5 a pis Fig P Ege OV Geel Ste a ‘THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY LOLS V8Ild Er. v3 ARCHITECTURAL BRA YQ LF | Be & oY , ‘a = ts Ri ai - wy ooh f t ; ee dil n oe — saat ae LOT PRT RY? th ie ai Pai, } 2 PROBTTEOAK 20H re wa hs alle ig “pexatrucly Iva or oe word pe Ee Ps eS ae mei GRO ere hes ao "ae! By ; eds Se PNGEAPRIIOTY JBURAME BuaaUe ai "Sood fntoma Trewatevod ren ed: ree esoitsb’a aseoe ofL@ To [srenea. t0Josqeal, if “ee J , 9 en 7) * £e » saa aber s SF leh don po EA, pasdoy had eo FT Fete : " ™ 7 j fon! * gfoened oF tSslo%sdd worttes’ 4 Peal ‘ i 7" . = % POLIS ai eiiG ty ‘, Fe Pw 4 m3 : * iy: .enettibersomsmof mort sottasaeb ni ~blix | aietid Enizevoo 1c? bedooke vine ensmof brs ever suit 3 Naturally under the reigns of Merovingian kings, amons the traditions of Roman structures, carpentry was one of those best preserved! the soil was not exhausted, the forests still covered a Sreat part of Gaul, and timber was one of the mate- rials preferably employed in public or private structures, b because of its abundance. Gregory of Tours cites a sreat number of churches, villas, bridges, houses and palaces, in which wood played a sreat p oart; without this text, the freauent fires, that not only d destroyed an edifice but entire cities durins the Merovinsian and Garlovingian veriods, indicate sufficient,y that carpent-— ry was much practised until the 11 th cemtury. This art must have then attained great verfection, compared with masonry. Unfortunately examples of carpentry of a remote epoch are la- ckins to us, and we do not believe that any exist precedins the 12 th century. We are then compelled to take the art of carpentry at that time. But before sivins examples it is ne-=- cessary to briefly trace the course followed by that art, and to indicate the causes, that have influenced its development. While immense forests, that seemed inexhaustible, furnished timbers of Sreat lensths and larse dimensions, men anolied t themselves to give stability to carpentry, rather by usins s Sreat timbers than by seekins combinations in accordance with the proverties peculiar to that material. We have under our eyes the proof of this fact. For example in #nsland, the Ans- lo-Norman carventry which dates from the 13 th and 14 th cen- turies, compared to our carpentry of the same epoch remainins in the West, Burgundy, ahampasne and Ile-de-#rance, is much stronger in dimensions of timbers, and their stability in ¢r- eat part comes from the enormous dimensions of these timbers. In France after the 13 th century the art of carpentry consis- ted in seeking combinations to suoplement the small dimensions of timbers emoloyed. Already the forests were thinned on the continent, and no longer furnished those trees of two centur- jes in sufficient quantity, so that builders were oblised to replace the volume of timber by a judicious use of its proper- ties. It was then necessary to lighten the carpentry in the same degree that masonry structures themselves became lishter in departing from Roman traditions. The Greeks and Romans only adopted for covering their build- sk edtehentnper mick eidt noitenifoni {[ame Yo etoor ebntblind Bie," ddetew edd teteor of enoienemib saci yrev te etedmit to sex (dtr edt ‘ni esvs ,stutostidows supssnamof nI seslit ent to ‘eiest ime © fpottantioni sdtilfe s atste1 enol etoor edd sse ew yedt tadd*.yrnineo dt Sf edt to efbhbinm edd stwods [fit yleorsoe «yoo fo mot edd wk enotsisoitibom seeiT .eecols as0esde emvees eisdmisd tesut to tmemnofasds sit o¢ hetudiatnco aiste sanias edt dedt betste ed cele tenm FI \.etcor to yrtasatso edt sot “trbs di eistnsoxso nisdd10em sit vd hevolawe ehoow to ssioeas sise1D edt yd been yilerenek oeont es smee ont ton s1s% esck evoniess eit asts10 oF bemsee “etés! ef? .enemoh edd osvs fas -gnom @°tsvoo ot bad yes nodw ~tebeo Buns doss! rit .esiosas -Yeq0m #0 med enctenemih astee1m bertepe: ehoow seedst :toem . dtao¥ edd or sets “elhhim edd oeiadvbh ehoov esidw sdios here ve | -sone1y to tes fne tent edt mesd eved ot msse yslqoed Sniastsse -« ,enamicY nT de ede nit sonevbs elderehienos s efem cdw .esiainuco seodd ai yedd .yintneo id IP ond mort tedt aissiso ef FI .vitneaiso to -orso Siditeiv tae1a yd foxsvoo yleritne csoltibe tesv bedoere ‘eidow seonit to 19dmun boot « esesseeou [fide boeltot ;yidns so dd SI bose dd PL sdd nt betoeie rovodtle iedi .yatneaqiss to fre ({ebodteom [sathiao ylertine ssite hentdmoo sie .esitninso _<-"gfo tsd¥ .enoitibers ¢nsione siom to ¢lues1 edd ed of tse008 ensaem odd dtiw vyoolsne esi ei yvatnsarso aosmi0%-oldnA eoxiisios $m ceistostidors [sven of smit [fs a03 heyolans easiIdmsses te stoetdne so to tase sedd oF niwter ot mnoiesooo sve [feda ow to tgedt bore new tot ‘ysdda edd Io dowde edd to esven ent ‘© eidieiv vd betevoo terit ge glinshive e1sw nssh Yo ssinixT ’ ee t emoosd yitnsouso eids to escole sii yhsouls Bue ,vitnsaie9 Pt. ond Niteeh oft bos consi? to ‘eitneo eft ol .feniflont yvidsaslod a beniste: yistsincos stinp siew yidnso1so sopitns to eocistiberd Yo viineoise sit 10t ‘wo éyistnso dt SI edd to bae sft Iitnw medeve edd ,eevieeive yatiooo terit [fede ew dotdw dtiw .stoor wee) WE. ‘etetence tI .efaqmte yvisv ei edneions odt ort Levori0d - e1edstsy sdt seer doidw mo enifive Snitacogne eseenit to esizse ' Yo. (2 ede tence ti ;teoadntd on eed astto eenid evitimiae eit ,8@ meed-rsifeo # fas .0 6,0 & elscioniia od .f A masdeit s -etaivws bos tntboed mort elecionizg edd tneve1e od bebnesni =e ‘8 evatstsoesast sasdt JI .tatrsvoo edd to baol edi ssh8y ow edd to ebns-erdd tnivisoe: .febbhs ei ¥ O teoobntdi « .nsce gue . s4 ae ; . SE |) : : in 4 buildings roofs of small imclination; this form required the use of timbers of very Sreat dimensions to resist the weisht of the tiles. In Romamesaue architecture, even in the North, we gee the roofs lond retain a slight inclimation, amd it is scarcely till about the middle of the 12 th century, that they assume steever slopes. These modifications in the form of cov- erings again contributed to the abandonment of Sreat timbers for the carpentry of roofs. It must also be stated that the soecies of woods employed by the northern carpenters in edif- ices were wot the same as those semerally used by the Greeks and even the Romans. The latter seemed to prefer the resinous soecies, fir, larch amd cedar, when they had to cover 4 monu- ment; these woods required sreater dimensions than oak,opref- erred to the white woods during the middle ages in the North and West of France. The Normans, a seafarins people, seem to have been the first in those countries, who made a considerable advance in the art af carpentry. It is certain that from the 11 th cemtury, they erected vast edifices entirely covered by sreat visible carp- entry; England still possesses a Sood number of these works of carpentry, that although erected in the 13 th and 14 th ce centuries, are combined after entirely oridinal methods, and appear to be the result of more ancient traditions. What char- acterizes Anslo-Norman carpentry is its analogy with the means of assemblage employed for all time in naval architecture; ba t we shall have occasion to return to that vart of our subject. The naves of the church of the abbey for wen and that or: i Trinite of Gaen were evidentlm at first covered by visible c carpentry, and already the slopes of this carpentry become t tolerably inclined. In the centre of France and the Hast, the traditions of antique carventry were quite accurately retained until the ema of the 12 th century. Yow for the carpentry of roofs, with which we shall first occupy ourselves, the system porrowed from the ancients is very simple. It consists in @ series of trusses supporting purlins on which rest the rafters. The primitive truss often has no kingpost; it consists 61)-of a tiebeam A B, two principals AC, BC, and a collar beam Di, intended to prevent the principals from bending and curving under the load of the coverins. If these trassesalave a greater span, a kingpost C F is added, receivins the ends of the two —s- Sakemeverq ends .nomed bos eeidiom yd § te niniot .elecioriza >) et @ A msedeit eft to. 2nibned tedT .eenrt ot to, noltemiotet . ‘(Sete bedostts teooantt etd .dtenel eti to sevsosd ($) berset ddin HD te hosoennoo et F C meed azelleo edd hme ti ebnecene yds bied .efleatontag odd no feet I enkéiwo edT .teootnid edd mgow tieds: no benedest eis Md exetisa eff bus .X etoeld edt © eb ti bos wnoitenifont dovm ton esd Yoor edt Ti tu .esbie meedeit odd dttw elsatontia edt to noitonef, sid tent bextesk -¢teerth to elfsew cosinoes motveye eidd ,shient tasdisve tom esok ‘9 od ot 0 VY nace odt tedd emvaes *(S .219) bsebnl .eesndords edt .emsuoe .ent 8 bated eleatonixa edt ..¢% 0.78 Bf hereveo tadd dnebive ef ti ..eni d er])edtear sit Ona .obas!l es enifava «fence ei dotdw ..¢% 3. sd Eiworle elfew edd to eeentoidd snd ‘ © wsoktetar edt fo débiw {[fswe edt o¢ fusder ddiiw eidsaeb witnediso yd boiswoo esoitife enpesnsmos [[sme edd oi ensiT - ‘effew riedt ovih o¢ bel sisw exeblinud edt gadd eevieotsa ene fo tibiew odd yd bevivods1 gedt nadt seds91b doum eesotoidd sz -seRniaesd e& Ilsw odt to cot odd te fail od es oe .dn fasvoo end ,~exsdmit beeoo1scne seeds to débnel odd eviesser o¢ tnetoitiwe t tarbroons bemett fre woivedni edt ni eldieiv eexxt toon est ,emesdsis oid no heosia Sniliso s ducddivn .moidifast swpidas od ~do ot hevitefh wen ,Isdnempnom vieo1s0oe sonsiseqqs na enisie1 edd duimert fos enitosnnoo fo sennen odd yd notésr0osh s nisd scteodd ni vinelwoitaeo .hdineq erverenemofh edd antusd .eisdmid ~pooos1¢ stew edostirom sft ysons1® to divor fas sesh .ssdnso yet nedw -etivev vd eevan eft dnixevoo to sehk oft yd beta -snoe yedt _BSOTHOEST tnsiottive to dosh iot eidd of ton bivoo to sonsisecos edd roltastni sit ni yrsnsquso siedd svib oF Idd -tfusv fennnd a ~itibs elteit edt ni ebem brid cidt te edametsés omoe see of 4e) svit oW .yastnso dt St edt mort etsh dadt yenneivO to eeo gTaen Sorobs to domnsdo sd¢ mort eduow vatnsaiso esedt To eno —exstmsdo edt .esfars ati no besetmsdo eft mssdeid off oyail er1edweboow end to Kiknerse edt Ife svsel od etniot eft ts oote gs mc? of bemsxt sis £ eduite od? .seidiom s eistns nonetue -eteldmes s ,elsetddtae ows edd Joosdisq teaqw odd déiw evavo Le ‘eovsifer dait 0 stv edt eevieoet € teogdhnix edT .slorioimes , foo sesi? wenoidosnnoo benifont te ensem yd C sosia-ebbia edt ' 4 nistniiem Bue eseenis eft to worddxewo edd tnevexc enoitosn ventiaue edd drogave elsoionixa et gonslo Isoitusv s oi meds i 5 principals, joinins at F by mortise and tenon, thus preventing dJeformation of the truss.. That bending of the tiebeam A B is feared (2) because of its length, the kingpost attached at F suspends it, amd the collar beam D F is connected at G H with the kingvost. The purbins I rest on the principals, held by the blocks K, amd the rafters L M are fastened on their upper sides. But if the roof has not much imclination, and it is desired that the junction of the principals with the tiebeam does not overhans inside, this system reouires walls of Sreat thickness. Indeed (Fis. 2)! assume that the span N 0 to bec covered is 25.0 ft., the vrincivals beins 3 ins. square, the purlins as large, and the rafters 4 ins., it is evident that the thickness of the walls should be 3.6 ft., which is consi- derable with regard to the small width of the interior. Thus in the small Romanesque edifices covered by carpentry, one perceives that the builders were led to sive their walls a thickness much Sreater than that reawired by the weisht of the covering, so as to find at the too of the wall a bearing sufficient to receive the lensth of these superposed timbers. The roof truss visible in the interior aad framed accordins t to antique tradition, without a ceiling placed on the tiebeams, retains an appearance scarcely monumental; men desired to ob- tain a decoration by the manner of connecting and framius the timbers. During the Romanesque veriod, varticularly in the centre, West and South of Prance, the architects were preoccu- pied by the idea of coverins the naves oy vaults: when they could not do this for back of sufficient resources, they sou- sht to sive their carpentry in the interior the avpearance of a tunnel vault. | fe gee some attempts of this kind made in the little edifi- ces of Guienne, that date from the 12 th century. We sive (3) one of these carpentry works from the church of Lasorce near Blaye. The tiebeam is chamfered on its angles. The chamfers stop at the joints to leave all the strength of the wood where aatenon enters 4a mortise. The struts A are framed to form a curve with the upper partsoof the two orincipals, a complete semicircle. The kingpost B receives the tie 0, that relieves the ridse-piece D by means of inclined connections. These con- nections orevent the overthrow of the trusses and maintain ta them in a vertical planes the princivals support the purlins. fa bt ae aid =, Over 2 hc » heal -eve biovs of effaw Yotds yrev cortspes [lide eist erotsied?t sidd febtove nooe vedT .© «21% ni nevid dedi exif .ebieni oned Sfeeti faqtoniig edd otnt enifavo ‘edt knimeadd yd soneinevnoont to dtceb edt henish esw endt .3f no medd Sniosla to bseteni sgn edt woled 10 deu(T meds tnimert oi seve bas ynifawg odd ~tedter edd ict bevrees1 esw soslao s .[saqioniia edd to sostave -at a9c0u eit tnifiovot snalo benifont edit beeoxe fon Lib dokdw hie. wa i: , ’ ‘~elsatonixg sesit to geo aohuee: déuy sito so Jésw ao Batworh sid? 9wo OH 6E 6G «fk 8FOH fon etostldoare tigi bao SaoTvG «MK Fo yestrv0ED sdt of aAOdtvA 82 20% st X08 S709 ‘+ .entfasg edd ous SA. sooidenidmoo’eidd erisioxs -) .bit =-Ste1 edt estsoibni G 0 snil betdob edd j;e0eio-sabia edt 8 te folehne edT .ecendofdt ni beowbst ed neo elifes oft eed? .ece —tom ef Bote Fade -Bvetaio eAs otat belistevoh sie maedsis sds edt-of bext? ers tads(eietted eit to rims edd evieos: of hsdo bhoddem eidt sud .eniq tao yd eetsiq fae entitling .sosto-sbbhia ;dsIt dee Tijdsow sis enifasa eft ,etostel fasts sdivp edneeeia soitosnnoo to meceye edt of .enoned tledt mo yino teow ved bsyolame di butt yleorsce iste ew yhevelome yloiss sd Iliw iqdeewoos sis elactoniae edt. 2 Vedwase bowind «ddaoy ear oi fr gf no eussesso sisdt yd toolieb ot mesdetd sid senso sens bia’ .eeven woi1sn aSvoo ot beyolqme sd yince neo seeen1d eesdT .enotenemib tse1b ol sbam Ti (ysibieia sieds mister fon blwoo -tost100 hiske1 don Lib exstneoass edd sedt woke eolamaxs eesnT edt°tosvere vino bilwode doinw \iisodsist eds to noksonnt ens vi -~qe fon biwode bana donneo ti tud jelectoniao est to sribssace {(eecBiIN) Acetiate edt fetmedo yiisino yeds oe ;feol yns toe } Sdt¢°to bone aswol sd¢ nk meds bexit fue barots medt oaitaored edd yd fobnsaene .se1t bhenieme: nedt msedeisd ofT .(@)te0qanix “agne @ esnaite owt sds bas. (nsoe edi°to sl{ibia eit és seoornin -nemels*sesiT Lelsaioniaa eft Yo moitoslieb eds hecgote yleri «eb edt dud ivtinnttns at bedoobs need ybseale bed eslox yist ait yidnsotse sheds evtd of edoetidomws expeensmef edd Yo. stte -g evotoiv eid) to soneiste1d odd beenso tinsv a Yo sonsiaccas- ‘ame od?) sh brs £*.eRte yd nevi sis dotdw to eslqmexe ,wnedeve ahedd be goideixe sey yudasorso eupeensmof to eedtensmib Ile enso1so to dae edd qu’etst od en simisg Jor ob YWirsr emortxs -ni i6tne ot helieomoo'ed bivode ew ;doogs stomet sede ni yas wisosnas sf sbtovs od deiw ow tedw et Sedd bos _estvtostnoo oF 6 Therefore this still requires very thick walls to avoid over- hang inside, like that given in Fis. 2. They soon avoided this inconvenience by framing the’ purlins into the vrincipal itself instead of vlacing them on it, thus was Sained the depth of the vurlin, and even in framing them flush or below the upper surface of the vrincipal, 3 place was reserved for the rafter, which did not exceed the imclined plane touching the upper fa- ces of these principals. Note 1. pe Be He owe this drawing a8 well as the full expla- Wart1on FO the courtesy of NM. Burand and ALoux, archirects at BOVASAUXe Pig. 4. explains this combination. At Auare the purlins, at B the ridge-piece; the dotted line 0 D indicates the raft- ers. Thus the walls can be reduced in thickmess. The ends of the tiebeam are dovetailed into the plate #; that at F is not- ched to receive the ends of the rafters, that are fixed to the ridge-piece, purlins and plates by oak pims. But this method oresents awite great defects, the purlins are weak;if set flat; they rest only on their tenons. So this system of connection will be rarely employed: we shall scarcely find it employed in the North. Curved struts, if the orincivals are too weak, must cause the tiebeam to deflect by their pvressure on it.3@ These trusses can only be employed to cover narrow naves, and could not retain their rigidity, if made in great dimensions. These examples show that the carventers did not resard correct- ly the function of the tiebeam, which should only prevent the spreadins of the principals, but it cannot and should not sw- port any load; so they quickly changed the struts A (Pid. 3), turnings them around and fixed them in the lower end of the kingpost(5). The tiebeam then remained free, susvended by the kingoost at the middle of its span, and the two struts B ent- irely stovoed the deflection of the principals. These elemen- tary rules had already been adopted in antiquity; but the de- sire of the Romamesaue architects to sive their carpentry the appearance of a vault caused the preference of the vicious s system, examples of which are given by Pigs. 3 and 4..The sm- all dimensidns of Romanesque carpentry yet existing and their extreme rarity do not permit us to take up the art of carpen- try in that remote epoch; we should be compelled to enter in- to conjectures, and that is what we wish to avoid. We can only rea)? oe a, ree ee! J 77s B oe a ' : : ¢ | “2 | fPeavesr os at cots olbbim eft to yadnec1s0 to dis ofd ybute _- + gpevesl ewtootidows nedw .tnemom ond ts noidest {utseu bas -ste meitouisenco to bodiem wen s bae ,encidibesd eunzenenof efeu 4~noltouitence exptins of beeodco slotoniic a mort ety mi tt shaiialsalita ds ve dotwio sdf Fo yrttasgqred «8 «GF «Lf Stok scl Shwe eidd soattnd et001 to qitnsaqise sdi shivibdue teum of idles stinav asvoo of sentieeh ywidneorso otni (eu yanooo gerid _» wettonst [oteev a vino eed texit odT .yidmeouso el{dieiv odni -pishd tenm gi ceeoitite te ebieni esd mort nese Son seusosd » etroceve fnooee siTvagdiliste of bnidtyievs soitiaose si0t 7 eneem 2 eemoosd boa ,eelit 10 eedale .beel to Bnineveo edd a snoisgsi0seb r0ciasi¢gs fn 18veo o¢ ieohen sem botasq supeemeamoS edd enianwk soedh divev fennnd oft .ediuav yd esoilife ¢se18 to elisd so eeven .heevetziles enutostidowA .t1A).betoslee miot deait edd aew itiway edd to eoheidxe odt no beosla yitoe1if esw baitevoo edT Se ddaok ent oi dud .boddem [eisten deom ed keshoi eew eidd _ gldoertb beosia egniasvoo dedé hesingcos1 smoce yerd .sonert _. e1ew etisces ,vyitneioitis ti toeto1g gon bluoo diuev edd no tniot edd asbos beowbousnl anied 1sdewnisa odd zOl .Ifvoitii& = _ eset tede Qo aah josxe os svi of en wet ms0010 ef JI as tah henidavoe teor edt to yidneqias eft to disco Isitnsese edd eit dtin sonemmoo [fede oW .noisousutenoco fetaioa to hodtsm ead eiten to sact sft 10 eliaw eves oft mo etoci sesdd to antosla exe ‘8 S eotela ows {lew enote eft to cot efit sd (VY) A sod owt mien edd Yo mesdeit edd iD .oreupe nad sedde1 ¢eft tse .& te boteothai es .elisievobh yd esialq ond ed m0 bexit een tno bedeua estsio edt eb{od masdsit edt tsedid oe .asig ni ‘Ff v—tiw no doold edt ei € .e1sties snitaoqove beeenad sdt yd hisw ter, dbnisicogue heeevid edd nonsd foe seidiom yd hexit ei dof Bled et of bus estela qui edt tit of begotten ei doold efdt :aed -wied soasge odd 31 .19ette1 sdi 2 .l[eqioniag sdi ai % .medd yd _ sae edt to eeusoed ti fue ,dee1s off adceseenad nism sii nes eetsig ont edd tedt heise ei ti ,heasveo ed of even odd de _,atetisy edt Jo dewadt edt yd beenso .olbbim edt ts bred yeu bos estela seodt osenwted beosla exs H ersdmit [etnosixod ows oft, toebne odd yd betit 5 ednice eds of denis eidd asienssd .. elsgioniag odd to baol sit to t1eq s yriso I edges .emsedsid bnitoot s evit bas yetoold edd to bos asnoi edd od etet3s1 10 vitnsaiso gesi® of, xiinsv0sie ,eisdmit besifeni shast edi of vo fesosnnoo 918 e1stiss bes alsatoniac edt Jo test sft eisow 08 J disteb eft yd bessoibai es, .soetsrom bas enoned eldwok worsen yiev sad no-bedsexe eeied wort tagidd sfd dnevera of es we joo a ines dnsvsia ot ele bus .moned elenie « to sexs 10 the advantase of only requiring a bearins as this as possible; gecond instead of transferring the load of the entire roof aad its covering to the main trusses (like the system of carpentry with ourlins), it uniformly distributed the load alons the a@- tire tov of the wall or eave wall: we emphasize the importance of that arrangement in Art. construction; it suffices to indi- cate here; third this new method permits the use of timbers of small dimensions relatively to their lenmsth, since each p princival or rafter was equally loaded, and thus to place at the ton of very hish gtructures carpentry very light in regard to the area covered. In making the internal piers of the sreat aaves more Slender, the constructors made the vaults very lig- ht; they must maturally seek to diminish the weight of the c carpentry intended to cover them, and especially to avoid dan- Serous inequalities in the weights of the upper parts of the structure. It is proper for us to sive an exact account of what forms she essential part of the carpentry of the roof combined with the method of pointed construction. We shall commence with the placing of these roofs on the eave walls or the tops of walls. tet A (7) be the top of the stone wall; two plates B B’ are set flat rather than sauare. G is the tiebeam of the main tr- uss fixed on the two plates by dovetails, as indicated at # 2? in plan, so that the tiebeam holds the vlates pushed out- ward by the trussed supporting rafters. D is the block on wh- ich is fixed by mortise and tenon the trussed supportins raf- ter; this block is Sained to fit the two plates and so is held by them. F is the principal, ¢G the rafter. If the space betw- een the maim trusses *be tso Sreat, and if because of the span of the nave to be covered, it is feared that the two plates may bend at the middle, caused by the thrust of the rafters, two horizontal timbers H are vlaced between these vlates and transfer this thrust to the voints & fiked by the ends of the tiebeams. Struts I carry a part of the load of the principals or rafters to the inmer end of the blocks, and give a footings 40 the large inclined timbers. areauently in sreat carpentry works, the feet of the princivals and rafters are connected by double tenons and mortises, as indicated by the detail K, so as to orevent the thrust from being exerted on the very narrow area of a single tenon, and als to orevent the torsion on th- phddatbehotace-suts ete T etuite efT .casdmit Isqtoniaq seeds 918 (‘yeis isdtavt bas ,emsedett bos edoold edt ct enomed ofduch fedneestos1 es .etstter bos eleotoniag sesdt otnk fexod evenis atoof{d se evad sisiter fas elsatoniag sit neve eomitemce .J ts pisdmis edit unminetasw duodéiiw unized eiddy ot dioeb s1om evid of ‘egéddte sis I edwate od? Mw [ieteh edd vd awede ef toold eins sdt-nt :% .88% ni beteotbri es besifont vilédeile ww L[sorsaev emtete gest sii ts cenit edd eeocgo asived vedd ncidieod ses! ‘otom oft yeds. yedotads10 ofduni .onote ai esvan teeab edd iip (epveofennnd 2 te 4one7se0gs eft yatnsasso aiedd evi od Sdanor wort eldieiw esy doidw to dasa ,yisnegiso eidd si bos pile ateddy to eso10ece: edt [fs beyelgeibh exotonasenco edd .cidtin $€t-ets gatbeos1q yitnsqiso efdieiv dss1a on to wont oF .t1s eegadd enoteds tniteize eeott tad? efdsadetq ef ti tyistnso dé sdétestniog misdaso s ot bolIsoe1 Yoons1% to déu0o% edd of dooae foidw .eebe elibin eft to esotlitesd: evitimiag edt te yidesouss t woOlede holism vide stew Hoe nsee od oc emesdsid oft bewolls 9 edt to even sit Toc yatweoiso edt elqmexe sot es .enbia odd edt nto ebnttnisg yo betesoosh yidoia ce .snieesM to Isibediss -q2ad eidsitedt .nodtobiotesd dom reddit bivode tI .eisedni elureds sataub betoe1e eaw snievoy to [sibedtso edt to yidas i iter0deh hetatec sti ni ti teds fos ,ylioil oi ensm10¥ edd Yo .coiteut te eeoelsq nxshom od befbs elisd ci ate, batdd, odd. neve 10 bnooes sfd ni betautie siew efled teeab bar _ecnba eldste ,eenotetoste & es &ainiee yrole bavowb ofd .yI0 c _ toon e vd hesevoo vino Roies .emis te cksiode 10% bne ,yto K A a dealatl xd boneddeneate dnied tom s{teso sid to el{few edd bra elie eeett ,eenoteb odd déin besetiedat eved blvow doidw eee | ew _ belies etoor vitnsaise gneottintsm bed dud ,fedtwev don sis vi edtomk emrote odd tentsge s9edlede etse « Saimiod .yllenisioi i mer® Lis ¥ : -sistigennss i) pean Iied tss1% eth bed eined ds boelei oft no eosleq edT OP Ge ey et: ) ae ' ; Ss ul ee MOR Be no eniveet Sniliso divin {sonnd betcioa sidueb s yd. be ay — «Ren00, ,eikisinol to eelteso eiT .sefore vd bejoennoo exeig to 7 onan yd bereveo elled deav beeesesog ,.ovo ,ehnotsiisi9 7 i) 7 “_yadnecie eesdd) [le yledanudrotal .(usodsdO .d1A).vIdnsats0 | -2d-vfa0 [fide teixe doidw seott bas .fsyoutesh won eas avior ia - edt toeoxrs [lade ow teY .xost bnoose eft to eelteso ot anol Py, ipeveeten to sesisq stneesig) .sreivio# to einueo edt to soeise pemhnbemenesen duti¢weed esti bonieter ead dads .(exeisiod to 3, @b edd 30 gninniked ond most poteb doidw .isd Jserb edd ) odd bas onsen to eoslsa etaodetddore edt ,yindneo eines AWB) oo Wlenere-f Jovectanene: sige ate Menanwet: “@ jo pain @ 9Nt 998 SE «G of ston Fe dh Re ~ oo. pt 22 sive one of the main trusses of that carpentry, at A and at B one of the rafters. These are only stiffened by two diagonals OG and the ribs D. Here the pointed timber ceilings is compo- sed of two arcs of circles with centres on opposite stdesOf the kinsgpost. Note 1. Pe 2B-e This corpentry has been Grown with the great- est care by we ghaux, architect at Bordeaux, who wos willing 4o send us his sketch. This work dates frow the end of the 13 TA CSENTUTY Tt was in the great halls of the castles, abbeys, episcopal palaces and public edifices, that the carpenters of the middle ages were especially called to display all the resources of their art. Hach feudal residence enclosed a vast covered area, that served as a hall for sgatherins at the solemnities, when the lord exercised his rights of justice, when he convened his vassals, either for festivals or to take part in his acts as a military chief. In time of siege, the great hall of the. castle also served as a lodgings for an increase to the garri- son; in time of peace it was also a promenade, like our wait- ims halls added to modern palaces of justice. Generally these dreat halls were situated in the second or even the third st- ory, the ground story serving as a storehouse, stable, refect- ory, and for storage of arms. Beiug only covered by a roof, and the walls of the castle not being strengthened by buttres- ses, which would have interfered with the defense, these halls were not vaulted, but had magnificent carpentry roofs ceiled internally, forming a safe shelter asainst the storms in the atmosphere. The palace on the island at Paris had its sreat hall cover- ed by a double pointed tunnel with ceiling restins on a row of piers connected by arches. The castles of Montarsis, Couwy, Pierrefonds, etc., possessed vast halls covered by visible ¢ carpentry.(Art. Chateau). Unfortunately all these carpentry works are now destroyed, and those which exist still only be- long to castles of the second rank. Yet we shall except the palace of the counts of Roitiers, (present palace of justice of Poitiers), that has retained its beautiful carpentry of t the sreat hall, which dates from the besinnins of the 15 th century, the archbishop’s palace of Rheims, and the palace of justice at Rouen.” exte Note 1. Pe 22. See the angroving of Du Cerceou representing ' , ’ i ts 0D .esam potedes & aa knell nani AWAD 83 kode ae Aigip se antiene ao goadvade Yo. sanedott ou? kee oF +f FOX. ro a 19 ¢ suont slenbvion dt 82 sdé to gadaaiged sdt mor}? setok : ya auotroe teat Fo ehbeb ont chawransne ilite ef SP fey. cyous = ead. t« 0S: aleette dé — ) fe Lbbim edt To stouitinnailien to tu edd $0 eniemes seedt enoma- silt ete. etelomoe teom bos ¢deoblo .aniteeistal teom edd .eede _ eriol-n0-11 192 to-sitsso oft to [Iai teeth sdi to yvitnequso ‘hed: teox. odT Jyrudase dt bf odd To bae odd mort estab doidw 2.08 #8 yuete déisct odd at fedentie ef yiin® Yo siveso edd To i, Ye msteye s ylouline ei ti jsis00 edt to bevo1g edd evods sft ss BHoL is emwo1o dedt booterebas yidexinahe .hoow si solsonisasos dtiw encitslocisosm yd bebastsh weitonide beiti¢act ebiw bans _,eutod eft no waidooL ebie Isaretxs eft .di bavowe yrelise « Yoen. et: ; . stisoe sdt To ebie ods fre .vatssois0. seus to nokioes seisvensis (dS) edd teatt evils sii \ }) 4S ceed {fed sit to emesd s0c0lt off aniti0o;qna eishiik AT ss ggedBsttsOs0@ to mage s ewad Bus skin .sni Y.0r wd cosh: .eni i edt txon obie edi 00 «8 efedico emose yd beveiles ots er1sbiis o eit oo ¢ait: .0 otelg sexit edd svicoet efedyoo iasfiie Javos «geared otele eidd lfisw edt to qos edd so dee ei sbie ssén0 -Serenetela te wot buooes A webiw .eni @.0 yc cesh went 6.51 ge bovine sus tedd .% eturwte edt sevieos enokensmib emas edd _ f00lt ‘edd to Level edt mort ered ier eft miot of ebne aisdt onifieo Ienyetni edd yd hemiret dows betatoa sid to oot eft od ) ' 4 / : 5 i. ars : iif ae edd gistniem e1stiss edd to snsiq edt ai exoesd be 24 crossed braces M, notched one-third on the outside of the raf- ters according to their slope. Particularly these lons cross- ed braces in the plane of the rafters maintain the carpentry in place. Furrings placed om the rafters fill the projection of the longs crossed beams on the inclimed plane of the rafters and receive the battens and slates. The rafters are spaced 2.1 ft. on centres, and the battens are conseauently auite thick, of split oak. The heads of the rafters are halved together a and da not rest on a sub-ridsge-piece. This hall was lishted by dormers between two horizontal pieces between the rafters, reproduced at N in the lonsitudinal section, and by openings made in one of the gable walls of masonry. The rafters, struts and curved beams are only 7.8 x 6.3 ims. set flat, and so are the other timbers in proportion! it seems that then the carp- enters sousht to distribute uniformly the weight of the roof carpentry on the tops of the walls, and to reduce it as much as possible. Purther, all these timbers are simole loss and not sawn, hewn with the axe with great care, and with the sap well removed. (Art. Bois). That explains their verfect preser- vation for five or six centuries. It is unnecessary to say, that this carpentry is ceiléd internally by boards nailed dn the curves with battens. These boards are senerally decorated by painting, such as may still be seen in the sreat hall of t the ducal palace of Dijon, in the church of S. Madelaine of Ghateaudun, etc. (Art. Peinture).. The carpentry of the sreat hall of the castle of Sully has no tiebeams, oroperly speaking, just as it has no principals. This is an exceptional arrangement in France, or at least is only found in particular cases as here. But it is necessary to state that the rafters closely approach the vertical, that it is very light, and finally that the struts fastened on the plate set above the floor are strong and resist the thrust of the rafters by their curvature. The tiebeams of this carpent- ry are in fact only the enormous girders of the floor, that prevent the spread of the walls. But if we desire to see visible carpentry, whose span is m maintained without tiebeams, and by means of a system of con- nections different from those just examined, it is necessary to go into Hnsland. When by exceotion the Hnslish have furni- shed the trusses of their carpentry with tiebeams, it seems 7 ‘ie ae Pet ws Seen eae > oie | \ nak eae > _»>w-iasdmem tedt to noitvonst edt booseistan ton eved ysdt tedd \ %e anibsesce sit tneveta of ylno ei eword enoyisvs ee fotdw t mo tud .aniddon sreaque bivode mesdets odt Seleaiontag oft s (‘te seootalid edd mort betasccane sd of eboen ci yIstsnoo sit -eo06b Isvel vfisco1a bnied efi mo sect ynsaa evi Yo elhbim edt © baosfhn® ni ebett [fite end -eensd od to ytilidese edd eho t+ noideert dowe ai henidmos yauinso dt FI sit mort yisasaqzseo (geoq feyor odd homies) teoatnit edt esirocave mesdeis sit send _emsedetd edd seeo tidd oI .eeurd siides edt visnswneenoo bas taol e 10% sdéceb destsext edi déin ise asdmis ewomione as ef -onst edd doidw nit fetosis sas stoor yitnsor!eo done1T ai emit -fiv yvbsifoes bre hootexsban yidoetisa eau mssdsit edt to mois ‘pybaami0W nievidsdoic bee sdoned eft to ebie asdio eft no efi -ow dT utacgowe s yloo mssdett edd ai Snisse ni beteieisa nom -ontiveds aot enoeee1 eid isvooeibh ot ex rot slwoittib sd blo eqsdte? .qtinoidns Ife mo1l swond slcoioniag efomie « to sons4 esitinves eseds ni doidw ditw ywilttost edd mort emso vino tsedd semzot ffs ni bas enotenemib evoricee to eisdmist hexsoo10 esw S-eetebevadnsoise egodw .(ssidedaeS) yontedO ts [ied s oi sudT _¥ @ no eter yilodw seon{s tsdt toor s bait ew .CVSI od dosd egiet gost ni gedd bos .wew seecosh est toe .asbits sbisl yisew eft edrcqqne ti gedt emis omee end te mssdeit e to soslo sds aeyeco: ewidnectso sit to meteye siitns Isnthodienol edt 9 ts bas cenit niem s (eid VS) A te evre of . -aho hott ot ¢imoittib sesd eved bivow SI .1sdse18 Stow Bnece a peep fedt exstneotso namioV-olonA edT .soeig ofbnie s oi esv ; evebanidss: (Ck .8i8 mi betaotfnl ea asrido old evods eno ond “yaev aietdo ot es of .enoienomib tee1e esiedwid whedt svik od ¢e eew BitOW yrdneqiso sesdsd to dnica Asew sAT .enones 2nowWe _©exsdais bus esviso to snoidsnidmoo yd yess ssw JT aod wisds ‘ua tbibis toetase elsaioniac od svid of ,encienemib Jesih te sew ,cmesdsis to bie edt dvortin daeverq ot sIvotTIib esaw tedw G \ Sede eewes, wate to aor sit ds. soidenidmon edt to soidsoofeibh edt > < ar. 7) iv j ry U 1X hex = E, o < 26 since the 13 th century. Beins umable to go back to principles, it is always well to know the derivatives, the more so as they are very remarkable and merit the attention of constructors. As we have stated at the beginnings of this Art., it issby the great dimensions of the timbers employed, that the Anslo-Nor- man caroentry is first distinguished from that executed in F France during the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th centuries, then by combinations having strikins relations to naval constructions, and finally by a rare perfection carried into the mode of je- ining the timbers. In the Anglo-Norman wisible carpentry, the purlin vlays an important part, and does not cease to be emp- loyed: only instead of being indevendent as with us and plac- ed on the orincipal, it is intimately comnected and forms with it a srillase, a sort of framework on which rest the rafters. A very simple example will make this system understood. + (23). This truss without tiebeam at its base, is indeed found inserted between other timbers with them; it is not the resu- 1t of chance, but of a system employed durins the 13 th and 14 th centuries. The block A is carved at its visible end, and is held between two places B halved tosether with it; a strons curve ~ in one piece is fixed to the princival © by a lons t tenon pinned twice. The lower purlin # is set between the cu- rve and principal: it is frankly done, the curve and rafters peins gained to allow it to vass. The uover pourlin &’ rests in a gain cut at the end of the collar beam % and in the prin- cipal. Thus the rafters have the deoth indicated by the dott- ed line and are flush with the outer side of the principal. This truss has only 17.7 ft. span, and its orincipals cannot spread apart without deformins the curves, which is scarcely possible, and without breaking the tenons of the collar beam, which have great strength and are well vinned. But when these spans were greater, it would have been difficult to find cur- ves in 3 single piece. The Anslo-Norman carpenters then used two, ome above the other as indicated in Pigs. 29, takings care to give their timbers sreat dimensions, so as to obtain very strong tenons. The weak point of these carpentry works was at their top. It was easy by combinations of curves and timbers of sreat dimensions, to give the principals perfect risidity; what was difficult to prevent without the aid of tiebeams, was the diskocation of the combination at the top of the truss yw BA Peides acuns eff fre -selsctonize ows oft Yo Satbesice (Fau0aoA 8M etSATOT of oh fo ¥row sit ss98 sVE og of stox Stodoéa of I. StowhF wove baodga8 ad estutastif# oth o¢tasm#ed Fo Re es oC + ieoytuc ‘ows ‘Yo seienco yes nc itecanaanh noite 10° Jeet y ah ce 4 ton svad yeit .eldieeoo et doidw ,meteve semao¥-oltnd edt of — ve -negiso. g¢edT .dowet foe asmiev-oltn4 Io ewetaye ddod déiw bed ¥ 2) ae bls ; vk le LP S$ Fi ; - p, a 3 vibe 30 supported by the braces P resting on the extrados of the sreat doubled curve; indeed this lower row of purlims must support not only the rafters, but also the roofs of the dormers R; it certainly wowld have bent inward if it were not supported by the braces. There are 11 rafters between the trusses. Note 1. De ASe RaOGking is the wovewnent that wind pressure produces in trusses and rafters. To afford an idea of the beauty of execution of this unique work of carpentry, we draw (34) a detail of its lower portian.. The ends of the great blocks, that receive the feet of the m- posts D are ornamented by fisures of amgels holding the auar- tered arms of Prance and Ensland, the Whole carved in the sol- id wood. The wings alone of the ansels are added. At S we sive the section of the two curves taken at J T? at V is the sect- ion of a mullion of the open filling, and at X is the section of the block at Z Y.. As far as ome may judse without separat- ing the carpentry, the connections, tenons and sections are executed with rare accuracy; thanks to that purity of execut- ion, and still more to the quality of the wood employed, as weel as to the goodness of the system, the carpentry of the Srea hall of Westminster has been preserved intact until ow days. At the end of the 14 th century and the besinnins of the 15 th, England was victorious, rich and flourishing; France on the contrary was ruined by disastrous invasions and the quar- rels of the great vassals of the crown; so that we have noth- ing in that epoch, which could be compared to the sreat hall . of the abbey of Westminster for lukury of construction. The carpentry works remaimius from that time are simple and differ little from those before given in Figs. 19, 21, 23, 26 and 28, for they generally cover only halls of moderate width. If Nor- mandy and Picardy possessed carpentry roofs erected according to the Anglo-Norman system, which is possible, they have not remained till our days. Yet we find near Maubeuge in the lit- tle church of Hargnies carpentry, whose combination is connec- ted with both systems of Anglo-Norman and French. That carpen- try was without tiebeams, for about the middle of the 16 the century ties werevplaced below the orincipals at every other truss. The main trusses, whose outline is siven at A (34 bis), rest on strong blocks B; they consist of two curves C connect—- : ] q cin’ ‘edt 6.0 teouantd sit to bne sewol edd dtiv betoennoo joe teootalt edt dtiw ‘nottonet siedt ts beviso eevisemsdt 8 es? M Utetsh odd ui heteoibal noltoensco mit edd edam od bs _Gntoa dreunss sit te 1sitezot bled eis Isqionixa edd fas evaino “} edt enteloxe Vi Jisteb seodw .% boow to efoold Ifsme ows ¥d «fed bas benata ete elsqiontia edd tebsU .neitosnnos fas mot a esocnd~*K yd betoennoo exe dofdw .5 entlisa Yo ewor ows bev edd wh I te beonborce: bre. toor edd to sqole edt ni beantfoni iyo exesivar eds eveiler enifivg eeodT .noftoee Lenibusienol miydasvoe dideverg ot seoursq Lecisnize es eved tud .o ts benti 9 titiv Sedeiaiwt oels sus siedtes scT .yIinscxso edd to bate sdye sot. te awode es .ebised belisn ote doidw yebon eevive qsex tadt ‘Saja ~~ bstoonnos e138 J etrih oft bas I enbin posed an: | s[scidisev edeooksid edd petisoey eextee sesif .besl 10 estsle yd beasvoo boow To es sstensut od enoi¢enidmoo ssinw yisv ,1edtel eft vyileibosaes bre pk connected with the lower end of the kingpost D, the principal f, themselves curved at their junction with the kinspost, go as to make the firm connection indicated in the detail M. The curve and the principal are held tosether at the tangent voint py two small blocks of wood Ff, whose detail N explains the f form and connection. Under the principals are pinned and hal- ved two rows of purlins G, which are connected by X-br.ces i inclined in the slope of the roof,and reproduced at I in the lonsitudinal section. These purlins relieve the rafters out- limed at P, but have as princival purpose to orevent overtur- ning of the carpentry. The rafters are alsa furnished with c curves under which are nailed boards, as shown at H. The sub- ridge K and the girts L are connected by X-braces, that keep the kansgposts vertical. This carpentry, in spite of the care taken at the conmnecti- ons, has soread, and as we said before, some years after its construction it was necessary to restrict its span by tiebeams placed at alternate trusses; it appears to date from the last years of the 15 th century. We dive (34 ter) the detail of the plates, the blocks, the large and small cover-joints on boards at a scale of 1/20 full size... One will note (34 bis), that the curves of the rafters join the collar beams,vwhich themselves join the girts R exten- ding from one kingpost to another. That is scarcely well; but they trusted with sufficient reason to the boards to maintain the light curves of the rafters, these boards formins a vault, that itself offered considerable resistance. Between the raf- ters, sovaced about 1.8 ft. on centres, strips are vlaced und- er the battens intended to give sreater strensth. Note 19-47%. We owe the Arawindss of this carpentry to M. B Bruyere, architect, who drew V% with core and was wWiILLing to Communicate ALS notes TO Us. The principal hall of the city hall of S. Quentin permits us to still see carpentry without tiebeams, from the besin- ning of the 16 th centurw, whose arrangement recalls that of the church of Harsnies. Since the 12 th century men have built, either on the towe- rs or over the centre of the crossings of churches, tall spir- es of wood covered by slates or lead. These spires required, and especially the latter, very wise combinations to transfer jo exeta wot edd of po iain odd laine: he 7 : o .wimdaee ta et ‘eft to aninnized prs gore .etose | 8 mig notdest evolastot mg oi dose of mod weok ts mont egeewid edd evods medd bosceve ot bne eredmit to ese a ae sig 800 mortiaalboetze eodois seievensid eft onibsol tuoddiw a. tw wevieerso yavooo od motesooo eved Iisde sf .asdtons of “sptebser apo 19tet ow doidw of ,edoelI® .dah ni qitnsaiso eidt : yeaemod {soinbuityo anizsveo yitnequso [scinoo sdf 10% eA i ae to vidnegise edt rot betqobs moteye edd mort beelveb ai #2 ke gent gs betoete hoived este olbbim edT .etoo1 cid saeluo1to edt stoetoug of 10 eeideso ai asdtis .s1swot To 1edmyo olde ot aot anivies eXrow seedd to yidneciso eft ,eeitio te eliaw ie a nk sisdion dees oi yekos bavot ef noidsdided tol base senet — - gostsa eit Yo e1neolous sd¢ ni deixe omoe esvisemedd esosled —soktine Ifiw #1 , a , < a Pa “hey are i a ae =— > ve ; <2 . 32 the weisht of the emtire system to the four piers of the tran- septs.. Brom the besinnins of the 13 th century, carpenters k_ knew how to erect in am insenious fashion these enormous mas- ses of timbers and to suspend them above the trusses from hips, without loadins the transverse arches extending from one pier to another. We shall have occasion to occupy ourselves with this carpentry in Art. Fleche, to which we refer our readers. As for the conical carpentry coverins cylindrical towers, it is devised from the system adopted for the carpentry of ¢ circular hio roofs. The middle ages having erected a conside- rable number of towers, either in castles or to protect the walls of cities, the carpentry of these works servins for de- fense and for habitation is found today in sreat number; in palaces themselves some exist in the enclosure of the palace, which are very beautiful and well preserved. It will suffice to give a single example summarizing. the ordinary combinatio- ns of this carpentry, to cause to be understood what they par- ticularly present. Let there be the plan of a round tower (35) and its outline (36). The auarter A of the plan (Fis. 35) presents the lower radial mem ers at the level A of the vlates(Pis. 36); the omwr- ter B has the second radials, the auarter © the third radials, and the guarter D is the horizontal projection at the level BD. Two tiebeams B F, GH (Pis.. 35) at right angles, rest om the double circular plates. Two trusses intersectins at right an- sles and connected by a central kingpost I sive the outline K. (Pigs. 36). Bach guadrant supports six rafters, whose prolons- ed blocks form the radials L (Fis. 35) by joiwins the large sirt M.. The outline of these rafters is siven at N (36). Bet- ween each of these are set between the first and second radi- als A and B false refters outlined at 0, to sunport the batt- ens between the rafters, which are widely spaced in the lower part of the cone. These false rafters rest on ordinary block, as may be seen in the aquarter plan A. The six rafters ver gu- adrant are sinsle timbers from P to R and end in taper bevels at their heads, as we shall soon see. The two trusses at risht angles have at the height B curved sirts, that receive the b praces and ties of the lower radials and form the second rad- ials. But these second radials merit all our attention. We Sive a perspective detail of it (36 bis) near the perimeter, ‘pevino eid worl ewode OF «81% .teochnit edt txen (tet Of) bee “egeeenit ([Batontia owt sit to eleqtonize sid ashy A edit 10 sisotonisq seedt déiw betoenmoo sis hoe 0 etaib edd eveiles sB Nod edt yd bied eois befdvob if{eme to essen yo adoade bie 6¢ medtonmtot ssds ,esit yd bled yileupe exes esediat sat wod -yd' besneverq ei exedts2 saedd to dnifasd edt wod ‘yevino odd -s$6bh oft edt-fe elscioniag: sit wod evode astenp OF .bit yilent® w eds wor ‘00% efit°to xsas edt ge teooinidt edd niot eseensd . ed¢ontot bne dentske seet ,fbeisaet sis © eredte1 ofd to ebhne {evel edt te 8 noitose Istnoxizod eff .C etain bevawo eligil beviro efssil Seeds wodbsteotbat * & eedodsie owt edd bos .Y ‘a ealsatoniiug eft neewied bled ein edatd she Eaotetenidhexn yisvitasesia yitasqrse ai exiow Isotnod encased dd soteknitooire nt» yaseesoen fi si I0t oiltdmeses at “Baswot enibaet exsdmidg edd [fe wom jeeenituom aiead asdins od edt me sseetot of astasateo edd wot yreseeoen 2i Ji ,2ins a8 -msees terit° ot mid timseq {fiw teddt .eneem Isoivosi0 edd basy “tuoddiw (eenoeyisbnoose edt nedd .etedmem [ecioniiza edt eld -cgemitemoe nove bus ,enonst sdt tuoe1 of yieeesoon bnisd ets _-efq ttedd .eistonso e1sdmem odd tadd of ,yfoaldne meds gime of -anied estela Esviuo.odt .slemaxe dnsesto edd si exdT .esos s/Peweseat bos heels sis eolens ddkia de eexeuawd ond edd .dse % (esosid bas eduik aiedd .etsdts1 .etwide edd nedd ~1siissot —pusdmem desi ods [1A .eastte2 eelst fas exsheoed edt yilentt entedeeti tuodtiw obietvo edd moat yilueitiib dsoddiv Jee sis | _} To enomsdosdtea9etas of eseenid niem edt eeist oF YmsBeesoOSsaA bi yrtneg1so [soinoD seseitiom aiesd oi exsdmom yishacose std edd tocerednearso edd: to sonsizsaxe sd Yo sivesem edd oni -moo {few yIno ton ,sysuts sus wedd ;estistaso d¢# Cr bas dv St medt Qnildmeess to enssm sit asve tud betatot Ifew bus benid Bivesid¢[vorttib: biove es as oe .{liie ever dtiw sseve10) oie ~ @ote eett on ead otsinsaiso {eoinco eids ylinsuosi1% .gaisoeis eysd ydobedosnnoo ylanoade saied eetafo isivoiio edd teeed edd to slotio £ oiif ,evettes odd to Snibseice eft dnevera scols 33 and (36 ter) next the kindpost. Fis. 36 shows how the curves or ribs A under the vorincipals of the two principal trusses relieve the girts D and are connected with these princivals and struts by means of small doubled ties held by the key PB; how the rafters are equally held by ties, that join them to- the curves; how the bendins of these rafters is prevented by the struts G joiming the sirts H; how the cross-bars I, deta- iled im I’, I” and I’”,fit between the rafters and receive t the heads of the false rafters K, so as to make the settins possible. Fig. 36 ter shows how the ribs L under the rafters, not beings able to join the struts G, connect with a second Sirt M. Finally Pigs. 36 auater shows how the principals of the two trusses join the kingpost at the apex of the roof; how the @& ends of the rafters §% are tapered, rest asainst and join the little curved sgirts 0. The horizontal section R at the level Y, and the two sketches S$ 8S’ indicatec’how these little curved sSirts are held betweem the principals. Gonical works in carpentry present very sreat difficulties in assembling, for it is necessary in erecting for the tenons to enter their mortises; now all the timbers tendins toward an axis, it is necessary for the carpenter to foresee on the yard the practical means, that will permit him to first assem- ble the principal members, then the secondary ones, without its being necessary to recut the tenons, and even sometimes to omit them entirely, so that the members can take their pl- aces. Thus in the present example, the curved plates being set, the two trusses at right angles are raised and fasteued together, then the struts, rafters, their sirts and braces, f finsliy the headers and false rafters. All the last members are set without difficulty from the outside without its beins necessary to raise the main trusses to enter the tenons of t the secondary members in their mortises. Conical carpentry 3s dives the measure of the experience of the carventers of the 14 th and 15 th centuries; they are always, not only well con- bined and well jointed, but even the means of assemblins them are foreseen with rare skill, so as to avoid difficulties in erecting. Frequently this conical carpentrn has no ties at t the base; the circular plates beings strongly connected by keys alone prevent the spreadins of the rafters, like a circle of ses ) aa in ¥ wo ; a te ey ' ml ce + (ony oo es : Sue .soeta elanie s— tev Finect tnideose. a. ‘betimtl son esw yisneasso to tas edt : aiiclaak ok omid {Le mo1¥..yitusqiso eldieiv ot 10 edivev .boow to eedoisdo bas ssosiso asve bus esenod tiind had tind Yiniaso dt €f eft to asexod to esosid sm0e bart Ilite : iiseamph eesds Ju8 widaov odd wi. ylasiuoigasa ,sennem eid ni e039 Lqm00 yitueioitine esiqmsxe en evit gon of .diindsa ,2e1 = edt to ¢avooos as ishbne1 of ex ot sidisscg ti sism of gomemmoo of eu tol yiseesoen ef $I .fsyolqme nvitorisenco te Eade Aoogs teda ai ylno ;yiwdase di BM edd ni nclisnimaxs 190_ _ eewod to. eebsos? edé eotmrot x10w asdmid fed otidae bait ow ae .Jseitge ofidna edt no te estice. £ iad ,eilsw ‘at hes te beeoamoo yiote bavoss s oC ak evsb mo oi es eisineqiso edi .eisig bedsioei To 10 Besos | 9 edt to eo81T aedmit $fsd edd bevieoos dadd .Ifie «a beoala stieoago. (o@er) eonite ereey soids soe [lite binoo end .tno1d 88 esifisd) to [etbedtso eft to sicdo sad to sbhie divoe edd redmid tied seodw ” .yindseo ft BE oft to seuod ansbhoow [[eme _ =gmoo deom edt Yo ono eaw ti ;mict mi [nYeos1s yisv saw tnort =sd.8 00, -dooas gsi mort weat sw daddt.,¢negele veom bus edel ~onD Isoitaey 1 yd beototnis1 fas yinoesm files to tlivgd tasmse aettosa, seas eit to 1900[t edd anisicqqwea A emeod dee sie ent ide eft ao Salasegos bose [lew odt d2woudt tnieesq eased) .(TS) edd,n0..8 {ffe edt evisoss emssd seeds to ebas endT .(sx0laséxe nedd ;A emeed Istcosinod sdé evods 4 eteoo nism odd boede [ite ~1S¥ task .0 steog seddo sez sis emesd nseutsod Jevistini sit of , tds hemeri oxs 9 avec eesiT ,ecosid-X diiw G elfen yd [solid & decd. oisa edd ogoi Senoned ifsedi el.doidw .7 d1ik 8 otmi god | elite: . 2 mrot eqeso addin gedors betatoa ni beviso 5 esos ait eat ows trogque @ etait odT etotisini edd Quiddail ewobsiw io ar, bebretnt stalq edt evetoss dedi © eteoq sid evodse BR edna BL beldneb. et etsiq eidd iu8 -1o0% edi to yitneaiso edi svisost 3 i ‘wine eat a, goitose eit yd bsisoibai es. .moteuo oF anibrooos ; » fe, tes, ei. os too1 edd to onixayt edt yloo eticagua I etelg sateen edd. to. ebsed edt dtiw betoennco J emssd edd to ebne saJ Beeeuid, Yoor, eft 192% emesdsis es svise, I emaed seodT .9 ateog ek asani edT etonlt asc0H ed¢ to etaioft edd taogase bus ha = |. Bto1te.edd yd bedroqaue ef. di seusosd hued Joaneo tsdt eriateentet bas edecaisa sdT seretiat eds to dst edt cov on. PoHE 900. -yinoesn nidt yd bellii sis eteoq edd tee | vs -_ Pal ee - ae? on oo ae a ne ly 34 &@ sinsle viece. The art of carpentry was not limited to erecting roofs over vaults or to visible carpentry. From a11 time in France men had built houses and even palaces and churches of wood. We s still find some traces of houses of the 13 th century built in this manner, particularly im the North: But these structu- res, rebuilt, do nat give us examples sufficiently complete,. to make it possible for us to render an account of the means of construction employed. It is necessary for us to commence our examination in the 14 th century; only in that epoch shall we find entire half timber work formins the facades of houses on the public street. On a ground story composed of solid walls, of a series of arches or of isolated piers, the carpenters as in our days placed a sill, that received the half timber frace of the front. One could still see three years since (1350) opposite the south side of the choir of the cathedral of Chartres as small woodem house of the 14 th century, whose half timber front was very sraceful in form; it was one of the most comp- Llete and most elesant, that we know from that epoch. On 4 ba-= sement built of solid masonry and reinforced by vertical quo- ins are set beams A supportins the floor of the next story, (37), (beams passing through the wall and avvearins on the e exterior). The ends of these beams receive the sill B. On the sill stand the main costs P above the horizontal beams A; them in the interval between beams are set other posts C, kent ver- tical by walls D with X-braces. These vosts © are framed att top into a girt F, which is itself tenoned into the main posts S. Braces G carved in pointed arches with cusps form a series of windows lightius the interior. The sirts F support two st- ruts H above the posts ©, that recieve the plate intended to receive the carpentry of the roof. But this plate is doubled, according to custom, as indicated by the section K. The outer plate I supports only the furring of the roof and is set on the ends of the beams L connected with the heads of the main posts P. These beams I serve as tiebeams for the roof trusses and support the joists of the upver floors The inner plate M, that cannot bend because it is supported by the struts, recei- ves the feet of the rafters. The parapets and intervals betw- eer the posts are filled by thin masonry. One will note that Tea ere ee) \ 7 tener? w bevite Bc Hote a. oie J emesd 19008 edd to ebse odd -3 eteog shtel sdi otni all’ on “pbogaets wosd yltasoe7 sod. savod. afd .884qg «kt StOK ¥ SASTRY: toetat ysrosa sow ti aedo .8é8E at Fé Be “oe (918% eaK sosae .eifew yi beeolone esitio Ievestbem aT | eensoxe ed¢ ts yrote doss és dtenel e10m bs iquooe eseuod sad | etiffedios to esiise s betnsesia yess. eudt :yew otfdeo edt to | atot ot eldieeod si siem of esmidemoe Ylinetoltice Saisosi oz | ‘dose eiiaoago beisutie seeved to esisote ascan sit moat eboad to emaed edt “.xvsensil® ,eanilledsoo seedt aistde of .1sit0 admit tied aswof sat bnoyed bue doses ts hetostorq etooclt edi _teqan git bas ,stetosid yd Betrocane tnisd ebne aisds ,.smsa? -emsed eft to ebne edi dtiw denlt betosis eaw Aiovemstt © to brid etd? .vadnsatso of diow etd hentelaxe ei (8) sash ~ $0 edeoo edd ted .bsibwte saied etirem boow ni noftowisenoo edt evisos etgoq sesdi to ebsed ed]? .A sd yrode bavorwk dé «8 emaed edt to ebne tetuo edd deiees od fendiesh € eeosad @ yd betsotbat es ° emssd oft to ebne edd bedoennoe ( aera! fexod esneid Ifeme vo Bevsile1 ois netsla seid? .seitaom edd A edecg edt Yo ebeod ent otnit bemeit et J daip A -bencned One t edt eticcowe sxie eid? .¥ esossd yi beveilfe1 tfeeti ei bos . ong no buste 2 edeot .viote Enoose edd to s00lt est To eteiof, - ® edeod ont A eteoo oft Saedisvoe bos D esosid edt to ebos A ensed sat” bus yiete bnoose sd¢ to estafa te0qn edd eviso edt nO -e¢ex0sad bevivo yd hevsife1 sis ebns oaitosioid saodw -te baidd end woled gossia oft beosIq ers amsed every To ebas Fo etetot, sd? .toor edd o¢ oy ytode dose sot no oe ins .yI0 tom .B stela 19005 efi no geer yrose baidd ond to aoolt eft asoeid {snoeeiG .1 date odd toiveti[sa1 ni bis bose ti buoyed sos . ‘siowanes? Si Yécebsol edd relessss frowemsi? odd oi betas ~ nism edd to ebne edd of exotad 10 1edeslo ai efensc edt bas -nzednt efg 10 A10wsme1yt odd ai bled enied emssd eseodT .emsed ei $7 enipétevo eti dnsverg bas meteye etidns edd sid Ifsw Is fess ni seoate otidsa sdt mort enis eudd sno daddy see oc YESS bebnsdni emoor sit etitened tedt .sset sexdd 10 owt .9no yiote -dIede mot oels etatf{Isdico evieesooue oesdT .sotistided 10% bas. ‘eaode. eit to stwort odd .Arowemert odd tostoro Jedd .ere nites te eoneinevncont edd eved vino yedT .nisi mort evesees ny jedt .1a8008 fon esob si tnd paasb yiev eteoise worrsn sid -eeviezaue es eidd juods east omse odd Bad yeas eeitto Tevesibsa 35 the ends of the upper beams L are rétieved by struts N framed into the larse posts P. Note 1. H-53. This house has recently wveen changed, we are A% Wn 4853, when VY was nearly VWatact. In mediaeval cities enclosed by walls, space was rare; so the houses occupied more length at each story at the expense of the public way; thus they presented a series of corbellings projecting sufficiently sometimes to make it possible to join hands from the upver stories of houses situated opposite each other. To obtain these corbellings, “lisneaux,” the beams of the floors projected at each end beyond the lower half timber frame, their ends beings supported by brackets, and the upper framework was erected flush with the ends of the beams. Here (38) is explained this work in carpentry. This kind of construction in wood merits being studied. het the vosts of the ground story be A.. The heads of these posts receive the praces B designed to assist the outer ends of the beams oq. Plates D connected the ends of the beams C as indicated by t the mortise. Thise plates are relfeved by small braces. boxed and tenoned. A dirt L is framed into the heads of the posts A aqd is itself relieved by braces #. This sirt supports the j joists of the floor of the second story. Posts G stand on the ends of the braces C and overhang the vosts A. The posts G re- ceive the wover plates of the second story and the beams K, whose projecting emds are relieved by curved brackets. Oa the ends of these beams are placed the plates below the third st- — ory, and so on for each story up to the roof. The joists of the floor of the third story rest on the upoer plate H, vroj- ect beyond it and aid in relievins the sirt I. Diagonal braces — arranged in the framework transfer cbhe loads of: the framework - and its panels in plaster or bricks to the ends of the main beams. These beams being held in the framework or the intera- al wall tie the entire system and prevent its overturn. It is easy to see that one thus gains from the public street in each story one, two or three feet, that benefits the rooms intended for habitation. These successive corbellinsgs also form shelt- ers, that orotect the framework, the fronts of the shops and oassers from rain. They only have the inconvenience of makins the narrow streets very dark; but it does not apoear, that in mediaeval cities they had the same ideas about this as ourselves. Oé Redes gael stseite ods of ebae tiedd bedueeena esevod nedk ; _-emsit. toot edt ,ebiw nedé ascesh dovum esw beiqueoe etie oft a ean sidse- eidT .gid.e of too bus sidsh « ni bstsnimsed A207 | _-tostoaa yltueves1t ¢eom ,t00% edd Yo w10t evitimiag edd ylvo ~o1g. 10% bood.to bnuid.s miot of es of ,eotela edd baoyed bei _peods bus etnemetneiis sesaT efitea mort ebsost sdt anitosd | Ah ni beqoleveb asied A10w aedmis Bisd dnori edd of onidelen ree «aids ot erebse1 ave astez on ,sosial ~mie. yiev yfIsienck oss vous .et00f3 to yasnsciso ed rot eA ensed tud_,eeit etelamco on zo west ;eebe elbhim odd Sniaoh efe | -isos1 bose ,ellen noisidisa 10 gaort edt so yiuslugex tee os . ebevioemedtemacd odd exif eldiviv benis#es tedé .etelot ov “mit eewis ot wod yandaso dt él edd ai.weod yhsoils oom set e.sebau tcibled mort meds daeveig ot se ce vilsetnosiz0d.e12sd mort eeteb ensimd to fexisdtso edd to yielIs® msti0 edT ~beol tedt :;{fide doum dtiw bseeurd maed s no eteet.bns ,dovge iedz pvit eV. .kebsol ylivecd.ei bas nsoe .tt 6.0h duods si ased to slteso, cond to IIed tseih odd to meed beeenat rsdtons (ef) od yisineo fg bt edt to.bas ont de dlind ,yostdiad of cielé eid? .@QbI tuods hbeaisgqer bas noeeilo sb asivil0 sidstenoo ene et @ 8 bose A exrsdmem [sinosizon oxd do edeianco msed Lesenad % etetot edt ovieoe: of eohbel mx0} od ashio ai A nadd astiw ofai bemert aedmit beviwo 2 to eteiesoo eanit eff .s0c0lt odd snout ows vd olbbim edt ts. betosnnco hos. ased eid to ehae end ~eoistowite isivose oi asee osfs sved oF t evox vd bied eslod ~eiisi. és ellfiomeiT ef of noieres blo.edt ai easdto dooms. bue qoolt beeeutt .yrstaso di ff edd to ssesy teal edd ot hesosis— odd ;Ob. .2if oi bedsoifsi.es nege .3t bh.0f tuods To eiasbhbakd ~ oft betaebni yltusa bas bas of bane Joe stew 8 8 gisdmid owt bessoibst es ,etetotsdd gnivieoss 4 webiik edd to diash esd ~ses0d betoenseo Sie q bos A eisdmid efT..0 ts noitose eft yd -8yei déiiw etiod yd asd ok yo ev of boteserad sow sigwoxs evostuo BéaT VGeg.t stax «9M0G harfla wshneg ee. to ny edd ot a2ilvosa sotteiastosisdo. eaé¢ to on eboow.to s&belwond | id a: . ay M d om f™. a : 52 Ay [ - a: oa 4 q r ; ie "rer m= ¢ 2% : LAY 5 J a e WN i . i u ; pats F + 3 a ~ ia al dost se seb: bow: ont ot o¢ etorg rekow ekmtbliod ete otha her ee Fede spate edd eb aD .toerettib etivn eaw divige aens ae i reesb teav vd yino bebnworise od oa” F nseed genes “.sdiad eis) -ite ses ti bists1 easmis) efT .ersitnort betadeeveb evad od ‘em wolls ot .asts eetmens ited eviah of aolev to diem eniti _ hott veds .eebtesd .medd aeso tioewid detidsdes ot mpexs9 * enokesvad nebbee genisds esvisemedd gniivose to eosem 8 wind ‘eae yodt yeottio oi {fewb wevem enemisd edt tadd”> eodade eutiost _" “yerit saed¢0 dose doves o¢ emoliatided siedt wolls seve sonnss ss shitkage’ @ soddéedw of nibiooos ,sonsteih e Js hodsisase sismes vei? .cosla siataso 2 of medd besositie esd Jee10t so nislo ~_ bas betosnn0o eecitibe déiw eivo stil ton ,eokelliv mic pees tO “.sosce biov s yd sevod eid ebavotiwe doses (fatale edtovieiV But sradually this peop- le had abandoned its wanderins habits; it was established on the soil; agricultural life had replaced the life of the cams, and yet it retained its primitive character, its love of iso- lation and its aversion to the civilized life of cities. One should not mistake what we here mean by isolation; it was not solitude, but the isolation of each band of warriors attached to a chief. This isolation had existed in Germany, amons the peoples that threw themselves into the West, as proved by the texts that we shall cite. “When the tribe was transplanted to Gaulish soil,” says M. Guizot,“the habitations were more dis- persed; the chiefs of families established themselves at a m mach greater distance from the others; they occupied vast do- mains, their houses later became castles: the villases formed around them were peopled, not by free men and their equals, but by colonists attached to their lands. Thus in material r respects the tribe found itself dissolved by the sole fact of its new establishment. The assembly of free men, in which were treated all matters, became much more difficult to sather.” The equality prevailing in the camos between the chief and h his companions must become lost, and indeed soon vanished, fr- om the moment the German band was established on the soil.” The chief had become a Sreat proprietor and had many means of -e1oiriew sism eyswis e1er (enoimaqmoo eid) easdto ent :aenca _ exe dna Donedtonerte e1en yiasqo1g to esehi efi evem eid bee ‘dtinweutileypsat heqoloveb sew s10m edd ;abnim qaiedd ni bebned bad Jaddt ,etetdo tastiogmi ofd 10 Bnit eff .edostis eti Ife of mom atedt o¢ ehnel betwdiadeib .ywrotiaisd deav 8 feiquooce -ney esolvise z0t medt faawex bas eoivies iiest cs medi dosdis 0 otfowb edsteo az oveh toido eid modu oJ toiaisw edt .heieb _ eid? .ydilesbivibmi to ius solteloeil to eleioniza won 8 yi ‘banot bos ddavor od yawo eld to mom emoe hed ylleves aoivier eowee wen 6 ynismoh eid ai mid ddiw evil of smso Jedd seodd | | *“ .viifeupeni te of «Goah 3 NOoF eJi0d ofS 9G OG «EGe Get SFOK Se 8 : o8l «qQeont .a#738 <70K 90 oO ZeQe 8 -S#04 28 e8eald ara KM gh 90007T ASI EOF Des eH oT ELH cCFeGeE STON ae eat & 8 MOBHSJ «QM0R SAT 2. |atax -Idates Ji nedw dosmon end te bevloeetk vwiiowmawe eidd andl edd bevioeeib tnivead aedta [ioe bersupnce edd» roctieedi feiai -{@ bed ti :omiter Jebuet sdd Baimrct vise .ydsioce asmo? flo _4pet yuseesoen s19n sisdt FHA «aidt Yo gm1e2 sid Fddword of _gpapde1 of etomests to .etnemiasoxs to bas ydowtens lo eelasdnes ne S0ind of .eetbgoite to hos ooiseitelisinhs Ieiseemi odd oF | p4 | eisbhveeib gedt te tro coijexinssi0 So esopesesca wen evedd Yo enoitedidad {sisi sad cise deck 9 eno. ~foscest dadd nl jemis to duedxs enol decd batash [ues el 10 ev o¢ antxosl ei ncidsmiotni 10} .sistoetroe yino mse _ gemof sid dedd .seocuse ot ey abse!l dtnintyiewe .epesv yrev besosie estsdourse [e1g7 edd sot ecys 8 es hewiee gists elliv seedt to [evevee to etsoqe evel Io yrebs1) .eroiswonce sid vo -mernsiis off of ebnoaeeiz0o Liew eyse od dadw bas ebailienb qo% bobnetot eknibliod beisieei exew ysiT «eeiliv esd So edne .edainofoo fos einevise a0izbof .eoo1o sid Saitode sot eniniel gs mevs.10 yiedesm edd Yo Iisd end saor doidw to debim edd ai detiaes® efd doidw mintiw (fed 2 .tis nego edd ni saueotons © eft mebay siyeolons dads jphevedie® esiashuel eid tse teiso ‘efiounco bus etese? rot fisd s a8 fevise .bsievoo 10 we asdo dé £08 enedotit .seldede gasv .eootiieg wd beingomooos aw of _Bbebavowie eaw eroiblivd evedd {le yd besaot quoi ect .edied ss wnovt @aold .ebsetisa elowie » 10 dogik e ,[isw anieolose ns va ; tlind bed ednid asikaivorsY eid eeoslg betevele emoe no e1sid 5 yj arventhitn alent had saved ot iseqgs seeds tad. peereeisi10t aa on Mae A ; : : sagas OO eer r : > 7 By i he & YS 40 power; the others (his companions) were always mere warriors; and the more the ideas of property were strensthemed amd ex- tended in their minds; the more was developed ineouality with all its effects. The king or the important chiefs, that had occupied a vast territory, distributed lands to their men to attach them to their service and reward them for services ren- dered. The warrior to whom his chief gave an estate dwelt on it; a new principle of isolation and of individuality. This 4yarrior usually had some men of his own: he sought and found those that came to live with him im his domain‘! 3 new source ef inequality.” Note 1.9.59. De Bel\. Gali. BOOk 6. Shap. 23~ Note 2.9.59. De More Gorm. Shap. 15. Note BeP- 59. Hist. AsV-Givil.eon France, vy M. Guizot. Less.8- Note A. The same. Lesson 8, Thus this community dissolved at the moment when it establ- ished itselfoonsthe conquered soil after hawins dissolved the old Roman society, only forming the feudal resime; it had al- so brought the germs of this. But there were necessary four centuries of anarchy and of experiments, of attemots to return to the imperial administration and of strussles, to brins an organization out of that disorder. What were the rural habitations of these new pvossessors of @aul during that long extent of time: In that respect, one c ean only conjecture, for information is lackins to us or is very vasue. fvwerythins leads us to suppose, that the Roman villa asain served as a type for the rural structures erected by the conquerors. Gregory of Tours speaks of several of these dwellings, and what he says well corresponds to the arrangem- ents of the villas. They were isolated buildinss intended for farming, for storing the crovs, lodgings servants and colonists, in the midst of which rose the hall of the master, or even an enclosure in the oven air, a hall within which the Frankish chief and his feudaries ¢athered; that enclosure under the o open sky or covered, served as a hall for feasts aud conucils; it was accomoanied by vorticos, vast stables, kitchens and b paths. The sroup formed by all these buildinss was surrounded by an enclosing wall, a ditch or a simole palisade. Alons frn- tiers on some elevated places the Merovingian kinss had built fortresses; but these appear to have had a purely military c 1 if éee ie a Oe ae eo hel - Er <> £2).« 2. i We og le. Mee eee oe as ti ' f % , | | rh p? -o bedonsisalt redéa1 erew youd yomso nemo? ond edit tesosieto ' dedine esldeso usdt tedde1 ums ne tetlede ot bebnodot eomeo -tteds middiw daliedie® aot bas .foideticeand taensmisa 101 of ‘hos teino s to stil edt aot yiseeeoen aningyisve siveolent beititrot edt o¢ sldeeo to omen edd svi ylno seo OW sem eid ed Of-edd mor? ,.9-i .boisveq [abust edd ni Jlind esonsbhiess -o¢ efdabimuiot. Jeom sis encitsdsided seedT .esiavinso ad ol od ater eler defias74 doidy ni esicdinnoo eft ni sa#ix yess seuee edt mo .nitkiso mamie® eti Yo enoitibert odd view e10m best /ipoousviesb-elT bans elsnoeeto® ni .ceneN ,enids ond to siasd yencee edt to bos etios edd Yo sesgoo eft to noidi0a « 0 @sitsoo Jorsase fo exosgs eTvoT Fo yrose7) whoeq.t srou #4 ,-@ Hood ef syne “,09dT*.oftoboes? Fo yato ait Yo heaesead to tneat toga foFKOD sit at) bsgedesd aow ond Jrek-J9t 3pa5* jeotgiostq 0 yd tad stow o yd ton ,bshinvortys si Fi - (ons 770K gosté o oF al bbda ott wk «ft? COL wads gvom Fo tdgsont a of. veo gen t1og redtenn af zdadth of 002 yrsu ef estou 9sodw \bneq TET ow aaiasél to teJuai7 o mto? yedt todt Fnobhaudo 08 2 fae q -m9, efroqmoy ats ;200/q Ont Fo atoe eit dguords s9qgD088 Ce e eat stoultigse aftnotidotal edt todt ,esto ftosry o fous septs tashies ef FI ".soapinudo né pduw} VSATOZ Ane srsdt huwarg 0 fo retootado sas ssitor atwsssrve tasadeiidates efAt teat \ .bsSJoo-08 ysreqerg aJte09 o jo weit ,gmoo ostonsttad teow %o exesesoone yhsonine edt .botaea neletnivolssd sdi 2afaLd to enoiesvai eit ssocce of edxolte saoe shes bed enbenolzedd Eretek of bescastis snotesooe Leisvse mo bsi youd ,sosmic! end mi beeolone ersw exten seedt tod ,zisvia esd to esessco ond to eiaot ased svad cveum bas ~etesd of tiind ,sesadeif lougsaid -enstisdisd wee saT veoideso seco10 medd iedtea ,boow bine TI89 -detidetes tnensmieo anibnsot te sdgv0cd astnol cn vswIeh mots _yino botositts :betedesveb yedt dsdd .esixdiaveo ead of efnem ~esv tisds odni nwuder ot benstasd yeds .yiood to svol eft vd _. yedd ds¥ .contvora doit « betelfic bed ysis vs nooe a8 ,elss gebim edd ni ebnelet emoe ci ,~yrodnemoic = mo bedlad wenkionee 7 . Ro -bised ashae ersllte to efouboiq edd sed lode. oF. consuftal ne bedisxe eooneudini memof dedto) Ve — dom ‘od denm yodt exogeiteotg feitast® to eboillenh sdv te : : 7s od beonsamoo odw .peteiia ssivenibmes’ end excied bensisew Bos of vino: dnentd noo edd no ednemieiidsses taesemi90 Envet — “blind: ot Demotesoos o10m even neddel ooT .viudneo Ad OF - - feos 10. o vlinseneoon deum bos .bnel im. moadeennts doene of. nds \ .; 43 system of defense subject to a political idea. Besides when t the Normans vresented themselves on a point of French territo- ry, everywhere proceeding by force in the same manner, this was by occupying the coast, by ascending the rivers and stre- ams in their long vessels, that they penetrated to the heart of the country. The rivers were the matural route of ewery Norman invasion; on their banks must they seek to maintain and fortify themselves. The islands, peninsulas, precipices commandins afar the course of the rivers, must be chosen at first as military poents; the similarity of locations must p produce uniformity of means of defense. : In possessing themselves of Gaul, the Franks ox naa over a wery vast and much varied territory in seosrachic respects; some remained in the plains, othersin the mountains, the for- mer in the midst of countries imtersected by streams, the bet- ter near great rivers; each must fortify himself according to the place and his personal intelligence; they ceased (except those near the Rhine) all communication with the mother coun- try, and as we have already said, soom found themselves isola- ted and strangers to each other; political ties, that misht again reumite them, were daily relaxed and the ideas of nati- onalism, of connections between the sreat vroprietors of a § State, could have no influence on the successors of these chi - efs of bands disversed over the soil. On the contrary the Nor- mans were necessarily moved by other motives’ all pirates and connected, lons continuing relations with the mother country, that continually sent them new reinforcements, arrivins as conquerors in countries already occupied by warlike races, th they were bound by community of interests, by the need of ke- eving together, umited, in these provinces into the midst of which they penetrated without daring much to extend far from the rivers, their only way of communication or of safety inc case of disaster. That Roman influences exerted an influence on the arrangement of the dwellings of Frankish proprietors, they must be much weakened before the Scandinavian virates, who commenced to f found permanent establishments on the continent only in the 10 th century. The latter were more accustomed to build boats than to erect structures on land, and must mecessarily profit by the nature of the sround to establish their first strons | bi ; tebuel Ine ‘eedod th ye potone fle satne inte wiih havin: en rove 10 wesiaal eldative redmid to vintners omoe a” mY | atom 1 olia" ye titor Cele bfioo yeiT .viood sieid Boe new odd ie. en ne j edd ‘no yebos bayo? neve ois tenis .eomeo nemof=-olis) evo er ~via ‘wen vd medd sesetoni ot .Sukee edd bus sfonsy edt to ‘) ai eicr Yo einemefe derit edd sass of eudd bos .efsow [sniedni / Ua Py - metas ited .svitoes enemy eft teY .yitnuce eft to rokteott ~ =tose yonedeienoo ddiw bewobns .evolosnosd .dneforo Eos onieta A -efroomt ent Hootexrsbay yitotup yiev .etes aiedt Ife ni Esteet owe’ oft fokiw ne eoliosivasd eft bnibyaye® 102 eelteso to son _ yeltter ot weds wolls oF Heer nesd bed entenelisds Ye e1osesd ss qeboof on st]8ew Yes .vandneo Hs CL edt to elbhiw edd mowt bas ~boow fae déres mir yssanos eit to eeenstsh seeds yd totteitee ‘ieee wie nies sewol siit to saivoo edd wo betosxs ybserls god © . ee Be eeonebiver .difonav eds whntaésas crevia elddil ott a ~Sn00 doidw to ,doogs teit af efdehimaot .sise dtiw diisd eno “etnb edt yd eldsdremet yilefoscee .nisme1 ejnsmos1t eldsisbie _ -—«s- eefiteso edd nedt esx seiwiedt0 .etie siedd to sotoro dneditfio eS “pemof sit dtod ot hevedbe vent .betete eved ew es ;sona7% fo | _ ~—si“s ft E uedd- ie’ bedetidstes eiow sesdT .elfiv nemo sid bos qmso — - omg dehfnsa® odd ee botTbicooe .enisinuom oct mo te nisio end se SF OT .vrcetawed ebonistonem x0 [evel s heecseeoa sodeita Peebsetifea to saveofone me To heteienvo siiseso edd ,ceso ceo. ite ey mm imr0t ellew divae Geete vd esmitemoe .cedodib yd bebavovsise Me: ral af edt \eaweolone edd to sibbim edg nI .eltastos1 10 [evo me Bs ss Eb ebiw es mort neded diass Yo tolased sid.beeveo Yetio fehins Isqtontao eid sed% bavow 20 Ifid Istoltisis eids no bos \doddb ‘© edd ot eboit [ftde shO .cdst edd smsosd sedsl tect (seneteh i oer te esoerd .deoW edt oi ylf{eiosees hrs const? to eaase Beda Lb ER eet .eelteso svidimiaa mL to enietas <6 to sopeuT end (troe eidt to sireppagand soy nA | . “an Yo stelomeo yitnetoitive wWertine ne en esvidn ~ .eetsdmA ‘| ~{votdasa bebnetebh ol#éso to troe eidd to dmometnsais Lersned 7 et sends” no bebnvoed ei toemdeifdstes eidT .ekuowddase yd ylas i. > fgauot Sit eseolohe 0 fotth s i@ .A emseide owt yd .§ yeebie Re duo! vd anol wT Sb ei seads mestolielisteg eft to ebie ce ‘bavom 8. eetix mextollellerse efit Yo ofbbim edd tA .d% OOF Od Te 08 mort usbiw' ni eeisev dosit eeodw .sefemsi6 at «dt 3.88 eh . om f duods: guominedms os ei F 3s eble enolesnerRO.stt Cd — ow iy mow odd Ife ¢. eo yiseesoonay et dT sohter ” Side h ears oa . + Pay bi _ we % . : Wat TH MART “As H o Md, 24 ‘< Tere : lS *) i! ss 44 castles;cwhichwereronly.campg protected by ditches, palisades and some structures of timber suitable to protect from storms the men and their booty. They could also profit by the numer- ous Galla-Roman camps, that are even found today on the banks of the Manche and the Seine, to imcrease them by new ditches, internal works, and thus to take the first elements of forti- fication of the country. Yet the Normans, active, both enterm- risias and orudent, tenacious, endowed with consistency mani- fested in all their acts, very quickly understood the importa - nee of castles for suardins the territories on which the suc- cessors of Sharlemasne had been forced to allow them to settle; and from the middle of the 10 th century, they were no longer gatisfied by these defenses of the country in earth and wood, put already erected om the course of the lower Seine, the Orne and the little rivers enteringn the Manche, residences of st- one, built with care, formidable in that epoch, of which con- siderable fragments remain, especially remarkable by the int- ellisent choice of their site. Otherwise were then the castles of Prance: as we have stated, they adhered to both the Roman camp and the Roman villa. These were established either in t the plain or on the mountains, according as the Frankish pro- orietor oossessed a level or mountainous territory. In the fi- rst case, the castle consisted of an enclosure of palisades surrounded by ditches, sometimes by steeo earth walls forming an oval or rectangle. In the middle of the enclosure, the Fr- ankish chief caused.the heaving of earth taken from a wide ditch, and on this artificial hill or mound rose his orincipal defense, that later became the keep. One still finds in the centre of France, and esvecially in the West, traces of these primitive castles. An establishment of this sort, the Tusaque of S. fulalie of Ambares,+ dives us an entirety sufficiently comolete of the general arrangement of this sort of castle defended particul- arly by earthworks. This establishment is bounded on three s sides: 1, by two streams A, B: a ditch © encloses the fourth side of the parallellosram, that is 492 ft. lons by about 295 to 360 ft. At the middle of the parallellosram rises a mound 33.6 ft. in diameter, whose ditch varies in width from 33 to 49 ft.Ofmveneslons side at # is an embankment about 7 ft. high and 33 ft. wide. It is unnecessary to state, that all the wo- ee oF iy red «83 weit eid. ai bsietees owed ‘ow todd sieies ee Nee? . sie 26 got edi ir et eved ow 2A nr peteixe pool i ape davicnten! «biel edd. to anillewh edt ,aest edd e807 bavom _~igeo erueclone, ,odT sysve duo ylisse boow to ebbiad.s yd bese ue . (Yeresoiasanco. ens gnikbol.10i yieecesosn etaiblind edi besais * Udedot «soto. .emoteivoug to est0d2. .sbsde .seldsie .biol sdd | dvedt Yo, elbbim eds. te,eebeeiisa cit ni feosco ested [sieves - -bag008. eetsh seodT «e2edd Yo eno sess oi ecetisq .eelie seadd oh vedd exil, eeeneteb Isnisdxe déiw.beaciues e19W modeno o¢ oni sradescen0, nsdé e1om esd esueolone eidé doidu déiw ,cmso nemod >) \ hetons eenote. dauor yo bentituo ean seus ns yliasnibsC «sold Go sosia edd Onidsoibnt ,saseo edd Yo bawore edt ci elorio s one esossbieer seodd Yo ytinioiv edd ni yvidoeupes® .yidneees | _Bnizevoo fidase. to-easm.s dud &niddon ois Jedd. .eeewlumus bowed Ve -om geecT. .cbaisco sisdd rot efdsxisme1 escoiziew to eeLod edd _. gig sewod-dodem A) ,evaon beonsvbs es been ie sviee Plnoo chan asvedsde to noideyreedo edt bewolls gesi sdi Io oot edd no heo se ‘ ‘ a PA i _enebised & 9 to 4] Ntinioiv, eft of feaivs9¢ esi etom ant. Laka nhaget-pei%ad S9FOK ws 892 «AFeG of STON gk urygne @eg0esbbéa, sat Jo esdtane smoe s0 ayu7d O81 «Kk FO yeotaicesa & .flid 8 no booslo esw elideeso detinesrt edd il waon eft bas bawomb edt to.eusder edt yd aosdd Ceiitoig yeas —gsei ent -ommeolons edt Yo. mot edd vad esie sid lo sosiied ® avdioioiv eft. stenimob ot tnioa teedtid eid no rsdtis sso1 | pemmdouate seedd ol it. asddbaside of soelo deciasw edd 1e98 | sapened ,iedmi¢ sosiges ot nese ci sidds1 dooge stome1 s mort euonisinuom 6 ak. heaspo1o.ed bluce Ji doldw dtiw eese edd fo “edi to egie edt teadt, nedd beaiwooe yiineupsai wit. dug. .ysdnvoo mgs eti Ife ntstnoo o¢ evienotxe yitasioiline von esw slieso id d8 10 iiid edt, Io seqole sad anole asdt ,eeoneinsash: esois a to ewrolone, yzsming, & tlind ean sotaqiosiq edt to eead edd ‘ eee vs bedoesorg venoie Yih to 20 i poben kis obieeb enn jo Rrplyetren edt. to eelteso, Ils sfesen ni boit sm. , -clone aenol eedt, Jeisnst ol. .d1000 aewol to oman sad yd beds taanes neds, nem eebiect -geox odd yd betosdoig esw sise oid ORL emueofome odd Jo sitaso edd oi booslo osex edt dsdt vifsieces yautneo dt ft eid: Ook a ont to. cow ypmatece Ietosoe eth anivad bas .sineoions edt to [few edd ee ssetedw ebie edd ouibsemmoo bre eedotib edd ofrt eeldave edi ti tadt evetlod ot bentfoni sxe ew .1evewoH .deeieses esw eeeoos - geneteb ni nottostieq eti bsdosex yino bed elieso lebuet edt dda edd to efeosq edt tect foe .noteewnt nosmicoW odd aedts «sitesi. od dostdue meteye eviensteb « yioqs od terit edd sasw 2te ,toemidaoo edt to eel[don sdt yd hewol{[cot noce ,zelqtoniag _— ssbaneaxe owo itedd ds yiroizequea edi besinhoos1 bad vedd 199 §o aatfeet aesh s soit osod eaw geseye eviensiebh semi0l es (of stedseisdo detinerl edd ex mbisi0t sortigas fone oclolcens oed of ti senso deum ow ,etcoxg Istietem so noiniao 10 sesd | -poosem- od nieme1 s1sdd doidw mot aclieso edd dedt ,bevisede -{s betosie .estamtnso dé SI bne dt Of edd asewsed enctionase =i odd) peciistsdiat edi bus e1iod edd jsesoo oredesw edt Bao -esvni cemroY edt to eetuoo efit no ..8.d .emisl edd Ene ebnos ~noisisg ¢ evad ,enoleeseeco mhedd to ytinioiv edz ai 10 enol -fleoas emse odd ni bowot Jos ef tedd .wiolian ,ietosiedo a6l - s4yBaubaed bue dévo? eft ni ,conasi elbbim io esonivoxug edd oi Yo ydinoireqne edt esiesdome o¢ yiseesoenny ti ovsiled of | eid-qe°dseq teal odd oaitwh engmicY edd to ¢ivice siifiew edd _$ Yo ednebrooesh edd to tiaioe efd ieve .botisa sefonivolaso othoow eA. .Ilce mamof-olfe) no fedeifdetes eisiso deitasat edd -—s sms beeregerh s9edtan? erew tetisl edd (fedade ylesoivera eved _—s—“‘(“s Bgegeeeog .yalisnoider to taifest cn bed vyedd fms .fedsfoei ss $metetthb bemvees meiishus? .eentel dbid © o¢ enamiol sét yd oom sex di steddedw ot knibsooos .[ice sonst] no e1e¢toszisdy * eyeb Ri clasmeteids bea .tisige nemro¥ edd ddiw bexin eeel 1 a Ye enokts0a nistieo no ddbif bede bluow osixcdeid & yd beaols by arte 1ssqos Jedd yesde elbkim edd tc yroteid Lsoisiloo eat Bidet -ae. LIenoideotine tsid ct eqedise ei ti end? .sldsotioxeni bre So ed: teieor blwoo doidw .meitsbuet dosert to :dysq s to sia i, ‘ree ni del{eod animoosd tom wo ewe ow dads .sonenttci sami0l de heeogane | ed tdtim ea .xobsise s don ei cid? .yundneo dv ct Mie - xd bedssberoni ‘need, bed Lioe done1% {Ie 21 .sonsit texit fd a onttol qwotas ot edd mort 10% »teenpnce Yo ddtiax yd heyotnae ed doidw .elett i emit, nb 2Ldon nan70F edd sse su yandase dv Sf edt to eainatd , Saad SE irianihecnat Sana So rsdmen Ifsme 2 yd bobnuoime soasq to soon asigicoeuratle Ao emit ai ;ased heitisne?. edd lied odd ob fa ous ig ae a" : o bs . a Si, 7 oe 4 ae 74 ~ - LS) — = | A9 who lent him the aid of their arms, to attract and retain them near him by the allurement of an increase ef property, by the hope of an encroachment on the lands of his neighbors. He did not even have servants at wages, because his revenues in great part were paid in kind, the daily service of his castle was Jone by men on his lands, who owed him, one the sweeping, an- other the clearims of the drains, these the care of his stab- les, and those the bringing of his wood for warmiag, the bak- ins of his bread, the cuttins of his hay, the trimmins of his hedses, etc. Retired within his keep with his family and some companions, most of his relatives being poorer tham himself, he could not fe certain that his men at arms, whose service was temporary, seduced by the promise of some neighbor, misht not open the sates of his castle to a hostile troop. That st- ranse existence of the feudal nobility justifies this system of mistrust, the impression of which has been retained by his residence: and if today that gocial organization seems to us absurd and odious, it is still necessary to argue that it was arranged to develoo the moral force of individuals, to disci- pline the people, that it was perhaps the only way, that did not lead from barbarism to the most shameful corruption. Let us then be just, never casting a stone at those habitations overthrown by vopular hate, as well as by monarchical power; on the contrary let us see in it the cradle of our national enersy, of those warlike instincts, of that contempt for dan- ger, which have assured the independence and greatness of our country. NOt? Le PoS%e The tenants in Kind Hod the care of the cattle ond witss, the horvestrwas of the whest ond hoy, ues Ln KVARG Vike capons, 2288, trimming hearges, SCSVLALH. LLANSPOKTATVON, 2 tC Qne conceives that this social state must have been accept- ed by the Normans, when they settled on French soil. And ind- eed since Rollo each Norman noble yielded to the customs of the veovle among whom he had established himself; for to live there it was not his interest to devopulate his domain. It is to be believed, that he changed nothing in the tenures of the fiefs, which he enjoyed by right of conquest, for from the be- Sinning of the 12 th century we see the Norman noble in time of peace surrounded by a gmall number of families, dwellings in the hall, the fortified keep; in time of war when he feared 4 ity A, te a 4 ; vc i “ é re ‘= ‘nae fs 5 Mi as mee a ns elseesy edtparedtst if feen ined atin causes. : eta: ite tenoee esw gest edd tnibasowise sinsolone: beitisaot dose: dotdy ai omeo beitidiol s emsocd Ji bus .e¢esd wi sLind %: ' bas envieivord .eueotosig ¢eom bled ed tedd Ife tdaword sno | axe: titi) sebexools so,stete a niateve of yiseesosn Saiddyisve x - ggenistace. ot tfind mese tadd esensteh evienedxe srodd enista emedt: baoeot yisereoe oie encitedidsed Yo eeosad dinodils: yous prety dgoitilog déiw exeisi0e? edd bevieonoo eesmiol odd Jo¥ oat ed betitoig eeidon donetT edd ‘geno {snoe1sa ss [low es Bo). -on utsdifin giedd ni enoisd sami0o¥ edd yd beyslasib ytiostse 7: -batt Jo contain numerous companies. The French castle is built only with a view to the orotection of the feudal domain; its site is selected to protect itself alone; its internal arransements are complicated, contracted, emphasizing habitation rather t than defense; they indicate the work of men gathered in small numbers, all their intellectual faculties preoccupied by 3 single thought, that of personal defense. The Frence castle is like a group of castles, shich at need can feféndothemsel- ves against each other. The #rench nobleman adopts in the 12 th century the crafty svirit of the Norman, and he applies it to the least details of his residence in dwarfing it, so to speak. Nove 1.9.68. The suo-vassals and tenonts ove free wen, the First Hovarns Lands oy hereditary right and paying a Kent to the Vora, the second possesses o Less Vmportant hnovarnd, 6 house, Court and garden, payingd the Vora for enjoyrins Vt bY PHYWEnTS WH kind, If they were Va the country, or vy 6 duty of voording, if they were in a City. The condition of the ten- ants further differed Vittle from thar of the peasant. After tracins this general view, we shall pass to the exam- ination of the monuments. We will first occupy ourselves with the Norman castle, that most advanced in the course of the 11 th 32a : Py nord to. eltess. $69 st ge moe pane thie ea accar 1 “bai? ew a0? inioa, mrtg BB au svise sa ahaeaem st ‘teso ae tvelisteb to encitsnidmoo bus noidsool eti ai eredt nists | | se seeeiee oft oO. .senetehito eslatonizg aemioK-evidimiare - «bedosteb ei ‘gee ect most eolim emoe de eeuoiA to yellev edd to | = fora 1ednonota te dace s emzot dedi .déase vwiledo to sthia.s | xaetnesene edt to bne edd dA seebie seadd no eiuden vd bedoe , edd Ye soneupsenco ai ,buetees odd masil{ri to elonay Email in COL swodasdimid ot wedasn eid yd esuptA to yinuoo sdt to sii | of sovsebue Lede ew sometsoqmi eecdw ,csc1ss0t edd betoers Qeekdt ta -betdeixe ybseuls eldeso s ecadisS .bootershay siem ——“‘s; gpeat om eniansaoasedd eidd Quikeooig esintowite To (iaiog | « atik edd bekbesfwontos jacididme to Ilut ,2eupixA to meilLi¥ este te ydoub odd mid mot) ees oF baidese yo wodoen eid to eeetden oamtov teem tosddemaxs edi bewollot ed dedd ni sybhne | deaq yleotece sem onnoy 8s ydoub edt to fsed eddide Satese ofw = ,gonstiaedni ae mid mort sist ot ‘tleemid beisceia ,consoeslobs sisi R™ oybee@bhaT sidaid etemitinel fi eid of exh mose don bib sada ) sw LaRoeyse .“* ybasdesd edt wailliv to etil edd Yo omit dextt ofd go peelddist fase aniaze to asdava cses s { coretmut te maid : _petourtenco hne .esosic yaem al edusmdoneidai bedosie ensm + -eofoeib ssctsd bas emis onieol gvosti¥¥ “seseecutac? oaowte . ‘Qfeemin see eoupiA to meilliv .sfloveri.s to evostow eid ani etd Udaveo eid al sinditesvai wits exsey wel s fos. .dvow ds _—«=—=i“‘éRWESSMEmMOH bowl To evbiaeedd to fue edd Js eavoiA Yo edalliv ‘aeeh yd befostorg ,erssolone heitigiot sesv s esixs wee Ji , -10¥ oft tesit boisscqa.sisd t09 essex eldshimiot s fas edacs a toy nevis sosce odd IIs yd eniditoig to besten! .euines nem .w@ebosrdvedd anibisket Yo bas ,yiotsomo1g wilesio etd to be eds Baie esta eee ~teou Istuten ¢ 22 Ji Yntinvotive evelisv base eeotq | — sbiw: 8 beeuso geupt4 te meil{iW-,ench eved bivow neweldon don p nthe toolisd add no bos .LLid eft to god eng ¢a gwh ed of dod tb “-F gniveel.,elié¢so eid 10% equsolons edd betoere ed dodib eidd Timea evelisvesit neewdsd A ekbit.s .S .8iTmi-fetsotiat ee — «fled» ebiw:sdt 3.0 vew beteveoo to d1oe s Saisd sidd ,eeeasteb ieeageie eoocole Igimten sds bedmilo snived. qetis doidw bai ‘ a hlew. edd bos mid neowted elosdedc eldleesoni as— ‘benot taslis erent heaginpe tedgist erew A esdhia ed? .efaeso edt Yo 2 | sod od ti bewol{s bos ysw ferevoo edt hetosiowa doidw 28 odd to emanens:* {itil ts 0 te nsee es verebnoteb ddin pes ale. ene pias ee F , an 51 century from a military point of view. The castle of Argues near Dieppe will serve us as a starting point, for we find again there in its location and combinations of details the primitive Norman principles ofidefense. Om the southmest slope of the valley of Arques at some miles from the sea is detached a ridge of chalky earth, that forms a sort of promontory prot- ected by nature on three sides. At the end of the promontory, William, uncle of William the Bastard, in consequence of the sift of the county of Arques by his nephew to himhabout 1040, erected the fortress, whose importance we shall endeavor to make understood. Perhavos a castle already existed at this p point; of structures precedins this therenremains no trace. William of Araues, full of ambition, acknowledged the sift of his nephew by seeking to take from him the duchy of Norm- andy; in that he followed the exampbecoffmost Norman nobles, who seeing at the head of the duchy a youms man scarcely past adolescence, oreoared himself to take from him am inheritance, shat did not seem due to his illegitimate birth. Indeed, “in the first time of the life of William the Bastard,” says Wil- liam of Jumieses, + a great number of errins and faithless Nor- mans erected intrenchments in many places, and constructed strons fortresses.” Without losins time, and before. disclos- ing his projects of a revolt, William of Argues set himself at work, and a few years after investiture in his county, the villase of Arques at the end of the ridse of land dominating it saw aries a vast fortified enclosure, orotected by deep moats and a formidable keep. But here appeared first the Nor- man genius. Instead of orofitins by all the space siven by t the end of the chalky promontory, and of regarding the preci- pices and valleys surroundins it as a natural moat, as a Pre- nch nobleman would have done, William of Araques caused a wide ditch to be dug at the top of the hill, and on the bank of t this attceh he erected the enclosure for his castle, leavins as indicated in Fis. 2, a ridge A between the valleys and his defenses, this being a sort of covered way 6.6 ft. wide, beh- ind which after having climbed the natural slopes B, the ass- ailant found an impassible obstacle between him and the walls of the castle. The ridges A were further eauipoed by palisades, ahich protected the covered way and allowed it to be supplied with defenders, as seen at C at little above the level of the a oP. ‘ a. é es coe ace ‘J " ax ¥ ‘= 7 af, e ~wtibaol. © wor ¥ odd ‘paiccote helt oniased bettimiso dedd .6.eekaeLles Lenth a tA .eotetoete edd to eesd edt te 1sHim edt to Aa07 i ae © etning nisineo gs boisdine ste esite{isd asensiietdue ees previo esy di dedt ,enwed evorempe rests .seneteb I[ensvedni edd i a beeoove blvoo tosiieees edd eeso oi ,dneteni as ai qx Lit o¢ eetaogmt eidT .eetisifss seeid to sae to Mesmid Baieveeeog ni | dos So votie oft tnisiassosisdo ssodd to eno ei tremebnsiie Soe ~ 9 boeist,.eotaniseo ds Si bos dé If edd baiavh eelteso asm10% O86 asdt eeot ton ei aledo sid vt tuocbis fem yd efsm dogif 4 .& edd ot giseeretnnseo odd to geste odd mo1t shiw .dt 0.80 of a. -» pedt: patelaxe (F) ssiq. fsotdasizeced si? .elfsw edt Yo sesd x ~9 goitaizoest @ nedt saetted, eeuptA Yo sitveso edd to noidieed ii geeb yrev ef yslisv dsunien edd ebie cxedeew oft 00 .cb bluoe | ebte edd no dud taeete ef yiotnomosa edt to eotoiosta edd bos 4 geste ees ex esoole edt .deseisuon edt ot ebetiiv edt te | eidd th .eoupts tevin eletil eft o¢ 187 sting basize veds fae «swag: Isntetxe; ns yd bebreteb eew Lid ect Yo A eacle edd dnioe + gtide gd etxet edd ci beteniesk .giveo rewol epit s .sive0cte ss agtne evee onols oreteco s bns eted A l.yslisd 10 [ef to omen ; @dfoce ci 7 efdnoe hos tidvon edd te elveso sid ov sons i f ety Pei: wt p efxet? aAdtod 882 .Cbeqel stou . abele it itedé of T9TGOAD .¥ HOOT .OVeGet Stu af stweotons JOnTSt xs. eda? Fo saéomset sidorsbisnod .tf eget ston J ‘ _browot stos sdt Fo sbhis sat no yétosuotfrog .7sse sd fey you . er ¢ «$GqgadG ; . hceabhated? Ecies te efteso sad to mela edd et (4) erst bef 0 ebuiblind fenrstot sot .yuvtneo id Ff oft mort estab &@ As0w wos teize isheol on yedd yiooce Ingee1 ssiuo & to sd of iseqgas eft to sonsitas [sutos ext .2en0tA to msilliW to omid edt moay ‘ so dena dod ih eit bos .G. ds exw scasid jo ebie sid worl siieso fa =bs n@ foteixe €@ de eosiies .*% F enil fessob edd wollot nods ‘ad vy .en0 .ete® Isaionine edt doséoxa of eefiseilag to y10w beonsv “Vy ses owite edt sist sosiéoe edt disened esdeivaaiveth ylioetseq et tot Se eowwtovisedve sft neve bas .yudneo dt Ii edd to eer M00: m0} esenpe Io geod sod ei H IA ti bebeetsh sedd erewes ia pobtitasa foidd 2 yd bebivih bnsngemesens nema od yidsmi0t . to elisteb eda od migte: of noiesooo sved Lisde.ow dot .{iew are be 4 “vino exed Jeon er spotned .d1A ali sastouiate efdedtismes eidd exitns’ ed oh. aniatettec tedd ,Jasmetnsvis Isienst edd edsoibal ) a aor a 2s Se a) o* abit tm sor9iG © 80/1008 ooaeel odd \sodib edt hieneeted rt), = — - Tie ae — - 52 pettom of the ditch, the Normans took care to pierce longitu- dinal galleries 3, that permitted hearins and stoovins the work of the miner at the base of the precivice. At Arques th- ese subterramwean galleries are entered at certain points of the internal defense, after numerous turns, that it was easy to fill up in an instant, in case the assailant could succeed in possessing himself of one of these Salleries. This import- ant arrangement is one of those characterizing the Sites of. Norman castles during the 11 th and 12 th centuries. This d ditch made by med andbcut iv the chalk is not less than 32.0 to 98.0 ft.. wide from the crest of the countersearp to the b pase of the walls. The tovosraphical plan (3) explains the position of the castle of Argues better than a description could do. On the western side the natural valley is very deep and the orecivice of the promontory is steep; but on the side of the village to the-northeast, the slopes are less steep, — and they extend auite far to the little river Araues. At this point the slope A of the hill was defended by an external en- closure, a true lower court, designated in the texts by the name of Bel or Bailey.+ A gate and a postern alone save entr- ance to the castle at the north and south. Note 1.9.69. See Latin text. Wote 1p. 70- Book 7%. Chapter 1. Note 1-peWiw GSonsideravte remains of this external enclosure Woy yet be Seen, porrtiouLlarisy on the side of the gare LOwarda VvLepoe. Here (4) is the plan of the castle of Arques.7 The advanced work B dates from the 15 th century. The internal buildings ¢ aopear to be of a quite recent epoch; they no longer exist now. From the time of William of Arques, the actual entrance of the castle from the side of Diepvoe was at D, and the ditch must shen follow the dotted line @ B’. Perhaos at B existed an ad- vanced work of palisaties to protect the princival sate. One perfectly distinguishes beneath the entrace sate the structu- res of the +1 th century, and even the substructures of thet towers that defended it. At H is the keep of square form, con- formably to Norman -tustoms;vand divided by a thick partition wall. But we shall have occasion to return to the details of this remarkable structure in Art. Donjon; we must here only indicate the general arrangement, that vertaining to the entire D ae efigeddiw eedsotoommeo doidw etsb Ancose edt ef ¥ sh seeneteh ged? .e1eiag betsloei no beoslag sohiad s yd sositet Ienisdxe go bas sewed eB tebnoe eseesq \hetnarts ylevoiostar et eonsidns eft qd tqewe. fue’ bebneteb [lew sdeceeq fetiuev Snot e dovords -eeo Ssdt°to suvoo eit edeam noitieog swoiide esi yd tess asx «dant et qeod eidT .solaedxe edd mort ol bnimoo eezodt oF ef% * ebte siz to uciastixe edd boammoo of fedeool yldstismet yiev as dosib eds) moxt dosotges nes sno. dokdw yd.fnel to extnosd eds to .sivpeofons edd to etasqm|e1 edi sowed eefsne evi tfevel edd no .iisw ed¢ to got edt no ebeeesa wowrsn yiev & dud Sniveel aud -eesesog ti yymens odT sdocib edd Yo motiod edd esteninof hne ,edasqmet ofd to WM t1sq edt Knsoeesdonebl ote YP favo edd Ent -9ge9 esw dadt 3 nxeteoo edd dosei HSloew ysivoliiib Adin bae 19° SA .ceet odd ni beeolome noeizises sft 10% fevasess yelilseto ‘pd oBeeesaq sis Sniasvoo .qeex edd no dnehaeash Aiow & eesis + genishs [few es tloedi busteh blnoo doidwbhne .nisteoo es “76vee hed eid .10otisdixe edt gentsse es 0 danoo L[enisdni sid sl adtiw setiimetny tem ye bexsinkooe2 sd oF sIdieecomi evixs Is aq6idue e@ (qesd eft to H mieveco edt eshieed 10% yemind casdd B*(Hosib eit to wotsod sdt diiw esdeotonmmoo yewsisde osenss _gasoee ot 10 Sitioe = otam ot moviais® ond evimisg evdt fae f edt nsic ino no Vite beteolhot sven sf .nese Onisd Juodiin -feivitey bos dledo sd¢ ait duo eekseeso nsonetistdve evoismen s hebnoedai ove Boe .etasomes edt disened soseretoi deft .sid -910 of 40 (estosib sdt otni esitaoe nebbwe Soikem Ot ssddis ei s{teao edt dotdw ts shie sit te aenim sedi Yo drow efd drew enmtisd edd .N areteoco sdt of G etse sdt mort .eldieesoos Teo i-wee .vlleubsak eseia esnpiA Yo elteso sit beoslg ei doidw no —s0q odd ebietwO .toiog testisid sft no dlinud ei ceed edd Jans “Sod yrotnomoIg SAt SeTJoennoo inal to snsnoF Sdt nO .H nares ,pebsetieg diin edaoudtase fetoeis sien . {lid oft to eesm end ~“beitibom nesd/eved asdéan) deom Jedd .oiemer doidw to esos th century act- wally consisted only of a great keep with an enclosure conta- ining secondary buildings, probably constructed in the simpl- est fashion, since there no longer remains a trace of them, and intended for the barracks of the garrison, for storehouses, stables and other devendences. The name of hall (aula) may th then be given to this castle, since indeed the sole important part, the residence of the lord, is only a fortified ha bles EF The castles of William the Gonaqueror built in the cities of & England to keep the city oeople in awe, were nothing more than rectangular keeps, well fortified and surrounded by earthworks, palisades or external enclosures with no great strength. That -ilim seeds besoursenco sisw doidw dtinw yiibiqss edt enisloxe entsfoxe cele ti dud j1edmun wuoisiforg 1iedd bas eteod visi 100 edt .yeiene diiw no beiaiss etloves [encitem edd ai wod ~91 suet ot beileamoo stew ecosla geet anibiod encetish nem tedd ,nedisd stew ssensteh [eatetxs edd setts asst edd mi etet -seisaimiceteb bas evorsmen s od elostede sssu 2 hetnoesig yino _gibad eovlsemedt bhebneteb .entmat yd hsouber ncoe siew , baad | -desoeib ts sehnerise of beotct e1ew bos .co1s betosiénoo:s ai wWiividos erotzibora eid to etige si bas skier eid SaianG snot -wisryitswoo tesv « to tnetxe edt mi exom on Ob bloco met ili¥ ybutevos cuseie! sxom bed srveesoone ein ;fede1 of vhaer eys - “debetitorw yeds jeelteso abedt Io senetob ine noitsool sdt fepdti Betostie0 -bn& boessioni efieso namicl edd seoe bae se jsonstsoqm! ovidselex eesl bemuees asex ed? .eeansteb Ienistxe | pink modt betosto1 bas ,eitow viebnooss co si0m heifer ti a yine- can elieso etitne edd .doy istted |) : > Leo 58 that of castle Gaillard. Relow Mantes the Seine Runs west; at Rolleboise it turns na northeast and forms a vast bend, returns southwest, thus leav- ing on the left bank a peninsula of alluvium, whose length is about 5 miles and width over 2.5 miles. The neck of that pen- insual has scarcely 1825 miles in width. That was an excellent place for a camo, for an army camp, whose risht rested on Bon- nieres and left om Rolleboise, and could without difficulty defend the entrance to that veninsula. But it was necessary to firesee that an enemy in force by attackins the entrance by marching alongs the risht bank, could attemot to vass the Yeine at the end of the plaim of Bonnieres, and thus take the oeninsula at its two most distant points. Now the risht bank owposite the oeninsula of Bonnieres was composed of an abrupt shalky orecivice, that aporoaches the Seina at Vetheuil to 1 leave it at Roche-Guyon at the extreme of its bend. On this point at Roche-Guyon the precipice is only about 110 yards d distant from the river; formerly it was still nearer, the Se- ine having withdrawn its banks. | There at the end of the 12 th century was erected a castle under excellent conditions. First (3) a very strons keep sur- rounded by a double enclosure was built at the too of the pr- ecipice at A; at B along the river and abutting against the rock that rises much hisher, rose the castle that cut the road opassins alons the risht bank, commanded the course of the ri- ver and consequently the tiv of the pedigaclete Tn order toc connect the castle and the keep, the chalk cliff was cut away with the vick, so as to leave sufficiently large court between the principal structure and the foot of the rock. A broad sub-+ terranean windings passage cut in the rock and having the form of a stepved cylinder connected the defenses of the castle to the internal court of the keep. At the side where the precinv- ice was less steep, at 2 was fully cut in the rock a wide and deep ditch. At G was a ditch of less depth, but much more ex- tended, outlining the plateav at the end of which stood the keep; but since this plateau was not level and it dominated the keep sunk in the chalky ridse, at 0 was built an artific- jal mound on which (vorobably) rose a defense, now destroyed. At I and H the natural precipices removed all idea of attack- ing the plateau at the sides. We do not think that the ditch P ¢ co nae ent , es {no sud. rae: sieheaenivtie seve sion T échaediy: ett bus 2 ca. Rise a yane cise eosis on 10 .eshselisq dtiw divas Yo wned s vd —— editev end nies basdsigmos aséted of .ednica eesit ss enismer Si, pes eiliow svienetxs wd wod bas .neynS-siop® to eldeso end Yo 4 “aduoeyd teddie .,reRmonde dey nottsool eidd anitem ni behesooue _- Yo elFtorg B (0) ovis ow .kntosiis? yd 10 ifid edt yews gold | te ‘o sd¢°8 te .eniet sae er A GA .esansonage efi dtiw ifsdo sad ~/eeodn ,qsei sii 0 76 .ttile sd¢ te soot sd ts tiind sIteas see «psstela edt to sccle [sanisn sit entwoliot ni seia es tveclons mteittsas eds ei FA 10 shie odd te a0itedxe edd Sstanimeb o¢ | - bes ileweds taibasmmoo dwiow beonsevhs os eew doidw no Envom Ie | -eeassesq neensi1etdue eft to effiow edt fussts{o edd hovers Yastne Hilvoo esOcck ds Hsostd eat gest eft oF sidsso edd mort eststeca a yd vino ceed eft to eeavectIons edi nestslo edd mort -ebas tdaian edt no nietaso L[entedxs eft Yo daslt edt $s bensvo ol gedé sea ot eldiescomi esw ti dais ce .soicioei0 sid eniost .t1A) .ttilo sd¢ Yo mottod edt most to wsessia odd mort sonetins eedoe aoh6d blwow St FLwol3tib wos ewode slitora 190 .(noknoa ‘20g emit smseteds ts tuediiw oliess iswol ‘ent Blod o¢ wekere ‘hertesh od efteso edt bnidss sstIe Ti :csed asd0L sid onieese sbrash edt yd bedesio sd yldilisini bIwow sd .sisdt aismeq od bh efi vd boboworrse .qsex edd Soiled sot eA .qesi sft to nee -sebeioolid s yd bedanetts od y{[no bluco eins ,eeclone sIduob -oLIg YISV & anivesezca sesidsiolt 2 beksteold ed blvoo wod tne «$snimob rswol s déiv enidsotoummoo sixe nesnsaisidse sl{dsois -tivog eft etostvet oftedeite ol Ttevia shin s bos sensteh be -fo yvitnsbive bas toehisoxe'nedt een coyededoof elieso To sei _ ebreteb o¢ yese ce..sisinacd to elneninsg dsdd basse o¢ sec | fig ‘edt nicnem basevods sexds a0 ow? .sosfa Jeeworresn edz sve z ef ett boa olteso odd ni nem berbsand evit 10 awed foe eluent | “nee dgueddle .sedto dose setees ylisisien Eivow esonshaso e cpetcnaeauaed bas yars eidsbimict s oode bluco ,enieS sit yd bes fy Ogee ert Jad .wieccented ods to einsd déod no etnemevon edi bait sw. nani edd mwoh bas nowwD-edooe mort eelin Wes ta° noitiecs oltedeise nscodo isdded bne vetnoise ¢ déiw elteso & . -eviebod te68n brsllis® eisveso ei eidd ;woynD-edood to dedd dedd -inyoost beri soniao tends iséts tisedinolg edz bissois yd ¢Lisd : oiLidd od trivesf ot mubsoeel Yo yaeit edd yd Sivst efd bes or Live siteso gidd ,esoeif to yiio edd fas nixeV odt essed oe mov opens edt To ‘evioss yisdilin edt Litbric™ Sg ong. oe 59 G@ and the precipice T were ever protected by walls, but only by a bank of earth with palisades, for no trace of masonry r remains at these points. To better comprehend asain the site of the castle of Roche-Guyon, and how by extensive works men succeeded in makins this location yet stronger, either by cut- ting away the hill or by terracing, we give (9) a profile of the chalk with its structures. At A is the Seine, at B the c castle built at the foot of the cliff, at © the keep, whose enclosures rise im followings the natural slope of the plateau to dominate the exterior at the side B. At B is the artifici- al mound on which was an advanced work commanding the wall a around the vlatean’ the profile of the subterranean passage from the castle to the keeo is traced at HasOne could enter f from the plateau the enclosures of the keep only by a postern opened at the flank of the external curtain on the right and facings the precivice, so that it was impossible to see that entrance from the plateau or from the bottom of the cliff. (Art. ponjon). Our profile shows how difficult it would be for a be- sieder to hold the lower castle without at the same time pos- sessing the uoper keep; if after taking the castle he desired to remain there, he would infallibly be crushed by the garri- son of the keep. As for taking the keep, surrounded by its 4 double enclosure, this could only be attempted by a blockade. Rut how could be plockaded a fortress possessing a very prac- ticable subterranean exit communicatins with a lower dominat- ed defense and a wide river? In stratesic respects the posit- ion of castle RocheGuyon was then excelbent and evidently ch- osen to suard that peninsula of Bonniere, so easy to defend at the narrowest place. Two or three thousand men in the ven- insula and four or five hundred men in the castle and its de- pendances would naturally assist each other, althoush separa- ted by the Seine, could stop a formidable army and oaralyze its movements on both banks of the Seine. At a few miles from Roche-Guyon and down the Seine, we find 3 castle with a stronger and better chosen strategic position that that of Roche-Guyon; this is castle Gaillard near Andelys. Built by Richard the Lionheart after that orince had recosni- ged his fault by the treaty of Issoudun in leaving to Philip Ausust the Vexin and the city of Gisors, this castle still re retains the imoress of the military Senias of the Anslo-Normen oO o's yr tf a ie iF 48. ist: aes ned eas sdtdtliatatat egt’ ride ni jodie t fables: ‘edd betieces edd bas 1civisw evemmpenco 2 Baw p80 woinice {uo al .someisveeisaq fos sbaiveo yd nenesedede dig ciate’ reedtibe eft to dveo B edididxe evlefad to brsilied apres + tedd .sveiied os beeogetbh doom cot ei on -btedoid to tia sf on fF yevendes: ot overd ,reddkit s esw somine evolatent Li ss gk Bafysa yltetdo .reibfos book « to eeitilsno etd diiw enols in -teid at sosia tse1t s done esiivpos sno jedd .s0e19eq awo eid exerts esw ‘od yesh esd esiuedd 2 ast tetded esw biedoif .y10 -fiistqso Intlide 2 oes eaned :desd yreve ashes visveid déiw | heonsiueaxs .eso1noces1 to [int usesizas ne .s1pe ean sys seodw ss gg bus (yattnes cid eatlfstneret to sidecao ,bedddiesi0? bos i tteaisow inelisoxe edd ot etinadT .ecidwou od 2nitsindse asv eieiweos ns ‘eved nso sno yievs L ene iliad sfteso no siflived .A “nolvouiterco edt beniwisish gest .esonstemsorio eld to dnuooos ss gidgass teog avitnort « ,ybasmx0 Yo yor edd ,ecetdyet deft Yo -guottidma eff to nottucexe edd emid bacl s act daiteeits to ‘pred ‘ente® edd te aned sdaia edt .kaid doses? sii to etoefor : dosent? s ,eylebns se ast es destcA oilidd to soliaesreoa edt ai bos ybasniivo¥ to dused sdé ni tieedi bait yeh eno at blooo yrs 3 bedeiw bisedots .etel cod aseaeh eidd onivisouss ..nsv08 sdanem beds weiv gadd Ati .dnentdicoo edt so sosivoic eid hisses of -t1t odd ‘to este sft seoto ed .entedcso tse1t ct yine ebnoled gid tedd sono bis (isticss nem1o¥ sid asvoo ct becisvesh eves ig denst-c dtéiw scitusexe esi benewa sd .no bebiosh eaw sosfoxd c -ooge eelosfede [fs dewcrdd svord of dsdd dove .Litw bus yio © ss theddcesw vino don aséy a of tact fms ,seiroistins eid od bee a ettow ovienstsh to medeve etelumoo 2 oels dud ,jliud eesidicl _* edt te-yenie®:eis Yo exnsd edt no tuelet eter ddim beoslo eew sel wists ‘ae tenises nsvof asvoo flwoo asvit jedt easdw tated | deterniteib dedt esttilenp sft oteds Enit oiske OW .eitmsd Baiv wepiaes So nsit s vd sottosta ni ted stud .enoissoitistiet neas0l x “26 anisvoetorg get beok es teoo yistilim s lo ,sonivoig tsexd A Ni ‘¢ bos mid doadts fng seixgive of es wmens os tenters Istioso Ue ‘$0 notdsd imtieb to enoktibsnoo efdsicvetnu deom edd ishno Jedd i) ‘en diaog et ‘ooiflin ed sictersds Lin exshsst aC .eieidacti his lesion bas soit ied vedt Rakareonoo ess hi -e:bassxe ‘es hs rc tae vate 2: VEC : eo tamer’ elieso eat sedueger — | we ee ey a ys ul | s * ae ie Ng. ie Lh ae an fer OAR hia Yo dedt stud .mismobh s to sensteh edd ton bemysomoo ei saek 60 kias, in spite of its ruinous state. A bad politician, Richard was a consummate warrior, and the repaired the faults of the statesman by courage and perseverance. In our opinion castle Gaillard of Andelys exhibits a part of the military talents of Richard. One is too much disposed to believe, that bt illustrious pvrince was a fighter, brave to rashness; it *Rot alone with the gualities of a sood soldier, chiefly payins in his own person, that one acquires such a great olace in hist- ory. Richard was better than a Charles the Rash, he was a hero with bravery under every test; he was also a skilful captain whose eye was sure, an engineer full of resources, experienced and foresishted, capable of forestallins his century, and ne- ver submitting to routine. Thanks to the excellent work of M. A. Deville on castle dailiara, every one can have an accurate account of the circumstances, that determined the construction ef that fortress, the key of Normandy, a frontier post capable of arresting for a lons time the execution of the ambitious projects of the French king. The risht bank of the Seine beins in the possession of Philip August as far as Andelys, a Fremh army could in ome day find itself in the heart of Normandy and menace Rouen... Perceiving this danger too late, Richard wished to guard his province on the continent. Vith that view that pelongs only to great captains, he chose the site of the fort- ress destined to cover the Norman canital, and once that his project was decided on, he pursued its execution with a tena- city and will, such that he broke through all obstacles oppo- sed to his enterprise, and that in a year not only was the f fortress built, but also a complete system of defensive works was placed with rare talent on the banks of the Seine, at the point where that river could cover Rouen against an enemy lea- ving Paris. We again find there the qualities that distinsuish Norman fortifications, but put in practice by a man of Senius. Here is concermed not the defense of a domain, but that of a Sreat province, of a military post as sood for protectins a capital against an ememy as to surprise and attack him, and t that under the most unfavorable conditions of delimitation of frontiers. Our readers will therefore be willins to permit us to extend a little concerning the position and construction of castle Gaillard. Note 1. BP. BB. Hist. du chat-Bovlvara and of the siese VW wuyon i ae bal 2d le A? eat i ,hOSt sae" “wens we taugua géléidd tenéoio seurcbeby: addi te e | “es Yissen at ebueoeeh’ entet edt sol{ftas 6% eseekano?® mou? _ 08 enast FE wollied 189% .teewdsron doson edd otentl Sddisate eftnsss nedy .eyfobnA es 1st es sesedison ddion sat of yltans debe EES yYlno ei doen eeodw .sivenineg 2 emsot Ens tleesi no “$o Senstethdo edd Sntwolict ytise1t oft vd .fonei3 sdT .shiwn Paqyoss —holfiss .wonaseV dnad dYel edi ac beeseaeoo .nubnoeel -3¢@ Sat to Sho esw Hotdw .eroeeld unsd sisia sid no ;eant~rHe =[05 eq40d d¢in yr1a mA cones? 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Dewilrle. Rouene 1ABAVe From Bonnieres to Gaillon the Seine descends in nearly as straight lineto the north northwest. Near Gaillom it turns ab- ruotly to the north northeast as far as Andelys, then returns on itself and forms a peninsula, whose neck is only 2843 yds. wide. The French, by the treaty followings the conference of Tssondun, possessed on the left bank Vernon, Gaillon, Pacy- sur-Fure;: on the right bank Gisors, which was one of the str- ongest places in that part of France. An army with corps col- lected at Hvreux, Vernon and Gisors, would be simultaneously carried to Rouen along the Seine, followed by a flotilla, and by a march of two days could invest the capital of Normandy and provision itself by the Seine. To vlant a fortress across the river between the two places of Vernon and Gisors opposi- te a peninsula easily suarded was to intercept the navisation of the river, to divide the two invading coros, to render im- possible their communication with Paris, and to place them in the shameful alternatives of being beaten separately before arrivins under the walls of Rouen. Thus in circumstances so unfavorable as those in which Richard found himself, the pos- itiom was verfectly chosen. The peninsula of Bernieres oppos- ite Andelys could easily be fortified across the neck and sup- ported by a strong place on the other side of the river, per- mitting the establishment of a camp provisioned by Rouen, and that one could not think of forcins. The city of Rouen was c¢ covered, and if Philip August had the intention of marchins on that place, he could not do so without castins a look of anxiety on castle Gaillard, which he left between himself and France. This brief description already shows that Richard was petter than a captain of exalted bravery. See how the Anmlo-Norman kins arranged the entirety of the jJefenses of this strategic point (10). At the end of the pen- insula A, on the right bank of the river, the Seine flows al- ons very high precipices of chalky rocks, that dominate the entire plain of alluvium. On an islet B dividing the river, Richard at first built an octagonal fort with towers, moats a and valisades:/ a wooden™bridse passing throush this little castle united the two banks. At the end of this bridge, at C on the right bank, he built an enclosure, a Sreat bridgehead, iE ae ee a ee, ae ee ee. 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Af 2G of StOK _eesgoagsy. .yor e96 sdonotd .tvodud oS déud «(asoqg doastt £/0) seoeik oi 7 3 aK » «988 SS SLE sears? és OF 2 CESS soaTsY aoa sat iy pee fonett L10) e88eqg-t ston ed teum ti 10% yeeensteb esedt Yo dnemedusr1e sit (tr) e26 -1e ofd beetvasone tleemid Reid nemaol-olbaA og tedd) .bedste shanti headesd. ~nomiion odd betoeith ,elteso aidt Yo sotto -008 betelames sew x10n odd [Lid medé ttel asven bas erode f 62 that was soon filled with houses and took the name of Petit- Andelys A pond was formed at D by retainins the waters of the two streams and completely isolated the bridsehead.. Grand An- dely &, that already before these works was also fortified a and enclosed by moats still to be seen, and filled by the wa- ters of these two streams. On a promontory elevated more than 328 ft. above the level of the Seine, and that was connected with the chalky ridse only by a marrow tonsue of land on the south side, the vrincipal fortress was located while profit- ing by all the projections of the rock. Below the precipice and swept by the castle was a stockade F composed of three rows of piles, and barring the course of the Seine. This st- ockade was further protected by palisade works established at the edge of the right bank and by a wall descendins from at tower built at the middle of the bank down to the river) fur- ther up stream and like a patrol on the shore of France, a f fort was built on the bank of the Seine at H, and took the n name of Boutavant. The peninsula beins fortified at the neck and guarded, it was impossible for an armed enemy to find the site for a campo in a land full of ravines and covered by enaor- mous rocks. The valley between the two Andelys was filled by the abundant waters of the streams, commanded by the fortifi- cations of the two cities located at its extremities, domina- ted by the fortress, and could not be occupied, no more than the sloves of the surrounding hills. These sSeneral arranseme- nts having been undertaken with as much skill as rapidity, R Richard devoted his entire care to the construction of the principal fortress, that should command the entirety of the defenses. Placed as we have stated on the etd of a promontory with very steep sides, it was only accessible by that lons tongue of land, that joined the extreme plateau to the chalky ridge: all of Richard’s attention was at first devoted to this side, that might be attacked. Note 1. p. BA. The internal parts of this work stil exist. LOVE French poem). Guill. Guiort. Branche des roy. Visnages. Yerses 3162 et sea. Note 1.9.86. (OVE French poem). The some. Verses 3299 etc. Jee (11) the arrausement of these defenses; for it must be stated, that the Anglo-Norman kins himself supervised the er- ection of this castle, directed the workmen, hastened their labors, and never left them till the work was completed acc- - aes epkaot edd gtieoaco A dA satostoia etd ot anincoos hetolqsoo ‘gasosths edt dtiw sfteso odt Yo edie edt anisosnnco bref Yo Noor eis ot dotib gesbh s heteveoxs sd ot beanso ed .dddied Rotdote1 etscsiso déinviewos yJ2ol bos enoisde s-tlind ed bee got efd hoamseo ot ea 08 ,wectsiq Soenimeb sdé to Isvel end s8iteieeno aslisme owt yd hedns{t esx iswot eidT .aaed edt to ' tYo edole [essten edt saiwoff{ot mi bnsoesh C A eniatauo edd ason beonsvhs siiias edd ebaemmoo nedd A 19 KOd edt :door sad a7 2 J ae _o Wedd eeteiazqges .fo01 sdt of tuo ovis ,dotib bnoose A OCA toa-Biwoo yoone sal? .soslq sdé te yhod edd moxvt waow beonsvbe gen dead -dodib. bacose eidd oi Yieemid snideilidsées Yo Anids a -tuoat eat 10 .0 .d .d esewos quot edt yd besentaoh boas taste ( ehest tg <0 erswot ond odd Behnewince wintetteosd! Sedtencd 4 -sye edd dtin oteoinnmmoo don bihydaow beonsvie eds stadt boson | ~ Mesweted? .olieso odd te sdaveo aswol edt diiw ylno tud ,sbie ~MOywd-edo0f ts bnvot ow ésdi .wemic% yletistne Joemekasiis a8 5 =e : A 7 rx} 65 enclosure of castle Gaillard, that surroundins the keep on the tree north, south and east sides, that one can particularly recosnize the putting intoppractice the ingenious ideas of R Richard. Wote 3.p.88. “See how beautiful is wy dovghter of o yeart” Bromton. Hist. AnaV-Sorivnrte antiquity. Gol. 1276.-- Hist. de chot. Goilbord vy &. Deville. As QUAL. Guiart says Vt wass-- LOVE French poew, p. 82). We shall at once see how this combimation of defenses on a small area was precisely in great part the cause of the taking of castle Gaillard. If we cast our eyes on the plan in Figs. 11, we notice the singular form of the last elliptical enclosure; this is a se- ries of segments of a circle with chords of about 10 ft, sep- arated by curtain portions of only 3.3 ft. In plan each of t these sesments gives the following fisure (12), that vresents a very strong continuous flankins, with resard to the shootings arms of that epoch, as indicated by the dotted lines. In ele- vation this crooked wall, whose base rests on the rock dressed with the pick, is formidable in appearance. - (13). No slot is opened in the lower part; the entire defense is arransed at the boo. The defenses of the keeo are no less interestins to study because different from all those adopted before Ri- chard (Art. Donjon), and that they are varticularly combined in view of a very near attack. Richard seems to have sousht i in the construction of the defenses of castle Gaillard, to. secure himself against the work of the miner; indeed the mine and sap were then (in the 12 th eentury) the means most sgene- rally employed by besiesgers to breach the walls of a strons place, for castins machines were not sufficiently powerful to preach walls however thin. One notes that Richard, in view of that means of attack, desired to carefully flank the bases of the curtains, not trusting entirely to the natural precipice and to the depth of the ditches to stop the assailant. Note 1. H-89. Jean de Wormourtrer, o MONnKISh chronicler of she 12 th century, relortes thot Geoffrey Plontogenet, grond- fovher of Richord the Btonheart, vesriesins a cortain strong caste, studied the treatise of Vegetius. Not] 100-20. OLA French poem. 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Iie Oe iets -jisttom-doelisoze yd betosnnoo siddu1 dnilt s te beeoqnos a’ oq thas sbetneexe viisterss ersises [lame to sostive s dtiw beo shew bas sti to esarpeo etsatetis einioa snoe is Saitnsessxg q =~ etmewnd cbse , seonose death 1 os Liew rahe 40 aihes ok teogzok ablidd .bewil biadoif efit, i be1eb (esaeert10% te ° ‘qorsrpn09 teeth s 286 noidsinasa bertspes dadt to diseb edi sedis dud) ;busilied sf{tieso of este ysl ton : | svohdoUtocebnsd edt otnt nellstbsd:vbaswi0l sede brs .soniag { ; ‘teemid eseecoq ot bevloest taived Gaid donext edd> pineliosd 7 @ to eodsh edtdmid o¢ neco bluow tadt ,teoq yietilim aids to | -teb etuaim teom-edd nt blot es soslq sit Yo exele od? .neses ss“ epentiweye os .Snid ofs to sisiqsdo noses edd neifitw vd: Li . > onbedt fo nsbe1r edd to edaot yiedilim teetesi4 edd to sno Baw " {exensa edd ni tnefst oldsdasws1 bowore bisdoif ti bas yeoniaa @béidd. ysosfa tadé Yo eeneteh eft Yo elisteb base Jnewodnerte ; fedstoities sismmnenoo s 2&8 acidedisbav eid betoobnoos gJegagd S eddeydod tere ot -wod wood ton bib fasliosd sdol ymools edt. | 7 -eeb tesars ailtdd .10eesoshexgq eid to simemeansiis Ofgetszse 4 :beiewooons, ee1sinte? lo sivenineo edd bawot enies edd saifaso ofeemedt nods edi baeteb of wet ord Snisd eacoris nemio% eds s- *batyed asdis:yyiebaa olfsid bos elieso elsétil sit otal sev mbt odd Yo siasd sid enitoensos sahiad ashoow edd awob nextord ett of gmso etd aatdeifdsies yd heonemmoe dail eonert ed? .qeVv ; 'y -~I{tvy edt no o¢84& cid Snitess .elteso edt etisocoo sIueninsa 4 + Babtoennco: (COL".229) inScT no tddia eid faa esteinasg-2o0 e880 wens {fide 918 3°49 esosid seodw ,[isw s yd sieoq owd seed ai. q ot bebnedsi sifitoli sai svisoe1 od esids od cf» .yebos bev ig “nh haiaised sbeicote edd beeuse gilidd yameo eid nobeiy seo miote eaprehaee eidt bos ,etemmive Intfide yd»netioiwd sd: OW ¥i08 oo wtugreted seeveemh oft to e18 erkete oidesoMmeRm getet aaied 189% oF svad gon bib bialiied aoor sdt aevswoH” ; ~ommse ei di eonte bas ediscmsa adi So seusoed diod .steie vd ss poitq. odd, déiw beeecrh eXoor yd .eveliev yd eebie [is no beias q ti) neve dedd om .eonote yd hesevoo eecole qeete dtiw elfid vd ) potticoq fsinten ett ,sortsoltisact lo buid isdtfo om bed di _-iv edt) Yo etastidsini edt .ti bueteb of soktive encls bluow | .Waegorq atedt {fe dtiw sosiq tedd ot shotex toot nedd yinto : fis tedt diew boiese aid ed? .ysetes asiseik of 9d OF B& Of P) _-gennem yos ot nomddievo son binco etiusees bos esnidoem 180 «= =ffis betfags oot edd %o aot edd no ¢fied effew edt s9vstedn hy ooo bas deco yas te eacoone to ensem teddo bridece of baim eid 10%) fis doidw to deon tedd to tisemitd &ateseeeog 10% ,eleuord gaat pos “.boo1g of ean yboen sa & to seh ods pie pe ea i edd fstebhio aati oft meds .2veliav edt esors bus ellis ‘ed¢ Yo eegole et no dotih. elds to easeolone siidne odd tedd of .(noits{levitotto to enti es) -esq ed tom bivoo tedt .teiised 8 yd bebisse ed gtdhim omso: eid ete esedd bukyimso etodsl teetssxe edt Yo afed edt yd bas ,bes ~bwwot eon dedt .[iid off to aot edd of tevia edt mort eedosid sh ogatosfo *ytivddsened edreomar wol edd to nioee ni ee ynevseh eddo) eliew edt wort sonedeib tnoiottive s ts setosih seeds bc _ wodg2o70. eiduob s wort amtenowsty tode worrs os dads i (odte0 a) ct ae = Armenian 4 as evise aivve mend to foes teat. aatused dows ag stedivenonras _dowe ai hesetdnonns anerert fnus. aut tor + 69 the interi r of the little castle.” The little sarrison of t this vost being able to obstruct the orosress of the fire, fa- yored by a strong wind from the east, must retire to the boats as they could. After these disasters, the inhabitants of the Bittle Andely dared not hold out, and Philio August took pos- gession at the same time of the little castle and the city, whose defenses he repaired while he rebuilt the bridge... Having placed a select band in these posts, he went to besiese the castle of Radepont, because his foragers were disturbed by i its sarrison, taking it at the end of a month and returaings to castle Gaillard. But again allow William le Breton to speak, for the details that he gives of the preparations for that m memorable siege are of the greatest interest. “However the rocs Gaillard did not have to fear being taken by sieSe, both because of its ramxarts and since it is surro- unded on all sides by valleys, by rocks dressed with the pick, by hills with steep slopes covered by stones, so that even if it had no other kind of fortification, its natural position would alone suffice to defend it. The inhabitants ef the vi- cinity then took refuse in that vlace with all their property, so as to be in sreater safety. The king seeing well that all war machines and assaults coald not overthrow in any manner whatever the walls built on the top of the rock, applied all his mind to seeking other means of success at any cost and trouble, for possessing himself of that nest of which all Nor- mandy was so proud.” 7 phen the king ordered the excavation in the ground of a d- uble ditch on the slopes of the hills and across the valleys, (a lime of circumvallation), so that the entire enclosure of nis camp might be sgaarded by a barrier, that could not be pas- sed, and by the help of the Sreatest labors carryins these ditches from the river to the top of the hill, that was toward heaven, as in scorn of the low ramparts beneath it, 1 placins these ditches at a sufficient distance from the walls (of the castle), that an arrow shot visorously from a double crossbow coulda only reach them with difficulty. Then between the two d ditches the king caused to be erected a wooden tower and four- teen other works of the same kind, all so well built and of such beauty, that each of them could serve as an ornament to a city, and further scattered in such manner, that as many * a) ice ray es oo) __a “a! 8 > = Bee verry nggetivp hay ‘bildd bne bacoss edd nsewtsd Bano’ praising edt ,eddeiad evorsmmn bas nem dtiw exswot seeds [ia Fes eit go foe (eaco1t etd yd betausow od’ ot elavistat eft heoerac i ‘ ) Be ‘eyeuls veds tedt of .elenttnee feosia sonsistavotio erisne a — RnebALT seodd yxedtons of Motsste ono mort anissaretis ,Bedodan ss etd eewLoemeds Qatbfind ot eevieemedt bsilocs edd ebiesno -2qmeo ‘Yo mofevo odd tette weite yrbh Hae eesit to esdonard dvin A gett eomte .bfoo bus seort .nisi mort esvissmeds aed lode of | ig Sud esw stedt sonie bat seeoelg osedt ni aiswet snol tenn (efteso sit ‘Yo)elfew ‘eft dogser bleoo yodt doidw ds taiog cfkaia S ebned guotusy déiw yiewoiide tatbretxs désaq es antwol{ct yd if £ Bae tdeta dotew bivode brawk elduch s sedi belliw onid ost a .tntog eiddt to sensteb edt swsvo eiso taedse1h edi dtiw foe yah | _Sbietno sd¢ mort omeo sit otnt etsisensq blues saon sedt o8 , oF Siseso oft to estst odd mnogo ot ssh bilwote enor tedd bas ~etsg oben “10 beok Aouttes yvlotethomat anied suodd ty tk eves! ben i 48 * Steno #e nee sad#t anfotaxe gltéeprsg sgoasog ehat .89.Gef StOX no. YSsetostg ~(Of .879) T fo bavc} Feuguh géJEAI Fo guvo sat Wao bro ,btoJsiod Fo #004 aadt daitoadwod Sidd sdé Jo ort silF -Sosoftusm ylavoiverqg baos Fo subaot ott gd tf diia Satoennos -motéio sft Fo esd otlé Gut sit Fo a3on7F dt saga ano -89btes8 suvod gshodo0sd To ettow oasd? .gaéH att yd batoveoxs wottol leg oe reed yo bediroesh ssodt dtéw nottosaacs stométad Feom sat * Te . pa q yodt gofssti fo shoto0sd edt Fo aaseng00 sat no batwosxs bao- #gu7st Fo sesése ant ai. aussi? argv osetia ssodse Jfo0et seéesxé J radqanoe y!* ¢ | o# ato ogiaiea mouenhs Sat to BSalbas Afog sates afadt e380 GeS StON © °°, 6908S F039 gfteoo of sowottas silos oat bsshat sou fF srt | ~'’edw \demRod qilkdt BOSI-FOSE Io asiniw exidas edd aatiot —s BnOtetwoud ‘bad flise bisllis) sfieso to noeiniss edd Test wood ss pgm F/edtsd®” .sdete asides s sistisbnw of bebioob .desy s 104 ss gest? eid Td tise tetsere s fetoelfoo of “.dased eid ai tneis "ei @onedt motg OL .BFF nc f bedaem usetela Saenimoh edt so “‘et0ted: basor ‘eds fevel of aebi0 nt SfLind ad oF bsot sa heenso SOF LEM edd YS Ftmmive ody mort sodT f.( tr .278) A reWod edd —-SYEB WeatY ond Yo Brebi0d “etd oF bad YSllev odd Yo mofsod of8 bi Yc qsSt0 “edt Usit efolq vd hevoms1 esW né1se ‘eds .eedo St god ‘wort ‘Eneoesb “bIuco one Ssdt 08 en yioot est i; 5 7 ae SON Le . ee ee oe aL Ne ie Mecteiessiit Yantai attest ara 28 5 16326 Y0 oss 79 feet of distance as between the first and second towers were found between the second and third, etc. After having furnished - all these towers with men and numerous knishts, the king also caused the intervals to be occupied by his troops, and on the entire circumference placed sentinels, so that they always w watched, alternating from one station to another; those finding outside then applied themselves to buildings themselves huts | with branches of trees and dry straw after the custom of camps, to shelter themselves from rain, frost and cold, since they must long remain in these places. And since there was but a single point at which they could reach the walls(of the castle) by followings a path extendins obliquely with various bends, the king willed that a double guard should watch nisht and 4 day and with the greatest care over the defense of this point, so that none could penetrate into the camp from the outside, and that none should dare to open the sates of the castle to leave it, without beins immediately struck dead or made pris- oners..” Note 1.9.96. This passage perfestly explains the site of *% he comp of PHILIP August found ot B (PVE. A0), precisely on she son of the WALL dominating the rock of GoriLVora, ond only connected with 1% by the tongue of Vand previously mentioned. Besides, one sees the traces of the wo &avrches of the orirew - palLartvon excevarted by the king. These works of blockade hove She wost Wartimate ConnectVon with Those BJVesoeriveds vy Gesor a ond executed on the occasion of the vvockode of ALesiag they Likewsse recoly those ordered by Titus Wa the siege of Jerus- ALS. Note JepeWe This Vs the porth ending ot The posterw SUPA. Aa), Le wos VWadeed The sole entrance to castle Gaillara. #uring the entire winter of 1203-1204, Philip August, who knew that the garrison of castle Gaillard still had provisions for a year, decided to undertake a reshlar siege, “beins impa- tient in his heart.” He collected a sreater part of his forces on the dominant vlateau marked R on Wis. 10. Prom thence he caused a road to be built in order to level the ground before the tower A (Fis. 11).1 Then from the summit of tke hill to the bottom of the valley and to the porders of the first dit- ches, the earth was removed by picks with the order to level its rocky unevenness, so that one could descend from top to Be f a 5 ig } ihe id - id A 7 ‘ i. on oe roe ' al w vt obte soe naa ‘her bie: edt yd bemiot anted .esxre to: eew 2 oft ni doe eteoa dao avotemun yd eine déod ds hedxosace pr we ttetse oi bedowsm new beer eidd:enofA .sheetiaa # mi0t of . sana: weed ,esett to sinvid bas eedonsid ,eegode anidaogensas a 4 tb etd aHit[it sot evess Bailie bes .boe nesi tin déase to Pre g a bed gnon gens divest 8) etmton evotrev de eo nooe ~.(hf).dod 2 geodw .efenotnem bone etewords-snode exor]emsn (aot scot hersh B.- eeante tad¢ bos .owed bobeded need yidneces yiev bad exsdmid .& Robiatdw etobised to erstaevp bas eonote eifsw edd tenieses em etiod: bas eworre .etreb sdt eonie yilaniG .1ia edd dasouds .pebanon vileunttnoo aliaw edt to aged odd mort yidior0l gnee eyeetigoetoig Snisgiogensid emsH ofw ,eretodsl hae enseidse odd --88w svedd .ymens edd to seodds yd doetds of beeogxe etew bas Sed etsrsbom to ebseifeg s edisomar ot bne most meentsd Jee »(wolliw tnatia yd betosnnoo eelia bsa eelfbiund to bemsoi shal —binede exediow edt anitostoxus obeetiea eidy Jadt of .ebind sbetrevib ewo1rs selages biwode bas ewold) dexit edt svisoet . bemred ovls ,arowod lind er9ew ebte.aedéons tA .noitoerib at 4), eheo neex. vieriéine bans esers ynem to bis edd vi .estaiied Hhommindg xidguot aetved yino oxs sdé .awed need don bed tert sh bstonatence meed enivad srewod seedt Hone ;eenonsid edd Yio codddted « dove ot ais edt ni ee0m .danotte tesiee12 edi dtiv ~Sfoeti anthard yh beldvois doom eaw Liew Bnieoaco edd sand is i sit 2ole “.medd woled fovea Sontians ¢ ewohot sidléso White eh hoor 2fAt oF SeGst 27 AK .) e¥teno fo weig sysebrid o etasastgey AL S/T ~TReGeS Stok -s¥qaoo ylrosa galved esdovorgge oat. natu ,oaft adi to btefiéaa ad A tA edotsd ott SSH} OF QadgrorTO srau eregsiasd sat ,baF tn o ed of, nom etteugua Ghisiigd yd avo naxord abodaose eat #998 “til ef D to 28 toved sdt Saédootto 10} afood edt eenq of aldo | - syfebaa tos7) Sno sJétdd assated Seog ett XT Fo eylabad ols gitidt yd beo0%t salsolJovmuorsa Fo oud! adt. Jo ateewcs stp Ae ee gq soto /i0d sitevo fo tasutescad sdt gtsignoo of fauveuk attopaa, oat fo teow yreata bao vebaudodd 8b avedu yaiiic ant 170g, 9th tott bro, 9tteos sfé ad sgutet astot bod ofw ,esfonut p oT9dT ~saovalvorg aff Savodxs st toa 30 08 .f¥o SuoTh soei 71D, aa dgodsod ott yd 2bom boot sit fo bas att to a9se odo 970 Bi at iton bsonoebo ott fo dotih sdt sasdout ao ¥o Woe9T OF wm ] 7g oar Si 4 oe 0 lee De i aan re WANs Tet ees i Pa te dois meget ees eat rsttod todd aTeMOMS -enore sree” ara d Shin : mer hi | el ean HO s ea Dees Ys i 71 bottom. Tmmediately a road was made of sufficient width by the use of axes, being formed by the aid of beams set side by side, supported at both ends by numerous oak posts set in the ground to form a palisade. Alongithis road wen marched in safety, tr- transporting stones, branches and trunks of trees, heavy lumos of earth with green sod, and pilin’ these for filling the di- tch.-(14).* Soon arose at various points (a result that none had dared hope for) numerous stone-throwers and mansonels, whose timbers had very recently been tuteand hewn, and that threw against the walls stones and quarters of boulders whirlins t through the air. Finally since the darts, arrows and bolts s sent forcibly from the tops of the walls continually wounded the artisans and laborers, who were transportins projectiles, and were exposed to attack by those of the enemy, there was set between them and the ramparts a palisade of moderate he- isht formed of hurdles and piles connected by pliant willow twigs, so that this palisade protecting the workers should receive the first blows and should repulse arrows diverted in direction. At another side were built towers, also termed pelfries, by the aid of many trees and entirely sreen oaks, that had not been hewn, the axe only having roughly trimmed | off the branches: and these towers havins been constructed wi with the greatest effort, rose in the air to such a height, that the opposing wall was much troubled by findings itself much below them.” Note 1ep-B%. This rood Ve srtivv voisivole today. Note Qop-BVe FIS 14 vepresents a virdseye view of castle Gaillard ot the time, when the approvches verine nearly conple- tea, the vesrtesgers were orranging to FIL the ditch. AY A VB seen the stockade broken down by Philip Ausust?s wen tO ve a able to pass the boats for attacking the Velet By at © Ve LVt- se Andely, at B the pond between Little ond Great Andeluy, D ore towers of the Vine of cirounvallation troced vy PRVVVO August to complete the Lavestnent of castle Gaillora, F Vs % she valley where died Vachunger and misery wost of the unfor- junates, who hod taken refuse in the castle, and that the gor- rison Grove OUr, 8O AS NOV t3 exhoust L4s provisions. There 9 ore also seen at the end of the rood made by the pesiedsing ar- my to Teach by an Vnoline the dvtoh of the advanced work, tw areort stone-throwers, hart wbatrter the projecting tower against us . kes an ‘ : 7 | $ y if sg I oe Poet eldovon teeter. dat yh hens ed vonrts oaytene, epsaeete she rot Yo? t10q T8¢qy oat. {Je tetted of prewro? tédvord. rewot hi — (desedsuce), pastese edt ni fas fous edd Yo yinerdxe edt +4” Tahoe betasls (if .sf% .A rswot) sewed ytol s 2aw soitos1tb ait, ts efans anitosiew s ot aniteninset [fen s yd esbie ows _ sehastedtd most enil elduobh s ao bebnedxs Liew eidT .cottonst e ginsit owt odd beeolone bore .(A sewot) edaow heonevba odd to ss om amo sdoide evorokiv s gadn yd see wok | tow sewol sit Yo F fA) sowot tedt to eteteam eovisemeds Yatism derit ni basooue «-psobbal aiedt gee yodt ,bel{tt viasen dosih odd nse yods sod -it weds ,ysleb [Ie to dneidaaml .bebosozsh yldoisp bes sxedd evods .fostib edi to shite sasdéo eds, ot aashbhal siedt ddavord os ‘ -Ieysrod sobbsl on sud .foor edt no. feburet aswod edt ear doidn flan edd to soot eds doses oF Snstoitiva Pavol ed bisoo znol edd. to, Soot. sedi, 9e01 doidw mort door edd Im aod ods neve son ot eevieemeds tea nedt nem avo. ,.ysiosbus déiw belfin .sewod _», Belod eism og ,BbICKE -10 eresaebh tisds asin door 3sA43 sovero ~hie. ends bas ,ebnad, bas, toot atedd soala bivoo yedd deidw ai dt Hosot ylnashbse yods .door edt Yo sesndaso1 oft anols gait >.uewod edt to enottsebasot edd to Rainaiged odd ss eovleeue ) «medt Satwolfot enoinsomoo tisdt o¢ ebred siédd aaideast ceodT a anivyolame ;anitsdashnawy ateds ne. disc. sled of med bolleo ysis edd snimishan og beiodsel neds yedd ,medg oF sont Bosom sdz «Jeemedd &niasvoo eysuts ,rswod edi to seoldshavot bas exnal? ' tenishs gnee ewoirs edt tedd asst aot .ehiside ifedt dtiw aev | ~tiede. godt. fos .tesiter of meds eor0t sAdin gilavaidnoo. aedd esvisemeds. [econoo o¢.eldiseoc esw ti Litany esvisemerds anias woled Setevsoxe tool Snived sedis [law sdt mi esion sit as aufaest ,essit tocadriwis dtiw esfod seeds Soll? yedt.asd? .tt Ifst bivode ats odd nt. antansd, edt Ifew ont to tisa ssdv deal 3.28 moos es cedt ybonedsen gnied ni yitser® meds exntoi bus up seety.odt of sirt dea yeds aninsoo eidd bebselne bed veds dd. ,benisd onived essode ed? “.yseise to sonia s, od borides ~sees ond balzgogao to bheaisaest usd tez0f .{ist yltis0 aswes wh nies, soivome odd sogn esvieemeds weiss donest eat .eiseolons lt eteate tertt oobs®. tdbind aissiso s bee .doseid odd ds Pc ep edt .t9wos Heyorseoh tlad est Yo got edt mo 199K08d or vA V4 oe, ee a .* ny . 7 a * e ee «a 7. vi PH np a 7a , bnooee, eft of Qniaisex .d10W feonsvbs, edt o¢ sait tee boa slp tam aay debian Suhbdicact eidtety. .veret tedd to veut se 72 | which the entire attack ts directed, then wehind Vs a wovable Lower wroughs forward to bartrter al the upper part of *that ad- ypanced work, and TO prevent The vesieged from remaining there. “At the extremity of the rock and in the eastern (southeast) direction was a lofty tower (tower A, Fis. 11), flanked at t two sides by a wall terminatins in a projecting angle at its junction. This wall extended on a double line from the larger of the advanced works (tower A), and enclosed the two flanks of the lower work.” Now see by what a visorous stroke our men succeed in first making themselves masters of that tower (A). When they saw the ditch nearly filled, they set their ladders there and auickly descended. Impatient of all delay, they th- en brought their ladders to the other side of the ditch, above which was the tower founded on the rock. But mo ladder however long could be found sufficient to reach the foot of the wall, not even the top of the rock, from which rose the foot of the tower. Filled with audacity, our men then set themselves to pierce the rock with their dassers or swords, to make holes in which they could place their feet and hands, and thus sli- ding along the roughness of the rock, they suddenly found th- amselves at the beginning of the foundations of the tower. These reaching their hands to their companions following then, they called them to take part en their undertaking; employing the means known to them, they then labored to undermine the flanks and foundations of the tower, always covering themsel- ves with their shields, for fear that the arrows sent against them continually might force them to retreat, and thus shelt- ering themselves until it was possible to conceal themselves in the holes in the wall, after havins longs excavated below it. Then they filled these holes with trunkssof trees, fearins lest that part of the wall thus hansgins in the air should fall and injure them sreatly in beins weakened: then as soon as t they had enlarged this opening, they set fire to the trees aad retired to a place of safety.” The shores havins burned, the | tower partly fell. Roser then despaired of opposing the assa- vlt and set fire to the advanced work, retiring to the second enclosure. The French threw themselves upon the smoking ruins at the breach, and a certain knight Cadoc first planted his banner on the top of the half destroyed tower. The little sta- irway of that tower, visible in our plan; dates from the orim- cD ile hu ' . ea AY : ; 1 ‘ ie ry ae i a ay on, ri bel f ‘ r a : 5 7 5 Ta Y ' i a ve ia 4 oes rs Kige Ys Pw ww) tl) x Chaat ie a ae LS: sa ao bailey A 4 ey Pye a ca Waotdteed beeoléoo ‘at. satiacae? ‘sc chadibeded’ Hiking” a? vane fone% brace 6820 tr w Udedort saotboste Beniswes svad seum iy: etre -teqsisa end Resi “| drow beonovhe sxitags stt Fo jose YOu 870 Gh .OC. 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AS One woy See, Of the entire sdvancea work, AALS concerns the two wolls forming on ooure angle at thertr Junction with the principal tower A, become Lower by following 4he stone of the Sround. The &esoriprtion by Wivrton Vs then perf ectry accurate. ' Note 2. poe. The sorupulous fFide_irty of the norrartion by WAVLAaW plainly appears, when one exomines the point Aesorived here. Indeed the Gitoh Ve cut in the rock ot V4s bottom, Vt VS ebourt 33 Tt. wide vy 23 to 26 Tt. Geen. I% As wel\ understood, that the sovarers of PHILIP August hoving cost sone fascoines ond baskets of earth into the AULGH were VaportrVent, and ploced LVodderes alongs the ovtside bank, daring to use shese Vadders Aw scaling the other side, hoping thus so reach the vase of she tower, burt Ve is evident thot the aizeh would ve partly KAVVed next the ourtsrtde, while Tt was nor so at the VWaner side, since this was curt to the vottow of the Aitch, hence Loaders sufficiently Vong to descend were not Longs enoveh to ascend she other svae. The episode of the holes aus with Aaggsgers Va she Laner side hos nothing surprisind, The rock veine cholk MIKEY. With TVints. A Vedse of avout 2.0 Fx. existing vertween the vonk of the Aiton and the bose of the tower courd PerMLT HOLA Winers tO ottooherthenselves ot he vose of the work. AS- ain todoy with the text of RWAVViow in hand, one follous step by step AVL the operations of the attack, and he con eastvy Find asain the holes pierced by these brave prloneers Ln the Ghotk, when they found their Vadders too short to reach the sop of the precipice. Bur the Normans hod rertored into the castle separated From the advanced work by a deeo and wide ditch. [t was necessary to undertake a new siege. “John had caused in the previous y year the erection of 4 certain house ajacent to the wall and placed at the risht side of the castle facins the south. | The lower story of this house was destined for a service always to be performed in the mystery of the closet,“ and the upper part servins as a chapel, was consecrated for the celebration of the mass; there was no door on the outside, but inside (op- enins on the court) were was one for reachinas the upper story rn aA + , ) kde 51 ie aa wie ; nits fo ss a asdési s ot sutode. 9 | dishesres stall 7 ai: owaseea? bas Pe beb: netnt: bas: tenounc edd ot cane wobriv 8 Bsn sevod edd A syed pose anived eiaod nisdiso A “.eeivies eds Qnttdkif 10% a =moo eveidemce yd bstneqmovos dosib edd snode bebtie ,wobain we \d Qnizetne oi behssoors [fe .1eft0 dose saialed bos ,enotnsa | te ‘bosorg eds oi betsool texclo edd) odant wobniw sedd dauoudéd ~~ fede deeords sdord yodt: .eosde worten tend ni bersdts2 .y10 ‘ edd ariyouooe aogizieb sdt anoms bssice misis sit bas e100b © bebaval bed yboq ewo1sene s Jadt baivetied fas .tauoo aswel ~(eenioest betsdds® exshoetsd edt .feqsio edt to ssemeaed odd -»pemelt odt tud :etnsf[ieees odt gqode o¢ medt of sait dee bas bas etgo8 ,elteso sdé to siseefone broose edd edolt anibsetxs «to1 doot bas sencd sainwd edd dhoordd, Beeesq enoinscmoo eid 96 asa0f .(tf .8i%).nefq wo 20 8 bexasm eotiel{et edt ni eke sien 08! ot exsdmun ni boonbes tnied eishreetsh sdi bas: vyoead ~ yenit edt yd nevisrh yereofons gest edd of vit ot bslisamoo -#ysel ef208 nedw .olitiive: bedeinimih sfome edt bed yleousoc* yd bebie .elsoo oninasd sdt s9vo gninnes bas seertes etd Sai eabisd efdsvom edt nwoh tel Boe ae001 oft suo enoinsamoo eid ot donex% edt ov yew 8&8 n9G0 OF @8 08 t eixe adi n0 Sai¢stor -s1q bas yidoisp beonevhs nedt donett sd? .ede& odd yd sasoes t bad yusne sat dofdy otni iebedio doid sit tiweees of boass ~f354 “Jethed saoted ¢datit oi beaktes dent saodg. 100: ao aworth EF Sabbliud oat BF FoAT .OOleg of Stor neha b oft $4 a ieehaah Aitesias add ai satiadins okt sTew deuese COL. ges ston «~tosido bsasse ff savuoosd%-- i:sudt: fissaid ssaestqgxs rodivo sdf beso0lg asdt stow astolyg: 942 *,euotaidsy afatise of sddpaod +¢o00e7g sdf sifesd tasadatidotes véistt Sao .Jsqato adi dissasd Jéiods sw 20 ,aatfose tenéoso toatorg ydtastotfive tor 65 savg “809 Fo sdootto sat af trog taatrogai ao golg sséositg 3d? 998 _ bt a0 dt 82 att af todt saa sfiuw aao evdt ysetliqres yd asdt eebate Jofosqe siiup o fo tosidgo sat srsw ystt ,esitutass At =x bo modg Two go bottom sebhitd ght Bs adAP oLOkvget afon | 2 degieed frvoo vewos sdf of xXtOw Ssda0cbha sAt mor? gal bast {shatio eidd bedossa eno doidw yd xoo1 edd to goot odd tay -beenso bed basdois sedg Siocr bifos edi nt tuo exbind 6 ean (: eft beevso. ed dedd omit omee odd da weftsm10t epdd tuo od of ‘ | Rvenbisd eas wate’ saidesm s fsvom Bnivel-.éwo sd o¢ esdodib e a ae : Ww —— 74 and another leading to the lower story. In the latter part of the house was a window openings to the country and intended f for lighting the privies.” A certain Bogis having seen that window, glided alongs the ditch accompanied by some brave com- panions, and helping each other, all succeeded in entering t through that window into the closet located in the ground st- ory.. Gathered in that narrow space, they broke through the d ~~ doors, and the alarm spread among the garrison occupying the lower court, and believins that a numerous pody had invaded the basement of the chapel, the defenders gathered fascines and set fire to them to stop the assailants; but the. flames extendins into the second enckosure of the castle, Bosis and his companions passed. through the burning house and took ref- uge in the galleries marked G on our plan. (Fis. 11). Roger de Lascy and the defenders being reduced in numbers to 180, were compelled to fly to the last enclosure, driven by the fire.” “Soarcely had the smoke diminished atlittle, when Bogis leav- ing his retreat and running over the burning coals, aided by his companions cut the ropes and let down the movable bridse rotating on its axis, | so as to open a way to the French to escape by the gate. The French then advanced awickly and pre- pared to assault the high citadel into which the enemy had j just retired in flight before Bosis.” Note t+ p-100. That Vs the HVAVAIRE BH Grown on Our PLON. FAVS. Ate Note 2ep.100. These were the privies, in his prose history the author expresses Himself thus: --“*because V% seemed Object - Jonable to certain reirverious.” The privies were then placed beneath the chopel, and their establishnent veside the preci- price 410 NOt sufficrently protect against ecoving, as we shal\ see. The privies ploy an Lmportant port Vn the attacks of cos- sles by surprise, thus one will see thot An the 13 th ond 14 sh centuries, they were the object of o Quite special Study. Note 1.p.i0i. This is the vridge marked on Our plan ond ex- sending frow the advanced work to she Lower court ete ‘At the foot of the rook by which one reached this citadel was a bridge cut in the solid rock, 2 that Richard had caused to be cut thus formerly, at the same time that he caused the ditches to be cut. Having moved a machine over this bridge, > our men under its protection commenced to excavate under the | | . nore kes peor acs Oo ot be exe dade ‘aan ekd 10 2. few’ edt to°so0t 7 yikes eworrs nite: sd .2eineqgo as shem tatvead bos onimasd d -wod! betetesd: eat * estten o¢ mid beorot vets base” (erenin BF Te) (pt Reneteeddt si dada (Liev aiedd benimiehav' oe ton bad a6ws | te edoold esomions tf deniss weidd s{vosteo @ nooe tud>;{Is? «(iis at bedosio [fen ods ,doode eidt seieor of ef{dasl .onote -o*8.ffe% [few sdt to tise 8 ,aibbim odd ts 2oiteund base \etaea -o moetiasea edi bos ,doseid efi to sofeesesog foot doneat dP =192 tated bas siseolons deel odd bastsb of wot oot nedt antsd ~e bos good edd ni stuter etat of omit neve don bsi .bebnuos - . _ ‘ ‘ r Hp ons ae 7 é 7 " a hy s Shae . : ; - : 7 ‘< : 7 . ae an ya Po ¥ ~ cy ne “* U - ce Sane 5 foot of the wall. On his part the enemy also labored to coun- termine, amd having made an opening, he shot arrows against our miners, and they forced him to retire.” The besieged how- ever had not so undermined their wall, that it threatened ts fall; but soon a catapult threw against it enormous blocks of stone. Unable to resist this shock, the wall cracked im all parts, and bursting at the middle, a part of the wall fell.” The French took possession of the breach, and the sarrison being then too few to defend the last enclosure and beings sur- rounded, had not even time to take refuge im the keep and sh- ut itself up there. This was March 6, 1204. Thus Philip Augu- st took possession of that castle, which his contemporaries regarded as impresnable. Note 2ep.iSLe This ie the bridge L.(PIG. 141). Note Bepeidie & cart (shed). (Art. Arohitecture MIVAtoire). Note AePeiOL. Richard wos in error tn nor arranging slots In the Ground story to sweep thot wrVage, and the cot protesrt- {ng the French winers {row projectiles cost from the sop of the worl, the vesrieded were compelled to form battlements on She wold at the Level of the ground of the COUT. If we have siven nearly the entire description of this mem- orable siese writtem by William le Breton, this is because it places in evidence a curious fact in the history of the fort- ification of castlesGG@aillard,in spite of its location and +t the skill displayed by Richard in the details of the defense, is too compact! the obstacles accumulated in a small area must obstruct the defenders by preventins them from Soins in a body to the point attacked. Richard abused intrenchments and inter- nal ditches; works accumulated on each other served to shelter assailants, who took them successively; it was no lonser pos- sible to dislodge them; by massing themselves behind these 4d djJefenses acauired, they could approach in force to points so far not attacked, t3o small to be held by numerous soldiers. Asainst surprise or a sudden attack attempted by an arayyin small numbers, castle Gaillard was excellent; but asainst a regular siege directed by 4 skilfal seneral, supported by 4 considerable army and wéll equipved with machines, having ti- me to make his arrangements and men in sreat numbers to put them in execution without delay, it must fall auickly after t the moment that the first defense was forced; That is what oc- eshte > tadt switorc er ot pincteees-ene ds eb as a aie +e g pEttd0b Adigdertens: teev-s 90 lobaiio ont vico easy busilied ed tedd ot mis of bentemes (lide sacs ' to asses edt yd hie bp toelts favem edd ean svietosbh os : | | t pasifis® efteso ev tawaua seeds ud Soréaget sow Srosssiod séfeod o8Ot.dek ston ttodt boosiisd od of af fi bro ,th Fo aofvessasog andvot rset}o #80 700 970 24 .98a9726 SHt. Fo ativaqg alotr1so bsgorqud a909 af ted tasigqg #907 suleson gat hsssetggqws of ,gobot. tlsentad. siH8 A stuacsoas Jaovtgidss. tees sit Fo Hotib edt Po slbbinm odt ae $ eat gasdot ad Lobio- taticod taéq aedAt ,agbdiad sat trogque oF bn0o0s8 0 69gedesd soy btof/iod sffecd .stweotons tedt Fo stog LIV s9dsvéuetgwéwiydiaesto%st sow bao yTwtanso At EL ski ad saét to yroteadd. edd. ne estotey veltrodd atodh a0 ,dsidead sdt mor} . - Jedossase sdt.,(@aat}) redastgee fo diwom sifT* .soadtg toat er739d¢9 sonore Fo. Jodavow ,taotiud sh toabéssrok hao wottog fo 90798879 oft ad avodto Jorsese bao yiiiotd sé egasd ,92978 98 afised fuotiov evedta ,Ste¢si08 afteoo of ssofe bfa8 Sade adt Fo ¢ 09 .a70/ sow sgove ad? .Jogirvo asdf. to srsw amro sad}. bas fo Setooe/ ,ywbhsomr0k% Jo sevieoo fasgaorss sdt fo sao as adit -/foom om tedt o8 ;9ad9% yeoss ott gadnfo{pho door @¢ fo got oat |. etd ot gafasys edt ah boavutes gat edt tt stuiad bfvoo aon -} bro see ot twow orsde sJidw yliob bro. ,areiguod to gat gbod -79098 tiiud sd of bsau0o sd. doddw 10F ,sasés bios sat yfitro} —BbTOs doastd bias sit aodtootyiiro7 edt ast}o bad .etroy Jo ane » bsodt (Ode pydlinde sbhibao sxe7d a6 béos eat sens ,banTHvISy Bas)! 4 = : ry a > 7 - 7’ t ' “ao Wake, ;~ «1 eRe ee | Bi ea ee of ; a aa oe . — . 235. oe ) : a a fo) brows, orriehs sTotore dorett Jorsase yd Ssénognoooo cll : 76 oecurred.. It is no less necessary to recognize that castle Gaillard was only the citadel of a vast entirety of fortifica- tions designed and laid out by the hand of a master, that Ph- ilip August armed with all his power required eight months to reduce it, and finally that John Lackland only made one atte- mpt to relieve it. During the life of Richard, the French ar- my was harassed from the outside, and had no leisure to arran- ge its attacks with much method; it could only have conauered that important fortress, the bulwark of Normandy, at the price of very Sreat sacrifices, and perhaps it would have been con- pelled to raise the siege of castle Gaillard before having sab- dued its outworks. As soon as Philip had possession of this strategic point, so well chosen by Richard, John Lackland only thought of evacuating Normandy, which he did a short time la- ter, without even attempting to guard the other fortresses, that still remained to him in ¢reat mumber in that province, 30 decisive was the moral effect produced by the takins of castle Gaillard! Note 1.p.102-. Gastle Garilrord wos repaired vy Philip August after taking possession of Vt, ond 1% Vs tO be believed thar he even improved certain parts of the defense. As One Con as- gure himeely today, he suppressed the massive rock pier Left An the wrddle of the A\toh of the Last el\iprtical enclosure 4O support the obridge, this pier Hoviwge aided in stoking the & éarte of thot enclosure. Gostve Goriirlara wos vbesiesed a second time wn the AB th century, ond wos KetokenvdytKbnal Charkbes Vil from the Enalish, os Alain Chartrer retotes in his History of shat prince. “This month of September (4449), the seneschal of Poitou ond Monsevgnor de Cullont, wmorshat of Fronce, Pierre ae Breze, Denys de Shaiily and several others in the presence of the kind Bald siege to castle Gaillard, where valiant deers ana fine arms were at the arrival. The eiese wos Vong. For % ShiLs Ve one of the strongest castles of Normandy, Located on She top of Oo TOCK BdjoiNing the river Seine, so That no woohi- AVS COULG injure it. The kine returned ia she evening to his Voasine ot Louviers, ond daily while there went to see ond. f Lorrify she said siege, for which he caused to be bUIVY sever- ar forts. And after the fortification the sara French Lords returned, save the sald de Breze andsde Ghail\y, who Lived Shere accompanied by several French archers for the gucrd of iia oe ivilecin bos yidon exedt ifs bentevos vedT .at20% bise eds beishrevise deifand edt ,etieew svit to fns sdé de dadt oe doun * poit,odt ot consibedo oi buellisd slteso bise edt beoelo bree .-#ed¢ bus®géhsioold a ylao esw shisie eidi tadét tnebive ei tT --o%g to toatl edt ;etivasee aisiene of svad son bib deifeak oft «se ttel yesdt 102 ,rehnsaswe of meds bebioeh yidedoig enoisiv +088 to hesogmoo ean nogiizex edt ebook hos eevll dtiw ylet ber. a/ St9u fonnoS asda ,fo0qa fodt av afoga aaeF .etastadnoo Rated 0900/9 Sa07%8 YISG DvBOw bral sho adfBos ag tt edd to eelteso sera0l fitiw sevieeiso beiguooe sved ef antush betoere seods Ile ot soneirstsia ni ssiantneo di SI bas esedt seusosd .gons1% to enoleseseog aefto edd ok botseq eidsd S&niog yosm at. eniaettifb .sastosusio asfvoliisg « sved eeiteeo Sngiawbh slisd bas ,eeks slbbim sit Yo. eseesasa0? teqait edd mot -gs,yeds, oensoed ylisiosoee bane ,fioe domed oc emit eomse ond to dus edt mi eonsvbs sldsishiesos s sham svad oF en oF ISS8¢ onofssoltisact "bed dt0%q eved ot moose esiteso donetS yisinso dt ft oft al » ateds at: eusmi0¥ edt yd sbam elieteb to efmemstosiyes edd yd bas asizaivoiws eft to Sniddemoe bnintete1 [Lise ind .esite2so . e6tdt- tc sfomsxs sidsigansi a Hort sW .eacitifbasd nstaatvolss2 »,-edd ai. esteb moitouiseneos saodu ,etsistase¥ Yo slieeo edi ni wialq ano ¢ling..(2t) svid-cw-nafo seodw bus .yandase dé Ft “add Beeesa tsdt .eass[10 »¢ atasS mort baos edd hebus@moo fi x9 od3 bebssowise S eedostiqG «8 bus A sete bebasteb sii dose -nsf{t fno1t es yd Ans[t ni dqone-esw bsor odT .eeensteb [soxst #2 otsh.s yd elteso edd déiw tnitecioumaca: base e1swod yd bex betsloei gsei2 8 davoids Raieesa ¢ etsk.ssdsonA e(etaed. 2th) @ ow tsdt bos .s1iod edé ot Sutnistieo hodiem s mwstte) aswod d,aewol sdz no yrstines di ht odd ai heettosiq vilstoesqas ase esw.,(moeeiiO eb asivilC eldatenoo edd yd enstsiad das saiod to siaometnsise [antetai edd yv0ot eA .ee9098 Jinolittib vasv to -otsoibnt yflissio bas tesretni ise14 to 918 vodt .siteso odd eaT..esiteso doasi1 to enoeisase sit to ensom sviensteb odj :{few modt Aansft o¢ es of anistaiso edd moit dowm tostors sisHwos betoo1s esw leew sioteredt bos tniog dneilsa e .dda0n odd te etedto odd bnided eno,,el{ew doidd owd Suitneaerg Axon daeid s _ ott nedt aetasl easweds ows vd bodnsli [{sw antaisiet s ditw godt doidwnt.eetaode.owd oi {isd deserve 9dd sean 9 tA .e1sdto pot bas, ,etebr0 .eviede: of betedte® ed bluoo soaiais® eritas 7F the said forts. They governed all these nobly and wisely; so much so that at the end of five weeks, the English surrendered, and placed the said castle Gaillard in obedience to the king.” It is evédent that this siege was only a blockade; ee, ’ ny q xv es ag ete OX ye ouen fon » et Yo : giniog Then ; res di ) tale ‘ewaie poate tent 0. adbtverses ef? .ed¢dbil?, sows ddin I dee eters ee tea 103 beviee [isd ¢se1: edd bus ,tuo sd bluoo [isd sse7e ‘ 7 a8 it. 20. en0. si {isd sserb. edt -beotot esew eiseolons sdv ti ts Pdi -od edt te betsde ow ef .olteso donet® edt to eoiteinetosieado aa: fed tse1k odd aalaod semro% odd al .efolias eidd to Raiants — dpemb, edt ylao et qoei edd s9edtax 10 .gesd odd ni bsteutie ef - Et, edt, So eliaso done1t edt oI .senetob {scionixe « shem Lied me —Baisd ,aeen edt soxt bedacaqges ei [isd tseik sdt .yisinso ds ny o> pbtol fione1% edd Yo emis ge nom edt aniiaets® rot sosla add | a ‘Yeido mamied, edd to emotevo edd to Istiomem test s ei sedd ‘o> Megas y+ eencinsomoo eid baer en _g ett ni.26 tapoo edd to satneo edd sl at 7 goed dse1b AT ©nwamco oi feosfa ean si peitneo. edd te tivoo. 1eivotio 8 tin | ~»to sosom yd yrote baoose odt nt IIed tse1xk odd dtin noisact qeuicetdPrebss ati te to two ed cele, biuoo dsdé HF yrsllse » Ratved dud qekeibliod asi: bes ommeolone etiins ed? bebssmnoo Hetto, ton bib ti, .qeed aemicl odd exif ebhietue ods of tixe on edosi1ed bed mogtases sdf .oeneteb sit 1ct, eekatasvie emee sid -. teom esw eiueofone edd ox)sdw J ebie edd ds etaiblind edd ni de yeeenodstote bua yxsied ,coldsde edt s19w 0 SA .aldieasoor ot H edT..0. sonsiise odd teen Jeoa # caw Vi ds.ins .iegedo edt F madd tetel eteb s to s1ew qesd edd Saihavéaise esisdosiie ols _ medd,enebhis® seav ot eesoor svsh # nisteog sfT .ncitosis ett eéftue t4. . I saneclone. ne vd Sebavyoiige esvios -9s9. rota edt ,tshaos on stetixe astaes BAT 5 2OLeGet SHOU ¥@. gd asats aro bao ,teerstal tosts. fo s1o edéots4 S20 anasto “SP ba satan he .99a07F 9b #aJoyor. agoetek aid ad #esortad ~09, ods pret astgnivolied sit moxt ybuswqoX Ens const af 7 pdnsd edd no #oS .etewot yd beinelt e1sw eoldeso Yo seaweols a B90» di ,ynemisS.to esontvoig jnsostis edd has snidh sAt Yo Ef edd eroted Isueu es eenctoh to ensem eidd Jedd. aeedce Jon 1 Roldeslt sad tedt ,noltieoqave odd esenso doidw .yisieso di nite poe) fous » Ss sodtibsad. agmof-ollad s erew exons ; wt0. 68, Lites vaca ih dé Of odd mort atasmunom Ishuet edT? Miperrhames fO sqytd nommoo afeds eved*S petal eb .M exse teshse — wat Lys, yeast), tewos sisupe edt esentt ebott en .omtdsh edd Yo /7g0s 18, .enoitshavet asmofi so beoslg tedéie ei doidw (feoiah pipe ae “a a , Te ; a. she yrs i _egtaose Isusvee mt-eF ¢i.<(2 «Bi®) elteso [svesifem svitiairzg meeeneenpestis ti elebom esedt sevte ylewoibifes bei a | * ny ati a ats, i Ebiee. 2)" al a ete ~ 73 disperse quickly to all points of the enclosure by a stairs T with three flights. The connection of that stairs with the Sreat hall could be cut, and the sreat hall served for retre- at if the enclosure were forced. The Sreat hall is one of the characteristics of the French castle, as we stated at the be- Sinnins of this Article. In the Norman castles the great hall is situated im the keep, or rather the keep is only the great hall made a principal defense. In the French castle of the 13 th century, the great hall is separated from the keep, being the place for gatering the men at arms of the French lord; t that is a last memorial of the customs of the German chief a and his companions. The great keep F is in the centre of the court as in the o primitive mediaeval castle (Fis. 1); it is in several stories with a circular court at the centre; it was placed in commun- ication with the sreat hall in the second story by means of a gallery K, that could also be cut off at its ends Thiso keep commanded the entire enclosure and its buildings; but having no exit to the outside like the Norman keep, it did not offer the same advantages for the defense. The Sarrison had barracks in the buildings at the side L where the enclosure was most accessible. At 0 were the stables, bakery and storehouses; at H the chapel, and at N was a post near the entrance D. The lit- tle structures surréundins the keep were of a date later than its erection. The postern # Save access to vast Sardens, them- selves surrounded by an enclosure. - Note 1.p-105. Mis castle exists no Longer, the plon, elev- otions and Aetoiwls are of areort interest, and sre given by Du Serceav im his Waisons royoles de Fronce. In France and Vormandy from the Carlovinsian epoch, the en- closures of castles were flanked by towers. But on the banks of the Rhine and the adjacent provinces of Germany, it does not appear that this means of defense was usual before the 13 th century, which causes the supposition, that the flankins towers were a Gallo-Roman tradition. “The feudal monuments from the 10 th century until the cru- sades” says M. de Kries, *“have their common type on both banks of the Rhine. One finds there the sauare tower (rarely cylin- drical), which is either placed on Roman foundations, or cop- ied religiously after these models with their base, their en- re ¢ cy Pie btetasea? idiot edt oe mel 7 eodeatne 7 7 og rah onan tet ‘Yo man seamed. ond #003 exswot oie Fe o dnetons erom seedd to eetsectone ecT .yaxtled dones? ni ae sinsortse e18 A seni rpeeiehtaie {fsnteixe-edt foal yletulceds esi ae wee 6) Bei 15) LaF) wf | Sied¢nemelstad te getase a vd sein aseiesnter eebaon oSSUd at Sattsent @8Fank 2 oOle Ge 9FOK oe neve [fede base peti ef .Wonsdt vedtasd o8 [fede of ‘tad? oe asineolone Sdi taidas{t rot beyolams e1svot edz gedit e enide eds to atned’ edt no eelteso sat ai bovot visist yasyv AB Yorefteso od? cytwdns0 dé Cf sid eucted eeseoY sii oi Bae tedd awudekintidool to alteso sdi to noidaoo Blo edt .dotall -ndnéo°dt Af haa dt &f sdF aatash tited devodt{[s .Sandesa2 to x g onde ate seed? © esenod Snidoelt toodtiw vilettins ess ests _= Iaptesxe: esisstt Isoiagesoets to ,eslaas snetise Yatmiot eared ms to teou wwatied's0 asea edt havo heanors bas asenilitee: vf a thedt sist hns ataiog s{diersoosnt no tlind sew ealteso essdt . - -pneteb yletersbom tod Snted ,etie atesdd moit Astsneiate satias | -ts yrevooers etimyea etalthiied sdi svodsa enisi«x ceed edT whe bentsw anted soetr1ee edt ns .ymete ns fo sensesiq Ssdt to v2 ' eit asd .esaole esste edd to anifese said tnsveqq vyiiess Eiuoo d twottiw .efteso 6d¢ fort ast vers scvorsemen #8 gote bos edisea ; Poy Aner: | Sb, ‘a “ve “e)e)->® selfew edt Buided eaftsy ct belisqnmoo tnied nasvs y@ perreere Sh xwostotio seuntsup THE BSFOH .eOle ge SFON oot 6 CG8i ~.s8f709 .smoe .fA LK ss SF ebrol domext ods tasweaq ton beh enoitsoo!l evokolens s38Y e6fena Snidostoiq Bae edasfl sit erewos diiw sotdeinrs? mer? seetassneo ds Bt Boe ds SE [Ast SE edd Qatawh eeliese ateds to =“Jino00 Yausnso a¢ Ff edt at eelteso to notdowusenos sat nT | (Betelenoo ssonsiteet eeodt neds [itn .esnedo sidsion s be ~ jevienefxe ees! 10 stom eetseofons to ylno .neee svsd sw es ‘dotdw .qeei edt seot ‘dotde Yo sfbbim odé ni .efduob 10 slasie a 9 semitemoa ‘ffed odd bne biol sdd° to sonsbiesy sdé es beviee 7 © Sune ‘emer asathited aeito sd? .tleesé geod ed? ni beetsarce sas edd tedtéaq anived ,refito dose moit betsasase sheds sebeow 2 weotebress bexit a to nasd dostied yisvedsed & Yo sonsiess Ts seldate bas *esedoderote ,enedosid .estidsoste1 .foasdo sd? o Jon ster Bae siveofons edd to qofaednt edd ot beosic 915¥ ON soe ened ot Jedottsoitityot sit déiwasaneam yos nt bstosn _ vbsentk its & seit) eteaetno¥ Yo eldeao off Yo nalo edd nt tend ors ye: . My Yr br. ear CA, <" Pt». oe T ' > = =~ ~ v= mo 7 a, iy ies ; eel vaccal edt ‘ot fedosts ote ehorbtted eoivise odd =e 79 entrance doorway above the ground and their platform. These towers took the German name of Bersfried, Latin Berefridus, in French belfry. The enclosures of these more ancient cast- les absolutely lack the external flankins. They are surmounte d by a series of battlements.” Note 2.p.idv. Notes Wnserted in Bull. RonuM. YoV.8, 0-246 © Se We shall go farther than M. Ge Kries, and shall even say t that the towers employed for flanking the enclosures are but very rarely found in the castles on the banks of the Rhine a and in the Vosges before the 15 th century. The castle of S$. Ulrich, the old portion of the castle of Hochk8nissburs, that of Spesburs, although built durins the 13 th and 14 th centu- ries, are entirely without flanking towers. > These sre struc- tures forming salient ansles, of geometrical fisures external - ly rectilinear and srouped around the keep or belfry. Most of these castles were built on inaccessible points and take their entire strensth from their site, being but moderately defend- ed. The keep rising above the buildinss permits discovery af- ar of the presence of an enemy, and the Sarrison being warned could easily prevent the scaling of the steeno slopes, bar the paths and stop 4 numerous army far from the castle, without b even being compelled to retire behind its walls. Note Bepeide. Notes sur auelaues chateoux de Viaveace, vy Me. ALe Rawme. POris. 1855. Yet analogous locations did not prevent the French lords’ ? from furnishing with towers the flanks and projectins angles of their castles during the 12 th, 13 th and 14 th centuries. Tn the construction of castles in the 13 th century occurr- ed a notable change. Until then these residences consisted, as we have seen, only of enclosures more or less extensive, single or double, in the middle of which rose the keep, which served as the residence of the lord and the hall sometimes c comprised in the keep itself. The other buildings were only wooden sheds separated from each other, having rather the ap- pearance of a temporary barrack than of a fixed residence. T The chanel, refectories, kitchens, storehouses and stables w were placed in the interior of the enclosure and were not con- nected in any manner with the fortifications. We have seen, that in the plan of the castle of Montarsis (Fis. 15), already the service buildings are attached to the walls, that they are Te ee ee ee ee a ee oe a » : “em - ry jeknidbol bexft ove veds Sadt bos ,yebi0 aietiso 6 al ¢lind ebyol ‘si¥ Yo efidad eft yretneo de Fr ont nt dadt evesqas JT bsPhemeh vedd tsdd bas .Bextfivin siom siew sem Tiett to brs "°" .gedd {tyaw Befosoos ezodd ssdd oiisdisd eesl etnomebasitis ~edo ni Bed {fite-evniebol bexlt eonsticami sissif wod see s¥ bos edd ts betosre setersvoe edt to sonefhiess « ,bsellisd sis -97eb 8 wod bnaterebay yfeowsoe neo enO .yrodoe0 dé Sf sft Yo -~fe (sets [fame tedd at svit bivoo sem berbnud Lexrsvez to noek geum eustbloe ed? .esenetob edd yd betavooo yieviesfoxs teom emt ebede emoe tebsy Bae etewos edt at moboe1 tse seele Siler ent oF ’ eft of antdale1 bavods einemvoobh nedsiaw stedw Sasiews ot m S¥asio eidt Yo etoors ebati sco .eeldon to anvidstided bio “[syot Beftisvxct edt dooas Jedt FA .yisdneo di Sf sdi ai shan bsfoors etatbfind L[ivio to enctt#tbhe svo1smsn evieost esos lag . @ @ etet enoised edt to esiteso odd Boe .yteeel aistaso « dtiw <489 SM ee .aset odd nove yistassos1t jretosiado oitessoh s10M aot Esnobueds esw L euutoed nora olvessoG eid ni estate 19x e¥dT .saueo0fones usani sedi atdéfw dfind sisdmaio bas [fad a -teso to enctictrocesh [fe ylissa ai dedi .sensdo Jedi Peeuso “$6618 ‘sft .I Baswbh bas TIT yuneh “to emis edt most tfind eel ‘ete “bodsbioslib s ai anied es betasasi0e1 sis eqsed 10 e1sHOd es fenobnsds fised bad yedT .etoor fuoddiw vileisnse bas ste “edt wi danodtis ,eeoretnevnoont afedd to seneosd esonshises ‘beyolqms sd [fite bluop ysdt noisgonrtence sieds to dtaverte =fa1otess tot sishi0 sdT .eataqer smee istts stew Yo emit of -Semen yiev sis esiieso snofisv ai “seeuod Isyor* edi t0% noi -t686 Sdt ot viogs tom ob oeedT .ytuduso dt Ff edt Baitah. eve @dftud yilerenss esoftiis .(eefseso asibiswif) haswb® to eef -fiév act Bbeboetal etnomtisas tneasttib déftow ai .I haawhF yd Besbat tod \nela fatene: 2 oF Snibaooos beins11s s1sW esen eae -~G2d0 edd bemvees osdt dotdw .botasq nemr0% edf to eslieeso oF =f sishto eff .eoandsonase tneos1 stom yd esnshiest s to 3msd98 -an [syor sdf ot enotsiibbs bas eiis0st aot TIT yvensh vd navies t$ asdw .bstoqobs een nala otismsteye on tedt svoid Beever tof “w Bns0ik "to Bets eSisl 8 ned .beatsonoo sis enoisibte sessd q - gswtadw Bbemiot bas ,eisecfons beitisaet 8 yd bebsroiwtwe esw a “f Gewbatshol svidsimiag edt doidw at .(attwo) s1909 @ bells q ot yioinse dv FL odd ni nommoo sdinp omsoed JI .dusioitiveci ~tos1e ylevieeesous yd ebesn of Snifrooos Onisbel tefd sareloo 80 built in a certain order, and that they are fixed lodsings. Tt appears that im the 13 th century the habits of the lords and of their men were more civilized, and that they demanded arrangements less barbaric than those accepted until then. We see hou little importance fixed lodgings still had im cas- tle Gaillard, a residence of the sovereign erected at the end of the 12 th century. One can scarcely understand how a sarr- ison of several hundred men could live in that small area, al- most exclusively occupied by the defenses. The soldiers mast sleep at random in the towers and under some sheds attached t to the walls. In Easland where written documents abound relating to the old habitations of mobles, one finds proofs of this chanse m made in the 13 th century. At that epoch the fortified royal palaces receive numerous additions of civil buildings erected with a certain luxury, and the castles of the barons take am . more domestic character; freauently even the keep, as Ma Par- ker states in his Domestic Architectura, - was abandoned for a hall and chambers built within the inner enclosure. This caused that change, that in nearly all descriptions of cast- les built from the time of Henry III and fdward I, the great towers or keeps are represented as beings in a dilapidated st- ate and generally without roofs. They had been abandoned es residences because of their inconveniences, although by the streusth of their construction they could still be employed in time of war, after some repairs. The orders for restorat— ion for the “royal houses” in various castles are very numer- ous during the 13 th century. These do not apply to the cast- les of Fdward (Rdwardian castles), edifices generally built b by Edward I, in which different apartments intended for vari- ous uses were arranged accordins to a general plan, but indeed to castles of the Norman period, which then assumed the char- acter of a residence by more recent structures. The orders di - Siven by Hensy III for repairs and additions to the royal ma- nor houses prove that no systematic plan was adopted, when @ these additions are concerned. When a larse area of sround w was surrounded by a fortified enclosure, and formed what was called a court (curia), in which the primitive lodsins was i insufficient, it became quite common in the 13 th century to enlarge that lodging accordins to needs by successively erect- a ry By of | ee tb jeleqedo .2% A dtunesetences wise tot Sabtoers ie ony 10d t bas e1ed. berstisos siew legeme ds bol od sauath Ltad eeedt Yo sedesio sistiso s ced¥ .eweofoas ond ie 2 a cee sien yodt .bstseto io besetagoisds seed eedt 4) -—pyaemttenoe ,beow to ¢lind (étels) estseesc barevoo yd betosa ae) ee $e beeolo yltnsups7t stom tod ,ecetst10eq neqo to mot sad at edt to elbbie sd¢ otni mwoids ot]ew ehaiblind sesd? .eshte edd es wat0 ysito e sd Blucn ea .sext esenetoh edi tatvssl exrgeclons -geotvise edd -yiotneo dt EL sdé al selfew yd Sesolone steiliv setetnl sdt dotdw .Ifeati eyvectfoue sit of betosnnoo s10m aisw , edt erssagacdeds yieo saaiaediaseite ai bebhis sistonate Isa os -dsteo Ankbsoeia edt .ydtialimie [eqntoetidors yas déiw elteao ~bnedtxe hus gnoiwe eeslo1o etcm esensiebh yino anied ednemdall -tegevieve to einiblind soivise bas eaciésticed anieolons be si¢os ms to eeki on diiw eaoienemib *nerettib yiev te brs ete said. betoste celieso sneoilinssm wee yiwines dv Fi sAT .yser - «blest tasoitinzem to dsdt sesatdaiot lo wilswp aisdt of bebbe -gispesa [fe bos esotvise aisdt déin bebivoig ylinabends ssone ~Nismob eid Yo tebim edd wi Raiwil biel s Yo etil ed¢ a03 bs «no0etate® s bne tinoo elsti{ a yd hebavorine | 908 ai grutostidova. offeswod Fo ¢muoo0k smok .80Ll.g.t stor e8sqadovytwstaso At Et sit Fo Snes sat oF Fesupn0d sd#t mort baad ) ydigyou vd bedtoeds ask ti phsnew meilebyet eivod .2 asa tA ; ~teddo edd mo efqee0 odd yd no fertosotone fos .fned eno sst ao _@ fsoitifec eidt tfs? ylisistsn bedooss si dedé esoitibe sit rsonsaltat bemueet yedd eredw Lice edt mo seote yodt noitenutie -miteoodd fas rewoq Ieyou sii sisiw iesiccs 10 19787 918 yedt dissh edi tA .bexiosti0 fas ishn0ate smeoed nolisexinsea0 Is soning dedt fobis Sac Jedt ,meiisheyst FSi ni gestwA gtlidd Yo + e@omev® te eeonivors geenrt eit nwore odd sashes onidviane: ni anid edt Io elaqmexs odd setts ;,ulsewod bus dota Meeti Baxyot yd sendis .etstt to 1dmnn a hexatupos bad siaesevy fase soe edt ‘to seusced 10 .esoivise tisdt to soixc edd es yo ssonsilf[e eidto esbsesio afd Qniavb [fe seol bad ode ,eeldon to nine — «2 Yo ytitonim edd to exeey geTit oft SatieG .yindmeo dt SE aes ace URE 8 hemtot ean seid .wond Iie es eivod bas Rowoy Slide cemow s vd hebiesk .some7$ Yo nwote edd den - elnces: off pnomh «2eitifsup [soisilog tse12 io Eetosqerve ton = Rott Jnstoi edd dentade bepdee! sons7% to aor ods 0 fein it _ oe fo biol. JER tema rennntnticate Satya Same edt too | Mei ‘6 Tae ie af as, Pi scailllog ; , A af 81 erecting new structures, such as chambers, chapels, kitchens, that at first were scattered here and there in the area of +t the enclosure. When a certain number of these buildings had thus been appropriated or created, they were successively coils nected by covered passases (aleia) built of wood, sometimes in the form of open porticos, but more frequently closed at the sides. These buildings were throwm into the middle of the enclosure leaving the defenses free, as would be a city or ¥ villase enclosed by walls. In the 13 th century the services were more connected to the enclosure itself, which the inter- nal structure aided in strengthening; only thehr appears the castle with any architectural similarity, the precedins estab- lishments being only defenses more or less strons and extend- ed, enclosing habitations and service buildings of every nat- ure and of very different dimensions with no idea of an enti- rety. The 13 th century saw magnificent castles erected, that added to their quality of fortress that of masnificent resid- ences abundantly provided with their services and all requir- ed for the life of a lord living in the midst of his domain, surrounded by a little court and a garrison. Not?) 1oP2106. Some Account of Dowesrtro Architecture Wn Bné- Lona from the Gonguest to the end of the 13 th contury.-Chap.de Rfter &. Louis feudalism waned; it was absorbed by royalty on the one hand, and encroached on by the people on the other; the edifices that it erected naturally felt this political s situation. they arose on the soil where they resumed influence; they are rarer or poorer where the royal power and the natim- al organization became stronger and organized. At the death of Philip August in 1223 feudalism, that had aided that prince in reuniting under the crown the finest provinces of France, found itself rich and vowerfu,; after the example of the kins some great vassals had acauired a number of fiefs, either by alliances or as the price of their services, or because of the ruin of nobles, who had lost all durias the crusades of the 42 th century. During the first years of the minority ef a8. Louis as all know, there was formed a formidable leasue asai- nst the crown of France, suarded by a woman still young and not suspected of sreat political gualities. Among the vassals of the crown of France leagued against the infaat king, one of the most powerful was Ensuerrand III, lord of Goucy, S- ae ae. 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sdt ta aaiace © Mesdt 10d (lew oft Yo eesmlotds ods at sbaa vetviad ove W oA eRe § ¢A .enedotid odd ai nem edt bas srveolons sad¢itd biases ,beyorteeh od yliese hivoo teis .etisde seboow s dtiw [isd s % Igvoo eden sdt dtiw yielI[ss nasnaivisidss edi Hstosnnes dordy -9se "9 Lied edt ofni Satnesao 2 yewaltede sidtil ssT .viefise be ‘odT XK nisteoce off to enoléslooiddam fos eif{{woti0og eft bev edd dtiw betoennoo tfeett eaw *X yisliae nseneiiedtdse aswel yehefeed edi IT .stst edd to siaow tecqn sid Bnivise U eriste ~/o°esw Si gonte .s[uolttib esx doidw) X¥ atedeo0 edd nexsd bed teas eslitostoie sdt asbhbeue¥ sted terit sdt eceso os Yiseesoon -sitéed eit bas [isw astv0 asisorig sdt to d1eq is¢qu sdt mo1t e100f AcibIot ows sotot o¢ .L few ed mo bensao edcom fnodsoa #2 Sstost Mfeewtd bavct of ,(emotiscolidosm eft sost _asipoilo asivo edt txeoa dotib sdt te motiod edt ot Sniasao af -ttod edd tnieols s0och fenort edd Isl eid te Saived .wnistave eemewol sdt ni becaote bos .nsdotid edt Yo ysutisse odd To mo fish's rt Liew [autos os et doidw .“X eniace edt yd *X yieliss =stod odd ot betsrteneo od ,eilivosiog eft beowot ed Ti .asiiso =2100 tuoddin bas fever ef dotdw .‘V dodib Isnuedai ont to mod ‘qsqau edt yo metesd svaoo sid Yo bavow sdt déiw soitsoiagm " =ed @ mort mid so eelisoetotq taso tadt .ceed edt lo esenstel ossd (esto edt no yew Hotevoo eds word bas .tt VOL to sai -[88 Bersveo elds Satyasooo sem eid dedd oe s10m edt .seol sew 7 i _nsenetietdue edt ‘odnt eesa .8 etiste sit baeseeh binoo y1e!l Rents Molsdo bus Anse sno Rnitoe eds coors \*X yreliee odd mort SI .mid baided misteog odd tnivsie: yd tse1 : re oe LA) . — un ‘al penta hee | ol, sii a <- A J 4 ay ve 84 court to the covered way at the top of the outer wall by the stairs V near the entrance of the keep. communication from na the halls P was by means of a stairs to the bottom of the di- tch, behind this circular wall, and with the exterior by a pos- tern prerced at X and furnished with foldinas leaves, machico- lations and portcullis, correspondins to a second postern Y with drawbridge openings on the slope and masked by the tower. C. A lower passage X’ was covered by a half tunnel vault and pierced at the level of the bottom of the ditch, followins t the circumference of the curtain, and was evidently designed to stop the work of miners, like our galleries of permanent countermines arranged under the fronts of curtains and basti- ons. In this subterranean sallery at X”was found an excellent spring at the level of the sround for the use of the kitchen, At W are vrivies made in the thickness of the wall for the a sSuard oftbhat enclosure and the men in the kitchens. At Z was 3 hall with a wooden stairs, that could easily be destroyed, which connected the subterranean sSallery with the upper cover- ed gallery. The little stairway Q opening into the hall P ser- ved the portcullis and mathicolations of the postern X. The lower subterranean gallery X’ was itself connected with the stairs U serving the uover works of the gate. If the besieser had taken the posterm X (which was difficult, since it was necessary to pass the first gate Yyunder the vrojectiles cast from the upper part of the circular outer wall and the battle- ments opened on the wall J, to force two folding doors and \f. face the machilocations), he found himself facings a portcull» is opening to the bottom of the ditch next the outer circular curtain, having at his left the ironed door closings the bott- om of the stairway of the kitchen, and stopped in the lower gallery X’ by the sorins X”, which is an actual well in a dark cellar. If he forced the portcullis, he penétrated to the bot- tom of the internal ditch V’, which is paved and without com- munication with the ground of the court; beaten by the upper defenses of the keep, that cast projectiles on him from a he- isht of 197 ft. and from the covered way on the curtain, he was lost, the more so that the men occupying this covered sal- lery could descend the stairs Z, pass into the subterranean gallery X’, cross the springs on a plank, and cut off his ret- reat by retakins the postern behind him. 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Qnived tied vdio edd ot biel esy okete \. ITIX efvod anti vd mid dtel e1asha0 =wiedte emis emoe nodd :nedat noose esw fioidn .Stdr .OL yey a0 to siieso saz rr ‘évede asomedo dsce® .ebiow wet s ¢ivem exswot avot eesdT -2asce1 dtiv @ehie xie to beeoamoo yilsnasini ei yiote Barve Sts emodT ceed? ,esavesidus yd beo1sia e1s doidw to emoe ,e¢ --@iebtfoe edd .yrode dose nf otantedis eedoin est bas bet ivev Sw eoosigertd .(an0T .t14).serev solv bas ebiov edd seve anied bs i Q Le Peed) : : es ; “or ; t¢... ot it ar be - i > fo 87 at B beings the keep with its enclosinsS wall. One will find in Art. Donjon the description of this masnificent structure. At R is-thecchapel, orientated and broadly conceived, executed with unequaled grandeur, if we judge by the fragments of mul- lions of the windows scattered on the sround; at D is the sr- eat hall of the tribunal, called that of the knishts, because one sees in the niches the statues of the nine knishts. Two fireplaces warm the hall, strongly lishted at its southern end by a great slass window opened in the Sable. Wooden carpe- entry with a painted vault of boards covered the hall. At & is the hall of the nine Prussians (7), whose fisures were sc- ulptured in the round on the mantle of the fireplace. A boud- oir F is taken from the thickness of the curtain and accompa- nies this hall: that room is lishted by a larse and wide win- dow looking out on the country toward Noyon, and was certain- ly the most pleasant vart of the castle; it was warmed by a little fireplace and elegantly covered by a small cross vault. The last structures date from the end of the 14 th century; one sees perfectly how they were added to the older buildings; how to render them more habitable, the curtains were raised a story higher; for in the primitive construction, these certa- inly did not reach a hish level, leaving to the five towers a greater domination, and the buildings for habitation had a much less importance. wrom the time of Ensuerrand ITI, the actual habitation of the lord was the keep; but when the feu- dal customs, however rude they were, became in the country elegant and refined about the end of the 14 th century, this keep must appear very sloomy, fark and inconvenient. the lords of Coucy then built those elegant structures opening on the country, fortifying them according to the method of that epoch. The keep and its curtain, the four angle towers, the lower part of the curtains, the substructure of the great hall, the gro- und of the entrance and the chapel, as well as the enclosure of the lower court, belons to the primitive construction of the castle of Coucy under Bnsuerrand ITT. These four towers merit a few words. Bach champer above the sround story is internally composed of six sides with recess- es, some of which are pierced by embrasures. These rooms are vaulted and the niches alternate in each story, the solids b peing over the voids and vice versa.(Art. Tour). 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F ony: Maal Vatt ’ i" 90 but which received according to merit a more or less consider- able portion of land under the title of fief; once vossers of that fraction of the lord’s domain, they built their manor h houses, i.e., fortified houses withdut keep or towers, and t thus lived as proprietors of the soil, havins onty some duti- es toward the lord, lending him their aid and that of their men in case of war, and rendering homage to him. By prolonging a state of war, each feudal lord then had the hove of increas- ing his domain at the expense of his neighbors, of ausmentins the fiefs pertaining to the castle, and of surroundings himself with a great number of vassals disposed to support hin. Note Bepetihe. shis view of the enterrvor of the court of the castle of Goucy is -assuneddtoobe token Tron the siae of the chopel nearest the entrance. On the riaht Vs seen the keep w With VES POStern ond Arawbridage, MW the third plane is the principal gore and the circular wal, in the {First plone is she chapel ond the bestuning of the stairs ascending to the covered gallery of the circulor curtain. By his conquests, Philip Ausust could largely satisfy that hierarchy of ambitious men, and althoush he lost no occasion presented for uniting the fiefs to the royal domain, for div- idins them and for diminishing the political*importance of t the great vassals, by makins the fiefs directly dependent on the crown, yet in dying he left a sood number of lords, whose power could sive umbrase to a sovereisn havins less strensth and less activity to display. If Philip Ausust had lived ten years longer, and could have governed his provinces in entire peace, it is difficult to know what he could have done to oc- cupy the ambition of the great vassals of the crown, and how he could have undertaken to suppress that power, which could believe itself now a rival of the increasins royalty. The sh- ort reignsoffLouis VITI was asain filled by wars; but during the minority of Louis IX a coalition of the sreat vassals ca- me near destroying the work of Philio Ausust. Fortunate circ- umstances, @ division of the allies, the ability of the moth-- er of the king, saved the crown; contests ceased and the roy- al power avveared to be strensthened anew. Jne side of the character of S. Louis, that one cannot adm- ire too much, is the perfect knowledge of the time and of the men among whom he lived; with a mind much in advance of his P y, \ i fhe mit: ZZ e 5 ‘ex We A, i F ; ; Pet - —- cot a bey ta j tlds 4," F. oe. _ ¥ a4 ” ¢ on i a taerenno re sit ;notenetxe 10t scod oft bed we2nel om di nediv - tebtw eds ni hetoor yltoneititics Jey ton o19w mid yd bodett ‘deed | #8aroe snolndast oft of ofostedo ns esogoo ot sfaoeq edt to eects eteen sed? mort tevo oF YrsEes0en ean TI] schol edt to °)) FHO ABew oF (snords odd hebavovswe tadd erodddaien evorsansk _ tInest elds ossose ot .dtisew atedd atsami o¢ .r9K0G astedd Faebsento sid oadd asite ensém yok soneie to enix edt neds. bed tomib (boim & dove dtiw sentra & tsdt ,eveilsd yloorsoe nso. of “¥$oostebay od nedw .bivod .2 to teds es .benstikif{me bre tent ~roziteq @ yievem woetv at bed test odd of noisihsaxs gest? eld -nof tid tninobnads ni sedd .twerdMet ed ton bilwyoo eH «mia fa 7 '¥o s¢raktoe sis nedw emis 8 ni” basil yfod sds rempn0067 oF ents ~eve ol toiveel esw od ,isivood nedt eesl on esw esbsenuto odd #60 gadt bes .nsdetaobon bed ed tedd .emrote s tees oft sansa yretonlov eid tedt .efive edd r0Ot sidtenceees een sd bob er0t ,S08e¢ ts mobenix sd? .elaoeq sid Snomse seuso sdtim sonseds -fito doas dtiw efboerte oc osted yrilebust eds Yo esxsdmem ont “Sos? rmetasdied of aupte1 s .srsw [ivio tnensm1e0 ssw elds 49 eleeesv tse1® eft to enolenste1g ed# sorct yd secaqo os saieeb =d3 yr1s08 OT .aAWdto ede Jediers encitifsco wen siovors oF sew ot yYdowsnoh edt 103 @aw Sone7F wort wet sievia Irtriswoq eee -ust gnisisqnt yidewouod? to ensem sfloe sd¢t yinteso dé FI eds *Pestase eseeors76% eldsntesomt ssodd aoiowhsa rot bos ,meilseb febnuowipe nesd eivod .€ bat .enoidd eft Yo easte edt no sent, A ~ob ei ti .esflivatol sb buol to wWdmet edd 3o elaeesv yd yoo ‘edd tud ;eobeento eld nevxstastaw evad fi[vow sd dads Ivtsdu -dowsoom ai etemetis etd .betivoos fed si tedd gosboeses IsioMm ~[Is leboet eat nevoid eved ten bluooe eqadisa tnemnieves {soi edd bevtua emis emee edt te Hae beiavooo jon bad of Ti .eonet ~ to brs + 8h .¥isisA0o add no yintnes dt Sf edt fio efbbim edz mort _=9e19 Beseortrot won ,tiiwdex so berisges aslieso blo eft ses reeelb bas esidvois eft to 1eveo ishop ewiotinisd done? so be ttatas [shust edd medi gud syasanoo sit heisloesk ged¢ sized | -dt bas ,ytilidom sit te emoteno odt es ilew es ,beitibeom ean —s e Ratauh mesodo saodt wort saerstifbh emrot eis. esonsbiss? 936 | 2 to dadé to Batnsiged eft fa bone tevduk gilidd to neiss ont di &t sdt of qu slidw .eeosiag boititsot smsosd ysdt yetwoi ~stided dtiw bebiveriq esese1sts0% yisiem siew eslieso yindaso -«glieee yisv sis eoiteiretosiadio daetetIib yiev seedT .enois taiog Isausoetidois sft most sonsticomi ¢ss1h sved yeds ,a9se -ted beteixs evad) tenm ti es youoD to elteso edd Sas .weiv fo eav1es awintoso dt Bf edt to bne odd ts. noidovitencoss sid s10 ?. »buoose boa s2e1td odd to esiseso edd neewsed noitiensad 8 es sded herstisoe aninistnco sweolone ns tebael on ai si jebnit + oa nepentovetae a yd hetentmob oxelliv beitisiot s edil ,ancitsti Pg ; ne a ry . * i> a , > i ; Li aw © = os ' : as :- ae _ ” : Tt aes oe apcgie gonneo ti base wqsed sfig .d10T | 95 Note Leveleie Inst. de S. Louris, by count Beugnor. Note 2opeiBi. bes OVim (ordinances). Vole 1. pe Aii- Note Sopoi2eine The sawe. Note 35. At the end of the 13 th century feudalism, ruined by the o crusades, attacked in its organization by the royal power, w was no longer in condition to cause serious fears to the mon- archy, nor sufficiently rich and independent to erect fortres- ges like that of Coucy. Besides in that epoch no lord could construct nor even enlarge or fortify anewsaleastle, without having first obtained permission from his sovereign. We find in the Olim among other decrees and ordinances on this matter, that the bishop of Nevers brought au action against the prior of Gharite-sur-Loire, because he wished to erect a fortress, and had himself been actioned by the bailiff of the king for having simply repaired the battlements. of his own. S. Louis had assumed the right of sranting or refusing the construct- jiom of fortresses; and if he could not overthrow all that ex- isted in his time on the area of his domainsjsand that save umbrage to him, at least he claimed to prevent the erection of new ones: and indeed one finds few castles of importance built from 1240 to 1340, i.e., during that period of the Pre- nch monarchy, that proceeds resolutely toward unity of power and of sovernment. From the middle of the 14 th century on the contrary, we see the old castles repaired or rebuilt, new fortresses erec- ed on French territory, under cover of the troubles and disas- ters that desolated the country; but then the feudal spirit was modified, as well as the customs of the nobility, and th- ese residences take forms different from those chosen durins the reign of Philip Ausust and at the besinnins of that ef §. Louis; they became fortified palaces, while up to the 13 th century castles were merely fortresses provided with habita.. tions. These very different characteristics are very easily seen; they have great importance from the architectural point of wiew, and the castle of Coucy as it must have existed bef- ore the reconstruction at the end of the 14 th century, serves as a transition between the castles of the first and second kinds; it is no longer an enclosure containing scattered hab- itations, like a fortified villase dominated by a princely fort, the keep; and it cannot either be the palace, the comb=- iki uf ‘ fost dee .reb10 salute ab bocts entity Wi Yo) aes | pois +i dents. apr ee «arte ahanianiones edt ot ie otid, es “~ 8 ‘ “faaened & od Raibiooos betourtenco elteao [eox odd si ae aatoes idows Yo niemob edg of Aniaioter ylerites tnemesca1I6 | ke dads .enoniwi of 918 asonshiee: febust evedd [ila yebor rr aot hoivaee pirvsc sdt to sebi tosxs ne aniatdo y[sousoe azo eitthiente sedoidt ems entesiwo Bos exr)swot edt .noisstided edd gap | Ratvecl ,nolttoniteeb geleer biaoo bas ,eeiusowise Aninismes Ae _ duoddiw setnomeansi1s onteneteh Jneasmisa oss to skbut oF an i oe 40 ,noktodiateib {envedat oft to Lisseb sdé eu anivis, F _ edd Yo ybod edt hetoesors dads .esonsbacged Ienasixe evotemno sab need eved teus ol¢eeo @ tadw aehienoo od s19610 al .soasla - tot yiseesoon et +i .vwineo dé Fr edt to tied deail edd oni ie eafoinordo at henietaoo enoitciiessbh oF eeiwoost sved of an ie “aakdnen ton 918 eanotiqtiozeb eeedi eieianutioy ,eeonamo1 bus ee -o-etnetons teom edt Io on0 whelisteb etino nezto sexs yodt fas on Yo tusao t¢eritedd nt bentatooo dedt ei selognie bas sislqnoo | “eso edt %o swan efit sebaw doidw bone .9208 edt to sonsmod ofd eh enol .devgud qilidd to exvuod edt stoigqsb .yevolsel to old | — thind eaw sivod edt to geai 10 1ewod desi edgy daddt snstonti | _eviee ot been ds bne sivessrs eid evisoss of sociig tedd yd wort bled stew sone19. to eleit [fs ;ederS edd 102 nosito 6 4s Sadinhain eleeecy teert oft doidw of .eiveod edé to aewod edt - fsdio ed? anid sdt of ytilebhit to diso sit wood bas. .ehenmod ako @iLidd yd betoo1e seiveitl sien olteso tend 0 eeindonate a; pane bi0)..teeqe o¢ ¢ elar0d eb Asif Lit wolls 409 .ten er yea + FSI. SSF +o be ey tlw? vi alse. servag ,9808 oJ 38 maned ef&Sieda lt Stour - enodanamth otteastduodh ota, @217Od 8H wos sli sESLi Get 9FQk ot etsoq wollo of yrosssoon as ti sud ;tboTd bun Atgned as yor “os 3 ; : s + SF OTPSZOxXS N e brawot Kees oton sal sat sr9fed besbal. .£8l.ge8 ston Pian} a adatace of Ssiqoba ATO" bsonagho sittid o sow seats? sat ie a 08 Ciarree x38) | , a - 610 ne |, M estorensg Leomhbaoune ap ST9u adh TuOFP SA9AT wBSL.GE SFOK _ i out teom toto sa0 ylno 6382898809 M90G9 Fodt ad BSITB90 sar - atess (948 pad eite0o 0 G20 otawad att tua -eatsteog amoe At sw Reh a vs ed bsauno eow estos fo rsdmun Sat bao ,ytio Foe7e Oo THOSE bre nin at _~taotroqal yte¢ stew todd ,ssasasfekh Jaoursixs a Le i i os RIS rarh Guecenesiete ot entoeerpevatéotontn rst? 7OF etter Pil + ie : ee a m Se ke X, eee. eae : ; Aap ie hh mi, ie i ea ue 96 combination of buildings placed im resular order, subjectins the defense to the arransements required by the habitation, the real castle constructed accordins to a Seneral scheme, a arrangement entirely returning to the domain of architecture. Today all these feudal residences are so rwinous, that one can scarcely obtain an exact idea of the parts servings for t the habitation, the towers and curtains are thicker than the remaining’ structures, and could resist destruction, leavins us to judge of the permanent defensive arrangements, without siving us the detail of the internal distribution, or of the numerous external dependances, that protected the body of the place. In order to consider what a castle must have been dur- ing the first half of the 13 th century, it is nocessary for us to have recourse to descriptions contained in chronicles and romances; fortunately these descriptions are not wanting and they ere often quite detailed. One of the most ancient, complete and singular is that contained in the first part of the Romance of the Rose, and which under the name of the cas- tle of Jealousy, depicts the Louvre of Philip August. None is ignorant that the great tower or keep of the Louvre was built by that prince to receive his treasure and at need to serve as a prison for the State; all fiefs of France were held from the tower of the Louvre, in which the great vassals rendered homage, and took the oath of fidelity to the kins. The other structures of that castle were likewise erected by Philip Aus- ust. But allow Villiam de Lorris 1 to speak. (Old French Poem. ps 122, 123.1 Note 1-p.-122. Rowan Ge Va ROSe, verse B814. Note 1.p.123. WALVLiow de Lorrie here doubvessthe dimensions AWN Length ova breadth, but 1% Vs necessary to allow poets to exaederate. Note BeH-1ABe Indeed vefore the principal gate ond towerd she Seine wos a Little advanced work adapted to contain ao Su- Orde Note 3-0-1223. These four gortes were an exception, generally castles in that epoch possessed only one or at most Wo gates with some posterns. But the Louvre was o castle im the plain near o rent city, and the numver of gates was caused by the external aefenses, that were very important, and vy the neces~ sity for the sovererven Be recelwe Vn Nis castle ao great asesen- af ss a) on - - ¢ fm > aaa 4h . sqoog od? SHomo ftosgeot avetntom oF ai70d Fo ytio sat bavoro 9 SHIT Plasatd basfeh bas qu tude of s7Ted yroessosnne sow FT 9809 gaisestg co af afoto tud ,#iomoh afd fo tabla sat ad Sv0s tlousr a yetio sdf to #70q@ o OF woafvr10es BAF Fo traq 0 base oF ““@ wo yd beboto00sd sod of Pleaaid wolfe tor of yitasuoseroa bn0 ~$f03 si¥ata sit svofed bsbsofrTed stew ode ,etnsetuant Fo ybod -08 Juvsese svod of Sisw tt? #dguOont FIT et#sh sStowrst io gao0g ee f Oe .. Ss7Td#rol eff of eof esesilaosieg of srstet eddt font tushivsa ef FI skoheg. fb Stor atid tswot oc Sstosts Avow gdt-Fo #toteom SH% cASLi. Teh OFOH -69Hp 6 S794 af #2 .stusotons Sat Fo ofbbim sat ni Shida toore asdtevo sd# of pcrevttn0o todt ,svevod sd#?+ Fo gest sdt Fo nott TO sJébia sat to yltooxs sow @ettutasa At BS bao dt St sAt Fo fo qse# eft fout ,#sg707 fon av fst #uG .erwsofons. stouns sat o eo ‘sows eo yrwsosts o ,.rswot Jnnoftasoxs £0 sbew St¢Hwog sAt sfiaoo0s sdf afotaqxs ystosfrsg estos twoy sat seksseg .seas iss 180} JSo FO asxo sdf no cow bao bsdeow toads , Gad asdt Fo wo =<7od sh motSliw yd wottorsagoxns Siite af sve8 ASL. Ge SFR yd rvetemosi .tf 53 Tuvodo pilxo sow stevold sat vo gsexv sat sed -Powbtvogms fasasftib yrse fo ef yowos Fo gsexv sift (wadd .tF se toy Fit SES tuodn FAdssd sti Sao .tF VeLOL sated TEfsmOss ets efor" fog quo note bsfoste aasd syot feue voxron FO qasnv sdf vstto tive ulao sow qss¥ sédt todt aéotre9 af ¢T .8onener eva w gat gutevos yoros Fo bvof beorg st .teugud géilid? Fo Foods? ‘-otq fo god sat nd sted wi bstoors od of sf#600 add fo alsow ‘evom of oF datw sd S75 .G080 Bid HO soHeTe FO aAwOTd sat salso | $besoowe of bom/oso sd aagéstscos adt aodt Tettsd bao ~10.) 96 WOsSSEN FO omtt edt at sostlod wom BFS eASEeGod OtoK at ricien Srotiom tstied show tosenta itiw bstoss eait todt .eit Paes ee Sem . | : Sisyotqus JSéte hodtea todt 74 Itustto avoérse teow ott etirsm sbeesog afAT AS. G22 SFON "9 edt Fo yteritas eAt td good sit aarsonoo sist regHos on tt ftom ere" fevgvk glide Fo svevol edt Fo ensotivsa off .etiso9 9 0U0g sdf Fo ofteos edt Sano ,asatbiiud foarvstas yd bsSduob aedetee 20 _ cen fos ad at St bao dt tr sdt Fo eslteno sat Leyesitk: ite yS ~ a : me > ny oh a : a hd if : dy eA S ae eae os m ba Dh wi | tibds. ote: rrr aera a orld? Yo egetedssds oat h sibeos ase: fo bro eenaaont¥ to grvtroo dc At edt wt beaéotss Bt “ae shaegataw’ elseétorogaoo gino shu veuswod todd ,sJéfand sat Fo Pe. oe ow ,bstéupst yilososqes 97194 s9to) Tu0t 8iT .tastus nd tad Ty booosG ‘988977107 seatt gaitosrs TOF Ytieesosa sHt yd .90oFTEd ey 97 sssenblage of people. Ke see thot arrangement of four Sates retoined Va the 14 sh Centuny at Vincennes and at the castle of the Baste, thot however was ONLY COMPOTEtively URiMpPOTt— ant wn extent. The four gates were especially required, we % believe, by the necessity for erecting these fortresses placed around the city of Portis to maintain respect among the people. Tt was wnnecessary here to shut up and defend Winserlf Vike a Vora in the widest of his domain, Kut again Ln ao pressins case to send ao part of the Sarrison to a part of the city WH revort, And CONSSOUSHt*LY tO NOt ALLOW himself to ve wvockaded by Oo % pody of Ansurgents, who were barricaded before the single gate. Long ofterwards Henray TTT thought 1% werd to have several go- tes to MRS LOUOTE. Note 1- poi. Tt Vs evident that this vefers to porrtoa\iise s. Mote WeHPeiShe ahe wosters of the work erected a tower with Sreat SkILV in the widdrle of the enclosure, % is herve a ques- sion of the keep of the Louvre, thor contramy to the custons of the 12 th ond 13 th centuries was exactly ot the widdle of the saquore enclosure. But Lert us not forget, that the keep of she Lowore was on exceptional tower, a treasury os WUch as a GZefense. Besides, the four sates perfectryy explain the Looartr- on of this keep, hot masked and was ON the axes of al\ four. Notes) Bepei®he Hore Vs Srtiv\y exasserartion by WAVWViow de Lor- ris, the keep of the Louvre wos only about 6G Ft. ArLaneter vy QB ft. HSH) the Keep Of Goucy Vs of very Af feeent Luportiuce, Ate ArLamerter beins 101.7 Tt. and Lts herent ovourt 213 ft., yor the keep of coucy must have been erected when our poet wrote WLS rowonce. I% Vs Gertoin that this keep was only Out of ter Shot of PHIVAp August. The proud Lord of Bouncy cousin the w wovls of his castle to ve erected in Weete iw the hop of pla- eine the crown of France on wis Head, AI he wish to dO more and verter than the soverevén he claimed to succeed? Note AePeAQhe wed wen vKelieve in the time of Rien de Lor- ris, thot Liwe slaked with oinesor wmode better nortar? Was th hat weshod stivV enployed? Note Sepoi®he This passage merits the wost serious attentions A% no Longer here concerns the keep out the entirety of Wide castle. The curtains of the Louvre of Philip August were NOX Joubled by internal KuiILAings, and the castve of the youvre, Vike the castles of the 144 th ond 12 th centuries was composed _ Pt ee | ae , +, & ui - 3, a a a vi rf ve ir : ) o1nso edt 40 4 pee yah i lesarerntn ts doviadl, Pea pee : lbndirerse? os? scddewabs ott bao gest sdt batéidodad b10S 907 | ewe seted, sit evodo 998 bfuoo sao samét todt to wod sbhnotertsbay m, bn0 BT EWOTHEH EROS 8 to estveqg Teggv sat enfotrus, stt; To atas fr oddiesoq. ton. eow tI .tvwoo att jo asta sdt no S90ndq efonogaon ; -TH0 ott jo sefves/sog edt ao esaiaas. sssdt saéoosg Fo xanédt of : bsebad eaeyor aétt0d 95 wosd sti serowot edt ao ses! Séiéte ,eadod ~gérossd sit bao lellow sdf addtia peoud ",a¢teno edt aldtéa® » Bgalbiied FI .sed¢oatg syouso gro afr10d 06 anédssisll Jo, anott -goo seed svod Sbiuwow godt ,andotirvea edd? teantoho fiiud sed bod. if = used. sevod ton Sivoo esaseas sat Fo sqot edt ban ,.sjoor yd 4978 geatotgxs: moog oft Fo sgoeaog edt#t .etnsastdtiod edt 940 #898 _ ~ffitro? sdt seadmoxs 920. H#9du .PanoTte Bsyouse Bow toast FoBz a gltolsodtieq .ytutasa dt SL edt Fo Plod tars} edt Fo anotfoo er toat to, soaesti7o? Jobus} ott fo. ylveen +8ad/faoo Fe ssodt redvwtase dt ef bao dt it edt af hséfibou toa srew fodt .A#9098 wot ydseitotdsy bao srswot aiéd yrag Fo. eesyse 9 taseerG 88 .eteoqg gafsd ssewot oft asd? sewnoed e+ hsabas add? yanéatauo -ovftve tow Sod todt ,srveolsas #0, gafsostorg ef70} sittis 10 deuons- ton fucd ,ssaidoow Sufiteco tos7s tastorg of tAgésd saad 4 -maltted sdt#+ +800 a@snote gSusteacc mort asnéidoom sdt tasusaq ot a © ; 4 a 1 ~-_ 7 ¥ : 7 = wre | a . - ¥ ’ ¥ v > 98 of an enclosure flanked by towers with oa keep at the centre. The Lora Whovited the keep and the garrison the towers. One wunaerstands how at thot time one could see sbove the battLen= ents of the curtains the upper parts of stone+throwers and w wongonels ploced on the area of the court. It wos not possiore 4o think of placing these endSines on the Galleries of the cur- Sains, StiLL Less on the towers. Killiow de Lorrie soys tndeed Mpirthin the castle,” Vee0., within the walls, and the desoriyp- Svons of WiVViaw de Lorris are alwoys precise. If ovuilarings wad been HUILE Gsoinst the curtains, they would have been cov- ered vy roofs, and the tops of the engines courd not have veon seen over the battlements. This passage of the poem explains a foot thot wos olwoys strange, when one examines the Torvwr{t- cottons of the first half of the 12 th contury, particularly those of costes. Nearly aL. the feudod fortresses of that e epoch, that were not modified In the 14 th ond 16 th coenturi— es, present oa series of very hish towers ond reLatively Low curtaims, this Vadeed is becouse then the towers being posts or Virttbe forts protecting an enclosure, that hod not suffrc- Vent HEvanrt to protect great castiug wochines, but not enough 4o prevent the wochines from costwe stones over the vottlem- ents OW the assailants. When Simon de HYontforrt vesiesged Toul- ouse, he took the external castle, thar wrongly or rrehtly passed for o Rowan work, but whose wolls were very high. PY essed by time, rother thos Lower the wolls between the tow- ers tO permit estaolishing the great engines, he caused ter- races to ve bVALE Inside. Thus the defensive system of castles vefore the second half of the 13 th century consists of towers of considerable command, connected vy Low curtains, {ree \Wus- Vae LO permit Placing on the ground powerful costing nochines. This explains why in wost of these castles moy ve seen nO tr- ace of habitations abutting against these Curtoins. At castle gavlVara of Andelys, only two barracks cre attached to whe © Curtains, one iu the outer court and the other in the vaner court, but these barracks are erected on the side next whe precipice, thot G14 not allow the vesriesger to establish hin- Sevf~ opposite the romports. Ke sholl soon see how and why tars system was entirely modified in the 1. th century. Note 1ePei®e. The upper golvertes of the keep wore eauipped with Lixed casting wachines, vesides the portoole arms borne | 5-3) Rie : ; _ eet a .. g cee ae Ll et i et “eee bm) eee: ide ae feb fo. ERPS ay ae sbloe Aoos. ne wo Qatasgo.sto8 (Jogtonirg) dtuos ott sbistu0 weShegeS 9t0X ene ed &adtaos} sansjeh wot stéiup fn0 grawitg © eats? sat ‘ft perewod oat Fo sonmottas. sit et0ted abtay 02 twodoa tléuvd aow -9a 94¢ STaped galaroz alioa yd bshavorrtes gyno slttit o sdéJl feo moairt12§g oft of that pads tO}. ,290netvOGms fasT2 hod. sxtew _ bebio th ;wadt Sfsd té P4 ,aoston Fo wahest? até Jie sféaoo 0 q@ gaortte foes To} savotdted fo saolg sat halii} bac asétroe ts sv¥1ow wos sesdt ,syos afttod 9h modisih @h .f9ofd .t14).2800Sq | _ @ mar? qoortt séiteod sdt hatasestg ,afoom sat sbistuo ba0as¢ ~om tuwodtie toow sdt Fo sho odt oF teens feTéy sAt to safmos goa 644 eanidoog guitaeo asde Aoogs #0 al .sonotefas? dasts at bavettvs of taottogné yrse eae Th 0097 Za0/ YT9G © acod. tigia to setutedto 10> ;exvowtue gidéysbsanos yrou dtla siteoe etessom us} o md dotth sat fff} bluoo qoort o sadrqiva yd 10 «add sdt até avosgqge ultnsuvost} toof afAT .adiow sdt sfiooe bao ; Jéowa fo saJtaos anrson0asds asda ,90a077 af atow THO Fo ytot -utuo sat aon of faadod} jus woes s198 o toa Sod. todt 10 ,9ulog a wee ‘ «2NIG ton -slorreauh $d adomt9d «2 FO shies BhF AO eB8hegGel stouk ne ew asos3 oti stodugaie yasu af egaeend 2fAl c88leGe8S St0K.. , boate?} sto dood .esitaooa as atecg fo fasasgnatte aft Fo os bd -1¢#10% of% Jo test oft¢ mov} betotoss sd bivoo teds .sans7psé o ~ellod ,eso07rst eff dtéiw bsaqéups sdtene slttit Joutoo a0 .&ea bsteurttas bros sat pidéa aags a9 TadJao «flew ~ASYO ,ASHOTEN auto fo nom fo TEedaun AfotT99 o Atsu aédotqea2 o of brauwe sds fo etewot.Jo brove sdt to} save sit sow FE .279h10 804, TehH8u ad a0 bsasiio7 ton ylnommoa stow etecg sssdt .sonottogad suoa ~oatdaoo edt ylao asdt sew siteas 2 fo nosir1pg sdt gayoh two sdt to ytorétas adi so taug ,snoetrte3g stttis Jovsese fo nolt sido besa fo ,ett0f slétis Fo aodteatdweo 0 glad S0w 898N9794h . Sobes? te esomsupsanoo oA? wylstaregss ese/senadt Sas7zad of aotweolons ott ant angus F497? agatsemsds Shom audt aolasuibdua -ba0d 970 9ht no enosaatt taswupev} 930dt sonst .3sf/t200 sAt fo Atdte toate ateog Jo ,1sdto sdf ao esensfsh sietsgesh seodt 70 sonsk .astdfo} bod assttroy a fo aeXtow Tsdto Jiao asda botesest nde brot sat tostorg bfuoo.todt ,8gaax to sonotdtogas sit casa A le ul Ae abe #I «549 doves ad gtng o Atéw addvoh eow asastoh tars} added, w e200? .etetd bsJJoo aedt gow todw sveved sdt fo sbooot Ate ae Abeta. Cy ead. Sauzoto snosittog sfovoqgse sdJttis sant +onde si : a , 99 oy each solarier at the wnoment of aefense. Note VePoiVee Outside the south (principal) sate opening on the Seine, ao primary ond quite Low defense flanked by toners WAS HWUALY GbHOUrT 5O yards before the entrance of the Lowre, > this first defense wos double with o gate in each end. 1% wes Vike a Little comp surrounded by walls forming before the so- wth facade of the Louvre what was then cavleds Vists. These w works hod Great importance, for they Left to the garrison of a castle aV\\ its freedom of action, tf VE held thew, Tt orded sorties and FVLL)ed the place of barbicans for great strong YP places. (art. Lice). As WiLLiom de Lorris says, these Vow works placed ourtesrvae the woorts, prevented the hostile troop frow o coming at the first onset to the eage of the woot without ne- etings vesistonce. In on epoch when casting wochines BAG nor, Hove a very Vong reach, 1% wos very importont to surround the castle with very Sonstaerodsle ourtworks, for otherwise ot NIG* or by surprise a troop could FILL the aLtoh in a few wonents ond scale the walls. This foct frequently oappects in the his- tory of our wore in Fronce, when teeconcerns castles of swat palue, or that had not o garrison sufficient to won the ourtw- Orkse Note 1.p.i2G~- On the side of S. Germain V Auxerrois. Note 2.Poise.- This passage is very singular, Vt ives us ON ‘dea of the orraongenment of posts in castles. Bach gate forned a Zefense, thot could be isolated from the rest of the fortr- @S8, GW Actual Little castle equipped with ts terraces, hairs, Kitohen, oven, well, cellar and even willy the Lora entrusted the guard to a captain with a certain number of men ot arms under His orders. Tt wos the sone for the guard of towers of sone UWportonce. These posts were commonly not relreved as An our doysy the garrison of o castle wes then only the combine= Sion Of several Little garrisons, just as the entirety of the Qefenses wos OnLy O COMbination Of Little forts, at need aole So Gefend thenselves separately. The consequences of feudar\ subdivision thus wade theuselves felt even in the enclosures ef the castle. Hence those frequent treasons on the one hand, or those desperate defenses on the other, of posts that Strirr0 resisted when at\ other works of a fortress hod falten. Hence also she importance of keeps, thor could protect the Vora ag- ainst those Virttbe separate garrisons cround Hin. We stvvr Be als ne a i tiincd vr: sey iad 1 nH. = ere 16a: Ore jo nostgtrosss gdt Fo seoesoq “er awe baéy Agyts SRS edt gnfartesonco batote faut sow todw Fo noétomstF «Sef eenaea skrow bsfoloas gafisd esvewot .siswot bao eatotrvo Fo < » arene Pye 100 Find Tn this passage of the deacription of the Louvre the con- Lirmartion of what wos just stated concerning the arrangement of curtains and towers. sowers being Leolated works connected Only vy curtains, that they commanded, the rounds were AVE TF V- Cults or coulda be wode only in one story, communications vetu- een these separate posts were slow, this was a result of the Aefensive system of thot epoch, vased on CONnTIBVOL WistTust. Thus to a general attack were opened, 1, the Low curtoins be- PARA Which were wachines casting projectiles over the rawparts, 2, the vortt\enents $f these curtains Filled vy archers and © crossbow men, 8, the towers that commanded the country ofar ond the curtains, if they were token by scaling. To guard oso - inst surprise by NLEht, to prevent a portval treason from ca- USING the entirety of the defenses to fall Vito the hands of EHS eneny, each evening the posts were shut into their separ- ate towers, and they were not allowed to communicate together. Kotchmentploced on the upper battlements of the towers by the posts sheltered there, sentinels piloced in the galleries by he constable and nort dependent on the posts enclosed in the Sowers, exercised twofold and controlrved oversriéht. Phese are not Conjectures based On a single text and thot of o poet, S$ Sauval, who COUtd Consult ao reat nunber of documents now Lost, awond others the registers of the royol works in the chander of accounts, and who Sives detarls of Sreot terest relating to the Louvre says, (Book VII, poid)y “a good post had each A+B captain or keeper, more or Less aualified os the tower wos Lorgse or detached from the Louvre. The count of Nevers was nomed tn 1411 keeper of thot of RVndol, on Sept. 20 Thy, under SGhartes VI, the captains of thot of Bois, L*Boluse ond Grosse were Gismissed severol times. “The command of a tower pas then not a temporary function, but ao fixed post siven by the Lord. Note Lepsi2Z7. On the side of the Seine. Note 2.p.127% On the side of Rue du Goo. Fear fron the char- 6e@ of the Srond constobole, the gate entrusted to him always remained shut. 1% seens thot from the time of HilLtiaw de Lor- Tis, thot the north gate rewoined most freavently closed, veo- use of the north wind. This gate wos further wothing Out Oo postern pierced in the vase of a great Lower, probably servurvas as a Loading for the constaole of the Louvre. Guord of this A ee ar. ee ee oy . af ee ie. = ap of on Or os o | oF - ie Ce, fei ; j ybenote ste v9.08 | ban we ron -eow sé aad i Ue eveteog eae » erodtonuy Matebtattatenes odt of bSeteurtas.3sd hiuoo Pas arebTo Jorsasg gatos? af ,ateog adt Séo gai 89atego ad bot Pe passe Jo syoxt sd# gnéaovs. doos. mid at tdeusord gavood ad bao | oe «89fa% tastes} s8aomTon edt. oF bsaastéibo woreiqe a6 sf sédF oF SLeGeE SION tae -eastetiul sat Fo abla att a0 sVSteqed ston . Dear xs ~e10omu7 bod bhoavqe .oss OF «¥F8teG.d Ston epi earet al bedetow asd# taoqg a fo fetdoa dood .F8kL.g.3 stou »eoaiq ot biol s tol ytieaeoen eft ysiteso I[syou s ei eidT - Ss ett beenso (otss dose nt yltetdo noeiaier slidil 10 teoq a -geis e1sw etoadés sonia s10om edt .beotdgidium ed ot ton atixe af eb nsmoS. edt to oxemesd eis? .etatog seodd ts betemedta ay «poet eseneteb to 1edmnn edd eelteso chisel ni dads evode eeo0h -ninz enoeiire® seeds wo wenceisisk avoismun ylovitelies besa -qobs meseye eviensteh oft .booubsa oisw yes Ti (ebiof edt be -o1g asin snelisoxe .yawsaso dé Ff add to katanised eft ss bed ed tomebivoo einteo Ife modw bed asw ,nsm dtiw begatspe yiied edd ot cote fos enavt esods nodT .neseteve bas beagiups {few Betesd edt ot eldseeso smsced yisttnoo sit ao snoitsoingmmos -‘rnivad ebrol edd wod yusinso dd bf ond ni sea Iisde eW .e1e Badteb otf bos .medd yheme1 of dddavoe etostsh seedi Lexinkooss eeudrot 1iedd to etste odd tedd (emoeiaiss yd [few eevleamedd wFVOUL SAA - .evorsmnn yisv geet od medd bods imieg aséno0l on ideténse edd nt bedvosexs ediow to enoiiqiacesh snimezs wol ili ceaetnedt dooge omee ety mort etsb geds .ehiol [ebset to .(mso0q donera B10) .(yantaeso dé fk ont tsom sat Fo Sessoqmoo .gss# edt foe sosfrs0g 9AT .88hs gel stor On 228i tb2 . stodwun sooves af Sao Jufvdtiot th eeetepee se. eonee Ss7oVY .t7079E UH ADBOT «B8SLeq«e8 Ofer ‘2 aaeareees add aft. apater sovot bao asad} F7TOHOT -B8Leqe8 Stok oe ID ~bsvéogst end sad dotda sat otad betavom tetas of sao TOF STOTT SOW TE e88lLeGed STON ewe! Sit ad théud ylioren9g gaisd seidots sat. Floats sJtevo | ydVeredsg svew esavod yoTws0J ons teats} sdt ad Laaistwoo sravoo Wet? ef .svewe sg vv .ostevo sat to sghdre sat st0fsd tisé tsa tlhe taial dadéal} of aomdirvow 8980388 FTOMOR «88LoqsE OTon ee -egltquetg ] ‘paste’ “ inches bas soot no nem ,eireibi{oe edd elfso of a ais pa ~+fiso eid gs exedman deetb nf emoo yedst s«oldteso odd 28. ate Pie a Ly, A Cy, “a me. ai i ’ a * ‘ 101 postern was easy, since Vt wos norrow ond Seaneral\y closed, coulda be entrusted to the constable, whose functions consis- tea in overseeing olLV\ the posts, in GVOIng General orders, 6 and HW hoving brovgeht to Him ecoch evenins the keys of the dtf- ferent sates. Notes Sopoiat. Mhie is on eprigram addressed to the Normans. Note AcHoiS%e Om the side of the Tuileries. Note SepetBye. TO Vie, spread vad rumors. Note Ge-i27%e Hash chief of a post then wortched im turn. This is a royal castle; the necessity for a lord to place a post or little garrison chiefly im each Sate, caused the exits not to be multiplied, the more since attacks were alwa- ys attempted at those points. This pasaase of the Roman de la Rose shous that in large castles the number of defenses requ- ired relatively numerous garrisons. Now these Sarrisons ruin- ed the lords: if they were reduced, the defensive system adop- ted at the beginning of the 13 th century, excellent when pro- perly equipped with men, was bad whem all points could not be well equipped and overseen. Then those turns and stops in the communications on the contrary became vassable to the besies- ers. We shall see in the 14 th century how the lords having recognized these defects sought to remedy them, and to defend themselves well by garrisons, that the state of their fortunes no longer permitted them to keep very numerous. Now examine descriptions of works executed in the castles of feudal lords, that date from the same epoch (beginnins of the 13 th century). (Old prench poem). Note 1.p-128. The garrison of the keep, composed of the wost Larvthful ond In Ervreot number. Note BeHeoiSBe Rowan Gu Renort. Verse 18463 et sea. Note BepoiQs. Renart frees ond takes refuse in his castle, — which he Kas reparred. — Nore AePoiBBow Lt wos rare for one to enter wounted to the castle Viself, the stables beings Generally Hurile in the Vower court contained in the first enclosures horses were generally Left before the vridge of the CASTLES. Note Bepoiss. Rewort engoges workmen to finish therr work ProOWPty- | He calls the soldiers, men on foot and mounted to defend t the castles they come in Sreat numbers at his call. — Sere ais is a oe aston tit ie oe of 94 birdwors © nteneere es see) weak, per atdovabext}; Yo: wodteoup 9 aéogo ad. or gf map otox ‘er oF ee7sws sdt Fo eoduetveges eat a0 bso | stotew of vswot fons #0 tééud sewed dotew o bod § a otox Me “a sat "Jos be j top Poo sobietvo edt im edt sbtetuo tétud ‘sotvedias Baftos{otg bod 88 .C08iegGeA SFO We a a oe veo ® pen fb190H .t4h) veSfow wires edt, bastsh of Soom fo s¥Tow heonocha «OSLigee 9F0% gt déud oren esdtevo Fo ebésivo ,row Fo saét Al sG@8lobe8 Bt0K ion SsJ/f00 eato fo asa yd Ssa0elfrT92 ,h00w Fo savoldrtod tasty a. th srusoloas. sdt otad sowbottad of ax#if tos bfh of .b70F edt _poteTss yrorogass wid gaéwo woe ,saftansartsa aifsoo sit Flees eee ’ aT i f y ao) tes 6 so -bhsrwsas, gifostieq od. ton Sivoo yti sbi} seode bao e Pedt To eaoteva sit astoigah siete taal FAT 6CSLeG.F ston ae "etbpesd 0 > eBROttastal edd usad sbhietvo sao ot .bh10d, fobust sanoo edt vd ebi0ol Lebset edd o¢ heenss eseneors edt esbies® . eaggt tostoittse s to. sonsastoiem edd fas eelteso to noitouits ss oF medt aot yist¢eecen esw ci .gostte to seasoo10% ge ni soeis (-itibsoo | giv sd o¢ bertesh yved¢ ti .eris0ow si[darshiencs sisosrs Bint -tvord to ytidnenp s sbhive10 od ,ebsie asivber s getesa oF no -miv diin boow ‘to esiasifed evianstsS eft .enoit¢iawm fas enolie eSt edd ai antes2uo bees erswot Yo ecod edd beaginpe stew dot fRAntmsit .noltstaccensiad edt boriupss ,2zeimudnso dé Ff bas dd -tnsnosenco,.visasqiso to dnvome eldsisbienoo # to &afeela bas -e9tebh sfiow yistoomes escedT .nemirvow to isdmps enomaone os ¥l " haareaaine ot ststte Ifeme on eaw ti teneea ni ylbigqs1 fsrsiols wteen -foous tadéd at slieso s nisinoiam od. bos hauhenteed? teal odd d¢iw eucenetoamsinoe ,ms0c asddéone ol gon .elisteb anisesrednt bait alsts ow .{vantaeo dd FL adit Yo -oh .enntebol edt no ind ,eslteso edt to eseneteb edisno yino -19q sgesupes SW .ebiol edd Yo semisveso end bow em1s .esonebasd =-1% £10) yeteeeso eidd thakaesto ot exebasa wo moat noieeta “ie 42. parodveyas fe Pyare ‘i 2 -(msoq done «Lote SOR 9, 47809799 8h sodtogosod 96 SIEOTSKE sO82cGel Sfox 8D) 49omoTtHS. S90 YdaO ewod esdisoa Jsoa USTOOK 2 O8le gas ofoxk . ) ae sat al .stevod sdt¢ Saéarvson0d svodo betate ghostso svor sw te -997 6/0) yeearse sasay teary ow pe hewredas od sate 96 snoaod | hr ied bs Cheer o. 1 Sloeefaseg doa | | biwkaued: of AnedupAbiicauok oé Rovdonaad: buccem of nd bak ¥ aoe : 1B ‘Goud “dug .¥aBd NBO dj Sf ,bnslof ob noensin ese) con He o yea & 0 ee = <« az “; ¥ i Ie ©) be X a ms ee Pi ld i 102 Note 1e)ep.122. He caused o draowbridge to hanbdub\tuheees Pont). Note 2.p.it2W.- 1% Vs ahoim a question of fixed machines plo- cea on the galleries of the tWwers. Note inde had ao wortoh house vbuilt on each tower tO watoh the outside. Note Aep.i2%. He had projecting golleries ouilt outside the wos. (Art. Bourd). Note B.p-12Se Advanced works of wood to defend the exterior . Note Get.i129. In time of war, ovrtside of castles were built éreort varbvicons of wood, garrisoned by wen at orns called by ane Vora. He AVA not Vike to introduce into the enclosure VWW- se1vf the castle wercenories, nen owing him Lemporory service, ond whose Fidelity could not be perfectly ensured. Note %TeHeiWWe This Last troirt depicts the custons of the f Feudal Vora. No one outside knew his intentions. Besides the expenses caused to the feudal lords by the con- struction of castles and the maintenance of a sufficient Sar- rison in s forecast of attack, it was necessary for them to execute considerable works, if they desired to be in conditi- on to resist a regular siege, to provide a quantity of provi- sions and munitions. The defensive galleries of wood with wh- ich were equipped the tops of towers and curtains in the 12 th and 13 th centuries, required the transportation, framing and placing of a considerable amount of carpentry, consequent- ly an enormous number of workmen. These temporary works dete- riorated rapidly in peace; it was no small affair to posses and to maintain a castle in that epoch. In another poem, contemporaneous with the last (besinnins of the 13 th century), we asain find interesting details, not only onethe defenses of the castles, but on the lodsinsgs, de- pendances, arms and the pastimes of the lords. We request per- mission from our readers to cite again this vassase; (Old Fr- ench poem). Note 1-p.180~. Bxtraite de Dolopathos ae Hervers,p. 282-6 Note BepetBO. Nearly ald’ caostses have only one entrance, as we have already started above concerning the Lovore. In the Bo Romans &e Parise Va Buchesse, we Find these versesy (OVA Fre- noh poewn). And in the second branch of the Roman d’Auberi le Boursuis- non (see ahanson de Roland, 12 th century, pub. by Francisaque | | a ere 1a ita “gt ts oo. wats Aad boos, pda demew ory’ — ca ae bares roo evens oa otog odt sine sersTsi eat oLSteget efor a coe pat teas 3 i 19 | eSnorte gree ed teum ¢4¢ todt alae Sf otf wd 9404 Ofiup STEW BSZS/TOWOTE LIELLgeS BtOX - a Wont Yo exvow sat oF gn0fed toy ton Sf6 ystt tenss to Lytut i Land god ‘oat to .medt stoped beoolg srsa tud ,asatseagdt asdv3 7) “om teste? » fo bse0qgmoo stow bao .9ebiad sit Po slbbim vo Yad “ni wo Sstoulg -eteog wo ereigq ow? a0 Qaltesy avrottes¢ sédou ~fovk seth) eatoto woteneqeve owt Fo eave yd bestoy bno stxo hoa tf Len ‘ - - gftHot ,ariotis sk ssutooté yrTee aon aivied -sonorttas edt of bad hoor & .LEisgG «8 stow - ‘ > j f =I bro eyoliod ssewted show ef aodtondétadh & .t8tiqed ofon . gntod ,esupTh Jo séfeoo sit fo nase avodt sw so ,.TemTay att ere ~ geo0gs orsw etetd sat ytruoo Tewol o ,stusotons Sentetxs Ho alfow st assated ,sstvactons Ssisoreg ylzoon owt neowtsd tes ~{teessawi 8ob0e/Joq Jnarsixs sat Sao sfé#s00 sat Fo . ott ta betoa/es. eow eJfevo o Jo eiée sit WOAH .SELLGeT stoxk “=taeupeT? gow seod so ti Safetee A007 SAF , aac qéosTq 0 fo gor S06 motto to/dpbiato} srom eofgiostg sat esxow OF 80 os two of SsWaoe ,dtos/ fod e/te09 fo eo ,H004 st af fo aSCs. SIsH BSHOF edt ad tua sensfeé Sonrstxs. 165 Seevsast aow svent bao ,wnayvd ater #0 epcdunedd setiens Savors somm#00 S70 attow saan? O07 wnsgd gee ' -ovotesadd Ffoe TO Afoto “EO! 4 ONS LES Leeaaasie eyotesava etsy STEA? .SELoGe8 SFOU osx ont bavore begnorito ffFte srsw exoog7.® s8ELeqeF SF OX% ~teéh ,670/ sat Fo Satlsowd oft af sootag SAT .8ELeGek OtOK 70} rivals 8D weenie pees todt ,@¢aigios odt wort tond @ Reewsed hives . nostaros oat & ok Npuesenapieannd todd pVtod. Soev8 abt Sh ahAT 88.97 OFON PeOIO > ..¢ -9/fa09 yrags Fo sonobasqod bao shlotie .sato b9bineqeve srew eifont sdt al .S8h.ge8 ston pe Wt perotrstasr Fo woftoreosh Joqéonitg sat sou efdt peaton ~fonte eft Fo esooty ott weve Siite @/ ,ealizoo fo 19dmuH tOETs tf aoaqtups bao @mre Froqque of gavuv79e efex¥osr1d aorvd bao ase ‘J ~Iqaags FAK 2) Jact « | ~880%5 Ont Bo Tow TOF we Sbovotise dovtbh edt ao tno beiool edasatasas to ewobniw edt - evetfed of ehast teou ett) berod nedw biof ed¢ ;elveso edt gai = a aaeney om ost neds .19dsw edd 0 tuo hexool (sw ob oe ins eidt aA on. * : ; a Nee i doin : 4 a2 -ese0q fon Sfvoo frovt wf age ow? .worrod. oy os ot we, eid Bs liso bos ,tsedw tos bsead meds os geso of 103 Michil, p. 40. 1837; (01d French poem). Kote 1.p-idie The defense of the gorte Vs always consiaered, that VW wast be very strong. Note BepoiBie Brawvriases were quite rore in the 13 Sh Gen- tury? ot Veost they 414 not yot velong %4o the works of the & gates thenselves, but were ploced vwefore then, ot the beginn- Wns or WAALS of Lhe wvridse, ond were composed of ao &reat non vpobLe platform resting on two prlers or posts, pivoted on an axis and raised by wneans of two suspension choins. (Avrtse Avoh- Vrectuee WiLirtaire, Pont). Note Be. peoiBie A road Led to the entrance, which wos very pnorrow. Two nen ia front could not poss. Norte AepoiSis. A Aistincrtion Vs wmode between baileys ana VLi- sts, the forner, as we have seen at she caste of Arques, vetngd an externod enclosure, a Lower court, the Lists were spaces Vert between two nearly poralrer enclosures, vetween the wolls ef the castle ond the external paLisades. Yote 1.6.132. When the site of a castle wos selected at the sop of a precipice, the rock serving Ve os base was frequent- ly cut so as to wake she precipice wore formidable, often di- tohes were even cus im the rook, os ot Gastle Gaillard, Roche- Guyon, ond there wos reserved an external defense curt Wn the rook. These works are common around costes Locorted on tufa, chavk or soft Limestone. Note {epeiB2. Phere were numerous Lodgings. Note BepeiB2. Barracks were Sti orranged around the keep. Note HeGei82. The poloce is the awelling of the Lora, avet- Anot From the Lodgings, thot appear \ntenaded as barracks for the gorrrv.son. Note Sepeids- This Vs the greort hall, hort AndAspensavtle & Jependonce of every castle. Note SeHe132-. In the halls were suspended arms, shielas and horney this wos the principal Jecorartion of Wierriorsy Wn a areot nunver of castles, is StLLV seen the proces of the shel- wes and tron brackets servuine To support arms and eourlpwment for wor and the chase. The windows of apartments looked out on the ditch surround- ing the castle; the lord when bored (the poet tends to believe this and so do we) looked out on the water, then the sways, he cast to them bread anf wheat, and called his men to enjoy fb fie = ae j , oe ’ re A Sad +. | book. Pee ~ 5 SO MN Ee & odw 920 it i amdale _ tom m sir - _Btnebioss ieekieas or qu ceded .Qnidaud 10 18% Pe beiqueoe ) Leaks edooad tect niaalig edt .ooidosiseib s medd ni Bait of rH _ tadt doom odd etdian sd¢ act yiiletiqecd emisio hos etss odd diet, eliste: sisdt tooq edt .,yistesnom eid act sed od semoo > : eseds, idiiv sBisiuo sort eves bas esomu1 sdtuo1d enols 694 ciorsd .eyel sesdt to eeeoone sdt enisiqxe dad? .elfen saslis ar bas fooge stadt at bobmnodse dotdw ,ehnokel bas ehelisd .emsog bas yfimat eid .namefdon % io e1od eetel saci ext hetouooe a 19m sid ae arate eid deilisdas of sdavoe od Gott stew biol sat 3 | alate vd di betsicosh .betosis ed ot I[eqsio se beerso Pie? ~aed dtin etsomsisgs etd bedeinwit ed ieeeis beniste bas eani -tadau tsd¢ eoned ,emis Intitueed bne emdstiowi yiseoo .esals - gti ebai? yindaso dt €f ent mort seds ,vinxul 10% stead belb — -itsoigsat edt te taemetiones gadd .sbho1 [iidge nom Snoms sonia -hosh bas yslq ,oleum ,yids0q 10% .evolsviem sid 10% evol no ~ot emsoed ,.yisavoo eds to stil Igoiséted sdi af stom bsisato ~209, yd fetquooo yloaitnas esx .fofa yiinevosanoo fas exciasesd i esw biol edd .sosiq ashisl & Yood andi bos sooeteixs aviti og eetemido ae noisjeniazemi eid bei bas slteso eid ai fetelosi -nigdteine ,esoniveni jnstudawd eid. yslwoitiit avin bestsasess ~sd , o8ifse1 of s{uoiltib s10m bos s10m asosiouq evoltidus bs bas bebnetze e1om bas wan01te smsasd dedd yilayou sdéi soswd sthoe 7 » vetfoatL wont has {est of Beonsmmoo ssst noidsa oid ri e10m Of &8¥ metishyst doses .eivod .2 te doogs eat so1f © sedgani biooo jadi ,stese odd ai yhod evoenskoisied s neds _ Yo ers odd .weiv to dniog wisdilim odd most .«ssssioeb yao beore?. ,sonsiiegai misdieo s ti od hewodee1 yisdeso dd AL eds Bhai ,esotaens stanviiotas qebnu§ etil oildua wstne0e1 of tt - berieces ywilides edd ysonsteixe eti betnofoig ands bone (svat lL pdiepe etslagorgas sensieh io eneom wen betqobs .selieso ati = fitis wwoltsottisiod te ste odd ai sonevbe o8 sbem suds .omit | _— =Leamce ean ti tedt.ce .tostis to ensem Ininewoa s emsoed vis! mai WtLsyor | ot yisbnoose tisq s ysic ylno of Ileedi abiees oF bel Pane ai heviezera emis blo es yino esiteso ati busaet od haa ee b ot meit antes 30 eqod suodsin .berehne1, eeoivies to v1 -itasq ylieh esitto edi to siaceq sit elidh® .esistnevbs avois — as i dREnen. Bape odd, IK etnod of IV eelisdd mow® .3fendt ag i i ! , : ae B; on ; "ik a ; * : : a a a: vie ~ Ae a > 7 7 7 be - Pde, » a hi . Da 104 the sisht in his company. Rverythins is good for those who a are bored, and that monotonous life in the castle, when not occupied by war or hunting, takes up the smallest accidents to find in them a distraction. The pilgrim that knocks at t the gate and claims hospitality for the night, the monk that comes to bes for his monastery, the poet that retails his ver- ses, alone brought rumors and news from outside within these silent walls. That explains the success of these lays, heroic poems, ballads and legends, which abounded in that epoch and occupied the long leisure hours of a nobleman, his family and his men. If the lord were rich, he sousht to embellish his feudal 4 domain, caused a chapel to be erected, decorated it by paint- ings and stained glass; he furnished his apartments with hana- Sings, costly furniture and beautiful arms; hence that unbri- dled taste for luxury, that from the 13 th century finds its .. place among men still rude, that excitement of the imasinati- on, love for the marvelous, for poetry, music, play and dans- erous adventures. While the people of the cities daily parti- cipated more in the political life of the country, became in- dustrious and consequently rich, was entirely occupied by pos- itive existence and thus took a larser place, the lord was i isolated in his castle and fed his imagination on chimeras, restrained with difficulty his turbulent instincts, entertain- ed ambitious projects more and more difficult to realize , be- tween the royalty that became stronser and more extended and the nation that commenced to feel and know itself. rom the epoch of 8. Louis, French feudalism was no more t than a heterogeneous body in the State, that could further o only decrease. From the military point of view, the wars of the 14 th century restored to it a certain importance, forced it to reenter public life funder unfortunate auspices, it is true), and thus prolonged its existence; the nobility repaired its castles, adopted new means of defense appropriate to the time, thus made an advance in the art of fortification, artil - lery became a powerful means of attack, so that it was compel-— led to resign itself to only play a part secondary to royalty, and to regard its castles only as old arms preserved in memo- ry of services rendered, without hope of using them to defend itself. From Charles VI to Louis XI, the barons seemed to be * ae : at 2 pio po igo eatsingoos ve ewe enttein neni nnn | ame db i betas) sen ab beteiedeg vert eolteso ateds te noltouy i -1d80b esostie eldiaies eti node tnomom sd o¢ au ,tauooes od p i noaneo eninge fevevee Yo eisen vd sestora nisv eid beyo pL saiemtanne ane + vetted mR ise ‘Peon sit to bas edt to wese oalo ton sw suok ofErsget ston i ‘Jo sonmsestg sit wt too gti lidon donert sit yrutase (at 82) ‘om . | fod o bao owt baton th 80 teut ssonodtsteté voluqog foes P. ‘\pfeetnd bie Syredsitva Fo soasastg ai rTetJr08 sobtarKen: ‘ aw, nottiensat to docos tedd te fPevidise fey ton even ow Sus a) yistifim te motasdo miev 8 nadd evom on si efteso end — a gpnoktrbert sowxot to trenwes s vd alseonco Ifise bos .cenet te 2 " ,somersedos siilsaw s dtsened senord sivessig eft “49 to sivvod eft of t9hnel on .etveos sdv of nantes en ted *edt ..8.6 (Vv eoftedd yo stel ee exuveod edd gud ,tewawA gilt st ebsen sdt tninidmon .soasitsa 2 ctni Hemaotensid eesrt10% 7’ 4 * ws ~eeneteb fenvetze dtiw neitstided [ayos . os inetd ens to yiote bnoort eft to mala efit ei (CS) ereF eelxedd vebas treq deers of tiindet bos Herisae1 sivs0] ods D: eebietuo stvvod eft to elteso edt tlind bed senend ofl tad hy -38) woled! entel sdt to eiasd sit beetsh ot eizel to efisw ond -? gee o¢ cels bre \satel aewol edd wort Snimoo eeimens sents Yo mobsest eid Quisisted olidw .ysiagddns ein saebny yio edd -fas ,ytio sis. trisdostosao t10t bedoatebh & edil eew ¢1. .noitos iv enefe a0 .2tnetidadni ett tenisss tieedi anifrsteh been se “=poos teom ed¢v mort awevh osas[0 eb towoo io dads r9dee1 10 etieo I 7 8 O ut ewode \vshot fhentstdo sd nso Jedd stab ster » © Igteneb ed? .tewhwh of {tid yd hetoete eiasS to [few sdd To . -[if yd nottatiseeb end déin besitke doidw .nsio eids to sqede ss wR etIOWOS OW bentstet V eolusdO gait anode ,eivr0] sf mst! _ =L28 to nottotroesh off TI .yindaso dz &f eit to ceed bre cod ontosge bes enotenomib .mxot edd .teixe ton fib efasod sh eet! _ =Bext0d bivow eetst oft. to tnemetnstis edd bus .etewos eid to zi -cined ext te betaobs meteve sviensteh edd of wedsted Novum brog Pouce wee -eotuvines dt af odd Yo dedt madd dt SL edt To Sein | ee7d-eeb-mismied | 4B to vedds odd ni bevieeerag yltemrot oni - pene (VInsneo dé 7r eds Yo Qninoiged sit mort eateb test Pos — destel to ebatveiios edt .ysdde edd bus erveo] edd batdinses — - ~nenas: eviensteb edé ar9wos sit r0t steoibni son ob prennene it oe suid odd mort sommoo aaa yo ae UPS ve Ree eo ie 4 ag my, \ sabe oe ry | a 105 unwillins to honor artillery by recosnizins it; in the const- ruction of their castles, they persisted in not takings it in- to account, uo to the moment when its terrible effects destr- oyed this vain protest by means of several volleys of cannon patis:* | Note 1.p.i183< Hove we not also seen at the end of the Last (ag wh) century the French nobility oct in the presence of great popular Gisturbances Just as V% acted two and a half centuries eoriier im presence of artillery? But we have not yet arrived at that epoch of transition, wm when the castle is no more than a vain phantom of military de- fense, and still conceals by a remnant of former traditions the pleasure house beneath a warlike appearance. Let us return to the Louvre, no lonser to the Louvre of Ph- ilip August, but the Louvre as left by Charles V, i.e., the fortress transformed into a valace, combining the needs of a royal habitation with external defense.. Here (20) is the plan of the Sround story of the castle of the Louvre repaired and rebuilt in great part under Charles #3 Philip August had built the castle of the houvre outside the walls of Paris to defewd the banks of the Seine below as- ainst enemies comins from the lower Seine, and also to keep the city under his authgrity, while retaining his freedom of action. It was like a detached fort vrotectins the city, and — at need defending itself asainst its inhabitants. Our plan, or rather that of count de Clarac drawn from the most accu- rate data, that can be obtained today, shows in S HLT parts of the wall of Paris erected by Philip August. The seneral shape of this plan, which agrees with the description by Wit liam de Lorris, shows that Charles V retained the towers, sa- tes and keep of the 13 th century. If the description of Wil- lias de Lorris did not exist, the form, dimensions and spacins of the towers, and the arrangement of the sates would corres- pond much better to the defensive system adopted at the besin- nius of the 13 th than that of the 14 th centuries. The vaint- ing formerly preserved in the abbey of S. Sermain-des-Pres, and that detas from the besinnins of the 15 th century, repr- esentins the Louvre and the abbey, the ensravinss of Israel Sylvestre, do not indicate for the towers the defensive arran- Sements common from the time of Sharbess¥, but much rather | beriet: Vv ~? wade: $08. « sat ala oven poe pai noxt. b eae asad ¥ , net Dek sai moody. senisas enoltsiidsd tiiad base enisdino. rd a yawiisie. baeid ost to anibLind odg beevso od-;(notsiao. at sg: ott d¢iw coktsotaupmoo nt geet odd kaotosl{q yreliss edgy saa .. efteso ed¢ Yo redemiteq edt beveifer ed eosdied .edee déaos Mattosse yd teew odd Haewot & obfa odd most teodwA gifidd Yo edt dtedt mese bivow ¢1 -ebmiabol geeh yrov déniog tedd te te + bos .8 a]ewot og ts ebke eidd oo gose esxstourse svitimixa ‘sntedauo blo odd eax anitw otedeer odd tov{{ew Isaisties sii tedd bosmmoo setied bilyoo bas nistive edd. 1s90 een coset sat nedT teom etaw doette eroixzes 8 dotiw ¢s gnioa edd issn yitnvoo edt -pe esx9n V eoiced® yd osdetisbns eowstonite sit .beiset sd: os te tneetise bevoled [fow aid, .elqmeT oh Baomieh od beteuad «#ti . “.cosem bas ania tawoo od segfs todt wort baouvbher af A BiNT gpbLeGel SLOK oF OS L-9882 .b0a ts .tao ,etwtglvod 9h ssavk ef ad caves oh ~otgust wh baowiod gafatesonoa ssvtsT adit 992 »38L.Gef tou 8 NT98 .8 r.1S97F7049 296 SJOOE adhd «V aa/710d9 for wh fasisfdatrs ads V gsadtodQ vosa- bheaidaaa siqae? uh baomiod «Be “4 08 JOY odt, bao ,sktow sit Fo reteom bao emro fo FHOITss Jo srottomuF todt ,mestes Fo. gadJss97 sit awoad sdow Sanotétnan s1sa. asltit -fostidoroe 620 btewg-ybod afd tof heassforg sosorg te. gale ot er-ont noented tixe bobsotts (CS, .8f8) ytio edd to ete® od. spines bos .zevia edd ebhiesd easwot elézil vd bednelt elisw tadoqg odd ts .Ifid end no tnineao N etse Jenisdxe deri s si be .-e98 .offogd to vyaeilfs2 edd to ynooled edt fool won ei sisdw - edt ot bebnogeetz00° dads gate to r9wod odd caw Oded ind obi gm yito edd mort .otutidenl. sd¢.to etie siz no sleek to sewos 1H sted edt yd eivuod edt to s1veolfone Isnietxe edd. besedns eawedt ,etdeso oid: redne o¢ dof .odse Ieqioniag: edd. esw eidd , ent) ebietno tlind % s10t slisil a dano1dd eesq od YIseEs0Sn -189 teorrsen enise edd no elena sit hemxot I zswod sAT .dosib ano, e¢i yd hebovoriwe ,denrvA oilidd 3o geek. odd eam A JA .2i w 9 dA .B senodbaeve s yd betostso1a sew sonsitas edi :8.de0m ss =aVOO, ,orsoetetavoo, heost dziw U deom sbiw A .aistnvot s esy ss emi cefteso, edd. bavors vlerisce bebnetxe etemtut bas. yew be Fi _y) Liew edd) needed, fi ts bavot e1]ew ytio edd sxen Rdavco aswol efbas od? .eoriiieat doin ensbisk heinelq s1sw © sostied edt © ie Pevsioad Dewerhentk: eti-didiw eds Isqionixe edt foe ¥ deed i. bos ots ebie dtron edt nO .teom edd bos geabwA qilidd to 106 these employed from the time of S. Louis. Yet Charles V raised the curtains and built habitations against them (this is Sau- val’s opinion); he caused the buildins of the srand stairway and the gallery placins the keep in commumication with the n north gate. perhaps he relieved the perimeter of the castle of Philip August from the side J toward the west by ereeting® at at that point very deep lodgings. It would seem that the primitive structures stop on this side at the tower Z, and t that the enternal wallsof the western wins was the old curtain. Then the keep was near the curtain and could better command the country near the point at which a serious attack was most to be feared. The structures undertaken by Charles V were en- trusted to Raimond du Temple, his well beloved serseant at arms and mason.” Kote ~A-pei3a4- THIS Plon 1s reduced From that Siven by count Ze Giares in his Musee de Sculpture, ant. Et wmode. 1826-18297. Note @.H.185. See the Titres concerning Roiwmond du Tenple, architect au ror Ghorties VY. LVo. Boole des Ghortres. 2. Series. VOo\n 3. De SSe ROLWOnd Gu Tewple combined neor Gharles V the functions of sergeant ot arms and waster of the works, and the sLrtLes here mentioned make known the feeling of esteem, Thor the king of Fronce professed for his vody-guord and architect. The Sate of the city (Fis. 20) afforded exit between two wa walls flanked by little towers beside the river, and terminat- ed in a first external gate K openings on the hill, at the point where is now found the balcony of the sallery of Apollo. Bes- ide this sate was the tower of Bois; that corresponded to the tower of Nesle on the site of the Institute. From the city ome entered the external enclosure of the Louvre by the gate H: this was the principal sate. But to enter the castle, it was necessary to pass through a little fort N built outside the ditch. The tower I formed the angle on the Seine nearest Par- is. At A was the keep of Philip Ausust, surrounded by its own moat B; its entrance was protected by a Suardhouse G. At Fw was a fountain. A wide moat U with faced counterscarp, cover- ed way and turrets extended entirely around the castle. The lower courts next the city were found at R between the wall of Philio Augast and the moat. On the north side at W and on the terrace 0 were planted sardens with trellises. The angle towers X and the principal sate with its two towers Y must ; x01 fee : Pa idm ay ¥ : ¥ - ane0! dd’ e2 odd Yo: Ratent tithe sis! te notsowssencoederor'saores a iv ik veseaseee eeirnté esw te ts de eaw rebate eat’ tad | i‘ -ahiw edt heiewooo nesuo oft to eirsmdits0s eff .moorbssHd es ‘ Co Wigntblind ent’ .2 Tad eds tiwoo etnnet edd pt ye (od eet seivise yrstitsas edt 9 T FY Ene ,Sirstaaem oat Hontssnco sw 63 B6W OfomeT Db Hnomtseh to shias edt eew tedW .V velrsdd ss «@ fego Ae \sostetedeem a 1Od heeeeg tedéd (fF vewrisde Qaibaty “od dnktasesqge7 eeutaese bane esdoin yd betaemsnie notstouastenoo geod se tnitoennoo C yuelleh edd nodt ;eoner® to eainid eds evs a , oc" .eniw dis0em sit te yrote baooee ent dviw - @ “bekauooo etnvooos io tedadovedt (I¢) yiote baooee edt aT” S90 yrsesest eat) efewst to [fed eat sesee [eaqtontr¢ eds se V0 @ew (asvfie bas hlok to esfotsie ai dota yiov eaw V aelasand 2eif off ni’ anied yisidil eid .moorbidae edt sevo A ts heosla _ Wednsito° edd 40° secesW RaIH edd YO Fontdeo oft ‘2g teWOs oft ~% eff (8 de eaw 2ntd Od to tedmedohed edd :¥ ss etesuper to _ “@ryeo efanes off 1A HY te moordésd baw tenides & 12 te Yrotsto -i) °°. te eetrote boosee fns' bavose sit to etfated sit hetavooo gaisd setts! edt .igasdo sewol edd aevo @ew M Leqede a90qn HA bheose & ban Sait edt W th .eldeso et to nom edd rot bevie20% moorddsd’s .O yrodere o& (9 mooretns ne yd bebsoo1a .mootbed 7 “hos \O ta tenl(enetit edd to) [fsd stste sit .9§ fF tentdso bas beteixs sisi? .o ts. een efeo)] .2 retts. bemsn [isd Ise1s ons UP base X .V af etete to [fed odd dtiw «zotod to taemtasqs ns -n0O° .emoos HOt at Hebivib eaw J oeed odd to yiote baoose eT =—~wo 10° esiielTis® off .etentdeo baa yviotero .1edmado & &Sninist ‘eved on @8 bos .soiviée sot enottsoinummoo es bevase Y eootd ywte bocoee eft of noteetabs syst % yrotiee oft .bise yhssale “hi SOBs “De 7 asst sit to 9 £a0 sodanstxe aow ¥ asttodd fo yrordsd aff .B8L.qGet STON ngewe fo evstoua sn0- rr sew Sioa bavor sltths etdt ne gdade ly aos Jogtsqal yretdsd -sizos edd i skevdoamotdaeed .2 to anitniao eit to ensem ye © Sninotted eft mort aotwarb s bre ,satesvive Iesiet To e&niv «| oF betamette eved ow \noteeseeco m0 oi yintaso dé VI edt to . eelisd® to saveod edt to elteso edt To netv eyeebatd 8 s1oseot - tedd et neeodo sved ew dedt wetv es? .(€S) sted tr evity ow 7VO oT ed meer oTWO/ edd to Sbie seid no 10d \tesedtvoe ett mort , = Le - oa cf - "I 107 pelons to the construction at the beSinnins of the 13 th cen- tury. The chapel was at a; at m was a Sreat vestibule serving as suardroom. The apartments of the queen occupied the wins h, c, e, f, ky the tennis court the hall sg. The buildings V c contained the menaserie, and F T Q the artillery service after Charles V. What was the pride of Raimond du Temple was the Wi winding stairway %, that passed for a masterpiece, an open c construction ornamented by niches and statues reoresentins t the kinss of France; then the gallery D connectins the keep with the second story of the north wins. Tn the second story (21) the chaber of accounts occupied D over the principal sate: the hall of jewels (the treasury of Charles V was very rich in articles of sold and silver) was placed at A over the Suardroom, the library being in the lit- tle tower 8. The cabinet of the king was at Cy the chamber of requests at #; the bedchamber of the kins was at F, his o oratory at G: a cabinet and bathroom at H H. The tennis court occupied the heights of the ground and second stories at I. An upper chapel M was over the lower chapel, the latter beins reserved for the men of the castle. At N the kins had a second bedroom, preceded by an anteroom P, an oratory 0, 4 bathroom and cabinet R R. The state hall (of the throne)was at Q, and the sreat hall named after S. Losis was at S. There existed an apartment of honor with the hall of state in V, x and T. The second story of the keep L was divided in four rooms, con- tainins a chamber, oratory and cabinets. The galleries or por- ticos Y served as communications for service, and as we have already said, the sallery K save admission to the second story of the keep. Kote? 10.136. The Viorory of Gharles ¥ wos extensive ond + ricoh, UW this Little round holl was found one nucleus of the Lvorary Tmperial. By means of the vaintins of S. Germain-des-Pres, the ensra- vings of Israel Sylvestre, and a drawins from the besinnins of the 17 th century in our possession, we have attempted to restore a birdseye view of the castle of the Louvre of Gharles V; we give it here (22). The view that we have chosen is that from the southeast, for on that side of the Louvre can be ga- thered more documents preceding the reconstructions of the 16 th and 17 th centuries. Our view shows the series of defenses , ses a AS Bor 7 Po Pere ’ 7 | 7 * ee ie setad: ai vedtob elt 380° add Yo risedxe ik Puli iia tedt ; Be | estat ewode. aie, at, \nottouidencoes edd at V esfisd® vd 1 eipebeantelan yd betoetie assed oved taum teukud ailidd-to e219 am 8 esaniblind won edt tot sebsos? Lenisixs es oniviee enteaetano ijavaune wb SnomisS to yswiiste edt bevisoiss e¢ déton odd nO } ouek edd n0 .eneoce syed si dotdy ot ebatblind dots edt bas Yo e1vectons edt-eeeesa kaiweib ao to tnozt sit mo shia dgid s yd sate? odd ts hetanimieds .deudwA ailidg vd tlind ytio ‘ywwineo di VE edd to aninnited odd Litou Senismes tads 19708 otak cossitas Saivit sno .esds> owd sdd oie asw0ed eiddy batded sefto edd ,stveod edd to exseolone sextt odd aools yo edd + eited Yo e1ssolone sdéi to dsort sid? .empeclons tait Sniasias “ segs mott tleeti bobnetsh yitaseeseosn deuewA ailids yd ¢Lind eto asivisd odd od soie® edd mort woivetat edt of t0Orasdxs iy sexew si9owod bas enistiso esi io geom ..9.1 ivitnsehises edt ~a] sd¢ to tedd so ton bas yiio edt txen shia oft no betaveoxe -~teao-edt ndo.hshneash esdd saseofons efit to moitiog 2idT .save + e@toptidsdat eft to eraitedisbhay sft denisas ti Hstostors has sf 4 edit bas stveol sdt to siteso sft VY aoluedd to smiv sdi mort 8 to stil edt sot yviseesoen anidivievs bsaistaoo esonsbnedgsh gq edt .asvo edd to sevod edt s1]ew stedd” .eyse [eves® .soniza edd -,moor yrteso odd: .eiseoiage edd ,sinesense sdt ,siaetennsa -s, ymv0r Sailtiod odt .eirennoonsdos edt .gresdiaat odd .bebasi ~yisisd sdt bavet siew sisd? .esio0cgid Saiienm 101 sosla st -~fo9. ,meo1 boow .moort ‘exoliat .yrinest .vistaint-.se0ot asnil -I[st ,moo1 soifoc. moor etisaqsedroeb edd asdéanut ;moor [scois yitinog ,easilso to tedmun 2 eshtesd ,visilivis edd One yideo to etaiblind sd? “.cisten tadé to etusmdsece isdéo Bas ,ebhasy -gbotset bed bas tesodtuce odd ta betantie exew vislitdaa edd Pe Ge vad (0D 82%) aslo two no betsorbat o1s yodt {sonsda1oa .9 edt of heasiner sonst} to sttilisd edt to adnuooos edd ai” Yo noldnmem gaspps1t et e1sds™ .{avus2 ayse *,OO8r ait asdmsdo _=[fdis edt ai tas ewoderecto Yo bos ,asxo fo avenie bas esbid eft to noteasesco dood ensteizued sit nedW¥ .savec) sdz to yrsl wool feedw.-,enonise .esnidosm setdy Honot ysdt .8eFI ai sivued ed? “*aytidness ¢sets ni yvieliitis awedto bas erevel (stsieum eevode bas nebisd s bed ystedt betbol esw yielfisis.to asteem yletwt stew yedst .nvond vose1is sisw nonnso davodtis ~rest at ah: Sis) 5 ‘ cegiab bus e¥OU1s pes nt im Py a 5 a pate tae aN 4 “,oefs esw s1edT™ .esostq ano1te to sensteh edt a0t beyolgme — te x cgmenioet scmaiaamentnda teduads 3 s omit tedd te” [evose ebis : 108 that protected the exterior of the castle, and the care taken by Charles V in the reconstruction, it also shows how the tew- ers of Philip Ausust must have been affected by raising the curtains serving as external facades for the new buildings. 9 On the north is perceived the stairway of Raimond du Temple and the rich buildings to which it Save access. On the east s side on the front of our drawings passes the enckosure of the . city built by Philip Ausust, terminated at the Seine by a high tower, that remained until the beginnins of the 17 th century; pehind this tower are the two sates, one sgivins entrance into the city alongs the first enclosure of the Louvre, the other entering that enclosure. This front of the enclosure of Paris, built by Philip Ausust necessarily defended itself from the exterior to the interior, from the Seine to the barrier of th the sgerseantry: i.e., most of its curtains and towers were excavated on the side next the city and not on that of the lb- uvree This portion of the enclosure thus devended on the cast- le and protected it against the undertakings of the inhabitants. From the time of Charles V the castle of the Louvre and its dependances contained everythings necessary for the life of.a prince. Sauval says,“there were the house of the oven, the p panneterie, the sausserie, the epicerie, the pastry room, the larded, the fruitery, the echanconnerie, the bottling room, the place for makins hippocras. There were found the bakery, linen room, furriery, laundry, tailors’ room, wood room, ch- arcoal room; further the doorkeeper’s room, police room, fal- conry and the artillery, besides a number of cellars, poultry yards, and other apartments of that nature.” The buildings of the artillery were situated at the southeast and had sreat im- portance! they are indicated on our plan (Fis. 26) «bye Pen Oye T. “Tn the accounts of the bailiffs of France rendered in the ec chamber in 1296,” says Sauval, “there is frequent mention of hides and sinews of oxen, and of crossbows keot in the artil- lery of the Louvre. When the Parisians took possession of the Louvre in 1358, they found thise machines, cannons, wheel lock muskets, levers and other artillery in Sreat auantity.” The master of artillery was lodged there, had a sarden and stoves; in 1391, although cannon were already known, they were rarely emoloyed for the defense of strons places. “There was also,” adds Sauval,“at that time a chamber for the women that feath- ered arrows ang j darts; further & shoo where were roughed out ’ Pa Or 4 Mal ih ae i ae Sa : bead: 20% “s re . lia ase oekew! ' siete bei saat? Suatan ‘sei ae “a: Sbvoabiat s tapes i yeobie. heieith ete yrom7e ng dtiw ,ewours bas etush to is a + “RORSER“ sidoton prea ef todt ,esamgoa/¥ Fo bo0w sdf jo sétaoo ear fs | bevodons. an gattom Fo .nodtastai sdt bod gadk edt srede .aalFt is. btest aAt sT0n08. gall ad Sadsiddotes bot sisit bao eytéa pete ge banter? teed afd fa svedta bao aetidgaixd .ssidon Jarsesa jo | -gatbr0000, vil vo? e977 tast gaat boadtaso0 ad sao fons at baa Ai Sdaomory 9977 ed ot bariesh gait dt sonpdq afdt jAdaot vist oF je os sisi von omést nennery ad.gpacds oa baoash of ,e9butéertse ry VG ag - —bas cy eff tstgqea “68.30 bae sdt to esitasc ov ssi tuosa sietosisdo eft to en0 Yo ponstroomi ovids{er edd ei .seirmines dt! odd bas dé St ahs To (Isoiubailyo 918 enoitgsoxs 29181 diiv ieddogeasuos ne oe baoyed snitoetorg gfaooite bos doid ,yvinosgas Aoid?d. .rstemeib jc? rt sdostés, 10% aenidosM .[fow medt Aaslt od 28.08 .esisiiso edd -yisessoon borbet. eaw di. yantmeo dd. &f ofd af bedsetsea Snied ry) cidt- elisw siedd sism of ,es9wod. te erotoustp ed3 seseto0i. od nisds- notdsyisedo eisT .tnibesmmoo yrev weds exten od, bes .ted0 setvsod edd. Io esenstobh edd to stab edd Yo soiniqo ive emritaos we -9%, 9vsd) ton yinistieo biuow ed. ,mods siipdes fed V esfaedd FI By ni boksdas yleaisl buns eyotomeif {femme to e19wod seodd fsaiasd ‘ “eed «enisiino edd. olbbim edd. sonia tiivd pai 1890 sussboolitd to sitaso siT ‘org e19KOt bnoite yiev en ewode ybsorls .yustaso dd ff edt. to _»efef{sasq s sfkas dose ts -2nides(t .enistivo odd most Saisost, -duq need. ebsoils esd oldeso eid? .obient .tt OSI ™« det msaa0l -o1iD. sdt 20, e¢nemnao¥ Isoiaoseif to seiseimmod edd yd boedeil | ~skex yidootisa ei bns .(FS) asia edd eviea ow doidw mort she ss ggonstdae ebie esi: jaisia edd si eelieso Ife ylisen edil .ref ss gow etoatisd yerewod Aoidd base aoowte yiev ond. yd beinsli. ei — evseLy0d' es: 08 | (etnorts1w0t sdé Qcols rcivedni odd oft betasate -=p80 edt sedter 10: ,geed on et sist I $9.89 « $8 suods. daiyoo.s a ee --geeb bas. sbin yd hsbawowise good Lentos o8.emi0t Yseti oft bd -— peeawecfons. Issxetzs sit yidadorg bas eeonsbnegsh sd? .edsom —— teddonot bebaeteb Lew yrev esu doidw.,.eee1s10t dsdd besostoid ¢ iti 20, noseBeecog pi dnied sreszesf{ edd SCCI ai eonie.,feces bas | nol ean tect odeie ysl tenm somtisel sh iedetan wosla rea es. a ‘3 ‘ 110 rather to the defense of cities and of strong places of that epoch, than to that of castles. Note 2opoisWe What again proves that the place of Vincennes wos not resorded by tes founder os ao castle Is this passage of Gristine de Pison, an extract from his Livre des faites et bounes wnoeurs du sage Roy ahortes V¥. “item, outside Ports, % the castle of the wood of Vincennes, thot is very notable and fine, where the kind hod the Watention of making on enclosed City, Ond there hod estabdVished im fine monors the residences of several novbbes, kinahts ond others of his best friends, a ond to each one he assigned these rent free for \ife accoraind 4o there rank, this ploce the king desired to be free from alt servitudes, to demand no change in future time nor rent.” Ch- apter it. One of the characters peculiar to castles of the end of the 13 th and the 14 th centuries, is the relative importance of towersssthat with rare exceptions are cylindrical, of sreat diameter, thick masonry, high and stronslg projecting beyond the curtains, so as to flank them well. Machines for attack being perfected in the 13 th century, it was judsed necessary to increase the diameters of towers, to make their walls thi- cker, and to make them very commandins. This observation again confirms our opinion of the date of the defenses of the Louvre. Tf Charles V had rebuilt them, he would certainly not have re- tained those towers of small diameters and larsely ensased in the curtains. The castle of Villandraut near Bazas, built about the middle of the 13 th century, already shows us very strons towers pro- jecting from the curtains, flankins at each angle a parallel- logram 156 x 128 ft. inside. This castle has already been pub- lished by the Commission of Historical Monuments of the Giro- nde, from which we give the plan (23), and is perfectly resu- lar, like nearly all castles in the plain; its side entrance is flanked by two very strong and thick towers; barracks were arranged in the interior alons the four fronts, so as to leave a court about 82 x 98 ft. Here is no keep, or rather the cas- tle itself forms an actual keep surrounded by wide and deep moats. The dependances and probably the external enclosures protected that fortress, which was very well defended for that epoch, since in 1592 the leasuers beins in possession of the place, marshal de Matisnon must lay siege, that was lons and ate: . a aot 19, ba och ieee ‘iiaich Pe rt oe 51 1 chaner bei dsecaiiadt: to eiswod eaT adeds as ste Pigns Pwo yednomeltiad: beyoutesh edd Yo sviewloxe .dhid $2 9.82 > edd meds tedzid dowmere yods ~.d1 0d od Gf Yo erstemeth I pepeenon ot exseaos nsig eid? .32 e.8 ai sesodoidt seodw ented a steo@t edd to tisd bnoose edd mo1t bewoliot yiénsupea) need ob odd dey ,oie{a 8 ot dnetxe sisuebem to esitess rot yrstnse ae ot saieq edt) eotsh eft to seneteb edt of hedostis sonsdaiogni Owe - (noaneo sicted tnafisese edd to etrotis ada [fs hebned dotdy enon anes dtiw betnstnoo enols fon stew nem tadd .beenso be: bin edt ai tnort ni tlied ean trot hedeloet elstil « iedt bos $0 efteso edt to sted sit bebuoteb ssw endT .teom etd to ofb = dRosthietsov ob ose* yd IV eefisdd ashaw besoeie .eeiovoo sé - «bascdt St edd to ensoidisd blo sdt bsoefasi ed1rot sitsil ses Bes, sae. So exion yioe siew yideoupsit deom tedd .eeiandase ag FL Sie _«%o bns edd de beoslae1 saew mst tieds wi bos yredmist bre dd .eantost eabel 40 dtin déase to efasoss: yd witness dt @r edd ee scongso svieoet of tLliad ri Al. Lssieubnnets edt ad sone? sod PoTsHAadvQ abdul «6K sOALeGel Stok — BeAF PO gana sdf atosd todt ,sgodsia o (9dita09 6/0) eeatva jo "i a fF arevofos edt-yd ytutaoo At BL sét ad Sstardsisa sinm sJtano ad of tf gaésuve tet fo ,Ated 96 oaorwtsss godaiidarve Fo sraat edt. Fo Safinatssd sar fo ~toredotwd «Kot Sasb16904 stliudst -asesog a¢ ,28q0%4 gyaol&4 aog ,yooasé? fo tofaug o ytuinseo ax Et dotda fo ,snce owt bod. (obmorhst of f4¥}) tuortbhantséi¥ Fo wove -woda fo eféive sdf ad sanovt oF oroo ,wevhaa nod .*sanuoy sat -Jq sit aé ,2nz05 tose sansive af baqgets S00 ,ss#teod fo sHo ms yretago ao fiok stuorthaalsi¥ fo smon At bandaist aod todt 800 wena fo retdavobbaotg 70 TE¢AguOH SAF FO SZovrTOM SAF ~TEtOd : at Oteqtdshrod sédt bseun0 dé08 Jo yiimot otf Fo redHSH Oo Ati4 i ‘5 odw ,atd Jo motesse2s0g att otad anses han sewod todt of#s s2aq ot) botoes/s ao0e sow a0 ,xuvositeod fo gedadddera eow tard? to a HOsObeQOEs eV¥itaomet) To smon sai T9hnU T9FSF9 «EF FO sHordAt sd? is On BALGT Rt ¥ oe eshnordd of 96 «tate .nom @98 amo’ 7 emboisteto: ghltddeboaintetoeds qhhked. fod. ddGhLtdd- sehn9 eal toa! ‘bib sonar] sbetasho slssii een eslteso io Snomernsirs ont ae ‘bas bnoite ‘asw si yenoiesvaoi axisr0t testes Hasinos os even - ddynobfar od, bengise: heiseacas viiliden Isbseet sdJ- :futaswoa Ete er Bi vedade eds iat yin caren evi s sisi o¢ venient F ware re 111 stubborn, the besieged only surrendering after having received 1260 cannon shots. The towers of the castle of Villandraut are 38.6 ft. high, exclusive of the destroyed battlements, with diameters of 35 to 40 ft.; they are much higher than the cur- tains, whose thickness is 8.9 ft. This plan appears to have been frequently followed from the second half of the 13 the century for castles of moderate extent in a plain; yet the i importance attached to the defense of the sates (the point to which tended all the efforts of the assailant before cannon) caused, that men were not alone contented with flankins towers, and that a little isolated fort was bwilt in front in the mid- dle of the moat. Thus was defended the sate of the castle of Marcoucies, erected under Charles VI by “ean de Montaisu. Th- ese little forts replaced the old barbicans of the 12 th and 13 th centuries, that most frequeutly were only works of ear- th and timber, and im their turm were replaced at the end of the 15 th century by ramparts of earth with or without facings, built to receive cannon. Note 1ePetAO. Ne. Jules Quicherat has found in the province of Burgos (OLG Gostile) ao village, thot veors the nawe of This castle wade celebrated in the 13 th century by the sojourn % there of orohbishop Bertrand de Goth, softer causing 1% to be rebuilt. Accoraine to HM. Quicherat, at the beginning Of the 43 th century a junior of Biscay, Don ALonze ~popez, in posses sion of Villondraut (Vio Aladvrando) hod two sons, of which she younger, Don Andrew, came to Fronce in the suite of BYan- che of Gastile, ond stopped in Guienne near Eozas, tn the pl- ace thot has retained the nome of VilVondrourt. Holf ao contury Voter, the worriage of the dGovghter or sranddaughter of Andrew wish a nenoer of the fomi\ly of Goth caused this Vordship to pass into thot house ond even Vato the possession of Hin, who ot first wos orohoishop of Bordeaux, and was Soon elevated to ahe throne of S. Peter under the nome of Clement VY. 1306-1313. Gomme BES won. Hist. de Lo Gironde. Under Philip the Bold, Philip the Pair and Philino of Valois, the arrangement of castles was little changed; France did not have to contend against foreign invasions; it was strons and powerful; the feudal nobility appeared resigned to allow the monarchy to take a Sreater place in the State. S. Louis had only one danger to the throne; it was what he had to combat Sa ate ay } i bh) i a! ake gaia ot aR cs adhe 6 safes y s00n8. bt Labidaieauaal akcieiae “a ane til ood 6¢ etoomennsais wen yd sdau0e od " qusagarkanigh (448: to owotovedd seol ot mid beenso ylissn isdé a eb m bus etddit-ateds ao betniaiai ,enoisd aid bentns ed efidw ‘4 \tsaaos bobso ed ,aseeeusist toe1s of sedt 10% sidfesoqmi ti eno(aot Soefani to III gicsh sotd of escnivera donet4 sit to #orlttibo won at tf sulav seodw ,enoisisisbisnos {enceresq ylesit fp Temeremthenonacos eats: ysoteid to eeys oft ot .ssingcos1 ot tin ysonltiq eidt yd bettimmoo eno yino odd eosdisq .1011s Overs s ie - 9 beesso boss (edinees evorteseth bead si astal exssy berbosd-s -ttiso dgiér bas dé bt odd aniaebh sonsaf ni evesisve1 anol sad gtk bestsimmoo Bed odw mid Sovesianehest edt ct yiesstnoo +esit _ =Isbueteto sonsteixze sdi snzenolore to tives: sdi bed oiets gk eniibus asidso1t seeds ,e1sv evortesaib eeedd Batawh tot jmes eisido|toisstosisdo tied? bemwees eeidon sdt .etnsmael tnsaeeo -qaq°sefto siz¢ a0 ono OF esoiviee aisdt sisd of bloe ,ebaad Yo ensaebni tedd Kentaber 2mitosmss edgy ts diod-ot tewitemoe .yt -ou ¢eddt ,dosdnoo duodtin nottesimob Jedd .moiisioet bas soagsh -twiesvisemedt tutie o¢ medt bef Bad ensignivolasd teal edd seb stovsbh of wedé 10% wehio sigeesasbised efdaaketesi s20dd sind qedth seados svieesieas bas ehosbaim to etaoe Ils od eevisemens _~bapot tists \Vieeliedd aebev sonar? .eieizo eldiaist tevit a | -don'edé-ebte [fs nO seresy [srevee rot yiteqso1q hna sossq -~ysuposl edé¢ yd elaceq eft mo1t west of bad yedt tadu weod asi gptaatidedni edd to eonsnimobsiag Saiesseioni sdt moat bee .sia _-« #modthbaoo nt ssonshiest tieds Ratosiq to sAanods ¢esitio Yo ssn" -udLexox to etaemdosorone edd .etiover tsivoog setaes o¢ hemotesose gbhseilA’.estmene abtexo0t Yo enciesvai osboiasa edd -g9 fteso bedoote seid asidon dé yotil betoetts os bas yaoxnl od -besduetons tied beitibom .yavdnes dt bf edd to hae sds brewos 4 bo iivengw isasvse sacl somsisecgs ne medt Snivie.yo encidatices | - -sonebiees odd Qiidem ymsdtyat esstoluoe eoubortni of beesela addin moedt snibauorise .emotbommoo bas eviensixs siom eeniblive il ot 88-08 asdeve svicastsh odd Ynivytibom ,ebtsdoio bas ensbass eyotemmn eeel déiw noteesihde {sn1esxs yitasioltie e1om teize1 . geisesoredt ,toeqeer tadt cl .enoeiaier benidetoeib exom tod sit bus ,eldsitsme1 yisv 918 yiotneo dt sf sdt to Bune sdt to & -otamrereneseai ‘sesq tanum metishset doldw sdvowds esisio - ugite eeodT sesonsbieet ati Saivtitiot to sis edd ni eeetko19 ss [ar oeaend evistnes 6+ Sf add nbes teasef oe. ona’ Nf : vio ve ” A e week: - , riloOoma 4 ‘ rN P cae ne ‘o at 22 in his youth, the excessive power of the Sreat vassals. While he sought by new arrangements to forever drive away a danser, that nearly caused him to lose the crown of Philip Ausust; w while he ruined his barons, infringed on their rights and made it impossible for them to erect fortresses, he ceded a part of the French provinces to king Henry III of Ensland for en- tirely personal considerations, whose value it is now diffic- ult to recosnize. In the eyes of history this concession was a érave error, perhaps the only one committed by this prince; a hundred years later it had disastrous results, and caused the lonés reverses in France during the 14 th and 15 th centu- ries; contrary to the tendencies of him who had committed it, it again had the result of prolonsins the existence of feudal- ism; for during these disastrous wars, these troubles and in- cessant ferments, the nobles resumed their character of chiefs of bands, sold in turn their services to one or the other par- ty, sometimes to both at the same time, regained that indepen- dence and isolation, that domination without control, that un- der the last Carlovingians had led them to shut themselves wi- thin those impregnable *residences;in order for them to devote themselves to all sorts of misdeeds and assressive acts. After 2 first terrible crisis, France under Gharles V asain found peace and prosperity for several years. On all sides the nob- les knew what they had to fear from the people by the Jacquer- rie, and from the increasins predominance of the inhabitants of cities, thought of placims their residences in condition t to resist popular revolts, the encroachments of royalty, and the periodic invasions of foreign enemies. Already accustomed to luxury and an affected life, the nobles that erected castles toward the end of the 14 th century, modified their ancient nabitations by Sivins them an appearance less severe, were oleased to introduce sculpture in them, making the residence buildings more extensive and commodious, surroundins them with Sardens and orchards, modifyins the defensive system so as to - pesist more efficiently external assression with less numerous but more disciplined sarrisons. In that respect, the castles of the end of the 14 th century are very remarkable, and the cities through which feudalism must pass had caused notable progress in the art of fortifying its residences. These are mo longer as in the 12 th century, quite low and extensive e ee a: oy) eT 7988 ong .e% 06 ati font & (Lema emoe yd bexnel wore lone. ie st109) eltttt to ineinatnd vino aninistoco bos accede yd bet | yiev denies t{ind eeonsbies1 evotosgs bus sidon eas tnd eon : 10% bos asdéo doses 1860 siewcd yd bedosit {few .enktetavo ddid . déiw beaqiups seiwotil fas .eysn herevoo yd Sedoennoo .sidshin —s«@ fi mo e9ifex asex edT .medt favors yleriias eeanstebh hoor “ tw ,ersdto odd Snitenimobh eonshizer s Raied gennol on .efteso J ~280 Siitas eft sbetostoig rwedied base asioids ei yincaem sacdw ss Eb Mle ni s1so dserb déiw sind qeed deev a stil esmooed slt ; -gmit ett eoeol sanstebh betsloet to meteye odd yhserld ~Listeb —«ss god .eest, moeisied eti tenatelb ot arssage biol edt ,9OHEII0, gieh of bas .eldiecog es tonm es ti somhe1 of bel{eqmoo ei ed. mi eseol of tadw .slodw edd Io dnemetnsiis svisneteh edi yd geddt ersbiceibh (uttdaiat edé retts ,wel edd ei vdieeeos% .osm gainiotbs seonivoig oft ylisiveidasg fas ,sons1t beningnsans # setts .yietaso di bf edd Io elbbim edt duods eonsit-eh-elT . ,beaeotaque ‘nesd bad fsiasupost) etnseseq edt to sloves edd agoaebh e1ew esitio Eleme edt neve bas ,zousiliv .yidanoo edd bseolons bus esdtio sdf o¢ belt bad etastidsdal odt theteln tatawstes ebsol oft .bsvotvset eaw dsiup nad .enncd tedaem benohbaeds ehnel aiedt bavot. enoeize deilank x0 enkisomso mort ~itio ed] .aoiddon ot boowhs1 enied eeoimoeer iieds stoitsiesé -dd baided obutes notst Sed ofw ,ataseesq odd beeitioneiias se vy boa esivel mout .gismdiom Yo shativise sedi mort .ellaw sis -si edt no tostdwe e1ew veds dotdw of ebnid [is to anolisxeyv -egeeonco siam o¢ helfeamoo sien eno1sd ent .eeiden sit to eba senntet ttedt rehid of ..oei .abnel atadd anilgoedss r0t eno edd .eniemob atedt nobusds o¢ Suinstasidd eeods Ohne etoosfduve -« ¢TIV baatt]epan® eodT .esitio edd ni Havot yeds isdd eogstnevbs ~—s Hoa lank od tase Bnied astis somet% of Qniniséer ,youod to biol belfeamoo tieemid wee ,ndol anid to mosmen odd 10% easteod 8 as : mort Antblod eetel[liv bas enwos tediem ows ysnewd ot -bicoos oF gteduisdo eid? .dnemeetdonsitns to asdisdo [aiemsh s .elteso eid knbeuso eevitom odd entaloxe yliselo .beviexsig ai axed sxodw ,eooe1ea dotdh .eebsessqg I[stsvee o18 sited ;hatasik sd os di -~mot) eeteizizem ebiedvo to bas oismtiom Yo nemow fas nem 180). 189 nk ebsal ise 100 ehiedue ebise1 od dnio® ys + ((sastiem - Biwoo, bas .dnsanco wo Jduodtiw eevisemeds beert. seosia ated vi dadt to heased 10% bas ;heeselq yet eomis Ife gs. se1t emooed sweioiee quo no sonsbies1 benobnads enceieq emoe saetibeanl | 113 enclosures, flanked by some small and isolated towers, protec- ted by a keep amd containing only buildings of little importa - nee, but are noble and spacious residences built asainst very hish curtains, well flanked by towers near each other and for- midable, connected by covered ways, and likewise equipped with sood defenses entirely aroumd them. The keep relies on the c castle, no longer being a residence dominatins the others, wh whose masonry is thicker and better protected; the entire cas- tle becomes like a vast keep built with great care in all its detail. Already the system of isolated defense loses its imp- ortance; the lord appears to distrust its sarrison less, for he is compelled to reduce it as much as possible, and to sain by the defensive arrangement of the whole, what he loses in men. Necessity is the law. after the frightful disorders that ensansuined France, and particularly the provinces adjoining Tle-de-France about the middle of the 14 th century, after t the revolt of the peasants (Jacauerie) had been suppressed, the country, villages, and even the small cities were depop- ulated; the inhabitants had fled to the cittes amd enclosed market towns. When quiet was restored, the lords returning from campaigns or Bnslish orisons found their lands abandoned, therefore their resources being reduced to nothing. The citi- es enfranchised the peasants, who had taken refuge behind th- eir walls, from the servitude of mortmain, from levies and v vexations of all kinds to which they were subject on the la- nds of the nobles. The barons were compelled to make concess- ions for repeoplins théir lands, i.e., to offer their refusee subjects and those threateniné to abandon their domains, the advantages that they found in the cities. Thus Ensuerrand VIT, lord of Goucy, returning to Framce after being sent to Ensland as a hostage for the ransom of kins John, saw himself compell ed to accord to twenty two market towns and villages hélding from his castle, a gemeral charter of enfranchisement. This charter, whose text is preserved, clearly explains the motives causing it to be Sranted; here are several passages. “Nhich persons” (our mem and women of mortmain and of outside marriages (four - mariase)) by Soint to reside outside our said lands in cer- tain places, freed themselves without our consent, and could become free at all times they pleased; and for hatred of that servitude some persons abandoned residence on our said lands, Kage 8) Mahe: ot, Sy i eh hee ee $hy Mire, es ee , a Ivonne of: diate Pie Fach ni bos evs ebnsf blee ed’ eidt yd bos - ercetharer bise wo stoteredw .wel{st bas betzow gon \bosevid ot =csharaactaale fas youtesh ot bons sefdeviav eesl doum yrev ~[sioeaes bas youoD to ebiol .e10tesone 190 sean eemit ot ebud ) ~~ bod dgiw et fuoe seodwW .rsdist bevoled bna issh yrev avo yf «go om kt odd act etastidedst odd Yo tisq edd mo betsenpe1 esw | SV epneve4 Isntso1ec nistiso 8 medt yd Qnisetto ni .bosf fise © to dnemvotine [Ivt eved Ene she to emooed sved sw sonte boa Lg. bise odd no esitio wo to etnstidadei edd .ebnsl bitse 4H0 °°" edt Gedd teitesnoe1 .eemisd Isrevee eu siotesd smoo sved ebna 0 bas .belivane bas beyortesh ed binode ehew bne moteno Diss “Stwint bos tneesta etnetidednt [fe .aeitto far efnel bree a0 ‘Gis bre cobutivise bise ent mest Bes rt od .ntereds aatbiest eH Snisetto .yifsnteoteq emis [fs 10% 19vetadw etest [enoeieq \g eettto bise eft to t1sq asdse1s edd sot 10 ysio does mort “@ a0 .en hae 7 wilsutequsa asvite to ernmeved foe inea nisdaso -fa1sm sbhiesvo bas aismsxom [fs wort sort sf .ote ,eroeesoone ‘eno doss of bose .wobestt sartne fos [I[ut medt ovis bas ests “es golasfo smoosd of dtiod .smit [Is x0t yiIlevteqreo ment to “mister: Suodtiw s ars , : . . 1 », =) 114 and by this the said lands are and in great part remain uncul - tivated, not worked and fallow, wherefore our said lands are very much less valuable; and to destroy and annul that servi- tude in times past our ancestors, lords of Coucy and especial- ly our very dear and beloved father, whose soul is with God, was requested on the part of the inhabitants for the time on said land, in offering by them a certain pervetual revenue. And since we have become of ase and have full enjoyment of o our said lands, the inhabitants of our cities on the said la- nds have come before us several times, requesting that the gaid custom and wage should be destroyed and annulled, and o our said lands and cities, all inhabitants present and future residing therein, be freed from the said servitudes and all personal tasks whatever for all time pervetually, offerins us from each city or for the greater part of the said cities a certain rent and revenue of silver perpetually for us, our s successors, etc. We free from all mortmain and outside marri- ages, and sive them full and entire freedom, and to each one of them vervetually for all time, both to become clerics as well as to have all other states of freedom; without retain- ins servitude to us nor power of acouirins any servitude over them. All the said things stated above we have done and will do, if it please the king our lord, which lord we supplicate inasmuch as we can, to increase and benefit the fief that we hold from him, as stated above, that he will confirm, allow and approve of the things stated above. The year 1368 in the month of Ausust.” The kins confirmed this charter in the fol- lowing month of November. 2 ywote 1.p.-143- Pournoriage, forimorige, a tox that o 2erft w WOS GoMpelLed to poy His Lora for permission to worry a free poman or o Serf of another Lord. Note BepotASe HISt-. AS Goucy-Le-Ghoteau, vy Nelvervilbe, Leon. ABSABe Necessity alone could comple the feudal lords to Srant these charters of enfranchesement, that indeed ensured them fixed r revenues (for the subjects of market towns, cities and villa- Ses only obtained them by payins the lord an annual rent), but took from them the rishts that they frequently abused, and mt an end to resources of all kinds, that in the condition of p pure feudalism, the barons knew how to find amons the people | et . 7 ae: < 4, re bref eid een ovestates baie dis hash ia 4 teas ‘He ‘gntess 86 han ne eeansadé yd beteifdstes bas besimtl eiew eens ae — hak ae Pi cemmmartetes eeansoxe Satstinmti ashience oF yiseesosn eaw of or | SSRs. touome odd oF soidefet ni stil an esd of yesoeiaiss yl aonb of pesoaelb ton si6w etostdue odd doidw bee ,etnex bexit $nsesolq 10% .yauxol rotiedest odd .basd asddo oft oO corse Been oft es [few 2&8 ,eno1sd edd Snome heassionl bed ssonebiest # $beneteb So siege S{detoouse: 8 yd efowsq odd Betezemmi 10% i, eisn od pellsamoo et end doliw of etostdve to eesnblod edd 10% ; onedt tO Mfeeti snetxe sid ah noeset yd bsesstoni enoieesonoo a ‘eetsci tee | -enotessonoo i -efebuet eiom edt ,1tewog to ytinw ot ebust soidsn & e10m edt ‘Bis \nottssineds0 ano adi vd 6latontia tadt od heeogco usw mei ¢mbaemaeG at ysetoor betsfori ns miot oF eelsesoneds ul tdgpoe d bos 8htd odd mort aedgis anivenems tos yusve of noid ifeogao ot elds gaied ov .tnemttnes asincoo most 10 .etmemeilasgq eid Saidstw son has .eivod 6 settee bedetidetes tnetiso sd acosve ot eslostedo seslq ot sess! Js gdawoe ebsol sdd¢ .ti wollod od e1sw ebaad seodw esoniza tebaU .sewog tisdd ai enssm [fe yd tf gedd .oonebwaa smoitze yd bedadoib siew etos afedd bes .dude B bas 1eb10 Qvsinw teniats metfebset to nosifotenoo InensmisG -nedro beystisd bas .euorsansh ton esw .otete edt ai eatiotoeth - SWOG feyou edt ti tod pbeeestaque nooe taifdmoth yd elno Ife " ss | @UBlgot sonitent ett bstevoos1 *mailebsel .ebaad Asew ofnt [fet ‘lmettots bas’ sonsgetis ,enokenetora edi isin nottssinstsoath aldia of euotitat eelaisvia eft jeailotoeib 10% sqnetnoo ett wrens odd e1oted betos meilebest \vyiedeisqse sveta .eatetts of ® yibtenoo need bed si ti ee .ysr1s eltted at yidawoo edt To samo Bevoae teom edd ebita etki oF Qntottisose cedio ,avo1dierd ss Wad Ud vItawED nego ext ni betedpN0® .nottss ods to eseotsd if aso (ono won tlind eelteso edi ni egutes dood Sf .tlost nwo ” geqebat edd 190m yadmvoo odd To r0H0d Odd aot xeftien ania | _.. tud \noiten’ edt of atetesetbh oft 10 na isasvoe edz to : ~7sT etd? .eotwgso ati to atesrodar [enocessa esi oF anthaio00s edsondietay eit to avtey edd rebsw metishyet Yo notisinseet [tat tet add et snd .benedaeh yLlenoisnedat som ei IV eelasdd— aggreatoene, oteff wort txet donett IC) .foogs bee sedt Yo saeni LeVARLG sPLOL -t469 LaPltoscns ougoddrbord 8d sdategst ston arsel- ,tnemsisamst gendor s dtiw bewobse rsdw odw .elsy Mhensdé,er9sdesn dentan seve hos basd .{eoiemidw rebay iedded —-oe99 odd t9bnU .eltwst edt te ebned fenredsq bos dosdinbes edd ~ fBvS «vibsd gasanoo edt febasteb mgileboot .IVY eefaadn to sti .enkemob eti ni. seve oadsd stom Yieadt gniytissol ti anivasied -esveb: .coididms {encereq te coidosleisdse nedd ewoiv om Snived > 8 Sniwied to éxsie10c asbap eoidie eft bas yasanoo odd Banived ~1sd0, bas veennen edt, to sboad eft ot emis Osesic ,.ydisa smor veers: ¥ -bemae wedd bawot IV cei sianeniy oitesnon mort beeesa bed esonivosa donei® oft 27 eves. vinisiase binew yedt .efet {soidoissom stduloada os ashe 9 at aebau kaisvedtss aiesdé jdisoy [ivpasat bas woosd stom gs fsa dud oode- jasloiv sstuodtiv ebsm sesd sved Jdzim 19n0g teddsl fenottes to. ,noiayv to been inefie dedt slot sved yens binow -eeso1on&. of shned bas ysbhod dtkocate io amiol dedd .ydion opnosmt ae bad aeddaut meiisbys® .f[uiddoob ef t2 Fyseb yisve » sleet edd benistnism si. ;olaoeq eniaolsveb s &nome sesdnevbs edt mo sewog Isoidoisnom dadd .xtilidienocare: Isnoessq To ani rere does bemotesoos Ji ifeiweoidxs o¢ shned yisisnoo jd) 4emdke1) ancitsxev. bas oviereteco .bisd s aew Si fiadmoo of por antif{sqmoo ai saswoa.[syo1 sit bebnoose J1 .ydtleod scons ares ot apadiees: to exsnwo bebivib edt teniexs stinn ot slaosa envatoe tis oF #ec Nolgsn 8 woueds .en oF Sieiceiiat asesoqs isdi ewel [ebust sedi SaomA dedd woo, .esingooer senm ow mobein seodw .s9n0 book asm s15% _'# gpmigmob edd-to vsilideneileni off .medt beyordesh sved on elno.doa siew ,e1sdto anome bagdett bas anitaud to addeia odd spp eteerot deay hevieesag yods dud ,ebiol edd oF exoozsdnsvbe @ edt, emsosd sksnisih entvesfo seodn .ebnoo exoismen fas - Békewso, yd. ,yTOdidass edt aot evedesetbh sidsiyolsont to sause — gdkedodedt.,adtuoib {soiboisea bas enoitsbaust sats an 107 i sagan ypernge aboiddyteve bait o¢ beeoasif abnim-toetis oF Bes erode s¥s -bsoi Bot T3GOE vr aes 1 eoquen: dedy gl» .ystnuoo edd to sottestaibanst Ineasic 180 me 09 Len erimexs o¢ ifaw #f 3? ie . i 118 it taught the people of cities the art of fortification; com- pelled them to protect themselves, it further retained certa- in principles of chivalrous honor, that nothing could efface, which elevated the aristocracy during the 16 th amd 16 th cen- turies, and that gradually penetrated into the lowest classes of society. Tt is with the education of peoples as with that of individ-. uals, who when endowed with a robust temperament, learn life better under whimsical, hard and even unjust masters, than in. the endulsent and paternal hands of the family. Under the re- ign of charles VI, feudalism defended the country badly, evan betraying it, fortifyins itself more than ever in its domains, having no views than satisfaction ef personal ambition, devas- tatims the country and the cities under pretext of harming s some party, olaced arms in the hands of the people, and Char- les VI found them armed. If the French orovinces had passed from monastic influence under an absolute monarchical rule, they would certainly have had a more happy and tranguil youth; their Satherings under the latter power might have been made withoutsa violent shock, but would they have felt that ardent need of union, of national u unity, that forms our strensth today and tends to mincrease e every day? It is doubtful. Feudalism further had an immense advantage among a developins people; it maintained the feel- ing of personal responsibility, that monarchical power on the contrahy tends to extinsuwish; it accustomed each individual to combat* it was a hard, oppressive and vexatious resime, t though healthy. It seconded the royal power in compelling the people to unite against the divided owners of castles, to form a nation. Amons the feudal laws that appear barbarous to us, there w were many good ones, whose wisdom we must recosnize, now that we have destroyed them. The inalienability of the domains, t the rights of huntins and fishing amons others, were not only advantageous to the lords, but they preserved vast forests a and numerous ponds, whose clearins and drainase became the ce -egause of incalculable disasters for the territory, by causins for us those inundations and periodical drouths, that besin to affect minds disposed to find everythings for the bést in ‘-onr present reorginkzation of the country. In that respect r > 7 ’ a: Oiaad 5 4 . mee Ate bab Me | Ye ie ef sacs. meatiants ute ron - dtin PASS so Lfew at th ob Eebaet odd to. pottsvasesiqesds oo elisteb pidalauitidches end d ,sonsbytg vd botatoth yilssened sts ewal sesdT .enism gh aleaseas: Yo esdoky edt to edean edd Saidaeverg 10% been i song dtin bemis toamireve2 sd¢ to siso [Is to etioe xr ysbos _ syetedwytevs antbnetzre nodiisiteinishs oa sshnw .ensl evitoss | etheeete ‘6 noletvib edt mi esends tnewsxg of S{uoktTIb ei +i _ «Esteevad yidavoo eit to emstivo odd fH{sow tebsceib sedw odni pbedaotetat need ton bed metinbuet ti .eeks olbbim odd ni sel afag jebssi to ercesseeog edd to eensliviaa edd bcinistaism oi efgeteae yd ynoides(te7 asd¢ ndieesg e10m dtiw boxesids eskelty gsedd tI .book [e1eqs8 ed¢ Yo svol s nsdt iedts1 yvae to ani edd of yIsitnoo S18 yedt ti . 7 Ts ah 1 is , jal . ost -Bevem seodt [le of ..se.i ,emis to sclexstota 's Yeihen som of o edt ydw et tadt yestest emse oid bas eseousdai emse sid vd egonstascas sii eodiet yrutnse di Sf ens To bre sit to elieso -sst edt dgvoddéie .dooge tedt eroted medi stom ,eeert10t s te - fed? sehiteosq ati Yo diaq sesd odd seof{ eved ysm aewog Leb | stemisgeretestorg yiwtaeo dt ef edd to Sninnined edd to efteso ie -pebuevbetelost sx10em 2i gf pemid e¢i Yo eoitousinest telnaog sad ss waqugo0 ‘yine ezusosd 1seiw emooed asengteb :asve asdd bseolone so gdnneocedd sot nottostowq s seRnol on ei GI .e19ibloe yd bes j -Jostis tieeti alest dadd ,zesio febelivisg e 10t stulet « iad & -qmovesise of sxotie Iesit s eetaw tadé bus ,eskia (is no be q Seb “he | ’ eee lisse vaxoo aesdis1 10 isieatenseee ‘hs slteso odd .~yintaso dd Sf edd al -sssi0qui teem to ¢zoq vietilim«s ybseilse esx ,eincterseiy to -soh odd +A .n0n03 hemen enoeero= to invoo s yd beeesexoa .so ~bobea@tiidd yd besinpos esw of yetieod toodtiw baol eidi Yo as eft = a ne me a! ie , A - Setebio og bas eautss 8 G8 evise of side ,coslq efdeximbs ns a od to gxanoo siT .a0Resesed edd ot seado edt to eexvaselo exis 4 -esv tee1h eft Saome fos .yivxal of heonsvbe yisv esw IV sola af -bam teom sit to ono eaw enesl10 to eisod ,soniae eidt to else . etem Bib dotdw .beastivo bas eiss edd Satvol .ebiol snsottio ss @eiaaewog to evol hoe noisidms to Lint tated mort mid tneverd ss popdomne teom ett Yo eno ddod sd of eléeso wen eid testeeb edi gennem e ot dSind eeertaot s bre ,dooas dsdé to esonshiess an envnetgeana e es ti to sissae gelerteno .edostie [fe yieb of a “a -noiteool efdexsimhs as bus ashio seri? eids © B88 od yo ,eaortone 89a fo sagetqw7od «Pileget atox » eit te (AC) svin ow nella escodw .ebnote11ei9 to sltese AT eeoisse? s déod/ ei ~,davoo edd to ysete bavork edt Yo Level -otvise edt [fs tninistnos somshiess s bus tebi0 daxtt edt to nemeidon test & Yo eoneteixe edt 190t ehivoig of bentiesh es _egia edd mot bedarsase .etdhiml to eesidmeees evoremen & bos em of tno A dotib s yd bstsool si ti dotdw to bao oft cs used sesyv e yd bebeosiqg ef DO sonsitms isqionfio e¢i .nsm yd woo4 bos ebede elttso .seldste edd se01 dotdw favors .0 davoo aswol asiverto edt msee {lide eb D da wetnavise sid to eanizbol edd =% to o¢s2 conetdns ed? .esetod bas sltieo aot sosig Bnissten od? . few dotedlons nietess edt ni heneqo eew savoo sewol sid ysev etenimobd siseeo edd to tess bos tgesw .,déaon ,esebie scout .©%o mwed sd¢ ebsodxs dotdw to toct edt gs .esaole heonvonows .B eeaq od ywiseesosn een ti .oiteso odd 1sine of .ebnotsrier9 \ edd duods ds etetl odd to {sw edd to bne edt te hensae eves -sne) bas 8 esosissd odd etasoms1 oft déssned wolfot .d daioa ¢ Seteveit (9 de dunoo tewol sid mort edsb arsdess odd yd 18 edd suoted ties steno ¢neeexg bons .vilssobeib tivoo aswol edd -ao nisteoo asiuanstos1 s fins [st100 etaisiso déiw ® sonsains } ddsened beresa nied eeneteb sexi? eidT .ebte edt de enine wilsottuev db ebusmmoo tedd .csex sit to I aswedt evomsons sad -teloek ows yd botaoagwe sabhiid mehoow s mo Meemis eboit sao ‘.etea: ent! To % bas H eedbiadwaib edd ts seviais ns .et9iq be | -gepsq sonbidne edt eotbindnsab odd sebizel .nte¢eoq edd bas ‘Bn aang bnided Sniff{st eifivedioq 6 bas esdse oes bed J 08 ~ a amob dnooiti ake peldbdhtgotndtesst: besoti'ent be nee yede no peers bieoe ets ett de batved .ecbie Lis no delete: qltess ead) eew oT seiis? to winiely edt of eteorct {utissesd Jeom » odd feiquooo moorbiend efdT .M moowbiswa: “ats to: Atrrces hte m | r ry re eB a i. : : f 7. me ri ee wrest. Tia ap ae ie ae Pe ac gesi i aabasa8 pop t0 pany 8 arent dotew & vd sedualidales albeit ae a a wriste fnes® ed? .J sebistoo someitus edt bshnammoo tad m00 . hebeoerg ean .dis0o edt geen ddhie of seom obie edt no .I ve a -tdimse ted¢ .cotizog 10 xed & base acete Yo Tdi ld shin « xd 5 sdT geome A il ts‘ beasties sisw yidsdo1g yiev ensdodsaiai sdé yaodse /evods sntw eidt “io eeficte ont od bebasoes 3 extsie tetbatw thee ni esiviag ehisl bentstnoo & sewod ed? .yiote bavowdy edd 9d? .tntooseidt js noatizss evorsmen s esdeoifai doidw .yaote eyed yedT saobo biovse of bebasixe yienotneted e168 esiviaa ses a aot eheeesq Istetel es ddiw ¢fvav odasf 8 yiote sewol efit of “BoA .fowitrG .32A).toub Snitslisoev s bas ebewee edd Bnivomet ‘steed \*Us,U er]ewod ont odT sd moor edd ni beos{o esw hissed g noitouttenco ai efdesinbs o18 .efteso edd Liss fo bevieseid ~fe0 edt dasoxe ,esixote siedd Lis ;ednenetnsats eviensteb bas | -y98h edt t0¥ bevaeaes eliad sedio owl .eeoafoqsait eved .sael vy odd of bebnsoesh eno a iled odd YS .m te heteutie sas aoei a -eo@ ds evt® oW sbaiw deew edt disened Snibnedxe easifso Jesy _ So Level edd de goiw ddion edt Io ywiote rewol odd. to asia edd ~ | 125 Besvenored by the nowe of “cartre” durins the 13 th and 14 +h centuries. (OV French poen). What strengthens eur opinion is, that the sreatihall a ser- ved as a court of justice accordins to custom (its bar beings placed at a’). Culprits cited before the lord’s tribunal were brought from the suardhouse M into the waiting room b, without being able to enter the court of the castle, since the portc- ullis of the passame L is placed beyond the entrance of the suardroom. It was indeed an important point, that no person but the Sarrison should at that time penetrate into a castle, except by special permission. After havins been tortured in t the tower e joining the great hall, if the accused were -foand Suilty, they were brought before the platform a’ to hear the- ir sentence, and from thence were taken to the cormer tower c to be imorisoned either in the hall in the sround story, in the cellar, or finally in the dungeon just described, accord- ing to the rigor of the punishment to be suffered. If they w were found innocent, they left through the suardroom as they entered, without being able to sive the least details relating to the internal arrangement of the castle, since they had on- ly seem the tribunal and its dependances. The great hall a and the annex b occupied the entire heisht of this wing. The tower e was eouinped with five stories of defenses, flanked the curtain and commanded the exterior of the lists... The Sarrison lodged in the north wins, and im the sround story the kkitchens very probably were arramged at 1. A great winding stairs f ascended to two stories of this wins above the sround story. The tower $ contained larse privies in each story, which indicates a numerous Sarrison at this ddd oe [Prec ndenorert ylovideles s yd bennam od bison yeds .seans ss gts enoktéoinummoo .bexaatie ylrebic e1e" yeds 10% . .etebasteb geo foretemod¢2oitostora wd, beinell [lew o18 enisdiso efd . Yass | eo fchauets ylezitee level « ac sham sd aso ehasor end rsdsexos. _fnsoreb od boxildo anied guodtin dieq xsgqn sit si sloeao ont -upbomedt mort boeoes oF bas .eniadaso edd of eiewod edd moti edt Yo 'selieso ed? ni ob of belloamoo easy ene 22 ,2xeKnod oft .€7g etole on dadt hoton ed [lin d] .eeiautaeo di ff bas sd St <19dx9 ‘odd no etnemeltied .erevod edd to seesd edd at heowsia ata ed? .gedoso1ccs edd bnoteb onofs eietl edd Yeo sitsa Iso _mbesrutes aoos .siseofone de1it gedd.o¢ai newiah oedw ,aces bedoesors {fiew bane eeixzota seacga-odd anivyouces, bas ,olieao odd sot. Petqnedse odw (ednelieess odd bedeato ,steasise bosk yd gee -» oe@tisems1 edt to Joot eds. doseiges cia Hind si aas ynem botosdis bed mileess® ob bnsitasd sebte aisew eds yd anivitow bes ,esiasdnso di FL bas dé SI sad teom ed»,eeosia an0ute-osedt to atsemexestie evienstsh edz to sedea0.90d to eatstavo. vol edd Saofs eisbbsl beesio yliasynscat ydietebnsteb odd ysus evish of 9480 baited ,goocs dans to asf _ geoslaq foot bas botiusees yisdoiup.ed yeslivostore fo muode s .»seqse bos eooim: to ensem vole edt yd es ,2ailsoe yd dons 26 odosdt to notdaiuoesh edd no eetdon odd ui bedsoibsi svad of mteso blovsdt to sensteb edt. wod .gis1ed to meilliW. to saveod asdaunitssta-s berzinpes aciivéneo dt FL bas dé St sdt to eal -pa-2aiqesi bas ayeddo edt eatsoeaepe dose .eieon sisisqee to egoowt tenisss boot esw sensteb Yo,sbom eidT .vistsisoge. bis ~o1g .énemteevat yientimiferq s 19tte bas ,reddexes Baitos son sewedi geetioieiyd ie sezete Leidisq to 2ef1ee @ yd Saibeeo ep ledweeteido LIntiite.s yd bel eeture bentlaioeihb Jacietes bad diotie dse1a8 ebem bas. (ylesoivesa bevseiue ehoddiem. benohnsde it meat Rniwolls tuodtiw.eteog betsloai Bnites ,éniog eno te +me eseceteh bas enrd edt {{s-esiltss oF bas .300 bait oF om ~smedd bosteb of .eeeseitsa0l odd to soivouitesoo sdé ai bedns et aan di. yantnes dt Ff edt to slteso edd ni [lew sovle eb dtorg od tastent os, sot. teo10t son of mogiaiae sit iol yis - soate deseL edt snoideoitisaot to. elisseb sdinitini odd Ils vd oat ,seelses yletem ton eelosdedo seeds beishass sosezi{gzen 10 | | abbot Lnepes squads ae.0f bee lesebasteb edd of enokmeial neve eet , ane = nay > hs 128 the angle % and the keep I. A very hish watch tower rose above that om the corner. In spite of the multiplicity of these def- enses, they could be manned by a relatively limited number of defenders, for they were orderly arransed, communications are easy, the curtains are well flanked by projectinsttowers close together, the rounds can be made on a level entirely around the castle in the upper part without being obliged to descem from the towers to the curtains, and to ascend from them in the towers, as one was compelled to do in the castles of the 12 th and 13 th centuries. It will be noted that no slots are pierced in the bases of the towers. Battlements on the exter- nal walls of the lists alone defend the avvroaches. The sarr- ison, when driven into that first enclosure, took refuse in the castle, and occupying the upper stories and well protected by saod parapets, crushed the assailants, who attempted to a approach the foot of the ramparts. Bertrand du Guesclin had attacked many castles built durins the 12 th and 13 th centuries, and profiting by the weak side of the defensive arransements of these strons places, he most frequently placed ladders alons the low curtains of the cast- les of that epoch, taking care to drive away the defenders by a storm of projectiles; he quickly assaulted and took places as much by scaling, as by the slow means of mines and saps. Ne have indicated im the notes on the description of the L Louvre of William of Lorris, how the defense of the old cast-— les of the 12 th and 13 th centuries required a sgreat number of separate posts, each suspecting the others and keeping su- ard separately. This mode of defense was sood against troops not acting together, and after a preliminary investment, pro- ceeding by a series of partial sieges or by surprise; it was bad against disciplined armies led by a skilful chief, who abandoned methods oursued previously, and made a sreat effort at one point, takins isolated posts without allowins them ti- me to find out, and to utilize all the turns and defenses arr- anged in the construction of the fortresses. To defend thems- elves well in the castle of the 13 th century, it was necess- ary for the garrison to not forget for an instant to vrofit by all the infinite details of fortification. The least error or neglisence rendered these obstacles not merely useless, mt even injurious to the defenders! and in an abrupt assault dir- j bs 5 & : eA / a) > ae © a Ae ae P i . ts ra F . : - 80ns tei er. te eng anna panreco iepieaeil Steeleceettss a -- oTt dE _Baitnevers “tefeatedo- te vtitsenp edd to eeseved: neve oe -iide S194 « grobneteh- edt. .bedosi¢s suited sd. o¢ eeam ni Baiod~ 5 __» tude bra.ceqo ot .dategso. tuodsiw breoseh bus baeoes ot her . - -qaan bas er0bis100 nol mtoyibate efit od .ev00b to sedans: efde need griwed oxctesd neiet coetq edt Sucot bas .eeksesesg wo ~sitened ylaistiso sonstisqxs sid? .esousoses aiedt [fsvsen cf ‘yandnse dt St edt Yo bao edd-te seesowti0? te eishlied edt fe com .2autlade mot? sewleemedd dosto1q of eatataso hetoere yedd -%iter tud .etiow odd to tisq sswol edd sit edole hersco s9eanef -ense to etatnevhs sodtant edd bead tadd .eeqols yd medd bso10 -tteloctdose edt mort aniiis? nedw Buvodes of eelisostozg ani. -nnmmoo toeiih ot-ents¢io bus eeiselish sid boosie vedt ;en0- 98 molssoitisse? odd to qos edd ds gnsesig od es O8 ,cOolteci eeen ni sedsae eliese ot sides .erebrotsh to siisit nedowdas y _Yedd rywitbies: détiw esehie Raivisos1 fas befosise tniog edt te ss medeted dtiw eteveusa biloe déiwv esoitslogidoss edt begainos mort nwouds eoligostorta wort medé toesous of .beteveo bas edns -Rniwiee efled tecqu odd otni &nineqo esireliss siT .sbietso geotste titnd aedt Quiad etatbhlind) sqoort edd act edoesited ee) ; bIuoo nupcteianngti bos omit vyeaods crsiblee edt .(esisiino sdé i . , -acisemex edt to sqot eft vauoce ashore mon eidd hellttiat qltosxe absotezseld to elteso edt eno nem of waseesoss som to asdanun edd betnques svsd ov .enms of feonbes sd bivoo s9odmun eid? .sldeso eitdit to ednort odt to U seebte {leme odd aot Ob o¢ bas atnoxrt teeth sot 03 nom Od: — emuees of -ysseuesoon ef ti .smid e te efnort ond dostis oF wow» edt eism ot tod .xnem OOOS tesel de Yo vhod exsousmon yisv s- oo oo eevieemeds detldsiss ,etesf{ eft sonct o¢ fns ssdosoigas | -sidosm eft gv 2nitad of .eliswiedd ebietuo “F “2 9 buvowk edd: ywiisolisqne text se bad nedd sensteb oft .msdd soeto1g bae es ~faz aewol eft to encttsfooidosm sbiw edd yi -doatia siz sevo. -nsdt dostis of horiesh odu ,eseenola edt deuto blouse gi>,. viel side sd of axesnotq seedt 104 .elisw edi to seed edd of esvise -soxe of yiseesoen seed evsi bluow Jf .d10w afedd sonemmoo of. jboow to eekesese hersveo tonitence of 10 .eeitelleas enim sisy 98efe doum fos sem yosm ,emis dons hberiapet enoissiego seedd * ote beototater ieddant 91s enietaso bes exswot ed? .{stiedaa « # Yo eeentotds odd eolduoh ylisen tedd .redsad 8 yd ceed sad a ak betuosre e{deitmbs ef noltonisenco sit has .el{sx tteds . \9 ‘tee. 4% 4 : ’ a F > VE U4 - i oa * 429 Lom directed with energy, a garrisom lost its means of resistance even because of the quantity of obstacles preventins it from going in mass to the point attacked. The defenders were obli- sea to ascemd and descend without ceasing, to open and shut . a number of doors, to file sindgly) ed benobusds siew exit edd yd Hedenio nesd Snived edict ond i Note Bep-162-. ALVtHOusH the costle is mow partly Wmhaoited by Me Ge Sully, the Avenontled towers and the keep are nearly oa aoandoned, burt there exists in the castle itself a node im revier of the vuildings executed in the Vast (18 th) century, which is very exact, this wodel has serped us to complete the ports destroyed during the revolution. The sreart Sully tahav- Vted this castle after the death of Henry IV, ond he coused the opening of the windows in all the stories, which dia not exist before that epoch, these openings veins wade next the Lnternal court. We do not believe it necessary to multiply examples of the castles built from 1390 to 1420, for in relation to defense, these structures have a striking analogy on the entire area of Prance. If in the 12 th century, one finds notable differen- ees in the mode of fortifyins feudal residences, at the besgin- ning of the 15 th century there was perfect unity in the sen- eral method of defense of places and in the customs of the possessors. A sreat revolution was preparins however, one that must forever destroy the political importauce of the feudal castles; cannon became a terrible means of attack and defense; first employed in the country asainst mobile enemies, it was soon recognized, that it could serve for defense of fortresses. Therefore suns were placed in the exteriors of castles, alons the lists and on the platforms. Many keeps and towers lost th- eir roofs, which were replaced by terraces for placins artil- ery. Yet these suns placed on wery high points must produce more fright than injury to the assailants. their plunging aud ‘very slow fire caused no sreat damadge.(These vieces took very long to load). On the other hand, the assailants also brought suns of very large calibre to batter the walls, and their ef- fect was such, that the possessors of castles soon recosnized : re wise . ¢ Oe" j ‘ aoe 4 “7 ; om . a Pa) a va a Fn bal ee ; medd bavi cab om teb L cabaiieee ot ssesactianilatiiadil a pres addin ‘gino saw ite snotdoortesh to eenitns wen otsdt moit a Septensl! blo ed¢ ,sonebive edt of bebleiy vedt tadd etivoitirb eff 10 seonebitace doum oe déiw weds borigent asitesxo atesd to «Ienekten edt yd westendiae déiw betcobs sexen nonnso .vistsn09 jontsent yd tedtie .sfaveq od? «yi leyor ons sloceq sit .ceimis ated¢ at bed ylfant? yeds sedd ,bootexehen ylioino .noesey 10 yodt doidwiot .xev00 Iehvot sadt Saiyoutash To sreem ond eboed oo Yoownis mA .yasdnse dt bf odé conte Heiated {st10om bewov bed -fenoos (wort ni bedéecde nom seodd seiees son binoe etnseesg -sbhitnoe tens gnieeoerog fas emis, oibned ot yvoratai mort hemo wdaga rot betsansomoo saeds *,s287000 bas ataneste ateds ai son . ‘pedetavg yifenro ased oefs bad sfovex neqe gs etqmssdA .219 ‘Qo esfteso blo sdt to sesfaq nt bas .yintmeo dg bf edd batanh ~oenwod sgeviem bas yitnsoo edt. to eigosa edd .ytnineo ds SI ent A 46 dads Yo Bninaiged edd ot bas V esfaedD io abies git Qnisab Ib enagunadeads wen goo1e ebhtof Iebuet atedd meee bad ,IV seftesid pegnstis bua beaginps siew yeds es sonsissqgs ni paLeoqmt as “ toesétae nt (asve neit asboo1g sis" eaosed off -senstsk s0} ot eved gow bib bus .sewoq Isoitiloa afedd Yo noiduninib ead s epgo Book se Sntbhaster .ellew aiedt baided etfover sefwoco iset “gattsloeeh esitisa eds doin toententbe to ensem ¢ se nent els 2 we wee pee yee tom 9 BER. 134 that it was necessary to modify the defenses to preserve them from these new engines of destraction. it was only with sreat difficulty that they yielded to the evidence, the old towers of their castles inspired. them with so much confidence. On the contrary, cannon weree adopted with enthusiasm by the national — armies, the people and royalty. The people, either by instinct or reason, quickly understood, that they finally had in their hands the means of destroyiné that feudal power, to which they had vowed mortal hatred since the 14 th century. An army of peasants could not resist those men sheathed in iron, accust- omed from infancy to handle arms and possessing that confide- nee in their strensth and courage,“ that compensated for numb- ers. Attempts at open revolt had also been cruelly punished during the 14 th century, and in place of the old castles of the 12 th century, the people of the country and market towns during the reign of Charles V and in the besinnins of that of Charles VI, had seen their feudal lords erect new fortresses, as imposing in appearance as they were equipped and arransea for defense. The barons were prouder than ever, in spite of the diminution of their political power, amd did not have to fear popular rewolts behind their walls, regarding a good cas- tle then as a means of adjustment with the parties desolating the country. The royalty, weakened and ruined, without influ- ence over its great vassals, seemed to have returned to the humiliations of the last Carlovingians. Foreign invasion even added to these misfortunes, and the lords, whether the remain - ed faithful to the king of France, or took the part of the B Burgundians and English, preserved their strons places as a means of obtaining concessions from one or the other party to the detriment of the people, who were always oppressed in th- ese intrisues and these asSreements, alone bearins the costs and damages of 2 disastrous war. Yet the citizens and artisans sousht to benefit by the new military power, that the 14 th century had seen produced, ani about 1430 by their efforts, the royal armies could already plant batteries of cannon before the castles. (Art. Architec- ture Militaire). | But then in France the nobility like the people were all o occupied in driving the English from the kingdom, and the sr- eat war stopped the quarrels of the nobles, not that these d ie Bit 4 pall aes dae 3 Rae iy» | mene, ~sve eft to weiv at eon nea + faded funaieanel steed ‘bee thant ‘he 9 AEN evi? .nottse odd cuitetizs eda -— taoda: sited seiteso edd nl .eolbhaite efdtaies Io boiveq sedt fede tusbive ef ¢i ,wevewod yiuineo dz er edt So sibbim sda geaodonatenvo edt te noidnetta edd sbatns 03 sonamuoo nonaeo t yd Betaslt eatedavo Yo mesaya bio edd oobnads son bib yous g Bedqaorb od et say Snof cot yd bedssoeedoo meseye & .e19NOT ss sgiid bebastxe yedt ;elisteh ni ti hottibom ysds sod :yitensds © ~eenetsb seolo 10% eqot tiedd aoinietes .entstive 10 erewod yoo) sexsvot ens to etrsq aswol sd nt soipesidms besr0t yeds . dawodtis bus .ybuse ot inivesredni yusy ei cottiensas eidT -3ier edd tebnw omid efanie « te diind velveso wet seeeeng oe to seusosd ered osvib od of sno ei e1rodt .IIV esluadd to n¢ -seteb to meseve edi tedd es Liew ea soideviseetg to stede edi ~&o siteso oft sadt jetrsq [Is ni asteve diiw besneris ei se pdt ywekA*b eveenelirty moit eolim omoe Js Sotsoo) .fisksnod ette est yeliteh s gnibnemmoe yiesnomo1g s so slind ef siteso ah sible yd bebapousse ;eelteso statnvom {is to tads ef ~ tee | -sebte efgate 2 te eldieesoos yino et eres .sonettas gerrt edd ef A fs 4 (88) malo eft ef oak -:4 mas ye By; ‘oe a> Sue 136 slots opened at risht and left. The sgrand stairway only ascen- ded to the Sround story, raised from the internal court} its enclosure was terminated at top by a Sreat square tower in ¢ communication with the apartments. It is evident that here, as in the lod feudal castles, all the most minute precautions were taken to mask the entrances and make them difficult™of” access. Indeed, there was but a sinsle entrance at A and B, the turns that we have described being only used by those fa- miliar with the castle and to make sorties when necessary. But these arrangements, then entirely novel, modified the old defensive system; first the advanced work 0 with the platform gave considerable projections, that fought the outside at a distance and flanked the castle on the side where accessible on a level: then mearly level with the bank of the ditch, at the level of the crest of the walls of the terraces, embrasu- res for cannon are pierced in the curtains and the tower sto- ries of the towers; the towers are scarcely engaged, so as to better flank the curtains. If one judses by the openings of t the gates siving access into the towers, the pieces thus pla- ced in -fatteryvin the sround story could not be of great cal- ibre. As for the tops of the towers, they are furnished with . projecting galleries with machicolations and battlements; but the corbels suapportins the parapets of the great round tower are no longer simple corbels 160 to 1.3 ft. thick; they are Sreat corbellings, inverted pyramids, that resist balls bett- er than the supports of the first machicolations. (Art. Mach- icoulis). The vertical parts of the parapets are pierced by slots, that evidently indicate by their arrangement the use of muskets. Note A.poiGee. shia plan Vs at a scale of 7 * 1060. Here (29) is a cawalier view of this castle, taken from the entrance side. It is seen im this view, that the embrasures intended for cannon are pierced in the lower stories of the structures,and follow the slope of the sround, so assto sweep the exterior. As for the tops of the towers,- the method adop- ted in the 14 th century is still followed. The transition is then evident here, and the problem that the military archite- ots sought to golve in the construction of strons places about the middle of the 15 th century might be summarized in this formula:-- “To batter the outside afar, to’ defend the approa hes pe a my i Mad ry he De i Ve is i van . c | a wiidoe Lise aah isciaiiiah bos ,nornes mort silt tetfoeswe @ wd pe gona ‘ple oft tests benworo .ebaibifod ddid yrev vd Putten ‘e yd Betevoo ean ceed sat | eets%eb seofe - pennetsbh soelc od waasesosn sax Fi ,egsonebieor Labuel azisdd »oe $F tedd yepuibliod sonsbies1 sdi lo gnebacoehri fue escied -tetotgen bas tasnimosg [fe no ebietyo beetxe od ielingees caw — eid tatosiq mort ymone edd dnevetd oF es o8 ,Bdniocg bet -olteno eft Rnibremmoo sosvisd smoe no esiisiied -sh tw meteye flo edt mort notdiensat eft to 2vianiasd siat 7 hinderintidool to sltero odd oi dne1s90e 2i wen edd bre canst Fi g@ edt no thatedtelrio€ hos sent¥ xus sitesi .2 asewted bessool a3 ef edd al sscosalA to enistanom teedsid sdt Se ono to Jinove -shimzot esvisemedt shen e1udettetY¥dooH to ebaol ead ,yisdnso -feaatid to etos fas soselotiv aiedd yd ssoddzies aiedt o¢ eld | Paomerdél oivbdors dscd-.evoisee of smsoed esdnieigqned eke i dtin $isemid Soille .eosela aseaun to svexsinel .siatesd To fa \o edt eowels reswol to ovatabosl edd .2rudssise te qodaid sds anisd od \yefess to yiio ine codeid edt ,erisfanesdin to ebiol g dood besbri esilfia oT .smoeesy of Rindektndidook Yo abiol sad Yo eno vod ymiswob eid? «dt bedetfomsh bas Sdbt ai elteso eda bebeo saw .etett Yo yrodetd edt nt dnsnpest ce eistensad ssodd _ nottesitesh eft astis cissy aesdnevel siateud te senod siz od etteld # ea di aves VI oiishe1] so1same edd SindekinSadoot to eid ynisdeasiat to e¢nvoo ,melili¥i boa Blaned er)esdoid sid od «nBddook siotes1 ot bonstesd vodT -etenc{Lol fos aroliionscs —gotsosla anotte yuev s di oiam od bne eriny esi mort Ssasdegi Istosqe avi wi ee .norseool [exsten edi yd doos 28 .doode Jedd hod os: wieliidis Snioslq 103 esensteb 4 , oo ie ca noédtomvojad sxofrua ett swo SH e8OLe Get otok | bsarvoed sd#t Fo yaattves nwonkd Jégw sdt at siteve eéat vot aw Kh ewgos/ soo ated ot no ,seossedo® «Kh ,&vudaorta Jo taduédarto aweads % | «htowss weso¥d ae sciialinataa «Mh eyoe “.rettes faotrogad y7ts0 aX .CbLeqet BfOK voregus oat toast . satudegia@Adooh Fo soften hodelsdxgqny aa ad )) pat al beorseer¢q Sno .gtudRart® Fo astowesgom eff oF atorw «tev todd y@ .nofease Fo too olf eects .wtto tows Fo ssel/dorn oat emrofad afrehort tot9qa9 sAt OAL -AL TowoK hotos ,19F we satay ot bonebnon eoovarse edt satudagoosy tedt ,estortesgon ee ate Synch! = 138 sought at about the middle of the 15 th century to equip af feudal habitatiow with artillery by certain arrangements in detail, that actually chauged nothings in the semeral arranse- ments preceding that epoch. It was not longs thus, and possess - ors of castles recognized at their expense, that to protect their feudal residences, it was necessary to place defenses before and independent of the residence buildings; that it was essential to extend outside om all prominent and unprotec - ted points, so as to prevent the enemy from placing his siege patteries on some terrace commanding the castle. This beginnius of the transition from the old system of de- fense and the new is apparent in the castle of Hochkénigsburg, located between S. Marie aux Mines and Schlettstadt on the s summit of one of the highest mountains of Alsace. In the 15 th century, the lords of Hochk&»stssburs made themselves formida- ble to their neighbors by their violence and acts of brisand- ane’ Complaints became so serious, that archduke Sigismond of Austria, landsgrave of upper Alsace, allied himself with the bishop of Strasburg, the landsrave of lower Alsace, the lords of Ribeaupierre, the bishop and city of Basle, to bring the lords of HochkSnisgsburs to reason. The allies indeed took the castle in 1462 and demolished it. This domain, by one of those transfers so frequent in the history of fiefs, was ceded to the house of Austria.Seventeen years after the destruction of HochkSnigsburg the emperor Frederic IV gave it as a fief to the brothers Oswald and William, counts of Thierstein, his councillors and followers. They hastened to restore Hochk6én- isgsburs from its ruins and to make it a very strons place for that epoch, as much by its natural location, as by its special defenses for placing artillery. ; Note 1 poiGB. We owe the curious information possessed by us for this castle to the wed known courtesy of the Learned archivist of Strasvurd, He. Scheesons, ond to our colleague N-. Boesswiiwarda. Norte 1PpoiGB. *A very important Letter,” says HN. Soheesans AWN an unpublished notice of Hoohksnrigsourg, “thot the eumperor prose to the wogistrares of Strasburg, and preserved in the archives of that city, gives the act of cession. By that Let- ter, Jared Worch 14, 1473, the emperor Frederic Wforns the wogistrates, that recognizing she services rendered to him by on lepeaneie’ Seug T9kF0 TOF Sao ,aistarsiAT Fo etaves ott srudegeneytoo# Jo o/tepo boatyr att Yott 0 bo medt of Setacrs hs 139 the counts of Thierstein, and for other just wotitves, he has éranted to them as a {lef the ruined castle of PochnkOnigsours With Lts Gependances, and thet he permits thew to rebwtla Vt. aonsenuent\y by virtue of the Luperial power, he prays the w magistrates of Strasburé and orders them « aid the counts of Thierstein, to Lend them help and assistance against oll who oppose thew in taking possession, the reourildaing and enjoyment of the said castle, to wort callow them to be alsturbed, ond to Furnish thew wit: forith{ul assistance, in the nowe of the Holy Bupive, against ab who dove to attack their riéhnts.” We sive (30) the plan of the entire place. To explain the eccentric form of this plan, it is necessary to know that Hoch- k§nigsburs is located on the summit of a mountain formins a series of steep rocks dominating the rich valley of Schletts- tadt and commanding two ravines. The structures are at very different levels by reason of the nature of the sround, are sunk in a point of rock at the side A, rise at a peak B, fol- lowing the slope of the mountain as far as the point G6. The residence buildings are erected at D, probably on the site of the old castle, portions of which are found standins and imbs- dded in the structures of 1479. The brothers Oswald and Will- iam caused a part of the vlateauw to be cut off to establish the great works opposing approach at #. By that side alone is the castle accessible. About 656 ft.. from that point on the extended ridge of the mountain rose a fort now destroyed, but whose site was important to the safety of the place. The work #, terraced in F, opposes an enormous thickness of masonry on the only side where the besieser could establish siege batter- ies. At the top of the crest at G is a hisher work equipped with flamking towers for cannon, and at H is a lower enclos- ure ending in a star and pierced with slots for musketeers a and guns of small calibre. Besides these major defenses, an enclosure I flanked by turrets sweeps the precipice and depr- ives assailants of all hope of takins the castle by scalins. The entrance is at K, and after havins passed around the sreat work G, one reaches the upper parts occupied by the residence puildings, whose plan we give (31). The square tower L is the keep that dominates the entire defenses, and appears to belongs to the old castles, at M is the great hall, one of the most imposing conceptions of the middle ages, that ome can see. We al th oo. 4a ; : afl 7 ies a | eatnnte Lette hte of aiatex of aninacee avak: Llsde pe basa P (+) e@LLe® stad _ aeintoie & stuaease Sraseatabitoot to sibien edd devodsla 4 - bakt xbsetle ow ,etnemetneizs evieneieh wen boa blo to sisdxin a eeoago. of bax nonnso yolome ot coltnetni hetiem fiev s sisds - gdeb eetoeta edt to semsoed bre Jooaees eid ai yetostie sist ; -ts ofT -beibute vaied etixrem eoelg eidt ,poisouisenos edt to _fitiv yltaeq bas etead wi tlind nssd sved of w#88qgK BSIDIONY qmeofnert s giesitne aiedt ot foit sw tnd .enina tneicas som sot bovresss disq eft .dostis dovm aatowbors eronfied & bas ! sBemtt oioted o¢ aaolsd os emeoe yWiieioeqes nolisiided edd ~—s«s gdtgepo seqen ati ai detinev eaw eoinode ond ni M iled tee1 ent | pscelS .n01 soetzed of¢ so nouns soslgqued vidador eidd yc botsco! eoiredisd.esisdised edd loot edd Yo ebbhina esd 8 %,astow deeth edd sbie. eno. no baemeco macottetia betavele yoov @ ebninego duoddiv ylesiino ei J qsex edt .2 Io as09 sid foe eidd, ni videdov® .wol dnenwoutsn ef doidw ,yswsooh odd Josoxs ed 280 sadd’ d1sq, t9NgH Sti ni. .rehyveq esd Heacde een \eKod Ie as bevise ti .ysutiste Isnsedne olitif & yd yiso besoeen Bg edit vd died .asenstob e1lsne edd zedenimoh Ji 103 .dwodool , s-c.ae titted ett yd es low ve. .do01 sd Yo dsea 2 no site ‘N ~etaser bas bontetnian .amdexinbdtoo? to elieeo eat Fd! al at mp. oft Hood. vodT .eehene odd yd bedeteed esn medi Litnw beno febisdmod bins ,etedt eistion to yistied s betasom bas .d101 1% -Bou8 sidiaiesd seodt teteor o¢ Jfiad gon ean doide ,soela en) sont noeia1s®, edt bas ,benisd .boyoudeeh visieq eaw tI ‘ ~vehosi3e2e oF ret até pul NOGHSS eosin di.¢ef oft to bane edd te 306 . -wog. te een edt feriwper yrof{itsA .yseioos dones¥ te bailevel i -~no0f on s1sw éeldos ed? .sensisk to ensom eviensoxe Pas [gtus | getess ylevoises of elds esesstsi0? blied of davons doix Tex soa. .vltasitoltie medi ainne of ,noisovitesh Yo daeke wen eins eefgeso yistifim yfeisg goo1e of elds sd oF Sbu0RS iasbuscehni -~oaqg 8 to eoye odd sebao ,ytiaodins Seyor edd of moksizogge ni -wog. [ebuet edd. to seeude odd ashe0l on Jicagque ot hebiosh ela stedd sasoos ot beassgcs ebiel edd dooos tedt te ybeotls ote So aebmol om eten, sesdd .eeldeso tlind yodd Ti yeotiibeos won sme pp [lite eew doidw of asesod eivesela tad ,seezeiy10% s elbbim edt. to esonebiees Lebuei edd Yo sotdeelIe1 deal | oy, ’ 4 ue hea oe ae aa I ited bedisw beaobasde od yofomexe edd evs rieents bait-est 149 shall have occasion to return to this beautiful structure in Arte Salle. Although the castle of HochkSnisgsburs presents a singular mixture of old and new defensive arrangements, we already find there a very marked intention to employ cannon and to oppose their effects: in this respect and because of the precise date of its construction, this place merits beins studied. The st- ractures appear to have been built in haste and partly with more ancient ruins: but we find in their entirety a Sramdeur and a boldness producing much effect. The part reserved for the habitation especially seems to belons to heroic times. The Sreat hall M in two stories was vaulted in its upper part, probably topplace cannon on the terrace roof. Placed across the ridge of the rock, the barbette batteries located on this very elevated platform command on one side the sreat work Ba and the rear of G. The keeo L is entirely without openings e except the doorway, which is narrowtani low. Probably in this tower was stored the powder. In its upper part,tthat can be reached only by a little external stairway, it served as al lookout, for it dominates the entire defenses, both by its s site on a peak of the rock, as well as by its height. In 1663 the castle of HochkSnissburs, maintained and sarris- oned until then, was besieged by the Swedes. They took the mt- er fort, and mounted a battery of mortars there, and bombarded the place, which was not built to resist those terrible suns. It was partly destroyed, burned, and the garrison was oblised to surrender. But at the end of the 15 th century cannon besan the sreat leveling of French society. Artillery required the use of pow- erful and expensive means of defense. The nobles were no lon- ger rich enough to build fortresses able to seriously resist this new agent of destruction, to equip them efficiently, nor independent enough to be able to erect purely military castbes in opposition to the royal authority, under the eyes of a pa- ple decided to support no longer the abuses of the feudal pow- er. Already at that epoch the lords appeared to accept their nen condition; if they built castles, these were no lonser f fortresses, but pleasure houses in which was still found a last reflection of the feudal residences of the middle ages. The king himself gave the example: he abandoned walled castles. — ¥ 5A i pu oe ; dé Hal ay : Loe Rey Ma Dag i ee Worm, ete eure iy TA eS Sia *% otis to tre bah eeeetoonet omsoed eeersa0) edt * enema 8 sid oniddyas seonof on gen dotdw aati oad myeesla bus tictwoo sit o¢ otudiatdnoo dedt {fe anietagmoo .99 fadt esonshiees exotavxefl 107 stesd sat .edseasooo edd Yo 91 «[ged90 to endisamso oft Soiauh ylesT oi Reiosainoo eefdon edd edd of wold desi edt d{sob .I etone17 fas TIX also .TITV es -Isq ins esi{iv edt bedieiv oived esicon yns .elieso Isbhust @ blo siedd bavot aystet atedd no ,entetowom odd Pnoved eeoe bus asst edd aotnistes .ymoola bas dash seesesdy0% yosd hess .» yodt .rswoq tnsions afiedt To dism & Be sIeKOd {eqtorina sda sem Beosice: bus med anitoensoo enietavo feeolo edd wstds1eVvo -tt100 bos exisaol yd betasqmooce ,feneqo ylebin egaibliod yd 1102 .2d1000 gewol 10 eyelisd ed? .yiorel diiw bedstoosh 200 -edanoo xeduo yd beoefas: ster ,erewod fas eeenatoh vd fefavo -@ jetnavise edd Sninbol st bebrodal, etatbhlindivo gninissnaoo enissovet .etowold dtiw bedetauw? encbish .selfdste bibseloe e9 ereanol on nedd esidon edT wove .sebenemore .edinoo Iledbasd es mem betvel yd beviee od ot eovisemedd Bnienso to sdonodr ssn é8 edasvicee bed yods imsilsss eeiautas0 ond feasvose fen -basgeb eti bas usetedo add at fst bas besbol sd seum ofw (89 -of mort booit orsw edoes [fe to sinevese odd yilenbss) .esoas eagesad .sbotivise ot bef sedd edddia [ebhust [fs mort bas esiv ; .sone bisa empe yd so .etces Iautsatsa Io ensem yo eaew etnsesea ynsm ,vastnso di of edt Yo Seianined edt nore ot Saiston bed bisa S198 eine1 evotisy edd setts has ,e19nKe edd nit efooeq edd yrstneo dt €L odd asdtéA .hadiciieds avin ob - dert? to eqod sdt yeh elanite s rot Henobreds son bad yussv0o -2vidiuo yods [toe edd Yo e19mWO OhEmoosd nedd ,9977 baimoosd -soo ot (sidieeoa oxsw r9edtem edd ti) evoisve ed b{wow 31 .bed hoteesa ted¢ o¢ beottisose yleviessoons emue evomtone ead oteg -19q 19vo eddbia [shret edd beeadorsa yilewhsxh yedt -fneI a0% pedd) .bnid ot etner .vode!l beoret .speiziem .cismdiom Yo .ence apo [fit amlevatedt Raivewss yiisott :hesl edt revo etdeia odd oniwolfe ,edner to mot edd aehay eneis of beowks yodd .ayet ted .Itoe od¢ no siemes o¢ y{no don .sas0es OF YIinudacaco On -one ds bawor edt eseedowe dnseseq edd yshoT .ti siiveos of staf 10% nsdd yor9ecexc Yo evol edt 10% sx0m coum .eeniid evem Mad: eno yloo wid eniuntes yidnoupe1t Ladicso eif sonia .Jeet . mene bentdesh gontseni yd emooe si endT .tneo 1s0 ero to ~ 141 "he fortress became henceforth the citadel of the State inten- ded for the defense of the territory, and was separated from the chateau, which was no longer anythins but a country pala- ce, comprisins ‘all that contribute to the comfort and pleasu- re of the occupants. The taste for luxurious residences that the nobles contracted in Italy durins the campaigns of Charl- es VIIT, pouis XIT and Francis I, dealt the last blow to the feudal castle. Many nobles having visited the villas anf pal- aces beyond the mountains, on their return found their old h hereditary fortresses dark and sloomy.. Retaining the keep and the principal towers as a mark of their ancient power, they overthrew the closed curtains connecting them and replaced thes by buildings widely opened, accompanied by lossias and porti- cos decorated with luxury. The baileys or lower courts, surr- ounded by defenses and towers, were replaced by outer courts containins outbuildinss intended for lodsins the servants, 9- splendid staples, gardens furnished with flowers, fountains, handball courts, promenades, etc. The nobles then no longer thousht of causins themselves to be served by levied men, as had occurred two centuries earlier; they had servants at was- es, who must be lodSed and fed in the chateau and its depend- ances. Gradually the servants of all ranks were freed from le- vies and from all faudal rishts that led to servitude, either by means of perpetual remts, or by sums paid once. From the beginning of the 16 th century, many peasants were owners, and after the various rents were paid, had nothings to do with theircktdérd. After the 13 th century the people in the country had not abandoned for a sinsle day the hope of first becoming free, then becomias.owners of the soil they cultiva- ted. Tt would be curious (if the matter were vossible) to com- pute the enormous sums successively sacrificed to that passion for land. They gradually purchased the feudal rights over per- sons, of mortmain, marriage, forced labor, rents in kind, then the rights over the land; finally pursuins theirmaims till or Jays, they agreed to liens under the form of rents, allowins no opportunity to escape, not only to remain on the soil, but to acouire it. Today the peasant purchases the Sround at enor- mous orices, much more for the love of property than for int- erest, since his capital frequently returns him only one half of one ver cent. Thus he seems by instinct destined to oppose a a i salt : ae ie 3 i i | 08 ‘YWe1eG079 to noieiwtbdne edd Yo efotonina sdf to sends end - edd aT iviwineo (dt Cr) tesf edt go noitulover sdf yd betqse Bessie Istodivoives ed¢ most Saameh snetetersd eidd Yo sost Bas eeonsbieess1iedt Ciindes od ‘yenom bnibeen esldon Lebust | (esbew te etnevice to Tisde Sniesetoni syanis os oistcisn oF neg sent ap eves .ebnsl tiedd Yo daaq wsde0et2 odd fenohasde ~@eebiad .ebsor efit tevo .anidelt .daisoud to addbian .seheliv eieito .yiisyor yd bedroeds s1ew smote .1esan to emseiie ne t Qatnedo Yo tdtucds esldon edd oLfidW .eloosq yutovoo edd vd -tide1 .medd vatbesteb noay taitnvee wstnel on ,esiteao stent =nt fzo%too bee vroxnl to evel ateds .seneaqxe dss1e te medd TI ¢ sitociq of vennever odd Yo souvoe ont Lenierbh vets .beessto | sof ed Bfwco oter [suit aiedé .dteo tedt af son .yorom ybesa fenetsew Isvexod .erotacsonos aledt evienetxe tsvawoll .-neores ‘ 6d¢ Yo Hofezstogo Isbus? sdt ‘to wiomem offs ,sswod Ifeds Baw ope Bos 'yiddwoo sid ot biviv ee betiemsa aysuwle sets efhotm -d¢ Yo feom .wsco eslfeso afedd ,etdeb yd bebsol nodw ysh ond -qm@ sisw ebiol edt .eovideows aiedd at onitetxe yieo stdota aie q woidd etneeesa oft ,siaceg aommoo ‘edd to exoasss edd yd beeitg geal sdd $3 nwob mods sad oF wriababeone yiedz no eeviesnmeds eB9nors { tminntted sdf te sonshires1 Lebuet edt vd nexss miot wea sit | dads te tot snotinetse eifine and atizem yivdneo dé Of edt to xevecn of yibioss beeesiosh eanfsetidoxwe evoteifes Ti .dooes (fis haiyb s Yo encitoelter efsc yilno efaseexd fue .nishe sett at ti ton 10 actveb Sf sedw ,es0d Fi szedsidw don wood tedd f eff to euntifewb edd to siudoevidorws odd dztw emee odd Jon — g@ e¥et yedt .ceezerd10% to totoeisdo “tedd Sriso!l aI .eeldon -aF deom odd Yo sno ei ybute eveodwbhes .micdo Yo [Ist sno ven gesd esi ¢T .shen sd neo tedd .svidowitent teow bas 2nidesised So sivdostidois odd dedt .ems0? Ife ai bas eiredwyievs Sssesqes eed erdt “yiedT at esoyt eti tdgwoe sone17 ni sorsceianes ens enoisasones [vteos1e teom esi tends .yse oF Ba set of |NOk nevs aedt tedt ,betneb ed tonnso tT etettas netflissI oF enh sase to bne sit te siptostiders to tue edd nit heowbouq soituloves h dade :yiedI nt efeemonco awo dtiv eebionioo yistmeo ds yf sod | vi bemusto saw ,coeed yrools eti tnivaeel ve ifidon done? sis taFt eff .emod Qninaintes dedt fins ,esfliv neilesI Boilie sft -~tsdided evotamne otni eelteso dash eti mictensis of eaw 9180 sd teum tedw tod .eeawsolvoe bas eeldism ddviw SnimeeiS .enci 142 the abuse of the principle of the subdivision of property ac- cepted by the revolution op the last (17 th) century. Im the face of this persistent demand from the asricultural class, feudal nobles needing money to rebuild theireresidences and to maintain an always increasins staff of servants at wages, abandoned the sreater part of their lands, save up their pri- vileses, rishts of hunting, fishinS, over the roads, bridges and streams of water. Some were absorbed by royalty, others by the country people. While the nobles thought of openins t their castles, no longer counting upon defending them, rebui- lt them at Sreat expense, their love of luxury and comfort in- creased, they drained the source of the revenues to procure P ready money. Once in that oath, their final ruin could be*fo- reseen. However extensive their concessions, however weakened was their power, the memory of the feudal oppression of the middle ages always remained as vivid in the country! and on the day when loaded by debts, their castles opeu, most of th- eir rights only existing in their archives, the lords were siur- prised by the attacks of the common people, the peasants threw themselves on their habitations to tear them down to the last stones. The new form taken by the feudal residence at the besinnins of the 16 th century merits our entire attention; for at that epoch, if relisious architecture decreased rapidly to never fise asain, and presents only pale reflections of a dyins art, that knew not whither it soes, what it desies or not, it is not the same with the architecture of the dwellings of the n nobles. In losing their character of fortresses, they take a new one full of charm, and whose study is one of the most in- terestids and most instructive, that can be made. It has been repeated everywhere and in all forms, that the architecture of the Renaissance in France sought its types in Italy’ this has even sone so far as to say, that its most sraceful conceptions were due to Itailian artists. It cannot be denied, that ther revolution produced in the art of architecture at the end of the 1. th century coincides with our conoguests in Italy; that the French nobility, leaving its sloomy keeps, was charmed by the smiling Italian villas, and that returnins home, its first care was to transform its dark castles into sumptous habitat- ions, gleaming with marbles and sculptures. But what must be au > 5 a nea ck ; : 7 “ te . a. 7 .: ; ‘e iAewe nee . pe Sean halen ad nbasneniile edt ni fexinzooes ~ftis donex® yd heteiqiedni stew eeldon sone1d to eetteeb edd -tne os ni eemmartzo1a wen seeds yteitse of wod nent teds ate y bsxorted bos medt of bexnoled doidw .tenner fsnibéso ulexi soni dasaxe yiov ed of viseecosaay ei JI .yledI sort ol¢til ysev o odd neewied noitsie1 on ei siedt dedd see of sindoesidois -usneo at @f edd to bas edd ta enetiad= edd to esiiiv yiianeo gh -yRofens of .oonseziane® edd to susstado doneis ano fos YW ps ewobniw eeinego to show sdt ni .dinemehnsiie ocd .enelta edd fansetat edt of eonsidmezes om ;eeollibe edd Boftevoo to ine -tT ni seosisag yitavoo bns ytio edT .emoidastcosbh [eniedxs fas e feotatemmye .288m aseniiijos1 aistaiso 8 gases evewls vis ~giensh edd to sestsdo donet# Go oi butt ow dads .cinemsdnests o bstetadoo sisdostidoss edt UIT «VIX eisol of neve hos sonse 8 vd fedsxoosh eoasiat bas eiedeslica yekaibivom emoe ni yine sonsezians® done1t® odd tedd saath yleoit bluow ow ,eeupesdste ~ilidleeecg eeodd evods ylkaqed si tis eidd dud ;asilesi reget ett eesiaxs bose tosaib teow di doidw yd eelaioniaa odd tesit gem .encitsishiesoo enolase e1cm doum moxt beviaeb ste tise -94 teixe seum ¢edd yoomied bose eheen to noisosteisse ,acitac ~olbst .notdetidad odd bas eiasauase sit to emodeve sd aeons Yo emoteso bne encitibers 103 toeques ,eleiaedem Yo sen enol b Boe toetidois edt doearh viisemixg Jenm seens ,yadnroo sad _hnoo sdé mi sonseeiensh edt 84 avosdidots denett edd hetosiit -tedo betoors vedi yesidon sdf to eeomebiees sdt to acitouise ni beddefo tud ,esixomem {ebpet blo yd beeeetomi [Lite evse bedetiog »bonisel ,dnskele tedd.déiw yromiad ni wolieixe wen se ~i ,~bedoetts bas olinsheq elstil se ,yeioor enorlsvido bas be biviv dove bewode doidw bas ,aseaas wee widdteo dv of sad ds aedtedW .yistaso tnivolfot edt to seiweo edd Paiwwh aobaslae -siqmoo yostooiaizs Isiqotiaied eft ,nossea yd ro doniteni yd insaiwokesa efoe odd aeeaoL on sew corct feisedsa dadd bebned euolwoltbia teom{s smaved esesorgvict edi dedd .sonmai! of asec -s¥ efdsbhimz03 ett ;sonsninobeta isyou edd déin nosiasamoo ai % bre toscest c1ulcent aseae! on biveoo emis ysenr blo bas eqs _dobne«,bosinn s1om ,r9edoia yiteb eiqesq te debin odd ai iase% givovile ed-ot ppeuoeth of aittneite atedd feet od aninnited youlinsat seldom teom atest Yo nom eth] .etif Isottilog odd Ww a) ’ Pe, ae era! - : i. ia - 6a ira "¢ ; : " en / : j ' ue | cee : ye aie Yj . 2 J .. a yea e ny W 4 . - : A oi) ‘ 146 the castles of the 12 th to the 14 th centuries, either beca- use rebuilt in using the old foundations, or because desiring to enjoy certain points of view, retainins arrangements conse- crated by habit, or to profit by the most favorable orientat- ion of each of the services. Such, for example, was the chateau of Creil, built on an i island in the Oise, commenced under Charles V and entirely rebuilt at the end of the 15 th and the besginmins of the 16 th centuries. We give its plan. (32)3* At A was the bridge jo- ining the island to both banks of the Oise, protected by a little forts at B,the entrance to the lower court. The habi- tation of the lord was entered by a second bridge C placed over a wide moat filled with water; at D is the court, surro- unded by buildings for habitation. According to a very freq- uent custom, a little church built in the lower court served as chapel, of the castle and parish for the imhabitants of t the city. At B was a garden reserved for the occupants of the chateau. This plan emphasizes what we have just said concern- ing the taste retained by the nobility for the complex arran- gements of the feudal castles. That of Cheuil, although natu- rally protected by its location in the middle of a river, was not built to sustain a siege; and yet we find there, if not the formidable towers of mediaeval castles, a number of flank- ing round towers, the projecting pavilions arransed for enjoy- ing the external view, and offerins in the interior those cl- osets and retreats so much loved by the owner. The view (33) that we give, taken from the littke* fort at will dispense w with longer descriptions; it indicates very clearly, that all these small towers and projectins pavilions were not erected for the needs of defense, but for the pleasure of the occupa- nts, and to imitate in some sort the Sreat feudal fortress. T The wateh towers and the sharp roofs were multiplied, as if to recall at a small scale the external appearance of the old c castles bristling with defenses; but this was no lonser more that a play, a caprice of a rich noble, not pretending to be at war with his neighbors, but who still desired his resideme to have the appearance of a fortified mansion. Mote LopoeiWe AL the scole of 7 + 1000. Yote Lepei7S. Thies vtew ond the plon ore taken from the work of Du Gerceaw on Botiments de France, the ehorteau hoving been | sions “qr oo to witles teow sat dtvodtie « yeielre ats aw end 4 in 7et ‘getnol on eenetebh rot besinper estetistdwe [etesoed Atte pean pea at Bethol .eeda elbkin edt ant efdon 4 .beseizxe teord ef tnemednev1s odd foidw at windmeo dt (I ed¢v to euasta = Ho [Ie ylusen 818 ,soneupee ni emoor oft ,feoirtemmye hae vier ed .emetboleliessa tees beeiiomos See encisnemib emse <-ffe bos ebasl woev ote evewrdate edt ,yeso bne dosrib ef soi w (eottibs eft to sased odd oak sono de eterisnes ot ene wo Veit fas od ti es .oidsssotwoonw es Teemid havo? over bivow -.F$180 omoe ed bebivib soo tse1% 8 ni bennsa need Eas ylinst - mort bedaiscqee smoot sistil ,esixe dJeiose beaiesh sh .encis 6ay Yo erst shite .stA oF mwomd eyew Snibaiw vd elf{ed tsexe bas edtel \sdbta sdt 10% hesties Boe beeolo eredmedo .eehsost f° etevirg Bid tadt bextesh of ;eeteldmeces “Ol sxetea besinbif giyokes edt bow .etil olidnq eid diiw bexim sd ton Elvode stil @teum [fed ond .etidad eid of sosit @ d3el [lite cee edt of ese ot fedeiw 6H .ddacn edd of tefite odd ,divoe sdé oF eGo to ,weiv to efpiog nistreo mort enchish ets bus eteetot etd —«s \@arodeeons ei beedgsx dotdw désened dowdo sbelliv eft beelnt ~~ Set *8FT @titded atedt eve eeyH .1evis to bso: aisiaso 2 10 ¥ e65e Ofw .eeenicess mort efh ot nem & Senso yer ene bee . bois _-s =BaW yTev ed bellit ef ettf eid eeelnn .ylieb sese esd od sedy a “gon BIb asw codw .eeldon oft to sevil eff .enctisanooo eno10 y ysdd bas ,epoibes yisv esw .eotdaso stieds svasl oF weds sanso 4 ‘getew edd no Saiveol oi emit atedd Yo t1sq hood « tesa Seow x ‘qd etosessq .bso1 oft 2nols Snteesq etefoverd .e@seom aiedd nf efit .teer0t saz ao bolised macte off hielo ect no tnisesvish a ppdd efteso eft to tenwo ec? .dapo0 tewo! oat of Saiysio oom i mtd ebsm dsds .nettetibem io etided betosatnee yievortosroony | ed gon blnode en0 .tse1xte1 10 wobriw .scela nisiuso & te ist60 “gantneo dd OF odd mt tiindes eslteso edd of Ti .bedeinoser: _ -ebive s1ew tsdt .evnemstasize isl(ebesii nissase beniades sie ~men Yo ne eidon edd to etided etsvisa edt vd betsdoib visas .eidt of henrson00 ton eaw Viasdl vinisiyso :yiimet etd to assed . atedd betenisas eofdon edt mow ot etootinote sid besfni vod © eaedT .soslg omse odd nl yete aol 8 to edineed edd .sedetn + &atviee easstisdo Yo msdm0K ebral e sting sons? ni seize [lide -$ Yo eoeldon etd to s{taso heltisacl edd most moltiensss s es nee ce he me 8 Gr) 1), Te she e. 'g ty ir A Pho, | || dacbrvend to bas edd Yo eoeiso yrdnwoo sid OF Bobs efbhin sid tolevcue toate aefupertd yidneupsst ete enslo atedT nT. e ‘ 4, 145 the new chateaus, althowgh the real utility of so many archi- tectural subterfuges reauired for defense no longer actually existed. A noble im the middle ages, lodged in one of the ch- ateaus of the 17 th century in which the arrangement is broal and symmetrical, the rooms in sequence, are nearly all of the same dimensions and comprised sreat parallelosrams, the serv- ice is direct and easy, the stairways are verw large and all- ow one to penetrate at once into the heart of the edifice, w would have found himself as uncomfortable, as if he and his f family had been penned in a Sreat room divided by some parti- tions.. He desired secret exits, little rooms separated from great halls by winding ways known to him, side views of the facades, chambers closed and retired for the night, larse and lighted-areas for assemblases; he desired that his private 1 life should not be mixed with his public life, and the sojourn in the keep still left a trace in his habits. One hall must o open to the south, the other to the north. He wished to see” his forests and his gardens from certain points of view, or indeed the village church beneath which reposed his ancestors, or a certain road or river. Byes have their habits like the mind, and one may cause a man to die from weariness, who sees what he has seen daily, unless his life is filled by very vid- orous occupations. The lives of the nobles, when war did not cause them to leave their castles, was very tedious, and they mast pass a good part of their time in lookins on the water in their moats, travelers passiné alons the road, peasants h harvesting on the plain, the storm beatins on the forest, the men playing in the lower court. The owner of the castle thus unconsciously contracted habits of meditation, that made him prefer a certain place, window or retreat. One should not be astonished, if in tke castles rebuilt in the 16 th century were retained certain irregular arrangements, that were evid- ently dictated by the private habits of the noble and of men- pers of his family; certainly Italy was not concerned in this, but indeed the architects to whom the mobles entrusted their wishes, the results of a lons stay in the same place. There still exist in France quite a large number of chateaus servins as a transition from the fortified castle of the nobles of t the middle ages to the country palace of the end of the 16 th century. Their plans are frequently irregular like those of t a aN a ie baie ae ahs aodtusoess oft siiliee bayortass , . bs Lidalaewtiereneh to sasehin eda selqionixg sesddé nO ae | agie ef yiltdasso- esnotérogo1g wehnsis ot dawodd ,setel slyitl ay -do seom ois Ye ooo ef brs ,etins? mort eeiin @.Sctneds betes ‘. -msixe -istew Intidueod ;sone17 Jo disq dedi ot esosta teins -senetsh sot bsbweini eeel neve ean tedd .usetsdo si% do 9d - f{erens: eidsiimbs odd to asia ont (Sf) ovin of .IinerD aed’ ~em 06 to aulyes edd eaw dotdw ,sonebieet eidt to Juomstasaie haa ot. euas et sxe .ebaim soit bus estemoeisq evoistevlli ya i mln | i to eyse wese se dwoo ses pase edd setasq ond Yo egetenco aaibliud eT” ~—s- woge edd yeg0ktioc edd 10% beansive ehoibfiud emos eis doidw ai ds geek Roeds nedt asdeid beeie: giv0o asletesiat ssdtone ef tac re ent mout baeose oF yiseeeoen toted Ji ..dT Cl 16 © sHoe Yd nese et sahiad eft ebised bsehal “.baooss odd doss1 oF sexi? ~306s Ievef to sonetetiib sad Qu eeism daddy yewtladea sldvil ede" 5 no taoo (asfuinsind) biee sit boso1d “-edivoo ond edd neon gePibas*ilew betouttence .baol ed Yo emibl{ind edd at eebie [Is a Woot es so bebavot eis davon fas enibiind eld? .seansm book « _—swba Pmemednsise oi Roied .acitode ows si ereliso sas doidw oi & mt esfets yosm of exe steds ,asifes # nent disiaydel es 198dd -per1s eft Yo sometseqes adi ist eA .betivev eis ils baa diod ot sedtiem ylorvitme estedis si .2niblind e‘faol edd to dasmo8 T .gédtotod boxim sie ows odd dud 318 aishom oJ 100 suptinas edd 8i gases desi) odd al. .doia bas {stitesed ous eebsoat edt a So eobsaost sdf “sd fied daest odd yd*eniblind etfs of sovsiins _—s Skew aekredsxe baer Sivce ent no Wdod sisds Bnied eXaiblivd eds _—s«s «gadawoovons seed? .olyse oupidne odd ai bedeinit bas betneits . ‘[ sedsw Yo ests etael s yd beeclone sis eanibliod aiedd diin ‘edeom soetil notistaqes es ek medt asevted olidu .fa0g . exil a aot stbhiad)s ci di wevO .ewoll rsdew-bise edd doidw danoadd _—sso wb iwd sesxk odd Bainicl .isds0 sit od Sivoo sno mort anisesa ; edotdncod: Qissq) edd to bus sao ts beoslq .A sostied 2 el ani Qe venses yd sonshiee2 a*hiol edi 3@ daineo oft sort as0k eno ~iflind e*baol sdv eeteiseqee Jedd .198dsW sag eeotos,.9 sibiad « § ge), dots #8 evo eseesq ono doidw yd bas ,goertet odd Eas Sn =fisqnoces ei soslq std? .sbsensa hexsvoo s betasiis ei doide ne yretisk s\aaied: eshte ett to sno .§ nobish Beant 2 yd bs ~ie odd. So soiodo sdt beasso edeor0t dasoitingsm ,evobsem svi - Venaagctabmoadaaae sedgid oldsif es beets. (ootsiog) eodove = * 147 destroyed after the revolution. On these principles the chateau of Chantilly was erected a . little later, though in srander proportions. Chantilly is sit- uated abouti2.5 miles from Senlis, and is one of the most ch- arming places in that part of France; beautiful water, extens- ive meadows, magnificent forests caused the choice of the si- te of the chateau, that was even less intended for defense than Crewil. We give (34) the plan of the admirable seneral _ arrangement of this residence, which was the asylum of so ma- ny illustrious personages and fine minds. Here is what Du Cer- ceau says of it. “The building consists of two parts; the first as a court & in which are some buildings arranged for the offices; the sec- ond is another triangular court raised higher than the first by some 9 or 10 ft., it being necessary to ascend from the f first to reach the second.” Indeed beside the bridge is seen . the little stairway that makes ap the difference of level bet- meen the two courts.” Around the said (triangular) court on all sides is the buildins of the lord, constructed well andin a sood manner. This building and court are founded on, a rock, in which are cellars in two stories, beins in arrangement ra- ther a labyrinth than a cellar, there are so many aisles in both and all are vaulted. As for the appearance of the arran- Sement of the lord’s building, it adheres entirely neither to antique nor to modern art, but the two are mixed tosether.. T The facades are beautiful and rich. In the first court is the entrance to the buildins“by the sreat hall D.” Bhe facades of the buildings being there both on the court and exterior well arranged and finished in the antique style. These two courts with their buildings are enclosed by a larse area of water 1 like . pond, while between them is a separation like a moat, through which the said water flows. Over it is a bridge for passing from one court to the other. Joining the sreat build- ing is a terrace A, placed at one end of the park, to which one goes from the court of the lord’s residence by means of a bridse P,across the water, that separates the lord’s buildi- ng and the terrace, and by whick one passes over an arch, on which is arranged a covered passase. This place is accompani- ed by a grand garden B, one of its sides beins a gallery on arches (portico), raised a little higher than the rest of the Laat ont a hati ‘setmnd eidt to btn: en a0 nebuss. guar eeldste 10) hobnotai ebniblind Lersvee o18 dose seed? .esie tious Jo tor ~aeddone ef Ji 18988 bos sebysh boe1k » «Bboon e128 doidwe Ye emoe ,esoele vd febmuowis os emehies _ abnevaco tedto bas esers spiel .sestd yitedo .eseaco -ewohssa 2 otto odd etwoo yd besolone exe eeoelo seeds to emo® .asone e gisv ei deg edT -ysnoted sid ef ee0alq oveds ai ,08 Jon 21 |. gaedw qwestado edd to sbte on0 gs daied somerdne ott ees f ie 20. esofone et sozig eidT .eivessiq hoot sevih sadd isdew ek e@redd dotdw at .etine® to dee10t odd yd etisd dxen obie ads 4 G ewéied of beet beets edd oF Batok 10l sheaseg besdtuev & ei q {nitdueed | teom sit to smo ed oF bled ai sortg eidt ylisalt $4. *.sone7% ai esosia ai eemnnl Pe] shabbat stasfisoua aulg 29d «OV Legel Stor at ah ef AO0G ~ountence to weiv to duiea edd mOrt doidw ,somebiess efds al bentades aieke see sw .ses1s101 s te anidtor yifset sed noise ensam yd noideloel .eeléeso Ishuel edd io einemekaassts sai Jis —s«s Fo yeas dom eeRbird mores .tetaw to Lio} etecm hus eknog to ¢ déiw dapcosi03. .sefans end ge atewot anidaslt Ilema .2ascos _—swaaa beeofone .eeonsknegsk edd tin saveo aewol ,eevilte edd of anibsroocs begyneaie ebnibliod saalvgei1t ,ehanemoig din ens d ~met ,Boksesed betoo1o .benistaos emoor edi te enoianemih edd wanoteivoi siderebisaoo, Jo stetote Saidsimiee easlleo sene odd ddin aatdsoinummes yot seesesa beiluev ae0f s ylienil bas - ullitaedd to wsetsio oid JeY .meee Saied Suodsiw bsor ised eensteh evoiise & se0qdo bInoo ,LiverD to jadi oadd enom on -~wod [ieme bas enkatavo sat t sox0t bemis os to foetia ead od -1% eto0o01 ond ,ewebnin obin yd shaeco sie nsetsdo edd Jo ete by ot din wrelis® secqn edt tud zeremi0b [niitused avin bedein m necqu seeds tI .~benister (Lida ei esoiisfooidoss {saoidibexs ~~ 'w%e edt enishs vsedado edi Josdo1g aeenol on binco esiselled ss (git Yo ebeom edt aot tosx [fise ersw vods ,visllidis jo edoei eoiviee edd taiwolls erobizios enol brotts yedt 103 :solvaise -1svo ond woasnadic bas ,estrove sedaid edd to emoor {fe to wtiy teeta stdeie owas sdt aor}, aah toa 06 setutourte aus SSR cOSheGet 20% twa .ytatasea at Gt sit fo bas sat man}? etobh teshle sdf ;#00q8 ae girolwottrog baa ,ehatblivd oat grwtnse At Ot sat galiuh tests tia bstotao9b sea sr9q Fos7d War et enee s 148 garden. On one side of this garden is the lower court I, in which are several buildings intended for stables. Besides the grand garden and near it is another, not of such size. These gardens are surrounded by places, some of which are woods, meadows, copses, cherry trees, large trees and other conveni- ences. Some of these places are enclosed by courts, the othe- rs not so; in these places is the heronry. The park is very large, its entrance beings at one side of the chateau, where is water that gives 300d pleasure. This place is enclosed on the side next Paris by the forest of Senlis, in which there is a vaulted passage for soins to the Sread road to Paris. F finally this place is held to be one of the most beautiful p places in France.” Note 1.p.i179. Les plus excellents bastiments de France. B Book 2. In this residence, which from the point of view of construc- tion has really nothings of a fortress, we see again retained all the arrangements of the feudal castles. Isolation by means of ponds and moats full of water, narrow bridges not easy of . access, small flamkins towers at the angles, forecourt with the offices, lower court with the depvendances, enclosed sard- ens with promenade, irresular buildinss arransed according to the dimensions of the rooms contained, crooked passases, imm- ense cellars permittins storage of considerable provisions, and finally a long vaulted passage for communicating with the Sreat road without being seen. Yet the chateau of Chantilly, no more than that of Creuil, could oppose a serious defense to the attack of an armed force.! The curtains and small tow- ers of the chateau are opende by wide windows, the roofs fur- nished with beautiful dormers; but the upper sallery with the traditional machicolations is still retained. If these upper galleries could no longer protect the chateau asains the ef- fects of artillery, they were still kept for the needs of the service: for they afford long corridors allowing the service of all rooms of the higher stories, and facilitate the over- sisht. nt Note 1Lepi80. AVL the structures ao not date from the sone epochs the olaest aate from the end of the 15 th century. But auring the 16 th century the builarings, and porticoularly the Vartertore, in sreart part were decorated with great urchitectu- Te: ote rey rs on pat 5 2. ial ay ou ae ate iat %, ie ire >, i aa ba a (eel “avtwsaso de or edd at Eftve vted: ssetnited Inwwscediddre nehany. ' ho ops 9 oe abet tsbom eten esortte ip peel edgy to. enalblied: giem oft {fis gedt ston [fiw sat yino eved yodt ,.e.i .dégeb ot elanie [Lite e1¢ doogs eid ni -oose Ensmmoo yodt ;sosespee ai bebnat1s moot sno to agbhin edt ? Ite wito ,exel{eo oft eit{ .erebiases asaon sit fas .19dso a ts eisdasio bus elish edt to tasbasgebui notésfoorts & seeel . -tne0 dd (rt edt evoled yfeasa esw 3 S esnnied Sasastiil ows ~oabbitod ates tosis of besomemmoo nem ,ensetado etd ai tadé v4 7S 1 efigqeh elIdscoh Yo sd wa yo etasuitaad etastsooxe easy 69d wi Sha «OFLogGef SION vig eytiitaod) fo slfoted bao easéig sat .voaer9d to antnaited eat ts .tedd svekied od yiseesosane ei ei JeY ~@9 to dios s saw ensla to yitasieteaat odd .viniceo at of edd yiettnos sav mo ;aebt hevisoncesta s to sioee1 edd .Ytiasso ‘eefdon to sconshice: sid ni yiasemmye sisvce nom ,docge Tend Ja \imemetnsiie fenxstni sit nave ybseals tit ot feoltiaceac yeas —poet rweluse1 s0baétxeveds bo oniineesie to noidnsyai edd ddiw . - .gonsie990s {adnemyoos e dtiw esatbhbiinvd te ystsaitne na .esh % -n6o donet9 ao sonewftei as bestoiwers yletI ,gosage1 Bind oi -sisk [sandostidors emoe to aniwoared eft dtiw dud ysiosouise -aflea astisdI mort goot efostidoss edt ¢ady [le eaw vids .eli -fd donex® ett bentede1 usedsdo e*hiol edd eeiwasdto 101i ;a80 ot ,Jnemeznetis [eronse edd to yietiias edit ai died .wtoees Bad baa daha tnidnslt [feme evi .motdgudiarvetbh LIsnrstai sag seenibliod edt &Satasvoo to shom send ee to sonebiess ,votnA ni as8asV to vaestedo [ntitused edT “Yo enolstbeas blo edt beniot° ends .enenenS-nedof to esonita ts svukov ni etnomegnsiis [stoomunom edd of elteso I[sfhust sas “te (@€) beeoqmoo esw dT .yredneo dt Or edd to antoniged edd qd beinsl? sisk s yd bexedne eno doidu oJai Jivoo aswel s ‘eoiwise .eelens odd te eqswod deed ddin .etewot bower slaril ~es7 etbrof ed¢ nesdt seaiw ew at beosla yileoissemmye etonibtind *Y setwedtl ,tsom s yd s1v0o aswol edt mort Hetsisces ,sonsbi -@ ylasen oft yo Hétosnnoo eienods booor teste avot yd bedns lt eft bebawo1ins teow fenvetxs oA ehatbhiieod JseiR L[aoiatemsye “nistavo tnoxt edd stedd weiv etdd ni sees onC .weesdedo saiins -ee1das yd sead atedt te beoretq [lite exe etewot ows edi bas -tslooidosm dtiw bedeiawt ers yedt dsdt bos ,nonneo vot esau to faa 8 asdt s10" wer on Baw eft «etoemsf[ttad Bos enoi a) i ’ oF 7 ~~ bes : ‘> > = es 149 arbhitectural luxury. Later still in the 17 th century, the 9 offices were modified. One will note that all the main buildings of the chateaus’ in this epoch are still single in depth, i.e., they have only the width of one room arranged im sequence; they command each other, and the upper corridors, like the cellars, offer at 1 least a circulation independent of the halls and chambers at two different heights. Tt was rarely before the 17 th centu- ry that in the chateaus, men commenced to erect main buildin- gs of double depth. Mote Qep-i BO. see in Les plus excellLents bastiments, vy Bu @erceau, the views ond details of Chontilty. Yet is is unnecessary to believe that, at the beSinning of the 16 th century, the irresularity of plans was a sort of m- cessity, the result of a preconceived idea, on the contrary at that epoch, men sought symmetry in the residences of nobles; theyssacrificed to it already even the internal arrangement, with the intention of presenting off thevextértor resular faca- Jes, an entirety of buildinss with a monumental appearance. In this respect, Italy exercised an influence on French con- structors; but with the borrowins of some architectural deta- ils, this was all that the architects took from Italian pala- ces; for otherwise the lord’s chateau retained its French ch- aracter, both in the entirety of the seneral arrensement, in the internal distribution, its small flankins towers, and by the mode of coverings the buildings. The beautiful chateau of Verger in Anjou, residence of the orinces of Rohan-Guemene, thus joined the old traditions of the feudal castle to the monumental arrangements in vosue at the besinning of the 16 th century. It was composed (35) of a lower court into which one entered by a sate flanked by Little round towers, with sreat towers at the angles, service buildings symmetrically placed in a wins; then the lord’s res- idence, separated from the lower court by a moat, likewise f flanked by four great round towers connected by the nearly s symmetrical great buildings. An external moat surrounded the entire chateau. One sees in this view that the front curtain and its two towers are still pierced at their base by embras- ures for cannon, and that they are furnished with machicolat- ions and battlements. This was no longer more than a mark of i = Hie) Mi 3 +} ar | Cite iF ay Fr wie ist | Li or: | oa, 8% aa ibedved? diaebar yas waived ‘eedéteh's son (Iswos . is qiedé to siism eldietv eesdt nobnsds ton Blnoo eeldon esi a ci letegeget ‘sseteio on bsi ysdt .meds 107 es ysonehmeqehai inefo a hea ae .eebiadwanh foe beom ,adasaeltisd bas exswos rn eo fia ; beisutie .yind to bactibio {stissasd edd cele -een dove ‘yd Betoete e1ew eantblind edt .ettod edt as90 bes efol® mort © edeati t9obah etsde to yisteiose ,tedusdof ef boomiaol® brol tai Lis becizquoo yet? .T etodsyW hae TIX eived ITTV eeliedd edd betetae en0 .fiol Ievesibes #2 to sonehiee: sds bseoance yd botnelt A edbtadweih & yd wsetsdo $43 to daveo [satonitzo @ se1di no bershicd san % Satfoo tant .(3f).e19ewot eltsil ows -tnk stew ysdd dhwodifia .eaatbhilind aslose1 ylisetisa va eopis vd Betsnimtes sxew bos ,sooivier gnoretiib ofstnce of bsias -fnsoesbh eno gnrblisd stem eff moat .esiane edd ta suiswesd as0l “eat ds nistocot [sinewnnom 2 diiw F ashiss eteviro s otni fs .sefons edd te siswodt botsloei asdto ows yd ostsniniss ,e1dnes 0 tgs steel odd nO .d Isasio efssil s bas .ekatsbol sataiescos 2 -Se ,asidstea .§ eonsisns fatosoe etl ddtiw tavco aswol eds ean ewol buoose 8 exw 1891 odd ni G ds yeoonehneash fas esevodeic feed @ bow .eee1d Pint? .reeilfedd .enebass dtin savos as boeysd bebneixrs tueq off .2 fe tewod 8 To miol edt ni Joosvch I edt es I[lsw ee vestsde edit to'Snort sds bone ,eanibiind eds ‘od? e1stew déiw beliit edison yd hebnxoxwtse sisw tives aswol e*hiol edd to dosd odd te osew nolisdidsd edd toi ebaibltad -ia edd 00 fenetosid bos seottto eid ented sel edd no .t1v00 fedd (fled edt Yo yiefiet sd¢ ..0.f .ytelisd edd asn Boge tae -enoseso Isbust to [etiomem teal oft oe hentssex [ite see on ows sft besoeanoo aistagvo snort edt Hnided betosts ocofsise0 A ywiode Havers s vino Qnived bos ,ttel bes tdhia odd no ahatv 1 ntsw seidt edd to eefiote asaqu 'sdé to wotv odd desm ton BLE no sHoktslocidosm dtiw exewot edd devodsle ,sish .eanibliud -«bivoie yedt° .m10t Iestabnifye edt benietes d1sq ase9n aiedd ‘etom doum Snied tnemetnsite Jedd .sbieat sasdmado exewoe bs noo eft and? smtot asel[so1to edt asdt yonscuo0e 310% sasinevoos dtiw ynom1sd oi rehs0l on etnemednsiis sit benimisteh encsevo d x0% bevaise vino gsdt .eiswos seedy bus ,enolsibsas bie ead ‘yretilia to mict aiedt tofiaetxe edt co dood [lide ,noitetidss geet beteloei as to ais edt Looe Mieeti soosvob ofT .censteb Wen eidd wevewoh .esiteso ishuet edt de beyslq yino eds now | BG Emtedo sae etaiblinvd seed? .tas to wesiv to tunica sds mort ed J A nate i i ae 9 8 : : x ' b 150 power, not a defense having any value. But as we said above, the nobles could not abandon these visible marks of their an- cient independence; as for them, they had no chateau without towers and battlements, moad and drawbridse. Such was also the beautiful chateau of Bury, sitwated 5 miles from Blois and near the Loire. The buildings were erected by lord Florimond de Robertet, secretary of State under kings th Gharles VIII, Louis XII and Francis I. They comprised atl tht composed the residence of a mediaeval lord. One entered the principal court of the chateau by a drawbridse A flanked by two little towers.(36). That court 7 was bordered on threc s sides by perfectly regular buildings, although they were int- ended to contain different services, and were terminated by four towers at the angles. From the main building one desceni- ed into a private garden B with a monumental fountain at the centre, terminated by two other isolated towers at the angles, containing lodgings, and a little chapel G. Om the left at C was the lower court with its special entrance B, stables, st- orehouses and dependances; at D in the rear was a second low- er court with gardens, trellises, fruit trees, and a sreat dovecot in the form of a tower at K. The park extended beyond the buildings, and the front of the chateau as well as the 1 lower court were surrounded by moats filled with water. The buildings for the habitation were at the back of the lord’s court, on the left being the offices and kitchens; on the ri- Sht at H was the gallery, i.e., the gallery of the hall, that we see still retained as the last memorial of feudal customs. A portico erected behind the front curtain connected the two mings on the risht and left, and having only a Sround story, did not mask the view of the upper stories of the three main buildings. Here, althoush the towers with machicolations.- on their upper part retained the cylindrical form, they provid- ed square chambers inside, that arransement beins much more convenient for occupancy than the circular form. Thus the new customs determined the arrangements no longer in harmony with the old traditions, amd these towers, that only served for h habitation, still kept on the exterior their form of military defense.. The dovecot itself took the air of an isolated keep. ven then only played at the feudal castles. However this may pe from the point of view of art, these buildings are charmins iia dd Pte! oid fle ination epibrge sested seabdnieal $y wehbe OX = “geld .consesteneh edé at ee{don to encigatided seedt ni scones _eeebs olbbim edt to esliase hesolo ymools sid soslae1 of smeo Jeorel fo Atow (odttés) sdt bao wo9278D VG 998 o88leqek Fon i te. etodd o sgoyo wh .fefd sbiwd ott af oath sortesul ye “ie pam” fAaJI9Oxs AO eSt8t ,syosev0d of 98 «yy yd ,snoriaas. , Ce Sidincs somosetonse sdt fo wostods Jujituosd eédt arg as. ni sia yous :eselomexe seeds viecitIum jon Ifsde off efolé -yisneupole desqa ot s19eds eas atoswnaom edi fae .Ils to -stafio wen sdd .eatodmA ,xuseononed) .weshif-el-yssh .acliiss -sebtee1 sodto yosm o8 bre ,o#el to wsededo sid ,esdood to us Sasttoe yicdase dt of eds Yo Sainnited edd sox? esfdon Rog Vi geom edd sis yods sedootidors 103 aeibute to Josidue saimiero -ae doidw bos ,sonseaisnsh doneit edd to noiegestoxe vosiliiad gas supitns to scissotiage Isisden deom edd sie .8nidton elio a sit ge0% ti. bovoxs bos ,elomexe ods coved ysisyor .e anoms. §$ ni abiersvol .yiwsneo dd Of odd Yo evestado Luiidased Jeow agoidifoa od es etus edt of seluami os sved di ,ddrolsoned toe ot stoate desl edt evsh deadd Snid exoalevido dedi .1 eionsat efqmexe eid. fas ,gsonsbieer [eyou blo edd boyouteet .valevido ~onesoows bie aiceesosieaq eid {fe wedi ,2090% S10m weiddieve + teox2 odd nwob s10t ef .s0103 vd voutesh Hiwoo isdtekes, 21 -smmery ot eteit oid [fe beboeceh doidw no .siveo) add fo iswod d duiviegeta Jo msexb, bimoo mid sedis davoo edt Yo baol senk ~sieneat odd fetefonoo bos assed soniga ted? Tisen, Iebuet eid _puebom edd o¢ eidon Ievesthem of. to sonebicer edt moat noi baodmed> siind ef. .VIX, eivod bne TITY eivod jo dead .wsssado edd eniedor [lite esesoeisa ows eeedt lo deri} edT .biahs¥ bos _ eapessia a ylno ei booose sit teddado Isbuel edd to eesicri -1t Blo edt to, sosat. s ehoit zsbmol om sno doidw ni sonshieer -fo si¢ to te1imbs stenoisesa s son 18 ew davodd ll. .enoisits @ oi di eesa gonnso. ew [lise .dowm yd Jon ,baodmsdd to sets edi ovit ef .efoidad eidt evolo yileisien bivuode si. p90rslie sia elit lal Mlle dn | t (ep) ened asta feet? envagar ; 9008 i 2 yo sieos oat FA 4S8heGek ston > weonsbhieet neluanie tadd usse ton sed sonert af noersa of . to. das edd to noisesioxe stsiqnoo Jeom sdt ee emoe yd beriss4 ‘~ Ha, bonananstp, ~sonseeisns? sit Yo soomom odd sg ergtossidorzs D oceiathind Prapelennes {feeeoloo. & ,yonst ofatasooe. ns ea eisdito 151 creations, and the cavalier view of the chateau of Bury, that we give (37), emphasizes better than description all the ele- gance in these habitations of nobles in the Renaissance, that came to replace the gloomy closed castles of the middle ages. Note 1.-p.i830« See Bu Serceaw and the (VittLe) work of Israel Syloestre. Aso in the Guide Hist. du voyage o Blois et aux se environs, by ye Ge La Saussoye, 1815, an excellent Kote on * his Leaurtif{ul chateau of the Renaissance. We shall not multiply these examples; they are in the hands of all, and the monuments are there to speak eloquently. Blois, Gaillon, Azay-le-Rideau, Chenonceaux, Amboise, the new chate- au of Loches, the chateau of Usse, and so many other residen- ces of nobles from the beginning of the 16 th century offer a. charming subject of studies for architects: they are the most brilliant exoression of the French Rewaissance, and which sp- oils nothing, are the most natural application of antique art among us. Royalty save the example, and around it rose the m most beautiful chateaus of the 16 th century. Sovereign in f fact henceforth, it save an impulse to the arts as to politicse - Francis I, that chivalrous king that gave the last stroke to chivalry, destroyed the old royal residences, and his example overthrew more keeps, tham all his predecessors and successo- rs together could destroy by force. He tore down the great % tower of the Louvre, on which depended all the fiefs in Prame. What lord of the court after him could dream of preserving h his feudal nest? That prince began and completed the transit- ion from the residence of the mediaeval noble to the modern chateau, that of Louis XITI and Louis XIV. He built Chambord and Madrid. The first of these two palaces still retains the impress of the feudal caste? the second is only a pleasure residence in which one no longer finds a trace of the old tr- aditions. 7lthough we are not a passionate admirer of the ch- ateau of Chambord, not by much, still we cannot pass it ins silence; it should naturally close this Article. We give its plan here«(38) > Note 1epi2d5 AL the scale of 41% 200-6 Yo person in France has not seeu that singular residence. Praised by some as the most complete expression of the art of architecture at the moment of the Renaissance, disparased by others as an eccentric fancy, a colossal caprice, a work with Pd pay * llr? |e “ay | RE he a ‘ “ ~. f f ‘ ; ae fs had! Sea Me ae ae Bi: Vd aig ye f , 4 a ' , i 4 ~ ; Ja fi ee i A te ras ¥ hae i ee ya yt ; ial cae iobisdet-ate ‘fIsde ew ,noz8e1 xon @enee’ TeXsten Laine at di tsdw yo? 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It was found simpler in this case for towers ‘with wooden floors (and this was the sreatest number), to cut from tap to bottom a broad vertical opening, and to place in that sort of embrasure as many windows as there were stories, placing again there only jambs, lintels and sills. An illust- ration i. necessary to make this opinion understood. Let (39) be a closed tower: a vertical opening is made as indicated at A, while retaining the internal floors. Them (39 bis) the new windows are built as shown in that Fis. To conceal the rebuil- ding and avoid the difficulty of bondins the new masonry of the jambs with the old external surfaces of the towers, which were often very rough, at each side of the openings were placed pilasters of small projection, superposed at each story. This . construction in patching, the result of mecessity, became a decorative motive in the new towers erected at the beginnings . of the 16 th century, as we see in views o Shateaus of Bury and Chambord. The machicolations also became the occasion of an architectural decoration, when no longer built for defense; at Chambord the towers and walls of buildings are crowned by a cormice, that recalls thet ancient defense; it is composed of shells placed on corbels, thus forming a corbelling with outilne representing machicolations. Nothing Italian in these traditions, which at Chambord are the principal ornamentation of all the exteriors. In the 16 th century French soil was covered by a multitude of chateaus admired by foreigners. For beside the old feudal residences, preserved for their importance or their strensth, in the place of nearly all castles of the second order, the nobles had erected elegant residencer, in the construction of which they sousht to retain the ancient picturesque appearance of the fortified dwellings. The wars of religion, Richelieu and the Fronde destroyed a great number of them. Then the nod- ility perceived a little too late, that in razing its fortres- ges to replace them by open residences, it had siven new force to the invasions of royalty. Particularly during the struggles at the end of the 16 th century and the besinnins of the 72th, the supreme efforts of the feudal nobility made themselves felt. i sh alia cal 2 a he yy... < ad REE Ay es o¢ eissces onpidah*h emetess Rene heaetandate: .Vunteso dt Sf edt to oted s saw od ysos7 Inti haath sed? wort emotesoorl bevese: 18% vbes1le emis 8 Js sono edd aisdiw tleemid dude o¢ fowsb ef sosdtec sesl edt JA .doogs teoiets medt blod of (nonded to bas varellie¥ io eseeesta0% if. bexsbaetine asven sf doidw of .2ait edd Io seimis sid gem teadd déi® .wedof ob .M od medt bloe ed sons1? Onives! no ydifebit to soliecidmoo sel{ghoie 6 .resosiaio eldsiusms: Yo bedeingnesze sn doers gad? neeitisq s10m eonebncds bad bas 30) treenon yd ced .ysilidos sdi to eonsteieet to ¢itiae sds -gfiut etuloeds edt bar usifedoifi to Baad edt sasbhaw ,so10t yd _fitiw d¢¢da00 edt beblety dévotsoned mailsinet .VIX aivod Ye boutstos doidw .mzc? veo s toot esonghiees esi ,iswod Ieyou sid ete 4 sppseebs elbbia edt Yo easxts0? [abset sit to Peidsoa ~@ bodziniwt yintoso dt Sf edd Litna osetaro scones? ait sey patdt tedt to untdsvreve o¢ 190iseque .eelamsxe efdsiusmss yrev oysios? to exsedads eff .yansmaeh hos yietI ,faelent af haved WV Yo ssededo ble odd ,encets .xueV .linentsVY ,osati-si-~yons -ifedois ,[iexnt ,nobue Io susetedo Hsyousseb odd .eellieere¥ -~atd ai tapoonseis!S .seteqmedd ne gnod .alantevil ai esved .xe so? ybute to atosidue fesv dnecesq ,sivi at sisinsoly0d ,yixe antentasd edd to scebsatt edd siedd ehatt enO .toetidors sod -gemeni0 selet ¢ucdtiv tnebaust® hiloa ae .vaednse di \i sdi te -eesndota [set s .einomedasiie boote1ebas [few fos Heoad ;:ed 9 to ,etnemelstad .erswos to eoaat of ei esoneblee: seedé al ud bebouoimse ,eso0sisg as90 dsev e%e ¢aed? pestseneq betoots seola nbisisves ed? .e¢eace te vese baa enshiek Ineoitineem | -idad ylish wo mort 1st aa .ysbod essonebises dows vouooo aso ‘a -itwt edt em 2s .doit ylwen odd to eenntict ave boa encidst } 4 tied’ “> )\sseks elbiie sad te eslteso bei? : naee sunainnae odd sleoslaae’ bevortesh SCVE to soivalevss edT. a _-ylno etaseei ,sone1% ni dace dedd ni vebod blind nem tedy _-—«s«s wgfer ni iskn0l on et di seusosd ,sas teol s to eeigos slaq ss wogetss Beessscave esd tsdt .yitauoo A .awodeuo 190 déiw enck _-—s =9@ donnso ,otet)edt Saintsdiscgs seteliviag eid [fs bos yoatos ss & Yo ease nt ssetedo « et tedu 10% .ensetado blind ylevois efteoo A Tysbh s to soiiceo eft don Ti ,otsdee edd Yo acieivih | — eonsidmemet on Raivesl .wenwo edt dilw sedeiseq gedt aotiionb wm goened @ifeneneg ses 10% varent @ 98 ovise of bentiesb ef pene as cad ES Sabe: basyergirat >* Sipvtern senha entry ae ; : 155. Agrippa d’Aubigne appears to us as the last scion of that pow- erful race: he was a hero of the 12 th century, who arose at once at a time already far removed inocustoms from that srand epoch. At the last perhaps he dared to shut himself within the fortresses of Maillezay and of Dognon, to hold them agatnatis the armies of the king, to which he never surrendered them;- on leaving France he sold them to M. de Rohan. With that man of remarkable character, a singular combination of fidelity and independence, more vartisan than French, we extensuished the spirit of resistance of the nobility. When by consent or by force, under the hand of Richelieu and the absolute rule of Louis XIV, feudalism henceforth yielded the contest with the royal power, its residences took a new form, which retained nothins of the feudal fortress of the middle ages. Yet the Frence chateau uftil the 18 th century furnished ve- very remarkable examples, superior to everythins of that kind found in England, Italy and Germany. The chateaus of Tanlay, Ancy-le-Franc, Verneuil, Vaux, Maisons, the old chateau of V Versailles, the destroyed chateaus of Weudon, Rueil, Richeli- ew, Beves in Nivernais, Pont en Ghampasne, Blerancourt in Pic- ardy, Coulommiers in Brie, present vast subjects of study for the architect. One finds there the srandeur of the besinning of the 17 th century, a solid grandeur without false ornamen- ts; broad and well understood arrangements, 4 real richness. In these residences is no trace of towers, battlements, of c crooked passages: these are vast open palaces, surrounded by magnificent gardens and easy of access. The sovereign alone can occupy such residences today, as far from our daily habi- tations and our fortunes of the newly rich, as are the forti- fied castles of the middle ases. The revolution of 1792 destroyed forever the chateau, and what men build today in that sort in Prance, presents only pale copies of a lost art, because it is no longer in relat- ions with our customs. A country, that has suppressed aristo- ecracy and all the privileges appertainins thereto, cannot se- riously build chateaus. For what is a chateau in case of a d division of the estate, if not the caprice of a day? A costly dwelling that perishes with its owner, leaving no remembrance, is destined to serve as a guarry for some peasant’s houses o@& a factory. } | tearm aan ton i dtaetes: ob forget water tlige S18 816 © Mt eetasdo moe yintaeo ‘dt ®l eft seonte besettue esd di ti eyed of soneducamt sasiolttre don svai eetaedo seeds eersdt noted “eslteso Ishuet tof sescttibs berose edd eu morl fevomes - meds Basdetanco ot ads ,8700 mort sneasiTib og semis oF bed gq aeds of Moad téewodt at sevieeis0 yies oF VissEesOSN ef ti ‘ysbot ex aot aad yiate aiedd TT «yioseid 190 to sooas ofcied . fevoowt ‘viaesb s faim edd ni esvsel séoyeecoisa Isotsontg on 6 tb ~obew ylesoties psieil deodtiw gon al ybude sad? .sosaw - Rwtnisecoo betanineserh ever1s sii yiomes odd mort esostte -o8ds ween ssevse vd feeestent emofano eorsd Fi .metiehvet * aindet of [low eomisemoe ei si fiotdw od ,somebneasbhai otal agifaweds wo to eeo10t eds To saikiae edt wont o¢ vino si et]ew edgy tnd elbeto obux 2 asn wetlabue® .evite yfedenutaot [lise tedd Setess Hlnoo fne*,oleisds yomslal ati beaseq fads noidsn seus (Seidetied doodsiw stif Isoistifog ot gedeeottnetggs nists eftaeq geet mort eeaq ot Si bowolls esd dedt .soRiv s siivpes on (beers Sol ce jentua seeds tosqee .nolttenaixe Juodsin 9 orenetivfovet bus smit wd boawtnt .dnelre exs yedd Isis won tod .weriadisd bis soteteigge te salemet te ton ment enimers Weber ‘becisel ow atedw .oevod viume edt biste: ew es bsebal ‘em “Smooed of has STif wond of ,r9deem skneate base nisde s “get efi gedaot eu tefl \beteesteb bus ete to beeh ef met febus® ‘age Odd of borsbndiceddisi.geoivies oft vino isdmemet of stl edd ylleawis¥ .eifsw edt to bed? iiew odd ned .tusomas edd fo seendcidd edt So aoesss yd i betvostota visi{es edd to edsle odd geeendotds [fame a vino ows tesel ts wolfe of bus yiscesm edt tasmsloque od shient ae tps snort al eeeq o¢ nom -80N8% odd to eotasifed ods ~boliseq settnivelaed edi SaiisG -~t fenretat eft ddiw nottsoinumwoo sos7ib ni bsosia sisw ada dt Of edd sett%e sede! .tisas 12t tom siisie io enasm yd soad ~co esiasf{ist edt of bnwows eesqe yileisns: Hivos eno .yisiaso -ot@ aieis aakviee eitete sd¢ how erewod ddworis tnieeso yd vi 6 se1t edt ovad gon bib ends ysio se to einedsidsdei siT .eeis ¢ rot bevasess yviusivoitisg sxew yods boe .medd To Jnemyoras -& ont veo omits at docge sneions Yisv & mor} .soeta1sd sid Teeny: bh) bP» Eeeo tia Bert. 84 7 2 tae ee se se 158 castle, is that the first is a structure solely intended for the defense or the guard of a port, ravine, bridge, or even a city, not like the castle possessing buildinss for habitat- jon or pleasure; the chatelet is not a feudal residence, but a fort occupied by a captain and men at arms. This is then its secondary purpose, and not its importance in extent and stre- néth, that makes of it a deminutive of the castle. Sgmetimes the chatelet was only a single sreat square tower placed across a passase, or even a palisade work with some fl - flankinss. (Arts. Bastile, Porte). OHEMIN BR RONDE. Covered Way. Gallery on the Walls. This was the projection of the rampart behind the parapet required for defense and passage. The parapet being set flush with the external surface of the walls, and hawins a thickness varying from 15 to 23 ins., there remained within the rampart a crown of masonry covered by stone slabs, forming the sallery of the walls. Naturally the galleries were more or less wide by reason of the thickness of the rampart. When the wall had only a small thickness, the slabs of the Sallery projected i inside to supplement the masonry and to allow at least two men to pass in front. During the Garlovingian period, the Salleries of the rampa- rts were placed in direct communication with the internal te- race by means of stairs not far apart. later, after the 12 th century, one could senerally pass around in the galleries on- ly by passing through towers and the stairs servings their sto- ries. The imhabitants of 2 city thus did not have the free e enjoyment of them, and they were particularly reserved for t the garrison. From a very ancient epoch,in time of war the 6 Salleries were enlarsed by means of covered galleries of wool, corbelled out before the parapets, designated by the name of “nourd” in the North, of “corseras” in Lansuedoc. In the 14 th century, the galleries had machicolations of stone, covered or uncovered. hater still, after the use of artillery in the defense of places, wooden galleries were sometimes placed ab- ove the pararets pierced by embrasures destined to receive the cannon. (Arts. Architecture militaire, Ghateau, Sourtine, Embrasure, Enceinte, Hourd, Machicoulis. : o | a cheus seltosé .eoslqe1lt s3RVINSEO _. edd .Qnidoubaoe x08 ‘onlt diin moor s ai hednasiis sosiaezi¥ edt at s90elqorit s19n-o19dt-Sedt sseqes Jon eeob dI .sdome onigsd .dooas sunsensmo% edt to seevod 10 esosisg Yo ex0iiedal ainendisgs to eseisvednt este slbbim edt Yo eoinudneo texk) ona # ,efeoo Snioisd déiw bellid eisiseid Jo snsem yd bomen s1s¥ -siiosia [lite es .tedtone ogni moor sno mort heflor sien ged3 -m eeosntst vd ,so.i ,etensoocyd vd 20 .siag? bes yisdl at be " Go gnemevss ost r9ebnw etouh yo vsed heilaare dotdw ,diseaieh tod nushom aso sadil dent .elfsew Yo eeentorsd edt oi Ene emoor gniteed to shom eidd ,eyedds svisinisa ent aT -Beosn10t ai6 deldw .[fed .€ to yedds edd lo oelg odd yd awode es .Jevew eer (e(s8bS.a,eupisesnog srssoedidowt .d14).08€ suods mort esdsh -osloexit on bed eelteso bas evedds to eastodit svitininag ot? senemmt ns yloo aevisemedt ersw Stud .baidssoe yireaois. .29 egsoes edt 10t eesti [sisvea 10 en0 Sdin Ledeinint es oalaettt nt aeeggs eddissd 1c ssoelasrit eee yisoisse of .evome edt te -xe fdocos tett mort Bs winineos dé Sf edt oi ylnc ,sieiisdas ‘egeoe1 & to adetenoo sesigatit svidimiaa of? .bnuode solame vd ebie: doss tea besolons .iisw edt 3o eeondoids edd oi oben edd dojdw asha9 -bood base sitasm es yd Ssiavomane hoe adret so beosit vitnexps1t ete esoelesait teeife efT .aonusa stoma fas sfo1io s 20 dnewhee 2 animict déssed odd .nsiq ialsorlo «6 soefoestt [wtitgeed edd ai dowel .tuembee stedjo sad sitoem odd jnebnsacsh sodnses190 edd to anifblind sit 11 yahot seek ed of © eft mort eotsh doidw bus. ,yaleV-ne-yod to [sabeitso edd oo ed? .(S).evitoocere¢ bas (i) asiq edi sviz oW .yiwdneo sd SE -g ot ebse bow maot I[soince edt eedst sosigesit Eide fc hood gost sdt moat edosto1g sesemsib seodw tisc ,eutt I[soirbailyo elds sdtinsdd sedkid doum ef oult eieT .{fau [enxetnt edd to jasa [sitneeee Jedd ot 9moo 008 {lade ow dud. skoibfind edt to ~foo bof sdt to nedostid edd ni eee Soy vem ond .ysawido edt Yo = s no tud .soslasait berstolwoe futliveed s yalessV Yo steal | L yrstnes ag St edt mort oeidsh oels ,selq saludeetoss -Aqmog at ¥ sdt af bsvorgas af sondgsts} aA? .AGt. gel etok. +> aN TF as etvo e96 £9 «fadd*s 8h atime uh astetiad sat Jo sod ' - 0 6Mh of ak yo gadword o ret to «li cabanon SMHEES. ton of yawtoso dé SI edd Yo esosiaesil saT 3 of eftasm odd eaudT .astel yrodneo e tlind seeds es ebin es _ owt to 10 soeta efanie s io. fetnil s Yo-bemsot af dooce dsdt 159 CHEMINER. Fireplace. Mantle. Hood. Fireplace arranged in a room with flue for conducting the smoke.. It does not appear that there were fireplaces in the interiors of palaces or houses of the Romanesque epoch. During the first centuries of the middle ages interiors of apartments were warmed by means of braziers filled with burnings coals, t that were rolled from one room into another, as still practis- ed in Italy and Spain, or by hypocausts, i.e., by furnaces um- derneath, which spplied heat py ducts under the pavement of rooms and in the thickness of walls, jast like our modern hot air furnaces. In the primitive abbeys, this mode of heating was usual, as shown by the plan of the abbey of S. Gall, which dates from about 320.(Art. Architecture wonastiaque, p.243.). The primitive kitchess of abbeys and castles had no fireplac- es, properly speakins, but were themselves only an immense fireplace furnished with ome or several flues for the escape ef the smoke. We scarcely see fireplaces or hearths appear. in interiors, only in the 12 th century, and from that epoch ex- amples abound. The primitive fireplace consists of a recess made in the thickness of the wall, enclosed at each side by jambs and surmounted by a mantle and hood, under which the smoke passes. The oldest fireplaces are frequently traced on a circular plan, the hearth forming a segment of a circle ani the mantle the other segment. Such is the beautiful fireplace to be seen today in the buildins of the precentor dependant on the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, and which dates from the 42 th century. We give its plan (1) and perspective.(2). The hood of this fireplace takes the conical form and ends in a cylindrical flue, half whose diameter projects from the face of the internal wall. This flue is much higher than: the Sable of the building: but we shall soon come to that essential part of the chimney. One may yet see in the kitchen of the lod col- lege of Vezelay a beautiful sculptured fireplace, but on ar rectansular plan, also dating from the 12 th century.+ Porte 1.0-194. This frireprace is engraved in the 7 th powph- Ver of the Bulletin du Comite de Venist. et &Zes arts en Frawe, after a drawing by Me BE. Ame. The fireplaces of the 12 th century do not assume dimensions as wide as those built a century later. Thus the mantle in t that epoch is formed of a lintel of a single piece or of two Rodis es. het¢gohs dose baadatnse 14° de hes! adda “08 d 8 {inexd® 1290 sovaV Yo efteso ond ci eisixe saied? .old , esr 3(f)rnslo sa{utnetoe1- 2 nO Hetouisenco o# esorfasatyt futis ., © Rabtesd bus [lev edt tk bexit edoold ond Yo edeienco eltnen d oT .dotdd .eni 8 vino ek dt fenoteysd a bns edmat edg 10 end tejeos sodted of .eelit ai bial ef sosfae1tt ed To dosed : sofgasy Beosfa norit teso to e¢elq & Yets7 .e1tt sit to Joetis | ‘eft mort yinoese eft bedoetoig asdgagt Yoed edt sroted wifes | ,fidaasd odd berevol eetaupe votid fos .e1ft sad to tess oat of sprgchsritis eldt JO QAFwOTS OFF BU0 OF eEetegel sfox | | Poetitoro (FSISIE KM TO yestrvoo | fo #o0¢d sat Of wocls oon SAF @F THEOSSTI NOS: .BOL.G.f 9fOK ; 900s ¢a78? sf | ‘feniets. saute vénsdeesaes eiew yisdneo ae Cf add ok ylouas dao1t sav no boosl® sasw yess sorsireteta yd :elisw soreivib ‘vigon esw eevod ‘edd to [Ian odd II .ewobaiw ows neswied Ifsn | -x8 sit fo’ noitdsstoie beifsda09 s bemict dosd edd .foidd ywoev ecy to esevon odd oi esfomexe emos al aese ed yem ee .r0ised eis yi hemtet nottsostoid eft no hesees Ji tO .yan[D Yo vito ‘dnemetnsiis teal eid? .vioge Enwosw edd to verroch sonaiiss sat ni yisineo di St eid to sxzpod seami0W & ni eteixe [Ifie | -esia 31 .sevod e*wol odd felIso (Baaltn? si nlooatd to yis soslaqesit eit .($) sisd Bettimo ed o¢ gesaedei foun cod edns A toad sdt bas ,yiote Booose edd at [ied [safonitg edt enaen no i6ea dove ne no yleatine etvest gi gvods sult edd se Ilow ea toside edi no 9 yswi1ock edd asve hood s enimaet aleduoo ond goieesq esw isdw ose ot feriesh ed .tiee e‘ono Suimasw efiaw d eoosfositt sdt Sntosia diiw tasinoo gon bus .tooite edt ai we enssitio eft .eeeued to esbsost od¢ Yo ewoknin ofd neenisd — -s7it edd to dosd sdf neve ni 'wobniw [feme s heowsta semitonce -sd efidw elinsm edt sebas olemea of as of ,shie ene gs soala a esosicetit Yo seftnes sid fedW .ebiedvo edd Yo weiv 6 eniv fot .esevod edsviaa ot hoor to ylinenpe1t sis Yous ,rshin ose -~est bas snol visnsioittse efednil sivoc1a od FiwolIItIh esyw Ji - Saitatot wredt bus ,eosiq eldnie s to seltnai wt0% oF dnsisi . yiio odd to segod « ni stetre ete? .esidvinolitib beineae1q ot bedostiea soafas1id deo1o #& .LitvAtbh eof fr .o¥ .eanld To Yo edetenco sfgasm esodu .foad beff{edaoo déiw ,Lisw snort edd © soeiaetit eft to sbie dose SA .yidnso1so to sosic bsvaise s | | , oy ees, oe. - \ ‘he, 160 pieces, like that of the fireplace of Puy. Yet we already see at the end of the 12 th century the arch adopted for the man- tle. There exists in the castle of Vauce near Hbreuil a bean- tiful fireplace so constructed on a rectangular plan; (3); its mantle consists of two blocks fixed in tke wall and resting on the jambs, and a keystone; it is only 8 ins. thick. The b pack of the fireplace is laid in tiles, to better resjst the effect of the fire. pater a plate of cast i:1on placed vertic- ally before the back further protected the masonry from the heat of the fire, and brick squares lovered the hearth. Note LpeiWe He owes the drowins of this Tireplace to the courtesy of M- PiVver, architect. Note 1.9.196. Gontrecoeur is the wone S$iven to the vock of the fireplace. Rarely in the 12 th century were fireplaces placed asainst division walls; by preference they were placed on the front wall between two windows. If the wall of the house was mot v very thick, the back formed a corbelled projection of the ex- terior, as may be seen in some examples in the houses of the city of Cluny, or it rested on the projection formed by the entrance doorway of the ground story. This last arransement still exists in a Norman house of the 12 th century in the city of Lincoln in England, called the Jew’s house. It pres- ents too mach interest to be omitted here (4). The fireplace warms the principal hall in the second story, and the back A, as well as the flue above it,rests entirely on an arch set on two corbels forming a hood over the doorway B on the street. While warmins one’s self, he desired to see what was passing in the street, aad not content with placings the fireplaces b between the windows of the facades of houses, the citizens sometimes pierced a small window in even the back of the fire- place at one side, so as to remain under the mantle while ha- ving a view of the outside. When the mantles of fireplaces a are wider, they are frequently of wood in private houses, for it was difficult to procure lintels sufficiently long and res- istant to form mantles of a simgle piece, and their jointins presented difficulties. There exists in a house of the city. of Cluny, No. 13 Rue d’Avril, a Sreat fireplace attached to the front wall, with corbelled back, whose mantle consists of a curved piece of carpentry. At each side of the fireplace o A share as 40 pane toi Se ef toed sd? dein is wade ~te ond no sjee1 slinen ashoow siT «eldds: to ef hood eft iyi Bt See% fae ures: -edmet teodtiw snode Ye efedroo Sno1 -svidoeqateq ett bre. sosigextt ted? to asigq edd (2) evib oF % isfvotto «© o¢ ebseoee bus [evo et food edt yileniedal .{3) ot sftnem eit 1ehns bexit o1s eelbasd sori yldneuper® sult jeodtiw yletenisdis tee? sisdd miew of tnifaete encerse wolls -sod déased edd no beoelo eomitenoe g1s eedoned oefA .subidst tointemes sfidw tieemid misw nso sae Jand 08 ~edmat edt sbi - pebmerd wets o¢ beonber et exit edt nedw .slinem sdi askew Of ot V soert to exauit teae er]en seoelgetft daexs oeedt odnT -weieeessnt douse to daed to eeitneo Sningeddo eudd anol ost eiedtat aso dtcodsiaA .elled tesy aoimiew hotsinied si tadd edt ak svif of bemodenoos toted .s1s on nadt yliiso eest sis ts viimst edt Yo CHisveddsk sf3 day ,encesee ifs te 118 ne00 teom edt to ome medt s0% yitasbive esw [fad edd to déused end %o buol od? .aednin fo seninews gaol sii Yo esinaselq biviv sonem eid nidtin op tisemid sudea od tetitde goied elieso sedi yino tom Wixsed sid bnuors ftedostIioo .jsa ave eay e@8 MOOR FB «tev odw nem etd yednavie2 eid tod .ylimel efd to aredmen end ~lfetiosid mevin esw modw ot erelevant ,ebfeii sat gwort beats tiedtised edd no peitdacce onslt asef6 edd exoted esw gi syte edd guiawh emit eid te een sft to davoooe evsk enc dose dadd isdd {Is Sn0ms bebivib bne bovies eaw toqgowe ond oedw . yeh oe ditw betosifoo won afasasl ef{dentmis¢ni eaodd besafe1 sis¥ spo ti¢iw brooos yieorsoe eslsd santtif szcdiw bre ,ored sown gee .xev toniees ,wolfad io elfbnao gaol A .sonsitsemi nishom no Youde co yeométo odd Yo olsnam odd Oeiniotibs tefdsd sis no -peddat! déresd eft to smelt tneiifixd edd bas ,éaiog now oe ot 10 aioe o¢ momow edd Snidsimiso ,beieddse eons enceieg edd \. smovieye ~febaves wetave edd nodW .eacweliesn smo otvosxe qd dasvise 6 xd an beased elsco svil edd fas .bed eid Idsuoe -ye6 Ifed et ot teed edd bentates .elevode acai Snol to enesm -do Sif bas etin eid ~redezem odd 10% .dddin edd to dseq 6 boi ~mite vwiineuoest :iled edd ni ebed honistano aiedt bed asibli iasnotey wo Iled eidt ni taole osis ereswollot éuoz bos 21282 ne | --s geaeddil vo ebsetebed ne ,encidero yd fsiasvoo heoneind on e718 easdosid oft ,yiwdneo dt ff sit sort Seiged— anit sapeites sis doidw mi eqodetuow Jeav wiins Savadons 161 open two low windows with stone tablets above to receive tor- ches at nisht. The back is of brick inside, of stone external- ly; the hood is of rubble. The wooden mamtle rests on two st- rong corbels of stone without jambs. We give (5) the plan of that fireplace and its perspective. (6). Imternally the hood is oval and ascends to a circular f flue. Frequently iron handles are fixed under the mantle to allow persons standing to warm their feet alternately without fatisue. Also benches are sometimes placed on the hearth bes- ide the jambs, so that one can warm himself while remaining under the mantle, when the fire is reduced to a few brands. Into these great fireplaces were cast trunks of trees 7 to 10 ft. long, thus obtaininws centres of heat of such intensity, that it permitted warming vast halls. Although our fathers were less chilly tham we are, being accustomed to live in the open air at all seasons, yet the gathering of the family at the hearth of the hall was evidently for them ome of the most vivid pleasures of the longs evenings of winter. The lord of the castle being obliged to shut himself up within his manor as soon as the sun set, collected around his hearth not only the members of his family, but his servants, his men who ret- turned from the fields, travelers to whom was given hispital- ity; it was before the élear flame sparklins on the hearth, t that each one gave account of the use of his time during the day, when the suoper was served and divided amons all, that were related those interminable legends now collected with so much care, and whose diffuse tales scarcely accord with our modern impatience. A long candle of tallow, resin or wax, set on the tablet adjoining the mantle of the chimney or stuck on an iron point, and the brilliant flame of the hearth lishted © the persons thus gathered, permitting the women to spin or to execute some needlework. Whem the curfew sounded, everyone sought his bed, and the live coals heapet up by a servant by means of long iron shovels, retained the heat in the hall dur- ing a part of the night, for the master, his wife and his ch- ildren had their curtained beds in the hall; freaquenlty stra - sgers and some followers also slept in this hall on benches covered by cushions, on bedsteads or litters. Dating from the 13 th century, the kitchens are no longer isolated halls, vast workshops in which were cooked at the = ie hie: 1 sqeerte Pes locale elabasaats ones | is a ti a0 sno ddéiw bedetewst bas abnibhlind edd nidiiw eotrode owt ot sew efaeS de sosieq odd Yo asdodti ef? .escala gt aot bas ‘rote aegou oft mi soslaeitt ferinso « Rakeeseeoa Sy. oe Har nwt 70% , -yrosve wsKol edd ce). aude vetos at petbeeabonnn afd? .onfalud «fVA 1008. Got SFGH ee t Fo bio sdf of Gaossd ot avosqgea Onn yA@t#Od «2 To mefar ott 08 todw 992 .At At adf Fo gnjnniesd sat vo ytutaso dt &t sat te wee 8 ovsic of 96 .pétaoe fe tat edd ad té Fo syoe foo = eT -O88 «q »& .f0¥ eno eetney 1898 geeesiOs §o0 elduso edd nt ateixe [lite e16edt © dd bf edd to exsey teri? edd moal Lnkieh emedodix evens To seody ,scelqe1il evomsons ns to etalegoo soidw has .vandneo— eid seiapooo bus esdois isivoitoimee ows to femiot ei eltnes -ai9% esd matctol to edonefA yedda, edt .[Ied bedicev & te tied ew doidw to ,stiasim Jo eosfasait nesosid imlisused s beni q ¢ no Bsviso sis yedds eft to emis odT .({).evidosaetsq exevis " egledico exomi0ns ows to beeoomoo ,sltnem edt io snodayet edd | of e1sd edast on exe sx)edT .edmebait dtiw ericesnow ssidd bas edt .eledrco Saltdos(.o1g uURoomte ows ind ,oltnsm sid stiocqee id edi bas etalq nori teao est dtitw bedeinwwt [Lite er dead ~2X008-Joq sig bared eft to esos [qe1it edd .winineo dt aL edd Lider 308 -sve efit ,elamte yiev sien ,enoliqeoxe s1aq ddiw .eeeuod fas ig ni betetesoo e1olisini Yo yiuxul edT een yliebh a0 gnidtys a _=buoeos .sbaiaaed dots eeel so stom bos Aiowboow .ebnitnise ylewe? yind..rstesm oft to snatict edt to esate ed oF Bnd «gt eteties bus eivdofvoe see sw ob yuntneo dv bf edz Snianh eilan deere edd dooce dadd JA .e9osfaesii to esitnsm edd sbhsv etew bas .encidsoqozg sehasl mk dLindet videom s1isw eeléeeo to «fot sit %o [fed dse1d edT .esoelassit Isvever tin bedeinan) $o tedd ;ee0slasxtt ows enisdaco aei-os-LefoiM «2 .iM Jo esdh -pol sd¢ Yo ono de ort .1w0t henisisoo eisistoo¥ jo elgeso adv es oo» «ef(efist .d14) .ebne edd ds cwd bas eilaw Isnifedia. .@ “,fo% .6 motensm te ssdmstio e*onid edd Yo soaloo1it scat” Ao dadd ydnewanic 107 esei0k node desire bed” i .faveel Byse + apes1e Sh déim betasdo esw GOSL ab evwod edd de gedmedo eid qeidint piloioe e eaiblod dose ,etedoorg seein FE hae edessd baw eledas ond yd betsoqgua ,eonsx® to emis eft yd bedsoinied + sive ti sosigettt # [lise ed etedT .enoro 8 Yd hexsvoo * aE Ek y eas ee - 4 ' A (ote ’ uty ( i A ; ik iat » oe < an | ; ra as @. ( emails wil \ . : : Bl a oe 7 ; U i ©, ef 7 i ee saa is i mY 4 . cae a oF ; aU eh. el al ‘ 7 & in. eo z ; 162 same time whole beeves and sheep; these are halls comprised within the buildings and furnished with one or several fire- places. The kitchen of the palace at Paris was in two stories, possessing a central fireplace in the upper story and four in the lower story. Note L]ep.2OO. AYL. Guisine. This construction Ve Larter than the reign of S. Louis, and appears to velons to the end of % the 22 th century or the besinning of the 14 th. See what So- wvot says of Vs im his Hist. et antria. de La wi\te Je Paris. YOV. 2c Po 280. @here still exists in the castle of Clisson near Nantes one of these kitchens dating from the first years of the 14 the century, and which consists of an enormous fireplace, whose mantle is formed of two semicircular arches and occupies the half of a vaulted hall. The abbey Blanche of Mortam has reta- ined a beautiful kitchen fireplace of granite, of which we Siveaa perspective.(7). The arms of the abbey are carved on t the keystone of the mantle, composed of two enormous corbels and three voussoirs with indents... There are no jambs here to support the mantle, but two strongly projecting corbels. The back is still furnished with its cast iron plate and its tri- ple pot-hooks. But until the 14 th century, the fireplaces of the castles. and houses, with rare exceptions, were very simple, like eve- rythins for daily use. The luxury of interiors consisted in paintings, woodwork and more or less rich hangings, accord- ing to the state of the fortune of the master. Only rarely during the 14 th century do we see sculpture and reliefs in- vade the mantles of fireplaces. At that epoch the sreat halls of castles were mostly rebuilt in larser proportions, and were furnished with several fireplaces. The sreat hall of the kni- shts of Mt. 9. Michel-en-Mer contains two fireplaces; that of the castle of Montargis contained four, two at one of the lon- Situdinal walls and two at the ends. (Art. Salle). “The fireplace of the kins’s chamber at mansion 8. Pol,” s says Jauval, + “had great stone horses for ornament; that of his chamber at the Louvre in 1365 was charged with 12 sreat peasts and 13 Sreat prophets, each holding a scroll; further terminated by the arms of France, supported by two angels and covered by a crown. There is stiil a fireplace in that style FE sei laded egtaiins seh eve .vyaold te base es aid. te r ; piesa teowk edd to deft to satiesce suodtin .(ateixe rseka0l -,etdated. [fe to entrbiie Yo ywiiniint oa yd heeesssadme ef sadi | » © “,etetawom dbid es ebised boow s ni shemiablig no o8 ode 8 oJO¥ .eftet 96 otSiv of ob wpfton t9 otAth 6LO8eqet BtOK | , CER 1g ss « gg twedtf ows enistawo youod te s{teso sd¢i to [fed tae1s oat - begarsose sie ssosiqeslt seedt dads yhisel {soe sai anideseexa -Btvih dust. A .efte1b ows) sepso oF ee oe .molsisieq snote & yd ed? .esosiqetkt aint ems0% endt bue elinsm sdé Yo nsqe sit 29 edit edd to nottsouttenoo odd af betaobe ean inemehneiis omse pidt so tnsbaedeh ensteensd to {led edt to fed odd to soela pewieeerg ef son{yerit Intiguesd eis te boineth saT .slteso ~ eft 20 .(8) essed tt wonborge7 ow bas * .ussose) uO yd eu oF q seodt FO .8 sfox aéat Te edie v9dto gadébaeé? Fo téogssh ton ob Sf «bs7s00 . f esoosgqeté]: traall}iaezoa -siagoost bed neg tedd asta eft of ebsel ariddyvisve ~gesoen end dtbiw teeih yrev to aeosiceilt baisdowatenco ni hs ¢ooverg of ,enotdaca Isvevee ofai Jisab odd Saibivib soi yi ~7b egdd ,erninece abiw eeedt ai hetinrae oaisd mort Eniw odd -ivitos stom .esult deievee animro? to .efome sid Aosd &nivi ; -286 stom bluco siome od¢ sudt bas ,disib odd oF nevis saw ys a gnivin Yo etstnevbs edd bed olevs enoisivib exedd yecsoee vii , aied? nen yvd.eendt edd yd betarsgee elisw edt of didacise -soostise L[enistol bae [snisdxe ond ie chia oud to {fed taen2 ofd to soelaeit). [utisased edT . to elomaxe sldedieme: viev s ey aevib eieidieS Yo etnnoo edd -~oxi% eiiT .eldeom olante s eveds sewit bebivib to moteve eisd es Ifew es, yisinso dé @t ed¢ Yo batnanised sdi mort eetsh soele tt ¢eomls eetquooe .tfind ei ti doidw teniess [few sidab end sf, mort eedsb sobdovasenco. seodn .{led dads to bas ene ylesid a -[f8) 20 diem s esi0t elinsm edt to qot edT .ofinsm esd sreb88 — otdad, edt to eefane sdf ot beoreta eyswiiste ows. yd bedoset yi Ve | cv Paes ak if ak hy Po pit x af + a ' sd} @.0 ys obiw oth SF nedd veel dom ei ti iyiwimeo dé Ff odd - | 4 prea ainsi d¢iw teeanos eevieemedds syewrisi« ont ovat we mee 163 at the mansion of Cluny, Rue des mathurins (this fireplace m longer exists), without speakins of that of the great hall, that is embarrassed by an infinity of pilsrims of all heights, who go on pildrimase in a wood beside a high mountain.” Mote 1.p.201. Hist. et antioq. de Va ville de Paris. Vol. 2 | Pe BIB. The great hall of the castle of Coucy contains two likewise presenting the peculiarity that these fireplaces are separated by a stone partition, so as to cause two drafts. A jamb divid- es the span of the mantle and thus forms twin fireplaces. The game arramsement was adopted in the construction of the fire- place of the hall of the hall of Prussians dependant on this castle. The drawing of this beautiful fireplace is preserved to us by Du Cerceau,~ and we reproduce it here (3). Om the mantle of this fireplace were sculptured in the round in co- lossal dimensions the statues of the nine Prussians, ° each bs- aring a shield on which was engraved an attribute. Note 2.p.201. Plus excellents bostiments de France. Kote 3. Of these fidures remains only a head recently alec- overed. We ao not despair of Finding other fragments of this mosnificent fireplace. fverythins leads to the supposition, that men had recosniz- ed in constructing fireplaces of very Sreat width the necess- ity for dividins the draft into several portions, to prevent the wind from being ensulfed in these wide openings, thus dr- ivins back the smoke. But forming several flues, more activi- ty was siven to the draft, and thus the smoke could more eas- ily escape; these divisions again had the advantase of sivins strength to the walls separated by the flues,by joining their two external and internal surfaces. The beautiful fireplace of the great hall of the palace of the counts of Poitiers sives us a very remarkable example of this system of divided flwes above a single mantle. This fire- olace dates from the beginning of the 15 th century,as well as the gable wall against which it is built, occupies almost ¢n- tirely one end of that hall, whose construction dates from t the 13 th century; it is not less than 33 ft. wide by 7.5 ft. under the mantle. The top of the mantle forms a sort of sall- ery reached by two stairways pierced in the angles of the sable; these two stairways themselves connect with two turrets, that ae Bike, ~iv tet! 7 Recastesetissedeih ted eit to esitas) piniien eds anelt =k aad eno edd most beef eonlt seit pstisq eatdd at bet i anc edt to xous edd of seta .znineqo beseld s Entded ani itieahiod ssoad gp esonbors wotterodeb eift to ywetltne of? . [lew a acai aselo waeee ilad fortsaaed stds estaniaisd yloon bra ~ a oS GEC BL tesdueubes eds te ‘esetgent? eds to osfe edt A ta (©) evia a¥ g hy sient nelq ofd 8 de fas .atised odd to [evel sid ¢s sotiol to ‘edt te ngiss \eldoam odd no beosla yielish ext to tase as90n =z eqste net beetss af i¢ieed ett .ekaineoo berale ods Yo Isvel seed edt ew10t exdt sosqerl? edt :ffed edt to s00l% edt eveds : git .a0ltssvele fesensg esi etneesaxg OF .22% .Ienudtiat edd Yo i © yd betentmisd ots eyad seids oink ti ebivih Jed? essia ovd yd eased ableide Vd Betaqcosh fas bhesastoivoe yidola efetiose - 9-8) *yqennem onea edt mt botnemanto oi slinaem odT .efebne (~eestttod fo toetidoro moescol ,JobasveN 9b -K «80SeqG.t ston 7 is noah afat fo sgaiwors : oad Attia ea daelavazy of galiiiw grad sow q wh derh- ‘ © syosrwooo suvotuquise déiu shom .8o0/4 4 -smenom [ivio to 10fdedxe off mo es [lon es aetasdat edt nT a feds (egostte bastt sostors of wod weed eebe olbbim odd edn My nasbom festsel ase Yo staemstneits neem eft baided set sveol [ s¢e00 bass Tieds at mrottelq sadd no tee yeds ned .esottibe sewmoktio tiedd yd bobnworted siew seisios Yo ainueoo eft .eene 4 go helbati sett eeedt fomsele Savoo Lehwet Jedd boided aedw a Saibeté doned s no boteee Snisd efossetees sdt ehdased + »otad 9° (ebel8 edz ot adtosd aisdt déin soasfqeiatt eds to efsnem edd ytitidon eds svtesn0s nag S00 .solistasestosa fads aatselameo ‘pt gosgeet oitcetl toum ti‘wod (sasee a dows Io iushssth foe ‘staves eit Yo duvoo edt stoted wesgae ot fetto elszesy sis _~—s whase yidon o# {enudiad s e1oted senso etd Bastebh ot yinistses _ ~—«-soeast blotseseids eves oF YrseBsosA BEF gi ,befnrowtse base he a ¢ to dnometnerie sdt ot wiste1 ot aoftesooo eved [fede ow Jou 180 ghey ew dokdw ot 9182 1A defons elaenudias Iafuet odd vs ~ersbhes4 eeseeod {lite setantneo dé @t Bue dt Bf odd Yo eefteao oAT euswot edd ni enoftedemif [fleme Yo ecoefoetit to 19dmen tso1k 8 ak - * ae ‘ Git wee od dent (eetete ~ Iusded .emoo1 ons baew od beansite Tigres frre to sotengn odT “.emoor 1H0T svies oF et) boson eiigti bts: netto sxe esosloeatt seed? .etnemsteqe Steviaa fra ~ | i v1 sii he fr ude iy ae aed ba aig un ne A i ¥ (i , Or es se 1 ae aa ” sisi sapeens 08 esostas1it s® .yreditao¥ to sf{teso edd to gear eds 164 flank the external ansles of the hall. The fireplace is divi- ded in three varts; three flues lead from the hood, and pass- ing behind a slazed opening, rise to the apex of the sable w wall. The entirety of this decoration produces a great effect and nobly terminates this beautiful hall, whose clear width is 53.5 ft. We sive (9) at A the plan of the fireplace of the great hall of Poitou at the level of the hearth, and at B the plan of the upper part of the gallery placed on the mantle, taken at the level of the Slazed openings. Its hearth is raised ten steps above the floor of the hall; the fireplace thus forms the base of the tribunal. Fis. 10 presents its seneral elevation. The two piers that divide it into three bays are terminated by c capitals richly sculptured and decorated by shields borne by angels. The mantle is ornamented in the same manner. | Note 1-p.208. Me. Ga Werindol, Artocesan arohirtect of Poirtriess, WAS very wWiVLAnd to furnish us with the drowings of this Tire- place, node with scrupulous accurocy. Tn the interior as well as on the exterior of civil monume- nts, the middle ages knew how to produce srand effects, that leave far behind the mean arrangements of our largest modern edifices. When they sat on that platform in their sSrand cost- umes, the counts of Poitiers were surrounded by their officers; when behind that feudal court sleamed these fires kindled on thre« hearths, the ass#stants beins seated om a bench above the mantle of the fireplace with their backs to the slass, c completing that representation, one can conceive the nobility and grandeur of such a scene, how it must inspire respect in the vassals cited to appear before the court of the count. gertainly to defend his cause before a tribunal so nobly seat- ed and surrounded, it was necessary to have threeefold reason. But we shall have occasion to return to the arransement of t the feudal tribunals under Art. Salle, to which we refer our readers.. 4 The castles of the 14 th and 15 th centuries still possess a sreat number of fireplaces of small dimensions in the towers and private apartments. These fireplaces are often skilfully arranged to ward two rooms. Lebeuf ~ states, that he saw in the keep of the castle of Montlhery, “a fireplace so constr- ucted as to serve four rooms.” The mansion of Jacques Coeur ay raid ‘Youdetawore: ® shilaniiv’ bevseeeng seedt Yo eno. tyastneo ‘% /noented ‘eyom1ob bos eacitelootdoss .sinemelsted din efieso x ~ea010 10 wod edd wash owes jeemudit eldsif sas adosmeddted ods penote words essdto Jey ,scigqhed baa atod add vyelq exsdto .wod nem eds sebaw «ft &.@ Bf eosfoeiit eidT .ode .shieinete blod -sloesit sit Yo Snttecrstnk seom edd tu® sebiw dt 2.0 ud elt wentsod exoaslisd s aaitasasige4 tgedé een noienam Jads oi 220 ‘edd to gevidows edt at booefe .sismen doidu te sdnembesxt yino _-go bedaven etaseseo beasdqivos sien olinem edt nO .vtisicyves ~ebletde actistetesd to emossod ,2e0ne! sot edotie diiv sysinob i evoo el¢til tad awecd eeuposl sedeil sit seve baisasa bas d sebou eved of deiw of Bib: cemit-eid Yo yiilides Lebset edd encisisvib nommoo teom edd to emo to sisdsoiaso dedi esys eid +g dedt-eew 10 TIITV sefasdd haid to savoo eds Yo ebhtol edd io ed c& down ei tk ,od tdbim di asvedsd¥ fautqinoe oid to yous? -'» ©» .beyoutesh ees tnomnnom eucioo1g ekds dads .bedseuked oe (6 eBGeq -8E SOV eefvod 86 .00%b wh sFBLH -ZORe Get SFOK .s@b edt od dt af edd to enesisio sad ito enoigedided edt al edd aot es yiuxnl dtiw betercesh o1s aecsige1tt ,esiqednso ad » OF toibscoes bas enoidrogord betoiasess e10om ni ted .eeldon bose ,iseb esw enode no sustofvol .emoor sai to enoiensrib edd _o» glétil ts mese of hedeiw aetio sesidio edd ,eysh avo oi 26 -eivy ,boor to stew esevon efeviag to eeosfoe1it yosm 02 {de00 ebnt? Iftte end .redesiaq beb{uom bas bhevaso yd berevee 10 sid peosigei0t exedd to eelamsxe smoe eoidio [eionivosg Istevee of _fersvee meee ovsd ow pytiiizest aisdsd io edive oi beviecerd to yintoiv edt at ,bedetiomeb vyitaeoes esavor af eenolnot ts .geno evortoe1g owt teixe sredd bus ;fotiqso edd to eosla ond to yiio o{ttil edd oi ,notéeviseeta tostisa aledsd Yo seusoed edt of beonks’ won .doit bons exoiatesbot yisemied ,ninotas .F ¢ mort dab esoslae1i? ond sesdT .nwod sedasm &¢ to noidivnoo ~tenco bns (ff) e1)ed nevid ai teelqmie ont ;yistoso dé al sad oma1t seboow e to bemro0t eltnems bns edmst snode ond to ete Sabie ac ee Aes ebewase bre bebloom .rsdeslo dtiw beasvoo +O ious to mslo edd § te fos nottooeses? Ads eovib Sf .2iF -4t Bersveo edt Yo noisaog 8 eedsoibni 5 Liste€ .nodsouisenoo . -tob od? .soetaextt odd Ye elinam sid bie bood edd tnimaot oms — tedt Yo toometnsi1e [sisnek edt wode 4 noitose co cenit bea hg (eee Anitse, ngae’ Rt es bas mre to tatiset . x Keeeesaner: ts ») iva ‘ ahd nan 73 165 at Bourges contains quite beautiful fireplaces of the 15 th century! one of those preserved represents a crowning of the castle with battlements, machicolations and dormers; between the battlements are little figures; some draw the bow or cross- bow, others play the horn and bagpipe, yet others throw stones, hold standards, etc. This fireplace is 5.3 ft. under the man- tle by 6.9 ft. wide. But the most interestins of the firepla- ces in that mansion was that representing a burlesque tourney, only fragments of which remain, placed in the archives of the mayoralty. On the mantle were sculptured peasants mounted on donkeys with sticks for lamces, bottoms of basketsffor shields, and running over the lists. Jacques Coeur had little cove for the feudal nobility of his time; did he wish to have under h his eyes that caricature of one of the most common diversions of the lords of the court ef king Charles VII? Or was that a fancy of the sculptur? Whatever it misht be, it is much to be. resretted, that this precious monument was destroyed.. Note 1.9-205. Hist. du dioc. de Paris. Vol. 12. PeBdde In the habitations of the citizens of the 14 th to the 15 th centuries, fireplaces are decorated with luxury as for the nobles, but in more restricted proportions and according to the dimensions of the rooms. Sculpture on stone was dear, and as in our days, the citizen often wished to seem at little cost; so many fireplaces of private houses were of wood, vis- ible or covered by carved and moulded plaster. One still finds in several provincial cities some examples of these foreplaces freserved in spite of their frasility; we have seen several at Toulouse in houses recently demolished, in the vicinity of the place of the capitol; and there exist two precious ones, because of their perfect preservation, in the little city of 3. Antonin, formerly industrious and rich, now Beduced to the condition of a market town. These two fireplaces date from t the 15 th century; the simplest is given here (11) and consi- 3ts of two stone jambs and a mantle forméd of a wooden frame covered with plaster, moulded and carved. Fis. 12 gives at A theesection and at B the plan of that c construction. Detail 6 indicates a portion of the covered fr- ame forming the hood atid the mantle of the fireplace. The dot- ted lines on section A show the general arrangement of that framework. 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' on gh ae, 7 S: , ‘aL? . re) At , +? " Fj ‘ .. ae 166 executed that fireplace feared to impose by it, he took care to imitate on the hood a vertical and a horizontal rope, that seems to connect it together, as if to indicate its frasility and its defective connection with the wall. The other fireplace of S. Antonin is constructed in the same manner, but it is covered by a profusion of ornaments carved in the plaster and by mouldings. Om the hood two angels hold a Shield of arms..Two other shields set at each side against the wall, likewise bear arms and are spported by angels. The- se last shields appear to bear om the field adzes as instrune - nts of the trade. A rope stretched with a stick amd held by two fisures appears to support the base of the hood, and ac chain retains its woper part. Here (13) is the perspective o of this fireplace. . The epoch of the Renaissance saw arise beautiful fireplaces in the interiors of chateaus; their jambs and mastles were de-~" corated by sculptures and paintinss of rare richness anf ele- gance; several of these fireplaces exist in some chateaus, at Reouen, fontainebleau, in the manor of Romsard near the mark- et town of Coutures, in the hall of the city hall of Paris. The museum of Clany possesses one of precious workmanship}, th- at came from Mans, and everyone knows the magnificent firepl- ace of Bruges. But soon the enormous dimensions siven to fire- places were reduced, and already durins the 17 th century, t they assumed less Srand proportions. Marble replaced stone, which until then had been employed in the construction of ja- mbs and mantles of fireplaces, and these mantles were succes- sively lowered ta the heisht of a window sill. TUYAU ET MITRES DE CHEMINER. Chimney Flues and Caps. The smoke flue of the 12 th century is ordinarily cylindri- cal internally and terminates above the sable or roof in the form of a sreat column crowned by a cap. Besides beins const- ructed with Sreat care by means of hollowed stones, these st- ones frequently take a monumental form, that crowns the ridges of edifices in graceful fashion. The fireplace of the precen- tor’s house of the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, a drawins of w which was Sgiven (figs. 1, 2), above the gable of the hall as- ainst which it is: built, is terminated by a beautiful cylind- rical chimney composed of alternate courses of black and red , ube iptinietoiseiabiee e to mot ot ase s atin igliewers & dimtag tedd te yleses yx9V .(21).ti Yo notsevele as evis pee ons edd dadd oe ,beeoarscu2e sis esoslqgettt foods op fInme yloviteler ek yo Yo sosfosiit edt sn, .hedsrsqek 10 ghteed tenm bas .enotesemih eldsishienos bed esosioeail nsdw .@ ed% sot saseesq s ,edéreed ehasl yisv eved Bae efled enief ~gixne si1edT .enoltenemih sesit of Saifaicoos nevit od Jeum siome _ gsostgerit esommons ne od .2 to yedds oft ds Fhe sroted bes 8 Gen voomido eaodwy .yindnuse dé FL edd Seo Painnited sat mort sobtetuo s9temeth ni .ti £ sessed Isaekstoo ne ,Juemunom [ser » eddmort Leewsc (71) asvit et notisvele seody .yonuido edt ‘ Bstenimiet bas ,2scole tot yd miot iseo&ylea edt cd srssbe 0 Bnied cesdt to deal edt ,emnuloo elsdil tc eeiiote ows at ~ sat aeaen sevod 8 no eseixe ested. 1 btwssyo doid e dviw neco | ~e1 dadd ,eocienemib voliame to venmido a xusyai to [sabsdiso % yissidne eis esinmino spedT .00 .2 to yodds sit to tadsd eiias -eobie ed gs easozs” vino eunit bluoo stoma edt yoot ts beeolo 4 edt ts rso0 yisnsupe1t e185 soao vweomido yrwdnss ad ff sét af | to yodds edd roxt elqmsxe ns ei sash sine asgou sid bas eshie -® nteax edt dneveta eT .(0L) xueetin to 1ehio edt So yanssao7 ffene yrev ei soktino as]0e9u sid .oul) oft middiv ootlist wort ve } ae ‘on a tA .tno bos bsost [few snote to e1s “S & enoisizasa of? .°h.. syisoss ot eosesost tafugastos:1 Ilene [sisvee ors “DO .*9,9 edg tnsve1o of Esnbiesb .fosd sdt to noaki deao oF sosla ond ~yorfesbh mort bas snote edt tniniolso mori sdised sat to Jasd -cds noltusceta to sasoxe ne yd yidnenoss® .enoisidise end dat anthyedosth 10 [stnil s 28 tuo ef ncivitisg ond .otela sid ov -I[% yenmide evedt to easo edd evit sv 2 vA .G de neoe ae dow nalg tfedd ef 5 $e hnthiind edt to sldsk odd twidnvomie ees -tostord eft gedd I te eese on0 .elitoit aiedd si 4 bas god vs qeveo od bentiash .ttade edd to eseince sid ni Hawet busd ook + bosd sidT .cotele sdt svods too1 edt Yo ashie beniloni sad t asbas seentinon bos .reteslq to basd.sdt Yo sosla ent esied fosst of one eniwolle yoldet sdt to otex said anols eceds edd -o1g sishneteh evisos1 od bas .msdd sisos1 oJ yliess soso end enoiteool at gw .ebrisudno Anidool 3 stnemelidead odd yd betoos . yd gitanids toiteanimies eyonmino edd .ehoin ssei1a ot hesoaxe -29 of efome odd wolls ylibse1 gon BIE ,2qes0 Juoddin ezaineqe ~gnte1 Boe beerorgmeo ,iniw edd yd dosd besrct esw dans. jsaso -vaconi dedt biovs of -etnomtusae sid Yo stetvedni sat od ben ai eqao dtiw bedtit exew senlt lo ekaineqo gos edd ,eonsins -mido yasu no nese eved s¥ .yleott.eqsose ot edbsie edt Lets tm .eiedons Yo esostt eeiuninse dd SE bas dd df sad Yo eoeo ven deixe siedd dud yennor9 eeedt to sonseeto sit e¢sotboi seadd ‘. i! _ oo — ; Pa A tal ! ea -~~%o tos tis lenisixe sid bebivib sedd .eteede noi betsiotied +08 eyizotI00 edt bas enmsove eft beteiees sven vadz .wsd Yams, ee vee 168 several stories of the same building, men avoided placing them over each other, they alternated or were opposed, so as to 1 leave each flue isolated; while from that epoch, the use of fireplaces being much extended, men wished not only to have them in all important rooms, but even to place them over each other; uenceforth the towers and gable walls of houses recei- ved two, three or four chimney flues set beside each other. It was mecessary to have a flue for each fireplace and to se- parate them by partitions; these constructions were executed with great care. Instead of being cylindrical internally, the flues in this case have horizontal sections of much elongated parallellosrams separated by partitions 4 to 8 ins. thick. Ti- ascareebuiltithe flues of the three superposed fireplaces in the keeo of Pierrefonds, that we give in (18), at P being the vertical section and at A the horizontal section at the level A’. The partitions B B’ are of stone well faced and cut. At Cc, 0%, O” are several small rectansular recesses to receive the place to cast iron of the back, designed to prevent the heat of the hearth from calcining the stone and from destroy- ing the partitions. Frequently by an excess of precaution apo - ve the plate the partition is cut as a lintel or discharging arch aS seen at D. Av F we sive the caps of these chimney fl- vues, Surmountins the sable of the building; at G is their plan at top and H is their frofile. One sees at I that the project- ing band found in the courses of the shaft, designed to cover the inclined sides of the roof above the slates. This band t takes the place of the band of plaster,and continues under t the steps alons the rake of the Sable, allowins one to reach the caps easily to repair them, and to receive defenders pro- tected by the battlements K lookink outwards. But in locations exposed to sreat winds, the chimneys terminating abruptly by openings without caps, did not readily allow the smoke to es- cape; that was forced back by the wind, compressed and retur- ned to the interiors of the apartments. To avoid that inconv- enience, the too openings of flues were fitted with caps in perforated iron sheets, that divided the external air anf par - mittel the smoke to escape.freely. We have seen on many chim- ney caps of the 14 th and 15 th centuries traces of anchors, that indicate the presence of these crowns; but there exist very few, that have resisted the storms and the corrosive ac- Hi | , a A Sai * if | mM Aeoveene! » errs ‘ hebnctiee F empane nto Yo Lfed see1s odd to aso. than blo est ss gete moessa yd yundneo dt of edd soote beeusy seodreed satind figiw bontetes ei ti bas .doomednsi1s L[anasési edd to egasdo avib at ovlt efd? .Cr seiG nt nowode es mwoto soti dddao1w esi - eldss sit ee eft .A aslg sdt ok ooitose Istnosiszed ni as act * 80 8 #8 Si eovies Iled sid to entetes ead notiG ssen etet{sS ts nifoesnd oC Yo elveso edT mloidd ,etine1: oi eqeo yYsnmido [enohstso Saimisdo Isievee be ss fPo¢sb sands. (0S) ovis ew dotdw to eslamexe ows .estele bne = -eegdd 2aitsacosh § enrod sdT .yrstmeo dé Sf edt to bas edd me * wes 19890n eft ni eovoors ni bexit estefe toidd to sis ennoto ae slitif sat to ebnvorws edT .aqso edd Saimzol stinsts to eee yfbnoite solcoidas& ateds yd dotdw ,eesela to sis 0 eshsois edt gs neseced of ti wodls boe ,nottednomanioe enit edt dosteb ad fs ! becela el ti doidw te tdgisns «tootaummoo glavostitvoo eed S19d08 Aolvqud eH ehAlRuaGeLl S9FOU ~ ) , gee ore thane ae} : —? ’ «Of0h euwodosrtq eeentt sm of bs * to peesésttdors ett: te daadbebins efdsiisse1 deom edd.to end -moo deom edt Ils seu o¢ wod nwomt svsd of ei ests olbbim edd . to svitom s med¢ eisn of noltowasenoo sdt to esisacessooa nom _ —- Yoystoedidoiws efd es coos aes hoacisveb eheon we .nolissiacoeh | 7 medd evit ot tddvoe yraiécoo eft no ymedt toifssonoo mo1d 18% . gud .vawxzel déiw betosis esrstonisge ni yine: gon ,w10t Jae o8 eidt Yo toora sid bait sW¥ .enoitstided teeldmud sdt ni oele edt ddiv’ .esitio blo aso te esened blo Yo sedmun des2g°e ni -do svand etootidose sesdd .enssm svianegxe sees{ Bas Jeslomie veds sheen sit sof etatico1cas yitoestseq emict snsGele benies -mgnoryech deixs [Lite tes? edd to esitio said al .yteisse Jaum } yistsom yd bled eslid io sistowite s Yo bemict eqso dyin exen -ftidest Ivteork1s teom odd at vie edt tenishs hentigec s1a doidu . w to sess yenmido esedt to eslqmaxs seidd einesss1d S$ .dt¥ onidgavomise A elisd sdT © eandesade js ose6 9718 yasm oe dsoidw -ege1g el cindesise is yshos {Lise .ssti0m of dee ease eslis saz _— vay dt BE sit to noitonatecco eidt Yo noksibsat sav bevas “f f ebelisinss gi Atha oo saneaeen? yfostidorto ,S/Ffeuotod «Mo eAtSeqet ston. evi | e8@q0o &vudeottse Fo esdotexe seant seetanes ndiues. dooce sdt to exestedo odd to etostidorwe 9dT pottourtence edt ni siceesoshs10 aistit no fevorami neve sone — ra A is | 2 — _ ae. ad 169 action of soot. The old chimney cap of the pena: hall of castle Sully-sur- Loire has been unused since the 16 th century by reason of a change of the internal arransement, and it is retained with its wroasht iron crown as shown in Fig. 19. This flue is siv- en in horizontal section in the plan A. the top of the sable of the hall serves it as 4 cap. The castle of Du Guesclin at Beliere near Dijon has retain- ed several charmins oetasonal chisiney caps in Sranite, bhick and slates, two examples of which we sive (20), that date fr- om the end of the 14 th century. The horns B decorating the crowns are of thick slates fixed in grooves in the woper Gour- ses of Sranite forming the caps. The grounds of the little a arcades © are of slates, which by their G@arkkcolor strongly detach the fine ornamentation, and allow it to —_—e at the heisht at which it is placed. / ~ Kote 1oPeMihe Me Ruprich Robert has courteously COMMUNIC A%—- ea to we these precious Aorta. Jne of the most remarkable qualities of the architecture of the middle ages is to have known how to use all the most com- mon accessories of the construction to make them a motive of - decoration. New needs develoved as soon as the architects, f far from concealins them, on the contrary sousht to sive them an art form, not only in structures erected with luxury, but - also in the humblest habitations. We find the vroof of this in acgreat number of old houses of our old cities. With the simplest and least expensive means, these architects have ob- tained elegant forms verfectly appropriate for the needs they must satisfy. In the cities of the Hast still exist manynehym- neys with caps formed of a structure of tiles held by mortar, which are outlined against the sky in the most sraceful fashion. Fis. 21 presents three examples of these chimney caps of w which so many are seen at Strasburs. 4 The balls A surmountins the tiles are set in mortar. Still today at Strasburs is pres- erved the tradition of this construction of the 14 th and 15 th centuries. Note 1oPeBide Me PatoueiVwe, architect, furnished us with ahese sketches of Strasvure caps. The architects of the chateaus of the evoch of the Renstes~ ance even improved on their predecessors in the construction . ri i wn ot ee a} 7 cat : a + ‘ om oe Py 8 on ba? stes0096 nstio yedd veqeo younido te oe | glow od di.3T -boteregbexe yldsisics eortginoe faa edatbly _ Bt YroeBeoos ns TOT yYaseesoenny ei Jit tey .soitibs os stai0 {autos esi seol euddt fna ,19eg07%¢ ei asdd sonatiogmi atom exed (HOTS edt yd bevisedo yitestisq of .noitsiebom sidT .tetosiedo _ edt to seodds to tess sft ton esw .29%8 efbbim end Yo etootl svods ease yeomido evik o¢ emso stedtel eft Sue .yindaso dt Of wosd ot t{voiltib sstto ei si tsdd .eonstioesi dowe stoor edd ~yd»hereveo .e1eic enose evomione exeds yd beaistuoo ei tenn susstedo odT .esuntaluoe bre elensq .,etnomibsa .enmaloo eltrtl -nexp 8 dneeet0 sisddo yoam of bas asvood .eiols .ftodmadd to _&® I doidu ,etosmearo yd bersvoo eases evisasa sesdd Yo ytd -uesst bas ,etoo: sii to seni! Isqtosiae edt youtdaebh eonsseib » 44 | - » etuemunem Isegeoloo emoe To sai sit slid od at sesoxs soo moti [Iist.com .YIX.eisod to ngie1 edi sasfhal) nsmof ed et bevsifed osdt esx dedw ot minde1 edd seno setoK ® -mido yiensuneenco bas esldas eldisiv beseeeicque siutossicois sf nt edtnom xie erco00 animisw sone1e of sonia tu9 .s089 ven -o708 sds dnwomive oF eoeso [fs ni yresesosn esw iti ,wssy saz .) goomido s{diatod yd esoiiths te asosiaies sepiins fas esiasd gom ,2emid gn909% aT .ao1t Seede fas tetesiq .doiad te eqao ‘setoediders bos. .eloionizg ef[denoeasi stom od beniwds1 eved quo te -eqso edd roitedxe edt no ylinett wode ot ase son ob see i : seyoamida er9t390 ove? .istied. .UARKFED tsoo s119T ame to dimboeo s od nevie omen odd 2i eidT yd bns tood edd mort astew sft aevisoss tedt .istem 10 boow ~senoo sdé ni betnesiis etoliso edd oF Ji eshink eeqole slines bate -ssoltibs edi to noiton1 q foeas ylise yiev & akas yisoitos segeq te efnemunom edt - | -$@ erst Io.,eistine bsd eneddA Jo bne sioe1 snbsM to eelqmes ebsonsteif awslvze1 ts bensaqo edslino dtin ofdiem 10 enoda .si -[{s)2%009 odT .botisq oxpsensmo% efit Sniioh sonst? ai boisec e visowos sW .bavoxt oft no yisderibh [fst of astew od bewe efbbim. sdt suede [itau sone1% dés0co ni 1seqcse1 astdud eit eos _—-«-9918.Yodd -yIdage Jedd Yo bas edd mow .yansnee dé SI edt to tan ~ _ ; > - ‘> Fa 7 _ on -osh oF Ji yd tiloic oF dud ~bse0 yishooose s eataxeth ton ot a ed? setoor to escole edd Yo eevee odt ts eisdtwh beeeseeca ~qseih yeddteY .edoomynom nsao8 ni bave? seiwedil e1s 2xstind | > 170 of chimney caps; they often decorated them by a luxury of mo- uldinmgs and sculptures tolerably exasserated. If it be well t ‘to not dissuise a secondary need, but to profit by it to dée- orate an edifice, yet it is unnecessary for an accessory to take more importance than is proper, and thus lose its actual character. This moderation, so perfectly observed by the arch- itects of the middle ages, was not the task of those of the 16 th century, and the latter came to Sive chimney caps above the roofs such importance, that it is oftem difficult to know. what is contained by these enormous stone pters, covered by little columns, vediments, panels and sculptures. The chateaus of Chambord, Blois, Ecouen and so many others present a quan- tity of these massive caps covered by ornaments, which at a distance destroy the principal lines of the roofs, and resem- ble the riiins of some colossal monument. Under the reisn of Louis XIV, men fell from one excess into a worse one; the return to what was then believed to be Roman architecture suppressed visible Sables and conseouently chim- ney caps. But since in France warmins occurs six months in t the year, it was necessary in all cases to surmount the acro- terias and antique terraces of edifices by horrible chimney caps of brick, plaster and sheet iron. In recent times, men have returned to more reasonable principles, and architects Jo not fear to show frankly on the exterior the caps of our chimneys. CHENHAU. Gutter. Have Gutter. This is the mame siven to 2 conduit of pene terra cotta, wood or metal, that receives the water from the roof and by Sentle slopes suides it to the outlets arransed in the const- ruction of the edifices. The monuments of pagan antiauity from a very early epoch p possessed sutters at the eaves of the slopes of roofs. The t temples of Magna Grecia and of Athens had sutters.,of terra cot- ta, stone or marble with outlets opened at resular distances. Gutters are likewise found in Roman monuments. Yet they disap- peared in France during the Romanesque period. The roofs all- owed the water to fall direétly on the ground. We scarcely s see the Sutter reappear in north France until about the middle of the 12 th century. From the end of that century they are relat, 7 lamas ttt #4 Matic Bee ae im a rererr edt most Fanpeet He gefo1s' no tey :996b viev vila f ‘abba th to eget odd mort Satree ertoeenow ateds lellew ond --«.#0GMOO BEretoTSS hentiont ns vd yilsnxetxs betnwomise sis bas 9) sn0°.A noltoee odd yd betsothni as .ese1w0o Istevee Yo bee «tee ebletno eidt to sddted yusnibaosisxe edd ntefaxe yino aso -[Ie? mov? estafe 10 eeltt dneveta of bebnetal biswe & ea 498d ° bas” .amtisveo odd wort hedosdsh nedw .vse otidug edt co Sak ~“,%001 edd to seoole eft swob eebtle tadd wone sit niainoo of eit to mutryotiat eit svede sesdt of enorolans exedtue brit s¥ elssil B-oteb 8 to o18 tedt bre .He8D te onnsti#® .f to aLlotlo ~)enktvoedd Yo dorwstio se00n eft to efsqedo Isbhbiece edT .assel -neo dd St edd Yo iled tealt edd mont sish dads ,essitviod se988 “edt evods setiun 2 satmaot eatrod¢otos eesasoo seiwedil .yaiod -a9tq esfod Sslomte-do mottoefo hile to eslyosisdD .sotni0o = ,ybiausaps bas enseomadd .sone1T-ef meteeres veda eid to dnemegnsrts sax SH .yrntaso dd Ff ans -.no0tsensloxe emoa sexivpes dooqe geist to -2g0 aes #07} aAodot af stad’ ases% sigquoxa sAT oOLSeqel ston -(ytetaeo At SP Fo bas) aswok Fo Lorbisdios edt Fo sisqndo Job? ‘Holds yisv sisw esoitifbs supesnamo? to elfew odd danodsfs elane ne ts benifoni seaele etnsee aq toon sdt Yo yitasoaso eng “=380 eidd to dest sit peeetssb °Fh nedd eesl neds saom asdse4 Sd¢ bae .(etnso1edd .tad) &atased shiw s etinne1 neds yrdnsg @ dose selit bos enetied sid en L[iaw e8 etettss sdd to eins * saedd selssti Qnitostow sertwiedto .soini0e sit Yo sthe siz edt to eabe edt te tedtus edt Sntosla rot sosce on benismes aowol eft 40 bavow efit no yitosith [fst 1edee sdé Bnew ,too4 @ evitintag etdt to esonsinevacont saz bexinatoos: nsM .etoor hetnedo esosttue sdt snolse hettanoetbh of asten edd imeseve =yousesb Sns,ef{sw edt to sesd said ja easnamsb beniste: ,medt to baed edt no [fet si beogile slit & ti ;notdebavet sds hs anied gon erstcor sit .dniaevoo Sadi antarsass to ytiessosn sd “={He betel (eiedwyss aaebbel sisit Te gest aieds tess of ofds mf ehemsh eldsrshienoo shem tesel te 10 .medd déiw to wars — sfrosset yd SEY .Bfeedk eniaevoo eft no ersbhbel seodt aniosla _ =stides ofdded'yd beyolame noivonitende to meteye ver end Yo rir > oO ae 4) ‘he yee He sl eretin ac ate re Ueaertene’ nemrow ni rien ain see1s 8 eiord si eens seal ond ni {i001 wswol 8 10 Isee8G oft whit esw ono $I .toor edd ni efod 8 sham hae eelit to sedmen 171 very apparent in Norman edifices. Those sutters (1) are gene- rally very deep; yet on arches projecting from the face of t the walls, their voussoirs spring from the tops of abutments, and are surmounted externally by an inclined acroteria compo- sed of several courses, as indicated by the section A. One c ean only explain the extraordinary height of this outside sut- ter as a suard intended to prevenh tiles or slates from fall- ing on the public way, when detached from the coverins, and to contain the snow that slides dowm the slopes of the roof. Ne find sutters ‘analogous to these above the triforium of the choir of 3. Btienne at Gaen, and that are of a dste a little later. The apsidal chapéls of the upper church of Chauvisny near Poitiess, that date from the first half of the 12 th cen- tury, likewise possess acroterias forming a sutter above the cornice. Gargoyles of slight projection or simple holes pier- ced at certain distances, cast the rainwater outside. Ta Tle- de-France, Champagne and Bursundy, sutters only appeared in the 13 th century. But the arrangement of the first sutters of that epoch requires some explanation. Note 1.0-219- The example stven here A1s taken from the aps- Vaal chopels of the cathedral of Roven (end of 12 th century). Although the walls of Romanesaque edifices were very thick, the carpentry of the roof presents slopes inclined at an angle rather more than less than 45° desrees; the feet of this car- pentry then require a wide bearings (Art. Charvente), and the ends of the rafters as well as the battens and tiles reach t the edge of the cornice, otherwise projecting little; there remained no space for placiné the Sutter at the edge of the roof, and the water fell directly on the Sround or the lower roofs. Men recognized the inconveniences of this primitive s system; the water so discharged along the surfaces changed them, retained dampness at the base of the walls,and destroy- ed the foundation; if a tile slipped it fell on the head of the passer or a lower roof; in the last case it broke a sreat number of tiles and made a hole in the roof. If one was under the necessity of repairing the coverins, the roofers not beins able to rest their feet of their ladders anywhere, risked sli- ding off with them, or at least made considerable damase in placing these ladders on the coverins itself. Yet by reason of the new system of construction employed by Gothic archite- a 7 a am Th eer any 7, a, uv va vr ve if a “fois: edd e10n basse selbsite hotaib. ne bel. 919% yed i etoatidote ” pxedé ned? omend time qlozisae ot asve bre eflaw oft Yo seen pre Yo tnobnsaebai eistivas sdé Qnitem Yo shom eft bhetaobs ,@oww mo sointco odd buoyed sostoig medd eoidenm yd soisourte “wav Yo eedo1s shia odd no yidasqise edt sxcacue o¢ hesbni 10 . tee -od bos ,[{sw oft sbiani sonesteib nissiesso s is bensst asl .gedoas ebie eeedd neswisd aninisme:x sosce edd no easdiae edt ei? .essntoidd [leme s oS beoubss cedé ,iisw Isntsdxe edd bas -9b-oiI aI .enteqmed? bane ybhantisd ni betiaqqs saw moteve Jesl of seoinies edd ot nevik esw noitvostioig dnsioliive s ,.sones% ssivon s¥ .toor edd to saad sdt ts asides edd ava of sida ed -n87d odd ei189 to oma e1xte¥ to atedo edd to gisq dtd odd ni Yo motveve odd od esves gupeonsmo? to medeye edd moult soliie etoor sit to sead add ts eoninroo aaitostora no beosla exedtue to emis odd mort ¢«9et .oteine sis JA .[lsw Joasiec edd a9b88 -dtuz on beteixe e1zedd ,(O8tt twoda ot Odfr) ellve eb sotavsy -™mo 9d¢ gnivisos1 got edT “.toos Jeeta odd Ye sesd oct te e186 sbeecaqmoo ,noltoetoxrg elé¢ttl Io sefnice s te baetalenco yatnea . Soimiot soiblyom es heoeto. eew dotdw oo eoxsu0e to anor wel te .-steted sii? edd rwsite yidadowe .CSSi JucdA .bavot asc9H ods —eee bad sintoetidois cidteod eisnad de ybsexls nedn .bencitaon -109 edt mort bevomes esx saysdt .tnemgeleveb edsiames #3i bhemy .» edt Antvesl .banor isqau sdt yfno yiln® sh soltual to soin to bescemos soinioo 2 beosfa asw svods fas ,2exsepe to eesiv09 8.6 eattneest0 slodu sdi ;saiblwom agiab e fae eevas!l Sedoc10 . wéiue s to mict si hewollod sew qiab eid? .neitestor snoads evods feceaia eslyogiss test» ofni tes7annie1 bnee eeqole seode 8 00 eteor ¢i .vidnsarsos wee sdé y0Ol eA .essxdtod Seivli dose d snote 2 bos .rstivd eidd evods «tt &.8 suods heeiss tecaied .tuded sttA).t9dd¢0% sdt Yo gntgoo edd nc hexit esw sbheideciad 8 esttied® Yo I[exbedtso edt nt ,docas emee odd duodA .(f .8r% ~th beoelq cele o19w eiss9 Yo emed sito! to eheost edd no bas viomie awtew edt jeelyokise duoddin tnd s1etdee Satmt0l ect ss mptseo da sbhewenlad odd asbny betnet1s eefed dawordd Tio as1 | ~loxes jnomeansii1e eid? S.¢ #@i of betsoibai es .esonateib ai to saith odd .eiae9 to emsq satov to ehaosi odd no ydw eats -osto1g gno1te dove svsd eysdsus antised eeitote tasaetlib ods Fn samme esosnttsos s edi{ ,e1ed¢oe odd mort resew odd . peostive edd mort deseo oft hebnednt stew yet eeesoed yenols Taval easbakved-sohertenled dé ee91dten5 Yo emaf sttoy tA 172 architects, they were led to diminish more and more the thick- ness of the walls and even to entirely omit them. Then they adopted the mode of making the sutters independent of the con- struction by making them project beyond the cornice om arches, or indeed to support the carpentry on the side arches of vau- lts turned at a certain distance inside the wall, and to set the gutters on the space remainins between these side arches and the external wall, then reduced to a small thickness. This last system was applied in Burgundy and Champasne. In Tle-de- France, a sufficient projection was siven to the cornices to be able to run the Sutter at the base of the roof. We notice in the high part of the choir of Notre Dame of Paris the tran- sition from the system of Romanesque eaves to the system of gutters placed on projecting cornices at the base of the roofs under the parapet wall. At the oridin, i.e., from the time of Maurice de Sully (1160 to about 1180), there existed no sutt- ers at the base of the sreat roof. + The top receiving the car- pentry consisted of a cornice of little projection, composed of four rows of squares on which was placed a mouldins formins the upper round. About 1220, probably after the fire before mentioned, when already at Paris Gothic architecture had ass- umed its complete development, there was removed from the cor- nice of Maurice de Sully only the upper round, leawins the courses of squares, and above was placed a cornice composed of crocket leaves and a drip moulding; the whole presenting a s strons projection. This drip was hollowed in form of a Sutter, whose slopes send rainwater into sreat Sardoyles phaced above each flying battress. As for the new carpentry, it rests on a parapet raised about 4.3 ft. above this Sutter, and a stone b palustrade was fixed on the copings of the gutter.(Art. Bahut, Fig. 1). About the same epoch, in the cathedral of Chartres a and on the facade of Notre Dame of Paris were also placed dr- ivs forming sutters but without gargoyles; the water simply ran off through holes arranged under the balustrade at certa- in distances, as indicated in Fis.. 2.2 This arrangement expl- gains why on the facade of Notre pame of Paris, the drips of the different stories bearing sutters have such strons pro jec- tions; because they were intended to cast from the surfaces the water from the gutters, like a continuous drip mouldins. At Notre Dame of Chartres, the balustrades having no lower : » 7 p ad, , Po eee ! fc i an i arg f. “nl Pe 4 a ef aye ashi tatoos odd tc 19dsH ods ,sotaroo sdt to pe 7 Abe edd mo ot wrap e@ixb eft to scole odd no anmyfoo siitil essdsd neeuted = wort tnidiveet eeonsinevaoont edt bedeinimib vino eneee sasdd | -ay odd sonte mois Biova ton bib tod .etoor eit Yo eevee edd ssotnios eft to détnel exfttne edd sot gisk of beunitacs szstswai te bas stetsose etl bed sods e sidse edt hnoved tnitoetord seat a fo unsast Hewollnd sdt to ssbhoor seedT .f .8i% ni betsoibsi ees silyokrst 8 tatmict bas ni bednisc fos hevieo neve ,eaniblwom eomitemoe sisw ereds0d as yierldne edt ot Ynineviednt ayawis das .excfeo Inexsttib -fistnévis eesiT .esindooise momnoo seom edd * Yo eltatef edd of nl .esnro vino sdt ton Sisw eseved oF beilgos e1stiue to Betas -sinel ,ybavta08 efi! .elsiiastsm eseowsolss ni dois esontvord sonsistsiq vd beyoloms sisv sfhode te ersitus .ea2i0 bre enveVv of ea ce beosfa ets fiettut snote seety bas ,boow to ezodd of ‘$a fesostane oft Saols esnict edd davordd Batdesf [fs bievs to dod edd ersvoo Yoo Sad tedt of .tosto1s events yond seat eledioo nedd teesnameh Iie mort meds esviseetg bas eliaw eds ewfai sie Bas .asdseuer sit 90 tniot doss asbhew [few odd ni tee ete 7 -o0 ednidk seeds Si -aedd iefLyok1ses #2 Yo mtot edd mi tno bowol y edd odot [let astsw edt .meds tniscelo taemeo sit Jeol 10 bsne ss g BBORTIHE SAF mOIt tet shiedvo teso sew brs .slyohasd-Isd100 sg t#ostdbe ett mo enotsensfoxe yidtne!l dtiw sensaeib [fiw 8 wie gp foot off Si10% #0 SoMoe Btusy ES modH SYOM FOK OSSLq.k FOX ~eavote niOr dadrwG sevattus tuedtia Jlé#t#a svsw asevod teon Fo lpacrels veut ss ete nt S¥ofed rsfow fe teede o Savoy retow sift _ RMR Ye Souder sate ‘adsaesea's tia nees ,sldéecogad ent Ae. ee aS a. 275 of the roofs into the aensary? Two reasons contributed to ca- use the Sutters ta be established at the base of the roofs, t the need of collecting rainwater in cisterns (many cities were built on localities without water), and the incomveniences ¢ caused by water falling from the roofs on the public way. But as the Sreat majority of urban habitations were of wery simple construction, one could not bear the expense of a crownins § Sutter of stone at the edges of the roofs. The constructors of houses contented themselves with setting stone corbels at the tops of front walls, olacins on these corbels a hollowed and inclined wooden member formins a gargoyle at one end. Fis. 6 will explain that naive arrangement.” These sSutters are ap- plied to houses with eaves of the roofs on the street; but if the gables are on the public way, as generally practised from the 14 th century, the sutters were arransed perpendicular to the street. At that epoch of houses rarely had party walls; each house possessed its four walls, and there existed between the houses a very narrow alley.’ Art. Maison). Bach habitation thus had its separate sutters, that most freauently were made of the hullowed trunk of a tree projecting beyond the Sable a and forming a Sargoyle as indicated in Fié. 7. These wooden dutters were sometimes mouldings, even carved and painted in different colors, art always intervenins in the entirety as in the details of the most common structures. These arransem- ents of sutters applied to houses were not the only ones. In orovinces rich in calcareous materials, like Burgundy, Haute- Marne and Oise, sutters of stone were emoloyed by preference to those of wood, and these stone sutter: are placed so as to avoid all leaking through the joints alons the surfaces; at first they always project, so that the roof covers the top of the walls and preserves them from all dampness: then corbels are get in the wall under each joint of the sutter,and are l- lowed out in the form of a sarsoyle; then if these joints op- ened or lost the cement closing then, the water fell into th corbel-dgardoyle, and was cast outside far from the surfaces. Fis. 8 will dispense with lengthy explanations on this subject. Kote %eWo%2WSe KNOL wore than 25 years sence art Paris the rows of wost houses were stir without gutters. During rain storns, she worter found o sheet of worter vefore facades, ond rendered passage Vwpossibile, even with UMOTSLLVAS. a) : cs iad ‘ . fie ae oma nated wont } wor ; hee latelil Ts ences b 89 fox” ca wre itined' ‘yasm Jeomuedd te- esee ag" in” a tidotA .eysh avo Lidnw beonisnoo eed moteno tadt Ens _ eptt foot tib asupnco OF enddy wod evond ti oodw tie ne ylno exe to yese .snasm suit bose efomtea yd tosto1g Sns seeerot of $ no sedw dud ;sosisq odd ni es sevod Jeeldmyd edd ni noisno Bnateh dsdt ,enesm Istottisas of servcee1 esd di .vistdnoo edd -itow yisnibiosiéxs .esindeubai Bseolevef yifset ywisv Yo bis sit ssomcest [le sisdw beeoove peo si .Sensoxs dovm bus gidensm -Jerb esisileool weiasdisd of enobasds ti fod (buammoo #8 ote F. ysbhot ;e1doso gefw et eidT .seaseso [elatewbont tests mort toe , qwtawoist to stisdoeth eft doidw ni seitto teetk edd shietao -ten sisdwyisvs .esenod sisvita oi [lide doum dtiw botensm et seods wod see of en wolie e1s0 Yo fos! bus sonatondi .eonedti ‘pewolwedioe bos estu ,[otlide stom siew etodonideanos insions ‘einsifo aisds taievso Juodsiw .emis a0 to ereblivd ed3 aedd ~q, £230" , -e8ensexs peslsex ¥ sORRS20 2 ; «Seqk .tsved STRVRED erkevien 8 to secs sfi Io honetedd emstéze edt ot osvib omel ” -(serisd .sisibeigad .ebiedA .esaa) . eMETROHOM .asdoiO .BSAATHO “9 eemen negoig to elattin£ edd betsntiesh exe Brow eidt ‘WS edt sgedt ass0ce gon seoh JI .etmomanom no Hhetateq 10 fevase ‘Yo noitve1cceb edd of fottimba ersw-enceiso Saivil Io ededeio jedd Yo foe sdt mort Sod :yvaiwseo dé #f edz eadtsd esoltibs «fad ,ellew -esssixt so beviso yiinevpsat sis etedcio .yindisso | -tat sdi no bos ewohnin seeld bentetea ni betniag 10 ,eshsiter ebsisecIsd sd? .esenod bee eeoslsa .eedornro to eliew [enis yd #lisdes eew eiusd to slleosd .2 to elde® areteew edt to ~sitsup nid¢iw eif-ob-eivel} te beeoomen ek bas .ITV eslaadd ‘(ewflors)) FY fenwois edt eseia doidw to elbbim end at .elict eft Yo yrotero edt Yo shaiten{ed ofT .eletns ows vd bedacaase =sivelt dviw soinsoo as no bediostob J bemwor edé yd el bbin $ find eixed te ‘gedqmod esbh ised sd¢ to notenam blo od? .eil-ob .eentgnotoe (ed Benwo1e .eredato vd bersveo eew TTX einod yd m0 baoct sis eF benword .eil_sh-eivelt bre zemausd ,eninglob _ eeadit 20 iedmon deorb A .T etonss% yd mexedtebaw sewwtourde. fete. edg ds fetnemantco seiwedil ei TX eivod vd dLivd Ieqetio emse. ie v he ect 176 | Note 1epo224-. Example taken fron houses of Frovidny. cue sees at Chaumont many houses with gutters so arranged,# and that custom has continued until our days. Architecture is only an art when it knows how thus to conauer difficulties, to foresee and protect by simple and true means, easy of exe- ecution in the humblest house as in the palace; but when on t the contrary, it has recourse to artifictal means, that demand the aid of very fully developed industries, extraordinary work- manship and much expense, it can succeed where all resources are at command, but it abandons to barbarism localities dist- ant from great industrial centres. This is what occurs; today outside the great cities in which the discharge of rainwater is managed with much skill in private houses, everywhere nes- lisence, isnorance amd lack of care allow us to see how those ancient constructors were more skilful, wise and scrupulous, than the builders of our time, without causing their clients useless expenses. CHEVET. CShevet. Apse. Yame given to the extreme position of the apse of a church. (Arts. Abside, Cathedrale, Rslise). CHIFFRE. Cioher. Monogram. By this word are designated the initials of proper names c carved or painted on monuments. It Joes not appear that the ciphers of living persons were admitted in the decoration of edifices before the 15 th century; but from the end of that century, ciphers are frequently carved on friezes, walls, bal- ustrades, or painted in stained slass windows and on the int- ernal walls of churches, palaces and houses. The balustrade of the western gable of S. Ghapelle of Paris was rebuilt by Gharles VII, and is composed of fleurs-de-lis within quatre- foils, in the middle of which rises the crowned K (Karolus) supported by two angels. The balustrade of the oratory of the same chapel built by Louis XT is likewise ornamented at the middle by the crowned L detached on an openings with fleurs- dje-lis. The old mansion of the Cour des Comptes at Paris built by Louis XII was covered by ciphers, crowned Ls, porcupines, dolphins, hermes and fleurs-de_lis. Crowned Fs are found on the structures undertaken by Francis I. A great number of these = s1 28 mote » tes Tok q fied tite ine wieta aaa: itiein! ad bos IT yunel Yo sedate heoslretak eft ;dooge seid t0¢%s “served ody to sisnsq bas esseiat edt aevooeisifbs¥ sh eniwedtsd | ») (¢oveeVIX ehn0d to neve fas VI yias! to seedd-sa Ilow es Madidipel+ o: + 8609. .AUHORD eneigiie: | .enoneo sdt tte doidw af dowedo eft to daaq edT etet bebivib ei esdoundo te sciassni sd#i.tnedo of eotiaselo 40 -ovgsven .dor0ed 20 sludideev .xediwen edd Ledieq tonisverb evit esdotudo oitesnom donet? mI .visetonse bee aiode ,esqeensad ss Svan edt odnt ebnotxe yliasnibio esothile1 edd to afode edt a etatis eidd stcted ;edqsenaas edt bnoved bsostq saw assis aA | gg0t vetle aniniom edt batded ;ebwal bas eniiam betnedo s1s0 -1¢ 6d¢ neewted eosae e1itne edt heiquooo Jedd .yisetonae odd eds esdoido detusq fas*elesbeddso ail .tsvedo edd bas eaiqeens astieg oct bue estgoenstd edd bucyed csonsmmoo yiinenibae azicdes -00 doidw ,viensonee edd ni eags efd to Yosd ens da hoosla ai -{[1I¥ eyse “,zotselo sdé to sicdo sit .olorioimss edz eeiqao * sommoo ai tnedo of teddakeveds suedw diso odd si* Posi mai betosl[los ei slaoso edt to ehudttivm sdt eusdw” sebbessad fas -~fniteh etd eoism toidw “,ectieteym ylod sit is taeeetq od oF + ,(efdtesoe ei doitdw) enincgane yd eeelnn yeuksv stiso neids © sit sot bevisss1 sosce edt yine fon atofo yd dasem on Sadd otsyw deidw at secs odt Yc eeleia ehie edi osla dud ,soixsi9s ested awont ediem of yiseesosn ef di tad S Ietddied edi beoala Isitdoorse .oitdesnom tediedw ,eedoiwsdo to aiiedo edd stow Jedw epets sibbim edd to edooas dassetith edi ait .elsabetiiso 10 eh TET QOAD et HOOT .JOnOFF OA sTSEeqel Sfou — efatonm Astod) «V8Rege8 SFOK e168. adil viiees teom eu ot mose won dadd sinsmeaneage eds ' odd Lites eexsosd .sedoundo oitesnom to eriodo edd to seods btsietie vest berstive vedt .wisdaso (dt EL) desl edt to bas d vilod besesesog evyedds [fA .eedoisdo a9edéo0 io seodt asts co Jd sa9ebn9 dayredé ni ausdtis betieoash estfe1 beterensy ,esibod ~'9e8 te Beampooo es ,Iiseti yrenvonse edd of 10 yrsutonge edd -mmoo yieotosee eifd ,bedete deuf, eved ow 2A .soneit ak cinsd '-eype1t gsw Bes, .Qaieeoto edf to tainsqo gietess edd Js heons ®satqeonart edd to 10013 ed¢ evods sqete Iarevee fseiss yltn ~s—eisstosse edt io sciiedei sit et bettimbe oren Iniddie? ed? op wisstbrosstxe to notesoco eid no ,elevites? sisitso te yino 177 may be seen at Blois and at Chambord. That custom was retained after that epoch; the interlaced cipher of Henry II and of © Gatherine de Mediciscover the friezes and panels of the Louvre, as well as those of Henry IV and even of Louis XIV. CHOKUR. . Chotr. The part of the church in which sit the canons, relisious or clerics to chant.iPhe interior of churches is divided into five distinct parts. the narthex, vestibule or porch, nave, transepts, choir and sanctuary. Im French monastic churches the choir of the religious ordinarily extends into the nave. An altar was placed beyond the transepts: before this altar were chanted matins and lauds; behind the mornins altar rose the sanctuary, that occupied the entire space between the tr- ansepts and the chevet. In cathedrals and parish churches the choir ordinarily commences beyond the transepts and the altar is placed at the back of the apse in the sanctuary, which oc- eapies the semicircle. “The choir of the clerics,” says Will- iam Durand, "is the part where they gather to chant in common, ” and hecadds; “where the multitude of the people is collected to be present at the holy mysteries,” which makes his defini- tion ouite vague; unless by supposing (which is possible), t that he meant by choir not only the space reserved for the c clerics, but also the side aisles of the apse in which were placed the faithful. But it is necessary to make known here ahat were the choirs of churches, whether monastic, parochtal or cathedrals, in the different epochs of the middle ases. Note 1-pe®VZ7Z. Rational. Book 1. Ghapter 1. Note 2.p-227- (Latin note). she arransements that now seem to us most easily found are those of the choirs of monastic churches, because until the end of the last (18 th) century, they suffered less alterati- on than those of other churches. All abbeys vossessed holy b bodies, venerated relics deposited either in aseryot under t the sanctuary or in the sanctuary itself, as occurred at 5. Denis in France. As we have just stated, this sanctuary comm- enced at the eastern openings of the crossins, and was freque- ntly raised several steps above the floor of the transepts. The faithful were admitted to the interior of the sanctuary only at certain festivals, on the oceasion of extraordinary : ie nk ji os. , oa oS eee aps he re t | sitse. {ersde! x0 eellixak (diowkoow bne ,soneaisas edt és sestoe gh @teveifed edt to sonseerq edT .ytendonse oft of behnesxe eooihifes edd bus ,yiosesoos yino ssw eefoiwdo ofsesnom odd sg fdtety ed don Sivoo bos ton stew afodo edt middin beeolons A -eodt wee bns etnsdo atedd based {utdsist edt .oven efd mot? 7 -qeon bas slieice edt fser bns nesexos hoor edd bneoes solinrelo * boon edd te eetsh oft duoadd 1st{e odd Ben yino blwoo dud .Le tt edd to eelistsanom oft al .nwaah eaw [fev sft nedw ,assioe bas. ,sso1emon yiev stew evoisifes edd eeiassneo dt Si fae dt : ofeo8 teum ersvetied edt ymodt rot tfiind esisw eefousdo aieds edg¢ anibawoiwe eleqedo euoremen eft o¢ has doaedo defisa odd asdt evan(s oxen sisi? seoivice snivih bretie of estistesnons r yamithitaq: .eretoside Yo saeduen yes78 s estieteascom seods at sodn .bovieess eeu ddeudovediste evan odd modw act ,@sehnted ~ ar asvs eemiteomoe bane .smis aied? to tuso tsetk ew siedd tnsce “fo of yiseeeosn omsosd aedd JI .dcein bas yeb siedisd bentsmes -dstine ton eau ommetioswg ein? .evoisit{ss edd So 1kode esd geo + §o-\4afetbedtso vot -aeel {lite .bas sedoiwds deiisd dot of -% oftfivdex Ife ylissn sedw ,feleubedis® .s14) elsabsdisd a died astoetsdo 8 bad .yardose di Cf edd Yo bas edt ta sone tosoxs .wetv edd betonisedo taidson siedd livio bas suoteifes meat tnkdourtence al svelisv yd bebouotiss asw asiis edt tedt tS astio ot heaiesb yssidaoo sit mo eqodsid eft .ensia geav no dodotdw ot eseis obiw aeitio tessa edt to sinstidsdot ods of © estidmsese Livie edt neve bose qifesow edd Yo esinomerso sad ‘ ‘ovedt tadt ,aettokrct ed gon bilvofe tI .seee ts Onsdxes bi eoo 3 o¢ beecago siatas s ni bstosis eisw dooce tadt Yo eflerbsdtes etastidsadat edt s{dmeees bas gosxidts otf .tiaice oiversaom sts | betteeb ecodeld ed? .oodeid aisdd bnvors esitio euolulog to ~odo edt eudT .{[{s te elavites? sdt od of elsvitasi ev0itiles | eeste seidt to ond ylne sein elerbedtso to esizsutonse bis ett q edd ot Stel e1s etceensid edd joven sid Yo dnemeved sdt evods ~fs yfueon sis esesce oot Suifoworwwe esfets ehin acd .lwitdtisi » ne ydoyfoo tf mort beteseqee ,ziode edi to Isvel edt no eysy -\eyese ei eesoos bas esbie [f[s no ebastxs usiv et? .srvs0lons &I edt to bae edd od bnew meilli® to enit edd morleniedé ~wwe vifeqenet sisx esiodo tedd wesces fon seob ti .yintaso ad : vec a7 nem “i Ws baa | sa €% esas to ntodd. owt seethemerso | boot 8) yd beeolo esw ied edd to eyed tee! oft bas saieects edt Yo etnemsc10 ed?” seeivecfone bes elisse bextt yd febanot , 178 ceremonies. The choir of the religious, placed between the c crossing and the last bays of the nave, was closed by a rood screen at the entrance, and woodwork, grilles or lateral walls extended to the sanctuary. The presence of the believers in the monastic churches was only accessory, and the relisious enclosed within the choir were not, and could not be visible from the nave, the faithful heard their chants and saw the clerics ascend the rood screen and read the epistle and sosp- el, but could only see the altar throush the gates of the rood screen, when the veil was drawn. In the monasteries of the ii th and 12 th centuries the relisious were very numerous, and their churches were built for them; the believers must 80 to the parish church and to the numerous chapels surroundins the monasteries to attemd divine service. There were always then in those monasteries a Sreat number of strangers, pilsrims, refugees, for whom the nave ofsthesehurch was reserved, who spent there a sreat part of their time, and sometimes even re remained there day and night. It then became necessary to el- ose the choir of the religious. This programme was not suiteb- le for parish churches and still less for cathedrals. Cathedrals (Art. Gathedrale), when nearly all rebuilt in Fr- ance at the end of the 12 th century, had a character both r religious and civil; there nothings obstructed the view, exceot that the altar was surrounded by veils. In constructins them on vast plans, the bishops on the contrary desired to offer t to the inhabitants of the great cities wide areas in which t the ceremonies of the worship and even the civil assemblies c could extend at ease. It should not be forgotten, that the c cathedrals of that epoch were erected in a spirit opposed to the monastic spirit, to attract and assemble the inhabitants of polulous cities around their bishop. The bishops desired religious festivals to be the festivals of all. Thus the cho- irs afid sanctuaries of cathedrals rise only two or three st@s above the pavement of the nave; the transepts are left to the faithful, the wide aisles surroundins the apses are nearly al- ways on the level of the choir, separated from it only by an emclosure. The view extends on all sides and eccess is easy. Again from the time of William Durand to the end of the 13 th century, it does not appear that choirs were Senerally sur- rounded by fixed stalls and enclosures. “The ornaments of the “(i ee lee . Nj s ny: eg ape ae Fa we r rine ian) Wiehe a eit ibis Seanee—sintil it yeleet0b- ont saaictaad eyes ” ricdo 1dsi e186. elserob sit .esdonsd bets100sh edt bas -dnemevsg ey eoonenraeend eds to efoad sdt bSaided atodo ead at bsbasqens at at -qst déiw 0nd exe ellaw 1iedd bos Hedstiqeiags 918 eedorudo -yelqeifb eis sisitasd ,ahedo sit ai beoslo sis steel .esiades iy hetarooeb ei sedis edt * setedé beanazie sis ened ed¢ Snes ,bs -okiaeb sisnosd e1e seeds to méstiso ni :ednemenio esi Ile yd * pot fer reiltc bus eeo10 edt Yo .teiadO eves to yiotoiv ost oaits <2} Wid 195 (608 VO GOdD 18 AOC oBSSeqeE SOM ao» «fal Ja@sh oat to wes00 ameadt ton fh ssodt «BSS eGed SFOK te et godeid edd to eoalq edt elesbedieo avitininag [fs na . tefetoktio edd to seodd ;eixns edd no bas seas edt te dosd edd )9bas tdbia ts crow ,esem bise ef aedw .oteleig eds Satteices ‘edd to ono beitivenk daemekasire dedd “Phe churches are appropriated and their walls are hung with tap- estries. Seats are placed in the choir, hansinss are display- ed, and the bans are arransed there.” The altar is decorated by all its ornaments; im certain of these are banners design- atins the victory of Jesus Christ, of the cross and other relics.” Note Bepe2VGe BOOK GB. Shapter 20. Note AePeBSBe These AiG not then occur ot the Awevlinég « in all primitive cathedrals the place of the bishop is at the back of the apse and on the axis; those of the officials: | assistins the prelate, when he said mass, were at right and left in a semicircle; that arrangement justified one of the etymologies siven to the word choir (corona); then the altar was only a table without reredos and placed between the cler- sy and the lower choir where sat the canons and clerics; then come the laymen ranged in the transepts and nave, women at o one side, men at the other. That arransement was retained in some cathedrals until about the middle of the last (18 th)» century, among others at Lyons as stated by lord Mauleon inh his Voyages liturgiques. At one end of the semicircle of the apse on the epistle side sat the celebrant priest, who had b beside him a desk for reading the epistle. The officiant at the altar faced the fast. Behind the sreat altar and surroun- ded by a balustrade was a smaller altar. From that altar to the back of the apse, where was placed the throne of the arch- bishop, remained a large free space at the middle, and where was placed on a sort of desk the cove for the officiant, and peside it the chafing dish containing coals for the censings. Before the altar and between the lower choir and the sanctua- ry was placed a sreat candlestick with seven wax candles, ‘wh- ich thus replaced the beam of the primitive churches. But the apse of the cathedral of Lyons is without a side aisle. The arrangement of the choir and of the sanctuary must be entirely Jifferent in churches with apses accompanied by sinsle or da- ble side aisles, like those of our great cathedrals of the N North. Then the high altar was placed at the centre of the s semicircle, and the bishop present took his place at the back is was _ - ‘De Zz { , ae A oa Soe Ta Py : ar. bay a aes : ae ’ > “a 7 7 5 : . on" ae a s% ee d -fottte | sides rcnod eo eat 2sv eetie eink edt % ; pasate 7 $tof-bas ddis te covicemedd onitese els sg Yad? syisudonse ond teorssn i9ttel edt ,soittoxib rieds od - ent Yo tect edd ;eedo ide yedde sad ni fewolf{o} cela sen ashi0 ynibsel ¢aemetne1s seit ,1todo edt to dosd sedi Je eaw dodds soo8 © ©. seetaomete0 edd ot tw98dto yas asdt istted t{sertt tet SIO wb orfonnot tora wh S879H «P72 98E eO8Seget OfoK a gat preqque> baa todo sat ‘s80T50 bs20/¢ wood & sO88.Ge8 stox - RS BER o e(sodor? .t9A) .8edoT0F ’ -sid odd usd¢is .yisdneo dd FE odd Yo Bed bacose eds entryd -sgoq sot sidesive efisd geav to Qniniste: sid.becavensy acod -x@ dovm oo¢ gevieemeds hovot ersdasdes end 10 ,esifdasess asi -dstes etew eiedt bus .edaso [le ni eldteesoos sifodo ni beeod dbid ebuewissts nooe fas siiodo sig gictsd enessoe boot bedeil bexi? to ewor’edd nitestors bre bseofo yisiitns .comweclons eudt stew enonso ,setgorss Bas aiosd dtid dviw Psttit eilste = > - r, nee paeatiel qwot edt. 40 eno efkne doses ts anived bee ,enoll | eG Pemnesinnte bani fo trog 0 b90 arigneve att \suom oat arte 184 tomb of Charles the Bald of enameled copfer, restins on four lions, and having at each ansle one of the four doctors of t the Church. The pavement was magnificent, of white, black and yverd antiaue marbles, jasper and vorphyry; it was probably o one of those mosaics known in Italy under the name of opus a alexandrinum. At the southern extremity of the choir and beyond the crossing in the first bay of the sanctuary rose the altar of the Trinity, called the morning altar, of black marble en- riched by fisures in white marble representing the martyrdom of S. Benis; its stone reredos was covered by a masnificent reredos of gold at solemn festivals.(Art. Autel, Fig. 7).An iron grille was phaced before the morning altar at the risht of the two first piers of the apse, ard formed the first and lower sanctuary. Behind the altar wascperceived the shrine of $. Louis, a work of silwer and vermilion. At the two sides t two narrow stairs ascended to the upper sanctuary. Four col- umns of silver supported angels bearins wax candles accompan- ied those stairs,and served to suspend by means of curtain rods the veils of the mornins altar. The upper Sanctuary was enclosed by grilles of wrought iron, of which remain admirable portions. At the back of the apse the shrines of S. Denis and of his two companions were placed under 4 canopy of precious work, accompanied by a Sreat front altar.(Art. Autel, Pis.6). Between the stalls and the altar of the Trinity, S. Louis ca- used to be placed a great number of tombs of princes, his pre- dJecessors, probably respecting the anctent places occupied by their remains. The tomb of Dagobert, a monument of sreat impo - rtance, likewise restored in the time of S. Louis, was placed beside the mornings altar (epistle side). Onposite and later w were arranged the tombs of Philip V, of queen Jeanne d’ivreux, spouse of Gharles the Fair, of Jeanne de Burgundy, of Philin de Valois and of king John. The magnificent monument of Char- les VIII of gilded and enameled bronze, found its place on the same side before the enclosure of the mornings altar. (Art. Tom- beau). | Note 1oPoA2BVo Bist. Ge Lravd. Ge Se Denis en France, vy De Pousiert. 1625. Norte AWWA Lot Vt Is necessary %o observe that the rood | screen must have been reoutls vader the verven of S. Louis, % @Veh the nove, the crossing and o part of the sanctuary. 1% - | pay | ee eA eey fi, 4 6 tanorrase sopon } 98 age tees sauseo of gdp Meade " ppeee sed as ak ane jo f8erT0e bor oft no beoosger 919" tesouoG : Sense wi Baaotgqet prataso at &L BAt Fo svotoursenos $a | ;MG SOT B50. .-fo099 vaifsos no to ejoélseat etnsn sg dove eifeds atedéent tooliloo son blood eedoundo yedds ILA velstiesem vd bas das yd evotcesq ,etnemuncm lo ytidasup tes72 ~Ife¢ ‘6d¢ Saisercosh 163 e180 bus [een ni efevia siew yeds tev -Sindem esw yanlO Yo yedds edd to xicedo sd? .esaneclone evord ebihasiqe efisif edt ,elderebienco efIate Yo asdmon odd .dneok edd Sniatot edmod fue esf{lids yd Hebavoiises esw yisodonse oAT eiseofone ns es edmot oft anivelome to moteno fait .s1se0 lone -dtag bus vedde sedéo yoem oi Pawot osis ei asixsuionse eft a0 “(mk 08 to yedds edd .esrdeer-niewieD .f te .ssdorsdo sibs edmot eft .onnodisy -estomis ,eneimA ,mevoh Yo eleabsritao odd ° Dearchanpe sed7A) -8eftensonee odd tostosa eoqodeid tns seonira to alee. .(xveedmoT .99 steeds slind Ife to te1tt sev eedowsdo deiasqg to atiodo siT “neae yd dasoxs beeolo#e yleiss et9ew exicdo sod [etdtietl edd “edt Bowolle ensstos boor edt bas .shote 10 wort fo eetn80719 sbiess seteiaq w9ha9le yd sniod asfoie tehan asee sd of asdis -tosis Yiise Yiev e1sw enset0e boot gant ae000s Jon veoh ti as “elidw .estotndo deitac to sitodo eft to asonaatns sit ta fe -nided “edt fae yiusdnso dt ci edf to bane odt ta yieatooo sit a0 “edt sioted fedetidstes stew enestoe beot ,at of sdt to wain /o ed List dor tenm of .(edut .taa) seedortdo seedt Yo ertodo shie dvodtiw esdoiwsdo To e1fedo edt eishes1 avo oF soitnem t e8s0 tefdf nT .ydfA Yo fetbedteo sid slqmexe act ee .seleis 6 tedt neewtod ¢isi sosce 8 nidsin dowdo s fomiol aiede sdt ' 69849 ef snemeansiis Jedd ieisaedo Baivsiber odd bose saneolons ‘\gdanee® edd to esdcanie smoe HF yloo bewot ei bas soner® of Veide Fse18 odd vlis{soidisd bas ,eedorsde donet? {ie viase¥ -siveb beotsonois ees! 10 e1om dmseeto .esdowsie Ienbsdieo hus -ne1d dt déiw aicdo edd Yo moitonst edt ge cexe r1sid Yo sos ddgoce vilsivésn ‘evaed ne¥o.dsuoe to déton eft of tedtin ,edoee Biece dadé doddue Levestiom ed? .vtinetivesa eidd nieslors ot [eotfodaye & eetfacs odw baste metili¥ ,noeaex edd evin teed ‘Snods Brow s yse tod es0b .fotndo edt Yo tise doses oF Sninsen -#ifont tsd¢ ai esa of beaieeh eved eteinoloesdoxs ntebom wth ~ijeyn a isdtie .2oftornde To eifedo to esxe edz of asvit noite | - o"mottsnifont edt to acivenifoni edd 10 noidstneverce1 Ise 7 an) = s «a = & i 185 {se then necessary to assume that these Wwases nentioned by D. DoubLet were replaced on the rood scoreen of the 13 th contury. Tae constructors of the 13 th contury replaced Wm ahetr Wonu- ments releefs of an earlier epoch. All abbey churches tould not collect ine er choirs such a great auantity of monuments, precious by art and by materials; yet they were rivals in zeal amd care for decoratins the reli- Sious enclosures. The choir of the abbey of Cluny was masnif- icent, the number of stalls considerable, the lights splendid. The sanctuary was surrounded by srilles and tombs forming the enclosure. That custom of employing the tombs as an enclosure for the sanctuaries is also found in many other abbey and cat h- edral churches, at S. Germain-tes-Pres, the abbey ef Bu, in the cathedrals of Rouen, Amiens, fimoses, Narbonne. The tombs of princes anf bishops protect the sanctuaries. (Arts. Clotu- re, Tombeaux). The choirs of parish churches were first of all built for the faithful, the choirs were rarely enclosed except by oven crosures of tron or stone, and the rood screens allowed the altar to be seen under arches borne by slender piers. Besid- es it does not avpear that rood screens were very early erect- ed at the entrances of the choirs of oarish churches, while on the contrary at the end of the 15 th century and the besin- ning of the 16 th, rood screens were established before the choirs of these churches. (art. Jube). We must not fail to mention to our readers the choirs of churches without side aisles, as for example the cathedral of Alby. In that case t the choir formed a church within a space left between that e enclosure and the radiatins chapels} that arrangement is rare in France and is found only in some churches of the South. Nearly all Brench churches, and particularly the Sreat abbey and cathedral churches, vresent more or less pronounced devia- tion of therr axes at the junction of the choir with the tran- septs, nither to the north or south.oMen have naturally sousht to exolain this peculiarity. The mediaeval author that could . pest give the reason, William Durand, who applies a symboliwl meaning to each vart of the church, does not say a word about it. Modern archaeolosists have desired to see in that inclin- ation given to the axes of choirs of churches, either a mysti- eal representation of the inclination of the inclination of ‘¢, 7 ae o> A | ‘ ar i 4 lk : ear - - a. "7 aoe? : ie Po Y \ 5 Ys a 7 -) - a >' 9 - a ; a ; 7: ) "sMesoiseseets wi Ietoeae 0 ,BeOT0 edt no tetas: to baotveds »steat edt biswod. ebsost odd ‘Yo Bee ges odd hoewot segs exit me: bowed e16 doidw ,enoiméam ont evens eevoeibh dom [Lede oF _ ydeaet gefdedoig nsdt enotnedat s1om sie sadd bas .dzed ave _t betoertb ed aysuie bioow aol: snifoni sdi eiesitogyd asdtis setetian Isveetbem fus,ton ef gi dotdw ,ebie emse odd brewogs peapernevee: to noivouatenoo sdt to dvemel gse13 Ja desoe tans seewts | «Ji to Brow s hise fon sved -ibsesexa. $uodtin tud..,90iniog [enoessq ave hissed [iede sf atesttegs yee [fade ow qootdeonp odd anivioe as ti svik of on ~aeedo Istsetem ylesvq fae Isottosig 10 vino beead ei ti tedd | -xs tiedt oi coitsiveh isdt daeae1q tsfit eedoivdo sit .noidev , to aninnized sid 10 dd SI edt to bne edt ts titod [fs sien es -tie odt neo betouatenooryissaq saen god? ,esiastaso di fl ent ewan odd Sninistes: slidw .se.i aaiteixs ybsesls sedoiwsio to as doidw 10: ,.bstoe19 asm siedeisdtio,csoiviee edd Squaiedni Joa od , digded deatt eev evan end .aiodo Slo sid kniniste: .1s1a. el -sqged yisaespext ¢I .eaetmA lo isabsdéso edd 101 beriu0990 es -o919 esw ebsost anistes* edt afedo odd onibliuvder of tedd bon vidotno es Iwtdtist edt evib ot sebiolmdi .smid omee odd ts bai . of bas. .snemunom sii, to asebosext odd Yo ashi ns sidieacg es -es6 ymonoos to enoese1 103 feshsi 1c ;edactis 1iedd eksic0eone w,Bnoisstauct blo-edd Saley-mo hetnuoe ysis ,bootershaw yli ont seedT .evas odd Snideinit ast%s dfindss esx sven sdi osdw teo1b dove gnseeta ton Hib sainiot.eind .encitersce svieasooue -ni.om nedw dooos naits yilsiosges duo tniysl at esit{woittib © gnivel set eldstive ,eldsiteve giew coigioesq lo etnemuate : sbeen ed biuoo shor aniasesem 10 ebroo yico 10 ,asotlibe tuo e‘qoyevise eddy ee-swond Jnemuadeni tostisant -yisv edt aswe nedd tedd netioza03 od. don. vaum ti eebies® .sey ni ton esw otaspe -we ore smid teadt te eedowndo oktesnom ss [few es elerbedteo ~-ese1d ,eisteiolo .etniblind ysoessoos to asdmun « yd bebavos « .-91 edoom bus egodetd edd dedd .egaisbel bos esiueidil .eeian | been .ct)w ebniblind seeds sonie ,oidieaoo as nol se benisé _ aniniot 1stel to esbi edd tin aiedo 8 duo 8aivel a0 sylish ive Sniteixe sfi no Qniblinzde1 to 10 sven gniteixe ns od ti “£oi tileamtd soslq ton bilvoo ediow edt to 19desm sid .enoiieb ee0lo teum 3H .nolds00 booosé tadt din notisoinwmmes sosizib m yd eaqs eid etsool bus feniste1 soltibs sat to noisaoo sat peeaeaye io olbbim edt tat avn ‘yliasessosn eenil to ensem 4 136 the head of Christ on. the cross, or a special orientation of the apse toward the Bast and of the facade toward the West. We shall not discuss these two opinions, which are based an our text, and that are more ingenious than probable; for by either hypothesis the inclina ion would always be directed t toward the game side, which it is not,amd mediaeval writers, that soeak at great lenéth of the construction of churches, have not said a word of it. We shall hazard our personal poinion, but without pretendi- ns to give it as solving the questions we shall say at first, that it is based only on practical and purely material obser- vation. The churches that present that deviation in their ax- es were all built at the end of the 12 th or the besinning of the 13 th centuries; they were partly constructed on the sit- es of churches already existims; i.e., while retaining the mve to not interrupt the services,othelehoir was erected, or which is rarer, retaining the old choir, the nave was first rebuilt, as occurred for the cathedral of Amiens. It frequently happe- ned, that in rebuilding the choir the western facade was ere- ted at the same time, indorder to give the faithful as quickly as possible an idea of the grandeur of the monument, and to encourase their efforts; or indeed for reasons of economy eas - ily understood, they counted om usins the old foundations, w when the nave was rebuilt after finishing the apse. These two successive operations, this joining did not present such sreat difficulties in laying out, especially at an epoch when no in - struments of precision were available, suitable for layins o out edifices, or only cords or measuring rods could be used; then even the very imperfect instrument known as the surveyor’s square was not in use. Besides it must not be forgotten that cathedrals as well as monastic churches at that time were sur- rounded by a number of accessory buildings, cloisters, treas- uries, libraries and lodsinss, that the bishops and monks re- tained as lons as possible, since these buildings were used daily. On laying out a choir with the idea of later joinins it to an existing nave or of rebuildins on the existing foun- dations, the master of the works could not place himself ind direct communication wit: that second portion. He must close the portion of the edifice retained and locate his apse by wm means of lines necessarily taken in the middle of the compact Ae I van ty : 7 tested v3 estes Seyi wow sabatbLi cess ohia Tages iraeesisess asa coitereqo etd (esoomvrseni -o db nedw banet ers e1o1re bas ,besooue eyewls ton esob .est etw eixs blo edt to taemee1ts tosxe odT .tainiot edd of eemoo _esEnttat eteacire to sonsto edt elidw .ytiaw at eno won eddedt » & to snottsiveb seed ted? anid? ot bezoceik exe ew end? 99 .Sidetivent asdg ,e1017e.mo1t saco eodowudo 20 to extodo ods ‘esseemtd Snorettib ows ds bedoeie edaemunom edt suo eoiyel ri _ (d) redorutio to eelamsxe ows yino dtiw en deinivt {neo sro TI faswod benifont eis etiods edé dotdw oi bne,dinae sno ts tlind a Isotlodmye &8 dimbs o¢ Beeooetbh ed biuode ew ,ohie omse sit es begade teut noinios ens avanes {isde ew neds [ition ~noeess avge Brie eS{[dedo1q seom Snisd etacr to sistesm odd nedw tsdd ‘skapdehte od {fin ti eqadaed gait bstsiquoo gnived atts even sdd Yo aniblisde: edd oF emso bas 10189 tisdd Jost100 oF madd 10% Yeas asw tt ,aiodo Sid tc §o seize edt ti exam ot visnsonse odd to eixs oft tnolota of q .medd act yess need eved blwow dss yloisiisd .even wen sad ‘_ of reddie! endissbovot bod eddvniste: of sved ton bib ysds Ti + «-ent? to ,sbisy [eisvse beets: yhesrls sheost edt od medt nic?, -ataget ed of Sysew enoitshavct flo asdsien tedd saistints yile -if eda nidsin aesi ot ,hstosaesi ed o¢ esw obsor? oft aon’ fhe 4 Sdt to elfen edt of fedostse syenls ylaesn egniblind to esa | . @éds°bns\ ebaitbhol».elisd-setesio ,ereseiolo es fone downto : ydwodtiw- ob ton bivoo sno sessosd evisasig of beratesh esw ci « ~fesam sitimbs Sn dedd seistovxte seodl .viisasi0e0med neve .medd | » @ yasezeosn asw sisds bas ,einom 10 enonss ond Petolaseed yi d-fo bane ,yavtnso dt St sat nt stodda edt Yo [itw an0ase sds toagsupmce of .m9wOG maivevoe tisdd base ,ds FI edt at eaoneid. _ ~« WOR .Yshot halt neve ow asoats seodn ) ' r kite iy ; rh yay setnogneo: #2 £2) hea. te Sb ht Rb wedi oe ait eeitiat oh de teev- edd x0t betqoks siev e10f[oo Isoilodmye sistaso dash - anssnce 48 Sh edt lo seisoo eid Sniwé .seksnce1e0 betoRse Yo veleoseVY ¢4 -.nem blo awe0t yinewd edt 10 asiteoce edd .etetlonne -tewedt cA ~(oatoos .t14) .mid bawois fotase e1e esldeous edd . eeteb munsomyt crodn .gottisdd tq eas0 sidch to istioo anes edd Ins esitecos oft .elemins nvo% ete etedd .Ocil dxods movt. -tniaq: eft gi exe siedd nivel ~6 tA .secylsooaA eft to nem bic . eft to oled selyo1lo edt yoaqmooos sid ,elemina 1g0? sda Sak gas emsdt .‘OPtL teods) outwA to feabediso sd¢ JA .ho® Yo n0F ~tew odd .dnmometiut ¢eel eft ,enomeh bone elsdns ,eolseogs edd .oseetoy Yo dowdo sis to isdaog dinoe edd JA .elvom to bards -ones ab encle tgeud etd gowo19 etewpe B&B ean deridd ,.doooe smse ¢ bos soil od sis fest eid te rendmin hetabuole oft vd beeol owe jefase end bos Jeane sft exe exebhivede eid ebhiesd .zr0 edd (meds stiel foes sdzian de boede anolenomth Iseeoloo ic eafetns _-egns owt od¢ fnided fae doot eid ddsenod mom hlo b< eds emoo Mel odd mi stood beeolo a ebfod tetadd oss ~(asamvl .39; )~eL -eeadaed to fettog edd ds es .td2ia sit déin esesetd fos hasd bos bebnetzs ebned sit eed od cuc¢wt te hoe weloxsV te olidw dnsmimobh edd yandneso dd Sf edd bnigwh gedd oisdise ci fT .nec0 b etd mi seirdd betneesiae? yedd cedn .aumtolnor sd Yo sebi =n dd £2 edt oT «nado .2 to noteiw edd sosonags ots ean , viele ‘dnomenbhut, desl oft Sniaph befnesesger ef vicls ni deiadd yas _efedns ets mid Povore ;ebnsow, aif ewode boa shun tled ei ed 8 est cele eomitemoe .noleeed sit to etnempaseot edd aniblord -es end to esnece eds feaolevebh exe teet eid Js ,goom bone nae endT .bexoin end word hook ed to noldersdéee:sddobhia noisvoo11y : Yo Isabediso edd to [etioq Leqionixg odt uo fetnpee1gst 8b od a dtaon edt .eextasdd Yo Lerbeddso edd to [atrog dtuce odd . oF Ee 192 by the painters of the 11 th, 12 th and 13 th centuries vary — infinitely, which does not allow the assumption, that im the Nest certain symbolical colors were adopted for the vestments of sacred versonases. Buring the course of the 12 th century, Ghrist triumphant, whether painted or sculptured, is nearly always represented as surroumded by the four sisns of the ev- anselists, the apostles or the twenty four old men. At Vezelay the apostles are seated around him. (Art. Apotre). At the wes- tern vortal of Notre Dage of Ghartres, whose tympanum dates from about 1150, there are Four animals, the apostles anf th old men of the Apocalyose. At S- Savin there are in the paint- ing the four animals,that accompany the circular halo of the Jon of God. At the cathedral of Autun (about 1150’, there are the apostles, angels and demons, the last judsement, the wei- shins of souls. At the south portal of the church of woissac, same epoch, Christ has a square crown; his bust alone is enc- losed by the elongated nimbus: at his feet are the lion andt the ox; beside his showlders are the angel and the easle; two angels of colossal dimensions stand at risht and left; then come the 24 old men beneath his feet and behind the two ansge- ls.-(¢rt. Tympan). Here Christ holds a closed book in the left hand and blesses with the risht, as at the portal of Chartres; while at Vezelay and at Autun he has the hands extended and oven. It is certain that during the 12 th century the dominant idea of the sculvturs, when they represented Shrist in his ¢ Slory, was to approach the vision of S. John. In the 13 th cen- tury Christ in Slory is represented durins the last judsement; he is half nude and shows his wounds; around him are angels noldins the instruments of the Passion, sometimes also the s sun and moon; at his feet are developed the scenes of the res- urrection afidtbhecseparation of the good from the wicked. Thus he is represented on the principal portal of the cathedral of Paris, the south portal of the cathedral of Chartres, the north portal of the cathedral of Bordeaux, the west vortal of the cathedral of Amiens, etc. Then the four animals only occupy 4 very secondary place or entirely disappear. The Prence clergy of the 13 th century had evidently desired to adopt the scene of the judgement, much more dramitic, much more easily ander- stood by the multitude, than the visions of S. John. In aban- donins the Byzantine traditions for the manner of reoresentins 7 © Fe Beith 8 ; SOP “eoosd: ated oft .1st710ede et sost edd :dedwemoe heitibom es sei Pune ‘918 esye eddy tsi to bestent eslamed sft so yew 290 ‘ot tom etemixoxc0s aeistest sdé {benite: eee! dinom sat fas sdéeto seiadd Jse12 ed? svocyt betsiosenoo edt eooslaot tans wbute etiiaem eiasd to I[sifertso edd to [sdica sat no Snew hho, ) ead Sins ([ntitessd yisv tedtint 2f eivett gad? .tosqes1 saedt al _g 649d cottnem teum ov fosaes1 tedd ni bod .oideisid eaindon efecado edt to eeastouttedwa sedi qu Snidet cI dost eldstismes ~towisendo eeodw elecado ,dowle dadd To diton edd ts bedsntte eduemgs1i bogot ever ow ,ObSf a0 CFS nedd iaejsl sd Jonoso sot wunsanys ¢teer2 « mort enimoo yitasbive teiadd Iseeoleo s to -tqfuoe tedT stood edt Yo bas elsmias 1001 edd to esostd Siin -esfoins?, yustnes d¢° Sb sdt to easey tesl odd o¢ Heknoled sas esdt-otot yiseeceoen weds ei $1] .nottvoexs sdzfditoxduasd sesesh )o8E edd yd betoote1 ed of yassnso dz SI edt yd hestobse sears ‘ Ieqionine edt sede .r9etal exssy swoe bebioefh ed od Ji tot dd _-givoe dnstiocst dowa yousesbh of ,OSS! sHods betoesi0 saw [sdi00 #i (raddind .ysbot see ow ¢adw fi 10% edudisedve od bos ord munsonys eft to getad9 edt sadt .sasd nists eton ot [lew et sews [iow ce .eirsS te omed extol Yo {ettoa Iscitentaa eft to - aga ,.sseqe oid bose elisnveds dgifiod [etes edt Yo eutsie ond isdd to yzantste edi [fe nedd astel ssdwemoe noituosxe of 189 ‘dod .miasomys edé at beviso don o1s corset? sesdsd dedt fas ,[atace fas efetnif sit no sedto dose shieed beoasla sesdade eis tud ywinso dd €f ed ni Srcteted? .1sitem Yo asvef s yd bsstosnanos eds ¢ttbhom of yerelo din edt Gnomes [lin bebtoeh « ean si)edi -yzola ni deiadd .nedd [isnw berose ,yi0le oi defadd Yo essays d of stnemetut to ysh edd no es sasoxe 1se9ce is8ne!l of Jeon ot hte dedgoctds? cidt no ehasiae of {low Ji édbwodt. eved ,8 tie to yiostein eft rOt eonadioomi tesxbs Yo en eM re Ff soaeTsV .ef vetgord .emottodsvsd .taSeqgel ston enottibert eniscasyS endd bettibom sic¢af{voe edd elidw dao -ste etvuoexs smig emse ont ta tenm ysds .dnsdoaniad a i to sebim edt nit Satdosst ,diise no teiadd edd nem-terads o Bsus eid to enokfium edt no bsouborge1 of ei eudT seelteogs etd to -9d yfsousce eaw JJ] .eisabeddeo done17 aso Yo deom to alstaca or eew deiadd to wotsetnsesi¢e1 aids tedd,yisinso dt FL edt e108 5, ray a z * pets Bn: Se cieke a nthiiendbadéariebveitivest somata erage coll P aévie Toshi aeets sayt sdt teY .tnemtsert fsineti0 | tho pmeiises nistesw te sonenfini edd tiet ef bssals .ydinsaod © > > We a 193 Christ in glory, was likewise abandoned the costume amd the 9 oriental treatment. Yet the tyve of the features siven to Chr - ist es modified somewhat; the face is shorter, the hair beco- mes wavy on the temples instead of lat, the eyes are less open and the mouth less refined; the features approximate more to humanity, alread is felt the influence of western realism, th that replaces the consecrated types. The Sreat Christ of the judgment om the portal of the cathedral of Paris merits study in that respect. That fisure is further very beautiful and has nothing hieratic. And in that respect we must mention here a remarkable fact. In takins up the substructures of the chapels situated at the north of that church, chapels whose construct- iom cannot be later than 1235 or 1240, we have found frasments of a colossal Christ evidently comins from a Sreat tympanun, with traces of the four animals and of the book. That sculpt- ure belonged to the last years of the 12 th century, tandchas~ dreati beautgcinithe execution. It is then necessary for the types adoftéed by the 12 th centary to be rejected by the 13 th, for it to be decided some years later, when the orincipal portal was erected abéut 1220, to destroy such important scul p- ture and to substitute for it what we see today. Further, it is well to note asain here, that the Christ of the tympanum of the vrincival portal of Votre Dame of Paris, as well as t the statue of the angel holdings the nails and the spear, app- ear in execution somewhat later than all the statuary of that portal, and that these fisures are not carved in the tympanum, out but are statues placed beside each other on the lintels and connected by a layer of mortar. Therefore in the 13 th century there was a decided will amons the high clersy to modify the types of Christ in slory, sacred until then. Christ in glory must no longer appear except as on the day of judsment. We h have thought it well to enlarse on this fact¢cthat appears to us of great importance for the history of art. Note 1.He®hie Rewvertartions. Chapter 19. Verses it -A%. But while the sculptors modified thus Byzantine traditions of Christ triumphant, they must at the same time execute sta- tues of Ghrist-man, the Christ on earth, teachins in the midst of his apostles. Thus is he reproduced on the mullions of the portals of most of our French cathedrals. It was scarcely be- fore the 13 th century,that this representation of Christ was iy _ f me ae aa rs , 7 ) ae xf > E } 4 _ - i if ; cay; ar > Lis = _ *: -w eeveeld bos ade ‘edt of dood edd abfod ed yoltasn ent edd bas noserh edt Yo sed edd dento fos? eid stddia edt dtin gig Uitte eowhkit sesdt SoomA .nomeh edd to eexemi etliesd to etealoonoot eid ot sinadt ,isdmen Iieme yviev ai won bevise esodw fas (Iutistused teom edt ,ssiawineo dt VP bos dz of edt teodé¢in oayt snitassy8 edt eodosotces ylasen teom istosrsds <1) edd to optete ofd et .nolataqo sno ai .esenvib ati toived « yefodw's ee dt covit b .2E% senotwh Yo Isabeddso odd Io nsa-tei ss wdvYo Weonsas]eges edd dotede « nt tnsee1 of sqod ow sedd son ef etdt sot .eutate sideizame1 teddy to yetlidon to bre avebne snsimA to bed si¢ to beod edt Yo seyt dT .noissoifnt ws yleo . -néate Yo noltinstte ssitae eft stiaem (¢) slitorc ni betasessa _-—«si“‘w HERE’ Hellso-ce odt ols Hedseis et ervsalvoa eidT .astas , ‘jeivotneo to ytiasa Balfebom to wWiollamie emse eft -abesd -sbsi 918 eeendT ‘.emts smee sdt Us aoituosxs bsaitet fra bsctd, . teitsaidwoo yevode notinem off ni betsoihat etesosisio oft be A fbesd gedT .eeenbses tuodsir viiver? jseonmait bas beenteone to s (gb sasen eolteoda sit to ebsod eft nedt sidetaems1 sion si -nese1g mott ss3 ste .omis omse edd ds hedvosxs etew doldw has mt .etisifica asvs asm ets seciT .eneneidon enivib tedg sais -osxs cdw teftve sd? .savi btesi® sdd favot sas doidw to seor . Says betetosancd odd BowolloY nedst seiwd Yo sist? eds bestw =otdfuoe odd of Datnistisa tneled to yiilidixelt edt ddiw bos ~ate oft Pls mort detveaiteibh ot wod wood sd (fooas tedt to a1 g evods sonsnsinvoo s bra estuteel) mid Satvi2 .setadd Yo ext ‘edt neeuied timtl sit tua .~feeooerh ein te elsbom nanund end \ofie yd asvo beeeso yltess ei ors svidstimt edt fue olisretd a eiss1) sdT. .ti ts nismer Sool ton ch yedt ;eslqoee oiteldis =e ot omse sit eau Si ;aisey smoe ni ti heeeso ytivottess to ~ge1 edd ,yisdneo dé ff edd to ofbhim edt suede ybeorlé sow a iwiifidos nemodysqueE teds teol eved sé¢aad0 to encisetneest yetwtes to nottstimi edt ot eevisemsdt basoveb snotal vos odt we hOD YO nes ont Autism cow evitimiza odd to ddbie Sateol -~[nte1so btsed .déivom gteilime .edool bLim atin aew Lutitused 9200 betosttse ox bas edmtl webssls .sisd ylavo bos beluse yl | olatce wo at teeel ta ,etostsh seeds yistaso dt Ci edd oT as : §, ‘ S| Pe | 7 ; , ¢ i Se ahaa uate ‘ 26 ors ef ned ‘snetemmanytes bares 7 at teol etew enoitibert Jesl{ edt bas .noidsrexsexe ost [let =si190 8 Yo Holtvooxe stercdsie ns nt ,elistsbh vot dowsee eds: ot ‘bas edd wort Jedd .biew ed ocls Soun FT soostd besosits wt Pr ' ss 4 Ms 194 definitely adopted. Then he is clothed in the lons tunic and the mantle; he holds the book in the left.hand and blesses w with the right: his feet crush the head of the dragon and the basilisk, images of the demon. Amons these fisures still pre- served now in very small number, thanks to the iconoclasts of the 16 th and 17 th centuries, the most beautiful, and whose character most nearly approaches the Byzantine type without having its dryness, in our opinion, is the statue of the Chr- ist-man of the cathedral of Amiens. Fis. 4 gives it as a whole; not that we hope to present in a sketch the appearance of gr- andeur and of nobility of that remarkable statue, for this is only an indication. The type of the head of the God of Amiens presented in profile (5) merits the entire attention of statu- aries. This sculpture is treated like the so-called Beinetan heads; the same simplicity of modelins, purity of contours, proad and refined execution at the same time. These are inde- ed the characters indicated in the mention above; combinatim of sweetness and firmness; gravity without sadness. That head is more remarkable than the heads of the apostles near it, 4 and which were executed at the same time, are far from presen- ting that divine nobleness. Those are men, even oortraits, in most of which are found the Picard type. The artist who exec- uted the fisure of Ghrist then followed the consecrated type, and with the flexibility of talent pertaining to the sculpto- rs of that epoch, he knew how to distinguish from all the sta- tue of Christ, giving him features and a countenance above t the human models at his disposal. But the limit between the hieratic and the imitative are is easily passed over by all artistic peoples; they do not lons remain at it. The Greeks of antiauity passed it in some years; it was the same in Fra- nee. Already about the middle of the 13 th century, the rep- resentations of Christ have lost thet suverhuman nobility: t the sculptors devoted themselves to the imitation of nature, losing sight of the primitive type, makins the Son of God a beautiful man with mild looks, smiling mouth, beard careful- ly curled and curly hair, slender limbs and an affected pose. Tn the 15 th century these defects, at least in our opinion, fell into exasseration, and the last traditions were lost in the search for details, in an elaborate execution of a certa- in affected Srace. It must also be said, that from the end to aa uns iad 10 as: ae 160: etd ; Saasaes bosve ond qintase: a et edd pect enooed eedoide to elstiog efi Bo beosio tasdon niet elo edd ot eosla: Isatonixe edt evid of 129008 erotoin «8008 ef Ti 10 .etostdne yisbnste!l o¢ hesszeler ek deradD bne -eeodd besoxe ylidaile dud encienemsif eid .dnedowpiat 28 e128 Rateia geod s 28 betaeestcs4 et of .estencerss t9edtovenis te --o%o eeeeod ect nt 10 monsqmyt sit To cot edd ts .ebnolo mort ‘egiquooc: yrsM nisaiV sdt to noitstnsesitae1 ofd elidw ,adfvev ‘ed? .(esret¥ stad) .yantmeo dz Sd! edd Litany soelq Isiso ent -fne0 di Sf edt to bns edd te teol gnisd awo0ivsl sid to esavs ' sfenvogersRit seeds :o1sd medd xsbienos of eved ton of Sn . VIB _soptebse1 190 aste1 ow ,6eitiow1o geizdd s0o% .yisutsie oF nay _-tqipos es eesedo omse sdt ewollfot aatinisd .xiitonad .daA oF ei ti yiwofe stom ,tekadO eveel to motisinsestqe1 edd ni sin Meds tnied dre tact eone7] ni coks ofbhim edt daiach eva ‘yautneo doi Ff sdt to bne edt ts dud .sisda{voe buided yanineo test .antiniso oi bsnofnsds yletitne ous enoitibeas satinssys gs .vist? ai wstnol dgeteieq of neoe sis yedT .erntalvoe of es {immeM fomi= jcoosmietin® ,sabso10 .odsoid Yo teiadd edd bas 3 tosaes1 eicT .ecvd evitiniaa edt to aniddomoe nistes {lite batt on :ensi{st]l anoms tediust dour esot miot gastone 10% -foidw dud .sonsecisos? edt to e1stmise edt Snome Fi To sson13 sid to 10 sudamid to tas siteteid edd to bnidjon fenisie: een teiadd Yo sewalt etd of svie of wod wend neigiT .ei10sesoshsig -wd evods sonsosiauoo tgedt .1vebssiz ,vtilidon ,sesamiso Jadé ft Sf edt So geuteta Intitused ame ni eatmbse ow Sadd .ytiner tusve1g gon Hib doidw ,dt @f edt to sainntged sdJ fas yistass bos ,eomit eid to galdaist sdi daitvoexe mori geitis teemt tadd snokdemint [eottholossadore, asesa gon bib yiniesis9 of doidw ni woe ow bus ,dddied tedd nistdss of eteisis Ils od nevi et tI _eetasdneo ssids aot odu ,seodt anidosoige: mort niatier bly jedy ecedtzeq dnd semdaluos botese 10 etaituisg bstwosxs over _»esodt to ybate edd ei medt mort saiapsa ot ddhia sdd asd one 8 sifbim ed? to aftow omoe nib betergistai yiderimbe of esas eved nom yeonsesisne? edd sonit «sonst! of vilfatosqes esos -doiM .esidiviss 10 smoebmed ee asdite geiw) dniac of Sseecla esiuowe to tice s teiadd sham trombbat geel eid ni olstasis “Yleamid eetanoco bis .snordt eid so eoledarte odw (dteaw oi ~ ‘ a. 1 off aed voLfoghqseiaso ‘edt emso ood? .eliveh edt Lie of em 7: = a i» “enokret dtiw ebose od tedd .benmab edd dtiw. peasant 195 the 13 th century the srand fisures of the Christ-man or triu- mohant phaced on the portals of churches become rare. The sc- ulptors appear to dive the principal place to the Holy Virsin, and Christ is relegated to legendary subjects, or if he appe- ars as triumphant, his dimensions but slightly exceed those of thecother personages. He is represented as a bust rising from clouds, at the tov of the tympanum or in the bosses of vaults, while the representation of the Virsin Mary occupies the chief place until the 16 th century. (Art. Vierse). The types of the Saviour beings lost at the end of the 13 th cent- ury, we do not have to consider them here; these fisures ret- urn to statuary. For Christ crucified, we refer our readers to Art. Orucifix. Painting follows the same phases as sculpt- ure in the representation of Jesus Christ, more slowly it is true, during the middle ages in France that art beins a half century behind sculpture. But at the end of the 13 th century Byzantine traditions are entirely abandoned in vaintins, just as in sculpture. They are seem to persist longer in ftaly, a and the Christ of Giotto, Orcasna, Buffelmacco, Simon Memmi, still retain something of the primitive type. This respect f for ancient form goes much farther among Italians; we find traces of it among the painters of the Renaissance, but which has retained nothing of the hieratic art of Cimabue or of his predecessors. Titian knew how to sive to his fisures of Christ that calmness, nobility, srandeur, that countenance above hu- manity, that we admire in our beautiful statues of the 12 th century and the beginning of the 13 th, which did not prevent that sreat artist from executing the gaintins of his time, md in abt h he certainly did not seek archaeological imimation. It is given to all artists to attain that heisht, and we sho- uld refrain from reproaching those, who for three cemturies have executed paintings or sacred sculpture; but perhaps what one has the right to reauire from them is the study of those types so admirably interpreted in some works of the middle a ages, especially in France. Since the Renaissance, men have pleased to paint Christ either as handsome or terrible. Mich- elangelo in his last judément made Christ a sort of Hercules in wrath, who struggles on his throne, ard occupies himself exclusively with the damned, that he sends with furious gest- ures to all the devils. Then came the Christ-Avollo, then the ; , ae hee ; 7 A a : ,. "oe mi a a rd ns ‘s j #) La Beate .. oer 8: Pie if otha » 808? euntatne nite ey ’ sant Le inads. okey tdgvoe need sve sais x0 oT .ifew tei . “ehtaghdanotescee et of yfeatw ob blnow edeidss wo easdieq tu _ egieiy eesdd ti zeitsS bas enetmA .poatasdd to etzizdd edd see & sisq dedt brove [Liw yods .es0etaretesm wen sovborg Jou ob efit o¢ evib of hoeselg 1s osm tedd ,somsasidavoo yitoke’ bas _i case ee bus bebtoeinay ,yasnoisiv seort ,ysbod apoivst ® madd hedeimat rsite2 entised tedd .enotase asds bse r68dse4 ~S as% ywiev ei eleqeok eit to Anibse: edt yiniesdas) .{nteost -bbim sd¢ %o ctéom odT .disatacg & dove ylisdinem Sniosad mom) * ebasmmoo detain) bos ,enbier ‘tet .et)enpaco seiado” .asee of Visntete odd ofsvele ot shem ai .9d yan di dasdomuias asvswod ) eft te efvoe eif at noterergmi ines} ns Snivil e eves bos @ yfoleow bas- 1000. .Setsiosme aa to sdaie eft slidw ,{weiddiel | ‘eneison neve foe elfvoe oites2ons ad Pent ae goiltaent suntan rery 4i; . : 9 Beno sideet gieatenes acd ocowetoteme® . ~fSHITINIO #I; «baed eds cemnnael ete soidw ai oaveolone bedeirosenoo A ot .eeaq100 edd mind of ememoS hae stesiD Snoms yismodveno Ban niao .etteo sizes .enots .sidiem Yo aniy ni sedees ties essla -9s1e ednempronm nt eniems: seecd tisogsh o¢ brs .seendedaoowse .edé ni tuo enoiteveoxs ni 10 .fesesosh of%. 10 y1omem si bed -omof fas ened?A .esheviA yeevoeive svil xeitio supiiad .Xoor _ ednempnom yd so encidevsoxe enoremen yd bebnworiwe [lise sas »d off .gtio edt fo bssb edd act aaiffewh tee! oft es anivice -sd nedd. bivoo wo, .eseotco edd nad don bib anasigveiasd tenth -ont tasv .edmoostso edd ni ebster Snided amo dA foe snob ev ¥ _% ,eetastevm vied atedt hetsadefeo yeds siedw ,eeiaisvo Joek a -odd bus exydism stedd to eaismer sdé tieoceb of hettest yeds Sy ~d¢ evoows teadt xch .ylisantan dnivh notsiles ni sxeddord ai _- edo to aettiveo esiiel{ea teev seodt to elfew edd of Iso ve ~eetbod end hetizoqeh anived asdte ns ,vbod semud efs Yo asie Yo 10 snote Yo dele 2 déin veddie Rntneco sit qu belsee yous gobi odd eed? .ilew vinoesm elamie 8 Yo sasem ys 10 ,efdism door soot wate ot bedsroeenco esosic isen beiwed tated to shtesere of Paekixes o ese oe eemettetedd tealt edt ere ( \isiiinealetahatsanne oteunths hood eid ni ayse soidendwa « qsen noetea beeb edt yisd ot dedi “ bash oe 196 mincing Christ with effeminate face, perfumed hair and sluss- ish walk. In our time have been sought purer inspirations. B But perhaps our artists would do wisely to so occasionally to see the Christs of Chartres, Amiens and Paris; if these visits do not produce new masterpieces, they will avoid that pale a and sickly countenance, that men are pleased to sive to the Saviour today, those visionary, undecided and wearied features, rather sad than serious, that bearing rather famished than gr graceful. Certainly the reading of the gospels is very far f from tracing mentally such a portrait. The motto of the mida- le ages, “Christ conquers, Christ reigns, and Christ commands, ” however triumphant it may be, is made to elevate the statuary, and leave a living and frank impression in the souls of the faithful, while the sisht of an emaciated, poor and weakly n nature inspires contempt in energetic souls and even weakens feeble ones. CIMITIBRE. Cemetery. A consecrated enclosure in which are interred the dead. It was customary amons Greeks and Romans to burn the corpses, to place their ashes in urns of marble, stone, terra cotta, orin sarcophasuses, and to deposit these remains in monuments erec- ted in memory of the deceased, or in excavations cut in the rock. Antioue cities like Syracuse, Akrasas, Athens and Rome are still surrounded by numerous excavations or by monuments serving as the last dwellings for the dead of the city. The f first Christians did not burn the corpses. How could then ha- ve done so? At Roma taking refuge in the catacombs, vast inc- ient quarries, where they celebrated their holy mysteries, +t they desired to deposit the remains of their martyrs and the- ir brothers in religion dying naturally. Por that purpose th- ey cut in the walls of those vast salleries cavities of the size of the humau body, and after havins deposited the bodies, they sealed up the openins either with a slab of stone or of marble, or by means of a simole masonry wall. Thus the idea of beings buried near places consecrated to worshio took root amons the first Christians. 3. Ausustine says in his book; “On the care to be taken of the dead,” that to bury the dead person near monuments erected to the memory of the martyrs will be profitable to the soul ra ae * Hea evel ve Shi Dir be oe oh pan 78 oe ue 7 ot exiesh nem pnnegials: no tlind ed Binoo esdowdo node) . -tinveq foo esw doidw ,2ilew tisdtinidtin ton tr bertesat ed a i Y ce . sseteeldiesog es iseq 28 teas! $s jeotintaso te1it eds aibes ., -dowds seeds fue .loo1 edd io esves eid désonsd ,2fisw atedd ) -{ugog nt te .tes1 to ebfeit gesv vd bebawovine noce siew es 7 - gsonetasvneont edi exinkoost of veleb.gom rb nen .eeitio ene 7 eocbasete anos tenn esdotws .méseuo fedt to erstoeb cove fas «tio Yo tebim eds st seonshaeqsh yiseesosn cistieo sevicanens -nk moifsiuqog 2s sorsoe ewsosd Havoid .allew yd hezolone esi P -sfoe asisectones seont ntsder of yiseesoen esw di fre .besacize ~ isd¢ Yo kas edt hiswoT sheesh edt to Isiasd edd oc. befoveb yl aisdt déeensd evisos: of beonsmmos eedoisde sit .yiutoso dt St -“sedd (enonse jetodds ,scodstd sieid Yo esibod edd etnenevsg : @ yininso di Fi edt Yo bas edd bruswot bas yebrel Ens esoniae geadt sistdo of doixn ylinestoitive sassommeo ysl to seodd neve -s1 eefounds edd .asitio sfitil edd Sas yiianoo sat aT .10vs! —si«ssagetastemen ssedT weilew aiedds Envots selttetemse atedd beniss , & ttafeq s .feasdo es jedmot eft esbiasd Benisines yliventiue ;: (istosTd s sited .elfecadd .es1h).beeb of ‘to nvetoal s bas | ~g¥ edt Qnofe betoe1s sosifiog semitemo® .(esi0k 2sb entedned 7 esoslq [siaud es bne 2ifsu es hevise sigeofons eft to ell o fee1® to ysiniotv sit aI .esilimst feteligtag 102 bevrese1 esw di .efisw atedt to setlede edt asbnw yitnenoss? 10 esitio ) -~wmio edi tnthovorise seodt .esiastemso deitidstes of yrseesosn | -bs1g bnived enottstided etsvina qo (snstotitsd tnted son eedo _ ‘eéiastemso eect siavoir betatseenco sii no bsiosctons vileu 8 es ditin ts bevice ylénence1t seom foidw ,beeofors sd seum ~[yes ossosd veds eudt yeotutideorq fos elanimiivoriet? tsexter yd befirsae1 sis8 vaidnueo edt al esivedemso asv eniinsd .emn stent betteodeb yout ;esavvelone oldeloivnt es etneesss odd. | -47 BIO) .sittso neve bas sistioust nests Shp eanent tieds weap. esieis fadines ve Al Gasog tone (00 © 9@ FO> BPC ut SATO wOeOM 94 RACH «BAS. Get SFOM. » fimeloo wolfod to d1oe s ,bseb edd to orednal eft Scotia TA ‘ti dedd evetosise beotsw .omel's benind doen to cot edt ts ee inroxe of hentiesh osfs ssw atetas{ gad? (geen Yo bleil s ssn beéuso Sed? jeevfov-nem yeotiamev .edizioe Live!te enoitizeces | dons1@ BL0) tes! bas dsack edt to eslqoeq. ree tO q011ss stebte wails. why! nobe has Peowes faye a You (dxed a. an | : PF Ti 7 | 5 ey Ps } » 5 ‘ i 7 » 4a . — _ cs US : : ee i , |—C a? - Bm ot 197 of the deceased. When churches could be built on the ground, men desired to be interred, if not withinttheir walls, which was not permit- ted in the first centaries, at least as near as possible to their walls, beneath the eaves of the roof, and these church- es were soon surrounded by vast fields of rest. But in popul- ous cities, men did not delay to recosnize the inconveniences and even dangers of that custom. Churches must sroun around themselves certain necessary dependances in the midst of cit- ies enclosed by walls, ground became scarce as population in- creased, and it was necessary to retain those enclosures sole- ly devoted to the burial of the dead. Toward the end of the 12 th century, the churches commenced to receive beneath their pavements the bodies of their bishovos, abbots, canons, then princes and lords, and toward the end of the 13 th century e even those of lay commoners sufficiently rich to obtain that favor. In the country and the little cities, the churches re- tained their cemeteries around their walls. These cemeteries ordinarily contained besides the tombs, a chapel, a pulpit a and a lantern of he dead.(Arts. Chapelle, Ghaire a Precher, Lanterne des Vorts). Sometimes porticos erected alons the wa- lls of the enclosure served as walks, and as burial places r reserved for privileged families. In the vicinity of Sreat c cities or frequently under the shelter of their walls, it was necessary to establish cemeteries, those surroundins the chur- ches not being sufficient, or private habitations having srad- ually encroached on the consecrated ground. Tose cemeteries mast be enclosed, which most frequently served at night as a retreat forxcriminals and prostitutes; thus they became asyl- ums. Durins war cemeteries in the country were regarded by the peasants as inviolable enclosures; they deposited there their farming imolements, furniture and even cattle. (Old Pr- ench poem). Note 169.248. Rowan de Rose. Verse 14,978, et Sea- At nisht the lantern of the dead, a sort of hollow column at the too of which burned a lamp, warned strangers that it was a field of rest, That lantern was also designed to exorcise apparitions afievil soirits, vampires, man-wolves, that caused terror among the peoples of the North and West. (01d French Lexy oy stoner 79 go ,9dbin ; ox 96 Gainu 2 od erent, hess eee pinch oe Riess" ‘ves ss jae she 9 She G) eSod ae K: Soup ‘wpabentent vidoit yrev) e190 estito ales te setustsaso em0t | q ae edd to eonsh edt betntsa sxe allen eaciw no ,ctedeiolo vd . esneoe edt ,evide osadd oft bns bech eoidt eft Yo baepel edd 9 Beds elbbim eft antiwh asvewoh .biod aso to notees? oft to —_ t rnottqesoxe edt ssew eedomwrdo sit to gnsbnecehal seiresemso . etew yedd :yiséT oi es ,siptouxrte etslamoo & wiol gon bib yods © _-pmpoos eevee odd dotdw nidvin siveolome ne nadt esiom ylsousse ,esiieifeb to esolsicg .esnemunom stsviag 19bi0 duossiw betel 4 Ife to esivtonite ofezif ,estaseeeo .neeecto ,efeqsdo [isms ~idest {[soiitemmye oi betnes1e yistemeo [etnomunom of? .8t108 -scton nedw bos ,etnonfintidsates evothiiea ed Hebaolsd vine no - Oe \ennet® of este ofbbim off Yo eotiutaso terit edd eatind etorad feiw tnidenietle ertcsenov ssode ebhil ylinsupe1t eno senoo demo® Yo eroftibsad edo to of [51 se eaw efdT .eedors ni Yo #10 asw0od eft to ewobuiw etiT .evtams etel edt Yo noitens 8¥ @ edt of Aoad eoteb yidedors neisouydence seodw .eisvesed extogevov snote to bseogqmoo eudd eeficse aiedt svsd yisinso ~metito Sentstdo aew evi? .(S) .edotadsews 10 eno vd hetersase -tsoe1 nedio esdowe to extoesvov sdT sf600 elssil ts nottstre foogs stadt Litny s:yiutaso dt Sf odd mort &nideh eoeiblnor bev {ist ss comiteroe 10 belkns oiste Atiw tuo yifersass exe yess : esi of etesostidors namo Yo eredme .(o7A .t1A) .exsbmifyo | eletiqso yino gon ;ednemenz6 ddéiw Bebsol dowm yiev sas saifoeb we ehdvbie eomufoo edd-meve tod .msdt yd bexssvoo s1s sexsitt to -180 yInonmoo deom ednemerso eiT .medd yd heducqone ed fovidors etefiid ets yavtneso da St edd Qnivebh etlovidow sdj no fev ‘mateurennet <2te1l ,ebexgis ,efassed .ebreod-seedo .dveeiwee | ‘age to ddbted eit ni beeognos eysnls ove etnemen10 seed? wove) * gnivtee er0ted modd sviso ot side 6d os @s 8 ,iceeDoy fo hte pa vattaicaenaa aes arma «bas of brs nets si oF sad 7 ae. : x bar ris Ahad. aa y ue. 1 oT ee eee) eo 7 + ma 199 as indicated by Pis. 1. The tank was filled with gravel and charcoal. Water was drawn from the listern through a hole pi- erced in the vault, fitted with curb, windlass and bucket. © Cisterns always had an overflow pipe and sometimes a duct for emptying them. We have noted in mediaeval cisterns, that the overflow pive is so located, that the water does not rise ab- overthe springins of the vault. CLAVBAU. Voussoir. Name siven to one of the stones cut in wedse Shape, that form arch or platband, and are found between the impost and keystone. Mediaeval constructors havens employed the jointed platband only exceptionally, we shall first consider voussoirs of arches. As a general rule, the section of a voussoir is al- ways normal to the curve of the arch; in other terms, the vo- ussoir must be cat according to the direction of the radius of the arch.(Art. Zonstruction). Voussoirs in the architecture of the middle ages always havins cut intrados and extrados with rare exceptions, it follows that the voussoirs of an arch are all of the same form and dimensions, as proved by Fis. 1. At are the imoosts, B the keystone, © the voussoirs. During the first centuries of the middle ages in France, 0 one freouently finds stone voussoirs alternating with bricks in arches. This was a relic of the traditions of Roman const- ruction of the late empire. The windows of the Lower Work of Reauvais, whose construction probably dates back to the 8 th century have their arches thus composed of stone voussoirs separated by one or twoebricks. (2). Thus was obtained ornam- entation at little cost. The voussoirs of arches often recei- yed mouldings dating from the 12 th century; until that epoch they are generally cut with sharp ansles or sometimes as half cylinders. (Art. Arc). Members of Roman architecture in its decline are very much loaded with ornaments; not only capitals of friezes are covered by then, but even the columns afidtbhe archivolts supported by them. The ornaments most commonly car- ved on the archivolts during the 12 th century are billets, sawteeth, chess-boards, bezants, zigzass, frets, interlacins, etc. These ornaments are always composed in the height of ea- ch voussoir, so as to be able to carve them before settins, amd to fit them end to end, formins a continuous decoration. b ! somloias Lesoenu to or Sehantien edt t dows samen end b, Saadti. enoce dose fo enoienomib edd 02 emi0tnco tasmen roe diab tainen bbe. . ssotterooeb sdt to yitemmye end anid etteepeeeeoe oo . 2 eeted Bbedata af Jadu enieloxe & .bi8 . . erioesuov, pn gisinso dt Sf oft to bne eft duods eomisemoe . idl .tnemsnte ng déiw bsttado eatsa of o18 esdows bebigom to ‘t .eudT .enbiewuA to efsemunom edd af tasupsi1t 31 toemetnes4e =e to ferbedise edd Yo dosog didwoe edt to efor fhetatoa sd 7 .wisdaso dé $f edd to. slbbim edt mo1d etah doidw (%)' yeleV-as -beandoluoe bns bebinom yledaaissia erioeasoy 36 beecomeo o%8 ~sf 8.30 .90i8 1880 tasean® Yo dowudio eft Yo Isd10q diuce oT auslimie # ednoesio (yindaso di Ft edd Yo Anianteed) dooce asd q diuoa ed¢ .eontvoig tedt ol .(7)-tLovidow edi at tneme2oests —smggtam edd. to stuten edt oedw ,ybawdar§ ni cove bee ,sons1] to ont 90, snote si duo 918 esdors 10 axiosasov sdt .etimica elai gedudizsnoo eudd tnsteqqs sham Rated noisoussenoe est .e2x0loo @ 10 e1utgluos of sarvoce1 Saived Jooddin ,notisroosh odd of erties heen! -2cidaisa bheifaas +08,.nf yiuslvoidisq .yisisse di SI edd to seawoo edd AnianG -{fod 918 etlovidois to e1iosevov st .vingmach hoe etosiows . ,8bmor medomd to, geasstts ite einioslyetai sneesig of a8 ce bewo | -sidous nemic¥-olach sat al .etnemenio, feintalnoe to asve ine -tsnidmoo bedsoilomoca decom edt bowol e18 dooqs Jadd to syudoe ~son edt to alesiog [a1etal ows osT -ewolfod deod odd bus eos -ifdo1 bas emsia seoin .nevoh to [eabediso edt to efsoat. nied —anexs daedoia edd din 20 daieq% ,03Lb ¢uods gost atsh ezlov & e1st ddiv hoviso bas .,bewel fod: -,andoesuov duo ceeds to eel . pleasant «Noleiosig bas yosotlIs& 7 A ts teseengen seodd -etiosevov sesdt Yo aez01 owt sis Sisk. -idw batded ,zevesl-beoslisitct seqe ylesidgns to woa 8s dnsesza _ tose edd. yd betsoifni es wclfod ens Yo moditod eft stevoo: Jad ght ois Cts gnollod sdt to modtod edd feosat af OSA .5 nok POMP to wor asdto eft .atoeasov edd to lonmen edt ni ylton . ;aleneq edt o¢ni dase enriveh edneasto § te bedasecige: ev La a .8emweit yiineupstt stom Bas e2eifot to eflows edt 5. dation cadtadian events dud cnbleni dane, to. ‘ealogenoy ne uJ ies Md rie: >a .) : if ri * oe a, r ae q geves! misq edt [eeido od sonsitsa fed evead exotolvea eft do ‘ waihi +P moitocs edd sevit yloeeh Aaue noiser00eb Io dros send | Sur a -x8 bonistson epsiolt fetsioliseq sdi 18 G ta bas | ennitentsa - 200 Phis rule is obeyed in such an absolute manner, that when in the same arch the voussoirs are of unequal thickness, the or- nament conforms to the dimensions of each stone without deran- ging the symmetry of the decoration. Fis. 3 explains what is stated here. Sometimes about the end of the 12 th century the voussoirs of moulded arches are in pairs charsed with an ornament. This arrangement is frequent in the monuments of Auversne. Thus t the pointed arches of the south porch of the cathedral of Puy- en-Velay (4), which date from the middle of the 12 th century, are composed of voussoirs alternately moulded and sculptured. The south portal of the church of Ennezat near Riom, of a la- ter epoch (besinnims of the 13 th century) vresents a similar arrangement in its archivolt.(5). In thet province, the south of France, and even in Bursundy, when the nature of the mater- ials permits, the voussoirs of arches are cut in stone of two colors. The construction being made apparent thus contributes to the decoration, without having recourse to sculpture or t applied paintins. During the cougsse of the 12 th century, particularly in Be- auvoisois and Normandy, the voussoirs of archivolts are holl- owed so as to present interlacinss ofiztis¢gass;,of broken rounds, and even of sculptured ornaments. In the Anglo-Norman archit- ecture of that epoch are found the most complicated combinat- ions and the best hollows. The two lateral portals of the wés- tern facade of the cathedral of Rouen, whose piers and archi- volts date from about 1160, furnish us with the richest exam - les of these cut voussoirs, hollowed, and carved with rare d delicacy and precision. Here are two roses of these voussoirs, these represent at A present a row of entirely open interlaced leaves, behind whi- ch the sculptors have had patience to chisel the palm leaves that cover the bottom of the hollow as indicated by the. sect- ion &. At CG is traced the bottom of the hollow; at D are the palmatiums, and at ff are the perforated floiase contained ex- actly in the pamel of the voussoir. The other row of voussoi- rs represented at # presents designs sunk into the panels; that sort of decoration sunk deeply sives the section G. hater the scrolls of foliage and more frequently fisures, decorate the voussoirs of archivolts, but always observins the primit- a ye oe ee ei er ete me od . ———— le Oe a = a 8 ee aes *) | = 3 ¥ “4% , , mw? te a co iy “am a ig / ‘s : | ed dae 20m ee aa ibiil Ana pints ‘ssiaeiabalel jet tedton ened. her qrev ote ‘enedT.. etosensv eae nhs ie beatvameo boule pte ‘edt Yo [etaeq. nisteew edt af [f13? .elor dedd of -Gh edt to nem blo 2¢ edd to ee1vsit odd asse 918 eined .2 Yo eyifnespesnoo bos ,e1leeevov seidt 10 od no hew1s9 seaylsoo .% ors ‘ebnsdtsle to exiosenov sd? .tnidtes asd te sesia ni tue smo ak toy yeboiasq ofdtcod has evpsensmon add mais S127 [feme oi beixieyo vino sew Ynttiied act snote siedu asogivora -@moo ayswtoob to eistnii een of yiseeseen esw ti ,enoienemib ~ _& Bavet yltnesosst vrev sis eiogiovesed aI .ertozevev Yo bee eyimdries dd Si edd of eattnoled eyer100b to eletail besafot, } deeeete teven doogs tedt as ehnedtsic to arioeevov sid ind e12 yous s:sivtostidois semof ai as sitaso & OF Bnibast etniofs, Ydads .edotct betasini to ensem vd esediq 1isdsi ai besiceque ed) omnozesois© to stiese .2 to 0 erednem [fs to anidtuo edd to toora nissiso #8 nedt at sadt eesesog aitosevov eft cels esmitemol .anidise eroted sanibivon odd sist don Ib systivoenote eid stadt ,e2nib{vom to ersdmem eeena tect oedTt — eit no eviesss oF scitseosya 201. primitive rule, viz:-- that each ornament or fisure must be comprised within one voussoir. There are very few exceptions to that rule. Still an the western portal of the abbey churecn of §. Denis are seen the fisures of the 24 old men of the Ap- ocalyose carved on two or three voussoirs, and consequently cut in place after setting. The voussoirs of platbands are r rare during the Romanesque and Gothic periods; yet in some provinces where stone for buildins was only quarried in small dimensions, it was necessary to use lintels of doorways compo- sed of voussoirs. In Beauvoisois are very frequently found j jointed lintels of doorways belongings to the 12 th century; but the voussoirs of platbands ar that epoch never present j joints tending to a centre as in Roman architecture; they are supported in their phaees by means of indented joints, that make slipping impossible. One of these lintels of doorways m may be seen alons the north side of Church S. Htienne of Beau- vais (7). The difficulty resulting from the cuttins and sett- ind of platbands cut thus caused im the 13 th century, whens stones of large volume were quarried, that men abandoned this complicated means of construction, exeept in absolute necess- ity, for example on mantles of fireplaces; in that special c case the woussoirs of mantles are cut with offsets or with f radial joints. (Arts. Apvareil, Cheminee). When in the 13 th and 14 th centuries were adopted vaults with pointed arches divided into a certain number of mouldings, rounds, fillets, coves and hollows, it sometimes occurred, th that the impost being set already cut accordins to custom, t the mouldings of the voussoirs did not exactly accord with t those of the imposts; so that offsets occurred. For example, the round A of the voussoirs (8) does not accurately fall on the round B of the impost: the stonecutters perceived this d defect in cuttings and set aotransition voussoir © with a like ornament or leaf on the mouldings, that disduised the offset. There exists a certain number of second voussoirs and of imp- osts with thetsadditioncofin the pointed arches of the vaults of 3. Nazaire of Carcassonne (beginning of the 14 th century). Phat is then a certain proof of the cuttins of all members of mouldings before setting. Sometimes also the voussoirs possess members of mouldings, that the stonecutters did not take the precaution to reserve on the imposts. Then a head or a flower i aes 2 ny a sel ms: fi SUS fi i ee im i efqque eids to & isatage edd sadigunaiaa fed109. eltdiba mean ve xot ,evie2do" ot ani¢sersd¢at eis Blisteh seedT .1ednem visinsn 7" _optor18 seiubeih Siueo etetowisance edt wod etsitenoneb yodd * quoo sit ni wseces of List fon bluoo tedé .ecisizelwterrt 10 Adi pbatoteyaule yodt wod hoe ,sindostifors sidsoD to aliateb xel «Tb gort-eovisenedit ss7t oF yiseeeoen ean Ji nein weommeesT +feelisme sdt ni es {lew es yteritas oft ni aniviwoce ests {uot Srcoey uheden- -» eenettouitence aledt te slieieb “Ske st t*) 22 = 9a = oF a ween efsatl A oS TTEVAIO SD eahaaey snivise ‘ns pout efstil a ot asvih ei oman eiaT friwi¢es{t to efenea odd 10 y(aolno§ «d1k) »tiod & to bae ede wd sesid tainidmoo yd bemtot swobnin ests elbbim edt aired t ased soit necwiod elonsc ni tee oren ebsel yd sosfe oi tqed. es laste eeedd divoidd Qnuteesa evsi eletid .eelesdn dtin bedsrt es @o sefensa sesdt Qo gnsmeosl(qath edd tesvexg ot bebastni siow dcodtiteu ,elensa edt to eeshs sii metest blyoo syst easdt end ~e1xsed wort [sotiasy.10o Ietnoxinved odd cf ,sealt oft Qnitosto : ‘ot (etteqet to seso at yiteas medi svoms1 of elds ed ot bns ~yeStedemtd: .edth). T° .2f] af betsoibsi maol edt neviz ssw meds muese ‘.(ftewiv eyed eissti sat erowbocr veeed bne dtowneore .vitasateo of shane edt ‘te beldvob yliasupe1t eboa to ebas edd dieci1dd beeesa tno agile ae8n0l on bisco yet edt .Sevisost Saied ebas ond odd ; o(S 2859) aba redy @8t neve 4 ©o9eB80dssawe1Dd sonoseyod. .89I0 + » eda< mobheanie Seihs yincesm to ei#tow og beifogs si baow aid? | ddvordt entl Ieotdiev sno gee ,dows se esol tedd snodeved sag ‘Paver nt ylno eecoteyed e168 ersdT .dors dedd Yo etdase end «evade yeors talvo1to owt to bemiot anisd ssdois hedaiog yzedous : -{g0% ef seso ted¢ al onosayed eft ;esxiceauov to etecomt vino | egne arnlet oy 7 ene ee rater sondy boos 1 mbhee 4d) che gésaots: 4 vd ioe ogee edLovidots : a8. t0 siaedansil sandovisona+g 9330 +si00ebh ylinespes? ensoewsd® sit modt eroted bus eaamoS edt -ido ,19anem desdoix edd of dfovidows edd to soodsysi edd fet ~the-ns to sensiine edt bedovontwe etfovidors seeds aedw ylte - | syed ed? sdometad Yo dois ne to Batseqe. [sqioaisa eds 10 sok) | psouerts avendene ts: snissoibat agte 8 e8w 6880 deat ad onots wr nes ” Ss Ay | stay <= & in é i 202 forms a little corbel servingeas the springins of this supple- mentary member. These details are interesting to observe, for they demonstrate how the constructors could disguise errors or irregularities, that could not fail to appear in the comp- lex details of Gothic architecture, and how they always found resources, when it was necessary to free themselves from diff - iculties occurring in the entirety as well as im the smallest details of their constructions. CLAVETTH. A little Key. This name is given to a little tron key servins to fasten the end of a bolt, (Art. Boulon), or the panels of slass wimows. During the middle ages windows formed by combinins slass k kept in place by leads were set in panels between iron bars f fitted with utaples. Little keys passing through these staples were intended to prevent the displacement of these panels; t thus these keys could fasten the edses of the panels, without cracking the slass, to the horizontal or vertical iron bars, and to be able to remove them easily in case of repairs, to them was given the form indicated in fis. 7. (Arts. Armature, Vitrail). In carpentry, tronwork and heavy woodwork, the little keys passed through the ends of rods freouently doubled at the end; the two ends beins recurved, the key could no longer slip out. (Fis. 2). OLEF. Keystone. Crown. Boss. This word is applied to works of masonry and signifies the keystone that closes an arch, set on a vertical line through the centre of thet arch. There are keystones only in round a arches? pointed arches beins formed of two circular arcs, have only imvosts of voussoirs; the keystone in that case is repl- aced by a joint. CLEF D’ARCHIVOLTE. Keystone of an Archivolt. The Romans and before them the Etruscans frequently decora- ted the keystone of the archivolt in the richest manner, chi- efly when these archivolts surmounted the entrance of an edi- fice or the principal openins of an arch of triumph. The key- stone in that case was a sign indicating a passase. Hveryone v1 : as bo | Wy Py s / eC 4 a aprbsaokseal ondthalanes ‘bas enrvevsl eumitas? .eusiT . ast, some! ‘eft to’ seonsitne [sqtonixg edd asve beasdaluoe esnoteyed emttetb od Saem seddo of anived eeonsitne eeott .2omil Yo een «ss gp .eotbibe efg¢ Satbnoowme eedoie aedto sdé worl medd deus --<) paettEbexd gedg beunifnoo sved ot asecge gon of sets sibhina | fo eetise s insesig etfovidorws est ;emtt visas edt nt neve . erodoHItenco edt neve ylinsupett geom bar ,eifcagsev ws9ebisy © 94% Yo tetetole sd# Yo asfovitors edT .tt esoelge1 Iatot s ~ 'genoteyssi sofistxe eft so en ewode ysl{sV-ne-y0d to Isabedtso mo1t esieh astetof[o stadt to tisq 4 .eetntalnoe yd bedtsa00sb edd ni tlindsa yloutine teomis esw ti gud .yintoso cy Cl edd + to eenoteved eds no bentats1 efootidors teal odd Boe . Ast Sf ‘Hh ot ton yldadoig .noitstnemanix0 Yo init Jedd eslowidows edt eemdt toleno (1) s1ed ovis sW .sfonw edt to ynomsed edd ednsish A .nemon s Yo bsed sat dtiw [eming os %attnsesrcs? esnoteyod *=meje yltedo1q ,snoteyed on ei siedd eofioms hetatog ai dbwods la _ *@gatiemesesvsd doogs olddod sdt to esosdidows edd Sey .2nide -ysi 8 vd esitisitdio Yo sfetrog sit to eifovidors eft besanimiss .onete sfente 2 ai tno eiioessov tlad owl yd 1sHiis1 10 .onods to sesiq s yquooe of Yatved eredtt s bewiso yess doifn no bas to semitemoe to ,teiagdd to tend ect siil .slamsxs 103 .10N08 =e i eidsichag d$ Of sdt ebuewost ,aedse@ Isnresd ods tiveV seord to seed .RVIOC OFA‘SO THIO -0¢ ‘edd botnouet Quived yrotoss dt Si edd lo etosstdows sAéT -dused Jeom edt to'sno sosiq os tduos noose .Jivsv e2010 bsini ¢.6d¢ to nolsoast sd? ts aorteicoskh stciltetal Yo esvitom {sti ed? stivev eeor ofddod odd dJaocgue gedd ,esdous bseeois ont 2 enoteyed s asiivper -asdois Saitosteve ows e2edd to kaitess doold sfamie e ..e.f ,moitonitenos Yo wvetv Yo s¢ntoq edd mot? -10n efniot yd esdows ows edt to nottonct edd sateols enote to ebom edd nt stnemitscxs omoe e1ew sisdd tI .eseisoo edi of Lem to tom sisw yedt .(nottouttemod .t14) eefors sesdd Qniniot Yo betgobs esdo1s eeo1s edt see sw ee noos es* 10% ynolss1b anol - Mettetcosh Jadt aevewoH .esseod bexssaluoe Bdt aas9ge erect tasbends jmobse1t emse odd Adin eisdwyieve beqoleveb son ef 3 “dbas too} et St ,esonivorg emoe ni nigize odd moat dois bos fi z rm mh tia - > 7 7 WT cca he ~qsnoseyed odd o¢ nevis ‘ylueIybe1 sosfe odd svisesi oc sositen a ave ext to 8 as as rich eonodevex nebabathees rennet pore encod J 203 knows the admirably sculptured keystones of the arches of Tra- jan, Titus, Septimus Severus and Constantine at Rome. We see keystones sculptured over the principal entrances of the are- nas of Nimes, those entrances havins no other mark to distin- sSuish them from the other arches surroundins the edifice. The middle ases Jo not appear to have continued thet tradition, even in the early time; its archivolts present a series of uniform voussoirs, and most frequently evem the constructors neglect to reserve the place regularly siven to the keystone; a joint replaces it. The archivolts of the cloister of the c cathedral of Puy-en-Velay shows us on the exterior keystones decorated by sculptures. A part of that cloister dates from the 10 th century, but it was almost entirely rebuilt in the 12 th, and the last architects retained on the keystones of } the archivolts that kind of ormamentation, probably not to a deranse the harmony of the whole. We dive here (1) one of these keystones representins an animal with the head of a woman. A Although in pointed arches there is no keystone, properly spe- aking, yet the architects of the Gothic epoch havessometimes terminated the archivolts of the portals of churches. by a key- stone, or rather by two half voussoirs cut in a single stone, and on which they carved a fisure having to occupy a place of honor, for example, like the bust of Christ, or sometimes of the Rternal Father, towards the 16 th century. CLEF D’ARC OGIVE. Boss of Oross Vault. The architects of the 12 th century having invented the po- inted cross vault, soon sousht to place one of the most beaut- iful motives of interior decoration at the junction of the t two crossed arches, that support the Gothic cross vault. The meeting of these two projecting arches reauires a keystone f from the point of view of construction, i.e., a single block of stone closings the junction of the two arches by joints nor- mal to the courses. If there were some experiments in the mode of joining these arches (Art. Gonstruction), they were not of long duration; for as soon as we see the cross arches adopted, there appear the sculptured bosses. However that decoration is not developed everywhere with the same freedom; abundant and rich from the origin in some provinces, it is poor and t timid in others. As for the sculpture, it is almost always n 30 a hrs hs" 10 odd ot 91 8. oO Beod teeblo | ond beebal -90081%-sh-sIT ot bas ,yauld to ont. te yiel{se oft ni nese od oF ef wonk on teas eefors e80 | bestabigenes .fiotod tadd to etinsv edt [fA .yalessV Io doi0d — wodn et fusy owd seodt Yo eno jeedo1s aiowk Juoddinw [lite eas meh edt ts atnezesg .OffE tuods o3 toad esish acitjouisenco 92 4 bertalvoe yidota bos Intitussd s esdows ond to noitoseasd @ sit wolls ot sitnso edd ts beorett .(S) svi ow dads eed “919 anod tant ,retlebrado eft ebneqese dad? bioo & to skseesg _midgasdo Yo egimeil edia akowk edd nesutsed eshie ows ts etase ~ta9291997 tnsm90 Yosld dtiw bsfflit e1s esye seodw .zolsd dtiw _ viebaisl Bevesl gorb sfod Isstnso edd haved .sliqng sit Sni fr ne ib ehevivoe7 § ee cnses otad maxovd sow.ssod efat .8ES.q.L ston | ofuquTae aged sont ts. ted gytébifos to} S900/qar 9d oF San “betteogss syvaw seod blo sat Fo atasmgoty sdf bao ,b90ubotG97 ~Jotedo sdt Fo. museum. sdt ai - tm, atueyi edt mort siohon to seapoit antboocsne, to seib eat -forndo Yo eilosv.yoam bos ,.terit tieseti tneeerqg ylisanien te - gt beteicoeh oxen viustneo dt SI sdt to. t{sd haocose eft to es sioms1 tadi mort sieb tjedd yabot gaixs west tof .isensm aids -non tests tiisdon satved eefaninso dt Sf bos at f2 eft .dooos o evitimizg edd oi etivet. 10, esti to seusoed etiuev to ered -nissare isd etossidois yd bodnoexe viinexpe1l. .scoisouatenoo ". [Itte eelomsxa not odt sonimexe of Yi .timbs nso en0. betas _yintnso di SI eft to steisis odd tsdd ,eysb ano ak aetseixe benobasds notts1o0s£ te dace 8 ,etiusey so sinsotuoe hodetvel - _. 9 ebetapineo dz Sf fos dt Ff edd to eustesm odd yd pane etd beassolsoe vino ton etostidors edd OOLE toodA. baivise odd Sotebso ylsroupes? ,eeviesueds edit niows edi dud s(xeimmo® .t2A) .elsdiase.edt sveds edscami aisds ni seutede. to $90 ome .S BET ai betneeeiaes ez0d ed¢ to elamexe sdt s9d%A soelfoo edt ylaisiaso el sidsitemea teom bose sasions seom odd -mst3 to ems extov dowudo ot neee.od ot [fide eeesod to nots ..d0 noitonst edt te beds1ccoebieis etivev eeodt te seidT .zen -orged gated ekoid to eerskid edd to sno ,eedors [enodeib eat . greddo ows edt bo8 ,esdois sesdt to notdossiesni,eds yi fou Wan Sead ith edt.ao qwot ,eletne to eorssit betsee sdsie yd ae iy? o> sbevelosie ent agin sian edd. ai sgot edt. 28ain be Ly”) | ne 4 ae eT ¢ q ; Me 7 7% | - = ae : - i cee sea 10s bask a8 ie sexs0081 ea vi ranwooes ve =10% 29 lane. eds to xeq8 edt mort aniuees .Gtbael tied da heoud ~ 204 necessary to have recourse to Burgundy, or rather to the order of Cluny, amd to Ile-de-France. Indeed the oldest boss of cr- oss arches that we know is to be seen in the sallery of the p porch of Vezelay. All the vaults of that porch, except two,» are still without sSroin arches; one of these two vaults, who- se construction dates back to about 1130, presents at the in- tersection of two arches a beawtiful and richly sculptured b boss, that we give (2). Pierced at the centre to allow the p passage of a cord that suspends the chandelier, that boss pre- sents at two sides between the Sroin ribs fisures of cherubim with halos, whose eyes are filled with black cement represent- ing the pupils. Around the central hole drop leaves largely recurved. Radia Note 1.p.258. This boss was vroken VWnrto ee ond hod tO be veploced for solidity, burt Vt has been scrupuloushy reproduced, and the fragments of the old boss were deposited | An the wuseum of the church. The diea of suspendins fisures of angels from the vaults m- st naturally present itself first, and many vaults of church- es of the second half of the 12 th century were decorated in this manner. But few exist today that date from that remote epoch, the 13 th and 14 th centuries having rebuilt sreat nun- bers of vaults because of fires or faults in the primitive fe) construction, frequently executed by architects that experim- ented. One can admit, if he examines the few examples still existing in our days, that the artists of the 12 th century lavished sculpture on vaults, a sort of decoration abandoned by the masters of the 13 th and 14 th centuries. About 1160 the architects not only sculptured the bosses, but the Ssroin ribs themselves, frequently causins the carvins of statues in their imposts above the capitals. (Art. Sommier). After the example of the boss represented in Fis. 2, one of t the most ancient and most remarkable is certainly the collec- tion of bosses still to be seen in church Notre Dame of Htam- pes. Three of those vaults arehdecorated at the junction of the diagonal arches, one of the figures of kinss beings repro- duced at half length, issuing from the apex of the angles for- med by the intersection of these arches, and the two others by eight seated fisures of angels, four on the ribs with lower- ed wings, the four in the angles with wings displayed. ene ie ¢ a a ao ; Si ies ae ; 7 os Is peBOC hi iene veal the aan rte + et lf ‘Ye t1eq s “pt0d ton ob efotns odd “ aabisece yl el ar’ txen erloseney edd co onied edia od¥ no beantaluce r “yw detwolfey s ysbot fans ,betnatsec yizsai0% etsy setnert ened? nee eee’ —.tIwav odd to feet edd es Ifew es medd eusvoo dean 9) Boo edi mort eeitsh esenod Beindolwoe [utitused ese sh bos ,nosd to Isibsdiso edt to etfusv sit ni yietneo dt St edgy ~msd% te es ,e20d say broois bedosits gon ete ssandtt edd s10d odd SA .tfusv eft Yo dasa [sctoniza tsdtd ot Snoled Jad ,e90 ‘tivev febieas odd tntased esdois #8015 tdbis edt to rottonvt “eeed # et dorudo tends Yo tosenest dtson edt to fsaedo edt Yo ‘-430 8 ot olbfbim edt at [foroe e Sniblod [sane ns tnitnecs31g97 -e108t e178 fetns eid to etntw add bie Saod eT .eteifot te nwo ‘Baswod bos esfors edd neewted eftns neao teom sid ot fesner , Test Intsos18 of Sotl{it ends .Isaefio sassy To sonsstas edd 7 Sedta [sqtontzo ont odd Yo nolsonnt sid yd beorbors sosce ent ~ Sat br0008 doriw Bos .esod bsantoleoe ylentt teddy er (2) si98 -f4 .e10foo encizev ni betnisa esw fstooks nedd mosvevo sss ca berptafvoe esinatt besore ste7 vino gon doce tet gs yhaod Bb of bstametts eomitemoe esw tf tud .etluev fo seeeod edd no to. dfusv sf? .constsle dtiw betnstis ststlot yd medt edexrcost I to Isiufediso eft Jo Jasensst divoe edit to Ieqedo asqqn sat ; hevaso yleni? yd bebavoriwe aebod seelt Ye on0 etreeeta neal | es .ofans neoo teom odd dviw shie odd de ysovael ointsg fins ‘[extdnso edt mort escsoes ohstlot edd .sfomsre Sntbeoe1g edd ot co ods %o Qnintot edt tatsnemento bos totosiuetni .siteso1 8 eeod yttexd tedd- (7) svi of .eedows [sotoniaa ; ey {Isme %o etivev of toofed eslomaxe Yesf cnt edt tn -o8@ sit Yo etostidors sft .etinsv eacto taivonstence aT .ene ~918 to esn jt tadd \besisgo0e1 Yiotneo dd SI sd¢ to ted bro ~20d ‘eft Tot .etInev seeds to wiltdete odd sot sonsdioomi ts -s1ebience Ss yinenpeeaoo Bne ,oapeesta siediso 8 even of 286 . fe ~~ v tedd most Qnitviste of .etioeevev sat of ylevidsle1 dfdiow eld | gniesetont | .e8ee0d ste of saplov [evennu oved yout ,elatonixa Feeteer rend BP ryoiGinese- wet « ee ni bay és taki aead0 edi nai bedosiis pated ‘ethemfasanos edt no seotd Veamsto ed ticsy sat of Benedest os edniw aienT sefddnt to - “-e6d tnovegge dt seindetbh of bra sbeifot sdi .betnssq yierisne ~foo dne1sItib Yo ere esdsenoeies ows edd to edcemtesv edd bas apres (st) evit oF -Sdsnimoberg fer fos suld doidw at .et0 abies 240 . -eeod Inlitussd ted? to bss erosalpoe sdv isdt .Qaiblind st Bertw9s90 ylrasgpett TT ~o19 sdf tsdt so .anidies sioled eseeod sddi sv1so ot emis ton antosia mort avedtee oft ®aidosverq savdalnoe edt Yo soidsost atcixeini sit ot cielo siel esw st .baitetnes edt no eeod odd a 208 fracture, and connected the two most distant branches of the Sroin ribs. The ofnamentation of Gothic monuments always finds its origin in anneed of the construction; we are too much dis- posed to see in the sculpture of edifices merely a caprice of the artist, while it is often the result of reasoning. In the 13 th century the sculpture of bosses is more common- ly composed of foliage admirably arranged and without confus- ion, with dimensions in proportion to the size of the vaults. The nave of Notre Dame of Paris, whose vaults were erecte ab- out 1225, possesses bosses arransed like those of the choir, but of a design far more beautiful and skilful. Those of the refectory of the abbey of S. Martin-des-CGhamps at Paris date from the same epoch and are remarkably beautiful. The cross arches intersect at right amsles without transverse arches, so that it was annecessary to reserve there the projectins he heads in the angles; these bosses are composed of a simple r rosette of leaves. We sive one of them. (13). , It must not be believed however, that the sculpturs in the 13 th century renounced the representation of fisures in the bosses of vaults, but they reserved them more particularly for sanctuaries; crowns of foliase ornamented the bosses just as crockets and bunches of leaves did the capitals. At that epo- ch whem the bosses represented subjects, these were treated with remarkable delicacy in execution. One of the most beauti—- ful bosses with subjects known to us is sculptured over the Sanctuary of the colledsiate church of Semur in Auxois, whose were erected about 1235. That boss represents the coronation of the Virsin in the midst of foliage. Christ leans on the s sacred volume and blesses his mother. An angel places the di- vine crown on the head of Mary. Two other angles are at mid- height above the bramches and each bears a wax candle. All t the sculpture covers a tablet over a yard in diameter, and is entirely paented, the foliage green, the Sround reddish brown, and the vestments of the two versonasges are of different col- ors, in which blue and red predominate. We sive (14) a copy of that beautiful boss. Tf frequently occurred in building, that the sculotors had not time to carve the bosses before settins, or that the pro- jection of the sculpture preventins the setters from placins the boss on the centerins, it was left plain in the interior, 006. Ly > 2 boon: oak near ecdéeeor etielisinas. bee edt eeneod teom eerie yb osew endd tseldst onote nielg & 5 dtseos. egedt foe yeiisd ts e[{[sosd0 .2 rewol edt to edlosv @ + (er) 19 slomsxe ne wode oW «busi s‘isdesm & Yd suo e718 fidtref fitiw Eorebeom ef. eterfet sfT .ObST tveds mort eedsh | st enofnanace edt setts Anidese a sextestiqms yhesule tend yti F wl enz ers: -stnten te nolisd imi : ; ra ‘ = % 7 7 é oe anew —_ yore ory Z ee a 209 and that later rosettes carved in wood were hooked up below 3 plain stone tablet: thus were decorated most bosses of the vaults of the lower S. Chanelle at Paris, and these rosettes are cut by a master’s hand. We show an example here (15) that dates from about 1240. The foliage is pendered with flexibil- ity shat already emohasizes a seekins after the scrwpulous fi imitation of nature. Kote 1.-9-267- These are Leaves frown the maple of the forests. The boss of the cross vault must first be placed at the cr- own of the centerins before settings the voussoirs of the cross rivs, for it serves as a Suide, a mark for turnings the two c cross ribs so as to meet this at exactly the same level at t their point of junction. Without that precaution, one would never be certain in settings, however well shaped be the cen- tering, of joinins the éross arches at the same level (Art. Construction); it will be conceived therefore, that freauent- ly to not delay the construction of the vault, men would wot take time to allow the sculptur to carve the rosette. hence rosettes of wood were attached afterwards, also the absence of sculpture on ceatain bosses of vaults, if later were omitt- ed tke addition of the rosettes of wood beneath the tablets of stone left plain. If the extradoses of the cross arches are cut and do not enter into the compartments they are dest- ined to support, it is not the same for the bosses; they near- ly always have a projection entering the fillins. Thus they present a point perfectly fixed at the crown of the vault, and besides also beins almost always pierced by a hole for ‘passing a suspending cord, it was necessary for their height to reach to the top of the fillins. Fis. 16 represents ahboss in section, and will make intellisible this mode of construc— tion. But the boss being solid in the coverins of the vault conseaquently cannot yield to the movements of the cross ribs, it was unnecessary to give the portions of the cross ribs ex- “tending from it a sreat lensth; for if these parts had vrojec- ted very much, the least movement in the arches would have bd oroken them, and the boss would no longer have fulfilled its purpose. Thus the bits of the cross arches attached to the bosses are cut off as closely as possible to the circular bo- dy of the boss, as indicated by Fis. 17. As for the profile Siven to the body of the boss of the vault with cross arches, a S ve ih —) § ‘i ts Ts is P) ; “+ eit ot es tales 18 vi Me “geus esouborses éiscelladiiiiaa th Leong) som 8 tacks ot. ebe etdd .tedt mort eeiasy $6 ‘YE sz07 NE -«¥ ed A tel (8r) eeso ted oT .fewollod eeet bas elitoid evo Fo ybod sit to sedt od [fiw 9 .dows santo eds to s{btow saa 299 D telded bewollod © ybod Leoitbnilye eld désons® .eeod edd -yo1a svsoneo od moud fofostsh edseeca bewstaluoe edt esviso ie. edd svods jon ci 0 éntoa seeddid eeodw .0 deldad edd to be edt Yo vobsisnt eft to oviwo sft to nottetnolow edt to H Low si¢ ni gud iytdeo segs elisseb sesdt eqsiie® .esiows ee079 o¢2 bos \snewettibst ef ontdson noisonstenco oiddo> tc beddom = -oxe: fos aninoesss to tivesr st Onis eins to doveseet vd ef _—sgxotouttence dedt .enciteviesdo betseqs1 yd Letinpoe eoneite $utoubore wi bsbesooue ets sibbin sit to hoiieo boot edt to eter ow ,terntao% .ensem olomia yisw dyiw evostts Saiefsaqive edd enreonco sand {le sot ,noisoursenc$ «tat of erebss1 100 — rooms mere s velo eseeod sit foide of stivsv to actioursenoo Gratorvs Js1s9 Sass + -jonrtdedoo to sbom sav of eutdecs behnasdo sdrcatinns dt Sf en? _—s Med? to Aisd tart? edt amtavh edfosv eso10 rot Hedooks aot of Qoibicess tuo stew eseecd sit ylsinenpeenco fae .yintaso Ad es eibsem stom emsosd stutcluee tiedt dud ,slotoniad smse end piew tddted teeth te sldieiv seveet sbist sat .fseutnoo fins -qov? 18% ove ted¢ .stertol? stssileh to eedonsid yd beosloss © A svedd .yfeeolo booimex® .toctievaniyiatice s dove anitnsesig -1¢ Soted seveel sdt ,notstnoexe tosited Jo t9veword ots esascd ‘ eeod s (OL) evth oW .yosShlob euieizaiwe bos e1s0 ddiw betas 7 bilo edt of Sothnoled yirtnso dt bf sdt Yo Syianived sit To so oft Yo Soometasixe edt eniater tedd ,ennoesso1s9 to fexbedtso | ‘gbsed owt cttw ..s.r .ysedaso dv &f odd Yo eoveod svitiniia noitoseisini ent yd bemrot eslens nsqo teow ows edd anbtlil edt .teiadd edgnoestas1 ebsad sestit to snO .edia eeo1o eft to ‘prors 8 to beetiomoo ef stissot en? .nidarV wick sit rscito “d heorwd sved of «donerd ws{morfo & mort Quignizoe eeves! T tear : | «wh te toldst eidt Yo nottoss edt Ie vue’ So eeaecd edt yundnso ad FL odd to Hae sav biswot — -71se exit te ebleine [sisomre yd betsir0oeh netto sien esto " fesxogove tated tetel sedt ,egsilot yd .atssmsente yd bebnse pp piaegen .8 Yo dosudo ed? sesivoezeons suodtin 10 elsRns yO ‘ae dobdn teban eseeod eeseeeroo ,snnceeso1s® to Lerbeddeo — D wsbrvot baal fo secdt bre somas® to emis dreions sis bevreo z .) ¢ i} ad * | — ; “4° ae i ' Ate | : . Lease es on in. Py a ~ = A ee ae co @oe a —— oa 210 it most frequently reproduces that of the arches as in Pis. 17, or if it varies from that, this is to adopt a more vigor- ous profile and less hollowed. In that case (18) let A be t the profile of the cross arch, B will be that of the body of the boss. Beneath the cylindrical body a hollowed tablet C re- ceives the sculptured rosette detached from the concave srou- nd of the tablet C, whose highest voint D is not above the le- vel & of the prolongation of the curve of the intrados of the cross arches. Perhaps these details appear petty; but in the method of Gothic construction nothing is indifferent, and it is by research of this kind, the result of reasomins and exp- erience acauired by repeated observations, that constructors of the S004 veriod of the middle ages succeeded in producing surprisins effects with very simple means. Further, we refer our readers to Art. fonstruction, for all that concerns the construction of vaults in which the bosses play a very impor- tant part. The 14 th century changed nothins in the mode of construct- ion adopted for cross vaults durins the first half of the 123 th century, and conseouently the bosses were cut according to the same princivle, but their sculpture became more measre a and confused, the larse leaves visible at Sreat heisht were replaced by branches of delicate floiase, that are far from presenting such 2 satisfyindgreffect. Hxamined closely, these posses are however of perfect execution, the leaves being tr- eated with care and surorising delitacy.. We sive (19) a boss of the besinnius of the 14 th century belonsins to the old cathedral of Garcassonne, that retains the arrangement of the primitive bosses of the 13 th century, i.e., with two heads filling the two most oven amdles formed by the intersection of the cross ribs. Ome of these heads represents Christ, the other the Holy Virsin. The rosette is comprised of a crown of leaves sprinsius from a circular branch. We have traced t the section of this tablet at A. Toward the end of the 13 th century the bosses of cross ar- ches were often decorated by armorial shields, at first surr- ounded by ornaments, by foliage, then later beins supported by angels or without accessories. The church of S. Nazaire, cathedral of Garcassonne, possesses posses under which were carved the ancient arms of France and those of the founder of ' rs cy eer. out. - 1. easel 9 OPPs De | > on si ered “pProtenp0d. eb nede%, «1 Jomo ody ol ,20 Ro jedoos uate ews bi bletda edt :(0S) seevod ¢ebia efit ni bedosteb ef st ;tniog of on0 fos Geto ni bsoslo i! ont ,efomexe Retbhseesa odd ni eA ~coveot deo to aworo edt to | omph sedia seoto edd osented coltns Jeehis! ons eds Ifi? ebsod . edd dtsened hetnsset9ss enocetes aie yiotneo do St edt ai ylea ¥ yadda. ong ,eserod to avsldad -eoh oft eyants yivsen dedt .o1sd sdade ot imo Jon bluode of A eetrisite avcemsnom ni neve ,betnisa eis atiuev aor to ess beifqas anttnisa edT .notteso0eb to brid gedt duodsin vyleridss mort sonstedh nistaso 8 ot edin sdd no ebnsdxs esesod Sad Od 7 . , forutated tA). -ettaso edd | eh vitae Som wotevo odt gytutaso dy ot sat Jital siT8ebek stow u < modt wo gattatog sit bao ethuou to esesod sat gastaiog toyisal | .ofo ,eettio ,2b10/ ,atoddn ,sgotadd -anglersvos Fo ear sat ff Fo. motuda edt no Arow sat 90. atauooon git. fo srefalae1 sat ar. if we whottse 0 86At ad Sods phoow ad (sé of 84:8 sosJot) esrort a _p ott etiuvog toate adt Fo sao fo as0d sdt a0 hatasog fevpool . -nobrod eoJoorK AgAt af toads pnoaasad Fo Jonvhroa sdf 2oO emo sun sit Fo téinog tari} sit jo eseod sat batatog ,7stafog ,18én -bdo1o 207% voORasseno% Jo sate sdt sro otstw*, bast sJqwoo asad . —og of tisog baooss sat fo seaod ont mo tods “seduped Fo #0009 ao wit atiuog gatbssoous sif mo wsdt gytia sdt Fo save gat betas ott yltont} todt sagyorT to qodeld sdt fo b09 gatt sat Fo 280 selJae"/ 96 astqrod 992) .b9hd/o eow fiuog a17FF oat Fo seod eo , . pB8Sr ~F4HE .toupvod .ssyorvl .segot? 86 Yo, seseod 90 eslomexe evousmpn evib ot eeslesn ed bloom t1 -gef to aettseor events o1s veds ;yrmtnso dé bf odd Jo edluayv ton ob tedt bos .ilew eesl 10 stom bedsert fbns benbiesh ev .. egidar to emunsemvs edd ni Beviso eedtseo1 odd most aetifb edt te9 .\sossef..t94) .e1sdmom L[eintosdidors isdte [le no 10 _ebbexe eft aeesod to etutaluoe edt odni JAQuoid vindneo dd CL to eseeod 10 eetteeos edT .daidtyreve o¢ni tua di dads solisre beviso nego to t102 8 emrcet yautneo dt df edd Jo sedore efot9 -e10 to bsstenl «eoriors ows Yo noivonst ect 1evo heoslo Jelded -eve otnt eevioseib ti .setteeo1 10 ebsifot Jo enwo1o Snidase _§0 yosotioh «a sitin bos eontl Isoixtemoes nidtin beatigmos 20 i osdt jedta1 [stem 101 sidastive emiot elilecer stadt, iviso ot fous eved sotdeec2 seedt yidagupex. .enode 102 18004 i | mordne aise aevo betsiotseq {few oe .x10w of suementien s ee, eae fa TS bs Pu. ant vhe church, Peter de Roauefort; here is one of these latter bosses (20); the shield is azure with three rocks: of or, two placed in chief and one in point; it is detached in the midst of the crown of oak leaves. As in the vrecedins example, two neads fill the two largest angles between the cross ribs. Ra- rely in the 14 th century are persons represented beneath the tablets of bosses. We should not omit to state here, that mearly always the bs- ges of cross vaults are painted, even in monuments otherwise entirely without that kind of decoration. The paintins applied to the bosses extends on the ribs to & certain distance from the centre. (Art. Beinture).” Nove Lode SA. UNntir the 16 ch century, the custom wos veto- (nedfor pointing the bosses of vaults ond the pointing on them she orms of sovererlans, vishops, abvbvots, Lords, cities, etc. In the resisters of the sccounts of the work on the church of Troyes (folios 348 to 352) Vs veod, thot In 14@3 8 certain Jo Jacquet painted on the boss of one of the Sreat vaults the a arms of the cordinol of AviSnony, thot in 1494 Nicolos Cordon- nier, pointer, painted the boss of the first vault of the nave then completed, *where are the arms of Nonservgnor srond archd- 2gacon of Refuse,” thot on the boss of the second voult he pa- Anted the arms of the city, then on the succeedinée vaults th- ose of the king ond of the bishop of Troyes, that finally she voss of the FAIFtH vault woe BILGE. (See Comptes de \reglise ae Troyes. Troyes. Bouquot. BAT. 1855. Tt would be useless to sive numerous examples of bosses of vaults of the 14 th century; they are always rosettes of lea- ves desisned and treated more or less well, and that do not differ from the rosettes carved in the tympanums of sables or on all other architectural members. (Art. Rsaace,. But the 15 th century brought into the sculpture of bosses the exass- eration that it put into everything. The rosettes of bosses of cross arches of the 15 th century forms a sort of open carved tablet vlaced over the junction of two arches. Instead of ore- sentins crowns of foliage or rosettes, it dissolves into sus- ps comprised within sSeometrical lines and with a delicacy of carving, that recalls forms suitable for metal rather than th those orover for stone. Frequently these rosettes have such 3 refinement in work, so well perforated over their entire si ] he a a ® “> is y : , ra 7 , ie ae , 7 Ore : Cc 7 on ‘nal sie a1Y 0 renee pay ay he: 8 ee — 7 groyss god ett no mode eosla ot sidieeoant ased sved EItow ‘af _ sew stew ysis yodT .medd oatieoid svodsiw eotrstaso ny ste fod! fsatheo sit diols beteesq Cor mort ne vd eaod fse7 em (19) ‘evit oW .eobeitxs edt ts slfod sit esoros yod eltsil © nedet .vintineo dt ef sdv Yo sibbim sit mori eeeeod sesdt to ) yedde edd Yo tiodo edd to eelete obie sdt to efi{vev off movt ~ose sdf (eid tS) bane \Wocas sett tuods berctess .wF to dowdo sc een 8 vino ef tedd .ecod eifdt to d 8 snil sft no nol? yeare fords went b\r t dele beretolvoe bos b itiw tnetnoo ton s14ew fem ~yindnso teddy Yo bne edd tuodA "So wbote odd ned¥..eeseecd lo taoe wind yd etivev baifsercosh ~okm of smse eoneeetsne® natiesT siz to secds Ens edie sxotios © Isqtonfxg edt texit te .eanotytbhert ofdiod betersnedsh dtinw fb P W atromsle wen saont .betaetio ton sisw sintosetinfors to enrot emsee TI .noldstnemanio edt to elieish efi of bedostis sie" -bib edd oft teso of heesslq exew etostidois donsit eft tedt =iftie sdi ni otdfod yfeatioe Ilite .encotisnidmco tists to te ia 8 ety of tXtroe etneates? ,ncitoutzenoce to meseye sat Io vis Py sepnehianemiootsne oI .efnemuno sonseeisnss neifstT 10 nemoF *end booved eonseetansf edd mort arsttif yifeitneces sonseei beeesteeou bed eotnsmer§ sit aetel foe eidoasiienu19 ent sols ,gittostidors sipttnas to etnemetrertse [sisns% odd to esvisemend © - fet etosttiow nsifssl sedis 10 selisteb eft to nadt siom 18% neid of nivtes of bone .edxe samoh io sdete teol yloattns sven —s-« %m eeaB Sait to enorsdibssas betourtes eft shies vel of bad yiro -tsa bed esitetoso dt bf bas dv FI edt taiaeb tect ,dtae eng ~ *,eetste Ieosa efit otni bos .siduredizsqmereft oF hetsats -visonos etostidors a0 yintnso dt fr sit to fre edd haswoT edt to esonsoeinimet esottibs atedt mi sntoela to sebi sdi be =-28 40% .noftonitenoo nt ofdtod vietisns elidw .ylesT to etre -ioss etivev eft mort bosoene of asvelo ti Lovet yeds .sloms elebom eftdsil eemttemoe neve .etnemani0 supttnae-teeno 10 els ‘efatonisa tedd mort eattret® .otddcD to e1om ooiddon Snived ffvorte seod edt teadt .tfwsv ointod ent to noitonatenon sit to edt qekot edit oft to antéia adt tnevere of wshi0 ni yvsed sd -10 Jnshaeq stiw eseeod heoslq yout ,esronusd edd? to stneest9 Laat ott 90 omit sit esk bL6T .sotitésiste oaifdrecss etneman _ -tnethoo Tebnof on stew vets “erotostinow nt encttsiveh teste thebesa Seoqtioo of e&8 te? of Jnew foe ,enote to Yoo!ld « isthe 2 } croc | vi | hla ee oe P . eae. | “ athe one 7 on. 212 surfaces, ‘that it was necessary to fix them afterwards, for it would have been impossible to place them on the top of the centering without breakins them. They they were hooked to the real boss by an iron rod passing throush the central hole with a little key across the hole at the extrados. We sive (21) me of these bosses from the middle of the 15 th century, taken from the vaults of the side sisles of the choir of the abbey church of fu, restored about that evoch, and (21 bis) the sec- tion on the line a b of this boss, that is only a perforated and sculptured slab 1 1/4 ins. thick. About the end of thet century, men were not content with d decoratins vaults by this sort of bosses. When the study of antique arts and those of the Ttalian Renaissance came to min- Sle with degenerated Gothic traditions, at first the principal forms of architecture were not changed. Those new elements w were attached to the details of the ornamentation. It seems that the French architects were pleased to cast into the tid- st of their combinations, still entirely Gothic in the entir- ety of the system of construction, frasments sought in the R Roman or Italian Renaissance monuments. In thatcour owniRenaece issance essentially differs from the Renaissance beyond the Alos. The Brunelleschis and later the Bramantes had possessed themselves of the sSeneral arransements of antiaue architecture, far more than of the details: or rather Italian architects had never entirely lost sight of Roman arts, and to return to them anly had to lay aside the corrupted traditions of the arts of the North, that during the 13 th and 14 th centuries had pen- etrated to Florence; iPerusia, and into the vapal states. Toward the end of the 15 th century our architects conceiv- ed the idea of vlacing in their edifices reminiscences of th arts of Ttaly, while entirely Gothic in construction. For 6x- ample, they found it clever to suspend from the vaults capit- als or gquasi-antioque ornaments, even sometimes little models havins nothing more of Gothic. Startins from that principle of the construction of the Gothic vault, that the boss should be heavy in order to prevent the rising of the ribs under the oressure of the haunches, they vlaced bosses with pendant or- maments resembling stalattites. This was the time of the sre- atest deviations in architecture: they were no lonser content with a block of stone, and went so far as to compose pendant | arte A) the neat ve xd) ee a od n ent c of. befostis. yee Re Yo eoae ae ‘eb ened! edt .yatneqzso 8 $ Yo sneodeis edd of, somttomoe. neve. hee a Satin ite ersansh bos esonsinevnoont edt exiesdome of feem on - r yd etinav edd esexte eseecd dashes? .soitaicosh to s108 onnee sego1o ni med¢ anicesd to fsesani sdtiew betdsiehkexe d wort edd to Paitena ads yd bedosteb Saied Xela yeds. ;aotx ett eee rete stnseetg eeods to efsed odd mo Sailist bos _ elebom elttil sas eeeaod sredd Yo sauce tent botete tent of feasdo edé %o ezodt exedto snoms es¢io [fiw 6 .etnemuoom Yo | -a@its%. te gistor% S08 sineG .ef dowsdo edt Yo nikaiV esd to my , asoktibo oatbavovawe siveolfone saidos os taseerce1 Jedd yi ny 2 domdo sdt to ovodT .tlusv eds disensd hebssasse ait) mort. eteb tedz need, to eters .2 doaude edd .yinubinh ad 7 eto etigev dain edd Yo esods,.yininso di Of edt to, tuincited edt, med »bavode eolausxh -ote oF to forse sid to slodo edd d. ,sedors. [enoksib owd to beacemoo yino son s1s et{uev eacio (4) oa te (etuoV .t2h) eedois Anitoseisini te sedmun & Io dad _s,e9e80d dnsboeq bavol setto. e118 esos seond to encisoeersini » epeds.ot eovi? doistw .fbetetcceb has east so etem bhaitos(o10 _-tletste evomione dsiw Rovd ofjoud & to sonsissacs ods etivav -tuesd asdt ontelioiwe ox0m enove ni aeoiteso ois seedT .aedt -dt xtaitee nedd werides cove sit. yowooo bone yieow doidw ,{pis eeodw ,enoisstostis seedd yd fetoode exs etesd. ins noesel ms - : -ni to winn edt youlesb tedd bos .bootssasins. ton eve esvitom -nev sdd mort nedat esezod seedt Yo ero (SS) ovid eV ~290ises '» efomexe elds seodo eW¥ .u8.to dowdo eft fo 1fede ef3 io edf _» ft @£ oft to bne edd most aodafh di 10% .teshlo eas Jo eno es _ ©. .lntidnsed teom edd to snc cele ei di baim avo oT -yistnso ousdo tsdt to 1aiodo edd to atlusv edi to eseeod gashasa sdf =me0 dt St eit Yo buns odt to solitibe ns of dooge sent ni bebbs nafs dey -nolistnemanio ni oindod ylusen [lite cele exe .qisd edt nb [edteso neidsntiod edt Ae sonenltai edt dled ek ybes fns. snoge to xoold sno to ekem aed¢au% eft] .oued mevid eecd -ndo smse odd ol .iefishod benotest 2sosia to baecamoo gon ai —meoosh atedo edd to esdois sevevensid sft sea seinwexil ow for §o eno evib ew jbetnsiis vilwitide yiev aserod Jnsineq yd hes i Rds tes® beets «4 |? ‘ _.. of FS).tetel meds tadd feauds elasiyotsieg eves. x ists 98 hoe foslbod .yhesmicl ’. _ epeitibte seeds to enoidanbo1gs1 odd tud ymoitexooebh Yo baid - : © apotomes avid os y1eezeoen ad.od Ji 102 axond Liew cod ems” af % 24:3 posses of added parts attached to the real boss by iron bolts, and even sometimes to the tiebeams of the carpentry. There is mo need to emphasize the inconveniences and dangers of that sort of decoration. Pendant bosses stress the vaults by their exasserated weisht instead of keepvins them in proper equilib- rium: they risk beings detached by the rusting of the iron, t and fallins on the heads of those present. Ne just stated that some of these bosses are little models of monuments. We will cite amons others those of the chapel of the Virgin of the church Ss. Denis and Protais at Paris, that reoresent an entire enclosure surroundins edifices sand suspended beneath the vault. Those of the church S. Florentin in Burgundy, the church S$. Pierre of Gaen, that date from the besinnins of the 16 th century, those of the high vaults of the choir of the church of fu, etc. fxamples abound. Then the cross vaults are not only compvosed of two diasonal arches, -b but of a number of intersecting arches (Art. Voute), at the intersections of these arches are often found pendant bosses, projecting more or less and decorated, which gives to these v vaults the appearance of a grotto huns with enormous statalt- ites. These are caprices in stone more surprisins than beaut- iful, which weary and occupy the eyes rather than satisfy th- em. Reason and taste are shocked by these affectations, whose motives are not understood, and that destroy the unity of in- teriors. We give (22) one of these bosses taken from the vau- lts of the choir of the church of Bu. We chose this example as one of the oldest, for it dates from the end of the 15 th century. To our mind it is also one of the most beautiful. T The pendant bosses of the vaults of the choir of that church, added in that evoch to an edifice of the end of the 12 th cen- tury, are also still nearly Gothic in ornamentation. Yet alr- eady is felt the influence of the Corinthian capital in the boss siven here. It is further made of one block of stone and is not composed of vieces fastened tosethner. In the same chu- rch we likewise see the transverse arches of the choir decora- ted by pendant bosses very skilfully arranged; we sive one of them Later.(23). Normandy, Znsland and Brittany have particularly abused that kind of decoration: but the reproductions of these oddities are too well known for it to be necessary to sive numerous e > of ont “a me BOSE | ) enoiterstsers bed wend ods — yvenidase wy ite a q , Viens ett abana bool ov eved elyte onite? Yo ttseqt aon oot tedy .d1s sedd to noteestoxes voosd teom bore V iiaiaineees Go [int ove sobs ofbbim odg¢ Yo odusoetiders edd to | tne edd ot see vino ofw ,enoeise brieums 10% foot .esonsbsver ‘ed bivorde ow tert evetfed oY .ttw Yo soeia s ex wd betestore | wt? d¢iw estso av0 [14% biwode ow Ti ,e1ebs941 tO oF Snitnsn —bttbew “ooo! .etteotaso to noltosséte sit vino Snieeseeoq sesw ) |) gevad vastness dt Si sd¢ To erostouttenco sat yilencttasox® as geo to efnemfxecroo sid ni berntoluoe seesod tee semitence ~sv ek noltetcosf to tx0e efit .yifsiosqes brelbnt ol .etivsv diwsv oft to 220d tes1m sf? .yastmoo dt FE& edd of nommoo v1 ; @ to besoamoo et .(£) svst ow tans .esames® Jo emsC s1atoY to ay gud -etnemtusqroo edt of bedostys Hne edia edd no esastolvoe a) ‘s. te t1s0 & mot stosrtzsomes oft Yo esneod svot edt foext ni i eno nedt ston sone1% oi woot yleors9ss ef .meittecamoo siante ateixe dotin ,etnemtisameo no esercd fstsloei seedd to siomaexe eweiess¥ to yedds edd to yletaose blo ond to stivuev edt dieoved ‘tent nsevted A te .bS .BET nt Beowbowss: ef .(vistaso at Sr) ~tostoa .ee2cod Aewitalwoe edt beosla exs esdors [encbsth owt ; —{soe. sie gect Ere .ednemtveqmoo sdd to eeostice sit mort oat | -g 0 sno to [isveb ott esvib eid S$ OI .emsnp|e .eni Sf yleo oer (fad oft .moeesh & Sntsdolt toiview & Snidnsesidss mens soeeodosveds dnoms Boe ,fetsatossh audd etivev xie yd OSsisveo - edt nidtiw etetieansve sit te endie teot sat bes intoosy ers ‘on [bd fertase edtentsened etivey fesolo efT .szstloi te esforto “A ~q#t [Ie yluseen eis yvintéoso dé Lf sat aette aescoindo Yo esewot sfom etiel s yd beorsia ,vetemaib tee1> to eseeod Ativ bedeto \bedtroesh ers eseecd eeedd wud yelled edt to eksessa edt 10 , -fis0 stad of i elt, eotiwh betowitenoo etniliso vatneo1so belense sid asbal ; Ese sdt to enottonnt sdv te .eotunineo dt Of bas dd Fr dt BF a e ‘$e sas mesd+ecoro is0qn Odd bos adia sit dttw seoctnti sit Yo - 9% to molensoxs n6 faimiot ,boow nf bevaso veaeod bedosiss ‘a exsdmit sit to encitonst sdcv edasm sSoidw ,etaswsant0 to stsifo® r, sod sesdT .eteochaid seont to easo odd svods vitmsaiss edit to (ts Boed bevaséie ,ywilite [eer tsoddiw etasmanto yac ere ese feo fs dosttts boot se sonbo1g yes Seootntd edt Yo heed edd =n e ot hesoeiparntenbunn-aitperetarsnite-cdhaartantbabon <. Beterctied To eeeeod one eve semitemo? ae ed 1000 sti BS ee - a > oa iy aT Vee = —_— - a? 4 214 examples here, the abuses and exagserations of the decadence of Gothic style have so lons been taken as the most complete and most haopy expression of that art, that the works treatins of the architectuhe of the middle ages are full of these ext- ravasances, good for amusims persons, who only see in the art professed by us a piece of wit. We believe that we should be wanting to our readers, if we should fill our pases with fis- ures possessing only the attraction of curiosity. Axceptionally the constructors of the 12 th century have sometimes set bosses sculotured in the compartments of cross vaults. In Fngland especially, this sort of decoration is ve- ry common in the 13 th century. The great boss of the vault of Notre Dame of Htampes, that we gave (3), is composed of s sculptures on the ribs and attached to the compartments, but in fact the four bosses of the compartments form a part of a Single composition. We scarcely know in France more than one © example of these isolated bosses on compartments, which exists beneath the vaults of the 014 sacristy of the abbey of Vezelay. (12 th century). As reproduced in Fis. 24, at & between the t two diagonal arches are placed the sculptured bosses, project- ing from the surfaces of the compartments, and that are scar- cely 12 ins. square. Fis 24 bis gives the detail of one of t them, representins a warrior fighting a dragon. The hall isc covered by six vaults thus decorated, and amons theseobosses are recognized the four signs of the evanselists within the circles of foliage. The closed vaults beneathethe central bell towers of churches after the 13 th century are nearly all fur- nished with bosses of great diameter, pierced by a larse hole for the vassase of the bells; but these bosses are described | in Art. Oeil. | Under the vameled carpentry ceilings constructed durins the 144 th, 15 th and 16 th centuries, at the junctions of the head of the kingoost with the ribs and the upper cross-beam are at attached bosses carved in wood, formins an expansion of the foliase of ornaments, which marks the junctions of the timbers of the carpentry above the caps of these kinsposts. These bos- ses are only ornaments without real utility, ancarved band at the head of the kingpost’? they produce a good effect and con- tribute to set off these tunnel vaults in wainscot with a qu- ite vopr appearance. Sometimes even the bosses of verforated ars peeks to aok¢onst sdt ts toe o1s boow siuees! hue i: prays 3 Pasate edd sige 49 ediax bovine odd dtiw enifana Lenib i, # ia “ware (38) bas \deoushives to beet eft te ezod 8 (20) eonbeaqsa oF “efi? .dia bevivo ed¢ dtiw sit s Yo acktonst edt Saiiesm eeod s Ao yiineqiss sari0V-olomk ai nommoo yiev ese asenod tes! ses ® dtin bsvieo foe hosegotIec ere yond fas .windooo dd af oft Bifosv feanvd seer eebdt to qnotonom eds Soideetd .[lide down “Ifite wotiG %o exelsq Leouh 5dt to [ied seexe edT .ebss0d to ysteiq yibdass nd Zr ond to tivev nehoow edi disensd enisisy eSaitntao fue blok wd beriotine sis tadd .betner7s eodd eseeod » . ie syidnsoted oi maisy a , yeh «FEI {sme gs yiinsorss to sitow of betent rest eft yet Atow oad T .selt oiwd ond astes? fos tqsnmoo.ot ben®iesh boow ie sosia **) esit sIduoh seeds .yitneatso flo nt beyolaws toisd ton nox ghana ‘Oise ie lerbsditeo odd to ted¢t ob sidetoa dhe Ftd? Bes. -wietoss ds St odd ( mhaiied iW ee *ilvomboon ni mist A .tsell .98I0 baitted bos e2otce ria “peltstevok efeitevbyed to sealo [feme A =«wea0 fos tef[t medi qeed ot ,ebusod feniot to heszcamom alensa ne | -su@teeio bs lietevob fomied cele sus uisefo sesdT .tntcrew tne hi S.A efenses ++ 7 s(sizesionsM .t78) wil afi j Tics beneginn’ aaa). eden ni mused A .¥sk F809 ye Me a | ao Pe yc effed | .3HD0I0 = i aierts? eid ai ervsidT eyse “.dom oft to siqeod Ifeme eaT* ; _~—s- foams’ edd to etzec fis wort bworo 8 ni agi ,enottiversae d | deit Soleesq ot betste ed deum Si 10% bakit oF Jed YE1G os ton @ atedt bus teom elied evol odw eeodd sas eaceiea dasiaa edd G-wst bad ,slaosc bestlivito yviev & o18 ofw ,adeets od? . bauer eved bas ,ncitecimoh nsmot#O of betoctdwe ented sioted alled Jo 10 Nort to asislo sem ot fotildo eeied ,yebot vos visorsce iedeilasi od? seodouwndo edd oi [utdtie? edd sldmeees ot boorw +f bos tnemsniter bas wileutizioe siedt mo eevisemeat ebitc -#09 sft a0 .shtef yiev Yvou'sis eeedt cele ;eliod wel eved oe testt ci bus stial medv sved etaimel? bos anevze® odd yisyd bos etoesseo .tnomeniter slivif utedt mo1t eemoo sedd yredmxn ~28 ‘,dmob bre tasb .elcol .asthlide ,coitifbaoo wol Yo enoe1se =-e79¢ bealies .bavoa meds ased of 10O elied Snir tt evel yiies - Bhianived ‘edt ds Boor? .? Ye todds ,dafobsF yo nevis elfed eT e ‘Peddter yietessom etd %6 déasdo sv ao? yrotneo ost Cl sdt to y ,. = Relay «80L OEE ot ESS mort . -audo to elfed edd ro tedaadd aid eudt entked bnew msiliiy 36 4% efseesy oxnowd sie (eensomso) eensomso to efied scP :esde PY odd viw ei etdt ;sinesomsD Yo viio s .sloVv te Estoeval tarit F -niverd eft mort sereamso hemsaet sis sloeesv seers fo testis! : Yo Yio sdt mott .eslom exe tesliemae sit foe .sinsemsd to eo 4 yd Berede ,ofne¥ to cofeid eft te poinioo eit tud “semen dedi | - “yd Ene (avdvA to domdo sdt Yo tesing .storeH yd .mieend .7 -PfeFsel YLo0 .toors ye te tmemnnom on no beesd et .Fletenia =mem ib sideishienoe elied of mevit saow yintoso dv Sf odd mort _- -yaev ybserle sew rebowol edd %o Jag eddeddoasstatt gs -en0ie d to tnivem end o¢ Botfaqe od yituseesosn Janm ti ;hetoslue¢ ae A. ® ’ 4 a a i i. oo 220 a Sgreat part. But from the 15 th century in particular were given to bells considerable dimensionssaadvweishts. The first great bell of the cathedral of Paris was cast in 1400 by Jean Je Montagues,. brother of Gerard de Montatie; 95 th bishop of Paris: it was named Jacoueline from the name of Jean’s wife. It is said to have weighed 16,750 lbs. A second Sreat bell was given to the church of Paris in 1472; it weighed 28,000 lbs. The celebrated bell of Rouen given by cardinal d’gmboise and cast in 1501 weighed 40,600 lbs. It was cracked im 1786 and was not recast. Note 1.op.2285. The werasnits of great bells hove Reorly always been exaggerated, and the insoriptions mentioning These on % sheir surfaces ore freavently erroneous. Thus ahe present er- eat. bei\ of Notre Dawe, which passes for wershinge wore thon 33,750 Vos, really werahs only 28,600 Los. Jne of the oldest bells that has been preserved is that of the cathedral of Rheims; it was cast in 1579 and weishs 25,700 lbs. There still exist betls of medium size in the ca- thedrals of Amiens, Beauvais, Sens, wetz, Chartres, the old cathedral of Carcassonne, in the churches of Soumanes, Notre Bame de Bon Secours at Orleans, Trumilly, etc., in the belfri- es and cities of Valenciennes, Bethune and Compiesne. From the 16 th century, bells are decorated by ornamental fillets, scrolls, fleurs-de-lis, heraldic shields, little re- liefs representing the crucifixion of 6ur Lord, with the Holy Virgin and &. John, Jesus lowered from the cross into the ar- ms of his mother, seals of chapters, abbeys, churches and si- vers; it must be stated that the more they approach the 17 th gentery,the less clean is the castins of the bells. Inscriptions formed in the mould for each bell during the 13 th and 14 th centuries, as shown by Fis. 2, are made after t. the end of the 15 th century by means of craracters of leador wood serving to impress each letter on abbittle plate of wax, that is applied to the model before formins the mould; because of this procedure, the letters afe each found inscribed sevar- ately in a little tablet more or less decorated, as indicated by Fis. 3} copied from the inscription on one of the bells of the city of Garcassonne, cast about the middle of the 16 th century. fe do not think that the custom of ringing bells by swinsing | is vy ~~ il - got. bet" sil tents org sien nem ylremz0® :dast eacee 6 a attr saab be os od 30 (hebe rewol eft sviate of hd be edd | Lieermnn emextxe od? .ffed edt Yo ebie edt of ts00sho eds v to efled edd Soiania gimied ton HI eiswod {fed flo vasm to ‘p Biweo yet tent .dowe ef esiatied tesbhlo edt to gnemehaes _ =tkolmee s daidtioeeh Ifed eds to tostte edd feteiser oven sos ee oe elfed to notenscane etd betdotsieq need est yeboT slo * hapa eew elled sft to nokisool edt seso tedd oI .bstosise Yonk BeebaT sweat benwors ‘sade stoor Je ssintol edt nt 819 es ans edt yorbut oso sno ee tet es Hos pataniwe yd sxie mvifem — ee cent .eossd evoltifer svad ot hoileeh bas .entke sidiziv - gedd ¢iwbs fonneo sn .eoeed yistisim «iss bed eolteso ens edt Yo esdowsdo yedde sdt antbeoesa esowos Iisd esuomiaone snd 648 ssii0se aswol exodw .snodd sfowaxs ict xa .yisetaso ds tf ~o© bnoms oseeio¥ tse bue sticd-tue-sioned .o Js nese od ot tey =—nwe abedd ts alisd sviteos1 of benitesh yleles eter .etsdito -' elfed sesdd tedd omnes of yreseoosm od bilnew Ji tot jetio --eitigooowe owt seodt inedmun ewoteiboud ni 10 stis{ yiev oxy _o‘enen yawtnse dt ff edd oi elled :eldteetmbeni ottie exe exo “ons #8 sedl 00d to [fed 2 breter sw med? .soisoe bas (Lewe as -eovieeneds wolle bIove eodo1udo wet gedt .yiwxel to tostde fecéern «(edoold .t1h) ~fedce ride need bed yintmeo di ff edd ni sswot [fed env BT 80 aetsext Bis bevolgme evsd etosvowrtanoo sds bivoweyiw .wrt ~ ‘bstiido nstto slidw .medd oattos19 ni esoivoest atedt to #4 -fotude sit to nottonxtemeo odd ai ymorooe tesdsetk sid sen of | +fex eft to feeoaeth edd te elisd elsiti wet s bhreaene of Tee - “wm otse seve s beoftine s1edt ,doogs tedt oi tnemwnem evotst {evod svitiwize edt ot see of yisesecen neds ef Si elder edd « $ Yo YO (evedds foe elsrbedtso to rsweq [sbust sid Yo y1am 8 | ‘tsdd tnemom ods @o1% .gensmmon to sonstteqmt ins d¢tisew edd 222 the provinces particularly ravaged by the periodical invasions of the Normans, we see the abbey churches and even parist ch- urches preceded by massive towers, of which unfortunately th- ere now remain only the lower stories. The abbey church of S. Germain-des-Pres at Paris still ret- ains the lower parts of the Carlovinsian tower built before % the principal portal, by which the faithful entered. The ohu- rches of Poissy and of Greteil on the Seine, and the abbey ch churches of S. Martin of Tours and of S$. Savin in Poitou, pre- gent the same arrangement of a massive tower precedins the e entrance or serving as a porch. What was at first required by necessity soon became a consecrated arrangement; each church desired to have its tower; further one should not lose sisht of the social state of the West in the 11 th century. At that epoch feudalism was established; it erected fortified castles on itsidomains; these castles all possessed a keep, a tower higher than the rest of the buildings and commanding the out- side. Now the cathedral and abbey churches were in possession of the same rights as the lay nobles, they adopted the same visible signs, and desired to have religious keeps, just as the castles had their military keeps. One cannot admit that the enormous bell towers precedins the abbey churches of the 141 th century, 3s for example those, whose lower stories are yet to be seen at S. Benoit-sur-Loire and at Moissac among o others, were solely destined to receive bells at their sum- mits; for it would be necessary to assume that these bells WN were very large or in prodigious number; these two suppositi- ons are alike inadmissible; bells in the 11 th century were small and scarce. Then we regard a bell of 6600 lbs. as an o object of luxury, that few churches could allow themselves. (Art. Cloche). Tf the bell tower in the 11 th century had been only ahbel- fry, why would, the ‘constructors have employed she sreater Da rt of their resources in erecting them, while oftem oblised to use the greatest economy in the construction of the church - es? To suspend a few little bells at the disposal of the rel- isious monument in that epoch, there sufficed a turret set m the gable; it is then necessary to see in the primitive tower a mark of the feudal power of cathedrals and abbeys, or of t the wealth and importance of communes. From the moment that ae —_ £ “as > -_ Ons i wee e's - € _ L fi a o . ;. ; ees sg edd 2OT ebing Yo notteeud s omsoed asvot s to noitoess edt « $Lind OGF meds aotiesw FE ,eenommen 10 erescedo ,seisedsenom eisw sds nool .tewot Waleoami teom bus Jeodoia .sesdeid eds dotdw oi e6ontvoic edt ai yitetdo et ti Foe ,entn oF qu tO SY ~ tadd .eelteso aldebimie? sgeom att hotoers aeifsbust asivoee aeewerenee sedorndo derived sdt sedel hue eyedds .elesbentso wind on Stowos epotensa bos tnsoktintem -Oo1s ddansenten sot scyt # a8 bevise Snol sortlieed namof eT =a Of beosemmoo youd bis ,eedoiwde aiedtikestitod at efoesia ‘gi yidtaeo dv tr edd to sninnibed edd Suods yiso Fi moit v1 eneq yitenids, tes% edd Yo etas edt dotdw oft esontvorg emoe -fostss stew Biewot sit modW .ntewomil] bus btokiasS af jbeted -aemenom ssolttas vllenotditbeis ,esotitasd svisisiini eds oy bs wae Biswod aiedf 10? Sqobs of Heotot erew efoesivors ed? .eta ~bom es gvis2 of eniddonm bed sosliesd ewoftnas odd sonte .em10% ~Stnsowise to baivY tadd act fs aswod evieesm & xediden sd¢ Yo bsstent t*ntvosrs Yo sebi sdT teum tnsmunom edt oF sonaxtas edd to senetsb sid 10% sldasine sbetqobse Bay fedt ..evods bedsté svst ow es bos ,[s1sden stom ad dtiv Befansoc [fs Yo sexi? eisw siédonasehoo nsibatvol[isd tecF e bus aswot dovan s yd bednvomine sansteh ‘s to noltosis sii # Bnitetoosh Yo text? te {Is ts Snidaist én isis avoionce -ttod dsfl yd eoltns sit ts bevoe[t elfen doid? .esaswod aiede ewebuiw e1si yd dows Bavor & vd eeed sit ts bsotsiq .eeeser -[ed 8 fue ethol a (etnemeltisd yd fenwo1s hae ,esitose edd ni -"eveo taied yrote bowors edT .erenos hlo ase seoomoo senm yi ~VISe f neta enofde ne no vilanan .tIpav [onset Sewer s yd Be eead most betsoiaummon yitosiih afete se views? .so109 & eas fs bnides edd t{ooltiib etom sxem oF ,Joomusom sit To Timmve od edt yd betoss: vino siew esitote asagn edT «senetesh Sede Yo Yo a0lysint oft ni bsneaqo yewroob s yd 10 Svan sit to Btoo4 =-bef es onies bos ,inemeveo edd evods ehiey smoe ‘te Koguio ead on bad esdttivourte sted (fas Yo weiv te tdaiog sdt nore Sask oF betosts gerntourte Iendoe ed teum yedT .eldsdxzemed dnifa meq wswol sit .dor09d edt teY .taowor odd Yo been sit yieltes 11s fompees eomisomoe .sonstine edd Snifsosiq soitibe sid Yo 48! stpeens@od evisinind ©. pededst-as) yrev ybestle ednemesne e so beead ton nedw evants :cotinevat ni a00c es etntostide ‘edt of tiedw ¢09 .efinede ylusfudeie een Fi pnottibeas nemos -68 evit (owt bed seforndo tiewod slanke s ditw fettetisa gon 223 the erection of a tower became a question of pride for the m monasteries, chapters or communes, it wasifor them who built the highest, richest and most imposing tower. Soon they were not satisfied with a single tower; churches had two, five se- ven or up to nine, and it is chiefly in the provinces in which secular feudalism erected its most formidable castles, that cathedrals, abbeys and later the parish churches constructed magnificent and numerous towers. The Roman basilica lons served as a type for Christian are- hitects in builainSithéir churches, and they commenced ‘to va- ry from it only about the besinnins of the 11 th century in some provinces into which the arts of the East abruptly pene- trated; im Perigord and Limousin. When the towers were attach- ed to the imitative basilicas, traditionally antique monumen- nts, the architects were forced to adopt for their towers new forms, since the antique basilaca had nothings to serve as mod- el for that kind of structure. The idea of erectins instead of the narthex a massive tower suitable for the defense of the entrance to the monument must be more natural, and as we have stated above, that was adopted. That Garlovingian constructors were first of all occupied with the erection of a defense surmounted by a watch tower and a sonorous alarm, not thinkins at all at first of decoratins t their towers. Thick walls flanked at the angles by flat butt- resses, pierced at the base by a round arch, by rare windows in the stories, and crowned by battlements, a lodge and a bel- fry, must compose our old towers. The sround story being cove r- ed by a round tunnel vault, usually on an oblons plan, + serv- ed as a porch. Rarely a stair directly communicated from base to summit of the monument, to make more difficult the taking of that defense. The upper stories were only reached by the roofs of the nave or by a doorway opened in the interior of the church at some yards above the pavement, and usins a lad- der. Prom the point of view of art, these structures had no- thing remarkable. They must be actual structures erected to gatisfy the need of the moment. Yet the porch, the lower part of the edifice preceding the entrance, sometimes assumed arr- angements already very far-fetched.~ Primitive Romanesque ar- chitecture was poor in invention; always when not based on a Roman tradition, it was sinsularly sterile. But when in the Se ‘ ZT 7 , : Tiered: ce noiseitened edt beenso hed eneiteneY ont teeth ge beraweee susdi ,tes® edt ni bousdtss ecvileewods bed veds ‘bébnetxe tadt ono .Qwhblind to tus edd ni noisulover Lentos ~8odtOT otat hme exiod edt ot neve aievomid bus hiobdiye? mot seel on ei dotdw .yswod senemmit ne. hat? ow xusokixass te nove -outsenco ett to etst stel sav to eesceroed vbiie o¢ aniveorsing -fesate e¢i vot asdt .(yusteso dé ff eft to exsev gerit) sots - esotoutdence iT .coltewidenoo efi lo eeenblod edd hoe mio% 42 dowsds aatteixe edt tetisete istis .xneusiasd to dno? .2 Yo anioy etd ac tited .eoineY Ye As .2 to tedd Jo Ishom sit ao -wet e1supe & yviniaso dt f to Wt Oo edt Yo dowds waived saz Yo aids tedtedh .epmylon ao entod each feoinoo s yd bedaninisd xe -asameo flo edt mort ylisiddgie? eesl vo s10m bsicon ean zswod £teb avoninn so fseoemcozaaw fi 10 .SsoinsY Yo 41e¥ «2 to sli qveysels ai .givines dé $f edd do etostidoas baokized odd yd Roads of nbie10? .dooes isdt tot [evon ednemetneive eonecsia ] sefistobiedt 103 ton Yi ~yeridre edd ac} saoitiftert wamos -ni teetasie edt etididxre ti dsy bane .dRid visv sr wswose sad? ph ua eaeitouzsesos fo Ecid jedt ni eonelysaxe -Stetevd to arsupt sit fo sae0d sf eo Nove .B8Bvgdet aFon @ pwoteod ai atao® .8B Fo ,esTo-esb-asow7Tsd 12 Fo sired ye88er eid Gal «(sdor0d .#7h) .vesio? fo smu deeded de edt heaven esaodviconoxs sa8O9T eSSETSTD «88S .G.8 SPOON ~fowrte ewoltvo toads Jo ,supdnuw agqgodTeg ,snovt10q Fo SonnTOOYG ett 0d ,foetidote ,sJifeuatod «Kh sytwtaso MF Lt et? Po srw atutet of aosvecn00 svod sw Sa0 ,au VOT matt werk OF sesubasn -9f9709 .F¢4 ae wodt oF ~Afene «8 ,cfateand rie SFoxk Betws oot thorseg oal/o ~stusoatidoath .F7h SOB .88S.g.4 OF OK ee © eASEsats¥Y 96 «Kk yt ,9onoTT AS Sadtmonya W £26 o1ntowite mited odd svods (f) enottaveiec ert ovis of tnos® .2 Ie tewos sdd te cfoedidors sd? .fsoslo ei ti dotdw .) Stsr0e ows ssoars9qwe od nsdd istied baldton bevel wioebhive sdt Snioubota endt bos tedto oft Hnitisd eno Snihsos: ,esitose {scustot edt voi :onizemi od eldieeoo enedrsvo enoredneh teom - edt SnedtevVe y1ode etss02 s1s00cn end Yo ellew edt Yo esostine ' yidasq siete eftns edd sadd of ,ytode rewol eft to esostise # sevso bas jesdois i9K0l [lems edt Yo siiczency edd no deed t dtiw antegote tov .ebianivo exsio edd devpg oF buet of node + =wors edoedidors seeds .Jnemebastys enoroiv of bre gerit send 224 West, the Venetians had caused the penetration ot the arts, they had themselves Sathered in the fast, there occurred an actual revolution in the art of building, ome that extended from Perigord and Limousin even to the Loire and into Poitou. Fven at Perisueux we find am immense tower, which is no less interesting to study because of the late date of its construc- tion (first years of the 11 th century), than for its singul- ar form and the boldness of its construction. The constructors of &. Front of Peridueux, after erecting the existing church on the model of that of S. Mark of Venice, built on the ruins of the Latin church of the 6 th or 7 th century a square tow- er terminated by a conical dome borne on columns. Whether this tower was copied more or less faithfully from the old campan- ile of &. Mark of Venice, or it wasccomposed on unknown data by the Perisord architects of the 12 th century, it always p presents arransements novel for that epoch, foreisn to the R Roman traditions for the entirety, if not for theidetails. T That tower is very high, and yet it exhibits the sreatest in- experience in that kind of construction. Note 109.288. Such ore the bases of the towers of Crerter\ near Paria, of S. Gerworin-des-Pres, of S. Sovin in POtLtou, 6 ond of Poissy. (Art. Porche). | Note 2o-po2BWSBw Grertervl. Recent excovartions caused the aisap- pearance of portions, perhaps unique, Of that curious struct- ure of the 11 th century. Ne. Batovuerlle, architect, had. the Kindness to drow then for us, and we have occasion to return %o thew in Art. Porche. Note Bp 288. Grertei\, S.~ Savin. Note AeWeBVWB. See Art. Arohitecture, aso LYarchitecture B Byzonrtine en France, by Me. de Vernervvnr. We sive its elevations (1) above the Latin structure on w which it is placed. The architects of the tower of S. Front evidently found nothings better than to superpoose two square stories, receding one behind the other and thus producing the most dangerous overhans possible to imagine; for the internal surfaces of the walls of the upper square story overhans the surfaces of the lower story, so that the angle piers partly rest on the voussoirs of the small lower arches, and cause t them to tend to push the piers outwards. Not stopping with t that first and so vicious arrangement, these architects crow- . i a >a ie an ia eosin: t 7 : " ee ee < Vee a] gone _a ar - _. a weed I : S ire ’ - +wot Lrokiasd to ylimst Jedd of {si{sieq tuf .esobni0co s10qaue Be abs eT 200m ave dinev soins da te oa rote seaen'e ag , more en 225 crowned the uoper story by a hemispherical vault surmounted always by an overhansinsg nearly conical cap borne on @& row of isolated columns taken from Roman monuments, and all of d different heights and diameters. It is true that to diminish the dangers resulting from the thrust of the upper dome on t the angle piers, the arcades of the upper story were simply closed by sedsmental lintels instead of archivolts; but these lintels must break under the load, and just this occurred. What cam amaze one is that such a tower could have remained standing. It is necessary to believe, that in the thickness of the masonry between the rows of arches were set horizontal ties of wood, according to the habits of Western constructors, and that these ties maintain the construction. However that may be, a little time after the completion of the tower of S. Front, the arches that we have represented void according to the original plan, were partly lined inside by jambs and arch- ivolts, that considerably diminished the original openings, — and the rectangular windows at the base were entirely walled up. Already in the construction of this primitive tower is felt the influence of that bold spirit of the westerm archit- ects, who a century lateh were to produce, based on knowledge and experience, monuments surprising by their heisht, lishtn- ess and stability. It is difficult to recognize today to what point the tower of S. Front of Perisuex served as type for t the architects in the provinces of the West; that it exerted an influence on a Sreat number of their constructions is af fact not doubtful; but we shall find in towers later than it by about half a century, elements comins from other sources. What characterizes the tower of S. Front is the square receded stories reinforced by engased columns, between which open sm- all arched openings, and particularly that conical crownins cap borne on a drum formed of columns. We shall find a Sreat number of conical crownings in the West and even to the Loire, on the towers of the 11 th and 12 th centuries, as well as t the square towers with their engaged columns, whose capitals support cornices. But parallel to that family of Perisord tow- ers perhaps imported by the Venetians, we see arise another, whose orisin we shall have great difficulty in recognizing, the primitive types no longer existing. Were these types Lat- in? Or which is probable, did they belongs to the last remains : . ass -oeh tonnso of fensienivoisN sdt asisw sonehsoeh asmof edt to ' s¢mbive Qeied .ev of Oniatames einsnnnom ofT .nolteenp ess shi meit eted teum ow ,eeoitibe &nibsoesa most enoiteviash xine vi yods sonedw mort steothes of Saitqmeste ‘twos in .918 Yedd se fehicy ef «8800 » tae8t von, sebnnail pa sesate eit to eble odd ts eteixe eredT ~iw bee efieeti door eft so t{ind rsxot tse12 & ,xvepdsised mort ie ') .elfddedr L; “FOR; Ore was ebTOe: conned y we ayeh Tuo af a90F .AeS.q.t ston a edt yr90 {Tenmow sae sat ni b9Tsd0o 8T0 s98vOH StoolTG . 997 ; “4 @ fl sy nN we i ; 7 o ’ i, ae : ~ 227 dome. In the tower of Brantome all indicates a Latin origin, the system of construction, jointins, form of the arches; it is complete and developed from the point of view of construc- tion. There is even in the proportions of this structure a certain research appertainins to consummate artists; the yoidsl projections and solids are skilfully distributed. The rudeness of the lower portion recalls Roman structures, is allied by h havpy transitions to the wover arrangement. This school is f foreign and superior to that of Perisueux and should not stop in such a fine course; we see it develop in the most complete manner in the construction of the tower of S. Leonard, almost contemporaneous with that of Brantomi. Retainins the system adopted in the lower stories of the tower of Brantome, the a architect of the tower of S. Leonard undertook to erect an 0 octagonal belfry by taking the points of support as the four angles of the square tower and the four apexes of the Sables crossins the arches pierced at the base of this belfry, so as to present four angles of its octagon at the midst of the fo- ur sides of the souare. (See Fis. 6, the perspective of this tower). That was a system entirely novel and original, frank and verfectly substantial, for the angles of the octagon so olaced rested more directly on the resistant parts of the con- struction, than if this octadson had been placed with its sid- es parallel to the sides of the sauare. This study and rese- arch in the construction appear in the execution of the deta- ils and in the proportions of this beautiful monument. The architect has Siven Srandeur to the principal divisions of h his tower by placing rows of blind arcades at A on the base and at B at the too. In this remarkable work are all the gqual- ities, that one is pleased to recosnize in good antigque Roman architecture, and further a certain refinement, an instinct for vroportions, that belongs to this school of architects of our western provinces. A century and a half later, this system of construction of towers was asain applied at Limoses; but it must be lost in the 14 th century, 80 mever reappear after the invasion of the arts of the North in these orovinces. AS at Brantome, the spire of the tower of S. Leonard is built of rubble. . Note 1.p-294. Boen in our Goys in Vienne, Dordogne and Cor- vreze, private houses are covered’ im the same wanner, very Li- > - > at ae AS y As ficy 7) is niretaeo oO ¥ —_ mer tout ,tlévd ef rte od nets » | abe: evddua fo pct 8 t98 e970 wro} stds a0 bro rbatvosge betesqno, gated noltowstenoo sit .xatroe of osod mor} sbsend + oe gltashles si aidt yageere” 9d you aaftstoso Jenvstad sit Tr ke Geees AOstibort tasiano yte¢ :. ponerse. asw brsn0si oF 10 sewod ext Yo noivouisenoo edt asdiA fonitag odd enieser [Lise isdd .dorog-1sw0es 6 sodorss!) dea bes _ asaqu edt ted semodmaxd Yo 19wod edt Yo eoiteisstosisio Lee of tefi{exeq sobsosi eti stneesiq ,Ienobatoo disodiis ,yiode _ meented eort toiniemo: eeitas edT «ceed sieve edt to eaodt enote yd bereveo e1s nela I[snobetoo edd Yo ssla ereupe sit .& (etd 3) evib of .eolosnnta Iobhewslq offs Onides enotiostotd ro # Boe ,esines? Yo sLind ef dI .eedares Jo aswet edd to weiv ag -sednt yd gso1cd exe vaiote [snokatoo esd Ico esost [snctalb edd feotmobh s no efeouvytbasasechte stso [I9d edT .eledsoo Lea we s0t Quinsco ms yd sot te beoteto .eved fanokstoo dtiw tiusv hetowiztenoo yftomiot ese brwerva edt selied eat Yo emaeeraq scat eti) to etige aI .yitosc1so vd heoeloes needi2sd Jud ,elddu1 to gasey teal eft mort seteb sw8wot eidd ,somerseqce supaenemos %o eoontvors odd 3i dade ewode ¢i bas yyustneo dé SL sdt Ye fp emsW yous .etis snpsenamo® fetootiasa vibicer bsd enistivos -Isemeds set}, oF yrutsso dé Sf offs So Bae edt ts beeousit don owe odd deY .ddtacl edt. to asonivo1g efit.edil ,eeeds wort eev te beosit sve ow tedt toow® .6 to sedd ,brobi1e4 to efoodos eefowdo ynem at bose esdowss! .bistoed .f te nedt fos emotne19 _ # mont .noitnem tnidviuem woiisv hiids s dnessia ,olevomid to -soo0es9 .sonsisscge ton ti nolivouitenoo to xsiv to teiog odd e1ewos Yo noitowitenoo edd ai daieoassawe fo ssbi sdé ya beig --@uomts to etootidors edt .1eddo dose bnided aaifsoss asitose etmab yd iedtis ,¢ivrer elds aieddo od Aeee events gon bib ot .tetif[edios yd 10 ,xssukined to tdno1t .2 i6 88 ednandisve euots pam eeebevernenstenve evsd yerit ;eedotes bos swodnerd gs 3a a sbodiem Jneretti£ ~ bustes besos19 een yiotnes dt If edd Yo efbbim edt stsod4 edt to. seom to noiteoe! edt 2i tadt 10t) sekomil 19. Isibsdteo etteeetq aslo aswol seodn ,is"ot teot® a .(docas tsdt to si9wod gomuloo f[ansetat 1003 sdT .({),er9ed bedsotioi Snemednaixe ost svizesoous edt mossod eft mot? troqane of bsniteeh ends sso A _oyeege aewol.semds odT s1ewod Sit to asitote edt to encisneces 43, tad Yo exntouite 2 mi besofons fns feniste: exs sacle. seid i ' is 228 ViEht carpentry 13 oOVILt, thot Vs merely Oo centeriné, propeny speaking, ond on this form ore set courses of rubble corbvelted Inside frow base to vertex. The construction veins completed, ahe Unternad centering way be removed. This is evidently a v very ancrtent tradition. After the construction of the tower of S$. Leonard was erec- ted at Uzerches a tower-vorch, that still retains the princi- pal characteristics of the tower of Brantome; but the upper story, althoush octagonal, presents its facades parallel to those of the square base. The ansles remainins free between the square plan of the octagonal plan are covered by stone projections taking the placeiof pinnacles. We sive (6 bis) a view of the tower of Uzerches. It is built of Sgranite, and t the diagonal faces of the octagonal story are borne by inter- nal corbels. The bell case oficarpentryyrests on a domical vault with octagonal base, pierced at tov by an openins for the passame of the bells; the pyramid was formerly constructed of rubble, but hasbbeen replaced by carpentry. In spite of its Romanesque appearance, this tower dates from the last years of the 12 th century, and it shows that if the provinces of Aquitaine had rapidly perfected Romanesoue arts, they were n not disposed at the end of the 12 th century to free themsel- ves from these, like the provinces of the North. Yet the two schools of Perigord, that of S. Front that we have traced at Brantome and then at S. Leonard, Uzerches and in many churches of Limousin, present a third variety meritins mention, fromt the point of view of construction if not appearance. Preoccu- pied by the idea of superposinsg in the construction of towers stories recedins behind each other, the architects of pimous- in did not always seek to obtain this result, either by dans- erous overhangs as at S. Front of Berisueux, or by corbellins as at Brantome and Uzerches; they have sometimes attempted ao different method. : About the middle of the 11 th century was erected before the cathedral of Limoges (for that is the location of most of the towers of that epoch), a great tower, whose lower plan vresats the arrangement indicated here.(7). The four internal columns A were thus destined to support from the bottom the successive recessions of the stories of the tower. The three lower stor- ies alone are retained and enclosed in a structure of the 13 th w = 7 Y 9 - F CEN Seen HP? aor “bebeves th jedt .ovei fed od swo ebasl aaa poe tntin tnepe1 S10% 8 To tewos A .enmuloo aot s#t no te a a. te {sabedteo eft Yo secs .(yresmeo dt Ir ens to et 4ewot etd? .veetkioe act nt tnomedasi1e smse odd en eevt® | 66 4no? déin {fsw Qateofons exsupe s te sesd ds hesoummo ot exeta eeeds mort hemind ore esdotA .aoiiedat sit of saefo ano% Sat of aélpotbasa1eq etfusv Leneus drocone foe ellew ott s«g sbheoet tedt .esiaote wed0n edt teor etinev seond oo cellew ~nod Badd to sinmoe sda andd ‘ersta sd¢ reve ylfsoitaev [tanw 7 e8i9tg sant no eise1 Ts gat ai boatrquoo roe ed yolsv-as-geS ABwodt JA .O08.g.f Stox t ,ytotmse at .t 9d¢ at doogs fodt fo Foy ,ssanlvorg ATatasa ~T80uk aseated anofsosst apache beo faswost? Sstfeéxa arent wee ¢ -afevoml] bro gad sed aa ints edt (©) ,aewot eidt Yo mettose eft (8) ovin ef | i; + to Slows! ost ts nsla sad (Of). wrode Faxtt sat to A level 7 * baidd edi to D fovel oft te mafo edt (14) wrote hnooee ont 4 syrote aegan 64g Yo @ Isvel edt te aafq odd (St) tus .ys0te nt Bosoorsene vitosre ef .fettrasvy ed vem as melo tasi en? q t0 Snemetnsite velworte oft ston [ftw en .exsto s1swol ond -x¢ bas [snisinit Yo esiase «& avasesta fotdw ff .off nit aalo | seredexd ot es oe [lide dour iin onitoseisint asdein feared .1swot sft to esfone eat of eheol srt eswo sW .00s / t yo sfoos’o fo evo enolsg ssadT'.008.q.1t ston ‘9#% JO fostidory Tem7T0} ,yrolsok .M Fo ysstrveD sat oF mont cake , Locker ~ ¢ - ‘ «uvd Fo forbettos dees beseseeoq sndisvek yiutoso dd ff sat ot yhasile gu8 emt to esodd osdt [otlidte s1om foum bue Iltde s1st dtiw evoton ; to tewot ed? .(nottowrsenow .t414) .sone1® to esonivora asdro emt bos sonstiogmi efi asvetedy .yeleV-ns-voed to Isabeddso edd Ifeme sdioo yine sved tInoo flite .siutoutse esi Yo enotensmth wont yvyintsiaso bone .& .Ort ot seitose est yd owode 2e .elisd ‘8 (rewod ddin 6 eriflied Yo doom ee tdenodd ti bedoste tads feds .dowdo sdt oteotbat ot ,iste nece ed oF Fetine toomnnom setdel sdé bervoes sved bluoo vedt wot ,elled edd svtsos. of ‘-s9 ef tF .netvooe edt eatnimsxe aI .te0o 2 sf dowm fe tlues1 — efisd Se" Sdnaddd: Fewes edd YO 4508 Gud dhae Cadénends oF ve tote tesf edd sitdw .0 Bos © S¥eesd oft meowted beetaomoo 2i - Bgodels | d 2 osdd nemfotex © 10t moC1 edt t9efts. doom et i ae At ye oe ra : 229 century. As for the upper portion, it no longer exists; but e everythins leads one to believe, that it receded so as to rée- st on the four columns. A tower of a more recent epoch (end of the 11 th century), that of the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, Sives us the same arrangement in its entirety. This tower is composed at base of a square enclosing wall with four detached piers in the interior. Arches are turned from these piers to the walls and support tunnel vaults perpendicular to the four walls; on these vaults rest the uwover stories, that recede u until vertically over the piers; thus the summit of this tow- er rests on the piers. Note 1.p.299- ALthough Puy-en-Veloy Vs not comprised Wa the western provinces, yet at thort epoch in the 11 th century, +% shere existed frequent ond continued relations between Auver- éne and Limousin. | Ne sive (8) the section of this tower, (9) the plan at the level A of the first story,(10) the plan at the level B of t the second story, (11) the plan at the level C of the third story, and (12) the plan at the level D of the uovper story: The last olan, as may be verified, is exactly superposed on the lower piers. One will note the sinsular arransement of p plan in Pié. 11, which presents a series of internal and ex- ternal niches intersecting with much skill so as to transfer the loads to the ansles of the tower. Kote 1.p.300. These plans ore ot.a° scale of 1 \ 200. Ke owe them to the courtesy of M. MolLoryu, former architect of the Cothedarot of Puy. But already in the 11 th century Auversne possessed constr- uctors with rare skill and much more skilful than those of the other provinces of France. (Art. aonstruction). The tower of the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, whatever its importance and the dimensions of its structure, still could have only quite small bells, as shown by its section in Fis. 3, and certainly those that erected it thought as much of building a hish tower, a monument suited to be seen afar, to indicate the church, than to receive the bells, for they could have secured the latter result at mach le s cost. In examinins the section, it is ea- sy to recognize that the vart of the tower intended for bells is comprised between the bevetS B and C, while the last story is much rather the room for a watchman than a belfry. Bishops moteodd to eaod sd te memioden soni seum ove ee base ,ehaol ¥ _etlg Yo egos ont no b&b ebyol mel edt es tant ,sedotsda to ete ss @4ew Sain bas veh yd Hemdotsw sasiT .eslteso ited To eqesx ‘gatbats yd eoitio edd to etnetidedini edt of Janbie oF heeaedo Wend edd Yo Kosorsgs yemrOys .semtt ,entod Bntwold ro eLled poe paepnent: edd te Sateolo fue enineao .nve sds to &nteks eam aeese 24! .eredetolo edé¢ to hue Isabeddao to awadgoeet ” %o 1ewet sid Yo noltevele ena (St) over of -Jpit bi « cet ; eyed Sd teeblo' edt tetoore odm edostidow edd ted ntetseo et FI gs 20 stnometneiis tateiro1we yd medt nWwoO1D OF IAbuoe stenod -sd edt sosla of .tnerdetnotes 1@ nottenimie siioxe oF sinden Ile te gertlt een ti ;2noitentdmoo bercds{ esivies Jon bib ell d enitos1s vd eloocec edt to noisnetis edd tosissés ot bheaiesh -*pese! Snewonon a erndonrse t8ewol efi oo 16 downto add shiced 'waewot edt dvin gesvsnoo blwore mrod edi vo dadd bee .1e8is soo * S4aieted ot mods Qni{levir slinn .eeosisq 1 eelteso Yo -#fo eedowdo fexbedtso to srswos odd yrstasy od fl edt work et Bue , (forties .ta4) asisvio edé 103 seitiied es bevise aed | «w={gow ett Suidasm ni redasis oft oil fetaerosni osle esn yio fos eseuond etevino enidgsnimebh sornsenise bled yc tewca bane ad ’ -einengoom of fdva or edt of bentot ei vol to ferfefivsen, odd to sen09 [isd ea? ‘entesots eit 1o dov0a & mo beofea don eb dud .soitibe sds Yo | .nalo edt Yo Snebmecebni ylises snsasnom & ei dt sforvedo std to Vy ” reeks yino et tnemednsr1e ted? .swotne1a ws se xoans oe if ion | -esfotusio blo yrs ~ Ie e418 tite to etewet edt vied nt dads enond enoyisve 231 question of economy, the more because one finds everywhere in the church of S. Front the evidence of a penury of resources, the desire to erect a wast monument while spending the least possible. . It is probable that in the first centuriesoéfitheumiddtead ages, there were built beside weryyoldichurches, but outside their plans, towers to which it was desired to sive sreat he- ight and consequently a stable and broad base. From the 11 th century, what characterizes the tower of the church and dist- inguishes it from the towers of castles or of private houses are:-- 1, those open upper stories destined to receive the bells: 2, the pointed pyramidal stone upper vortion servins as a roof. The primitive towers in France takins the square f form of plan, the stone pyramids crownins them have square b pases themselves, with or without ribs on the hips. Yet there are exceptions to this rule, and the old tower of Perisueux is the proof of this; there the cap borne by a circular story is conical; but it must be recognized, as we have already sta- ted, a foreign orisin in the tower of Perisueux, which served as a type for many towers in the West, for we see those coni- cal caps persist in that part of France durins the 12 th cen- tury, and even penetrate into Berry. Outside that influence f from Perigueux, whose origin may be Byzantine, and outside t the western school of which Brantome is a type, the vrovinces composing the France of our days adopt bell towers for their churches, large or small, after the 11 th century; but all do not adoot the same arrangements, either for the location or the form given to the towers. Some, like Auversne and the Cen- tre, that were in advance of the North and West during the R Romanesque period, first place their towers over the intersec- tion of the transeots and nave, on the crossings or the facade; the others as in the provinces, place them before the naves and in the adler of the transepts. Finally others hesitate as in the most southern provinces, and do not include the t towers in the general plan of the church, or sive them a min- imam importance. Perhaps in countries where the municipal sp- irit of the Roman cities was preserved as in italy, there ex- isted near the churches isolated towers both religious and c communal, that were destroyed at the time of the relisious wars of the 13 th century; what is certain is that in the ci- PPasceehite"tettstohe sat Reenatoediva say asden Std" to eettio BHF Gs hedoatds erevod Bled tax So nottee1s sid yd bexaen tedd svisedo of Yaseesosn ef Jt 10% (estore Lerbedtes ‘eesndoia iiedd Bae sisted tiedsd yd &aieoomt deom sxewos enereenennts ai Sf‘eme tetanb bas dt th edd to bas edt ta ¥8d208 40 notestmwiea YW esnummoo Osni betoers eeisto to sebte “Mt fF ede’ %6 foe odd wort ybnsa20¥ efevia soatvorg on sue | . $160 ScT cer9swod ati Ye anokensmibline asdmon edd ni yistase sidahitstebni ensosd noose snenttnoo edt no hedeildates ensm -nitinoo to sittoe « redt .dtieew bed dexrt ysdTt’ .er0otorsdencs W BnokFIHASS ows sess :esleosa fons13 veom oF Ynitosl sonst Matatoped esnemonon evienetxre Soe1s of 'yiseteosa yifanvs sis% Fo (Sothlisd at elatsedem détw bebivora LleW .esods! yisonsl “BetSe%s Aorops0d sdt wat{{k¥ to Swts end setts ensm20¥ edt "“eagwod [ley fne evorsmdn yd med? Bbenwore bas esdoindo jesy Sghivetbh esitio siedt yindeed We at oft Satand elrsivoisasa -fors bose 19dmun oft yd eettio doner® snoms eovisemeds bedein neve .eefoisdo aieit to teom sdT .exerod Sat to Fitted enovs “8010 Sis evo 1swot 6 ,sendd feaesaeog .rehao fnoose add Yo esforslio vedds fos elerberitss sieiT .ehsoat sad wo ows bas bai w bedsothet tent boosfo atin sesit odd oF aot ,evtt Eed nooe -sbsoness S87 trbinsl) sonetacomt evel Io owt bebbs netito stew dé St edt to boo sdt te vind caw 41 .eeleie obie odd aswe Ye -ed Jnew neve niemob yelou sdv to esonivoig sit tens .yIHIAeO cores eleatbedtes afend onivis yd estetowrse ae@tol sds broy 3 ; .(efetherdteas’ .d1A) .exswot enia seve bos —me%y Sit Yo baieeoro edt te heoelo aswed nam20% [sadaso eT to edineW efit evods thieta iewod edt yfne ton ek Slete sexeve oefeeda ti tod .edgiq atem asot edd no Qnitess bas doindo ody _ &Saiveel yd djnomonom Sit 10 soeS%e Isnistat edt of estudiataco _ ok sdt of eldieiv bos neqo .ntednal teev & Sniesors ens s9VvO . ‘ea% Yo apshoe18 sd¢v o¢ ylerivinde ehbs tostts escdw .st0trs | e8ia vesbhio ead .sbhsosi sid oF Hexenns siewos sdf OY eA even _ =—%8@e1 ei modt nsewied Jtel Ievietni edd bns bowers edd mort | 9 SRF oF betfaas bodiem seiT .eludtsese yo Hox0e eid qt bev eveds yitsaoig ton esw asbeost to e1ewod sid TO notsonaden00 | SFeboo eupeenemos .foivsa ofdgod edt stoted (ybnemrov to saad g0BEo o¢ ,etoOeBsooue 1ieds extI bets sved dou blvow evotouy ope [saetsl bas sort sat no ylviso siewod Ieesolon szodd 9d depm ai bra ,t9oia feteloet oa no yid.ise- i. 232 cities of the North, the awakenins of the municipal spirit is marked by the erection of Sreat bell towers attached to the cathedral churches, for it is necessary to observe that the t towers most imposing by their height and their richness rose at the end of the 11 th and during the 12 th centuries in the midst of cities erected into communes by permission or force. But no vrovince rivals Normandy from the end of the 11 th century in the number and‘dimensions of its towers. The Nor- mans established on the continent soon became indefatigable constructors. ‘They first had wealth, then a spirit of contin- "vance lacking to most French peoples; these two conditions w were equally necessary to erect extensive monuments regquirins lengthy labors. Well provided with materials for buildings, t the Normans after the time of Villiam the Conoueror erected vast churches and crowned them by numerous and tall towers; particularly during the 14 th century their cities distins- uished themselves amons French cities by the number and prod- isous height of tke towers. The most of their churches, even of the second order, possessed three, a tower over the cross- ing and two on the facade. Their cathedrals and abbey churches goon had five, for to the theee with places just indicated w were often added two of less imvortance flankins the sanctua- ry over the side aisles. It was only at the end of the 12 th . century, that the provinces of the rolay domain even went be- yond the Norman structures by sivins their cathedrals seven 4 and even nine towers. (Art. qathedrale). The central Norman tower placed at the crossing of the tran- sverse aisle is not only the tower rising above the vaults of the church and restizs on the four main piers, but it akseleo contributes to the internal effect of the monument by leaving over the crossings a vast lantern, open and visible in the in- terior, whose effect adds strikinsly to the Srandeur of the nave. As for the towers annexed to the facade, the oldest rise from the sround, and the interval left between them is reser- vei for the porch or vestibule. That method applied to the c construction of the towers of facades was not properly above that of Normandy, before the Gothic veriod. Romanesaue const- ructors would not have dared like their successors, to pkace those colossal towers partly on the front and lateral walls, partly on an isolated pier, and it must be said that they were FES gon bib esosiisors supesmewos end sebiae? .slatoniza mi dddia are eo0ssi0gei sd¢ eebsosi io e1swos ens ot ovin qlisrenet eftid pateia tedt isnot Isqiooixg edt nedt 3108 smodt od nevis fetos1s r9wot edt yliswwien esw sesd sesbiw odd enived bas tes .?eonsterd edd yd benimaedsh esw sesd tadT .onieacio eddy tevo mort. botviete bose .sven edd to dtbin edt vd .ereia edt osewted » eetex of yaseesocen bosbhni ean di ,2078 oi bebaodxe of sala es -t1aoac1ig eldstice evi od es 08 ere tssib 6 OF timnmve est ( ous."c ¥ s1swod edd oF enol ent seve betoors stowed semi0k Jse1e odd Yo vlotsant0tal .) oteamst st)edd .yiotoeo fs SI edd Yo bne Sh# orolsd eenieeoro eaBpneitovatenoco ietdel ak hefasd esosas ,atnomsext yino aw of -geiq ,sistpe sisw esses serenT esisote aswol edd teem 38 10 fo wolustni edd onidddil srobnin to aesinrote od 10 sno yd bso i gods bsonemmeo yino 1ewes odd .katdssce ylasqosd .dowsdo snd 7 o-eis to votystot ofdg déiw bedsqtotsasc doidw .esirote saeds ’ eHowudo sierra sd? svodo aass sad of seeee Sf STOAT sAGBe Yel OFOK died sdt fo quate sat uwsyod Jo Jorisdtes edt Fo gadesoro sat o94t ad Ssitud ,ytutaso At Sit sat Fo anénnéted sat mor? ,1S9wot soétiadra addt todt estootbas doidw ,At BL 9HF Fo srwtouTtE “197746 to tJéiudst ,990 taeasig sd#i 20 sa0d Sa0a Sst# bod tEWOtF au ° «89att ta9 4 BIEKOS {sidnso. seedd dtiw eovissivo yanooo dexit [iaede oF -$90 edd tuods eone18 ni bedoobs need svad o¢ 1g8008 Jedd bos ,emsaed eft Yo eoonivorg sdtivkt wendaso dt ff edd Yo anioni ewot edd I .2i9 of sevid oved s¥ .vbnswic¥ oi bos .tes® ont al t to bas edt mort estsb doidw .xuewhixeS Yo Isibedsso sdt to | ved ow eh .eedantned dé It odd Yo Bainniked edd ae dt OL od -9815 s20dd to tsom ao sonmesltni ne bad suntourts eldd .bsiste ‘yednotnise ,biobiszeS ni esiuutaso od SI bose ad fk sas ni bos hedooteh edd bebiovs ercisdimi edt tue .wodiod bas eiomposnd «0 end bertvoss tedt bas .rewos eidd ni bston sottoviadeneo ni i-0e vedd ,.wisitaco odd no yesninego ati Lis yiusen. to tnteodo , efosdinow ed? .enoidsnidmoo encineani bos yinceam te eslgas hepbiees noidieod sd yo bsoneulini redtie .esonivorosseods Yo ble edt -ebfates dling .xseubies to snow .8 Yo 19svet edd of i ‘Yo sttneo edt sedi besisroos1 bed yodt sadd 10 ,doindo. cited ded bie tntog tostetesr seom edd es vodeido to Sateeoss edt -baosde Io ensem yd yiilidete gee1k exswes aiedd ovi2 oF dnde 233 ; right in principle. Besides the Romanesque architects did not generally sive to the towers of facades the importance since’ Siven to them. For them the principal tower, that rising hish- est and having the widest base was naturally the tower erected over the crossing. That base was determined by the distance between the piers, by the width of the nave, and starting from a plan so extended in area, it was indeed necessary to raise its summit to a great height, so as to sive suitable proport- ions to the tower. Unfortunately of the great Norman towers erected over the crossings before thé end of the 12 th century, there remain to us only fragments, traces buried in later constructions, or at most the lower stories. - These towers were square, pier- ced by one or two stories of windows lishtins the interior of the church. Properly speaking, the tower only commenced above these stories, which participated with the interior of the c church. Kote 1.9304. There Vs stivi to be seen obove the vault of She crossing of the carthedrol of Boyeux the stump of the vet tower, from the vesinning of the 12 th contury, buried in the structure of the 12 th, which indricotes that this primirtwe Lower had the same bose as the present one, rebuilt at alffer- ent Times. Ne shall first occupy ourselves with these central towers, and that apoear to have been adopted in France about the bes- inning of the 11 th century imithe provinces of the Centre, the Fast, and in Normandy. We have given in Fis. 1 the tower of the cathedral of Perisgueux, which dates from the end of t the 10 th or the bedinning of the 11 th centuries. As we have stated, this structure had an influence on most of those erec- ted in the 11 th and 12 th centuries in Perigord, Saintonse, Angoumois and Poitou. But the imitators avoided the defects i in construction noted in this tower, and that required the c cbosing of nearly all its openings; on the contrary, they so- usht to give their towers sreat stability by means of strons angdles ef masonry and ingenious combinations. The architects of thosepprovinces, either influenced by the position assisned to the tower of 3. Front of Perisueux, built astride the old Latin church, or that they had recosnized that the centre of the crossing of churches as the most resistant point afd that re. ET ‘eonsiste1g vd .stnemnson eeods ni bettods deou -da9 edits .oleis seievensit edt io soitoerietot edd ta e219 -ee) -$¥sa edt te ved Ssot0tate:s tes! sft no ,aiedo edt oF sone o-ft If edt to bas odd Yo sewot dsordis eteixe {Lite evedT ste doidw ,eetaise te somed ob yedds to douse sddv no yYIptoso : Gis8\ to rswos odd to snemednsi1s evidiniag edd Baillecex Ifi | eupitns edt enohesds bane .oupsensmol yitoss) ybsstis ei .dn03% ~P° EDs sootet> exusngtae9 Yo sewed sid seisiastosisdo emrot edd to etiusy odd svodA stereos sid? to weiv 6s (AL) svib of ebie fose no hesisis yresesessupessctofbeedames af si dono eenmbioo betebns to bemre? ereto yd hedseqaue eerdows seadd yd .viota asinotio s ciesd tivev Lsotvedasimed « nore .6 ge eh fisee St te tud .enarloo to wor eeolo.2 Yo heeoqmoo aszacl on ' yd bebivih esdous nega doidw asented: yeezasitiud Lsoirbailyo © Isotsoo yilidsife s yd be nvontse ef yoda Jed? .nmoloo soo _-é08 .da077 .6 to tedt eitl ,eeleoe bhetisvni YO heasvon aac G Yo aevnost odd Yo tecd neds [ntiide si0om ,toetinore edt sisd aot eds bsol dens ed tact boodeishas ybsoile aed ,xvenkiasy ~ates? mwstse1 evit oF .asiosnaia yd sesd sisune sdf to eslene = Pr seeloas sesnd oc soned yd Besiv0D encte env betatoosh ed Jedd saneutea nese vem TI q od teqo1q siom mose blaow #i texit te aot ,eelsoe Estusyet | os ee of .eslis exif sense isawdsn tiedt oi seslaos sit sosla d -cimsxé one cedw ised :sedsewnies sft Yo favomet edt stetiltoet =tebou od .eseioo suoie sesdd to noitdourienoo ont yleeols ee “tae aslpaate aids bedqobs erebliud edd ydw yitoetuec ebnate 8 emzot eslsoe edt aseused soeqe doss seusoed ai t1 .tnswehns A» setatot Iscitiev edt wort stew sat enivome: retind elssil ~te at oniteveo to modeye eidd aleloxs o¢ yiseesosm ef siuait ~sog edt to nolix0q s to Liateh svitoeqeiec a ad (7L) ted .950 -obns 4 38 S0ted esersoo sdt to ebed edd ;moitose s to saeo vi eoetive odd Sndwollo) eyewle acts? .f se einiot, [sotisev edt sostiwe towel edt reve 3 eostaive s mort bsdoubaoo vileiten vi dotdw ,etatot Inottiey est staitenso o¢ bel gon ai audd bas. .0 -og deenaid oft te bnwolt sie yeds sauacsd etsese siom edd sis -S sostive Isoidaey saisdt anttosvsstni bose esisoe sit te @ toi ~est teited asisoe betsasvar yd bsievos esnon sesdd heebni bod . -10e dtoome dtin snegtink: 70 eenoo oasis nist to tostie edi tet DL ce de) ok eee eeu nas ) iteeet eeosesoe) jRe-taoHt ve 20 soxoto « edd. detae to dqnesadets to m30% wee mir), of 234 most abutted in those monuments, by preference built their tow- ers at the intersection of the transverse aisle, at the entr- ance to the choir, om the last reinforced bay of the nave. There still exists angreat tower of the end of the 11 the century on the church of abbey de Dames at Saintes, which st- ill recalling the primitive arrangement of the tower of S. F Front, is already frankly Romanesaue, and abandons the antiaue forms characterizing the tower of Perisueux. We sive (14) a view of this tower. Above the vaults of the church it is compdsédiofoassgquarecstory pierced on each side by three arches supported by piers formed. of engaged columns. As at &. Front, a hemispherical vault bears a circular story, no longer composed of a close row of columns, but of 12 small cylindrical buttresses, between which open arches divided by one column. That story is surmoun ed by a slishtly conical ¢ cap, covered by inverted scales, like that of S.. Front. But here the architect, more skilful than that of the tower of P Rerisgueux, has already understood that he must load the four angles of the square base by pinnacles, to sive sreater resis- tance to these ansles. It may seem stranse that he decorated the stone courses by inverted scales, for at first it would seem more vroper to Dp place the scales in their natural sense like tiles, so as to facilitate the removal of the rainwater; but when one examin- es closely the construction of these stone courses, he under- stands perfectly why the builders adopted this Sinsular arr- angement. It is because each spece between the scales forms a little sutter removing the water from the vertical joints. A figure is necessary to explain this system of coverins in st- one. Let (15) be a perspective detail of a portion of the sca- ly cone of a section; the beds of the courses beins at A and the vertical joints at B. Water always followins the surfaces is naturally conducted from a surface C over the lower surface D, and thus is not led to penetrate the vertical joints, which are the more secure because they are found at the hishest po- int # of the scales and intersectins their vertical surface fF. Aud indeed these cones covered by inverted scales better res- ist the effect of rain than cones or pyramids with smooth sur- faces. The form of the towers of which the church of S. Front of . 6 oe area as Pe, or a els ee ees - ~sootseas bas Sebndecqusdther vanes nvond ¢evit edt ef xvenbines 9 yasl see odd © esonivoig sd¢ ot yindneo dt Cf ens ai bs -wot [eisnss eaeaeod {ftte senosnisé bas siomsosaA Yo. eodoids | asbaele stom sissy baa _besourtenco Iflew .fbevieonos flew-s19 ,isasvee boomA .ytntaso tedd Yo tne sdt nosorgge vedt es emi0t bsntdmos oe et zeae oF Seed mort toidw .sno sosdse IIsde ow sso Sit Yo tewosd oft si edt sytilidste toetiea tnsee19 oF e8 -ftifs auotsifes oft Yo teom siif dowsdoe ted? .defneh to doa e°s to Besoemoo ei .sonivore tedd of wshi0 bhnosee sit to san | =—-« keds edt Yo sonatas edt FA seemob yd berevoo efeis sitate ~.Iswot edd e1sed doidw etveq tewol esi ak sedoids ved s ef ~t90gqne YIOTS Hneews sdt ot yed edt to nslo edd si (di) er/8B -sw obhie ont edt so baworwt edd mort eoeta tadd ,18ewed sed oak -849fq WOT Sat asvo benrot sedots sexswensid ows sit bes elf & botid yd betarc0eeh suntonigzedue sten0s s ei Toor ed’ svodA =48 0600' yd beoteia gwd siawpe seiwext! ysote s neds .esbeors ‘desl edt nO selled edt 10t bebnotet yrosve ond 2i tent jeshso ~OVwevnos tehrol on .stice bevisonco yidnexrd sdd aseia yiote B yyatied edt to yrote exsupe od¢ Yoinsfa edd ek (TE) sreB aselreddotorss agin enod edd to eesd edt to opla edd (82) baw ' pas’ .cenot eins to wottose od eovie Of waft .eelosnnia ef ‘ybsstls tedd .wole eédosede ceed? ‘.cottsvele est et OS .Bit “giew etostifiows aredeer yibineo dv Qf edt Yo elbbim ont tuods ‘e1sppe edt ,eqenod aisdt ot sometels stom™onavid ni belasooo e@stom ets estiqe [soinoo edt ,eancis10c01g yoash Ssved eeirose ‘yesleoe se{vorlo betuevat saslweas yd bersvoo sis foe s19b809le hedneesig noltonxadenco io si[aionina sdd Suinisie1 syenls god smi S10m smoees bas nooo o1e eefoenate ef2ee sad :FE WET yd ‘4ebiw se yd tiiow ot es of yiienoseib Jee sis yedT .soneti100 *aenot to mio? eidt yristneo dt Sf eds Yo bne sit Lignd .ocead eesdd vesitetosisdo dadw do9 .19eddbt! enimeosd ylish .eterers) (edt momt eeta tedd ,egitose e1snoe siedd ei JeoW ens ni easwos -noo teas ylisivotisec hor ,stioe edt oF seed ent mort .mostod eoviaie die ovoesnsmoBess eeitd sis eslsoe saoiw aniseyoo Leot [REGCE~O l- ORGS * » .eomegele Yo seibsh fant? esti te Smotannta Fo eeors owes? ,shqgdword seeds swo eH sPORL gE stout ' WRC8e t9eyy 22) whaorTT «8 fo toetitory ,efbodd .u O8 deer e1ewod fettas5 odd yautoeso dd ty odd word eodaewiA oT ‘o'm# of emoo yltourds bne jersupe eft of bedivoent ewob & a0 bimerwg ss yd beawor ecisote eeidt 10 ows avin nel eSaorstoo L PRRRS 207 Stel ass s fees +f exdores rari 77 } " . Lak a ' r - a? Del ae Ma cs ” ' ‘\anty" 235 Perisueux is the first known tyoe, is pervetuated and perfect- ed in the 12 th century in the provinces o the West. Many c churches of Ansgoumois and Saintonge still possess central tow- ers well conceived, well constructed, and take more slender forms as they approach the end of that century. Amons several, we shall setect one, which from base to apex is so combined as to present perfect stability; this is the tower of the ch- urch of Roulet. That church like most of the relisious edifi- ces of the second order in that province, is composed of as gingle aisle covered by domes. At the entrance of the choir is a bay thicker in its lower parts, which bears the tower. Here (16) is the plan of the bay in the sround story support- ing the tower, that rises from the ground on the two side wa- lls and the two transverse arches turned over the four piers. Above the roof is a square substructure decorated by blind a arcades, then a story likewise square bat pierced by open ar- cades; that is the story intended for the bells. Om the last story rises the frankly conceived spire, no lonser convex. Here (17) is the plan of the square story of the belfry, a and (13) the plan of the base of the cone with itscfonpslitts le pinnacles. Fig. 19 Sives the section of this tower, and Pid. 20 is tts elevation.” These sketches show, that already about the middle of the 12 th century western architects were “ occupied in giving more elegance to their towers, the square stories have happy provortions, the conical spires are mores slender and are covered by ansular inverted circular scales, but always retainius the principle of construction presented by Fig. 15: the ansle pinnacles are open and assume more im- portance. They are set diasonally so as to profit by a wider vase. Until the end of the 12 th century this form of tower persists, daily becomins liBhter. But what characterizes these towers in the West is there souare stories, that rise from the bottom, from the base to the spire, and particularly that con- ical covering uhose scales are finer assRomanesoue art arrives at its final degree of elesance. Note 1.9.30%. We owe these Grawiyas, thike those of Brontowe, Ve Me AdaAdLE, architect of S. Front. In Auvergne from the 41 th century the central towers rest on a dome inscribed in the square, and abruptly come to an o octasonla olan with two or three stories crowned by @ vyramid ; ‘es fextneo * bervoteos yidasoor edd eisw dow? .eebte sddie ddiv ~el0 te s109-uh-ems0 sxtok ,eiioeel to estorsds sdé, to exswod a ff edd to tied bnoose eft antavh slisd ,siisvoe¥ .2 .snon1 _ e@ aathaoled sintonrsedue & so steer ersKOd seedd JuG .yaHdaes tied ond, bos emobh sié baigizqmoo bos .endasvud o¢ ylevienloxe _ Aesttd) getqeensad edd Yo notsosntbh edd mit si Bnidtuds eomob _qidepoo sidd <(setit® .emitowsatenod .seusibife® eidosdidowds © o8 mo seed fanotstoo diiw s9wot a antosiq ai eteienoo nots ~esaedt: sol .voged ton ef base .savtowite asludknssoe1 exomions dowwdo oft of aaisnolsd sistomatedus eft mord moistiens1s on ek ~asixs edd no smob sii sosqene tom eeoh eye edT siswos edd of § WoO etesi a9KOT Sis aenaiag 8 wod Sostershas sonoso hae .t0l- , Yo \tharec -eleasios4 ueeeds BTSWOS SaSAT. peey e POF FOM oh YS ePFOSeq of BF Ox five »boyorvrsieeh aad heeosa pied tine encitiensyt seedd bait ow ,.yvasaiaeo sit nO emob eaT .enisedO to doisdo slatif od¢ to sawed Laistaso adé ni ~deet,,brohized) to tedt ylexttae si eoised0 te Snieeor10 eds to om omobh od¢t no seovidnebneq bre asics ssisvensis ast no eat i ‘Yo moitsvele edt. (IS) evid of .1ew0od [snoketoo asgqo ne eoatt | & ewob sit to sevidasbheeg ed wod tasbive ei tI I dewod tadd -sd emsoo0e oft mort wod bas ,eolzestad ooicole yd beasveo ss 4 @ 90d eodote setevansts edd bas Basia avet edt) co &aides. se -aibst. eee! noigose 3d? .nobatoo soeitgea. sdevanissiea sintosite gti -ststouzsea eidt to yieditas ent estes ‘eid nit bao stetxs teeaos oF aréige srote ot .OLbo get ato -eedeen -foor yrfweqi9. a yd beoatger a, bas xueudired to foodos edt mort beviareh sew wsteye vidT Hoe .wisineo dd Ff odd to boe edd Litav oobenan6d af belisvera ® to titnd .eenolvol to niniel «2 to 19wot Isidneo tee1d odd ® een ,yawiaso ds &f edd to sibbim sda tuods foiad bane snote » »bakt oeis sh .elatoning teds oF Qnibroo;s hstowisenoo Liste -rvo1g/eds of dooce, noitienss1d edd Yo ersHEed L[artago I[snobstoo S \elomexe 70% ,tsinked to-dowoio edd ot .sade90 edt Yo Beons Ieinov-el-yeaiss Yo doredo [wttivesd ofT .ybookaeS of neve bose -ytote tewol seode ,stbod Leataco Ienobetoo ns eseeseeoq [Live " NIode teqqu edd hos yrstnso dt Sf ect to bos edt mort seteb bas ebietvo dibiw ai .t% &.SF esd aswot aidT «dd FL edd moard + sseesq 102 baitego ne xd boosie swobh Isnokstoo ns etovonise = towel oct ot tedt..oton of Lntees €i ti eidd n0\.elled odd to _ -8e8q 1ct diel e1s siainsqo on etewos evitiming edt to et [os n au ] Ma he ; 236 with eight sides. Such were the recently restored 2 central towers of the churches of Issoire, Notre Dame-du-Port at Cle- rmont, 9. Nectaire, built during the second half of the 11 th century. But these towers rest on a substructure belonsins e exclusively to Auvergne, and comprising the dome and two half domes abutting it in the direction of the transepts; (Arts.A Architecture Religieuse, Construction, ESlise); this construc- tion consists in placin® a tower with octasonal base om an eé enormous rectangular structure, and is not happy, for there is no transition from the substructure belonsins to the church to the tower. The eye does not suspect the dome on the exter- ior, and cannot anderstand how a prismatic tower rests on 4 rectansle. ; Not] 2e HeBO7T. BY We MOLLOY, Grohitect. These towers have been destroyed. Qn the contrary, we find these transitions skilfully managed in the central tower of the little church of Obazine. The dome of the crossing at Obazine is entirely that of Perigord, rest- ins on four transverse arches and pendentives; on the dome r rises an open octagonal tower. We sive (21) the elevation of that tower. Tt is evident how the pendentives of the dome a are covered by sloving triangles, and how from the sauare ba- se resting on the four piers and the transverse arches the s structure attains the®perfect octagon. The section (22) indic- ates the entirety of this structure. Note 1.p.310. The stone spire no Longer exists and hos veen replaced by Oo carpentry roof. This system was derived from the school of Perisueux and. p prevailed in Lansuedoc until the end of the 13 th century, ad the great central tower of S. Sernin of Toulouse, built of s stone and brick about the middle of the 13 th century, was s still constructed accordins to that principle. We also find octagonal central towers of the transition epoch in the prov- inces of the Centre, in the church of Cosniat, for example, * and even in Burgundy. The beautiful church of Paray-le-Monial still possesses an octagonal central spire, whose lower story dates from the end of the 12 th century and the upper story from the 13 th. This tower has 32.8 ft. in width outside and surmounts an octagonal dome pierced by an openins for passase of the bells. On this it is useful to note, that in the lower vaults of the primitive towers no openings are left for vass- 4 ; i» - 7, | 4 : eae | 7 ; Le? on J! : hy sari ‘s: aw we ial 4 =f - i cs : : : ees + : : , > ae & : 7 = 4 - ile ves | | 7 Fl * Tih bhitomintoatens ee teas ~970m. et dotdw 10 .1ewot odd to ernineco doueidt beoubotsat od vos) 4e2fosv awewol edd anteolo s1cted beets: sisw .eidsdotd doum dota ,totngoo Fo Morwho sat. Fo T900F SAT .OLB.G.8 ston ¢196J0° ah Aotiay bao ,snteod0 fo doruda sat fo toAt saldasest ~orgae af tI 19800. dowasotso Attia ariga snote ett Sboafoter #00 «80K +8t .f0¥ .ysog 70289 «M Jo atutostisovat bh suvei sat al Boe B47 902.3631" | «8 bao & .& 58 + *geed¢ to sedmen cissiso & tases10 oF aolesooo sven Ilede oF | yeeife® .taA ni sidito® Yo nottiensst to. dooas tadt te exewos seve {9 .etebse1 avo aste1 sw doidw of sesbaol sade: eno odt esw eeonivorg done1% is to yhosmtol Yo etnigecto oft seve etowot Iseaofoo anifosis ni boieiai1ec ems. .nepeh ,esonstucd (xveved Jo"elsabediso onT .eedorudo esi Ifitve yosvof to sen0 .2 to ,989 to sfiataT edd. te esdoando moat dt Fr «at Cf sdv moxd stab stadt .ereswot L[artnso eeaeod -B°ybis5ig .sonsi%-sh-sll ni-sfidW cestautaeo dd dt bas ds Ft -ntmeo diff sit to base odd mort beensonea stew setaqcmed? bre -esdoisdo to etaieeois edd revo eisnot erote te Suioslo sit yi )sdereatge nsboow 8 stud beseseeca rsvemcestal*tosisibded¢so eT © mort betsh dotdw .sleie setevenait sdt Yo noitooeris¢ol sas ensiméA Yo elsibedteo edd ;yisinse dé Ff sit Ye Ynianised eft "Bos onote to e1swos Isrtaso vd hed atomine e1sw eisvusss bas -ed*beyoutesb nesd 10 nelle? enined eesitouiss sesdd tud sboor -bseloyd beasvoo ywitnsciso to esiioe yd yino bsoslqe1 stew s1it betosete hofiss supesnaemoh sdi ritash steal sdkd to esontvord ohT -§yeedoado tiéedt Yo isdmun ssexs 2 no smote to stewot I[satneo aeqgp bus sn1sM 1s9gqu .snost isdaqaqu edd so e1snDe Stew seedd Spica pk wintnso dé ff sit to Bas oft baswod Isnovetoo :snont me Rieehtors > ggatae eid wnidoso ced le cea 1SVC poaen ereros Pacaund Fads exseacs tT] -a lvota edt of hetoobs ylrss y1ev es asdorndo Yo sknieeoto ond tet 10 soneylink setdatvelisO ed o¢ soo’dne Viisleotsase eso _ ,enmuloo. bebetne aisat eesezog nobetoo sad to eeldns sid inf pameed od Sones: doidn .selosnoia aisdt sisuoe edd to eeftnas edd ve eisnotetoo ek y1iied edt bos ,sonsnlini nistesw Sewn slertnnn oe fo.evkoe ed .tesi edd Io exewod Leatuso edd “aot - é oan a oy i 242 and ewen in Berry. The tower of the upper church of Loches, built over the sanctuary, not only retains that arrengement of the Perigord towers, but also the angie pimnacles; as for its spire, it is octasonal instead of beins conical. But the architects of the 12 th century who erected that tower were skilful constructors, and understood that a single engased c column at the ansle of a square story as at S. Front, did not suffice to resist the thrust of the arches, and that it was necessary to strensthen the angles. They have then removed t the ensgased columns from these ansbes, to leave them Sreater Strensth, and thus have brousht nearer the double arcades on each face. By this method the thick angles beins loaded by p pinnatles load vertically the four lower points of support, and maintain the stability of the tower. From the paint of v view of construction, the central tower of the church of Loch- es is one oOfsthe best desisned after the traditions of Peris- ord, and Pis. 27 presents a perspective of it. Note 1.p-318. Ke owe the two Lost drawings to the courtesy of M. Boeswilword. Profiting by the two styles comings fromithe Hast and the W west, the architects of the provinces of the royal domain er- ected on their churches in the 12 th century central towers, that were subject to these two influences, but like all thea architecture of that epoch and territory, soon assumed a spec- ial character, which is really the French style. We find ar remarkable example of it at Poissy.in the collegiate church. On the last bay of the nave, at the entrance of the choir (f (for that church is without transepts), rises a tower resting on four piers. Its base is square; at the four angles of the base rise four massive pinnacles (one alone contains a little screw stair); above is palced the base of the belfry with a Sinsular octasonal plan, i.e., havins four larse and sHall s sides. Placins the tower on four piers, it is evidentithat the constructors have not dared to adovt the resular octason, in order to avo#d too sreat trumpets, and to brins as nearly as possible the entire load on these four points of support. But the angles of the octagon possess their engaged columns, the angles of the square their pinnacles, which recall the w western influence, and the belfry is octagonal, like most of the central towers of the East. The spire of the central tower ee. ie erat ESS padqevnisixeo siil ,yatneqrso Yo zi yesioG to desudo edd. to on et ot9ds big snoitesdie evodolene ns oi siswod nearo% to i senote ni betostorq vilenigizo sew Ji Sadt ,seoaque oF nosset =% aiwd.to besoamoo si yitied Isnodetoo sit Yo yrose neco eT | vedT,.seble [isme eft to sedois efsnie bas ebiw edt si eedo _ hi ,aretasl s 100. smob.s asddien enistooo iswot sins Yo easd . Rated ti yvbaswi0% Yo 10 eid edd Yo erewod Leadneo ott of »sdd: Io tinev -eds svode mates edt to yirode s9Wwol edd vilersm > ait dpeaiag oxsus .oven goo seodm ,1sKod eidd to me evisoeqeisg s (8S) staeee10 of. .B. .vautneo dt SE odd Yo exsey Seti? odd mord eossh nottonate _ereb-oll ni beongcne: osm yrutnso ied? Yo bas edt wort Iftse ~peedousdo.to e1swos [aatgeo edt 10? arewos Lenosetoo sons1% enole estiae ofv ,belieyssc atewot nsw10% to ensiq s%avp8 odd -esfoannia a01 dtiv seed add ta mot [anotstoo edt Lenisster esi fann i: . o -ecions ent ts fe g9e98 fr yew oulis2 edt eatbneoceb ni yeetod wor? rat ttor | =fiv eft,3o c1tmeo efd ts dlind dowdo elsiif s umsd ttel oad . ed¢ t9vO 1ewos 5 eseeeesog domudo tad? .tollivenieY to skal + Yo noktvono1sjences ofT .thodo sdt te eoneatne edd ts otateeors Sf.edt to eatsey desl edd.mosl estab isl{iventsV to 19sW0d and -0f 10 etnemizeqxs stom om o12e stedt ;(OCLf duocs) yasdnse sd Seah edt movt esonouling ompacaemof tns19llib edt :acitaisdase ~mels dnersttib seeds So femict d1e wens. :bsevt es tee bne sp etobaelqe eti Ils cassags ,{saibirzo bos xa8t4 tud .etos telLinonaev 40 tawot isatuso eft to soitonwenos edt a10te8 eevia ybserle dofdw bos .astusl asen yeuid to sedt betosie eaw 4 dtiv ,seed [anckstoo diiw s1ice s yd betnvomine iswod etauns & geest two0l oo etems0b bee selene odt so aslosnnia biloze 10% ; toetdse bas vvaed [lite ei yamid to aewod odT .bimanya odd to | .ebsm sgete tertt odd to ono ei gud ,enoisibesd supeensmos oF . 91s Yisineo dv Sf edd Yo siswod Isatneo edt .ddésd wen edd ni » Yo,e18s" edt yd fotstesveb .sonsi% to dyecq Jedd ai c1e2 yisv e9solg tedt .tellivoateV lo dant of ;viwineo tedt Yo bane edd moo ai ¢T .91so idiw beibuse od taum .notdienst? to docqs end Syssotusidiso Sciseor ,sainsao suodtin esed exsype e to hseod geq0 ofT .eedo1s seisvensiw aol so bus Saieeox9 sid to ersia er ‘Ud fsorlsies o12 eoltne ati jeasd dads ne eseia yitiled mgnes2 10 odd qesageiited snimiot enmulod bse | eLadtoo dévin eoinico 4 .eaninego ond yd bes eye, vee * Seale & f Ps ne" ma) *| . f i . al , ae ae 243 of the church of Poissy is of carpentry, like certain spires of Norman towers in an analosous situation: snd there is no reason to suppose, that it was originally projected in stone. The open story of the octasonal belfry is composed of twin ar- ches in the wide and single arches of the small sides. The b base of this tower contains neither a dome nor a lantern, li- ke the central towers of the Rhine or of Normandy, it being merely the lower story of the belfry above the vault of the nave. We present (28) a verspective view of this tower, whose con- struction dates from the first years of the 12 th century. S Still from the end of thet century men renonnced in Tle-de- France octagonal towers for the central towers of churches; the souare plans of Norman towers prevailed, the spires alone retained the octagonal form at the base with four pinnacles at the ansles. Not‘far from Poissy in descendins the Seine may be seen on the left bank a little church built at the centre of the vil- lage of Vernouillet. That church possesses a tower over the crossing at the entrance of the choir. The construction of t the tower of Vernouillet dates from the last years of the 12 th century (about 1190); there are no more experiments or un- certainties; the different Romanesaue influences from the Hast and West are fused; a new art formedyat these different elem- ents, but frank and original, avpears all its splendor. Before the construction of the central tower of Vernouillet was erected that of Limay near Mantes, and which already sives a souare tower surmounted by a spire with octasonal base, with four solid pinnacles on the angles and dormers on four faces of the vyramid. The tower of Limay is still heavy and subject to Romanesque traditions, but is one of the first steps made in the new path. The central towers of the 12 th century are very rare in that vart of France, devastated by the wars of the end of that century; so that of Vernouillet, that closes the epoch of transition, must be studied with care. [It is com— posed of a sauare base without openings, restins onhtherfouers piers of the crossings and on four transverse arches. The open belfry rises on that base; its angles are reinforced by enga- sed columns forming buttresses: the four faces afe eachfpiers ced by two openings. A cornice with corbels terminates that % tet cpheanend bos .2lled efit eniosla rot benkizeb ysore nego | 2) ,enottostot 10 anoteesoet Juodtin asia sisupe soetisq ‘@ odd m0 .yrtied sat to yrote edd to nelo ont ef (0S) s190H ¢ Yo eeltne edd te booslo ,ebsed evoitenon si2ie ers sois109 @tdote ods ot oaia Qnivin .e1swpa & ni hediqoesl nokstoo ead - pOssrige sds animrot seed [snotetoo diiw himeiya sid Yo eaten enagfoo wot enmeloo xmot stasos edd to eolkan SotTosfo1w oag ' o bebstns sddie edt sentsss sods tedd ,esioannta r00% 189d a ewobaiw'meqo yiev to yrote eno ylno eevis si dent ni red \ od sfdsrovet yiev ei ysiveonoo snode ezoiw ,himetys sit e988 edt fis af teY .efled edt Yo enotisadiv sid Yo noktvosdte1 sdt | | stoob! o66°{enoneit 42° t0 dedd nt sedt exon om \ersKos Seibsoste 247 The elevation of this tower (37) shows its external decora- tion, agmixture of the Romanesaue traditions of the provinces of the West and of the new French architecture of that evoch As in the West; the ansles are still flanked by ensased colu- mns, and the peinted decoration is the only concession to the taste of the time, which is scarcely motived by the construct -—- ion, still entirely Romanesoue. The svire with octasonal base on that sauare tower is also itself the result of a foreign influence on local traditions, and the trampetssrest very un- skilfully on the coupled columns of the uppver oveninss. A lit- | tle stairway, circular at base and octagonal at the top, is detached from the mass of the tower, and ascendins from the Sround, gives access to the lower story of the belfry. Ne sgive (38) a detail of the openings of that lower story with the holes pierced in the fillins slabs. Indeed the sreat oointed archivolts of the two stories are only a decoration, and play no part in the cons ruction. In makins that concess- ion to the new forms, the architect understood that these ar- ches, if they had been built of through stones would have had the effect of pushing outward the angles of the tower, and a adoptins a decoration of a character already Gothic, he porud- ently retained his Romanesaue system of construction. It is necessary to point out an advance in the tower of S. Menoux;- this is that this tower is very well arranged foh placings a bell cage of carpentry supporting the bells at its top. The timbers are sufficiently ventilated by the openings of the lower windows without risk of being wetted, and the upper s story allows the sound of the bells to pass freely. In most Romanesque towers is very soon recosnized a desire to erect a tower, than to satisfy a special need; the towers with octa- Sonal bases, sO common in the vrovinces of the Hast, lend th- emselves badly to the placing of wooden bell cases, which can only be inscribed in the sauare, their permanent stories are likewise opened and do not allow the vibrations of the bells to be develeted in their entire intensity; the combination a adopted in the construction of the tower of 8. Menoux is bet- ter, in that it gives only one story of very open windows, near the vyramid, whose stone concavity is very favorable to the reftection of the vibrations of the bells. Yet in all the preceding towers, no more than in that of S. Menoux, one does wi Ba -wool Rakoasg xd boiasoocesa e19K efoedidors edd tadd, cea, tox Pow L{ed, edt, to yidnsaras edt toedorg od heablesh, yebrsed. o1 gid niptesol te .yxdnsomso eid? .dnin sit yd neviad oisx mort _ obsed, xd betevoo esw . tis 997} odd ni Sniniems1 .wiode is¢00 gan aewos odd ofat feoubowdnt oier s0 won? .bedoisg yleism 10 = ~10gmh, Jedd 02, nivte1 of mokesooo eved Ifede ow so§ .2elyoR1sr -ike) qilie’ ee 1 alo -[iateb, gnat, nistzeo. ni etsl yrey teieisa nedd. anewes lextneo sisspe sdT ‘Yor se100. edt, cn0ls meodt ebatt. eno youtnsd ed to esonivoiw _, enie®, odd oo dollinonis¥ to seeiiiv edd ni slidl .onieM ode + -Is¥.esd no ensmiod gs ,svode neyih saenod yiieto edgy Siivd gem | Yo mrot fenoitifbsad oft benistes tedd .s9eNed & Dotoemts een on -steb. sid, dayodtis ,oxineD edd le esoniverg sit to aisnot odd ei easmi00 to sossdo, edt .oidicd ylerttoe oc vheeils ysm efi etiodo adv to yhod of3 osdt as{fema oxs Biaoemeii edi hos [lene _ staessig ow sala oeodw. .1rewod Isadéns0 a beese1 ear sead aint 20 aovted tleedi toe! nadéorhofdoceité doiwwdo Ilene & 10% .(0F) gniod.sasdd ;alled sit. to aeiosla sas od asia orsupe end sadd doine sieis lo sease edt i sosge erom berinvet saemevom oi —s -19ite sigcat asad 9 ,(02) ensm100 to tewod [endneo edd Yo svivosagiecaedd al neil el exsdd: .toot odd Jo vdgied sdt ni: peiet sesdes Jaooxs ' setetenco tsx0t aids, to Sminworo, sAT .yr0ce, nego, yleselomes ene to, bone: .eeesd isvypons tud iddied Ieups to esldsd av0ot to vabod to modtoc sdt ts eolyoate® avet diinw eloor tnitsoesieini ond wintaso dd CL.sds moat eetsh vino joor efdd god seveliev sas w ytove nego sid yilenigiao gedi ,eveiled of hbesoaeif sie sh avo, ot gwode es ,tdbied Isopenu Yo, seldse yd beteninies esr BIE nod proepcanel 50 podanare. aisiieo.o¢ saibsoces bes oxosit e guerra ¢ . -») e6pbsamedd. Yo erswos sfoseamaal eda: saihhe? vino teum sw dnseei10 esd od a0) ton yen si9wos ssedt, Jedd fon ,ytomem mor} sedorndo ssnr0l to -ted, edt Js beisie es oensoed Ind ,sonedioomt Jest s& bed evs 2ostqe isifuoeq. yloridae saseexg yous. ,oloidah aids Yo eoinst o B88 tddil of bebeotni umiedael asdiex e168 youd bas ,tnemed anibsosrg si9Kot.samit0l Iextoso beshol .bel{so-oe, yiseacig 219 be +e oe _ wv, ©, 7 f a , a ri » *, bos esedton diiw bedeinis? dale anigole sewol e so betosiloo, “wot ified es.nedd. ,dotsdo sas to sagas edd od acid suslerevib. peabagetiaehintetis oil. ~paiteixe (Lise bas yrsdaso ds FL sad. oe edd to dsdt Yo eniemer. odd, ,ellivisdsed te 248 not see that the architects were preoccupied by placins louv- re boards, designed to protect the carpentry of the bell cages from rain driven by the wind. This carpentry, at least in the upper story, remaining in the free air, was covered by lead or merely painted. Snow or rain introduced into the tower was collected on a lower slopins slab furnished with gutters and Sarsgoyles. But we shall have occasion to return to that impor- tant detail. The souare central towers then persist very late in certain provinces of the Centre; one finds them alons the course of the Marne. While in the villase of Vernouillet on the Seine was built the pretty tower siven above, at Dormans on the Mar- ne was erected @ tower, that retained the traditional form of the towers of the provinces of the Centre, althoush the deta- ils may already be entirely Gothic. The church of Dormans is small and its transepts are smaller than the body of the choir. On this base was raised a central tower, whose plan we present. (329). Bor a small church theoobbodsobdlan lent itself better than the souare plan to the placins of the bells; these beins in movement reauired more space in the sense of their swins than inethe.o0ther. In thesperspective of the central tower of Dormans (40), e except anbase taken in the height of the roof, there is only one completely open story. The crowning of this tower consists today of four sables of equal height but unegual bases, and of two intersectins roofs with four sarsoyles at the bottom of the valleys. But this roof only dates from the 15 th century. We are disposed to believe, that orisinally the open story w was terminated by sables of unequal heisht, as shown in our figure and accordins to certain examples of Romanesaue towers of Champasne. Up. to the present we must only indicate the central towers of Norman churches from memory, not that these towers may not have had a Sreat importance, but because as stated at the beé- innings of this Article, they present entirely peculiar arran- Sement, and they are rather lanternr intended to lisht and co divesclevation to the centre of the church, than as bell. tow- ers vroverly so-called. Indeed central Norman towers precedins the 13 th century and still existins, like that of S. Georges of Bocherville, the remains of that of the abbey church of Ju- (uP yg | ee: via way. Me vs ‘4 at 40 deen0vec pret 8" ode. hanivets doom deuodtis ,eebetanl i eran edd anioela 10% yiots wol yrev 8 evib yino ,doisdo bie bersveo toor yadaso1s9 eenemmt oe dtiw stadol Yo tace | 4efliviedood to sk10995 .2 to dowsio ed¢ to 1ewos edT «stele 10 ” yino .d2 3 at débiw ebhiesuo seodw bax .[{s to etelqmoo seom tddted c dtiw affed edt sod bebnebat yiote ascou ns esrxeseeod . -axetosl se emtot ehaswawob tewod sdt to tee1 oT «tt £.FL Yo -in yatfed: odd to yrote edd 0 .2ateego1o sid fo sadneo edd te gateesg ..332 0688 to deed s batved yitneqiss to silge & ese _ -efanotstbh edt no eefioso1d yd nokstoc edd oF stsHDe edt wort so =neqo. bodois-bavot esidd yd beoreia ei yatied edd to sost dosg : =qo0mt! tse12 onived e1xige eT .anmuloo slétil vd bebivib egnai eeetige anoma si bsoslaq sved ow .vatasciso fo Aicw s es sonst ‘-899q qmsos¥ to vedds edt torrewot [atdeso odT .(efosl® .t54) - mse) ta asi 10 yodda edd to tadd ytnemosner1e Isliaie s eine yd betsniazed ,.vintose dé St odd to misinef avi anistes yino ‘rot [s1dn90 sad syyednso oa FE add to noiliveq [enotstoo ns vows) at nvetnsl s etasesig setwedil nenoh to {e1bedtse edt to ' % aewot & goats doidw evods .Yistneo dé FI edt mosh ,asliede eaw stitt teal edt otcted sed? ,gsiautnso dt 3tibee dt Zt oft det ds betosre .beel ddiw bezevoo extae nsboow s yd Eesnwore 5) syintoss dt TL edd To ontantsed . eft te exiswos Ieatneo tseah.edd Yo sonsissags.sds isvededh ! y ‘ ’ d - qenot edd Ye yr0de broom edd Yo nefa ods et (th) nodt evel ge (9b) bus (dere edd tol redtss to ,eriod-ane-tienes .2 to oh Tevel sit of tlind aew ornsonite odd :noitevele shie esi odd A fevel teddy svods estos ead to eseoberdxérengumost bos -nsint ton ssw si asd? «tt & Yo eeentoidd & vino esd few blo {few s vloo er si stdeten dse1t s ot [Lew eidd seisa ot bob o etd LIA .etoemelised visnibye to saentoids edd ,ssuetsb to seven esw cod ediebie: A level edt neswied bsetaqmoo soitaoa Sakbaooos bas .21sia Lanretnt avet edd oo eteor sand ;tlivd -nt [fiw etebess us0 .effed sdt nistnooo geum eiesdioovd wo ot ‘veo “wiiidedows « es ylnoo notderotes1 zu0 exes oF dein book _ edt Fo aetéoteds bro egntworh Soreness sit 985 .888.q.f ston ? *rvx wo ®8®V wh asawtostidora af orviod-Twactionss «8 fo rewvot 7) wiiao ehuododsio® «b ok yd. ,eJoode -92) sid to malo edd 10% botqohe ,e1siq To xavonteo eidt IsY -que od benttesh evawls son esn ,euswod blo smog Yo yrode bars -o10 8 Sven of .yrote beessoeyx s8e90cH eit Havork eds. mort F109 -sed¢ to nottouatenoco edd ot ,sldediemes eaiwisdto .eint To to ? 7) » § e ' : : ar +i + a we - ar) ae 7 Fy - 2 er al a eee at edetxe gminego os ssid o¢ e1om esis ad vote odd at beosio — -_ ee an =~) 251 Here then (41) is the plan of the sround story of the tower ef S. Benoit-sur-Loire, or rather of the porch, and (42) is its side elevation; the structure was built to the level ay and fromithenéxtradoses of the arches above thet level A, the old wall has only a thickness of 2 ft. Then it was not inten- ded to raise this wall to a great heisht; it is only a wall of defense, the thickness of ordinary battlements. All the p portion comprised between the level A ‘afidithe too was never built; that rests on the four internal piers, and according to our hyoothesis must contain the bells. Our readers will in- deed wish to take our restoration only as a probability. Note 1-9-3386. See the Seneraor aArowinées and details of the tower of S. Benoit-sur-Loire im Architecture au VV? on XVI” Stecle, wy Me Jo Gairlhovoud. Yet this ouincunx of piers, adopted for the plan of the ér- cund story of some old towers, was not always destined to sup- port from the Sround the upper recessed story. We have a pro- of of this, otherwise remarkable, in the construction of the tower of Lesteros. In the ground story the tower of besterps, built about the besginnins of the 12 th century, vresents near- ly the same arransement as that of S. Benoit-sur-Loire, except three tunnel vaults borne on archivolts replace the Roman cr- oss vaults adopted at S. Benoit. Above the ground story rises a beautiful and great hall vaulted as a round-arched dome on an octasonal plan, obtained by means of trumpets placed on t the angles of the sauare. A second story presents the same 4 arransement in more rest:ricted dimensions. Pis. 43 gives the western elevation of this tower, and (44) the settronsmdde om the axis of the porch perpendicular to the facade; at Ais the doorway of the nave. A third storw B is recessed, but has not been completed or has been destroyed. Thus here at S. Ben- oit, we are reduced to conjectures resardins tke crownins of this tower. It is certain that a third story was vierced by twin openings on each face, and was inserted between the spi- re afd the second story, and that addins the probably heisht of the upper story af the spiee to the existins parts, one w would obtain from pavement to the apexzof the pyramid a height of about 197 ft. The ridge of the roof of the nave of the ch- urch beins at D, it is probable that the bells must have bem placed in the story ©, the more so that an openings exists in a Le gag iis et oP edt ato nent oor per teh. ‘yiote baoose ott. | © dfusy eas Cinpohanest enso edd of tek fed edd Saienia 107 benkapss sbhico dorsd® odd Yo asHct of? etowod oddew 2 es bevies yfso. S yuote ed¢ dtiw noefisamoo al eonsda0ams evomyons ms esd agresdesd to sg omols Beeti vd ei ti idk anthsoorg aeleis ebis dtiv even boyd Satsoamt to sacamg edd atin qesi betavels ne ,Joenunon & yweuttste odd tu .1s%s yitas00 edd seineiv Yo bas ssem att -»baoose edd -ot vino abnsoes elans teswddion edt of bedosties et bebnetnit exotouitenoo edd wod wont don ob ew fae .viode “\,ego3 vebos wont ot stiwottiibas’ JI .esiaese asqqns sd dosed sytode serit edt to [fed Iwtiduesd edt besilidu ed Sisco taeda. motourse tadT .even edd otot betiool & yieliss 8 oo ensao ti ylleteiso ots etasdsevo ;bencess1 I[low bos Ivlidused yiev ai sedio dose baided beezsee1 ete eoriote sat davoddle. ,bsbhiove ond of¢ to sonsultnt ed? .(2d .2L%) nottoem edd yd nwode 22 Ieesoloo edt ai nishe tis! tdeasiseetem biokined to aloonoe om sit to tewod odd etotqmoo oT .sheteotsd yldsiints ,sisdouite -msx® Agee of yisensoon si ti ,earxstes7 Yo doasdo sad to dow09 -esonoulia£ eomse odtv o¢ dostdus adnemunom euokolens ni asio -qecau edt Yo oven edd no beosla aswod edt sevin evad ow wor yeu (8S s8i%) Bainwors adi yeeno0d to dowsdo (etsivelfoo Elo) -sorstesd to rewot edd stslawoo ot sviss -tiftorto ,9/ 6004 .K wed auorh sow tagmunom afd? .OhEedeL 2tO% te = \ 2 a ne aa . «9794 beouborgsy agaiworvl sit avo sa alt ot fos need eyed blyoo sonsit-sh-siT Yo esfoavdo to etewod-dosoe b1 ni bad aeve vodd tsdt assacs gon s90b di ,eanetebh aot bevelams ssonivoig eit to esodd ot Ienpe sonetioamisas sddiedewssess -gfI to eedoasdo edi to esvsg efT.«etdan59 2vdt bos sesh-sas To etine yilesenes etew esoniveig tnsost.be odd to bas eone1%-sb oun eit sroted boetxe ton £6 siswod-do100 edt bos .worren ‘os8 Ytordowdos yodds edt Yo saswod bof sdt to sead saT .eelsia '¥ _steinetion eft to tewos ent to dsdd .efisd ds 2019-seb-alemie9 ~s918 e1su08 & asdd etom betapvooo vyisouwece ,yeetos to dodo botysa neianivolusO edd aniwsh tod .ebiw t3 £.d8 of B.OL Yo e1sy e1ioy eft batisbied eeodd bus tah edd to esonivorg eds | s eeiO ,snis® efx to ssonivotg 2oiniotbe edi asdt tedoia dous _w yedt ,sotemmoo evienatxe yiev 8 mo hednyoo yest lenis¥ fos tI .vrodiared sfitxzet teom odd boeesesoa bos seoiaseuboi siew -nom donned] odd nodw .yisdaso dé Sf edt Yo bne edt. de ylao ese e bedotiae esw sonert-sb-siI teds ,sonsvbs {se 8 Xoot ydors ae ee eee. fee Se, & 252 the vault of the second story intended for the passase of the cords reauired for ringing the bells: in this case the fourth story B only served as a wathc tower. The tower of the Church of Lesterps has an enormous importance in comparison with the nave with side aisles preceding it‘ it is by itself alone a monument, an elevated keep with the purpose of imposins by i its mass and of viewins the country afar. But the stairway a attached to the northwest ansle ascends only to the second- story, and we do not know how the constructors intended to reach the upper stories. It ussdifficult to know today for what could be utilized the beautiful hall of the first story; it opens on a Ssallery & lookins into the nave. That structure is very beautiful and well reasoned; overhangs are carefully avoided, althoush the stories are recessed behind each other as shown by the section (Fis. 44). The influence of the two schools of Perigord makesiitsebf left again in the colossal structure, admirably treated. To complete the tower of the po porch of the church of festerps, it is necessary to seek exam- ples im analosous monuments subject to the same influences. Now we have Siven the tower placed on the nave of the upper (old collegiate) church of hoches: its crownins (Fis. 28) may serve to complete the tower of Lesterps. Rote 1.p-840~. This monument wos drawn by Me. Abode, archit- ect, to him we owe the drowinds reproduced here. Td porch-towers of churches of Fle-de-France could have been employed for defense, it does not appear that they ever had in apeasorzheisht aneimportance eaual to those of the provinces of the West and the Centre. The naves of the churches of Ile- de-France and of the adjacent provinces were generally: quite narrow, and the porch-towers did not extend before the side aisles. The base of the lod tower of the abbey church of 3. Germain-des-Pres at Paris, that of the tower of the collesiate church of Poissy, scarcely occupied more than a square area of 16.4 to 26.3 ft wide. But during the Carlovingian period the provinces of the West and those borderins the roire were much richer than the adjoinins provinces of the Seine, Oise a and Marne, they counted on a very extensive commerce, they w were industrious and possessed the most fertile territory. It was only at the end of the 12 th century, when the French mon- archy took a real advance, that Ile-de-France was enriched e van @ a. s = 7 os 7 i : os ie : > ’ re ) en : : 7 a : ; eee es “Det Yo seeds asds sodas!) etnomuoon bedcors id BIE HF bne “ qebqqe Of ness et JeY .ehmosnis? bas bretixed .wottod .extod git No Betantesd eit mort donmerd ylaeqc10 esontvoig sdd oi . gnkdton ni eblety ges subtoesidors Yo eIvie & .wintaso dt St #1 -gidxe yd oR .61sn90 edd bos JeeW sit oi basaohe elyte sid oF | -oetidow eidt hitb esintowise {eeeoloo bns enoiensmib yisnibse -tet ,encitsogo1g to yoomied s yd tnd .beton i{seti sian sind -smeanetrs Eiod ybesrls bas yoosd ,nokttuosxs gesnise bos beat foitdw .eame1be19 « dtiw efoedidois bhedeiniw)d eireKx0ed enT .eto -feveb eft ot ifseeti sosl teds bos .sonsioe aiedsi Ife herispss \ eaw emmertorg eidd 10% Ynoisenidemt [sinten aiedd Eo saemao -ofsifes Yo edaso sedi0 edt to tadd osit hesotases1 eee!l down 3 wen Yo sen sid fewolls bas .eeorfiths ywietilim a0 Livio .en ~ biviv 6 déiw bewobne evetias oF leit Jesv es Bainsco .ami107% eidd of svi ot botilde eis ew dend Joodxs sdT .noitenigzent ~\'sdt to e1osonzsenoo edt wed eetsoibai yitneioittwe sloisaa ot Bas enottifnoo Isool 10 bssrooni oF Snibacoos eeps slhbim ea% ylediniiai yaev ot helIsumoo nesd svand ,ewtnek nwo atedd “yfine ton sisw doidw .870SHRn0Mm edt oF sves yods Tedd .em16t & to'da0w & aSsdte1 dom dad .fsen euoiasomi os to sIvee1 odd -tidois to notienitemi snd EBetgoxs siswot smoge ead endT .d48 © rs este Sibbim edd aniavb evtos s betoobks ssoys mort hebssoora yleo1sos [ochoe nisteew sdT bedoss1 yitotvo Ji :yindoso dv [i sid te aninnised say soodse esibbim ent tuode sonevbe of beesaso boa Inemoolevsh steslomoo «2 “s9intosiidows evooeensmol dviw f@kb Ji pvindnso dJ Sl edd to w said edd to efasd eit no tsee ati dtin Lloodoe nteraees oAT -o1 yloo ti sedomedia Fertt efi wedts veiliasde vd donate ese 8 aw notientssamt seinsaiasaxe feat eit yfedinitnt heoubeorta -bs Ise1 & tosteb tonnes ono -evetsye edi od Sntinew vieridns -tused geom edt bas ,eiewod fetned® to noktasomoo sas ni sonev no eons18 al .teebLo edt sasdreq sis bootersine teed bos [pti wmwot supesnsmo® odd ,oismoh [evor edd oi .08.i .VIeTIHOO Ons to se1v0o eds ontavh emrol? Isnorsibssys esti eqowh yisviessoove “-nos asissto ywindnso teds to bane edt se bas \yantnso dé SP sas ~ goitsotbai etametta to eetise s yd ytused teers to enoisoes -ne@ bus cotdsnissmi ddiw belli? atettis to ssostte yoosd eft suisineo dt Pg edd Yoobns edd to erswos otenpe Seshom mort «92 -wos bio ods ot sauB bus seiO ,ente® edd Yo eined edt no tlind PTET Yo svaesat ns yino et eetdasi0 to Ieibedtso of3 Yo 496 ¢ Sure ee : : ; a ‘S . ; . ; ew 295 and in its turn erected monuments larger than those of the L Loire, Poitou, Perisord and Saintonge. Yet is seen to appear in the provinces properly French from the beSinnius of the 12 th century, a style of architecture that yields in nothins to the style adopted in the West and the Centre. Not by extra- ordinary dimensions and colossal structures did this architec- ture make itself noted, but by a harmony of proportions, ref- ined and earnest execution, happy and already bold arranseme- nts. The towers furnished architects with a prosramme, which required all their science, and that lent itself to the devel- opment of their natural imasination; for this prosramme was much less restricted than that of the other parts of relisio- us, civil or military edifices, and allowed the use of new f forms, opening a vast field to artists endowed with a vivid imagination. The extent that we are obliged to sive to this Article sufficiently indicates how the constructors of the middle ages, according to imported or local conditions and to their own Senius, have been compelled to vary infinitely tbe forms, that they save to the monuments, which were not only the result of an imperious need, but much rather a work of a art. Thas the stone towers exeited the imagination of archit- ects during the middle ages. The western school scarcely proceeded from types adopted a about the besinnius of the 11 th century; it quickly reached a complete development and ceased to advance about the middle of the 12 th century; it diéd with Romanesaue architecture. The eastern school with its seat on the banks of the Rhine w was struck by sterility after its first attempts; it only re- produced infinitely its first experiments; imagination was e entirely wantins to its artists: one cannot detect a real ad- vance in the conception of Rhenish towers, and the most beaut- iful and best understood are perhaps the oldest. In France on the contrary, i.e-, in the royal domain, the Romanesque tower successively drops its traditional forms durins the course of the 12 th century, and at the end of that century creates eon- ceptions of sreat beauty by a series of attempts indicatins : the hapoy effects of artists filled with imasination and sen- se. From modest square towers of the endcof the 11 th century, built on the banks of the Seine, Oise and Bure to the old tow- er of the cathedral of Chartres is only an interval of fifty aq secon - a tet ra 7 as ed Wenet wotv. to une sidihiintalh Siiaans i “les se100 yore gote pe qese wolfot od gomedds [lade ef leas © eeedd ni wvod esw sindosdidore oiddod ti 10% r9eomevbs alidé peer cncpinenementaae ayswot eft to noktuoere ont ni .e9onive4s -snikemi odt to ysilidzet evoisibowg edt bas esounoees ati e2 ss Giespenin sonsioe tiedy ga omit smae ont te 2teisis eti Yo soit | wwe -otest aiedd -ros De ceed stsiqmoon seom eft to eno se stad sertt [fade o¥ edt gs tliud Isvesizey to aswos-doredq edd siswod [fed done19 -iteivolisd sit to tedd eb oasd etl .yrwdaso as If edt Yo bne syousd JsdT E yaeiog to bos co1d-esh-oiemie) «2 Io eiswod HF ett 4.0L ylno ei .esveoudtud edd Yo noitoetoig edd tnibuloxe geeit gi .bedoohs neds modano sit oF bnibioood .shiatuo sersupe ss «gtd Yo dabdedesde of ,doiwca edd to eedow sad tosoxs ,viniala =o ywrove Emooee s vi A level get evoddA .even sit to soinzeo oe baidt s oedid .soet doses no dots elidvobh s dtiw bso evitied 6 e8 eevies dordw..eneaco oe geod sit more aexost ood enoltorotest Fa9oed e8AGe Gel OFON ) Wf ted eretooteds ati JJo serI-seb-néomrTss .2 fo reH#0t sat Fo =~roqg tetvwo wo tgsoxs rors tae yvtosa boteixe Sf sonia snot toa As ‘ egtwutnse Af 8fL edt fo fot o sved teum dotdw .rewod eidd to nokdevele os ei (7b) e108 10? ;asbie xav0t to bimerya smote 2 yd benworwo seed yilsnisizo vidnsouso yd hersvoo e1ew sieKosd snd Jedd ,sseco0e toa esob ti 3 ‘viremso¥ “ni sosiisa eesiny S yuidneo dd €L end eroted etoor edd santonide slomie teid tbeerls efeet en .er)ebeel® ni Dae sit antorveiniet aecesittud ofT .etesy to dsidis ne To esor0mi | timisq of Gdtisd sege19 edt ds gove t1sq tewci Ont Hans eoleas ) * to yiode efT .sead stewpe s no Ifesti dostish oJ yatled ena weitins Sshehne yd tastels e1om hevebnes ef Boedt wailed esd slisil ed? .esbbhe aisde sd¢ to eesnvib sid dseid dadd .adiede 6 ead etninedo 190q0 edt to etlovidows edt Snidieqqne asbi0c -dste boe tdbii sei enetq edd to nala eds bas ,moitioge1q yooen ~aue dele s io bseoameo ef soimioo aatnworo edt .(ad .8i%)~9/ ‘ .g [fede te doia bus beniter ei bos .eledi0o bevasd yd besr00 ss aptonie efit «jimnve xd sasd wort elomie yiew dawondfA .deco emidalgoe anivyess: .[finle ddin atostte edi esonbo1d [lite 61 evolome ti veotiaso of Sniddes tniveel bes ed1sa 1990 sit 107 - piled edt esves! bos ,enoienemib Iisme to elsiaetsam yino eit eeauss dei -eaninege eidiezoa teenie ond - 254 years; from the point of view of the art, what immense progr- ess! We shall attempt to follow step by step the course of t this advance; for if Gothic architecture was bora in these provinces, in the execution of its towers particularly appea- rs its resources and the prodisious fertility of the imasgina- tion of its artists, at the same time as their science and t their taste. Ne shall first take as one of the most complete types of French bell towers the porch-tower of worienval-~built at the end of the 11 th century. Its base is that of the Carlovingi- an towers of S. Germain-des-Pres and of Poissy. That base, e excluding the projection of the buttresses, is only 19.7 ft. square outside. According to the custom then adooted, it rises plainly, except the arches of the porch, to shechézsht of the cornice of the nave. Above that level A is a second story pi- erced with a double arch on each face, then a third story al- so opens, which serves as a belfry. Note 1ePoBA2Ae. Recent restorations have taken from the base of the tower of S. Germoin-dee-Pres ali its character, but n NOt Long since 1% existed nearly entire, except on outer por- VoL of the 18 th century. Here (45) is an elevation of this tower, which must have o orisinally been crowned by a stone pyramid of four sides; for it does not appear, that the towers were covered by carpentry roofs before the 13 th century, 2 unless perhaps in VYormandy and in Flanders. One feels already that Simple structure the impress of an artist of taste. The buttresses reinforcins the angles and the lower part stop at the proper heisht to permit the belfry to detach itself on a sauare base. The story of t the belfry itself is Rendered more celesant by ensased -anSlens shafts, that break the dryness of the sharo edges. The little order supportins the archivolts of the upper openings has a haopy proportion, and the plan of the piers is lisht and stab- le.(Pis. 46). The crownins cormice is composed of a slab sup- ported by Garved corbels, and is refined and rich at small c cost. Although wery simple from base tic summit, this structu- re still produces its effects with skill, reserving sculpture for the upver parts and leavins nothins to caprice; it employs only materials of small dimensions, and leaves for the bells the largest possible openings. What causes the assumption that = o~ ts ¥ ai ; } ; y i ‘S Ta 4 i . ie y: _& antes o) iaoas stile “te a edt to pee eas ee si / tedt et ere com gpl bimsiva snote s yd hetsnin -g1etsoo .akedo sit ——— eisKos tedte ons sit doipio emee -vo ‘YInoeem Yd betevoo es © .oos Jedg Yo smotens edt od vid o£ .ysonwe ts i (dD s8i7 oi beteoifot es efimes gbtred .2 Fo dotuwdo ysddo stt £88 Of PES MOTT .SABeGsk BSFOK <#710K Ott yd bontsd n99d Yasood Tet}o ,tiévdst sow 7980 22 FO -Tp9 0 wd Setonfarst sow fdovudo won todt Fo tewost edt Sao ,aa0 sobfiasd ,as/ied fo sefrota serdt gasniotaco stutoutte yttnag 9h a9ddo a9 992) .bos/ dtiw Sst9¢v00 sow slodw adit ;srige edt 96 «Bo yd ,.steonom so 9h som ensione asf aston’ rAd F7S9 Bo Wott: T9800 .2 .AGSE 488 20g ot FVE9 .soolgqod todt fo fisJ buo Shety to hsoolgq evewot SAT .SAB.G.8 stox -roluotireg ,eootF ta oft ~gutbasy vo} bobastal stsa yroutonse -dtig atsw sotteto 9dt tTéodo odt wh aud? sesdotuds ysddo af yf _«emweovons tTetaso/o sat gnégvoss twodtinw siisd 9At Fo doost ae = -tes? mo guigasér vo} Sse7vsss7 sirsxv esbeoot srt fo etewos Joa z , ~obvetvo sort Jufatioy sdt gatiloo to? ban elas sig wen odd nivininso dat Sf edd Yo Qninntted ait haewod FoF -wot tosts ot beeseso nem ,dooos tedt gerdlinud estioivtio Yo eca -o1tesertbh sig io gonsoziaimey & eew tedy ba yeendotcod wv) ets -19 end Snievso enosse1 odt j;ecolesvai asmrol edd Yo aemis en co beosla oe siswoT .beteixs ae%H0l on eiswot seodd Yo noidoe ) ~‘eaeteoew sdi ai baneqe sd Eluoo dads ..2woboiw sdd bheronadeco yodt ~aswov1sn eeor0o eft Shivam boliseamoo yeas reflew eldeb tbeelied edd gata of bane .svan eft Yo sonsises end boworis8 a erebois edt 10% ,yrode booose sdd o9 bnsoes oc YiIseesosn Fen ~ eoeeesq sit tourtiedo eudd Hoe dor0od sad oi atemeat ton bhlooo =-tee seond etil ,eyedds sat ni avotsrler1 enxT .Intddiat edt to Zt as60 atewos sven ot bsviststo ,asdoredo ceLiso saz ak univ eldt ,eebsost sid no botos1e stew yeds Ti baw .yisHdonse ood es of .esieta sbhie sdi dtiw enitsoinommoo fre sbhie sit ts sew -{88 .¢4d) .dowsdo edt of sonsites edt eott yistitas eves! od Ww etewod Ti ~yatemmye to Toowettups (sisten YIev 8 Ya «(eet -sutovee edd to etnslt edt ts 10 ebsost sit shiesd“tI ted eiew -betosis ylineyos1t sisw owd ,tswodt slonie s to feetent .esia -meisbh s Jo sonetesges lencitibeit edd tainatstet mort ast bas .distele medd ashos1 of yrsitace edt no dikwoe sem yiswos evie ‘7 Lind dowsdo | pfeuto of tascga ton blooda sesm aisdsd wscd ce | | Uitostb + eosig od serit te sieb tom bib nem dsY .ednih 7 oo: - } : == ) | 255 the porch-tower of the church of Morienval was originally ter- minated by a stone pyramid with sauare baseiiis, that in the same church the two other towers flanking the choir, conform- bly to the customs of that epoch, ° are covered by masonry py- ramids as indicated in Fis. 47. Note 2-poBA2~- From 859 to 861 the ovbbey church of S. Bertin of S. Omer wos reouilt, ofter having been vourned by the Noru- Ons, and the tower of That new church wos terminated by a car- pentry structure containing three stories of bells, besides she spire, the whole was covered with Lead. (See Les avbes de S. Bertin, Grapres Les anciens won. Ge ce wonast., by He de Loploce. Part 1. pe GG- 18BA. S. Omer. Note 3.9-342. The towers placed at right oud Left of thart sanctuary were intended for ringius, the offices, partioular- Vy Ww obvey churches. Thus in the choir the clerics were with- in reach of the bells without Leaving the cloister enclosure, BeV\ towers of the focodes were reserved for ringiug on fest- Awole, ond For collins the TortsnTul from outside. But toward the beginnings of the 12 th centuryin the new pl- ans of churches built at that epoch, men ceased to erect tow- ers over porches; as that was a reminiscence of the disastro- us times of the Norman invasions; the reasons causins the er- ection of those towers no lomser existed. Towers so placed o obstructed the windows, that could be opened in the western Sable walls; they compelled makins the porches narrower; they narrowed the entrance of the nave, and to rins the bells it was necessary to ascend to the second story, for the ringers could not remain in the porch and thus obstruct the passase of the faithful. The religious in the abbeys, like those ser- ving in the parish churches, preferred to have towers near t the sanctuary, and if they were erected on the facades, this was at the side and communicating with the side aisles, so as to leave entirely free the entrance to the church. (Art. B¢gl- ise). By a very natural reauirement of symmetry, if towers w were built beside the facade or at the flanks of the sairctua- ries, instead of a single tower, two were freauently erected, and far from retaining the traditional appearance of a defen- sive tower, men sought on the contrary to render them elesant, so that their mass should not appear to crush the church buil- dings. Yet men did not dare at first to place them directly 7, nie ae (BOE of al i v4 = a4 aad tat —_— yet bose inde pee oe idiaieds Sacecacabibianit Lovet ee01 cot eolets ebie edt Yo ref¢ bhetaloes yseteitosd es satvace Ifed eftsh & bewict yiota bonwoiwe aieds , ‘gusdesw edt isen beoslo exvew vend ti ,beob edd to fegado to 8 22° J eertatd eft bus yietiose oft Yo sala end Aoot 10 .eheoat ny Parry ? eYisntonse eddy seen Slind syew yeds . estoiedo neises Snedyoamt yisv 10 eedoundo yedds gasy oft ‘7 ows bae sheoet sid to esbie dtod is aryswos betosts ylinsvostt | tt edd to sedowdes ol¢sil odd aud :yisndonee ett 1850 erento > yy =————— Te ee i : % @ 256 before the side aisles, and partly supported them on the first isolated pier of the side aisle. They rose from the ground; their sround story formed a little hall servins as baptistery or chapel of the dead, if they were placed near the western facade, or took the place of the sacristy and the treasury, if they were built near the sanctuary. The great abbey churches or very important parish?churches frequently erected towers at both sides of the facade and two others near the sanctuary; but the little churches of the i1 th and 12 th centuries beings able to have but one bell tower, erected it by preference near the choir. In Ile-de-France and Beauvoisois that arrangement is auite freauent, and accords perfectly with the requirements of worship. The village of N Nesle mear 1’Isle-Adam has retained a charmins church, whose erection dates in the last years of the 15 th century, and that adjoins an older tower (first years of the 12 th century), so as to place that tower at the southern side of the choir. That church is without transepts, and the tower is embedded in the side aisle; it must have been orisinally detached, and was probably built beside a church with a single nave. The t tower of the church of Nesle is one of the best conceived and best built amons the numerous examoles furnished by thet prov- ince and that epoch, most fertile in beautiful towers. We sive its elevation.(48). Above the ground story well ba- sed and stable, pierced by a single small window, rise two o open stories destined for the belfry. The stone spire crowning the last story is no longer built on a square plan as at Mor- ienval, but on an octagon whose four diagonal sides are supp- orted by four internal pendentives. This monument of small di- mensions is remarkably studied in its entirety as well as its details. One notes how the cornices A and B skilfully join t the heads of the angle buttresses, that are only ensgased col- umns. The sculpture is refined and earnest, only applied to the capitals. The archivolts are simply decorated by chevrons. Wouldings are delicate and excellent in style; everywhere the construction is visible and intimately connected with the dec- oration. It is unnecessary to say that only the sround story is vaulted. The tower of the church of Nesle is built accord- ing to Romanesoue data. Bat already at the bedginnins of the 12 th century the architects of that vprovince, seekins to free i » e j oO belie Vy Ves ne | a | bus, Levon sissas0. fsa Sr iecblinieesalienk ie manioopods bas: go1 bogsLoveb ye deum dotdw ‘Stinapine adie bas. Hinata e1om ,benogss1 rested exton sowhorg of mods bel tkikes od? .estistnse enibeserq edd to erodd asid rcliaw eee! edd at sqediec .eeenblod esom déin yew asi obsm acitsvooai to ~—s godto. nt asd? yisdneo dt Sf edt daiauh erewos Yo notsourtanvo =§dme ton e1en etostidois to enoitenizemi odi 10l ,eeistouwe -dt sot [ettasees yino aew Ji peemmeiz01g evissisgmi o3 betos -teib tnemenom s too19: od bes alled edd 10% esosla bait os be tod bas aetdhil sonsissqge os yd escdabien esi mort bedeingni . 8 gupesnsmof sed? .ednemstasti1s nesestotan bas [sven yd ,1sb abso ti ;souboro blooo di tads Lis beoubo1g bed sintossidors _.9mee edt no oxnidnco yino biuoo bus ,etiail geal esi bsdoasa _seitstebh evoultieque déiw tleasi xoifeol yo satlosh 10 . dee -o1d yitausde soosyhe ot beniloni bnied eysule euineds aisisev -. -Beostoietesm cia avomssds gexti esi fue ,enoitibsas diin of -2icd to ebbot, [lene siashses 290 i sto sJébin sdt teodp bsovhorge,taamegom SPAT oTAbo Ged fon foa bsdtom oot af ,avatted bro efve sdf al,yrutase dt St oat efo0qs fodt fo extow sit whute oda Sto fo wofétastion toartio of _eytonmottofd aédt al smelt wou ti aoftnsa of mofavooa saed of -woq feom bao fari® até gated .tivige ar9hom sh? at agnossd tt o#os ydw saith of sido na9d toy fom sood. om baw ,f TOT Ts Jutrts esotbufsrg voldwqog’ tosiev ofw ,asm-beavosts bao bsdalygaitass storvoqss of ariash ,4adbl/isd Fo tre att of aregaorie sro tud . sstoasbast sasit (stutostidore fo tro edt anteonoo todw nt} yodt todt timbo ot ton ysfofosqes bao .f90q99. tuo Jo suodtt morF 4) om PI .aw 107 fosteh o aow Bhht Fi ao y,yttauos tuo oF gnosid ; ssontt To tasmssrhoslib efadt Fo seuoo sdv Sniregoos/& at Ss900"8 -m0 s7shost tvO touttens oF saeimorg Sw ,88c/9eTVO bao ano0srTsg * ‘ai ; «tt guéarso .foindo slésil s etgixs L[aV-sl-yosal ts sonivoig smee edd ot W .vVisetonse odd isen eiewosd sesdt te eno enistes [lise Jadd #9lee%.to iswod edd aosds asiel elitil 2.ei soitowweooco saody sisiq ,emupe ai sesd atl, .(yaudaeo dd. Sf odd Yo. Yfed sert®) gisupe efi o0,.¢leis obie tuodtin seas edt word bedosteb hae -,e8toor ed evods badosteb ei doidu yrote neao as esein s ogad «Vode baoose aids no tiind ei sesd Isnokeatoo dtiw yriled A ‘svitosqeisq sei (Ob) o1sh .bimerya snose 8 yd bsisvoo ei bas _eetsoibni vbseils coitou1sanoo to meteve seodw .s9wod sitit to | Meentd snieos? to sifesh eit sostinow sad to d1s0 edt 20 = i . : F : ; ‘ , : eo ee * 4 a as Pena) Ae we ek 257 themselves from these traditions, attempted certain novel and original arransements, which must have developed rapidly, and led them to produce works better reasoned, more sraceful and less anifor than those of the precedins centuries. The spirit of innovation made its way with more boldness, perhaps in the construction of towers durins the 12 th century than in other structures, for the imaSinations of architects were not subj- ected to imperative prosrammes; it was only essential for th- ed to find places for the bells and to erect a monument dist- inguished from its neighbors by an appearance lishter and bal - der, by novel and unforeseen arransements. Then Romanesque a architecture had produced all that it could produce; it hadr reached its last limits, and could only continue on the same path, or decline by loadins itself with superflwous details.. Western genius always beins inclined to advance abruptly bro- ke with traditions, and its first attempts are masterpieces. 1 Our readers shall judge of this. Note 4.p-347. This wovement, produced avout the widdle of the 12 th century, in the arts and Letters, Vs too morked nor 4O attract attention of ali who study the works of thot epoch. Ke hove occasion to wention Vt mon times Ln this Dicrtrionory. Lt belongs to the modern spirit, being Vtse first and wost pou- erful effort, und we hove not yet been ade to diwoine why sone AVstingvuished and Learned men, who reject populor prejudices burt are strangers to the art of wbuildinéd, desire to seporote (An whot concerns the art of orchirtecture) these tendencies from those of our epoch, ond especially not to admit thot they wVLong to our country, as Vf this wos a defect for us. If we succeed in Aiscoveringe the cause of this Aisagreement of these persons ONG Ourselves, we ProWrLSee TO Lustruct our readers coo - Cernius Vt. In the same province at Tracy-le-Val exists a little churad, that still retains one of these towers near the sanctuary, w whose construction is.a little later than the tower of Nesle.. (First half of the 12 th century). Its base is sauare, plain and detached from the apse without side aisle. On its square base 2 rises an open story which is detached above the roofs. A belfry with octagonal base is built on this second story, and is covered by a stone pyramid. Here (49) is a perspective of this tower, whose system of construction already indicates on the part of the architect the desire of freeins himself yiaues “qed dt cake ‘aniéisatias cesaresetea’e waa ae fae0 fd SE edd Yo bas odd to tue don \4 re °6 ‘yd :sedows bodaiog videdeile. es awath e618 eQnineqo 8 8=6—* d@ fenotstoo eds Yo welons edd .feneise1 ce evolastak @a Joon m6ee Sd¢ to etiovidows dais edt te eawo1o edd no se02 yrtled Zt y e1espe say neented Sninisme2 eeltoeiit edd (iit of .yrose bao by «9 bedese Beosla ead sostidorvs odd .eetiose Lenosstoe eds bas ek ~ pottounitanoo visio sidt to sintqivoe edt .elstns Yo esaukit -siy bas sfatainm ,beetten sis ehaiblwom edt tod ,asorsdasd ef nwob ylaiscorg Snedxe etlovidows sdt io secdd .tnsled Asin bee dt edt°%o eacktsr0c01g edd (eedsolbiat ooivsibh avo BA .admet, odd \‘yldostieq oie eitsieb edd ,tastele e168 [sV-el-yor1T Yo aswod -nSH0f teom ai Snitosl yilsuo s .Jmomvnom edd Yo slsoe sat 38 #04 & of yawiiste slssitl A .fooas tedt Snibsosiq siswot suoee | rytote Bnooes odd of rhneoes bus ebiedwo beosla ek asw0d baw @ y widget ge besals exrshisl yo vine bedoses1 si yiiisd eit sonedd pe 4 -2tewod evosenemoh [fe yiuesa at “fF owo oF oshlsatuo of) 8.8f ysaod sf sa0d séAT «VAS. GS SFO. “ease o¢ stdvort off AOOt Ow ,bSoa/Fuas0d «Kh oF Sabworh afdt | 7 aw TOF Tewot elat i -wot pedbeasadt sig eodetonatsett tedt eistosisdo edz to sad. -10% to seve ins eiaetovese? to secsit mort sonai§-sh-slT Yo eas et .efyse otnso® edt to inevbs siz to guemom sda [idan .vboem . -oimiss sesdt [f[2 yiaee¥ snote Yo ebimetya vomnde fons wol sas Bi ~ dle aieds ‘estamiié omel eeons ni fsyorsesh need sevens enoita y pied? sd¢ Yo sotot [fut edt Sotvisoe1 soitanilont elttti Yo es -bed sad setts beoalae: sion bos .yibiaey stow need sved Jeum J “Ipotdase ,ebins1yd asete yisv yd vintaso dt ff ont to sntant "6 M885 WweEH sontvota sadd ai ateixs sysdT .vbnsma0V ni vires Bdsd aevo SLied wilentoiae ,yiusoeo dé tf efit to aswost silststl -*yomnde evi bontster ged doftdw .nossT to doisdo sd¢ to dor) + “$6 Feet odd to ersnos sipesnamc® edt Yo seodd efif bhimstvo ‘=sd datseoasiat stom dv eg 109 si rewod eidT .fooge mse end -mitq sd? to enotsibesd svienetsh ed¢ yo Beeestami [fide senso bovers 6d¢ moat yewiiste efT .2edo10q asvo diind exswod svisi ~ to aeendoidt edd ni mesiat ei doicg sdt to siwav odd ot Yaote - edd evods miot asivorto eti Snimuse2 ,eisiaq wot sdx to ene ant of ewdt as of .isia esizoaqo eft enols ylno yiote hnoose ~eit 100lt hovettesdt avode tewod odd teddas] .shesesq sqeaTsd "e802 \domde ‘edd Yo eedous sesevenert Isnteset edt fatded es »% ae: : f a); ; A _ 4 ; j rg : S ‘= 7 7 a a 7 a - t Te Bia fo F 258 from Romanesque traditions, and is the first step toward Pre- nch art of the end of the 12 th century. The archivolts of the epenings are drawn as slishtly pointed arches; by an arranse- ment aS ingenious as rational, the angles of the octagonal b belfry rest on the crowns of the eisht archivolts of the sec- ond story. To fill the triangles remainins between the square and the octasonal stories, the architect has placed seated f fisures of ansels. The sculpture of this pretty construction is barbarous, but the mouldinss are refined, multiple and tra- ced with talent, those of the archivolts extend properly down the jambs. As our drawings indicates, the proportions of the t tower of Tracy-le-Val are elesant, the details are verfectly at the scale of the monument, a quality lackins in most Roman- esque towers precedins that epoch. A little stairway in a ro- und tower is placed outside and ascendr to the second story; thence the belfry is reached only by ladders placed imside, as in nearly all Romanesoue towers. Wote 2epeBA7. This base Ve only 13.8 Ft. outside. We owe +% shis Grawing tO NM. Boeswitwarld, who took the trouble to drow this tower for us. One of the characters that distinguishes the Romanesoue tow- ers of Ile-de-France from those of Beauvoisis and even of Nor- mandy, until the moment of the advent of the Gothic style, is the low and stumpy pyramids of stona Nearly all these termin- ations have been destroyed in those damp climates; their slop- es of little inclination receivins the full force of the rain must have been worn rapidly, and were replaced after the bes- innins of the 13 th century by very steep pyramids, particul- arly in Normandy. There exists in that province near naen a little tower of the 11 th century, orisinally built over the porch of the church of Thaon, which has retained its stumpy oyramid like those of the Romanesaue towers of the West of the same epoch. This tower is for us the more intesestins be- cause still impressed by the defensive traditions of the prim- itive towers built over porches. Its stairway from the sround story to the vault of the porch is taken in the thickness of one of the four piers, resuming its circular form above the second story only alons the opposite pier, so as thus to in- terrapt passase. Further the tower above theudround floor ris- es behind the internal transverse arches of the porch, so as 7 : - 9 j i ees © tebe , “4a a | Tae bsotie dt. to. v10de. nevol.edd goede j eves I of “etdpetsize. tedt domed odd Yo tiwav edd to got odd to level as soe s+eteqstsg. -evienotsh s déin bedeitaust osed svsd LIsw debim a so yrote baword edt to easlg beeogueque edd sas (O¢) e195 . y eyed ew dedw nisloxe doidw ,yiose bsooes sid to bos w98wod eidd ah 9 add To sewed ot to aptdevete edt (12) ovis of -botede test ~yeato 8 sedtawt ef aLdT ‘.(S¢) mnottose eti bas aosdT Yo. dowsdo -fneoes, yewtiste ed asee ef noliose 1vo md A JA .soitibe bate 7 bimsiva odT .yiote 1ec0H odd o¢ d{vev end Yo cod odd mort bok | 4ei1swod nemt0% oi havot aste{ doom miol & ,9asd eisupe s eso #1 .tedto dose ao 2nthsest tse ese1voo wol jo fezcqmoo aj bas yiao entouh edi to efbbim edd te bas seed eti ts bednemsnic at . .qwot aedée1 10 .er9m70b wold, .eismias to eksed enisootorg vd on ILiw en0 .soinieo odd oveds si IdRil erainego aslp&nsd091 exnineao edd to soivoundenco odd (Se -bt%) nokdoee avo at od | etoetidois edt ,etotovaenon [wifiie siid .yasoer asaqqe ent to ; ~ine sit of asnote dowyoudt beee ton svad sossT Io tewod end to -ne@ edt tentere devo o¢ gon es of aanineqo seedt to sJastxe oal -Bib s daimaot ends .ddmordst bastxo vino ericeenov evit .selb .§.30 eintneco sit 108 .elstnil bedors sdt sveds dows anidsaedo Se eelaos odd tudes niske essesitind eeciw .ddsacnsd yiode sad yisatnoo efi oo ,yvsed ef bacl sid sisdw buns ,sindonide ond etlovidors edd of aomegve davoudd heer eved etosowsatenoo sad “118 Baw wod vont os onieesiatsdme Aev Bi TI .etainsao sedi to duo si seldas seodw to eno ,1ewod dedi oi ebso [lsd edd hosns -foow 8 tedd ,sveiled of bel ed bivode of .yswiiste edd yd tio © a9c0n edt to eliie sdt to [evel sdt ts bsoslo eau rz098elT ns tadd to emsed edd Snixt? act eelod edd ssdd siom 943 ,.shniasao -dt moat bobosqave stow elled edd dedd bos .teixe [Lite a0colt © bexit? efne dtiw sisdmidt bereots ond mort sasiiso fas emesd see -eue to medeye eid .eticae ons to shninsgo slstif anol ead at 6d ton bluode si sud yevitiaizrs wtev seed even biluow noieneo e$dhtl yrev sisw allied yiutose dt ct edt eiotsd seid .neddod1x03 eb t9d0t~doltqud «hk ot gaswors siAt swo oF sOG8 eget etaXk | abiasiya gainvoro edd ,ssadyedo te]9en bas ,woftad onisy gt enistte yhserls yioineoudd SI edd to olfbin sad mort eisnot io «SH setewot odd Yo Sdzied edd diiw bsasawoo Jdkied tasi2 « bs yystneo dt Sf edt to exswod Quiawoxo add esdoo] ts vese ovad pose 9909 9 9 --8timmue etuos yrev diin ebimsiyg sceiesezeod snotatuih teeieaie edt »d oisde1 of yiseesoen eysnis ai 31. oor ot D0 259 to leave betweem the lower story of the tower proper at the level of the top of the vault of the porch, that originally might well have beem furnished with a defensive parapet. Here (50) are the superposed plans of the ground story of this tower and of the second story, which explain what we have just stated. We give (51) the elevation of the tower of the church of Thaon and its section (52).7 This is further a char- ming edifice. At A in our section is seen the stairway asceni- ins from the top of the vault to the upper story. The pyramid has @ square base, a form much later found in Norman towers, ‘and is composed of low courses set recedins on each other. It is ornamented at its base and at the middle of its sroins only by projectins heads of animals. Four dormers, or rather four rectangular openings light it above the cornice. One will no- te in our section (Fis. 52) the construction of the openings ef the upper sotry. Like sktrifwl constructors, the architects of the tower of Thaon have not used through stones in the ent- ire extent of these openings so as not to push against the an- Sles. Five voussoirs only extend through, thus formins a dis- charging arch above the arched lintels. For the opnenings of the story beneath, whose buttresses again abut the ansles of the structure, and where the load is heavy, on ihe contrary the constructors have used through stones in the archivolts of the openinss. It is ver embarrassing ao knou how was arr- ansed the bell case in that tower, one of whose ansles is cut off by the stairway. We should be led to believe, that a wod- en floor was placed at the level of the sills of the upper o openings, the more that the holes for fixings the beams of that floor still exist, and that the bells were suspended from th- ese beams and perhaps from two crossed timbers with ends fixed in the four little openings of the spire. This system of sus- pension would have been verx orimitive: but it should not be forsotten, that before the 12 th century bells were very lisht. NOTS LoPeB5Q~0e KO owe This: drawing to Me. Ruprich-Roberr. In waine, Anjou, and near Chartres, the crownins pyramids of towers from the middle of the 12 thecentury already attain- ed a Sreat heisht compared with the heisht of the towers. We have seer at Loches the crownius towers of the 12 th century possessins pyramids with very acute summits. It is always necessary to return tic the political divisions »* o ”" ~793%h rb it ati aaa a entsonoS tt abt - - cos dt th ' con : ve ae Lis =—s : 7 ~~ i. oa _ gibi k ane va Snieia odd biovs ot bos ,yicte aswol end Yo elfen edt no deem bas. tivav odd to sobsisxe edd no astiors beseore ont Ssiae8 3h (8338 e19i¢ edtate enmeloo boaskae edd to eeasd edt yebow boi a "q bi Anat aaa te enotdsog ers 8 tA «ellen edz of nil 260 of the territory, when it concerns recognition of the differ- ent schools of architecture in the 12 th century. At that ep- ch Normandy, Maine, Anjou, part of Poitou and around Chartres, possessed a school of constructors, that did not yield im sk- ill to those of Ile-de-France and of Normandy; but they were less independent and were subjelt to the influence of either the Norman style,or the stvle of the schools of the West. During the first half ofithe 12 th century, before the erec- tion of the old tower of the cathedral of Chartres, was built an immense detached bell tower dependent on the abbey church of the Trinity of Vendome. Fromtthe point of view of tha cons- truction, and with regard to the style, this tower must ba e examined in details it suffers the influence of the two styl- es, of the ild Romanesque style born in the western provinces, and of the style developed on the banks of the Oise and of t the Seine after the beSinnins nf the 12 th century. The section of the tower of the Trinity of Vendome (53) ex- plains to us the arransement of this singular structure, alr- eady auite perfect, but where one feels the attempts of arti- sts, who seek new means, and who do not entirely free themsel- ves from preceding traditions. Its base is a square hall, va- ulted by a domical cloister vault, with four pendentives at at the angles sivins for the plan of the vault an octagon wi- th four large and four small sides. On this vault with point- ed section rises at the centre a sauare pier B with four ens- ased columus. (See plan of the second story; 54). Four trans- verse arches A, also pointed, are turned from the pier B to four engaged piers C. But to carry the central pier B with a all security, two crossed arches concentric with the vault rest on the walls of the lower story, and to avoid the rising of these two crossed arches under the weight of the pier, four flying buttresses, a sort of shores indicated on our section (Fis. 53), end beneath thesbases of the columns D of the four engaged piers. Tt would be difficult to make this systemzof construction understood without the aid of a fisure; so we give (55 a perspective view of the interior of this story. At Bere two crossed arches on the extrados of the vault and bearing the eéntral pier; at F are the flyins buttresses end- ins under the bases of the engaged columns oftthe piers atta- shed to the walls. At G are portions of a wall shoring the fe. = at tesetolo rene: wnt eebteveu?. .esdors to meseve me vege Boob s4 idenete: Yo sosloa of4 sist yond reeeieen -eevon eds: tneveao votit! ssetd bemied bas e19sdwem [eather edz to ede! 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The sides J of the lower cloister vault are Gee ease they take the place of timbers placed at the angles of the radial members and termed ties; ‘they peevent the move- ment of the entire system, connect ana stayythe ansles of the masonry base. Weans so powerful must haye2g motive. This mot- ive was to support on the central pier the four transverse ar- ches IT and the thinned wall K an enormous bell case of carpen- try, for which the upper part of the tower served as an enclo- sure. Constructors had learned, as they save sreater heisht t to their towers, that for carpentry bell cases moved by the swinsgins bells was required a stable point of support near t the base of the tower, where the heavy and loaded construction had nothings to fear from the unequal pressures of the bell ca- Ses. Now these four transverse arches and the recess bore the lower sills of the bell case, and this construction in stone, well abutted and shored, still retained a certain elasticity. Above this base the enclosure or upper part of the tower could be light, not beims subject to any vibration; and indeed, the tower of the Trinity of Vendome, if compared with the preced- ing towers with sections Siven, is very lisht in resard to its height, which is consiéerable. (About 262.5 ft. from base to too of spire). Until then ix Romanesaue towers a simple recess, holes in the internal surfaces, projecting corbels or 4a domical vault received the sills of carpentry bell cases; sradually by reas- on nf the movement in vibration takén by these bell towers, the construction was dislocated, cracks appeared above the up- per openings, the ansles of the towers were strained and ended by seovaratins from the faces. ~ Tf the carvoentry for the bells rested flat on a vault with filled haunches, the little elas- ticity of such a bearins produced effects more injurious thar the recesses or corbels on the internal surfaces. For these vaults beins sometimes faced one way, then the other, first were distocated, and soon produced irresular thrusts. The be- arins system for the bell case adonted in the construction of the tower of Trinity, by its complexity even and the contrary pressures of the lower arches, because these two stories of a arches separated by " 264 Maine and Anjou; except that these last provinces preferably Save an octasonal base to their spires. 2 Of We do not believe it, necessary to sive here the towers of the church of the Trinity at Caen, that are in the hands of everyone. From the architectural point of view, the composi- tion of these towers is quite mediocre up to the bases of the spires, whose construction only dates from the 13 th century. Their division into stories of equal height is not happy, th- ere is a defect in proportion,that is found only in that pro- vince and on the banks of the Rhine; yet ase construction the Norman towers are remarkable; almost always built of small m_ materials perfectly dressed, they have retained their vertic- ality, in spite of the small area of the bases in relation to the heisht. But the Normans had not that instinct for propor- tions possessed in a hish degree by the architects of Tle-te- Brance, Beauvoilsois and Soissonais. Always the boldness of t their structures, their perfect execution, the elevation of the spires, evidently had an influence on the French school, properly so-called, and that influence made itself felt in t the old tower of the cathedral of chartres. That like all Ro- manesque towers rises from the sround, i.e., rests on four s solid walls. Orisginally like the adjoining tower unfinished and completed only in the 16 th century, it flanked a porch that preceded the South side aisle of the nave; it was thus detached from the church on three sides. ! Note 160-3580 ALT the besinning of The 18 th century, this porch wos suppressed, the gable wol\ of the nove bering exten- 4ea to the western surfoce of the towers, which coused then %o Lose shertr primitive appearance.(Art. Gothedrale). This wos probably ofter the fire of 1194, that this gobble wall wos reduriLs Un V4se new position. Of the wonument conmenced by Ful- vert ond completed about the widdle of the 12 th century, th- ere remoined standing after the fire, only the wwo towers of she western focode. The Low porch, covered by Oo terrace conn- ecting them, wos suppressed, and the new wove of the 13 th © century wos extended to the outer surfoce of the two towers, Pintara Wh his Histoire chronovogique de Loa woilrle de Chartres SOYS, Po.iVWBr-- “in the year 1145, Thertwo eEreart towers were PULL Bertoched ot the end of the nove, according to the Vaea of sone, who were persuoded thot the enclosure of the nove of yt : af 9 7 AS : » ¢ A? ’ : o i ‘oe ° 7 ce _P. : ‘ “= tno? toned sails add of tdguord svex dotwts ste dpoinbanalh oat oo eo on agueeai Maere fodt rst}a ylao atewot oAt Fo ‘b10 ett Fo ae¢itesy aAt ,votr9s ad ef brofat® “.svosqqe sidt hed ~aéqo sit bac ,tastagqo gitostrag sta dotog sat To tasuegacrern. ~/69 edT srsqota yrse sf astio sd todt “,saoatsg soe” Fo nod aoa) sertt0tg 96 sa0@ ertoK 96 a9tootsm 83h svatd att Fe rot « seaetled ,etessiqud .k ,(sevse af ytutase At &t sdt fo tgérosyu edt mont reteol af settsodg fo vewok bJo edt Fo sréqa sdf todt - -gotado oft yo botothertéinoe 2f wodaiqo todt tua .AStt Fo srt? : _ tf gd bao -— @ todt Jo ssatbliom bao stutgsiuces adht Po rt9t ‘Yo tolretal sat” woe sw .A&8L Fo ari? sft svoted .wostouttanog otf Bsarud ylao dofdw ,sO Ltt Po sts} At to s900T¢ Ori ge toat -stvJoedo ssou7tt ,.sonotrtogad slitis Fo yldedorg ,eteo J/sd bso ¢@ wrote oteuwps sit shfant sédiate Jfite oradit a0 smog sit ys Feta s sotigqa ted? wolsd ’ shea Isabedss edt to 1ewod blo sav to mela odd ek (82) sx08 v dee7s 6 ef A th setode benoie edd to [evel sat te eoutyadd -oteds bee (6 dorca edd ao bsasgo vitewre? jedd [led betilvev tedt to asfidse edz .evan eid Yo yed gextd edt no ensac yebot eit to Snianiaed sit ts J oF -D moctt beomevbs need Qnived sven -onigenoo spoeesnsmosS To motewo end of Sotbhyio9oA wwindmes dt Fr -wot edt of @ ts etisie sieving dt .(motevo sain viev s) ero’ : tect .stadonate edt nsiser gon HIh bans ellen ead ohietno et as | eetrisno edd mort elaiistaw suomicoas Yo slind et yiote aswel f -bhied eidexsamcont to snoteemil s bedeinis? seft .stedo159 to t sewod eidé to noltevele edt eevith C7 .2i7 .ysibifoe bas eeen | Eeodt to toot edt ot esad edd wort .32 2.CFF Bt tddien seodw _—s« = me edd Bestado0eT sno s1eH..erige sdé eauoio dsit .eeo19 n0rk s omse eft ds hetoers seeds sevo euptowrts aidt Yo yiinorusa esenso his einsmebasisa ([snaetoi sat o¢ Sathreoos betes -gmi 910m neve bas ustset: tse9qe od tnsmenom odd to aeam ait ‘Yo ebsois salet sddv yd bstasm ifew ei [fed aewol ofT .anieo omae ods to [ied deao e10m broose « et evodA 5 bnad serst ond -paedoia eis eaninsoo bos seoetine Llantetxe seadw isd .ddbied _ ~--« #@0 nedT stinev bneoee 8s to level edf eataoibai baad bavese « -H fevel edt ts tleev tedd ao eteo1 sead seodw .yitied edt som ¢ Bedetoseh s10m bas asco si0m ai T qxode od? .(ioatted .s9a) ae oad sot situtourtedus s es sevice ti .yiode biids ens asnd ¥ ted vitautds sonemmoo ton es0k siiae sess oi bafstoths eit P eh ; ; | ‘oe | Mo, x ’ pi ite es »elinutitde et eotiote edt to aoieivibh edT .ybngm210% ra BD 265 the facade of the church were brought to the Vine of the front of the towers only ofter that time, although no vestige of + this appears.” Pintard ts in error, the vestiges of the od arvrongewment of the porch are perfectly apparent, and the opin- Von of Wsome persons,” that he cites Vs very proper. The edi- tor of the Livre des miracles de Notre Dawe de Ghortres (man- uscript of the 13 th century in verse), Ne Duplessis, believes shot the spire of the old Gower of Ghartvres Vs Vater than the five of ALBA. Burt thot opinion Le condtrodkoted by the chorac- ser of the sculpture and wouldinéds of that spire ond by Vts construction. Before the fire of 1836, we eon the Anterior of that spire traces of the fire of 1194, which only burned the OG bev’ cage, probably of Vittle importance, troces avsolute- Vy the same aos there stil\ visible inside the squore story © below thet spire, Here (58) is the plan of the old tower of the cathedral of Chartres at the level of the Sround story. At A is a Sreat v vaulted hall, that formerly opened on the porch 8B, and that today opens on the first bay of the nave, the sable of that nave having been advanced from C to D at the besinnins of the 13 th century. Accordins to the custom of Romanesque construc- tors (a very wise custom), the private stairs at & to the tow- er is outside the walls and did not weaken the structure. That lower story is built of enormous materials from the quarries of Rerchere, that furnished a limestone of incomparable hard- ness and solidity. Fis. 59 sSives the elevation of this tower,! whose height is 339.5 ft. from the base to the foot of the i iron cross, that crowns the spire. Here one recosnizes the m- periority of this structure over those erected at the same e epoch in Normandy. The division of the stories is skilfully calculated accordins to the internal arrangements atid causes the mass of the monument to avpear greater and even more imp- osins. The lower hall is well marked by the false arcade of the first band G. Above £8 a second more open hall of the same height, but whose external surfaces and openinss are richer; a second band indicates the level of a second vault. Then co- mes the belfry, whose base rests on that vault at the level H. (Art. Beffroi). The story I is more open and more decorated t than the third story, it serves as a substructure for the sp- ire adjoining it: that spire does not commence abruptly but vee | warne ae a Ay oad ‘> Be | 5 ‘Adal if w . a el ruet anebid eae 7) ote atts moi a see: eteon tad aber eso ased mab issokstoo edt bas yiote teddt neowsed osat “go bsorsta 918 etom10b 1007 .ekoinedo mosm es halmi0t eeloss s91su08 eft to eobite sat o¢ Ieilesxec nodstoo sdd to eeost edt -od¢ snwomive seldes ¢geea5 sv0l .emobesV to yitnial sat ds eA ss meq OF Bs OF abninsve Yd heoretq eevleemeds exe bus eomoh ee sw alt SHG syTtLed esd mod eqsoee oF elfed odd to bnuce ont sim | ot ,bimaiya edt Yo esos? edd no dosotone Yilutlive esfdsk eee teedstise Hentlont edt dtiw etxeq [ecitasv sis toeanoo od ee gedd e666 ono smcbnsV to wéiataT eft SA .sonevbe os ef eiad eet! Istacxtion vd botoserstnt niste ets esetiote ses0Hn add a edd mort witisd odd to’ memeanetis iswol eit starscee tadé t edd yd betsrsces ton 918 edasq ows seeds donoddis .bimerya ged goetidois edd eersies® th .edodw efdnie a m10$ bane sz00L1 bimsi1yo edd bas yatied ett ted? ,footerasbaw yisoetisa si shen ¥ stiqe senemmi o& .god of mottod mort Yams yaote eno ylno ots ‘es aeleoe dtiw esost bas eefhne stlt no edia yd heterocoeb et ~m od fsen on et eised? ,iewod eidd eotentmied base .swobhmey ts dotdw at Soitieoamco tsdd Yo avebsssae fas yduesd sid ox tesia t IIs sisdiw ,noiteiushom stsq te tooio ebem esd tostidosrs sas “(8 euat edd vd tod .etoenenie vd bealsido ton sis etostts ond ij TIwottlib eAéT .eéaaq Susasitib edd to enottaoooid [utltve bae ; ma a - .9a3 Boe sead sisupe odd neeutod bsdeifdates od oc nottienast {fide e diinw duo Hsiaiso bus hstsnem ei suice sid Yo novayos ssioivino aso sno egsdte%..etnomonom taelinia oi beeesaaine son -n1de cot Snibns 103 tewod exsuDe Sat Yo eeuserdend efias sds -iseqqgs gosteb eisd noiduoexe ni dud ;X boad sit aisensd yito edd vd betsivdo yietslaqmoo ei aniwsab [rsotasemoe) edt no oni sinnoo sstnol om sent ,eeeeerttud eeedd to noisoetora [feme evem10b sig to eawobente edt to velo ott yo boe .Sddied Jand te eit déiw seansm deetagad edd of ssinowied Jedd \eelosonia bre ~ ateqmnad odT .epsd sasnpe ond Yo eknineco oft to enottostoiqg = Yedd to etainego ent sveds Sniage yieo etige edd Snitacaone -ewode J Jewel edd ts asviet (00) oelo sat bas .eefoagnnia avot “-eef00 odd sebeo of wod went erotomidenoD ond [fide sede doin - . Bbeetent ,eelosnata elane ape) oT .stewpe edt toserei ni o¢ no ' edd odff ,erswod suoeeremos mi es Inemento os ylno aeied to ~ Tfew .seeeertied [evtos sxe ,emobasV ds wiinia? end Yo 1ewoOd -00 6dt of eebie iv0od sdt Yo sddiew ont tsteners tends .bebsol » spot etd oF .orsupe oid to elenodeibh sdt ot [eliexeq . noes ge ‘ 266 but rests on a drum with octagonal base; the triangles left free between that story and the octasonal drum bear four pin- nacles forming as manr} openings. Four dormers are pierced on the faces of the octagon parallel to the sides of the souare. As at the Trinity of Vendome, four sreat sables surmount the- se domes and are themselves pierced by openings, so as to per- mit the sound of the bells to escape from the belfry. But th- ese gables skilfully encroach on the faces of the pyramid, to as to connect the vertical parts with the inclined surfaces; this is an advance. At the Trinitw of Vendome one sees that the upper stories are asain intersected by horizontal lines, that separate the lower arrangemen of the belfry from the p pyramid, althouSsh these two parts are not separated by the f floor and form a sinsle whote. At Ghartres the architect has made it perfectly understood, that the belfry and the cena are only one story empty from bottom to top. An immense spire is decorated by ribs on the angles and faces with scales as at Vendome, and terminates this tower. There is no need to en- phasize the beauty and srandeur of that composition, in which the architect has made oroof of rare moderation, where all t the effects are not obtained by ornaments, but by the true a and skilful proportions of the different parts. The difficult transition to be established between the square base and the octagon of the spire is managed and carried out with a skill not surpassed in similar monuments. Perhaps one can criticize the angle buttresses of the square tower for endins too abru- otly beneath the band K; but in execution this defect appear- ing on the seometrical drawing is completely obviated by the small projection of these buttresses, that no lonser counts at that height, and by the play of the shadows of the dormers and pinnacles, that harmonize in the happiest manner with the projections of the openings of the sauare base. The trumpets supporting the spire only spring above the openinss of the r four pinnacles, and the plan (60) taken at the level L shows with what skill the constructors knew how to cause the octas- on to iniersect the square. The four angle pinnacles, instead of being only an ornament as in Romanesque towers, like the tower of the Trinity at Vendome, are actual puttresses, well loaded, that transfer the weight of the four sides to the oc- tason, parallel to the diagonals of the square, to the four =—" Lon : ' NOS oR [8 aroma b eds pntawe s{da? 2 190% sit “etenod sth Me vadinns | <¢5 fdentarcceb slamis ei don sis bus yillsy aiedd sved ., to sebiw edt ot [sllersg me xb oft to esost av0t ods beol yeas , -ost seed od sonstaies1 Ietuswoe 2 ovit o¢ es of .StewOR edd q {I es et (03 .81%) vicete seal odT .ovsd [enoketoo edd dtiw es ‘© 90 sotssidtv sdt bas ofdd o1@ admst edt yeldiseog ee sodtl -@1g BHim1o? eofosnniq sd¢ yd betetee: yftootiea si wrote tana 7 - * gtkge edd to sesd odd Yo envdenemth sbieni edt sey ,enottost, 7 ~steb eft to noituvoexs edT .obiani .dt C.ff meds evel son sxe a -yltostisq sie esetv0o efdy ,e1so Jeioece dtiw betssad sie elt bas eharbhi[yuon edt .Iwtlide yvisv anied anisatot eat ,1elwge1 -tidorws edt ei sistwon ;ydnsed teetsexd edt to o18 stutalnoe 9a ee edt sonsdeni gonnas eno bos .3Jiest te bavol tos ~stnso Yisd 2 bstoete serntouite edd ni mommoo o€ cient Stel auiddvon ,bedaluolso bak neseet0e? ei [fh .astel v1 b fo edt and? .bexasiis ylomfe et tetew to szasdosibh edt :s008 asdt ashfo exsey ¢itit ed yam Si ddwodile .eersisdd to renod teed edt hewstise ead Ji Pedt ins .{eabsddso sdté to tesa edd ed [ftw doisdo edd nodw tatbaste od [lite (fiw .sertt ond Yo 6 ,OVIL of Obtf mort titwd nsed evad tewm JT .niva ai nslist ~mifsen sdt ddiw efeazsinos sostonatenos sad Yo yroesd ens bas eft te L[ocdoe efT .doasdo sdd:lo ¢add to eagsnseraco bos son of entey sdf mort doidw .ybouksaed to enil teddy bad wileqenO-sf.xit eedinn .etanncyd to -edimil eit o¢ aaibneorsh .onost sds bas ental sit yd enodh sit of sllecoM brs saidsS ond | Vemit avo of fsoait bas fevol{cl einer sii ates son si ef gistise of tnibicose beset ci osm ts0 Feds misio tonnes srO sebiesd sisi ets edoemnnom oid oteks tessbi bevisononszq | -~ntfeeds to tdiie eds yd yino ep of bstes®hue sss seebi seen o¢ sfde nesd sven sw dad? ,eddewhbnel heastssoe edt aniniot es gaivisss esdonsid esidd 10 ows Jsom etedw eststisoo! nl .ciem eonsiliai edt evorg oso ew .sitnso fsesage seat 10 ows mort et tos? etd? .eead so seodt moat stis oft to euudxim odd bas V ,senolvol ..ctsvel /.saisy-t08-enoledD .geasiedd Js mneisces 10 eved encitsidenlii a0 -ognes bre OTISKLA .VOT .sonmeleV -vael esdons1d ows, edt to toisenro oft .aidd edaartenomeb Iliw ~ilbat eedonerd seodd [14 .eadoo] te tnersa0s ai xusugire9 ei dd Si edt Io Soremmoo ent vd bewollot bane Heosas estyor siao -sisttexs ne sodsi eidt evib of aaltwislo tooddin bus ;yresase - Buiyouteeb ai bis nso di Jedd evetied nso sw .consdixegmt bed eee 1so%g eit n& oninevistak eousdo Yo ,notentnos to sebé elas ~adieg teqo1wh Yo tieo eind to etxs sit to Snemagolevesh edt bne -) seed? To yiotvetd relomoo sit oo staail emoe taso [Iiw ti 29 _-—s = bnet eedonsid riedt déiw eeisnee seedd an 10% seemis dnsdeth t lo saste sa1it edd otaoibni etntog mtatiso ts stinu of ani P febust edt to tebin edt at ytiau [enotien biswot eelqosq end geen cdi to seazueo sdt Qnibatt ni bie sec etost sesdT ;wedteve of yiivortiib sved ew sonedtoomi seodw ,eeltiorntssiaso ‘te dtl bedeildstes rewoo Isoidotenom edd neil .ysbod anthnesersbay ‘eseed benedseacise yilesbsi2 no yretseo dé ft edd at Yeast ie > ® 7 TE = 271 the great commercial routes, that still exist today, ways that have singularly aided the work of the centralization of the monarchical pouer. het us take ome of the most extended bran- ches, that does not take account of the course of the rivers; for example, that leaving Perigueux, passing by Limoses and ¢ ending at Chartres. Do we not see there the sreat central ro- ute from Limoges to Paris, nearly without deviation! And the other from the same centre, which passes by Ansouleme to Poi- tou to cast itself on the Loire and the Maine, is it not also a great commercial route followed in our day? Does not our w map take account of that natural barries, that the Loire has so long estabcished between the North and South of France? And that line of Burdundy, which from the warne to Chalons descending to the limits of Lyonnais, unites Aix.la-Ghapelle, the Rhine and Moselle to the Rhone by the Marne and the Saone, is it not again the route followed and traced in our time? One cannot claim that our map is traeéd according to certain preconceived ideas; again the monuments are there; besides these ideas are sussested to us only by the sisht of the lin- es joining the scattered landmahks, that we have been able to mark. In localities where meet two or three branches startins from two or three opposed centrer, we can prove the influence and the mixture of the arts from those ce tres. This fact is apparent at Chartres, Chalons-sur-warne, Nevers, Toulouse, V Valence, Puy, Auxerre, and Rouen. Our illustrations have or will demonstrate this. The crossing of the.two branches leav- ing Peridueux is apparent at Loches. All those branches indi- cate routes traced and followed by the commeree of the 12 th century; and without claimins to sive this labor an exassera- ted importance, we can believe that it can aid in destroying . this idea of confusion, of chauce intervening ‘tn the progress and the development of the arts of this vart of Hurope; perha- ps it will cast some lights on the comolex history of those distant times. Por us these centres with their branches tend- ins to unite at certain points indicate the first steps of t the peoples toward national unity im the midst of the feudal ‘system; These facts can aid in findings the causes of the wea- lth of certain cities, whose importance we have difficulty in understanding today. When the monarchical power established itself in the 13 th century on sradually strensthened bases, hie AS : bo : v ry ; Shape _ "1 _ -‘Yib to seont DIG _YeswseC nolttéotowmseo seeiit: ead ti orreee ti ns bus esotevo ,enitisgo ¢os19 Pe -log wow sat dttw aiemob Isyou edi tc etre sit Yo nottaxsIene0 ss ettdows, eopeenemoS wor benteloxs ei evdT -2noitadistend Lenidé -atvoig eeeid word :doces Jett te besvlaisa yinebbus eaw suwstos ett Yo soneultnt edt bevtsoet divo® bas sesh teal edd to eso ows 10% medd bevoee fed ¢edt .eetuoy omse ant vd nismob Isyorx «8d18 awo atedd Yo encttirbass edt sbhiedvo Snibnedxe at eetontaso eect egosivermye eoxutied® to [arbeddss ent to 1swot bid eaT *oefeodos [eacioniza ows edt to enoitibsss fos eedess ,atactts \ @ s9eeef 10 se¢s918 to eeonenlini bos yroseid seodw ,fna9 to to wwelnets sdt dtod sseeeesoo JI .beoatd seul eved a we Fi Bi ; : “A . . tin - ae’ ’ Pa ' + f j 7” y 274 very probable that one of his colleasues conceived and built the tower of the cathedral known under the name of S. Romain. The tower of S.. Romain of the cathedral of Rouen is contempor - aneous with the old tower of qhartres (1140 to 1160}. The pri- mitive termination of that tower exists no lonser, or was ne- ver erected. It must probably have consisted of a sreat octas- onal pyramid, like the terminating one of the stairway of the same tower.However that may be, the tower is entire and is cr- tainly one of the most beautiful of that part of Prance; it presents a mixture of the two styles of Tle-de-france and of Normandy, tn which the first element dominates; there also t the French artist is subject to the local influences, but he has evidently brought the taste of his school and his own se- niuS.. Here (62) is the elevation of the tower of S. Romain on th east side, where is found the stairway leadins to the base of the belfry. The tower of S. Romain of the cathedral of Rouen is detached on three sides and starts from the sround, like most towers of facades before the 13 th century. Like that of Chartres, it is internally composed of two superposed vaulted halls, and a belfry story divided into two. But here the mean arrangements are confused, the division into stories of equal height of Norman towers was adopted by the French master of works; submitting to these customs, still he has diffused in his work the grace and refinement, the study of details, the moderate projections, the perfect harmony of the mouldings a and sculpture with the whole, that belons to the school from which he came. He has very Skilfeblyyarransed the solids and voids, sgivins more importance to these and increasing the sca- le of the details as the tower rises from the Sround. These details are of Sreat beauty, the construction is executed in small materials with the care that the architects of the 12 th century took in all their buildinss; the mouldinss project little and produce much effect in spite of their extreme ref- inements: the buttresses are skilfully placed and profiled. T The stairway on the east side deranses the arrangement of the openings, but is a masterpiece of architecture. The construct - ion of the tower of 3. Romain of Rouen, althoush very light b by reason of the extraordinary dimensions of the edifice, has suffered no alterations but those produced by the fire, that hd ‘ a a es Dai. .- Me hed vase oom enn d# to bos sit ts Isubsdtso edd beyouteob = A ‘etal edd Yo ono nt dom me A ds bsosiq ean yiutaso dv FE edt patnet geet oft Yo ekseesc edd 10% yrtisd edd to ekoinsco tedd stoted tedt sedtie estsolbai ti ieneiaus at tost sia? -~seosie tieds aniavh siswod edt ni heets1 s19w effed edt siooas -'o) ‘seveds bise ew es ,enoiesemibh [lame to e198 yods 10 . aor to evewos sxsdt to eolqmexe exotemunsdetatsi cele biwoe oh -sonett-sbh-s[I to viiniofv edt at tlind nsofttiens1d to dooce ant oy en of enitsuet *] seevioeiwe timil od yiseesoso si Ji dud -OT9 OF wod wom! yiudne0 dé EL oft Yo etostinoys edt wod wods ett ylags Bos ,excessoshe1g thedd to edaeninesaxs est yd FL? bas ‘sese - i es 218 e&ainsos ei 12 aedte ee) .eeeg tis em a evn vn ni: hptonthytien ynoloesete: vad Gssensd sebia reddo =19 ebimsiye sece edt to dneme>ns11e ods ay ewoke saneip eiaT edt ot bnogesai0m gon ob esxe siess ;eeloennta seedt onitnwo - geost edt no tees ebimatya ceeds sud (esidecoia edt Yo sexe «teeasidinud es evise of Yi es ,yiote [snotsdoo Leotsasv eds Yo ,etino davoddis ,ebimerya eft to eexs ed moral sotisiveh aidt -oubo1o ,yistsisose eslosnnta edd eenimexs snc asdw ofatasoos q mort eve edd ebsel si rot ,slonw etd Yo soette boot yisw & es . geet eft to eebhie sit Yo noivgenitioni oft oF Gead sianps edd bimetyo s9gov odT «fd .aET 0G Yd nWode es .ebimsiva Soinwo19 cet dose no e1ssd .ot Bnivienes renod sit exki eebie idzie to bavoe edd te sesoes sdt ewolle tnineqo seodw ,iem70k seek 2 -1eq od¢ ;olyde [uiteesed a wi sxe evemiobh evedT .efIsd eas to adinw tno 918 emunegnys foe esldns asedt Saitexoosh encisex0? ~Iq e1edw tdtied edd ga sosiie dozm esovborq bos ,eelgne qusde edd Sninworo etoor snose eltsii std gedtiston [fiw sn€ .beos e8f7) sti dosteb of orice edt gxom estbhiz dtiw duo exe eremi0b ' .eeisoe tuo eved e1x9s710b edt Yo Btoor sad BBS saiaa sit (Fd _) setetooio asoismun sved bimssyg Jas18 sid to eslone ont bane -iiw bas yyiwises dt ff sat of Snitaoled scidevonni os ei deaT seci{ benifont kool seeds to eacny1bh edd youdaek- od ebnet no -aa edd Yo eeldne she detinawt of Snimoo siote® .esiice edd te ~1s edd ,oaitee1o benifoent to s10e & .etefoo1s Yssl dtiw agai ton dnexezeA*h ood 2 th .ednemireaxs asdto ebsm bad atosdino g bimeiyo seodw ,Odft souods tiind satge e ei sifne® woat 183 bos edd motd bedosdeb ebaitseno to ysinsifneeq tedt etnsesia goG -snmnfco benifoni siil .eania yd yine ti ot betoennce .91 ~s1g2e.8 to eesnyib sdt bievs ot heyofeme ,sosem seipenie dedd 3 mott soigviensad sguodsin vie edd geniaks Hsdoetsebh seni sade # Btemi0b edt evoddé .bedetimi ton caw ,biov sdt oF biloe sas ( ~vq ocd to eshie edt Yo elbbim edd ts beowsio stole Jette er seit .y9wod odd To dieq ascau edd mednioil [side doidw ,bimss «fLide sdt ei eooitieogmon seedd oi borimbs coum cot ed tonnes ‘ “mort aevieedo edt to aeys edt bel stoedidorws edd doidw doi d olidw ,getavows tdzil boe cisde 2 of sasd sisupe svieecem « ~ five Isiene2 edd ebteduo he{tiowg eioiog anidostoig Ratvisess duodtiw doy .eooil desit eft Yo ywotouom sat Snivyouteeb .ent -sidso sd3 to etigg edd weiv to Jatoa eidi wore .msdt aoidaeto 5 -7e1so fdinw beibste aaied to yitiow daow s af etins® to fexb | A gh ae 6 ee D a ay ay Sah te a 4 ao. oe ‘“ Pan % r , Ra oie 276 the bells to pass. Three other smaller openings are in the o other sides beneath the pinnacles, as indicated in Fis. 646 fhis “ Boided esiswot cotd odt to yttasaqzes Sdt to. eeldae snd soala -991i etom ed of medd wolle of es 08 .atEeWOT Sdt to dtaeb sds ois sdv betaesi1a eds end? .etisgev tes1> edd svode bstosded vf -[f{st nsqo ns ;efas9 to [avbedtso ef® to shsoel add to exrswod *88 .uiifed sit to sesd edt to ddebed ent Je medd esosnoo ye — -t:ed% to aiswod odT saead Yo Isibsdtso sid ds Jnemetesiis om eiewos to saan oft yd owond ,eias9 Yo Ietbeddse ent to shaoed ~ige'snose edt to esesd edd oF yino Jliud s1sw .smsd sitoOY to easiisg yem noltonisence sisdt .mshit owote ot stew tedd .2s4 ~ @eead edt mort .cf&Sf bas @SSl exsesy edd meewted besiaamoo ed -oe8 oisme1 esewot sgedT .qot ent od yaelis nego deorwr sit to ~fendgoeiss ots zoleas isd? ,siige edt to seed edd oF an ten “edd shie. dose no yovovo ekninsao oind bas ,eeezeittad yd be “aT .sotot00 asqq0 sda bas yis{ish teers ofd Gh SHdied stidns tena aorstoo ods of e1eupe odd mort Snieeec ereilisdi0o Lea19% a a dees S et = ae Eee ee 7 ] 286 Sinsgularly to the effect produced here. The detail of one of the angles of the tower (71) will ill- ustrate the mode of construction adopted, as well as the hap- py composition of these angles open in some parts, as if toe establish a transition between the solids of the piers and the void of the atmosphere. Indeed that was one of the preoc- cupations of the architects of the 13 th century: they feared Ssdblid and risid outlines, it seems that the desired in struc- tures detached asainst the sky, to avoid the abrupt transition from the solid to the void. This principle, which indicates a very refined feelings for the external form of architecture, that lightened the emlarsed edefices by making them bland in- to the sky, so to sneak, carried to excess sradually led the architects to execute the stone lacework of the 15 th century. We give (72) the quarter of the plan of the upper story of S. Pere on which must arise the stone spire. This plan indic- ates at A the arrangement of the pinnacles at the four angles, that of the four openings, and how the octagon is inscribed in the square. Dating from that epoch (middle of the 13 th century), but rarely are found detached towers. In Prance proper the towers belons to the facades of churches; they participate in their Seneral composition and altually become towers only above the level of the side aisles and the walls of the nave; yet until about the end of the 13 th century, architects took care to place the sables of the carpentry of the hish towers behind the depth of the towers, so as to allow them to be more free- ly detached above the Sreat vaults. Thus are arranged the two towers of the facade of the cathedral of Paris; an open gall- ery conects them at the height of the base of the belfry. Sa- me arransement at the cathedral of Laon. The towers of the f facade of the cathedral of Paris, known by the name of towers of Notre Dame, were built only to the bases of the stone spi- res, that were to crown them, their construction may perhaps be comprised between the years 1225 and 1235, from the base of the sreat open gallery to the top. These towers remain so- uare up to the base of the spire, their ansles are strensthen- ed by buttresses, and twin opemings occupy on each side the entire heisht #6 the Sgreat sallery and the upper cornice. In- ternal corbellings passins from the square to the octason must 7 a 4 i eo 7 i ‘ss re ' (eo ne shat y ae ne Ifon 08 coltourtedco fwtitnesd eins to wiotlonte - yebietue eesq oF bavoe theft wolle of bne elfed eat evisos1 of ‘fevel sit te beoslo easosetie no &etieen etao [fed neboow oAT -efb dtiw yinoeem doidd no Sninesd ,yisiie> asco tee%xh sit to - efit Ye exeic odd ni noktsadtv on seueo nso 26018 Satoasdo y * bawor toshaecshait yltoetaso saveclonesn@ miot tadd erswet ~ e8¢ Yo Helo s1800e edt to atnemseastse eint tose {fed eins “aided odd te ,bimsiya Sniawoio sit to seed sat o¢ Gu siswod sone1)-st-siT oF yieviteuloxs asaolsd yipdned dd FL edt Yo satn ststoo dt bstcobs nsed ybssile hed eei0 sad Yo edwad edt nO ‘RQntanited edd mort esint{ed to esaeq t9ec0w edt tOt nalo Lano “ * a ® 4s 7 ® > ie _ > Ve a ml 7 S - x Hee ox ff Ga" we : — 288 so that we cam see in the presence of these colossal animals at the tops of the towers only the connection of events conn- ected with the erection of the monument. There are in the hom- ase rendered to the patience and strensth of useful animals, that contributed to the buildings of the church the naive exp- ression of a very touching feelings of justice. From the point of view of art, the presence of these colossal sealptares si- ves to the summits of the towers of Laon a singular appearan- ce, that neither lacks oridginality nor grandeur. [t is unnec- essary to emphasize the beauty of this composition. The mann- er in which the pinnacles set diagonally are borne on the an- Sle buttresses, the rich corbellings established at the level A, which serve for transition between the form of these buttr esses and that of the open pinnacles, the moderation of the details, the happy proportions of the stories of the tower, and those repetitions of hcrizontal lines a certain heights, make of this entirety a magnificent monument. Unfortunately these structures were built in haste, erected with materials of moderate ouality and with t3o little care, and do not cor- respond to the masterly grandeur of the composition. It is o necessary ain our time to come to important restorations, nec- e.sitated by the ruinous state of the facade of the cathedral of Laon. These restorations, directed with intellisence and skill by one of our most skilful colleasues, will permit the towers of Laon to endure for several centuries. | Note 3.p.386. Art. Animoux, FIB. Bh Henceforth in the churches of the 13 th century the plan a adopted at Laon for the towers was to prevail over the plan of the architects of Ile-de-France. About 1260 was besun the er- ection of the two towers of the facade of the cathedral of Rheims, which are only of moderate importance, compared with the heisht of the facade. Their belfry stairs alone are deta- ehed from the lower constrestion.|- But the plan of these tow- ers at the base of the belfries is remarkable. We sive here (/4) at A the level of the base of the belfry, and at B that below the octagonal cross vault, that covers the tower below the spire. These stories were projected in stone but not fin- ished’? the disasters of the 14 th century arrested their exe- cution.e If this plan be compared to those previously siven in the course of this Article, ansensible advance will be found. 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Jo edovveriss tesd sat effoosr sia i: | sabeaetodetese? bafvargas fen? .9709. swoluqutos Atiw bstoolbas «¢ pmro, ptt bao oftit edt Fo selavloxe ,sbfw .ent Bett bro deed *s rwat? bstosrt gisat} fo vetmsn & ott wolsd bao svode bsuorgas fo. yqoo o efefxs srsdf .Jotrod sat stoted ssosg sdt Sf) 89% Vauge © td of tobveant yreg at dolda gnivoraas todt /f eft to noitoss Istnosiaod edt A se awode (eid AC) nalo of? - fevel oft te § ts bas .y1ode aswol edt Io Level edt de aswod .etled edd saeors .evoiad to ef noitourte Yo eamaloo olfstil eft fas ,snose to 915 doitn .eslosanio bas scofs wrote bovor> of? .eidasm Yo exe tedd .obsors asdaw etfs ) ewode- ott $.18. tuodes .t{naev edd Yo aod edd more .berluev ei tttw elomte et noitoutsenoo. sdv .dowdo edt to tnemevec eds ah seat € duods esheosr yrose dos% se1c0{t 10M etlvev asdtien = ae s10ivednl edd fisw of ayrode asoqu edi to slate eid to asdxevo sit (TY) evita oF to wetemeth sit eoneinimih dedd boibsoes etde sod ton Ti ore bas tdated of aslimie Ils evs seedd .yr0te. dose te reWod sad «seit mesnted boeizanco ef spots yrote hooose sid ydnomednst4e i eid nent sedhid ei bua ,dntbhliod ont te sointos est fre tlusv -te boidd oivd nohsdoo sdt to. shite dose ao katineesiq .21sdd0 sved ,1eito doses of deltwte ste esirete sendo avo? es? .eeo Snimyol ebotll[sd100" yd ted (etlovidows vd bersvoo ewohrix’ asvo oot te asions wiei4 re ealieled {fiw aswot end to yr0de rsc0H sid Po Listeb oA? Yo studen edt vd heiotee1 visootieo \nofsovxsence rslubaie ei ~eed goedidow ent tedd gnebive ei FT .beyolame efatnetem odd Bivom of bortesb ton esd bos .dotad Yo nisdt¢ea sivnte es bese «sg NBIITA OF Helleqmon need sved flyow ed doidw .etiozesov ens eit deY .eedow bowor Ifema od esdow sit bensvoo bad edati - peed eved bus {soliabnif{yo exe eisic sit to eamuloo bhetebnes -fvoldasa & evit of astess donm ei st dud :yleesraxe bebLyom » esti oo medd bed edi no tninasd sicted exoiad sit oF m10t +2 ‘enols sheigenisd rec9n edd Yo eedows edd Yo efoiad ef? .sos? vonisd onotve dsdt aselfo ols ef 31 .ertteesvov es heb{oom sxe -) ,eiptogite eidd oi bee yifsocisosoxs tod need esd sisi yisy aso dedt ,sisdasm [sivtoesinows sid to nottwoexs ent rot hus Giennlmaiovonse to seemnoo saT .isiistesm ieftens to sham ed son > a. wort — ‘edt to. eotmico sat. to tisied edd of ebsel - ‘Vit Se ws _ a _ Sewod odd of hedostts yewrisse qoiboin A .6Y .Bf9 of betsorb oe @ aT Oe / 293 single structure divided into two aisles by a row of tall col- umns set on the axis of the buildins. Radiatins chapels are around the single apse. (Art. Architecture yonastioue, Fis. 24 bis). At the north side of the church and before the ;radi- ating chapels rises a great tower on a heavy base, communica- tins with the nave only by an arch. This tower, of which we sive a perspective view (76), is b built on an octagonal plan from bottom to top; its entire con- struction is of bricks, except the belts, Sarsoyles, capitals and pinnacles, which are of stone, and the little columns of the upper arcade, that are of marble. The sSround story alone is vaulted. From the ton of the vault, about 81.2 ft. above the pavement of the church, the construction is simple with neither vaults nor floors. Hach story recedes about 3 ins.e to- | ward the interior. Ne sive (77) the quarter of the plan of the upper story. We Nere it not for this recedins that diminishes the diameter of the tower at each story, these are all similar in height and arrangement; the second story alone is comprised between the vault and the cornice of the building, and is hisher than the others, presenting on each side of the octagon twin blind ar- ches. The four other stories are similar’ to each other, have oven windows covered by archivolts, but by corbellings formins risht ansles at topo. The detail of the upver story of the tower will explain th- is singular construction, perfectly restored by the nature of the materials employed. It is evident that the architect has used a single pattern of brick, and has not desired to mould the voussoirs, which he would have been compelled to arrange, ifshe had covered the arches bn small round arches. Yet the engaged columns of the piers are cylindrical and have been moulded expressly; but it is mach easier to give a particul- ar form to the bricks before burning on its bed than on its face. The bricks of the arches of the upper balustrade alone are moulded as voussoirs. It is also clear that stone being v very rare has been but exceptionally used in this structure, and for the execution of the architectural members, that can- not be made of another material. The courses of stone are in- dicated in Fis. 73. A winding stairway attached to the tower leads to the height of the cornice of the church; from thence AES Yo aewot edT .erebb)el yd ebneoes sno ,1ewot sit to got edd of mm sey ;e1tge & yd hennoi asven esw savolvol to enidoost sad _# \medustsoM bas ebhssessD .cevolnoT ts e1ewot evobolscs bait Arredeaanlals ebims1yo Isnohedoo siuos vd betenimiet ois tadd efén?* -focas tnsost stom 6 to eal inemeknarie desl eids eamalenena os sones% of sis sanc1s) i909u oft to eiswod sat -iiidext soitasore oe jsoniverg tedt ot vino ebocied teat ,cok -olens dove evec i[s bos ,ssote anibliud to yiiowses edt yd be teom Sne Inutitused tsom eft ,nevib or)ed ofaqmexe edd tand . ye sebow sidt so &nitasine sadesas dtin esnsoczif [fim .stelqnoo — enoigoursence to $< oisiao ond boil of utwte1 oF nishs ey 103 yiseeec|en ai I -o01 ylno tedd Josmetnsa1e ne ,e1swot to Jaemegner1e nissaso s doidw dud ,yiotneso dé bf sid antbsoorc aslomsxre wet s no ete yd beteninies eisrod edt Yo deeoe ef .bio yisv ed [lise teom “it no sona1%-eb-slT oJ .asvee ows diéiw toor es bas esfdrd ons to aedmun otetiss «= dtin tsem ow enisM fae-setO ent Yo evined @ een ein? .esdousdo elitil of anignolsd eysulse eiswod eeens -esls ow bos ,e1enod odd .Qninwo1o to ansem [soimonoos « bsebai seeonivoig seeds yirtneo dd Sf sit saeted gent ovode oved vhs nevi bed .s1dns0 edd to bas deel ont to seodd nedd dota esol edd to atasd odt oO .enolenemib betimil yiao ersvod aitedd od evotaifors e etaixe suedd ,enelA bos e2i0 ,sn1eM s9wol ,eaiee ~eelautneo dt Sf bas da If edt Yo eedouwsdo delasq to asdmun -omoo vino eersdou1se deshom -erewot aedd benésie1 eved tedd re1ode. yatied s bos etnineoo tuoddiw erssoursedue s te beso -~sintes evitimiae 1iedt teol sven eiswod esedd [is seomfs sud enitub boow 10 snogve to asitce vd bsosfasm c19enW tad? .enoige \seedt to tedmum hook A .esinudnso As @r bas dd ME yt EL sae “avg enote wol yd bedenimiss yll[enibkizvo need eved seum eiswod bas eeldeh yd beasvoo sien isdmon tesee18 gs [lide gud sabine fis to sviensoxe east anied noitoviatanco to shom Jedy .f00% « ~doamt smoe te etnemunom to tiusteb nI .betaqobs sd blyeo sends to boixt eidd Hstbhvte ed blyoo soidw bos .ysbhod anitsekne sonaes “gem of eempo051 eved of aw ict yresesoen ai Ji .noideniarss -eixe etedd wok .eteilex odt no etasmunom seeds Yo snoktssners issih s eizad to [zaberitso edd To ennk .E to fistaog end no ed Betase nibviV eft aotinsesice1 .vawiaso dd Sf odt Yo monsomyt ‘2.8 to beaocamco 2t yoonso aint .yqonso Jnsoitinkem: s désened iso sduenim ftir hesvoexe ,eiswot ows yo betes? esmob to sa08 294 to the top of the tower, one ascends by ladders. The tower of the Jacobins of Toulouse was never cromned by a spire; yet we find analogous towers at Toulouse, Casssade and Montauban, t that are terminated by acute octagonal pyramids of brick; but this last arrangement is of a more recent epoch. The towers of the uwoper Garonne are in France an exasserat- ion, that belonss only to that province; an exception justifi- ed by the scarcity of buildings stone, and all have such analo- dy, that the example here given, the most beautiful and most complete, will dispemse with further emlarsins on this mode of construction. Tt is necessary for us again to return to find the orisgin of a certain arrangement of towers, an arrangement that only re- sts on a few examples preceding the 14 th century, but which must still be very old. We speak of the towers terminated by two gables and a roof with two eaves- In Ile-de-France on tie panks of the Oise and Maine we meet with a certain number of these towers always belongings to little churches. This was i indeed a economical means of crowning,the towers, and we alee- ady have shown that before the 12 th century these provinces, less rich than those of the West and of the Centre, had siven to their towers only limited dimensions. On the banks of the Seine, lower Marne, Oise and Aisne, there exists a prodisious number of parish churches of the 11 «h and 12 th centuries, that have retaéned their towers. modest structures only comp- osed of a substructure without openings and a belfry story; but almost all these towers have lost their primitive termin- ations, that were rephaced by spires of stone or wood durins the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th centuries. A Sood number of these towers must have been orisSinally terminated by low stone pyr- amids; but still a sreater number were covered by Sables and a roof, that mode of construction being less expensive of all that could be adopted. In default of monuments of some impoh- tance existing today, and which could be studied this kind of termination, it is necessary for us to have récourse to repr- esentations of these monuments on the reliefs. Now there exis- bs on the portal of 3. Anne of the cathedral of Paris a sreat tympanum of the 12 th century, representing the Virsin seated beneath a masnificent canopy. This canopy is comoosed of as sort of dome flanked by two towers, executed with minute care, Pn oP ae oa - oo dese yinisv sw tedt encitentmist seodt to eno en evit ted s8odd NIS0N0d sted son seob elds bad .esvfeemens efnemunom ond teh s meds oxiees tonnso eno tadf .ysiotfomie dove to esfdss steiteslii teon astiesd tsd3 .noivieocmoo dota 6 besbat tod noiisniawss edd o¢ Oattelea etntog tnaticami smoe esys mw0 oF -boiieq ‘suosensmof sit sofawb sonat¥-sbh-siT to eiswot sist+so Yo #oin0 sisn0t « to [ehom efssil fadt Yo yooo s ei (OV) st9F mo A betism [evel sit tse gota ylisiens® esoonunom envesnsmof Betsono1s s A level sedd evodse g16d ese sO .onivesiens iv08 8n01verio yd hesevoo snote to eeets00 aNCT Yo bemtot bimetve -m2e yd batoonnos .enmuloo bedoestsh te bseoamoo cotti0ca « neds ffotiw no enoilfibom dtiw soiat0o s Bnivtooque bons esdors Iie -10 68 Yd betsnimist bos eodors ows yd betsscesbh sides « eset “%18 me00 viev s vd bedawem [few eb eifsd sas Yo eoala scT .e20 -ftote deel sdT .eldsk as9q0 edt Bas oott10q sit Yo sassstna. =I¢siotee1 edd ni bemuses eved sw ee .sbhsos1 tewot sidy Yo as ~ittefe1 sit bose .oxidodJ~ie-tiones .2 to aswos Fesxds sat to no 1 sit booved nottostora gn01se 8 vd Sefasm ef easd ehinw viev betqobs oolsizoo sit Yo mesveys si? .noivoutsenoo eft to see bemsss events esd yitisd ody ct behretnt wrote ssaan sit 10% _~—«s SHOHENSMOM eHt Yo notisnimiet evitimigy sd¥ sesd sved oF ev od | 8 {OY .8if nf bsovborget febom edT otto sat Yo ds10n esewod vino etotiocewnsm Yo esdigntiv nfetyeso bos seile1 Yo «sdmon founds to soot edd ge Sltud estbvod .nointoc we osdtenedte Ss ond atin etoor to notvovitence oid ‘o¢atieesoor Jeum anewos ~ofe@ I .etoor gi ystneqxso to sewelh Ys a0 .esldst bos seves Yo Qofanived sit gs bise sw tsdw .nstvobrotY sd som osls bly edt bas eiied bfo to enoienemib edt tnibishss sloitaA eid’ ded? Hise sven sW scotensosre azisdsd zOt Estinps1 sosoe sivsii -doisdo to esbsort sit no betoors bre estore yd beorsta eliew of spastenefh ifeme yisv to elisd taioslg tot sortive geou ve 8 ,edmum dass nf sisKot dooge Jnsions yxev & gs besbat bert to seonive rc eft nit neve bos .sonsah Yo divoe sot nt beoneris ehsost seoiw .s118i9 .6 spf Yo dowdo sltsil ed? .ddax0¥K ons ae 8 sag ene dy If eat fo ya senrt yee eis mor? eecet es , " “S? Ube teds - hb apne asdted vowod etdd to tasmeknerys odd exam of © feds noitsvele ebie edt bos A ts ebsos? sattns sat (08) evid to edmst, edd mrot bos bawo1d edd mort sein DD estessttod cwT yd beowsic [fen siz tudes bus ,yiote bovow eis ot yewrooh ens ” 295 that sive us one of those terminations that we vainly seek on the monuments themselves. And this does not here concern those Sables of such simplicity, that one cannot assisn them a date, but indeed a rich comosition, that besides mast illustrate to our eyes some important points relatins to the termination of certain towers of Ile-de-France during the Romanesque period. Yere (79) is a copy of that little model of a tower. Our R Romanesaue monuments generally stop at the level marked A on our engraving. One sices here above that level A a truncated pyramid formed of four courses of stone covered by chevrons, then a portico composed of detached columns, connected by sm- all arches and supporting a cornice with modillions on which rises a gable decorated by two arches and terminated by 4 cr- oss. The place of the bells is well marked by a very open ar- rangement of the portico and the upper Sable. The last stori- es of this tower recede, as we have assumed in the restorati- on of the great tower of S. Benoit-sur-Loire, and the relati- vely wide base is marked by a strons projection beyond the r rest of the construction. The system of the portico adopted for the upper story intended for the belfry has always seemed to us to have been the primitive termination of the Romanesaue towers north of the fioire. Tne model reproduced in Fig. 79, a number of reliefs and certain visnettes of manuscripts,only strenéthen our opinion. Logsias built at the tons of church towers must necessitate the construction of roofs with two e saves and gables, or at least of carpentry hip roofs. It sho- uld also not be forsotten, what we said at the besinnins of this Article regarding the dimensions of old bells and the little space required for their suapension. We have said that walls pierced by arches and erected on the facades of church- es must suffice for placing bells of very small diameterss We find indeed at a very ancient epoch towers in sreat number, 30 arranged in the South of france, and even in the provinces of the North. The little church of Rue S. Pierre, whose facade dates from the besinnins od the 11 th century, has a tower of that kind. To make the arrangement of this tower better understood, we Sive (30) the entire facade at A and its side elevation at B. Two buttresses C CG rise from the Sround and form the jambs of the doorway in the ground story, and abut the wall vierced by ae al 7. .er0eesoone wo OF aniteetedri ybute To tostdwve # ** ylotskon 10 wae tnivneseta ,tlind scr0ow .fevisonoo ylbed ‘- qgiteom evs voot ti bows ,esnims yleousos [lin vent ,eaniléve yess teddy \onidaedd. yd eevleetwo sloenco tesel te nao ow ,yldo -eed biviv teow sai to sno oF siwte1 edd eeentiw Sool tom [fiw ‘bas bloo .exswot srsepe ent wettA .eslqasq [sveezibem to est “Sos CfSf mort sedowds two no betosis .eveteetia vd betas! dt Sh ede yd tiel eeays edt dosordde of Jehdnoe evad osm .Cbet eyiesioms yiseom etomette r9ttel edt tud jaetastneo ad ff bos “Yo wolsnevnit to yiisveq sit bos estbute a0 to seenvesw ont eye . . -eteiiiae orebor s9e0l[D eistetolO .BATIOUO ~teed beceiidstss sefieliek Sua ellew vd bebanowise sano A terry edt mort .cedowdo oltesnom bus sdsitzsifon .laibsdtso st stetbomnt edt ni tfivd exvsew evetetolo .ydinktretadd to semid ~fet ei redsiolo edt to nsla Yo moot saT .eedoaunto Yo yrintiory em ween ero :eistetolo ows heeesesoq eyedds I erence & viisis Boided sess ois te rS8to ens syforndol sds Yo Ssonendns nreteen -a0simioh ,seiiciostor oft of sesons svek texrt edT .sece ent ~BP yenosixg edd bos moor bemisw .ytelicsd .iled wetqaio .esi tew boooee sdT .wAfsex bluco Ife avotbiles sit to astetolo ents 310m ,etabyaco of? ns eseissdintrb sad .goddse sdJi o¢ bsvisesy Winioly edd ot tiivod esw tit ,tervit ect nsdt xelleme .bexives fe elesbedésy .vietemes ent fos yismaitai edd pyasidil edt Yo ) sven oft to eeble eid to eno oF bsdosttese asteiolo ateds fan » > ent vd beboworive eaw Si *donoe sdt sO dt100 sat te sen7is . eupeTe .efpa oommoo s aebaw bevil oiw .enonss edd to eeepod Yo exevetol[s sdv Yo ywinioiv end ai betoste stew efloodos ylin ew ebonye edd yistinso dd © sad mowt .elsibetitso bas eysdds ” selsibeiteo to eretaedo sid Yo noianfose sat dtiw fetavese - egoderd edt teds” .eeildmeves ceed bise * .yiseesoen ek FT” -relo0 gait oe ,estorndo [sibedéso eit aa9n sisdetolo det{dates “8 eteetio edd Sodd (efor Isobnonso edd ot Bnibioses evil ei ‘08 OF fomwdo ens eves! don .werls oF eevisemeds sntYnoo hinoxe ~ pas yrotester s tans besete cals esw tI “.evil o¢ exsdneels ‘eestt Yo esveotons edd afdtiw tlind ed teum yrosvinizob s 301 to the desires and the efforts of the people of the cities or the country, and towers in sreat number built in the last th- irty years in our country, will furmish some centuries later a subject of study interestins to our successors; senerally padly conceived, worse built, presentins heavy or ungainly outlines, they will scarcely endure, and if they are mostly ugly, we can at least console ourselves by théiking, that they will not lons witness the return to one of the most vivid tas- tes of mediaeval peoples. After the sauare towers, cold and flanked by pilasters, erected on our churches from 1815 to 1840, men have sought to approach the types left by the 12 th and 13 th centuries; but the latter attempts mostly emphasize the weakness of our studies and the poverty of invention of modern artists. CLOITRE. Cloister. Close. A court surrounded by walls and galleries established besi- de cathedral, collesiate and monestic churches. From the first times of Christianity, cloisters were built in the immediate vicinity of churches. The form of plan of the cloister is Sq@- erally a souare.- Abbeys possessed two cloisters; one near the westeru entrance of the church; the other at the east behind the apse. The first gave access to the refectories, dormitor- ies, chapter hall, sacristy, warmed room and the prisons: in the cloister of the religious all could walk. The second was reserved to the abbot, the dignitaries and the copyists, more retired, smaller than the first, it was built in the vicinity of the library; the infirmary and the cemetery. cathedrals all had their cloister attached to one of the sides of the nave, either at the north or the south? it was surrounded by the houses of the canons, who lived under a common rule. Freque- ntly schools were erected in the vicinity of the cloisters of abbeys and cathedrals. From the 9 th century the synods were occupied with the seclusion of the chapters of cathedrals. “Tt is necessary,” said these assemblies, “that the bishops establish cloisters near the cathedral churches, so that cler- ics live according to the canonical rule, that the priests s should confine themselves to them, nor leave the church to so elsewhere to live.” It was also stated that a refectory and a dormitory must be built within the enclosure of these cloisters. seeds bde %G bee 6s js Qee ni e(mgog aftoq) *FOheqef SHOX ve rebau .mof Seaih --.8T3 tos “inet +bO7Ye ePOAeGeL STON - »erariad ys GER ; «TI ofassd - eyes. Reade tole edt al esoktio ra ebniliewb to ytierevrue *e1 bos etoiiiswh to ytiaxevib eda eeitiania”® .boewd mei lkiw -d¢s% ym io mobooix ens of aotPYwobentd Isitesleo eat ot ebten edd yeenee [e1omed? ni bok «bro sid evse .seenod voem ets 49 -ti od aniot [pos of2 doidw nf aolistibes esaseeciges ssteicelo m022 Detsisasa Saied weste BMfeeti elesonoo Ji sisdw bee . tise ~Sieeredoonoceesast bom One), atdauods Leniso to sbhutitlom odd tiee,e1s doitdw .eiisw ascot susiredetolossdicnsl -b608 Iettacieo edt Bas woddzien sid to evo! .blaow sdé Yo denasdeib .teusdekb to sead edT .cnmoloo to wot 5 aed shie dose bad .bod ta evol to ylistevib sat s9defiolo sid al«.soneitac si anmaloo ent [Is aa? . . i: “.esudirv edt to dadd ef ehnilisond bees «8h 6f098 of TOFQOND oF AOOT .OOd. ge gon Gods ee i FOE eysddo st#t fo avetetoso edt FJIFE .sumorgorg visdt oF Javdtioy 48 peTlol-twe-9tirots HoaMstaod ,xvoertlos® .yosere¥ ,yausoO te exveugitesg Fo tnord .2 ,erossetoe to esatiV-asb-no9t 12 ,alase - we bao ,.0¢8 ,a904H to State? ,ahrod to suséuense 62 ,yesto4d -tostidora .t71a) Jf08..8 fa yeddo s#t Fo sqyt sit Fo ylrotuott ett Jo sbhve divoe edt to Betooos sro f(t .22% ,ovosteonon sty MOyou .elrog fo ssforbedtos sat Fo sretetoso edt slédw sdorvudo @ 2089 Yyotev-n5~yud ,xusyod .2998 ,siouunsy, ,euteds .aeved -dai0 edt fo retetotso ott eométeno? tron eit to beoola s7Tow +9hte avedtwoa sit to tléud 940 dtod bH0,ent0640 900/0q ego | ,enottgsoxs s10 ssedt tud sawbrs¥ bao xwoteH ,89tha01 to #0 estia yquooo of Asrvtefsrg gllovrers$ srstqods bro egorkesd sar ove Aovuioa adit gd bstorogse seinen S198" devotee io eisteiolo ont to einemstner1s |dT edd yrsitdn0e edd co slidw ;yiwdaso ds at sd¢ excted beitibou to eensosd seknsdo sideion fetetive eleabediso. to s1eteiolo sit to seoddrrsdd sldsirev stom ,eistcoado said to emovens ont to semen edt vo edsnziveb ot besnttnoo neM .eisivsex evoiziler -gn0f on tant Jeotusonate to cesm s [sabediso edd to asteiolo -bat dnemetnsite edd to tniddyas elistebh 10 [essned ui bed te * .olqmexe ict end? .sfottsA eins Yo Omineized ent ts betant end eivnoy to smid sit Yo eirel Yo omed exateov' to astveiolo si¢ -olsne ati nidtiw tiiud enoneo to esescd te bezoomco eaw set edgy Qafrhneoes stoted .sonitg ved? .ti ebtetwo ecsito Ene save fetsool seesot seedt to dusaq £ to {evowoy ent beaven .enords -nimamt erse sdi beyotoe [fite doidw tud .saeteiolo eit shiatyo ‘snob Snow sid 101 ebnims obsm od «tk shient seodd 2s esttt ‘@ninnrked odd TA .ststqiem efd Yo yeh edt wo aetosho ont oF -nddxe fofidw .smeC sito to asdeiolo sad yiotnse dd AT sat Yo a = - 7 7 7 ry - Ve 7 _ 7 * = 304 canon that received a house in the cloister was compelled to swear, that in the year preceding the day on which he received it, he had made a stay in Paris during twenty weeks, passing one hour daily in the chapter or in the church; and that he proposed to do the same in future. Also he engaged himself by oath to maintain the house and its dependances in as good st- ate, ifanot better than when it came to him; finally to accu- rately discharge the board and other charges imposed on the nouse./” These houses were endowed with lands and incomes, b put at the same time were burdened with numerous and very va- ried charges; thus the canons sought means to reduce asemuch -ascpossiblesthecamount of these charges by livings foreisn to their condition. They sold wine at retail, even opened taverns, rented part of the houses assigned to them; thus the chapter statutes expressly prohipvit these abuses, which proves that they existed. They also forbed each canon to allow any woman, religious or otherwise, to pass the night in the house in the cloister, with the exceotion of the mother, sister, relative in the third degree, or a woman of high rank, that could be refused without scandal. ~” These statutes aoveared at several times durins the 13 th and 14 th centuries against the abuses resulting from the presence of women in the cloister of thec canons. The cloister of Notre Dame of Paris, like most of th- ose of great cathedrals, then was rather a mass of houses com- prised in a shat enclosure, than a cloister properly so-called. Yet we shall see soon, that the chapter houses did not exclude the porticos of cloisters in certain cathedral churches. The cloisters of cathedrals then freauently preserved the appear- ance of a quarter with its special enclosure, its alleys and places. Abbe Lebeuf 3 informs us, that about 1350 the cloist- er of the cathedral of Auxerre was only a“mass of houses adj- oinins church S. Etienne, most of which belonsed to the chapt - er by donation from private individuals, by exchanse or purc- nase. That there were only two sates of the cloister, next t the river Yonne.“One is not very certain,” he adds, what are the bounds of the cloister in the upper auarter. There were only some marks desisnatins the limits, like sreat fleurs-de- lis and iron crosses. But the area, though not enclosed on that side, contained about half of ancient Auxerre. There was freedom and immunity in all that area for all the laity resi- | mis $5 -- ei ; ay VL " bli cidade, bas ¢ xingeoe1 oy bas sis io, , id ih ecort ibid atiw pa idiot {fe bes snols goteid ent dw .2n0nRke sds to esevod eft oi dacoxe .sotdent ls1const wot noitoibeias, feicomed eff mort betomexe bed bsea® ooteid dot bed dud ,aodeid sad déiw soideut cidé botuqeib ban taveo ca? ot di bebeo bed bhisii godeié tent bosingoos1 bao #f .bebieivy bebaegeh Jedn bas ,enones odd to eseved ony 10? asdgsio ond -188 od Bbemtot neds deadw .+8ei ,eliew blo eds sbiedtuo- mesg no --opeesnod .isdqeco edgy od vistdamitrael botnclsd .smoe te ansb -asdo bas aodeid edd of bebicoes bed edouco seed Yo sno vitns etedw esoala odd ni eoded has ellew bathliud to 19woa edt 19¢ ~900 n@ ,Wiio siz to efbbim edd haswos beisnimist astetolo st ,wetawo [itan ysh to dAeetd wort asco meds taiased to noisib ~titsoo, need bed tnsmesibe vids ,eststh blo ows soit a03 snob es . 88 Iisw es eiseclose sit betdtimteq ben ofw .20ix% edd yd bem .bestrodtes [few ean oiweolone teddy dauodsis sud :aodeid ons -sism heisasiq yino bed sségato enT .betslomoo need ton ben si ~in yd vise1t beeescq eyawls bea enoxitio eit oF .di 10% elein ,eaneldh .2 to 1a9tetelo sft to edoeute oft ni veh yd es trid | -sule enoaso oft teY .sredd amodew itend nevirb bed yens bne t bessd yodT .bsnistde noteeinasq oft gan oc thtin oft bad ey ment ot betnsa2 need Bas gedt qodetd edt Yo rswoa edt no aida oodm .tfeemid ezctoms bleoo soidsest dein brol s tedt onidare vidnsos: hat niemie® .F Yo todde edt tent. sasa030 Seddwods on .eresneetig 1a0t rewod & noistoibeinet eid nt tind sd o¢ beaweo to sinstidedni odd ¢edd bos .tJeexte eft Yo t1s0 beiauooo. tedg ; betusenoo nedd bad .di oF boacens Tesft te sisw ofW .stt98xHA omeiti .2 to 1etefolo edd to sieside to eslamaxs Istevee tend doddiw ni bee ,godeid edd to coiesinise end yd bosolo need fen om sevod eno mori eeeq oF esixrsi[st 10 eebsorrn tliud nesd ben ebssmeh aiedd beesd enonso sdT “.ovs .deo1te sid isve tendons feaqneoo yiineos1 hed séosbioos ¢edw oo yiteido siveolons 109 ;saitem of Batok ai bellid ased bad monso A .tdbin odd oniant med bsi noneo tedtess :esteh edd dhwuoidd as¥oud bed nomesaod 19ds0 bas deove1rc sid sdawoo sit Yo. ersiblee etd vd Eebawow o¢ veh to deed ts emis seddone Js smoo ben eitexsA to sbhrol -o1d fed ,dtmet etontd ed? Yo 1r0d0SII[eo nonso aft to s2uon sas fenso edt betssitien .yewitete & nwob bsilvg .sic0b aia oor -voig sdt to ilied sdt smts isitond .easod ond bobellia bns (Wdste asdt etom to 1sdmun sdt ot sem 2id Ad iW ortexHA to seo 305 residing there, and who wished to recognize and require it. T The bishop alone had all lordship there with hish, medium and low temporal justice, except in the houses of the canons, wh- ich bishop Brard had exempted from his temporal jurisdiction. The court had disputed this justice with the bishopv, but had yielded. Et nad recognized that bishop Hrard had ceded it to the chapter for the houses of the canons, and what depended on them outside the old walls, i.e., what then formed the gar- dens of some, belonged lesitimately to the chapter. Consequ- ently one of these counts had accorded to the bishop and chap- ter the power of building walls and gates in the places where the cloister terminated toward the middle of the city, on con- dition of keeping them open from break of day until curfew, as done for the two old gates, this agreement had been confir- med by the kins, who had permitted the enclosure as well as the bishop; but although that enclosure was well authorized, it had not been completed. The chapter had only vrepared mate- rials for it. So the citizens had always vassed freely by ni- sht as by day in the streets of the cloister of 8. Ktienne, and they had driven their wagons there. Yet the canons alwa- ys had the right to use the permission obtained. They based t this on the power of the bishop that had been sranted to then, statins that a lord high justice cowld enclose himself, when he thought proper; that the abbot of S. Germain had recently caused to be built in his jurisdiction a tower for prisoners, that occuvied part of the street, and that the inhabitants of Auxerre, who were at first opposed to it, had then consented ; that several examples of streets of the cloister of S. Etieme had been closed by the permission of the bishop, and in which nad been built arcades or salleries to pass from one house to another over the street, etc.” The canons based their demands for enclosure chiefly on what accidents had recently occurradl during the night. A canon had been killed in going to matins; horsemen had broken through the gates; another canon had bem wounded by the soldiers of the count; the orovost and other lords of Auxerre had come at another time at break of day to the house of the canon collector of the kins’s tenth, had bro ken his doors, pulled down a stairway, maltreated the canon and pillaged the house. Another time the bailiff of the prov- ost of Auxerre with his men to the number of more than eishty, . af nm . oF ed noeten ni evel eit nk saul {woes eenen edt boxe: iia i odd yens eles of redetolo eid odat pare eh te emoo bed ¢ efiw Fade .mommoo oe emooed bed et [went vileni® .enonso end Yo - foasdo eft to otrs{o 8 FO Mons & netesidd ot berteeb eno os dtnom edt nT “.enitan ot o& woy nedw voy bail {fiw ™ ybiee ed ~ -Saeticami geom. est to berboed xte a0 evit Leer .tsdotod Yo oa . FUL.g ,Soogerg sit bro . b7v078Vd ‘#oos ,IT t7vo0qg e8279G .908 eFTOdD Hust HiTOT stthegel ston ‘ Q 8S .OAkt . eet OF oGOK .08 Hood .TTI F707 .9H0e SAT .ofeoF AITO] ef fiegseS SOK ihe)“ alt eGAcst «orrexwa’ 6 seeJ$o9 ts woo «taeda! s .900D .maK ethhege& s¥ow SOS eat . : «FSS.9.8 -Jo¥ “es8nom 10 serhenrae: Yo ereveiolo to soemetaei1g [eisned off sdt dtiw yIne seviseiwo youooo [ade ow .ewond aebed eaines weSek Hontsie1 yiaelooissaeq ei omen aidt doidw 10% Beantonrte 0 60% ,esdoindo Yo Wintoiv edt oi tiind ecott1oq bsxusveo -10g ylao sasw eteteiolo texit edd tedd baveiled ed oF er aT -18 Yo ehsde ..e.i ,scotsi0a suptins eft to siyte eit of eoois ~ Gbaowore oft mo Suites eeesd dsiw enmaloo ao galteet yatnec oh tqohs og ,beitibom eaw muivulant newok sav as owook {lew snes ' “ ew As We YY Ar geen i. Das owe em Y "06S: If ¢ -netne11e edd dooas Jstw ts tevoouth oF tdvoe Vidtevlevsr oF ‘a _ ovell denn erent .erstzio£o tesiiiase edt nf same a 932 8n es 306 had besieged the canon Raoul Jouvain in his house. Horsemen had come at night into the cloister to take away the horses ™ of the canons. Finally insults had become so common, that wh- en one desired to threaten a canon or a cleric of the church, he said: “Tt will find you when you go to matins.” In the month of October, 1351, five or six hundred of the most important citizens of the city of Auxerre immediately after complines, because the bailiff of Sems, isnorins these recent insults, had rendered a decision maintainins for the citizens the risht of passing throush the cloister of S. Htienne, whenever it s seemed Sood, came to march through all the alleys of the clo- ister, while threatenins to tear down the houses of the canms, and to make their crowns red; they only retired after having filled the alleys of the cloister with filth in full daylisht and with @esign. The affair was taken to the court of the par- liament, and the chapter of 3. Htienne save up its rights for a sum of two thousand livres, that the city paid in four ins- talments. We have summarized the lons dispute, in order to m make known to our readers the extent taken by certain cloist- ers of cathedrals, and also the serious disorders, caused in a populous city by the privileges thus accorded to entire gu- arters, thus forming a city within a city. Note 1ep-A4i1d. Gort. aS VIBSV.N. D. Of Portis, published vy. Guerard, and the preface, pid. Note ~.epeAtie Latin text. Ghart. Boo. Paris. Part Ii, Book 4@ SROWLUNAAG. 198i Note ®WePpehite Latin text. The sawe. Port TIL. Book 20. Now. AQZhDe 16 | Note S.peAti. Mew. Conc. V*hist. civ. et ectles. d*duxerre. VOV. Sep 22. ay fhe seneral arrangement of cloisters of cathedrals or monas- teries beings known, we shall occupy ourselves only with the structures for which this name is particularly retained, i.e., covered porticos built in the vicinity of churches. It is to be believed that the first cloisters were only por- ticos in the style of the antique porticos, i.e., sheds of car- pentry resting on columns with bases restins om the ground. We have| vainly sought to discover at what epoch the arrangem- ent well known ‘as the Homan impluvium was modifted, to adopt as we see accepted in the earliest cloisters. There must have aa a ne ’ é acsien tiene veediunbtnde eutltial 190d , gqisd@ visv seh oneds 10% .ontdeixs ee ge a0 to a9dgefolo ceiteiidd oft bos avivoloms namo® oft neewtesd ners dee samuico to enor eas tedt tesit ei dotdw .esonivoig 0928 oft ob slidw ,mottsinmufoorstai tose dbvoms ase0e edd oF {iswwol .ditnifa s no toe syawls o18 enmuloo to ereig eft bao : f Yo efpoe ens te ‘W elstioso eft bos ,betwoexs ylebut oels ei sandowite eidT ; =pfteh ati tod .eonebsoeb namof.edd trilfsos1 d10ow enorsd4ed eta timasq beyolome.nottsicceh to meteve edt Io sonsissage [ere fi =y9qHt [{fite avebeeaie bos yiibifoe to ake niedseo e evan oF FI 7 “et Bedetn erotonitenco supeemsmof .ancisibert ssmoW yd bees | 7 ee £ -10g wot bne shitw eituo eistetolo to notvieoqmoo eds ni nistdo gue yd bebommoost ed ton blwode enolai(s1 edt tedt of .eooks -ms1z010 sidiense yiev eidd mort betasosh yevey yvedT .baiw 120 | ‘od bshioeh yedd cody ,asontvoig aisition edd at osve bos om 4 “noo ysdt .t1s0 ri 10 vfleittas erstetolo to eootti00 sad sxe lo ) ' ~ted aisdt of nostisomen ni dvbiw sesit e medt svit oF Lsunts fos ,eonibsinud yd bebusouise eysnts ovew exstetolo oft .tab ; “-dusosths edt to anisdesl edt hetsimisaq oels tnemedastis eins : . .sootsaoc sit Yo stoor edv evods elian ; dse12 to exsteiolo befosie eysddés odd yawinso dv fl eft mort ; “Sisq tnstrcamit teom end esw ti doundo edd testis tO? .eesndoia gd dnsoe avcitifes edd doitdw of tedd (etnomdeildetes seent to 10 Isnistxs oJ 10 nommoo af eseysia ot betoveb ton eavod sxit © soiviee es sniviee vino don eisveiolo ea ,arcdel Ienrstai gomivemol .snoisatibem sot seoela Bas edilsw es tud .etobisi0o -idi0qg edd te eflew eft 36 eno no 10 JyHoo edt to ofdns ne at 4 .enofiuids 10% niesd teeth s dtiw antetavcot s beosla sew oo .atesd odd bored lede doved heirsves Yo J10e8 a0 coidd0a elatrl -sw ot smso ofw .euorkifey edt amiode mort betosdorg ands Boe sv ef tnomeynsits sidd dedd hedete sd deuom Si [lide ’.eredd de (ufetI Yo eisteiofo eft ni nommoo dav0dd .sons1? ni s1s1 yisv Beeld netto even enieed odd vatonoo tho nt t.ntso? Bae yfioie - ' \nediede tHontiw div00 edd To olkus edt ai 10 elbbim edt ve fo ktoiG ad “ttove) nip age Phipinadessete eds to yinfotv eft ni 10 RL) » andes | «(sei Lido§ ob ye Se chia dies yo gsddo swt fo wefavo/o sdf .8PA.g.f STORK Nite ond tA .s00/f70g St FO Sno To Siow sdt to afsod o. e9eeoq a4 we — adend bosv09 o ate/xe os/o yorstuct fo ysd t4!. wal i “yg a 308 tympanums are faced in the same manner; above is set a frieze of black lava and bricks. A carved cornice terminated the wh- ole base of the roof before the construction of the upper sal- lery, which dates from the 14 th century. To make beter under- stood the mode of construction and decoration of this insular monument, we present (3) the elevation of one of the arches at the scale of 1: 40. This structure is also rudely executed, and the capitals ¢ are barbarous work recallins the. Roman decadence. Rut its sen- eral appearance of the system of decoration,employed permit it to have a certain air of solidity and srandeur still impr- essed by Romam traditions. Romanesaue constructors wished to obtain in the composition of cloisters auite wide and low por- ticos, so that the religious should not be incommoded by sun or wind. They yever departed from this very sensible prosram- me, and even in the northern provinces, when they decided to glaze the porticos of cloisters entirely or in part, they con- tinued to sive them a Sreat width in comparison to their hei- Sht. The cloisters were always surrounded by buildings, and this arrangement also permitted the lishtins of the adjacent halls above the roofs of the porticos. From the 11 th century the abbeys erected cloisters of sreat richness, for after the church it was the most important part of these establishments, that in which the relisious spent t the hours not devoted to prayers in common or to external or internal labors, the cloisters not only servins as service c corridors, but as walks and places for meditation. Sometimes in an angle of the court or on one of the walls of the porti- co was placed a fountain with a sreat basin for ablutions. A little portico or sort of covered porch sheltered the basin, and thus protected from storms the relisious, who came to wa- sh there. Still it must be stated that this arrangement is ve very rare in France, thoush common in the cloisters of Italy, Sicily and Spain. Tn our country the basins were often placed at the middle or in the ausgle of the court without shelter, or in the vicinity of the refectory.. (Art. Lavoir in Diction- ary du Mobilier). Note A.peAiGe The cloister of the abddvey of Thoronet stir posses Oo bosin at the wall of one of ts Porticos. ALT the ao- vey of Fontenay also existe a covered bosin,. - eanit¢aisg vd betsi00e6 yléneunse7? seom essw erstetelo sdT -seT BIO edd mot} seasos Snitasserge1 yilsnikizo ,aliew edd ao 6 edt setel {vioned .6 bas eniotad .5 to sbhnstel eft .taemad Pe head eebnosel nishes e10m 10 exdacell eoneh bat, pieenthbttetes oigesnom edd yisdineso dt SE edit Juods ned¥ to,eoois10q0 ent .dtiisen baer soehasit to xemiio 1tess bentadts . desir te bedtyoqn?: enmnfoe sidism yd besi1cogpe stew exsteiolo yaev dédiw betvooxe elstiosn edd to sistaivoe sat bue .seasaxe - edt enolsiis1 est to esys sid stoted hetexd .e1e0 asl[w0ldi84 ta Xo -eboorel 70 yiodveid beiose to sensoe. ~genemoh bevisee19 yis1s1 sve dtw0ov sat mi eoiretesnom ag0 $f Bos dé ff edt 20ixeb 10d :dta0ow wiadiso 2 le e1etsiels ero ~wyisve teonl[s eeonivotg eeett to anorsif{sa sit .eeitninsos as | & vd medd soaige: ot esstetolo neao blo aisds beyoitesh sieq mio? doemevom eid .ashised .e10ebisi0s bezoto ylusen 10 besele WBdt at hsovemmoo hed doidw .cisdostisorws to nokdsvons. sdi goibfivijex edt yd viwineo dt Sf odd to elfbbim od¢ tuods dsro¥ eaT .esizesesnom to yedmun teso2 s yd hswollot .elsihedteo te ~Suemtons aeiuivos1 syedde ed% to sesoiusdo add To gniblindey -isd sistelolo edd ind ;benisier even eswdouate blo edd <2 oe ylevitstacaco ssnsqxes ooiaiepet Bae seavsonite gdsil yrew on | ioc! oid aoiN .esesd wen ocd ni Ii iucor Ile yiassa siswe, lene “mSxo 100 Asoe Lisde gw .dti0% sdt oi eietetolo syupesagemol to '&aied sinemdeildstes oidesnom end seusoed .dinoB sdt ni eelo edt to sistem edd to tnehrsaqshini slut nomnoo 8 yt hodsluss Vigeen enzo} des¥ odd ot betoobs yodt .elsiseysa 10 edamilo Laiene: oft 102 ,es1stowade yisnibio aledd dtvin L[sottasbi _ seintoetidows edd to elisish edd aot son ti . Snomek ners “190 ei dives edd Yo siedeiolo Imtituacd seom eit to end te, gooisieq edd to awl .egf14 to omydaoxT 12 to wads vinies iwiudoeo dt Sh edt to Reinnived edd mort e¢sb aedetolo eidg _hebivib ,ezsineqo {soioniq eesadt Yo beeoamce ek mead Yo does asia ent ek ()) 19H .enmploo niwd yd en10d sedow as0t osnt wmiteiolo edd Ye eved ent Yo eno to eninsoo na bas efare ne Yo elds mor? taebive 2i fi ymoidooe edi (2) bas pomydaor? 22 to seodd es [isw es ,k001te yIsv s%@ er)eiq slans edd ted’ .nelg fenaut evounitnoo s talved eooidi0g eff .eyed edd emitsrecse _) & bus 2edo1s seisvenssd owt evisoes eisig eitna sna .tluev -nud ows edd to noitoeetedni oft edasonon sedd .fors Isnokeib dG «fois opisvensat a eavisoe1 yed s to 1sitq dosh .estnav fan 309 The cloisters were most frequently decorated by paintings on the walls, originally representing scenes from the 01d Tes- tament, the legends of S. Antoine and 8. Benoit} later the 4d dance Macabre or more modern legends. ; When about the 22 th century the monastic establishments had attained their climax of grandeur and wealth, the porticos of cloisters were supported by marble columns imported at sreat expense, and the sculpturs of the capitals executed with very particular care, tracéed before the eyes of the religious the scenes of sacred history or lesends. Jur monasteries in the North have rarely preserved Romanes- ane cloisters of a certain worth; for during the 13 th and 14 th centuries, the religious of these provinces almost everyw- here destroyed their old open cloisters to replace them by s Slazed or nearly closed corridors. Besides, the movement for the renovation of architecture, which had commenced in the WN North about the middle of the 12 th century by the repuildins of cathedrals, followed by a Sreat number of monasteries. The rebuildins of the churches of the abbeys requiring enormous sums, the old structures were retained; but the cloisters bel- ns very light structures and requirins expense comparatively small, were nearly all rebuilt in the new taste. With the lack of Romanesque cloisters in the North, we shall seek our exam- ples in the South, because the monastic establishments beins resulated by a common rule independent of the nature of the climate or materials, they adopted in the West forms nearly identical with their ordinary structures, for the seneral arrangement, if not for the details of the architecture. One of the most beautiful cloisters of the South is cer- tainly that of S. Trophyme of Arles. Two of the porticos of this cloister date from the beSinning of the 12 th century; each of them is composed of three pincival openings, divided into four arches borne by twin columns. Here (4) is the plan of an angle and an openins of one of the bays of the cloister of &. Trophyme, and (5) its section; it is evident from this plan, that the angle piers are very strong, as well as those separating the bays. The porticos havins a continuous tunnel vault, the ansle piers receive two transverse arches and a diagonal arch, that concéaks the intersection of the two tun- nel vaults. Fach pier of a bay receives a transverse arch. Mit A mm ORE - ‘Yo notioes sit tedt ss@ ow .? .2i7 .noitdose said satwmexe sw ti - @ & elediod sdt teadd ds ,dows Jnsumear s ei tivav lenaws edd ‘| [few oft Se sedows setsvansxs edt Yo eteoomt edd anidiocane edt dxom eretaslig edt to ebsed edd evode «tt O.S boosia ere enonnttnoo & totiesxs eds no D Je edon ole {fin sno ;eanineqo -etolo sit to anixevoo eis yilentoigo gadis tnivsolbat: i é - fe jhe if a = en ity asi f 08a qi tos ted ti udo: toed ide eh didetaads ro YS ids eda 30 -— beeasones vod? sbotbste hated edizen dotdn tos rebs0 gadd, of he bes ,vitaso1so yd berevoo ylinsuoe1t taom eooitiog sibil esods , ot etiney Snizzetesq .meivulgmt supitns eat belfeosa doidu + gtsev bus eintqivee anitosie1 .es1nsdowxse azisdt Ile of t10nboow ~1s90g8 tiedy yi ofdaisemet eisseielo betosie yods .2dnemense aebio dedi sedw omit edd tA) .nolteish bosiddaneise ldo sons ss egbuetesnom to isdmsn elfdersbience & 18ey yet & oi betoers ( ¢ Beseqmoo si9w seeid ,(sqo ws oreteen to se1s eiitne edt 1svo , an mneersed ,etivav eso19 10 Lonagé onivetsqse aisic tse1k te : 4 a8 tedtea dedi .dninego bseserqeb bos wel s beosla si dot asdd.,.{[{sw Zoids a ot etninego to egiaes & to soneissa9s edd & witom sdv Yo coais s enisms1 r9ezd0l om ese%T.ocokti0g ¢ to - _ Feed YISV & 2essect ew dud ;xvaviis{O bus xvaesi® to eyedds emis odd ts slind ssen bas .esods déiw evoensiogmedado ssdmuo {lite ose ow dévo> ot oT semetoistero sit to masicudine sat to iad edd no saacevlic ,temotodT Yo avedde edd to seosd aaiboaits 7a se0d¢ omvees doidu ,9uonams? to bas ,sonsiv7 sié.30 Aned , -om oid yd oevit smusahowg sft ylues{o atalaxs oT .emict saevy _mottoveiasecos edd 10% eistdaush eti oF xusediD to yedda asdd -teni sefoo1cg ot tnihicoos tlind siew seend 10% .atsteiolo te sistostidois, .t14) aeb10 edd Yo heed add vd nevid encisond r «¥Iseesoen ei noiteitemiii os .{ evoitesaoy Yo 10 esiweelo to go \ .gecnivo1o otedtwoe ni yileioesqes .ti tuodsin nssto 9 to nolvovitenco sat ai ySioilorie t¢6 noktaetosttsa efdd t9Y eit Yo boo edz te heasttoe vheesls ean sxgteiolo Herorssetd sineadeildsses oltesnom edd 30 eoreultei ode Yd YIvInso dz ot yoRia omse ody Qnisestow wort rst yiev orsw doidw .vawld to ¢ erptostidow sonst? [fe suonkuo ms eudT .eesttibs saieds ni -ntag sdv Yo stice nt ashots emoosd of yisadnoom sdi no bebuss sonivoig emse edt ni bait s¥ .bisn1s9 .8 vo besestow aslgis | yedds sdf ni .fsedino¥ mort ast Jon ,sodds heteads{eo tend to -ofo's (etd © .2i# .eunttesno¥ savtossinoids .t14) ysastn0® to > -snstnetis telorsteto Isyeneh edd tninistes [Lite gent .s9tei ‘Bne sosedels nistiso 6 etnses1a yiasile tey .bedede sent eta -te hnoose on asd tevstole eit .noisonitenos ovitiniag eeel s Beisvoo ,viote Hawe1h edd nt ooitace 2 to eseianoo bas yiose -flois bayer to beeoemoo 938 eysd seonw .eticsv e200 nsmoS vd belgnos no betroqene esos elduob yd bebivib ew bes .etiovi -wiBbas ,ytotoste: edd no: bemsdo ocoisi0qg atedévos etl .enmalco ‘wo elbbim sit oi .{fed seqo [ntidveed & yd beinsancoos esw edd tod .fevortesb won tienes Meer ewroteavel edt san doldw 4 a «toned & €8 seviss bas taweo edt mort asteiolo eds to tasn 312 court and formerly servins as a lavatory. We sive (7) a portion of the pvorticos of the cloister of th Thoronete” At the two ansles of intersection of these portic- os on the level, the intersection of the tunnel vaults gives two cross vaults strengthened by diasonal arches. Wote 1.-P-421. See Archiv. des won. Hist. ot the WNinistry of State, the drowing of this abbey mode by y. Quester. The capitals of the detached columns are without sculptures. Very simple claws decorate the angles of the bases, rather f for solidity than for decoration. The first course of the por- tice, of squared stones without mouldings, separates the pave- ment of the cloister from the court and serves as a bench; a another bench exists on aipart of the rear wall. Whatever the rudeness of this architecture, it does not fail to have a gr- nd character, and it is well understood as construction, for the tunnel vaalt cannot push piers of that depth loaded by the masonry portico of the second story. Entire absence of mouldings and profiles, only some indispensable bands cut be- veled, to protect the external surfaces and to receive cente- ring to serve for turnins the arches and vaults. No appearan- ce of closures or of glass; the upper windows themselves were often without it, especially in southern provinces. Yet this affectation of simplicity in the construction of 6 Gistercian cloisters was already softened at the end of the 12 th century by the influence of the monastic establishments of Cluny, which were very far from professing the same rigor in their edifices. Thus throushout all France architecture t tended on the contrary to become richer in spite of the prin- ciples professed by S. Bernard. We find in the same province of that celebrated abbot, not far from Montbard, in the abbey of Fontenay (Art. Architecture Vonastiaue, Fis. 9 bis) a clo- ister, that still retainins the sSeneral Gistercian arranseme- nts just stated, yet already presents a certain elegance and a less primitive construction. This cloister has no second st- story and consists of a portico in the ground story, covered by Roman cross vaults, whose bays are composed of round arch- ivolts, and are divided by double arches supported on coupled columns. Its southern portico opened on the refectory, and w was accompanied by a beautiful open hall, in the middle of w which was the lavatory. That hall is now destroyed, but the at ae me el wi 7 ee0n deceit ek rival 18 efnenert in Valaiativs Bec ‘1 4 Bavors .2t Insv- geotD eienat sat to seoqmi ont of ire ; weed welts setotevel end Yo -ntesd edt tated | gies Soowssatolo sd¢ to noivaeq eft to nsfo sit at (8) etek. ) ~18, 007 .bedossis saw yrotavs! edd soidn of ysnetnot to yedds ect bos .etevere ef siptestidow edd .{edneuunom at Jasmeknen eddeei A te jalsistedam sideximbse to besoamce ei soitonttenes - eoisviog sit si 9 te .yiwsnso Ht FI edd oi ti tudet .yrotosYor «deinen -afasd edd.9 ts bnew cattieq dosh .isterolo oft t0 eysd edd to ono (C) snseerg off -pe dosizea s doivis .eyed snzie to etetenco retetolo sidd Yo | ~al edt of escnsiine sdi to ed lovidows tse7k sdf .nsla ni sis -—- elokt vaev o18 e19ig sid bas ,eyaibivow yd beteicosb e418 y10dsv - gbanowd eds oF behnetxe couserdind vd Bstteds e1e eteiq saedT gesd? .ssarblsom teoitin 618 sooisi0ea edt te etlovidow: sdt fos sfler ; -yusnstno®.to 1sseiolo sit oi been sedd es ,elotonixza at ames . -~tdow sid ;1sdoi1 doom sts sintostidows edd to eliséeb end emmsgnys sav ni bsowsiq eeys odd ee [lew es .bebfwom ete es [ov jbeassginoe yiee1? ors shsots edt to elstiqeo edd jeved sat Yo =-mo sdt mort bedosteb. [lew bose aehaele sis eammloo sltsil cas tee1® s ef sisdT .beyolqms [aitietsm edt ot exasds .coitouste | .Wiwtase ds §f odd at bstooks asteve sdt biswod Beskat sousvbs — me wie 9° « , a -_ ~ a a 2 Do A : a 314 indeed be entirely Romanesoue, its vaults are Roman without diagonal arches, its large and small arches are round, and o one already feels there the besinnins of the transition from the system of construction of the 11 th to that of the 13 th century. At Fontfroide the transition is still more advanced, although the mode adopted is the same as at Fontenay. Fontfrm- ide is a little abbey near Napbonne; its cloister is very well preserved. Note 16P-425e One shoud not ve surprised, Wi im this Artr- ole we pass abruptly from one province to another, whatever AUSstance separates them. General arrangencnts are concerned here, not details of architecture, and we hove olvready satd, short the wnonastic establishments acted under a uniform direc SLon, when they belonged to the sane order, whatever their Location im the western territory. We sive (11) the plan of one bay of the porticos near an a angle. This cloister dates from the first years of the i2 th ‘eentury, it forms a rectangle comprisins!five bays on two si- des and four on the two others; these bays are covered by cr- oss vaults, and these vaults are of sreat interest for the ‘history of construction. (Art. nonstruction). As at Fontenay, the porticos are composed of piers between which open three or four arches sapoorted by twin columns of veined white mar- ble, with capitals of the same material; the rest of the str- ucture is of stone. The side arches of the pointed cross va- ults on a sauare plan penetrate the arcade and form pointed arches on the exterior, while the arches of the arcade are s still round. The tracery is here frankly only a fillins inde- endent of the construction, a sort of perforated enclosure. Here (12) is an elevation of bays near the corner and a sec- tion of the portico. A beautiful chapter hall opens on this cloister; we shall have occasion to speak of it in Article Salle Yapitulaire. If the system adopted at Fontfroide is the same in principle, as that used in the cloister of. Fontenay, the details of the architecture are much richer; the archi- volts are moulded, as well as the eyes pierced in the tympamms of the bays; the capitals of the arcade are freely sculptured; the little columns are slender and well detached from the cm- struction, thanks to the material employed. There is a sreat advance indeed toward the system adopted in the 13 th century, 5 f elta { @ Be: foas ye sid ods betbiis vbssrls eet dscees: eb. ontenot to ‘othe obatees eit to avadaeaes ab: aie +0) ar ia ste to sostist « yd fers¥oo sew tud .wiete basoes s bad seven | ms edd evods ¢dtied eldieeod tesel od¢ eted of es of yedele sno ‘a ddeti od ekaiievoo seed evods etnineoo Jimrea oF eudt .edpev ot Yoveleis ebte eds ,gost ni s(eksileG wth) welled dncoatbs -feos1 isteiols oft to oofdseg dévoe ond Qninioths dowde edt - 91s elite seodw .ewoboiw bebsed bawod dgnords tddil evi eoy odcod esys ond Srimpece tedd .cesb of Ylevids i. ; wok .800fs40c esidd to Jnsmeveq ead no niex svith tom Hivos z a *ovet lovevsn edd YO obfe dinoe dé’ snole eieixe [ive er]edt tesl eesdt ylioexs elitist doinw .asiezof[o s noel to Isabsdteo doetinois 6at Yo [scogeih sdJi de soeqs woiten sdT .enoisibnoos ‘q ot mict erewoe edt s9otefols eids vith of mid wolla gon brb eid antics? syed nevee te besoomoo cottiea s vino ei ¢i tnela Pusy sit tent oe -vad eftnte es yd si dtinv betoennoo has dowdo eGShin efi eevis nevee Yo détnol s tntvsdh sitnetoes1 s esvit | #1 sretetolo sind Yo nottaoqee to nelo edt admeesig Sf bit Yo etsesy Jexrtt sdi mort esdsh fas .etlasv. esor1o yd beasvoo e£ ; dors ebie on svsd silosv sit nosd te suf .wyundaso sx Sf seg - 6 bas ,noifooitence edd siaatsneq Jon ob sesdd vistnenesenoe mort edlovidows Jee1h to esiiee © witsdxe edt oo sneeerq son gaed? .ebiortino?® ts bos venodno® se ee «tKo0 Sdz OF I9fa sno ~ous odd (BI) bas .esesemdiud aaidoeteiwg wd bedsuds ers sista ssetinsv ed? diseased Setveent evcbhniw sso1 yd betonomage at ebe benissdo es ends fsbsore eft ton bos bosel® orsw e601 seed? -trog odd tdail ot Fasicitive exninsqo bas aetleda sldsdine ¢ -floe enofesmid s to o1s sbhsots eft Yo enmeloo olstil-en? Look ‘ot erotonttenco edd hettimisa fotdw .eldasm es gnoate es tet eros of tlind evs seaestttud bos este edt ;Sleme modd stem ‘9n0 10% ,moitonitenco sft to ¢dkiew stidne odd yTxs0 bos ee Iew odd tedd (1 .2i%) notsoce edd Sutoimexe wi eson [iin god? GL.2 .nidt yrev ef sbsow eds svods sesos yd bsotets ab ty orl Wee eh aie Ss " oD es Te . m1 7 ’ ; as = | aa vy sy Ae ae a6 ,° Vat Ls _ AN + 315 for the openings already sugsest the tracery applied a little later batthenbays of the cloister. The cloister of Fontfroide never had a second story, but was covered by a terrace of st- one slabs, so as to take the least possible heisht above the vaults, thus to permit openings above these coverings to light adjacent halls. (Art. Dallage). In fact, the side aisle of t the church adjoining the south portico of the cloister recei- ves its lisht through round headed windows, whose sills are placed directly over the terrace. The eyes opened in the tyn- panums of the archivolts of the cloister of Fontfroide were never intended to be slazed; but it is easy to understand, t that in the climate more damp and cold, while leaving the ar- cade open one could glaze these eyesaand thus protect the mo- nks from rain and wind, if not to modify the external temper- ature, for the arcades are so low and the porticos are compar- atively so deep, that assuming the eyes tobbe Slazed, the wind could not drive rain on the pavement of thise porticos. Now there still exists alons the south side of the nave of the c cathedral of Laon a cloister, which fulfils exactly these last conditions. The narrow space at the disposal of the architect did not allow him to give this cloister the saware form in p plan; it is only a portico composed of seven bays facings the church and connected with it by a single bay, so that the yard Sives a rectangle having a lensth of seven times its width. Fis. 13 presents the plan of abportion of this cloister. It is covered by cross vaults, and dates from the first years of the 13 th century. But at Laon the vaults have no side arches; conseauently these do not penetrate the construction, and do not present on the exterior a series of sreat archivolts from one pier to the next, as at Fontenay and at fontfroide. These piers are abutted by projecting buttresses, and (14) the arc- ade is surmounted by rose windows inserted beneath the vaults. These roses were glazed and not the arcade} thus was obtained a suitable shelter and openings sufficient to lisht the port- ico. The little columns of the arcade are of a himestone sch- ist as strons as marble, which permitted the constructors to make them small; the piers and buttresses are built in cours- es and carry the entire weight of the construction, for one will note iu examinins the section (Fis. 14), that the wall pierced by roses above the arcade is very thin, 1.15 ft., and a 4@ : y@ i ah ‘t. ¢ P og le @& i .enottortautss eaodt smebhtenss i obdtoo edt Yo eredgiolo edd of n1awte1 won en tod bas .esitsiasy wet gud astto evetetolo auoesnemos sit [fe a2 ‘bestelameo yidsexsslot s bactia of esoittus sevik eved ow tedw -etolo dtiw omse odt dom at #1 -euwdowite to s10e eidd Yo sebi | t-odt te vlislvottasa ,bolaea otdto® oft Soiwuh betosie ease esostidois edi zc .~tieatt gqoleveh of heonenmoo tis tedt emis ~tosiq & ean isveiolo s te ewmstz010 sid viutneo dy FL edd Yo -taeiz0 edT .say taod sit sism biveo yous doidw to .emedd euo ~baeqqe ati o¢ bistet mt istetolo s to snemetnerie odd . noite edt to sistss edt .yiinwwmoo dose od asilvoso ebeen eft seeds i -veel to ,solizeo enoe Safeofons tet yrieesosn eat .elsinstan -~Ioo Yo ensem sii .tetswniar to [evomes1 odd .nsao Jeet sdt ari geno bib bas teum gent [fe .enieteto ni t9etew eidt @Wnidoel Biluow tI .doogs fadt to eioetidowe odd to euines evitneval edt -yaam oe to gebim sedi ni .beiddon dime o¢ en rct Ilooriwyib ad sesoindo m0 to seonsiaeaeh seed r0l) betderes1 od oF ening ‘(bedetlomeb ae hedatesveh ,demrctens1t seed Ils yissen eved ~léssoone sit nmwond oem ot tomedéia [Iede ow tessl ts aevenod tosee1q ot bas ,aextourta seeds o¢ hetlogs encidsoitibom ev Bos smid ted? ,eolomexes sidsiyamsi1 Jeom bas etelomoo taom sda -inste {Lise siateiolo sdT .bevowesh son eves naw to bed odd -onitenos yltdeil yiev viseom .yshot bosuns bas henobaeda dei ; eiseteqisd ysm eiodsi ino bos .asecqseib ot ylisb bust . best 9081s 8 niems1 aehnog on [ftw ceoe dotdw to aior .vbote 10% Of bedsSqgeao 870 sw ,astoa THO Basins aoxs AO .eBAcqet StOX +o50m s19w msAtt Jo smoa toads swit sdt sonte tod? .srénesoser wer 970 sonla atosy smoe gnitaixe JSiéita ereteso/o to as/qnoxs g00/ eof sfis ;eldt yo bse/rqtve sf on bluode °70 . bsyorsess Ybostlo bro ,asdortuds fo esonobasgeh sssAt aot} bSa7Titer soutea teow ,ytataeo (it Bt) taots sit Jo aiosy teal sdt stated doum -tourte 20 ,b9sa0bnodo stew agsddéo bao elotisdtos to eretasvoss eriee eer Fr ~Soaeteixe TO? moaceT yao TShAOS On Atiw eoTy aly bed e1osouidienco edd nos] te tadte nese vbsexts svsd ef © weds Yo-vedors shis edt désened ebsm s8oicead 1s090 sid bes ff, mego esdois 1tewol edt siel bed bas ,zwsteiole eft to stivav ‘eidd daeodile ,nosj ts tu8 .ecotsrec sxoeensmod Blo end sxil . ; bei : iS, to) im > wen a. * Da. |. : > 4 | Sie eu seg os bevts8 yodt smatatace ald? to sbhow ad todt esthuta edainego tewol edt .et{uav agi of ofdt0d vbsetle een r9detolo ee _ aa — —_—> ee 7 . ro. ; 7 321 Note 10-437. Me Rupvrich Robert kindly entrusted to us the studies that he wade of this cloister, they served to give us shese Wiustrations. Let us now return to the cloisters of the Gothic epoch; af- ter all the Romanesaue cloisters offer but few varieties, and what we have siven suffices to afford a tolerably complete i idea of this sort of structure. It is not the same with clois- ters erected during the Gothic period, particularly at the t time that art commenced to develop itself. For the architects of the 13 th century the programme of a cloister was a preci- ous theme, of which they could make the best use. The orient- ation, the arrangement of a cloister tn regard to its append- ages, the needs peculiar to each community, the nature of the materials, the necessity for enclosing some portion, of leav- ing the rest open, the removal of rainwater, the means of col- lectiné this water in cisterns, all that must and did arouse the inventive genius of the architects of that epoch. It would be difficult for us to omit nothing, in the midst of so many © ruins to be regretted (for these dependances of our churches have nearly all been transformed, devastated or demolished); however at least we shall attempt to make known the successi- ye modifications applied to these structures, and to present the most complete and most remarkable examples, that time and the hand of man have not destroyed. The cloisters still stam- ing, abandoned and unused today, mostly very lightly construc- ted, teud daily to disappear, and our labors may perpetuate for study, works of which soon will no tonger remain a trace.” Note 1.p-439- On examining our notes, we are cowmpebbea to recosnize, thot since the Sime thot sone of them were node, exomples of clotesters Still existing some years since are noo Jestroyed. One should wo be surprised by this, Vife has Lond since retired from these dependonces of churches, ond alreody much before the Vast years of the Last {ARB th) century, most elorsters of cathedrals ond abbeys were avandoned, as struct- ures with no Longer any reason for existence. We have already seen,athat at Laon the constructors had éla- ged the upper openings made beneath the side arches of the v vaults of the cloister, and had left the lower arches open, 1 like the 014d Romanesaue porticos. But at aon, althoush this cloister was already Gothic in its vaults, the lower openings art | oN { _— : Py a g f fas 4 a a ba ag Tasbeetecnsé ot ee yipeaare eas sont hinds dies 3 Ses invsonihi bua i ihn ben to seott es dove ,e1steiolo =-m00 so0sGe siiins sdt mooe ‘hentase snol ton caw tasmetners7s -Tit esw .{few sesd bos aveio .eedous shies edd asewsed bseiig wil boss le efertiasivon esw yrsos1s cifiy Jed ,yres0aat vo bel garit ds ovew ne .dowsdd 8 Yo eeleie obie ont Yo ewobetw etd efid 600 evaet of Hos atnemsisqmoe sco edd esela oF FHosn00 “to aeteiolo s etelzxe sieit .enmefoo Jdsil est neevisd seosae ~ edt to shie dtvoe odd ts .daemetnsz1e Snimisso s . bait tends conte ,[feme ysev ei FT .e@loxeh-ne-aume”? Yo dodo steizelloo "BApOR, se seysd ows yino enistmoo shiendase 8 = Qot7iiew .cCS : f to slaoe « te (es) nsig exitne efi et sash -2ns edd ds teddy ,etsoadd [so08 sdt ye sonesitieini sisa dite ‘a -eSifsittven sicteisdd Bas endisosiib etieooco edd at Jos eel 7 eelgas sasdd of tatvia to bestént Joetidors sii .1sddo dose ~seqmoo ,emsteiolo sroeenawoh ni es .caendoins sideysbienooe s shes bus wdisthos Esvoeanoo semuetos elstil xie to 19t0 ext bs q “7s Bevis dnomotasiie yideiq eidT .enodvea to. doold elante s te @ Rainisico: slidw .asedefolo eldd ot eeontdkil wisnibiosssxs *@ edd Yo eteion tnisetes efoe ef? .t& 102 yItbtloe tost1s6 8 Yo sibbim sdt-ts hedsle eseecitted avet ent sia nott¢teoamos A .eysd owt otni seedt Snabivib bas sookds0a eft to sos? dose i stin00 Sletil odd YO evtnen odd ts Sub et [few + to yad sno Yo soiteveale bee neitoee edt ainsesig 3S .biF 7 «A te exeia sft to Liedeb's 2s {lew 26 ,1wm98 to astetolo sat ® (besslh Bnted ton enmbofo sltsil sat nsswied alevastnt sa? etow obso1s sit svods yrsoe1d edd to etneatisqmoo edd elfinn edt Shtsdgil r0% ebsitneco seh1e! doom benistdo s1ew east S 08 10m Diet Ieitisn ,ereteiolo sxveensmo9 sat ai anand ,eootdaog “> Jeeskdi0g sd? stséned Snidlew ancesea eds xstot blooo baiv =ss9easis bemt0t yreosis besale sds Yo eentnego bos eseor sdT eid to santalvoe sit safe bos boiw end o% beeoqco essere dns ; -stem edt bos. .tnsbovds bes bsowd ,Jutifused yisv ef elatioss edd of Sntbrooes .enokensmib ehasl Yo s1n8 exeta sdt to elaery otndo sit to emts sad to et astetolo sid? .motevo netbovet09 eObSE Bae OFSE eresy oat nesuded tited need evant geum bos counts Tet0s oFns tléud wohot si tefatoso ssa (O8h.g.8 StOK of saioms7 Fé Fo tastostive toy ;h9yortesh troq al bao sort +8909 sti Fo ,fasmsgaorr10 Jovsasd sit Fo o9b! stssqmoo vo sole 4 corer PPE PRO he 8 edboteé Bt) fo bab mostourt# ‘ : se _ 1 vA . s rm » . Vt aA ‘e Bea ih. , : re Ak Reh - a A » \ ear oe 7 322 entirely distinct from the glazed rose, as in transitional ¢ cloisters, such as those of Fontenay and Fontifroide. That ar arrangement was not lons retained; soon the entire space com- prised between the side arches, piers and base wall, was fil- led by tracery, but this tracery was notientirely Slazed like the windows of the side aisles of a church. Men were at first content to slaze the upper compartments and to leave open the soaces between the light columns. There exists a cloister of that kind, a charming arrangement, at the south side of the collegiate church of Semur-en-Auxois. It is very small, since eachiside contains only two bays. Here is its entire plan (25) at a scale of 1: 20. Profitins with rare intelligence by the equal thrusts, that at the ang- les act in the opposite directions and therefore neutralize each other, the architect instead of sivins to these angles a considerable thickness, as in Romanesque cloisters, compos- ed the pier of six little columns connected together and made of a single block of stone. This pretty arransement sSives an extraordinary lishtness to this cloister, while retaining a perfect solidity for it. The sole resistins points of the c composition are the four buttresses placed at the middle ofe each face of the porticos and dividéins these into two bays. A well is dus at the centre of the little court. Fis. 26 presents the section and elevation of one bay of t the cloister of Semur, as well as a detail of the piers at A. The intervals between the little cloumns not beings Blazed, w uhile the compartments of the tracery above the arcade were SO.” Thus were obtained much larger openings for lishtins the porticos, than in the Romanesque cloisters, neither rain nor wind could injure the persons walking beneath the porticos. The roses and ovenings of the slazed tracery formed transpar- ent screens opposed to the wind and sans The sculpture of the capitals is very beautiful, broad and abundant, and the mate- rials of the piers are of large dimensions, accordins to the RBursundian custom. This cloister is of t&e time of the church, and must have been built between the years 1230 and 1240. — Note 2opoABW. This cloister is today wUALY into Voter struc- sures, ond Vu part destroyed, yert sufficrtent of Vt remoins to give a complete ideo of the general arrangement, of ts cons- tyuction and of Lts dertoiles. 7 7. ? . oP ropes mt sat nsented sone: so3i6 ous esd evseedo nso 00 eteued iets bae bled ei gexi2 edt .efooros dones] brs nsif "eedate bes elsiisies Tosteiasandaiyo! Gus .eeensbut Yo sinvz io _0,edt ,eaetsn iisdi mort Snidiuess eotsinevds sdt eeu oF wos ~iidnsoos bas encisereghaxe Saibiovea ,1sdoe bas besite: asdio Mo edootidors oft iedé ovetled of yiseescen ei ti teY «esisto ‘aiiesh slgmie s douse hedgobs evad bloow esontverq donea% sit -ai edt x0 bessstosbh .yxexel to svol eaT .ersteiolo aiedt Yo A -snized oft 36 titili wen 8 bempest .ensiousteid ent yd toade wed gA .evoihifes 1slube1 sdv 8noms yisimso dt FE sdt to bak -ssnom edd ,basinat bos yosmys2 ,nisot .ylesI .sone81% at dogs ¥ to eesodoia ,Janetxs al anitsqmoe eisteiolo seias wee esires ‘eiesziolo besoe1s sodg oom yiaetI al -sawigivos bas eleiresen rdtin-fusS .2 to .zoissom bus semméqivoe yd bersvoo ,sidiem Yo : ~imbs odd yltoie ni jomo8. te ,cstedel niol .2 to .ellsW efd-ni ; _ sindxia asivtote s .elssitnoM Yo sséeiolo eenswmi bas oidsa + .9one1 oi jrottibsas daiaooM 10 has sundoedidoxs usm10% to eenkiV-esb-nssG .2 to bas 19%9J .2 to sieteiclo [utitueed sds .wdetets tesl ods dtin sovlesiwo yanooo [fade oY .esoeeto® Yo ‘, H -niag edt o¢ Iwindiel Ratoisns: elidw .evotkile1 edt dotdw ai ‘ yp beysliaaib yHioyolk ie Tila bh deem dowa mtiw Esilgas siato — , -stpigivea io yioxsl nommoonmm § © to (08) soitevels Innuedxe edt Soe (0S) selq edt svid oW f Yrzex9omesnoo ,eeahiV-eeb-nsel 12 I0cxsf#Pislo sas to ysd sa0 F _70%q esn yiote Hoxo1e eds Io ocoitiog odT novo! to tedd din 4 -aitiod.edT .sebsol of ateixs gedd yiote sb go betasomae vided : e@ yd beseveo sis etlovidois eid asended emuosaomyt edd .se829 vss) 5 uv 323 Qne can observe here the difference between the two Bursun- dian and French schools, the first is bold and elegant with a mixture of rudeness, employinguresistant materials and knowing how to use the advantages resulting from their nature, the o other refined and sober, avoiding exasserations and eccentri- cities. Yet it is necessary to believe that the architects of the French provinces would have adopted such a simple design of their cloisters. The love of luxury, depressed for the in- stant by the Gistercians, resumed a new flight at the besinn- ing of the 13 th century amons the resular relisious. At that epoch in France, Italy, Spain, Cermany and Hnsland, the monas- teries saw arise cloisters competing in extent, richness of materials and sculpture. In Italy men then erected cloisters of marble, covered by sculptures and mosaics, of 3. Paul-with- in-the Walls, of S. John lateran, at Rome; in Sicily the adm - rable and immense cloister of Montreale, a singular mixtare of Norman architecture and or Moorish tradition; in France, t the beautiful cloisters of S. Leger and of S. Jean-des-Visnes of Sotssons. We shall occapy ourselves with the last ekexster, in which the religious, while remaining faithful to the prin- ciple applied with such sreat sobriety at Noyon, displayed u uncommon luxury of sculpture. | We sive the plan (29) and the external elevation (30) of o one bay of the ckhoisterocof S. Jean-des-Visnes, contemporary with that of Noyon. The portico of the srownd story was pro- bably surmounted by a story that exists no longer. The buttr- esses, the tympanums between the archivolts are covered by s sculpture. The plan presents a multitude of little columns, whose function is determined by the arches of the vaults, and which are crowned by capitals finely wrought, whose connection forms both in the anterior and exterior of the portico a ser- ies of brilliant ornaments. The vaults at the wall side as at Noyon, are supported by corbets sprinsins from human heads. As for the openings, the roses alone were Slazed.! Note 1epeAhhe The drawings of this clorister were siven to us by Ne Boeswilwold, ALoceson architect of Soissous. Phat richness so greatly contradicted the principle of the religious orders, that if did not fail to arouse already in the 13 th century blame or ridicule. One is too much disposed to believe that the 16 th and 17 th centuries alone criticised afk | : fe oa, Fd Dak Yee ea yintnes & ile A cefnom edt to wameel eds | ae 1: oni a8 maine whibabend- .8ito] «6 to ti900 edd se ies g Iitwieeo: serebio svOfeifer edd Jentsrs tiv aid eetotexe of yo ss BOUT eFffse eb eV’ edd mort nedet etseeso eids Hd ti edboe si @tooaay 64 ore ee 8 = Cgeeq dotsat ble) beeen oi . ytt #9 0 (dt Bt) teot sat Fo ba8 odt to Yoo She foie | etstetola eidt Fo ehatavors sift bodetanet Yo etoot edt .vyindaso id Ff add to slbbim ods tuods {fav ‘vyffosith asfew edt bodasdoeib encitasoxs o1a1 ddiw eistetolos "We ef etedsox to soneeeie edd yatetrTHd Suodtiw Faweo sat no - 8ISFeioLo Yo ‘noivouyenoo sid at Beouborsnt sefsl scomevorant AG Betiowg ‘new \Raftos! vaw isisw Yaiice siSdW eetsilsool a | im f:hambarthalianned tasosths bas eistetolo eds Yo etoot odd Pts 4 + ’ . 7 . @ y > ; 04 me. = i | * 1 a hie : P vi eee 27° fe 324 the luxury of the monks. A poet of the 13 th century received at the court of S. Louis, Rutebeuf, did not Tack an opportuni- ty to exercise his wit against the relisious orders. One will judge it by this passage taken from the “Vie de Sainte Biysa- belz- (old French poem). © A Hugaenot could not have spoken otherwise in the 16 th cen- tury. ' | Note 1.pe4h4G- Oeuv. comp. Ge Ruteveuf, colv\ected vy &. Jud - nove Paris. 1839. Lo wie de sainte Elysovel. Voi. 2. pe 218. To cover the naked internal walls of the vorticos between the corbels supportins the vaults, they were decorated by pa- intinsgs and evem sometimes by reliefs and arcades. The clois- ter of the cathedral of Toul, commenced about 1240 and comps Leted at the end of the 13 th century, gives us a pretty orna- mentation of that kind},consistius of a series of trefoil ar- ches, beneath eathione being sculptured a little rebkief borne on a sort of slightly projectins slab. He sive (33) one of the internal bays of this cloister.“ Mm the exterior, the cloister of the cathedral of Toul presents the arrangement analogous to those of the cloisters of Noyon and Soissons, except that the side arches do not extend thro- ugh the thickness of the wall, and that the archivolts of the openings are turned within these side arches. Thus at each s side of the buttresses remains a part of the pier. This arran- Sement is less frank than that of the cloisters presented ab- ove. negides the portico was not Slazed. At Toul the sutters of the cloister are arranged in a special manner% above the cornice they consist of a course of stone cut according to t the slope correspondins to the discharge of the water, which occurs ‘by gargoyles pierced at the middle of the head of each buttress. (32). Note 2epAdG. There reworim no traces of the reiriefs destroyed ot the end of the Vost (18 th) centiry. MW. Boeswilword Binary {urnished the drowings Of this cloister. Until about the middle of the 13 th century, the roofs of eloisters with rare exceptions discharged the water directly on the court without gutters; the presence of sutters is an improvement later introduced in the construction of cloisters. In localities where sprins water was lacking, men profited by the roofs of the cloisters and adjacent halls to collect the - 2 a o a. ‘3 @ rane we we eomtt: 08, tI .tav00 edt dds ned) beonta exnahets 8 * tesbvhnes ; yltoerib q9tsw edd Saitisdoeth to beedani tedd .medt bowisooo ss ef -esak d#Iid Satvarso biove of Bus .dav0Oo edd Yo sexs odd no -s@ib aieti1eo te beoslaq sion ssosve to seutq nisib .nteseto sat —s-« gf ettobaod .tA) .2ezeerttnd ody yd bem10i eeldns edd ni eoonsd | | 49889 gommce geom sdz esw dotdw ,betqobe s19" eslyokiss Yi 10 / -00 sit fnvois yisiitne meds wolsd heoata esw Isnnsio snote . . ~nowls nieteto odd o¢ ti yovaos bas ietew edd toslied os . ta Ml asenaiiesdne olssitl s esu [engeno eidt vemifemoe .etninegc ne | dose Yo dévom odt tebsw Sativesid ddiw eninsgo o8 Seived astier e dviw beveo esw Jisoo ent To se18 edd ylorsy 910% -sivyohasd hetowbsoo ti bas ,avivelqnit eupidas oft to sexs sit evil edele eudT sefbbim edt hiswot esqofe yd n1et¢eio eid odnt astew saz : 08 dud .etoor sit oo Sntif{sl tedenw add yino ton betoelloo asy . gavoo eff .tiv09o edd Yo sets eilsae siz so bevisos1 gent ocels -voo ei zel-ne-ledotN-.B-tnoM to yodds odd Yo 1astetolo add bo oaad Yo Aeeaqe oF noliesooo sved nooe ifede ew tod ;beef yd bere -retetelo eidaliemes visineo dé Sk ont nt elatbediéso to exstetelo nistase [Lise 20 sevsosd vidadowg ,yrode es yd hesavomine wiisivoitisoa eis4 ta betoeis etasmunom sesddy Hnvors Oasmmoo te este [fame end edd ees2neJ de eterxe sieiT .eeitio awe logog Yo asitneo sdz _ fook yiev 8 os von: ei doidw . bata dads te aedetofo 6 te sciut . . t *! ~Yistasos teds to slbhim eddy oF. saooled bos siyte 7 vd bsousia. .ytote Hbnoose A .eysd adi to enc ednszems FS .2iF «gegni eoedisaq ean .dows dose sevo woknitv asipanstos1 [lene 2 ~&d Yo esdows ebie edt easef .enonso sat to &uizbol eas sod, beb snoyow ts es tnkreqe ond Yo etlovidows ea bevaee etivev odd et couveed to [ethsdiso sit Yo astetolo edt to [f[ew 1801 oT 7 _#¢ teqauve .dows shite dose diseased sbhsors efaind ex yd bedtsi0osb “. { ¢ a0 eh .beviso videwtabs eletioso fine enmyloo slstit yd be ‘i As ® oft to td2iod sid rot tattoefiowq bans wotdd .eseeentdud end } -tense ere yeds .stinav edd to tenrds sdt toda of wrote bao : -voo eaw tiotdw .yrote brooss eddy to sddied edd 10% bsowhss yid foerpse avy dre > ooo gdnsgqiso yd ylno bers —eeadtoo sft of egnod/sd tebn0/ of tetedota BIAT sPhbdaget SFOK ’ e798 won th 7080 srosy ytasat afomoh sd? yd Sioa eow Ff 3 fore wordt toa ob oh ~s9nortabhasrs né eredosh 10} sevorarow 2 Bo sso — hertesh et th nda fud ;ofoe edt 1oF bo0¢9997 alomok ott tow Yoo em0s yrosssoosm so Situ dotdw ,18tadoso Bidt seanarugsy of a5 ‘ ; : : 325 rainwater in a cistern placed beneath the court. It sometimes occurred then, that instead of discharsing the water directly on the area of the court, and to avoid carryins filth into t the cistern, drain pipes of stone were placed at certain dis- tances in the anéles formed by the buttresses. (Art. Conduite); or if gargoyles were adopted, which was the most common case, a stone channel was placed below them entirely around the co- urt, to ¢ollect the water and convey it to the cistern throu- Sh opemings. Sometimes this channel was a little subterranean Sutter having an openings with sSrating under the mouth of each gargoyle. More rarely the area of the court was paved with s glabs like the area of the antique impluvium, and it conducted the water into the cistern by slopes toward the middle. Thus was collected not only the water falling on the roofs, but a also that received on the entire area of the court. The court od the cloister of the abbey of. Mont-S.-Michel-en-Mer is cov- ered by lead; but we shall soon have occasion to speak of that remarkable cloister. Still certain cloisters of cathedrals in the 13 th century were particularly surmounted by a story, probably because of the small area at command around these monuments erected at the centres of populous cities. There exists at Lensres the ruins of a cloister of that kind, which is not an a very sood style and belonss to the middle of that century. . Fis. 33 presents one of its bays. A second story, pierced by a small rectangular window over each arch, was perhaps inten- ded for the lodgings of the canons. Here the side arches of t the vaults served as archivolts of the opexins as at Noyon. The rear wall of the cloister of the cathedral of hangres is decorated by a triple arcade beneath each side arch, support— ed by little columns and capitals admirably carved. As for t the buttresses, thick and projectins for the heisht of the & Sround story to abut the thrust of the vaults, they are sensi- bly reduced for the height of the second story, which was cov- ered only by carpentry. Note 16H 44D. This cloister no Longer velonés to the cothe- arabs Ve was sold by the domain twenty years ago, Vt now ser- ves a8 G warehouse for dealers in Srindistones. Ke do not know what the Gowoin received for the Bake, burt when it is desired Lo repurchase this cloister, which will be neccessary sone doay, . 4 a € _ ee G rae 4 vat t PA . sent 10° ow, 109 Ott Fo seven tiobioute TOF W908 ti pine Seotut 9¥oe torr oe series yoqg Siiw swo tedt stéogorq -@ teal ny au of beviseti¢ tetetole ivlitused seom oft tn9 Pe! -ttolo sit vinist1e0 ei ysote bacoee « tniegsensog bas (txe¢ nt ’ « $mpds movt eodeb orudouite dsdT .mevek to Levbedtso eds Yo 19d - — aviv betvyoexre S18 vatabhen: edi bos visaitas eti bos ,Oast i omee s9%89 etonim bos yapxol 4 ) edt to eyed edt to eno to nottevels sdt ev eevid BF sare Py eesd eid ts heorsia ,obin sie eyed eesdT .neHot to [erb)entso ” evodA .eamufoo ol[tsil oidtdifonom no enz0d sefiors ee9% a909 vd © dotdd ef tlovidors ed? .fosalt ei anineqo odd esdows seadt ebte 8 es Soivise iscay sit ,etioesvow to ewor ows to bszoqmoo geeth & Faocave etfovidotsa sesdT .etivnev Isnastat sdt at dow Ms ewobaiw wint edt to enoti{um bos ereia edt yd fhetaatensq ecole | ~*etetoors Yo wor oldwoh a dtiw eotni0o A’ .vi0cte baosee snz to bane besvsiotieq sve snofe altotertenb eeoin ,obeatevisd 5s bas ‘ofhbim odd tA .ssdfue odd tised dotnw ,yaote Hnoose sad awors “-09q .dnoemsni0 Ju0dsiv visvitos .eeeitsud toss Yo based edd Yo ‘edd nk betoslIoo assen sit sbhtetvo baiteso slyobas® s etost . -yotmn Stew dod ,eceeordsud seedd betowomaice selosneid@ .astsad '.beyorlesbd ylotsans So yad s00 to hoe eseeentind seed Yo osla edt ai (FF) exeh % to eeentdail bos yiioiferte edd esea snO .ytote bovork snd -it ni yino eteianoo sonsdetes: sitine sd? .woitowitenoco eins ; ~tpds yout doid® janisx2 21siq exsnoe ens Lae eeseetstod ses *Bo079 sipsonase eit to tnshbasgebni ei ti. .katasead edd Ot eA betevoo ai qetvefolo sliiil etdd tedd .vyse oF besn on er onedT veasig Snoide Io eyed to eeiiee & Bnieogmoo ,etiuev e201 yd ; edt mi eteteiolo 16% betgobs vilaisns: snemezastis os ei eins d .ta betetxe yiote bnoose off .astel howoilot base yindneo dz Ft ; Ye yretdil edd bentetnco bas ,1etatolo edt Yto.ebie eno yino ‘ -neq1e9 belies yi berevoo [isd sse1k 8 hemtot si jaetasdo sta ; YI : alow otat S09? retetedse atadat Fo enfowat sdf .hBA.g. 2) OF ON foslgea off bao ,ettuoy sd? no BShootysuo Fo aas7ss 6 Fo. sewvosd ; -atask ot? .t#t9S sow atut Joretostidoto ewofasta aéadt Hotdu oF bm ymaledtrog «uk bstetaty} sonte awit trode @ witavow Fo yrt 90 smoem edt Avta .#evod FO etostidore nse9d06b ,etorv0mes@ -dotes S70 saniebos sat twd .bsgoend teon afvog sft galtotest =i ntomen tory Sat yorsesh ai bio bao wrote baoose sat ai botett 326 even for the sanitation of the cathedral of Lonéres, Vt Vs 9 propable thort one wild pay dearly for thot sole. But the most beautiful cloister preserved to us (at least o in part) and possessing a second story is certainly the clois- ter of the cathedral of Rouen. That structure dates from abort 1240, and its entirety and its details are executed with sreat luxury and minute care. Pis. 34 sgives us the elevation of one of the bays of the ¢ cathedral of Rowem. These bays are wide, pierced at the base by four free arches borne on monolithic little columns. Above these arches the openings is sSlazed. The archivolt is thick, composed of two rows of voussoirs, the upper servins as a side arch for the internal vaults. These archivolts support a Sreat slope penetrated by the piers and mullions of the twin windows of the second story. A cornice with a double row of crockets and a balustrade, whose quatrefoils alone are perforated and crown the second story, which bears the Sutter. At the middle of the head of each buttress, entirely without ornament, pro- . jects a gargoyle castins outside the water collected in the gutter. Pinnacles surmounted these buttresses, but were unfor- tunately destroyed. Here (25) is the plan of these buttresses and of one bay of the sround story. One sees the simplicity and lightness of t this construction. The entire resistance consists only in th- ese buttresses afid the souare piers asSainst which they abut. As for the opening, it is independent of the structure proper. There is no need to say, that this little cloister is covered by cross vaults, composins a series of bays of oblons plans; this is an arransement Senerally adopted for cloisters in the 43 th century and followed later. The second story existed at only one side of the cloister, and contained the library of the chapter; it formed a great hall covered by ceiled carpen- try. | Note 1epeASL~. The remoins of this cloister fell into ruin because of 9 series Of overloads on the vaults, and. the neslect So which this precious architectural ruin was Left. The Winis- try of Korship o short time since furnished MU. Bortheleny onda Pesmorets, Avoceson architects of Rowen, with the weons of ¥ restoring the ports most downaged. Burt the Voadings are estav- Vished in the second story and o14 Vn Jestroyine whort remains , 4 ; ® 4 7 ; ’ v ‘7. 998 ot 1 Am aa os Heeb to fs a -e0obadw sarteue 9d ee ‘ _ bir retetolo Jorbstteo o aa nontosgs tusottingon stat tend to et edusats. booo/@ saved wor? ataagerq eeédtos toast ,eeoferee Fo Yo anionized edg moxt betgohs exrssefolo to edasmetnerie oT “(dP BE edd Yo olbbim edd {itoo slesil yasv yrosasoeds FL oad . 916, sedo1s ebie {sn1sdxe seods ,sdivev sisupe syenia oxs seedt -#esl% duodtin 10 ,t18q Is90H Ot Bi hexeld yrsessxt yd Heli? Bl anisd,eedoivso oftescom bas {exheddeo edd yiudoeo dé Sf edd al "2 etetetol[o ot benisies .dv Sf edt ai siew yods asdd doia eesf an supesesaof ovitiniag snd edil ,eebso1s eoounidnoo Yo hesoarce % yivasqise eldieiv yd beaeveo sia eootti0g egodn .stetetolo -wensol on ei noitonidenco to moteye sedt to% .eaeitiso neboow \h@ Heecqmoo avictvidows siT .1stetolo exozensmo# eft to sans Oh _qtsdd ,e8atneco yd bsosdaet o1s bas 1ssagseib nedto sriosevoyv an ~aidso edd to shie asuoe sd? .ebavtentad teo12 6 eldwesst doom a Jot Snibscoos Jlind astetofo « benistea esd xueshi08 to [exh ; faa ati to en0 sytsdse0 se DL Sct mort ectsbh th sbodton tedd ~add Bo at to Besesis dud bedsloai add of hetoennos si soots100 fo goer e99%T sis se1ds asdi0 end .Ieib . i Ye Medabaco edt fo efansa as to mele eft etagesia OF .BiF ; fatnosiiod eit beosit svsd sw A SA exvssbao® to Isibeddso: sas evountéinoo s oO .Of : § to elsoe edd te seiq sno Yo noitoss oad digeb aste072 doum ditw eamelos to eiodeulo seia I{sw wol ‘J m bes ,snote to doold elanie & ni tuo o1# eteig esenT .dtbin Joold efante s at tuo elgasiady dose diiw shsows ns 1esd ysdd } -me edd to nottsvole ext esviz doidn .VF wai vd bsdeotbak ea 1 ‘a soinico A .xusebi0d to L[sibsdtso end Yo 19¢¢iclo sdt to noid a nvebom as :ofodn edd adoonnoa anote to edioold enol Yo bsesogmos «of seaptowite tdeil edd ebecdcenedento esexs0o ows to noisibbs ni [Lise eelyobas’ to sonsee1a edt yd bsvoig es .yliswx0? Ind t¥Wasoiso edt betss2 doide no sss7H8 8 S10d SofNI00 Sdt .sosla -fbsoo evitinine edt srotee1 of yisersosn ti beveiled svaed ow \ to besogmoo esw yidasquso eldieiv ent Eve .ei9 awe at ote edt no hexit erodone yd benister .erstie1 bsoesad to esiase s -[idete gseqat asito gon Sif noitovitenoo Yo batt sid? .efedrco -Ms odd yO nwouddzevo sisw exeteioflo seedd to deom sonsa :vsi -tase dt @f edt of bos .emesdeid suodtin yisneqiso edi Yo deo —geQeh ,yuntaso de FL sit yd bsdaobs bodéeom ond bewnesa nem yan =e ebie edd asbaw yiecess détiw bedinsy e1steielo og besisses --emottqeoxs eas siedt geY .boseid ean yisoed eidd bas .esdo 327 of the beautiful windows. One cannot desire too much to see ot Vast this naodguificent specimen of a cathedral cloister ria of services, thot nothing prevents from being placed elsewhere, The arrangements of cloisters adopted from the beSinnins of the 13 thecentury vary little until the middle of the 14 th; these are always square vaults, whose external side arches are filled by tracery glazed in the upper part, or without slass. In the 14 th century the cathedral and monastic churches beins less rich than they were in the 13 th, returned to cloisters composed of continuous arcades, like the primitive Romanesque cloisters, whose porticos are covered by visible carpentry or wooden ceilings. But that system of construction is no lonser that of the Romanesaue cloister. The archivotts composed of youssoirs often disappear and are repbaced by openings, that much resemble 4 great balustrade. The south side of the cath - dral of Bordeaux has retained a cloister built accordins to that method; it dates from the 14 th century. One of its four porticos is connected to the isolated buttresses of the cathe- dral, the other three are free. Fis. 36 presents the plan of an angle of the cloister of t the cathedral of Bordeaux. At A we have traced the horizontal section of one pier at the scale of 1: 20. On a continuous low wall rise clusters of columns with much sreater depth than width. These piers are cut in a single block of stone, and th they bear an arcade with each triangle cut in a sinsle block, as indicated by Pis. 37, which gives the elevation of the se- tion of the cloister of the cathedral of Bordeaux. A cornice composed of lons blocks of stone connects the whole; a modern addition of two courses ofvstonésikoads the light structure. B But formerly, as proved by the presence of sarsoyles still in place, the cornice bore a Sutter on which rested the carpentry; we have believed it necessary to restore the orimitive condi- tion in our Fis. 37,1 The visible carpentry was composed of a series of braced rafters, retained by anchors fixed on the ecorbels. This kind of construction did not offer great stabil- ity; hence most of these cloisters were overthrown by the thr- ust of the carpentry without tiebeams, and in the 15 th -cent- ury men resumed the method adopted by the 13 th century, i.@., returned to cloisters vaulted with tracery under the side ar- ches, and this tracery was glazed. Yet there are exceptions ! : le : i , aves a ) a om ld ss ivorg rediu ihiasia nt vlintedquet: elna aidd “ ale t Eetetoso asdr pita naks ott suo SW <88hsq. t ston Be ees .xv9sb708 to fostidove .xwook om FO yastrx00 esteb dotdw ,onnodis% to-ferbsdtso ed to asterolo ead ead? Ma ‘8 Yo heeogmoo ei .ywiaso dd Cf edd Yo aresy sedtt edt word ssntanaased dotdt yd hedsxeqse .yusoRid TuoOntiw eenows Yo estuse ) al | jelatbediso ein? lorssayebpreite nsiaq ead adneeeig SF Bit ‘ ©) eBas),19f9 s2n109 edé Yo neitees.Ladooxiton edt evid ew A > 4 a - - iv roe sdees tte -or el en a 810m at d0et words iad nattecs ' i. ” os pace ods to segetete ent to cotti0g edd wot .a0t 10 ) -eboaias to estuse « yfno ef Isdoiv .2 amdieaaanes as ek (fb) Bus .9 © mo nottose s ei (Sd) sisB , gottstuemenie. odt bo@ abortbi[oom sat .eshsows seedt to noitsy Teyvisneo as Ff sit Yo erndosdidows nami0¥ [sutos edt Ifsoe1 i gemr0¥-clank sdt of enibaooos benist vigmie sis eletigso edT eletiqso ent .Iled eit bayoww atetoors 10 sheife? soontinw bom 1) ceed yd beteroodbeots evods [[sw edt oF bedosite sheow sit to 2: ‘gett eft Yo stots edt neewted efeibnsoe sit .edetoo1o bast -besnddhil. smsatzs as si07 m doidw god Levedetete yiie1q emoe betos1e sonssersns! sat -sineq1s [sienss sif .sotvon to ydtaon yiiasitsosa on dneeenq 99719 ak slitil yisv yantoso dz FI edd tetts eretetolo to tem emtostidorws sit to eliatebh edd tos ,betete ybeorls sved sw es eeediT sdoogs dose to stast edd OF Rnibiooos bertibem eas enole ‘e10%ersht ef ti :yranorsoid edt ot esosiq tied? batt elisteb “hi; O64. he4 eer -o1ed medd soivnen of. peeseeer: af ‘ AD, af 4 =a, _ ee gee - - _ —" ee a . = » sqrds 2" ¢ “ 3886999 90 donideo ,t9dmsdo eftsil, s botnsen ghee abhor -(.msoq doses? B10) ae ed ean loore-tatos Uh FOWOR oPFhaGal OFON pder bri " . «L808 sevey ./sdole ‘erisanoisoie 990) bel iso 08 ities e168 enossok sidsvom eadT hepeeies “12 se -/» eftoeveisd .dah oreifidew sb 2evy >* - ‘ efish Leonsdd .eflix. geiaolon® .sons} .2AUTOIO ao ofidwa ,eblet? antbanowise beow 10 smote to elostado oA of .soitibe ns to jusa niediso # osis 10 .ebatbhitad steviag ~® to aetseolone [snrstxe .f -todnt eloidi1d aidd ebivibh Liede reesivsaeqo10 eéaviag to sexmeotione .$ ;anwed dodaem 10 asiéto . -eetoimdo to eriodo eft to eeaueolons ,f -20i13i0 to ssaweofonh .f8001V 8d SREAUSOUD a es gonsnsinote: ,noijopitenoo eds seta sibbim edd 2atcud ~Miov nt Sis! yiiseen sisw esitio te seiseclone edt to wnibasnd event of bemtalo hiol s medw If{ite stud setnstidadat edt to seks fedsifdetee od .ysio s te disq 8 10 Yio & 1eve edfdbia [sbuet _ beetyamoo sexs edt [is ned? :eansaqxs nwo ein gs oxpeclone as ef msill[ik .vcitoibeiast. eis aehew esn saugolone tent aiddiv t {Is beeadowso tevbnA effidd sends bomaitts Haehis bane notes9 $ 10 08 ‘atast to ellaw edd tosxe of mid yd Bebesn ebnal edd eller” beliso pis perosolons eeeds emit atid Io sistisdo ond ft to getosh 2 oi®. feveee eevee “tend, sebiees” *.anth edd to elfen” .wesoisi .6 ets to eliew sit emies Joomialasq sede tacr sifew odd yd osevtsd onsen odt af eidd .S90" « nl “.botd sat to gf aeented edmoneetae owt ob .OOSE Bae OSSr ,EXSE ob eiued to bos blod ont oifidd nesuded aedto odd .wateli «2 bos enid eng blind ot exelameT edd of nevit nofeeimieg edd oi bnew :iol® .F teudoA oitlidt astte" ebba od “ asidis% .emuedD Yo ote edd ts -~sI edt to biol sdt sd of bomisio on .elien eid hetelamoo bed -sevinu edd ai ted? a0? bas .bosofons ysdd Jedd seoata bone ebs -«bfex efit to todds odd mort sdat od garti te bestesb sd. vie -ut ef% bas soitent, to soissiteioimbs eft nisms .2 to ewoih ¢ of omse ond Sib of jbewobns dent bed of dedw to noistoibelsa ~abdebrol eft baa eixeS to aodeld odd of Buskew déiw etio edd bose wen oft to es .niamisd .6 to ywio wen bas blo eft to stod .@ioviexvA'! oismxed .£ to exretseup edd to ..8.f .sans0lone, blo ‘bebulont oals bed sd doidu .edostenh «6 ‘to bas. etonek «3. to " a , 330 a part of these vast rooms. This word is also understood as meaning a little chamber, cabinet or recess. (Old French poem. ).~ Note 1.p-459. Rowon Gu Soint-Groal, published vy Francisaue WMiohet. Verse 2031. The movable screens are still so called. (See Dictionnaire du Mobilier. Art. Paravent). CLOTURR. Fence. Bnclosure. Grille. Chancel Rail. An obstacle of stone or wood surroundins fields, voublic or private buildings, or also a certain part of an edifice. We shall divide this Article into:- 1, external enclosures of ci- cities or market towns; 2, enclosures of private properties; 3, enclosures of the choirs of churches. OLOSURES DE VILLES-. Enclosures of Cities. Buring the middle ages the construction, maintenance and ¢ guarding of the enclosures of cities were usually left in ci- rée of the inhabitants; but still when a lord claimed to have feudal rights over a city or a part of a city, he established an enclosure at his own expense; then all the area comprised within that enclosure was under his jurisdictiou. William le Breton and Risgord affirmed that Philio Ausust purchased all t the lands needed by him to erect the walls of Paris’ so on t the charters of his time these enclosures are called “walls of the kins.” “Besides,that,” says Sauval, “in a decree of i 1261 the parlaiment terms the walls of sate S. Marceau, “walls of the king.” In a word, this is the name taken by the walls of Paris in 1273, 1280 and 1299, in two asreements between t the king and &. Merry, the other between Philip the Bold and 3. Bloi; and in the permission given to the Templars to build at the gate of Ghaume.. Further,” he adds,“after Philip Ausust had completed his walls, he claimed to be the lord of the la- | nds and places that they enclosed, and for that in the univer- sity, he desired at first to take from the abbot of the reli- sSious of S. Germain the administration of justice and the ju- risdiction of what he had just endowed: he did the same in t the city with regard to the bishop of Paris and the lordship, both of the old and new city of S. Germain, as of the new and old enclosure, i.e., of tne quarters of S. Germain 1’Auxerrois, of S. Honore and of S. Bustache, which he had also included - i | oe LO ae Ok a i eRe f 7 ) v [. oy Po : 4 nee (Bt%ea% % anal dt Se © ea wodts ‘sell vedas oiddin | sens sede ond euioalelas ‘edt ts lind evswle etew enotteot eft 26 seovex eit of uedt svek eoniic dads to s10eseoone sdT abaena ‘odd wodd oF betenitns yedd ,comrebls edd bas etnsdorem -sd61 .baingiecs: to etao odd bas .tnometenem ,noivesqeni« ant yene ls . “.medd tnronsdo base antbir ‘beisedésy yltnennet gi9w atodds bus econetd .esidon vel sat. oa ss -g@vo Snibnedxs efdein Iskvet bed doee bos .ysto omee eds nit -- - Bedbisemvotio stew efddin sesdt sydio edt to etasq nietae5 an : niewob” Yo eomen odt yd bedsagteeh ,es1veclone nieviso aidtin teh " atnstidsdsi ex? “.yodds off To .iaueo edt Yo .godeid edt to | atedd bed oels se1veolons seedt shissno esitisqota anteesesoqg ds fentetnisn ins tied yiio edd to esieqmse1 edt .st0ueLlons it sonboig tenn noisivib ¢ dose°wen sbassershon e00 .t200 afeds y -i9 odd Yo slisw oft aiddin exiedi ts .sloware 109 .esorlinco ~ ~siteso oft Blon Jeds Brel teluoea eat Yo sovseelone e1sH yd (ferbedteo edi ‘lo ssdeqsio edt to tedt .codeiddow sd3 to sede $ssite nortan s esmitemo? «wed .2 to yedds edd to tedt bas off of [len eno mort sdenot som fas asiuectone ont betersese ; ettaqs abtey sao . tedto esaveofons yd eumso sicds fsbhavotwwwe estuaries yisonoo sas gl -(mgoq dotets B10) .aotéibard nsmof sdt ot Snibicoos . p98 fe ERPS sevs¥ stoner Wh wOMOT OSA. Gg. t BfOX » bevomist sd blses .eidsvom sew saveofons noboow se aswmisvamoe --f betasdo Si nodw .vor1s sit dtiw bedtosenesd bos enotiosa ot Sebsose=. «9mao ert ifts ? -sebas§ to coona: gONMS THO 150 ESROTOIEEY yiotseto ne tfind bad asm s teat * aetelet ate0T To yxctedd -detes bed ed teddy bos .eedoneid beoslredni dtiw attee¥ 18 od ylisex esw doidw .wolyce deds oi stiw eid atin Yieemid kedetl celq 4 sesl3isw to beseoqmoo sideofowes as sud . eIIIV HO0G .oM07T9 .t8SH .O3R. G8 Stok 8 ebasdoio .enebiss .smit 100 at ge sete slbbiw eft 2Xnir9G denen? hinges sesheetisa 10 eslttaw one Heres ‘ote¥ ewobsem bos gins .0 Be yas ee ea + (usoa "> 08 |) epee te. ACL sea7SY .t1ONSH wh womod 6t8h. get ston om esbeetiag .etotioennem to eedésnkiv oft o¢ e19%99 sao TI esoéqa dtiw bavott sit ot tee sefate hesaiog to beecqmoo exew | Opekdszeltees-eqos sit 1899 bas movsod is bevoeanoe .neensed “hea o6e- 29> Saks” casn bore Pe, elas bedsotbatr es. eedouend 331 within his walls. After Philip August the walls of £{hetfortif- ications were always built at the expense of the Parisians. The successors of that prince gave them to the provost of the merchants and the aldermen, they entrusted to them the suard- ing, inspection, management, and the care of repairing, rebu- ilding and chansins them.” The lay nobles, bishops and abbots were freauently sathered in the same city, and each had feudal rights extending over certain parts of the city: these rights were circumscribed within certain enclosures, designated by the names of “domain of the bishop, of the count, of the abbey.” The imhabitants possessing properties outside these enclosures also had their enclosure, the ramparts of the city built and maintained at their cost. One understands how such a division must produce conflicts. For example, at Rheims within the walls of the ci- ty were enclosures of the secular lord that held the castle, that of the archbishop, that of the chapter of the cathedral, : and that of the abbey of S. Remy. Sometimes a narrow street separated two enclosures and men fought from one wall to the other, some yards apart. In the country armies surrounded their camps by enclosures according to the Roman tradition. (Old French poem).’ Note 1.-p.460. Rowan du Renart. Verse 5725 et seq. Sometimes a wooden enclosure was movable, could be removed in sections and transported with the army, when it changed i its camp. ©VCOLOTURESODEL PROPRIETESccBences of Lands. Gregory of Tours relates that a man had built an oratory to S. Martin with interlaced branches, and that he had estab- lished himself with his wife in that arylum, which was really but an enclcsure composed of wattles. Note 2.p.-460. Bist. Franc. Book VILLI. During the middle ages as in our time, gardens, orchards a and meadows were enclosed by wattles or palisades. (61d French poem). { Note 1-p-A461. Rowan du Renort. Verse 4943 et 8320. Tf one refers to the visnettes of manuscripts, palisades we were composed of pointed stakes set in the Sround with spaces between, connected at bottom and near the tops by flexible b branches aS indicated in Fis. i. : . Ser »& etaitosscsm eit ot betueestgs: y[inenpsat et AroW-elttal -iw ketposxe sd of exsecqs base .esiindneo dt ff bas da bf ond -ns1d to bus boow tiloe to shew ylénsnper? eso aelnettwed as ~eif ntadiso 34 .(S).m10t etnesofl ni nevowretnd seeat Yo eodo », ed% worl sonsisib atetise 8 ts tee anisd A zetousid eeonsad i senatq factticy a nt di bex]ede ti ddiw berosnnoo fre efdsen no eefog Istncsizod Yo bseoqmos sie esonst slowie eaom aeds0 ~e8iG mi fetsotiat es .bentot yliniliie ywisv etacocne ottend . ‘Bot oF beyofome vilsiosaes sisw esones to einit sees .eatd ¢ 7% e1x9sw elemins odd .s9log L[etnosiied edt 2nivower yd sedoolt i. yIev asoast Hier? esenivoig miedovom of ehatt tsy sad .seat -~dm0m veslomie edt. to ensom yd sldete bos tiiud vlesotasenbar tom, beaiate2 2en doidw ,fosyT edd at virelvottisa .ecotteni fein . -eab6 s{bbim sdt Yo emoteuo sit to : sbetetons esmigomoe asioiia bas etedde 10 es{don dota emis -epeo JeskwA oilfdd.el(sw omete yd ebisde1o bas enebuse aieds tees0t edd to dusq ant to © sosonnod evse “,saueolone sat be {wotsedsw end nieorsdd feoslo bus ,afi{ew ddid yd esansontV to to afnemts1t nieret eted? “.faelan® to tated ods vd mid tnse » 898 elfew sesiT .anebtsh ysdds to eaasectons [wtitsasd ond ~ odd dogew of eolaas eft ta e3si10s dtiw snote soo to slind -smeltisd sven neve aget stedé temitemoe ialiewendt Yo etna! -nsbnegsh aisdt bas esiisteanom Ynginsensee Lo moteno. oft etn +{yeG dsdd esisiox biscbo1G stagione yisev et esaueolons yd eso -of) .6 to yistesnom eft boewso fue ,emted® Yo oodekddorws ,eda vd Bebavourys od of esenod tngaeths has sedozedo sdt déiw tm {{tte ered? “.sfieso anowds s e19dd hedeildetse bas . flew -Yo yedds edé to d1aq sat to eiveefones edd Yo anciti0g deixe etiied Iisw bas Iutitused yisv sis totde >> goodness of their fruits, from which they derived considerable profit. Note 1.p-4G3~. Frodoard. Ghapter 12. Note 2.p-463. Plonus of abbeys. Library of S. Genevieve. Around manors or the country houses of simple citizens, live hedges alone frequently served as fences, and they were main- tained with great care. The culture and pruning of the hedses of the houses of nobles were at the cost of the borders. ~— CLOTURES DISPOSES DANS L’INTERIEUR DES ECLISHS MONASTICURES. Enclosures placed within Wonastic Ghurches. There now remain no traces of the numerous enclosures, that divided the interiors of monastic churches. During the first centuries of the middle ages, enclosures were placed around each altar. Prodoard mentions the altar, that the archbish- op Herivee of Rheims “erected and consecrated in the middle of the choir of the cathedral in honor of the Holy Trinity, and that he surrounded by slabs covered by silver platesd” From the 12 th century it appears that the numerous enclosures di- viding the interiors of churches were suppressed, probably to leave more room for the faithful; for dating from that ep- ch, the texts and the monuments rarely indicate more tham en- closures of choirs or of sanctuaries. Note A.p-AGSe Frodoard. Shopter 12. Fhe plan of the abbey of S. Rall, so interesting to consul ti when one desires an idea of what a great monastic establishm- ent was in the 9 th century, shows us in the church 4 sreat number of enclosures so arranged, that the space reserved for believers must have been very restricted, unless they were o only called into the church on the occasion of a particular ceremony, in which case they must be admétted inside several of these enclosures. Relisious customs evidently were sBucces- sively modified after that disten epoch. Then the different parts of the church were not open all day as they now are in france, the believers desiring to vray in the House of the Lord could not walk around everywherery they remained near the entrance within quite a limited areas Already in the 12 thc century the religious regulars had felt the need of modifyins that state of things in the midst of a people, whose less ar- dent devotion needed to be sustained by the spectacle of srand religious pomp. Apout the middle of thet century the bishops, f ae... bad RIS i a ¢ yons#s00n ones yee a ae | ier * sets ‘euidae edt vixses. go besoere esol Pi joie besuso ' teantace Saenskne118 Ispietal. seoan .8lsqhediso sesv sons "q eaasda00 eit no dadd ol,esdoisdo sitesnom edz to tads diiv i edd, teds bos ,sbhutisfow edt 10% soace eidsisbienco ttel yes ss gege astls olanie.s ts bemacties aide10w edt Yo eetnomesse ei f9eBe7q Enoe1s0 To Yedmem teeta @ yd neck ed biwoo esbie Lis od besesdhus een noissvasedo aid? .(ave0dd .slaxbedssp .edaA) _ sedomdo to ednensinsiza Ienissos ens jo ybute interes & yd en _ ? , ® ure iJ : oo ae’ ee 290 efduob s ed of emese yielisg aid? “.mengors ' (ot betsotbeb ei J astis seodw .eeos nistese edt snece doitniw -tneupsence haa donsd welwo1to s yd bsinvoriwe ef bos [ned .e -esstie ows 918 9 8 stqeenetd ows odt oT .exvg0fore sat yd yi “dd dvinw erstis .cilidd bos eemsl bre woubod .26 ot obetsorbed itim bebivorg ei eolets esbie edt Yo ysd doe .zorse0fone sis -ofat evad seeds satbivib esise0fons atin istia betstosive as q oft vdwoee ot yess et ti ,oelo eidt anininexe oO .eleqsno .@iostedo seedy [fe dauerdt ylesat stslyorlo son bleed slacsa evoigifes enotisy 107% bevisess yisaitne asw dorsdo eid wor bas seed? .etnom eit yd beiaveoo yleloe taomls ean ..8.i .eeotvase °a8 .zete{ yilbom ot tdavoe todda sit doidn eduome®neit1s sie 0 to etebto edd to aetioiwdo to ansla edd oniybote ni ers9eces ddSf ene to eootieid donex? oft Fact hoa ,xweesiD Yo bas yoau!lD enotitvouatenco edd ai benobasds ylotuloeds esizwenso Ay FL bas -svom eidT wsx0ted hsviaebh eevitom yd elerbsdtso wen viens to tyak) Bewollot vilesos fon esw yhaslo doner= dotd edt to toon a lite elstbettso dzinedi 10 nemite add bos .tee¥ eaitns ond ‘9n¢ to estmect{ones edt tuil{ieosa ainemesaneiise miasisos nhases Swdwat to eleatheddan sat eusT .eenttibe oltesaem rei®aivolisy -ped? {is eiif escaen stieocoo owt ditiw Sebivow .cin0T to bre fl. edd Yo vstuzolone sdAv Hbsatetet [lide even» el[subenieo pet youd! ~hotutalwoe ‘yisola has enete Yo ,sekrudase dz. Sr bus av *Yo esteeolons edd te sotfaroosh bos atot sts ey of etsoibai niienivgeixe etromunom asiimie Yo xyos! asf .gedoiwdo yadda oda ehetio tent etnemunom edt of seapcces svad neo end .sone1! sited Ifaw & lo steteaco Sredme® to aiods nisvess est TH tadT ets doidw to sasd sit ni .visitonse sid to sasig ott noonded -nita edt emtot shsova oA .tav10 of3 *h2tf oF awobniw beorsta ‘sos ete dors doss rebme foe .1olasdxs edd no noiterooeh Laqto edgent .tdtied .t% 3.e snode to eslisoqges Yo skt? ows beradalo assoqs se{tecos sesiT .berocds! yheotla stuodtis : sodd eben 18 i detetosslenct e188 dowm a6 ednomenom sesdd glindes ‘ 9 to ddkwodt yedd Jedd aseqes don esoh ti .eommsiberg wen of to en0 .(awe0dD .t14) .eompecfons bexit yd saiedo Sat episolo esit boided aiems1 etrembesrt seodw .jsdd ei Insions ¢eom ody ‘dtdalosdt ai beonsmwoo esw ti tetrsd to Ierbsitse sdt to elilate ef meet yd befr ot betefqmoo.bos ,yautoeo dt Sf edd Yo exssy a0 to yiotetd edt ednezeics4 siveclons sed t seillieined ot eensoe to seiis2 s boimiot ,etnemsisomoo ni betoss1a haod eS ee le ze B, 7 337 seen from the interior of the choir as well as the side aisles. (Art. Ghoeur, Fis. i). A rich base decorated by arcades supp- orts them. According to custom, the architecture afd statuary of the enclosure of the choir of Notre Bame of Paris were pa- inted and silded. The choir of the cathedral of Bourses was enclosed about the same epoch: there remain only very beauti- ful fragments of this enclosure, now deposited in the crypt. . The choirs of the cathedrals of limosges and of Narbonne are still partly enclosed by the tombds of bishops. It was the s same at Amiens. Resides the tombs at Narbonne may still be s seen the remains of an architectural enclosure of the 14 th century, one bay of which we sive (7). This frasment of the enclosure, pvlaced on the axis of the sanctuary, was entirely painébed. Kote 1.9.48. See Gorrozet, Du Breul, and the Description ae Notre Dome de Poris by MM. de Guilhermy and Violrlet-ve- Buc. Bance. 1856. Later these enclosures were sometimes executed in wood. The 15 th and 16 th centuries erected very rich ones. The enclos- ure of the choir of the cathedral of Chartres was almost ent- irely executed at the besinnins of the 16 th century, and is one of the most remarkable. wutilated by the chapter durins the last (18 th) century, ts furnish the interior of the cho- ir with the heaviest imasinable decoration, the external face is alone preserved, As at the cathedral of Paris, it represe- nts the history of Jesus Christ divided in compartments, in which are carved scenes in hish relief. That enclosate is of stone, executed with a prodigious delicacy and richness of details. At Amiens may still be seen behind the beautiful st- alls of the beginnings of the 16 th century an enclosure in op painted stone of the same epoch, representins on the south side the histor of S. FPirmin, and on the north the history of 3. John Baptist. That enclosure is on a very bad stybep y yet is very interestins on account of the auantity of costumes found there, faithfully copied from those of the time to which belons these sculptures. There are none, who do not know the beautiful enclosure of the choir of the cathedral of Alby, w which dates from the first years of the 16 th century.(Art. Jube). The 17 th and 18 th centuries say destroyed atnrour ca- thedrals most of those stone enclosures, at least around the Sanctuaries; they were replaced by grilles more or less rich, 7") \4 es ral 6 1olsiedT ano adh g teasl eft Yo elon 8 bevomes iane. fdettve etenelt Per hens e168 esitssdonse secds web _ -8g8 eldsresimcs ‘Yo eelitis 10 exlsv Joodsin arowbeew yd ten ps ifgen tows? -S0NTs ee oe | | | ORE). ) Peetneteras: fish Ladnensax0 [ish USO | AroMM01L zit oF hobustai .heed gs itiw oort to Lien bedntoa A E10 vttasaiso to esosiq aistise.redtsao% blod of to hoow no ce elisa beyolame vyisnexoe1? yiinoites nenoi bua geice .yisnict - etieetontac bas ,esiseolo meboow 10} svidom svideaioosb a es a eit to elien sit to énsvongi tootvifiows oo ai stedT .et00h tod e100b asno1d edt to seodt ,em0f de moedtosy edd fo r0O0b exno1d dedd ,ebsed beviso videia evad elianesesdTs.na10¢e3 ofot .2 to -wolleot esw notevo ted? seulev deeth to etoeido tas medt sism -asdmon Jeota 8 ey o¢ niame1 o1)edd, bos .ests olbbimeeds ni bo Yo veteaiq te irownort seodw .dsogs jadt to exn0b to eewasl to -teame% to absed diin elten yd boow edd no benteto1 618 sxanotd efqmia Yo sis ebsed behtot eltéil eeedtenedw novi .xs9w elded o¥ .notdsco1ds) Igtores to soaid « sistie1 avents yond .w10t q to sevsel bsysooh oid mort usded elisn emos ebned ane ni eved t mowt doidn .yeleseY to dowsdo yedds edd to [svi0eq teoxk edt — sJesisini£ Jsexs Fo 916 siugvostenem to wsiv to Jniog sit tr) bseogmos e718 gen? .soitibasd sopidgoes Yo ylinebivs e212 -inws? woffod efi ,Ifene Isoirvedoeined s te miot ni besd s to - tr atiw bos oid? yisv ef bsed dedT stniog gnol se dtiw bede -odoids ocd to senoad Jo ef A [lee boooee s .nort Yo ai Lisa Oe -bsed soxvlvedt exsvoo yidosxe, bae: .b1s0 Seivala 6 Yo ese -sdigsinsd esgomd « to soastesoos sii yiisnisdxo tneee1g of es d .wiwinso dé ff ed¢ of anofed oF slian seeds eveiied of .a% m betsit yidostreq gi.gqeo sxaoad edd bos .obsm [few e1s yodt * eno7t eit no ti eblon ashloe to Joon A .ftsn edd toobsed sit ¢ bos ,boow edd otat neviah seatt esw fien oft tadt ¥ntds sk on Beton om@ si no to? .bsilags asdt esw qso ssnoid sit tends ' . eeaitemoe .dtel sved blyow 1smm8d 8 to ewold sft tedd eoosad geso sis [egies nowt to ebesd sdv to esaiigvoo exao1d seeds mf .eismios te eelssom odd onitnesesige2 yiiswen ,beleetiao bas - mo eteixe teddy .etesde exnoid yd beasvoo yoeb [utisnasd edT Apeaeeveenetiie) esudeswA to Isibsdtso edt to shie dtuoe ead ‘ad 8 10 dd T .dooge snetons yrev 8 of gnoled elensa. ssotw 108 & edneee79 ,dd Sf edd oi fereses aan soidw bos stunt, ‘ a ; i Uma es re be. ld ae : 338 removed at the end of the last (18 th) century. Therefore to- day these sanctuaries are enclosed in 3 scarcely suitable man- ner by woodwork without value or grilles of anmiserable appe- arance. CLOU. Nail. Ornamental Nail. A pointed nail of iron with a head, intended to fix ironwork on wood or to hold tosether certain pieces of carpentry or j joinery. Grecian and Roman antiquity frequently employed nails as a decorative motive for wooden closures, and principally for doors. There is no architect ignorant of the nails of the bronze door of the Pantheon at Rome, those of the bronze doors of S. John Lateran.2Thésecnails have richly carved heads, that make them art objects of Sreat value. That custom was follow- ed in thewmiddle ases, and there remain to us a great number of leaves of doors of that epoch, whose tronwork or plates of bronze are retained on the wood by nails with heads of remar- kable work. Bven whencthese little forged heads are of simple form, they always retain a trace of careful fabrocation. We have in our hands some nails taken from the decayed leaves of the Sreat portal of the abbey church of Vezelay, which from the point of view of manufacture are of sreat interest, and are evidently of antiaue tradition. Then are composed (1) of a head in form of a hemisprerical shell, its hollow furni- shed with a lons point. That head is very thin and with its nail is of iron, a second shell A is of bronze of the thickn- ess of a playiug card, and exactly covers the tron head, so as to present externally the avopearance of a bronze hemisphe- re. We believe these nails to belons to the 11 th century, t they are well made, and the bronze cap,is perfectly fitted m the headcof the nail. A spot of solder holds it om the iron. We think that the nail was first driven into the wood, and t that the bronze cap was then applied, for on it are noted no traces that the blows of a hammer would have left. Sometimes these bronze coverings of the heads of iron naisl are cast and chiseled, usually representins the muzzles of animals. th The beautiful door covered by bronze sheets, that exists on the south side of the cathedral of Aussburs (a door most of whose panels belons to a very ancient epoch, 7 th or 3 th cen- tury), and which was restored in the 12 th, oresents a series / Saseetqey ehasd seodw .dooae sesf edt oF antaaoled elfan to teol ois enotdibsrs oxotdms fteidT .(S).exnord Yo edeam nemnd -mie sdv dtactsonedd bne gyistaeo Ay SI end to bas edd stucde {ide sisd? snort sddn0%w to yin stow alien besetoosh 10 $fo -a0o ¢set2 s yistnes dv Sf edt to e100b to esvsel sdt no teixe Heiasde déin eheod gnomsthhng bodyot ebesd Adin elisa to x90 “ak bessotbhni es .easd agoro mo betevis atasa ows nt bebivib -fq edd botxit to ensem Qnowte bas ntediso 6 sew tedT .£ Lert $noa neds 10Y . went Sntstoqque eredmem sds no atoob te avnes -i6b'sts efisn to ebssd edt semttemoe .etlod 10 exsioe to went peveperegetars es .,erenelt to elideta 10 antszh to arc ni ber 2) Ledtnoo * .(@) etsost dgiw bas bebivib t eid bh fot eer -oneviab stow elisn nodw sede besinboos: soos esx tT °. (eid 3 go tee gon bib dotdw bas ,einela Blod of boow ofnt vitosaib stab tnied besd edt ..03@ .e0%e00a .eevaid es dowe Bboed sok ) gyidosxe git ton Fib to boow edt fetstot ewold seamed yd oe sefesw Boveri 2 beosla eaw boon ads bne beed sent nsswied neda \ boow edt dxen vollod edd .bebshom ylideife nowt ¢dkno dw Yo to ebecd sdt tnistr% ylotersooe ends .ontxqe s m4103% et 26 oe q6hao aiedesw csoslq non eno ee taut .ednelq oft ot elien ons sesit sveh cobs elbbim sit to adtiwe eft tua .atiod 10 ewsios te seodd aedt ecorsdasd etom yleénstscags ;emict hetasy ersdeerw 6 fluode ytiersoson sbheid s teddy Anidd son bib yvedt .emte ano as &f ons moat Seitsd .vtinitwecse eaolfsen & es J1a ebaloxs -psit cé sis aisdeew bedetoit eliesn to eolaqmers sdt .yiptnss ‘deom edt to emos soslse yino neo ew disdd).beitav of bas tasy betommed sisi Ifawa s Yoes#atanoo sisdesn seosT .efdedtismed fiivons ettal tent’ Sloddd vd efbbtm edd ts beorsia , aids wise tefiesw sft ee010t Beed seonw fies ed¢ to anede sdv eesq oF ¢ txon svsonoo evewls ylasen Sried tedT .boow edt no FEY oF of Lisa edt Yo baed ofd mo anidtade stadt etivess tt Boor sav es1dit edd ofni hoorel esis asdesw sat to estbbs edt st sviah boow sav to soetive edd no saeee1q OF fon es OF ,boow edd to 10. ebnsd edt eteree ot yfeitl enoidoetorq wo eeendtwor yas eJaub sag wesneee pete? Vie eSata Sixt 8F Ste§s} stat ckTR. get Stok ' @efe9on8F 22 fo /sqodo sdt to T00h sat more 6ST ALG. 4 9TOK At 82) aeaaife Jotisdteas sat mort err At 4} swtord to mo Bynes . pay fyvetass e(yo et) ortexwh fo sdssvi .8 Fo 1006 sd? MOTT SV A.geS Hox : > velee - o 339 of nails belongings to the last epoch, whose heads represént human masks of bronze.(2). Thisi antique traditions are lost about the end of the 12 th century, and thenceforth the sin- ple or decorated nails were only of wrought iron. There still exist on the leaves of doors of the 12 th century a sreat num- per of mails with heads forsed inidiamons heads with shanks @ divided in two parts riveted on cross bars, as indicated ine Fis. 3. That was a certain and strons means of fixind the pl- anks of doors on the members supportins them, for then none knew of screws or bolts. Sometimes the heads of nails afeffor- sed in form of grains or pistils of flowers, as apace: by Piss. - and 4 bis, + divided and with facets (5), 2 conical, (6, 6 bis).” Tt was soon recosnized that when nails were driven directly into wood to hold planks, and which did not rest on iron bands such as hinges, squares, ete., the head beings dri- ven by hammer blows injured the wood or did not fit exactly; then between thet head and the wood was placed a round washer of wrousht iron slightly modeled, the hollow next the wood, so as to form a spring, thus accurately fittins the heads of the nails to the planks, just as one now vlaces washers under screws or bolts. sut the smiths of the middle ages save these washers varied forms; apparently more barbarous than those of our time, they did not think that a trade necessity should e exclude art as a useless superfluity. Datins from the 13 th century, the examples of nails furnished washers are so freq- vent and so varied, that we can only select some of the most remarkable. These washers consistsof a small plate hammered very thin, pierced at the middle by ashole just larse enoush to pass the shank of the nail, whose head forces the washer to fit on the wood. That beins nearly always concave next t the wood, it results that striking on the head of the nail to drive it, the edges of the washer were forced into the fibres of the wood, so as not to present on the surface of the wood any roughness or projections likely to injure the hands. or collect the dust. Note A.pek71- This Tisure is full size. Note 1.p.472. From the door of the chapel of S. Kenceslas at Pragve (43 th century), from the cothedrol of Loon {AB th Century). Nowe 2eoeANTZ. Prom the door of S. Busebvbe of Avxerre (AB oy). ee Pe eee) Tee, ee + GR jo 9#0oG sTtoX Fo sbooo} eat to a@1006 ott wore +S keqee ston ‘Wood Jo JovS59dtoo sft wor} .fyrutmwas at St 70 onfnalgod) elrog swrutiso At Bt pesedesw diiw elien sasdt to eelausxs [ersvee eovin { .eiF hasetiel[io® to dowsdo edt to s0oobh dtwoe edd mort smso A Lisa “fo a0eh & mort omeo , noteesezca avo ni © [iso twipfase dz $2 [ten neve to 10c0b s mot? O [fea :yastnso dt St .sanoeesorsd g .tedsist teew nov .vativel® to doapdo sit to 100b & mort a Snivesitnoo tisht .1edsons weve seesaw sno bsostaq none yond “febom tneteces siom bas endtesh beiawsv exom eaitaseetq em102 bodéem efdis esw vindaso dt @F edt mort antésh vilstosae® ant -pob dtiw bettit dsece tad¢ to alisn cwt aeseeoo of -bsvolame -mS5 mO11 smae yYods ;esostoredasm [ee1 sis dotdw .etsdean efd “goss ,eisiesaw besog1sque ond etasestq madt to sat ! snotdifo 81S etedesw seed? .(8) .sisupe 6 middiw bsdttoent w10t @ doin ent to estoit? .ernhsoord Slamie yrev 2 vi belohom bne tno tuo ' gf Bsomborce: atniflewe edt weft svet esvas! edd ashay donee -Hoset bas beerc? yisnit et Lien edd to baod sa? .eotwerh iH0 6s sooqe te¢sf{ 2 to (0) Lisnh asdto sAéT .19vs1a edd dtiw beac fitime sdv sieh .slongtad & oiddin bedinoent dose .exedesw ond qeddint bas ,eeves! edt to enifebom edt otni Fre sro tna bad sppenpeh ‘edt to. based sat .reveth of9 ditn medi bedowsotes esd’ sd ~bsvertme bas fod befeetio eaw Of ,9dof09 «kh yd Ow OF HOGS a OT9H B/iOn O8SAF LATAcQet SHOX —e8ade Sv} watt swode eaéoorgas sdt sudtesoV to dtéusdtoos 80st? ,ersd0oens 1006 10 aedogel (xtovwoat Blod fedd eltey’ vistsotish yiev to mict ofs di td’coww ebsed ated? sved ylin ‘eb tedt ,elien s20ds to eno 6vid sW .esaerit esftitI botssrd ' 8 mort emso dofdw bose ,eeiavtneo df bt a6 ad FL edd mot? as alien seeds to ebsed edt eoenitsmo® t ynedtiae aswol to norwsdo phos vedi to ,shiside Isitomts Yo mrot ni 978 estatxtt aot ah «(sftaeqwaise .t1h) .efsmine toe esissum edt tns “vod sh fo gestrvos ght of Sa/u0Th Bidt swo OW LOT). Gok ston : ~1 eJarvoto ni sve isingencbot $o emoteno gesdd henietes sonseetens® ent ‘duods vino teol svew vers ynottowrtenco to elisteb desol edt =foeqes ,sbatt [Lite sno soY .yinsoes dd Vr odd Yo slbbim edd “ed Jo enotdiberd eseds Yo cosad edd .2soaivorq edd ai vifs ‘-a60 (dt @F) das! dt to drow etddiwevool edt ai eoks slbbtm © fob | B. fh pee Ma ans eVIKd 340 . Norte BepeAi®e From the aAoors of ne facade of Notre Dane of Poris (beginning of 13 th century), from the cothedral of Laon 43 th century. Fis. 7 gives several examples of these nails with washers? nail A came from the south door of the church of Schlettstadt, 12 th century; nail B in our possession , came from a door of Oarcassonne, 13 th century; nail C from a door of Rouen; nail D from a door of the church of Flavisny. Men went farther, t they soon placed one washer over another, their contrastins forms presenting more varied designs and more apparent model- ins. aspecially dating from the 15 th century was this method employed. We possess two nails of that epoch fitted with dou- ble washers, which are real masterpieces; they came from dem- olitions. One of them presents two superposed washers, each with a form inscribed within a sauare. (8). These washers are cut out and modeled by a very simple procedure. Strokes of the punch under the leaves save them the swellings reproduced in our drawing. The head of the nail is finely forged and retou- ched with the graver. The other nail (9) of a later epoch has two washers, each inscribed within a triangle. Here the smith has put more art into the modelins of the leaves, and further he has retouched them with the graver. The head of the nail was chiseled hot and ensraved. Note ~1.peATA. These noils were given to us by M. EBEotiche, lo Vooksmith ot Vezeloys the engroving shows then full size. Nails that hold ironwork, latches or door knockers, freaque- ntly have their heads wrousht in the form of very delicately treated little figures. We sive one of these nails, that dat es from the 13 th or 14 th centuries, and which came from a church of lower Brittany. Sometimes the heads of these nails for fixtures are in form of armorial shields, or they repres- ent the muzzles of animals. (Art. Serrurerie)- Note 1.peA47G. We owe this drawings to the courtesy of Me. Gou- oherebe The Renaissance retained these customs of industrial art in the least details of construction; they were lost only about the middle of the 17 th century. Yet one still finds, especi- ally in the provinces, the trace of these traditions of the middle ages in the locksmith’s work of the last (18 th) cen- tury. ea re | ae: gts “vetoes e cttodd Yo yiodeLudad eofeid ebke . .JARBTADIOD. . «eefommdo to eslais sbhie.10 Lexeds{ ocd stenbiesb ot bevolund . wd toelsd « -(eeilds .eletkhediso ead) cruel eo wh ; ) e20 a2ut: bie~ ieael enol [od eHOBIIOO -@ bus ets ~arestel. eatnosed molt. fshoesnk tnsmdetidstas oA. . ~ago e0,.eevit [svuos? .noltsbugot [siosqe s yd betoe1s ,eeonsi ytto edt ai etnomdcildstes seedt to nibixc edé no.elisieb enoi emoes espisescoy eitntostinotA »t1A4 oi bessoibni oF S eined to eexelloo.bavot ot zyodds dota henimisteh sect ,enoese2 odd to ) eletbedis) .seisio Iwtaswog bos euolédoq isdto 10 eiasd. oi + sebas eloodos boeesseng ylteow (ersiol0 .eleibedte> .et14) _shetards{eo emsoed doidw to smoe ,atewod 1iedt to wobsde odd - ~sofones adt.evee! ton bib 2akdosad yruinso dd St ods ni [idol -qe tect te ybsouls dud jacdowwds [eaooaics 10 eyedde to sei, . 8 dand textt edt to sno een bisledA-.sbietino bebsetxe si doo eloodoe edt efletuo ydoouolida bus ysolosds ,eoisosdeth sdzosd bnived sedis ;s2nemmi ean gesooue eis. sbesinbooss enols asdt ~noni altang :.id Io 1sdmun odd nee od. .geiiseisvissein sessed -nI 9909 tsdd owit odt Liton ,xeob aid bauozs xlinsdenco sese # to. dnemdiut odd 2nimatinoo ,gnidosss eid ebsadiol II tasoon _ebisisdA to saintoob eft beamebnoo tedé, .enee to Itonsoo sdz » tears of ytesoitolg avo Io saoos sav ogni getng Jos. 2s0b tI {fiw ti ;blaow 2oidosss end hefivilh neds dofkaw ,enoitesun, to eboim to dnemevom yrecibaosisxe edd s1sh etsotbhbai of soitine edd to stige ot tedéd tnemsvom a .eelinte Isotdqorolida brawod -setoig Lis eiil ,tostdo edt ean, bisiedéA doidw to ecetstwoeereg .eedele1g bel nooe ,syvsw enidvon sdi.ovse{ of eunees of e108 tee1t s vwliteido sixed ge hSasot of asm séeviag usvs bes evedds beasqo ,vsi tisd bas eagoikifsa fed ,etnendetidstes, to 19dmen to efloodos sedi .IIV etvo?d t9b0l) .nseel of endaiash edivoy of -myn edd nietcoco o3 sida tnisd gon emad satvok to astetolo sds feibediso odd to stetqsdo sit .stedd anibwous sinebhote:to asd : -~deses bos tevia sid a9vo sasgq o¢ elioua oft bewolls efsal Yo ; -st. ot omeo etedT .se1vusi-si-asiiol .2 bavors esviesmedds deil -setne. sit redte soos bas astesm oot .xuseomedd Yo msilli¥ dos ~ud,to foodoe edt noifsl .2 sort .bisiedA to yisetevbs stenut ~ Bu, -1040iV..8 of bevisiensit esw etedgoeolidg Yo bos etetnsm emeo, ebietduo most elicua to 19dmwa odd *,{svese ayse “,sonte es nt dfind e1en enoisen a0? edt to elcodoe edt ,sesotoni of 341 COLLATERAL. Side Aisle. Ambulatory of Ghoir. Employed to desisnate the lateral or side aisles of churches. (Arts. cathedrale, #slise). COLLEGH. Collese. School. An establishment intended for teachings letters, arts and s- iences, erected by a special foundation. Sauval sives us cur- ious details on the orisin of these establishments in the city of Parise ~ We indicated in Art. Architecture wonastiaue some of the reasons, that determined rich abbeys to found colleges in Paris or other pobalous and powerful cities. Cathedrals ( (Arts. Cathedrale, Cloitre) mostly possessed schools under t the shadow of their towers, some of which became celebrated. . Until in the 12 th century teachins did not leave the enclos- ures of abbeys or episcopal churches; but already at that ep- och it extended outside. Abelard was one of the first that t taught dialectics, theolosy and philosophy outside the schools then alone recosnizedy his success was immense; after having beaten hissadversaries, he saw the number of hi-s pupils incr- ease constantly around his desk, until the time that Pope In- nocent IT forbade his teachins, confirmins the judsment of t the council of Sens, that condemned the doctrine of Abelard. Tt does not enter into the scope of our Dictionary to treat of questions, which then divided the teachins world; it will suffice to indicate here the extraordinary movement of minds toward vhilosophical studies, a movement that in spite of the persecutions of which Abelard was the object, like all profes- sors who assume to leave the routine ways, soon led prelates, abbeys and ever orivate men to found at Paris chiefly a sreat number of establishments, half religious and half lay, opened to youths desirous to learn. Under touis VII, the schools of the cloister of Notre Dame not beins able to contain the num- ber of students crowding there, the chapter of the cathedral | of Paris allowed the pupils to pass over the river and estab- lish themselves around 3. Julian-la-Pauvre. There came to te- ach William of Champeaux, the master and soon after the unfor- tunate adversary of Abelard. From S. Julien the school of hu- manists and of philosophers was transferred to S. Victor. -Si- “Since,” says Sauval,“ the number of pupils from outside came to increase, the schools of the four nations were built in Re v) v 4 m ‘ Bae Soe ; tadt .etnsto® eno§ Yo sbelfoo ent bebnvot stow sodt torsvot wb -nb-entiedtsg .2 to shelloo eit bas ,stvuoJ-ubh-ealooi¥ .2)%e eid doast of MDS! nk bettiwieq news esw tI .elicua edt to [eV duetesm edt sedis eosvod eft mo bor ,bertesh rsveredw esonsioe -eth tom blwode medt to ono tedt o8 tuS .enoibommoo teom haved sbam VI dnsoons! .betae1 hed ef tern to surxssl[loo sid esevog Sno ,ellud ovistnosence ows yd TOletedd enoktidttor eeexars -908 sii of dows to esnon edd to bnooss sdi to ended te nevire bes setel aisey aevee asito odd csetsoilisnoq ain to saeey bao aviw .enul to ehrolso sdt to batdt edt no snnorsd moat beseh \ edd xit ot yiiewsvinn eft Yo tofIecnstio sdd oc Susmmnoo sis emit? vans [ie ol .tlewb weds erst esenod yOl sne1 to esde4 -Ifee on nesd bad sists. .eivoj .2 To obfea edt [isn neve bae ‘to etid edd ai biovif mort aiesl ow ddwodtis eid ts asde -nef sennscl sh eximertidorsA edd mort neve das ,sepauA atlas -bate ©00,0f nedd stom bevedmun stew FSIE ni dedt. .efenslLiveds © bei yods Jedd nists et ti Tadd bnibastediinton hos ,eine ' eno maxt bewsstsor eevisementd Hroot bas .s9i 1890. Ieiosue on jeiedeem edd to eloodee eft exif yytio. edt to 19dto edd oF sbhte emyiyes 10 estefloo hapot oF poisnestai oid taived noe1saq on -nie sisw gertt ts tiinod estefloo edt 1s0Ot :neeee1 Juodsiw Ton ~sm ©8 sotie gedT .ednshute r009 Best Hus sthol of yle19sm wile webrawistts nol yioo asx sidd .s19edt efem nsed hed-eloodoe va "yews of tuo bedotets het atebopol etd tand« tostisaq oF fna o8*./0V .ev7vog sh allio of 96 .pitao £5 wztadl .AV Ki Ges STOU ; 2098 #9 £88 8g dd Bedaor bas behnvot een #ivod .5 te obist odd sebsay sy) sexstbessaT sft to bow youlO! .sttnomesG. .ivisd Yo setsl{oo to maill[iW COrl al’.«doasatied yd benolines ,sisv0T 9b -sixs sted¢ SEli nl .tovolV .co eu af f[oodse « bebnwot bad xu ~benonT«s2 ta eaw eresd Verienl. .evet s0% eloodos Isdsveg bes =~fe9 ennsith S0Sf ol..etasiag a098eg OA tot Loodes.s savuod-ab =—meo°edd seen banore to (dnec1s)- esos os ever stiw eid bas so -etuetae-en0§ to etef[loo sdt deildatae of teron0# «2 Yo yrsds ~sii to [codoe sit SVALI ol swead Yo Lloodoa odd tiind esw FRI al mused cob sloo¥ sdT soitsdovd sf oh eof ni betosie ess oninib w stetvoesidois fos edas oisesiq oft jteixe nedd Jon Bib etaA ebas enoitibsas aiedt bed tends .ebliok odd otdtin tdaves s1asw '. Bas odd ts Isisvse .sskel{[oo ezedd Ils 10 .noitonasant aiest | a ~biiwd blo siedd Yo smoe benister yintaes (az Sf) tesl efit Yo _~i@ yd beicawaoo won sosfo edd ta yee ow eyeb nwo a0 oT sebni -mese10 dotdw ,whistnol to sselloo ot ,evsivens> .2 to yisad de ews ». s#asmetasite evidininae edi to esosit smog bet eeinutneo dé dbf oes av FL edt Rolavh besosis esael[{oo saT . eeodd of nevit od conta Jeum sedd ,enotensmib edd evsd Jon bib Seoe to, redgom betimil yiev s dod beniatnoo, yas jetaomdetldatee ~ OnE a] © 345 3. Barbe, Jesuits and of Grassins, erected during the 15 th and 16 th centuries. Note 1.p.478- This 18 0 Focrt which must first overthrow per- Sons, who for some unknown wotive, will not odwmit a Purely F French Anfl\uence on the arts of the widdLle ohes. That this AV Vafluence deranses the systems thot they desire to cause to prevail Vs vad, but Ve would be well to oppose sowmethinme orth- er chan trite phrases to facts, whose Wmportance the entire word con scarcely recognize. That 12 th century, Left to bvar- varism and Venoronce, covered on entire auorter of Paris with establishments not only destined for instruction, but even to the gratuitous Lodadind of the poor students, Imcones attached to these establishments were devoted to the poyment of profes- sors and to the voord of the students. 1% 18 certain that o city which thinks Of OUILAins colleges ond of sartherins with- Wn Vt students fron every corner of Europe, even ot the expe- nse of VtsS Wnrternol quiet, before thinking of straightening Ves streets, af erecting wmarkets and obattoirs, of moking si- dewalks and sewers, VS Go City peopled by savoses ond Leaving o pernicious exonple. the city of Paris possessed besides these establishments s several public schools: the school of the Four Nations in Rue de Fouare, mentioned by Petrarch. In 1109 William of Champea- ax had founded a school in Rue S. Victor. In 1182 there exis- ted sevehal schools for Jews. In 1187 there was at S. Thomas- da-Louvre a-.school for 160 voor priests. In 1208 Etienne Bel- ot and his wife gave an acre (arpent) of sround near the cem- etery of S. Honorat to establish the college of Bons-infants. In 1415 was built the school of Law. In 1472 the school of Me- dicine uas erected in Rue de la Bucherie. The Ecole des Beaux Arts did not then exist; the plastic arts and architecture w were taught within the guilds, that had their traditions and their instruction... Of all these colleges, several at the end of the last (18 th) century retained some of their old build- ings. In our own days we saw at the place now occupied by Bi- brary of S. Genevieve, the college of Montaisu, which presen- ted some traces of its vorimitive arrangement. The colleses erected durins the 13 th and 14 th centuries did not have the dimensions, that must since be siven to those establishments; they contained but a very limited number of a Sa \7¢ ; nt he Be ners Pp Ort bute eas ot ae oid aere ave + yerebisod Ritts t tnoe antod 20 sleet! sd¢ bsnftstde tedt wsontvote Sad if SF BE Bedoe foo edd" te8 .seeoneioe odd fue eretie! ybhute of ae “anbngtot isnisixs odd mort sonebnests enorsemin YIsv 8 eseeslo / gottslioog enivsolt eins semis evoldvors nt tedd ce .shtetuo besss Snfawh cod? -etxsd Yo veto eft of 1etasb Ieptosca exw —m05 of hetasiIns sisw einemdeifdeses ei) to Jeom yassngo dd At fowe aI Sutfos! esw sosae tod 1edepn tetse1h ot ersbrscd aisé ed . kabows febbe yiovieesooue sien ehatilind edt .ytio evolugod « 1p ‘°ysiad evih ot si{dieeoa nied est frodtin .envefoun texit edd 8 " -ee%1q tsven Hlwoo eiasc to eeasffoo sil .notdentdmoo tisdt oF i. done .Sioce slente 8 Ja tIfed esxndovise Yo yteitios as tas ay, “Of shbnsiend ni sthixdmed fhe bictxO se sos ofsha sw seodt es -bf sfaivoos ns feo oF 08 ot yiABeSDse et Ji estito ont seodd 1 -ing edd tot .esis sf{bbhim eft Qntavh esw etsiico s sedw to as | -nt yiwseen fenisdex eved abhisdwkd ‘to bas brotxO Yo estttersy ; f - yamoten blo sient nisteiem bos secnsve senermi 1iedt sod ; -97 ,yisTdil s ,[eaeds tesv s enistnos estet{oo seed? Yo doeh - — Ged? tol ontebol « .ssonéinsqedh atest bus enedosid .yi0tos? “o6ene 6fd 10? eontoebo! .ednsbote eft rot siedmado ,feqtonite | =Semoe ,sevciwveid e .ennel .enebasd ellen E pwolls? 10 ester -~fOit sisw eifnenmdetidates tas1s séeqt [fA .tasco einoes s esmt 1 “que Bas bedsool Iifew .benisteiam yltaeottingem bos bewokne yi . ‘ Yo eonstseqas sit taliaseowd .enehae2 desottintem yd bobavet 2 . st of efsm ed Hiluode dosotest ynse II .deinp to bos sonebawdes wi | tad yeonsteixe yleoniie s o¢ asm Qnwoy madeUOOR OF- ak dant .8¢ ‘ 4 biotx0 Yo estslfoo enT .etu0 eldases1 ton of eisanem nei lang A j to sesas[o betevels sid 10% vino sbhsw ed of mesa ehbiadmed bas il @ odd Ofoi gonevT ai [ot ow .cds ersey borboed owl .ytsioocs blo ni bedeiidates stew ssasifoo ino to teom jeesoxs edigoage | -od ,medt Bevow sisbiev io ris teodtiw .nt hemmed .etaibliod -ofe ,shiedvo bas ebient yrools ,yaomisasa sidaroloebh atin F{t ode, 1eddo dose obiesd ekotblind ,sedéo doses isv0 beoslo esta g@ms6 Bos esolo ,ellew toe[d bas sied yino esinobute edz antw ~feqxs bee ati atin siedwvieve yiaeveq ,etobia109 Fash (gtisco ‘edd vt eesod [enretso edd besdeibet edem oF Rnirssace adnsi *=dt eevil atedd Io exssy ned 10 tdhis eesa Seon ody ednebute .) Bemses bas t9tne gon bib tas atatif{swh yrools seods aT -o78 Pashe. vated édtuoy sdd Yo esye odd Qatdiade Onkddyteve | ikebe fore nbieot oven eiiidmdeticatas esedd 11 es oldssertest® ne ‘boo ah 5 3.46 boarders, it was from the asylums open to the students from the province, that obtained the favor of beins sent to Paris to study letters and the sciences. But they collected in the classes a very numerous attendance from the external lodsinsgs outside, so that in troublous times this floatins population was an actual danger to the city of Paris. Thus durins the 1 16 th century most of the establishments were enlarged to con- tain boarders in sSreater number; but space was lacking in such a populous city, the buildings were successively added around the first nucleus, without its beins possible to sive unity to their combination. The colleges of paris could never pres- ent an entirety of structures built at a sinsle spurt, such as those we again see at Oxford and Gampridse in Emsland. To those two cities it is necessary to so to set am accurate id- ea of what a collese was durins the middle ases, for the uni- versities of Oxford and of Gambridse have retained nearly in- tact their immense revenues and maintain their old customs. Rach of these colleges contains a vast chapel, a library, re- fectory, kitchens and their dependances, a lodsins for the p principal, chambers for the students, lodsinss for the assoc- iates or fellows, halls, gardens, lawns, a brewhouse, somet- imes a tennis court. All these Ssreat establishments were rich- ly endowed and masnificently maintained, well located and sur- rounded by magnificent sSardens, presenting the anpearance of abundance and of auiet. If any reproach should be made to th- es, that is to accustom youns men to a princely existence; bat Fnslish manners do not resemble ours. The colleges of Oxford and Gambridge seem to be made only for the elevated classes of society. Two hundred years ago, we fell in France into the o opposite excess; most of our colleges were established im old buildings, hemmed in, without air or verdure around them, bu- ilt with deplorable parsimony, gloomy inside and outside, sto- ries placed over each other, buildings beside each other, sho- wing the students only bare and black walls, close and damp courts, dark corridors, poverty everywhere with its sad expal- ients, appearing to make resretted the paternal house ty the students, who must pass eisht or ten years of tbeir lives th- ere. In those Sloomy dwellings art did not enter and seemed excluded; everything strikins the eyes of the youths was base, cold and disagreeable, as if these establishments were desisned fou ® PJ as 43 L* tie | 8 om ed ot betiua ; Diasciett dl stgubton blew a. text pee vbuse ¢ otdw daome .benisel bas e1ettel te nea page pions ‘etoted stoksetxe ‘boteselo & yd bersveo nalisegas yd ee teso ev dol .20 moa? as? ybsorls code of cemersdisd mies sd a |: ebitesse bas tacovif{istnt os ti des bos .esviseio mo asye 406 G antbfod. sfqocc s EL. .five of gs book of dsvom ylluss ,slqced -o8 tovyfno boon sad. .bntm sdé to edtow odd of dnad teri? edd bibselae base stedsem tosottiakem ,etesass bsoawd ,esabtiag gab _ yastiase ai addvoy ov Baiad of wiseesoen von ed ti tf recode fofdw ai .tdkie ot Snésselq bas Betneiis [len .otnsmieildetes g o whiten »t%80 smoe sies yeu tis base odest ~coae0 ainast ofw .ainsbyts tem7o}y 910 swOsJoF olFiegqet Stok — ; aéotess awolleay} oft ssgeditg Jaloage yd sgei Joo sdt ot betad 4 Po ,98e//oo sit at gréigbos © gaéaod yo sdadt oAt sPiS. 20F _a9gattoo gest? . 1890 tatgésosy Jo Sa0 s19dt sated o gat gaan wewotJea} Ef tO Si ao ynndnaas thotnte ne, a3bF7d209 TO Brofda fo -bele oten corsa olbbim- ed? to eestslioon ano to asousiéns oft dent tnebsiea scT .exebaw0et ateds to aeutsie yd betedoosh tins -xo gon bib yvbhute oF SCetetosecoo enciisiided seodd gi am tude -@oq setad ga1it ts dofdy. ,sotalvqss to &nilset Jedd sonsiasa sasdd sioisd eevisemedds bart yeds asiw .veabod eavuc to nolLers -tinesq 8 to sonsitoe eddy sfdmeee21 tedd ,ellaw ymools bas essed esholioo edt to eoonsttns odd stihiudasd Bas haotxO ¢A visitas ~o7g ,etptaivoe vd beasvoo bos dostsls .etnemsnom smoehnsd e18 - empmdeifdstes seont to arotosiesed edt Yo eohami odd yd bestoos 10 eootisoq ddev0an yiedsolieb yd hebmwoviwe 518 efsnoo yea ai bos satel eve seisotjostey .yiexnl atin betoeis ehoibliod yd _,ebasy edd .taiasveo anvel nser>.aeedt ,Seislrinev [Lew . seid - «bsost Snel to yootonom edd baidseid eaidbol .anistonet seeds woH «ti &Snieasetcsb to beeteni noitenisest edd oevitas Ife..ee [sntetsaq edt aaivasi odw .sonard ai eis siedd neablide yoen eved .esve edt eseslo cd beknsiie sd o¢ sases Ils sisiw .emod foidw.,[fide to dcilset eidd easiloo e Saitetne ao beonsixeaxs bss, sesnif{au Yo sooese1a sdt at duoe stsoileb yieve no esexice -sf1s0 ei ci yeroil{s) bed asaelfoo ino daddy Suingsed PytIsvoa sidssorzseth end of nivser seve bivow sot ak sno som tadd oi ~) S-atedt eesq of bad yods doddn of enoitstided Scidseawen bas Ravin asiunhing ot tee0f0 tool eg bond -vouse to etsy terit » oe oeutiaey to [ied eos. e18 on pasate ctsoisoteng, + eee ay Pee La ae. vy 347 to chill delicate souls, those best suited to become artists, men of letters and learned, amons which study only penetrates by appearins covered by a pleasins exterior; Before applying the term barbaroaseto ases already far from us, let us cast our eyes on ourselves, and ask if an intelligent and sensible people, easily moved to good as to evil, if a people holdins the first rank in the works of the mind, has need only of ro- ds; pridges, broad streets, masnificent markets and splendid shops; if it be not necessary to brings up youths in sanitary establishments, well arranged and pleasins to sight, in which taste and art may take some part. Note ~1.peAQiLe FeitLows ore former siudents, who rewoin asscc - Vated to the college by speciol prilege, the fellows retain for Vife the risht of hoving o Lodding in the collesge, of k keeping ao horse there and of receiving beer. These colleses ort OkfordG OF Combridgse, wotatokniasshony aos 12 or 15 fellows. The entrances of our colleges of the middle ages were eles- ant, decorated by statues of their founders. The student just shut ap in these habitations consecrated to study did not ex- perience that feelins of repulsion, which at first takes pos- ession of ours today, when they find themselves before these bare and gloomy walls, that resemble the entrance of a penit- entiary. At Oxford and Cambridge the entrances of the colleges are handsome monuments, elesant and covered by sculpture, pro- tected by the images of the benefactors of those establishma - ts: courts aré surrounded by delicately wrousht porticos or by buildings erected with luxury, refectories are large and h high, well ventilated, those green lawns coverins the yards, those fountains, lossias breaking the monotony of lons facad- es, all enliven the imasination instead of depressins it. How many children there are in France, who leavins the paternal home, where all seems to be arranged to olease the eyes, have experienced on entering a collese this feelins of chill, which seizes on every delicate soul in the presence of uSsliness and poverty? Assumins that our colleges had fellows, it is certa- in that not one in ten would ever return to the disasreeable and nauseatins habitations in which they had to pass their f first years of study. Let us look closer to our sulves always, when we wish to judge the past; if it be too full of abuses and prejudices, perhaps we are too full of vanity. 6 Aut » 2he . si af. oe " ane A senn08 aoeet? - .too8veG | RBTSMOIDD > | — inr3a aioe nyeacine dbntine: en: ehéenbnds otbliwd A i - Tr e) oo .semrote mort eas sleds Jostorg o¢ Boe .vel ot nods | -ogpwedooev0b 8 to nottonitenno edt’ cose efbbim ost entae eved som bieoo tasessq sdT .meiiebust of bevieses sdeliviag s - © sid Yo novo somaoo siy OF Ret etd Satid Sewm od ymKO esd . os8 »betaed ti oatver tot emits geo fins .vedds sis xo elteen w sI smid ot Gniknolfed toosvebh & even ot bewolle aedtien ean 4 Gow x0 enr0d. dtiw etesed to shaei dtin es enostio dtiw eew -atonboigq eviush enols bfvoo onk ,fa0l edt of Eetnolfed yedt @ Rntved seodtd .omoont oe emted enoetia Yo efool® .medt mo1t stem of betive ensom [le tikooe meds Sntcoed to steliviag end t Bew Tooevolh s to noitovasenco eff .evitoubord eesntend edt 1 90 beeeseeog eldaso yievd .setseam tassticomt ne erctsiedd weoiveso ofstif .eisifevedo to seavod ,etonsm {etooevoh 10m ~basostng ef SI .tooevob » eved B£tdo eased 10 e19vOd Jvodtin vw baw .ebiol febvust baited [le ,atodde edt dedt state oF ye -emdetidetss [eqdluoiaks beieteinighs deed siz beesseeco cnn edt Yo atawoo edt ni etoosvobh bed .eobe efbbinm sit antasd etn - -i10ia1a edd fas .nosseds Suabneash eoeued mist edt at .ayedda ; -eeoneibedo to es i @ of bbs ot dddia odd bad (eexos) etnoars OF to sasawo sdT ei) “gia ae dud .yinoasm to dfiisd fPooevoh 2 ton .enotistided ttedt og OO mort nisfnoo of slds has fhid .tt dL boow te sened fos -9vob odd ni sbem solod eat bootetebns sas siesn ¥4 seceen OCT : Mm soneE .enostia yd sts to antvel sit rot bebastnt bas atoo } beviseet esiof edt oF Jeen Yo semen ofs nevik sd of ema steeds -irod edd to etadai¢t fetnosized eft evisoet oF yinossem ent at di gsosta odd of seedt mort bas ebatteta oft to exsdmit [atnon o(bestedo®§ .d14)° .eevisemeds boow to danhadative 8 to mold sdt at tited yliaienesk sia etoosvoGg » bos eller aotdd yd besofones [few ,toor [sotnoo s dtin r]8Wwos -%9vse woot sW .siso asivoitasq yrev dédiw vilenrvetai betasasie ‘tiind e1ew tsds ,esontvoro dome1% ateddion edd ni mead Yo: Le Jo udtrow os tedd bos ,esiavtaee dt 2! bas dt bf edd Boteob -sI{iv edd Yo senod seit 8 ni eno ateixes siedT .beibsete onied ‘ewegqcs dotdw .5f .of esdoe sab sah .efssd i688 {tese1) to ep errs ai tI symmtnso dd af edt Yo ersey sesl ots od Snoled of @ bavo1s eT .eefsose ont at bebivib ei bus xewot basot ees om een +gooda yidedorg .efemiae aistnoo od benttesh asw were ot. e . . ' Pa wd “h na . eas 7 >) 348 COLOMBIER. Dovecot. Piseon House. A buildins intended to contain flocks of piseons, permitting them to lay, and to protect their esss from storms. Durins the middle ages, the construction of a dovecot was a privilege reserved to feudalism. The peasant could not have his own; he must bring his bread to the common oven of the c castle or the abbey, and pay a fine for havins it baked. He was neither allowed to have a dovecot belonsins to hime It w was with pigeons as with herds of beasts with horns or wool, they belonged to the lord, who could alone derive products from them. Flocks of piseons beins an income, those havins t the privilese of keepins them sousht all means suited to make the business productive. The construction of a dovecot was t therefore an important matter. Every castle possessed one or more dovecots; manors, houses of chevaliers, little castles w# without towers or keeps could have a dovecot. It is unnecess- ary to state, that the abbots, all beins feudal lords, and w who possessed the best administered asricultural establéishme- nts durins the middle ases, had dovecots in the courts of the abbeys, in the farm houses dependent thereon, and the vriori- es of obediences. The owners of 36 arpents (acres) had the right to add to t their habitations, not a dovecot built of masonry, but a pis- eon house of wood 16 ft. high and able to contain from 60 to 120 nests. By nests are understood the holes made in the dove- cots and intended for the layins of esss by pviseons. Hence th there came to be given the name of nest to the holes reserved in the masonry to receive the horizontal timbers of the hori- zontal timbers of the stasinss and from these to the pieces of wood themselves. (Art. Hchafaud). Dovecots are generally built in the form of a cylindrical tower with a conical roof, well enclosed by thick walls and arranged internally with very particular care. We know sever- al of them in the northern French provinces, that were built durins the 14 th and 15 th centuries, and that are worthy of being studied. There exists one in a fhar house of the villa- Se of Greteil near Paris, Rue des Meches No. 14, which appears to belongs to the last years of the 14 th century. It is built as a round tower and is divided in two stories. The sround s story was destined to contain animals, probably sheep. The s | Ss eNdine + | secoekiq eft 101 bevises1 saw yiote bacoes 4 A @A eetote bovoiw edt to Level edt is neflo edt at (£) e198. edd S ta .etiste edt to gadt ‘A ts .si{date sdt to yooh eds Bi -evob edd ot Snibneoes erigde oft C ts .dkv01t 6.0 ds enoboin _ «<@beBedsotbnt 2i sen e2odw amgfoo saode s anisd 3 te bas doo 8 FB mo cbem noitose eidd yd betacibni 24 .(S) noitose sds nivtes eledico snote owt bae omeloo edt no edse7 mesd Qnords _h& stool? edt evisos1 base meod eidd co ¢ac1 etetol .ifew odd _o@ Soimaot bas , bug doses ts efovico aeri diiw asdmis Lseotiasv ot (eelansias esidd eevisoo1 sintonise bavo1 edd Yo eixs edd ~ebnsiis edd yd bentfout yltiaseesoen isbhbeal = bexi} al dotaw sid? .soelq somes eds ni ton ote dotdw .valgnaias sit to taom _ et efqosa mist eft bewolls anidsgor yo 1sb5el ati atin eixes fh sedanoe odd yews sist of bow jateen ait Ile doses yliese .[isw edtdgvoidd slod gaiqoia e ak Hote 103Slt edt to [eval ods -[fo ylleoitenisd ef toot sdT .ongwh edt Satvomes tot bebasiat ~wot edt to ackisint off .betetesto won ,abhised yd obieni beeo Q02f seism doidw .doss eseen 03 tuods Yo ewor @S antsénoo ae -mottosteiq [{ske s ei atesn evil dofe tA..enoe%ig Yo ehooxd -oh 28 Of ,medd no Soot tee of edaune Baidad enoeted 2uiwolia temtob « bos woknin 4A -tottsredo gadé ot beso019g ylteses evom Jeds ,saninsco sioe odd sie anocedia sit OF sogritus eevid teda stewot sav Yo volastat sad redne oF tis \hne Jddil singed teseen edt to acisogisesoo eft to altateh edd eevia.S .o2¥ you ody nO. .sldde1 bas enote to t{tad yisvidge ef tooevobh edt nk tneesitq ow dads emis to bietda edd bevise si 1006 eat. Yo +t2 esdtiwo aldd Yo noideitossh ost etelomeg oT .(A)}edotode s +ivoess edt to isvel edt ts shem aelo ett (2) evia sw .santona | Lis +29) .G0 «oH to yesttvoo oft of sagasueth seaat SWO OH .GBhegGel stoKx efosisdore SSSI 9uOFOF edt of enoeied bas ,eidd of asfinle yiev ei soosvobh asdsona 1890 eeuvod mie) s ni sleeY ts etdeixe [{[ite bus , docas omae gon eeob alae to dooevoh edt to ynde basord eAT dows odd A sedesn Yo awor 0 dtiw eavod yitivoa s ded. ,eldste a ntetzoo 1 «4ftede19 te gooeveb est of e@ sixe oft ts aseta msloo enose owt Snivieos1 esos2td-X bas avovia déin recmid 8 edi0ecane bas 9%0m 918 enosetq sd¢ 102 evesn odT -9n0 lo besieni saehbel -ud ets vedt ;O008 vireen isdunn bae lIists19 Js osdt eavor)mus eetsiscee edotad Yo seqwoo 6 ..8si ,etoiad bae siddoy to tii ee * ae | ‘ee ~ 2 Tt. » “~ ; Se *) “ 349 second story was reserved for the pigeons. Here (1) is the plan at the level of the sround story. At A is the door of the stable, at A’ that of the stairs, at B the windows, at C a troush, at D the stairs ascending to the dove- cot, and at — being a stone column whose use is indicated in the section (2). As indicated by this section made on G H, a strons beam rests on the column and two stone corbels set in the wall. Joists rest on this beam and receive the floor. A vertical timber with iron pivots at each end , and forminés t the axis of the round structure receives three triansles,to which is fixed a ladder necessarily inclined by the arrange- ment of the triangles, which are not in the same plane. This axis with its ladder by rotating allowed the farm people to easily reach all the nests, and to take away the souabs. At the level of the floor at K is a slopins hole through the wall, intended for removins the suano. The roof is hermetically el- osed inside by boards, now plastered. The interior of the tow- er contains 25 rows of about 60 nests each, which makes 1500 broods of piseons. At each five nests is a sgall projection allowing persons takins squabs to set foot on them, so as to-— more easily proceed to that operation. A window and a dormer’ that sives entrance to the piseons are the sole openings, that permit light and air to enter the interior of the tower. Fis. 3 Sives the details of the construction of the nests; the dovecot is entirely built of stone and rubble. On the key of the door is carved the shield of arms that we present in a sketch.(4). To complete the descrivtion of this curious st- ructure, we sive (5) its plan made at the level of the secti- ons (Figs 2).¢ Note 1ep-485. Ko owe these drowinss to the courtesy of M. PotoweilLe, architect. Another dovecot is very similar to this, and belongs to the same epoch , and still exists at Nesle in a farm house near the church. The sround sticry of the dovecot of Nesle does not contain a stable, but a poultry house with 6 rows of nests. A stone colum rises at the axis as in the dovecot of Creteil, and supports 3 timier with pivots and X-braces receivins two ladders instead of one. The nests for the piseons are more n humerous than at Greteil and number nearly 2000; they are bu- ilt of rubble and bricks, i.&., a course of bricks sevarates ¢ } 7 as } iw 7 oe ie ey = a natal eb bensek 040° tee qeteon rs euot od deine tteataives: vide veheaperteoete tani? :edoiad to betourtenos ners Bi kixs betovio [st¢ns0 eft .efddor sede omebh seel bos Bie “Hefdvo’ o1s GS A exredmis ed? .d .2i% nt bedsotbnt es ber solvenbfout nissis 8 svib of a8 Of .oeeio omse eft at gon 916 tool? sit te Suinsce soob edd excted bezis1 erebbel ows edt of -* ent. ead efes’ to tooevob edd seivursdcC .vaicete bnoose sid Yeo sSemeth isnisiat «st &.SS .Lteter> Ti sadd e@ enotenemib smae ,8980 Jeotws Atiw tiind et #7 .eifew Yo eeenmtoiddy «oY © .F Hose 2 ~~ -ytder1qg ssitt dovotds artvooo enostia sexs to sonstins edt bas sit te eno .toor sid Yo sdehed ody ni bstoei1e siem710b snose ‘) \ \F8ewdir0n One tesentvos edd Se eisdto owt eft hoe seve gales to Joosvoh edd to weiv Ientedxs ofs ssoubotass VV .tis edd To. deer edd :snote Yo eve stemi0h bes sofatoo ,etied ett ed¢ jhewdeeic bos eldduy to sham eb acitsdéxe eds no bortbiind -atotad ent? bas bheeseib ylyedorg esiddu1 to anied ehtent © foot sishlind edt 3(©2) exsmioh seeds Yo ene Jaseet0e1 BW ynoolsd efstri to t10e ew (notvostow a TE sioted soala oF S180 =big od¢ ewolla tedd .eotmron end Do aoldssto1g sid antbesoxrse ' ‘geitw \oosvob eit eubietns sioted fool] a at tedtss oF ences eo Bttl owd odd Jans aton asve Ifiw enO .etided xtedt to eno ei + -nedw ,baiw sat mort medd vostors of bebnesnt & enaottost ora -amexs ows sesnT .ismiob od? te [ite edt no teeyv oF smoo yeors -ineloittve efsoibat esonfvors nisdisow sit Yo etoosvoeb to eel +him sdv to erotvoniztenoo edd yd betlocs ybyis bas exao. edd yi -e91ntovise yisnrhro teom edd neve of gebs slh istéspsed yisv a nevofh seen eewoosl «2 te steixes [lita stent etnofed ¢sat has .s10foo sneisttib to sfotid Yo alind sooevoh © stem10bh noeboow seed? .vintnso nd Sf sds to oalanteedcess of -oleef te toosvob edt elisoet dnemedhustie e3T .to01 edd of nego -adedwe eit no eatlisdios yd bedryocane ef ytote ascew edd JOY misio ntsiaso 8 Qniblind gedd aevit doldw .santop miot asivotto edt sexed etooevob esontvo1s nisdéwoe sit oT aiesdt dud idsaoh odd to evods s¥il .viwsnso dd Of ods Lito -dt oF etnoled.tedd .Inomexasy1s Ieiluoea yiev & Jaseete Boot ‘vtostoig oF bentiesh wetiede to Jyoe & Bt etdd yeeoantvor see ' #£ sedts® o¢ medt wolls oF bos ,ebniw detd moat enosrio siz ~semeh 218 Bfoosvob eesti? .eottibe edt Yo Yoor est no exednnn no Jud .esonivoig nieds20g sit to saods nedt xs! lame vile 1)" a Oe rye SE on my ae Tint SIRS TF ERGS eh eMAR 247 -Joshands wiev 918 bosd tedte i = | . | | 350 the rows of nests, and the interiors of these are entirely c constructed of bricks; that material probably appeared warmer and less damp than rubble. The central vivoted axis is arran- sed as indicated in fis. 6. The timbers A B are doubled and a are not in the same vlane, so as to sive a certain inclination to the two ladders raised before the door openings at the floor of the second story. Otherwise the dovecot of Nesle has the same dimensions as that if Creteil, 22.3 ft. internal diamet- er and 3.3 ft. thickness of walls. It is built with Sreat care, and the entrance of the piseons occurs throush three pretty stone dormers arransed in the heisht of the roof, one at the east and the two others at the southeast and northwest. Fis. 7 reproduces the external view of the dovecot of Nesie; its belts, cornice and dormers are of stone; the rest of the buildings on the exterior is made of rubble and plastered; the inside beins of rubble properly dressed and fine bricks. We represent one of these dormers (8); the builders took ¢c care to place before it a projection, a sort of little balcony exceeding the projection of the cornice, that allows the pis- eons to sather in a flock before enterins the dovecot, which is one of their habits. One will even note that the two little projections B intended to protect them from the wind, when t they come to rest on the sill of the dormer. These two examp- les of dovecots of the northern provinces indicate sufficient- ly the care and study applied by the constructors of the mid- die ages to even the most ordinary structures. There still exists at S. Jacoues near Rouen a very beautiful dovecot built of bricks of different colors, and that belongs to thebbesinnins of the 16 th century. These wooden dormers o open in the roof. Its arransement recalls the dovecot of Nesle. Yet the upper story is supported by corbellins on the substr- ucture, which Sives that buildins a certain charm. In the southern provinces dovecots take the circular form until the 16 th century, like those of the North: but their toos present a very veculiar arransement, that belonss to th- ese provinces; this is a sort of shelter desisned to protect the piseons from high winds, and to allow them to sather in numbers on the roof of the edifice. These dovecots are sener- ally smaller than those of the northern provinces, but on the other hand are very abundant. é i rt ~ : a Aer 5a iT — n¢ + preast tec 8B eee ow tadd ‘deeblo-edt Yo: seal n iad aa dooevob eid? .asdusincY 1sen brsheed? .2 to vedde Ft ti See Thee wie is } & id v a. Danes: er yout es atnomhest eeedd biciidine: ate edt Scone deez of nen ns Betosie yedd osdw .elqmie ods boste of bas ,eomeloo to attsde edt etaomenom supliias Yo ~te ‘ied? dovoces ofni Oniiss tuodtin esiatowite wen viedd of : ss $b todel seo1d dziw tuo of nadt asdte1 ,encks1eqo1q 10 eos medd Sroqensis oc bas ,enolenswib d#exs Io esnote esiiienp edt , enaufoo to noitosllco tastit mor? beslnce1 sisdT .isow edd of -teqo1q bos exciensmih [ie Yo eamufeo te etoemas1t Yo neve 10 $e egenfgtichiot sittas.sottibs emee ect si yléneupex? .anoit ui sdd Yo moisisoomos edt af enamoS edt vd bewollo3 ebodtom ent - gehnolvcn of borotevooe smeoed vey .suutosdisoiws to s2ebha0 ‘ a - etdbied boscereszemsibh oid nseutod enoriaisa eesdt detidates eeint odo Baivisedo to hesn edd Sie seea0f on bas .enmuloo to . B89 ooe Snitseti10% evotsdisd tail .etnstions eds wd bewollet eneom Josixuscemi viov edd to esortvifbeiad eds Yo seol ent Yo tia 8 Odd Heenan .nemiiow tmetsqmeo Yo kos! edd ,neiveuatenoo to ‘ ‘edt ‘elem of ests sfbbig edt Yo somit dstiS edt te eftoetidors -Srmppet? ,eancloo supidina edt medt 109 .ereboold telvutnie teow t gtos s ,viutol to toetdo ns stew .elsiisdam eyotosie ni tuo vi -liths ebea siedf steicosh of tdkvoe vers doinw diiw vtood Yo. noitonstenat edi dtin eesvisemens Baiyaneoo. msdto suodsin {ese meitetebetivyo s foo of sidenu siew yedt tedsae «nmuloo eft te -n6e ton Biveo noeset re8901%e Jey s vd Bee (enode to Aoold s was send heatnooe semissmos si :eonNed 10 slatiqgso eds saptal (8 n8 @emitetoe .osad Jvoftin bauer edd no mmuleoo edd Eeosle Baogesi109 fon bib sesemeibh seodw omufoo & na Ietioss esnfias | eB enidmos oF siseb of heoneiseqvent o}T.steda sat te dads of ,ioqque Yo eintou ashasie so datvees noisoursencs to meseye bed vodt medw ,eselans snerdoee1 ni enmul[og sid beosla yodt -gam Senisss 1o .AsTnsmeacom eupidas Yo enist odd mort medd ar0s wee -S1O0qLE & Asis I9ddeq notte10OESb & es .219f0 eNis 7 -~due oF Betomedis bee hscolevsh sistostidots supeenamos ned i ‘8 euoltins to enoitrhsst sdisisensheb sd¢ tot t16 wen 6s stotizve ' = f@ eeemofh edt es ameloo sat heen eemitemoe yedd ,sistoatidots ; dreqdue oldd¢ifonom hedesteb bne tefsels sea ,.e.t ,enob bed 2021909 te bssoqmoo bas dotdd .asia {soinbatIyo s ea eomttemoe , bedosteb edd tedt niedieo ei ¢I .bsol yreed s 189d of benttssh eein1edso etind etoetidors supesnsea® yd fevolone esw salon % reomts teal odt ni eeelng .westi — govan-edd ni onanico bentsts eves of emese eonert-se~ofi » any | to ems otto% .esomivoig yeite eid nend r9tel eenowwdie ett To ; -fo of% .,eizel ts oiasvee .2 dowdo to elsiioq blo ext .sited - a «e086 .xHende5 to .yos19 wolsd Isdede sat .roseamenD to eedoiy . t : a “wrdtneo Ht Sf eft to bee ody tuode slind ssven sieds dr0qqne ‘edd OF ‘sett sect eemefoo so .dt Sr ond Yo Satentved oat Bue | -#tgs0 seodw-bres ,eelete ebte edgy to stlovidors edt Yo tdbied | «83 hav dotd sdv Satviegoe: enmuloo eslatvil Yo eanotks sat seed els ) ‘de ff sid oniask vilsasoss exsig fence ot Peashne eomulod ~tenemif edi sevorsdv ;hiidd se yino 10% Bstsetne sis asianines *~ Set Wet OF 6.t word yieav eietemsdb ried .esoitibe ent to enc 7 ‘ dd SE Sif to sissy taxi? ont QSaignh eefO ons Yo einsd sds oO _ =¢ dads yritet{vosq a sasze7g enmuloo ferstae seeds ,viniaes : anignsesta to beeteni ,moivose Leatnoxty0s tied? .acttnem atin $ Ja ebbe as toimtod eote owt Jo beeogmoo ef 018 wslvotto s ~ 82% ai mwode es iets sdt ie eost edt oF [siisreq Jostass sid «2 to dowdo oft Yo d1e0 blo odd ni anmulos seeds batt of ss -8isvnses to ennsiss .2 to dodo edt oi bas sefotned ta volosi apetinderitees mot Yadt evsd evoesifows esd edd ewuess Jevm oF << -nifgo 6 to noteioshai bus esendtoe ets biove oF enmuloo besse 7 yasdemeib of .¢3 Cif ylne ove enmploo seed? .sostave Isoist | ‘yYedt (g018 “wslvo1lo ows oid vd bemi0t ebbhe Jedd oft etasds sud asad Bogolsveh ex10m seoetise ehte dose te sys ent oF Saoas10 -fanof edt to aeisdmem edt Ife al .ssebsilyede yd betetto sacds * Bt setO edt oo einad ead Jo sivtoetinoors [sooltienest sooes Aor siomdahte Teere 8 yd hetsoibat dowsevet aisiieo 8 beton o¢is par . . sages bas aeeeneret ai @t Maca, « : . ae al 4 nets .«onk th 2-4 sbtade 20 amulod. ots 20a .ATTEKOIOD f siutcotidows Isvesibem ni beifoge osle yamaloo alesbaghe a od \tedemeth [iene to stisde betehnole yiev dsiw samufoo | ° ee ee 356 one of the best examples of these stone columns of a consider- able heisht and an extremely small diameter. But such is the o~ happy arransement of these columns, borne on a stylobate with octagonal base, and separated at about the middle of their h heisht by a moulded rins, that the eye is not shocked by their excessive slend@erness, and that they avpear to have sufficient Sstrensth, as they actually do, to support the tow rows of va- ults that rest on their expanded capitals. (Arts. Basue, @hap- iteau, Construction). Tle-ue-France seems to have retained columns in the naves of its churches later than the other provinces. Notre Dame of Paris, the old portals of church S. Severin at Paris, the ch- urches of Champeaux, the chabel below Crecy, of Basneux, etc., sapport their naves built about the end of the 12 th century and the besinnins of the 13 th, on columns that rise to the heisht of the archivolts of the side aisles, and whose capit- als bear the Sroups of little columns receiving the high vaults. Columns ensgased to Roman piers senerally durins the 11 th centuries are ensased for only a third; whatever the dimensi- ons of the edifices, their diameters varg from 1.1-to 1.4 ft. On the banks of the Oise during the first years of the 12 th century, these ensgased columns present a peculiarity that per- - mits mention. Their horizontal section, instead of presenting a circular arc, is composed of two arcs forming an edse at t the tangent parallel to the face of the pier, as shown in Fis. 2. We find these columns in the old part of the church of $&. Maclou at Pontoise and in the church of S. Etienne of Beauvais. We must assume that the architects dave that form toctheinden- sased columns to avoid the softness and indecision of a cplin- drical surface. These columns are only 1.0 ft. in diameter; but thanks to that edse formed by the two circular ares, they present to the eye at each side surfaces more developed than those offered by aveylinder. In all the members of the Roman- esque transitional architecture of the banks on the Oise is also noted a certain research indicated by a sreat refinement in mouldinms and details. . COLONETTE. Little Column or Shaft. A tittle column; also applied in mediaeval architecture to. columns with very elonsated shafts of small diameter, to col- © ¥ sar ' : ff (Aw tee j 7 - ad eae. vre y q re . ; Ap, rosti | 9 to e1sia di a TS ne eakuloo by atte puma ry ypesnsmoe e exeta sad ot betstas wins YIshnoose. hie ; “ge bee: Sees: . wet «siusoesidors cok wnemos mottienais edt ok erekq. add os betstas enmoloo oftsiy ; U . ex antund fidno noitovitenoo edd no. fuefnsasbh eysuls 994 Sunes " 3 d :prsig seedt to eepiu0o sid Yo dxeq B MIO YORS woOet ,OOIL ‘ | . e1e yedt .OSSt éuode Litnu dooae tadt a9d¢%e sod a ) . ebae no gee fos stersc]ee sin .esetvoo ni noivonatenoo sit to Nes ‘ed to g1sq s mic? of asee alede sis yeds .OfSI mort Saiced , «wbotbiea offdoD eft to hao end Itdon esaiwoeos mi noidgogstenoo eb efor eins tant taivet suodttw ssob 1 .(meitounteno® aA | e@noitaeexs Tuodtin soa Pobewen't aa .eredeiolo af beoala astto etoetidous sonesnsmon *18 eff Sniassd enanion helapoo 10 bedostebh alttil .evad aint ; “Jo geve bos snote bisi to shem ase enmolon [fieme saedt seeno ) - 996 wend Boontvodg nisd#tvoe edd Yo easdeiclo edt al .eldasm -~I[% ,es0tfen vd betnemento o18 ettace sisdt :heanstalvos netto | yaebootel yd eemivemoe neve .esleoe ,stsifo? .elfoise .aste -fAN0) 8 BInees190 cenriars? aasH enl® Yo a9itetelo ed? .etoetdue -Wwo ems efiede seoduy [fs .eamuloo sldrem eltsil oeent to ysiv | esinninss dé bf bese ad Cf sat to ednemsnto betlaav vd bers - ok To yastivoo 94f OF BhnfuwoTth Ssaesdt awo. OW eVPAcget at on ta ; wJootitorve ,sa#etoiy. etd moat eeteab A ge tadd. gadtade seodd to ows. (ft) evis off -r1ebow soidsiotess ods ot etaofed & te rsdde edt sysetaso dz St rym «ig Sf oft ot sodas pore ybsowle eioomsnom nemof-olf{se® yoam bas ytiooisaes nsmot ‘eerndalvoe tattostiom visaeife yd bedst0esh enmuloo feesse St base dd If oft to evostidows yd bewolfot asw noidihent senda noitsasoosh to esiosaqa eidd bsyolams snedd goY .astavtaeo so -tete tent esvad ow 28 e1steiolo 10% .eeeso aslvoitisa ni yao . ab ependoia dnetsqos sse1) avid of 28 O8 ,elstiog Tot bee .bs ; giv deivel gan yintoso ad Sl edFoeesottifbe Yo esonsaine ens moe evi o¢ en 10% eoittws Litw st] .anmeloo beavéolwoe Iieme ~IwoT. 20 dowsdo defisa edt wort emso bednene1q seodT .eefamexe edd .nutoA to Isthsiseo ont .(¥sio reWOL) vastmeo ot SP enn | erase) .2 .yslere¥ to yedd@ .ueilpe® Yo edoobsA .f Yo eefomdo =” ; iets odd sevedsdw) enmufoo sittil neee e168 dooce sadd Isd2A | 882 vasaes, Wisv dadt erstemstb sqoks (etisde tisds Yo edge stat S.€ Rated anctsfom teelleme edt bas ,f.d ; ; Uv bedoatet elttil deinimib y{lerensy nieetidons, sar eongnay, ‘gic = ™ —ras a — a mg er BAS eee foe : ee 358 of Puy-en-Velay, so remarkable, by its ornamentation, retains shafts of little columns with an extreme delocacy of sculptu- re. (3). These are composed of drums alternately black and w white, which added to the ornament coverins them, produces much effect. One will also note how that the astrasal is cut om a sauare plan, and that of the shaft passes from the cylin- der to this souare plan by an ornament ©. The bedssoffthe=bb- ack and white drums are alternately placed at A and B. If we near Ile-de-France, the architecture of the 12 th cen- tury prefers more of this sort of décoration applied to little columns; and when it employs them, this is always in particu- lar cases, as for example for little columns placed between the statues of the portals, and these decorations do not des- troy thus the apparent stability that a support should retain. The portal of the church of S. Denis, the royal portal of the cathedral of Yhartres supplies us with beautiful examples of little sculptured columns placed beneath or between the stat- ves. "ere (4) is one of the little columms from between the statues, (Royal portal of cathedral of Chartres), and (5) one of those supporting statues. The little columns of the 12 th century are freouently twis- ted, and sometimes have 6 or 8 sides. The portal of the church of S. Lazare at Avallon, which is one of the most remarkable examples of the 12 th century, vossess prismatic columns, tw- isted (6) and cut with rare verfection in a sinsle piece of stone. The imagination of the last Romanesaue architects soe very far in the ornamentation of little columns, even to sive them the appearance of an elastic and flexible body. On the jambs of the same portal of S. Lazare of Avallon, we see the shaft of the little column, which presents a net of small co#ds. rdsi, (7). | The architecture of the 13 th century entirely renounces t the decoration of little columns. Gothic architects were too rationalistic to sive to these supports that flexible appear- ance. They sometimes contented themselves by merely ornament-— ins them with paintings. (Art. Beinture). After that epoch are seen little columns (whatever the len- sths of their shafts) adopt diameters that vary little, 623, 4.3, and the smallest mullions beins 3.2 ins. Romanesque architects senerally diminish little detached ; , p 3 ha Tee. oe Te ; or saa 590 ren Sine tts bas wi tetole % rete oo af deel oat fy “4 vehaty od beastne bas aay toaaine t vhitte’ bad 2 beobbor eved Bloow efteda ant %o notduntmth ey A: tn “Ak ecottibe eupesnsmo? Enit on snids elt Yo exned on lat or “jase {sotnoo beonwono1a yrev & Gt tuo ors enabloo eltsiI end rf ora “eeitefies Isniedxe edt amtoW to L[eibedteo sav go elgmexs 107 } | -thatnib eldiense yiev dtiw eamuloo fleme to esiiee 8 sn98810° (> qbedt bedeininib yleas1 dnd efdetinots oldtos .(8).qot 38 mol ) ‘eIfeqstd .2 sid Yo sheote add Yo seods teY .enmnfeo bedosdeb ‘ : 16 - > - -$n90 dab br sit nl .vitdatie yiev tod disodt .o8 e128 eiaeg to ‘| = ibdee o18 foue :enmofoo Lfama fodeloet ehnit yleowee S06 wo ve -at 7 sttocane yodd esdove eft exil eredmom ferevee ni bebiv a ; ~feubere tadt dit tnivootorg 6 1s9d of sonemmoo yett dooge ts ‘ ow102 ottemerza edd enisits yl “ yltasmpert omufoo eonitns edd tnimosss ot eonseeisnes oft , ed vst ea5nT .elforse 1 eetult .fanpseds4s yd it betoemsente i “ead mo1? enmuloo etisT Js efi xnee8 266 eloot edd te nese -tif ed? sbernsdolooe vitots yrsv ste ddidw’ .nollied Ye usetsio | hetaoqque een eizsd ts slliowerT sf ob notenss to ¢e11bs sft x Seiwedil sis se00T .enmuloo beviao yletsoiish elatil ows ac bahar -ed1A eoses esh eloom sad ta bestiaoced | 1608 .mJHCO fos .eslisy 10 estele .[atem aaivisos1 sipsoniase yatnecras A a e(eapsasved .sinsaisd? .etth) .so0lttbs os 3arisvoo -19bsaj .touG .eduT .sqiF .#TIDGWVOO © sy bbb akes od tSniviss .snotfe to edtoo sttst .[etsm Yo saia A ; \ + ng hie gos edz mort Visetsasv 10 viistnosiied yedtis sasten * 2988d ett of soitibs F WG S thedd ni etebss! Ieottrey betasi1s yismoupeit ensmod sit " -§ medt nidtiw assewniex sodt mort svomes oF esnemunom basi id ta d8 betneestq dotdw ,pextesds bos esrtsedtidams ¢flasfeoitasd | g* (-2898800 .nist od beeoors yltos1th edsse to se18 elfdeiebisace i 3 Bete103789 viomie eisbsel [sotd1ev esonstelbh nisiaso te ‘bs , “aI -baoots sit ot reven odd anibss! bos yvincese ody adwords 88 iftesd .Pelqned edt noktonadence slomie s1om to “eeottibe “eis mort yleert [fst t9sdenatst ods 22a llonb staviza bas ur a 10 Satrevoo efit to eghe edt te wedtie ,bnyo1a sat of “Yo. ote be dacs Soa nk bsoisiq etvoge slszil dbuoris bateesa 309 columns of cloisters and salleries, never those occupying re- entrant angles and ensased to piers: for in the last case the diminution of the shafts would have produced a bad effect. & the banks of the Rhine we find Romanmesoue edifices in which > the little columns are cut in 4 very pronounced conical form. For example on the cathedral of Worms the external salleries present a series of small columns with very sensible diminut- ion at top.(8). Gothic architects but rarely diminished their detached columns. Yet those of the arcade of the S. Chapelle of Paris are so, though but very slishtly. In the 14 th cent- ury one scarcely finds isolated small columns; such are subdi- vided im several members like the arches they support. At th- at epoch they commence to bear a projecting rib, that Sradual- ly attains the orismatic form. The Renaissance in resumins the antiaue column freauently ornamented it by arabesaoues, flutes or scrolls. There may be seen at the cole des Beaux Arts at Paris columns from the chateau of Gaillon, which are very richly sculptured. The lit- tle turret of mansion de la Tremoille at Paris was supported on two little delicately carved columms. These are likewise deposited at the Hoole des Beaux Arts. COMBLE. Roof. A carpentry structure receivins metal, slates or tiles, and coverins an edifice. (Arts. Charpente, Coverture). CONDUITE. Pipe. Tube. Duct. feader. A pipe of metal, terra cotta or stone, servins to conduct water either horizontally or vertically from the top of ane edifice to its base. The Romans frequently arranged vertical leaders in their ¢s Srand monuments to remove from them rainwater within them. P Particularly amphitheatres and theatres, which presented ac considerable area of seats directly exposed to rain, possess- ed at certain distances vertical leaders simply perforated t throush the masonry and leading the water to the ground. In edifices of more simple construction, the temples, basilicas and private dwellings, the rainwater fell freely from the ro- of to the ground, either at the edge of the coverins or by pm passins throush little spouts pierced in the sutters of stone Ss ST Poe / ee . mnsea Ie10d8q 8 dot cconkets a1ef 10 ? end vino odw ,sdoetidors eno | suede te¥ rai003 efds2 yd be1evoo bas asia at yioi -idoeL ios to been edd fot ean oredy sointowita asisoito aied | $ iets oved atoub scote oft at beeclome eeqiq hsel teats _ 7 i — J in a —-_.” ie — sre 361 the buildings are solid and do not fear frost, allows consta- antly the inspection of the condition of the leaders, since then are in the open air, is disastrous when the stone used in the substructure is injured by frost or is porous; for th- en these streams wet the lower surfaces, and od not delay to saturate them with salpetre and even to destroy them. These inconveniences were evidently recognized by the architects of the 13 th century, ‘since in some great edifices of that epoch we seevstrons vertical leaders replace the sarsoyles. In Nor- mandy and Picardy, where the climate is damp, the materials are affected by frost, leaders for water were adopted from ab about 1230 in certain churches. At Bayeux we see the flyins buttresses of the nave lead the water from the upper roofs i into lead pipes inserted in the buttress. These pipes are vi- Sible or concealed in each alternate course; thus they are p protected from external shocks and are still visible if rupt- ure occurs. Here (2) at A is the plan of that arrangement, at B is the elevation of the parts of the buttress containins the leaderr, and at C is the detail of the cylindrical recesses containins the lead pipes, slishtly flattened next the openins to allow the passage of the small lintel.D. The buttresses of the fly- ins uueeeeenee of the choir of the same church containins lea- abe not so well arranged as those here given, because they are inserted in the middle of these buttresses and are only seen throush narrow slots. In plan (4) these pines are placed at A, the slots beings at B, and the outlets to a Sarsnyle are placed at C. wrom the upver sutter of the sSreat roof the wat- er is led in the channel of the flying buttress, likewise by pipes passing throush the buttress terminated at its lower p part by aiheadsforming a spout. (Art. Dauphin). We find above the flying buttress od the nave ofitheecathedral of Seez (ab- out 1230) ansimiblat:arransement , but preferable to that adop- ted at Bayeux, because the buttresses containing the leaders for the water from the sreat sutter are merely ducts, hollow vertically to their bases and without bends or offsets, so as to prevent all stoppases. Here (4) at A is the horizontal se- tion of these ducts,at B their perspective, at 6 the section on the akis of the leader. Usually as indicated at D, the ver- tical lead pipes enclosed in the stone ducts have their tops me | SoF _9B%Meoo IStte2 sdt yebom bled es2de dsiw a109 avo ot berrsine -wolt tetew odd seso eidt aI «bed eft sebew bomxot ofab 8 dtiv edaize yloo gt1b erat jsbte eco ts yino tninego edd Biswosd bai eeoitibe tse1t odd oT 2 ds si boosid evad ew ee tedd rebew mort wetew sit yiotaes di FL odd to tuinnieed edd te bstoe1s gs{t edd no eslyodiss wollod dasoidt bewolt sietsed ws09H sad -off to {subedieo eid ds ee ,seeeetsiud aaiylt edé Yo etniooo | one ,ekmicoo seodi berstini yibios1 istew saT .vsbot asve aei ¥ e ocd meld elbiim sit dud .medd oF nevis tev noltosse svsonoe | tadt bas .eleonsio sesdd moxt ebies eefvobiass sdt mort meerate bedoobs essen edoub snote edd si besolone ssata Isolsvisv vdw es -ep edd aeve nedw tsY .eseesatind onivy[t edd Jo ebsed sat ssve -iq yd bel csv esorttibe yee1t edd Yo aioor secgs sift wort t9d -@do sat to elennedo add to level edt dedosex ylno seed? .esq boworwk edt no taso seu ti sesdt mort fas ,eoteis sbhie 10 sie ‘teqquvedT .honten nommeoo Jeom edd od Snifbroeses esfyoanes yd tmivieoss ensim4 to [aubsdteo sad Yo aiodo edd Yo eseesuitind -99% 6 ni nese od ot wolfe (O8St duode) eszeortdod sniyi? end eid-evieoe: of bebmednt esyoor® [eotabmilyo Sool efoas sosate -mehnegis emse odt :{c) aee rtever e1en dotdw .fesl to evebsel to Isstbediso sai ni sets io sbiasdoeih sdt 102 bedqohs ei ine -yoo7m, eeedt to acivoea Istnosiaed edd beosas ei F 3A .e19vel elennedo edd yd isddus sa990qn sot mort ebpeoseh istsn sd? .ee ‘seeoitiod eaiylt ead lo ersoext sd Yo sknicoo ea buivise 8 fads quo s et 9 Isvel odd tse geoadIed sedi To sasovoias sdt nt ~giq eaiq Isotiasv edd odni svi beet of wSstew end svieos1 seum gedis hott ow tedd basisne oi yluo ai 31 ..ee8097 ons of bso -itibe Yo eead oft Js eaigenimist eescia sel vintneo dd br ond emsppe s eved ceaic seodd .{soitbailyo nied Yo bastasl wees -bnilyo 4 \.benoeset ifew yisv eft deat bos ,soitose [esnosizod q@ edd li teost snoise sw ni veds edivessa si {hosoxs Jonaso 19 ett nsdd emulov asés]e1d s eomuees sol ead .beLlflit exs esata @ dtiw soiq A .texud ot sidstil sis asaqiq sesdt .16den hints -beiset sd od eae! s1e esrudons fas hleiy aso noitese sienna tasysoses edd si keosiaq ylinespeat deom sis esata beet sesnT apo etil .seddo dose cini anitesine ejiag oi sham 938 ,eoibas 10 novi dHdwOIW to exslfoo 10 eknilaneo dtin eeqia ork ses0 cele sano yecbSeavonme suse vodds tsosie ai mead asexi ot sxnoid pi >) ose) 4(8).8bn0 aswal-tiedt ds etuoge dtin beef to jmetto stew beet Yo esaiq Isoixbailyo yxndnse da S12 edt nT 362 enlarsed in cup form with edges held under the Sutter course with a drip formed under the bed. Im this case the water flow- ing toward the openins only at one side, this drip only exists ander that as we have traced it at &B In the Sreat edifices erected at the besinnins of the 13 th century the water from the upper sutters flowed through hollow garsoyles on the flat copings of the flying buttresses, as at the cathedral of Rhe- ims even today. The water rapidly injured these copings, ane concave section was given to them; but the middle blew the s stream from the sarsoyles aside from these channels, and that is why vertical pipes enclosed in the stone ducts were adopted over the heads of the flyins buttresses. Yet when even the wa- ter from the upper roofs of the sreat edifices was led by pi- pes, these only reached the level of the channels of the chap- els or side aisles, and from these it was cast on the sround by sarsgoyles according to the most common method. The upper buttresses of the choir of the cathedral of Amiens receiving the flyins buttresses (about 1260) allow to be seen in a ree- ntrant ansle lons cylindrical srooves intended to receive hre leaders of lead, which were never set (5): the same arransem- ent is adopted for the discharse of water in the cathedral of Nevers. At is traced the horizontal section of these Srcov- es. The water descends from the upper sutter by the channels B servius as copinss of the tracery of the flying buttress. In the thickness of the buttress at the level © is a cup that mast receive the water to lead it into the vertical pipe pla- ced in the recess. It is only in Hnsland that we find after the 14 th century lead vipes terminatins at the base of edifi- ces. Instead of beins cylindrical, these pipes have a square horizontal section, and that is very well reasoned. A cylind- er cannot expand; it results that in a strons frost if the po pipes are filled, the ice assumes a Sreater volume than the ligaid water, these pipes are liable to burst. A pive with s square section can yield and ruptures are less to be feared. These lead pipes are most frequently placed in the reentrant angles, are made in parts enterins into each other, like our cast iron pipes with couplings or collars of wrousht iron or bronze to keep them in place’ they are surmountéd>by cuvns also of lead with spouts at their lower ends.(6). Ta the 16 th century cylindrical pipes of lead were often 4 air , i; ae S35 Tae) fete es, Sikeadeiel a os Bae Pf Si) ) bee ela od fips va mo etSiist yd bessxooeb evanis: vi ms] ‘to ferksddso odd Yo Isticg dsn0e etd shieed pees e168 eo oh 4 ha A Diivesotine out no tesdmon tes1a of Howot ore ysdT -bisv pra edt te bevome1 sxsw esloiiis seenit god sonseetsoss ‘ é a tea bless -hediem sd ot yrsdaso (dd Et) deel odd elbbio sot to atoeds fdors 702 esv iedewoles te [evome: oft a exingooss. od yese ei tl .yteixns Snetengoctor¢eshdee 6 seks “edd aniise! to medsve edt asenied bessdiesd netic yous feds “ ss agetenoo dads bos ,tis neqo edt ost Yo +i Roiveso bos astew i. _-pbodtem sasdd to tod ‘gecia besolo otni ti 2aitoettbh ok Ral Bo -sgee Setit odd :eetstasvbhbs tisdt Sos eeonsinsveesni sisdd bes 7 -seveds ti dud j;oustonrtedna sit Low esostine sid atew ylisto ‘ if tedd .teo1t wi betostts son ed gi tt ,fosemoo si beyofame eno ) Lan .» edtoesd JI wwe bos are yd bevomet noose ef e1rvstetom Ienisixe bat ‘gidbetv e1e elonnsdo [is eonte .sonensdoteam yess to etsrnevbe ; =inetai Belesonos bae sotscaoda efiove vi t1is asaqo sid ni bas baooss ont .beonshose et fives eds ssite ylee asecas desist ae + od tetew oct sbhagl ci Seeoalone Isaysixe sdi Soitiew ebiove A bhsedd antbliod edd Hnwors sovbews gon 2e0bh Ji ,edniog bexit | a tictid ,sidssethenibh ebaifnuoime efi arshoc1 tans .opateb is ‘andtdentetie watwwh ylasivoisase ,woietvieaue fnsdenoo serine sedge ef (wone 2ni1nbh esescqose esoubore di juadt bas seo1t Yo wino bae ,yeIvoitirbh dtix berhemet yvitueroes)] eetutdux cd tost. : oivestevet is691% shan svecd heenso esitvict sot nodw bsvisorse ok ytiooae of ton-yiseesosa stcteisdt ei g1 .noissnisenco sad ‘edd rot ei JT .eameteva ows ent to isddie isnnem otwloede as & Bas eosia edt of Saibicese .1sc010 BS meas gen oF Fostivorws os ebisl yiev ni tedt .stste seam su teY .beyolame isizetem sat 8 ft sae beetotexa od Jonnsa ddbiersvo eiedw asoitibte oifdsq —«si“‘it*«és om Fv rebsel betidsdai ylish soslg s bas exsdogise edsvirs ? ashaw viiues oe sisexd doidw ,novi tesa io yilsiosges bos Ist ne 2. -edt dedd peiaskash seers yrsy eved ,19taen ceso1t to soil end ie oi ebas nico, dose Js soevsel tdbile adv 10 aoitestnoo ai | peed sesenqmab tnsnsmisq & botoxford bos esostina sat baiases os bas vtilidixe£} otatiso s nigse1 yedd eeusoed .teed ets eegic bag B80 emetdx® serenps ei noivoee edt ti yileioeces .foterse nso ss edt Radtodons ci bas eeqgtg seedt te tremdeildasse edt nist a i “ TR) ee . set, “" eft: % . j 19 [oanc8. -Ledao0 a Jy i : ; me > | ’ ; 00 8 88 eaivioqgee bas sostive s of besxseat troagne A | au a iy r] "4 Pere, tenapepe Hae a a) e oe iw pe: f ‘ its PA ‘ ‘ i im 6 Mi i | ‘ a a 4 ° t ok ‘ | ; oY “hy n is wr ‘ a “4° } 3 : 49 é mA i aie “ b 1 ls Rises es ga thii@ ‘ t / ‘4 z he a oe aM) he 58 FT , ‘4 i } a ray ay fh’ as aa TE ray / sy ne ' FORDER is 9S ; 1h D od ae a. «hl a8 ols si . en | ‘pad fF Mac J y ae i ‘a * Brain g Foz - é « & / etl; a> Rhieeg lr. 365 merely flat. Here (4) are two examples of these Stops! one is very simple from the church of Montreale: the other beings very rich and from the sacristy of the church of Vezekay. The sto- necutters thus avoided for the laborers and setters the diffi- culty of setting the imposts (always very heavy) bearings fra- Sile mouldings at the lower bed, and consequently easily inj- ared. Besides the is pleased by these stops that prevent the mouldings from meeting the abacus of the capital abruptly and without hesitation. In this case as in many others, the reas- Onins of the artist was in accord with his instinct. CONSOLE. Corbel. Sonsole. A sapport inserted in a surface and supporting as a corbels an architectural member. j ~~ =| -—-— — = ire ~~. i] -_- = = 2S * Sa ae SS OT | Teas - + > -eTdasg7ed |.F ¢gqnp sad — o {sw peisved .sbao1 sb aiuse9 - ee hii cme Aihtstt Rabies w= e+ = ot20F pHa gTen -~-- ~,o0slgerrt .sontusa) | “+8469 bas aoolt youmrdd .sonimend sh eoiwia Ma payout a * : ¥ —_—-_— i oe --- P + ~_ -_— — = oe -_—- -— -— —_ = ee i te ~~ -— - sho > of “Sh OP [U©@S -dovedd eseved9 , cee wwe eee ee ee ee oy MGT .eTlimad weer ee eee we wee ee eee ew ee 6 TFOKD .IHE0ND ; eee ee ae ee eee | eee ee ee ee ee te - += = yYIeteme) .etetarard i - + coitefLevmuo1£9 aottatisveudsaoc t® sotsel [evaoorrd weet ee eee ee ee = ptece ED .on797 80 *. See ee ee ee -wasveald so ein ~ © 4 « eee eee mw oe = ood SISTLil .sdtevelo Ae See Te ae ae PEM Ce me ae -Svotayss .talo -=«-- - + = ,slovinors to saotayed .atlovidere'b taid eee=--+-+-+-+= -tinev esoro te eeok .svrgo o1e*bd told ssh oe oi oe “_s eee eo ~~ - -.¥od «Isl ee ee ~_s amen ee ~ ~ TeslO .YeiD a a nee ee -~-<- = =,yse . sid ee Ue ee ee edt be, oon Se Se ee eR ee, eee eee nr enre nw ene sce ees s+ = =, 90n0d [isd s.sen90f0 ES a ee ee -1sderold .eitiold kre OO a ee ea +--+ .o89108 .tsdofO eee ee ee eee ee Hee eH = 2 OTHBOLONT oTHF0I0 ~e- ee ee = = = 251910 to aliahi .eslliv ob essagol) ‘ --=-- =~ + =.abnsl to es00e% .eetetaqgory 9d eorssolO : - gsfoteio at esiliad .eoupitesnow ceil{ge easb asietoid W ) - .etfons to sallind .eineodo sh eotss0l0 | oe ee meee we ee ee = fish .wold | - - -ytotsledwa .fexetelloD ee es = + pepekiod ~ ~t- ~ -Joosved .18idmoloD ~ + > > > seamLo9 peeiney ib | Charnier. Bonehouse. - --------- --- - ee HH = F Charpente. Carpentry. -----+--+--+-+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+--- i Chateau. Gastle. ------------+-+------ = 38° Chatelet. Fort. --------- 2 - ere ere eee ~1566 Chemin de ronde. Covered way. - ------------ 158 Cheminee. Fireplace.- -------------+--+--- 159 Tuyau et mitres de Cheminee. Chimney flues and caps.- - 166 Chenau.e. Gutter. - ---------- ee - ee ee ee 170 Chevet. Chevet. ----------------- - - - 196 Chiffre. Ciphere- -----------+-------- 176 Choeur. Choir, ----------+--+---+=+-+-+--5 He Christ. ---2--- - ee er er er er eee er eer eee ee 187 Cimitiere. Cemetery -------+--+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+--- 196 Circonvallation et contrevallation. Circumvallation.- - 198 ‘Citerne. Cisterne --------+-- e272 --2° 198 Claveau. Voussoir.- ------+--+-+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+--- 199 Clavette. Little key. ------+-+-+-+-+-+--+-+-+-- 202 Clef. Keystone. ---------+------- - - = - = 202 Clef d’archivolte. Keystone of archivolt. - - - = = - - -202 Clef d’arc osive. Boss of cross vaulte- - ------- 203 Clef. Keye- ---------------------- 215 Clef. Cleate- ------- --- - - - - ee ee eee 216 Clef. Keye- - --------- - - ee ee ee ee ee 216 Cloche. Bell. -------+----+-----------+- 216 Clocher. Bell tower.- - ---------------- 224... Cloitre. Cloister.- ------+-+--+---+--+-+--+--- 301 Clotet. Screenw -- ---------------=--- 329 Clotgre. Enclosure. ------+----+--+-+-+--+--- 330 Closures de villes. Walls of cities.- --------- 330 Clotures de proprietes. Fences of lands.- - ------ 331 ‘Clotures dans esglise monastigques. Grilles in churches - 333 Clotures de choeurs. Grilles of choirs. - ------- 336 Clow. Nail. ---------+---- -- - ee ee ee 338 Collateral. Ambulatory- ----+----+--+-+-+-+-+-+-- 341 College. ---- eet eer ert rece ee te ee Ke 341 ‘Caludbivr. ‘Dovecet~ - 4 - ~~. —- + -- Soe. 2 aie 348 Colonne. Columne- ------------------- 351 - Colonette. Little column. ------+--+--+-- a ee 1856 Comble. Roof. -----+---+--------------- 359 Vondeite. Pact, ~~ -<. . | Conge. Stop. - - - - mon omm een —— 3 i) Cowble. Reof, ie i? le dae Ho elenne ae tas fondaite, pues, ER 9 sole. a7 r ere ere Hew PEPE 1M Ee oe a ee Se ee Siti | Qebmis ae rende. Govered way, - = - +2 so ee ikembtieo, Fireplact.- - «+--+ <= + 284 Tuyen ¢t eitres de Caewinee. Seiwuey fluss and © Shagad. Gather. + ~ sie we ele ee hee GChevet. Chatwet. - pr as ek Nal Onifire. Ciphers+ = +e = = ee we & ~ Choear, Cheit. - | | t i S : “ ' i - $ $ i q ' ' - i - - - q L) § : 7 i t Carigt. ee ee ee ee ee Canmitiers, Gemetety - +--+ =~—--+ - = + «=e Ss “ ai. Ciresasvallation 6% dontvods’) bLavion. Ciscaate eae a Ciaveah. Foaseoires + + + ee He ee ee ae 4 Clavette. Litele key. = me ee a ae phOt. ROySYORe. ~ — Hee 6 ee ee ee ee ee Gia? d’arstivelte. Keystone of arcaivolt. = « Oler 4"are ostve. toss of crods vaelt.+ - - = ¥ - Leer a ney» - ~ oe ord — —_~— -— —_ —_ -— ae _— ~~ i, a * i { $ ; : 3 $ . é on - ord - -~ - Ve 1 te wAhGabs = : - : : i i : é : t ; : i 4 : : a { ae es nay on = } Clee are Heii. — - ~~ i ee ee ee en “leaner. Pell Sowsr.- - ' ' f] : i i } i i t : ; : § : ! : : t 5 GCleisrs. Cieiteter,.>= GAgtet«: Seveeky <= 6 ee Be en ae ee Clogere. Baclessre. SLesgeres de villes. Walia of ex¥ige.~ Clotvared ts proprietes, Fences of lLands.- “Ne Cloturea dans eglise vonestiques. Grilles in Clojures de ohoeure. Grilles af cheirs.' ~ «= Cloms Bail. ~ ++ » so ig eae gh tea mee Coilaperal. Aebalatory- = < «= «\- = «5 = College. ~~ - + se eee oo | Colombher. BPoyvetet~ ~ =. - = + Colomne. Golam. - - ~~ <* + Colengete. Little solemn, - ~ + f ‘- “4 ~~ — - - ~ ~- we ~ —~ - a ee a ae, wR A! ye a aoe Tn Tot Conduate. Buspar +. Gonge. Stop OGRaGh@,. ee, oe ee ee SS ee ee Sees dr ne eter oe an IU I 112 024589878 | | | |