~s 9 —— 42feaee = =" oe 2S Se eee re eal a pa aes A ae = ~ fx a = Nama uns hg Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue mBDOOKS 7 442" University of Illinois Library seueee aeevase pogar aus ssouer itittess 1s xg6 9° F Ss0stp see rgere se Feaneen S16 22eLe 4h faces es STANFORD’S COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL (NEW ISSUE) UNIVERSITY of UENO ys ee) ee ‘VAVLLO ‘SONIGTIOd LNANVITEVd “0j0Ud “pyayaowoT STANFORD’S COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL (NEW ISSUE) NORTH AMERICA VOL. I CANADA & NEWFOUNDLAND BY SAMUEL EDWARD DAWSON LITT.D. (LAVAL) F.R.S.C. MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD 26 & 27 COCKSPUR STREET, CHARING CROSS, S.W. 1897 TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE BARON STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL G.0.M.G.,: ETC. IS DEDICATED THIS ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE THE COUNTRY IN WHICH HIS LIFE HAS BEEN PASSED ; WITH WHOSE VARIED ASPECTS HE, MORE THAN ANY OTHER LIVING MAN, IS FAMILIAR ; AND OF WHOSE RECENT SOCIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT HE MAY TRULY SAY, PARS MAGNA FUI AoA CE « AOS PREFACE Ir is opportune, when the Jubilee of Her Gracious Majesty the Queen and Empress Victoria is being celebrated with such unprecedented pomp and brilliancy, when the wide- spread empire subject to her crown has become for the first time conscious of its vast extent and its unlimited potentialities of organisation and development, to pass under review in a succinct and orderly statement those territories in North America which fall very little short of extending over one-third of the entire British Dominion. This is the more fitting, inasmuch as the Dominion of Canada and the province of Newfoundland possess many physical peculiarities, and have passed through many ex- periences imperfectly known to the general reader. Of the numerous colonies which, by their chosen repre- sentatives, clustered round their Sovereign at her happy Jubilee, Newfoundland is the oldest; while the Dominion of Canada is first in rank, not only by its magnitude, but because it has been the first to take, by the confederation D x COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL of its provinces, a forward step towards the solution of the great problem of the ultimate organisation of the Empire. The object of this volume is to present in a concise form the leading physical characteristics of the immense area in North America which still owns allegiance to the British’ Crown. This has, no doubt, often been done before ; but during the past few years the development of these regions has been so rapid as to outstrip such works as have been written upon the subject. The information is drawn mainly from the latest re- ports presented to the Parliament of Canada by the men, officials for the most part, who are engaged in exploring the newer territories or in collecting the information necessary for the administration of the Dominion and of its integral provinces. This is not, however, the sole object of the book. The physical conditions of every region have, doubtless, a most important influence in moulding the character of its in- habitants, but they are not the only factors to be taken into account in the formation of a people. There are moral influences which have contributed very powerfully to form the political and social results manifested in the important position in the Empire now occupied by the Dominion of Canada. The short historical sketches interspersed throughout the book are intended to show why these great regions are still subject to Her Majesty’s PREFACE Xl sceptre, and why their inhabitants are still attached in loving loyalty to her person and office. Although these historical notices are of necessity very brief, they may serve to invite further inquiry into a subject very little understood. The history of these American provinces abounds in passages of interest and even of romance, and in these respects is not excelled by the history of any other people among the younger nations of the world. The dominant characteristics of the people of these provinces have been manifested in times of discouragement and trial, in peril and disaster, as well as in the formative periods of self-organisation and advancement. Whether, then, the Dominion of Canada be considered in its extent, in its resources, or in its history, the present volume may tend to show that it has, under Providence, not only the right to exist and to control its own destiny, but that it has as fair a prospect of continuance as any other community on the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. The philosophy of history is always more sound when it is written after the history is over; for the problems presented by an active and growing community, and the contingencies which unexpectedly arise in all human affairs, are too complex to be grasped by any one mind, no matter how great. The people of the British American provinces, as will appear in the following pages, are nine-tenths of Canadian birth, and their views must be X11 COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL accepted as paramount by those, reared in other lands, who would appear to be anxious to sell a birthright not their own. The Dominion of Canada stands on the Western Continent for a principle—the dominant principle of the Anglo-Norman race—of steady advance in orderly self- government, growing, as the trees grow, without precipi- tation or even haste, but never pausing and never retro- grading ; therefore the Canadian people take little interest in self-appointed prophets or in doctors of destiny, but they carry on their work year by year, as duty calls, leaving the result to that controlling Power which has kept them safe in the past and is able to do so in the future. CONTENTS CHAPTER | INTRODUCTORY Chief Sources of Information—Explorers CHAPTER LL THRESHOLD OF THE NEW WORLD Indications of Land . _ Rivers of the North Riientio =the Gulf Stream — =the pees Current . : Banks of N S foendnde he “gies Bank ——The eT ei Banks : The Procession from the North CHAPTER III DOMINION OF CANADA Characteristics common to the whole Dominion—Extent—Area — Great Landmarks of the Empire Boundaries—Description and History ; Relief of the Land—Nucleus of the Canter he Chatasteristios of the Laurentian Area Hydrography—Hudson’s Bay Basin: St Uenrente Basit—Great ‘ Lakes—Rivers—Water-routes—Lake of the Woods—Interior Basins te Teniperatar SA irin ultur al Peitucts Rath iallesRoveats —Forest Products PAGE 14 16 23 29 43 X1V COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL Fauna—Animals—Birds—Fishes ; Indian Tribes—Great Tribal Families: Ralcimo-—Preaae Number s Political Divisions— Maritime Provinces—Old Canada—Central Province — Pacific Province— Territories—Unorganised Dis- tricts Population , Comennitcations<—CanaleRivers-Rellways—0. a : Government—Administration— Organisation History of the Confederation : Trade and Commerce—Shipping — ener. _-Lnpouts — Mines aa Fisheries —Forest— Animal and Agricultural Products Finance— Manufactures Ocean Distances CHAPTER IV History oF ACADIA Historic Unity of the Acadian Provinces Early Voyages—Northmen—Yarmouth Rune- iio ‘ Discovery— Cabot —Verrazano — Gomez — Portuguese— Bretons— Cartier Settlement — De Monts—Champlain — Port- Royale Overlapping Charters—-Beginning of the Great Struggle Dissensions—Razilly—Charnisay—La Tour—Cession of Asin English in Acadia—Acadian French—Frontier and Indian Wars —Political Vicissitudes The Oath of Aliegiance—-Settlement of Halifixee ained Reino Expulsion of Acadian French : : : Loyalist Settlements—Formation of Provinces CHAP Tiny: THE MARITIME PROVINCES General Physical Characteristics Geology eel Tatimelstnte ean kall Forest Trees of each Province PAGE 54 67 78 80 82 87 92 93 97 100 105 106 109 | 112 115 118 ‘9d 22 131 136 138 139 142 CONTENTS GHAPTER: Vi Nova Scotia Area— Boundaries Coasts—Atlantic—Bay of Wnty Northumberland Sian Geology—Minerals—Gold—Coal—Iron—Gypsum . Character of the Land—Onuter or Atlantic Division—Inner Dinaion — Agriculture Government—Education ; Cities—Commerce—Communications Island of Cape Breton CHAPTER VII New BRUNSWICK Boundaries—Area—Campobello and Grand Manan Bay of Fundy—High Tides—The Bore Contour of the Land—Southern Belt of Hill Gentral havo Intervales Hydrography—River St. J vipaae er ae FAN ein tariog Lower Falls—St. Croix—Miramichi—Richibucto—Restigouche— Geology —Cambrian Slates—Silurian Plain—Carboniferous Area— Minerals ; Agriculture—Mar eiiidess For ests . Government—Education Pe ctr tertel Cantnanica tons--Resbur Steet CHAPTER VIII PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Situation—Area—Geology Soil—Climate—Agriculture . Coast-line—Harbours—Communications Government —Education—Commerce CHAPTER IX OLtp CAaNnsaADA—THE St. LAWRENCE PROVINCES— GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Origin and Contrasts of the two Provinces . Climate—Tables of ete fera ties Main fall Winter: New France Forest Trees of the two Provinces—Forest Products Hudson’s Bay Watershed SV PAGE 144 144 154 158 161 163 167 188 190 192 193 201 204 208 209 210 212 218 222 XVl COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL CHAPTER X QuEBEC—THE ANCIENT PROVINCE History—Early Explorations—First Settlement—Foundation of Quebec—Champlain—Foundation of Montreal Indian Wars—Frontenac—Church and State— Western Disoowent —French Expansion—Peculation—Vicissitudes of the Final Struggle : Capture of iavuiaboure-srahaee at Wolfe—Battle of Quenee Capiulybide=“Ohssion of Canada Emigration—The Quebec Act—The American Revolution on Quebec—Failure of Congress in Canada—War of 1812-14 . CHAPTER: Xd THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC Boundaries—Area : ; , ; : Contour of the Land—Notre Dame Mountains—Gaspé—Lauren- tian Highlands—Central Plain Gulf of St. Lawrence—Navigation—Islands River St. Lawrence—Navigation—Shores—Tributaries Geology : Papiaronetisce man” Geren ensoeir a Organisakieeane munications Agriculture —Forest —Miner ads Subdivisions—Southern le iranonee te ate. The Saguenay Region—Lake St. John St. Maurice and Ottawa Districts—Rivers . Gaspé District—Mountains and Coast Eastern Townships—Settlement . Quebec District—The City of Dae Lower Parislies 2 Cage merce Montreal Dae eauy ae ee ee laud of Montr cal Wee fluence of Rivers—Le Nord—The Southern Plain—The Upper Valley—Canals—Rapids— Waterways . City of Montreal—History—Population—Railways—Commerce— Education — Buildings — Port — ee — Exports — Manu- factures : : ; ‘ Other Cities . PAGE 223 235 238 307 320 CONTENTS GHAPTER, XII PROVINCE OF ONTARIO History—Origin and Settlement United Empire Loyalists—their Pr ineinleneesthet Saifer! ings— their Defeat—their Success ; War of 1812-14—Vicissitudes—Successful Foe to lincasion ; Peaceful Progress CHAPTER XIII PROVINCE OF ONTARIO—DESCRIPTION Boundaries-—Area Contour of the Land Hydrography—Water- aries alty sical Divi isions Geology The Great Tee eeeOntar oe ae Falls —Erie—Hur aie hea ior —Sault Ste. Marie Natural Beauty of the Province Population—Government—Education Agriculture—Crops—Fruits—Grapes—Maize—Agr joultur x Results Climate , The New Ontario Kbrest Pr pdnotsesiianes feat: iner sig tt on— Salt ; Mineral Wenotrerse: Golde =Silyer Coane : : City of Toronto—Foundation—Educational Pennie 2 ade— Manufactures Cities —Ottawa— Kingston De Pater Aeon aeee rian leone ar antfor d —Galt— Guelph — London _Woodstock— Sarnia— Windsor— Owen Sound—Other Cities : : ‘ : GHA DER XV MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES The Great Interior Plain—Divisions—Area—Boundaries—General Characteristics . First Prairie Soh eecond Prairie > Steppe—Thid Pine Steppe Geology—Minerals—Coal : : XV1l PAGE eve 323 329 332 394 396 400 ‘i XVill COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL Hydrography—Red River—Assiniboine—Souris—North and South Saskatchewan—Lakes : Winnipeg—Manitoba— Winnipegoosis Climate—Paradoxes of Climate—Chinook Winds—Temperature— Rainfall ; Forest—Tree-line—Prairies . Communications—Education—Law and Or ‘ist Non or Pape Province of Manitoba—Government—Boundaries—Area—Agricul- ture—Resources North-west Terr Eo ise ch akin bOieeee ee ta Ranepiee Cause Banff—National Park—Saskatchewan . History of Discovery in the North-west—The oreat Fur Couipantes —Conflict—Union—Transfer of the West to the Dominion— Rising at Red River — Military Expedition — North - west Rebellion ; ; : : ‘ CHAPTER XV BRITISH COLUMBIA Boundaries—Area : Mountain Fang = Cordilies an Belt Rocky Mountajns