PD PPM a ys. AAEOR Ea te they, Staaten ween ies os ak Apo hae an Sea yeasts e7®° | Soe ye: pai. 7; re eat Ly? fare ) (aa = px ee! Se ~~ Age ag ~) the ens Nae ae o= i: Cs ee Cras) 4ay | coon “SPT eme . iy ae ‘i 5 , ie bee ON remeet ts ey wo Ri ALogT eS ZO} i Ly 9 ‘ es ( * p. BY CHARLES S. NEWHALL I THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA With an introductory note by Nath. L. Britton. With illus- trations made from tracings of the leaves of the various trees. pale ; fe : JN ae 0 a a ee II THE LEAF COLLECTOR’S HANDBOOK AND HERBARIUM An aid in the preservation and in the classification of specimen leaves of the trees of Northeastern America. Illustrated $2 00 Ill THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA Fully illustrated. Large 8° . : : ; 5 $I 75 IV THE VINES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA Very fully illustrated. Similar in general style to ‘‘ The Trees of Northeastern America.” 8° . : A : $1 75 G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS, NEw YorkK AND LONDON THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA Rr ey oie scenes = THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA BY CHARLES S. NEWHALL Illustrations from Original Drawings Two Volumes in One G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON The Rnickerbocker Press 1904 THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA” Copyright, 1890, by CHARLES S. NEWHALL “THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA” Copyright, 1891, by CHARLES S. NEWHALL The Rnickerbocker Press, Hew Work hee PRES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA BY CHARLES 8S. NEWHALL With an Introductory Note by NATH. L. BRITTON, E.M., Px.D., Cotumpia CoLtEecEe THIRTEENTH IMPRESSION CONTENTS. PREFACE. : INTRODUCTORY NOTE GUIDE TO THE TREES List oF GENERA DESCRIPTION OF TREES (WITH e EXPLANATION OF [TERMS GLOSSARY INDEX TO THE [TREES ILLUSTRATIONS) ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Figures 1 and 2.—CucuMBER TREE and SweEET Bay . : 7 Figure 3.—UMBRELLA TREE d ; ‘ 9 Figure 4.—Papaw ; ; : ‘ : rea SB Figure 5.—ReED Bup . ; ; : : : : : aE Figure 6.—Sour Gum. ‘ ; : : : Ml A: Figure 7.—PERSIMMON ‘ : : : : : ghd Re Figure 8.—SASSAFRAS . ; : ; ; : ete Figure 9.—Basswoop . : : : : : he Figures ro and 11.—AMERICAN HOLLy : : : eos Figure 12.—WILD BLACK CHERRY : : ; : oo eed Figure 13.—WILD RED CHERRY . ; : : : A VE20 Figure 14.—WILD PLUM : : : . : : : lec o Figure 15.—CRAB-APPLE . ; : ; : ‘ tat Figure 16.—WHITE THORN FRUIT : - : eee Figure 17.—BLack THORN " : : ; : eUGHE Figure 18.—ComMMon THORN ‘ : : é : 7 AF Figure t9.—CockspuR THORN . : : ; ; PUL3O Figure 20.—SHAD-BuUsH A : eV Rat Figure 21.—SORREL TREE . ’ ; E aS Figures 22 and 23.—WHITE ELM and SLIPPERY ELM . eA Figure 24.—HACKBERRY . , ; UPA Figure 25.—RrED MULBERRY . : ; : aS ee Figure 26.—BUTTONWOOD . Sey Figures 27 and 28.—WHITE BircuH and PAPER BircH. : tees 7 Figures 29 and 30.—ReED BircH and YELLOW BIRCH . USGI Figure 31.—SWEET BIRCH . : : LU BGs Figure 32.—Hop- HorNBEAM p : : : ; : ive GE Figure 33.—HoRNBEAM : } - : : . ; WEG Figure 34.—CHESTNUT : : : ‘ : : . 69 1X x Lllustrattons. Figure 35.—BEECH Figure 36.—BLack WILLOW Figure 37.—SCYTHE-LEAVED WILLow . Figure 38.—SHINING WILLOW Figure 39.—LONG-BEAKED WILLOW Figures 40, 41, 42, and 43.—WHITE WILLow, YELLOw WILLOW, WEEPING WILLOW, and Crack WILLOW Figure 44.—ASPEN : Figure 45.—LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN Figure 46.—Downy-LEAVED POPLAR . Figure 47.—COTTONWOoD ; : Figures 48 and 49.—BaAtsam PopLar and BALM OF GILEAD Figure 50.—LOMBARDY POPLAR . Figure 51.—SILVER-LEAF POPLAR Figure 52.—TuLip TREE Figure 53.—WHITE Oak Figure 54.—Post Oak Figure 55.—BurR OAK , Figure 56.—Swamp WHITE OAK . Figure 57.—CHESTNUT OAK Figure 58.—YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK . Figure 59.—BLAcK JACK Figure 60,—SPANISH OAK Figure 61.—SCARLET OAK . Figure 62.—BLack Oak Figure 63.—RED Oak . Figure 64.—PiIn Oak Figure 65.—WILLOW Oak Figure 66.—SHINGLE OAK Figure 67.—SWEET GuM Figure 68.—FLOWERING DoGwoop Figure 69.—ALTERNATE-LEAVED DoGwoop Figure 70.—FRINGE TREE Figure 71.—CATALPA . Figures 72 and 73.—BLack Haw and Sweet VIBURNUM PAGE 71 73 75 Wd 79 81 85 87 89 gi 93 95 95 99 103 105 107 10g ERE 141 145 Lllustrations. Figure 74.—STRIPED MAPLE Figure 75.—SUGAR MAPLE . Figure 76.—Biack MAPLE . Figure 77.—SILVER-LEAF MAPLE Figure 78.—RED MAPLE Figures 79, 80, 81, and 82.—Gray Pink, ScruB PINE, ‘TABLE MountTAIN PINE, and RED PINE Figures 83, 84, and 85.—YELLow, Pitcu, and WHITE PINE Figures 86 and 87.—BLack SPRUCE and WHITE SPRUCE Figure 88.—NCRWAY SPRUCE Figure 89.—HEMLOCK . ; : Figures go and 91.—BALsaM Fir and LARCH Figures 92 and 93.—WHITE CEDAR and ARBOR VIT£& Figure 94.—RED CEDAR Figure 95.—AILANTHUS Figure 96.—Locust Figure 97.— KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE Figure 98.—Honey Locust Figure 99.—STAG-HORN SUMACH Figure 100.—POISON SUMACH Figure 101.—MovunrTAIN ASH : Figures 102 and 103.—BLack WaLNuT and BUTTERNUT Figure 104.—SHAG-BARK Figure 105.—MockeEr-NutT . Figure 106.—SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY Figure 107.—Pic-NvuT. ; : . : ; . Figure 108.—BITTER-NUT . 2 ° : ° ° Figure 109.—AsH-LEAVED MAPLE : . ‘ Figure 110.—WHITE ASH . : ; ° 2 ‘ Figure 111.—ReEpD ASH : : ae ° ; Bicurei112.—-GREEN ASH ° . : ° : : Figure 113.—BLuE ASH , ; : ° , Figure 114.—BLack ASH . : : ° Figure 115.—SWEET BUCKEYE . - é Figure 116.—OHIO BUCKEYE x1 PAGE 149 151 229 233 235 Pik Od PAN OU gy SH Ge street and ask him his name, he could tell us. I wish a , if you and I were to meet a man on the tree could do as much. Here are splendid specimens all around us, and I don’t know one of them.” ‘Get a book that will help you.” ‘‘T cannot find such a book. I can find no book which, in simple fashion, will so describe the tree, from its foliage and bark and style, that I can recognize it.” ‘Then I will make one for you.” The trees described in the following pages include all the native trees of Canada and the Northern United States east of the Mississippi River. Mention has also been made of the more important of the introduced and naturalized species. The work has been so arranged that any given specimen can be readily found by help of the GUIDE on page I. 3 My chief authority for the geographical distribution of the species is Sargent’s report in the Tenth Census xili xiv Introductory Note. of the United States; for the scientific nomenclature, Nath. L. Britton, E.M., Ph.D. I am greatly indebted to Professors Thomas C. Porter, of Lafayette College, and N. L. Britton, of Columbia College, for valuable aid and suggestions ; also to Rev. S. W. Knipe, of Oceanic, N. J. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. CoLuMBIA CoLLEGE HERBARIUM, New York, May 12, 1890. Dear Sirs:—I have been interested in glancing over the manuscript of Mr. Newhall’s book on our native trees, and am much pleased to learn that it is to be published. There is great need of such a popular work. It will do much good in supplying information to our people about some of the common things around them, and this in an attractive manner. Yours very truly, N. L. Britton. A—f Magnolia. . Asimina Cercis . Nyssa . Diospyros Sassafras . Py EDS aii ue Ilex Prunus Pyrus . Cratégus . Amelanchier Oxydendrum Ulmus Celtis . Morus. Broussoneéetia Platanus . Bétula . Ostrya Carpinus . Castanea . ESN ce: oy Ps Salix POpOIGS oo 6 88. -- rg \o m d ~ WS FES p Dae ei We tll thik Genus MAGNOLIA, L. (Magnolia.) 4 From ** Magnol,” the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century, Fig. 1.—Cucumber Tree, Mountain Magnolia. J. acuminata, L. Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE; EDGE ENTIRE. Outline, long oval. Apex, pointed. ase, pointed. Leaves, five to ten inches long, thin, dark green above; green beneath and slightly downy; growing along the branch and not simply in a cluster at its end. Bark, dark and rough. Flowers, three to six inches across, bluish or yellowish- white, abundant and fragrant. May, June. Fruit, in a cylinder-shaped bunch, two to three inches long, and somewhat resembling a small cucumber. Found, in rich woods from Western New York to Southern Illinois and southward, and in cultivation. Its finest growth is in the southern Alleghany Mountains. A tree sixty to ninety feet high, with a straight trunk and rich foliage. The wood is durable, soft, and light. Used for cabinet-work, for flooring, for pump-logs, and water-troughs. As in other magnolias the juice is bitter and aromatic. Fig. 2.—Sweet Bay, Swamp Laurel, Small Magnolia. 2. glauca, L. Leaves, SIMPLE; ALTERNATE; EDGE ENTIRE. Outline, long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex, slightly blunt-pointed. Base, pointed. 6 he \ peda Fig. 1 Fig. 1.—Cucumber Tree. (M. acuminata, L.) Fig. 2.—Sweet Bay. (M. glauca, L.) NATURAL SIZE. 8 lrees with Simple Leaves. — [Al Leaf, about three to six inches long, thick and smooth; dark green and polished above; white below; the middle rib green and distinct; the side ribs slight and indistinct. Bark of trunk, smoothish, light gray, aronvate and bitter. Flowers, large (two to three inches wide), white, at the ends of the branches, very fragrant. June, July. Fruit, bright red berries, at first in small cone-like clus- ters, then hanging by slender threads. September. Found, in swampy ground, from Massachusetts southward, usually near the coast. A small tree (often a bush), four to twenty-five feet high, or higher southward, where its leaves are evergreen. All parts of the tree (and it is the same with the other magnolias) have an intensely bitter, aromatic juice, which is stimulating and tonic. Fig. 3—Umbrella Tree, Elkwood. J. ¢ripezala, L. Leaves, SIMPLE; ALTERNATE; EDGE ENTIRE. Outline, long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. POG (c) in groups of five (White Pine) ; - : : : ; 268 Leaves clustered, in many-leaved groups (Larch) : : : : : aE TS Leaves not clustered, flat, and, when young, arranged all around the twigs, becoming two-ranked (Fir) : : ; : : : : ‘ vee Leaves not clustered, flat, and arranged in two distinct ranks (Hemlock) . ae ye Leaves not clustered, needle-shaped, four-sided, and arranged all around the twigs (Spruce) . - : : 5 : - : é - £0849 72 Leaves not clustered, scale-like (Arbor Vitze and Cedars) . : eo", §78-180 CONE-BEARKING DREES, PrentiswtslN to be { Pine.) From a Celtic word meaning rock or mountain. Fig. 79.—Gray Pine, Northern Scrub Pine, Prince’s Pine. P. Banksiana, Lam. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved, sheathed bunches. Leaf, needle-shape, about one inch long, pointed, stiff, curved, rounded on the back, grooved above. Cones, nearly two inches long, gray, usually in pairs, and curved like small horns, with a peculiar habit of always pointing in the same direction as the branches. Scales, blunt, smooth, not armed with points or knobs. found, along the northern frontier of the United States and far northward. Its best growth is north of Lake Superior. A small evergreen tree, or often a shrub, five to thirty feet high, with long, spreading branches, and light, soft wood that is of but slight value. 161 162 Lrees with Simple Leaves. [C1 Fig. 80.—Jersey Pine, Scrub Pine. PP. Virginiaina, Mill. P. gnops, Ait. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved sheathed bunches. Leaf, needle-shape, one and three fourths to two and three fourths inches long, stiff, bluntish; on the outer side smooth and rounded; on the inner side flat, and rough downwards. Cones, one and three fourths to three inches long, usually single and pointing downward. ‘Scales, tipped with a stiff, straight prickle. Bark of the trunk, rough and blackish. Young branches smooth (in other pines scaly). Zw2zgs, purplish. found, from Long Island along the coast to South Caro- lina, and through Eastern and Middle Kentucky to Southeastern Indiana; in sandy and generally barren soil. | An evergreen tree fifteen to forty feet high, irregular in shape and with straggling, spreading, or drooping branches. The timber is very “‘pitchy,” soft, and durable, but poor even for fuel. ‘“Next to the Gray Pine, the Jersey Pine is the most uninteresting species of the United States.” ——Micnauvx, f. Fig. 81.—Table Mountain Pine, Hickory Pine. P. pungens, Michx. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved sheathed bunches. Fig. 79 Fig. 79.—Gray Pine. (P. Banksiana, Lam.) Fig. 80.—Scrub Pine. (P. Virginiana, Mill.) Fig. 81.—Table Mountain Pine. (P. pungens, Michx.) Fig. 82.—Red Pine. (P. resindsa. Ait.) NATURAL SIZE. 164 lrees with Simple Leaves. [C1 Leaf, needle-shape, about two and one half inches long, stiff; outer side smooth and rounded; inner side hollowed. Cones, about three and one half inches long, of a light yellow color, stemless, often united in clusters of fours. Scales, with a stout spine, widening at its base, one sixth of an inch in length. found, within narrower limits than any other American Pine; along the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsyl- vania to Tennessee, especially upon Table Mountain in North Carolina, one of the highest peaks of the range. A tree ten to fifty feet high, with light and soft wood, largely used for charcoal. Fig. 82.—Red Pine, Norway Pine. PP. resinisa, Ait. P. rubra, Michx, f. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved sheathed bunches. Leaf, needle-shape, five to eight inches long; dark, dull, green; rounded and smooth on the outside; on the inside hollowed. | Cones, about two to three inches long; rounded at the base ; sometimes crowded in large clusters. Scales, not armed with points or knobs. Bark of the trunk, comparatively smooth and reddish, of a clearer red than that of any other species in the United States. Leaves [ndeterminate. 165 found, in dry and sandy soil from Newfoundland and the northern shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Winnipeg River, through the Northern States to Massachusetts, in the mountains of Northern Penn- sylvania. Rare in the Eastern States, except in the extreme northern parts of New England. An evergreen tree fifty to eighty feet high, or more, with hard and durable wood, useful for all kinds of con- struction. It is low-branching and regular in shape. In a note given in confirmation of his estimate of the height of the red pine, Michaux says that when the French in Quebec built the war-ship SZ. Lawrence, fifty guns, they made its main-mast of this pine. Fig. 83.—Yellow Pine, Short-leaved Pine, Spruce Pine. 7. ecpinata, Mill. P. mitis, Michx. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved sheathed bunches. (On vigorous young shoots the leaves are sometimes clustered in threes, not on the old branches.) Leaf, needle-shape, two and a half to five inches long, usually four to five inches; dark green; slender; rounded on the outer side; on the inner side, hollowed. Cone, about two to three inches long, in old trees scarcely more than one and a half inches long; the smallest of the American Pine cones; surface roughened by the slightly projecting ends of the scales; not grow- ing in large clusters. Scales, tipped with a weak prickle pointing outward. 166 Trees with Simple Leaves. [C1 Found, in Staten Island and New Jersey, and southward to Western Florida; through the Gulf States, Arkansas, and parts of Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois. An evergreen tree forty to eighty feet high, with stratght trunk, regular branches, and pyramid-shaped head. The timber is hard and very valuable, second in value (among the Yellow Pines) only to the ‘‘ Georgia Pine” (P. palustris—‘“ Long-leaved Pine,” ‘“ Southern Pine ”); Fig. 84.—Pitch Pine. P. rigida, Mill. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in three-leaved sheathed bunches. Leaf, needle-shaped, three to six inches long; stiff and sharp; the outer side flattish ; the inner side slightly ridged, and rough downwards. Bark, very thick and rough, and deeply fissured ; dark, often with a reddish or purplish tinge. Cones, two to three inches long, oftenest in clusters of two to four. Scales, tipped with stiff and sometimes curved prickles. found, from New Brunswick to Lake Ontario, through the Atlantic States to Northern Georgia, and extending to the western slope of the Alleghany Mountains, in West Virginia and Kentucky. Usually in dry, sandy soil, sometimes in deep swamps. Very common. | An evergreen tree thirty to eighty feet high, with very irregular branches, and a trunk that is seldom — straight to the top. The wood is hard and full of pitch, of slight value except for fuel and charcoal and coarse lumber. INS Fig: 85 Fig. 83.—Yellow Pine. (P. ecpinata, Mill.) Fig. 84.—Pitch Pine. (P. rigida, Mill.) Fig. 85.—White Pine. (P. Strobus, L.) NATURAL SIZE, 168 Lrees with Simple Leaves. [C1 Fig. 85.—White Pine, Weymouth Pine. ?. Strobus, L. Leaves, SIMPLE} INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in five-leaved bunches, with their sheaths lacking or very short, excepting when young. Leaf, needle-shape, three to five inches long, light bluish- green, three-sided, soft, and very slender. Cones, four to six inches long, cylinder-shape, about one inch in diameter before the scales loosen ; solitary, drooping, slightly curved. Scales, thin, without prickles. Bark of trunk, “ghter than in the other pines ; in young trees smooth, and only slightly rough when older. Found, from Newfoundland to the Winnipeg River, southward through the Northern States, and along the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia. Its finest growth is in the region of the Great Lakes. An evergreen tree of soft and delicate foliage, eighty to one hundred and fifty feet high; one of the most valu- able timber trees of any country. The wood is clear of knots, straight-grained, and soft, and is used in immense quantities for building and in many kinds of manufactur- ing. The branches are given off in flat, regular whorls around the straight trunk. Genus PICEA, Link. (Spruce.) Fig. 86.—Black Spruce. /. Mariana (Mill) B.S. P. P. nigra, Link. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness; arranged singly and thickly all around the branchlets, a Bs ai in Fig. 86.—Black Spruce. P. Mariana(Mill), B.S. P. Fig. 87.—White Spruce. P. Canadénsis (Mill), B. S. P. NATURAL SIZE. 170 Lrees with Simple Leaves. [Ci Leaf, needle-shape, five twelfths to two thirds of an inch long, four-sided, mostly straight, stiff, and sharp; dark green. Cones, three fourths to one and one half inches long, drooping at the ends of the branchlets; broad oval; dark purple when young, becoming reddish-brown as they ripen. Scales, long reverse egg-shape, thin, with a wavy or toothed edge toward their apex. Found, along the Alleghany Mountains from the high peaks of North Carolina to Pennsylvania, through the Northern States, and far northward. In the North it often forms large, dark forests. An evergreen tree thirty to sixty feet high, with straight, tapering trunk. The wood is light and straight- grained and is used for lumber, for the masts and spars of ships, in building, etc. From its twigs is prepared the ‘essence of spruce,” Fig. 87. White Spruce. P. Canadensis (Mill), B. S. P. 2. ba, Lk: Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness; arranged singly all around the branchlets. 7 Leaf, needle-shaped, five twelfths to three fourths of an inch long, four-sided, curved, sharp, rather slender, bluish-green, much lighter than the leaf of the Black Spruce. Lark, lighter than that of the Black Spruce. Cones, one to two inches long, and always in the pro- portion of about two inches in length to one half Fig. 88.—Norway Spruce. [P. excélsa. ] NATURAL SIZE, 172 Lvrees with Simple Leaves. [C1 or three fourths of an inch in thickness; drooping at the ends of the branchlets ; Jong oval or cylinder- shape ; pale green when young, becoming dbrownzsh as they ripen. Scales, broad reverse egg-shape, with an entire edge, and rounded or somewhat two-lobed at the apex. Found, in Maine, Northeastern Vermont, Northern Michi- gan, Minnesota, and far northward, on low ground and in swamps. It is most common north of the United States boundaries. An evergreen tree, forty to seventy feet high. One of the most important of the Northern timber trees. Fig. 88.—Norway Spruce. [P. excéedsa.] This spruce is not a native, but is now very widely cultivated, and is sometimes found escaped from cultiva- tion. It is a finer and larger tree than the native spruces, wand differs from them especially in these items: Cones, five inches and more in length; about one and a half inches in thickness. Branches and branchlets, heavily drooping, especially in the older trees. Genus TSUGA, Carr. (Hemlock.) Fig. 89.—Hemlock. 7. Canadensis (L.), Carr. Abies Canadensis, Michx. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness ; arranged singly in two flat distinctly opposite ranks up and down the branchlets. Leaf, one half inch long, narrow; blunt; sometimes minutely toothed toward the apex; flat; green above; silvery white beneath. Fig. 89.—Hemlock. T. Canadensis (L.), Carr, NATURAL SIZE. 174 Lrees with Simple Leaves. [C1 Lark, reddish and scaly ; when old, somewhat roughened by long, shallow furrows. Cones, very smadl (three fourths of an inch long); dvoop- wmg, oval or egg-shape. Scales, few, thin, rounded, and entire. The seed with the wing is about three fourths the length of the scale. The cone does not fall apart when rege. found, from Southern New Brunswick and the Valley of the St. Lawrence through the Northern States to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to Alabama. Common northward, often forming large forests. An evergreen tree, sixty to eighty feet high, irregular in outline, very graceful, especially when young, with light and delicate foliage and horizontal or drooping branches. The timber is very coarse; the bark much used for tanning, and with medicinal qualities. Genus ABIES, Link. (Fir.) Fig. 90.—Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir. A. dalsimea (L.), Miller. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness ; arranged singly up and down the branchlets, at first radiating about equally on every side, afterward flattened into two ranks, as in the Hemlock. Leaf, one half to one inch long, narrow; apex blunt or notched; edge entire; flat, with a grooved line above and a corresponding raised line below ; bright green above; silvery white below. Leaves Indeterminate. 175 Bark, smooth and unbroken (especially when young), and usually covered weth ‘ blisters.” Cones, two to four inches long, one inch broad, erect, at the sides of the branchlets; violet-colored. Scales, thin and flat, broad and rounded. The thin bracts between the scales are tipped with a slender bristle. Lhe cone falls apart when ripe. Found, from the far North through the Northern States. to Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of West Virginia. Common northward in damp forests. A slender, evergreen tree, twenty to sixty feet high ; pyramid-shaped, with regular horizontal branches ; its wood is very light and soft. From the “ blisters,” which form under the bark of the trunk and branches, the valu- able Canada balsam is obtained. The tree is short-lived, and therefore of less value in cultivation. Genus LARIX, Tourn. (Larch.) Fig. 91.—Larch, Tamarack, Hackmatack. Z. /aricina (Du Rot), Koch, L. Americéna, Michx. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their closeness; arranged along the branches in many-leaved bunches without sheaths. Leaf, thread-like, one to two inches long, withering and falling in the autumn. Lark, smooth. 176 Trees with Simple Leaves. [Cl Cones, about one half inch long; broad egg-shaped ; green or violet when young, becoming purple and brownish as they ripen. Scades, thin, nearly round, their edges entire. Found, from Pennsylvania, Northern Indiana, and North- ern Illinois through the Northern States and far northward. It grows usually in low, swampy land, where it often thickly covers large areas. A tree fifty to one hundred feet high (not evergreen), with a straight trunk and slender, horizontal branches. The wood is durable, hard, and very strong, and is largely used in ship-building, for posts, railroad ties, ete. The Indians and Canadians were accustomed to use the fibres of the Larch roots for sewing their bark canoes; and for tightening the seams, the gum of the Balsam Fir. “Give me of your roots, O Tamarak ! Of your fibrous roots, O Larch-Tree ! My canoe to bind together, So to bind the ends together, That the water may not enter, That the river may not wet me ! * * % * * * “Give me of your balm, O Fir-Tree ! Of your balsam and your resin, So to close the seams together That the water may not enter, That the river may not wet me! “ And the Fir-Tree tall and sombre, Sobbed through all its robes of darkness, Answered wailing, answered weeping, ‘Take my balm, O Hiawatha!’ ” // Ke Fig. 90.—Balsam Fir. A. balsamea (L.), Miller. Fig. 91.—Larch. L, laricina (Du Roi), Koch. NATURAL SIZE, 178 Trees with Simple Leaves. [et Genus CHAMAECYPARIS, Spach. (White Cedar.) Fig. 92.— White Cedar. C. thyoides (L.), B.S.P. C. spherdidea, Spach. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like, somewhat egg-shape, overlapping each other, and closely pressed in four rows up and down the very flat branchlets. Each leaf has at its centrevagaised gland, easily distinguished if held between the eye and the light. Bark, fibrous. The “spray” (formed from the flat branch- lets) is itself flat and very delicate and of a dull green. Cones, about one fourth of an inch in diameter, round, variously placed, compact, purplish as they ripen ; opening when ripe toward the centre line (2. é., not toward its base). Scales, fleshy, shzeld-shaped and apparently fastened near therr centres, with the edge several-pointed, and with a sharp point or knob in the centre. Seeds, usually four to eight under each scale, oval, with wide wings at the sides. Found, in deep, cold swamps (filling them densely and exclusively), from Southern Maine along the coast to Florida, and along the Gulf coast to Mississippi. A tapering evergreen tree, thirty to seventy feet high, with light and durable wood, largely used in boat-building, for wooden-ware, shingles, etc. Fig. 92,_White Cedar. C. thyoides (L.), B. S. P. Fig. 93.—Arbor Vite. (T. occidentalis, L.) | NATURAL SIZE. 180 Lrees with Simple Leaves, [Ci Genus THUYA,.L. (Arbor Vite.) From a Greek word meaning to sacrifice, because of the use of the fragrant wood in sacrifice. Fig. 93.—Arbor Vitz, White Cedar. 7. occidentalis, L. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like, somewhat egg-shape, overlapping each other, and closely pressed in four rows up and down the very flat branchlets. Each leaf has at its centre a raised gland, easily Steiab eet one if held between the eye and the light. Bark, fibrous. The “spray” (formed from the flat branch- lets) is itself flat and of rather a drzght green. Cones, about five twelfths of an inch in length, long oval or reverse egg-shape, nodding, yellowtsh-brown as they ripen, dry and opening to the base when ripe. Scales, pointless, oval or egg-shape, smooth (2. e., not pointed on the edge or near the centre.) Seeds, one to two under each scale, long and narrow (like a small caraway seed); broadly winged all around, with the wing notched at one end. found, along the Alleghany Mountains from the high peaks of North Carolina to Northern Pennsylvania and Central New York, northward into Southern Canada and westward; along rocky banks of streams and in swamps; very common at the North, where it often occupies large areas of swamp land. It is very widely cultivated, especially in hedges. A tapering evergreen tree, twenty to fifty feet high, with close, dense branches, and a light and durable wood. Leaves Indeterminate. 181 Genus JUNIPERUS, L. (Red Cedar.) From a Celtic word meaning rough. Fig. 94.—Red Cedar, Savin. ¥. Virginiana, L. Leaves, SIMPLE; INDETERMINATE in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are arranged in four rows up and down the branchlets. [nxn young or rapidly growing sprouts the leaves are awl- shaped or needle-shaped, somewhat spreading from the branch, very sharp and stiff, placed in pairs (or sometimes in threes), usually about one fourth of an inch long, and with the fine branchlets, which they cover, rounded. ln the older and slower-growwng trees the leaves are scale- like and overlapping, egg-shape, closely pressed to the branchlets which they cover, and with the branch- lets sguare. As the branchlets grow, the lower scales sometimes lengthen and become dry and chaffy and slightly spreading. Bark, brown and sometimes purplish-tinged, often shred- ding off with age and leaving the trunk smooth and polished. “ Berrzes,” about the size of a small pea, closely placed along the branchlets, bluish, and covered with a whitish powder. Found, in Southern Canada, and distributed nearly throughout the United States—more widely than any other of the cone-bearing trees. 182 Lrees with Simple Leaves. (C1 An evergreen tree, fifteen to thirty feet high (much larger at the South), usually pyramid-shaped, with a rounded base, but varying very greatly, especially near the coast, where it is often twisted and flattened into angular and weird forms. The wood is very valuable, light, straight-grained, durable, fragrant. It is largely used for posts, for cabinet-work, for interior finish, and almost exclusively in the making of lead pencils. The heart-wood is usually a dull red (whence the name), the sap-wood white. Among the most. picturesque objects in a Turkish landscape, standing like sentinels, singly or in groups, and as slender and upright as a Lombardy Poplar, are the black cypress trees (C. sempervirens). They mark the.sites of graves, often of those which have long since disappeared. In America, more than any other northern tree, the red cedar gives the same sombre effect, whether growing wild or planted in cemeteries. The Common Funiper (J. communis, L.), common as a shrub, is occasionally found in tree form, low, with spreading or drooping branches, and with leaves re- sembling those of a young Red Cedar, awl-shaped and spreading, but arranged in ¢hrees instead ot opfostte. Fig. 94.—Red Cedar, (J. Virginiana, L.) a. Young, 8 Old: NATURAL SIZE. TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES (FEATHER-SHAPED) _ LEAVES ALTERNATE (EDGE ENTIRE) DI Genus AILANTHUS. Dee From a Greek word meaning ‘‘ tree of heaven.” Fig. 95.—Ailanthus. [4. glandulosa, Desf.| Leaves, compouUND (odd-feathered, but with the odd leaflet often dwarfed or broken off; leaflets, twenty-one to forty-one); ALTERNATE; EDGE OF THE LEAFLETS ENTIRE, with onze or two coarse, blunt teeth at each side of their base.. Outline, of leaflet, long egg-shape or lance-shape. + ° : . 226 [European Mountain] . » 202 Green . , ‘ ; PLY Hoop . , ; , pene Mountain . : ‘ 200 Red: *. : : ‘ ap 222 Water . . , . erp ye White . ; : : 4: 220 Ash-leaved Maple . : j e216, 245 AsiMINA triloba Aspen . : ° Aspen, Large-toothed B Balm of Gilead Balsam Fir Poplar ; Poplar, Heart-leaved Basswood White Bay, Sweet Bean, Indian Beech Beech, Blue Beech, Water Bee Tree BETULA lenta litea nigra : papyrifera [pendula] . populifolia rubra Bilsted . Birch, Black . Canoe . Cherry Gray Oldfield Paper . Red PAGE Io 84 86 246 [udex of Trees. PAGE Birch, Rzver . 59 | CHIONANTHUS Virginica Sweet . 62 | Clammy Locust [Weeping] . 56 | Cockspur Thorn White. 55 | Coffee Tree, Kentucky White (Paper Birch) 56 | Cornel : : Yellow ; 60 Alternate-leaved . Bitter-nut 214 | CORNUS alternifolia Black Haw 144 florida Black Fack 114 | Cottonwood Black Oak 120 River . Black Spruce . 168 Swamp Black Thorn . 36 | Crab-apple : Black Walnut 203 Narrow-leaved Box Elder 218 | CrRaTAGUS coccinea ; BROUSSONETIA cai 52 var. mollis Buckeye, Big 232 crus-galli : Fetid 234 var. pyracan- Ohio 234 thifolia Sweet 232 punctata Burr Oak 106 - tomentdsa Butternut ; : ‘é 204 | Cucumber Tree . q 3 Buttonball Tree. ‘ 53 | CuPRESSUS. See CHAm ene ees Buttonwood . : : 53 | Custard Apple G D CarPinus Caroliniana .. 66 | DiosPYRos Virginiana CARYA. See HICORIA. Dogwood, Alternate-leaved CASTANEA sativa, var. Americana . 68 Flowering Catalpa . 140 Poison . CATALPA isinondides 140 speciosa . 140 E Catawba 140 Cedar, Red 181 ee: ee Poison . . ° ne Aye Liltkwood ; : ‘ . ‘ White (Arbor Vite) 180 . ; CELTIS occidentalis ap WAS Elm, Ore Mate “4 var. crassifolia. 48 ae See Red CrERcIs Canadensis 12 Slipper CHAMA:CYPARIS sphzerdidea 178 ores Ree — White . ‘ ‘ 5 ‘ ’ thyoides 178 Cherry, Bird . 28 F Pe. 28 Rum . : 27 | FaAcus ferruginea . Wild black 27 | Fir, Balm of Gilead Wild red 28 Balsam Chestnut : : : 68 | FRAxINUS Americana Chestnut Oak. 5 : : IIO pubéscens 174 174 220 222 ee ee Index of Trees. FRAXINUS quadrangulata sambucifolia . viridis . Fringe Tree . G GLEDITSCHIA triacanthos var. bra- chycarpos Varn) n= érmis Gum, Black Sour Sweet . ‘ GYMNOCLADUS Canadensis disicus H Hackberry Hackmatack . Haw, Black . Red Hemlock : Hickory, Big-bud . Big shell-bark Bitter-nut Black Broom Pig-nut *. Shag-bark Shell-bark Small-fruited . Swamp . White-heart Hicoria alba glabra microcarpa minima ovata sulcata Holly, American Honey Locust floney Shucks Hop-Hornbeam Hornbeam Hornbeam, Hop [ Horse-chestnut] PAGE 226 228 224 138 192 194 194 12 12 130 IgO 190 48 175 144 34 172 208 208 214 208 212 212 206 206 210 214 208 208 212 210 214 206 208 24 192 192 64 66 64 234 ILEX monticola opaca Indian Bean . ; Ironwood (Hop-Hornbeam) Tronwood (Hornbeam) J Fersey Pine Fudas Tree JUGLANS cinerea nigra Funeberry Juniper, Common , JUNIPERUS communis Virginiana K Kentucky Coffee Tree King-nut L Larch A LARIX Americana . laricina Laurel, Swamp Lever wood Lime Tree Linden, American . [ European] LIQUIDAMBER styraciflua _ LIRIODENDRON tulipifera Locust, Clammy ffoney Yellow [Lombardy Poplar | M MAGNOLIA acuminata glauca . tripetala Magnolia, Mountain Small Maple, Ash-leaved . Maple, Bird's-eye . Black ; Curly ; ° 130 1gO 192 188 Nao dn” dD 218 152 152 152 248 Maple, [Cut-leaved] Goose-foot flard , [Japanese] . [Norway] . Red Rock . Silver : [Silver-striped] . Soft (Red) . Soft (Silver) Striped Sugar Swamp : : [Sycamore, False White Mocker-nut Moosewood Morus [alba] rubra Mountain Ash [Mulberry, Paper | Mulberry, Red [ White] N Nanny Berry NEGUNDO aceroides [Norway Spruce] . NYSSA sylvatica Oak, Barren . Bartram’s ‘Black Black Jack Burr Chestnut Gray Iron Fack Laurel , Mossy-cup Over-cup white Peach-leaved . Pin Post Ludex of Trees. PAGE 156 148 I50 156 156 154 150 152 156 154 152 148 150 154 156 152 208 148 50 50 200 52 50 50 146 218 172 [2 114 : Pier 8726) 120 II4 106 Ilo 122 104 114 128 106 106 126 124 ; <7 OA Oak, Quercitron Red Rock chestnut Rough-leaved white Scarlet . Shingle Spanish Swamp chestnut Swamp Spanish Swamp white Water White Willow Yellow-bark . Yellow (Black) Yellow chestnut : Yellow (Yellow chestnut) Oster, Golden OsTRYA Virginiana OXYDENDRUM arboreum Pp Papaw . , : [Paper Mulberry] . Pepperidge Persimmon PicEA alba Canadensis [excélsa] Mariana : : nigra Pig-nut , : , : : Pine, Gray : ; Hickory : : % Jersey . Northern scrub Norway Pitch Prince's Red Scrub Short-leaved . Spruce . Table Mountain Weymouth White . Yellow . : : : Index of Trees. Pinus Banksiana ecpinata inops mitis pungens resinosa rigida . rubra , Strobus Virginiana Plane Tree PLATANUS occidentalis Plum, Canada Horse . Wild Poison Sumach Poplar Poplar, Balsam Downy-leaved Fleart-leaved balsam [Lombardy] Necklace River [Silver-leaf] White (Aspen) [ White (Silvertea] Yellow Poruwus [alba] angulata , balsamifera var. candicans, [dilitata] . grandidentata . heterophylla monilifera tremuldides Prunus Americana Pennsylvanica . serotina Pyrus Americana . [ancuparia] angustifolia coronaria sambucifolia Q QUERCUS alba " 5 PAGE 161 165 162 165 162 164 166 164 168 162 53 52 30 30 30 198 go 92 88 g2 94 go go 94 84 94 98 94 go 92 92 94 86 88 go 84 30 28 27 200 202 32 32 202 I02 QUERCUS bicolor castanea , coccinea , oe ae cuneata falcata heterophylla (hybrid) imbricaria macrocarpa minor oe Muhlenbéergii . nigra obtusiloba pot palustris Phellos Prinus ce oe rubra Rudkini (hybrid) “inctoria . R Red Bud Red Cedar Red Haw Red Oak Ruus typhina ‘¢ var. laciniata venenata RoBINIA pseudacacia viscosa [Rowan Tree] SALIX [alba] . ; [var. czerilea] [var. vittellina] . Amygdaloides [Babylonica]| [ fragilis ] lucida . nigra : var. falcata . rostrata , ; var. ambigua var. tinctoria var. oliveformis var. discolor . var. tonticolor PAGE Sassafras : ; s : aerES SASSAFRAS officinale 4 - eB is: Savin. F ° 4 : ee Gop t Scarlet Oak . 2 ‘ ° LE i §s. Service Tree . ° ° . 2 40 shad-bush.| * ‘ : : poamie 1) Shag-bark . ° . - 206 Sheep Berry . . . . - 146 Shell-bark ., : . ° 3:7 200 Big : 5 #2208 Shingle Oak . ‘ . . «1-128 Stlver-Leaf Poplar ; 5 04 Sorrel Tree . . ° : om 4S sourGum . : . . ao 12 Sour Wood . ‘ ° ° ng 13 Spanish Oak . : : : Hider 2 13) Spruce, Black ; : : eos [Norway] . ; ; We 72 White : ; 4 Rae 7/8 Stag-bush ; : “ : tae Stag-horn Sumach . ‘ : rohiem &6,6) Stump Tree . . . . see LOO Sugar Berry . : : Ce ee AB Sumach, Poison . 4 ac, 108 Stag-horn : ; PO Ke 6) Swamp White Oak : : «i, 508 Sweet Bay . A : : : 6 Sweet Gum . ‘ : a G0 Sycamore < ‘ ‘ . ~ 53 = ik Tacamahac . 5 3 - sits 92 Tamarack, : 5 . © 175 Thorn, Black ‘ : j 230 Cockspur . : : PHAL38 Common , : A Somes (>) Dotted-fruited . ° ad IBS Pear . ¢ : Pie 36 Scarlet-fruited . : ee 34 White % ; : eats | Three-thorned Acacia. : wip LO? THUYA occidentalis ‘ 28780 TILIA Americana . 4 ; ge 22 [Europa] . ‘ ; Roar heterophylla : : aed pubescens . ‘ : of (2A. <3 Tee Ne ee a RS 4 tanee ey 250 Ludex of Trees, © TsuGA Canadeénsis . : dulip, Trees + . ° Tupelo e ° e e U ULMmus Americana . . [campéstris] : fulva . . : : ‘ : 5 : : x1 LIST OF FAMILIES AND OF GENERA . : : ; 13 DIRECTIONS, SIGNS USED, ETC. . : i é 17 GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS (by Flower. Natural Arrange- ment.) : : : : ; : 19 GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS (by Leaf.) . : : : 25 GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS (by Fruit.) . : : : 29 DESCRIPTION OF SHRUBS (with Illustrations.) . . 34-233 Angiospérmez, mostly with Distinct Petals. 34-129 . Zs wee nited re 130-192 : with Petals Lacking . . 194-228 Gymnospérme _ . ; ; : : . 230-233 SHRUBS NOT ELSEWHERE NAMED ; ; ; ; 233 EXPLANATION OF TERMS : ; : ; - ; 236 GLOSSARY ; : : : ly ae ; : 240 LIST OF SHRUBS WORTHY OF CULTIVATION - : 241 INDEX TO THE SHRUBS f : : : : : 243 YU 2 H/ “\ X 2 Ss Pew ihe ELON. Figure 1.—SHRUB YELLOW-ROoOT Figure 2.—SWEET-Bay Figure 3.—PAPAW Figure 4.—BARBERRY Figure 5.—HUDSONIA Figure 6.—StT.-PETER’S-WORT Figure 7.—SHRUBBY ST.-JOHN’S- WORT Figure 8.—PRICKLY ASH Figure 9.—Hop TREE Figure 10.—ILEx Figure 11.—WINTERBERRY Figure 12,—INKBERRY Figure 13—MountTAIN HOLLY Figure 14.—BuRNING-BusH Figure 15.—STRAWBERRY-BUsH Figure 16.—LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN . Figure 17.—ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN . Figure 18.—NaRrROW-LEAVED CEANOTHUS Figure 19.—NeEw JERSEY TEA Figure 20.—MouNTAIN MAPLE. Figure 21.—BLADDER-NuT Figure 22.—SMOOTH SUMACH Figure 23.—DWARF SUMACH Figure 24.—POIsoN SUMACH Vii PAGE viii Tllustrations Figure 25.—Poison Ivy Figure 26.—SWEET SUMACH Figure 27,—F ase INDIGO Figure 28.—WILD PLUM Figure 29.—BEACH PLUM . Figure 30.—SLOE [P. spinosa | Figure 31.—CHOKE-CHERRY Figure 32.—MEADOW-SWEET Figure 33.— BIRCH-LEAVED SPIR&A , Figure 34.—HARDHACK Figure 35.—NINE-BARK Figure 36.—PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY Figure 37.—RED RASPBERRY Figure 38.—BLACKCAP Figure 39.—BLAND ROsE . Figure 40.—CHOKEBERRY . Figure 41.—DOGBERRY Figure 42.—WHITE THORN Figure 43.—BLAckK THORN Figure 44.—CocKSPUR THORN . Figure 45.—DwarF THORN Figure 46.—JUNE-BERRY Figure 47.—SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB . Figure 48.—WILD HYDRANGEA . Figure 49.—ITEa Figure 50.—PRICKLY GOOSEBERRY Figure 51.—SwAMP GOOSEBERRY Figure 52.—WILD RED CURRANT Figure 53.—WITCH-HAZEL Figure 54.—ANGELICA TREE Figure 55.—RoOUND-LEAVED CORNEL Figure 56.—COMMON ELDER Figure 57.—HoBBLeE-BusH. Figure 58.—BusH CRANBERRY . Figure 59.—Map.Lr-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD PAGE . 77 i 79 83 83 85 85 87 87 89 89 gi 93 95 ao IOI IOI 105 105 107 107 10g 109 113 115 115 $19 LL 119 123 125 131 135 | £39 a ’ j Vie ee eee ee eee a, en ee ae ee a re tee si ~~, Poa ee oe ee ee . Lllustrations Figure 60.—ARROW-WOOD . Figure 61.—Downy ARROW-WooD Figure 62.—WITHE-ROD (V. NUDUM) Figure 63.—BLack Haw Figure 64.—SNOWBERRY Figure 65.—INDIAN CURRANT , Figure 66.—FLY-HONEYSUCKLE Figure 67.—BusH HONEYSUCKLE Figure 68.—BuTTON-BusH Figure 69.—GROUNDSEL TREE , ; Figure 70.—COMMON BLAack HUCKLEBERRY Figure 71.—DANGLEBERRY Figure 72.—SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY Figure 73.—ComMMoNn Low BLUEBERRY Figure 74.—COMMON HIGH BLUEBERRY Figure 75.—MarsH ANDROMEDA Figure 76.—STAGGER-BUSH Figure 77.—PRIVET ANDROMEDA Figure 78.—LEUCOTHOE Figure 79.—LEATHER-LEAF Figure 80.—MounTAIN LAUREL Figure 81.—SHEEP LAUREL Figure 82.—CLAMMY AZALEA Figure 83.—PURPLE AZALEA Figure 84.—GREAT LAUREL Figure 85.—RHODORA Figure 86.—LABRADOR TEA Figure 87.—SwWEET PEPPER-BUSH Figure 88.—FRINGE-TREE . Figure 89.—SPicE-BusH Figure 90.—LEATHERWOOD Figure 91.—SHEPHERDIA Figure 92.—AMERICAN MISTLETOE Figure 93.—OIL-NUT . Figure 94.—BAYBERRY 177 181 181 183 183 187 189 1gI 195 197 197 201 201 203 x Tllustrations PAGE Figure 95.—SWEET-GALE . ‘ 3 : Sr aeons Figure 96.—SWEET-FERN . : : : ; : an nO Figure 97.—Low BIRcH . P : : ; ‘ i 2 eaOF Figure 98.—SMOOTH ALDER. : : ; ‘ : hea Figure 99.—HAZEL-NUT . ; : : : ‘ : . ars Figure 100.—BEAKED HAZEL-NUT . : : ‘ : par Figure 1o1.—HORNBEAM . : : : : ° : . 215 Figure 102.—DWArRF CHESTNUT OAK ¢ - ; : Rees Figure 103.—BEAR OAK . : : : : . = Pees Figure*104.—DWwarF CHESTNUT ‘ ; : : ; Bebra x 4S) Figure 105.—LONG-LEAVED WILLOW : ‘ é j . whee Figure 106.—PRAIRIE WILLOW . : ; : ; : ees Figure 107.— DwarFr Gray WILLOW : ‘ é , eges Figure 108.—SILKy WILLOW ; ; 5 é ees Figure 109.—LONG-STALKED GREEN OSIER ‘ ; Aaes Figure 110.—SAGE WILLOW f ‘ é : : . See Figure 111.—HEART-LEAVED WILLOW. : ; : fee Figure 112.—PEAR-LEAVED WILLOW : : . . . 1S e25 Figure 113.—SALIX MYRTILLOIDES . : ; 7 ;