iil
I=I
ILLIN OI
S
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
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DOC.
W 1.35:
11-2424
BOOKS" v.AC- M 1
WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
MODULATED AUDIO
FREQUENCY RADIOSONDE
OBSERVATIONS
(WBAN RAOB MANUAL)
WAR DEPA RTMENT
_ _ _ ~C_ _ _I_~~ C _~_ _ ___ _ _ _ _I __ I~ II ___ __ II _ I ___
0FEBRUJR7~Y 1 9455
WA R D E PA R T M E N T T E C H N I CA L MA N UA L
TM 11-2424
The material in this manual is identical to that of United States Weather Bureau Circular "P," 5th edition, January 1945,
and supersedes the 4th edition of the circular, August 1943
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
MODULATED AUDIO
FREQUENCY RADIOSONDE :,.
OBSERVATIONS
(WBAN RAOB MANUAL)
WAR DEPART MEN T
F E BR UA R Y 19 4 5
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 40 cents
United States Government Printing Office
Washington L( (tary U. of 1. Urbana-Charnpai n
Librarv " " '"
- ~s '' -- - -- - -- - - --
WAR DEPARTMENT,
WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 1 February 1945.
TM 11-2424, Instruction for Modulated Audio Frequency Radiosonde Observations (WBAN
RAOB Manual) is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
[A. G. 300.7 (23 May 44)]
Bk ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:
OFFICIAL: G. C. MARSHALL
J. A. ULIO Chief of Staff
Major General
The Adjutant General
DISTRIBUTION:
AAF (5); AGF (5); ASF (2); T of Opn (5); Dept (5); Def Comd (2); Base Comd (5); AAF
Comd (2); Arm & Sv Bd (2); S Div ASF (1); Tech Sv (2); SvC (5); Area ASvC (2); WDGS
Lib (5); PC&S (2); PE (2); Dep 11 (2); Gen Oversea SOS Dep (Sig Sec) (2); GH (2); M
Cone C (2); Air Base H (2); Gen Sv Sch (5); Sp Sv Sch (10); USMA (2); ROTC (5); Lab
11 (2); Sig AS (2); Rep Sh 11 (2); A (5); D (2); AF (2).
T/O & E 1-627 (125); 4-45 (5); 4-155 (5); 4-260-1 (3); 6-10-1 (3); 6-50-1 (3); 6-75 (5);
6-110-1 (3); 6-150-1 (3); 6-160-1 (3); 6-200-1 (3); 11-107 (3); 11-127 (3); 11-587 (3);
11-592 (3); 44-10-1 (3); 44-12 (3); 44-15 (5); 44-115 (5).
For explanation of symbols, see FM 21-6.
Chapter
I The Radiosonde _ _ _ _
II Radiosonde Ground Equipment___
III Radiosonde Batteries _
IV Balloons _
V Accessories_ _ _
VI Testing and Storage of Radiosondes_
VII Procedure Through Release
VIII Obtaining the Recorder Record_
IX Evaluating the Recorder Record_
X Preparation of Forms________ .
XI Transmission of Raob Messages_ ---
Index_ _------------------------ -
Table
3-1
6-1
7-1
7-2
10-1
Figu
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
2-1
2-2
4-1
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
8-1
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-7
9-8
9-9
CONTENTS
PART I
PART II.-Supplement-Radiosonde Observation Computation Tables and Diagrams (follow index)
*PART III.-Addendum
TABLES
Types of Radiosonde Batteries ..
Radiosonde Performance-defect Table-
Difference Between Station Elevation and Elevation of Instrument Shelter (Meters)
Length of Exposure for Hygrometer Element .....-
Octant of the Globe
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ire
Friez Radiosonde Showing Transmitter, Battery, and Baroswitch Sections_
Schematic Diagram of Friez Radiosonde-
Schematic Diagram of W. I. T. Radiosonde .....
Temperature Evaluator Used With Friez Radiosonde_ _
Temperature Evaluator Used With W. I. T. Radiosonde_
Ground Equipment Showing Super-Regenerative Receiver, Electronic Frequency Unit, and Micro-
ammeter Recorder
Ground Equipment Showing Superheterodyne Receiver, Electronic Frequency Unit, and Potentiometer
Recorder___-------
Box for Heat-Conditioning of Balloons____
Temperature and Humidity Elements of Friez Radiosonde, (a) Temperature Side; (b) Humidity Side_
Temperature and Humidity Elements of W. I. T. Radiosonde
W. I. T. Radiosonde Showing Transmitter, Battery, and Baroswitch Sections ....
Baroswitch Section of Friez Radiosonde --
Baroswitch Section of W. I. T. Radiosonde_
Friez Radiosonde Transmitter Section
Diagram Showing Relationship Between Radiosonde Commutator and Calibration Chart
Instrument Shelter with Radiosonde, Relay TestSwitch, Psychrometer and Fan in Position for Baseline
Check _------------------
Instrument Shelter With Radiosonde, Motor Test Switch, and Small Whirling Psychrometer in Position
for Baseline Check _ _
Baseline Check' Record Showing Two Humidity Traces in Agreement, (Radiosonde With High Reference
Test Lead) - ---------------------------------------------------
Baseline CheckRecord Showing Three Humidity Traces in Trend, (Radiosonde Without High Reference
Test Lead) -------------------------------------- ---------------
Portion of Raob Record Plotted from Visual Meter Readings-
Recorder Record_-_ Facing pi
Determining the Significance of a Point on the Recorder Record_ -
Placing Levels at Cut-off Points and in a Motorboating Stratum --
Descent Record_
Determination of Drift-Shift Correction---------------- ------------------- --
Displaced Calibration Curve_
Evaluation of Zigzag Temperature Trace -------- --------------------------------------
Evaluation of Relative Humidity Trace, Example No. 1
Evaluation of Relative Humidity Trace, Example No. 2 ---------
*Administrative only. Not available to general public.
III
1
2
2
3
3
5
6
12
20
21
22
23
23
24
30
32
33
35
35
42
age 46
46
47
49
50
52
53
53
54
Page
.1
5
,8
11
17
19
39
44
57
73
75
8
26
30
33
69
CONTENTS
Evaluation of Relative Humidity Trace, Example No. 3 ----
Evaluation of Relative Humidity Trace, Example No. 4_
Example of Folded Calibration Chart Showing Position of Labels-
Determination of Ascent Corrections
WBAN-30, Front
WBAN-30, Back__ _
WBAN-31A_
WBAN-31B
Superadiabatic Segment of Temperature Curve___
Computation of Mean Temperature
Computation of Mean Virtual Temperature - --
Determination of Thickness of Strata
Isentropic Surface, Normal
Isentropic Surface, Adiabatic
WBAN-32__ ----
Page
54
55
56
59
Facing page 60
Facing page 60
Facing page 60
Facing page 60
61
62
63
64
67
67
Facing page 69
IV
Figure
9-10
9-11
9-12
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
Chapter I. THE RADIOSONDE
1100. GENERAL
1101. The radiosonde consists of a set of
meteorological instruments combined with a
small radio transmitter and assembled in a
small cardboard box. The assembly is carried
aloft by a free balloon. During the observa-
tion, values indicating the pressure, tempera-
ture, and relative humidity of the air are
transmitted to the ground receiving station
FIGURE 1-1.-Friez radiosonde showing transmitter, battery, and baroswitch sections.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
where they are automatically recorded. At the
extreme altitude, the balloon bursts and the
radiosonde descends to the surface of the earth
on a small parachute.
1200. COMPONENT PARTS
1210. Radio Transmitter.-The radiosonde
transmitter, one type of which is shown in fig-
ure 6-6, emits a radio signal at a frequency
of 72.2 megacycles. The signal is modulated
by varying the resistance in the meterologi-
cal control circuit by means of resistors sen-
sitive to temperature and relative humidity
changes, and two fixed resistors. The fixed
resistors are in circuits termed the high and
low reference circuits, respectively. Figures
1-2 and 1-3 show schematically the meteoro-
logical control circuits of the two models of
radiosondes now in general use.
1220. Baroswitch.-The baroswitch, shown
in figures 6-4 and 6-5, has two functions in the
radiosonde: (1) To indicate pressure values
during the sounding, and (2) to switch into the
control circuit in a definite order the tenmpera-
ture, humidity, low reference, and high refer-
ence resistors. One side of the pressure dia-
phragm is fixed to a rigid support, the other
side of the distending diaphragm engages a
contact arm through a suitable linkage. As
the radiosonde ascends through levels of de-
creasing atmospheric pressure, the diaphragm
of the baroswitch causes the contact arm to
move across a commutator.
1221. The baroswitch commutator consists of
either 80 (Friez) or 95 (W. I. T.) metallic
segments separated by dielectric material. One
metallic segment and the succeeding adjacent
nonconducting segment comprise one "contact."
The 80 (or 95) contacts are correlated with the
indicated pressure values in a manner such that
when the number of the contact is known the
corresponding indicated pressure can be deter-
mined from a calibration chart as shown in
figure 9-6.
1222. By referring to figures 1-2 and 1-3, it
can be seen that when the point of the con-
tact arm rests on any one of several metallic
HIGH -REFERENCE (RED)
TEST
LEADS LOW REFERENE (BLUE)
HU IDITY
(YELLOW)
CONTACT
ARM
ANEROID
CELLS
LIII--
COMMUTATOR
HUMIDITY
ELEMENT
TEMPERATURE
RELAY ELEMENT
TO
RED WIRE TO TRANSMITTER
TRANSMITTER
AND
BATTERY
- -J
BATTERY A+
FIGURE 1 -2.-Schematic diagram of Friez radiosonde.
HIGH REFERENCE (RED)
TEST
LEADS LOW REFERENCE (SLUE ( F -----
HUMIDITY (YELLOW) TRANSMITTER
COMMUTATOR AND
CONTACT ARM RELAY BATTERY
TO BATTERY A +
ANEROID
CELLS
HUMIDITY
TEMPERATURE ELEMENT
ELEMENT
FIGURE 1-3.-Schematic diagram of W. I. T. radiosonde.
7ft
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
segments, a relay is energized so that the
humidity resistor is connected into the mete-
orological control circuit and that the other
metallic segments are connected to the high and
low reference circuits. When the contact point
rests on a nonconducting segment, the tempera-
ture resistor is in the control circuit.
1230. Temperature Element.-The tem-
perature resistor or element is made of a
ceramic material, the resistance of which in-
creases as the temperature decreases. Figures
6-1 and 6-2 show the two types of temperature
elements now in general use.
1231. For each model of radiosonde, a tem-
perature evaluator is provided. This evaluator
is a two-scale slide rule designed to convert the
recorded temperature ordinate into degrees cen-
tigrade. As indicated in figures 1-4 and 1-5, one
scale of the evaluator represents the temperature
ordinates, the other, centigrade temperatures.
During a prerelease check of the radiosonde,
known as the "baseline check," the temperature
evaluator is set with the instrument shelter tem-
perature opposite the corresponding recorded
temperature ordinate. From this setting, the
temperature for any level of the sounding can be
FIGURE 1-4. -Temperature evaluator used with Friez radiosonde.
FIGURE 1-5.-Temperature evaluator used with W. I. T. radiosonde.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
determined by reading the temperature value
opposite the temperature ordinate recorded for
the level. Throughout this manual, the term
ordinate is used as equivalent to the terms
"recorder ordinate," "chart division," and
"frequency division" which are found on the
several types of evaluators and calibration
charts used.
1240. Humidity Element.-The humidity
resistor or hygrometer element consists of a
chemically coated plastic strip with metallized
edges. The resistance across the chemical film
changes with variations in the relative humidity
and the temperature of the air in which it is
exposed. The effect of temperature is elimi-
nated by the use of a special graph, from which
the relative humidity of a given level of the
sounding can be determined as a function of
both the temperature and the humidity ordinate.
Figure 9-6 shows a radiosonde calibration
chart containing both the humidity evaluation
graph and the pressure calibration curve.
1250. Ventilation Chamber.-The tempera-
ture and humidity elements are installed in the
ventilation chamber of the radiosonde. The
elements are surrounded by a cylindrical shield
designed to reduce the effects of radiation and
insolation on the measurements. The methods
of mounting the temperature and humidity
elements are shown in figures 6-1 and 6-2.
4
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter II. RADIOSONDE GROUND EQUIPMENT
2100. GENERAL
2101. The radiosonde ground equipment con-
sists of an antenna, shortwave radio receiver,
electronic frequency unit, and a recorder. A
voltage stabilizer is also used when improved
regulation is necessary because of fluctuations
in the available power supply. These units are
FIGURE 2-1.-Ground equipment showing super-regenerative receiver, electronic frequency unit and microammeter recorder
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 2-2.-Ground equipment showing superheterodyne receiver, electronic frequency unit, and potentiometer recorder.
used in the process of receiving and recording
the radiosonde signals.
2200. ANTENNAS
2210. General.-The dipole and wire-doublet
antennas are the two types of radiosonde an-
tennas in general use.
2220. Dipole Antenna.-The standard ver-
tical dipole antenna consists of a metal rod and
a metal skirt, each approximately one quarter
wave length in length. A gas-filled or a solid
coaxial cable transmission line is used with this
type of antenna to reduce loss of signal strength.
2230. Wire-Doublet Antenna.-The wire-
doublet antenna, consisting of two legs, each of
which has a length of approximately one quar-
ter wave length, is used for standby or emer-
gency purposes. Coaxial cable transmission
line also produces better results with this an-
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
tenna, although twisted-pair telephone wire
may be used successfully for the transmission
line provided its length is kept at a minimum
to avoid loss of signal strength.
2300. RECEIVERS
2301. Super-regenerative and superhetero-
dyne receivers with especially designed audio-
amplifiers are used for radiosonde reception on
the 72.2-megacycle frequency. Super-regener-
ative receivers are considered the better type for
radiosonde observations since they require less
frequent tuning than the superheterodyne type,
permitting the observer to spend more time in
evaluating the data as the record is made.
However, at stations having considerable inter-
ference, the superheterodyne receiver usually
gives better results since it provides greater
selectivity.
2400. ELECTRONIC FREQUENCY UNITS
2401. The electronic frequency units in gen-
eral use all embody the same operating prin-
ciple. A pulsating direct current proportional
to the frequency of the applied alternating cur-
rent voltage (input signal) operates a visual
meter and a recorder. A current output of
approximately 500 micro-amperes is required
for full-scale deflection of 100 ordinates. The
several types of frequency units in service dif-
fer principally in mechanical design. Elabo-
rate voltage regulation is required so that the
output current is controlled by the input signal
without being affected by variations in the
power supply.
35,00. RECORDERS
2510. General.-The two radiosonde record-
ers in general use are the microammeter and
potentiometer types.
2520. Microammeter Recorder.-The mi-
croammeter recorder is designed to register the
position of a microammeter pointer. The posi-
tion of the pointer depends on the current out-
put of the electronic frequency unit. A photo-
electric scanning device causes an impression
to be printed on the recorder chart paper at a
point corresponding in value to the position of
the pointer.
2530. Potentiometer Recorder.-In the po-
tentiometer recorder, the output of the elec-
tronic frequency unit is balanced against an
automatically operated slidewire potentiometer.
The balancing mechanism moves a pen to the
point on the recorder chart paper correspond-
ing to the adjustment of the potentiometer.
7
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter III. RADIOSONDE BATTERIES
3100. GENERAL
3101. Power is supplied to the radiosonde
transmitter by a small, compact dry cell bat-
tery designed to produce a maximum output at
a minimum weight. This battery is necessarily
more delicate, has a shorter shelf life. and
therefore requires greater care and better stor-
age conditions than the larger types of dry-
cell batteries., The effective life of the radio-
sonde battery is greatly reduced by the low
temperatures to which it is exposed in the upper
atmosphere. The observer must, therefore,
avoid wasting the energy of the battery.
3102. The radiosonde battery consists of two
parts: The "A" section, which supplies approxi-
mately 3 volts to the filament of the transmitter
tube, and the "B" section, which supplies ap-
proximately 90 volts to the plate of the tube.
3200. TYPES OF RADIOSONDE
BATTERIES
3201. Table 3-1 lists the types of radiosonde
dry-cell batteries now in general use.
TABLE 3-1.-Types of radiosonde batteries.
Type No. Manufacturer t d Cd
BA-67_ _ _ National Carbon Co 3 90 700
4X2V60_ _- Burgess Battery Co______ 3 90 350
4X2W60 _ _ _ _ _ _ do_ 3 90 700
X-542 _____ National Carbon Co ..... 3 90 450
3202. Figures 1-1 and 6-3 show radiosondes
with the batteries installed in the battery com-
partments.
33,00. TESTING RADIOSONDE
BATTERIES,
3310. Receipt of Batteries.-Instructions re-
garding the receipt of radiosonde batteries, in-
correct or missing invoices or packing slips,
damages sustained in shipping, and shortages
will be found in the addendum as required.
3311. Dry-cell radiosonde batteries sealed
with a pliofilm or plastic wrapper or in plastic
pouches usually will not be tested until just
before installation in the radiosonde. How-
ever, in certain cases specified as required in the
addendum, the seal will be broken and the bat-
tery tested prior to the expiration of the
guarantee period, even though the battery is
not to be used immediately.
3311.1. Batteries which are not sealed at the
socket will be tested upon receipt.
3320. Required Voltages.-Each radio-
sonde battery will be tested just prior to install-
ing it in the radiosonde to minimize any loss
due to battery failure. In every case the bat-
tery will be tested with the voltmeter furnished
for this purpose. (See sec. 5700.) Since the
voltmeter places a load on the battery, it should
not remain connected longer than is necessary
to test the battery.
3321. Battery voltages should ordinarily be
considered too low for use in raobs when the
"A" voltage is less than 2.5 volts, and the "B"
voltage is less than 82 volts. However, in the
event that the supply of serviceable batteries be-
comes exhausted, batteries having slightly lower
voltages than those specified above may be used.
3322. Batteries will be rejected if the voltage
is observed to be falling when connected to a
radiosonde battery voltmeter for a period of
one-half minute.
3323, All corrosion and foreign material will
be removed from the plugs and sockets prior
to connecting them. The battery plug will be
removed at right angles to the top of the bat-
tery plug by grasping the edge of the plug and
not the wires. If it becomes necessary to re-
move the plug by mechanical means, the caps
of the plug and socket should remain parallel
to avoid binding the prongs and damaging
the electrical circuit. If a metal object, such as
a screw-driver, is used for removing the battery
plug from the socket, care must also be taken
to avoid shorting the 90-volt section through
the 3-volt side of the voltmeter or through the
filament of the radiosonde transmitter tube.
3330. Disposition of Defective Batteries.-
Instructions regarding the disposition of defec-
tive or damaged radiosonde batteries are con-
tained in the addendum.
3400. STORAGE OF RADIOSONDE
BATTERIES
3410. General.-Humidity and temperature
conditions during storage are the major factors
8
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
affecting the shelf life and performance of a
radiosonde battery.
3411, Exposure in air having high or ab-
normally low relative humidity will cause de-
terioration of the battery with resultant reduc-
tion in its ampere-hour output.
3412. High temperatures increase chemical
action, thus reducing the shelf life of the bat-
tery. Low temperatures arrest chemical action,
thereby increasing the shelf life of the battery.
Consequently, batteries should be stored at the
lowest temperature practicable.
3413. The combination of high temperatures
and high relative humidities not only shortens
the life of the battery, but is favorable to the
formation of corrosion, electrical leakage, and
open circuits.
3414. Uniform temperatures below 360 F.
(2o C.) and relative humidities between 50 and
80 percent provide ideal storage conditions.
Since such conditions are not available at most
stations, it is necessary for each station to utilize
the most suitable conditions which are avail-
able.
3420. Stations with Low Surface Tempera-
tures.-At stations with low surface tempera-
tures, batteries can be placed in water-tight
containers and the containers packed in snow or
ice to avoid extreme temperature fluctuations
during long storage periods. Alternate thaw-
ing and freezing must be avoided. Batteries
stored at low temperatures should be exposed to
room temperature for several days prior to use
so that all parts will acquire the higher tem-
perature.
3430. Stations in Tropical Regions.-In
tropical or semi-tropical regions, excessively
high and variable temperatures should be
avoided. Subterranean storage is desirable
provided excessive dampness can be avoided.
Ventilated areas under buildings are more suit-
able than the interiors of buildings where tem-
peratures vary greatly. The batteries will be
stored in closed shipping cartons in order to
take advantage of the additional protection
from high humidities, and from colloidal salt
at coastal stations. If excelsior or sawdust is
used for packing, the material must be dried
out occasionally to avoid molding and the re-
sulting generation of heat after the material
has become saturated with moisture.
3440. Use of Electric Refrigerators.-With
the proper precautions, the storage of batteries
in electric refrigerators may be accomplished
satisfactorily, provided space is available for
this purpose. Keep the refrigerator closed as
much as possible to avoid large variations in
temperature and relative humidity. Adjust the
controls of the refrigerator to a temperature of
about 360 F. (20 C.). Protect the batteries from
the possibility of damage due to water dripping
from the refrigerator coils. Do not remove the
batteries from the refrigerator for short inter-
vals during the storage period, because the effect
of condensation on the cells and connections is
detrimental. Batteries stored in refrigerators
will be exposed to room temperature for several
days before use.
3500. PREPARATION OF RADIOSONDE
BATTERY FOR USE
3510. Surface Temperatures above 0O C.-
When the surface temperature is above freez-
ing, the battery will be installed at room tem-
perature just prior to exposing the radiosonde
at atmospheric conditions.
3520. Surface Temperatures below 00 C.-
When the surface temperature is below O0 C.,
the battery will be heated to a temperature not
exceeding 550 C. (1310 F.) for a period of 1
hour immediately prior to beginning the base-
line check. The battery will be installed in the
radiosonde immediately before exposing the
radiosonde in the instrument shelter.
3530. Surface Temperatures below -200
C.-When the surface temperature is below
-200 C., the battery should not be installed
until immediately prior to beginning the base-
line check. However, since some types of scotch
tape will not adhere to the case of the radio-
sonde when applied under extremely low tem-
peratures, modifications of this procedure may
be necessary. Limited amounts of tape can
usually be applied by warming the edge of the
case with the bare hand.
3,600. REPAIR OF RADIOSONDE
BATTERIES
3610. Stations Authorized to Make Re-
pairs.-Remote stations with poor transporta-
tion facilities and large battery inventories may
find it impossible to use batteries prior to the
expiration of the guarantee period. Such sta-
tions are authorized to repair dry-cell radio-
sonde batteries.
3620. Repair of Burgess Batteries.-When
a Burgess battery is found defective at a re-
mote station, the battery case should be opened
to determine the cause. If the voltmeter shows
zero voltage, a check should be made for an
open circuit, which can be resoldered. If the
voltage is low, the voltages of the individual
cells should be checked. If a relatively few are
found defective, they should be replaced by
good cells taken from another defective battery.
In replacing these cells, the parts of each cell
and the wires should be cleaned. The connec-
tions are then made by placing together the two
parts which are to be joined and touching them
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
with the tip of a hot soldering iron containing
molten solder. The joint must be made rapidly
since excessive heating will damage the cell.
Upon completion of the repairs, the battery case
should be sealed with scotch or gummed tape.
3630. Repair of National Carbon Co. Bat-
teries.-Since it is impracticable to test or re-
place the individual cells in the National Car-
bon Co. battery, each group of the layer cells
should be checked as a unit and replaced by a
serviceable group havinmg the same number of
cells. Checks for open circuits should be made
if a zero voltage is indicated by the voltmeter
for either section of the battery.
110
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter IV. BALLOONS
4100. GENERAL
4110. Types of Balloons Used for Raobs.--
Two types of meteorological balloons are in
general use for raobs. The large sounding bal-
loon, which is used to carry the equipment aloft,
weighs approximately 350 grams and has an
average diameter of 2 to 3 feet before inflation
and 5 to 6 feet after inflation. The ballast bal-
loon used to retard the ascensional rate in the
lower levels of the observation consists of a 10-
gram ceiling balloon containing a sand ballast.
4111 A sounding balloon weighing 700 grams
is occasionally used in place of the 350-gram
balloon. This balloon has a diameter of 6 to 7
feet after inflation.
4120. Use of Neoprene in Balloons.-A syn-
thetic rubber known as "neoprene" has replaced
latex in the manufacture of meteorological bal-
loons. All references in this manual are to bal-
loons made of neoprene.
4121. A loss in the elasticity of the rubber in
neoprene balloons results from aging and ex-
posure to low or moderate temperatures in tran-
sit, storage, and during the sounding. Neo-
prene balloons, therefore, require conditioning
by heating prior to use in order to avoid pre-
mature bursting. It is important that meteoro-
logical data be obtained to the highest possible
level.
4200. STORAGE OF BALLOONS
4201. The 350-gram balloons will be stored
in their original semiairtight containers at
the highest available temperature not in excess
of 490 C. (1200 F.). The balloons will be stored
so that those from the oldest shipment on hand
will be used first, in order to reduce deteriora-
tion resulting from age. The 10-gram balloons
should be stored in closed cartons under the
same conditions as the 350-gram balloons.
4300. CONDITIONING OF BALLOONS
4310. General.-There are several satisfac-
tory methods for conditioning neoprene bal-
loons. The treatments described below have
been found to give the most satisfactory results.
4311. The 350-gram balloons should remain
sealed in their original containers until the
treatment is to be started. If the balloon has
been exposed to temperatures below 00 C., it
should be stored at room temperature for not
less than 6 hours prior to its removal from the
container to avoid damage resulting from re-
moving the folds while the rubber is in a stiff-
ened condition.
4320. Double-Boiler Treatment.-Use a
double-boiler arrangement of sufficient size (at
least 3-quart size) to permit the heating and
turning of two 350-gram balloons. Fill the
lower container about three-fourths full of wa-
ter and heat to the boiling point. Place the
smaller container holding the balloons into the
larger container and heat the balloons for 30
minutes. Change the positions of the balloons
frequently to insure uniform heating.
4330. Hot Water Bath Treatment.-Use a
container of at least 3-gallon capacity. Fill
the container about three-fourths full of water
and heat to the boiling point. To prevent air
from entering the balloon when it is removed
from its container, insert a small wooden plug,
about the size of the inflation nozzle, in the neck
of the balloon. (If a suitable plug is not
available, a cloth ribbon or heavy twine may be
used to close the neck of the balloon. The rib-
bon or twine should be tied sufficiently tight
to prevent air or water from entering the bal-
loon during the treatment but it should not
be tied so tightly that the neck will be cut when
the rubber becomes soft.) If air is found in
the balloon, remove it by rolling up the bal-
loon.
4331. While the neck is closed with the plug
or twine, submerge the entire balloon, except
the neck, in the boiling water. Support the
balloon by the neck. Stir constantly so that the
balloon will not rest on the bottom of the con-
tainer where the temperature may be sufficiently
high to burn the neoprene.
4332. A 5-minute treatment is usually suffi-
cient to soften the rubber. Shake all free
water from the balloon before beginning the
inflation.
4440. Direct Heat Treatment.-If facilities
cannot be obtained for heating balloons with
boiling water, the direct heat treatment may be
used. The balloons can be heated by placing
them over a heater, radiator, or electric lamp,
care being taken to shield the balloon from
direct contact. Lighting fixture globes which
do not make direct contact with the bulb may
also be used. A 150- or 200-watt bulb is re-
quired to produce sufficient heat. Tempera-
11
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
tures as near as possible to the boiling point of
water should be used. The value of lower tem-
peratures for conditioning purposes is doubtful.
However, if lower temperatures must be
used, the value of the treatment can be deter-
mined by noting the bursting elevations at-
tained. An average weekly bursting elevation
of 20,000 meters has been obtained with stand-
ard 350-gram neoprene balloons which have been
properly heated.
4441. Care must be taken to see that the tem-
perature does not exceed 120' C. (2480 F.) since
the neoprene will burn at higher temperatures.
The treatment should be continued 'for at least
30 minutes if the temperature is 1000 C. (2120
F.) and for a proportionately longer period if
it is below 1000 C. The balloons must be turned
at intervals to insure uniform heating, since the
performance of the balloon depends on the uni-
formity of the envelope at the time of inflation.
Excessively long periods of heating at tempera-
tures near 1000 C. will result in deterioration of
the rubber.
4450. Conditioning Chamber.-Figure 4-1
shows a suitable balloon conditioning chamber
which can be constructed from material readily
available at most stations. The wooden box is
111/2 inches wide, 13 inches deep, and 14 inches
high, inside dimensions. The balloons are placed
on a sliding shelf made of a piece of plastic
screen mounted on a wooden frame. The top
edge of the shelf is 21/2 inches above the top of
the 200-watt bulb. A cone-shaped metal shield
is used to provide even distribution of heat and
is mounted so that its center is 1 inch above the
top of the bulb.
4451. Tests showed that when the box had
been stored at room temperature, the 200-watt
bulb produced a temperature of approximately
1180 C. (2440 F.), at a point 3 inches below the
top of the box, after the lamp had been on for 1
hour with the door of the box closed.
4452. Two balloons can be conditioned at one
time in the box shown in figure 4-1. The
balloons should be placed on the shelf and
heated for 1 hour. They should be moved fre-
quently to insure even heating during the con-
ditioning period.
4453. If plastic screen is not available, the
sliding shelf may be constructed of thin, sanded
wooden slats spaced to provide adequate ventila-
tion.
4460. Treatment of 10-gram Balloons.-
Since the bursting diameter of the ballast bal-
loon is controlled by the amount of gas in the
balloon, the special heat treatment is usually un-
FIGURE 4-1.-Box for heat-conditioning of balloons.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
necessary for the 10-gram balloons used for this
purpose. The storage temperature will affect
the bursting elevation. Therefore, when the
optimum inflation circumference for obtaining
the desired bursting elevation has been deter-
mined by experience, it is important that the 10-
gram balloons be stored at approximately the
same temperature to, insure consistent bursting
at the desired elevation.
4500. INFLATION OF BALLOONS
4510. Handling of Balloons.--Meteorologi-
cal sounding balloons are extremely delicate
especially when in a softened condition after
the heat treatment. A slight abrasion, although
not sufficient to cause perceptible damage, may
cause the balloon to burst during inflation or
prematurely during the sounding. Careful
handling of balloons is therefore essential.
4511. All sharp edges and rough surfaces
should be removed from the equipment used to
heat the balloons. Balloons should be handled
only by the necks and should not be permitted to
come into contact with grease, oil, abrasive ma-
terial, or rough surfaces. If it becomes neces-
sary to lay a balloon down after it has been re-
moved from the carton, it should be placed on
clean paper. The balloons should not be exposed
to direct sunlight except as may be necessary
during the actual inflation or release.
4520. Inflation of 315,0-gram Balloons.--All
excess air should be removed from the balloon.
If the hot-water bath treatment has been used,
the neck should remain closed until the inflation
nozzle is to be inserted.
4521. If the gas regulator or outlet valve is
equipped with a low-pressure gage, open the
valve to a pressure not exceeding 20 pounds per
square inch. If hydrogen is used directly from
a generator, open the gage to a pressure not ex-
ceeding 10 pounds per square inch. If no low-
pressure outlet gage is available, adjust the flow
of the gas so that a period of at least 10 min-
utes is required to completely inflate the balloon
with helium or so that 20 minutes are required
if hydrogen is used.
4522. Place the balloon in a position where it
will not come into contact with sharp objects
or rough surfaces. Hold the balloon by the
neck until it is supported by the gas. Check
that the correct weights have been attached to
the nozzle.
4523. When the balloon is about one-half in-
flated, close the gas valve. Listen for gas leaks
and examine the balloon for defects. Serious
defects may result from foreign material in the
rubber, a break in a double layer of rubber or a
deformity in a small area of rubber film. Dis-
coloration should not be considered as a defect
6133"8 --45- 2
unless experience indicates that certain types
of discolorations result in premature bursting.
If the balloon is defective, begin inflating a sec-
ond balloon; otherwise, proceed with inflation.
4524. Close the outlet valve as soon as the
inflation weights are raised from their support.
Listen momentarily for escaping gas from the
balloon.
4525. Use a 6-foot length of double cord (16-
ply cotton twine) for tying the balloon. Make
one turn of the doubled cord around the neck
of the balloon just above the inflation nozzle and
at a position about one-fourth of the length of
the neck from the balloon. Adjust the doubled
cord so that free ends of about 5 feet and 1 foot
in length, respectively, are available. Pull the
cord as tight as possible and tie with a square
knot. Make another turn around the neck and
tie again. Remove the nozzle, fold the neck
upward at its midpoint, and again tie as above.
4526. Adjust the 5-foot portion of the doubled
cord to equal lengths and tie securely to the
cords provided at the top center of the para-
chute. Check the parachute for crossed or tan-
gled shroud lines. Tie a 50-foot length of cord
securely to the free ends of the parachute shroud
lines, just below the knot. (See par. 4610 re-
garding use of a shorter cord.) Place the other
end of the 50-foot cord in a convenient position
for tying to the radiosonde. (See par. 7830.)
4527. The ballast balloon is then tied just be-
low the parachute to the 50-foot cord unless it
is later to be tied below the radiosonde. (See
pars. 4552 and 4553.)
4530. Lift for 350-gram Balloon.-The total
lift of a balloon is the sum of the inflation
weights and the weights of the balloon, infla-
tion nozzle, and that part of the hose supported
by the balloon. This sum, less the weight of the
balloon, is the lift available for carrying the
train.
4531. The free lift of a balloon is the lift
which remains available after the complete train
is supported by the balloon. The free lift, there-
fore, directly affects the ascensional rate.
4532. The ascensional rate of a balloon is
affected by atmospheric conditions, shape of the
balloon and weight of the train. Since these
factors are variable, the optimum lift to be used
for any given sounding can best be determined
by experience.
4533. For good weather conditions, the total
lift should be so adjusted that the average ascen-
sional rate below the 400-millibar level will ap-
proach but not exceed an average of 200 meters
per minute. Therefore, a radiosonde released at
or near sea level should reach the 400-millibar
level in approximately 40 minutes. When pre-
cipitation or icing is occurring or expected, an
effort will be made to provide sufficient lift to
13
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
insure that the balloon will not descend or float
as a result of the additional load.
4534. Under good weather conditions, a free
lift of approximately 400 grams will normally
provide an average ascensional rate under 200
meters per minute when helium is used. (Hy-
drogen will produce slightly higher ascensional
rates than helium with the same free lift.) For
example, the average weight of the train with-
out ballast balloon and using a type 4X2V60
battery is approximately 1,100 grams. A total
lift (excluding the raob balloon) of 1,500 grams
will provide a free lift of approximately 400
grams. The total lift should be increased by
about 100 grams, if a type X-542 battery is
used. If a type 4X2W60 or type BA67 battery
is used, the total weight of the train would be
increased by about 350 grams; therefore, a total
lift of approximately 1,850 grams would be re-
quired to obtain a free lift of 400 grams.
4534.1. Since the weights of radiosondes, bat-
teries, and parachutes are changed from time
to time, the observer should check the weights
given in paragraph 4534 against those of the
items actually supplied to the station.
4535. An increased lift of 100 grams is nor-
mally sufficient to compensate for the increase
in weight of the train resulting from moisture.
This will vary with the type of parachute and
type of cord used as well as with the downward
force exerted on the balloon and train when
precipitation is also occurring. Under light or
moderate icing conditions an increase in the lift
of from 200 to 300 grams will usually be suffi-
cient. Under severe icing conditions an in-
crease of up to 800 grams in free lift may be
necessary to insure a successful sounding.
4536. When a ballast balloon is used, the
total lift should be increased by approxi-
mately three-fourths of the weight of the ballast
to maintain a normal ascensional rate.
4537. Ascensional rates are important be-
cause too high a rate decreases the accuracy and
value of a record while too low a rate may re-
sult in the loss of important data due to weak
signals because of distance or low angles during
high winds. Observers should study this prob-
lem so that they will be able to make the proper
adjustments in lifts to obtain ascensional rates
near the desired value.
4538. The gas from an inflated balloon slowly
escapes through pores in the rubber. If the re-
lease is delayed for more than thirty minutes
after the inflation of the balloon, a check of the
total lift should be made prior to the release
and the balloon reinflated to the proper lift if
a change has occurred.
4539,. If a balloon is inflated and not used to
make a scheduled sounding, the gas should be
released from the balloon. If hydrogen has
been used for inflating the balloon, deflation
should be accomplished in the open air. If an
inflated balloon is retained for the next raob
(normally twelve hours later) fatigue of the
rubber will result in premature bursting.
4540. Patching of Balloons.-The cost of a
balloon is small compared to the loss which
would be incurred if the sounding failed as the
result of premature bursting of the balloon.
Therefore, 350-gram balloons containing pin-
holes should be patched only in case of an emer-
gency resulting from a shortage of balloons.
4550. Ballast Balloon.-The purpose of the
ballast balloon is to reduce the ascensional rate
between the surface and the 400-millibar level
and at the same time to permit the use of suf-
ficient lift to insure rapid ascensional rates in
the higher levels, with consequent reduction in
the loss of the upper level data due to fading
signals. The use of ballast balloons is also im-
portant because higher ascensional rates can be
obtained in the upper levels and thus the period
during which the larger balloons are exposed
to extremely low temperatures is reduced. The
ballast balloon should be used unless precipita-
tion or icing is expected or the surface wind ve-
locity is so great that a successful release cannot
be made because of the additional weight.
4551. The 10-gram balloon is used as the raob
ballast balloon. From 300 to 500 grams of
fine, dry sand are poured into the balloon.
(Water will not be used for ballast at land
stations.) The balloon is then inflated to ap-
proximately 20 inches in the greater diameter.
The inflated diameter should be such that the
balloon will burst between the 400- and 500-
millibar levels. Air may be used for inflating
the ballast balloon.
4552. For releases during high wijds, it will
be more convenient to suspend the ballast bal-
loon below the radiosonde, since the 350-gram
balloon will be able to rise more rapidly before
it is required to carry the weight of the entire
train.
45153. If the ballast balloon is suspended be-
neath the radiosonde, the neck of the balloon
should be tied in the center of a piece of cord
6 feet long. The cord should be passed through
the support ring on top of the radiosonde and
tied so as to form a loop around the radiosonde.
The loop is then adjusted so the radiosonde will
hang in its normal position.
4553.1. The ballast balloon should be located
in the train so that it will not set up motions
which will disturb the radiosonde.
4600. MAKING THE RELEASE
4610. Position of Radiosonde in the
Train.-The radiosonde should be suspended
not less than 50 feet below the 350-gram balloon
unless high surface winds or obstructions make
14
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
it impossible to obtain a successful release with
a long train. (See par. 7380.) This length is
required to reduce the possibility of measuring
erroneous temperatures in the vicinity of the
balloon. A long cord reduces the amount of agi-
tation to which the radiosonde is subjected when
the balloon passes through turbulent air. A
long cord also has an advantage in making an
overhead release since it permits the balloon
to gain a greater elevation before it must sup-
port the weight of the radiosonde.
4620. The Release.-Release procedures must
necessarily be varied with conditions surround-
ing the site from which the release is made. The
release should be made from the ground level
when this is practicable.
4621. The observer should be familiar with
all obstructions and air traffic over the area be-
fore attempting a release. Before the balloon
is removed from the inflation shelter, the wind
direction and velocity should be determined and
a point selected from which the radiosonde will
not strike obstructions or encounter downdrafts.
4622. Release During Light Winds.-
Firmly tie the 4-foot cord, which has already
been attached to the ring of the radiosonde and
the upper leg of the antenna, to the 50-foot
cord which has been tied to the shroud lines
of the parachute. Take the balloon from the
inflation shelter to a point free from overhead
obstructions. Pay out the train slowly until the
radiosonde is reached. Hold the radiosonde
by the ring or support strap. Observe the di-
rectioin in which the balloon tends to move and
select a new position if obstructions are in the
path the balloon will follow. Release the radio-
sonde when all checks have been completed.
4623. Release During Moderate or High
Winds.-The two-man overhead release should
be used during moderate or high winds. The
radiosonde should be tied to the train and the
visual checks prior to release made in front
of the shelter before the balloon is removed. If
precipitation is occurring, the checks may be
completed in the inflation shelter, provided the
temperature is approximately the same as in
the instrument shelter.
4623.1. The release point and plan of release
should be determined by the two observers.
After the checks have been completed the ob-
servers will proceed to the point of release and
make the release as rapidly as possible. The
first observer places the radiosonde, right side
up in his left hand, taking care not to cover the
ventilation chamber, and grasps the cord with
his right hand at a point just above the top
of the antenna. The second observer removes
the balloon from the inflation shelter, grasping
the balloon firmly by the neck. The first ob-
server adjusts his movemnents so that a slight ten-
sion is exerted on the cord in his right hand to
avoid having the train become tangled. As soon
as the selected spot is reached, the first observer
shorts the low or high reference, if the wind
permits, as provided in section 7854. The sec-
ond observer holds the balloon directly upwind
from the radiosonde and checks the path the
balloon will follow. If obstructions will be en-
countered he will request the first observer to
assume a new position.
4623.2. As soon as the first observer is in
position facing downwind, with the radiosonde
in his left hand, the cord in his right hand, and
while the train is taut, he gives the ready signal.
The second observer gives the release signal at
the instant he lets go of the balloon. Upon re-
ceipt of the release signal and when the train
slackens, the first observer runs downwind with
the radiosonde until his right hand detects that
the balloon has again taken up the slack. At
this instant he raises the radiosonde with his
left hand and brings the cord forward with his
right hand. If the movements of both hands
are coordinated, the radiosonde will follow the
balloon without any noticeable jolt.
4623.3. If the balloon does not rise, the sec-
ond observer should give the "hold" signal. The
first observer should also attempt to observe the
position of the balloon a moment prior to the
release. After some experience, the approxi-
mate position of the balloon can be determined
by the angle of the tension of cord in the ob-
server's right hand.
4623.4. If the balloon has not risen sufficiently
so that the radiosonde will clear the surface or
obstructions, the radiosonde should not be re-
leased. If the cord breaks, a second balloon
should be inflated and a new train assembled.
A new baseline check should be made. If the
original relationships still exist the same radio-
sonde should be used, otherwise the standby
radiosonde should be prepared for the next
attempt.
4623.5. If the wind is gusty, the balloon
should be released at time of or just before
reaching the lowest velocity. The amount of
variation can be determined by the force on
the balloon. The second observer should time
the moment of release to take advantage of the
reduced velocity.
4623.6. If obstructions prevent the observer
from running downwind the possibility of a
jar at the instant of release is increased. The
observer holding the radiosonde should stand
in a position from which he can observe the
movement of the balloon. At the instant the
balloon takes up the slack, he should follow
through with the radiosonde to reduce the jolt
and any possible damage to the radiosonde
which may affect the accuracy of the record.
4624. Roof Releases.-The same methods as
used for ground releases can also be used with
15
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
some modifications for roof releases. The roof
edge of areas used for releases should be prop-
erly guarded. Since the radiosonde can usually
be taken to the edge of the roof to obtain the
necessary clearance from the ground, running
with the radiosonde is not recommended. The
balloon should be released from the windward
side of the building in a position which will
take advantage of rising air currents and avoid
descending air currents after the release has
been made. Rising air currents will frequently
aid in raising the balloon sufficiently to avoid
the full effects of the downdraft on the lee side
of the building.
4630. Balloon Covers.-The full-flap type
balloon cover has been designed to protect the
350-gram balloon while carrying it to the point
of release and to aid in releasing the balloon in
high winds. The cover weighs approximately
1,200 grams and can therefore be used as part
of the inflation weight. In a protected infla-
tion shelter, it is usually found more convenient
to cover the balloon after the inflation has been
completed.
4631. The cover is so designed that the balloon
can be moved and controlled by holding two
of the flaps in each hand. At the moment of
releasing the balloon, release the two flaps held
by one hand nearest the windward side of the
balloon. Care should be taken to hold the flaps
in such a manner that the two flaps held by one
hand are on the same side of the cord.
4632. If a balloon cover has not been provided
for the station, one can be improvized from a
muslin sheet or similar material. The sheet is
placed over the balloon in the inflation room.
The four corners of the sheet are brought
together near the neck of the balloon, thus
enclosing the balloon. The release is com-
pleted in a manner similar to that used with
the specially designed cover.
16
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter V. ACCESSORIES
51,00. GENERAL
5101. A number of accessories are provided
in order that standard procedures may be fol-
lowed at all stations in the preparation of the
radiosonde for flight. These items include the
following which,' although of different designs
in the three services, are fundamentally the
sane:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Instrument shelter.
Inflation equipment.
Inflation equipment.
Test switch.
Test batteries.
Battery voltmeter.
5200. INSTRUMENT SHELTER
5202. The instrument shelter is used for the
exposure of the radiosonde to atmospheric con-
ditions prior to and during the baseline check.
Figures 7-2 and 7-3 show internal views of the
instrument shelter with radiosonde, test switch,
centigrade psychrometer, and psychrometer fan
in the proper positions for making the baseline
check.
5300. INFLATION SHELTER
5301. Plans for inflation shelters are pro-
vided separately by the three services. In gen-
eral, inflation of the 350-gram balloon requires
a protected space of not less than 10 x 10 x 10
feet, with suitable doors to allow for the re-
moval of the balloon. It is essential for the
inside walls of the shelter to be covered with a
smooth material in order to avoid damaging the
balloon during the necessary handling.
5302. The doors of the shelter should be faced
in a direction away from that of the highest pre-
vailing winds to insure the least difficulty and
the greatest protection to the balloon during its
removal from the inflation shelter.
5303. A satisfactory temporary inflation
shelter can be readily constructed using a frame-
work of poles or pipes. Canvas or strong cloth
can be lashed to the inside of the frame and
across the top to provide a smooth surface for
the protection of the inflated balloon.
5304. Where inflation of the 350-gram bal-
loon is performed in a hangar or other large
room, a canopy made from a sheet or blanket
will aid in the handling of the inflated balloon.
The sheet should be supported with its center
tied up and the corners extended to form the
canopy. This arrangement will provide a rest-
ing place for the balloon after inflation and will
serve to prevent damage due to striking rough
surfaces.
5305 When hydrogen is used for inflating
balloons, it is absolutely essential that no safety
measure for the avoidance of explosions be
overlooked. No smoking, flames, or sparks
from electrical apparatus should be permitted
near the inflation shelter. Electric fixtures
should be of the flash-proof type. All metal
parts of the inflation equipment should be
grounded to eliminate sparks from static elec-
tricity, since a high potential of static electric-
ity may be generated by the friction of hydro-
gen escaping at high velocity through a small
orifice. When a hydrogen generator is used,
precautions against explosion which are given
in the instruction manuals must be rigidly ad-
hered to for the safety of all concerned.
5400. INFLATION EQUIPMENT
5401. Inflation weights and a nozzle are pro-
vided for use in inflating the 350-gram balloon.
The equipment supplied to stations differs
slightly according to the service concerned. In
general, it is the practice to supply a large
weight of 1,200 or 1,500 grams and smaller
weights of 100, 200, 300, and 500 grams for use
in combination with the large weight as re-
quired. The inflation nozzle may be supplied
either as part of the large inflation weight or
separately.
5500. TEST SWITCH
5510. General.-The radiosonde test switch
provides a means of obtaining a record of the
temperature, low reference; humidity, and high
reference ordinate values during the baseline
check.
5520. Motor Test Switch.-The electric-
motor-driven test switch is the type in most
common use. This test switch uses an electric
motor to close successively, by means of a cam
arrangement, two (or three) microswitches for
the purpose of completing the radiosonde hu-
midity, low reference, and high reference cir-
17
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
cuits, if the latter is provided. The tempera-
ture signal is transmitted when all the micro-
switches are open. The usual arrangement
provides a speed of one revolution per minute
so that about 15 seconds are allowed each cir-
cuit during each minute.
5530. Relay Test Switch.-The remote-con-
trol-relay test switch is at present used only at
certain stations. This type of test switch con-
tains a relay for switching successively the tem-
perature, low reference, humidity, and high
reference circuits into the control circuit of the
radiosonde transmitter. The time allotted each
circuit is controlled by the observer at the
ground equipment by means of a push-button
switch provided for activating the relay.
5540. Storage of Test Switch.-The test
switch will be stored indoors between observa-
tions.
5600. TEST BATTERIES
5601. Test batteries, sometimes installed in a
suitable case, are supplied to stations to reduce
the expenditure involved in testing radio-
sondes before or during preparations for flight.
A set consisting of two 11/2-volt dry-cell bat-
teries and two 45-volt "B" batteries will nor-
mally provide a sufficient power supply for the
average amount of testing for one year at a cost
equal to one radiosonde battery. Therefore,
serviceable radiosonde batteries should not be
used for test purposes except in case of emer-
gency.
5602. Test batteries should be checked at in-
tervals with the radiosonde battery voltmeter to
determine whether sufficient voltage is available.
Batteries found to test below 2.5 volts in the "A"
section or 82 volts in the "B" section should be
replaced. Erroneous audio frequencies miay re-
sult if lower voltages are used.
5603. Occasionally radiosondes are rejected
as outside of the adjustable low reference range
because of a low "B" voltage from the test bat-
teries. In addition, it has been found that
radiosonde relays often will not operate with
an "A" voltage of less than 2.4 volts. Final
rejections of radiosondes for these reasons
should not be made when using the test bat-
teries until the battery voltages have been
checked.
5700. BATTERY VOLTMETER
5701L Voltmeters for testing radiosonde bat-
teries are provided with either a single dual-
scale meter or with two meters. In either type
battery voltmeter, a shunt resistor of approxi-
mately 10 ohms is provided across the "A"
terminals and one of about 7,500 ohms is pro-
vided across the "B" terminals. The meter is
thus equipped to show the same load voltages
as would be obtained with an operating radio-
sonde. This arrangement is important since
open circuit readings of battery voltages do not
provide a positive indication of the condition
of the battery for use.
18
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter VI. TESTING AND STORAGE OF RADIOSONDES
6100. GENERAL
6110. Receipt of Radiosondes. - Radio-
sondes, unless sealed in individual moisture-
proof pouches, will be tested upon receipt.
Radiosondes received in moisture-proof pouches
will not be removed from their pouches for
testing more than twelve hours before they are
to be used for raob or standby purposes.
611. Necessary instructions regarding the
certification of invoices or packing slips, dam-
ages sustained in shipping and shortages are
contained in the addendum.
6120. Repairs to Radiosondes.-Only the re-
pairs authorized in sec. 6400 and in the adden-
dum will be made to radiosondes.
6130. Rejected Radiosondes.-A list of the
defects discovered in each radiosonde will be
placed in its battery compartment. Defects
will not be indicated by markings on the radio-
sonde case. Rejected radiosondes will be dis-
posed of as provided in the addendum.
6140. Testing of Radiosondes.-The visual
inspection and performance tests described in
the following paragraphs will be made without
exception. When defects are noted, the per-
formance tests will be completed insofar as the
defects permit.
6200. VISUAL INSPECTION
6210. General.-The visual inspection checks
will be completed in the following order, after
the flaps and front door of the radiosonde have
been opened and the insulating material re-
moved from the front of the transmitter and
battery compartments.
6220. Serial Numbers.-Check that the se-
rial numbers on the calibration chart and radio-
sonde agree, and that the number of the
baroswitch, which is on or near the baroswitch
assembly, agrees with the corresponding num-
ber on the calibration chart. If the baroswitch
numbers disagree, the radiosonde will be re-
jected. If the baroswitch numbers agree but
the serial numbers do not, accept the radio-
sonde and change the serial number on the cali-
bration chart to agree with that found on the
radiosonde.
6230. Temperature Section.-See figure 6-1
or 6-2. Check the temperature section for the
following defects:
(1) Cracked or chipped temperature
element.
(2) Broken or disconnected leads.
(3) Insufficient tension to insure good
electrical contact in the clips of any radio-
sonde whose temperature element is
mounted in Fahnestock clips.
(4) Oxidation at the connection of leads
and clips.
,6231. Replace all damaged temperature ele-
ments with elements of the same type and manu-
facture. Scrape off any oxidation found on the
leads of replacement temperature elements.
The element should be centered in the ventila-
tion chamber to prevent its touching the sides.
Reject any radiosonde having temperature sec-
tion defects that cannot be repaired by a simple
soldering operation or by replacing the temper-
ature element.
6240. Hygrometer Section.-See figure 6-1
or 6-2. Check the hygrometer section as
follows:
(1) The hygrometer element mounting
clamps must be in working order and have
sufficient tension to prevent the element
from falling out.
(2) Any oxidation at the points where
the clamps contact the edges of the element
must be removed.
(3) All electrical leads must be securely
soldered.
6241. Each radiosonde is supplied with a hy-
grometer element individually sealed in a vial
containing relatively dry air. The seal of the
vial will not be broken until the element is to
be installed in the radiosonde prior to the base-
line check, in accordance with paragraph 7450.
6250. Relay.-See figure 1-1 or 6-3. Re-
move all foreign matter from the relay contacts,
and from between the armature and the pole.
Check to see that the spring has sufficient ten-
sion to move the armature and that the arma-
ture pivot functions properly. Do not attempt
to adjust the relay. Reject any radiosonde
having a defective relay.
6260. Baroswitch Section.-See figure 6-4
or 6-5. Inspect the baroswitch section to de-
termine that:
(1) The aneroid cells are rigidly mounted
on the base and that the base is securely
fixed to the radiosonde case.
19
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 6-1.-Temperature and humidity elements of Friez radiosonde, (a) temperature side; (b) humidity side.
(2) The commutator is set in its frame
in a plane parallel to that described by the
movement of the contact arm.
(3) The contact arm returns to its orig-
inal position when moved a few contacts
higher or lower on the commutator. In
making this test do not move the contact
arm far enough to place a strain on the
pressure cells.
(4) A normal amount of tension is pres-
ent in the contact arm as determined by
raising the arm with a pencil. Reject any
radiosonde having a bent contact arm or
disengaged linkage, since the pressure
calibration will have been affected.
(5) The contact point is within two con-
tacts of the setting corresponding to the
pressure at the elevation of the radiosonde.
If the contact point is more than five con-
tacts to the right or to the left of the proper
setting, reject the radiosonde. If the con-
tact point is from two to five contacts to
the right or left of the proper setting, ad-
just the point to the correct setting and set
the radiosonde aside for a period of about
one week. If at the end of this time, the
contact point is within two contacts of the
correct setting, accept the radiosonde;
otherwise, reject it. The method of deter-
mining the setting of the contact point for
the pressure at the elevation of the radio-
sonde is explained in paragraphs 7344-7346,
inclusive.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 6-2.-Temperature and humidity elements of W. I. T. radiosonde.
(6) The commutator adjustment screw
operates properly. The spring in this as-
sembly must allow the commutator to fol-
low the action of the screw.
(7) The commutator is free of any ir-
regularity which cannot be removed by,
light polishing with crocus paper.
6261. Draw a pencil line across a thin piece of
paper placed over the commutator surface. If
any irregularities can be felt when the line is
drawn, the radiosonde should be rejected unless
the irregularity can be removed by polishing
with crocus paper. Never rub the finger across
the commutator surface since any oil left on the
surface may cause poor switching during the
sounding.
6270. Transmitter and Circuits.-It is not
necessary to remove the transmitter from its
case for purposes of testing and inspecting. The
radiosonde should be furnished with large pads
of insulating material for the transmitter and
battery compartments. A radiosonde should not
be used without this insulating material.
6271. Visually check that all wiring leading
to the transmitter is properly connected and
that the wires within the compartment are suf-
ficiently long that no strain will be placed on
the antenna coil when the knots in the antenna
are pulled against the case, and that no strain
will be placed on the transmitter when the
battery is installed.
6272. The circuits in the radiosonde are iden-
tified by the color of the insulation of the wires.
These colors are as follows:
6272.1. Blue Wire.-Blue wire is used in the
low reference circuit and should be connected
to the metallic segment of every commutator
contact which is a multiple of 5, but not includ-
ing multiples of 15, and to the metallic seg-
ment of every contact above 60 on a Friez radio-
sonde (above 70 on a W. I. T. radiosonde)
which is not a multiple of 5.
6272.2. Red Wire.-Red wire is used in the
high reference circuit and should be connected
to the metallic segment of every contact which
is a multiple of 15, except that above 60 on a
Friez radiosonde (above 70 on a W. I. T. radio-
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 6-3.-W. I. T. radiosonde showing transmitter, battery, and baroswitch sections.
sonde), it should be connected to the metallic seg-
ment of every contact that is a multiple of 5.
6272.3. Yellow Wire.-Yellow wire is used in
the humidity circuit and should be connected
to the metallic segment of every contact
through 59 on a Friez radiosonde (through 69
on a W. I. T. radiosonde), which is not a multi-
ple of 5.
6272.4. Black Wire.-The black wire is the
ground wire and is used to complete the hu-
midity, high reference, and low reference cir-
cuits during circuit tests, baseline checks and
while the radiosonde is in flight. Inspect each
radiosonde to determine that the black wire is
connected to the metallic frame of the Friez
baroswitch unit, or to the fine copper wire con-
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 6-4.-Baroswitcb section of Friez radiosonde.
FIGURnE 6-5.-Baroswitch section of W. 1. T. radiosonde.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
-Battery
Wires
SAntenna Leads
'- Battery Plug
FIGUIE 6-6.-Friez radiosonde transmitter section.
nected to the contact arm of the W. I. T. radio-
sonde. The black wire should also be connected
to the brass rivet or screw, the head of which
is located on the outside of the case and marked
"G" or "GND."
6273. Test Leads.-For purposes of testing
and obtaining the baseline check, a ground wire
and test leads from the humidity and low ref-
erence circuits extend through the side of the
radiosonde case. Some radiosondes also have a
test lead connected to the high reference circuit.
Each of the test leads has the characteristic
color of the circuit to which it is connected.
6300. PERFORMANCE TEST
6310. General-Turn on the receiver and
the electronic frequency unit. After their op-
erating temperatures have been reached (about
30 minutes), make an adjustment of the fre-
quency unit to the 60-cycle value.
6311. Adjustment of Frequency Unit to 60-
cycle Value.-Turn the input switch to the
60-cycle position. By means of the frequency
unit controls (labeled "coarse" and "fine" or
"continuous" and "step"), adjust to the visual
meter value that is correct for the frequency
unit. This value is the one determined by the
technician at the time of the latest calibration
of the ground equipment.
6311.1. If the 60-cycle value has not been sup-
plied for the frequency unit, set the visual meter
to read 30.0 with the input switch on 60 cycles,
provided 60 cycles is the nominal frequency of
the power supply. On other line frequencies,
set the visual meter to read one-half of the nomi-
nal value of the line frequency.
6311.2. At a station having an extremely
variable power supply frequency, the 60-cycle
setting does not provide a satisfactory check of
the radiosonde low reference frequency, as re-
quired by paragraph 6330. In this case, there-
fore, the check will be made without reference
to this value by leaving the adjustment controls
unchanged during tests and comparing the
values indicated by other radiosondes on hand.
Any radiosondes showing large deviations from
the other radiosondes should be rejected: How-
ever, considerable care is required, and the in-
structions provided for use when a satisfactory
60-cycle value can be obtained should be used as
a guide in this case. The 60-cycle value will be
used for checks, if a stable power supply is
available.
6312. The radiosonde transmitter is turned
on by twisting together the battery wires ex-
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
tending through:the case. These wires should
always be disconnected before plugging in the
battery. This precaution will prevent burning
out the transmitter tube if an attempt is made
to insert the 3-volt prong into the 90-volt socket
of the battery and will also prevent accidental
discharge of the battery.
,6313,. Connect the radiosonde battery plug to
a test battery with voltages not less than 2.5
and 82.0 volts for the A and B sections, respec-
tively. If a test battery with lower voltages is
used, the readings of the low reference and
other circuits may appear to be outside the pre-
scribed limits.
6314. Raise the contact arm and connect the
battery wires. Tune in the radiosonde signal
in accordance with instructions for tuning given
in section 8200 or section 8300. Turn the input
switch to "X."
6320. Transmitter.-If a 'signal is not re-
ceived, check that the receiver is operating and
that all tuning controls and switches are prop-
erly adjusted. If the trouble is not found, test
for a defective relay by connecting the red or
blue test lead to the black test lead or to the
grounded rivet on the side of the case. If a
signal is not now received, the radiosonde will be
rejected.
6330. Low Reference.-Connect the blue
test lead to the black. The low reference signal
should be received between 89.5 and 98.0 ordi-
nates. (The visual meter should still be ad-
justed for "true frequency" as stated in para-
graphs 6311-6311.2, inclusive.) If the signal
falls outside these limits, reject the radiosonde,
after first determining that weak test batteries
are not the cause. If the low reference value is
within the limits, adjust the visual meter to read
95.0 and then determine that the frequency unit
controls still have sufficient adjustment range
to compensate for any normal low reference
drifts and shifts. If they do not have sufficient
range, reject the radiosonde.
6340. Stability Check.-While the radio-
sonde is transmitting the low reference signal,
tap the radiosonde lightly. If a permanent shift
of low reference occurs, reject the radiosonde.
6350. High Reference.-Connect the red and
black test leads. (If the radiosonde does not
have a high reference test lead, connect the black
lead to the red wire at the right end of the com-
mutator.) The high reference signal should be
received between 96.0 and 98.0 ordinates. If
it lies outside these limits, reject the radiosonde.
6360. Temperature.-With all test leads dis-
connected (and the contact point still raised
from the commutator), the radiosonde should
transmit a temperature signal. The tempera-
ture element must give a value within the limits
stated below for the type of radiosonde under
test. Using the temperature evaluator proper
for the type of radiosonde being tested, as indi-
cated in the addendum, set the ordinate corre-
sponding to the temperature signal opposite the
temperature of the air at the radiosonde. For
a Friez radiosonde, the 250 C. line should fall
between 68.2 and 74.3 ordinates. For a W. I. T.
radiosonde the 250 C. line should fall between
67.0 and 72.6 ordinates. If the indicated tem-
perature value is not within these limits, replace
the temperature element with another element
of the same type and manufacture. If the re-
placement element also indicates a value outside
the limits, reject the radiosonde.
6370. Humidity.-Connect the yellow and
black test leads. A steady signal termed "mo-
torboating" should be received at approximately
five ordinates. Short across the humidity
clamps and then connect the yellow and black
test leads. A low reference signal should be
received. Disconnect the yellow and black test
leads.
6371. A motorboating signal may *also be
transmitted by a radiosonde having a hygrom-
eter element installed, if the temperature or rel-
ative humidity, or both, of the air are extremely
low. In such cases, a motorboating humidity
signal indicates that the relative humidity of
the air is equal to or lower than the minimum
value the radiosonde can measure at the given
temperature.
6371.1. The exact ordinate at which motor-
boating occurs varies with radiosondes and
ground equipment, but usually has a value of
about five ordinates. Radiosonde signals will
be described as motorboating only when they
are of an ordinate value equal to that indicated
by the humidity circuit of the radiosonde when
no hygrometer element is mounted in the
clamps.
6380. Commutator.-Lower the contact arm
and move the commutator back and forth by
means of the adjustment screw. Alternate tem-
perature and humidity, or reference, signals
should be received. If the humidity or refer-
enae signals are not received, lightly polish
the commutator and the contact point and in-
spect the relay to determine whether foreign
matter is preventing its closing. If improper
functioning persists, reject the radiosonde. (If
necessary, polish the relay contact points in ac-
cordance with the procedure given in par. 7340.)
6381. After completion of the performance
tests, disconnect the battery wires and the test
battery.
6400. REPAIR OF RADIOSONDES
6410. General.-Rejected radiosondes should
be examined to determine whether repairs can
be made to them at the station. A list of the
repairs that may be made by station personnel
25
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
will be found in the addendum. It is desirable
that the number of rejected radiosondes be as
low as possible, consistent with accurate
performance.
6411. With the exception of the temperature
resistor and hygrometer element the individual
units or parts, such as resistors, condensers, or
radio tube, must not be replaced or interchanged.
The assembled radiosonde has been checked at
the factory for performance according to defi-
nite standards. After any major repairs, the
radiosonde must be recalibrated with specialized
equipment not available to station personnel.
6420. Performance-Defect Relationships.-
Table 6-1 lists the indications of common de-
fects in radiosondes. The table is based on the
radiosonde performance under the following
conditions:
(1) An air temperature of approxi-
mately 250 C. at the radiosonde.
(2) No hygrometer element in the radio-
sonde and the mounting clamps not shorted.
(3) The contact arm point raised from
the commutator.
(4) The radiosonde connected to a test
battery with at least 2.5 volts on the A sec-
tion and 82 volts on the B section.
(5) The battery wires connected.
(6) Low reference always adjusted to
95.0 on the visual meter, when the defects
permit.
TABLE 6-1.-Radiosonde performance-defect table
Performance
Tempera- Humidity High ref-
ture erence
# # #
# *90-97. 5 #
# # *97
75 MB 95
95
95
100+
100 +
MB
#
95
95
97
95
MB
MB
97
95
*97
97
97
97
Defect
1. Open circuit in red wire at or near transmitter.
2. Open circuit in black wire at or near transmitter.
3. Broken circuit in resistor connecting red and blue wires.
4. Blue wire shorted to red wire somewhere.
5. Blue wire shorted to ground somewhere.
6. Red wire shorted to ground somewhere.
7. Red wire shorted to yellow wire somewhere.
8. Yellow wire shorted to blue wire somewhere.
9. Yellow wire shorted to ground in relay battery circuit.
10. Temperature resistor circuit broken.
# denotes no audio signal, not even motorboating, visual 'meter reads zero or value of noise level.
MB denotes motorboating, a signal indicated at approximately 5 ordinates.
*Low reference cannot be adjusted to 95.0 in these cases; therefore, the readings of the other circuits are those that would be indicated when the
"true frequency" adjustment has been made as provided in par. 6311.
t denotes that low reference has been set to 95.0 as provided in par. 6420 (6).
6430. Relay Defects.-The indications of a
defective relay are not included in table 6-1.
A defective relay, or one out of adjustment, may
be indicated as shown below when there is no
hygrometer element in the mounting clamps
and the clamps are not shorted. No attempt
should be made to adjust the relay.
(1) Temperature ordinate is received for
both temperature and humidity.
(2) Motorboating ordinate is received
for both temperature and humidity.
(3) No audible signal is received for
temperature or humidity, or both.
6500. STORAGE OF RADIOSONDES
6510. General.-A radiosonde is a precision
instrument which will maintain its calibration
only when stored under proper conditions. At
continental stations the best storage conditions
are usually found in the office quarters. Best
results will be obtained from radiosondes stored
at low humidities and moderate temperatures.
6511. The case of the radiosonde should be
closed, with the flaps tied down during storage.
Whenever possible, the radiosondes should be
stored in the shipping cartons because of the
additional protection afforded.
6520. Excessive Humidities.-It is espe-
cially important that radiosondes be protected
from excessive humidities, as prolonged ex-
posure to such conditions will cause corrosion
of the metal parts of the instrument. This
will affect the electrical circuits and therefore
the accuracy of the radiosonde.
6530. Excessive Temperatures.-Radio-
sondes should not be stored at temperatures
above 380 C. (100' F.) such as may be en-
countered near the ceiling of a heated room.
Higher temperatures may soften the wax on
the audio-frequency coil, thus permitting move-
ment of the coil, which will affect the calibra-
tion of the radiosonde. Extremely low tem-
peratures will not damage the radiosonde unless
temperature changes cause condensation and
subsequent formation of ice. Radiosondes
1_
3--
4
5-
7 -
8_
9---
10_
Low ref-
erence
#
#
#
195
t95
t95
100 +
t95
t95
t95
26
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
stored at low temperatures will be brought into
a warm room several hours before they are to
be tested and prepared for flight.
6540. Order of Use by Serial Number. Ra-
diosondes should be so stored that the oldest
serviceable radiosonde on hand, usually the one
with the lowest serial number, is readily avail-
able for use. However, the moisture-proof
pouches of individually-sealed radiosondes will
not be opened merely for checking the radio-
sonde serial numbers. Arrangements should be
made to use these radiosondes by cartons ac-
cording to age as indicated by the serial num-
bers on the outside of each carton.
27
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter VII. PROCEDURE THROUGH RELEASE
7100. GENERAL
7110. Observation Schedules-Raobs will be
made at 0400 and 1600 G. C. T., plus or minus
1 hour. However, when unfavorable weather
conditions or other reasons prevent a release
from being made on scheduled time, a release
will be made as promptly as possible thereafter,
but in no case later than 1000 or 2200 G. C. T.,
respectively.
7111. If, owing to unfavorable weather con-
ditions, the time of release conflicts with the
regular six-hourly synoptic surface weather ob-
servation or any other routine duty and the serv-
ices of available assistants are required to make
a successful release, the radiosonde will be re-
leased first, and the routine duties taken up as
soon thereafter as possible.
7200. PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS
7210. General.-Before beginning prepara-
tions for the raob, the observer will familiarize
himself with the wind and weather conditions
and the expected air traffic. He will decide on
the lift and ballast to be used, and the method
and place of making the release. He will con-
sider the length of exposure required for the
various pieces of equipment, and determine the
order in which the preliminary steps are to be
performed. The order must be adapted to the
arrangements and needs of the station, and of
the particular observation. Several of these op-
erations can be carried on at the same time, and
all must be started sufficiently early that the re-
lease can be made on schedule, whenever possible.
7220. Exposure of Test Switch.-Place the
test switch in the shelter and connect it to the
power source, but with the switch turned off.
This should be done in sufficient time that the
test switch will have been exposed for at least
1 hour before the baseline check is begun.
7230. Check of Ground Equipment.-Turn
on the radiosonde ground equipment. The
ground equipment must warm up for at least
30 minutes before the baseline check is begun.
7231. Inspect all units of the ground equip-
ment to make certain that they are operating
properly.
7240. Check of Cycloray Recorder.--If a
Friez Cycloray recorder is used, check that the
main-drive, paper-drive, and ribbon-drive mo-
tors are operating properly. Note whether there
is sufficient paper in the recorder for the raob.
7241. Each roll of Cycloray recorder paper is
marked "Six Feet Remaining" at that distance
from the end of the paper. If this warning
mark appears after the baseline check is begun,
sufficient paper usually remains for completing
the observation.
7241.1. When a new roll of paper is installed
in the Cycloray recorder, the paper must be al-
lowed to feed out for at least 15 minutes in
order to be certain that it is aligned properly
and that it does not creep or drift to one side.
(The newer recorders have a pointer to indicate
the position of the zero line of the paper when
correctly aligned. A mark may be made on the
paper feed roller of older recorders to serve
the same purpose.)
7242. After the recorder has wlarmed up and
the paper has become properly aligned, check
the zero recording.
7242.1. With the input switch turned to
"SC," the ordinate value of the zero line printed
by the Cycloray recorder should agree with the
latest calibration data issued to the station. If
the zero recording does not appear at the
proper position, recheck the alignment of the
paper. Then, if necessary, adjust the zero re-
cording to the proper value by means of the
zero adjustment knob located in the front of the
recorder compartment.
7250. Check of L&N Recorder.-If an L&N
Speedomax recorder is used, check that the pa-
per-drive and balancing motors are operating
properly. Check the ink supply and the feed-
ing of the recorder pen. Note whether there is
sufficient paper in the recorder for the raob.
7251. Each roll of L&N recorder paper is
marked "Approximately 82 Inches to End of
Roll" at that distance from the end of the pa-
per. If this warning mark appears after the
baseline check is started, the amount of paper
remaining is usually sufficient for completing
the observation.
7251.1. When a new roll of paper is installed
in the L&N recorder, it is only necessary that
the paper be correctly placed over the sprock-
ets, since the sprockets will keep the paper in
alignment. The paper must be kept taut to
prevent its slipping off the sprockets.
7252. After the recorder has warmed up and
the paper has become properly aligned, check
the zero recording.
7252.1. Balance the galvanometer needle of
the L&N recorder at the zero point. Check the
sensitivity of the recorder, and adjust it if the
28
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
sensitivity is less than the required 0.2 ordinate
operating sensitivity. When the input switch
is at "SC," the recorder pen should rest at the
zero line printed on the paper. However, on
some recorders, the limiting switch may open
before the balancing motor returns the pen to
the zero line. In such a case, turn the violin
string disk by hand until it rests against the
stop. The pen should now be at zero. If it
is not, examine the recorder for slippage of the
pen carriage on the violin string and for slip-
page of the violin string disk on its shaft.
7252.2. The sensitivity adjustments of the
L&N recorder will not be changed during or
after the baseline check since questionable rec-
ords will result.
7300. PREPARATION OF RADIOSONDES
7310. General.-Obtain the oldest service-
able radiosonde on hand for use in the observa-
tion and select the next oldest for use as a
standby radiosonde. (See par. 6540.) Prepare
these radiosondes in accordance with the fol-
lowing instructions.
7320. Test of Radiosondes.-Make a com-
plete visual inspection of the radiosondes in
accordance with section 6200, and performance
test as provided in section 6300. It is important
that all radiosondes be visually inspected and
that the circuits be tested before the radiosondes
are prepared for use. This procedure will dis-
close any deteriorations or breakdowns that
might have occurred while the radiosondes were
in storage at the station. Special attention
should be given to checking the calibration
chart to make certain that charts were not ex-
changed during the testing of the instruments.
7330. Interference.-While the performance
tests are being made, the radio frequency of
the radiosonde signal should be checked to be
sure that it is not near the frequency of any
interfering signal. This is especially important
whenever it is necessary to release a second
radiosonde while the signal from the first is
being transmitted.
7331. A reference log should be kept of the
main tuning dial readings where interference
has been found to occur. When a radiosonde
signal is tuned in, turn the main tuning dial
to each side of the peak tuning position to de-
termine whether any other signal is within 15
dial divisions on the super-regenerative receiver
or within 1 megacycle on the superheterodyne
receiver. If it is found that interference is oc-
curring or commonly occurs within this range,
use another radiosonde or change the radio fre-
quency of the radiosonde.
7332. Radiosonde transmitting frequencies
are set for best performance at the factory, and
613388-45-3
should not be changed unless it is absolutely
necessary to avoid interference. Any changes
that are necessary should be made very care-
fully, as it will be found that at some positions
of the adjusting condenser the transmitted sig-
nal will be very unstable, or will not be received
at all. This is especially true if the maximum
adjustment is made in either direction.
7332.1. On the Friez radiosonde, the trans-
mitting frequency is changed by turning the
screw on the small condenser which is located
adjacent to the antenna coil. (See figs. 1-1 or
6-6.) The coil and the condenser are installed
on the front of the transmitter and are readily
located. The reading of the receiver dial at
peak tuning is increased when the screw is
turned to the left or loosened, and decreased
when the screw is turned to the right or
tightened.
7332.2. On the W. I. T. radiosonde, the trans-
mitting frequency is adjusted by turning with
a screw driver the slotted plate of the small con-
denser located adjacent to the tank coil. The
coil and the adjusting condenser can be seen
through one of the openings in the top of the
cardboard transmitter case. The observer
should note whether the receiver tuning dial
reading at peak tuning increases or decreases as
the slotted plate is turned in one direction or
the other.
7340. Relay and Baroswitch.-Using the
crocus paper furnished with the radiosonde,
polish the four contact points of the relay by
gently drawing the crocus paper once or twice
over each point. Clean the points of foreign
matter by placing a piece of bond paper between
the points and moving the paper back and forth
several times.
7341. Polish the contact point by lowering it
to the commutator and sliding crocus paper,
with the abrasive side up, back and forth several
times between them.
7342. Raise the contact arm. Polish the en-
tire face of the commutator by placing the
finger over the crocus paper and moving the
paper back and forth along the entire length of
the commutator. Remove any particles that
may be present as a result of the polishing opera-
tion with a clean cloth or tissue paper. Lower
the contact arm to the commutator. The fingers
should never be rubbed across the commutator,
since any oil left on the surface may cause poor
switching during the sounding.
7343. Adjust the commutator to the correct
setting of the contact point in accordance with
paragraphs 7344-7346. Tap the radiosonde
lightly and note whether the contact point re-
mains at the proper setting. If not, readjust
the commutator. Raise the contact arm.
29
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
7344. Determination of Commutator Con-
tact Setting.-The commutator contact set-
ting for the pressure at the elevation of the
radiosonde will be made as follows:
7344.1. Obtain the station barometric pres-
sure from the station barograph. If the baro-
graph is adjusted for sea-level pressure, the
station pressure must be obtained from the mer-
curial barometer.
7344.2. The station pressure will be corrected
to the elevation of the radiosonde. Refer to
table 7-1 to determine the correction correspond-
ing to the difference in height. The table is
based on the relationship of 1 millibar per 8.5
meters difference in elevation. The correction
should be added to the station pressure when the
elevation of the radiosonde is lower than that of
the station, and subtracted when the radiosonde
elevation is higher. For purposes of applying
these corrections, a difference in elevation of 3
meters or less will be ignored.
TABLE 7-1
Pressure
Difference between station elevation and correction
elevation of instrument shelter (meters): (millibars)
3 0. 4
4 . 5
5 .6--------------------------------------
6 .------------------------------------ 7
7 ----------------------------------------- .8
8 -- -.9
9 _ _ 1. 1
10 --- -- ---- 1.2
7344.3. From the radiosonde calibration
chart, determine to the nearest one-tenth of a
contact the pressure contact corresponding to
the pressure at the elevation of the radiosonde
as determined in paragraph 7344.2. Using the
adjustment screw, move the commutator until
the contact point is to the left of the required
point. Then, turn the adjustment screw until
the contact point rests at the required setting
after the radiosonde has been lightly tapped.
If the commutator cannot be adjusted to the
correct setting by means of the adjustment
screw, reject the radiosonde.
7345. Commutator Contact.-A contact on
the commutator extends from the left edge of
one metallic segment to the right edge of the
next succeeding insulator segment. In deter-
mining proportional parts of a commutator con-
tact, it may be helpful to keep in mind that in a
humidity-temperature combination the tem-
perature portion comprises three-fourths of the
total contact, and the humidity portion, one-
fourth. In a reference-temperature combina-
tion, the temperature portion comprises six-
tenths of the total contact, and the reference
portion, four-tenths.
7346. Calibration Chart Contact.-A con-
tact on the calibration chart is represented by
the distance from the lower edge of one printed
line to the lower edge of the next printed line.
Figure 7-1 illustrates the relationship between
the commutator and the calibration chart
contacts.
7350. Installation of Battery.-Test and
prepare for use the oldest serviceable radiosonde
battery at the station. (See secs. 3320 and
3500.)
7351. Make sure that the battery wires are
disconnected. Install the battery in its com-
partment and insert the battery plug. If
necessary, pack paper around the battery to
prevent any possibility of its movement during
flight. Any such movement will cause shifting
or unstable signals. Replace the insulating ma-
terial around the battery and transmitter. Note
that this battery is the one to be used in making
the baseline check and flight. (Changing of
the battery after a baseline check will necessi-
tate the making of a new baseline check.)
7360. Sealing of Case.-Make sure that the
flap or slide in front of the commutator adjust-
Commutator
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II
5 10
Pressure Calibration Chart
FIGURE 7-1.-Diagram showing relationship between radiosonde commutator and calibration chart.
30
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
ing screw can be easily opened later. Close the
door of the radiosonde. Use a short piece of
scotch tape to hold the door shut. Seal the edges
of the door with scotch tape.
7361. Check the wall of the radiosonde case
between the ventilation chamber and the baro-
switch compartment. If a hole opening into the
baroswitch compartment is found, seal it with
a small piece of scotch tape.
7370. Recovery Tags.-If a radiosonde or a
parachute recovery tag, or both, is to be used,
enter the required information in the spaces
provided. Attach a short piece of twine to the
eyelet of each tag, for the use of the finder in
mailing the recovered radiosonde. Fold the
tag in half and place it under the upper ventila-
tion chamber flap. Place a piece of scotch tape
across the tag to hold it in place. Tie both
flaps firmly in position with the cords provided.
NoTE.-Do not tie the tag to the support ring of the
radiosonde. Experience shows that this practice fre-
quently results in erroneous temperature data because
of an obstructed ventilation chamber.
7371. Information regarding the use of re-
covery tags is contained in the addendum.
7380. Radiosonde Antenna.-Tie a piece of
cotton cord about four feet long to the support
ring in the top of the radiosonde. Extend the
upper leg of the antenna along this cord and
fasten it in several loops in the cord. The an-
tenna leg should be loose enough that there will
be no tension on it which would result in tilting
the radiosonde when supported by the cord. At
the same time, the antenna leg should not be
tied so loosely that it would be free to move ap-
preciably during flight. Extend the lower leg
of the antenna downward and tape it to the side
of the case. If high or gusty surface winds are
expected at the time of release, the lower leg
of the antenna should be stiffened with scotch
tape or taped to narrow strips of cardboard.
This will make the antenna leg stiff enough so
that it will not remain out of position if thrown
over the radiosonde or the cord at release, yet
leaves it flexible enough to be handled in the
instrument shelter.
7390. Standby Radiosonde.-The standby
radiosonde should be similarly checked and
tested, except that the installation of the battery,
sealing of the case, placing of recovery tags, and
preparation of the antenna should be omitted.
The door of the standby radiosonde should be
held shut with a rubber band or with a piece
of cord.
7400. EXPOSURE OF RADIOSONDES TO
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
7410. General.-The radiosondes will be
placed in the instrument shelter for exposure
to atmospheric conditions at least 30 minutes
before beginning the baseline check. The
standby radiosonde will be placed on the floor
of the instrument shelter.
7420. Connections to Test Switch.-The
radiosonde to be used in the observation will be
placed on the test switch in a position such that
the vehtilation chamber is not obstructed and is
near the psychrometer. See figures 7-2 and 7-3
for illustrations showing the radiosonde in po-
sition for the baseline check.
7421. Connect the radiosonde test leads to the
proper leads of the test switch, making sure
that all clips are tight and that good electrical
contacts are obtained.
7422. When a four lead test switch is used
with a radiosonde having four test leads, the
radiosonde will be connected to the test switch
so that the test circuits will be completed in the
following order:
(1) Low reference;
(2) Temperature ;
(3) High reference;
(4) Humidity.
7423. When a four lead test switch is used
with a radiosonde having three test leads (that
is, with no high reference test lead), the test
switch high reference lead should be discon-
nected from its clip and connected to the same
clip as the test switch low reference lead.
No.-The test switch high reference lead will not
be cut off, since it will be needed when using radio-
sondes with four test leads.
In this case, the circuits will be completed in
the following order:
(1) Low reference;
(2) Temperature;
(3) Low reference;
(4) Humidity.
7423.1. In this case, it may be necessary to
connect the two low reference microswitches of
the test switch in parallel if the two low refer-
ence values differ. This connection must be re-
moved when radiosondes with four test leads are
used.
7424. When a three lead test switch is used
with a four test lead radiosonde, the radiosonde
high reference test lead will be left unconnected.
The other leads will be connected so that the cir-
cuits are completed in the following order:
(1) Low reference;
(2) Temperature;
(3) Humidity.
7425. When a three lead test switch is used
with a three lead radiosonde, connect the leads
so that the circuits are completed in the follow-
ing order:
(1) Low reference;
(2) Temperature;
(3) Humidity.
31
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 7-2.-Instrument shelter with radiosonde, relay test switch, psychrometer and fan in position for baseline check.
7430. Position of Antenna.-Stretch out the
radiosonde antenna legs. Remove all kinks and
hold the antenna legs taut by means of wooden
wedges or with clips attached to rubber bands.
(Any movement of the antenna legs may cause
unstable or shifting audio frequencies during
the baseline check.)
7440. Stand-by Radiosonde.-The stand-by
radiosonde should be exposed on the fl:)or of the
instrument shelter, out of the way of other
equipment in the shelter.
7450. Exposure of Hygrometer Element.-
Install the hygrometer element in the radiosonde
early enough before the baseline check to insure
that the prescribed exposure time will have
elapsed. Table 7-2 shows the length of expo-
sure required before making the baseline check,
as well as the maxinium permissible exposure
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 7-3.--Instrument shelter with radiosonde, motor test switch, and small whirling psychrometer in position
for baseline check.
time for a given hygrometer element before re-
lease. A hygrometer elenient will not be used
for a raob if the total time of exposure prior to
release exceeds that given in the table, nor will
the baseline check be started until the minimum
exposure time has elapsed.
TABLE 7-2.--Lengthl of exposure for hygrometer clement.
Length of exposure Maximum exposure
Air temperature: before baseline before release
200 C. and above -- 1.5-30 min. 1 hr.
0o C. to 20' C___ - 15-30 min. 11/ hrs.
--10 C. to 0O C_ --_-_ 30-45 min. 2 hrs.
--10 C. and below____ 45-60 min. 3 hrs.
7451.. Break the seal on the hygrometer ele-
ment vial by gently tapping the sealing wax just
below the stopper. When this portion of the
sealing wax has been removed, the stopper can be
twisted and extracted. Handle the hygrometer
element by the metal edges. Do not allow the
fingers or any other object to touch the clear
portion of the element. If the element is
touched, it will be discarded.
7452. During exposure the hygrometer ele-
ment should not be subjected to large changes of
temperature and relative humidity, such as
would be the case if the radiosonde were carried
into a heated room. However, during low
temperatures (below 0O C.) when the hygrom-
eter element requires an exposure of more than
30 minutes, the element may be installed indoors
provided the radiosonde is taken to the instru-
ment shelter without delay.
7453. During periods in which the air tem-
perature is below 00 C., two or three hygrometer
elements sealed in vials should be stored in the
instrument shelter. In case a second element
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
is required, one of these hygrometer elements
may be used if it has been stored in the -shelter
for at least 6 hours. (See par. 7743.1.')
7500. PREPARATION OF TRAIN
7501. Prepare and inflate the raob and ballast
balloons and prepare the rest of the train in
accordance with the instructions in Chapter IV.
7J600. CAUTION FOR AIRCRAFT
7610. Release at Controlled Airports.-To
reduce the possibility of the raob balloon's be-
coming a hazard to aircraft in flight, observers
will inform the local control tower 30 minutes
before the intended release and at the same time
determine the traffic anticipated at the proposed
time of release. If, after considering the traffic
conditions anticipated at the proposed time of
release, the ascensional rate and direction of
drift of the balloon it is believed that release
cannot safely be made at the proposed time, the
baseline check will not be started until condi-
tions have improved to such an extent that a
safe release can be made upon its completion.
Observers will be guided by the advice of the
control tower personnel. Arrangements will be
made for the control tower to flash a green (re-
lease) or red (hold) light at the predetermined
time of release to indicate whether anticipated
traffic conditions at that time have changed
since the time of release was agreed upon.
When the release is about to be made and it is
found that the traffic pattern has changed,
making it inadvisable to release at the time pre-
viously agreed upon, the radiosonde will not be
released.
7620. Release at noncontrolled Airports or
Offices.-Raob stations on airways but not at
controlled airports will acquaint themselves
with traffic conditions by consulting, whenever
teletype or interphone facilities are available,
with the airway controller (ATC) having juris-
diction over the airway on which the airport or
office is situated.
7630. Release at Military Establish-
ments.-These provisions for release will be
observed at military establishments, where con-
trol officers will be consulted and informed in
accordance with the foregoing.
7700. MAKING THE BASELINE CHECK
7710. General.-Turn the input switch to
"SC" and check the zero setting of the recorder
immediately before beginning the baseline
check. (See par. 7242.1 or 7252.1.) A short
portion of the zero record will be included as
part of the baseline check record.
!7711. Turn on the test switch. Check the po-
sition of the radiosonde, test switch, and the
radiosonde antenna wires. Connect the battery
wires and make sure that the contact arm is not
touching the commutator.
7720. Preliminary Check Temperature
Readings.-Read the dry- and wet-bulb tem-
peratures to the nearest one-tenth of a degree.
These values are to be used only as a rough check
of the temperature and relative humidity limits
during the making of the baseline check. (The
baseline check dry- and wet-bulb readings will
be made immediately after the completion of the
baseline check.)
7721. If the dry-bulb temperature is lower
than - 100 C., the dry- and wet-bulb tempera-
tures will be taken from Fahrenheit thermom-
eters. These values will be used in computing
the relative humidity from Fahrenheit psy-
chrometric tables. The dry-bulb temperature
will be converted to degrees and tenths centi-
grade and this value will be used for all other
computations. The temperatures required by
this and the preceding paragraph will not be
entered on any form.
7730. The Baseline Check.-Turn the input
switch to "X." Tune the receiver, adjusting the
controls for maximum signal strength and sta-
bility. (See sec. 8200 or sec. 8300 for instruc-
tions on tuning the radiosonde receiver.)
7730.1. If, because of the presence or proxim-
ity of interfering signals, it is necessary to
change the transmitting frequency of the radio-
sonde during or after the baseline check, a com-
plete new baseline check will be made.
7731. While the first low reference signal is
being received, adjust the frequency unit con-
trols so that the trace is recorded at 95.0. Check
the value of each successive low reference trace
and adjust to 95.0 whenever necessary.
7732. If an unstable record is received for any
of the transmitted circuits, check, in the order
given, the following:
(1) The receiver tuning.
(2) The position of the radiosonde
antenna.
(3) The test switch. (It may be possible
that varying internal resistances in the test
switch are causing the trouble.)
7732.1. If varying resistances in the test
switch are suspected, disconnect the test switch
and make the baseline check manually.
7732.2. When making a baseline check man-
ually, use a short wire jumper with alligator
clips to connect each of the other test leads to the
black test lead. Allow each circuit to transmit
for about 15 seconds by using the following
procedure:
(1) Connect the black to the blue test
lead (low reference).
34
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
(2) Disconnect all test leads (tempera-
ture).
(3) Connect the black to the red test
lead (high reference).
(4) Connect the black to the yellow test
lead (humidity).
Repeat this sequence until a satisfactory base-
line record is received. It is important, while
the signal from each of the circuits is being
transmitted, that the observer stand at least
six feet away from the shelter, since any move-
ment near the radiosonde will affect the signal.
7732.3. If a manual baseline check cannot be
obtained, the radiosonde should be rejected,
and the baseline check commenced with the
standby radiosonde. The hygrometer element
from the first radiosonde may be removed and
installed in the standby instrument, if it is
certain that the maximum exposure time shown
in table 7-2 will not be exceeded.
7732.4. If a stable baseline check is obtained
manually, the test switch is probably at fault
and should be checked for varying internal
resistance before the next raob.
7740. Requirements for Satisfactory Base-
line Check.-During the baseline check, repeat
the record from all circuits until the following
conditions for a satisfactory baseline check are
satisfied. Not less than two consecutive traces
from all elements but humidity must be in re-
spective agreement while the low reference is
recorded at 95.0. Meanwhile, the humidity
record must conform to one of the following
conditions:
7740.1. Two consecutive traces must be in
agreement (see Fig. 7-4) ; or three consecutive
. ~~1111 HIM 1111111 111HIi I IlVlI 30![
3Cr
FIGU iiE Illll I 7- 4. -Baseli I Ir showing two humidity traces in agreemnt (radiosodew Ihig r e test lead).
FIGURE 7i-4.-Baseline check record showing two humidity traces in agreement (razdiosonde with high reference test lead).
FIGURE 7-5.-Baseline check record showing three humidity traces in trend (radiosonde without high reference test lead).
35
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
traces must show a trend in the same direction,
that is, rising or falling. (See Fig. 7-5.)
7740.2. Verify any indications on the radio-
sonde that the humidity is changing by mak-
ing psychrometric readings. This is of especial
importance when the relative humidity is indi-
cated to be rising, since a hygrometer element
that has not been exposed for a sufficient length
of time will indicate rising values.
7740.3. The trace for each circuit in the base-
line check should be at least .f inch in length.
7741. While the baseline record is being
made, use the check temperature values ob-
tained in accordance with paragraph 7720 to
determine whether the temperature element is
within the limits required by the provisions of
paragraph 6360. (Friez radiosonde: 68.2-74.3
ordinates at 250 C. W. I. T. radiosonde: 67.0-
72.6 ordinates at 250 C.) If the values are near
the stated limiting values, the baseline tempera-
ture data obtained in accordance with para-
graph 7750 should be used to determine whether
to replace the temperature element or reject the
radiosonde.
7742. Check that the relative humidity ob-
tained from the psychrometric readings is
within 10 percent (R. H.) of the value indi-
cated by the radiosonde. When the radiosonde
humidity ordinate is recorded as motorboating,
the psychrometric value may be any amount
less than the value corresponding to the motor-
boating ordinate, but must not be more than
10 percent higher than the motorboating value.
7743. If the agreement between the radio-
sonde and psychrometric relative humidity
values is not within the 10 percent limit speci-
fied in paragraph 7742, the hygrometer element
will be rejected and another element installed
in the radiosonde.
7743.1. When a hygrometer element taken
from a vial that has been stored in the shelter
for at least 6 hours is installed in the radio-
sonde, the baseline check may be commenced
after the element has been exposed 15 minutes
or more. In such a case, the baseline check
will be at least 5 minutes in duration.
7744. When the requirements for a satisfac-
tory baseline check have been met, turn the in-
put switch to "SC." Enter the time on the
back of WBAN-30 under "Baseline Check
,Readings." Allow all units of the ground
equipment to remain in operation.
7745. Disconnect the radiosonde battery
wires and turn off the test switch.
7750. Baseline Check Temperature Read-
ings.-Read the dry- and wet-bulb tempera-
tures to the nearest one-tenth of a degree im-
mediately after terminating the baseline check.
Compute the relative humidity. Use these val-
ues as the baseline check data, and enter them
on WBAN-30, in the spaces provided and on
the recorder record in the appropriate places.
7751. If the temperature is lower than - 100
C., the readings will be made in OF., converted
to OC., and both sets of readings entered on
the back of WBAN-30. The Fahrenheit read-
ings will be used to compute the relative
humidity.
7760. Evaluation of Baseline Chec k
Data.-Evaluate the baseline data on the re-
corder record. If the paper has not fed out
sufficiently, read the baseline check temperature
and humidity ordinates as closely as possible,
and compare them with the baseline check tem-
perature and humidity values to determine
whether they are within the limits for the tem-
perature resistor and hygrometer element.
(See pars. 6360 (or 7741) and 7742.)
7761. When the recorder paper has fed out
sufficiently, evaluate the baseline check accord-
ing to the following paragraphs.
7761.1. Draw straight lines connecting the
left edges of the temperature, humidity, and
reference traces which comprise the baseline
check.
7761.2. Draw a horizontal line across the re-
corder record at the top of the last relative
humidity contact.
7761.3. At approximately the tenth ordinate
and immediately above the horizontal line, en-
ter the notation "Baseline Check," followed by
the time (G. C. T.) that the baseline check was
obtained.
7761.4. Read the temperature ordinate to
tenths. Enter this value immediately above the
horizontal line, and immediately to the right
of the temperature traces. Enter the proper
recorder correction. Enter an equal sign and
the corrected temperature ordinate value. En-
ter another equal sign followed by the base-
line check dry-bulb temperature value. For
example:
60.1 - 0.1= 60.0= 8.30 C.
7761.5. Read the humidity ordinate value at
the intersection of the horizontal line and the
line connecting the left edges of the humidity
traces. Enter this value in parentheses just be-
low the horizontal line, under the temperature
ordinate value, followed by the applicable re-
corder correction, the corrected ordinate, and
the baseline relative humidity values, humidity
correction, and psychrometric humidity value;
for example:
(40.0 -0.3= 39.7= 40% +4% =44%).
The radiosonde baseline check humidity cor-
rection will be determined in accordance with
paragraph 7765.
36
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
7761.51. If the humidity trace is recorded as
motorboating, it will be evaluated as MB.
7761.6. The entries of the baseline humidity
data may be spaced out to prevent obliteration
of any part of the baseline record.
7762. Using the baseline temperature and
ordinate values, make a final setting of the tem-
perature evaluator and check that the tem-
perature value is within the limits stated in
paragraph 6360 (or 7741). (If the tempera-
ture evaluator is made of cardboard, it can be
locked by means of a large paper clip or clamp.)
Enter the ordinate value in the proper space
on WBAN-30.
7763. If a radiosonde which shows values out-
side the prescribed temperature ordinate range
is released, a second release will be made.
7764. Enter the corrected values of the base-
line temperature and relative humidity ordi-
nates on the back of WBAN-30, under "Base-
line Check Readings." If the relative humidity
ordinate is evaluated as motorboating, enter
"MB" in the space for this datum.
7765. Determine the difference between the
humidity value indicated by the radiosonde
(including cut-off values when motorboating
occurs) and the psychrometic value. This dif-
ference is the correction to be applied to the
radiosonde humidity values in flight until a new
correction is established. A plus sign will be
placed before this difference when the value in-
dicated by the radiosonde is lower than that of
the psychrometer, and a minus sign when it is
higher. When the psychrometric value is less
than the cut-off value, and the radiosonde is
motorboating, the correction will be considered
zero. Enter the correction, with the proper sign
prefixed on the back of WBAN-30. Note that
the amount of correction required must not be
greater than 10 percent.
7766. If a radiosonde which shows relative
humidity values outside of the prescribed range
is inadvertently released, the record will be
evaluated, and the relative humidity considered
missing.
7800. MAKING THE RELEASE
7810. Raob NOTAMS.-Prior to the release
of a radiosonde, all raob stations located at
airports having CAA broadcasting facilities
will file a "notice to airmen" (NOTAM) with
the CAA communicator. This NOTAM will
state the probable time of the balloon's release
and the time it is expected to reach an altitude
of 10,000 feet m. s. 1. If it becomes apparent
that the time of the release will be delayed more
than 15 minutes, a correction to the first
NOTAM will be filed at once. These NOTAMS
will be broadcast and transmitted to local inter-
phone and teletype circuits. No transmission
will be made to long-line circuits, except as may
be necessary to notify the Airway Traffic Con-
trol Center concerned.
7820. Preliminaries.-Determine the pres-
sure at the elevation of the instrument shelter,
and the proper contact point setting for this
pressure. Lower the contact arm and adjust
the commutator to the proper setting. Lock in
place, or seal with scotch tape, the slide or flap
in front of the commutator adjustment screw.
7821. Disconnect the radiosonde test leads
from the test switch. Clip off the bare por-
tions only of the radiosonde test leads except
about one thirty-second of an inch of the high
reference test lead. If the radiosonde has no
high reference test lead, leave the short portion
on the low reference test lead. This will be used
to secure the release point on the recorder record.
7830. Assembly of Train.-Tie the 50-foot
cord extending from the parachute to the 4-foot
cord fastened to the radiosonde. Tie the bal-
last balloon and all other elements of the train
in their proper positions. (See sec. 4600.)
7840. Check of Train.-Take the assembled
train to a point where all obstructions will be
cleared at release. Make a rapid visual check
of the train.
7841. Note that:
(1) All knots are secure.
(2) The parachute is properly unfurled
with all shrouds clear.
(3) The upper leg of the antenna is se-
curely fastened to the cord and neither too
tight nor too loose.
(4) The lower leg of the antenna is hang-
ing straight and has no kinks.
(5) The contact arm is resting on the
commutator.
(6) The ventilation flaps are secured in
an open position.
(7) The recovery tags are securely
fastened beneath the flap.
(8) The radiosonde door is sealed with
scotch tape.
7842. Connect the battery wires.
7850. The Release.-The observer at the re-
corder will turn the input switch to "X,"' tune
the receiver, and check that a steady trace of
the proper circuit is being received.
7851. The observer at the recorder should
note that the value of the circuit being received
agrees closely with the value of the same circuit
as transmitted during the baseline check.
7851.1. If there has been a change in the tem-
perature ordinate value which is not accom-
panied by a proportional shift in low reference,
and which cannot be accounted for by any dif-
ference that may exist between these values at
37
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
the release point and in the instrument shelter,
the radiosonde should not be released. Pre-
pare the standby radiosonde immediately and
check the doubtful radiosonde later.
7852. When the observer at the recorder is
satisfied with the operation of the radiosonde,
he will have the control tower give the ob-
server with the radiosonde the prearranged re-
lease signal, if traffic conditions have not
changed since the arrangements were made.
If there is no control tower, the observer at
the recorder will indicate to the observer at
the radiosonde that the release may be made.
7853. When the observer at the radiosonde
has received the signal that the radiosonde is.
operating satisfactorily, he should await the re-
lease signal, either from the observer at the
recorder or from the control tower.
7854. When the release signal is received, the
observer with the radiosonde will briefly touch
the exposed tip of the reference wire to the
grounded rivet on the side of the case to mark
the point of release on the recorder record.
7854.1. If the contact point is on a high ref-
erence contact, or if conditions are such that it
is not possible to ground the reference test lead,
the observer at the recorder should turn the
input selector to "SC" momentarily prior to re-
lease, and turn it back to "X" at the moment
of release.
7854.2. If there is no observer at the recorder,
the observer releasing the balloon should note
the time at which the radiosonde is released
and later, on his return to the recorder, note
the time at which a given contact is being re-
corded. The surface level on the record can
then be located by making use of the known rate
of paper feed.
NOTE.-The horizontal lines printed on the latest
type of Cycloray recorder paper are 1 minute apart,
those on older types are one-fourth of a minute apart.
The horizontal lines on L&N recorder paper are 1
minute apart. The paper feed rates given here are
for recorders operating on 60-cycle current. If the
power supply is of some other frequency, the paper
feed rate will differ proportionally.
7855. Make a final check of the release condi-
tions, especially with regard to any change in
the wind or in the position of any mobile ob-
structions.
7856. Make the release and note the time.
(See sec. 4620 for suggestions on releasing.)
7860. Surface Observation at Release.-
Make a complete surface observation as soon
as possible after the time of release. The com-
plete surface observation will include pressure,
dry- and wet-bulb temperatures, wind direction
and velocity, types and amount of clouds, cloud
directions, weather phenomena, and restrictions
to visibility. These data will be entered in the
appropriate spaces on the back of WBAN-30.
7861. When no clouds are present, the word
"cloudless" will be entered. When clouds are
present, they will be entered in accordance with
the classifications and notations adopted for
synoptic reports. The type of cloud will be
preceded by an "L," "M," or "H" to denote
"low," "middle," and "high," respectively. The
amounts of clouds will be expressed in tenths of
sky covered. (The maximum possible cover-
age for all cloud layers present is 10 tenths.)
When the sky is overcast with breaks, the
amount will be recorded as 9+; when clouds
covering less than one-tenth of the sky are pres-
ent, the amount will be recorded as 1-. Direc-
tion of the clouds will be recorded to the nearest
100 and separated from the cloud type by a
slant. Calm will be recorded as "00" and un-
known as "U". Examples: 10L4/360', 1-M2/U.
Cloud classifications are contained in the 1942
Weather Code, part II, tables 50, 51 and 62.
7870. Entry of Clouds and Weather.-In
the spaces under this heading on the back of
WBAN-30 will be entered notes regarding all
significant weather phenomena, such as marked
cloud changes, precipitation or thunderstorms,
and restrictions to visibility occurring during
the raob or within one hour of the beginning
and termination of it. The times of beginnings
and endings will be recorded if they are within
the period beginning one hour before release
and ending one hour after the termination of the
sounding. If the beginning or ending, or both,
extend beyond this period, they will be described
as "cont'd" for "continued." Cloud observa-
tions made at the time of release will not be re-
peated in these spaces.
7871. If it is possible to observe the entry of
the raob balloon into the base of any clouds that
may be present, this should be done. The ob-
server at the recorder should turn the input
switch to "SC" momentarily to mark on the
recorder record the point of the balloon's entry
into the cloud layer.
38
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter VIII. OBTAINING THE RECORDER RECORD
8100. GENERAL
8110. Importance of Proper Tuning.-The
observer at the recorder must pay primary at-
tention to the task of obtaining an accurate and
continuous record. Although it is often possi-
ble for an experienced observer to spend con-
siderable time evaluating the record during the
ascent, this should not be done if it is necessary
to neglect the tuning of the receiver. As the
radiosonde moves away from the earth's surface,
the radio frequency usually drifts slightly, and
careful tuning is required.
8120. Proper Use of Antennas.-If more
than one antenna is available, the one providing
the most satisfactory signal should be used for
the flight. Often, because of its location with
respect to the path of the radiosondo signal, one
antenna will pick up a stronger signal than
another. If the radiosonde signal fades or
weakens during the observation, switch to the
standby antenna, to make sure that the antenna
giving the better results is connected to the
receiver.
8200. TUNING THE SUPER-REGENERA-
TIVE RECEIVER (NATIONAL 1-10RS)
8210. Controls.-The controls of the super-
regenerative radiosonde receiver together with
a brief description of them and their operation,
are given below.
(a) Receiver Power Sitches.-The master
switch of the ground equipment should be at
"ON." If the receiver is equipped with "AC"
and "B+" switches, set both to "ON." The
pilot lamp above the S-meter is lighted when
these switches are in the proper positions, pro-
vided there is no failure in the receiver or power
circuits.
(b) Regeneration Control.-Adjust the re-
generation control to as low a reading as will
produce maximuni steadiness of the recorder or
visual meter indication and maximum signal
strength on the S-meter. (If the optimum set-
ting has not been determined, set at about "3.")
It is important to keep the regeneration setting
low, since too high a setting will cause undesir-
able oscillation in the receiver, a condition which
can be detected by the presence of squealing
noises in the speaker and marked unsteadiness
of the recorder, visual meter, and S-meter indi-
cations. If the S-meter reading is more than
"9," adjust the reading to this value by reducing
the audio gain. Usually, it will be found that
a particular setting of the regeneration control
will produce the best results. However, it will
be necessary to vary this setting when a weak
signal is being received.
(c) Audio Gain Control.-Adjust the audio
gain so that the S-meter indicates about "5."
The gain should be set for only as strong a
signal as required to give a steady recorder
indication. In many cases it may be necessary
to increase the audio gain while a low or high
reference signal is being received, and to reduce
it while a low ordinate temperature or humid-
ity signal is being received. During some types
of interference, a steadier record can be ob-
tained by reducing the audio gain.
(d) R. F. Trimmer.-Adjust the R. F. trim-
mer for maximum steadiness of the recorder or
visual meter indication, and for maximum sig-
nal strength on the S-meter. If the S-meter
reading is more than "9," adjust the reading to
this value by reducing the audio gain. It will
usually be found that a particular setting of the
R. F. trimmer will produce the best results for
the antenna and lead-in system used. This set-
ting should be determined while a weak signal
is being received.
(e) 8 peak er Volume Control.-If the
speaker volume control is on the front control
panel, it should be adjusted to the position best
suited to the comfort of the observer and any
co-workers. If the control is located at the rear
of the receiver, the optimum setting should be
determined during a flight and the control left
at this setting. This adjustment has no effect
on the strength or steadiness of the radiosonde
signal since it affects only the speaker output.
(f) Main Tuning Dial.-On most receivers
the radiosonde signal will be located in the
range 300 to 340 on the main tuning dial. This
range will differ with individual receivers and
the exact readings will vary with radiosondes.
Adjust the dial for maximum steadiness of the
recorder or visual meter indication, and for
maximum signal strength on the S-meter. If
the S-meter reading is more than "9," reduce
the audio gain. Check over a range of about
30 divisions to either side of the peak tuning
point to make sure that the receiver is not tuned
to a side band. While a fairly strong signal
39
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
may be received on a side band when the trans-
mitter is near the receiver, such a signal fades
rapidly as the radiosonde ascends.
(g) 8-meter.--This meter indicates the
strength of the incoming signal, and is there-
fore used in determining the optimum settings
for the tuning controls. It should be noted
that evidence of satisfactory tuning consists of
a steady indication on the visual meter and an
unwavering trace on the recorder record.
8300. TUNING T HE SUPERHETERO-
DYNE RECEIVER (HALLICRAFTERS
S-27RS OR S-36RS)
8310. Control Adustments for F. M. Recep-
tion.-The controls of the superheterodyne ra-
diosonde receiver, together with a brief descrip-
tion of them and their operation for F. M.
reception, are given below:
(a) Band Switch.-Set on "2" to receive the
radiosonde signal of 72.2 megacycles.
(b) Selectivity Switch.-Set to "BROAD."
If interference becomes great enough to prevent
the obtaining of a steady record, set to
"SHARP." This will usually require read-
justment of the tuning control. This control
is the A. C. power switch, as well as the sensi-
tivity selector, and the lamps behind the three
dials should be lighted when the switch is
turned away from the "A. C. OFF" position.
(c) Send-Receive Switch.-Set to "REC."
The receiver will not operate with this switch
in the "SEND" position.
(d) A. M.-F. M. Switch.-Set to "F. M.".
(e) A. V. C. Switch.-Inoperative for F. M.
reception.
(f) A. N. L. Switch.-Inoperative for F. M.
reception.
(g) B. F. O. Switch.-Inoperative for radio-
sonde work.
(h) R. F. Gain.-Set the R. F. gain control
to full position by gently turning the knob in
the clockwise direction beyond "9" until a slight
resistance is encountered. Then, with a slight
additional pressure, turn past this position. A
click of the switch will be heard as the max-
imum position is reached.
(i) Antenna Trimmer Control.-Set at a
previously determined optimum value for the
particular antenna and lead-in system used. If
this setting is unknown or has not been de-
termined, adjust the antenna trimmer for the
maximum output of the speaker.
(j) A. F. Gain.-Set at about "5." Increase
or reduce as required to obtain a steady record.
It may often be found necessary to increase the
A. F. gain while a reference signal is being
received and to reduce it while a low ordinate
temperature or humidity signal is being
received.
(k) Pitch Control.-This control is inopera-
tive for radiosonde work.
(1) Speaker Volumlne Control.-The speaker
volume control is located in the position labeled
"TONE." (The tone control is inoperative for
radiosonde work.) Adjust this control to the
position best suited to the comfort of the ob-
server and any co-workers. The speaker vol-
ume control has no effect on the strength or
steadiness of the radiosonde signal since it
affects only the speaker output.
(m) Main Tuning Dial.-This dial indicates
the radio frequency of the received signal. It is
adjusted by means of the tuning control.
(n) Vernier Dial.-This dial, located imme-
diately above the tuning control, aids in more
closely marking the tuning position of a re-
ceived signal. It is controlled by the tuning
control and operates in conjunction with the
main tuning dial.
(o) Carrier Indicator or Tuning Meter.-
This meter is also known as the "S-meter," and
serves as an aid in obtaining correct tuning.
(p) Speaker.-The speaker is also an aid in
determining the tuning control setting for maxi-
mum sensitivity and steadiness of the recorder
indication. It is most useful in locating a sig-
nal when the receiver is first being tuned or
when the signal becomes temporarily lost due to
interference or shifting frequency.
(q) Tuning Control.-With the band switch
on "2," check over a range of 2 to 3 megacycles
to each side of the radiosonde signal to make
sure that the receiver is not tuned to a side band.
While a fairly strong signal is received on a
side band when the radiosonde is near the re-
ceiver, such a signal fades rapidly as the radio-
sonde ascends. For peak tuning, adjust the
tuning control and observe the action of the
carrier indicator pointer. The pointer will
start from the red zero and move to a maximum
on one side as the signal frequency is ap-
proached. Then, it will reverse and move to a
maximum in the opposite direction, and finally
fall back to zero as the signal is lost. When
the pointer reaches the red zero line in its travel
from a maximum in one direction to a maxi-
mum in the other direction, the receiver is tuned
to the exact signal frequency. The steadiest in-
dication on the recorder record and visual meter
can usually be obtained with the receiver tuned
slightly to one side of the signal frequency.
Locate this tuning position, by tuning from olne
side of the exact signal frequency to the other
side and use the point giving the steadiest
record. Care must be taken with this type of
receiver that the signal is properly tuned and
not distorted. Frequently, with a low ordinate
signal being received, such distortion will cause
the signal to be recorded at twice the proper
ordinate. Often, readjustment of the tuning
40
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
control is required each time the radiosonde
signal switches from a high to a low ordinate
value, and vice versa.
8320. Adjustment of Controls for A. M. Re-
ception.-In some rare cases, a weak signal
may be tuned in more sharply if A. M. tuning
is used. When using A. M. tuning change the
positions of the controls as indicated below.
The other controls remain unchanged from the
positions stated in sec. 8310.
(a) A. M.-F. M. Switch.-Set to "A. M."
(b) Selectivity Switch.-Set to either
"SHARP" or "BROAD," whichever produces
the better results.
(c) A. V. C. Switch.-Set to "ON."
(d) A. N. L. Switch.-Set to "ON."
(e) Carrier Indicator.-For A. M. tuning,
the carrier indicator meter operates as an S-
meter and the pointer indicates in the scale be-
ginning with the black zero. The meter op-
erates as an S-meter only if the R. F. gain is set
at maximum.
(f) Tuning Control.-Adjust the tuning con-
trol so that maximum deflection of the carrier
indicator pointer is obtained. It is often bet-
ter to adjust slightly to one side or the other
of this point to obtain maximum steadiness of
record.
(g) A. F. Gain.-Increase or decrease the
A. F. gain as required to obtain a steady record.
It may often be found necessary to increase
the A. F. gain while a high ordinate signal is
being received and to reduce it when receiving
a low ordinate signal. The carrier indicator
reading should be near but not above "9," and
never below "3" in such cases.
8321. If no material improvement in recep-
tion is noted when using A. M. tuning, return
to F. M. tuning, since this receiver usually op-
erates more efficiently for radiosonde work
wAhen the F. M1. circuit is used.
8400. ADJUSTING FREQUENCY UNIT
8410. Setting Low Reference to 95.0.-As
each low reference is recorded, first note that
the receiver is properly tuned and that the trace
is being recorded clearly. Then, if required,
adjust the low reference to 95.0, making sure
that this adjustment is completed in time to
allow a portion of the adjusted trace to record,
before the signal switches to the temperature
circuit. If the ascensional rate is so high that
the recorded low reference traces are too short
to provide a readable record both before and
after adjustment, no adjustment should be at-
tempted. Similarly, do not attempt to make
an adjustment when the low reference trace is
so scattered that there is doubt as to the actual
value of the low reference ordinate.
8500. DRIFT OF RECORDER PAPER
8510. Checking Recorder Zero Setting.-
From time to time check the alignment of the
recorder paper. If it appears that the paper
is drifting, turn the input switch to "SC" mo-
mentarily to obtain a zero recording. The
switch should be held at "SC" long enough for
the recorder microammeter needle to reach the
zero setting. This check should be made at
a point in the record where no significant data
will be lost, preferably during a long temper-
ature trace.
8600. TERMINATION OF THE
RECORDER RECORD
8610. Bursting Point.-Keep the receiver in
tune in order to obtain the bursting point of the
balloon when possible. If the bursting point is
recorded, obtain the descent record as stated in
paragraph 8620.
8620. Descent Record.-On nighttime raobs,
obtain the descent record through the first high
reference contact after the bursting point. On
daytime raobs obtain the descent record to the
400-millibar level, or as close to that level as
possible, if the descent temperatures near the
bursting point are lower by 3o or more than the
ascent temperatures at the corresponding
points. If the temperature difference is less
than 31, obtain the descent record for at least 5
contacts, continuing further, if necessary, to the
first high reference contact.
8630. Zero Recording.-After the termina-
tion of the observation, turn the input switch to
'SC" and obtain a recording of the recorder
zero. A short portion of the zero recording
after the termination of the observation will be
submitted as part of the record.
8631. Check the zero recording to determine
whether paper drift corrections are required.
If the maximum paper drift, as indicated by a
change in the position of the zero recording is
more than 0.3 of an ordinate, paper drift correc-
tions will be applied to all temperature ordi-
nates. (See par. 9532.)
8632. If a Cycloray recorder is used, the zero
record should be continued until the paper has
moved out of the recorder far enough to permit
a portion of the zero record to be cut off with
the remainder of the flight record. The paper
should be allowed to feed out of the recorder
since the paper will be out of alignment if it is
pulled out mnanually.
8700. OBSERVATIONS BY VISUAL
METER
8710. Recorder Failure Prior to Baseline
Check.-If the recorder fails prior to the start-
41
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
ing of the baseline check, and repairs cannot be
made immediately, obtain the baseline check and
flight ordinate values by reading the visual
meter of the frequency unit. Proceed as
follows:
(a) Carefully read the ordinate value for the
temperature, humidity, low reference, or high
reference portion of each contact as nearly as
possible at the instant before the visual meter
pointer moves to the next portion of a contact.
If the low reference is adjusted, a reading should
be made before and after adjustment.
(b) Tabulate these readings in any conven-
ient manner. The right edge of the recorder
paper may be used for this purpose. In any
case, preserve the tabulated values for forward-
ing with the other forms for the observation.
(c) Using a uniform time scale of one con-
tact per minute, plot a point for each of these
tabulated values on a length of recorder paper.
(See fig. 8-1, which shows, for example, that
contact No. 7 consists of a temperature value
of 71.4 ordinates and a humidity value of 63.9.)
These two values are plotted in the third full
minute space after release.
(d) Evaluate the plotted record in the same
manner as a recorder record, applying visual
meter corrections, if required, instead of re-
corder corrections. (See ch. IX.)
8720. Recorder Failure During Flight.-If
the recorder becomes inoperative during the ob-
servation, the remainder of the flight will be
obtained by visual readings made in the manner
described in paragraph 8710. However, if the
visual meter and recorder were not in agree-
ment at 95.0 before the failure, a correction in
the amount of the disagreement must be ap-
plied to all values between the last low refer-
ence contact before the failure and the first low
reference after the failure.
8721. For example, assume that at the last
low reference before the failure the visual meter
3
'I
g
r
rtswii i iii ir t[ ttt i I
I
!
I_
z
H ill i i iiLL1 1
a
2
z
a
x
3
z
0
0
x
30
0e
2
K
0
K
o
o
.�
FIGURE 8-1.-Portion of raob record plotted from visual meter readings.
10 20 3 0 0 0 0 I 0 I I 1 1 ,
I
111111177711111111
If lI II1120 I 1 30 40 50 60 181111I I1110 IIII soll iI i 71 IIII solIII 111
I I I 1 I I I I I 1 11~111 1 III I I 1_1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ) ) I I 1 I I 1~1 I ( I I I I
_I.H+CCH- -f~BCQf-I#CK TCrH13-!t- rI I ! 1
5~11 1I iI I IPI<~FI ~ I .~~I~clwr II ~-~ II ~it~ (I II II II II 1I II_ II .......................~~'~90 Ib~ I II f~i
42
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
and recorder disagree by 5.0 ordinates, or that
the visual meter indicates 90.0 when the recorder
indicates 95.0. Also, assume that at the first
low reference after the failure the visual meter
indicates 88.0, that is, a drift of 2.0 ordinates
has occurred. The recorded temperature and
humidity values must be corrected by the pro-
portional part of 2.0 ordinates and the visual
readings by the proportional part of 7.0 ordi-
nates. In other words, the 2.0 ordinates are
considered as a drift and the 5.0 ordinates as a
shift at the contact on which visual readings
were begun. On the low reference contact, ad-
just the visual meter to 95.0 and apply drift and
shift corrections in the same manner as for the
recorder record. (See pars. 9520 and 9521.)
43
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter IX. EVALUATING THE RECORDER RECORD
9100. GENERAL
9101. A raob that may be regarded as satis-
factory, that is, one not necessitating a second
release, must satisfy certain conditions of height
and limitations of doubtful and missing data.
These conditions and limitations are described
in the following paragraphs. While evaluating
the recorder record, the observer will be alert
for evidences of conditions that will necessitate
a second release. When a second release is re-
quired but not made, the reasons therefor will
be given fully in a note on the recorder record.
9110. SATISFACTORY RAOB-
CRITERIA
9111. A raob must satisfy the conditions
stated below. If the conditions are not satisfied,
a second radiosonde will be released as promptly
as possible (see pars. 7110 and 7111 for instruc-
tions concerning delayed observations). How-
ever, if owing to unfavorable atmospheric con-
ditions or other reasons it is apparent that a
height greater than 3 km. above the elevation of
the station cannot be attained in subsequent at-
tempts, an additional release will not be made.
The descent record will be used only for com-
puting corrections to the ascent temperatures;
it will not be used for computing the sounding
when the ascent record is poor or missing.
9112. Data must be sufficient to permit com-
putation of the raob to an elevation of at least
3 km. above the elevation of the station.
9113. There must be not more than five con-
secutive contacts of missing or doubtful tem-
perature data between the surface level and an
elevation of 3 km. above the station.
9114. If, because of prevailing weather con-
ditions, the relative humidity is of decided im-
portance, there must be not more than five con-
secutive contacts of missing relative humidity
data between the surface level and an elevation
of 3 kmn. above the station. In many instances,
the record might be considered satisfactory even
though the relative humidity record were en-
tirely missing from the observation.
9115. When a second release is made, the cali-
bration chart and the recorder record pertain-
ing to the first radiosonde will be submitted
with the rest of the station's forms in accord-
ance with the provisions of chapter X. The
chart and record will be properly labeled and
include the surface data at release and the base-
line check. A complete explanation of the cir-
cumstances attending the failure of the radio-
sonde will be entered under the identifying
data on the recorder record.
9120. CLASSIFICATION OF DATA AS
DOUBTFUL AND MISSING
9120.1. When abnormal functioning of the ra-
diosonde or ground equipment occurs, the ac-
curacy of the raob data will be classified in
accordance with the following paragraphs. A
precise determination of the accuracy of the
data will often be difficult or impossible.
Classification, therefore, will be based upon
the possible error characteristic of common
situations.
9121. Temperature.-If the possible error is
10 C. or less, the data will be considered ac-
curate.
9121.1. If the possible error is more than 10
C., but not more than 30 C., the data will be
considered doubtful.
9121.2. If the possible error is more than 3o
C., the data will be considered missing.
9122. Relative Humidity.-If the possible
error is 10 percent or less, the data will be con-
sidered accurate.
9122.1. If the possible error is more than 10
percent, the data will be considered missing.
9122.2. Relative humidity data will be classi-
fled as missing whenever the radiosonde fails
to transmit relative humidity data (including
motorboating values) while the temperature is
-400 or higher.
9122.3. Relative humidity data will not be
classified as doubtful.
9123. Sources of Possible Error.-]Data
may be subject to possible error because of any
of the following conditions:
9123.1. The temperature or relative humidity
trace (for reasons other than motorboating)
may be entirely missing or scattered to such
an extent that the actual ordinate values can-
not be determined. If the stratum is more than
five contacts in extent, the data will be classi-
fied as missing. If it is not more than five con-
tacts, the data will be classified as accurate,
doubtful, or missing, in accordance with para-
graphs 9121 and 9122.
9123.2. The low reference trace may be en-
tirely missing or scattered to such an extent
44
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
that the actual ordinate value cannot be de-
termined, thereby introducing a possible error
in the value of the temperature and relative
humidity ordinates. This condition often oc-
curs near the end of a sounding when the radio-
sonde signal may be so weak that the reference
traces are not readable. In such cases, the error
at the low reference ordinate is proportionately
larger than at the temperature or relative hu-
midity ordinate. For example, an unreadable
low reference trace may have drifted three or-
dinates, but a temperature trace evaluated as
20 ordinates would be only slightly more than
0.6 ordinate or 10 C. in error.
9123.3. A shift may occur in the temperature
or relative humidity traces unaccompanied by a
corresponding proportional shift in the low
reference trace. The magnitude of possible er-
ror in the relative humidity or temperature
ordinate is determined in such cases by the mag-
nitude of the shift.
9123.4. A shift of the low reference trace
may occur unaccompanied by a corresponding
proportional shift in the temperature and rela-
tive humidity traces. The possible error in the
latter traces will be less than the amount of the
shift in low reference.
9123.5. Since temperature is a factor in the
evaluation of relative humidity from the cali-
bration chart, any error in the temperature
data will introduce an error in the relative hu-
midity evaluation.
9123.6. When a pressure cell in the radiosonde
is leaking, the temperature and tropopause ap-
pear higher and the maximum altitude of the
raob greater than might normally be expected.
In such cases, it is frequently difficult to deter-
mine exactly where the leaking in the pressure
cell commenced. All data may, therefore, be in
error; and, in accordance with the provisions
of paragraphs 9112 and 9113, a second release
may be required if the point where leakage
began cannot be determined.
9123.7. Whenever the radiosonde fails to
switch from temperature to relative humidity
over a portion of the record not more than five
contacts in extent, the temperature data will be
considered accurate. The pressure contact val-
ues of significant levels in this portion of the
record will be computed by determining the pro-
portional parts of the distance between the
reference traces. If the continuous temperature
trace is more than five contacts in extent, the
temperature data will be classified as accurate,
doubtful, or missing, depending upon the
amount of possible error involved.
9123.8. If the radiosonde should cease to
switch and thereafter only a continuous tem-
perature trace is recorded, the data will be con-
sidered missing and the computations termi-
613388--45-4
nated at the last contact at which switching
occurred.
9123.9. Whenever any portion of the tem-
perature record is classified as doubtful, the
computations will be continued in the normal
manner, except that more than five consecutive
contacts of doubtful temperature data between
the surface and 3,000 meters above the elevation
of the station will necessitate a second raob.
9125. Termination 0 w i n g to Missing
Data.-Whenever a stratum of missing tem-
perature data is followed by a satisfactory
record, the computations will be continued, pro-
vided the stratum of missing data does not ex-
ceed the following limits:
1. From surface to 3,000
meters above the -
elevation of the sta-5 contacts of recorder record.
tion. J
2. From 3,000 meters
above the surface 2,000 meters.
to 7,000 meters, meters.
above sea level.
3. From 7,000 meters
above sea level to3,000m
the termination of meters.
the flight.
If the tropopause occurs in a stratum of
missing temperature data more than 1,500 me-
ters thick, the computations will be termi-
nated. Whenever the limits above are ex-
ceeded, the computations will be terminated at
the beginning of the stratum of missing data.
If the stratum of temperature data classified
as missing is less than these limits, the com-
putations will be continued in the normal
manner.
9125.1. When relative humidity data are
classified as missing, the computation of a
sounding will be continued in the normal man-
ner, except as provided in paragraph 9114.
9130. Entry of Surface Data, Etc., on Re-
corder Record.-Within the first 7 inches of
the record to be submitted, and at a place
where the entries do not interfere with the
baseline check data, enter the name of the sta-
tion, date, and time of release G. C. T., radio-
sonde serial number, reason for termination of
the sounding, and name of computer and veri-
fier. Begin each entry at about the tenth ordi-
nate line on the recorder paper, as shown in
figure 9-1.
9131. Enter the complete surface observation
at release just below the release level at about
the tenth ordinate line. These entries will com-
prise pressure at the floor of the instrument
shelter and the corresponding contact number,
temperature, relative humidity, weather, wind,
and clouds. If the elevation of the point of
release is more than 3 meters different from
that of the floor of the instrument shelter, the
contact corresponding to the release point, cornm-
45
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
puted in accordance with paragraph 7344.2, will
be entered in parentheses beside the contact
corresponding to the pressure at the floor of the
instrument shelter. Weather will be recorded
in the same symbols as are used in airway
weather reports and described in Weather
Bureau Circular N. Wind will be entered to
16 points and in meters to tenths per second.
Clouds will be entered in accordance with the
provisions of paragraph 7861. "Cloudless" will
be entered when no clouds are present.
9132. Notes and comments pertinent to the
observation may be entered on the recorder be-
low the station identification data. Observers
are encouraged to make such entries on the
record as will assist in clarifying, qualifying,
or explaining any unusual aspects of the record.
The provisions of this paragraph will not be
construed as authorizing the solicitation of such
instructions and opinions as should properly be
made the subject of a letter.
9200. SELECTION OF SIGNIFICANT
LEVELS
(See figs. 9-1 to 9-7)
9201. Draw a horizontal line completely
across the recorder record through each sig-
nificant level selected in accordance with the
following instructions. When selections have
been completed, inspect the temperature trace
between each pair of consecutive significant
levels to determine whether additional levels
need be selected.
9202. Surface.--Place a level at the point of
the balloon's release.
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9210. Temperature.-Place levels at signifi-
cant changes in the lapse rate. The significance
of any point may be determined by placing a
straightedge over the adj acent points of change.
If the departure of the point in question from
the linearity represented by the straightedge
equals 10 C. in the troposphere and 20 C. in
the stratosphere, the point will be considered
as at a significant change in lapse rate. (See
fig. 9-2.)
9211. Place levels at the bases and tops of all
significant temperature inversions and isother-
mal layers. The significance of temperature in-
versions and isothermal layers will be deter-
mined in accordance with the preceding para-
graph. It should be noted that it is not suf-
ficient to place a level at the base of a tempera-
ture inversion or an isothermal layer and not
place one at the top also, or vice versa; nor is
it correct to place a level at the middle of such
layers only.
9212. Place levels 'at the extreme maximum
and minimum temperatures recorded.
9220. Relative Humidity.-Place levels at
points indicating significant changes in the
vertical relative humidity gradient. If the de-
parture of any point from the linearity repre-
sented by a straightedge placed over adjacent
points of change equals 10 percent, the point
will be considered significant. (See fig. 9-2.)
9221. Place a level between the -370 and
- 400 portion of the record or the highest usable
humidity contact below this portion.
9222. Relative humidity will not be evaluated
on the recorder record for levels whose tempera-
ture is lower than -400.
.11111111111111111 111111111111111111 1111111111 It
I I 0 50 0 8 90
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FIGURE 9-2.-Determining the significance of a point on the recorder record.
NoTE.-Levels Nos. 4 and 5 have been selected, and it is desired to determine whether any point between
the levels departs by 10 in temperature or 10 percent in relative humidity from the linearity represented by
the straightedge AB, which is laid over the adjacent points of change. The temperature and relative humidity
are evaluated at the points D and C. A difference of more than 10 in temperature but less than 10 percent in rela-
tive humidity is noted between the two points. A level accordingly is placed at C on the temperature trace.
I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I "I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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CHARY PAPER NO. 9-5001
COPIR. 191 BY FRIEZ INSTRUMENT DIVISION. BENDIX AVIATIO14
CORPORATION
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
2 NSMIIS- yo~igO. 11bIXAVIATION CORPORATION. BALTIJ
CHART PAPER NO. 9.5.V127
=OPR. 1943 BY FRIJZ INSTRUMENT DIVISION. BEIDIX AVIATION CORPORATI
PRINTED 11
a'
IU.S.A.,
CNHjT PAPER NO. 400O527
,-OPR. 1941., Y FRIEZ INSTRUMENT VP
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1910N. BINDIX AVIATION CORPORATION
Fiouas Q0-1.-Recorder record. 638~4 F
ECORDER CHART WHEN ORDERINCo SPECIPM NO. 32741
UNIM AVIATION C
.rrtHM MWRUbfKMT- DW49MON,- OX41X AVIATION CORPORATION1
FRI
ORE, MO., U.S.A.
rmax- tN*-rpu+ffNT- btVtSION.
BALTIMORE, MO., U.S.-A.
CYCLOR*VJ
nORPORATION. BALTIMORE. MO.. U.S.A.
CYCLORAY RECORDEA C IART-
613388*-45 We
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
9223. Motorboating Relative Humidity
(See fig. 9-3).-The motorboating ordinate
recorded will vary slightly with radiosondes
and recorders. The points at which the relative
humidity trace reaches or leaves motorboating
values are termed cut-off points. The cut-off
point will be considered as at an ordinate of 5.0
for any radiosonde whose motorboating ordi-
nate is actually more or less than 5.0.
9223.1. Place levels at cut-off points that
bound motorboating strata four contacts or
more in extent. Levels need not be placed for
strata of lesser extent unless the cut-off values
pertaining to the strata differ by more than 10
percent from the relative humidity values of
succeeding and preceding levels.
9223.2. A level need not be placed at the exact
point of cut-off if temperature or other con-
siderations make it desirable that a level be
placed within a fraction of a contact above or
below this point. The level will be considered
as at the cut-off point and the relative humidity
ordinate evaluated as 5.0. If the relative hu-
midity trace varies between motorboating and
nonmotorboating values, and the variations do
not exceed the cut-off value by more than 10
percent, the stratum may be considered either
wholly above or wholly below the cut-off point.
Decision will be basedc on the predominant
values.
9230. Additional Levels.-Place additional
levels as follows:
9231. Within every motorboating stratum of
more than four contacts; a level need not be
placed within a motorboating stratum four con-
tacts or less in extent, unless some point within
the stratum is otherwise significant. A level
placed in accordance with paragraph 9223.2 will
be considered the lower boundary of the motor-
boating stratum.
9232. If the radiosonde should descend owing
to icing or turbulence and then reascend, a level
will be placed at the highest complete contact
of the first ascent and another level at the same
contact of the second or last ascent.
9233. Where necessary to reduce the differ-
ence in pressure between any two successive
levels to 100 millibars or less.
9234. At the bursting point of the balloon or
at the highest usable point of the record. If
the bursting point occurs at a reference or a
relative humidity contact, the temperature trace
~tiKK.t:1i K
S110 20 30 40 0 60o 0 80
z 9
FIGURE 9-3.--Placing levels at cut-off points and in a motorboating stratum.
NOTE.-The stratum AB is adjudged to be predominantly motorboating despite the points at D and C. Level
No. 6 placed at the top of the inversion satisfies the requirement for one level in every motorboating stratum more
than four contacts in extent. Point A is at a cut-off point and therefore evaluated as 5.0. No drift or recorder
corrections are applied. This is also true of level No. 6, which is evaluated as MB. Level No. 7 is placed slightly
above the cut-off point because of the change in temperature lapse rate at C. B nevertheless is evaluated as at the
cut-off point and assigned an ordinate value of 5.0.
O
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I
47
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
will be extrapolated to the bursting point if this
can be done accurately. If it cannot be done
with accuracy because the temperature has been
varying considerably, or for other reasons, the
flight will be terminated at the top of the last
temperature contact.
9235. At the base of any cloud layer that the
balloon is seen to enter; this level will have been
marked by the observer at the recorder in ac-
cordance with paragraph 7871.
9236. At the beginnings and endings of strata
whose temperature or relative humidity data, or
both, are classified as missing or doubtful. On
the levels bounding missing strata, enter the
notation "Beginning (or end) missing (or
doubtful) data." This notation will be made
close to the evaluated data but in a position
where it will not interfere with or obliterate
any part of the record or the evaluations.
9237. Within each stratum classified .as miss-
ing. Since it will not be possible to evaluate
data pertaining to such levels, the exact points
at which the levels are placed is unimportant,
but it is necessary that they be assigned a level
number to aid in constructing the adiabatic
chart and coding the raob message. For these
purposes, only one level will be placed within
each stratum of data classified as missing.
Enter "Data missing" on the levels.
9238. At the base of strata in which icing
occurs.
9238.1 Indications of Icing.-The occur-
rence of icing under favorable conditions of
temperature and relative humidity is usually
indicated by a decrease in the ascensional rate
of the raob balloon and a consequent lengthen-
ing of the contacts on the recorder record. Since
a decrease in the ascensional rate can be caused
by turbulence as well as icing, the temperature
and relative humidity will be examined criti-
cally before assuming that the decrease is owing
to icing. It will be noted that there should be
a progressive increase in the length of the con-
tacts to support the assumption that the accre-
tion of ice is increasing. This increase cannot
usually be exhibited in less than four contacts.
Moreover, the temperature should be close to
freezing or below, and the relative humidity
high. The selection of a level at the base of a
stratum within which icing occurs should be
correlated with the selection of RAICG and
RAFRZ data, in accordance with the provisions
of Chapter XI.
9240. DESCENT RECORD
(See fig. 9-4)
0241. On daytime raobs, if any point on the
descent record between the bursting point of the
balloon and the 400-millibar surface is lower
by 30 or more than the corresponding point on
the ascent, corrections will be applied to the
ascent temperatures. These corrections will be
applied only above the 400-millibar surface and
will be determined as follows:
9242. Select a point on the descent record one
or two contacts below the bursting point of the
balloon. It is not advisable to select the last
contact reached because of the poor ventilation
at that point. Draw a short horizontal line
through the point selected. Select as many ad-
ditional salient points on the descent record as
can be clearly identified with corresponding
points on the ascent record. Draw a short hori-
zontal line through the points. Because of
hysteresis, or lag, in the baroswitch section,
these points will not necessarily be of the same
pressure contact value as the corresponding
points on the ascent record.
9243. When the bursting point of the balloon
is above the tropopause, ascent temperature cor-
rections will not be applied unless the tempera-
ture difference between the ascent and descent
records can be established for at least two points
between the bursting point and the 400-millibar
surface. If the bursting point occurs between
the 400-millibar surface and the tropopause, the
temperature difference for at least one point
must be determined.
9300. CONTACT NUMBERS AND DRIFT
LINE
(See fig. 9-1)
9310. At each high and low reference contact,
write the contact number (5, 10, 15, 20, etc.) to
the right of the reference trace, provided the
contact number is a multiple of 5. Connect each
successive recorded low reference contact with a
straight line, termed the "drift line," drawn
from the upper left edge of the lower low refer-
ence contact to the lower left edge of the suc-
ceeding one, regardless of whether intervening
low reference contacts are missing. This pro-
cedure will be altered as explained below if a
shift has occurred between successive low refer-
ence contacts. (See par. 9350.)
9320. At the top and bottom of each low ref-
erence contact and immediately to the left of it,
enter to tenths of ordinates, with proper sign
prefixed, the difference between the low refer-
ence ordinate and the ninety-fifth. This
difference is termed "the low reference drift
correction."
9330. Draw the drift line vertically that is,
parallel to the printed ordinate lines-from the
lower left edge of the first low reference after
release to the surface level, unless there is evi-
dence to indicate that there has been a shift be-
tween release and the first low reference. This
may be indicated by an abrupt shift in the
temperature trace or the displaced position of
48
INSTRUCTIOIS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS 49
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
any high reference trace that might have been
recorded between release and the first low refer-
ence. The high reference ordinate differs from
the low reference ordinate by an amount that is
practically constant for a given radiosonde.
9340. If the record indicates that there has
been an abrupt shift, draw the drift line ac-
cordingly. Inspect the record to determine
that there has been a shift of all elements and
the shifts are proportional to their ordinate
values. Determine carefully that there has not
been an independent shift of the temperature
trace. (See par. 9350.)
9350. If there has been a drift as well as a
shift, draw the drift line as follows (see fig.
9-5):
(1) Multiply the amount of shift of the tem-
perature ordinate by the ordinate of the low
reference before the shift, and divide the prod-
uct by the temperature ordinate before the
shift, thus:
Shift of temperature ordinate x low reference before shift Correction for shift to be applied to
Temperature ordinate before shift the following low reference contact.
(2) At the following low reference place a
point an amount equal to and in a direction
opposite from the computed low reference shift.
The difference between this point and the pre-
ceding low reference is the amount of drift
which occurred in addition to the shift. Draw
the drift line from the preceding low reference
toward this point, but stop at the level of the
shift. Then displace the drift line the same
direction and amount as the computed low ref-
erence shift. Continue the drift line to the left
edge of the following low reference.
9360. Missing Low Reference Contacts.-
If one or more low reference contacts are miss-
ing, draw the drift line between the first read-
able low reference contact above and below
them. If all the low reference contacts should
become unreadable, but the temperature and
relative humidity record continues readable,
the drift line may be drawn vertically-that
is, parallel to the printed ordinate lines-from
the last readable low reference contact to the
termination of the sounding, provided there
has been little or no drifting and shifting and
the temperature record indicates little possi-
bility of a shift having occurred after the low
reference contacts became unreadable. Under
these circumstances, the data will be classified
a.s accurate, doubtful, or missing, in accordance
with paragraph 9121.
L L
10 20 3 X40 X{ 60 0 i l 80 I i ! t ri 90I
FIGURE 9-5.-Determination of drift-shift correction.
NOTE.--At the point of shift, the line AB is drawn through the temperature trace and drift line. The shift of the
temperature trace is 1.7 ordinates; the temperature ordinate before the shift, 53.8; and the preceding low reference
1.7 X 95
ordinate value, 95.0. Substituting the values in the formula above 53.8 2.6 (amount of shift at low reference).
Point C at the base of the first low reference following the shift was displaced to the right-that is, in a direction
opposite to that of the shift--2.6 ordinates. This point is marked "D." CD is the shift. DE, or the remainder, is the
drift. The points D and F are lined up and a solid line drawn from F to G. G is then displaced to the left 2.6
ordinates to the point H. The points C and H are connected with a solid line and the line CH used as the drift
line for any levels placed between them. The line FG is the drift line applicable to any levels coming between them.
50
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
9361. If the record indicates that an appre-
ciable amount of shifting or drifting occurred,
the drift line will be drawn in the same manner
and the data examined very carefully with a
view to classifying them as doubtful or miss-
ing, since the possible error in such cases may
be appreciably large.
9400. ENTERING DATA ON
SIGNIFICANT LEVELS
9410. Level Number.-Number each signifi-
cant level, making the surface level number 1.
Write the appropriate number upon the level
and at the extreme left of the recorder record.
In cases of multiple ascents (see par. 9232),
assign a level number one higher to the first
level on the last ascent than the last level on
the first ascent.
9411. On all levels except the surface, enter
to the left of the drift line the ordinate difference
between the drift line and the ninety-fifth or-
dinate. Place a plus sign before the difference
if the drift line is to the left of the ninety-fifth
ordinate and a minus sign if it is to the right.
9420. Pressure Contact Value.-At each
significant level, determine the pressure contact
value to the nearest tenth by counting the con-
tacts from the preceding reference contact, num-
bered in accordance with paragraph 9310, to the
given level. A contact begins at the base of the
relative humidity or reference portion and ends
at the top of the temperature portion. Deter-
mine proportional parts of a contact with ref-
erence to the whole contact as it appears on the
recorder record; that is, the relative humidity
portion of a contact will not necessarily be con-
sidered as one-fourth of the whole contact-it
may be as little as one-tenth or as much as nine-
tenths.
9421. Enter the values of the pressure con-
tacts immediately to the left of the temperature
trace and upon the levels.
9422. On the surface level, enter the value of
the pressure contact at release, as it appears on
the recorder record. Enter this value on the
back of WBAN-30 also, under the heading
"Contact from Recorder Record." Beside this,
enter under "Contact from Calibration Chart"
the contact corresponding to the pressure at the
time and point of release. (See par. 9131.) The
fractional value of the contact at release will
usually be estimated by comparing it with the
length of the following contact, except that
when conditions of wind and precipitation make
this impossible the most reasonable value will
be assigned to the contact.
9423. Discrepant Contact at Release.-
Compare the value of the contact at release, as
determined from the recorder record, with the
computed value, as determined from the calibra-
tion chart in accordance with paragraph 9422.
9423.1. If the difference between these two
values is 0.2 contact or less, no corrections need
be applied to the computed pressure contact
values for the significant levels.
9423.2. If the difference is between 0.3 and
0.5 contact, inclusive, apply the difference to
the pressure contact value. For example, if the
record shows that the radiosonde was released
with the contact point set at 5.0 contact and the
calibration chart indicates that this setting
should have been 4.5 contact, the pressure con-
tact at the surface level will be entered as
5.0-0.5=4.5. In the same manner, this correc-
tion of -0.5 contact will then be applied to the
pressure contact values of all other significant
levels.
9423.3. If the difference is more than 0.5 con-
tact, the pressure calibration curve will be dis-
placed in accordance with the following
instructions:
9424. Displacing Calibration Curve (see
fig. 9-6).-On the calibration chart, plot a point
at the intersection of the actual contact at re-
lease and the corresponding pressure. Measure
the distance vertically from this point to the
curve on the calibration chart. Displace the
curve vertically in an amount equal to this dis-
tance at a number of points throughout its
length, and draw a new curve through the
points. Cross out the old curve, and use the
new curve for computing all values of pressure.
9430. Evaluation of Temperature Ordi-
nate.-Owing to the effect of solar heating, day-
time recorder records frequently show zigzag
fluctuations in the temperature traces. When
evaluating such traces, use the left or low tem-
perature values. A penciled line connecting the
low temperature values of the traces may be
drawn to aid in the evaluation, taking care to
avoid eliminating the larger fluctuations that
indicate actual variations in the temperature of
the air. Data evaluated in accordance with the
provisions of this paragraph will not be con-
sidered "doubtful" or "missing." (See fig. 9-7.)
9431. Enter the temperature ordinate values
to tenths immediately to the right of the tem-
perature trace and upon the levels.
9440. Evaluation of Relative Humidity
Ordinates.-The relative humidity ordinates
will usually be read at a point where the sig-
nificant levels intersect a straight line connect-
ing the tops of the relative humidity traces
above and below them. (See figs. 9-8 and 9-9.)
9441. When the relative humidity is chang-
ing rapidly, the effects of polarization (usually
manifest during the first portion of each rela-
tive humidity trace by a drift to the left) may
be neglected. Under these circumstances the
relative humidity trace may be evaluated at the
point closest to the level. (See fig. 9-10.)
51
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
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FIGURE 9-8.-Evaluation of relative humidity trace, example No. 1.
NOTE.-Level No. 3, Example No. 1.-The relative humidity ordinate is found by drawing a straight line from
the top of the humidity contact below level No. 3 to the top of the relative humidity contact above the level. The
polarization effect is very apparent in this example. Polarization is indicated by a decrease of the relative humidity
ordinate.
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
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FIGURE 9-9.-Evaluation of relative humidity trace, example No. 2.
NoTE.-Level No. 7, Example No. 2.-The relative humidity ordinate is found by drawing a straight line from
the top of the relative humidity contact below level No. 7 to the top of the relative humidity contact above the
level. Although the trend of the relative humidity is rising, each individual contact shows definite evidence of
polarization.
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.Jlll1lll1l 1 " lr llll IIIII 111111111 11 111111111 11 1I II IT' rll;
Nll l l l i I I! ! ; ,
~ I ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !i ! ! ! i I 1 I I ItI l lll t IIIII i i l I I I I I I II I I. I t l lI I I I l tl I l I I.I I I I I
FIGURE 9-10.-Evaluation of relative humidity trace, example No. 3.
NOTE.-Level No. 4, Example No. 3.-The relative humidity ordinate is found by drawing a straight line from
the top of the relative humidity contact below level No. 4 to the bottom of the relative humidity contact above the
level. At the relative humidity contact above level No. 4, the effect of polarization cannot be recognized because of
extreme relative humidity changes while the contact was recording. Therefore, the polarization is disregarded in this
case, and all points along the curve formed by the humidity trace may be used.
Level No. 5.-The relative humidity ordinate is found by drawing a straight line from the top of the relative
humidity contact below level No. 5 to the bottom of the relative humidity contact above the level. As in level No. 4,
the polarization effect is disguised by changes in relative humidity. The indicated increase is caused by an actual
increase in humidity, and, as such, masks polarization, which always appears as a decrease in the ordinate of relative
humidity.
9442. Whenever a significant level occurs at a
high or low reference contact, the relative hu-
midity will usually be interpolated between the
adjacent relative humidity traces. When the
temperature lapse rate is uniform, the relative
humidity interpolation will be made by con-
necting the adjacent relative humidity traces in
accordance with paragraph 9440 above. When
the temperature record shows an inversion or
the beginning or ending of an isothermal layer
at a reference contact, the relative humidity
record below the level will be extrapolated, and
the ordinate of relative humidity obtained at
the intersection of the level and the extrapolated
trace. Usually, the base of an inversion will
coincide with a point of maximum relative hu-
midity value for the stratum and the top of an
inversion with a point of minimum value. (See
fig. 9-11.)
S
E
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
FIGURE 9-11.-Evaluation of relative humidity trace, example No. 4.
NOTE.-Level No. 2, Example No. 4.-The relative humidity ordinate is found by the extrapolation, rather than
the interpolation, method illustrated in the previous examples. In this example, extrapolation is necessary to
obtain the maximum value of relative humidity. The maximum value should occur at or near the base of an
inversion of this type.
Level No. 3, Example No. 4.-The relative humidity ordinate is found by drawing a straight line from the top
of the humidity contact below the level to the bottom of the humidity contact above the level. Polarization is again
disregarded because of the extreme change in the recorded relative humidity.
9443. Read the relative humidity ordinate
values to the nearest tenth and enter them imme-
diately to the right of the temperature trace and
below the levels. These values, and their re-
corder and drift corrections, will be enclosed in
parentheses.
9444. If at any level the relative humidity
trace is believed to be at a cut-off point, the ordi-
nate will be evaluated as 5.0. Recorder and drift
corrections will not be applied to this value.
94454 If at any level the relative humidity
trace is believed to be in a motorboating
stratum, but not at cut-off points, the relative
humidity ordinate will be evaluated as MB and
entered on the recorder record. No corrections
of any kind will be applied.
9500. APPLICATIONS OF CORRECTIONS
TO TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE
HUMIDITY ORDINATES
9510. Recorder Corrections.-Enter the ap-
plicable recorder corrections, with proper sign
prefixed, to the right of the temperature and
relative humidity ordinates.
9520. Drift and Shift Corrections.-Cor-
rections for shifts will be applied as though the
shift had been a drift.
9521. Drift corrections will be based on tem-
perature ordinate values after recorder correc-
tions have been applied. The ordinate differ-
ence between the drift line and the ninety-fifth
ordinate, at the point where each significant
level intersects it, will be placed, with proper
sign prefixed, immediately to the left of the
drift line and on the significant level.
9522. Computation of Drift Corrections.-
Multiply the temperature ordinate value for
each level (after application of recorder cor-
rections) by the drift at low reference, as found
in paragraph 9521. Divide the product by the
ordinate value of the paper drift line, and place
the dividend, with proper sign prefixed, imme-
diately after the recorder correction applied to
the temperature ordinate. This will be fol-
lowed by an equals (=) sign, and the corrected
temperature ordinate, thus: 30.0-0.1+0.2=
30.1, where the recorder correction is -0.1 and
the drift correction is + 0.2.
9522.1. To facilitate the computation of drift
corrections, 90 may be used as the divisor if
the low reference drift is to the left and does
not exceed 7 ordinates. If the drift is to the
right, 100 may be used as the divisor.
9522.2. If the reference drift is less than 3.0
ordinates, correction charts based on 95, as the
divisor may be used.
9530. PAPER DRIFT CORRECTIONS
9531. Paper drift corrections will be com-
puted if the check of the zero recording made
in accordance with paragraph 8631 indicates a
drift of 0.3 ordinate or more at any level of the
sounding.
9532. If paper drift corrections are required,
they will be placed, with proper sign prefixed,
after the temperature ahd humidity ordinates to
which recorder and drift corrections have been
applied. An equals ( ) sign will be placed
after them, followed by the corrected tempera-
ture ordinate, thus : 30.0- 0.1+ 0.2 = 30.1- 0.3=
29.8, where-0.1 is the recorder correction, +0.2
is the drift correction, and -0.3 is the correction
for paper drift.
9533. Computation of Paper Drift Correc-
tions.-Draw the paper drift line from the left
bc
I I I I 1 . I I I l l l l 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 I f _I l u l l _1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 _ _ - _I _ 1 - - T
55
b
i
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
edge of the top of the zero trace before release
to the bottom of the next zero trace, which may
have been obtained before the termination of the
sounding in accordance with paragraph 8510.
Continue this drift line from the top of each
zero trace to the bottom of the next following
zero trace through the termination of the
sounding.
9533.1. Enter the paper drift correction on
each level immediately to the right of the paper
drift line. The correction will be the ordinate
difference between the drift line and the correct
ordinate value of the zero setting. If the re-
corder at zero prints to the left of the true ordi-
nate of the zero setting, a positive correction
will be required. If it prints to the right, a
negative correction will be required.
9533.2. Subtract from 95.0 the temperature
ordinate value to be corrected. Multiply the
remainder by the paper drift correction at the
given level and divide the product by 95. The
quotient will be the required correction for the
temperature ordinate. For example, if the tem-
perature ordinate (after application of recorder
and drift corrections) at a given level is 40.3, and
the paper drift is 0.7 ordinate, the correction
would be computed as follows:
54.7 x 0.7
95.0 -40.3=54.7, 95 0.4,
the required paper drift correction for an
ordinate of 40.3.
9540. Descent Temperature Data.-Points
on the descent record selected in accordance
with paragraph 9242 will be evaluated for tem-
perature only, with the exception of the first
point below the level at the maximum elevation
of the sounding. Since it will usually not be
possible to identify this point with a corre-
sponding point of the ascent record, the pres-
sure corresponding to its contact will be deter-
mined from the calibration chart in order to
plot the corresponding temperature difference
in accordance with paragraph 10212.33. If
this point should correspond to a level on the
ascent record, it will not be necessary to secure
the corresponding pressure.
9541. Enter to the left of the points selected,
in accordance with paragraph 9242 the level
numbers of the corresponding points on the
ascent record. To the right of the temperature
trace, enter the complete temperature ordinate
data in a manner similar to the entry of such
data on the ascent record. Recorder and drift
corrections will be computed in a manner simi-
lar to that for the ascent record data.
9542. Corrected descent temperature ordi-
nates will be entered on WBAN-30 in the "Re-
marks" column of the ascent levels to which
they pertain. Above the data, enter the nota-
tion "Descent temperature." Allow sufficient
room to the right of the descent temperature
ordinates for the two additional entries re-
quired by the provisions of paragraph 10212.32.
Beneath the ordinate pertaining to the first
point selected below the level at the termination
of the sounding, enter the corresponding pres-
sure, if required, in accordance with paragraph
9540.
9550. Termination of the Sounding.-Enter
the reason for the termination of the sounding
slightly above the last ascent level evaluated.
9600. Recorder Record and Calibration
Chart.-The recorder record will be folded uni-
formly to facilitate inspection and filing. It
will be folded evenly, accordion fashion, in
7-inch folds in order that the entire record may
be examined by turning over the folds. The
first fold, upon which the identifying data are
entered, should face outward. The calibration
chart will be folded once, with the pressure
graph folded toward the relative humidity
graph on the inside. The recorder record will
be placed inside the folded calibration chart.
(See fig. 9-12.)
9610. The name of the station, date, and time
of release G. C. T. will be entered on the cali-
bration chart just below the serial number on
the inside of the chart, or, if space is not avail-
able, these data will be entered in a convenient
space near the serial number. After the cali-
bration chart has been folded once with the
blank side out and the fold at the bottom, the
name of the station and date and time of re-
lease G. C. T., will be entered in the upper
right corner as shown in figure 9-12.
Station
..------------------ '"" " '-' ---
Date
Time (24 hr.)G.T
-Place Folded A
Recorder Record
Inside
Fold Chart Here
FIGURE 9-12.-Example of folded calibration chart showing position of labels. Dashed lines show recorder record
inside folded chart (proportion approximate).
56
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter X. PREPARATION OF FORMS
10100. GENERAL
10110. Prepare all forms neatly and legibly,
using well-sharpened pencils (No. 3). Rubber
stamps will be used, when available, for enter-
ing the date and the name of the station. Enter
identification data on both sides of WBAN-30,
both sections of WBAN-31, and all pages of
WBAN-32. Black pencil will be used unless
specific exception is made in these instructions.
10111. Enter the date and time of the raob
on the recorder record and calibration chart, and
on all forms except WBAN-32, in accordance
with the 24-hour clock, G. C. T., to the nearest
minute. Instructions for making these entries
on WBAN-32 are given in section 10700. The
time of release will be considered the time of the
raob. The date will always conform with the
time expressed in G. C. T. Midnight will be
indicated as 0000 and considered as the begin-
ning of the day; e. g., midnight of the 7th-8th
will be entered as 0000 on the 8th. In no case
will midnight be indicated as 2400. A colon
will not be used between the hour and minutes.
On WBAN-30, the actual release time and date
will also be entered in terms of the time zone in
which the station is situated. The meridian of
the appropriate time zone will be entered in the
space "__th mer."
10112. Enter the name of the station on all
forms and on the recorder record and calibra-
tion chart. At airports and military establish-
ments the name of the city to which each is cus-
tomarily considered to be attached will be
entered followed in parentheses by the name of
the field or establishment; e. g., Seattle, Wash.
(Sand Point) ; Medford, Oreg. (Municipal Air-
port) ; Fort Bragg, N. C. (Pope Field).
10113. On WBAN-30 and WBAN-31, enter
the latitude and longitude of the station in de-
grees and minutes, indicating by N or S in the
case of latitude, and W or E in the case of longi-
tude, the appropriate direction.
10114. Ascension Number.-Ascension num-
bers required on WBAN-30 and WBAN-31A
and B will be numbered consecutively through
the year, becoming No. 1 for the first raob of
each year. Special raobs and all raobs that
have attained to a height of 3 km. or more
will be given an ascension number. If a raob
terminates below 3 km. above the elevation of
the station, and a second radiosonde is released
that attains to a greater height, the first sound-
ing will not be evaluated or given an ascension
number. If, because of unfavorable weather
conditions or other reasons, a second radiosonde
is not released, the first will be given an ascen-
sion number, evaluated, and the data trans-
mitted. If conditions should later improve to
such an extent that a second raob is taken,
and this extends to a higher elevation than the
first, forms pertaining to both raobs will be
forwarded in accordance with instructions.
Forms for the first raob will retain the ascen-
sion number already given it, and those for the
second will be numbered one higher.
10115. Enter the initials and surname, and
military rank or rating if any, of the computer
and verifier wherever required on raob forms
and recorder records.
10116. All forms for special raobs will be
marked "Special."
10117. Forms will not be folded except as re-
quired by instructions.
10118. So far as possible an observer other
than the one doing the original work will check
all forms completely.
10119. Instructions for mailing forms will be
found in the addendum.
10200. WBAN-30 RAOB COMPUTATION
DATA
(See Figs. 10-2 and 10-3.)
10201. WIBAN-30 is one of the basic forms
used in raob computations. Data from the re-
corder record are entered on the front, which
is headed "Raob Computation Data," evalu-
ated, and then transcribed to the adiabatic chart
for additional computations. Isentropic data,
balloon data, check readings, surface observa-
tion data, etc., are entered on the back.
10202. Horizontal lines on the front of the
form are numbered close to the left edge in
the column headed "Level Number." Surface
data at release will be entered on the horizontal
line labeled "Sfc. 1." The pressure contact,
ordinate of temperature, and ordinate of rela-
tive humidity for each upper level evaluated
on the recorder record will be entered opposite
its corresponding level number. The surface is
the first significant level.
10203. When a level is placed on a recorder
record to indicate missing data, "Data missing"
will be entered on WBAN-30 at approximately
the middle of the line corresponding to the
level, thus furnishing a level number for the
level in the missing stratum. The beginning
and ending of doubtful data will be plainly
57
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
shown in the column headed "Remarks" by
entering "Beginning (or Ending) Doubtful
Data" on the levels bounding the stratum.
1021,0. Entry of Basic Data.-Entries will
be made in the columns headed Pressure, Tem-
perature, Relative Humidity, and Mixing Ratio
in accordance with the following instructions:
10211. PRESSURE
10211.1. Contact.-No entry will be made un-
der this heading on the surface level. For each
upper level enter the value to the nearest tenth
of a pressure contact.
10211.2. Millibars. On the surface level en-
ter the surface pressure to whole millibars, cor-
rected to the elevation of the floor of the instru-
ment shelter, at the time of release. Obtain this
datum from the back of the form under "Surface
Observation at Release." For each upper level
enter the pressure to whole millibars correspond-
ing to the pressure contact of the level as found
from the calibration curve.
10212. TEMPERATURE
10212.1. Ordinate.-No entry will be made
under this heading on the surface level. For
each upper level enter the ordinate readings to
tenths as obtained from the recorder record
after corrections for drift, etc., have been
applied.
1,0212.2. Ascent.-On the surface level enter
the dry-bulb temperature as obtained from the
back of the form under "Surface Observation at
Release." For each upper level enter the tem-
perature to tenths, corresponding to the tem-
perature ordinate of the level, as obtained from
the temperature evaluator.
1.0212.3. Corrections.-If corrections are not
applied to the ascent temperature of daytime
raobs, no entries will be made in this column.
When corrections are applied, no entry will be
made for levels at and between the surface and
400 millibars.
10212.31. Determine the correction for levels
above 400 millibars as follows:
10212.32. Enter the temperature to tenths to
the right of the corresponding descent tempera-
ture ordinate referred to in paragraph 9542. To
the right of these entries, enter the difference
between these descent temperatures and the cor-
responding ascent temperatures. If the descent
temperatures are higher than the ascent tem-
peratures, a plus (+) sign will be placed before
the corresponding differences; if they are lower,
no sign will be entered before the differences.
10212.33. On the WBAN-31B used in the
sounding, lay off a scale of temperature differ-
ences at the extreme left so spaced that 1 kilo-
meter is equal to 10 C. of temperature difference;
that is, consider 24 km. equals +1�, 23 km.
equals 0O ; 22 km. equals --1, etc. (see fig. 10-1).
Plot the temperature differences against the
ascent pressures to which they pertain. The
correction at 400 millibars will be considered O0.
Connect the points by solid straight lines.
Since a correction will not have been obtained
for the level at the bursting point of the bal-
loon, project the slope of the correction curve
segment immediately beneath it to that level.
If the temperature for any portion of the de-
scent is higher than that indicated for. the cor-
responding portion of the ascent, the ascent
temperature will be regarded as correct. The
required correction will be obtained by noting
the intersection of each significant level (above
400 millibars) with the correction curve, and
referring this intersection to the scale laid off
at the bottom of the chart. When corrections
are required but were not obtained, the data
above 400 millibars will be regarded as doubtful.
In classifying these data as doubtful, it is as-
sumed that the differences in excess of -30
(which would require a "missing" classification)
are confined to a relatively shallow stratum of
the sounding.
10212.4. Corrected.-If daytime corrections
are necessary, the algebraic sum of the ascent
temperature and the correction will be entered
in degrees and tenths; the corrected tempera-
ture will be used in all computations and for
transmission purposes. If corrections are not
necessary, this column will be left blank.
10213. RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10213.1. Ordinate.-No entry will be made
on the surface level. For each upper level enter
the ordinate readings to tenths. Enter "MB"
if a level is evaluated as motorboating; enter
"M" if the relative humidity data are missing;
and 5.0 if the level has been evaluated as at the
cut-off point, regardless of its actual recorded
value.
10213.2. Uncorrected.-No entry will be
made on the surface level. For each upper
level enter the relative humidity to whole per-
cent as obtained from the calibration chart.
Relative humidity values at cut-off points will
be evaluated in the same manner as other ordi-
nates, but if the relative humidity ordinate is
evaluated as "MB" or "M," a dash will be en-
tered.
.10213.3 Correction.-No entry will be made
under this heading on the surface level. If the
radiosonde was not motorboating at the time
of the base-line check, enter the correction de-
termined at that time on the line for the first
upper level, provided this correction was not
changed in the meantime. Entry of the cor-
rection for succeeding levels will be made only
58
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
-7-17I
S1r-
'\ 1
1oo
\ \ 1
r
\
\
~ In-- I V t- -t -K -b
250
300
350
x#88-
-80�
23 kn. 22 km. 21 km.
Io - 10 -.-
FIGURE 10-1.-
-70" -60�
20 km. 19 km. 18 km. 17 kn.
-a* n " a -" -4;
-Determination of ascent corrections.
NOTE.-Ascent temperature corrections are required whenever the temperature at any point above 400 millibars
is more than 3� lower on the descent record than the temperature at the corresponding point on the ascent record.
In the example above, point A was selected on the descent record at approximately one contact lower than the
bursting point of the balloon (see par. 9242). The temperature at this contact, which corresponded to 140 millibars,
was evaluated in accordance with paragraph 10212.32. The difference between this temperature and the correspond-
ing temperature on the ascent record was plotted at 140 millibars, in accordance with paragraph 10212.33. The next
lower identifiable salient point on the descent record occurred at the tropopause, the temperature difference of which
is plotted at point B. The temperature difference at 400 millibars, point C, is regarded as zero (see par. 10212.33).
The points A,.B, and C are connected with straight lines. The line AB is projected along the same slope to D to
obtain the correction applicable to the level at the maximum altitude of the sounding. The corrections applicable
to the levels at D, E, and F are read on the scale at the bottom of the chart laid off in accordance with paragraph
10212.33. The correction at D is -3.9� ; at E, -1.5�; at F, -0.3�. The negative signs indicate that in all cases
the descent temperatures were lower than temperatures at corresponding points on the ascent record.
when the value of the correction is changed by
the radiosonde's indicating values of relative
humidity in excess of 100 percent.
10213.31. If the radiosonde was motorboating
at the time of the base-line check, a correction
will not be applied to upper levels unless values
in excess of 100 percent are reached. The
amount of this excess will be entered as a minus
correction on the first level to which it pertains
and applied to all succeeding levels until a new
correction is established. This procedure also
applies to flights in which the radiosonde was
not motorboating at the time of release, but,
in the course of the ensuing flight, values in
excess of 100 percent were indicated. All cor-
rections will be entered in this column on the
lines pertaining to the first levels to whose rela-
tive humidity value the corrections are to be
applied.
10213.32. If at any level the relative humidity
correction varies by 20 percent or more from
the correction established at the baseline check,
the relative humidity will not be computed for
that level. The relative humidity data for that
level and all levels thereafter will be classified
as missing.
10213.4. Corrected.-On the surface level en-
ter the relative humidity at the time of release,
as recorded on the back of the form. The sur-
face relative humidity will be entered regard-
less of existing surface temperature. At each
upper level enter the algebraic sum of the un-
59
500 -
-90�
24 km.
+/*
-50�
16 km.
15 kn,
Cu zf
e
_
175
\ lyso
200 114-: 4
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"I J
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
corrected relative humidity and the correction.
It will be noted that when corrections are ap-
plied in accordance with the foregoing instruc-
tions, values of relative humidity in excess of
100 percent will never be entered in the cor-
rected column. Enter "MB" when a level is
evaluated as motorboating, and "M" when data
are missing.
10214. MIXING RATIO
10214.1. The mixing ratio for each level will
be computed to the nearest 0.1 g./kg., by means
of a mixing ratio slide rule furnished for that
purpose, from the values of pressure, corrected
relative humidity, and corrected temperature
pertaining to the level.
10214.2. Mixing ratio data will not be com-
puted for levels evaluated as motorboating.
Enter MB to indicate that the relative humid-
ity was motorboating, and M to indicate that
the temperature or relative humidity was
missing.
10300. WBAN-31A-B-ADIABATIC
CHART
(See figs. 10-4 and 10-5)
10301. The adiabatic chart consists of two
sections: WBAN-31A, covering a pressure
range of 1050 to 400 millibars, inclusive; and
WBAN-31B, 500 to 10 millibars, inclusive.
These charts furnish a graphical means of com-
puting many of the functions of pressure, tem-
perature, and relative humidity. In addition,
they serve as final forms on which to represent
and synchronize the instrumental and visual
observations made during a raob.
10302. The horizontal lines represent pres-
sure; and the vertical lines, temperature. Space
is provided on the left side of the chart for
plotting values of relative humidity and on the
right side for entering computed values of mix-
ing ratio. The sloping lines on the chart are
dry adiabatic lines. Along the lower edge and
below the temperature scale is a height scale
expressed in kilometers above sea level. All
heights are expressed in terms of the unit 0.98
dynamic meter, which is approximately equal to
the geometric meter. In this manual it will be
understood that meters are expressed in 0.98
dynamic meters. The pressure scale has been
subdivided into intervals of 2 millibars. These
intervals have been projected across the chart
and repeated along the 350,200,4, -110, -200,
-35�, and -500 temperature lines through
certain values of pressure to facilitate the read-
ing of pressure data at fixed levels. Short ver-
tical lines, or tabs, have been printed on the
1000, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 650, 550, and 450
isobars. These short vertical tabs are used to
obtain the virtual temperature increment for the
strata in which they occur.
10303. In the following paragraphs, surface
pressure and surface altitude refer to the value
of these data at the floor of the instrument
shelter.
10304. Whenever the observation extends to a
pressure lower than 400 millibars, the highest
level on WBAN-31A must be replotted as the
lowest level on WBAN-31B in order to preserve
the continuity of the record. If this level does
not occur exactly at 400 millibars, temperature
and relative humidity should be read on
WBAN-31B at that pressure and plotted on the
400 millibar level of WBAN-31A. The temper-
ature and relative humidity curves on the latter
form will be drawn to these points as though
they were plotted on a significant level.
10305. The limits of doubtful data on the
adiabatic chart will be clearly indicated by en-
tering "Beginning (or Ending) doubtful data"
close to the temperature curve and on the levels
bounding the stratum of doubtful data. Strata
of missing data will be similarly indicated.
Curves through strata of doubtful data will be
drawn as solid lines.
10310. PLOTTING DATA ON THE
ADIABATIC CHARTS
1031,1. Pressure.-Draw a line completely
across the adiabatic chart at a point correspond-
ing to the surface pressure shown on the front
of WBAN-30. Label this line in the right mar-
gin: "Sfc-1." In the left margin enter the sur-
face pressure in parentheses immediately below
the line. The height of the instrument shelter
in whole meters will be entered on this line im-
mediately above the surface pressure.
10311.1. Draw lines across the chart, at the
pressures of significant levels, and number them
in the right margin (note that the level at the
surface has been numbered (1)). Levels placed
in strata of missing data will be drawn approxi-
mately midway between the upper and lower
significant levels bounding the strata.
10311.2. Below the line at the level of the
maximum elevation, and in the left margin, en-
ter the corresponding value of pressure in
parentheses.
10312. Temperature.-On each significant
level plot the corresponding temperature to
tenths and connect each successive point with
a solid straight line. The completed tempera-
ture curve will be labeled "T" at top and bottom
on both sections of the chart. Curves will be
drawn as dashed lines through strata whose
data are classified as missing. For this pur-
pose it will be assumed that the temperature
lapse rate is represented by a straight line be-
tween the two known temperature values
bounding the missing portion.
60
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WE Form 1103
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
WEATHER BUREAU
RAOB COMPUTATION DATA
WBAN-30
Scheduled release time and date May 1,, 194 / o 0 G. C. T.
Actual release time and date May 1, 19h6 /-oSG. C. T. Ascension No. ,2 7/
Actual release time and date M y 1, 19L4h o80r th mer. Radiosonde No. 4/7" ,Z,
I Security classification
Station Phoenix, Ariz. (Sky Harbor
Airport)
Latitude 3J 3 M 'MLong. //A 63 .
L
Sfc. 1 2 _o. _ 3 _
2 - 7,70 / " / 0/C
3 /D e6 4Z . /LL 3z"z-'7 �- 3 ______
4 0 Y D Y_ .2 J f
s 1 5L, 3 �2L6.630 4_,4
6 �D4A /V __ __ _ _
7 40 5/ - 32 SJi rv d Aj
8 3 a o ec l s - .si
9 - 57 0S S. - i � _ _ - _ _
10-36--0 7 310J,3-
io - 6
12 11 o 4 4 -" 3 o ~.
12 2734 4 Z4 p J - 2 z
13 D..5 . 1 1
14 e o . 4 -, 3
1s ,2. -51 -
16 0 4j5 -JS
17
18
19_
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
MANDATORY LEVELS FOR TRANSMISSION
Code Level Altitude Pressure Tempera- Relative Mixing
Altiudeture Humidity Mxn
Check No. Millibars ore Humidity Ratio
(corrected) (corrected)
3 1 Ya vu UA4 lA +
_ 2 - /' '
3 .576/ -7. ,
S . 4 (v 6 L -d-
5 DODO Jf
. .5 /000 4L_ -4.L,
6 Ic,)o J7 r_- .
7
8
9
10
ALTITUDE 500 MB. SFC.
CODED MESSAGE FOR TRANSMISSION
(NOT ENCIPHERED) Meters Feet
.S�r2 /f 779-
LLrf
0 c 0
3r3
6oj7f 3 ~2ZZ1
s .37 / /e 85
I/94/ / a4 L5
.~~4~ O //77
1464 '/7
// 7Zb'
73 96 /
c5 9 a
SFor use with daytime observations (when required).
Computed by G. . /lan. Verified by B. E. Dixa
FIGURE 10-2.-WBAN-30, front.
613388--45--5
7 44
DiIJZ/3.
/e/?S2
14111c~
_ L / 1 / i
. oC
SUnit of altitude: 0.96 dynamic motor; hence, approximately In meters above sea level.
Name of station:
Phondn , A'r-. (Sky Harbor,
Airport)
Date May 1, 1944 G.C. T. .Z l / Ascension No.
SURFACE OBSERVATION AT RELEASE
Pressure at Contact From Temperature
TIME OF STATION PRESSURE Correction Pressur at Cta m mperat Rem. Surface Wind Clouds and Weather
Inst. Shelter Re. Dry Wet Hum.
RELEASE Calib. corder
G. C. T. Inches Millibars Millibars Millibars Chart Record OF OF Dir. Vel. (mps)
/ o . a Y. 75-2 37 -0.7 y77A." 9 .s. 7f . ao.fC /.oc 1,-3 C m/ � /7'
. For difference In elevation between barometer and instrument shelter.
CLOUDS AND WEATHER
BALLOON DATA (grams) From one hour before release to one hour after termination of flight
G. C. T. Notes G. C. T. Notes
Total lift *
Weight of train *
//Do
Net wt. of ballast
Free lift with
ballast attached 30
Free lift without
ballast
* Exclusive of Raob Balloon and Ballast.
BASELINE CHECK READINGS PRESSURES AT FIXED LEVELS ABOVE SEA LEVEL
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY ALTITUDE PRESSURE (mb) MEAN VIRTUAL COMPUTED
Z PRESSURE (mb)
TIME Dry Wet Py from adiabatic Meters TEMPERA. FOR TRANS
G.C.T. Ordinate Ordinate Raob Cor. chrom- Feet Meters chart (for check) TURE O(C) MISSION
OF OF (%) (%) eter
(%)
5,000 1520 - 5W9 17 __ _ _
/ do 7, 7/. / c 3.7c - l7o.ooo 30so 7a /0 05- -7 7
15,000 4570 5"/ - 5- - 4 58/
20,000 6100 7 3 7 - / 7 C
DATA FOR ISENTROPIC SURFACES
e -A �AA 30- 9A 0 - _ ___'A
mb P.= mb p- P-mb~ mb P.mU mb P= mb P.- mb
RH- 3 % check P.- mb RH % mb RH- % v RH % check P,- mb
t- /( 7 c 10.05T 7 / t= _ " o �C 10.0ST- ' 7 O~C 10.05 T-
H- / 7 (0.98 gdm) gdm 7 H=, 00 (0.98 gdm) Hgdm = H (0.98 gdm) -gdm
w- 3 g 5g/kg #-Sum w3 g/i3 /.3 g / =-Sum J0 J w= gf/kg #-Sum
(101 ergs/gram) (10' ergs/gram) (10' ergs/gram)
-Potential temperature; P-Actual pressure; P.-Condensation pressure; RH-Relative humidity; t-temperature In degrees centigrade; H-Height above mean sea level; w-Milxlng ratio;
T-Absolute temperature; ogdm-Helght (geodynamic) In dynamic meters; 0-Stream function.
FIGURE 10-3.-WBAN-30, back.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADII
10312.1. When the flight is made during day-
time and requires corrections to the ascent tem-
perature, care should be exercised that the cor-
rected temperatures are plotted above 400 milli-
bars. When corrected temperatures are used,
the curves will be labeled "corrected T" at top
and bottom. When corrections to the ascent
temperatures are known to be required but were
not obtained, draw the uncorrected temperature
curve as a solid line. The data above 400 milli-
bars will be considered doubtful and so labeled.
Explain the circumstances in a note on the
chart.
10312.2. Whenever the slope of the tempera-
ture curve is greater than the dry adiabatic
lines-that is, when the lapse rate is super-
adiabatic (see fig. 10-6)-pressure data and all
points pertaining to the temperature curve will
be rechecked to discover any possible error in
plotting points or evaluating the sounding. If
this recheck does not discover any error, the
word "rechecked," with arrows pointing to the
beginning and end of the superadiabatic slope,
will be placed beneath the segment of the tem-
perature curve whose slope was rechecked.
10312.3. Whenever two temperature values
occur at the same pressure (as when the balloon
is forced down and reascends), both values will
be plotted on the adiabatic chart if the differ-
ence is 10 or more. The temperature curve for
the first ascent will end, and for the last ascent
resume, at their corresponding temperatures.
Use the lower temperature for purposes of com-
putations, transmission, and tabulation. If the
difference is less than 10, the lower temperature
will be plotted and the higher value ignored.
10313. Relative Humidity.-On each sig-
nificant level plot the corresponding relative
humidity and connect each successive point with
a straight line. Enter "MB" on significant
OSONDE OBSERVATIONS 61
levels at the 50-percent line to indicate motor-
boating and "M" to indicate missing data, un-
less the curve is drawn through the motorboat-
ing stratum in accordance with paragraph
10313.1.
10313.1. The relative humidity curve will not
be drawn through a stratum of motorboating
data more than four contacts in extent; that is,
the curve will terminate with the relative hu-
midity evaluated at the beginning of 'the
stratum and resume at the top. Neither dashed
nor solid lines will be drawn through strata
whose data are classified as missing.
10313.2. If the stratum of motorboating or
missing data is four contacts or less in extent,
the curve will always be drawn through the
stratum as a solid line.
10313.3. Whenever two values of relative hu-
midity occur at the same pressure (as when the
balloon is forced down and reascends), both
values will be plotted on the adiabatic chart.
The relative humidity curve for the first ascent
will end and for the last ascent resume, at their
respective values. The value to be used in all
computations, etc., pertaining to this level will
be that corresponding to the temperature se-
lected in accordance with paragraph 10312.3.
10313.4. The completed relative humidity
curve will be labeled "RH" at top and bottom of
both charts.
10313.5. When the relative humidity curve
terminates at the highest level on WBAN-31A,
this single value will not be plotted on WBAN-
31B.
10314. Mixing Ratio.-The value of the mix-
ing ratio computed for each significant level
will be entered numerically to the nearest 0.1
g./kg. on the level to which it pertains under
the caption "Mixing Ratio g./kg." printed in
the upper right corner of the chart. A mixing
000
I I \. I��
FIGURE 10-6.-Superadiabatic segment of temperature curve.
NOTE.-The temperature segment AB is superadiabatic because its slope is greater than the slope of the adiabatic
line DE. The computations have been rechecked; and no error having been found, "Rechecked," with arrows
pointing to the beginning and end of the superadiabatic slope, is placed under the segment. (See par. 10312.2.)
! I
X, !Y
TTI
I~
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
ratio curve will not be drawn. Whenever appro-
priate, enter "M" or "MB" to indicate "miss-
ing" or "mnotorboating."
10320. THE PRESSURE-HEIGHT CURVE
10321. A pressure-height curve, based on
pressure, temperature, and relative humidity
data, is computed for each raob and drawn on
the adiabatic chart. It provides a means of de-
termining the altitude of significant levels and
other data entered on the chart. These alti-
tudes are in meters above mean sea level. The
pressure-height curve will be computed by use
of WBAN computation tables exclusively,
which have been furnished for this purpose.
From these tables the thicknesses of various
strata between the surface and the maximum
altitude of the raob can be determined. These
strata are divided into three types, which are
listed below:
1. The stratum between the surface at
the level of the instrument shelter and the
next higher standard isobaric surface (de-
termined from tables 3 and 6).
2. The strata between adjacent standard
isobaric surfaces (determined from table
4).
3. The stratum between the highest stand-
ard isobaric surface below the maximum
elevation of the sounding and the level at
the maximum elevation (determined from
tables 5 and 6).
10322. The standard isobaric surfaces are
those listed in table 4. The tables give the thick-
nesses-that is, the distances in metersbetween
the respective isobaric surfaces and the levels
referred to above. The addition of these dis-
tances plus the elevation of the instrument shel-
ter above mean sea level gives the actual eleva-
tion of the respective surfaces above mean sea
level.
10330. COMPUTATION OF THE
PRESSURE-HEIGHT CURVE
10331. Mean Temperature (see fig. 10-7).
Estimate the mean temperature for each stratum
by laying a transparent straightedge over the
temperature curve on the adiabatic chart. The
straightedge should be kept parallel to the verti-
cal temperature lines and moved from left to
right until the edge intersecting the temperature
curve produces equal areas to the left and right
of it. These areas will be bounded by the
straightedge, segments of the temperature curve,
I H N+ I I
, .- , , l_
\415 >11 _
r7 7,',
L "4\\X
T-1X X : \ \ \ J , \ ,. ..,
NI
N
720
7km.
6100
6 km.
\I I\
\! \
00(C.)
5 km.
100
4 km
FIGURE 10-7.-Computation of mean temperature.
NOTE.-The straightedge BC is so adjusted that the sum of the shaded area on the right of it equals the sum
of the shaded area on the left. The one-quarter inch vertical dash A is then placed at the midpoint of the stratum
XY. (See par. 10331.)
62
1 \I 1 \1 I \I 1 \
\I I\
M
I\
1\1 1
k
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
and the isobaric surfaces bounding the stratum.
When the straightedge has been adjusted to pro-
vide for equal areas, draw a one-quarter inch
vertical dash along the side of the straightedge
and near the middle of the stratum. The tem-
perature at this dash is the mean temperature
of the stratum. The mean temperature for miss-
ing portions of the record will be estimated by
assuming that the temperature lapse rate is rep-
resented by a straight line between the two
known temperature values bounding the missing
portion.
10332. Mean Virtual Temperature (see fig.
10-8) .-The mean virtual temperature for each
stratum is found by displacing to the right-
that is, toward higher temperature-the dashes
representing the mean temperature of the stra-
tum. Determining the amount of this displace-
ment, which is based on the mean relative hu-
midity and the mean temperature of the stra-
tumn, is done as follows:
(1) Find the distance between the ver-
tical tabs bounding the dash denoting the
mean temperature. (See par. 10302.) If
there are no printed vertical tabs immedi-
ately above or below the dash, and none
embracing it, the mean virtual tempera-
ture will be the same as the mean tempera-
ture.
(2) Estimate the mean percentage of
relative humidity for the stratum, esti-
mating so well as possible the value of
missing and motorboating portions of the
record.
(3) Multiply the distance found in (1)
by the mean percentage found in (2).
(4) At a distance found in (3), draw a
dash parallel to, and to the right of, the
mean temperature dash for each stratum.
The mean virtual temperature of the stra-
tum will be read at the displaced dash.
10332.1. For example, if the relative humid-
ity is 100 percent, the full distance between the
vertical tabs will be added to the mean tem-
perature to obtain the mean virtual tempera-
ture; if the relative humidity is 50 percent, one-
half the distance will be added, etc. If the
mean virtual temperature is being determined
for a complete stratum-that is, one bounded
by standard isobaric surfaces-the tabs to be
used will be those printed on the isobars inter-
mediate between these standard isobars. If the
mean virtual temperature is being determined
for an incomplete stratum, the tabs to be used
will be those nearest the midpoint of the
stratum.
10332.2. The mean virtual temperature
should be read to the nearest whole degree and
entered at the midpoint of the stratum between
the -48� and -500 lines of the temperature
scale on WBAN-31A, and between the - 88�
and -90� lines on WBAN-31B.
10340. Determination of the Thicknesses
and Elevations of the Strata (see fig. 10-9.)
10341. Find the thickness of the stratum be-
tween the surface and the next higher standard
isobaric surface (and the elevation, meters
m. s. 1., of the latter) in accordance with the
following instructions:
(1) Enter the surface elevation in
meters above mean sea level immediately
above the surface level and between the
-450 and -490 vertical temperature lines.
(2) Find the value in table 3 correspond-
ing to the surface pressure. Enter this
value below the surface isobar and beneath
1050 LI..LLI ~.L1 i.L. -M L L 't- L iL IL L L- r tTT -_NL J NNi
-50� -400 -30� -20� -10� O�(C.) 10 20"
10 km. 9km. 8km. 7km. 6km. 5km. 4km. 3 k
FIGURE 10-8.-Computation of mean virtual temperature.
NoTE.-The mean temperature of the stratum, XY, is indicated by the vertical dash A, which is placed at the
midpoint of the stratum. It is estimated that the mean relative humidity for the stratum is 90 percent. The tabs
B-C are used in computing the mean virtual temperature because they are closest to A. Dash D is therefore placed
to the right of A a distance equal to 90 percent of the distance between BC. The temperature at D (170) is entered
to whole degrees at the midpoint of the stratum, at E. (See par. 10332.2.)
63
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
\',, N \' \J \ , I\" '" "V I \ N]KN N\I" K\VLK\KN
ni '1
I\i\,
'F"
NII
L2 I\ 1 \I I^ ir Jr I. iJs \I .x . t . ~. L 'K NJ XI
T x i
PIT? YKIhi\J
-xiI 1 Id 4,
a\ e .t' t r m o s. P \ '
eb . t' I T e a. 42
H 8 b u I c m r m 1. P r.
(6,2) 650
700
750 8
800
850 9
900
950
nI
Y I V
IXI
S r E I 5
I\ 1
stbc t Om t--I I - 14.
h 0 r bu.u cqa rs I ~i., Fal 1 )41 )
'I I
I I
IN1 -K~I-xI\I-kI1I IN N NI I?1~A A> IN>N JNN\- 4 xl
I'- I'i I\ l. \l.n J.R f'. 1 INhJ Z"X . l- ~'*' 4)' k eD L .\A'-u- I'- .r ' ' XI i I \I I\I
- I tI I N IF-T \y ~ I a-- 4 " - Vf -I--t-' 'f' It" 'I ~AY P'1 I U
I I
II
.I
'I, e
,-m
SNJ
T I
I li
I1- I
NI1
1. IQ
\I I
- 'I
ft InI I\ \t
I C vu J/
I I i \,IN
N1 TI
I 1\1 1\1 1 \ \1
I " F INI
1=\I I1\ I 'I iI \1\I I I N II I I- IN 11 I1N
I! 1 \ ix
-40�
9 km.
-30�
8 km.
-20�
FIGURE 10-9.-Determination of thickness of strata.
the surface elevation entry. This value
will be the thickness of the stratum, uncor-
rected for temperature, between the surface
level and the next higher standard isobaric
surface.
(3) Find the temperature correction for
this thickness in table 6. The mean vir-
tual temperature and the thickness of the
stratum are the arguments for determining
this correction.
(4) The correction found in table 6 will
be entered under the uncorrected thickness
of the stratum, preceded by a minus sign if
the mean virtual temperature is below O'.
If the correction is negative, subtract it
from the uncorrected thickness; if it is pos-
itive, add it to the uncorrected thickness.
The sum or remainder will be placed above
the surface elevation entered in accordance
with (1) above.
(5) Enter the sum of the surface eleva-
tion and the corrected thickness of the
stratum upon the next higher standard iso-
baric surface. This value is the height of
the standard isobaric surface above mean
sea level.
10342. Find the thickness of strata between
standard isobaric surfaces as given in table 4.
64
600[
4
-\ X X" \ \ \ \ \ \"
- X \i' \ \ \ \ i% \ "\ ",,xi,\ \ \ ! \ \ \ , "
(91310
-500
10 km.
-10�
7 km. 6 km.
(t')-Mean Virtual Temperature
-- -- - r - 1- r T--l --- - r- \ ~~ 1 T~ r\ U r~~ rf, 'k w "VI ~
N h i
D, 04 m W., I p I PnI 31 M=l AIR f4b:o
\11 !. lv I
M fi I oEd ~~F~t \fYl
IN I i N NI1\1 \1
ii m
I ( � I I
J' . .. . . . j \ 1 _ I .\", - 1 _ . � , %i I \1
l~1nyi~ v v ' -y - ' 1 '-'V~R VI '11 \ \1 11 L
vmwmwmumw
� " \ ' N
V \1 rX ",- "
' ", - - T ' T , . . . .Te- . .. 1 ". %
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I
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
The mean virtual temperatures of these strata
are the only arguments needed to determine
their thicknesses. In determining the thickness
of any given stratum, use the section in table 4
that lies between the pair of dashed lines, the
upper and lower of which are labeled with the
pressure at the corresponding isobaric surfaces
of the stratum. The value found in table 4 will
be entered between the -450 and -490 vertical
temperature lines on WBAN-31A, and between
the - 85� and - 89� lines on WBAN-31B, ap-
proximately one-quarter inch above the lower
isobaric surface bounding the stratum.
10343. Compute the elevation of each of the
standard isobaric surfaces by adding the thick-
ness of each stratum to the elevation of the base
of the stratum, progressing upward to the high-
est standard isobar below the level at the maxi-
mum elevation of the sounding. Enter the ele-
vation data thus found immediately above the
isobars to which they relate and below the values
entered in accordance with paragraph 10342.
10344. Find the thickness of the stratum be-
tween the highest standard isobaric surface and
the level at the maximum elevation of the raob
(when this level does not coincide with a stand-
ard isobaric surface) in accordance with the fol-
lowing instructions:
(1) From table 5 find the uncorrected
thickness of this stratum, using as the sole
argument the pressure at the maximum ele-
vation of the raob. Enter this value from
table 5 about one inch above the level drawn
at the maximum altitude of the raob.
(2) By use of table 6, the thickness found
in table 5 will be corrected for temperature
in the same manner as the corresponding
thickness in the stratum bounded by the
surface and the next higher, standard isobar.
The arguments are the mean virtual tem-
perature and the uncorrected thickness of
the stratum.
(3) The correction found in table 6 will
be entered, preceded by a minus sign if the
mean virtual temperature is below 0�, un-
der the uncorrected thickness of the stratum.
If the correction is negative, subtract it
from the uncorrected thickness; if it is posi-
tive, add it to the uncorrected thickness.
The sum or remainder will be placed above
the altitude of the highest standard isobaric
surface.
(4) The corrected thickness will be added
to this altitude and the sum entered on the
level at the maximum altitude of the sound-
ing. This will be the altitude of that level.
10350. P 1 o t t i n g t h e Pressure-Height
Curve.-Plot the surface elevation on the sur-
face level against the height scale printed along
the lower edge of the adiabatic chart. In the
same manner, plot the height of each standard
isobaric surface and of the level at the maximum
altitude of the sounding. Connect successive
points by straight lines and label the curve "PH"
at top and bottom of each section of the adia-
batic chart.
10351. Whenever the pressure-height curve is
based on estimated mean virtual temperature,
the estimated portion of the curve will be drawn
as a solid line through missing or doubtful por
tions of the record.
10360. Height of Significant Levels.-The
height of each upper significant level to the
nearest 10 meters above mean sea level will be
determined by noting the point of intersection
of the level with the pressure-height curve.
Read on the height scale at the bottom of the
chart the value corresponding to this point and
enter the value on the level in the left margin
of the chart.
103161. The height of these significant levels
will then be transcribed to WBAN-30 in the
column headed "Altitude."
10370. Height of the 500-Millibar Sur-
face.-Enter to the nearest meter, in the space
provided on the front of WBAN-30. Convert
this height to feet and enter in the adjacent
space.
10380. PRESSURES AT FIXED LEVELS
10381. The pressures at the 1520-, 3050-,
4570-, and 6100-meter (5,000-, 10,000-, 15,000-,
and 20,000-foot) levels will be computed and
entered on WBAN-30 in accordance with the
following instructions. These pressures will be
computed regardless of whether they occur in a
missing portion of the record. If the elevation
of the station is more than 1,520 meters m. s. 1.,
and the necessary tables are available, the sta-
tion pressure reduced to the 5,000-foot plane will
be used for transmission purposes and for entry
on WBAN-30 under "Computed Pressure for
Transmission." The spaces provided for addi-
tional entries required for the 1520-meter level
will be dashed. If pressure reduction tables
are not available, all spaces will be dashed.
10381.1. Locate the exact point where the
pressure-height curve crosses the 1520-meter
line printed on the adiabatic chart. Using a
sharply pointed blue pencil, draw a one-quarter
inch line across this intersection and at the same
pressure draw a one-quarter inch line across the
temperature and relative humidity curves.
Draw a line through the pressure scale at the
right of the adiabatic chart, extending it into
the margin about one-quarter inch. In the
margin, label this line 1520m.
10382. The other fixed levels, including the
10-, 13-, and 16-km. levels, will be located and
labelled in a similar manner.
65
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
10400. ENTRY OF DATA FOR FIXED
LEVELS ON BACK OF WBAN-30
(See fig. 10-3.)
10410. Mean Virtual Temperature.-The
mean virtual temperature for each of the strata
listed below will be determined by the same
method used in the computation of the pressure-
height curve. The dashes denoting the mean
virtual temperatures will be made with a blue
pencil. When one or more fixed levels occur
in a missing portion of a record, the mean vir-
tual temperature will be estimated (see pars.
10331 and 10332(2)).
10411. Determine the mean virtual tempera-
tures for the following strata and enter them
in the appropriate spaces:
(1) Between the 1520-meter level and
the standard isobaric surface immediately
below. When the surface pressure is less
than 900 millibars, the mean virtual tem-
perature will be determined for the stratum
between the 1520-meter level and the next
higher standard isobaric level (800 milli-
bars).
(2) Between the 3050-meter level and the
standard isobaric surface immediately
below.
(3) Between the 4570-meter level and the
standard isobaric surface immediately
below.
(4) Between the 6100-meter level and the
standard isobaric surface immediately
below.
10420. "Z" Meters.-Determine the thick-
ness in meters of each of the above strata by
(1) subtracting the height of the standard iso-
baric surface immediately below the fixed level
from the height of the fixed level; or, (2) when
the surface pressure lies between the 900- and
800-millibar standard isobaric surfaces, by sub-
tracting 1520 from the height of the 800-milli-
bar standard isobaric surface. Enter the values
of Z meters in the appropriate spaces.
10430. Read the pressure for each fixed level
directly from the adiabatic chart and enter the
values in the proper spaces. These pressures
will not be used for transmission purposes.
10440. Computed Pressures for Transmis-
sion.
10441. The pressures at the fixed levels are
computed by use of WBAN Raob Computation
Tables (tables 7 to 12), and used for transmis-
sion in the raob message.
10442. The horizontal lines on the tables are
pressures in millibars, the vertical lines are
mean virtual temperatures (0 C.), and the slant-
ing lines represent elevations in Z meters above
(or, in the case of table 12, below) the level of
the specified standard pressure level. Exam-
ple: assume that the 1520-meter level lies above
the 900-millibar surface; that the mean virtual
temperature for the layer between the 1520-
meter surface and the 900-millibar surface is
10 C.; and that the thickness of the same layer
(Z meters) is 485 meters. Then, by noting (on
table 7) the intersection of the 10 C. line with
the 485 Z meter line (interpolating), it will be
found that the pressure for the 1520-meter level
is 847 millibars as read on the horizontal lines.
10443. Enter the computed values to the near-
est whole millibar in the proper spaces.
10444. The computed pressures should agree
within 1 millibar of those obtained from the
adiabatic chart. If the differences are greater
than one millibar, the data in all columns will be
rechecked for possible error. If no error is
found, the pressure-height curve will be re-
computed.
10450. Entry of Fixed Level Data for
Transmission on Front of WBAN-30 (see fig.
10-2).
10451 In the appropriate spaces under the
heading "Mandatory Levels," enter the altitude
and the computed pressures for the 1520-, 3050-,
4570-, and 6100-meter levels, and the altitudes
and pressures as taken directly from the adia-
batic chart for the 10-, 13-, and 16-km. levels.
10452. From the adiabatic chart, obtain the
temperature to tenths and the relative humidity
to whole percent at each fixed level, and enter
the data in the appropriate spaces. Enter "M"
if the data are missing, and "MB" if the relative
humidity is motorboating.
10453. Using the temperature, relative hu-
midity, and pressure of each fixed level, com-
pute the mixing ratio to tenths and enter in the
proper spaces. The mixing ratio will not be
computed if the relative humidity is motorboat-
ing or missing.
10500. ISENTROPIC DATA
10510. Isentropic data are computed for val-
ues of potential temperature specified in the
current Raob Code. The values in effect at the
time of the raob will be entered in the appropri-
ate spaces on the back of WBAN-30. The po-
tential temperature lines on the adiabatic chart
are the same as the dry adiabatic lines, some of
which have their value in potential temperature
(degrees Absolute) printed on them.
10520. Abstraction of Isentropic Data
from the Adiabatic Chart.
10521. The isentropic surface for a given po-
tential temperature will be found at the point
of intersection of the corresponding potential
temperature line on the adiabatic chart with the
temperature curve of the raob. (See figs. 10-10
and 10-11.)
66
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
10522. Mark this point of intersection with a
one-quarter inch horizontal dash, using a blue
pencil; similar dashes should be placed at the
corresponding points of the relative humidity
and pressure-height curves, and on the pressure
scale at the right edge of the chart. This latter
dash should be labeled in the margin with the
value of potential temperature pertaining to the
isentropic surface.
10523. If the adiabat corresponding to a
given potential temperature intersects the tem-
perature curve at two or more points, the point
of intersection at the highest elevation will be
used for computing isentropic data.
10524. Enter the pressure to the nearest
whole millibar, the relative humidity to the
nearest whole percent (M or MB when appro-
priate), the temperature to degrees and tenths,
and the height of the isentropic surface to the
nearest 10 meters mean sea level, in the appro-
priate spaces of WBAN-30.
10525. Data for isentropic levels in strata of
missing or doubtful temperature record will not
be computed.
10526. The following examples are typical
situations that may be encountered in obtaining
these data from the adiabatic chart:
10527. Using the pressure and relative hu-
midity data as found above, and the tempera-
ture at the isentropic surface, compute the mix-
ing ratio to hundredths and enter this value in
the appropriate spaces of WBAN-30.
10528. Repeat the above procedure for each
of the required isentropic surfaces.
10530. COMPUTATION OF CONDENSA-
TION PRESSURE AND ENTRY ON
WBAN-30
10531. Compute the condensation pressure by
use of the Isentropic Computation Charts (ta-
bles 16 and 17). The chart for 0 (potential tern-
perature) =295� will be used for potential tem-
peratures ranging from 285� to 3070, and the
chart 0=315� will be used for potential tem-
peratures ranging from 308� to 320�. The ver-
tical lines on the charts are relative humidity
(percent); the horizontal lines are the conden-
sation pressures in millibars; and the curved
lines represent actual pressures in millibars at
the isentropic surface.
10532. Find the value of pressure correspond-
ing to the pressure of the isentropic surface on
the sloping lines of the chart. Find the value
FIGURE 10-10.-Isentropic surface, normal.
NOTE.-The actual pressure at the point of intersection of the temperature curve with the 296� A. potential
temperature surface is 706 millibars, the relative humidity 73 percent, the temperature -5.2�, and the height
3060 meters m. s. 1. These points are indicated by one-quarter inch blue dashes. The dash in the right margin (not
shown in the illustration) is labeled with the value of potential temperature for the isentropic surface.
FIGURE 10-11.-Isentropic surface, adiabatic.
NOTE.--An adiabatic lapse rate occurs at the approximate specified value of potential temperature (290� A.).
At such times, the data for the isentropic level will be taken at the top of the adiabatic layer. In this case the
pressure would be 695 millibars, the relative humidity 71 percent, the temperture -11.7�, and the height 3120
meters, m. s. 1.
67
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
of relative humidity pertaining to the isen-
tropic surface along the upper margin of the
chart. Follow the pressure value upward along
the sloping line and the relative humidity value
vertically downward. The point of intersec-
tion is the condensation pressure, which is read
on the horizontal lines at the scale on the left
edge of the chart. Read the condensation pres-
sure to the nearest millibar and enter it on
WBAN-30.
10533. If the pressure for a given isentropic
surface exceeds the range of pressures on the
computation chart, a pseudoadiabatic diagram
may be used in computing the condensation
pressure. This is done by finding the saturation
mixing ratio curve corresponding to the value
of the mixing ratio at the isentropic surface.
The pressure at the point of intersection of this
mixing ratio curve and the potential tempera-
ture of the isentropic surface in question will be
the required condensation pressure.
10534. In all cases where the condensation
pressure falls within the limits of the appropri-
ate isentropic computation chart, an additional
check of the condensation pressure will be made
by use of a pseudoadiabatic diagram. This
check pressure will be entered in the appropri-
ate space. If the value of the condensation
pressure computed by use of the isentropic chart
differs by 10 millibars or more from that found
by use of the pseudoadiabatic diagram, a re-
check of all data will be made until the differ-
ence is reconciled.
10540. Computation of Stream Function
Data and Entry on WBAN-30.
10541. Refer to "Table 13: 10.05T, for Vari-
ous Temperatures, t, in OC." and find the value
corresponding to the temperature at the isen-
tropic surface. Enter this value in the space
opposite "10.05T."
1,0541. Refer to "Table 14 pgdm for Various
10
Heights (above sea level) Expressed in Terms
of the Unit 0.98 Dynamic Meter," and find the
value corresponding to the height of the isen-
tropic surface. Enter this value in the space
opposite 0gdm,,
10
10543. Obtain the stream function for the
given potential temperature by taking the sum
of the entries opposite "10.05T" and ,,gdm,
10
The result thus obtained will be represented by
four digits without a decimal point, and will
be entered in the space opposite "p=- Sum."
10544. It should be noted as a check on any
computed value of the stream function that the
first two digits thereof are almost invariably
the same as the first two digits of the potential
temperature serving as the basis. The differ-
ence should never exceed one unit in the second
digit. The first three digits of the stream
function will be approximately equal in nu-
merical value to the three digits of the potential
temperature. The difference between the values
of the stream functions for two isentropic sur-
faces should be nearly constant, but will vary
slightly in the last digit with change in atmos-
pheric temperature and pressure conditions.
Observers should note changes in the values of
the stream function as they correlate with such
conditions, thus providing a means of checking
the results.
10600. NOTES, METEOROLOGICAL, ETC.
10610. All pertinent notes on the general
meteorological conditions recorded on the back
of WBAN-30 will be entered on the adiabatic
chart. The notes will be entered at the altitudes
of the phenomena close to the temperature curve
when the observer knows or can estimate them
with reasonable accuracy. When the altitudes
of the phenomena are not known, enter the notes
above the level at the maximum elevation of the
sounding. Use the same symbols for recording
clouds, weather, and notes as those employed
in Weather Bureau Circular N. Whenever
known, the height of cloud bases will appear in
the body of the chart, regardless of whether
the heights were obtained by means of measure-
ments made with balloons and ceiling lights or
from reports made by pilots. Phenomena
whose heights are estimated will be entered close
to the temperature curve on short dashed lines
that intersect the temperature and pressure
height curves at the proper elevation. When
the altitudes are known, the phenomena will be
entered on short unbroken lines, provided a
significant level does not coincide with the same
point. When appropriate, "Height estd." will
follow the phenomena. Make all entries in
meters above sea level.
10620. Depending upon their nature and the
time of their occurrence, notes will be entered
on the adiabatic chart as follows:
1,0630. Before Release.-Enter the notes in
chronological order in a column running up-
ward, followed by the time (G. C. T.) appro-
priate to each. The first notes appearing in
this group (beginning at the bottom) will relate
to conditions that had their beginnings or end-
ings approximately one hour before release.
10640. At Release.-Record on the surface
pressure line, to the left of the temperature
curve, any meteorological conditions (except
wind) prevailing on the ground at the time of
release, as recorded on the back of WBAN-30.
Enter the surface wind direction to 16 points
and velocity in m. p. s., at the time of release,
on the surface pressure line at a point immedi-
68
F'7Z85 10-12. -WBAN-32.
I Security classification
Month and year Jan ary 1944 RAOB SUMMARY .. so on, r.(R r orort)
Local time at this station isJith meridian time. BA1 Lat. PaL n '13 Lo2ang.// nh-O3p
WBAN-32
To convert to O. C. T., add/nbk raet hours. -------------------------------------
IDENTIFICATION DATA FOR STANDARD LEVELS (meters. m. s. 1.)
Index E d Scheduled ime r les E Surface 500 1.000 .500 .000
number bestrument -m
ILa QL.L.I.I. RRea Rt Rel. Ral. Re
sR as Year Month Day Hour o Pres. Temp. Rem. Pr s. Temp. hum Pres. Te . huem. Ps. Temp. fR. hm Prs. T . emp Pe . Te.
1 2 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 II 11 13 14 11 16 17 18 192021 '223 2s 27 28 2 3 3 1 3 33M MU W w 41 0 4s 47 @ H m e a ipa an a n M W 8 4 w 1 4 M M 3 n Is 74 a a
1 ad 3 01 / /5 775 D . l 5 3 7 c a r d 5.7 S- 6 Do.o 0 . 634o- 31030 74 p, 6ard. 4L -f 0
1 02r' 5 000f g . 763 4 1o .-05 f/ p003. 043 d 1 3
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
ately to the right of the surface. temperature.
Notes which cannot be correlated on the adia-
batic chart with respect to altitude will be
recorded about 1 inch above the level at the
maximum elevation. If the clouds observed at
the time of release are not entered in the body
of the chart because their bases are unknown,
they will be entered at the top of the chart above
the notes pertaining to conditions before release.
The entries will be in ascending order of height.
Above these will be entered notes on beginnings
and endings of thunderstorms, precipitation,
and obstructions to vision occurring at the time
of release. Miscellaneous notes, such as distant
lightning, distant thunderstorms, etc., will then
be entered.
10650. After Release.-At the top of the
chart and above the notes pertaining to condi-
tions at release, enter notes concerning phe-
nomena that have their beginnings or endings
after release but not later than approximately
one hour after the termination of the sounding.
These notes will be on significant changes that
occurred after release, suh as marked changes
in cloud conditions, the beginning or ending of
precipitation, fog, thunderstorm, the passage of
fronts, etc.
10700. WBAN-32--RAOB SUMMARY
FORM
(See fig. 10-12)
10710. Entries of pressure, temperature, and
relative humidity data at standard altitudes or
levels are made on this form from daily raobs.
The form consists of five pages with columns
corresponding to standard levels extending
from the surface to 32 kilometers m. s. 1. A sep-
arate form will be prepared from the 0400
G. C. T. and 1600 G. C. T. (or as otherwise
scheduled) observations. Page 1 of the form
will always be submitted. The other pages will
be submitted or not, according as there are data
from at least one sounding entered on them. All
entries will be made with a sharply pointed
No. 3 pencil. Each form will be summarized
promptly upon the close of the month to which
it pertains.
10711. Enter the name of the station and the
elevation to the nearest whole meter, the lati-
tude and longitude, and the month and year
in which the observations are made, on the ap-
propriate lines at the top of the form. In the
upper left corner, nonmobile stations will enter
their time zone and the numnber of hours to be
added to or subtracted from local time to con-
vert to G. C. T. Mobile stations will place
dashes in the spaces provided for these data.
Enter the latitude and longitude in degrees and
minutes, followed by "N" or "S" in the case of
latitude and "W" or "E" in the case of longitude,
whichever are appropriate.
10712. Enter the initials of the computer and
verifier of each raob in the columns at the right
side of page 1.
10720. ENTRIES UNDER "IDENTIFICA-
TION"
10721. Index Number or QLaLalolo.-Sta-
tions that have been assigned an index number
will enter it, preceded by the necessary number
of zeros to total five digits, in the column headed
"Index number." Stations that have not been
assigned an index number will enter their lati-
tude and longitude in accordance with the fol-
lowing paragraphs. This is required for the
first entry of the month only, except as noted
in par. 10722.
10722. Mobile stations will enter their lati-
tude and longitude for each raob. The first
digit in this column will indicate the octant of
the globe (Q) in accordance with the following
table:
TABLE 1O--1.-Octant of the globe
Code figure: Longitude
0 -- 0� to 90o west..........
1 90� to 180� west-......
2 1801' to 900 east ------
3 - 90�0 to 0 east--
5 0� to 900 west_
6 ------ to 1800 west__-
7 ----- 1800 to 900 east .-....
8 - -- 90� to 0� east_----
North latitude.
South latitude.
10723. Enter the latitude (LaL) to whole de-
grees, followed by the longitude (lolo) to whole
degrees, supplying zeros as may be necessary
to make each entry total two digits; e. g., 50
would be entered as 05. If the latitude or lon-
gitude is 100� or more, the first figure, 1, will
be dropped; e. g., 115� would be entered as 15.
Example: Station at latitude 37�30' N.,
longitude 125010' W. Octant of the globe=1.
(Since the station is in the north latitudes
(37�30' N.), the code figure for the octant of the
globe (see table above) lies between 0 and 3,
inclusive. The longitude (125�10' W.) lies be-
tween the values 90� to 180� west, which cor-
responds to code figure 1.)
Latitude and longitude expressed to whole
degrees:
Latitude 37030' N. 380.*
Longitude 125010' W.=25 (the octant
indicates that this value is really 125�).
Required identification group for entry under
"Station Index Number": 13825.
*When the value of latitude or longitude ends in 30', the
value in degrees will be increased by 1 if the final digit is odd
but will remain unchanged if the final digit is even.
69
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
10730. Elevation Floor of Instrument
Shelter.-Enter this datum in tens of meters-
that is, 193 meters will be entered as 019; 1190
meters will be entered as 119.
10740. Year, Month, and Day.-Enter these
data to two digits each. Examples: January 11,
1945, will be entered 45 01 11. December 3, 1945,
will be entered 45 12 03. The date will agree
with the scheduled time of release, rather than
the actual time. Entries for the year and month
will be made for the first entry of the month
only.
10750. Hour.-Enter the scheduled time
(G. C. T.) of release to the nearest whole hour
and to two digits, regardless of the actual time
of release. That is, 04 or 16 (for 0400 and 1600
G. C. T.) will be entered even though the raob
is delayed several hours. On forms for special
observations, this entry will be the same as that
of the actual time of release.
10760. Actual Time of Release.-Enter this
datum to the nearest whole hour (G. C. T.), to
two digits.
10770. ENTRIES UNDER "DATA FOR
STANDARD LEVELS"
10771. Each standard level in meters m. s. 1.
is printed at the top of the columns to which it
applies. Pressure, temperature, and relative
humidity data at corresponding levels (except
the surface level) will be taken from the adia-
batic chart and entered in this form promptly
upon completion of the raob.
10771.1. When more than one raob is taken
for a single observation (as when the first does
not attain to a height of 3 km. above the station),
data pertaining to the highest raob only will be
entered for the scheduled observation.
10771.2. Data for the surface level will be
taken from the front of WBAN-30. Data will
not be entered in the surface column unless they
are available for one or more upper standard
levels.
10771.3. Enter pressure in whole millibars
for all levels (including the surface), tempera-
ture in degrees and tenths, and relative humidity
in whole percent.
10771.4. Entries meade in the columns on
WBAN-32 must contain the same number of
digits as there are small figures at the head of
each column. This is required for punch-card
purposes. Thus, for the pressure data in the
surface column, the figures 20, 21, 22, and 23
at the head of the column indicate that four
digits must be entered in that column. The
zeros printed in some columns will be counted
as a digit. Whenever the value entered in a
column has less than the required number of
digits, an appropriate number of zeros will pre-
cede the value. Minus signs will be considered
a digit; decimal points will not.
Examples:
Pressure of 1010 millibars at the surface entered
as 1010.
Pressure of 66 millibars at the 19000-meter level
entered as 66.
Pressure of 315 millibars at the 9000-meter level
entered as 0315.
Temperature of 2:.4� C. at the 500-meter level
entered as 002.4.
Temperature of -7.30 C. at the 1500-meter level
entered as -07.3.
Temperature of -57.3� C. at the 14000-meter level
entered as -57.3.
Relative humidity of 100 percent at the surface
entered as 100.
Relative humidity of 85 percent at the 500-meter
level entered as 085.
Relative humidity of 9 percent at the 6000-meter
level entered as 009.
Relative humidity of 100 percent at the 1000-meter
level entered as 100.
10772. Missing and Doubtful Data.-If a
scheduled observation has not been taken, or all
the data are doubtful, enter "RAOB not taken"
(followed by the reason) or "Data doubtful" on
the appropriate line of the first page of
WBAN-32. Draw a line through the corre-
sponding spaces on the other pages of the form.
10773. Doubtful data (temperature believed
to be more than 1 and relative humidity more
than 10 percent in error) will not be entered in
this form. Pressure data based on estimated
mean virtual temperature for strata not in ex-
cess of those listed in paragraph 9125 are con-
sidered accurate and will be entered, provided
an accurate temperature record follows above
the missing or doubtful portion. These pres-
sure data will be entered even though tempera-
ture and relative humidity data for the same
level must be omitted. Enter "M" in the tem-
perature and relative humidity columns to in-
dicate missing or doubtful data.
10774. If the relative humidity data are miss-
ing owing to motorboating (as indicated on
WBAN-31A-B by the omission of a segment of
the curve), values taken from a chart furnished
for this purpose and applicable to specified
radiosondes will be entered instead of "M." Care
will be exercised to use the chart only for the
radiosonde to which it applies. Data taken
from the chart will be enclosed in parentheses
on WBAN-32.
10774.1. The charts applicable to the radio-
sondes currently in use are tables 19 and 20 of
WBAN Computation Tables.
10774.2. The required value of relative hu-
midcity for any level missing owing to motor-
boating will be found by noting the point of
intersection of the curve on the chart with the
temperature for the same level. Read the rela-
tive humidity at the side of the chart on the
vertical scale corresponding to this point of in-
70
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
tersection. Enter this value enclosed in paren-
theses.
10775. When taking data from the adiiabatic
chart, draw a 1/4-inch dash with a sharply
pointed red pencil across the pressure-height,
temperature, and relative humidity curves and
across the pressure scale printed along the right
margin of the adiabatic chart. Enter data for
each level required on WBAN-32 from the sur-
face to the maximum altitude of the sounding.
If the raob terminates or a missing portion of
the record begins within the limits, listed below,
of a higher standard level on WBAN-32, data
will be entered for the level.
Limits
Termination of Raob: (Meters)
Between surface and 5 km-------------------____ 20
Between 5 kin. and 10 km-------------------____ 30
Between 10 kmin. and 15 kin--_ 50
Above 15 kin --_,__ -_ ____ _-- --_____ 100
10775.1. For the above entries, temperature
and relative humidity data will be used as re-
corded on WBAN-30 for the termination of the
raob or the beginning of the missing portion of
the record. The pressure datum will be secured
by extrapolating the pressure-height curve line-
arly to the higher standard surface. No attempt
will be made to extrapolate downward the re-
sumption of a record.
10776. Summarizing.-Summarize all ele-
ments of WBAN-32. The initials and surname
and military rank, grade, or rating, if any, of
the computer and verifier of the completed form
will be entered in the lower margin.
10776.1.. Number of observations. Enter
the number of entries for each level in the ap-
propriate space at the base of each column.
10776.2. Sums.-Enter the sum for all col-
umns. Place a minus sign (-) before all nega-
tive values. Plus signs (+) will not be used.
Include relative humidity data in the sums re-
gardless of whether they are in parentheses.
Enter the sums of pressure and relative humid-
ity to whole numbers; temperature, to tenths.
10776.3 Means.-Compute the means by
dividing the sums by the number of entries in
each column. Where appropriate, place minus
signs before means of temperature. Compute
means of temperature and pressure only for col-
umns having 5 or more entries. Compute means
of relative humidity only for columns having at
least 16 actual values as distinguished from
those derived from the curve referred to in par-
agraph 10774. Enter the means of temperature
and pressure to tenths, and relative humidity to
whole numbers.
10776.4. Temperature Extremes.-Under-
line the maximum temperature of each standard
level with a red pencil and the minimum tem-
perature with a blue pencil. Data will not be
underlined in columns having only a single
entry.
10777. MEAN MONTHLY ADIABATIC
CHARTS
10777.1. General.-Adiabatic charts will be
drawn each month based on monthly mean val-
ues of pressure, temperature, and relative hu-
midity, as computed on WBAN-32. A separate
chart will be prepared from WBAN-32 for the
0400 and 1600 G. C. T. (or as otherwise sched-
uled) observations. These charts will be mailed
with WBAN-32. Enter the name of the station
and the month, year, and scheduled time of
release (G. C. T.). Enter the following note in
the margin at the bottom of each chart: "Pre-
pared from means taken from WBAN-32."
10777.2. Construction of Chart.-Draw
lines across the chart at mean values of pressure
for the standard levels on WBAN-32. On these
lines in the left margin of the chart enter the
mean values of pressure, and altitude in meters
in. s. 1., of the levels to which they pertain. In
the right margin enter the number of observa-
tions (determined by the number of entries of
pressure) for each level. Plot the correspond-
ing mean values of temperature and relative
humidity on the appropriate levels, and draw
straight lines between successive points. Label
the top and bottom of each curve "T" and "RH,"
respectively. Construct the pressure-height
curve by plotting a point on each level corre-
sponding to its altitude above mean sea level,
and draw straight lines between successive
points. Values for all curves at the 400-millibar
level will be obtained in a manner similar to that
of daily raobs. (See par. 10304.)
10800. CHECKING FORMS
10810. All raob forms will be carefully
checked in detail by an observer other than the
computer, so far as possible, before the forms
are mailed. After checking the forms, the veri-
fier will print his name in the space labeled
"Verifier."
10811. The verifier will not change readings
when the differences are 0.2 or less of the small-
est printed divisions on the various charts and
scales when the differences obviously arise from
variation in personal judgment. When differ-
ences exceed 0.2 division, the readings will be
reconsidered and corrected, if necessary. In
general, it is expected that the differences be-
tween the readings of two observers will not ex-
ceed 0.1 division, especially where the divisions
are relatively wide.
10812. Errors on the adiabatic chart deriving
from errors on other forms need not be corrected
on the chart if a displacement of 0.2 or less of a
printed division would result. If a displace-
ment greater than 0.2 is involved, the affected
part of the chart will be redrawn. In some such
71
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
cases, errors may be corrected on WBAN-30 and
not necessitate changes on the adiabatic chart.
10813. In checking the various forms, it has
been found that the errors listed below occur
frequently. Their sources, therefore, will be
checked most carefully.
(1) Identifications (such as station, date,
curve-label, etc.) omitted or incorrect.
(2) Failure to insert all significant levels.
(3) Abstracting data from the calibra-
tion curves.
(4) Reading of ordinate and contact
number from the recorder record.
(5) Plotting of levels and points on
adiabatic chart.
(6) Errors in arithmetic.
(7) Failure to make all changes resulting
from changes made on other forms.
10900. PREPARATION OF FORMS FOR
MAILING
10910. Raob forms will be prepared for mail-
ing to cover the following periods in each
month:
(1) 1st to 10th___
(2) 11th to 20th _Inclusive.
(3) 21st to last day of the month-----
10911. The forms to be mailed are WBAN-
30, WBAN-31A, and B, and the recorder rec-
ords with their calibration charts.
10920. Mail all forms for each period in one
141/2" by 18" envelope. Arrange WBAN-31A
and B chronologically, the earliest date upper-
most, and folded once with the fold parallel to
the vertical temperature lines, in such a man-
ner that the edges of the innermost form meet.
Do not crease these forms. Each calibration
chart should be folded once, with the blank
side out. The recorder record should then be
placed within the folds of its corresponding
chart.
10921. Arrange WBAN-30 and the recorder
record and calibration chart in chronological
order, and place them between the fold of the
innermost adiabatic chart, after which insert
all forms in the envelope with the fold of the
adiabatic charts uppermost. Reinforce the en-
velope with gummed kraft tape after sealing.
10922. Instructions for mailing these forms
and WBAN-32 will be found in the addendum.
72
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
Chapter XI. TRANSMISSION OF RAOB MESSAGES
11100. The code to be used in the transmis-
sion of raob messages will be specified in the
addendum.
11101. Accuracy is essential in these mes-
sages. Whenever possible, all raob forms will be
checked before transmission of the message.
111,10. Code Check. In the column headed
"Code Check" on WBAN-30, number the trans-
mitted levels in the order in which they appear
in the message. The surface level will be No. 1.
11111. The coded message will be entered on
the front of WBAN-30. Each group in the
message will be entered on a segment of the
broken lines provided for the entries. Correc-
tions will be made in red without obliterating or
erasing the data as they originally appeared in
the transmitted message.
11112. If a level was not computed at the 400-
millibar surface, the data required for transmis-
sion will be taken from the adiabatic chart and
entered on WBAN-30 under "Mandatory Levels
for Transmission."' Note that the entry of man-
datory levels for transmission on WBAN-30 is
in the ascending order of height.
11120. Selecting Levels for Transmis-
sion.-The time allotted for transmission of
raobs is limited. Therefore, only essential levels
will be transmitted. Careful judgment must be
exercised in selecting levels for transmission,
since more levels are usually evaluated than
are required by those who use the transmitted
messages.
11121. Whenever a series of relatively thin
strata (approximately 100 meters) having dif-
ferent lapse rates occur adjacent to one another,
data only for the lowermost and uppermost of
such levels will be transmitted, unless required
by the provisions of paragraph 11122.
11122. Select levels for transmission in ac-
cordance with the following criteria:
(1) Highest and lowest values of tem-
perature and relative humidity on the
plotted curves.
(2) Bases of clouds and icing.
(3) Levels bounding motorboating hu-
midity and missing data strata more than
four contacts in extent.
(4) A level within each stratum required
by (3) above.
(5) Levels required by the raob code,
since these will often make unnecessary the
transmission of levels otherwise required.
11123. In the troposphere the temperature at
any level intermediate between two transmitted
levels should not differ by more than 20 C. from
that obtained by linear interpolation between
613388--45- 6
the latter levels. In the stratosphere the differ-
ence should not exceed 5� C. Relative humid-
ity at any level intermediate between two trans-
mitted levels should not differ by more than
10 percent from that obtained by linear inter-
polation between the latter levels.
11130. Data termed "doubtful" or "missing"
on WBAN-30 will be so indicated in the mes-
sage.
11140. When for any reason the raob mes-
sage cannot be transmitted at the regularly
scheduled time, a "no raob" message, taken from
the Raob Code, indicating the reason therefor,
will be filed instead.
11150. If observations are permanently dis-
continued at a station, "no raob" messages will
continue to be filed until the station reports are
finally discontinued on the sequence.
11160. Additional Raobs. - Whenever a
height of less than 3 kilometers above the sta-
tion is attained in the regular observation, the
data will not be transmitted if a second raob
is taken. Otherwise, the data obtained in the
regularly scheduled observation, even though
less than 3 kilometers above the station, will be
transmitted at the scheduled time, provided the
minimum height has been reached that is speci-
fied in the current Raob Code instructions.
11161. Messages based on special or extra
raobs will not be transmitted unless specifically
authorized. No message will be filed later than
18 hours after the scheduled time of release.
111,70. Correction Messages.-Whenever an
error is found to have been transmitted, a cor-
rection message will be filed as soon as possible
for transmission.
11200. TRANSMISSION OF FREEZING
LEVEL AND ICING DATA IN HOURLY
REPORTS
11210. These data will be reported as remarks
in the first hourly (or 3-hourly) airway obser-
vation following their determination. The re-
port will be made incident to every raob when
the surface temperature is above 00 C. and the
sounding extends to the freezing level. The
freezing level will be taken as occurring at 00 C.
11211. The altitude of the freezing level will
be reported in hundreds of feet m. s. 1.; and the
value of relative humidity, to the nearest per-
cent. The report will be preceded by the phrase
contraction "RAFRZ" (raob lowest freezing
level). "RH" will be used to denote relative hu-
midity; e. g., "RAFRZ 31 m. s. 1. RH 93" (raob
lowest freezing level 3,100 feet m. s. 1.; relative
73
INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS
humidity at that level, 93 percent. Missing rel-
ative humidity at the freezing level will be
transmitted as "MISG." If motorboating is oc-
curring, the value of relative humidity at the
cut-off point (corresponding to 00 C.) will be
transmitted.
11212. Data pertaining to the lowest point at
which 00 occurs will be transmitted regardless of
inversion and isothermal layers that might in-
troduce additional 00 temperature levels aloft.
11213. Icing of the raob balloon (see par.
9238.1) will also be reported in remarks in the
first hourly (or 3-hourly) airway observation
filed after determination of icing.
11214. The report of icing will be preceded by
the phrase contraction "RAICG" (raob icing).
The altitude of icing will be expressed in hun-
dreds of feet m. s. 1. and will be reported for the
point where the first lengthened contact indi-
cates a decrease in ascensional rate; e. g.
"RAICG 13 m. s. 1." (raob icing at 1,300 feet
m. s. 1.). If it is believed that snow is contribut-
ing to the decreasing ascensional rate of the raob
balloon, then the abbreviation "SNW" will fol-
low "RAICG."
11215. When both icing and freezing level
data are reported in the same observation, prece-
dence may be given to either; e. g., "RAICG 13
m. s. 1. RAFRZ 12 m. s. 1. RH 93." A time group
will be placed at the end of the report when an
hour or more elapses between the time the raob
balloon reaches the freezing level and the time
the relevant data are included in an airway ob-
servation. The time reported will be that at
which the balloon reaches the freezing level and
will be expressed to the nearest minute in terms
of the time used for airway reports.
11220. Determination of the Height of
Freezing and Icing Levels.-Table 18 of the
WBAN Computation Tables will be used to de-
termine the height above sea level of freezing
and icing levels. The curve is based upon the
standard atmosphere, and heights of levels de-
termined by means of it will therefore usually
differ from heights of the same levels determined
by means of the adiabatic chart. Since the al-
timeters used in most aircraft are calibrated to
the standard atmosphere, heights indicated by
an altimeter will generally be in much closer
agreement with heights determined by the
standard atmosphere curve than with those de-
termined by an adiabatic chart.
11221. Determine from an inspection of the
recorder record thile contact corresponding to the
icing or freezing level. In the former case it
will be the first lengthened contact; and in the
latter, the first contact above the surface (see
par. 9238.1) corresponding to a temperature of
00 C.
(1) Find the pressure corresponding to
this contact from the pressure-calibration
chart furnished with each radiosonde and,
from table 18, find the height to the nearest
hundred feet corresponding to this pressure.
(2) In the same manner, find the height
in hundreds of feet corresponding to the
station pressure at the time of release of the
radiosonde.
(3) Subtract algebraically the height
found in (2) from the height found in (1).
Add the station elevation in feet to the re-
mainder. The resultant value will be the
required height in feet, in. s. 1. Note that
this subtraction must be made algebrai-
cally, as shown in the following example:
Given:
Station elevation _____________- 60 feet.
Station pressure__________ 1025 millibars.
Freezing level occurs at the 25th contact.
1. The calibration chart furnished with the
radiosonde indicates that the twenty-fifth con-
tact corresponds to a pressure of 740 mbs.
2. From the standard atmosphere curve it is
found that a pressure of 740 mbs. corresponds
to an altitude of 8,400 feet mean sea level
(to the nearest hundred feet).
3. In a similar manner it is found that the
station pressure of 1025 millibars corresponds to
an altitude of - 300 feet mean sea level (to the
nearest hundred feet).
4. Subtract algebraically the value found in 2
from that found in 3:
8,400- (--300) =8, 700
Plus station elevation of 60 feet
(to the nearest hundred feet) ___ 100
Required height__________ __ 8, 800
It will be noted that the value found in 3 will
always be negative for pressures higher than
1013 mbs.
11222. The required height may also be ob-
tained graphically as follows:
Given:
Station elevation ______ 60 feet.
Station pressure _____________ 1025 millibars.
Freezing level occurs at 25th contact on recorder
record (corresponding to 740 mnbs.).
1. On table 18 find the intersection of the sta-
tion pressure (1025 millibars) and station ele-
vation (100 feet to nearest hundred feet). This
point is four divisions (to the nearest whole
division) to the right of the standard atmos-
phere curve.
2. Find the point on the curve corresponding
to 740 millibars and displace this point four
divisions (as found in (1) immediately above)
to the right and read the required height (8,800
feet) beneath the latter point on the horizontal
scale at the bottom of the chart. This point
should always be displaced to the same side of
the curve and in the same amount as the point
found in (1).
74
INDEX
Paragraph
Accessories, General -----------------------------------------------------------------------------5100
Addendum ----------------------------Foreword
Adiabatic Chart (see also WBAN-31A-B).
Mean Monthly, Mailing of_ ----------------- 10777.1
Preparation of Mean Monthly- - - - ------------ 10777
Airway Controller, Consultation with___ 7620
Airway Traffic Control Center, Transmission of NOTAMS to_-- 7810
Air Traffic, Familiarization with at Release ,_ 7210
Altitude, Surface___ 10303
Antennas_ 2200
Dipole--------------------2210,2220
Ground, Choice of ----- - 8120
Radiosonde, Disposition of Prior to Release_ -- 7380
Radiosonde, Position of in Shelter_ 7430
Standby, Use of -8120
Transmission Line---------------------------- 2220, 2230
Wire Doublet_ ------ -------- ------------- 2210, 2230
Ascensional Rate, Average - - - 4533
Conditions Affecting_--- 4532
Effect of Ballast Balloon on_ -- - 4536
Effect of High__ 8410
Icing-_ 9238.1
Importance of_ 4537
Ascension Number, Entry on Form of ------------------------------------------------------------10114
Ascent Temperature. (See Temperatures, Ascent.)
Ballast, Amount to Use in Balloons -------------------------------------------------------------4551
Ballast Balloons. (See Balloons, Ballast.)
Ballast, Kinds of __ 4551
Balloons, General_ -------------------------- 4100
Ascensional Rate of. (See Ascensional Rate.)
Ballast, Inflated Diameter of- 4551
Inflation of---------------------------------__ 4551
Placing of in Train-- 4553.1
Purpose of___- 4550
Suspension Beneath Radiosonde _ 4553
Tying of to Parachute -- 4527
Use of During Precipitation or Icing 4550
Use of in High Winds 4550, 4552
When to Use - 4550
Bursting Point of____ ____ 8610
Conditioning of_ 4300
Chamber for_ 4450
Direct Heat Treatment _- 4440
Double-boiler Treatment_ 4320
Hot Water Bath Treatment 4330
Need_ 4121
Ten-gra -------------------------------------4460
Covers, Improvisation of_ 4632
Releasing with_ 4631
Use of as Part of Inflation Weight----- 4630
Defects of During Inflation_ - 4523
Handling of_-- 4510, 4511
Inflation of- 4500
Delay in Release After -- - - - - - - 4538, 4539
For Free Lift. (See Free Lift.)
For Total Lift. (See Total Lift.)
Precautionary Procedure During 4511, 4522, 4523
Procedure Upon Completion__- 4524
Pressure During 4521
350-gram_____ 4520
W ith H elium -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4534, 5305
With Hydrogen _ 4534
Patching of_ 4540
Sealing of After Inflation 4525
700-gram__ -- 4111
Storage of_ 4201
Tying of Parachute to 4526
Types of 4110
Use of Neoprene in ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4120
75
76 INDEX
Paragraph
Baroswitch -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1220
Functions of -------------------------------------------------------------------------1220
Serial Numbers of ------------------------6220
Baroswitch Compartment, Hole in_- 7361
Baroswitch Section, Inspection of_ 6260
Baseline Check, Adjusting Low Reference During _____________ __________________________ 7731
Application of Recorder Correction to ------------------- 7761.4
Entry of Notations on Recorder Record_ 7--------------- 761.3
Entry of on WEAN-30_ 7744, 7750, 7751, 7762, 7764, 7765
Entry of Time of_ - 7744
Evaluation of ------ 7760
Exposure of Humidity Element Prior to7______________________________- _____ 7450
Interference During ------------------- 7730.1
Length of Trace in-------------------------------------------------------------- 7740.3
Making the ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 7700
Manual 7------------------------------------------------------------------ 732.2, 7732.3
Motorboating During_----------------------------- - 7 7761.51
Order of Test Circuits_ - - - - - - - - 7422, 7423, 7424, 7425
Position of Antenna During ---------------------- 7430
Preliminary Preparation for__ 7220, 7230, 7711
Procedure in Making__ ___________________ ___________ 7730
Recorder Failure Prior to__ ------------------8710
Relative Humidity Requirements in ------------------- _ 7740.1, 7740.2
Satisfactory, Requirements for ----------------------------------------------------- 7740
Temperature Readings 7750
Termination of------ 7744, 7745
Time of Exposure Before Beginning_______________________________ 741.0
Sensitivity Adjustments in Relation to------------------------------------------- 7252.2
Unstable Record- 7732
Verification of by Psychrometric Readings- - 7740.2
Batteries, Radiosonde, General ---------------------------------------------- 3100
"A" Section --------------------------------------------------3102
"B" Section 3102
Burgess, Repair of_ 3620
Damages Sustained in Shipping of. (See Addendum.)
Defective, Disposition of. (See Addendum.)
Installation of in Radiosonde ------------__ 7350, 7351
Installation of in Standby Radiosonde________________________________________ 7390
Making the Baseline Check with - - - - - - - 7351
National Carbon Co., Repair of______________________________________ 3630
Packing Slips of. (See Addendum.)
Pliofilm Wrapped, Testing of ______________________________________ 3311
Precautions in Connecting to Radiosonde______________________________ 6312
Preparation of for Use ------------------------------------------------------3500
When Surface Temperature is Above 00C__________________ 3510
When Surface Temperature is Below 00 C 3520
When Surface Temperature is Below - 20� C - - 3530
Procedure in Testing of------------------------------------------------ 3323
Receipt of. (See Addendum.)
Rejection of___________________________-- - - - - -_ 3322
Repairing of_____ --------------------- 3600
Shipping Invoices of. (See Addendum.)
Shortages in Shipping of. (See Addendum.)
Storage of_ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 3400
Storage of at Low Temperatures_______ _______________________________________ 3420
Storage of in Electric Refrigerator____________________________________________ 3440
Storage of in Tropical Regions_ 3430
Table of_ 3201
Testing of, General-_ 3300
Prior to Expiration of Guarantee Period_.... 3311
Prior to Use ------------------------------------------------------ 3320
Types of ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3200
Use of for Test Purposes_ - -_______________ ______________________--5601
Use of Insulating Material with 7351
Voltages, Minimum Required of - - - - -3321
Voltmeter to be used in Testing of _ - - - - -3320
Test, General___ 5600
"A" and "B" Sections of_ ------------- - - - - - 5601
Checking of--------------- - -_ 5602
Purpose of _ - - - - -5601
Use of___ - -- 5601
Voltages, Minimum of_ _ 5602, 5603
Battery Voltmeter, Description of 5700
Calibration Chart, General__ 1221
Checking Numbers on Prior to Flight------- - - - -_ 7320
Contact, Definition of _ - - - - - - - - - 7346
Entry of Data on------__ -----------------------9610
INDEX
77
Calibration Chart, Folding of_ - ---------
Humidity Evaluation on -
Calibration Curve, Displacing of_
Caution for Aircraft _____
Chart, Calibration. (See Calibration Chart.)
Chart Division, Use of Term
Checking Forms, General
Correction of Derived Errors _
Participation of Personnel in_
Sources of Error --
Tolerance in
Checking Raob Messages - - -
Cloudless, When Used_
Clouds, Entry of, Notes Concerning, on WBAN-31L -
On Recorder Record_
On WBAN-30____
Observing of _ ________
Noting Entry of Raob Balloon into Base of_________________ .
Significant Level at Base of
Clouds and Weather, Entry of on WBAN -30_
Coaxial Cable
Code Check, Use of on WBAN-30
Commutation_
Commutator, Adjustment, of for Point of Release
To Pressure Contact _
Adjustment Screw on_
Connections to-
Description ofL
Inspection of _-
Irregularities in
Performance Test of_
Polishing of_
Commutator Contact, Proportional Parts of_ -
Commutator Contact Arm, Inspection of_
Commutator Contact Setting, Determination of_
Computation of Drift Corrections. (See Drift Corrections, Computation of.)
Computation of Paper Drift Corrections. (See Paper Drift Corrections, Computation of.)
Computations, Continuation of with Missing Data_
Computations, Termination of_
Condensation Pressure, Charts for Use in Computation of -
Check of Computation of_
Computation of
Entry of on WBAN-30_
Use of Charts for Computing_
Contact,
at Release, Discrepant___ ___
At Release from Calibration Chart, Entry of on WBAN -30
Calibration Chart, Definition of_
Commutator, Definition of__
Description of- _
Proportional Parts of
Recorder Record, Definition and Proportional Parts of
Relative Humidity, Polarization of_--
Contact Numbers and Drift Line
Contact Point, Polishing of_
Contact Setting, Determination of_
For Point of Release___
Control Adjustments for FM Reception, Superheterodyne Receiver__
Control Tower, Informing of Intention to Release-
Signal at Release
Corrected Temperature Data, Plotting of on WBAN-31
Correction Messages, Raob___
Paper Drift. (See Paper Drift Correction.)
Relative Humidity. (See Relative Humidity Correction.)
Corrections,
Application of to Temperature and Relative Humidity Ordinates ------------
Drift and Shift. (See Drift and Shift Corrections.)
Recorder. (See Recorder Corrections.)
Covers, Balloon. (See Balloons, Covers.)
Cut-off Point, Evaluation of
Data, Classification of_
Doubtful. (See Doubtful Data.)
Missing. (See Missing Data.)
Defective Batteries, Disposition of. (See Addendum.)
Defective Radiosondes, (See Radiosondes, Defects in.)
Delayed Release _
Paragraph
9600
1240
9424
7600
1231
10800
10812
10118
10813
10811
11101
7861
10640,10650
9131
10610
7861
7871
9235
7870
2220,2230
11110
1222
__ 7820
7343, 7344.3
6260
6272
1221
6260
6261
6380
6261, 7342
7345
6260
7344
9125.1
9123.8, 9123.9
10531
10534
10530
10530
10532, 10533
9423
9422
7346
7345
1221
7345
9420
9441
9300
7341
7344
7820
8310
7610
7852, 7853
10312.1
11170
9500
9223.2,9444
9120
7810
78
INDEX
Descent Record, Required Amount_ ____________ ______________________
Selection of Points on_
Use of---
When Required _- --- __ ______
Descent Temperature Data, Computation of Recorder and Drift Corrections for
Entry of on WBAN-30-
Evaluation of__ ____ _ - --
Descent Temperature Differences, Plotting of on WBAN-31B_
Descent Temperatures, Entry of on WBAN-30__________
Discrepant Contact at Release, Procedure for Correction of_ -
Displacing Calibration Curve___________--- ______
Doubtful Data, Classification of______________________________________
Continuation of Computations_______
Entry of Notations on Recorder Record-
Entry of on WBAN-32__ _
In Raob Message_ _
Notations of on WBAN-31_________
Temperature, Noting on WBAN-31____________
Definition of _--
When Ascent Correction Missing_
Doubtful Record, Isentropic Levels in______________________________________
Drift and Shift Corrections, Application of
Drift Correction, Application of to Visual Meter Raobs_
At Cut-off Point--------------
Basis of__ _ _- of __-_
Computation of-_ _ -- -
For Descent Temperature Data_
Entry of on Recorder Record ______________________
Drift Line, Computation of-----
Drawing of for Paper Drift Correction______________________________
For Shift in Recorder Record -
From Surface_ _
When Low Reference Contact Missing---
Drift Line and Contact Numbers - -
Drift of Recorder Record Paper. (See Paper Drift Correction.)
Electronic Frequency Units _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -------------------------------
Element, Humidity. (See Humidity Element.)
Hygrometer. (See Humidity Element.)
Elevation of Standard Isobaric Surfaces, Determination of-
Error, Effect of Leaking Pressure Cell on- _ _--- ___
Possible Sources of_
Relative Humidity, Effect of Temperature on_--
Sources of in Checking ---
Evaluating the Recorder Record, General_
Evaluating the Temperature Ordinate_
Evaluator, Temperature. (See Temperature Evaluator.)
Exposure of Radiosonde _-----------------------------------
Fahrenheit Temperatures When Used _ --
Failure of Recorder During Flight___ -
Fixed Levels, Check of Computed Pressures_
Computation of Mixing Ratio at _ -
Pressures at 1,520 Meters m. s. 1_
Pressures at, in Missing Strata_
Computed Pressure at for Transmission
Data, Entry of on WBAN-30
Determination of Mean Virtual Temperature Pertaining to -
Entry of Pressures at on WBAN-30_--
Errors in Computed Pressures at --
Motorboating at____
Pressure at from Adiabatic Chart___
Pressures at, General_
Pressure, Transmission of______________________________________
Rechecking of Computed Pressures at___
Use of Tables in Computing Pressures at -
Z Meters -
Folding Forms for Mailing (See Forms, folding of)
Forms, General_ ----
Checking. (See Checking Forms.)
Entry on of Ascension Number_
Date and Time of Raob _
Identification Data
Latitude and Longitude - -
Station Name_
Folding of _
Initialing of_ __ ___ _ _
Instructions for Mailing. (See Addendum.)
Mailing of_ ____ _ __
Paragraph
9240
--___-__ 9242, 9243
9111
8620
9541
9542, 10212. 4
9540, 10212.32
__10212.33
10212.4
9423 to 9423.3
9424
9120
- - _ _ 9123.9
9236
________10772, 10773
11130
10305
10312.1
9121
10212.33
10525
9520
8721
9444
9521
9522
9541
9320
9350
9533
9340
9330
----- - 9360,9361
9300
2400
10340
9123.6
9123
9123. 5
10813
9100
9430
7400
7721,7751
----- 8720,8721
1044
10453
10381
10381
10440
10400, 10450
10410, 10411
10381
10444
10452
10430
10380
10450
10444
10441, 10442
10420
10100
10114
10111
10110
10113
10112
10117, 10920, 10921
10115
10119
INDEX
Forms, Preparation of for Mailing._...................
Signing of_
Use of Pencils in Preparing......... ------------.
Use of Stamps on - --_ -
WBAN-30, General_
Code Check --
Entry on of Basic Data
Data from Fixed Levels_
Fixed Level Data on Front of
Height of 500 mb. Surface___
Height of Significant Levels_
Isentropic Data_
Mandatory Levels for Transn
Missing Data_
Mixing Ratio_
Pressure Data
Raob Messages .--
Relative Humidity Data-
Stream Function Data
Temperature Corrections
Temnerature Data
79
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
aission_
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
-----------------
------------------
Fahrenheit, When Used_
WBAN-31, Abstraction of Data from, for Fixed Level Pressures
Checking of Superadiabatic Lapse Rate on ----
Curves on, Through Motorboating Strata_
Description of________,_ _____
Determination of Mean Temperature on_
Entry on, of Labels__________ 10312 to 1031i
Mean Virtual Temperature --------
Meteorological Notes______________
Mixing Ratio_ --
Surface Elevation___________________________
Temperature Data
Indicating Data Entered on WBAN-32-----
Levels in Strata of Missing Data_______________
Multiple Ascents, Drawing Relative Humidity Curves from_
Notations of Missing or Doubtful Data on.__.
Plotting Data on _
Corrected Temperature-_ _..._.
Missing Relative Humidity
Motorboating, Relative Humidity- -
Multiple Ascents, Temperature --
Pressure-Height Curve. (See Pressure-Height Curve.)
Reading Height of Significant Levels on......
WBAN-31B, Continuity of Record on_
Use of in Temperature Corrections _
WBAN-32, General _ _ _ -_---_-
Data, When Entered---__ ---
Description, Preparation, Summarization of-
Entries of Missing or Doubtful Data on
Entries Under Data for Standard Levels - -
Entry on of Data Pertaining to Highest Raob _
Date__
Elevation_
Humidity Values from Curve_
Identification Data
Index Number _
Initials _ -
Pressure Data_
Relative Humidity Data from Curve-
Surface Data_
Time of Raob ..--
Time of Release
Extrapolation of Data to Standard Levels on-
Mean Monthly Adiabatic Chart, Preparation of_
Number of Digits in Columns of_
Preparation of at Mobile Stations_
Signing of___________-_
Summarizing________
Temperature Extremes, Underlining of_
Units of Data Entered on_
Free Lift, Average Ascentional Rate___
Computation of.___ _-____
Definition of___________ __
During Precipitation or Icing_
Effect of Ballast Balloon on_
Effect of Varying Weights on_.. .. - -
Paragraph
10900
10115
10110
10110
10201
11110
10210
10400
10450
10370
10361
10524
11112
10203
10214
10211
11111
10213
10540
10212.3
10212
7751
10381.1
10312.2
10313.2
10301 to 10305
10331
2.2, 10313. 4, 10381.1, 10522, 10775
10332.2
10610
-- 10314
_ 10311
10312
10775
10311.1
10313.3
10305
10310
10312.1
10313
10313.1
10312.3
10360
10304
10212.33
10700
10771
10710
10772, 10773
10771
10771.1
10711, 10740
10730
10774
10711, 10721, 10722, 10723
10721
10712
10771.3, 10773, 10775.1
10774, 10774.1, 10774.2, 10776.3
10771.2
10750
- 10750,10760
10775
10777
10771.4
10722
10776
10776
10776.4
10771.3
4533
4534
4531
4533,4535
4536
4534,4534.1,4535
80
INDEX
Freezing Level Data. (See RAFRZ.)
Frequency Division, Use of Term- _ _____
Frequency Shifts, During Baseline Check-
Frequency Unit, Adjusting of_________________
Adjustment of _ _ ___
Adjustment Range of-
Power Supply to_
Fronts, Notes on Passage of_
400-Millibar Level, Plotting of on WBAN-31A
500-Millibar Surface, Entry of Height on WBAN-30_
Galvanometer Needle, Balancing of on L&N Recorder_
G. C. T., Use of
Generator, Hydrogen_
Ground Equipment, General_
Check of Cycloray Recorders_
Check of Prior to Baseline Check_
Warm-up of
High Reference, Grounding of at Release_
Performance Test of
Relation to Low Reference
Humidity Circuit, Performance Test of-
Humidity Element, Effect of Temperature on
Check of Mounting Clamps for
Description of_________________
Handling of_-_ _-
Installation Indoors
Installation of _
Length of Exposure Time of_
Limits of________________________
Limits of, Checking at Baseline Che
Mounting of in Radiosonde_
Performance of Radiosonde in Abse:
Rejection of for Exceeding Limits
Removing from Vial_
Replacement of_
Storage of in Instrument Shelter_
Use of Spare_
Vial Containing_
Hydrogen Generator_ _ --
Hydrogen, Precautions with_
Hygrometer Element. (See Humidity Element.)
Hygrometer Section, Check of --
Hygrometer Unit, Repair of_
Icing, Indications of______
Icing Level Data. (See RAICG.)
Inflating Balloons. (See Balloons, Inflation of.)
Inflation Equipment______
Inflation Nozzle
Inflation Shelter, General_____________
Electric Fixtures in_
Improvisation for_
Plans for_
Temporary -
Use of Hydrogen Generator in
Inflation Weights___________
Instructions, Exceptions to
Obsolete _-
Revisions and Additions
Instrument Shelter, Entry of Height on WBAN-31-
Floor of, Pressure and Altitude at_
Pressure at the Floor of-
Use of_
Interference During Baseline Check__ _
Interference, Log of_______________________________
Checking of Radiosonde Signal for___
Inversion, Relative Humidity Value at _ _ _
Isentropic Data, General____________________________
Abstraction of from Adiabatic Chart
Entry of on WBAN-30_
Isentropic Levels, Computation of Mixing Ratio at
In Missing or Doubtful Record_
Potential Temperature at__
Isentropic Surfaces, Labeling on WBAN-31 _ _
Location of on Adiabatic Chart_
Standard____ ___
Labels, Entry of on WBAN-31_____ ____
Paragraph
1231
7430
8400
6311
6330
- 6311.1, 6311.2
10650
10304
10370
7252.1
10111
5305
2100
7240
7231
7230, 7242, 7252
_ 7854, 7854.1
6350
9330
6370
1240
6240
1240
7451
7452
6241
7450, 7743.1
7742
7760
1250
6430
7743
7451
6411
7453
7453
6241
5305
5305
6240
6411
9238.1
5400
5401
5300
5305
5304
5301
5303
5305
5401
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
10311
10303
7820
5202
7730.1
7331
7330
9442
10500
10520
10524
10527
10525
10510
10522
10521, 10523, 10526
10322
10312 to 10312.2, 10313.4, 10381.1, 10522, 10775
INDEX
L&N Recorder, Check of_
Sensitivity of__
Warming up of_
Latitude, Entry of on Forms ............
Level Number for Missing Data_
Levels in Transmitted Message. (See Raob
Lead-in. (See Antennas.)
Lift. (See Free Lift, Total Lift.)
Limits, Temperature Ordinate -
Log of Interference_________________
Longitude, Entry of on Forms_ --
Low Reference, Contacts Missing-
Correcting Contacts of_
Grounding of at Release_
Performance Test of-
Setting to 95.0_
Shift of at Release -
Mailing Forms, Folding for_
Instructions for. (See Add(
Periods for__
Preparation of for_
Mandatory Levels, Entry of Fixed Levels U
For Transmission, Entry
Manual Baseline Check. (See Baseline Che
Mean Temperature, Determination of on W
Mean Virtual Temperature, Determination
Entry of on W
Estimated_
Pertaining to I
Messages, Raob. (See Raob Messages.)
Meteorological Notes____________________
Meter, 0.98 Dynamic_
Minimum Height, Requirements_
Missing Contacts, Limits of_
Missing Data, Classification of_
Entry of on WBAN-30_
WBAN-32
in Raob Message___
in Tropopause__
Humidity, Limits When Imp
Levels in Strata of on WBAIN
Notation of on Recorder Rec
Notations of on WBAN-31_
Relative Humidity, Correctio
Definitio
Entry of
Plotting
Surface to 3 km. Above Stati
Temperature, Classified as-
Definition of__
Termination of Raob Owing
Missing Record, Isentropic Levels in _
Mixing Ratio at Fixed Levels_ _ _ _
Mixing Ratio, Computation of at Isentropic
Computation of When Humic
Entry of on WBAN-30
WBAN- 31 -
Slide Rule - -
Motorboating at Fixed Levels -
Motorboating Data, Plotting of on WBAN-
Motorboating During Baseline Check___
Motorboating, Evaluation of Record as_
Entry of on WBAN-30___
Values of on WBAIN
Ordinate of _
Performance Test for__
Predominance of_ -
Relative Humidity, Plotting
Motorboating Strata, Curves Through, on
Mlultiple Ascents____
Relative Humidity Data o
Name of Station, Entry of on Forms-
Notams, Correction to
Filing of_ -o
Transmission of_ of o Recorder
Notes and Comments, Entry of on Recorder
81
Paragraph
7250
7252.1, 7252.2
--7252
10113
9237
Message.)
6360
7331
10113
9310, 9360
9310
7854, 7854.1
6330, 6340
- 8410
-------- 7851.1
10920,10921
endum.)
----10910
10900,10922
nder 10451
T of on WBAN-30 _ 11112
ck, Manual.)
BAN-31 _ 10331
of__ 10332
'BAN-31 - - - - 10332.2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - 1 0 3 2 .
10351
Fixed Levels, Determination of_- - ---__ 10410,10411
10600
10302
9111, 9112
9113
9120
10203
10772,10773
- 11130
9125
ortant 9114
J-31 - 10311.1
ord -- 9236
10305
)n 20 Percent or More_ 10213. 32
n of_ _ 9122
on WBAN-30 10213.1
of on WBAN-31 10313
on__ 9113
10212. 33
9121
to_ 9125
10525
10453
Levels - -- 10527
dity Missing or Motorboating- 10214.2
10214
-- 1314
10214.1
10452
-31-- 10313.1
7742,7761.51
9445
10213.2
-32__ 10774
6371.1, 9223
6370,6371
9223.2
of on WBAN-31 10313
WBAN-31 10313.2
9232
)n WBAN- 31 10313.3
10112
7810
7810
7810
Record --------------------------------------------------9132
82
INDEX
Notes, Entry of on WBAN-31. -
Before Release_
At Release ____--
After Release_ _ .........
Notes, Meteorological, Etc_
Observation Schedules --
Observations, Surface, Entry of on Recorder Record-
Visual Meter- ---___
Obsolete Instructions
Obstructions to Vision, Entry of Notes on WBAN-31
Obtaining the Recorder Record, General_
Ordinate, Recorder Record__ __
Relative Humidity Evaluation of. (See Relative Humidity Ordinate, Evaluation of.)
Use of Term--- -
Paper Drift Correction - - - -
Computation of --
Determination of Need of_
Entry of on Recorder Record_
Significant Levels
Zero Recording for_
Paper, Cycloray Recorder---
L&N Recorder---_
Paper Feed, Rate of_
Parachute, Checking of Before Release
Place of in Train ________ _______________
Tying of Balloon to_
Performance-Defect Relationships, Table of
Performance Test of Radiosondes
Completion of_
Preliminary________________
Plotting Data on WBAN-31A-B ___________________
Polarization, Manifestations of
Potential Temperature Lines on WBAN-31-
Precipitation, Entry of Notes on WBAN-30, WBAN-31
Preliminary Check Temperature Readings
Preliminary Check Temperature Values, Use of
Preparation of Forms, General___
Pressure Cell, Leaking__
Pressure Contact___
Pressure Contact at Release, Entry of on WBAN -30
Pressure at Floor of Instrument Shelter_
Pressure Contact Value, At Significant Levels - -
Entry of on Significant Levels_
Pressure Data, At Fixed Levels. (See Fixed Levels.)
Entry of on WBAN-30 _
Pressure, Determination of at Elevation of Radiosonde -
Entry of on WBAN-31 at Maximum Elevation of Sounding
Plotting on WBAN-31 _
Surface-
Pressure-Height Curve, The_
Based on Estimated Mean Virtual Temperature
Computation of_
Mean Temperature in Computing_
Mean Virtual Temperature in Computing
Plotting of on WBAN-31 --
Tables for Computing
Thicknesses and Elevations of Strata in ----------------
Pseudoadiabatic Diagram, Use of in Computing Condensation Pressure_ --
Radio Frequency, Changing of - 7
Radiosonde, The_
Antenna. (See Antenna.)
Baroswitch. (See Baroswitch.)
Batteries. (See Batteries, Radiosonde.)
Certification of Invoices or Packing Slips of. (See Addendum.)
Changing Radio Frequency of. (See Radio Frequency, Changing of.)
Check of Temperature Section of _
Commutator. (See Commutator.)
Component Parts of
Connection of to Test Switch _ _ _ _
Damages Sustained in Shipping of. (See Addendum.)
Defects in -
Disposition of Rejected. (See Addendum.)
Entry of Into Cloud Base .....
Exposure of
Prior to Baseline Check _
Failure, Explanation of_ _ _ _
Paragraph
_ 10610, 10620
10630
10640
10650
10600
7110
9131
8700
Foreword
10640
8100
1231
1231
9530
9533
8631
9533.1
9532
7242, 7252, 8510
7240, 7241, 7242
7250, 7251, 7252
7854.2
4526
7830
4526
6420
6300
6381
6310
10310
9441
10510
10640
7720
7741
10100
9123.6
1221
9422
- 7820, 9131
9420
9421
10211
7344.2
10311.2
10311
10303
10320
10351
10330
10331
10332
10350
10321
10340. 10344
10533
331, 7332, 7332.1, 7332.2, 7730.1
1100
6230
1200
7421
6140
7871
7400
7410
9115
I
INDEX
83
Paragraph
Radiosonde, Inspection of Transmitter and Circuits of-------------------------------------_ 6270, 6271
Major Repairs to_ -- 6411
Motorboating of. (See Motorboating.)
Performance-Defect Table ------------ 6420
Performance Test of. (See Performance Test of Radiosondes.)
Performance Test of Temperature Signal _ 6360
Placing on Test Switch---- 7420
Position of in Train__ 4610
Preparation of for Flight, General--- 7310
Radio Transmitter of --- 1210
Rejection of, at Baseline Check 7732.3
Caused by Low Test Voltages________________________________ 5603, 6330
For Baroswitch Section Defects--- 6260
For Defective Commutator _-_ 6380, 7344.3
For Defective High Reference Circuit 6350
For Defective Low Reference Circuit__ 6330
For Defective Relay --6320, 6430
For Large Deviations _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6311.2
For Shift at Test_ - 6340
For Temperature Ordinate Limits_ 6360
For Temperature Section Defects_ 6231
Listing of Defects in_ _ _-- _ 6130
Receipt of _-- -- 6110
Recei t of ---- ----- --------- ------- "---- ' ----------- --------- ------------- - - - - - - 6 1
Relay. (See Relay.)
Release of. (See Release of Radiosonde.)
Repairs of_ ------------6120
Selngo----------------------------------------------------------350 76
Sealing of -. .. . . . 3530, 7360
Selection of for Flight-- -- 7310
Serial Numbers, Correspondence of-- 6220
Shortages in Shipping of. (See Addendum.)
Signal, Interference with__ _ _ _b_- _ 7330
Stability Check of - - 6340
Standby, Check and Test of_- 7390
Exposure of in Shelter__ _ ..... . 7440
Storage of. (See Storage of Radiosonde.)
Temperature Element. (See Temperature Element.)
Temperature Section of. (See also Temperature Element) _ 6230
Testing of-----_ --- 6110, 6140
Prior to Flight_ - - 7320
Test Leads of - _ -- 6273
TestLea s o --- --- --- --- --- ------ --~------------------------------- - - - - - - 6 7
Time of Release of_ 7110
Tim o Rleseof-------- -- ------ ----------------------- ---------------- 71
Transmitter, Absence of Signal ............ -- - -- -- 6320
Transmitting Frequency of _ 1210
Tuning of .- - 7331
Turning on Transm itter of .........................- --................... 6312
Use of Recovery Tags with ...........- --- -- 7370
Use of Test Batteries with- - 6313
Ventilation Chamber. (See Ventilation Chamber.)
Visual Inspection of, General- -__________ 6210
RAFRZ, Correlation with Raob-- 9238.1
Determination of Height of - - 11220
Examples of Computation of ---...........- .. 11221, 11222
How Reported -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - . ..- --- - - - 11211, 11212
How Transmitted ---. .......... ..... 11215
When Reported- -- - - - - - - - - - - 11210
RAICG, Correlation with Raob___ 9238.1
Determination of Height of 11220
Examples of Computation of -- 11221, 11222
How Reported__-- 11214
How Transmitted-_ _ 11215
When Reported--- 11213
Raob Messages, Checking of Before Transmission-- 11101
Code to be Used for Transmission of. (See Addendum.)
Correction of on WBAN-30______________________________ 11111
Entry of on WBAN-30- 11111
Failure to Transmit _ 11140
Filing of for Special or Extra Raob - 11161
Mandatory Levels for Transmission 11112
"No Raob," When Filed in __ ____ _11140, 11150
Selection of Levels for Transmission in_ 11120, 11121, 11122, 11123
Transmission of Correction to-_ 11170
Transmission of Data Missing in-- 11130
Transmission of 400-Millibar Surface in 11112
Transmission of Data Doubtful in ____ _ 11130
When More than One Raob Taken_ - __ -____--- - - - -___-_ ____11160
i
i
i
I
I
i
I
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
84
Raobs, Date and Time of _ _ _ _
Discontinuance of _ -
Precedence of Over Other Duties--
Satisfactory---_
Criteria of--
Special------------
Time of - -
Receivers, General - - -
Superregenerative ___-
Superheterodyne--
Record, Descent. (See Descent Record.)
R ecord er --.-- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - -- -.. . . . .
Failure During Flight__--
Prior to Baseline Check ..
Lack of Agreement with Visual Meter-- -
Microammeter-- -
Potentiometer - -
Types Used -
Recorder Corrections _
INDEX
Paragraph
10111
11150
7111
9101,9111
9110
10116
7110
2300
2301
2301
Application of to Baseline Check -
At Cut-off Point _ -
Computation of for Descent Temperature Data_ _ ---
Recorder Paper, Disturbing Alignment of_-- --
Recorder Record, Descent. (See Descent Record.)
Entry of Baseline Check Data on_-- - - --
Notes and Comments on_---
Surface Data on_---
Evaluating, General_--
Evaluation of Baseline Data on---
Folding of_ __-----------------------
Independent Shifts in- _ _ _-
Low Reference, Missing or Scattered--
Marking on of Cloud Base- -.
Proportionate Error in----
Relative Humidity Missing or Scattered_---
Selection of Significant Levels on. (See Significant Levels, Selection of.)
Shift in ..--------------------------------------. .
Shift and Drift in ----------------------- ---------
Temperature Missing or Scattered_
Termination of - - ------------------------
Unsatisfactory------------------------------
Recovery Tags, Use of_____________________________________
Rejected Radiosondes. (See Radiosondes, Rejection of.)
Relative Humidity, Corrected, Entry of on WBAN-30-
Correction, Change of After Release--
Determination of When Motorboating at Baseline Check_
Entry of on WBAN-30_
Variation from Baseline Value--_
Correction to- -
When More Than 100 Percent_ -
Cut-off Point---_
Data Classified as Missing---_
Data Missing. (See Missing Data, Relative Humidity.)
Difference Between Psychrometric and Radiosonde Values of_
Entry of on WBAN-30- -
Ordinate, Evaluation of_ - - -
Ordinate of Motorboating_ --
Ordinate, Entry of on Recorder Record--
Plotting of on WBAN-31- -
Single Point of on WBAN-31B _ _
Record, Extrapolation of- - -
Interpolation of - -
Values, Agreement between Radiosonde and Psychrometric_.
from Curve, Entry of on WBAN-32--_
Relay, Adjustment of -
Checking of__
Defects in----------------------------------------
Function of_ -
Polishing Contacts of - -
Polishing of for Performance Test---_
Test for Defective__ _ _ -_ _ _ - --_ _ _ -_
2500
8720
8710
8721
2520
2530
2510
9510
7761.4
9444
-- 9541
8632
7761.3
9132
9130
9100
7760
9600
9123.3, 9123.4, 9340
9123.2
7871
9123.2, 9123.4
9123.1
9123. 3
9350
------- 9123. 1
8600
9115
7370, 7390
10213.4
10213.3, 10213.31
10213.31
10213.3
10213.32
7765
10213.31
9223, 9223.1, 9223.2
7766
7765
10213
9440, 9441, 9443
9223
9443
10313
10313.5
9442
9442
7743.
10774
6430
6250
6430
1222
7340
6380
6320
INDEX
85
Paragraph
Release of Radiosonde, General-- ------------------------------------------------------------4600, 7800
Additional, Explanation of - -_- 9115
Need of _ 9101
Nedo------------------------------------------------ 10
Required but not made -- -- -- -- -_ _ . . . .. . .._.. . .. . . ..._ 9101
Submission of Calibration Chart and Recorder Record Pertaining to___ 9115
When Required_ 7763, 9111
At Controlled Airports_--- 7610
At Military Establishments__ _ 7630
At Noncontrolled Airports or Offices_ 7620
Delays in- - 7810
During Gusty Winds-- 4623.5, 7380
During Light Winds_ 4622
During Moderate or High Winds___ 4623
Duties in Conflict with _ _ 7111
Exposure of Radiosonde Prior to_ 7410
From Roof 4624
FromRoo----------------------------~------------------------42
Making the 7850 to 7856
Main he------------------------------------------------- 75 o75
Marking of Release Point on Recorder Record __ 7821
Noting Time of _ 7854.2
Obstructions to 4623.6
Obstuctins t------------------- ------------------ -------------- ---------42.
Plan of_ -------------------------4623.1
Point of_ 4623.1
Poin of-------------------------- ------------------- ------------ -------42.
Marking of on Recorder Record_ 7821
Preliminary Preparations for - - 7200, 7820
Procedures. -------------------.......-- 4620, 4621, 4623.1 to 4623.6
Surface Observation at--- 7860
Time of_.-- - 7110
Noting- _ _ 7854.2
Unsuccessful- 4623.4
Unsu cesful---- ---- --- ----------------------------------- ------------ 4623.
Use of Balloon Cover-- 4631
Visual Check Prior to----- 4623
With Humidity Values Outside of Prescribed Range _ 7766
With Temperature Outside of Limits _ 7763
Schedules, Observation _ _ 7110
Scoch ape Us of---------------------------------------------------------73,82
Scotch Tape, Use of__ 7360, 7820
Sealing Radiosonde, at Low Temperatures- - 3530
Standby --- 7390
With Tape_ - - 7360
-_ __a __ _ ..; . .� T 1 /CI a' -- . T -1 -C-;-I- -... ..-
selection of -i ignicant Levels. (see Signifncant Levels, election of.)
Sensitivity Adjustments, L. & N. Recorder---_
Serial Numbers of Radiosondes. (See Radiosonde, Serial Numbers, Correspondence of.)
Shift. (See Recorder Record, Shift in.)
Shift Correction, Application to Visual Meter Observation _-_-
Signal, Fading or Weak---_
Unstable ---_--- - -
Signing of Forms---__ - -
Significant Levels, Entry on, of Data __________ _
Drift Corrections_ - - -
Height, on WBAN-30-_
WBAN-31-
Level Number_- ----
"Missing" or "Doubtful" Data_---
Temperature Ordinate Values___
Height of_ _ - - --
Pressure-Contact Value at- - --
Selection of, General_ - -
at Boundaries of Icing -
at Boundaries of Missing or Doubtful Data _
at Boundaries of Motorboating Strata
at Bursting Point_
at Cloud Base- - --
at Cut-off Points- _ _.......... .
at Inversion and Isothermal Layers--__-
at Maximum and Minimum Temperatures -
at Reference Contact_
at Surface _--
for Relative Humidity _-.............._ _ ..
for Temperature______ _ - _
from Multiple Ascents -
within Missing Strata_ _ _ -
within Motorboating Strata_- -
100-millibar Limit_ _
At Surface, Entry on of Pressure Contact at Release - - - - -
7252.1, 7252.2
8721
8120
7351
10115
9400
9411, 9521
- 10361
10360
9410
9236
- 9431
10360
9420
9200
9238
9236
9223.1, 9223.2
_ 9234
9235
9223, 9223.1, 9223.2
9211
9212
9442
9202
_-----9220, 9221, 9222
-- 9210
9232
S9237
9231
_ 9233
9422
G
G
A
86
INDEX
Sounding, Entry of Reason for Termination of on Recorder Record
Special Raobs ----------------------------------------
Standard Atmosphere Curve, Use of -_______-_ ---
Standard Isobaric Surfaces--------------------
Standby Radiosonde ___________-------------------
Station Pressure, Barograph When Used to Obtain__
Corrected to Elevation of Radiosonde_
Mercurial Barometer When Used to Obtain_
Storage of Radiosondes, General____________ ______________
at High Relative Humidities_
at High Temperatures - -
by Serial Number_
Deterioration During_
Stream Function, Check on Accuracy of_ _ _ _
Computation of, and Entry on WBAN-30_
Use of Tables in Computation of_
Superadiabatic Lapse Rate, Checking of-__________________________________
Superregenerative Receiver___________ _____
Tuning Controls of - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Superheterodyne Receiver, Adjustment of Controls on for AM Reception-
Tuning of_
Tuning of AM_
Surface Altitude, Point of Reference__ _ _
Surface Data, Entry of on Recorder Record________ ______________
Surface Observation at Release, Entry of on WBAN-30 -
Surface Observations, Entry of on Recorder Record_
Surface Pressure, at Floor of Instrument Shelter_
Point of Reference_____
Switching, Classification of Data owing to Failure of_
Radiosonde___ _-_ _ ____ -
Tags, Recovery_ -
Temperature, Ascent, for Computing Raob___
Corrections, to Ascent_____________ ________________________
at Bursting Point_
Entry of on WBAN-30_
Required But Not Obtained_
Use of WBAN-31B in_
When Required_---
Data, Classification of When Trace Continuous
Classified as Missing. (See Missing Data, Temperature.)
Corrected_--
Descent. (See Descent Temperature Data.)
Entry of on WBAN-30______________________________
WBAN-31__
Multiple Ascents, Plotting of on WBAN-31
Element, Composition of_
Damaged _
Limits of _
Mounting of in Radiosonde
Replacement of---_
Evaluator, Setting and locking of_
Temperature Limits on___
Use of_ _ _
Extremes, Underlining of on WBAN -32
Fahrenheit, When Used______
Limits, Checking of at Baseline Check -
Ordinate, Evaluation of-_________________ ________
Limits_-____ _
Values, Entry of on Significant Levels_
Outside of Limits _ _ .......
Preliminary Check Reading
Readings, Baseline Check ----
Signal, Performance Test of_________________________________
Virtual. (See Virtual Temperature.)
Termination of Raob, Owing to Missing Data_
Owing to Switching Failure_
Termination of Recorder Record_---
Termination of Sounding, Entry of on Recorder Record ......
Test Batteries. (See Batteries, Test.)
Test Leads, Clipping of___ __
Color of__
Paragraph
-- 9550
10116
11220 to 11222
10322
7390
7344.1
--- 7344.2
7344.1
6510
6520
6530
6540
7320
10544
10540
10541, 10542
10312.2
8200
8210
8320
8300
8321
10303
9130
7860
9131
9131
10303
9123.7
1222
7370
9111
10212.32
10212.33
10212.3
10212.33
10212.33
9241
9123.7
10212.4
10212
10312
10312.3
1230
6231
7741
1250
6231, 6411
7762
6360
1231
10776.4
7721, 7751
7760, 7762
9430
6360
9431
7763
7720
7750
6360
9125
9123.8
8600
9550
7821
6273
INDEX
Test Switch, General
Connection of to Radiosonde_
Exposure of
Four-lead Type, Use with Four-Test Lead Radiosonde
Use with Three-Test Lead Radiosonde_
Motor_ _
Parallel Connections for Use With__
Placing Radiosondes on -
Relay ___
Storage of-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Three-Lead, Use of with Four-Test Lead Radiosonde
Use of with Three-Test Lead Radiosonde_
Varying Resistances in_
Thunderstorms, Entry of Notes on WBAN-31_
Time, G. C. T.
Local Actual
Time of Release. (See Release of Radiosonde.)
Total Lift, Definition of______________________________________
Trace, Continuous ..............................
Length of in Baseline Check_________________________________
Zigzag Temperature_
Train, Assembly of
Check of
Length of Cord to Use in_
Position of Ballast Balloon in _ __________________
Position of Radiosonde in_
Preparation of__
Transmission Line, Antenna. (See Antenna.)
Transmission of Raob Messages, Code to be Used for. (See Raob Messages.)
Transmission of RAFRZ and RAICG in Hourly Reports
Tropopause, Stratum of Missing Data in_
Tuning, Importance of
Peak Position of
Superregenerative Receiver_
Superheterodyne Receiver_
Twenty-four Hour Clock-
Ventilation Chamber, Exposure of Temperature and Relative Humidity Elements in
Violin String, Slippage of
Virtual Temperature Increment_
Visual Meter, Lack of Agreement with Recorder_
Observations__
Voltage Stabilizer-
Voltmeter, Battery, Description of___
Battery to be used in Testing of_
Warm-up of Ground Equipment_
WBAN Computation Tables, Required Use of_
WBAN Forms. (See Forms, WBAN.)
WBAN Raob Computation Tables, Use in Computing Fixed Level Pressures
Weather, Entry of on WBAN-30_ _
Entry of Notes on WBAN-31
Winds, Entry of on Recorder Record
Wire Doublet Antenna. (See Antenna.)
Zero Line, Cycloray Recorder
Failure of Pen to Return to__
Zero Record, Cycloray____
Inclusion of with Baseline Check_
Zero Recording, Adjustment for on Cycloray Recorder_
at Termination of Raob_
at Termination of Record _ _
Check of, on Cycloray Recorder________ _________________
L&N Recorder
Zero Setting, Prior to Baseline Check
Securing During Observation_
Zigzag Fluctuations in Temperature Trace
Z Meters Pertaining to Computations of Pressure at Fixed Levels
0.98 Dynamic Meter _ _ _
87
Paragraph
5510
7420, 7421
7220
7422
7423
5520
7423.1
7420
5530
5540
7424
7425
7732.1, 7732.4
10640
10111
10111
4530
9123.7, 9123.8
7740.3
9430
7830
7840, 7841
4610
_ 4553, 4553.1
4610
7500
11200
9125
8110
7331,7332.1, 7332.2
8200
8300
10111
1250
7252.1
10302
8721
8700
2101
5700
3320
7230, 7242, 7252
10321
10441
7870
10600, 10640
9131
7241.1
7252.1
8632
7710
7242.1
8630
8630
7242, 7242.1
7252
7710
8510
9430
10420
10302
Radiosonde Observation
Computation Tables
and Diagrams
(WBAN)
Supplement
S-I
613388 0 - 45 - 7
Table I
BAROMETRIC INCHES (MERCURY) INTO MILLIBARS
I inch = 33.86395 mb.
I mb. = 0.02952993 inch
Inches .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
26.0
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
27.0
27. I
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9
28.0
28. I
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
29.0
29.1 I
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
30.0
30. I
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9
31.0
31.1
31.2
31.3
31.4
31.5
31.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
mb. mb. mb. mb. mb.
880.5 880.8 881.1 881.5 881.8
883.8 884.2 884.5 884.9 885.2
887.2 887.6 887.9 888.3 888.6
890.6 891.0 891.3 891.6 892.0
894.0 894.3 894.7 895.0 895.4
897.4 897.7 898.1 898.4 898.7
900.8 901.1 901.5 901.8 902.1
904.2 904.5 904.8 905.2 905.5
907.6 907.9 908.2 908.6 908.9
910.9 911.3 911.6 912.0 912.3
914.3 914.7 915.0 915.3 915.7
917.7 918.1 918.4 918.7 919.1
921.1 921.4 921.8 922.1 922.5
924.5 924.8 925.2 925.5 925.8
927.9 928.2 928.5 928.9 929.2
931.3 931.6 931.9 932.3 932.6
934.6 935.0 935.3 935.7 936.0
938.0 938.4 938.7 939.0 939.4
941.4 941.8 942.1 942.4 942.8
944.8 945.1 945.5 945.8 946.2
948.2 948.5 948.9 949.2 949.5
951.6 951.9 952.3 952.6 952.9
955.0 955.3 955.6 956.0 956.3
958.3 958.7 959.0 959.4 959.7
961.7 962.1 962.14 962.8 963.1
965,1 965.5 965.8 966. I1 966.5
968.5 968.8 969.2 969.5 969.9
971.9 972.2 972.6 972.9 973.2
975.3 975.6 976.0 976.3 976.6
978.7 979.0 979.3 979.7 980.0
982.1 982.4 982.7 983.1 983.4
985.4 985.8 986.1 986.5 986.8
988.8 989.2 989.5 989.8 990.2
992.2 992.6 992.9 993.2 993.6
995.6 995.9 996.3 996.6 997.0
999.0 999.3 999.7 1000.0 1000.3
1002.4 1002.7 1003.1 1003.4 1003.7
1005.8 1006. I1 1006.4 1006.8 1007.1
1009. 1 1009.5 1009.8 1010.2 1010.5
1012.5 1012.9 1013.2 1013.5 1013.9
1015.9 1016.3 1016.6 1016.9 1017.3
1019.3 1019.6 1020.0 1020.3 1020.7
1022.7 1023.0 1023.4 1023.7 1024.0
1026.1 1026.4 1026.8 1027.1 1027.4
1029.5 1029.8 1030.1 1030.5 1030.8
1032.9 1033.2 1033.5 1033.9 1034.2
1036.2 1036.6 1036.9 1037.3 1037.6
1039.6 1040.0 1040.3 1040.6 1041.0
1043.0 1043.3 1043.7 1044.0 1044.4
1046.4 1046.7 1047.1 1047.4 1047.8
1049.8 1050.1 1050.5 1050.8 1051.1
1053.2 1053.5 1053.8 1054.2 1054.5
1056.6 1056.9 1057.2 1057.6 1057.9
1059.9 1060.3 1060.6 1061.0 1061.3
1063.3 1063.7 1064.0 1064.3 1064.7
1066.7 1067.1 1067.4 1067.7 1068.1
1070.1 1070.4 1070.8 1071.1 1071.5
1073.5 1073.8 1074.2 1074.5 1074.8
1076.9 1077.2 1077.6 1077.9 1078.2
1080.3 1080.6 1080.9 1081.3 1081.6
mb. mb. mb. mb.
mb.
882.2
885.5
888.9
892.3
895.7
899. I
902.5
905.9
909.2
912.6
916.0
919.4
922.8
926.2
929.6
933.0
936.3
939.7
943.1
946.5
949.9
953.3
956.7
960.0
963.4
966.8
970.2
973.6
977.0
980.4
983.7
987.1 I
990.5
993.9
997.3
1000.7
1004.1 I
1007.5
1010.8
1014.2
1017.6
1021.0
1024.4
1027.8
1031.2
1034.5
1037.9
1041.3
1044.7
1048.1 I
1051.5
1054.9
1058.2
1061.6
1065.0
1068.4
1071.8
1075.2
1078.6
1082.0
882.5
885.9
889.3
892.7
896.0
899.4
902.8
906.2
909.6
913.0
916.4
919.7
923.1 I
926.5
929.9
933.3
936.7
940. I
943.4
946.8
950.2
953.6
957.0
960.4
963.8
967.2
970.5
973.9
977.3
980.7
984.1 I
987.5
990.9
994.2
997.6
1001.0
1004.4
1007.8
1011.2
1014.6
1018.0
1021.3
1024.7
1028.1
1031.5
1034.9
1038.3
1041.7
1045.0
1048.4
1051.8
1055.2
1058.6
1062.0
1065.4
1068.7
1072. i
1075.5
1078.9
1082.3
882.8
886.2
889.6
893.0
896.4
899.8
903.2
906.5
909.9
913.3
916.7
920.1 I
923.5
926.9
930.2
933.6
937.0
940.4
943.8
947.2
950.6
953.9
957.3
960.7
964.1 I
967.5
970.9
974.3
977.7
981.0
984.4
987.8
991.2
994.6
998.0
1001.4
1004.7
1008. I
1011.5
1014.9
1018.3
1021.7
1025. I
1028.4
1031.8
1035.2
1038.6
104I2.0
1045.4
1048.8
1052.2
1055.5
1058.9
1062.3
1065.7
1069. I
1072.5
1075.9
1079.2
1082.6
883.2
886.6
889.9
893.3
896.7
900. I
903.5
906.9
910.3
913.6
917.0
920.4
923.8
927.2
930.6
934.0
937.4
940.7
944. I
947.5
950.9
954.3
957.7
961.1
964.4
967.8
971.2
974.6
978.0
981.4
984.8
988.2
991.5
994.9
998.3
1001.7
1005.1 I
1008.5
1011.9
1015.2
1018.6
1022.0
1025.4
1028.8
1032.2
1035.6
1038.9
1042.3
1045.7
1049. I
1052.5
1055.9
1059.3
1062.7
1066.0
1069.4
1072.8
1076.2
1079.6
1083.0
S-2
883. 5
886.9
890.3
893.7
897.1
900.4
903.8
907.2
910.6
914.0
917.4
920.8
924.1
927.5
930.9
934.3
937.7
941.1
944.5
947.9
951.2
954.6
958.0
961.4
964.8
968.2
971.6
974.9
978.3
981.7
985. 1
988.5
991.9
995.3
998.6
1002.0
1005.4
1008.8
1012.2
1015.6
1019.0
1022.4
1025.7
1029.1
1032.5
1035.9
1039.3
1042.7
1046.1
1049.5
1052.8
1056.2
1059.6
1063.0
1066.4
1069.8
1073,1 I
1076,5
1079.9
1083.3
-
J
RELATIVE HUMIDITY-CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURES
Table 2 gives values of relative humidity, or per-
centage of saturation, for air temperatures from -39*
to +44C. (side argument) and for depressions of the
wet-bulb thermometer at 0.l�C. intervals (top argu-
ment). Thus, only a single interpolation is necessary.
The values have been computed for a barometric pres-
sure of 29.24 inches (990 mb.), this being approxi-
mately the average station pressure for many stations
in the United States not lying in mountainous or plateau
regions. Since theory and observation have shown that
the relative humidity can be computed from readings of
the dry and wet bulb temperatures and the barometric
pressure, errors may result when the table is used for
pressures markedly different from the value given above.
The following table, 2a, is illustrative of the cor-
rections which it would be necessary to add to the
relative humidities obtained from Table 2 in order
to take into account the effect of barometric pres-
sures differing from 29.24 inches. The corrections
are given in whole numbers, and hence some of the
irregularities which occur in this table are largely
due to the dropping of fractional parts of one per
cent. It is obvious that errors resulting from the
use of Table 2 disregarding the prevailing barometric
pressure are greatest at low temperatures, low humidi-
ties, and for pressures deviating furthest from the
value of 29.24 inches. To take cognizance of these
facts, some restrictions in the use of Table 2 should
be observed, depending on the allowable error. Errors
of one to two percent are within the errors of obser-
vation, and generally are considered allowable. Hence,
for pressures within the limits 30.50 inches (1,033 mb.)
and 28.00 inches (948 mb.) when temperatures are above
-100C., the results obtained from Table 2 may be used
with the errors ordinarily falling between zero to two
per cent. At lower temperatures for pressures different
from 29.24 inches (990 mb.), and at pressures outside
the above limits for all temperatures, Table 2a should
be consulted to determine the magnitude of the error.
If this is too great, recourse must be had to more
extended psychrometric tables (Weather Bureau No. 235,
Psychrometric Tables, Fahrenheit degrees).
TABLE ~a.-Additive corrections to values obtained from Table I to give. true relative
humidities for various barometric pressures, temperatures, and depressions of the
wet-bulb thermometer
Air temper- B 31 in.= 1049.8mb. B=27 in.=914.3 mb. B 25 in.-846.6 mb.
ature, t
39 At 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
-39 ___ 6 11 56 11 1 11
Sr...S '-3 -1 3 7 6 13
t-30 . ___ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1O0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1
-30 .. r__ 83 65 48 30 13 83 85 48 30 13 83 6 48 30 12
5r..-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 3 3 5 6 2 5 7 10 12
(t_ 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.00.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0
-20. 0 3 79 05 1 30 93 79 65 11 30 3 79 65 51 30
r... 0 -1-.2 -3 -4 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 4 6 9
- t___ 0.1 0.5 1.0 1. 2.0 0.1 0. 1.0 1.1 2.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-10..-- -r 0_ 97 84 67 51 35 97 84 67 5L 35 97 84 67 51 31
Or.. 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 0 0 2 2 3 0 1 3 5 7
t....... 0.1 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.1 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.1 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
0--.----- 98 81 64 40 20 98 81 64 46 29 98 81 64 40 20
r.. 0 0 -2 -2 -2 0 1 1 3 4 0 2 3 5 6
t . 0. 1.0 2 4.0 6.0 0 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 05 1.0 2.0 4 6.
10.... 0 41077 5 340 41 077 15 34 4177 15 34
Sr-.. 0 0 -1- - -2 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 1 3 5
(t . 0.5 2.0 4.0 6.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 4.0 6.0 9.0 0.1 2.0 4.0 6.0 0.0
Br.. -1-1 0 --1 -2 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 2 3 3
S....... . 3.0 6.0 9.0 12. 01 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 3. 6.0 8 12.
0 0 3 6.0 10.0 15.0 0.1 3.0 0.0 10.0 11.0 0.1 3.0 6.0 10.0 11.0
40 .. t 97 82 671 40 67 0 20 97 2 07 48 2
r 0 0 -1' 0 - I 1o 1 01 1 0 2 2
t-dry-bulb (aIr) temperature.
t'-wet-bulb temperature.
A t-t'-depression ofwet-bulb thermometer.
B =barometro pressure (statton).
r="relative humidity" obtained from Table.(for B=29.24 n.), in per ent.
r =additive corrections (%) to r to give true relative humdity for indicted values of B, t, and At.
S-3
N N N M co
n r. r- r- r_
NMrM=:
rl- r r- rl- r
MMM =t-
r r r r
M U7
=tl Lr) Ljr)
r rrr r-
0-) N- 0)-
N-) 0)-0-
LO
to cp
LO LO
CY) Cl N M m
Lr LO LO
CY) oo -
cn n r ti r-_
C) O - - N
N N N
r-- r- 1
N N N CY:
N N m m M
N- r- tir- fl-
S-4
CLU
I-
N 0-
LUV 0)
N~*)~
-
LU
tihh
m0)C)(3 a
===za
22222n n
00 0 0 0 0
( 822 rl
CFW ())hh)0)0 C 0 00
0C a) sms a
C28280) 2 a
G?)0 28 0
0 - N I oC G0 )=- O( DnNM Y 14 :tNNNN N NN N C
ji ~ 0-00)0 0)0N-00) -0))0- 0)O-0)) 00)00-M)0)N- )0) 0- ))0-t. o )N -000) -0)0-
- C1 0 r C) C L-. N N M =t- o O r Ln to Ln Ll 0 too a n M w = h to (r) Zf = to to n tocM rrrrr rrrrr rrrrr
N N M M M f = = - LT Lt) L cn Ln Ir, in CO cD to to to C.0 tD to Cto to to tD - - r r r r
04 to O =I" r o-M -oo0r 0-00= 0 -0-)0- ) 00)-0)n to r 00 0)) N N M M- 0 0 0 Ln if to CD c0 0
N M M M =:t , L Lf LC L t- n to to to to to co, to cD co co co, co ( r r r " r r r r r
0 N )0 MN to c 00) N)0 L O 0) U-) or) 00 M 000)0)0 N M =t- - -0)0-0) L0 to 0 )- to
N M) CO M 0-r) Lo0 )0 L0n u)0 L)0 ) ) ) t0 t0 0 to to to to to o, 0rr- N N-N N-N- N-N-N-N-N- N-N-N-N-N-
0) M0 r M oON- L3 co, - 0)N-0 0-0)0)0-n to ,o0N -) M O - - - 0)0)0)0 M0-0=0)-0)0)L to 0)ror00N-N
N M M Lf Ln LC L i n Lf) to to c to to CD t to to t to to r r r r r r r r r ( r r 1 r- r I,-
0L)0an))0to 40 C to to (C)N- to N O - N-N-N-N-N- Ln to N-N-N-N-N F 00 M
0 0 m N- 0) 0) 0-0) 0)0)000)0 - C- 0)0-t N ) 0--) COC N ) J-)0 )0 to (-0-0 0C)0 ) N- 000) a
M M LQ= T Ln CJ ::tLrLL US 0 oo to m o to to S to r r8 r r r r r rr
0) M L L0 LO CC to o to to 0)0)0)0 00o 0)0-0 N- 0)0-0) 0 )N- 0)0)00- 0r 0 ) ) r- - N- ND N- o 0)0)0
0))-00 0-00))00)00))0 0))0)0 0-ON-N-N~u~o ~ m a - N---- N-N-N-N-N-f - N-I N- N--N N-N N-N-N-=I=a a
00~ ~ ~ 2252 SSEN $$29 2882 00aC t o~a V()=
0 0 0 M D - )M -), )-00 N N -0Lt) C0- )0o )0)0-0)0) 0)0'0 N- N to to - r 00)0 0 a )0)00 O C7
"r; M Cr) = - LO U ) 0 0 Ln tory to co co 0 N- to to to N-N-N-N N-N-N-N-N N r-N r - N-N-N-N-N- - 00 0
M M $ U S G00 g ::I-RR R R
0) 0-0-N 0)0 L LD-,N 0n -0)0-0) )oN-0)t0 0 0()-0- to 0))) 0N N NN )0 )0)0) 0 00 000 0 - 000 00
252 Bat 888 0 ?0 RkE RERES L;Lnt (
*, 00 -0-0-0)0)0)0)0)0 ) 00000 0)000N N-N- N-N N-NN--N N-N (,( ~~- N- N-N N-N-N-N-N- 0)0)0)0)0)
0- 0 o 0) M Lo0 r- 00 t7 - 0-0) LO to 00 (?) -0)0)0 )0- 0- )O L to to ) N-)- 000 0 00 M - -
0) L) 00 C, LO ) in 0) ) - N to to - to 0 to 0- 0)0r0)0-0- 0)0000N-N- N- 0 0) 000 -0 - 00 0 00
M 0) 00 ) M =00 o 0)0)0 - ) =' L)N- r 0 )0-0- 0)0) M '0)0 0 t0N-N0 0)0)0)0) 000 --- -
=I L!)-0-0 0) 0)C L0 Q 0)0) c 0)u -N-N-N- to N- N-N--N-N- N- N-NNN N-N-N-N-N- 0 ) r r r r 0000)0)
000 C to )0)0)0 - CN-N-N-N-- N-- N-NN--N N-N-N-0) 0) 0)0)0)0 - - - ) 000))0
0 n L Cr. to tea c(- 0)00)0)0- 0)N-0 --0)0)0- )o to 0 - N ) 0)000 ---00 00 000 00
*5 M h O N 0--)0000)0)) m0 - a -- N NN N- LN to -NN r r0) 00)0)0) 0)0) N N N 0) N 0)
0) L ) L) -t.0 N- )0)- 00) to to )o to to 0-0 0 rN - 0 0 - r r r r r r r r r r r r r 00 0) 0 0)0)00)00000 -
O 0to)M)N0to0 0)r 000 ) N-N-N- N-N-N N N- N- N- N M to -o - 00 0 00M 00)0)0)0) N 0)0))00 M M)0) 0)0
N- N L 0 Nin o 0) to t- -) - to to to 0 -00) rr N- 000 ---0) 00 00 00 00 000 - 0 0000 )0
* 00 )0)0)0)00)0)0)) ON-N-NoQ-- N-NN N - = N-N-N-N to -o N- 00 0 M5 -- - N N N (N ) c00)0)
S L u Ln t to to to 0 0 Co to )00)0- -0)0)0- 0) N-) 000)000 --0)0 0) 0000) 0- 0-000-0000)
cc 0))00 000 M)0n N-NN- ON- N-N--N-N N-N- 00)0 o )0)0)0 0)0)0)000)0) -- 0)0)0 N M 0)0)0)0)
0- LO f to to to to Co to C to 0)0- 00-- 0)0)0 00 00 )0- 00 00 000 00 00 00000 0 000
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C)-r-M0) N N M
cO LO U) 0 D U) 0 ) a) CO
M NCg N N-0M)M
0) r) MN0)M U-)0) 00
CC 0) - -0N) M - rU)- 4-0
N - - N NU)OM C) CC ) 0 0 M -
N-CO N 00OC MN-- 0N -00N)U)
Cy N 0 )0UNC0)CC0CCM -
C7) U) o00 00 N)r N to -0-N00)
N � - N- M 0:=- CT LO C ) L C )- 0- 0 - ) r) )
0) N -M U) M L
0 N-N M0U MCU.O0 U)N-00L) LO
C4 - -0-0N0N) M 0-0 =J'U LO)) LOU)U
0) r U N r.)0U) to) M)U) o- 0)40-U
MC 0)C) ::I'N-0)N-- C)) 00 N 0) )0-Uo )-
N- N-0-NO-U M0 UM0- - =t- 0-COC)Ln a)
-C 00 U) N00 M 0 -)00 Mn U)Mt00 LC OLCOC
--0)CC) 00) t- =t )U)U) ) mCOO N-N-N-
--0)04N M00-- UU) U) :t LU Uf) )LNN-N-N
C3 0) COO) U)--- - (Y) ()N-a04 -040)0)
-0004)00) 0 0 N U)) U CUN) CO r)0N-NN--N
CS) to N r N0-0)0 U)U U- COUN -- m0)0- N-Ur
-(D COC0 -)co Q 00 - rN-o N-N-N-N-N-
0))N) 0)-00U) 0U)U)0- )UL L)00 CC ) toN-0C)0
t0 0)N-0- 0U) LOU C))LO :t0=')UrN- 0)-0)0-)0 0 )0 -
0 --0) )0) 0-0U)UU) 0U))CO- LNN-NN-N- N-U)U)U)CO
-C)00))--)U)UM ) :' CO CO NN-- - r ONN-N-U) Co c)COO
CN U00 U) 0 )0U -N)0) t0- N-0)000 - 0)0-U)U)M U)N-U ) U )00
-00))N-0U)U)) )CO)N- LN-N-N-N-O t o cotCC)COr OCOCCO.
00O-N=I-
00 00 00 00
N =. tt> co r-
00 00 00 00 00
00a) a) 0
00 00 00 00 Cn
- N N M M
a) a) a) a) co to CO to
Cn CY) a)
m rn o C) -
00 00 0) rn 0)
- - N N cr
a) (3) mO)
MM =1-
O)0) o) cr)
LO (O (O
0) (3) ma)
00 00 00 00 00
rn, rn rn v) m
S-9
Table 3
Distances from a surface of given pressure to a standard isobaric surface, where the mean
virtual temperature between the surfaces is 0oC.; the distances being expressed in terms
of the unit: 0 98 dynamic meter, thus giving them approximately in geometric meters.
Pressure
(millibars) 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
800-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------800
800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 89
Distance 810 99 109 119 129 139 149 158 168 178 188
of the 820 197 207 217 227 236 246 256 265 275 285
800-mb 830 294 304 314 323 333 342 352 362 371 381
surface 840 390 400 409 419 428 438 447 456 466 475
above a 850 485 494 504 513 522 532 541 550 560 569
surface 860 578 588 597 806 615 625 634 643 652 662
of given 870 671 680 689 698 707 717 726 735 744 753
pressure 880 762 771 780 789 798 807 816 825 834 843
890 852 861 870 879 888 897 906 915 924 933
900---------------------------------- ----- ------------------------- 900
900 0 9 18 27 35 44 53 62 71 80
Distance 910 88 97 106 115 123 132 141 150 158 167
of the 920 176 184 193 202 210 219 228 236 245 254
900-mrib 930 262 271 279 288 297 305 314 322 331 339
surface 940 348 356 365 373 382 390 399 407 415 424
above a 950 432 441 449 458 466 474 483 491 499 508
surface 950 516 524 533 541 549 558 566 574 582 591
of given 970 599 607 615 624 632 640 648 656 665 673
oressure 980 681 689 697 705 714 722 730 738 746 754
990 762 770 778 786 794 802 810 81 8 826 834
1000-------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- 1000
1000 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
Distance 1010 80 87 95 103 III 119 127 135 143 150
of the 1020 158 166 174 182 190 197 205 213 221 229
000-mb 1030 236 244 252 260 267 275 283 291 298 306
surface 1040 314 321 329 337 344 352 360 367 375 383
above a 1050 390 398 405 413 421 428 436 443 451 458
surface 1060 466 473 481 489 496 504 511 519 526 534
of given 1070 541 548 656 563 571 578 586 593 601 608
oressure 1080 615 623 630 638 645 652 660 667 674 682
1090 689 696 704 71 I 718 726 733 740 748 755
-n10
Table 9.
"Distances between standard isobaric surfaces, expressed in terms of the unit:*
0.98 dynamic meter, thus giving distances approximately in geometric meters.
Standard
isobar ic
surface
mb. t'0C. 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
400-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------400
-70 1326 1319 1313 1306 1300 1293 1287 1280 1274 1267
-60 1391 1385 1378 1372 1365 1359 1352 1346 1339 1332
-50 1457 1,50 1444 1437 1431 1424 14 18 1411 1404 1398
-40 1522 1516 1509 1503 1496 1490 1483 1477 1470 1463
-30 1588 1581 1575 1568 1562 1555 1549 1542 1535 1529
-20 1653 1647 1640 1634 1627 1621 1614 1607 1601 1594
-10 1719 1712 1706 1699 1693 1686 1680 1673 1666 1660
- 0 1784 1778 1771 1765 1758 1752 1745 1738 1732 1725
+ 0 1784 1791 1797 1804 1811 1817 1824 1830 1837 1843
500-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------500
-60 1137 1132 1126 1121 1115 1110 I105 1099 1094 1089
-50 1190 1185 1180 1174 1169 1164 1158 1153 1148 1142
-40 1244 1239 1233 1228 1222 1217 1212 1206 1201 1196
-30 1297 1292 1287 1281 1276 1271 1265 1260 1255 1249
-20 1351 1346 1340 1335 1329 1324 1319 1313 1308 1303
-10 1404 1 399 1394 1388 1383 1378 1372 1367 1362 1356
- 0 1458 1453 1447 1442 1436 1431 1426 1420 14.15 1410
+ 0 1458 1463 1469 174 14 79 1485 1490 1495 1501 1506
+10 1511 517 1522 1527 1533 1538 1543 1549 1554 1560
600-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------600
-50 1006 1002 997 993 988 984 979 975 970 966
-40 1052 1047 1043 1038 1034 1029 1025 1020 1015 1011
-30 1097 1092 1088 1083 1079 1074 1070 1065 1061 1056
-20 1142 1138 1133 1129 1124 1120 I 115 11 10 1106 1101
-10 1187 1183 1178 1174 1169 1165 1160 1156 1151 I147
- 0 1233 1228 1224 1219 1215 1210 1205 1201 1196 1192
+ 0 1233 1237 1242 1246 1251 1255 1260 1264 1269 1273
+10 1278 1282 1287 1291 1296 1300 1305 1310 1314 1319
+20 1323 1328 1332 1337 1341 1346 1350 1355 1359 1364
700--------------- --------------------------------------------- -------------------------700
-40 911 907 903 899 895 891 887 884 880 876
-30 950 946 942 938 935 931 927 923 919 915
-20 989 985 982 978 974 970 966 962 958 954
-10 1029 1025 1021 1017 1013 1009 1005 1001 997 993
- 0 1068 1064 1060 1056 1052 1048 1044 1040 1036 1032
+ 0 1068 1072 1076 1080 1083 1087 1091 1095 1099 1103
+10 1107 IIII 1115 1119 1123 1127 1130 1134 1138 11142
+20 1146 1150 1154 1158 1162 1166 1170 1174 1177 1181
800-----------------------------------------------------.. ------- ------ - --800
-40 804 800 797 793 790 786 783 779 776 772
-30 838 835 831 828 824 821 817 814 810 807
-20 873 869 866 862 859 855 852 849 845 842
-10 907 904 900 897 893 890 887 883 880 876
- 0 942 938 935 931 928 925 921 918 914 91 I
+ 0 942 945 949 952 956 959 963 966 969 973
+10 976 980 983 987 990 994 997 1001 1004 1008
+20 101 1I014 1018 1021 1025 1028 1032 1035 1039 1042
+30 1046 1049 1052 1056 1059 1063 1066 1070 1073 1077
900 ---------------------------------- . -------------------------------------------------900
-40 719 716 713 710 706 703 700 697 694 691
-30 750 747 744 740 737 734 731 728 725 722
-20 781 778 774 771 768 765 762 759 756 753
-10 812 808 805 802 799 796 793 790 787 784
- 0 812 839 836 833 830 827 82. 821 818 815
+ 0 8112 816 819 852 855 858 861 861 867 870
+10 873 876 880 883 886 889 892 895 898 901
+20 901 907 910 9111 917 920 923 926 929 932
+30 935 938 9111 915 9118 951 95 957 960 963
+10 966 96 9 972 975 979 982 985 988 991 99
1000------------------------------............-.-----------------------------------------------1000
*DiLstances expressed in terms of this unit may be converted to distances in terms of dynamic meters by multiplying the former by the factor
0.98, i.e. by subtracting 2% thereof.
t' = mean virtual temperature of stratum between standard isobaric surfaces.
S-II
Table 4
Distances between standard isobaric surfaces, expressed in terms of the unit:*
0.98 dynamic meter, thus giving distances approximately in geometric meters.
Standard
isobar ic
surface
mb. t' �C. 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
100------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------100
-80 1260 1254 1247 1241 1234 1228 1221 1215 1208 1201
-70 1326 1319 1313 1306 1300 1293 1287 1280 1274 1267
-60 1391 1385 1378 1372 1365 1359 1352 1346 1339 1332
-50 1457 1450 1444 1437 1431 1424 1418 1411 1404 1398
-40 1522 1516 1509 1503 1496 1490 1483 1477 1470 1463
-30 1588 1581 1575 1568 1562 1555 1549 1542 1535 1529
125------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125
-80 1030 1024 1019 1014 1008 1003 998 992 987 982
-70 1083 1078 1073 1067 1062 1057 1051 1046 1041 1035
-60 1137 1132 1126 1121 1115 1110 1105 1099 1094 1089
-50 1190 1185 1180 1174 1169 1164 1158 1153 1148 1142
-40 1244 1239 1233 1228 1222 1217 1212 1206 1201 1196
-30 1297 1292 1287 1281 1276 1271 1265 1260 1255 1249
150ISO--------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------150
-80 871 866 862 857 853 848 844 839 835 830
-70 916 911 907 902 898 893 889 884 880 875
-60 961 957 952 948 943 939 934 930 925 920
-50 1006 1002 997 993 988 984 979 975 970 966
-40 1052 1047 1043 1038 1034 1029 1025 1020 1015 101l
-30 1097 1092 1088 1083 1079 1074 1070 1065 1061 1056
175--------------------------------- -- ------------------------------------------------------175
-80 754 750 746 743 739 735 731 727 723 719
-70 793 790 786 782 778 774 770 766 762 758
-60 833 829 825 821 817 813 809 805 801 797
-50 872 868 864 860 856 852 848 844 840 837
-40 911 907 903 899 895 891 887 884 880 876
-30 950 946 942 938 935 931 927 923 919 915
200------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------200
-80 1260 1254 1247 1241 1234 1228 1221 1215 1208 1201
-70 1326 1319 1313 1306 1300 1293 1287 1280 1274 1267
-60 1391 1385 1378 1372 1365 1359 1352 1346 1339 1332
-50 1457 1450 1444 1437 1431 1424 1418 141 I11404 1398
-40 1522 1516 1509 1503 1496 1490 1483 1477 1470 1463
-30 1588 1581 1575 1568 1562 1555 1549 1542 1535 1529
250 ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------250
-80 1030 1024 1019 1014 1008 1003 998 992 987 982
-70 1083 1078 1073 1067 1062 1057 1051 1046 1041 1035
-60 1137 1132 1126 1121 1115 II10 1105 1099 1094 1089
-50 1190 1185 1180 1174 1169 1164 1158 1153 1148 1142
-40 1244 1239 1233 1228 1222 1217 1212 1206 1201 1196
-30 1297 1292 1287 1281 1276 1271 1265 1260 1255 1249
-20 1351 1346 1340 1335 1329 1324 1319 1313 1308 1303
300----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------300
-70 916 911 907 902 898 893 889 884 880 875
-60 961 957 952 948 9143 939 934 930 925 920
-50 1006 1002 997 993 988 984 979 975 970 966
-40 1052 10147 1043 1038 1034 1029 1025 1020 1015 1011
-30 1097 1092 1088 1083 1079 1074 1070 1065 1061 1056
-20 1142 1138 1133 1129 1124 1120 1115 1110 1106 1101
-10 1187 1183 1178 1174 1169 1165 1160 1156 1151 1147
350------------------------------- -------- ----------------------- ---------------350
-60 833 829 825 821 817 813 809 805 801 797
-50 872 868 864 860 856 852 848 844 840 837
-40 911 907 903 899 895 891 887 884 880 876
-30 950 946 942 938 935 931 927 923 919 915
-20 989 985 982 978 974 970 966 962 958 954
-10 1029 1025 1021 1017 1013 1009 1005 1001 997 993
- 0 1068 1064 1060 1056 1052 1048 1014 10140 1036 1032
400- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------400
*Distances expressed in terms of this unit may be converted to distances in terms of dynamic meters by multiplying the former by the factor
0.98, I.e. by subtracting 2% thereof.
t' = mean virtual temperature of stratum between standard isobaric surfaces.
S-12
Table 4
Distances between standard isobaric surfaces, expressed in terms of the unit:*
0.98 dynamic meter, thus giving distances approximately in geometric meters.
Standard
isobar ic
surface
mb. t' OC. 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
-80 3915 3895 3875 3854 3834 3814 3793 3773 3753 3732
-70 4119 4098 4078 4058 4037 4017 3997 3976 3956 3936
-60 4322 4302 4281 4261 4241 4220 4200 4180 4159 4139
-50 4526 4505 4485 4464 4444 4424 4403 4383 4363 4342
-40 4729 4709 4688 4668 4648 4627 4607 4587 4566 4546
-30 4932 4912 4892 4871 4851 4831 4810 4790 4770 4749
1 0 --- - - -_-------------------- -- --- - ---- - - --- -- - -- --- - -- -- - -- -- - -- --- -- -- -- - --- - -- -- ----------------------0
-80 2290 2278 2266 2255 2243 2231 2219 2207 2195 2183
-70 2409 2397 2385 2374 2362 2350 2338 2326 2314 2302
-60 2528 2516 2504 2493 2481 2469 2457 2445 2433 2421
-50 2647 2635 2623 2612 2600 2588 2576 2564 2552 2540
-40 2766 2754 2742 2731 2719 2707 2695 2683 2671 2659
-30 2885 2873 2861 2850 2838 2826 2814 2802 2790 2778
15-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
-80 1625 1617 1608 1600 1591 1583 1574 1566 1557 1549
-70 1709 1701 1693 1684 1676 1667 1659 1650 1642 1633
-60 1794 1785 1777 1769 1760 1752 1743 1735 1726 1718
-50 1878 1870 1861 1853 1844 1836 1828 1819 1811 1802
-40 1963 1954 1946 1937 1929 1920 1912 1904 1895 1887
-30 2047 2039 2030 2022 2013 2005 1996 1988 1980 1971
20-------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------20
-80 2290 2278 2266 2255 2243 2231 2219 2207 2195 2183
-70 2409 2397 2385 2374 2362 2350 2338 2326 2314 2302
-60 2528 2516 2504 2493 2481 2469 2457 2445 2433 2421
-50 2647 2635 2623 2612 2600 2588 2576 2564 2552 2540
-40 2766 2754 2742 2731 2719 2707 2695 2683 2671 2659
-30 2885 2873 2861 2850 2838 2826 2814 2802 2790 2778
30---------------------------------------------.---.-..------------------------------------ 30
-80 1625 1617 1608 1600 1591 1583 1574 1566 1557 1549
-70 1709 1701 1693 1684 1676 1667 1659 1650 1642 1633
-60 1794 1785 1777 1769 1760 1752 1743 1735 1726 1718
-50 1878 1870 1861 1853 1844 1836 1828 1819 181 I1 1802
-40 1963 1954 1946 1937 1929 1920 1912 1904 1895 1887
-30 2047 2039 2030 2022 2013 2005 1996 1988 1980 1971
40--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
-~0 1260 1254 1247 1241 1234 1228 1221 1215 1208 1201
-70 1326 1319 1313 1306 1300 1293 1287 1280 1274 1267
-60 1391 1385 1378 1372 1365 1359 1352 1346 1339 1332
-50 1457 1450 1444 1437 1431 1424 1418 1411 1404 1398
-40 1522 1516 1509 1503 1496 1490 1483 1477 1470 1463
-30 1588 1581 1575 1568 1562 1555 1549 1542 1535 1529
50-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
-80 1030 1024 1019 1014 1008 1003 998 992 987 982
-70 1083 1078 1073 1067 1062 1057 1051 1046 1041 1035
-60 1137 1132 1126 1121 Ill5 I O 1110 1 105 1099 1094 1089
-50 1190 1185 1180 1174 1169 1164 1158 1153 1148 1142
-40 1244 1239 1233 1228 1222 1217 1212 1206 1201 1196
-30 I1297 1292 1287 1281 1276 1271 1265 1260 1255 1249
60--- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------60
-80 1625 1617 1608 1600 1591 1583 1574 1566 1557 1549
-70 1709 1701 1693 1684 1676 1667 1659 1650 1642 1633
-60 1794 1785 1777 1769 1760 1752 1743 1735 1726 171-8
-50 1878 1 870 186I 1853 1844 1836 1828 1819 181 1802
-40 1963 1954 1946 1937 1929 1920 1912 1904 1895 1887
-30 2047 2039 2030 2022 2013 2005 1996 1988 1980 1971
80--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 0
-80 1260 1254 1247 1241 1234 1228 1221 1215 1208 1201
-70 1326 1319 1313 1306 1300 1293 1287 1280 1274 1267
-60 1391 1385 1378 1372 1365 1359 1352 1346 1339 1332
-50 1457 1450 1444 1437 1431 1424 1418 1411 1404 1398
-40 1522 1516 1509 1503 1496 1490 1483 1477 1470 1463
-30 1588 158I 1575 1568 1562 1555 1549 1542 1535 1529
100----------------------------------------------------100
*Distances expressed in terms of this unit may be converted to distances in terms of dynamic meters by multiplying the former by the factor
0.98, I.e. by subtracting 2% thereof.
t' = mean virtual temperature of stratum between standard isobaric surfaces.
S-13
Table 5
Distances from a standard isobaric surface to a surface of given pressure, where the mean
virtual temperature between the surfaces is 00 C.; the distances being expressed in terms
of the unit:' 0.98 dynamic meter, thus giving them approximately in geometric meters.
Pressure
(mill ibars)1
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
------------
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1784 1764 1744 1725 1705
1587 1567 1548 1529 1509
1394 1375 1356 1337 1318
1206 1187 1169 1150 1132
1022 1004 986 968 950
842 825 807 789 772
667 649 632 615 598
495 478 461 444 427
326 310 293 277 260
162 145 129 113 97
-------------------------------------
1458
1300
1144
992
842
696
552
410
271
134
1442
1284
1129
977
828
681
537
396
257
121
1426
1268
1114
962
813
667
523
382
244
107
1410
1253
1098
947
798
652
509
368
230
94
1394
1237
1083
932
783
638
495
354
216
80
1685 1665 1646 1626 1606
1490 1471 1451 1432 1413
1300 1281 1262 1243 1225
1114 1095 1077 1059 1040
932 914 896 878 860
754 737 719 702 684
580 563 546 529 512
410 393 377 360 343
244 227 211 194 178
80 64 48 32 16
--------- -------- -------- ------ --- ---- --
1378 1362 1347 1331 1315
1222 1206 I 191 1175 I 160
1068 1053 1037 1022 1007
917 902 887 872 857
769 754 739 725 710
623 609 595 580 566
481 466 452 438 424
340 326 313 299 285
202 189 175 162 148
67 53 40 27 13
---500
buu - - - - - - - -------- -- --bUU
600 1233 1219 1206 1193 1179 1166 1153 1140 1127 1114
610 1100 1087 1074 1061 1048 1035 1022 1009 996 983
620 970 958 945 932 919 906 893 881 868 855
Distances 630 842 830 817 804 792 779 767 754 742 729
from the 640 717 704 692 679 667 654 642 630 617 605
700-mb. 650 593 580 568 556 544 531 519 507 495 483
surface 660 471 458 446 434 422 410 398 386 374 362
670 350 338 326 315 303 291 279 267 255 244
680 232 220 208 197 185 173 162 150 138 127
690 115 103 92 80 69 57 46 34 23 11
700----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------700
700 1068 1056 1045 1034 1022 1011 999 988 977 966
710 954 943 932 921 909 898 887 876 865 854
720 842 831 820 809 798 787 776 765 754 743
Distances 730 732 721 710 699 688 678 667 656 645 634
from the 740 623 613 602 591 580 570 559 548 537 527
800-mb. 750 516 505 495 484 474 463 452 442 431 421
surface 760 410 400 389 379 368 358 347 337 326 316
770 306 295 285 275 264 254 244 233 223 213
780 202 192 182 172 162 151 141 131 121 I11
790 101 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
800-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------800
800 942 932 922 912 902 892 882 872 862 852
810 842 833 823 813 803 793 783 774 764 754
820 744 735 725 715 705 696 686 676 667 657
Distances 830 647 638 628 619 609 599 590 580 571 561
from the 840 552 542 533 523 514 504 495 485 476 466
900-mb. 850 457 448 438 429 420 410 401 391 382 373
surface X60 364 354 345 336 326 317 308 299 289 280
870 271 262 253 244 234 225 216 207 198 189
880 180 171 162 152 143 134 125 116 107 98
890 89 80 71 62 53 45 36 27 18 9
900----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 900
900 842 834 825 816 807 798 789 781 772 763
910 754 745 737 728 719 710 702 693 614 675
920 667 658 649 641 632 623 615 606 598 589
Distances 930 580 572 563 555 546 537 529 520 512 503
from the 940 495 486 478 469 461 452 444 435 427 419
1000-mb. 950 410 402 393 385 377 368 360 351 343 335
surface 960 326 318 310 301 293 285 277 268 260 252
970 244 235 227 219 211 202 194 186 178 170
980 162 153 145 137 129 121 113 105 97 88
990 80 72 64 56 48 40 32 24 16 8
1000 .--.----------------------------------------------- ----- - 1000
1000 0 -8 -16 -24 -32 -40 -48 -56 -64 -72
1010 -80 -87 -95 -103 -III -119 -127 -135 -143 -150
1020 -158 -166 -174 -182 -190 -197 -205 -213 -221 -229
Distances 1030 -236 -244 -252 -260 -267 -275 -283 -291 -298 -306
from the 1040 -314 -321 -329 -337 -344 -352 -360 -367 -375 -383
1000-mb. 1050 -390 -398 -405 -413 -421 -428 -436 -443 -451 -458
surface 1060 -466 -473 -481 -489 -496 -504 -511 -519 -526 -534
1070 -541 -548 -556 -563 -5371 -578 -586 -593 -601 -608
1080 -615 -623 -630 -638 -645 -652 -660 -667 -674 -682
1090 -689 -696 -704 -711 -718 -726 -733 -740 -748 -755
Distances
from the
500-mb.
surface
500------
Distances
from the
600-mb,.
surface
I
- -
S-14
Table 5
Distances from a standard isobaric surface to a surface of given pressure, where the mean
virtual temperature between, the surfaces is 0� C.; the distances being expressed in terms
of the unit:' 0.98 dynamic meter, thus giving them approximately in geometric meters.
Pressure
(millibars) 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Distances from the 10-mb. surface
0 5543 4085 2852 1784 842
0------ ------------------- 5------08-----28----- -------------- I
74Distances from the 15-mb. surface
10 3242 2480 1784 1144 552
15------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Distances from the 20-mrb. surface
I 0 2300 1784 1300 842 410
20---------------------- 0----------- -------------2-----------------------------------20
Distances from the 30-mb. surface
20 3242 2852 2480 2125 1784 1458 1144 842 552 271
30-------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
Distances from the 40-mb. surface
30 2300 2038 1784 1538 1300 1068 842 623 410 202
40---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------4O
Distances from the 50-mb. surface
40 1784 1587 1394 1206 1022 842 667 495 326 162
50------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
I Distances from the 60-mb. surface
50 1458 1300 1144 992 842 j 696 552 410 271 134
60--------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------60
Distances from the 80-mb. surface
60 2300 2168 2038 1910 1784 1660 1538 1418 1300 1183
70 1068 954 842 732 623 516 410 306 202 101
80-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
Distances from the 100-mb. surface
80 1784 1685 1587 1490 1394 1300 1206 1114 1022 932
90 842 754 667 580 495 410 326 244 162 80
100------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100
Distances from the 125-mb. surface
100 1784 1705 1626 1548 1471 1394 1318 1243 1169 1095
I10 1022 950 878 807 737 667 598 529 461 393
120 326 260 194 129 64
125----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125
Distances from the 150-mb. surface
120 1458 1394 1331 1268 1206
130 1144 1083 1022 962 902 842 783 725 667 609
140 552 495 438 382 326 271 216 162 107 53
150-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150
Distances from the 175-mb. surface
150 1233 1179 1127 1074 1022 970 919 868 817 767
160 717 667 617 568 519 471 422 374 326 279
170 232 185 138 92 46
175------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------175
Distances from the,200-mb. surface
170 1068 1022 977 932 887
180 842 798 754 710 667 623 580 537 495 452
190 410 368 326 285 244 202 162 121 80 40
200----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------200
Distances 200 1784 1744 1705 1665 1626 1587 1548 1509 1471 1432
from the 210 1394 1356 1318 1281 1243 1206 1169 1132 1095 1059
250-mb. 220 1022 986 950 914 878 842 807 772 737 702
surface 230 667 632 598 563 529 495 461 427 393 360
240 326 293 260 227 194 162 129 97 64 32
250------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------250
Distances 250 1458 1426 1394 1362 1331 1300 1268 1237 1206 1175
from the 260 I 44 11 14 1083 1053 1022 992 962 932 902 872
300-mb. 270 842 813 783 754 725 696 667 638 609 580
surface 280 552 523 495 466 438 410 382 354 326 299
290 271 244 216 189 162 134 107 80 53 27
300------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------300
Distances 300 1233 1206 1179 11S3 1127 1100 1074 1048 1022 996
from the 310 970 945 919 893 868 842 817 792 767 742
350-m6. 320 717 692 667 642 617 593 568 544 519 495
330 471 446 422 398 374 350 326 303 279 255
340 232 208 185 162 138 I15 92 69 46 23
350 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------350
Distances 350 1068 1045 i022 999 977 954 932 909 887 865
. from the 360 842 820 798 776 754 732 710 688 667 645
400-mb. 370 623 602 580 559 537 516 495 474 452 431
surface 380 4I0 389 368 347 326 306 285 264 244 223
390 202 182 162 141 121 101 80 60 40 20
400 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------400
C Distances expressed in terms of this unit may be converted to distances in terms of dynamic meters by multiplying the former by the factor
0.98, i.e. by subtracting 25 thereof.
Table 6
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temperature correction=(Hu4-1)(0.00367t'), where t' =mean virtual temperature of stratum.
For temperatures (above 00 C.) the values are to be (added )
(below 0� C.) (subtracted).
Hur-H1 1 0 1 t20 0C.51
(meters) 1o o20 oS6o o0 80 o o100o12o13o1� o160o .8o 190 200 21o22o23o24o 250 26o27o 280 29o30o
10....
20....
S0....
40....
50....
60....
70....
80....
90....
100....
110....
120....
130....
140....
150....
160....
170....
180....
190....
200....
210....
220....
230 ....
240....
250....
260....
270....
280....
290....
300....
310....
320....
330....
340....
350....
360....
370....
380....
390....
400....
410....
420...
430 ....
O0....
450....
460....
470....
480....
490....
500....
510....
520....
530....
540....
550....
560....
570....
580....
590....
600....
610....
620....
630....
640....
650....
660....
670....
680....
690....
700....
710....
720....
730....
740....
750....
760....
770....
780....
790....
800....
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
12
2
12
2
1
15
1
1
1
1
I
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
67
7
7
7
7
7
7
78
8
8
8
8
8
89
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11I
11
11
11
11
12
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
3
3
4
4
4.
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
i
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
9 12 15 18 21 23 26 29
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
33
34
34
35
35
)5
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35.
36
36
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
33
34
34
St
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
19
20
21
21
22
22
23
24
24.
25
26
26
27
27
28
29
29
30
31
31
32
32
33
34
34
35
36
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
42
43
44
44
45
46
46
47
47
484
49
49
50
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
26
27
28
28
29
30
30
31
32
32
33
34
34
35
36
36
37
38
38
39
40
40
41
42
42
43
44
44
45
46
46
47
488
48
49
50
50
51
52
52
53
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
26
27
28
29
29
30
31
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
36
37
38
38
39
40
40
41
42
43
43
44
45
45
46
47
47
48
49
50
50
51
52
52
53
54
54
55
56
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
29
29
30
31
32
32
33
34
34
35
36
37
37
38
39
40
40
41
42
43
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
48
49
50
51
51
52
53
54
54
55
56
57
57
58
59
1 1
2 2
2 2
33
4 4
5 5
5 6
6 6
7 7
8 8
8 9
9 10
10 10
11 11
12 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 15
15 16
16 17
17 18
18 19
18 19
19 20
20 21
21 22
22 23
22 23
23 24
2% 25
25 26
25 27
26 27
27 28
28 29
29 30
29 31
30 31
31 32
32 33
32 34
33 35
34 36
35 36
35 37
36 38
37 39
38 40
39 40
39 41
40 42
41 43
42 44
42 44
43 45
44 46
45 47
45 48
46 48
47 49
48 50
49 51
49 52
50 52
51 53
52 54
52 55
53 56
4 57
55 57
55 58
56 59
57 60
58 61
59 61
59 62
60 63
61 64
62 65
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
30
31
32
33
34
35
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
49
50
51
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
57
58
59
60
61
62
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
1
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
6)3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
70
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
39
40
41
42
43
84
45
46
47
48
49
50
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
72
73
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
73
74
75
76
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
38
35
36
37
30
39
40
42
43
44
45
46
47
488
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
83
84
85
86
87
88
S-15
Table 6
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temperature correction=(Hu-H1)(0.00367t'), where t' =mean virtual temperature of stratum.
For temperatures (above 00 C.) the values are to be (added )
(below 00 C.) (subtracted).
Hu-H t,' 3 3 o 3 o 0o 1 oC. o
(meters) 31o 320o3o o $ 50 3o0 7o o8 o9400 o042o o 45046 0 o048 0 490 500 51 0 52 0 5o5 40 550 560 570 580 590 600
1 1
33
44
5 6
7 7
8 8
10 10
11 11
12 13
1 1
2 2
48
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
13 14
15 15
16 16
17 17
18 19
19 20
21 21
22 22
23 24
24 25
25 26
27 27
28 29
29 30
30 31
31 32
33 34
34 35
35 36
10.....
20.....
30.....
40.....
50.....
60.....
70.....
80.....
90.....
100.....
110.....
120.....
130.....
1 0.....
150.....
160.....
170.....
180.....
190.....
200.....
210.....
220.....
230.....
240.....
250.....
260.....
270.....
280.....
290.....
300.....
310.....
320.....
3 30.....
)so0.....
350.....
360.....
370.....
380.....
390.....
400.....
410.....
420.....
430.....
840.....
450.....
460.....
470.....
880.....
490.....
500.....
510.....
520.....
530.....
540.....
550.....
560.....
570.....
580.....
590.....
600.....
610.....
620.....
630.....
640....
650.....
660.....
670.....
680.....
690.....
700.....
710.....
720.....
730.....
740.....
750.....
760.....
770.....
780.....
790.....
800.....
1
3
6
7
9
10
11
13
14
15
17
18
20
21
22
24
25
26
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
88
89
90
91
1
2
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
53
54
55
56
58
59
60
61
62
6)3
65
66
67
68
69
70
72
73
74
75
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
85
86
87
88
89
90
92
93
948
16
17
19
21
22
24
25
27
28
30
17
18
20
21
23
25
26
28
30
31
17
19
20
22
24
25
27
29
30
32
17
19
21
22
24
26
28
29
31
33
2
3
5
6
8
9
11
12
14
15
17
18
20
21
23
24
26
27
29
30
32
33
35
36
38
39
41
42
44
45
47
48
50
51
53
54
56
57
59
60
62
63
65
66
68
69
71
72
74
75
77
78
80
81
83
84
86
87
89
90 92 95 97 99 101 103
92 94 96 99 101 103 105
93 96 98 100 102 105 107
95 97 99 102 104 106 109
96 99 101 103 106 108 110
98 100 103 105 107 110 112
99 102 104 107 109 111 114
101 103 106 108 111 113 116
102 105 107 110 112 115 117
104 106 109 111 114 116 119
2
4
5
7
9
11
12
14
16
18
19
21
23
25
26
28
30
32
33
35
37
39
41
42
44
46
48
49
51
53
55
56
58
60
62
63
65
67
69
70
72
74
76
78
79
81
83
85
86
88
90
92
93
95
97
99
100
102
10
106
107
109
111
113
115
116
118
120
122
2
4
5
7
9
11
13
14
16
18
20
22
23
25
27
29
31
32
34
36
38
40
41
43
45
47
49
50
52
54
56
58
59
61
63
65
67
68
70
72
74
76
77
79
81
83
85
86
88
90
92
94
95
97
99
101
103
104
106
108
110
111
113
115
117
119
120
122
124
2
4
6
7
9
11
13
15
17
18
20
22
24
26
28
29
31
33
35
37
39
40
42
44
46
48
50
51
53
55
57
59
61
62
64
66
68
70
72
73
75
77
79
81
8)3
84
86
88
90
92
94
95
97
99
101
103
105
106
108
110
112
114
116
117
119
121
123
125
127
105 108 110 113 116 118 121 123 126 128
107 109 112 115 117 120 122 125 128 130
108 111 114 116 119 122 124 127 129 132
110 113 115 118 121 123 126 129 131 134
111 114 117 119 122 125 128 130 133 136
113 116 118 121 124 127 129 132 135 138
114 117 120 123 126 128 131 134 137 139
116 119 122 124 127 130 133 136 138 141
117 120 123 126 129 132 135 137 140 143
119 122 125 128 130 133 136 139 142 145
13
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
24
25
26
28
29
30
32
33
34
36
37
38
13
14
15
17
18
19
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
14
15
16
18
19
20
22
23
24
26
27
29
30
31
33
34
35
37
38e
39
2
4
6
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
52
58
56
58
60
62
64
66
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
140
143
188
186
188
2
4
6
8
10
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
89
91
93
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
124
126
128
130
132
134
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
136 139 141 144 146
138 141 143 146 149
140 143 145 148 151
142 145 147 150 153
144 147 149 152 155
146 149 151 154 157
148 151 153 156 159
150 153 155 158 161
152 155 157 160 163
154 157 159 162 165
36 37 39 40 41 42 43 44
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 86
39 40 41 42 43 45 46 47
40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48
41 42 44 4 5 46 47 49 50
42 41 4 45 46 48 49 50 51
44 45 46 48 49 50 52 53
45 46 48 49 50 52 53 54
46 47 49 50 52 53 54 56
47 49 50 52 53 54 56 57
48 50 51 53 54 56 57 59
50 51 53 54 56 57 59 60
51 52 54 55 57 59 60 62
52 54 55 57 58 60 62 63
53 55 57 58 60 61 63 65
54 56 58 59 61 63 64 66
56 57 59 61 62 64 66 68
57 59 60 62 64 66 67 69
58 60 62 63 65 67 69 70
59 61 63 65 67 68 70 72
61 62 64 66 68 70 72 73
62 64 66 67 69 71 73 75
63 65 67 69 71 73 74 76
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79
67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81
68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82
69 71 73 75 77 79 82 84
70 72 75 77 79 81 83 85
71 74 76 78 80 82 84 87
73 75 77 79 81 84 86 88
74 76 78 81 83 85 87 90
75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91
76 79 81 83 86 88 90 92
78 80 82 85 87 89 92 94
79 81 83 86 88 91 93 95
80 82 85 87 90 92 94 97
81 84 86 89 91 93 96 98
82 85 87 90 92 95 97 100
84 86 89 91 94 96 99 101
85 87 90 92 95 98 100 103
86 89 91 94 96 99 102 104
87 90 92 95 98 100 103 106
88 91 94 96 99 102 104 107
90 92 95 98 100 103 106 109
91 94 96 99 102 105 107 110
92 95 98 100 103 106 109 112
93 96 99 102 105 107 110 113
94 97 100 103 106 109 112 115
96 99 101 104 107 110 113 116
97 100 103 106 109 112 115 117
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
38
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
132
134
136
138
140
142
2
4
6
8
10
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
36
38
40
42
48
46
48
50
52
54
56
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
103
105
107
109
111
113t
115
117
119
121
123
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
S-16
2
4
6
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
2
4
6
9
11
13
15
17
19
22
24
26
28
30
32
35
37
39
41
43
45
48
50
52
54
56
58
61
63
65
67
69
71
74
76
78
80
82
84
87
89
91
93
95
97
100
102
104
106
108
110
113
115
117
119
121
123
126
128
130
132
134
136
139
141
143
145
147
149
152
154
156
158
160
162
165
167
169
171
173
2
4
7
9
11
13
15
18
20
22
24
26
29
31
33
35
37
40
42
44
46
48
51
53
55
57
59
62
64
66
68
70
73
75
77
79
81
84
86
88
90
92
95
97
99
101
103
106
108
110
112
115
117
119
121
123
126
128
130
132
134
137
139
141
143
145
148
150
152
154
156
159
161
163
165
167
170
172
174
176
120 123 126 129 132 135 138 141 144 147 j 150 153 156 159 161 164 167
83 84 86
84 86 88
86 88 90
88 89 91
89 91 93
91 93 95
92 95 97
94 96 98
96 98 100
97 100 102
I L I
Table 6 S-?17
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temperature correction (Hu-H1)(0.00367t'), where t'= mean virtual temperature of stratum.
For temperatures (above 00 C.) the values are to be (added )
(below 00 C.) (subtracted).
Hu-H1 t' OC.
(meters) 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 o 690o70� 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800
o10.... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
20.... 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6
30.... 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9
40.... 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 t11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12
50.... 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15
60.... 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18
70.... 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21
80.... 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 23
90.... 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26
100.... 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29
110.... 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 32
130.... 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 35
130.... 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38
140.... 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41
150.... 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44
160.... 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 41 45 45 46 46 47
170.... 38 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 50
180.... 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 4 5 46 46 47 48 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 5 3
190.... 43 43 44 45 45 46 47 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56
200.... 45 46 46 47 48 18 49 50 51 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 57 57 58 59
210.... 47 48 49 49 50 51 52 52 53 54 55 55 56 57 58 59 59 60 61 62
220.... 49 50 51 52 52 53 54 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 61 61 62 63 64 65
230.... 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 61 62 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
240.... 54 55 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 70
250.... 56 57 58 59 60 61 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 72 73
260.... 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 75 76
270.... 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
280.... 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
290.... 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
300.... 67 68 69 70 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 85 86 87 88
310.... 69 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 89 90 91
320.... 72 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 92 93 94
330.... 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 92 93 94 96 97
340.... 76 77 79 80 81 82 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 99 100
350.... 78 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 94 95 96 98 99 100 101 103
360.... 81 82 83 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 94 95 96 98 99 100 102 103 104 106
370.... 83 84 86 87 88 90 91 92 94 95 96 98 99 100 102 103 105 106 107 109
380.... 85 86 88 89 91 92 93 95 96 98 99 100 102 103 105 106 107 109 110 112
390.... 87 89 90 92 93 94 96 97 99 100 102 103 104 106 107 109 110 112 113 115
400.... 90 91 92 94 95 97 98 100 101 103 104 106 107 109 110 112 113 115 116 117
410.... 92 93 95 96 98 99 101 102 104 105 107 108 110 111 113 114 116 117 119 120
420.... 94 96 97 99 100 102 103 105 106 108 109 111 113 114 116 117 119 120 122 123
430.... 96 98 99 101 103 104 106 107 109 110 112 114 115 117 118 120 122 123 125 126
440.... 99 100 102 103 105 107 108 110 111 113 115 116 118 119 121 123 124 126 128 129
450.... 101 102 104 106 107 109 111 112 114 116 117 119 121 122 124 126 127 129 130 132
460.... 103 105 106 108 110 111 113 115 116 118 120 122 123 125 127 128 130 132 133 135
470.... 105 107 109 110 112 114 116 117 119 121 122 124 126 128 129 131 133 135 136 138
480.... 107 109 111 113 115 116 118 120 122 123 125 127 129 130 132 134 136 137 139 141
490.... 110 111 113 115 117 119 120 122 124 126 128 129 131 133 135 137 138 140 142 144
500.... 112 114 116 117 119 121 123 125 127 128 130 132 134 136 138 139 141 143 145 147
510.... 114 116 118 120 122 124 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 140 142 114 146 148 150
520.... 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153
530.... 119 121 123 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156
540.... 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159
550.... 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159 161
560.... 125 127 129 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164
570.... 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 149 15: 153 155 157 159 161 163 165 167
580.... 130 132 134 136 138 140 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 158 160 162 164 166 168 170
590.... 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 147 149 152 154 156 158 160 162 165 167 169 171 173
600.... 134 137 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 154 156 159 161 163 165 167 170 172 174 176
610.... 137 139 141 143 146 148 150 152 154 157 159 161 163 166 1'8 170 172 175 177 179
620.... 139 141 143 146 148 150 152 155 157 159 162 164 166 168 171 173 175 177 180 182
630.... 141 143 146 148 150 153 155 157 160 162 164 166 169 171 173 176 178 180 183 185
640 .... 111 116 148 150 153 155 157 160 162 164 167 169 171 174 176 179 181 183 186 188
650.... 116 118 150 153 155 157 160 162 165 167 169 172 174 177 179 181 184 186 188 191
660.... 148 150 153 155 157 160 162 165 167 170 172 17 177 179 182 184 187 189 191 194
670.... 150 152 155 157 160 162 165 167 170 172 175 177 179 182 184 187 189 192 194 197
680.... 152 155 157 160 162 165 167 170 172 175 177 180 182 185 187 190 192 195 197 200
690.... 154 157 160 162 165 167 170 172 175 177 180 182 185 187 190 192 195 198 200 203
700.... 157 159 162 164 167 170 172 175 177 180 182 185 188 190 193 195 198 200 203 206
710.... 159 162 161 167 169 172 175 177 180 182 185 188 190 193 195 198 201 203 206 208
720.... 161 16 166 169 172 174 177 180 182 185 188 190 193 196 198 201 203 206 209 211
730.... 163 166 169 171 174 177 179 182 185 188 190 193 196 198 201 204 206 209 212 21
740.... 166 168 171 174 177 179 182 185 187 190 193 196 198 201 204 206 209 212 215 217
750.... 168 171 173 176 179 182 181 187 190 193 195 198 201 20 206 209 212 215 217 220
760.... 170 173 176 179 181 18 187 190 192 195 198 201 20 206 209 212 215 218 220 223
770.... 172 175 178 181 184 187 189 192 195 198 201 203 206 209 212 215 210 220 223 226
780.... 175 177 180 183 186 189 192 195 198 200 203 206 209 212 215 218 220 223 226 229
790.... 177 180 183 186 188 191 191 197 200 203 201 209 212 215 217 220 223 226 229 232
800.... 179 182 185 188 191 194 197 200 203 206 208 211 214 217 220 223 226 229 232 235
613388 0 - 45 - 8
Table 6
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temperature correction = (Hu-H1) (0.00367t'), where t' = mean virtual temperature of stratum.
For temperatures (above 0 C.) the values are to be ( acted).
(below 0 C.) (subtracted).
oHU-H1 t' �oC1o 1 I+o0 .. .. .
(meters) to o 3o s o e670 go 9 100 110 12 o 1 15016o 170 18o i19o 20 21 220 23 24o 250o 26o 270o 28o 290 30o
810..... 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 6 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 8 86 89
820..... 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 3 36 39 42 45 8 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90
830..... 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 3 7 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91
840..... 3 6 9 12 15 18 22 25 28 3It 3 7 80 3 46 49 52 55 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92
850..... 3 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 28 3 t 3 397 t1 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 94
860..... 3 6 9 13 16 19 22 25 28 32 35 38 1 44 47 50 54 57 60 69 66 69 73 76 79 82 85 88 92 95
870..... 3 6 10 13 16 19 22 26 29 32 35 38 42 45 48 51 54 57 61 64 67 70 73 77 80 83 86 89 93 96
880..... 3 6 10 13 16 19 23 26 29 32 36 39 42 45 48 52 55 58 61 65 68 71 74 78 t 81 4 87 90 94 97
890..... 3 7 10 13 16 20 29 26 29 3 36 39 42 6 49 52 56 59 62 65 69 72 75 78 82 85 88 91 95 98
900..... 3 7 o10 13 17 20 23 26 30 33 936 0 43 46 50 53 56 59 63 66 69 73 76 79 83 86 89 92 96 99
910..... ? 7 t o1 17 20 23 27 30 33 37 40 43 7 50 53 57 60 63 67 70 73 77 80 83 87 90 94 97 100
920..... 3 7 10 18 17 20 24 27 30 94 37 1 44 47 51 54 57 61 64 68 71 74 78 81 8 88 91 95 98 101
930..... 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 1 84 38 1 44 48 51 55 58 61 65 68 72 75 79 82 85 89 92 96 99 102
940..... 3 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 31 394 38 41 45 48 52 55 59 62 66 69 72 76 79 83 86 90 93 97 100 103
950..... 3 7 10 i1 17 21 24 28 t 35 38 42 45 89 52 56 59 63 66 70 7) 77 80 84 87 91 94 98 101O 105
960..... 4 7 11 14 18 21 25 28 32 35 9 42 46 49 53 56 60 63 67 70 74 78 81 85 88 92 95 99 102 106
970..... 4 7 it 1 18 21 25 28 32 36 39 3 46 50 53 57 61 64 68 71 75 78 82 85 89 93 96 100 03 107
980..... 4 7 it 1 18 22 25 29 2 386 40 43 47 50 54 58 61 65 68 72 76 79 83 86 90 94 97 101104 108
990..... 4 7 i t f5 18 22 25 29 33 36 40 44 47 51 54 58 62 65 69 73 76 80 84 87 91 94 98 102 105 109
1000..... 4 7 it 15 18 22 26 29 337 40 44 48 51 55 59 62 66 70 73 77 81 84 88 92 95 99 10 106 110
1010..... 4 7 it 15 19 22 26 30 $3 37 1 48 52 56 59 63 67 70 74 78 82 85 89 93 96 100 104 107 til
1020..... 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34 37 41 45 49 52 56 60 64 67 71 75 79 82 86 90 . 97 101 105 109 112
1030..... 4 8 it 15 19 23 26 30 3 t 38 42 45 49 53 57 60 64 68 72 76 79 83 87 91 ' 98 102 106 110 113
1080..... 4 8 it 15 19 29 27 3194 38 42 46 50 59 57 61 65 69 79 76 80 84 88 92 96 99 103 107 t111 115
1050..... 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 3 135 39 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 69 73 77 81 85 89 92 96 100 10 108 112 116
1060..... 8 8 12 16 19 23 27 1 35S 39 843 47 51 4 58 62 66 70 78 78 82 86 89 93 97 101 105 109 113 117
1070..... 4 8 12 16 20 24 27 S31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 82 86 90 94 98 102 106 o110 1i 11t8
1080..... 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 8 8 52 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 103 107 i l115 119
1090..... 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120
1100..... 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 113 117 121
1110..... 4 8 12 16 224 29 3337 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 79 77 81 86 90 94 98 102 106 110 11 118 122
1120..... 4 8 12 16 21 25 29 3337 41 45 49 53 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 95 99 103 07 111it15 t119 123
1130..... 4 8 12 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 46 50 54 58 62 66 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 100 14 108 112 116 120 124
1140..... 4 8 13 17 21 25 29 33 38 42 46 50 54 59 63 67 71 75 79 84 88 92 96 100 105 109 113t117 121 126
1150..... 4 8 19 17 21 25 30 34 38 42 46 51 55 59 63 68 72 76 80 84 89 93 97 101 106 O110 114 118 122 127
1160..... 4 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 38 43 47 51 55 60 64 68 72 77 81 85 89 94 98 102 106 111 115 119 123 128
1170..... 4 9 13 17 21 26 30 38 39 43 47 52 86 60 64 69 79 77 82 86 90 94 99 103 107 112 t16 120 125 129
1180..... 4 9 13 17 22 26 30 35 39 43 48 52 56 61 65 69 78 78 82 87 91 95 100 104 108 113 t117 121 126 130
1190..... 4 9 13 17 22 26 31 35 8 39 44 48 52 57 61 66 70 74 79 83 87 92 96 100 105 109 i114 18 122 127 t131t
1200..... 4 9 13 18 22 26 31 35 40 44 48 S3 57 62 66 70 75 79 84 88 92 97 101 106 110 115 119 123 128 1932
1210..... 4 9 13 18 22 27 91 6 40 44 49 59 58 62 67 71 75 80 84 89 93 98 102 107 111 115 120 124 129 133
1220..... 4 9 13 18 22 27 It 36 40 45 49 54 58 63 67 72 76 81 85 90 94 99 103 107 112 116 121125 130 94
1230..... 5 9 14 18 23 27 32 36 41 45 50 54 59 63 68 72 77 81 86 90 95 99 104 108 1 13 117 122 126 131135
1240..... 5 9 14 18 23 27 32 36 81 46 50 55 59 64 68 73 77 82 86 91 96 100 105 109 11 11t8 123 127 192 137
1250..... 5 9 14 18 23 28 32 37 41 46 50 55 60 64 69 7 78 83 87 92 96 101 106 110 115 19 124 128 133 138
1260..... 5 9 18 18 23 28 32 37 42 46 51 55 60 65 69 74 79 83 88 92 97 102 106 111 116 120 125 129 194 139
1270..... 5 9 14 19 23 28 33 37 42 47 51 56 61 65 70 75 79 84 89 93 98 103 107 112 117 121 126 131 135 140
1280..... 5 9 14 19 23 28 33 38 42 47 52 56 61 66 70 75 80 85 89 94 99 103 108 11 117 122 127 132 16 141
1290..... 5 9 14 19 24 28 333 8 43 47 52 57 62 66 71 76 80 85 90 95 99 104 109 t11 118 123 128 133 17 142
1900..... 5 10 i1 19 24 29 33 38 43 48 52 57 62 67 72 76 81 86 91 95 100 105 110 115 119 124 129 134 138 143
1310..... 5 10 14 19 24 29 438 43 48 53 58 63 67 72 77 82 87 91 96 101 106 111 115 120 125 130 135 139 144
1320..... 5 10 15 19 24 29 3 39 448 8 53 58 63 68 73 78 82 87 92 97 102 107111 i16 121 126 131 136 140 145
1330..... 5 10 15 20 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98 103 107 112 117 122 127 132 137 142 186
1340..... 5 10 15 20 25 s30 4 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 93 98 103 108 11 i18 123 128 13 138 183 148
1350..... 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 129 134 139 144 149
1360..... 5 10 15 20 25 0 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 t100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150
1370..... 5 10I 15 2025 830 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 91 96 O11106 Lit116 121 126 13 n1361 t 146 151
1980..... 5 o10 15 20 25 30 35 81 46 St 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 ti 11t6 122 127 132 137 182 187 152
1390..... 5 10 15 20 26 31 96 41 86 51 56 61 66 71 77 82 87 92 97 102 107 112 117 122 128 133 138 143 188 153
1400...., 5 to 15 21 26 91 96 41 46 51 57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 98 103 108 113 118 123 128 13 139 1i 189 154
1410..... 5 10 16 21 26 31 3 6 41 87 52 57 62 67 72 78 83 88 93 98 103 109 114 119 124 129 135 140 145 150 155
1420..... 5 10 16 21 26 31 96 42 47 82 57 63 68 73 78 83 89 94 99 104 109 t115 120 125 130 135 141 146 151 186
1490..... 5 t10 16 21 26 31 97 42 47 52 58 69 68 73 79 84 89 94 100 105 110 115 121 126 131 136 112 147 152 157
140..... 5 it 16 21 26 32 37 42 48 53 58 63 69 74 79 88 90 95 100 106 111 116 122 127 132 137 143 i18 153 189
1850..... 1t 16 21 27 32 37 83 88 53 59 68 69 75 80 85 90 96 101 106 112 117 122 128 i3 138 1at 189 158 160
1860..... 5 it 16 21 27 32 38 4) 88 58 59 68 70 75 80 86 91 96 102 107 113 118 123 129 138 139 15 150 155 161
1870..... 5 i 16 22 27 32 38 83 89 58 59 65 70 76 81 86 92 97 103 108 113 119 128 129 135 180 186 151 156 162
1880..... 1i 16 22 27 33 38 83 89 58 60 65 71 76 81 87 92 98 103 109 It 119 125 130 136 181 187 152 158 163
1890..... 5 i 16 22 27 33 38 88 89 55 60 66 71 77 82 87 93 98 108- 109 115 120 126 131 137 182 188 153 159 168
1500..... 6 it 17 22 28 33 39 84 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 98 99 105 110 it6 121 127 132 138 183 189 158 160 165
1510..... 6 11 17 22 28 33 39 88 50 55 61 67 72 78 83 89 98 100 105 tl1 116 122 127 i3 139 188 150 155 161 166
1520..... 6 it 17 22 28 33 39 85 50 56 61 67 7) 78 88 89 95 100 106 112 117 123 128 138 19 185 151 156 162 167
1530..... 6 11 17 22 28 38 39 85 51 56 62 67 73 79 84 90 95 101 107 112 118 128 129 135 180 186 152 157 163 168
1580..... 6 it 17 23 28 38 80 85 51 57 62 68 73 79 85 90 96 102 107 113 119 128 130 136 181 187 153 158 168 170
1550..... 6 it 17 23 28 3t 80 86 51 57 63 68 78 80 85 91 97 102 108 i18 119 125 13t 137 182 188 158 159 165 171
1560..... 6 1t 17 23 29 38 80 86 52 57 63 69 78 80 86 92 97 103 109 115 120 126 132 137 183 189 155 160 166 172
1570..... 6 12 17 23 29 35 80 86 52 58 63 69 75 81 86 92 98 108 109 115 121 127 133 198 1a 150 156 161 167 173
1580..... 6 12 17 23 29 35 81 86 52 58 68 70 75 81 87 93 99 108 110 116 122 128 133 139 185 151 157 162 168 178
1590..... 6 12 18 23 29 35 81 17 53 58 64 70 76 82 88 93 99 105 111 117 123 128 138 180 186 152 158 163 169 175
I5 17 176 -
S-18
1 12 t2 05 41 47 13 t9 16 17 17
I
avvv....
1600.....
12 18 23 29 35 41 47 53 591 65 70 76 82 88 94C 100 106 112 117
Table 6
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temperature correction = (Hu-H1) (0.00367t'), where t' = mean virtual temperature of stratum.
For temperatures (above 00 C.) the values are to be ( a ted ).
(below 0 C.) (subtracted).
Nu-NI t o�C.
(meters)3o ! 2o o o o 3 o o 7�38o o 4o o2o o o4 O46O 47O o� ,o 50o Sto 52o o 5 o 55o 56o 57o 5o 59o o60o
(meter9
810.....
820.....
830.....
840.....
850....
860.....
870.....
880.....
890.....
900*...
910....
920.....
930.....
940.....
950....
960.....
970.....
980.....
990....
1000.....
1010.....
1020.....
1030.....
101.0.....
1050.....
1060.....
1070.....
1080.....
1090.....
1100.....
1110.....
1120.....
1130.....
1140.....
1150.....
11it60.....
1170.....
1180.....
1190.....
1200.....
1210.....
12206.....
1230.....
1240.....
1250.....
1260.....
1270.....
1280.....
1290.....
1300.....
1310.....
1320.....
133 0.....
1340.....
1350.....
1360.....
1370....
1380.....
1390.....
1400.....
1410.....
1420.....
1830.....
1840......
1450.....
1460.....
1470.....
1*80.....
1490.....
1500....
1510.....
1520.....
1530.....
1540.....
1550.....
1560.....
1570.....
1580.....
1590.....
92 95 98 101 104 107 110 113 116 11t9
93 96 99 102 105 108 lit 11t 11it7 120
94 97 101 10* 107 110 t113 t116 11it9 122
96 99 102 105 108 til tit t117 120 123
97 100 103 106 109 112 t115 119 122 125
98 101 104 107 110 11it ?117 120 123 126
99 102 105 109 112 i15 118 121 125 128
100 103 107 110 113 11it6 119 123 126 129
101 105 108 111 11i* 118 121 124 127 131
102 106 109 112 116 119 122 126 129 132
104 107 110 11i 117 120 124 127 130 138
105 108 111 115 118 122 125 128 132 135
106 109 113 116 119 123 126 130 133 137
107 110 it* 117 121 124 128 131 135 138
108 ti2 115 119 122 126 129 132 136 139
109 113 116 120 123 127 130 134 137 141
110 114 117 121 125 128 132 135 139 142
111 115 119 122 126 129 133 137 140 184
113 116 120 124 127 131 13 13 8 142 185
114 117 121 125 128 132 136 139 143 147
115 119 122 126 130 133 137 141t 145 148
116 120 124 127 131 135 139 142 1*6 150
117 121 125 129 132 136 140 184 17 151
118 122 126 130 13* 137 141 185 149 153
119 123 127 131 135 139 143 146 150 154
121 124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156
122 126 130 134 13t7 141 145 149 153 157
123 127 131 135 139 143 147 151 155 159
124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160
125 129 133 137 141 145 149 153 157 161
126 130 13 139 143 147 151 155 159 163
127 132 136 1*0 18* 148 152 156 160 164
129 133 137 141 145 149 153 158 162 166
130 134 138 142 146 151 155 159 163 167
131 135 139 143 18 152 156 160 165 169
132 136 140 185 1*9 153 158 162 166 170
133 137 142 146 150 155 159 163 167 172
134 139 1*3 147 152 156 160 165 169 173
135 140 144 1*8 153 157 162 166 170 175
137 141 145 150 154 159 163 167 172 176
138 142 147 151 155 160 164 169 173 178
139 143 148 152 157 161 166 170 175 179
140 144 149 153 158 163 167 172 176 181
141 146 150 155 159 164 168 173 177 182
142 147 151 156 161 165 170 174 179 184
143 18 153 157 162 166 171 176 180 185
184 149 154 158 163 168 172 177 182 186
146 150 155 160 164 169 174 179 183 188
147 151 156 161 166 170 175 180 185 189
148 153 157 162 167 172 177 181 186 191
149 154 159 163 168 173 178 183 188 192
150 155 160 165 170 174 179 184 189 194
151 156 161 166 171 176 181 185 190 195
152 157 162 167 172 177 182 187 192 197
154 159 163 168 173 178 183 188 193 198
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
156 161 166 171 176 181 186 191 196 201
157 162 167 172 177 182 187 192 198 203
158 163 168 173 179 184 189 194 199 204
159 164 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 206
160 166 171 176 181 186 191 197 202 207
162 167 172 177 182 188 193 198 203 208
163 168 173 178 18* 189 194 199 205 210
164 169 174 180 185 190 196 201 206 211
165 170 176 181 186 192 197 202 208 213
166 171 177 182 188 193 198 204 209 214
167 173 178 183 189 194 200 205 210 216
168 174 179 185 190 196 201 206 212 217
170 175 180 186 191 197 202 208 213 219
171 176 182 187 193 198 204 209 215 220
172 177 183 188 194 200 205 21i 216 222
173 179 184 190 195 201 206 212 218 223
174 180 185 191 197 202 208 21 219 225
175 181 187 192 198 203 209 215 220 226
176 182 188 193 199 205 210 216 222 228
177 18) 189 195 200 206 212 218 223 229
179 184 190 196 202 207 21) 219 225 290
180 186 191 197 203 209 215 220 226 232
181 187 193 198 204 210 216 222 228 239
122 125 128 131 134 137
123 126 129 132 135 138
125 128 131 13* 137 140
126 129 133 136 139 1*2
128 131 13 137 140 1*3
129 133 136 139 1*2 145
131 193 137 140 184 147
132 136 139 142 145 1*9
194 137 1*0 184 147 150
135 199 142 1*5 149 152
137 140 is 147 150 15*
138 1*2 145 1*9 152 155
140 143 147 150 15* 157
141 15 18 152 155 159
1*3 16 150 153 157 160
144 184 151 155 159 162
146 150 153 157 160 164
147 151 155 158 162 165
149 153 156 160 163 167
150 154 158 161 168 169
152 156 159 163 167 171
153 157 161 165 168 172
155 159 163 166 170 174
156 160 164 168 172 176
158 162 166 170 173 177
159 163 167 171 175 179
161 165 169 173 177 181
163 166 170 174 178 182
16* 168 172 176 180 184
166 170 174 178 182 186
167 171 175 179 183 187
169 173 177 181 185 189
170 174 178 182 187 191
172 176 180 184 188 192
173 177 181 186 190 194
175 179 183 187 192 196
176 180 185 189 193 198
178 182 186 191 195 199
179 183 188 192 197 201
181 185 189 194 198 203
182 187 191 195 200 204
184 188 193 197 201 206
185 190 194 199 203 208
187 191 196 200 205 209
188 193 197 202 206 211
190 194 199 203 208 213
191 196 200 205 210 214
193 197 202 207 211 216
194 199 204 208 219 218
196 200 205 210 215 219
197 202 207 212 216 221
199 203 208 213 218 223
200 205 210 215 220 225
202 207 211 216 221 226
203 208 213 218 223 228
205 210 215 220 225 230
206 211 216 221 226 231
208 213 218 223 228 233
209 214 219 224 230 235
211 216 221 226 231 296
212 217 223 228 233 238
214 219 224 229 235 240
215 220 226 231 236 241
217 222 227 233 238 243
218 224 229 234 239 245
220 225 230 236 241 246
221 227 232 237 243 28
223 228 234 239 244 250
224 230 235 241 246 252
226 231 237 242 248 253
227 233 238 244 249 255
229 234 240 245 251 257
230 236 241 247 253 258
232 237 243 249 254 260
233 239 245 250 256 262
235 240 2*6 252 258 263
236 2*2 248 25* 259 265
238 2*4 2*9 255 261 267
239 285 251 257 263 268
140
141
117
185
187
188
150
152
15*
155
157
159
160
162
16*
166
167
169
171
172
17*
176
178
179
181
183
185
186
188
190
191
193
195
197
198
200
202
204
205
207
209
210
212
214
216
217
219
221
223
224
226
228
229
231
233
235
236
238
240
2*1
243
245
247
2*8
250
252
254
255
257
259
260
262
264
266
267
269
271
273
27*
14
184
146
188
150
151
153
155
157
159
160
162
164
166
167
169
171
173
174
176
178
180
181
183
185
187
188
190
192
194
196
197
199
201
203
204
206
208
210
211
213
215
217
218
220
222
224
225
227
229
231
233
238
296
28
240
241
243
245
247
2485
250
252
254
255
257
259
261
262
264
266
268
270
271
273
275
277
278
280
186
117
1*9
151
153
155
156
158
160
162
164
165
167
169
171
173
174
176
178
180
182
183
185
187
189
191
192
194
196
198
200
201
2093
205
207
209
210
212
21*
216
218
219
221
223
225
227
228
230
232
23*
236
237
239
241
243
245
246
248
250
252
254
255
257
259
261
263
264
266
268
270
272
273
275
277
279
281
282
28*
286
189
150ISO
152
154
156
158
160
161
163
165
167
169
171
172
174
176
178
180
182
188
185
187
189
191
193
195
196
198
200
202
204
206
207
209
211
213
215
217
218
220
222
224
226
228
229
231
233
235
237
29
240
242
28
246
248
250
251
253
255
257
259
261
262
268
266
268
270
272
273
275
277
279
281
283
284
286
288
290
292
152
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
213
215
217
219
22t1
223
225
226
228
230
232
2394
236
238
240
241
243
245
247
249
251
253
255
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
271
273
275
277
279
281
283
284
286
288
290
292
29*
296
298
155 158
156 159
158 161
160 163
162 165
164 167
166 169
168 171
170 173
172 175
174 177
176 179
177 181
179 183
181 185
183 187
185 189
187 191
189 193
191 195
193 196
195 198
197 200
198 202
200 204
202 206
204 208
206 210
208 212
210 214
212 216
214 218
216 220
218 222
219 224
221 226
223 228
225 230
227 231
229 233
231 235
233 237
235 239
237 241
239 243
240 245
242 247
244 249
246 251
248 253
250 255
252 257
254 259
256 261
258 263
260 265
261 266
263 268
265 270
267 272
269 274
271 276
273 278
275 280
277 282
279 284
281 286
282 288
284 290
286 292
288 294
290 296
292 298
294 300
296 301
298 303
300 305
302 307
303 309
161 163
163 166
164 168
166 170
168 172
170 174
t12 176
174 178
176 180
178 182
180 184
182 186
184 188
186 190
188 192
190 194
192 196
194 198
196 200
198 202
200 204
202 206
204 208
206 210
208 212
210 21*
212 216
21 218
216 220
218 222
220 224
222 226
224 228
226 230
228 232
230 2 4
232 236
234 238
236 240
238 212
2*0 244
242 2856
244 248
246 250
248 252
250 254
252 256
254 258
256 260
258 262
260 264
262 266
264 268
266 270
268 272
270 275
272 277
273 279
275 281
277 283
279 285
281 287
283 289
285 291
287 293
289 295
291 297
293 299
295 301
297 303
299 305
301 307
303 309
305 311t
307 313
309 3t5
3it 317
3t3 3t9
3t5 321
166
169
171
173
175
177
179
181i
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
199
201
203
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
23*
236
238
240
2493
245
2*7
2*9
251
253
255
257
259
261
263
265
267
269
271
273
275
277
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
318
317
319
321
323
325
327
169
172
174
176
178
180
182
18*
186
188
190
192
195
197
199
201
200
205
207
209
211
213
215
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
238
2*1
243
245
2*7
2*9
251
253
255
257
259
261
26*
266
268
270
272
27*
276
278
280
282
284
287
289
291
293
295
297
299
301
303
305
308
310
312
31*
316
318
320
322
24
326
328
331
3S3
S-19
172 175
175 178
177 18t63
179 182
181 18*
183 186
185 188
187 191
189 193
192 195
194 197
196 199
198 201
200 20*
202 206
204 208
206 210
209 212
211 214
213 217
215 219
217 221
219 223
221 225
224 227
226 230
228 232
230 234
232 236
234 238
236 240
238 243
241 245
243 247
245 249
247 251
249 253
251 256
253 258
255 260
258 262
260 264
262 266
264 268
266 271
268 273
276 275
272 277
275 279
277 281
279 284
281 K26
283 288
285 290
287 292
289 294
292 297
294 299
296 301
298 303
300 305.
302 307
304 310
307 312
309 314
3t1 316
313 318
315 320
317 323
319 325
321 327
32* 329
326 331t
328 333
330 336
332 338
33* 3*0
336 3*2
338 3*8
160 . 8218 9*0020 1121 23 2 25 *127 S225 6*27 26 8 25 9*29 8511 31 2332 -53* 36 5
178
181
183
185
187
189
192
194
196
198
200
203
205
207
209
2tt11
214
216
218
220
222
225
227
229
231
233
236
238
240
242
244
247
249
251
253
255
258
260
262
264
266
269
271
273
275
277
280
282
284
286
288
291
293
295
297
299
302
304
306
308
3o
..s M
315
317
319
321
324
326
328
330
339
395
337
339
341
38*
3*6
3*8
350
, 199 go Ii 17 12 39 35 31 46 15
t600..... 102 188 198 200 206 211 217 223 229 233 1 281 247 252 259 6 270 276 292 288 294
Table 6
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temperature correction = (Hu-Hi) (0.00367t'), where t' = mean virtual temperature of stratum.
For temperatures (above 0 C.) the values are to be (added )
(below 00 C.) (subtracted).
Hu^ 1 t. oC.
_ees 610 620 63o 6o 65o 660 67o 68o 690 70o 7to 72o 7o 75o 760 770 780 790 80o
(metrs t. �C730
810.....
820.....
830.....
840.....
850.....
860.....
870.....
880.....
890.....
900.....
910.....
920.....
930.....
940.....
950.....
960.....
970.....
980.....
990.....
1000.....
1010.....
1020.....
1030.....
1040.....
1050.....
1060.....
1070.....
1080.....
1090.....
1100.....
1110.....
1120.....
1130.....
110.....
1150.....
1160.....
1170.....
1180....
1190.....
1200.....
1210.1.0.
1220.....
1230.....
1240.....
1250.....
1260.....
1270.....
1280.....
1290.....
1300.....
1310.....
1320.....
1930.....
1340.....
1350.....
1360.....
1370.....
1380.....
1390.....
1400.....
1810.....
1420.....
1430.....
1440.....
1450.....
1460.....
1470.....
1480.....
1x90.....
1500.....
1510.....
1520.....
1530.....
1580.....
1550.....
1560.....
1570.....
1580.....
1590.....
1600.....
181 184 187 190 193 196
184 187 190 193 196 199
186 189 192 195 198 201
188 191 194 197 200 203
190 193 197 200 203 206
193 196 199 202 205 208
195 198 201 204 208 211
197 200 203 207 210 213
199 203 206 209 212 216
201 205 208 211 215 218
204 207 210 214 217 220
206 209 213 216 219 223
208 212 215 218 222 225
210 218 217 221 224 228
213 216 220 223 227 230
215 218 222 225 229 233
217 221 224 228 231 235
219 223 227 230 234 237
222 225 229 233 236 240
224 228 231 235 239 242
226 230 234 237 241 245
228 232 236 240 243 247
231 234 238 242 246 249
233 237 240 244 248 252
235 239 243 247 250 254
237 241 245 249 253 257
240 243 247 251 255 259
242 246 250 254 258 262
244 248 252 256 260 264
246 250 254 258 262 266
248 253 257 261 265 269
251 255 259 263 267 271
253 257 261 265 270 274
255 259 264 268 272 276
257 262 266 270 274 279
260 264 268 272 277 281
262 266 271 275 279 283
264 268 273 277 281 286
266 271 275 280 284 288
269 273 277 282 286 291
271 275 280 284 289 293
273 278 282 287 291 296
275 280 284 289 293 298
278 282 287 291 296 300
280 284 289 294 298 303
282 287 291 296 301 305
284 289 294 298 303 300
287 291 296 301 305 310
289 294 298 303 308 312
291 296 301 305 310 315
293 298 303 308 313) 317
296 300 305 310 315 320
298 303 308 312 317 322
300 305 310 315 320 325
302 307 3t2 317 322 327
304 309 314 3t9 3284 329
307 312 317 322 327 332
309 t314 319 324 29 334
311 316 321 326 332 337
313 319 324 329 334 339
316 321 326 331 336 342
318 323 328 334 339 34
320 325 331 336 341 346
322 328 33$3 338 344 349
325 330 335 341 346 351
327 332 338 343 348 354
329 334 340 3405 351 356
331 337 342 348 353 358
334 339 345 350 355 361
336 341 347 352 358 363
338 346 349 355 3 60 366
340 346 351 357 363 368
343 348 354 359 65 371
345 350 356 362 367 373
347 353 358 364 370 375
349 355 361 366 372 378
351 357 363 369 375 380
354 360 365 371 377 383
356 3562 368 373 379 385
358 364 370 376 302 388
202 205 208
199
202
204
207
209
211
214
216
219
221
224
226
229
231
234
236
239
241
243
246
248
251
253
256
258
261
263
266
268
270
273
275
278
280
283
285
288
290
293
295
298
300
302
305
307
310
312
315
317
320
322
325
327
329
332
334
337
339
342
344
347
349
352
354
357
359
361
364
366
369
371
374
376
379
381
384
386
389
391
393
205
207
210
212
215
217
220
222
225
227
230
232
235
297
240
242
245
247
250
252
255
257
260
262
265
267
270
272
275
277
280
282
286
287
289
292
294
297
209
302
SO#
304
307
309
312
314
317
319
322
324
5327
329
332
334
SS$
337
339
342
344
347
349
352
354
357
359
362
364
367
369
372
374
377
379
382
364
387
389
392
394
397
399
208
210
213
215
218
220
223
225
228
230
233
236
238
241
243
246
248
251
253
256
258
261
263
266
268
271
273
276
279
281
284
286
289
291
294
296
299
301
304
906
309
311
314
317
319
322
324
327
329
332
334
337
339
342
344
347
349
352
355
357
360
362
365
367
370
372
375
377
380
382
385
387
390
393
395
398
400
403
405
211
213)
216
218
221
224
226
229
231
234
236
239
241
244
247
249
252
254
257
259
262
265
267
270
272
275
277
280
283
285
288
290
293
295
298
301
303
306
308
t311
313
316
319
321
324
326
329
331
334
337
339
342
364
347
919
352
355
357
360
362
365
367
370
373
375
378
30
383
385
388
390
393
396
398
4101
4035
406
408
411
211 214 217 220 223
214 217 220 223 226
216 219 222 225 228
219 222 225 228 231
221 225 228 231 234
224 227 230 234 237
227 230 233 236 239
229 233 236 239 242
232 235 238 242 245
235 238 241 244 248
237 240 28 247 250
240 243 246 250 253
242 246 249 253 256
245 248 252 255 259
248 251 255 258 261
250 254 257 261 264
253 256 260 263 267
255 259 263 266 270
258 262 265 269 272
261 264 268 272 275
263 267 271 274 278
266 270 273 277 281
268 272 276 280 284
271 275 279 282 286
274 277 281 285 289
276 280 284 288 292
279 283 287 291 295
281 285 289 293 297
284 288 292 296 300
287 291 295 299 303
289 293 297 301 306
292 296 300 304 308
294 299 303 307 311
297 301 305 310 314
300 304 308 312 317
302 307 311 315 319
305 309 t313 318 322
307 t312 t316 320 325
310 314 319 323 328
313 317 321 326 330
315 320 324 329 333
318 322 327 331 336
321 325 330 33 339
323 328 332 337 341
326 330 335 339 344
328 333 338 342 347
331t 336 340 345 350
334 338 343 348 352
336 341 346 350 355
339 344 348 353 358
341 346 351 356 361
344 349 354 358 363
347 351 356 361 366
349 354 359 364 369
352 357 362 367 372
354 359 364 369 374
357 362 367 372 377
360 365 370 375 380
362 367 372 377 383
365 370 375 380 385
367 373 378 383 388
370 375 380 386 391
373 378 33 3 88 394
375 381 386 391 396
378 383 388 394 399
380 386 391 397 402
383 388 394 399 405
386 391 397 402 407
388 394 399 405 410
391 396 402 407 413
393 399 405 11to 0 416
396 402 407 413 418
399 404 410 416 421
401 407 413 418 424
404 410 415 421 427
406 412 418 424 429
409 415 421 426 432
412 417 423 429 435
414 420 426 432 438
417 423 429 435 40
2 26 229 232
229 232 235
232 235 238
234 237 240
237 240 243
240 243 246
243 246 249
245 249 252
248 252 255
251 254 258
254 257 260
257 260 263
259 263 266
262 266 269
265 268 272
268 271 275
271 274 278
273 277 281
276 280 283
279 283 286
282 285 289
284 288 292
287 291 295
290 294 298
293 297 o301
296 300 303
298 302 306
301 305 309
304 308 312
307 311 315
310 314 318
312 317 321
315 319 323
318 322 326
321 325 329
324 328 332
326 331 335
329 33 338
332 336 341
335 339 34
337 342 3146
340 345 349
343 348 352
346 350 355
349 353 358
351 356 361
354 359 364
357 362 366
360 365 369
363 367 372
365 370 375
368 373 378
371 976 381
374 379 384
377 381 386
379 384 389
382 387 392
385 390 395
388 393 398
390 396 401
393 398 404
396 401 406
399 404 409
402 407 412
404 410 415
407 413 418
410 415 421
413 418 424
416 421 427
418 424 429
421 427 432
424 430 435
4127 432 438
430 435 441
432 438 444
435 441 447
438 444 449
441 446 452
443 449 455
486 452 453
235
2 8
241
244
246
249
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
275
278
281
284
287
290
293
296
299
302
304
307
310
313
316
319
322
325
328
331
333
336
339
342
345
348
351
354
357
360
362
365
368
371
374
377
"30
383
386
389
391
394
397
400
403
406
409
412
415
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
4t1
444
446
449
152
455
458
461
464
S-20
238
241
244
247
250
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
276
279
282
285
288
291
294
297
299
302
305
308
311t
314
317
320
323
326
329
332
335
338
341
344
346
349
352
355
358
361
364
367
370
3 73
376
379
382
385
388
390
393
396
399
402
405
408
411
414
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
437
440
443
486
449
452
455
458
461
464
467
470
I
L
Table 6
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temoerature correction=(Hu-H1)(0.00367t'), where t' =mean virtual temperature of stratum.
For temperatures (below 0� C.) evalues are to be (add ed ).
( u-t ) t, oC.
31o 320 3o�340 350 360 7�go� 3o04 0 0 4 1042� 40U�4501460 7470�go490 500 510 520 530 54� 550 560 570 580 590 600
1610.....
1620.....
16 0.....
1640.....
1650.....
1660.....
1670....
1680.....
1690.....
1700.....
1710.....
1720.....
1730.....
1740.....
1750.....
1760.....
1770.....
1780.....
1790.....
1800.....
1810.....
1820.....
1830.....
1840.....
1850.....
1860.....
1870.....
1880.....
1890.....
1900.....
1910.....
1.920.....
1930.....
1940.....
1950.....
1960.....
1970.....
1980.....
1990.....
2000.....
2010.....
2020.....
2030.....
2040.....
2050.....
2060.....
2070.....
2080.....
2090.....
2100.....
2110.....
2120.....
2130.....
2140.....
2150.....
2160.....
2170.....
2180.....
2190....
2200.....
2210.....
2220.....
2230.....
2240.....
2250.....
2260.....
2270.....
2280.....
2290.....
2300.....
2310.....
2320.....
2330.....
2340.....
2350.....
2360.....
2370.....
2 80.....
2390.....
2400.....
183 189 195 201 207 213 219 225 230 236
184 190 196 202 208 214 220 226 232 238
185 191 197 203 209 215 221 227 233 239
187 193 199 205 211 217 223 229 235 241
188 194 200 206 212 218 224 230 236 242
189 195 201 207 213 219 225 232 238 244
190 196 202 208 215 221 227 233 239 245
191 197 203 210 216 222 228 234 240 247
192 198 205 211 217 223 229 236 242 248
193 200 206 212 218 225 231 237 243 250
195 201 207 213 220 226 232 238 245 251
196 202 208 215 221 227 234 240 246 252
197 203 210 216 222 229 235 241 248 254
198 204 211 217 224 230 236 243 249 255
199 206 212 218 225 231 238 244 250 257
200 207 213 220 226 233 239 245 252 258
201 208 214 221 227 234 240 247 253 260
203 209 216 222 229 235 242 248 255 261
204 21v 217 223 230 236 243 250 256 263
205 211 218 225 231 238 244 251 258 264
206 213 219 226 232 239 246 252 259 266
207 214 220 227 234 240 247 254 260 267
208 215 222 228 235 242 248 255 262 269
209 216 223 230 236 243 250 257 263 270
210 217 224 231 238 244 251 258 265 272
212 218 225 232 239 246 253 259 266 273
213 220 226 233 240 247 254 261 268 275
214 221 228 235 241 248 255 262 269 276
215 222 229 236 243 250 257 264 271 277
216 223 230 237 244 251 258 265 272 279
217 224 231 238 245 252 259 266 273 280
218 225 233 240 247 254 261 268 275 282
220 227 234 241 248 255 262 269 276 283
221 228 235 242 249 256 263 271 278 285
222 229 236 243 250 258 265 272 279 286
223 230 237 245 252 259 266 273 281 288
224 231 239 246 253 260 268 275 282 289
225 233 240 247 254 262 269 276 283 291
226 234 241 248 256 263 270 278 285 292
228 235 242 250 257 264 272 279 286 294
229 236 243 251 258 266 273 280 288 295
230 237 245 252 259 267 274 282 289 297
231 238 246 253 261 268 276 283 291 298
232 240 247 255 262 270 277 284 292 299
233 241 248 256 263 271 278 286 293 301
234 242 249 257 265 272 280 287 295 302
236 243 251 258 266 273 281 289 296 304
237 244 252 260 267 275 282 290 298 305
238 245 253 241 268 276 284 291 299 307
239 247 254 262 270 277 285 293 301 308
240 248 256 263 271 279 287 294 302 310
241 249 257 265 272 280 288 296 303 311
242 250 258 266 274 281 289 297 305 313
243 251 259 267 275 283 291 298 306 314
245 252 260 268 276 284 292 300 308 316
246 254 262 270 277 285 293 301 309 317
247 255 263 271 279 287 295 303 311 319
248 256 264 272 280 288 296 304 312 320
249 257 265 273 281 289 297 305 313 321
250 258 266 275 283 291 299 307 315 323
251 260 268 276 284 292 300 308 316 324
253 261 269 277 285 293 301 310 318 326
254 262 270 278 286 295 303 311 319 327
255 263 271 280 288 296 304 312 321 329
256 264 272 281 289 297 306 314 322 330
257 265 274 282 290 299 307 315 323 332
258 267 275 283 292 300 308 317 325 333
259 268 276 284 293 301 310 318 326 335
261 269 277 286 294 303 311 319 328 336
262 270 279 287 295 304 312 321 329 338
263 271 280 288 297 305 314 322 331 339
264 272 281 289 298 307 315 324 332 341
265 274 282 291 299 308 316 325 333 342
266 275 283 292 301 309 318 326 335 344
267 276 285 293 302 310 319 328 336 345
268 277 286 294 303 312 320 329 338 346
270 278 287 296 304 313 322 331 339 348
271 280 288 297 306 31 4 32 332 34 1 349
272 281 289 298 307 316 325 3); 3 2 351
242 248 254 260 266 272 278 284 290
244 250 256 262 268 273 279 285 291
245 251 257 263 269 275 281 287 293
247 253 259 265 271 277 283 289 295
248 254 260 266 272 279 285 291 297
250 256 262 268 274 280 286 292 299
251 257 264 270 276 282 288 294 300
253 259 265 271 277 284 290 296 302
254 260 267 273 279 285 292 298 304
256 262 268 275 281 287 293 299 306
257 264 270 276 282 289 295 301 308
259 265 271 278 284 290 297 303 309
260 267 273 279 286 292 298 305 311
262 268 275 281 287 294 300 307 313
263 270 276 283 289 295 302 308 315
265 271 278 284 291 297 304 310 317
266 273 279 286 292 299 305 312 318
268 274 281 287 294 300 307 314 320
269 276 282 289 296 302 309 315 322
271 277 284 291 297 304 310 317 324
272 279 286 292 299 306 312 319 325
274 281 287 294 301 307 314 321 327
275 282 289 296 302 309 316 322 329
277 284 290 297 304 311 317 324 331
278 285 292 299 306 312 319 326 333
280 287 294 300 307 314 321 328 334
281 288 295 302 309 316 323 329 336
283 290 297 304 310 217 324 331 338
284 291 298 305 312 319 326 333 340
286 293 300 307 314 321 328 335 342
287 294 301 308 315 322 329 336 343
289 296 303 310 317 324 331 338 345
290 297 305 312 319 326 333 340 347
292 299 306 313 320 328 335 342 349
293 301 308 315 322 329 336 344 351
295 302 309 317 324 331 338 345 352
296 304 311 318 325 333 340 347 354
298 305 312 320 327 334 342 349 356
299 307 314 321 329 336 343 351 358
301 308 316 323 330 338 345 352 360
302 310 317 325 332 339 347 354 361
304 311 319 326 334 341 348 356 363
305 313 320 328 335 343 350 358 365
307 314 322 329 337 344 352 359 367
308 316 324 331 339 346 354 361 369
310 318 325 333 340 348 355 363 370
311i 319 327 334 342 349 357 365 372
313 321 328 336 344 351 359 366 374
314 322 330 337 345 353 361 368 376
316 324 331 339 347 355 362 370 378
317 325 333 341 348 356 364 372 379
319 327 335 342 350 358 366 373 381
321 328 336 344 352 360 367 375 383
322 330 338 346 353 361 369 377 385
324 331 339 347 355 363 371 379 387
325 333 341 349 357 365 373 381 388
327 334 342 350 358 366 374 382 390
328 336 344 352 360 368 376 384 392
330 338 346 354 362 370 378 386 394
331 339 347 355 363 371 379 388 396
333 341 349 357 365 373 381 389 397
334. 342 350 358 367 375 383 391 399
336 344 352 360 368 376 385 393 401
337 345 353 362 370 378 386 395 403
339 347 355 363 372 380 388 396 405
340 348 357 365 373 382 390 398 406
342 350 358 367 375 383 392 400 408
343 351 360 368 377 385 393 402 410
345 353 361 370 378 387 395 403 412
346 355 363 371 380 388 397 405 414
348 356 365 373 381 390 398 407 415
349 358 366 375 383 392 400 409 417
351 359 368 376 385 393 402 410 419
352 361 369 378 386 395 404 412 421
354 362 371 379 388 397 405 414 423
355 364 372 381 390 398 407 416 424
357 365 374 383 391 400 409 417 426
358 367 376 384 393 402 411 419 428
360 368 377 386 395 403 412 421 430
295
297
299
301
303
305
306
3U8
310
312
314
316
317
319
321
323
325
327
328
330
332
334
336
338
339
341
343
345
347
349
350
352
354
356
358
360
361
363
365
367
369
371
373
374
376
378
380
382
384
385
387
389
391
393
395
396
398
400
402
404
406
407
409
411
413
415
417
418
420
422
424
426
428
429
431
433
435
437
439
301
303
305
307
309
311
313
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
329
331
333
335
337
339
341
343
344
346
348
350
3 52
354
356
357
359
361
363
365
367
369
371
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
386
387
389
391
393
395
397
399
401
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
417
419
421
423
425
427
429
430 439
432 441
434 443
436 U5
438 447
440 448
442 4.50
444 452
445 454
447 456
S-21
313 319 325 331 337 343 349 355
315 321 327 333 339 345 351 357
317 323 329 335 341 347 353 359
319 325 331 337 343 349 355 361
321 327 333 339 345 351 357 363
323 329 335 341 347 353 359 366
325 331 337 3413 349 355 362 368
327 333 339 345 351 358 364 370
329 335 341 347 354 360 366 372
307
309
311
313
315
317
319
321
323
324
326
320
330
332
334
336
338
340
342
344
345
347
349
351
353
355
357
359
361
363
365
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
385
387
389
391
393
395
397
399
401
403
405
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
427
429
431
433
435
437
337 343 349 356 362
339 345 351 358 364
341 347 353 360 366
343 349 356 362 368
3415 351 358 364 370
347 353 360 366 373
349 355 362 368 375
351 357 364 370 377
353 359 366 372 379
355 361 368 374 381
357 363 370 377 383
359 365 372 379 385
361 367 374 381 387
363 369 376 383 390
365 371 378 385 392
367 373 380 387 394
369 375 382 389 396
371 377 381 391 398
373 379 386 393 400
375 381 388 395 402
331
333
335
337
338
340
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
373
375
377
379
381
383
385
387
389
391
393
395
397
399
401
403
405
407
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
384
386
388
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
428
4.30
432
434
436
438
440
442
428 436 444
430 438 446
432 440 448
434 442 450
436 444 452
438 446 454
440 448 456
442 450 458
443 452 460
445 454 462
447
449
451
453
455
457
459
461
463
465
456
458
40
462
464
466
468
470
472
474
464
466
468
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
390
393
395
397
399
401
403
405
407
409
411
413
415
417
419
421
423
425
427
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
456
458
460
462
464
467
469
471
473
475
477
479
481
483
485
487
489
491
397
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
423
425
427
429
431
433
435
437
439
441
443
446
448
450
452
454
456
458
460
462
464
466
469
471
473
475
477
479
481
483
485
487
490
492
494
496
498
500
404
407
409
411
413
415
417
419
421
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
441
443
445
447
49
451
453
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
473
475
477
479
481
483
485
487
368
370
372
375
377
379
381
383
385
388
390
392
394
396
398
401
403
405
407
409
411
414
416
418
420
422
424
427
429
431
433
435
437
440
442
444
446
448
450
453
455
457
459
461
463
466
468
470
472
474
476
479
481
483
485
487
489
492
494
496
374
377
379
381
383
385
388
390
392
394
396
399
401
403
405
407
410
412
414
416
418
421
423
425
427
429
432
434
436
438
440
443
445
447
449
451
454
456
458
460
462
465
467
469
471
473
476
478
480
482
484
487
489
491
493
495
498
500
502
504
490 498 506
492 500 509
494 502 511
496 505 513
498 507 515
500 509 517
502 511 520
504 513 522
507 515 524
509 518 526
273 282 291 299 308 317 326 335 344 3521361 370 379 388 396 405 41 423 432 440 1449 458 467 476 484 493 502 511 520 528
377
379
381
382
384
386
388
390
392
3934
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
3428
430
3432
434
t _ _
S-22 Table 6
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Temperature correction=-(Ilu-H1)(0.00367t'), where t' -mean virtual temperature of stratum.
(above 00 C.) (added )
For temoeratures (below 00 C.) the values are to be (added )
(below 0� C.) (subtracted).
t*'�C.
Nu-1t
( 610 620 63 64' 65' 660 67 o68' 69� 70 70 72� o 0 74� 75� 76� o7o 9o o
1610..... 360 366 372 378 384 390 396 402 408 M81 420 25 431 437 443 449 455 461 467 473
1620..... 363 369 375 381 386 392 398 404 410 416 422 128 434 440 446 452 458 464 470 476
1630..... 365 371 377 383 389 395 401 407 413 419 425 431 437 4 43 449 455 461 467 47)3 479
1640..... 367 373 379 385 391 397 403 409 415 421 427 433 439 445 451 457 46)3 469 475 482
1650..... 369 375 381 388 394 400 406 412 418 424 430 436 42 448 454 460 466 472 478 484
1660..... 372 378 384 390 396 402 408 414 420 426 433 439 445 451 457 463 469 475 481 487
1670..... 374 380 386 392 398 405 411 417 423 429 435 441 447 454 460 466 472 478 484 490
1680..... 376 382 388 395 401 407 413 419 425 432 438 444 450 456 462 469 475 481 487 493
1690..... 378 385 391 397 403 409 416 422 428 434 440 447 453 459 465 471 478 484 490 496
1700..... 381 387 39) 399 406 412 418 424 430 437 443 449 455 462 468 474 480 487 493 499
1710..... 83 389 395 402 408 414 420 427 43) 439 446 452 458 464 471 477 483 490 496 502
1720..... 385 391 398 404 410 417 423 429 436 442 448 454 461 467 47)3 480 486 492 499 505
1730..... 387 394 400 406 413 419 425 432 438 444 451 457 463 470 476 483 489 495 502 508
1740..... 390 396 402 409 415 421 428 434 441 447 453 460 466 47)3 479 485 492 498 504 511
1750..... 392 398 405 411 417 424 430 437 443 450 456 462 469 475 482 488 495 501 507 514
1760..... 394 400 407 413 420 426 43) 439 446 452 459 465 472 478 484 491 497 504 510 517
1770..... 396 403 409 416 422 429 435 442 448 455 461 468 474 481 487 494 500 507 513 520
1780..... 398 405 412 418 425 431 438 444 451 457 464 470 477 483 490 496 503 510 516 523
1790..... 401 407 414 420 427 434 440 447 453 460 466 473 480 486 49)3 499 506 512 519 526
1800..... 03 410 416 42)3 429 436 443) 449 456 462 469 476 482 489 495 502 509 515 522 528
1810 ..... 405 412 418 425 432 438 445 452 458 465 472 478 485 492 498 505 ui1 518 525 531
1820..... 407 414 421 427 434 441t 448 454 461 468 474 481 486 4 94 501 508 514 521 528 534
1830.....410 416 423 430 437 443 450 457 463 470 477 484 490 497 504 510 517 524 531 537
1840..... 412 419 425 432 439 446 452 459 466 473 479 486 493 500 506 513 520 527 533 540
1850.....414 421 428 435 441 448 455 462 468 475 482 489 496 502 509 516 52) 530 536 543
1860..... 416 42)3 430 437 444 451 457 464 471 478 485 491 498 505 512 519 526 532 539 546
1870..... 419 425 432 439 446 453 460 467 474 480 487 494 501 508 515 522 528 535 542 549
1880..... 421 428 435 442 4148 455 462 469 476 483 490 497 504 511 517 524 531 538 545 552
1890..... 423 430 437 444 451 458 465 472 479 486 492 499 506 513 520 527 534 541 548 555
1900..... 425 432 439 46 453 460 467 1474 481 488 495 502 509 516 523 530 537 544 551 558
1910..... 428 435 442 449 456 463 470 477 484 491 498 505 512 519 526 533 540 547 554 561
1920.....430 437 444 451 458 465 472 479 486 493 500 507 514 521 528 536 543 550 557 564
1930.....4 32 439 446 453 60 467 475 482 489 496 503 510 517 524 531 538 545 552 560 567
1940.....434 441 449 456 463 470 477 484 491 498 506 513 520 527 534 541 548 555 562 570
1950..... 437 444 451 458 465 472 479 487 494 501 508 515 522 530 537 544 551 558 565 573
1960..... 439 446 453 460 468 475 482 489 496 504 511 518 525 532 539 547 554 561 568 575
1970..... 441 448 455 463 470 477 484 492 499 506 513 521 528 035 542 549 557 564 571 578
1980..... 443 451 458 465 472 480 487 494 501 509 516 523 530 538 545 552 560 567 574 581
1990..... 446 453 460 467 475 482 489 497 504 511 519 526 533 540 548 555 562 570 577 584
2000..... 448 455 462 470 477 484 492 499 506 514 521 528 536 543 550 558 565 573 580 587
2010..... 450 457 465 472 . 479 487 494 502 509 516 524 531 538 546 553 561 568 575 583 590
2020..... 452 460 467 474 482 489 497 504 512 519 526 534 541 549 556 563 571 578 586 593
2030..... 454 462 469 477 484 492 499 507 514 522 529 536 544 551 559 566 574 581 589 596
2040..... 457 464 472 479 487 494 502 509 517 524 532 539 547 5541 562 569 576 584 591 599
2050..... 459 466 474 482 489 497 504 512 519 527 534 542 549 557 564 572 579 587 594 602
2060..... 461 469 476 484 491 499 507 514 522 529 537 544 552 559 567 575 582 590 597 605
2070..... 463 471 479 486 494 501 509 517 524 532 539 547 555 562 570 577 585 593 609 608
2080..... 466 473 481 489 496 504 511 519 527 534 542 550 557 565 573 580 588 595 603 611
2090..... 468 476 483 491 499 506 514 522 529 537 545 552 560 568 575 58) 591 598 606 614
2100..... 470 478 486 493 501 509 516 524 532 539 547 555 563 570 578 586 593 601 609 617
2110..... 472 480 488 196 503 511 519 527 534 542 550 558 565 573 581 589 596 604 612 619
2120:.... 475 482 490 498 506 514 521 529 537 545 552 560 568 576 584 591 599 607 615 622
2130..... 477 485 492 500 508 516 524 532 539 547 555 56) 571 578 586 594 602 610 618 625
2140..... 479 487 495 503 510 518 526 534 542 550 558 565 57) 581 589 597 605 613 620 628
2150..... 481 489 497 505 513 521 529 537 544 552 560 568 576 584 592 600 608 615 623 631
2160..... 484 491 499 507 515 523 531 539 547 555 563 571 579 587 595 602 610 618 626 634
2170..... 486 494 502 510 518 526 534 542 550 557 565 573 581 589 597 605 613 621 629 637
2180..... 488 496 501 512 520 528 536 544 552 560 568 576 584 592 600 608 616 624 632 640
2190..... 490 498 506 514 522 530 538 547 555 563 571 579 587 595 603 611 619 627 635 643
2200..... 49) 501 509 517 525 533 541 549 557 565 57) 581 589 597 606 614 622 630 638 646
2210.... 495 503 511 519 527 535 543 552 560 568 576 584 592 600 608 616 625 633 641 649
2220..... 497 505 513 521 530 538 546 554 562 570 578 587 595 603 611 619 627 635 644 652
2230..... 499 507 516 524 532 540 548 557 565 573 581 589 597 606 614 622 630 638 647 655
224 0..... 501 510 518 526 534 543 551 559 567 575 584 592 600 608 617 625 633 641 649 658
2250.....504 512 520 528 537 545 55) 562 570 578 586 595 60) 611 619 628 636 644 652 66i
2260..... 506 514 523 531 539 547 556 564 572 581 589 597 605 614 622 630 639 647 655 664
2270..... 508 517 525 533 $42 550 558 567 575 583 591 600 608 616 625 633 641 650 658 666
2280..... 510 519 527 536 544 552 561 569 577 586 594 602 611 619 628 636 644 653 661 669
2290..... 51) 521 529 538 546 555 56) 571 580 588 597 605 614 622 630 639 647 656 664 672
2300..... 515 523 532 540 549 557 566 574 582 591 599 608 616 625 63 642 650 658 667 675
2310..... 517 526 534 543 551 560 568 576 585 593 602 610 6t9 627 636 1a4 653 661 670 678
2320..... 519 528 536 545 553 562 570 579 587 596 605 613 622 630 639 647 656 664 67) 681
2330 .... 522 530 539 547 556 564 57) 581 590 599 607 616 624 6)3 641 650 658 667 676 684
2340...524 532 541 550 558 567 575 584 593 601 610 618 627 635 644 65) 661 670 678 687
2350 .... 526 535 54) 552 561 569 578 586 595 604 612 621 630 638 647 655 664 67) 681 690
2360..... 528 537 546 554 563 572 580 589 598 606 615 624 632 641 650 658 667 676 684 693
2370..... 531 539 548 557 565 574 583 591 600 609 618 626 635 644 652 661 670 678 687 696
2380..... 533 542 550 559 568 576 585 591 60) 611 620 629 638 646 655 664 67) 681 690 699
2390..... 535 544 553 561 570 579 588 596 605 614 62) 632 640 649 658 667 675 684 693 702
2400..... 537 546 555 564 573 581 590 599 608 617 625 634 645 652 661 669 678 6487 696 705
Table 7
PRESSURE AT Z ME7TERS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF 900 m b.
-200
lii I I if I I--
835
E
1850
855
875
880
-20o
-100
Mean Virtual Temperature �C
S/anting lines represent elevations of Z meters (0.98 dynamic meters) above the level of the 900 mb surface
-40o
i. " "' "
10o 20o 30o
S-23
810
815
820
810
- 820
895
son
-30'
i 900
30a
X835
mu
oqo
O aw
i&-s
8601
1975
885
-30�
-10�
Table 8
PRESSURE AT E METERS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF 800 mb.
S30� - 20� -10 � 0� 10�
- N - - -ll -
:t
20 30�
700
1I 705
715
7/25
730
735
740
745
750
755
770
780
I II I I 780
785 785
100
790 790
r iT T T
S795
800 i 800
30�
S-24
-400
700
705.
725
730
740 -zE
755
760
- 300 - 20� 100 0� 10� 20�
Mean Virtual Temperature �C
Slaonting lines represent e/evohions of Znmefers (098do'nomic me/ern) above the level of the 800mb surface
IT'+
__
+ ,.r
,I I i i v I w I
f~f~f~~
I F-
"71
141 1---l I
1,
.41
710
715"
__t
~T1I
7
Cfff~
-.....
1:11L 1 -'
T
It i T-
I I I I I
_T
745
ann7
765
775 1
775
-400
Table 9
PRESSURE AT Z METERS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF 700mb.
-40 -30� -20 -10" n"
60.....600
-
61 60
6150"
615
62-0;- 6
625l
615 ! - -+635j
64 615
----
- - I- pp - I
I T:
625 655
i 1.
i -Ti
I !
640 I 64
5 _
t } - - - -
675
-r 2O'
+HJt
rQC
1I '
+ -~~--~ -4t -4 -~660
~0iii
_ _
I I "
-4 665
. -
675
680
- - - - 685
685
690
HiA
-40* -30 -20� -10� 0� 10
Mean Virtual Temperature �C
Slantin9 lines represent elevations ofZ meters (098 dynamic meters) above the level of the 700mb surface
S-25
-5o*
690
695
20
L-- I --L-
6ml 1 1
665
bi
d . . . I /W
rNr 50
10� 201
Table 10
PRESSURE AT 2 METERS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF 600 mb.
o50
-30
- P
0o� 10� 2
I I0 i
-"-L TN..II"N.I T .LIG4q:I'I',7, 505'
Th~
H. i
515
520
525
550
555
560
565
570
585
590
595
-40 -30� -20 -o10 0 10
Mean Virtual Temperature �C
S/onting ines represent e/evations of Z meters (098 dynamic meters) above the level of the 600mb surface
200
520
q~tc~zllt:: 525
S-26
JEiimr"
-50�
cv - 1V
505
5n
*-4 i _ T!-l-
I~E-I6I1 4~Q~rt~f~~
~Writ~
fii-:
Ll
I
53 * I : I
u! 117t!:6
530
535
040
irt ice
t"n
565
5i7n
1580
5%1
5951
Table II
PRESSURE AT Z METERS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF 500 mb.
-50 -40� -30� -20� -10
J I J li" l l t-stI > I R l L IR- ! I, I -IR I ->4 1 1 1 1lk! ,1 I It -J
425
1- --
~50 - 40* - 30o -200 - 10
Mean Virtual Temperature �C
Slanting lines represent elevations of Z meters (098 dynamic meters) above the /eve/ of the 500mb surface
405
410
S-27
0. 10o00
435
425
- 445
an
435
440
445
46c
465
470
4bb55
460
4651
490
495
4/U
475
480
seoL
50 Ce
-60�
I I I I I I I I 15
em"
i 1n40
A t
fTTITRTNT ~I
MI NJ T NJ'N4 ME1
r,--- - 7 l-
4/7
Table 12.
PRESSURE AT Z METERS BELOW THE LEVEL OF 800mA
- 300 _ 200 - 100 00 100
800
20 30�
S I I I I r I T T 80
805
S810
I'llI I I r rjT
815t
820
200
825
830
820
830
835
840
845
L 1 t ;- t I, - 5 00
860 860
f-
1 f
8GG 865
. . . . . . . . . .... . . . i;,' -
870 870
-- - --- - - - - -. .---
875 875
880 a00 I--880
/ I
885 885
14
890 t -- "890
.-- --.
895 ; 895
900 ....o900
0o0...0 n0
S-28
-300- 20� - 10' 10� 20
Mean Virtual Temperature �C
S/on!ny /nes represen/ e/evohons of Zmeters (Q098d ynom/c reefers) be/ow the level of the 80Omb. surfoce
TET"LUTT
805 , , ,,.,,, Ti
=_
IE~~~fa~
610I I I I ri i I I i i i E i I I -i I i "t+- -- -
-- .t- -t-
L 1 1 I -- --- -----t-' t -I I I 1 ! I I I 1 f I "I I T I 1L I 1 1 1 I I 1 --J---+ -1"'f
! I I 1 1 - -i I I 1 I 1 ; 1 ' '
1 I I I 1 l 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I .
~E~E~i
-It --t- -- -1
8353
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T 7- T ~
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855
L-LLC
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LO o - 0 O- NML c O-NM=f't00 (p00100 O- gMI w cgffg, o 0C> NMI OcD 00m O N
O NN N NNN NN NN NN00 NN NN000V00 0" 0003 M C Mt M 000 t
t 000000 mo C*4co n 0 000 o - oooO 0000ntD 000 00 c to0000 000 NMI tD O0 0 o 0 MI
P PPPP PP 00000 a aa a o 0 2 00a0 a a-- -00000 -00000- 00000
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O NNNNN N NN NNNN NNNNN "000 0 DNN-NN-N-N-NN- N-N-N-N-N N-NMN-N-N N-N-MMM
p0 0 0000 0 - - PP P RP NP PP000P 0 0 0 OC 0 0N0O0 0 00 co N- O 00 W0 00 oN-0 000 0
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Table 15
PRESSURE-ALTITUDE CHART
5000
4000-
3000
2000 -
E
000
0 -
as
1 "000
For (1) and (2).-H is first measured off the linear
scale at the left. This distance is laid along the ap-
propriate t line with oneend placed at Po (or P). P (or Po)
may then be read off at the other end.
For (3)-To find 6H, the distance between the
known P and Po values on the appropriate t.
line is measured with the aid of the scale o
at the left. The scale reading corre-
sponding to that distance repre- .�-1lIlH
sentsal o-11111L-
Mean Virtual Temperature-C(C.)
S-31
Mb.
1600oo
This chart involves four related quantities:
P -Pressure at the top of the given
air column Prepsreetdb
given air column
P � Prssr at tehtn tHeigrifepreneb
oH -Difference i height (0.98 geo- Hei drnce
dynamic meters) between top masued y
and bottom of air column means of scale
at the left.
Mean virtual
t. -Mean virtual temperature of the tenmperature
air column represehted by
vertical lines
This chart has the following principal applications:
((1) P ifPo, H andt.)
To compute (2) Poif P, and are known.
o(3ff if P, Po and - i
1650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
S-32
mN7
Q
m
0 4
4A
am
o
A m
mg
o~
W 0
0 (D
Leo
! m D a
w 42
tiro
13
! o A
F 60
m .tl
N w
p
U m
(D N- d Lt o ~ONC O o Co r-WOMI -4 C M N(.0 O W CMQCr-+Nt t O t o CDOr-W M D t-4NtM cO OtoNC C Ot t OCMt OCOO- to0r+NMKtL . t- 4 t O to r-, N C O
mM tototo COCOCOCOCOCCC"tOCOCOCOCnotl0oCoCotoLoU) OOO toCCOOOCCO ONNh\NtoN~-.NoCoCoCooco C0OCOOCO
V N 0
0) 0) I
to \ ON!
\ I
\\ \
\ \
N ______ _____ N
C) 4))) 0~tI o 0
\ \ \ \ \0O O \\\ O \ \000:)f
_ _ _ N
r C C l lI
L
o66Z
.L6Z
I56Z
oLRZ
0
LO
0)
I
U
zW
0
0 U
U
I-
z
w
(In
~IIIIYI
w \
I
l
X k \ \ \ k \ \ I \ 1 \ 1, \, ', \ 3,d \ \ X, \,, \ '\ 1 '\ \\ Nv '\ 1 '\ \ I \ 31K
-A--
-L\
\1
1\
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\ \
i
II _-
T
_
S-33
(qw) 3JflSS3ad
0 0
0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
crt o o o 4 0 00 t�
NV 0 00 0 0 0 0
LO 0000 0 0
LO 00N o
0
U)
(W~
_w
VZ0
U
z
0 Q
w-
LO
60�
o-LOI
p 0 CC 0 cC 0O
M M r-4CC t a
"613388 0 - 45 - 9
S-34
Ur
w -J
wls
* .
A-'C
00
[l f [L t 1 ~E L E ~ E LE 11111 I
(%) ~~4IPIWflH *AI4DI0~ S -35
0
o
o 0 0 0
iC) 0 o
U
H
C)
w
-J
W
z
w
I
Ct) 0
0
H
w.
0
0
0
0
0
>ci: ,~,
w r') a.
E
4)
I-
HU)
0
0 0 0
~ 0
'B
S LLJ
0
C~J
a
-I-- ~'
~w .2
z~
0
w
0::
LL
0
Cl)
w
-J
z
uj
$ -
0
0 0
N - 0
C.)
H
C.)
U r')
-J
U
z
U
I
0
(I) N
U
H
0
U 0
a-
wo
HZ
H
~a-ooc~c
0
0
I~
N
>U) ~
H- ~
1W o.2
I..
0
>0 0
~LL
U
0
-J
z
U
Table 21
FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURES
�F. .0 . I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
+120
119
118
117
116
+115
11i4
113
112
III
+110
109
108
107
106
+105
104
103
102
101
+100
99
98
97
96
+ 95
94
93
92
91
+ 90
89
88
87
86
+ 85
84
83
82
81
+ 80
79
78
77
76
+ 75
74
73
72
71
+ 70
69
e8
67
66
+ 65
611
63
62
61
S -37
�C. �c. OC. OC. OCc.
+48.89 +48.94 +49.00 +49.06 +49.11
48.33 48.39 48.44 48.50 48.56
47.78 47.83 47.89 47.94 48.00
47.22 47.28 47.33 47.39 47.44
46.67 46.72 46.78 46.83 46.89
+46.11 +46.17 +46.22 +46.28 +46.33
45.56 45.61 45.67 45.72 45.78
45.00 45.06 45.11 45.17 45.22
44.44 44.50 44.56 44.61 44.67
43.89 43.9 4 44.00 44.06 44.11
+43.33 43.39 +43.44 +43.50 +43.56
42.78 42.83 42.89 42.94 43.00
42.22 42.28 42.33 42.39 42.144
41.67 41.72 41.78 41.83 41.89
41.11 41.17 41.22 41.28 41.33
+40.56 +40.61 +40.67 +40.72 +40.78
40.00 ( 40.06 40.11 40.17 40.22
39.44 39.50 39.56 39.61 39.67
38.89 38.94 39.00 39.06 39.11
38.33 38.39 38.44 38.50 38.56
+37.78 +37.83 +37.89 +37.94 +38.00
37.22 37.28 37.33 37.39 37.44
36.67 36.72 36.78 36.83 36.89
36.11 36.17 36.22 36.28 36.33
35.56 35.61 35.67 35.72 35.78
+35.00 +35.06 +35. 11 +35.17 +35.22
34.44 34.50 34.56 34.61 34.67
33.89 33.94 34.00 34.06 34.11
33.33 33.39 33.44 33.50 33.56
32.78 32.83 32.89 32.94 33.00
+32.22 +32.28 +32.33 +32.39 +32. 44
31.67 31.72 31.78 31.83 31.89
31.11 31.17 31.22 31.28 31.33
30.56 30.61 30.67 30.72 30.78
30.00 30.06 30.11 30.17 30.22
+29.44 +29.50 +29.56 +29.61 +29.67
28.89 28.94 29.00 29.06 29. 11
28.33 28.39 28.44 28.50 28.56
27.78 27.83 27.89 27.94 28.00
27.22 27.28 27.33 27.39 27.44
+26.67 +26.72 +26.78 +26.83 +26.89
26.11 26.17 26.22 26.28 26.33
25.56 25.61 25.67 25.72 25.78
25.00 25.06 25. IL 25.17 25.22
24.44 24.50 24.56 24.61 24.67
+23.89 +23.94 +24.00 +24.06 +24. 11
23.33 23.39 23.44 23.50 23.56
22.78 22.83 22.89 22.94 23.00
22.22 22.28 22.33 22.39 22.44
21.67 21.72 21.78 21.83 21.89
+21.11 +21.17 +21.22 +21.28 +21.33
20.56 20.61 20.67 20.72 20.78
20.00 20.06 20. 11 20.17 20.22
19.1.. 19.50 19.56 19.61 19.67
18.89 18.94. 19.00 19.06 19.11
+18.33 +18.39 +18.44 +18.50 +18.56
17.78 17.83 17.89 17.94 18.00
17.22 17.28 17.33 17.39 17.41
16.67 16.72 16.78 16.83 16.89
16.11 16.17 16.22 16.28 16.33
oC. oC. OC. oc. Oc.
+49.17 +49.22 +49.28 +49.33 +49.39
48.61 48.67 48.72 48.78 48.83
48.06 48.11 48.17 48.22 48.28
47.50 47.56 47.61 47.67 47.72
46.94 47.00 47.06 47.11I 47.17
+46.39 +46.44 +46.50 +46.56 +46.61
45.83 45.89 45.9 4 46.00 46.06
45.28 45.33 45.39 45.144 45.50
144.72 44.78 44.83 44.89 44.94
44.17 44.22 44.28 44.33 44.39
+43.61 +43.67 +43.72 +43.78 +43.83
43.06 43.11 43.17 43.22 43.28
42.50 42.56 42.6 I 42.67 42.72
41.94 42.00 42.06 42.11 42.17
41.39 41. 44 41.50 41.56 41.61
+40.83 +40.89 +40.94 +41 .00 +41.06
40.28 40.33 -40.39 40.144 40.50
39.72 39.78 39.83 39.89 39.94
39.17 39.22 39.28 39.33 39.39
38.61 38.67 38.72 38.78 38.83
+38.06 +38.11 +38.17 +38.22 +38.28
37.50 37.56 37.61 37.67 37.72
36.94 37.00 37.06 37. 11 37.17
36.39 36.44 36.50 36.56 36.61
35.83 35.89 35.94 36.00 36.03
+35.28 +35.33 +35.39 +35.44 +35.50
34.72 34.78 34.83 34.89 34.94
34. 17 34.22 34.28 34.33 34.39
33.61 33.67 33.72 33.78 33.83
33.06 33.11 33.17 33.22 33.28
+32.50 +32.56 +32.61 +32.67 +32.72
31.94 32.00 32.06 32.11 32.17
31.39 31.44 31.50 31.56 31.61
30.83 30.89 30.94 31.00 31.06
30.28 30.33 30.39 30.44 30.50
+29.72 +29.78 +29.83 +29.89 +29.94
29.17 29.22 29.28 29.33 29.39
28.61 28.67 28.72 28.78 28.83
28.06 28.11 28.17 28.22 28.28
27.50 27.56 27.61 27.67 27.72
+26.94 +27.00 +27.06 +27.11 +27.17
26.39 26.44 26.50 26.56 26.61
25.83 25.89 25.94 26.00 26.06
25.28 25.33 25.39 25.44 25.50
24.72 24.78 24.83 24.89 24.94
+24.17 +24.22 +24.28 +24.33 +24.39
23.61 23.67 23.72 23.78 23.83
23.06 23.11 23.17 23.22 23.28
22.50 22.56 22.61 22.67 22.72
21.94 22.00 22.06 22.11 22.17
+21.39 +21.44 +21.50 +21.56 +21.61
20.83 20.89 20.94 21.00 21.06
20.28 20.33 20.39 20.44 20.50
19.72 19.78 19.83 19.89 19.9
19.17 19.22 19.28 19.33 19.39
+18.61 +l8.67 +18.72 +18.78 +18.83
18.06 18.11 18.17 18.22 18.28
17.50 17.56 17.61 17.67 17.72
16.91 17.00 17.06 17. 1I 17.17
16.39 16.14 16.50 16.56 16.61
I I _
Table 21
FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURES
oF. .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
+60
59
58
57
56
+55
54
53
52
51
+50
49
48
47
46
+45
44
43
42
41
+40
39
38
37
36
+35
34
33
32
31
+30
29
28
27
26
+25
24
23
22
21
+20
19
18
17
16
+15
14
13
12
II
+10
9
8
7
6
+5
4
3
2
I
+ 0
oc. oc. oc. oc. oC.
+15.56 +15.61 +15.67 +15.72 +15.78
15.00 15.06 15.11 15.17 15.22
14.44 14.50 14.56 14.61 14.67
13.89 13.94 14.00 14.06 14.11
13.33 13.39 13.44 13.50 13.56
+12.78 +12.83 +12.89 +12.94 +13.00
12.22 12.28 12.33 12.39 12.44
11.67 II .72 11.78 11.83 11.89
11.11 11.17 11.22 11.28 11.33
10.56 10.61 10.67 10.72 10.78
+10.00 +10.06 +10. II +10.17 +10.22
9.44 9.50 9.56 9.61 9.67
8.89 8.94 9.00 9.06 9.11
8.33 8.39 8.44 8.50 8.56
7.78 7.83 7.89 7.94 8.00
+ 7.22 + 7.28 + 7.33 + 7.39 + 7.44
6.67 6.72 6.78 6.83 6.89
6. 11 6.17 6.22 6.28 6.33
5.56 5.6 I 5.67 5.72 5.78
5.00 5.06 5.II 5.17 5.22
+ 4.44 + 4.50 + 4.56 + 4.61 + 4.67
3.89 3.94 4.00 4.06 4. 11i
3.33 3.39 3.44 3.50 3.56
2.78 2.83 2.89 2.94 3.00
2.22 2.28 2.33 2.39 2.44
+ 1.67 + 1.72 + 1.78 + 1.83 + 1.89
+ 1.11 + 1.17 + 1.22 + 1.28 + 1.33
+ 0.56 + 0.61 + 0.67 + 0.72 + 0.78
0.00 + 0.06 + 0.11 + 0.17 + 0.22
- 0.56 - 0.50 - 0.44 - 0.39 - 0.33
- I.II - 1.06 - 1.00 - 0.94 - 0.89
1.67 1.61 1.56 1.50 1.44
2.22 2.17 2. 11 2.06 2.00
2.78 2.72 2.67 2.61 2.56
3.33 3.28 3.22 3.17 3.11
- 3.89 - 3.83 - 3.78 - 3.72 - 3.67
4.44 4.39 4.33 4.28 4.22
5.00 4.94 4.89 4.83 4.78
5.56 5.50 5.44 5.39 5.33
6. 11 6.06 6.00 5.94 5.89
- 6.67 - 6.61 - 6.56 - 6.50 - 6.44
7.22 7.17 7. 11 7.06 7.00
7.78 7.72 7.67 7.61 7.56
8.33 8.28 8.22 8.17 8. 11
8.89 8.83 8.78 8.72 8.67
- 9.44 - 9.39 - 9.33 - 9.28 - 9.22
10.00 9.94 9.89 9.83 9.78
10.56 10.50 10.44 10.39 10.33
I I. 1 1 11.06 11.00 10.94 10.89
I 1.67 11.61 11 .56 11.50 11.44
-12.22 -12.17 -12. II -12.06 -12.00
12.78 12.72 12.67 12.61 12.56
13.33 13.28 13.22 13.17 13.11
13.89 13.83 13.78 13.72 13.67
14.44 14.39 14.33 14.28 14.22
-15.00 -14.94 -14.89 -14.83 -14.78
15.56 15.50 15.44 15.39 15.33
16. 1I 16.06 16.00 15.94 15.89
16.67 16.6 1 16.56 16.50 16.44
17.22 17.17 17. II 17.06 17.00
17.78 17.72 17.67 17.6 I 17.56
S-38
oc. oc. oc. oC. oc.
+15.83 +15.89 +15.94 +16.00 +16.06
15.28 15.33 15.39 15.44 15.50
14.72 14.78 14.83 14.89 14.94
14.17 I4.22 14.28 i4.33 14.39
13.61 13.67 13.72 13.78 13.83
+13.06 +13.11 +13.17 +13.22 +13.28
12.50 12.56 12.61 12.67 12.72
11.94 12.00 12.06 12. 11 12.17
11.39 11I.44 11.50 11.56 11.61
10.83 10.89 10.94 11.00 11.06
+10.28 +10.33 +10.39 +10.44 +10.50
9.72 9.78 9.83 9.89 9.94
9.17 9.22 9.28 9.33 9.39
8.61 8.67 8.72 8.78 8.83
8.06 8.11 8.17 8.22 8.28
+ 7.50 '+ 7.56 + 7.61 + 7.67 + 7.72
6.94 7.00 7.06 7.11 7.17
6.39 6.44 6.50 6.56 6.61
5.83 5.89 5.94 6.00 6.06
5.28 5.33 5.39 5.44 5.50
+ 4.72 + 4.78 + 4.83 + 4.89 + 4.94
4.17 4.22 4.28 4.33 4.39
3.61 3.67 3.72 3.78 3.83
3.06 3. 11i 3.17 3.22 3.28
2.50 2.56 2.61 2.67 2.72
+ 1.94 + 2.00 + 2.06 + 2.11 + 2.17
+ 1.39 + 1.44 + 1.50 + 1.56 + 1.61
+ 0.83 + 0.89 + 0.94 + 1.00 + 1.06
+ 0.28 + 0.33 + 0.39 + 0.44 + 0.50
- 0.28 - 0.22 - 0.17 - 0.11 - 0.06
-0.83 - 0.78 - 0.72 - 0.67 - 0.61
1.39 1.33 1.28 1.22 1.17
1.94 1.89 1.83 1.78 1.72
2.50 2.44 2.39 2.33 2.28
3.06 3.00 2.94 2.89 2.83
- 3.61 - 3.56 - 3.50 - 3.44 - 3.39
4.17 4.II 4.06 4.00 3.94
4.72 4.67 4.6 I 4.56 4.50
5.28 5.22 5.17 5. 11 5.06
5.83 5.78 5.72 5.67 5.6 I
- 6.39 - 6.33 6.28 - 6.22 - 6.17
6.94 6.89 6.83 6.78 6.72
7.50 7.44 7.39 7.33 7.28
8.06 8.00 7.94 7.89 7.83
8.61 8.56 8.50 8.44 8.39
-9.17 - 9.11 - 9.06 -9.00 - 8.94
9.72 9.67 9.61 9.56 9.50
10.28 10.22 10.17 10. 11 10.06
10.83 I0.,78 10.72 10.67 10.6 I
I 1.39 11.33 11.28 11.22 I I.17
-11.94 -11.89 -I 1.83 -I .78 -I .72
12.50 12.44 12.39 12.33 12.28
13.06 13.00 12.94 12.89 12.83
13.61I 13.56 13.50 13.44 13.39
14.17 14.11 '4.06 '4.00 13.94
-14.72 -14.67 -1'4.6 I -14.56 -I4.50
15.28 15.22 15.17 15. II 15.06
15.83 15.78 15.72 15.67 15.61
16.39 16.33 16.28 16.22 16. 17
16.94 16.89 16.83 16.78 16.72
17.50 17.44 17.39 17.33 17.28
I _ _ _
S-39
Table 21
FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURES
OF. .0 .I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
-0
I
2
3
4
-5
6
7
8
9
-10
II
12
13
14
-15
16
17
18
19
-20
21
22
23
24
-25
26
27
28
29
-30
31
32
33
34
-35
36
37
38
39
-40
41
42
43
44
-45
46
47
48
49
-50
51
52
53
54
-55
56
57
58
59
T
r
1 __ .1 _
�C. O�C. oC. O�C. OC.
-17.78 -17.83 -17.89 -17.94 -18.00
18.33 18.39 18.44 18.50 18.56
18.89 18.94 19.00 19.06 19. 11
19.44 19.50 19.56 19.6 1 19.67
20.00 20.06 20.II 20.17 20.22
-20.56 -20.61 -20.67 -20.72 -20.78
21.11 21.17 21.22 21.28 21.33
21.67 21.72 21.78 21.83 21.89
22.22 22.28 22.33 22.39 22.44
22.78 22.83 22.89 22.94 23.00
-23.33 -23.39 -23.44 -23.50 -23.56
23.89 23.94 24.00 24.06 24. 11
24.44 24.50 24.56 24.6 I 24.67
25.00 25.06 25. II 25.17 25.22
25.56 25.6 I 25.67 25.72 25.78
-26.11 -26.17 -26.22 -26.28 -26.33
26.67 26.72 26.78 26.83 26.89
27.22 27.28 27.33 27.39 27.44
27.78 27.83 27.89 27.94 28.00
28.33 28.39 28.44 28.50 28.56
-28.89 -28.94 -29.00 -29.06 -29.11
29.44 29.50 29.56 29.6 I 29.67
30.00 30.06 30.11 30.17 30.22
30.56 30.61 30.67 30.72 30.78
31.11 31.17 31.22 31.28 31.33
-31.67 -31.72 -31.78 -31.83 -31.89
32.22 32.28 32.33 32.39 32.44
32.78 32.83 32.89 32.94 33.00
33.33 33.39 33.44 33.50 33.56
33.89 33.94 34.00 34.06 34.11
-34.44 -34.50 -34.56 -34.6 I -34.67
35.00 35.06 35. 11 35.17 35.22
35.56 35.61 35.67 35.72 35.78
36. 11 36.17 36.22 36.28 36.33
36.67 36.72 36.78 36.83 36.89
-37.22 -37.28 -37.33 -37.39 -37.44
37.78 37.83 37.89 37.94 38.00
38.33 38.39 38.44 38.50 38.56
38.89 38.94 39.00 39.06 39.11
39.44 39.50 39.56 39.61 39.67
-40.00 -40.06 -40. 11 -40.17 -40.22
40-56 40.61 40.67 40.72 40.78
41.11 41.17 41.22 41.28 41.33
41.67 41.72 41.78 41.83 41.89
42.22 42.28 42.33 42.39 42.44
-42.78 -42.83 -42.89 -42.94 -43.00
43.33 43.39 43.44 43.50 43.56
43.89 43.94 44.00 44.06 44. 11
44.44 44.50 44.56 44.61 44.67
45.00 45.06 45.11 45.17 45.22
-45.56 -45.61 -45.67 -45.72 -45.78
46. 11 46.17 46.22 46.28 46.33
46.67 46.72 46.78 46.83 46.89
47.22 47.28 47.33 47.39 47.44
47.78 47.83 47.89 47.94 48.00
-48.33 -C8.39 -48.44 -48.50 -48.56
48.89 48.94 49.00 49.06 49. 11
49.44 49.50 49.56 49.61 49.67
50.00 50.06 50. II 50. 17 50.22
50.56 50.6 1 50.67 50.72 50.78
oC. oc. oC. oC. oc.
-18.06 -18. 11 -18.17 -18.22 -18.28
18.61 18.67 18.72 18.78 18.88
19.17 19.22 19.28 19.33 19.39
19.72 19.78 19.83 19.89 19.94
20.28 20.33 20.39 20.44 20.50
-20.83 -20.89 -20.94 -21.00 -21.06
21.39 21.44 21.50 21.56 21.61
21.94 22.00 22.06 22.11 22.17
22.50 22.56 22.61 22.67 22.72
23.06 23.11 23.17 23.22 23.28
-23.61 -23.67 -23.72 -23.78 -23.83
24.17 24.22 24.28 24.33 24.39
24.72 24.78 24.83 24.89 24.94
25.28 25.33 25.39 25.44 25.50
25.83 25.89 25.94 26.00 26.06
-26.39 -26.44 -26.50 -26.56 -26.61I
26.94 27.00 27.06 27. 11 27.17
27.50 27.56 27.61 27.67 27.72
28.06 28. 11 28.17 28.22 28.28
28.6 1 28.67 28.72 28.78 28.83
-29.17 -29.22 -29.28 -29.33 -29.39
29.72 29.78 29.83 29.89 29.94
30.28 30.33 30.39 30.44 30.50
30.83 30.89 30.94 31.00 31.06
31.39 31.44 31.50 31.56 31.61
-31.94 -32.00 -32.06 -32.11 -32.17
32.50 32.56 32.6 I 32.67 32.72
33.06 33.11 33.17 33.22 33.28
33.6 1 33.67 33.72 33.78 33.83
34.17 34.22 34.28 34.33 34.39
-34.72 -34.78 -34.83 -34.89 -34.94
35.28 35.33 35.39 35.44 35.50
35.83 35.89 35.94 36.00 36.06
36.39 36.44 36.50 36.56 36.6 I
36.94 37.00 37.06 37. II 37.17
-37.50 -37.56 -37.61 -37.67 -37.72
38.06 38. 11 38.17 38.22 38.28
38.6 I 38.67 38.72 38.78 38.83
39.17 39.22 39.28 39.33 39.39
39.72 39.78 39.83 39.89 39.94
-40.28 -40.33 -40.39 -40.44 -40.50
40.83 40.89 40.94 41.00 41,06
41.39 41.44 41.50 41.56 41.61
41.94 42.00 42.06 42.11 42.17
42.50 42.56 42.6 1 42.67 42.72
-43.06 -43. 11 -43.17 -43.22 -43.28
43.61 43.67 43.72 43.78 43.83
44.17 44.22 44.28 44.33 44.39
44.72 44.78 44.83 44.89 44.94
45.28 45.33 45.39 45.44 45.50
-45.83 -45.89 -45.94 -46.00 -46.06
46.39 46.44 46.50 46.56 46.6 I
46.94 47.00 47.06 47.11 47.17
47.50 47.56 47.61 47.67 47.72
48.06 48.11 48.17 48.22 48.28
-48.61 -48.67 -48.72 -48.78 -48.83
49.17 49.22 49.28 49.33 49.39
49.72 49.78 49.83 49.89 49.94
50.28 50.33 50.39 50.44 50.50
50.83 50.89 50.94 51.00 51.06
Table 21
FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURES
OF. .0 . .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9,
- 60
61
62
63
614
- 65
66
67
68
69
- 70
71
72
73
74
- 75
76
77
78
79
- 80
81
82
83
84
- 85
86
87
88
89
- 90
91
92
93
911
- 95
96
97
98
99
-100
10I1
102
103
104
- 105
106
107
108
109
-1 I10
III
112
113
115
116
117
118
119
oC. OC. oc. oC. OC.
-51. 11 -51.17 -51.22 -51.28 -51.33
51.67 51.72 51.78 51.83 51.89
52.22 52.28 52.33 52.39 52,44
52.78 52.83 52.89 52.94 53.00
53.33 53.39 53.44 53.50 53.56
-53.89 -53.94 -54.00 -54.06 -54. 11
54.44 54.50 54.56 54.6 I 54.67
55.00 55,06 55. 11 55.17 55.22
55.56 55.6 I 55.67 55.72 55.78
56. 11 56.17 56.22 56.28 56.33
-56.67 -56.72 -56.78 -56.83 -56.89
57.22 57.28 57.33 57.39 57.44
57.78 57.83 57.89 57.94 58.00
58.33 58.39 58.44 58.50 58.56
58.89 58.94 59.00 59.06 59. I1
-59.44 -59.50 -59.56 -59.6 I -59.67
60.00 60.06 60.11 60.17 60.22
60.56 60.61 60.67 60.72 60.78
61.11 61.17 61.22 61.28 61.33
61.67 61.72 61.78 61.83 61.89
-62.22 -62.28 -62.33 -62.39 -62.44
62,78 62.83 62.89 62.94 63.00
63.33 63.39 63.44 63.50 63.56
63.89 63.94 64.00 64.06 64. 11
64.44 64.50 64.56 64.61 64.67
-65.00 -65.06 -65.11 -65.17 -65.22
65.56 65.61 65.67 65.72 65.78
66. 11 66.17 66.22 66.28 66.33
66.67 66.72 66.78 66.83 66.89
67.22 67.28 67.33 67.39 67.44
-67.78 -67.83 -67.89 -67.94 -68.00
68.33 68.39 68.44 68.50 68.56
68.89 68.94 69.00 69.06 69. I!
69.44 69.50 69.56 69.61 69.67
70.00 70.06 70. II 70.17 70.22
-70.56 -70.6 I -70.67 -70.72 -70.78
7 1. 11 71.17 71.22 71.28 71.33
71.67 71.72 71.78 71.83 71.89
72.22 72.28 72.33 72.39 72.44
72.78 72.83 72.89 7'?.94 73.00
-73.33 -73.39 -73.44 -73.50 -73.56
73.89 73.94 74.00 74.06 74.11
74.44 74.50 74.56 74.61 74.67
75.00 75.06 75. II 75. 17 75.22
75.66 75.6 I 75.67 75.72 75.78
-76. 11 -76.17 -76.22 -76.28 -76.33
76.67 76.72 76.78 76.83 76.89
77.22 77.28 77.33 77.39 77.44
77.78 77.83 77.89 77.94 78.00
78.33 78.39 78.44 78.50 78.56
-78.89 -78.94 -79.00 -79.06 -79. I1
79.44 79.50 79.56 79.6 I 79.67
80.00 80.06 80. II 80.17 80.22
80.56 80.6 1 80.67 80.72 80.78
81.11 81.17 81.22 81.28 81.33
-8 1.67 -8 1.72 -8 1.78 -81.83 -8 1.89
82.22 82.28 82.33 82.39 82.11
82.78 82.83 82.89 82.91 83.00
83.33 83.39 83.111 83.50 83.56
83.89 83.9 81.00 811.06 81. 11
S-40
1
_1 _
OC. �C. �C. �C. �C.
-51.39 -51.44 -5f.50 -51.56 -51.61
51.94 52.00 52.06 52.11 52.17
52.50 52.56 52.6 I 52.67 52.72
53.06 53.11 53.17 53.22 53.28
53.61 53.67 53.72 53.78 53.83
-54. 17 -54.22 -54.28 -54.33 -54.39
54.72 54.78 54.83 54.89 54.94
55.28 55.33 55.39 55.44 55.50
55.83 55.89 55.94 56.00 56.06
56.39 56.44 56.50 56.56 56.6 I
-56.94 -57.00 -57.06 -57. I1I -57.17
57.50 57.56 57.61 57.67 57.72
58.06 58. I1I 58.17 58.22 58.28
58.61 58.67 58.72 58.78 58.83
59.17 59.22 59.28 59.33 59.39
-59.72 -59.78 -59.83 -59.89 -59.914
60.28 60.33 60.39 60.44 60.50
60.83 60.89 60.914 6 1.00 61.06
61.39 61.44 61.50 61.56 61.61I
61.94 62.00 62.06 62.11I 62.17
-62.50 -62.56 -62.6 I -62.67 -62.72
63.06 63. II 63.17 63.22 63.28
63.6 I 63.67 63.72 63.78 63.83
64.17 64.22 614.28 614.33 64.39
64.72 64.78 64.83 64.89 64.94
-65.28 -65.33 -65.39 -65.44 -65.50
65.83 65.89 65.94 66.00 66.06
66.39 66.44 66.50 66.56 66.6 I
66.914 67.00 67.06 67.11 67.17
67.50 67.56 67.61 67.67 67.72
-68.06 -68. 11 -68. 17 -68.22 -68.28
68.6 I 68.67 68.72 68.78 68.83
69.17 69.22 69.28 69.33 69.39
69.72 69.78 69.83 69.89 69.911
70.28 70.33 70.39 70.144 70.50
-70.83 -70.89 -70.914 -71.00 -71.06
71.39 71.44 71.50 71.56 71.61
71.94 72.00 72.06 72.11 72.17
72.50 72.56 72.61 72.67 72.72
73.06 73. II 73.17 73.22 73.28
-73.61I -73.67 -73.72 -73.78 -73.83
74.17 74.22 74.28 74.33 74.39
74.72 74.78 74.83 74.89 74.94
75.28 75.33 75.39 75.44 75.50
75.83 75.89 75.94 76.00 76.06
-76.39 -76.44 -76.50 -76.56 -76.6 1
76.94 77.00 77.06 77.11 77.17
77.50 77.56 77.6 I 77.67 77.72
78.06 78. II 78.17 78.22 78.28
78.61 78.67 78.72 78.78 78.83
-79.17 -79.22 -79.28 -79.33 -79.39
79.72 79.78 79.83 79.89 79.94
80.28 80.33 80.39 80.44 80.50
80.83 80.89 80.9 81.00 81.06
8i,39 81.141 81.50 81.56 81.6I
-81.914 -82.00 -82.06 -82. II -82.17
82.50 82.56 82.6 I 82.67 82.72
83.06 83.II 83.17 83.22 83.28
83.6 I 83.67 83.72 83.78 83.83
811 17 811.22 811.28 811.33 811.39
S-41
Table 22
CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURES
oC. .0 , . I , .2 .3 . .5 .6 .7 .8 9
+60
59
58
57
56
+55
54
53
52
51
+50
49
48
47
46
+45
44
43
42
41
+40
39
38
37
36
+35
34
33
32
31
+30
29
28
27
26
+25
24
23
22
21
+20
19
18
17
16
+15
I14
13
12
II
OF. OF. OF. OF. �F.
+140.00 +140.18 +140.36 +140.54 +140.72
138.20 138.38 138.56 138.74 138.92
136.40 136.58 136.76 136.94 137.12
134.60 134.78 I 34.96 135. 14 135.32
132.80 132.98 133.16 133.34 133.52
+131.00 +131.18 +131.36 +131.54 +131.72
129.20 129.38 129.56 i 29.74 129.92
127.40 127.58 127.76 127.94 128.12
125.60 125.78 125.96 126.14 126.32
123.80 123.98 124.16 1 24.34 124.52
+122.00 +122.18 +122.36 +122.54 +122.72
120.20 120.38 120.56 120.74 120.92
118.40 118.58 118.76 1 18.94 119.12
116.60 116.78 116.96 117.14 117.32
114.80 114.98 115.16 115.34 115.52
+113.00 +113.18 +113.36 +113.54 +113.72
1 11.20 111.38 111.56 111.74 111.92
109.40 109.58 109.76 109.94 I110.12
107.60 107.78 107.96 108. 14 108.32
105.80 105.98 106.16 106.34 106.52
+104.00 +104.18 +104.36 +104.54 +104.72
102.20 102.38 102.56 102.74 102.92
100.40 100.58 00.76 100.94 101.12
98.60 98.78 98.96 99. 14 99.32
96.80 96.98 97.16 97.34 97.52
+ 95.00 + 95.18 + 95.36 + 95.54 + 95.72
93.20 93.38 93.56 93.74 93.92
91.40 91.58 91.76 91.94 92.12
89.60 89.78 89.96 90.14 90.32
87.80 87.98 88.16 88.34 88.52
+ 86.00 + 86.18 + 86.36 + 86.54 + 86.72
84.20 84.38 84.56 84.74 84.92
82.40 82.58 82.76 82.94 83.12
80.60 80.78 80.96 81.14 81.32
78.80 78.98 79.16 79.34 79.52
+ 77.00 + 77.18 + 77.36 + 77.54 + 77.72
75.20 75.38 75.56 75.74 75.92
73.40 73.58 73.76 73.94 74.12
71.60 71.78 71.96 72.14 72.32
69.80 69.98 70.16 70.34 70.52
+ 68.00 + 68.18 + 68.36 + 68.54 + 68.72
66.20 66.38 66.56 66.74 66.92
64.40 64.58 64.76 64.94 65.12
62.60 62.78 62.96 63.14 63.32
60.80 60.98 61.16 61.34 61.52
+ 59.00 + 59.18 + 59.36 + 59.54 + 59.72
57.20 57.38 57.56 57.74 57.92
55.40 55.58 55.76 55.94 56.12
53.60 53.78 53.96 54.14 54.32
51.80 51.98 52.16 52.34 52.52
OF. OF. OF. OF.
+140.90 +141.08 +141.26 +141.44
139.10 139.28 139.46 139.64
137.30 137.48 137.66 137.84
135.50 135.68 135.86 136.04
133.70 133.88 134.06 134.24
+131.90 +132.08 +132.26 +132.44
130.10 I 30.28 I 30.46 130.64
128.30 128.48 128.66 128.84
126.50 126.68 126.86 127.04
124.70 124.88 125.06 125.24
+122.90 +123.08 +123.26 +123.44
121.10 121.28 121.46 121.64
119.30 119.48 119.66 119.84
117.50 117.68 117.86 118.04
115.70 115.88 116.06 116.24
+113.90 +114.08 +114.26 +114.44
112.10 112.28 112.46 112.64
110.30 110.48 110.66 I 10.84
108.50 108.68 108.86 109.04
106.70 106.88 107.06 107.24
+104.90 +105.08 +105.26 +105.44
103.10 103.28 103.46 103.64
101.30 101.48 101.66 101.84
99.50 99.68 99.86 100.04
97.70 97.88 98.06 98.24
+ 95.90 + 96.08 + 96.26 + 96.44
94.10 94.28 94.46 94.64
92.30 92.48 92.66 92.84
90.50 90.68 90.86 91.04
88.70 88.88 89.06 89.24
+ 86.90 + 87.08 + 87.26 + 87.44
85.10 85.28 85.46 85.64
83.30 83.48 83.66 83.84
81.50 81.68 81.86 82.04
79.70 79.88 80.06 80.24
+ 77.90 + 78.08 + 78.26 + 78.44
76.10 76.28 76.46 76.61
74.30 74.48 74.66 74.84
72.50 72.68 72.86 73.04
70.70 70.88 71.06 71.24
+ 68.90 + 69.08 + 69.26 + 69.44
67.10 67.28 67.46 67.64
65.30 65.48 65.66 65.84
63.50 63.68 63.86 64.04
61.70 61.88 62.06 62.24
+ 59.90 + 60.08 + 60.26 + 60.44
58.10 58.28 58.46 58.64
56.30 56.48 56.66 56.84
54.50 54.68 54.86 55.04
52.70 52.88 53.06 53.24
OF,
+141.62
139.82
138.02
136.22
134.42
+132.62
130.82
129.02
127.22
125.42
+123.62
121.82
120,02
118.22
116.42
+114.62
112.82
111.02
109.22
107,42
+105.62
103.82
102.02
100.22
98. 42
+ 96.62
94.82
93.02
91.22
89.42
+ 87.62
85.82
84.02
82.22
80.42
+ 78.62
76.82
75,02
73.22
71.42
+ 69.62
67.82
66.02
64.22
62.42
+ 60.62
58.82
57.02
55.22
53.42
Table 22
CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURES
OC. .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 8 .9
+10
+9
8
7
6
5
+ 4
3
2
I
+0
-0
I
2
3
4
-5
6
7
8
9
-10
II
12
13
14
-15
16
17
18
19
-20
21
22
23
24
-25
26
27
28
29
-30
31
32
33
34
-35
36
37
38
39
OF, OF. OF. OF. OF.
+50.00 +50.18 +50.36 +50.54 +50.72
+48.20 +48.38 +48.56 +48.74 +48.92
46.40 46.58 46.76 46.94 47.12
44.60 44.78 44.96 45.14 45.32
42.80 42.98 43.16 43.34 43.52
41.00 41.18 41.36 41.54 41.72
+39.20 +39.38 +39.56 +39.74 +39.92
37.40 37.58 37.76 37.94 38.12
35.60 35.78 35.96 36.14 36.32
33.80 33.98 34.16 34.34 34.52
32.00 32.18 32.36 32.54 32.72
+32.00 +31.82 +31.64 +31.46 +31.28
30.20 30.02 29.84 29.66 29.48
28.40 28.22 28.04 27.86 27.68
26.60 26.42 26.24 26.06 25.88
24.80 24.62 24.44 24.26 24.08
+23.00 +22.82 +22.64 +22.46 +22.28
21.20 21.02 20.84 20.66 20.48
19.40 19.22 19.04 18.86 18.68
17.60 17.42 17.24 17.06 16.88
15.80 15.62 15.44 15.26 15.08
+14.00 +13.82 +13.64 +13.46 +13.28
12.20 12.02 I11.84 11.66 11.48
10.40 10.22 10.04 9.86 9.68
8.60 8.42 8.24 8.06 7.88
6.80 6.62 6.44 6.26 6.08
+ 5.00 + 4.82 + 4.64 + 4.46 + 4.28
+ 3.20 + 3.02 + 2.84 + 2.66 + 2.48
+ 1.40 + 1.22 + 1.04 + 0.86 + 0.68
- 0.40 - 0.58 - 0.76 - 0.94 - 1.12
- 2.20 - 2.38 - 2.56 - 2.74 - 2.92
- 4.00 - 4.18 - 4.36 - 4.54 - 4.72
5.80 5.98 6.16 6.34 6.52
7.60 7.78 7.96 8.14 8.32
9.40 9.58 9.76 9.94 10.12
11.20 11.38 I11.56 I11.74 11.92
-13.00 -13.18 -13.36 -13.54 -13.72
14.80 14.98 15.16 15.34 15.52
16.60 16.78 16.96 17.14 17.32
18.40 18.58 18.76 18.94 19.12
20.20 20.38 20.56 20.74 20.92
-22.00 -22.18 -22.36 -22.54 -22.72
23.80 23.98 24.16 24.34 24.52
25.60 25.78 25.96 26.1 4 26.32
27.40 27.58 27.76 27.94 28.12
29.20 29.38 29.56 29.74 29.92
-31.00 -31.18 -31.36 -31.54 -31.72
32.80 32.98 33.16 33.34 33.52
34.60 34.78 34.96 35.14 35.32
36.40 36.58 36.76 36.94 37.12
38.20 38.38 38.56 38.74 38.92
S-42
r
OF. OF. OF. oF.
+50.90 +51.08 +51.26 +51.44
+49.10 +49.28 +49.46 +49.64
47.30 47.48 47.66 47.84
45.50 45.68 45.86 46.04
43.70 43.88 44.06 44.24
41.90 42.08 42.26 42.44
+40. 10 +40.28 +40.46 +40.64
38.30 38.48 38.66 38.84
36.50 36.68 36.86 37.04
34.70 34.88 35.06 35.24
32.90 33.08 33.26 33.44
+31.10 +30.92 +30.74 +30.56
29.30 29.12 28.94 28.76
27.50 27.32 27.14 26.96
25.70 25.52 25.34 25.16
23.90 23.72 23.54 23.36
+22.10 +21.92 +21.74 +21.56
20.30 20.12 19.94 19.76
18.50 18.32 18.14 17.96
16.70 16.52 16.34 16.16
14.90 14.72 14.54 14.36
+13.10 +12.92 +12.74 +12.56
11.30 11.12 10.94 10.76
9.50 9.32 9. 14 8.96
7.70 7.52 7.34 7.16
5.90 5.72 5.54 5.36
+ 4.10 + 3.92 + 3.74 + 3.56
+ 2.30 + 2.12 + 1.94 + 1.76
+ 0.50 + 0.32 + 0.14 - 0.04
- 1.30 - I.48 - 1.66 - 1.84
- 3.10 - 3.28 - 3.46 - 3.64
- 4.90 - 5.08 - 5.26 - 5.44
6.70 6.88 7.06 7.24
8.50 8.68 8.86 9.04
10.30 10.48 10.66 10.84
12.10 12.28 12.46 12.64
-13.90 -14.08 -14.26 -14.44
15.70 15.88 16.06 16.24
17.50 17.68 17.86 18.04
19.30 19.48 19.66 19.84
21.10 21.28 21.46 21.64
-22.90 -23.08 -23.26 -23.44
24.70 24.88 25.06 25.24
26.50 26.68 26.86 27.04
28.30 28.48 28.66 28.84
30.10 30.28 30.46 30.64
-31.90 -32.08 -32.26 -32.44
33.70 33.88 34.06 34.24
35.50 35.68 35.86 36.04
37.30 37.48 37.66 37.84
39. 10 39.28 39.46 39.64
+21.38
19.58
17.78
15.98
14.18
+12.38
10.58
8.78
6.98
5.18
+ 3.38
+ 1.58
- 0.22
- 2.02
- 3.82
- 5.62
7.42
9.22
11.02
12.82
-14.62
16.42
18.22
20.02
21.82
-23.62
25.42
27.22
29.02
30.82
-32.62
34.42
36.22
38.02
39.82
OF.
+51.62
+49.82
48.02
46.22
44.42
42.62
+40.82
39.02
37.22
35.42
33.62
+30.38
28.58
26.78
24.98
23.18
-
Table 22
CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURES
C. .0 .I .2 .3 .4� .5 .6 .7.8 .9
-40
41
42
43
44
-45
46
47
48
49
-50
51
52
53
54
-55
56
57
58
59
-60
61
62
63
64
-65
66
67
68
69
-70
71
72
73
74
-75
76
77
78
79
-80
81
82
83
84
-85
86
87
88
89
OF. OF. �F. OF. �F.
- 40.00 - 40.18 - 40.36 - 40.54 - 40.72
41.80 41.98 42.16 42.34 42.52
43.60 43.78 43.96 44.14 44.32
45.40 45.58 45.76 45.94 46.12
47.20 47.38 47.56 47.74 47.92
- 49.00 - 49.18 - 49.36 - 49.54 - 49.72
50.80 50.98 51.16 51.34 51.52
52.60 52.78 52.96 53.14 53.32
54.40 54.58 54.76 54.94 55.12
56.20 56.38 56.56 56.74 56.92
- 58.00 - 58.18 - 58.36 - 58.54 - 58.72
59.80 59.98 60.16 60.34 60.52
61.60 61.78 61.96 62.14 62.32
63.40 63.58 63.76 63.94 64.12
65.20 65.38 65.56 65.74 65.92
- 67.00 - 67.18 - 67.36 - 67.54 - 67.72
68.80 68.98 69.16 69.34 69.52
70.60 70.78 70.96 71.14 71.32
72.40 72.58 72.76 72.94 73.12
74.20 74.38 74.56 74.74 74.92
- 76.00 - 76.18 - 76.36 - 76.54 - 76.72
77.80 77.98 78.16 78.34 78.52
79.60 79.78 79.96 80.14 80.32
81.40 81.58 81.76 81.94 82.12
83.20 83.38 83.56 83.74 83.92
- 85.00 - 85.18 - 85.36 - 85.54 - 85.72
86.80 86.98 87.16 87.34 87.52
88.60 88.78 88.96 89.14 89.32
90.40 90.58 90.76 90.94 91.12
92.20 92.38 92.56 92.74 92.92
- 94.00 - 94.18 - 94.36 - 94.54 - 94.72
95.80 95.98 96.16 96.34 96.52
97.60 97.78 97.96 98.14 98.32
99.40 99.58 99.76 99.94 100.12
101.20 101.38 101.56 101.74 101.92
-103.00 -103.18 -103.36 -103.54 -103.72
104.80 104.98 105.16 105.34 105.52
106.60 106.78 106.96 107.14 I 07.32
108.40 108.58 108.76 108.94 109.12
110.20 110.38 110.56 110.74 110.92
-112.00 -112.18 -112.36 -112.54 -112.72
113.80 113.98 114.16 114.34 1 14.52
115.60 115.78 115.96 116.14 116.32
117.40 117.58 117.76 117.94 118.12
119.20 119.38 119.56 119.74 119.92
-121.00 -121.18 -121.36 -121.54 -121.72
122.80 122.98 123.16 123.34 123.52
124.60 124.78 124.96 125.14 125.32
126.40 126.58 126.76 126.94 127.12
128.20 128.38 128.56 128.74 128.92
S-43
�F. �F, OF. �F.
- 40.90 - 41.08 - 41.26 - 41.44
42.70 42.88 43.06 43.24
44.50 44.68 44.86 45.04
46.30 46.48 46.66 46.84
48.10 48.28 48.46 48.64
- 49.90 - 50.08 - 50.26 - 50.44
51.70 51.88 52.06 52.24
53.50 53.68 53.86 54.04
55.30 55.48 55.66 55.84
57.10 57.28 57.46 57.64
- 58.90 - 59.08 - 59.26 - 59.44
60.70 60.88 61.06 61.24
62.50 62.68 62.86 63.04
64.30 64.48 64.66 64.84
66.10 66.28 66.46 66.64
- 67.90 - 68.08 - 68.26 - 68.44
69.70 69.88 70.06 70.24
71.50 71.68 71.86 72.04
73.30 73.48 73.66 73.84
75.10 75.28 75.46 75.64
- 76.90 - 77.08 - 77.26 - 77.44
78.70 78.88 79.06 79.24
80.50 80.68 80.86 81.04
82.30 82.48 82.66 82.84
84.10 84.28 84.46 84.64
- 85.90 - 86.08 - 86.26 - 86.44
87.70 87.88 88.06 88.24
89.50 89.68 89.86 90.04
91.30 91.48 91.66 91.84
93.10 93.28 93.46 93.64
- 94.90 - 95.08 - 95.26 - 95.44
96.70 96.88 97.06 97.24
98.50 98.68 98.86 99.04
100.30 100.48 100.66 100.84
102. 10 102.28 102.46 102.64
-103.90 -104.08 -104.26 -104.44
105.70 105.88 106.06 106.24
107.50 107.68 107.86 108.04
109.30 109.48 109.66 109.84
111 .10 111.28 11 1.46 11 1.64
-112.90 -113.08 -113.26 -113.44
114.70 I 14.88 I 5.06 I 15.24
116.50 116.68 116.86 117.04
118.30 118.48 118.66 118.84
120.10 120.28 120.46 120.64
-121.90 -122.08 -122.26 -122.44
123.70 123.88 124.06 124.24
125.50 125.68 125.86 126.04
127.30 127.48 127.66 127.84
129.10 129.28 129.46 129.64
oF.
- 41.62
43.42
45.22
47.02
48.82
- 50.62
52.42
54.22
56.02
57.82
- 59.62
61.42
63.22
65.02
66.82
- 68.62
70.42
72.22
74.02
75.82
- 77.62
79.42
81.22
83.02
84.82
- 86.62
88.42
90.22
92.02
93.82
- 95.62
97.42
99.22
101.02
102.82
-104.62
106.42
108.22
110.02
111.82
-113.62
115.42
117.22
I 19.02
120.82
-122.62
124.42
126.22
128.02
129.82
" s.
Table 23
METERS INTO FEET
I meter= 39.3700 inches = 3.280833 feet
Meters 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet
0 0.00 3.28 6.56 9.84 13.12 16.40 19.68 22.97 26.25 29.53
10 32.81 36.09 39.37 42.65 45.93 49.21 52.49 55.77 59.05 62.34
20 65.62 68.90 72.18 75.46 78.74 82.02 85.30 88.58 91.86 95.14
30 98.42 101.71 104.99 108.27 111.55 114.83 118. 11 121.39 124.67 127.95
40 131.23 134.51 137.79 141.08 144.36 147,64 150.92 154.20 157.48 160.76
50 164.04 167.32 170.60 173.88 177.16 180.45 183.73 187.01 190.29 193.57
60 196.85 200.13 203.41 206.69 209.97 213.25 216.53 219.82 223.10 226.38
70 229.66 232.94 236.22 239.50 242.78 246.06 249.34 252.62 255.90 259.19
80 262.37 265.75 269.03 272.31 275.59 278.87 282.15 285.43 288.71 291.99
90 295.27 298.56 301.84 305.12 308.40 311.68 314.96 318.24 321.52 324.80
100 328.08 331.36 334.64 337.93 341.21 344.49 347.77 351.05 354.33 357.61
110 360.89 364.17 367.45 370.73 374.01 377.30 380.58 383.86 387.14 390.42
120 393.70 396.98 400.26 403.54 406.82 410.10 413.38 416.67 419.95 423.23
130 426.51 429.79 433.07 436.35 439.63 442.91 446.19 449.47 452.75 456.04
140 459.32 462.60 465.88 469.16 472.44 475.72 479.00 482.28 485.56 488.84
150 492.12 495.41 498.69 501.97 505.25 508.53 511.81 515.09 518.37 521.65
160 524.93 528.21 531.49 534.78 538.06 541.34 544.62 547.90 551.18 554.46
170 557.74 561.02 564.30 567.58 570.86 574.15 577.43 580.71 583.99 587.27
180 590.55 593.83 597.11 600.39 603.67 606.95 610.23 613.52 616.80 620.08
190 623.36 626.64 629.92 633.20 636.48 639.76 643.04 646.32 649.60 652.89
200 656.17 659.45 662.73 666.01 669.29 672.57 675.85 679.13 682.41 685.69
210 688.97 692.26 695.54 698.82 702.10 705.38 708.66 711.94 715.22 718.50
220 721.78 725.06 728.34 731.63 734.91 738.19 741.47 744.75 748.03 751.31
230 754.59 757.87 761.15 764.43 767.71 771.00 774.28 777.56 780.84 784.12
240 787.40 790.68 793.96 797.24 800.52 803.80 807.09 810.37 813.65 816.93
250 820.21 823.49 826,.77 830.05 833.33 836.61 839.89 843.17 846.45 849.74
260 853.02 856.30 859.58 862.86 866.14 869.42 872.70 875.98 879.26 882.54
270 885.82 889.11 892.39 895.67 898.95 902.23 905.51 908.79 912.07 915.35
280 918.63 921.91 925.19 928.48 931.76 935.04 938.32 941.60 944.88 948.16
290 951.44 954.72 958.00 961.28 964.56 967.85 971.13 974.41 977.69 980.97
300 984.25 987.53 990.81 994.09 997.37 1000.65 1003.93 1007.22 1010.50 1013.78
310 1017.06 1020.34 1023.62 1026.90 1030.18 1033.46 1036.74 1040.02 1043.30 1046.59
320 1049.87 1053.15 1056.43 1059.71 1062.99 1066,27 1069.55 1072.83 1076.11 1079.39
330 1082.67 1085.96 1089.24 1092.52 1095.80 1099.08 1102.36 1105.64 1109.92 1112.20
340 1115.48 1118.76 1122.04 1125.33 1128.61 1131.89 1135.17 1138.45 1141.73 1145.01
350 1148.29 1151.57 1154.85 1158.13 1161.41 1164.70 1167.98 1171.26 1174.54 1177.82
360 1181.10 1184.38 1187.66 1190.94 1194.22 1197.50 1200.78 1204.07 1207.35 1210.63
370 1213.91 1217.19 1220.47 1223.75 1227.03 1230.31 1233.59 1236.87 1240.15 1243.44
380 1246.72 1250.00 1253.28 1256.56 1259.84 1263.12 1266.40 1269.68 1272.96 1276.24
390 1279.52 1282.81 1286.09 1289.37 1292.65 1295.93 1299.21 1302.49 1305.77 1309.05
400 1312.33 1315.61 1318.89 1322.18 1325.46 1328.74 1332.02 1335.30 1338.58 1341.86
410 1345.14 1348.42 1351.70 1354.98 1358.26 1361.55 1364.83 1368.11 1371.39 1374.67
420 1377.95 1381.23 1384.51 1387.79 1391.07 1394.35 1397.63 1400.92 1404.20 1407.48
430 1410.76 1414.04 1417.32 1420.60 1423.88 1427.16 1430.44 1433.72 1437.00 1440.29
440 1443.57 1446.85 1450.13 1453.41 1456.69 1459.97 1463.25 1466.53 1469.81 1473.09
450 1476.37 1479.66 1482.94 1486.22 1489.50 1492.78 1496.06 1499.34 1502.62 1505.90
460 1509.18 1512.46 1515.74 1519.03 1522.31 1525.59 1528.87 1532.15 1535.43 1538.71
470 1541.99 1545.27 1548.55 1551.83 1555.11 1558.40 1561.68 1564.96 1568.24 1571.52
480 1574.80 1578.08 1581.36 1584.64 1587.92 1591.20 1594.48 1597.77 1601.05 1604.33
490 1607.61 1610.89 1614. 17 1617.45 1620.73 1624.01 1627.29 1630.57 1633.85 1637. 14
S-44
S-45
Table 23
METERS INTO FEET
I meter- 39.3700 inches -= 3.280833 feet
Meters 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet
500 1640.4 1673.2 1706.0 1738.8 1771.6 1804.5 1837.3 1870.1 1902.9 1935.7
600 1968.5 2001.3 2034.1 I 2066.9 2099.7 2132.5 2165.3 2198.2 2231.0 2263.8
700 2296.6 2329.4 2362.2 2395.0 2427.8 2460.6 2493.4 2526.2 2559.0 2591.9
800 2624.7 2657.5 2690.3 2723. I 2755.9 2788.7 2821.5 2854.3 2887.1 I 2919.9
900 2952.7 2985.6 3018.4 3051.2 3084.0 3116.8 3149.6 3182.4 3215.2 3248.0
1000 3280.8 3313.6 3346.4 3379.3 3412.1 3444.9 3477.7 3510.5 3543.3 3576.1
1100 3608.9 3641.7 3674.5 3707.3 3740.1 3773.0 3805.8 3838.6 3871.4 3904.2
1200 3937.0 3969.8 4002.6 4035.4 4068.2 4101.0 4133.8 4166.7 4199.5 4232.3
1300 4265. I 4297.9 4330.7 4363.5 4396.3 4429. I 4461.9 4494.7 4527.5 4560.4
1400 4593.2 4626.0 4658.8 4691.6 4724.4 4757.2 4790.0 4822.8 4855.6 4888.4
1500 4921.2 4954.1 4986.9 5019.7 5052.5 5085.3 5118.1 5150.9 5183.7 5216.5
1600 5249.3 5282.1 5314.9 5347.8 5380.6 5413.4 5446.2 5479.0 5511.8 5544.6
1700 5577.4 5610.2 5643.0 5675.8 5708.6 5741.5 5774.3 5807.1 5839.9 5872.7
1800 5905.5 5938.3 5971. I 6003.9 6036.7 6069.5 6102.3 6135.2 6168.0 6200.8
1900 6233.6 6266.4 6299.2 6332.0 6364.8 6397.6 6430.4 6463.2 6496.0 6528.9
2000 6561.7 6594.5 6627.3 6660.1 I 6692.9 6725.7 6758.5 6791.3 6824. I 856.9
2100 6889.7 6922.6 6955.4 6988.2 7021.0 7053.8 7086.6 7119.4 7152.2 7185.0
2200 7217.8 7250.6 7283.4 7316.3 7349.1 7381.9 7414.7 7447.5 7480.3 7513.1
2300 7545.9 7578.7 7611.5 7644.3 7677.1 7710.0 7742.8 7775.6 7808.4 7841.2
2400 7874.0 7906.8 7939.6 7972.4 8005.2 8038.0 8070.8 8103.7 8136.5 8169.3
2500 8202.1 I 8234.9 8267.7 8300.5 8333.3 8366. I 8398.9 8431.7 8464.5 8497.4
2600 8530.2 8563.0 8595.8 8628.6 8661.4 8694.2 8727.0 8759.8 8792.6 8825.4
2700 8858.2 8891. I 8923.9 8956.7 8989.5 9022.3 9055.1 9087.9 9120.7 9153.5
2800 9186.3 9219.1 I 9251.9 9284.8 9317.6 9350.4 9383.2 9416.0 9448.8 9481.6
2900 9514.4 9547.2 9580.0 9612.8 9645.6 9678.5 9711.3 9744. I 9776.9 9809.7
3000 9842.5 9875.3 9908. I 9940.9 9973.7 10006.5 10039.3 10072.2 10105.0 10137.8
3100 10170.6 10203.4 10236.2 10269.0 10301.8 10334.6 10367.4 10400.2 10433.0 10465.9
3200 10498.7 10531.5 10564.3 10597.1 10629.9 10662.7 10695.5 10728.3 10761.1 10793.9
3300 10826.7 10859.6 10892.4 10925.2 10958.0 10990.8 11023.6 1 1056.4 11089.2 11 122.0
3400 II 154.8 11 187.6 11220.4 11253.3 11286. 1 11318.9 11351.7 11384.5 11417.3 11450.1 I
3500 11482.9 11515.7 11548.5 11581.3 11614.1 I 11647.0 11679.8 11712.6 11745.4 11778.2
3600 11811.0 11843.8 11876.6 11909.4 11942.2 1 1975.0 12007.8 12040.7 12073.5 12196.3
3700 12139.1 I 12171.9 12204.7 12237.5 12270.3 12303.1 I 12335.9 12368.7 12401.5 12434.4
3800 12467.2 12500.0 12532.8 12565.6 12598.4 12631.2 12664.0 12696.8 12729.6 12762.4
3900 12795.2 12828.1 12860.9 12893.7 12926.5 12959.3 12992.1 13024.9 13057.7 13090.5
4000 13123.3 13156.1 13188.9 13221.8 13254.6 13287.4 13320.2 13353.0 13385.8 13418.6
4100 13451.4 13484.2 13517.0 13549.8 13582.6 13615.5 13648.3 13681.1 13713.9 13746.7
4200 13779.5 13812.3 13845. I 13877.9 13910.7 13943.5 13976.3 14009.2 14042.0 14074.8
4300 14107.6 14140.4 14173.2 14206.0 14238.8 14271.6 14304.4 14337.2 14370.0 14402.9
4400 14435.7 14468.5 14501.3 14534.1 14566.9 14599.7 14632.5 14665.3 14698.1 14730.9
4500 14763.7 14796.6 14829.4 14862.2 14895.0 14927.8 14960.6 14993.4 15026.2 15059.0
4600 15091.8 15124.6 15157.4 15190.3 15223.1 15255.9 15288.7 15321.5 15354.3 15387.1
4700 15419.9 15452.7 15485.5 15518.3 15551.1 I 15584.0 15616.8 15649.6 15682.4 15715.2
4800 15748.0 15780.8 15813.6 15846.4 15879.2 15912.0 15944.8 15977.7 16010.5 16043.3
4900 16076.1 16108.9 16141.7 16174,5 16207.3 16240.1 16272.9 16305.7 16338.5 16371.4
S-46 Table 23
METERS INTO FEET
I meter = 3.280833 feet
Meters 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet
5000 16404 16407 16411 16414 16417 16421 16424 16427 16430 16434
5010 16437 16440 16444 16447 16450 16453 16457 16460 16463 16467
5020 16470 16473 16476 16480 16483 16486 16489 16493 16496 16499
5030 16503 16506 16509 16512 16516 16519 16522 16526 16529 16532
5040 16535 16539 16542 16545 16549 16552 16555 16558 16562 16565
5050 16568 16571 16575 16578 16581 16585 16588 16591 16594 16598
5060 16601 16604 16608 16611 16614 16617 16621 16624 16627 16631
5070 16634 16637 16640 16644 16647 16650 16654 16657 16660 16663
5080 16667 16670 16673 16676 16680 16683 16686 16690 16693 16696
5090 16699 16703 16706 16709 16713 16716 16719 16722 16726 16729
5100 16732 16736 16739 16742 16745 16749 16752 16755 16758 16762
5110 16765 16768 16772 16775 16778 16781 16785 16788 16791 16795
5120 16798 16801 16804 16808 16811 16814 16818 16821 16824 16827
5130 16831 16834 16837 16841 16844 16847 16850 16854 16857 16860
5140 16863 16867 16870 16873 16877 16880 16883 16886 16890 16893
5150 16896 16900 16903 16906 16909 16913 16916 16919 16923 16926
5160 16929 16932 16936 16939 16942 16946 16949 16952 16955 16959
5170 16962 16965 16968 16972 16975 16978 16982 16985 16988 16991
5180 18995 16998 17001 17005 17008 17011 17014 17018 17021 17024
5190 17028 17031 17034 17037 17041 17044 17047 17050 17054 17057
5200 17060 17064 17067 17070 17073 17077 17080 17083 17087 17090
5210 17093 17096 17100 17103 17106 171 I10 17113 17116 17119 17123
5220 17126 17129 17133 17136 17139 17142 17146 17149 17152 17155
5230 17159 17162 17165 17169 17172 17175 17178 17182 17185 17188
5240 17192 17195 17198 17201 17205 17208 17211 17215 17218 17221
5250 17224 17228 17231 17234 17237 17241 17244 17247 17251 17254
5260 17257 17260 17264 17267 17270 17274 17277 17280 17283 17287
5270 17290 17293 17297 17300 17303 17306 17310 17313 17316 17320
5280 17323 17326 17329 17333 17336 17339 17342 17346 17349 17352
5290 17356 17359 17362 17365 17369 17372 17375 17379 17382 17385
5300 17388 17392 17395 17398 17402 17405 17408 17411 17415 17418
5310 17421 17425 17428 17431 17434 17438 17441 17444 17447 17451
5320 17454 17457 17461 17464 17467 17470 17474 17477 17480 17484
5330 17487 17490 17493 17497 17500 17503 17507 17510 17513 17516
5340 17520 17523 17526 17529 17533 17536 17539 17543 17546 17549
5350 17552 17556 17559 17562 17566 17569 17572 17575 17579 17582
5360 17585 17589 17592 17595 17598 17602 17605 17608 17612 17615
5370 17618 17621 17625 17628 17631 17634 17638 17641 17644 17648
5380 17651 17654 17657 1766 1 17664 17667 17671 17674 17677 17680
5390 17684 17687 17690 17694 17697 17700 17703 17707 17710 17713
5400 17716 17720 17723 17726 17730 17733 17736 17739 17743 17746
5410 17749 17753 17756 17759 17762 17766 17769 17772 17776 17779
5420 17782 17785 17789 17792 17795 17799 17802 17805 17808 17812
5430 17815 17818 17821 17825 17828 17831 17835 17838 17841 17844
5440 17848 17851 17854 17858 17861 17864 17867 17871 17874 17877
5450 17880 17884 17887 17890 17894 17897 17900 17904 17907 17910
5460 17913 17917 17920 17923 17926 17930 17933 17936 17940 17943
5470 17946 17949 17953 17956 17959 17963 17966 17969 17972 17976
5480 17979 17982 17986 17989 17992 17995 17999 18002 18005 18008
5490 18012 18015 18018 18022 18025 18028 18031 18035 18038 18041
5500 18045 18048 18051 18054 18058 18061 18064 18068 18071 18074
5510 18077 18081 18084 18087 18091 18094 18097 18100 18104 18107
5520 18110 18113 18117 18120 18123 18127 18130 18133 18136 18140
5530 18143 18146 18150 18153 18156 18159 18163 18166 18169 18173
5540 18176 18179 18182 18186 18189 18192 18195 18199 18202 18205
5550 18209 18212 18215 18218 18222 18225 18228 18232 18235 18238
5560 18241 18245 18248 18251 18255 18258 18261 18264 18268 18271
5570 18274 18278 18281 18284 18287 18291 18294 18297 18300 18304
5580 18307 18310 18314 18317 18320 18323 18327 18330 18333 18337
5590 18340 18343 18346 18350 18353 18358 18360 18363 18366 18369
S- 47
Table 23
METERS INTO FEET
I meter - 3.280833 feet
Meters 0 I 2 3 1I 5 6 7 8 9
Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet
5600
5610
5620
5630
5640
5650
5660
5670
5680
5690
5700
5710
5720
5730
5740
5750
5760
5770
5780
5790
5800
5810
5820
5830
5840
5850
5860
5870
5880
5890
5900
5910
5920
5930
5940
5950
5960
5970
5980
5990
6000
6010
6020
6030
6040
6050
6060
6070
6080
6090
6100
6110
6120
6130
6140
6150
6160
6170
6180
6190
18373
18405
18438
18471
18504
18537
18570
18602
18635
18668
1870 I1
18734
18766
18799
18832
18865
18898
18930
18963
18996
19029
19062
19094
19127
19160
19193
19226
19258
19291
19324
19357
19390
19423
19455
19488
19521
19554
19587
19619
19652
19685
19718
19751
19783
19816
19849
19882
19915
19947
19980
20013
200146
20079
20112
20144
20177
20210
20213
20276
20308
18376
18409
184422
18474
18507
18540
18573
18606
1 8638
18671
1 870 4
18737
18770
18802
18835
18868
1890 i
18934
18966
18999
19032
19065
19098
19131
19163
19196
19229
19262
19295
19327
19360
19393
19426
19459
19491I
19524
19557
19590
19623
19655
19688
19721
19754
19787
19820
19852
19885
19918
19951
19984
20016
20049
20082
20115
20148
20180
20213
20216
20279
20312
Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet
18379
18412
184455
18478
18510
185143
18576
18609
18642
18675
18707
18740
18773
18806
18839
18871
18904
18937
18970
19003
19035
19068
19101
19134
19167
19199
19232
19265
19298
19331
19363
19396
19429
19462
19495
19528
19560
19593
19626
19659
19692
19724
19757
19790
19823
19856
19888
19921
19954
19987,
20020
20052
20085
20118
20151
20181
20216
20219
20282
20315
18383
18415
184488
18481
18514
18547
18579
18612
18645
18678
18711
187143
18776
18809
18842
18875
18907
18940
18973
19006
19039
19071
19104
19137
19170
19203
19236
19268
19301
19334
19367
191400
19432
19465
19498
19531
19564
19596
19629
19662
19695
19728
19760
19793
19826
19859
19892
19924
19957
19990
20023
20056
20089
20121
20154
20187
20220
20253
20285
20318
18386
18419
18451
181484
18517
18550
18583
18615
18648
18681
18714
18747
18779
18812
18845
18878
18911
18944
18976
19009
19042
19075
19108
19140
19173
19206
19239
19272
19304
19337
19370
19403
19436
19468
19501
19534
19567
19600
19633
19665
19698
1973 I
19764
19797
19829
19862
19895
19928
19961
19993
20026
20059
20092
20125
20157
20190
20223
20256
20289
20321
18389 18392
18422 18425
18455 18458
18487 1811491
18520 1 8524
18553 18556
18586 18589
18619 18622
18652 18655
18684 18688
18717 18720
18750 18753
18783 18786
18816 188113
18848 18852
18881 18884
18914 18917
18947 18950
18980 18983
19012 19016
19045 190149
19078 19081
19111 19114
19144 19147
19176 19180
19209 19213
19242 19245
19275 19278
19308 19311
19341 19344
19373 19377
19406 19409
19439 194422
19472 19475
19505 19508
19537 19541
19570 19573
19603 19606
19636 19639
19669 19672
19701 19705
19734 19737
19767 19770
19800 19803
19833 19836
19865 19869
19898 19902
19931 19934
19964 19967
19997 20000
20029 20033
20062 20066
20095 20098
20128 20131
20161 20164
20191 20197
20226 20230
20259 20262
20292 20295
20325 20328
18396 18399
18428 18432
18461 18465
18494 18497
18527 18530
18560 18563
18592 18596
18625 18629
18658 18661
18691 18694
18724 18727
18757 18760
18789 18793
18822 18825
18855 18858
18888 18891
18921 18924
18953 18957
18986 18989
19019 19022
19052 19055
19085 19088
19117 19121
19150 19154
19183 19186
19216 19219
19249 19252
19281 19285
19314 19318
19347 19350
19380 19383
19413 19416
191445 19449
19478 191482
19511 19514
19544 19547
19577 19580
19610 19613
19642 196146
19675 19678
19708 19711
19741 19744
19774 19777
19806 19810
19839 19842
19872 19875
19905 19908
19938 19941
19970 19974
20003 20007
20036 20039
20069 20072
20102 20105
20134 20138
20167 20171
20200 20203
20233 ?0236
20266 20269
20299 20302
20331 20335
18402
18435
18468
18501
18533
18566
18599
18632
18665
18697
18730
18763
18796
18829
18862
18894
18927
18960
18993
19026
19058
19091
19124
19157
19190
19222
19255
19288
19321
19354
19386
19419
19452
19485
19518
19550
19583
19616
19649
19682
19715
19747
19780
19813
19846
19879
19911 I
19944
19977
20010
20043
20075
20108
20141
20174
20207
20239
20272
20306
20338
i
Table 24
FEET INTO METERS
I foot = 0.3048006 meter
Feet 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
m. m. m. m. m.
0.000 0.305 0.610 0.914 1.219
3.048 3.353 3.658 3.962 4.267
6. 401
9.449
12.4197
15.545
18.593
21.641
24.689
27.737
6.706
9.754
12.802
15.850
18.898
21.946
24.994
28.042
7.010
10.058
13. 106
16.154
19.202
22.250
25.298
28.346
7.315
10.363
13.1411
16.459
19.507
22.555
25.603
28.651
m.
1.524
4.572
7.620
10.668
13.716
16.764
19.812
22.860
25.908
28.956
m.
1.829
4. 877
7.925
10.973
14.021
17.069
20.117
23.165
26.213
29.261
m.
2.1314
5. 182
8.230
II.278
14.326
17.374
20. 422
23.470
26.518
29.566
m.
2. 1438
5.1486
8.534
(1.582
14.630
17.678
20.726
23.774
26.822
29.870
m.
2.743
5.791
8.839
I I.887
14.935
17.983
21.031I
24.079
27.127
30.175
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
I100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
230Q
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
36.58
67.06
97.54
128.02
158.50
188.98
219.46
249.94
280.42
310.90
341.38
371.86
402.34
1432.82
1463.30
493.78
524.26
5514.714
585.22
615.70
646.18
676.66
707.14
737.62
768.10
798.58
829.06
859.54
890.02
920.50
950.98
981.46
39.62
70.10
100.58
131.06
161.54
192.02
222.50
252.98
283.46
313.914
344. 42
3714.90
405.38
1435.86
1466.34
1496.82
527.3 1
557.79
588.27
618.75
649.23
679.71
710.19
740.67
771.15
801.63
832. II
862.59
893.07
923.55
954.03
9814.51
42.67
73.15
103.63
134.11
1614.59
195.07
225.55
256.03
286.51
316.99
347.47
377.95
1408.43
1438.91
469.39
499.87
530.35
560.83
591.31
621.79
652.27
682.75
713.23
743.71
774.19
8014.67
835.15
865.63
896. II
926.59
957.06
987.55
145.72
76.20
106.68
137.16
167.64
198.12
228.60
259.08
289.56
320.04
350.52
381.00
1411.48
441.96
472.44
502.92
533. 40
563.88
5914.36
624.84
655.32
685.80
716.28
746.76
777.24
807.72
838.20
868.68
899.16
929.64
960.12
990.60
30.48
60.96
91.44
121.92
152.40
182.88
213.36
243.84
274.32
3014.80
335.28
365.76
396.24
1426.72
457.20
487.68
518.16
548.64
579.12
609.60
640.08
670.56
701.04
731.52
762.00
792. 48
822.96
853.44
883.92
914.40
944.88
975.36
1005.84
1036.32
1066.80 1069.85 1072.90 1075.95 1078.99
1097.28 1100.33 1103.38 1106.143 1109.47
1127.76 1130.81 1133.86 1136.91 1139.95
1158.24 1161.29 1161.34 1167.39 1170.43
1188.72 1191.77 11914.82 1197.87 1200.91
148.77
79.25
109.73
140.21
170.69
201.17
231.65
262.13
292.61
323.09
353.57
3814.05
14114.53
1445.01
1475. 49
505.97
536.45
566.93
597. 41
627.89
658.37
688.85
719.33
749.81
780.29
810.77
841 .25
871.73
902.21
932.69
963.17
993.65
1024.13
1054.61
1082.04 1085.09
1112.52 1115.57
1143.00 1146.05
1173.148 1176.53
1203.96 1207.01
51.82
82.30
112.78
143.26
173.74
204.22
2314.70
265.18
295.66
326.14
356.62
387.10
1417.58
448.06
1478.54
509.02
539.50
569.98
600.46
630.94
661.42
691.90
722.38
752.86
783.34
813.82
844.30
8714.78
905.26
935.74
966.22
996.70
1027.18
1057.66
1088. 14
II 18.62
1149.10
I179.58
1210.06
54.86
85.34
115.82
146.30
176.78
207.26
237.74
268.22
298.70
329.18
359.67
390. 14
1420.62
1451.10
1481.58
512.07
542.55
573.03
603.51
633.99
664.47
6941.95
725.43
755.91
786.39
816.87
847.35
877.83
908.31
938.79
969.27
999.75
1030.23
1060.71
1091.19
1121.67
1152.15
1182.63
1213.11
57.91
88.39
I18.87
149.35
179.83
210.31
240.79
271.27
301.75
332.23
362.71
393.19
1423.67
1454.15
4894.63
515.11
545.59
576.07
606.55
637.03
667.51
697.99
728.47
758.95
789.43
819.91
850.39
880.87
911.35
941.83
972.31
1002.79
1033.27
1063.75
1094.23
11214.71
1155.19
1185.67
1216.15
S-48
6.096
9. 144.
12.192
15.240
18.288
21.336
24.384
27.432
33.53
64.01
84. 49
1214.97
155. 45
185.93
216.41
246.89
277.37
307.85
338.33
368.81
399.29
1429.77
460.25
490.73
521.21
551.69
582.17
612.65
643.13
673.6 I
704.09
734.57
765.05
795.53
826.01
856.49
886.97
917.45
947.93
978.41
1008.89 1011.94 1014.99 1018.03 1021.08
1039.37 10142.42 10145.147 10148.51 1051.56
I '
I
Table 24
FEET INTO METERS
I foot = 0.3048006 meter
I0 10 20 30 40
Feet
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
6800
6900
7000
7100
7200
7300
7400
7500
7600
7700
7800
7900
8000
8100
8200
8300
8400
8500
8600
8700
8800
8900
m.
1219.2
1249.7
1280.2
1310.6
1341. I
1371.6
1402. I
1432.6
1463.0
1493.5
1524.0
1554.5
1585.0
1615.4
1645.9
1676.4
1706.9
1737,4
1767.8
1798.3
1828.8
1859.3
1889.8
1920.2
1950.7
1981.2
2011.7
2042.2
2072.6
2103.1
2133.6
2164.1
2194.6
2225.0
2255.5
2286.0
2316.5
2347.0
2377.4
2407.9
2438.4
2468.9
2499.4
2529.8
2560.3
2590.8
2621.3
2651.8
2682.2
2712.7
m.
1222.3
1252.7
1283.2
1313.7
1344.2
1374.7
1405. I
1435.6
1466. I
1496.6
1527.1
1557.5
1588.0
1618.5
1649.0
1679.5
1709.9
1740.4
1770.9
1801.4
1831.9
1862.3
1892.8
1923.3
1953.8
1984.3
2014.7
2045.2
2075.7
2106.2
2136.7
2167.1
2197.6
2228. I
2258.6
2289.1
2319.5
2350.0
2380.5
2411.0
2441.5
2471.9
2502.4
2532.9
2563.4
2593.9
2624.3
2654.8
2685.3
2715.8
m.
1225.3
1255.8
1286.3
1316.7
1347.2
1377.7
1408.2
1438.7
1469.1
1499.6
1530.1
1560.6
1591. 1
1621.5
1652.0
1682.5
1713.0
1743.5
1773.9
1804.4
1834.9
1865.4
1895.9
1926.3
1956.8
1987.3
2017.8
2048.3
2078.7
2109.2
2139.7
2170.2
2200.7
223 1. I
2261.6
2292.1 I
2322.6
2353. !
2383.5
2414.0
2444.5
2475.0
2505.5
2535.9
2566.4
2596.9
2627.4
2657.9
2688.3
2718.8
m.
1228.3
1258.8
1289.3
1319.8
1350.3
1380.7
1411.2
1441.7
1472.2
1502.7
1533.1
1563.6
1594.1
1624.6
1655. 1
1685.5
1716.0
1746.5
1777.0
1807.5
1837.9
1868.4
1898.9
1929.4
1959.9
1990.3
2020.8
2051.3
2081.8
2112.3
2142.7
2173.2
2203.7
2234.2
2264.7
2295. I
2325.6
2356.1 I
2386.6
2417.1
2447.5
2478.0
2508.5
2539.0
2569.5
2599.9
2630.4
2660.9
2691.4
2721.9
50 60 70 80 90
m.
1231.4
1261.9
1292.4
1322.8
1353.3
1383.8
1414.3
1444.8
1475.2
1505.7
1536.2
1566.7
1597.2
1627.6
1658.
1688.6
1719.1
1749.6
1780.0
1810.5
1841.0
1871.5
1902.0
1932.4
1962.9
1993.4
2023.9
2054.4
2084.8
2115.3
2145.8
2176.3
2206.8
2237.2
2267.7
2298.2
2328.7
2359.2
2389.6
2420.1
2450.6
2481.1
2511.6
2542.0
2572.5
2603.0
2633.5
2664.0
2694.4
2724.9
m.
1234.4
1264.9
1295.4
1325.9
1356.4
1386.8
1417.3
1447.8
1478.3
1508.8
1539.2
1569.7
1600.2
1630.7
1661.2
1691.6
1722. I
1752.6
1783. I
1813.6
1844.0
1874.5
1905.0
1935.5
1966.0
1996.4
2026.9
2057.4
2087.9
2118.4
2148.8
2179.3
2209.8
2240.3
2270.8
2301.2
2331.7
2362.2
2392.7
2423.2
2453.6
2484.1
2514.6
2545. I
2575.6
2606.0
2636. 5
2667.0
2697.5
2728.0
m.
1237.5
1268.0
1298.5
1328.9
1359.4
1389.9
1420.4
1450.9
1481.3
1511.8
1542.3
1572.8
1603.3
1633.7
1664.2
1694.7
1725.2
1755.7
1786. I
1816.6
1847. I
1877.6
1908.1
1938.5
1969.0
1999.5
2030.0
2060.5
2090.9
2121.4
2151.9
2182.4
2212.9
2243.3
2273.8
2304.3
2334.8
2365.3
2395.7
2426.2
2456.7
2487.2
2517.7
2548. I
2578.6
2609.1
2639.6
2670. I
2700.5
2731.0
m.
1240.5
1271.0
1301.5
1332.0
1362.5
1392.9
1423.4
1453.9
1484.4
1514.9
1545.3
1575.8
1606.3
1636.8
1667.3
1697.7
1728.2
1758.7
1789.2
1819.7
1850. I
1880.6
1911.1
1941.6
1972.1
2002.5
2033.0
2063.5
2094.0
2124.5
2154.9
2185.4
2215.9
2246.4
2276.9
2307.3
2337.8
2368.3
2398.8
2429.3
2459.7
2490.2
2520.7
2551.2
2581.7
2612.1
2642.6
2673.1
2703.6
2734.1
m.
1243.6
1274. I
1304.5
1335.0
1365.5
1396.0
1426.5
1456.9
1487.4
1517.9
1548.4
1578.9
1609.3
1639.8
1670.3
1700.8
1731.3
1761.7
1792.2
1822.7
1853.2
1883.7
1914.1
1944.6
1975. !
2005.6
2036. I
2066.5
2097.0
2127.5
2158.0
2188.5
2218.9
2249.4
2279.9
2310.4
2340.9
2371.3
2401.8
2432.3
2462.8
2493.3
2523.7
2554.2
2584.7
2615.2
2645.7
2676.1
2706.6
2737.1
S-49
m.
1246.6
1277.1 I
1307.6
1338.1 I
1368.6
1399.0
1429.5
1460.0
1490.5
1521.0
1551.4
1581 .9
1612.4
1642.9
1673.4
1703.8
1734.3
1764.8
1795.3
1825.8
1856.2
1886.7
1917.2
1947.7
1978.2
2008.6
2039. 1
2069.6
2100.1
2130.6
2161.0
2191.5
2222.0
2252.5
2283.0
2313.4
2343.9
2374.4
2404.9
2435.4
2465.8
2496.3
2526.8
2557.3
2587.8
2618.2
2648.7
2679.2
2709.7
2740.2
613388 0 - 45 - 10
--t--------
----
-L
_ .~i
Table 25
PRESSURE (ib.) OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (�C.)
OC, .0 .1I .2 .3 .4 1
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
IIO
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34,
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
6.10
6.56
7.05
7.58
8.13
8.72
9.35
1%.02
10.73
11.48
12.28
13.13
14.03
14.98
I 5.99
17.06
18.19
19.38
20.65
21.98
23.40
24.88
26.46
28.11
29.86
31.70
33.64
35.69
37.84
40.10
42.48
44.98
47.60
50.36
53.26
56.30
59.49
62.83
66.34
70.01
73,86
77.88
82.10
86.51
91.13
6.15
6.61
7.10
7.03
8. 19
8.78
9.41
10.09
10.80
11.56
12.36
13.21
1 4.12
15.08
16.09
17.17
18.30
19.51
20.78
22.12
23.54
25,04
26.62
28.28
30.04
31.89
33.84
35.90
38.06
40.33
42.72
45.23
47.87
50.65
53.56
56.61
59.81
63. 17
66.69
70.38
74.25
78.30
82.53
86.96
91.60
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9
6.20
6.66
7.16
7.68
8.25
8.84
9.48
10.S
10.87
i11.64
12.44
13.30
1 4.21
15.18
16.20
17.28
18.42
19.63
20.91
22.26
23.69
25.19
26.78
28.46
30.22
32.08
34.04
36.1 I
38.28
40.56
42.97
45.49
48.14
50.93
53.85
56.92
60.14
63.52
67.06
70.76
74.65
78.71
82.97
87.42
92.07
6.24
6.71
7.21
7.74
8.30
8.91
9.54
10.22
10,95
11.71
12.53
13.39
14.31
15.28
16.30
17.39
18.54
19.76
21.04
22.40
6.29
6.76
7.26
7.79
8.36
8.97
9.61
10.30
11.02
11.79
12.61
13.48
14.40
15.38
16.41
17.50
I 8.66
19.88
21.17
22.54
6.33
6.81
7.31
7.85
8.42
9.03
9.68
1 0.37
I1I.10
I1.87
12.70
13.57
14.50
15.48
16.51
17.61
18.78
20.01
21.31
22.68
24.13
25.66
27.27
28.98
30.77
32.66
34.65
36.75
38.95
41.27
43.71
46.27
48.97
51.79
54.76
57.87
61.14
64.56
68.15
71.91
75.85
79.97
84.28
88.79
93.51
23.83 23.98
25.35 25.50
26.94 27.11
28.63 28.80
30.40 30.59
32.28 32.47
34.25 34.45
36.32 36.53
38.50 38.73
40.80 41.04
43.21 43.46
45.75 46.01
48.42 48.69
51.22 51.50
54.15 54.46
57.24 57.56
60.47 60.81
63.86 64.21
67.42 67.78
71.14 71.53
75.04 75.44
79.13 79.55
83.40 83.84
87.87 88.33
92.55 93.03
6.38
6.86
7.36
7.90
8.48
9.09
9.74
10.44
11.17
11.95
12.78
13.66
14.59
15.58
16.62
17.73
18.90
20.13
21.44
22.82
24.28
25.82
27.44
29.15
30.96
32.86
34.86
36.96
39.18
41.51
43.96
46.54
49.24
52.08
55.06
58. 19
6 1.47
64.91
68.52
72.30
76.25
80.39
84.72
89.26
93.99
6.42 6.47
6.90 6.95
7.42 7.47
7.96 8.02
8.54 8.60
9.16 9.22
9.81 9.88
10.51 10.58
11.25 11.32
12.03 12.12
12.87 12.95
13.75 13.84
14.69 14.78
15.68 15.78
1 6.73 16.84
17.84 17.96
19.02 19.14
20.26 20.39
21.58 21.71
22.96 23.11
24.43 24.58
25.98 26.14
27.6 I 27,78
29.33 29.51
31.14 31.33
33.05 33.25
35.06 35.27
37.18 37.40
39.41 39.64
41.75 41.99
44.21 44.47
46.80 47.07
49.52 49.80
52.37 52.67
55.31 55.68
58.51 58.84
61.81 62.15
65.27 65.62
68.89 69.26
72.68 73.07
76.66 77.06
80.81 81.24
85.17 85.61
89.72 90.19
94.48 94.97
6.52
7.00
7.52
8.07
8.66
9.28
9.95
10.65
S11.40
12.20
13.04
13.93
14.88
15.89
16.95
18.07
19.26
20.52
21.85
23.25
24.73
26.30
27.94
29.68
31.51
33.45
35.48
37.62
39.87
42.23
44.72
47.33
.50.08
52.96
55.99
59.16
62.49
65.98
69.63
73.46
77.47
81.67
86.06
90.66
95.46
I 1 -
Table 25
PRESSURE (rmb.) OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (oC)
oC 4 .5 .17 9
- 0 6.10 6.06 6.02 5.97 5.93 5,89 5.84 5,80 5.76 572
-I 5.68 5.64 5.59 5.55 5,51 5, 47 5,43 5,.39 5,35 5.31
- 2 5.28 5.24 5.20 5.16 5.12 5,.08 5.05 5.01 4.97 1.o9 ,
-3 4.90 44.6 1.83 4.79 4.75 4.72 ! 4.68 65 461 4.=58
- 4 4.55 4.51 4q.48 4.44 4.41 4.38 4.35 4 31 4.28 4.25
- 5 4.22 4.18 4.15 4.12 4L.09 4,06 4.03 4.00 3.97 3,94
- 6 3.91 3.88 3.85 3.82 3.79 3.76 3.73 3,70 3.68 3,65
7 3.62 3.59 3.56 3.54 3.51 3.48 3.46 3.13 3,.40 3.138
- 8 3.35 3.33 3.30 3.27 3.25 3.22 3.20 3.17 3.o1 3.12
-9 3.10 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.91 2.89
-10 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.73 2.71 2.69 2.,67
-II 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.58 2. 56 2.54 2.52 2 50 2.,48 2,.6
-12 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.31 2,29 2.27
-13 2.26 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.10
-14 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.03 2.01 2.00 1.98 1.16 1.95 1,93
-15 1.92 1.90 1.88 1,87 1.85 1.84 1I.82 1.81 1.79 1.78
-16 1.76 1.75 1.73 !1.72 1.71 1.69 1,68 1.66 1.65 1.6 4
-17 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.50
-18 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.38
-19 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27
-20 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.2( 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16
-21 1.16 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06
-22 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 ,993 .985 .976
-23 .967 .958 .949 .941 .933 .925 .917 .909 .901 .893
-24 .885 .877 .869 .861 .854 .846 .838 .830 .823 .8156
-2b .809 .802 .795 .788 .781 .774 .767 .760 .753 .746
-26 .739 .732 .726 .720 .713 .706 .699 .693 .687 .681
-27 .674 .668 .662. .656 .650 .644 .638 .632 .627 .621
-28 .615 .609 .603 .598 .592 .587 .581 .576 .571 .565
-29 .560 .554 .549 .544 .539 .534 .529 .524 .520 .515
-30 .510 .505 .501 .496 .491 .486 .482 .477 0,7% .468
-31 .464 .460 .455 .451 .447 .442 .438 .434 ! .0 .426
-32 .421 .418 .414 .410 .406 .402 .398 .3914 .3.0 .386
-33 .383 .379 .375 . .372 .368 .364 .361 .357 .3514 350
34 .347 .344 .340 .337 .334 .330 .327 .324 .321 .318
-35 .314 .31 I .308 .305 .302 .299 .296 .293 .290 .288
-36 .285 .282 .279 .276 .273 .271 .268 .265 .263 .260
-37 .257 .255 .252 .250 .247 .245 .242 .240 .237 .235
-38 .233 .230 .228 .226 .223 .221 .219 .217 .215 .212
-39 .210 .208 .206 .204 .201 .199 .197 .195 .193 .191
-40 .189 .187 .185 .183 .182 .180 .178 . 176 .174 172
-41 .170 .169 .167 .165 .163 .162 160 .158 157 .155
-42 .153 .152 .150 .149 .147 .145 .144 .142 .141 .139
-43 .138 .136 .135 .134 .132 .131 .129 ,128 .127 .125
-44 .124 .122 .121 .120 .119 .117 .116 .115 .113 .112
-45 .111 .110 .109 .107 .106 .105 .104 .103 .102 .101
-46 .099 .098 .097 .096 .095 .094 .093 .092 .09I .090
-47 .089 .088 .087 .086 .085 .084 .083 .082 .081 .GR
-48 .080 .079 .078 .077 .076 .075 .074 .074 .073 .072
-49 .071 .070 .069 .069 .068 .067 .066 .066 .065 .064
This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
It is made in compliance with copyright law
and produced on acid-free archival
60# book weight paper
which meets the requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).
Preservation facsimile printing and binding
by
Northern Micrographics
Brookhaven Bindery
La Crosse, Wisconsin
2012