, cutting two to three tons of rich
hay to the acre, and having had no manuring in the time, if ever, save from the excreta
of the cattle which eat the aftermath in autumn. These lands, however, having a surface
stratum containing a large proportion of decaying and inert organic matter of vegetable
origin, are found to respond very handsomely to a dressing of lime. In course of time,
no doubt, it will be found expedient to manure them systematically, yet the staple of the
soil remains of extraordinary richness. Cows milk well on these iands, and on the best
of them the aftermath will fatten cattle excellently in a very short time.

Many farmers have a portion of dyke land, whose function has been to maintain the
uplands in condition; and there is abundant evidence that, even in this capacity alone,
it is extremely valuable. One magnificent meadow was pointed out to me, and, on
inquiring the value of it, I was told that it was sold some years ago at $400, or £80, an
acre! It is more than probable that no purely agricultural land, in any other part of
America, would command a price like this, and I am free to express a conviction that the
best land in that vast country lies in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The
best portions of it remind me of the fine stretch of grazing land seen on the way to
Yarmouth, in England, and the similarity is enhanced by the many hundreds of cattle
which are seen grazing on the rich herbage in both instances. The upland in the neigh-
bourhood of Starr's Point, in the locality under notice, is worth $40 to $100, and the dyke
land $150 to $400 per acre, and these values stamp the district as one of great importance
from an agricultural point of view.

But not for farming alone is this country valuable; it is also one of the finest—if not
the finest—apple-growing distrists in the world. The Gravenstein apple is said to be
superior in flavour, and in crisp and juicy mellowness, to any apple grown in America,
save the apples produced on the table-lands of Tennessee, where, after all, there is greater
risk of failure of crop from climatic causes. As a lover of a delicious apple, I may say
that, on more than one occasion, I have had my greatest treats in Nova Scotia. A large
variety of apples are grown, some of them, like the Gravenstein, being for consumptionCity op Halifax.

before Christmas, while others will keep till there are apples again. On one farm I saw a
six-acre orchard literally laden to the ground with grand apples. The yield was estimated
at 1,000 bushels, and its value $1,500, or £300. And underneath these trees a crop of 200
bushels of potatoes per acre had been grown in the current year. "What land can be more
productive than this, and what farming can pay as well. I was informed that nine
hundred thousand bushels of apples were shipped from this locality last year, and
numerous new orchards are being, and recently have been, planted. Great willow trees,
hoary old relics of a bygone regime, that were planted by the French pioneers a century
and more ago, adorn the landscape here and there, and timber of other sorts is sufficiently
abundant.

Windsor is a particularly handsome piece of country, perhaps the handsomest in
Canada, which is saying a great deal. The town is situated in a beautiful valley, which
contains a large area of magnificent land, and is also a great fruit-growing country. It is
bounded by lofty hills, well-timbered. Nature has done so much for the farmers in these
parts that, according to complaints I heard, they will do but little for themselves. It is
obvious, indeed, to any one that they fall far short of their opportunities, as well in
stock-farming as in the cultivation of the soil, and I could not resist the conviction that,
under farmers from England or Scotland, this beautiful country would soon become more
beautiful still. An instance was pointed out to me of a farmer who was induced to trjr
a few loads of lime on one of his meadows; the crop was about doubled and its quality
greatly improved, but, notwithstanding this, he has not taken the trouble to use any more
lime for fifteen years, though he has the limestone and a limekiln quite handy. Calves
are stunted in the rearing and wintering, and farmers do not apprehend either the value
of early maturity, or that a young animal raised in this way can never make the animal
it otherwise would. A few farmers, however, are leaving the old grooves, and are raising
yearlings to weigh ten or twelve hundred pounds, live weight. Let us hope these examples
will spread.

The panorama of dyke lands, stretching for miles, and thickly dotted with cattle
and horses grazing on the rich aftermath, is a sight that the eye of any Old Country
farmer would take in with great delight. The cattle, however, need improving, as a rule,
though in places we find some fairly well bred stock, and it would seem as if more sheep
should be kept on the uplands, to be fattened on the meadows in autumn. The system of
farming is susceptible of great improvement, and I should like to see a closer harmony
in quality between the stock and the land. When a dyke meadow fails in quality and26

productiveness, and such meadow is above the reach of the tide, or is otherwise inac-
cessible to its influence, it is simply ploughed up, a grain crop or two taken from it, and
put down again in fresh "English" grass; then it will go on for another score of years,
after which the process is repeated. Now it is obvious that this is eighteenth century
farming, not nineteenth, and it is not abreast with the progress of the times. A far better
plan, and cheaper in all ways, would be to lime this land about once in each quarter of a
century, and maintain its condition by the consumption of feeding stuffs by the live stock
of the farm. Limestone of fine quality is abundant, and easily quarried; and " plaster"—
sulphate of lime—almost equally so. One man exports 60,000 tons of plaster annually to the
States, and yet the Nova Scotian farmers do not avail themselves of the advantages which
lie at their very doors.

General Laurie has done and is doing all the good he can to the agriculture of his
adopted province, but the ways of an agricultural reformer are hard and the progress
slow. At his residence, Oakfield, near Halifax, he has carved out a beautiful home
in the woods. Beautifully situated in a rolling and well-timbered country, with a spacious
lake in front and another to the rear, his home and farm possess many charming features.
All this has been done, as a matter of course, at considerable cost, and the work of clearing
is still going on. The soil grows good crops of various kinds, and a large supply of hay is
cut in the marsh lands. Part of the hay is cut 011 the other side of the lake, and is left
there until it can be brought over on the ice in winter; this, indeed, is the readiest means
of transport, as well as the cheapest, and it admits of a division of labour between summer
and winter. The General has for several years experimented rather extensively with en-
silage. One of his silos, about 30 feet square and 18 feet deep, is built of strong mortared
walls, not plastered inside with cement. It is above-ground—is, in fact, the lower part of:
a previously existing barn, and has been improvised for the purpose. Twenty-seven acres
of clover were put in first, and on the top of it a mixed crop of barley, oats and peas, cut
into inch lengths by a chaff-cutter, and solidly trodden down. It is covered over with
stout tarred paper or roofing felt, and this is covered over with planks that are weighted
with old railway sleepers. Five hundred and eleven loads of silage, about 1,000 lbs. per
load, and probably 250 Canadian tons of 2,000 lbs. in all, were put into this silo; and
when I saw it, which was on the 25th of September, the mass had sunk about four feet.
General Laurie thinks well of ensilage as a system, and considers it may enable farmers,
to dispense with roots, but that it cannot be expected to supersede dry forage as well.

At Shubenacadie I saw a fine rolling country, with splendid bottom lands, in many
places well fenced and well cultivated. In some parts of this district there are lands,
now lying idle and unoccupied, that were originally granted to settlers who cultivated
them for a time and then left them, and who are now either dead or lost sight of. But.
the contingency still exists that these settlers' heirs may come forward to claim the land,,
and under this state of uncertainty no one else can take it in hand: while as to buying it,
this presents an even greater difficulty, in regard to obtaining a title from all the possible
heirs of the original grantee. There is urgent need of a legislative measure which would
escheat such lands in the event of the owners remaining away beyond a given time.

* Near to Amherst there is a very extensive tract of excellent marsh land. This land
is greatly impregnated with saline matter to begin with, but, as is the case with the alkaline
soils in the North-West Territory, the superfluity becomes less, and passes away under
a few years' ploughing. These Amherst marshes in Nova Scotia, and the /idjoining
Sackville marshes in New Brunswick, all of which are situated around the head of the
3ay of Fundy, are well worth going a long way to see. They are thickly dotted over with
hay ricks, some of which are built on piles; and with hay barns, many of which have
been built of late years for the better preservation of the marsh hay. No cattle are kept
on these lands in the winter, and the hay is all taken to the uplands for consumption -
This marsh hay grows veiy tall) and is very coarse to look at and to handle; it is,
however, most nutritious and, growing on a saline soil, no doubt very healthful for stock.
Mr. Josiah Wood, of Sackville, possibly the wealthiest bona fide farmer in America or
Canada, fattens a number of cattle, in winter, on marsh hay and turnips, neither of
which undergoes any preparation in the way of chopping, pulping, or the like, and corn is.
not found to be necessary as an auxiliary food.

It is commonly said that the farmers have too much land, but the real evil lies in the
want of energy which is only too apparent in the bulk of cases. If only they would da
well to the land, they certainly have not too much of it. They should either have less
land—which ought not to be necessary as a cure for existing evils—or they should employ
more capital and labour on that they have. There is no bank so safe as a bank of earth-Then what are the farmers in fear of ? Men who are warmly and sincerely interested in
the agricultural welfare of the province, complain sorrowfully of the languid energy of
the farmers, for whom nature has done too much. Cattle-breeding and fattening, and
dairy farming in conjunction with them, should be developed and improved. It is said
that excellent cheese was erstwhile made in the Annapolis Yalley, but that the people,
through carelessness or from some other cause, appear to have lost their ancient cunning.
In the fattening of stock for. the English market, the Nova Scotian farmers have an
advantage of #15 per beast over the farmers of Ontario, on account of lesser distance.
This in itself ought to be an incentive to increased energy, but in reality it seems to tell
the other way.

To illustrate the crop-growing capacity of this marsh land, I will transcribe some
notes given to me by Mr. Black, of Amherst, in reference to three acres of land of his
own, and showing the aggregate yield: 1st year, 210 bushels of oats; 2nd year, 750
bushels of potatoes; 3rd year, 1,000 bushels of potatoes; 4th year, 115 bushels of wheat,
of 62 lbs. per bushel; 5th year, 12 tons (2,000 lbs. per ton) of hay; and 6th year, 8 tons of
hay. This land was dressed at the outset with sixty horse loads, say twenty tons, of dung
compost per acre. There are thousands of acres of land in the Amherst and Sackville
marshes that are capable of such cropping as this, if only they are farmed as they ought
to be—land which is among the best of its kind in the world. What then is wanting?
An inducement to farm well ? Surely there is inducement enough to farm well, if there
is inducement to farm at all. Lack of demand for produce ? No, this will not hold, for
everything there is to spare finds a customer, while the staple article of beef, which
ought to be the leading thing, is in good demand all the time. It has been said that store
stock from the ranches of the North-West may be sent to the Tantramar marshes to be
fattened; they may, of course, but it seems to me that the Nova Scotians and NewBruns-
wickers ought to be able to raise their own stock, and fatten them too, without touching
the cattle of the North-West.

The coal mines and fisheries of Nova Scotia are so very important already, and so
susceptible of almost boundless extension, that a short reference to them will be appro-
priate in this report. The extent of the coal deposits is known to be vast, and the wealth
to the Province which will arise out of them in the future will be very great, as, indeed,
it already is. It may be said, indeed, that there is a great deal of coal as yet unexplored
over and above that which is known about, the quantity of the latter being incalculable
save in an approximate manner. In some places, as at the Joggins, the seams crop out to
the surface, and the cost of mining the coal is consequently small. The quantity of coal
raised from the mines of Nova Scotia in 1882 was 1,365,811 tons, and increased in 1883 to
1,422,553 tons. This coal is exported in part to the United States and to the adjoining
Provinces of Canada.

Of gypsum, 144,668 tons were raised in 1883, a large proportion of it being exported to
the States, where it is a popular fertilizer.

The fisheries of Nova Scotia are very extensive, and immensely valuable. The Pro-
vince has a very long coast line, which is indented by numerous bays, inlets, estuaries and
the like, affording abundant scope for the energies of the fishermen. Some idea of the
value of these fisheries and of their expanding character, is seen in the returns, viz.,
$7,131,000 ih 1882 and $7,689,000 in 1883. The geographical situation of Nova Scotia is
uncommonly favourable to a prolific yield of fish, and this is an advantage of which she
cannot be deprived. It is perennial and inexhaustible, and will increase in value coin-
cidently with the increase of population in America.

IN THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

Here, on the 27th of September, I found myself alone of the party, the rest having
either sailed on that day in the Sarmaiian for England, or gone down into the States for
a run through the cities. Entering the Province at Westmoreland Point, the Intercolonial
line runs through Sackville and Dorchester to Moncton, a thriving town at the Junction
for St. John and Prince Edward Island. A favourable stretch of farming country lies on
the St. John side of Moncton, and a good deal of it is cleared in places. It is nice
featured land—attractive, that is, to the eye—a sort of gravelly loam for the most part,
superimposed by a foot or so of good agricultural mould, and apparently well adapted for
plough and pasture. The " lay " of the country is in slightly elevated ridges, whose slopes,
trend gently each way toward the rivers which form, as it were, the furrows between these
bridges, at once draining the country and supplying it with water. A vast quantity of this28

land, favourably located in respect of railway communication with the winterports, Halifax
and St John, is still open, to settlers and emigrants. Good roads are easily formed on the
gravelly subsoil, once the trees are cleared away. The prevailing trees are spruce, larch,
maple, ash, arbor vitse, poplar and willow, with sundry kinds of underwood. The crops
are wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, swedes, carrots, and various garden roots. It may
„go without saying that a soil which answers well to clover is calculated to do a farmer
good, and here the clover is luxuriant on the cultivated soils, and even on the road and
railroad sides, or wherever else it has caught a hold.

Sussex Yale is a fine farming country, hilly and picturesque, with good upland soils
and very fine intervales. A strong sandy loam throws up a fruitful furrow, and in the
rich red soil, the excellent herbage, the capital crops of roots, the herds of cattle and
flocks of sheep, and the comfortable farmsteads, we find indicia of agricultural comfort and
prosperity. The cattle are fairly good, but not good enough, and not as good as the sheep.
•Capital meadow crops are grown, and really excellent ones of swede turnips; while the
grain crops, of which even fewer ought to be grown, perhaps, and more green crops instead,
are heavy enough in bulk, whatever the quality may be. The intervale lands at Sussex,
indeed, will'grow first-rate crops of almost anything in the way of farm and garden stuff,
including green maize for soiling or for silos, and they are excellently adapted to raising
the best of cattle. At one farm I saw good specimens of Ayrshires; at another an excel-
lent Polled Aberdeen bull, imported. The Ayrshires are all very well, and will answer
excellently for milking purposes, but it does not appear likely to me that the crossing of
the native stock of the country with Polled Aberdeen blood will be attended with much
success. The farmers should go in for Ayrshires, and keep them pure, or they should
follow a similar course with red Polled Norfolks, or Shorthorns, or Herefords, or some
other breed; and it appears to me that their own native stock would be greatly improved
by the use of good solid shorthorn bulls—not necessarily or even advisedly bulls from
fashionable pedigree tribes, but such as may be bought in scores in England, and at very
reasonable prices, from rent-paying dairy farmers who breed good stock but don't meddle
much with the blue blood of the pedigree herds. Yearling bulls of this class can be
bought in numbers at $50 to #100, or £10 to. £20 apiece, and a cargo of them distri-
buted among the dairy farmers of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia would, as it seems
to me, leave a lasting impression, and a good one, on the bovine stock of those provinces.

An old established cheese factory is running still in Sussex Yale, and is producing
good cheese, for which the salesman was holding out for eleven cents a pound. It would
be worth while for the farmers to put up a new factory, for the old one is now dilapidated,
and is burdened with the senility of old age. A new creamery has also been put up,
containing a Laval's cream separator, and all the best English appliances in the way of
churns and general dairy appliances. Milk is delivered at this creamery at 90 cents per
100 lbs. of milk, which is a little over 4^d. per imperial gallon—a better price than nfrany
English farmers, who convert it into cheese, have been making of late years—a better
price than some of the English cheese factories were able to pay a few years ago. It is,
iu fact, equivalent to some 55s. per cwt. for cheese—the English cwt. of 120 lbs. The
butter made at this creamery is of a superior character, and is made on sound and
enlightened principles. It is, however, much depreciated in my estimation by being
heavily salted—salted at the rate of 1 oz. per lb., or over 6 per cent.; and this the public
in New Brunswick demand, so that I am forced to the conclusion that the public in New
Brunswick have yet to learn the refined joys which properly belong to butter-eating. A
little salt, say one per cent., improves the best and freshest of butter, I think, but six per
cent, is only fit for firkin butter and for the coarsest qualities. A really good skim-milk
cheese is made at the creamery, which will pay if sold at 6 cents a lb.; it is good flavoured
cheese, well made, nutritious and palatable, and was ripening down nicely when I saw it
on the first of October,

Male and female servants are much wanted. Women earn $70 to #90 for the year, all
found, which is £J4 to £18, plus bed and board. Men earn #15 or $16 per month, and all
found, or $25 to $27.50 and find themselves. Such servants, going out from England,
soon become farmers themselves. I am also assu jd, on high authority, that men
who understand the art of draining land would find very remunerative employment
during the greater part of the year. The chief difficulty with extra farm servants is the
Ending employment through the winter. Hitherto lumbering in the woods has been the
-chief winter employment for these supernumeraries, and probably will be for some time
to come, though lumbering must eventually decline in volume. Extended stock-raising
would provide more employment in winter, and so would help to solve a problem which29

is felt to drag in these provinces, and not in them only but in a great part of Norths
America ; not in Canada only, but in many of the northern States of the Union.

The Provincial Stock Farm of New Brunswick is located in King's County, not many
miles from Rothesay. There are various breeds of cattle, including Shorthorns, Devons,
Polled Norfolks, Ayrshires, and Polled Aberdeens, kept at this farm. The Ayrshires
seem to be doing better than the others; and this is not to be surprised at, for the land
is not good enough to maintain high class cattle of the heavier breeds. The Stock Farm
would have been much more suitably located at. Sussex, where it was originally intended
to be located, or else in the noble valley of the St. John River, on one of the excellent
intervale farms. One of the leading elements of success in agriculture is to secure, as it
were, harmony between the cattle and the land; that is, first-class land should have heavy
breeds of cattle on it, and the inferior land should have the breeds whose origin and
antecedents are such as will enable them to live upon it. The Ayrshires, for instance, will
thrive where Shorthorns would starve, so far as land is concerned; and they will resist a
climate that will simply kill off the Jerseys. Such breeds as the Ayrshires, the Kerrys,
and the Angleseys, then, are the best for inferior land, but at the same time they deserve
good land, and will respond to generous feeding. It is intended to locate the Stock Farm
elsewhere, and I consider this ought to be done without delay.

The city of St. John is situated in a district famous for varied and beautiful scenery.
For fifty miles and more up the River St. John the riparian picturesqueness surpasses
anything of the kind I have seen in America. The city has a very fine location—on hills
which overlook a fine harbour, and which, away back, are well covered with trees.
Rocky the country is in places, but elsewhere it consists of fertile land, well adapted to
agriculture. It is one of the most picturesque localities in Canada, and offers many
attractions to visitors and settlers too. Ridges of sandy or gravelly soil, and valleys of
stiff clay or strong loam, run away from the city, inland ; and these have been and are
being carved out into small farms attached to villa residences. On several of these farms
I have repeatedly seen excellent crops of roots and grain—first in 1880, then in 1883, and
again in 1884.

My excellent friends, Thompson and Manchester, both merchants in the city, and
Englishmen by birth though Canadians by adoption, reside on the Manawagonies Road,
in Lancaster Township, some four miles from the city. They have beautiful houses and
capital buildings, with model farms attached. . Mr. Thompson may be called the Mechi
of Canada, for he has demonstrated what can be done with the heavy clay land in the
valleys, so much of which is still lying idle, save for the timber there is upon it—the
primeval forest. He took in hand eight acres of this land, which for the most part was
very wet and boggy, cleared it of timber and brushwood, drained and subsoiled it, and
made it into land of first-rate quality. The process was of course expensive, but it paid
seven per cent, per annum, leaving a sinking fund which repaid in nine years the capital
that had been invested in clearing, draining, subsoiling, cultivating and manuring. The
main drains were of four-inch pipes, laid four feet deep; the minor drains were of two-
inch pipes, twenty-four feet apart, and three feet six inches deep. The land was ploughed
several times over, to a depth of six inches, and subsoiled to fourteen. Twenty loads per
acre of farm-yard manure were ploughed in, and one hundred bushels of lime per acre
were spread on the surface. With the lime were harrowed in 3J bushels of oats, I peck
of timothy, and 4 lbs. of clover, per acre. Of oats, 70 bushels per acre, weighing 39J lbs.
per bushel, were reaped, and forty-two centals of straw per acre were sold. The following
year three Canadian tons per acre of hay were sola off this field, whose exact area
is 8a. lr. 14p. 17 yds., and two loads of rakings were not weighed in. The field was a
meadow eight years, and appeared to cut as much in the eighth as in the first year, though
it had no top-dressing. Mr. Thompson considers such land as this to be better adapted
for oats and grass than for roots and green crops, and thinks it is best of all in permanent
meadow. This field is situated in a deep valley, and is surrounded on three sides by
primeval forest, which in time will also be removed.

Mr. Manchester's land is a strong, gravelly or sandy loam, and I have seen excellent
crops of swedes,.parsnips, carrots and oats growing upon it. These two gentlemen are
demonstrating, in the intervals apart from their businesses in town, and in a most worthy
and commendable manner, the capabilities of the soil in this part of New Brunswick. It
is evident, of course, that the command of ample capital for the purpose is expedient in
New Brunswick as in any other country for intensive farming of this sort, r^ot much of
which, we may take it for granted, will be done by the rank and file of farmers, so long
as paying crops can be grown without it. The examples set are nevertheless of great-30

value, and in course of time will be followed more or less. The gentlemen I have named
are, indeed, merely ahead of their time, and may be regarded as the pioneers of scientific
agriculture in the Province of New Brunswick.

I cull the following from my report of 1880 :

" Apart from its wealth in timber and minerals, the latter as yet only just beginning
to be developed, the Province of New Brunswick is well adapted to the pursuits of agricul-
ture. In several portions of the province there are soils which have certain very
remarkable features and properties; and in many other portions I found soils that are
easy to cultivate when once cleared of timber, deep in staple, and rich in the accumulated
fertility of many centuries. Many of the upland soils bordering on the beautiful valley
of the St. John Biver have every indication of being well adapted to stock-raising, par-
ticularly of bovine stock. They are for the most part sandy or gravelly loams, sometimes
approaching to stiffness, but generally friable, varying, no doubt, in depth and quality,
but hardly anywhere good for nothing. It is probable, in fact, that with the exception of
Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick has a larger proportion of cultivable soils than
any of the older provinces of the Dominion. So far, however, the settled parts of the
province are chiefly along, or adjacent to, the rivers which drain the country ; but there
are yet many millions of acres not appropriated, as good, in all probability, for agricul-
tural purposes as those that are—if we make exception of the* dyke' and * intervale'
lands. But these unsettled portions are for the most part still covered with a dense
growth of timber, and I should hardly fancy that English farmers are either fitted for or
would like the task of clearing it off. The work of clearing these lands is indeed her-
culean, but it is generally supposed that the timber will pay for it. The land may be
cleared at a cost of $12 to $20 an acre, and it is said that a Canadian backwoodsman will
cut down an acre of heavy timber in three or four days. Let us take the new settlement
of New Denmark as an instance of what may be done. Seven years ago the locality was
covered with a dense forest, and the Danes who emigrated to it were very poor; now
hundreds of acres are cleared, and are producing abundant crops of grain and vegetables,
some of which are of a superior character, and the land supports a happy and prosperous
colony, which in time will be a wealthy one. It is not too much to say that the condition
of these people is far better than it would have been in the land of their birth. Take
agaha the Scotch settlement of Napan, on the Miramichi; here we have also a favourable
illustration of what thrift and industry will do. The settlement is mainly Scotch, but
there are a few Irish among them, some of whom have prospered. One Irish farmer we
met had become wealthy, 4 and,' said a countryman of his tome, * we call him Barney
Bothschild itself!' It is at once pleasant and instructive to see these flourishing new
settlements, for they are only what will be found all over the province in course of time.

"It would seem probable that a number of English farm labourers might do the
same, starting with free grants of land covered with timber, and clearing it as far as
circumstances would admit of. They would in any case meet with encouragement from
the Government and people of the province, and with industry their reward would be sure.

" The soils I have spoken of as possessing certain remarkable features and properties
are the 'dyke' and the 'intervale' lands. Both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are
celebrated for the former, while the latter are a peculiarity of New Brunswick in the
valley of the noble Biver St. John. The dyke lands qf both provinces are found bordering
on the inlets of the Bay of Fundy. The extent of these dyke lands is said to be about
65,000 acres, and there is still a large area to be reclaimed. A large portion of the mafshes
was dyked by the French previous to the conquest of Fort Beausejour in 1755. Imme-
diately afterwards they were taken possession of by the English settlers, who afterwards
obtained grants of them from the Crown. The expense of dyking fresh marshes has
ranged from $8 to $20 per acre, and it is worthy of note that the system of constructing
dykes and abordeaux adopted by the first French settlers is the one still employed.

" The ' intervale lands ' of New Brunswick are, as the name suggests, found in the
valleys. The name is peculiarly appropriate and expressive. In England we should call
them bottom-lands, or alluvial soils. They are, in fact, alluvial soils to all intents and
purposes, with this peculiarity—they are still in process of formation. In some cases
these intervale lands consist of islands in the rivers—and there are many such in the
magnificent Biver St. John; but for the most part they are level banks on each side of;the
river, in some cases several miles wide, and reaching to the feet of the hills, which form
the natural ramparts of the valleys they enclose. These intervale lands are rich in quality, ^
a-nd the grass they produce is Very good. Like the dyke lands, they need no manuring (
artificially. The dyke lands, in fact, have such a deep excellent deposit of unusual rich-31

BR,T'SHlA.8^.c5

The Citadel, Quebec, and a Biver Steameb.

ness, that manuring is superfluous ; but the intervale lands receive a periodical manuring
in the deposit which is laid on them each spring by the freshets of the rivers. They are,
in fact, flooded more or less for several weeks in the spring of the year, and the deposit
left by the receding waters is of a character to add fertility to an already rich soil, and, at
the same time, to add to its depth. An inch or two of rich alluvial mud deposited on
these lands each year is gradually raising them above the influence of the freshets ; and
they are to-day among the most valuable soils in the province.

" There are in this province millions of acres still unoccupied, except by a heavy
growth of trees which form the primeval forest. The forests require a large expenditure
of labour to clear them, and English farmers are not well calculated to do the work ; but
there are numbers of cleared farms which can be bought, with good houses and buildings
upon them, at the rate of £3 to £8 an acre, and it seems to me that a practical farmer
from the Old Country, especially if he has a rising family to help him, could hardly fail to
do well in this province. Bo far as the people are concerned, an English farmer would
find himself quite at home here, and there is nothing in the soil or climate which would
cause a painful disillusion. The geographical position of these Maritime Provinces gives
them a strong claim on the notice of the Old Country farmers who see the need of fresh
fields ancLpastures new; comparative nearness to Britain, with regular and uninterrupted
communication all the year round, offers a strong inducement for English settlers to come
here; and the new trade in cattle and sheep which is rapidly growing up between the new
and the old countries is sure to make farming in these provinces a profitable business to
those who have the will and the judgment to lay themselves out to produce live stock of
the quality which will find favour in England."

The Yalley of the St. John, which is one of the richest of the great watersheds of
Canada, contains a great area of very fine stock-raising land, and excellent farming
countries are found away from the valley—on either side of it. Land in a state of nature
can be obtained for next to nothing, and cultivated farms, having houses and buildings
upon them, and being fenced in all round, can be purchased at one or two years' rent of
farms in England. The Biver St. John forms a great highway for the transport of the
produce of the land, a good deal of which finds its way into the State of Maine, whose
borders adjoin New Brunswick for a considerable distance on the west. Bail ways exist
already through several sections of the country, and the new extension of the Canadian
Pacific line, which is under construction, will expedite the development of the Province
and the removal of what it has to sell. The prosperity of the city of St. John will
receive, as the winter port and the eastern terminus of the line, an impetus which will go
on gathering strength, and it will be strange indeed if these Maritime Provinces do not
greatly increase in population and in wealth.32

People who go out to Canada must make up their minds to work and be steady. It
is no El Dorado for idlers and drunkards. They must expect to rough it more or less for
a time, until they have made money enough to put everything in order; and they must
expect severe winters, which, however, are less trying than the winters of England and
Scotland. There is money to be made by farming in Canada, if a mangoes the right
way to work and chooses a proper locality, and thousands of Englishmen, who have
struggled for years in the Old Country without making much headway, would find a
better chance in Canada.

On the 4fch of October I found myself again on board the Parisian, bound for Liver-
pool, after having had a tour which can only be described as magnificent! Many of our
old passengers were on board, and not a few others whose acquaintance we had made in
Canada. There was a general consensus of opinion that the meeting of the Association,
and the subsequent tripping we had done, had been a conspicuous success. One day,
under the chairmanship of Lord George Hamilton, we had a very interesting discussion
in the saloon, on the topic, "Does Canada offer a good field for emigrants?" The
general opinion was decidedly in favour of the affirmative, scarcely a dissentient voice
being raised to the contrary. Mr. Leach stated that of the emigrants on board who were
returning to England, on the plea that they could not sell the food they raised, many
were men who will do well nowhere. Dr. Edmunds stated that he had not discovered
one person who deserved to get on and wTho had failed to do so in Canada. " Young
dandies, idlers and skulkers," he said, " are no good in Canada ; and it is a mistake to
send out such young men and feed them with remittances ; better make them know that
they must work. Good men will do well in Canada, as they will anywhere." Mr. May
said that we had a surplus population in England, and that there was room for it in
Canada. " Men could do better in Canada than in England, under certain conditions."CANADIAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.

ALL PERSONS desirous of obtaining information
relating to Canada can make application to the
following Agents:

IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

LONDON.....Sir Charles Tupper, K.C.M.G., etc., High Commissioner for the Do-
minion, 10 Victoria Chambers, London, S. W.

Mr. J. Colmer, Secretary, High Commissioner's Office (address as above),
LIVERPOOL..Mr. John Dyke, 15 Water Street.

GLASGOW... .Mr. Thomas Grahame, 40 St. Enoch Square.

BELFAST.....Mr. Charles Foy, 29 Victoria Place.

DUBLIN......Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumberland House.

BRISTOL.....Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge.

CANADA.

IN THE OLD PROVINCES.

QUEBEC..... .Mr. L. Stafford, Point Levis, Quebec.

TORONTO....Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario.

OTTAWA.....Mr. W. J. Wills, Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario.

MONTREAL. .Mr. J. T. Daley, Bonaventure Street, Montreal, Province ot Quebec.

KINGSTON.. .Mr. R. Macpherson, William Street, Kingston, Ontario.

HAM ILTON .. Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway Station, Hamilton, Ontario.

LONDON.....Mr. A, G. Smyth, London, Ontario.

HALIFAX.. ..Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

ST. JOHN.. ..Mr. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick.

IN MANITOBA AND THE NORTHWEST.

WINNIPEG ...Mr. W. C. B. Grahame, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

EMERSON... .Mr. J. E. Tutu, Railway Station, Emerson, Manitoba.

BRANDON .. .Mr. Thos. Bennett, Office at the Railway Station.

PORT ARTHUR. J. M. McGovern.

IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

VICTORIA..........Mr. John Jessop.©

LD poplars that adorn the
lower ramparts built on
the site of those which de-
fended the city in i759.

The walls have been ne-
glected, but are now being
restored to their original
condition by the dominion gov-
ernment.





PART OF THE LOWER RAMPART

A VIEW AT QUEBEC

By H. R. H. the Princess Louise.This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
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Preservation facsimile printing and binding
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