TATE GNLOGICAL SURVES. Se iF Bulletin No. 38 May 10, 1922. Kass 7 39.65)4: COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA bul 38 DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS James F. Woodward, Secretary BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George H. Ashley, State Geologist COAL BEDS IN ARMSTRONG GOUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA By J. D. Sigler Introduction, Armstrong County ranks ninth in Pennsylvenie as a producer of bituminous coal. In 1918 the total output was 6,051,755 tons, Valued at $17,948,429; 5,674,245 tons, velued at 316,959,624, were loaded at the mines for shipment. The quantity sold to local trade and used by employees wes 118,937 tons, valucd at $274,010; 258,571 tons were used at the mines for steam and heat, valued at 8714 ,795. After the high volatile coals of the Irwin basin have been ex- hausted, Armstrong County will become one of the foremost producers of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania. It contains larger reserves of easily accessible high volatile coal than any other county in the State. These coals are very high in sulphur, but when viashed they make excellent gas coal. Large arcas of cocl are ummined end even untested by outcrop prospects or core drill. The coals are regular in thickness, vniform in quality, and can be ecasily mined by drift or slope at most every point. There are about twenty coel beds in Armstrong County, two of which, the Upper Freeport and the Lower Kittanning, have great value in large areas. The Upper Kittenning, Lower Freeport and Pittsburgh beds are mineable in more restricted areas. Several other beds are locally minesble; the remainder have no economic importance at present and only prospective future value. Armstrong County lies northeast of Pittsburgh on allegheny River. It is bounded on the north by Clarion County, on the east by Jeffer- son and Indiana counties, on the south by Westmoreland County, and on the west by Butler County. Its greatest width is 25 miles near the ats . -_- x * ‘ é ‘ i ' a , \ ‘ ‘ a - oi ata Se lathe * eo a a h PALLY wy es NR 0 Sy ANG 4 TAN da Se ee Sree? arn) ae ‘ Sich nd Somat vw y : koa , ot iy en : Cah As) hil “3 ue fi tN ‘hau as mi) As MRL Sek ie Wit edyt a eh Bek e. ’ Me Nr ay H : . . i 3 » Pee - ox 4 “ ae i vw 4 iy 4 es py) i = 4 ’ . 4. wl A AL a r - t ‘ad ye at a s yee rAd wip ivi, ein itd Aiur! hae elite Ay hase ae get! ayy a eet eth Ag tt ype ate ae EN Bei Pi hag Mba sr) re pucsee 14 Rees, eP4 ' , ) ; / : Ch & . ; d RR LES ata, ae Wi ibha s . ' . y% 2 PAs hy oe ' ‘ 4 x an . ‘ ed 4 j re é ae one ‘ i i ret ; pti pede ‘ op \ \ j - x «4% j Ay _ e444 Piskohue . # Pa os aN Lt i ‘ , Y , ‘ f : " i : fey By hi . P ‘ * ’ ae bs) 5 ‘ \ ‘ i 6 ( kK } Js \ ; + , we ’ , f ‘ + ‘ m ? , ¥ 7 . “ t , i a4 * ' ‘ ' : i : / ‘ at hdaot 4 ‘ + ‘ * e ‘ . , ' > ‘ ‘ 1 } t , \ / ‘ } ‘ , a 4 i ’ ‘7 Mm r WAM ow " 4 in 44 wes i i De sa “y ny r ¢ Di «i . am ' i ar A een ' ‘ ‘ weed may ie ‘ 7 as nu wit * hw a oh Wee f 4 v 20 a by ys. * "a Di ahh eG bia + nM " ( Pt ‘ iL wa), hoe, Wy a) oi hi «I 7 i | i ¥ ™! : ‘ ‘ j } i or ie { A ‘ F Nn fi ' * rn he 4 - 2 “ ere iy Py t , A } di, » » 5 ard iL ee LP Aes i ithe ; Oa ia up ey $ st Wye" + ; p SW ny £1, Wa Ws + ipo mel aa aia ’ ; ‘ i ‘ te’ , . iy t ” t ' Ps { Lo, 7 ‘ ‘ a ‘ Vi ; Find! Nt . j ‘ " | Fi ( : é: d . Se = cy he ae eee | y wnt! i" ut ee ; wear ie ey ‘ : al i | « 4 ‘Fae a aay ee, a fa’, pif » : ‘ P 2 i ¥ ~ ty ef hehe j 6°) ae Pe ek ; 7, 4 Seber . 4 re KE RH Hee py) yoy Pont arr tald a ‘ cc ’ i } Prat ’ fy wee northern edge, and its greatest length is 34g miles on the western ooOundary,. Its area is about 633 squere miles, end its popviation in 1920 was 75,568. Coal transportation is almost entirely by railroad. The Alle- gheny iver Division of the Pennsylvania hKailroad follows the east benk of Allegheny . River across the county. «A branch of this rail- roed leaving the main line at Red Bank follows Redbank Creek on its Clarion County side, and serves mines along the north boundary of Armstrong County. A short branch in the southwestern corner of the county serves the Big Buffalo Creek area, The Pittsburgh and Shiu. - mut nailroad follows the west bank of the Allsgheny es far north «s Mahoning Creek; it crosses the river there, and follows Mehoning Creek into Jefferson County. The Baltimore and Ohio, and the alle- gheny River nReilroads heve a few miles of treck in the northwestern tip of the county. The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Reilroad crosses the county from Creigsville to Dayton. The highways are practically all dirt, the mein travelled ones being kept in very good condition. In the unscttled parts of the county the roads are bad even in summer, The improvec roads cre confined aimost entirely to the valley of Allegheny River, and are the only ones used for coal transportation, The surface of Armstrong County is decidedly hilly. The velleys are narrow, with precipitous sides, and nerrow flood plains. Large areas of flat or gently sloping lend formn the more elevated parts of the surface and ere remnants of 014 ponepleins. Allegheny River vaillcy is for the most pert narrow, with steep sloves, and very nirrow flood plains. STRUCTURE. There are eleven major structural features in the county, each having 2 general northeast-southwest trend, They ere as follows, in order from southcast to northwest: Elders Ridge syncline, Dutch Run anticline, hoecring Run anticline, Apollo synclinc, Greendale eanti- cline, Brookville anticline, Fairmont -syncline, McHaddon syneline, Boggsville syncline, Kollersburg anticline, Bredys Bend syneline. The western flank of the Elders Kidge syncline lies on the southeastern county boundery, This deep besin brings the Pittsburgh coal to outcrop on the Armstrong-Indiane county line. The rocks rise regularly and rapidly northwest. Ro@ring kun anticline enters the county between Apollo and Avon- more, and extends northeast to Yatesboro, where it flettens out and disappears.. It is a broad, flat enticline, with gentle slopes. The exis varies in clevation, end is double for about four miles where it crosses Crooked Creek noar Girty. Dutch kun anticline is a small foldé with gently sloping flenks, lying just east of Dutch Run near the southeastern county linc. It may be considered a spur of the Roaring Run anticline. Ba ot oy. 7 5 ae toy ’ f . , un ; « ve - Pry a" 7 fh . . ‘ A , Ke hy fs Lay 7 , ‘ 4 ' ; feo " { ' ‘ ‘ t ‘ ‘ ‘” \ ae ¢ = ‘ = ¢ Ap ae ol tes, Ue , ’ M i. ; H : 7 1 i qi : ; ‘ ie, \ + ' ' , J iy va G ¥ ‘ ‘ \ AV ' ’ i ak ° ' j : y ; ¢ ; s : 4 f i " wel A Se: ae if : . : i Ee Oe | - " e , * . . i “* ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ * ] ; f p) eS. ft 7 Ante t ' ‘ sua ‘ , eile j im 1 ; } g net ; i ee . ; ) - vy \ h a ; A a ken, € a ‘A . ; De ‘ j ve " Wy Cr lave te Dade Hele. NA oN, va , “iy Uy +) Aik yeh | > 1 # A ¥ { Shee aeah { ‘ : ‘ _ 2 ‘ ’ : Ke ? Cis ey, t UA F y » I ‘ r thet { # ‘ , A j P Bie? ; : A a) t An hs “a ba Sal, Ry ‘ y y ny ft le ad y . pet } ro y eX i F j yy i mui ‘ are | f n , r ‘ne itor a qo . * a a is ¢ h OR, nee, r a Pants ; ' \ ip ame ay j et ” 4 be» 5 gees es es: yap a ‘ ee | ee i 1g ay HPN tal Be Od Gin ’ « TORE wh fe) mM Ail oR. f Wet peo Dk ei Apollo syneline lies northwest of Roaring hun enticline end extends through Cochran Mills to a point one mile south of Yatesboro It is a nerrow, shellow basin, with its exis dipping northeast to it: lowest point on North Branch; from there it rises again until it merges with Ronring Run enticline south of Yatesboro, Greendale anticline, lying northwest of Roaring Run anticline, extends between Crooked Creek and Mahoning Creck, and passes through Greendale, Its axis is irregular in elevation and direction, The rocks dip regularly on both flanks, the greatest dips being just north of Buffalo Creek, The southern tip of Brookville anticline extends southwest to Mahoning Creek in the northeastern part of the county. Its axis plunges regularly to 2 point near Putneyville, where it merges with Fairmont syncline. Fairmont syncline, lying northwest of Greendale anticline, is a broed basin, the axis of which dips to the southwest. The rocks rise rapidly on both flenks, McHaddon anticline is a small fold running parallel to Allegheny univer just west of Ford City and Kittanning. Its axis is nearly ievel, and the rocks dip gently on both flenks. Boggsville syncline, lying northwest of McHaddon enticline, aa from Big Buffeio Creek to a point northwest of Kittanning ar Allegheny River. It is e broad basin with the axis dipping iesbne at. The rocks rise rapidly northwest to the Kellersburg anti- cline. Kellersburg anticline is the most pronounced fold in the county. It enters the county from the west near Winfield end extends north- east near Creigsville, Mahoning and Kellersburg. The axis rises to @ point midway between Browns Crossroads and Cowansville, where the rocks dip to the north, west, and south. The rocks begin to rise again at Allegheny River, and the decp channel of Redbank Creek exposes the Pocono sandstone. Bradys Bend syncline enters the county two miles southwest of Somervilic, and extends northeast to the Allegheny. It is a broad flat basin with extremely gentle dips on its flanks. STRATIGRAPHY, The outcropping rocks of Armstrong County belong to the Quater- nary system, and to the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian series of the Carboniferous system, The Monongahela, Conemaugh, Allegheny and Pottsville formations alone are coel bearing. The Quaternary system is composed of (1) recent deposits of alluvium in the valleys’, (2) gravel and silt of glacial origin, (3. the Carmichaels formation composed of thin deposits of elluvium anc Pray ae ‘ vd at Dine’ a ae eh We ie i é Ar Pete ¢ y ss | ent Lh Aw . ou i . m4 . ng ome arte Resedeit | ~! ty # fs fy ers “ancl * (Ve rok as Ai * Vet 4 { 2 ! aut 4 : ©, A x ; 4 ‘4 i ie a ae : , ‘ eral ee «| a eae eee 4 ei pay athe" cht Naee b et i S49 i Le Oh Pe ee ie pe “ : e AN +h) fiz be a WA Samy Ag 8 oa e 1) ab al nv sek , Pan td te aie i oe oe OR vo ns a ry : \ ' sats Ant! F } ~— doy Te ee a eis Ba byes heres oe uh Te oh 4 rt a =} ae : “4 aid H bee . wh. R a 1 a f ; ely ‘ \ aa tt ere et i et re Fi ki a ; TWN ey: : AeA lina (A Ee Lee Ait we gg Nace 0, We TN, MR aR hat ; 5 Leos aa Lat * ‘ =e in ay eal yo eS eee \ age PROM coe | aa aie a Ral ; Se NST EM AN Oh | ‘yas os a ay A> i" H > y 1 y . { x ; ane nt Pe at ‘ i ee ie yin! } , sip Wf feu at ’ " re : J f am 4 ‘ ve & fd f ut An i Oe We ah < 4 ‘ wy L, Tn in et 5 , : ; Me WERE) ation ui " : ‘ a. vie eae, me te ae Ate ob | a Re og ‘ m i j Th Gi Cay Sit Oe eri. ; ee: ae Fs Fae fs iad cat net quae i \ F a ity ow \ i \ , ¢ 2 een : Tie rk sh is jaw eating site) hy gion ght Bree gy ne ity he ey for i ba Th ay 4 Lie Te aay ube Seay a ROUT A a Au} uy ane ‘¥ 4 Ugh i noe ' ry : \ ve 5 ; cape ky nes aries A " ‘ A / My anon ‘ i rab Wy OI a - gee ie: a vA ‘ ; 1 Lit . aid tae | : Cae a al " ih he wi A h ASR a he 4 fe) ue ae a a Lhe , . % Rt bad ry ih Pan ath i iN , yer rt oy) bee ‘ (ye t 4 a ‘ L i Weta ath bre Aa : ' ae ¢ (ni a ty i ae 7a AE Wink rt " % ik, ‘ foe m Cue i 4 a ey " aup ; gaye 4 abhi 4 ee aed BS Ait if Reve t “A 7 Vid; t ~ : in , ee a \ ‘Wi ‘ue a ie Vireo ef oe) i an ; Hfy ae: 5 ay ‘ ' 3 Aled et ¥ a bed et ~~» ew be Bia A) lie I adalat ey ut tt ary me, “A WG ba Bp a fl ’ tin Cty Pag Ge 10 Fa ra i eh hae Rin} ) iad ? 7 hae A ie Pa a nm i ¥ s i) ‘s i Hea 0 A a eh 4 VF ( ‘ A ‘ Oa wm yt d f iF 7 ay ; x ha ag bx { ry) 5 HA hig r \ fa i i 4 ¢ oe ' ' y / \ a ‘ 4 aid Lie | BP vi oe i { » +, \ At Ait i a tA Kean el ee as i owt hy er walk ae " PEN at a \e J hi \ “ % 4 m ey Ate F f " We yy enh he ' . 19 ‘ $ C yy pm ale ened tk } ’ © i Ht pa nt ; i" y F \ ¥; ‘ - pet bie i ig i 5) age 4 i / we a J ri vi; i nih Sis) 1 eit a ie Chie a i Fi i ! f E ¢ ‘ AN ade hi 4 we 1 aa i) a ehh: he % anid el ae RE Ra ead / j ‘ rs : = Lae ‘' ie -. , ¥ ‘ Pi 4 Vine ee Sie “ft ea thy iz 4: ; y my ae a ay a WL ae Re RA Ft th: ioe * ee i ‘ f i t { i ') t Hi ol A , ‘ i ve y y 9 , , poe Bal ee A ‘ ioe Aa yet re Cheat Wa lee x | , ‘a ’ a ee eee ange > Ae 7 i fr wy Us a 74 1 \ , ' et peu i Beh a gt dé 84t ee ta Pa Fide | (Rated oa ah stream-worn material on the terraces along allegheny River. The Monongahela formation has been entirely eroded, except in the southeasterm corner of the county, where the lower part is pre- served in the hills along the county line, Two hundred and sixteen fect of strata remain above the Pittsburgh coal, chiefly limestones, Sandy shales, sandstones and thin coal beds. The Conemaugh formetion is present in the southern two-thirds of the county except where streams have erocec it. The upper part of this formation has been eroded over lerge areas. The total thick- ness of the formetion is about 650 feet, and it is composed largely of shales, a few limestones and severel massive sandstones, The Allegheny formetion, composed of shales, massive sandstones, thin limestones, and several workable coal beds, remains almost intact. The Pottsville formation is exposed on the Allegheny anc its chief tributaries from Templeton to the northern county line. It is composed of two massive sandstones with shele between them. Its total thickness is about 140 feet. a Ras at ’ « nue hak Bo ak oe ie | Hod o satuhet DNase SEEM quote vy Oy Oh | if ae P ta Blt aoe: itels a ene a | a! re oN eer oO oe ie ( A $ Wy Pee i Pee | 5 Aivad % ane - he % PP SE bl Webel ; 4 ‘ ‘ , perth , + j Aa ; by ey aY OP a eh ii ‘ i ‘3 Le Ny Min ony be 4 Me ares § a ‘ : \ , ty is ' ‘A ’ dds Med ny ch Se Nuits tHe hee Hi th UES 6 Guat ial © Tee * ane ener } : “tes yy eT ah £ git th RB thee Wa A \ aS be A ake ey Laces pe y " er: ean ae 4 “ey 8 Tat bi iy aia a Werk ‘. rs paar . 3 z f gf hed ies cay ee Ny (og Tit}. LP Se eee rate acral f i* a) Soge tee b] ae bu Cine ay ee Fee OS WAAR SL Wak v hi ‘ é I , 1 ‘ : CaM ewig ue Ri is} J) i 1 a2 { es: cee ah ca a gern | COAL BEDS. The following table shows the stratigraphic relation of the coal beds and their renge in thickness. Coal Beds in Armstrong County ~~ oe ee D Renge in Range in thisknegs Name of bed interval Ov coas veds (Sewickley -- ----- en ih! op rae gated rede mee ( 80 | Monongahela (Redstone - ---+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--+-+-+- 6" - 20" 40 (Pittsburgh <2 - ew ee ee ee eee 6% ~ lotro" ( 490 (Bakerstown - ----+-++-+-+-+-+-- ee ene Pe al he ( 70 Poremeuen © § (Brush Oreck - ~ += = - - -- =--+---+- LA PNT ORE LA ot ( 40 (Mahoning - - ----+-+-+-+++-+-e-e0- Lise entation) (mig ( 50 (Upper Freeport ("BE") - ---.- Sse tN, tw re vege) ty ag et ( 35-55 (Lower Freeport ("D") - - -----+---- a ae ( 40-50 : (Upper Kittaming ("C0 ") ----+-+-+-+-+-+- Levee Leto" ( 45-55 (Middle Kittanning ("CC") ----+-+-+-+-+-- Tie ton Allegheny § ( 40-70 (Lower Kittanning ("B") - - -----+---- ace OY 70-90 PCMag rapa ti Wine WY att ieee Dee ant Ol he ane Oi rena O = 35" 20-30 (Craigsville - <«----+-+ +--+- LR RE TG Rear Ys ( 20-35: Reha fo Woaceg OBE eet BELT dd 1 Ok sgl einer) Sere pagum 2: = 4'o" ¢ bs Be oP Pe 4 ee pee" +. wre A ga GB pt . ; ., & ry "ae 2 ore ee ra > a1 {. z ty m Je a hag y ooo % rails, ‘nit ott a y a +2 ae yy ‘gh rit Fe aa ere ich a 7 : x = | 1 . ; - r “ + 4 | 2 z ¥ yh a) I ae ht Ka Rerhcd oh rate ; vir ernictaretiole Sine ibe beset he aes awe ts wih . « , ’ "hd + — Ty pe Ane er 2 ee hay tere] ¢ anaes é f : : ; 11g Bile eo etary splat Mh, ina + Pi e Serta end tenn allem ry § x . * ‘ rT ek ake th ee ee ae aye =) 9 oN ay Aaa, mt ie EA) in amt \ ; n 7 ’ Bry o ee ie * 2] ~~” Bas... ra, na 4 fa WEMe GT a Sag oe Cag ete aera di a = Cones. ike The Lower Kittanning erd Uprer Freeport are the important coais of the county. The Upper Kittanning, Tower Freeport and Pittsburg: beds are mined locally, Several. other beds are mined for local use, and many others average only a few inclkes thick. Brookville ("A") coal. This bead lies about 20 feet above the Homewood sandstone, and outcrops only along A*legheny River and ivs tributaries. In general the bec is lerbicular end extremely variable in quality; locally it is thick and the quality is good. The coal is hard, lustrous and splintery. It is mined at many country banks for local use and one shipping mine near Red Bank is thought to be on the Brookville bed. On Mahoning Cxeek the bed. ara Syomn 2 to 4 feet thick, but the coal is in two benches, separat a Sneale parting 2 %0 8 inches thick, Outcrops cf the bed on oy ai arid Cowanshannock creeks indicate that it is inte Buffalo Mills the bed is 3 feet 2 inches thic partings, and is valuable only as a scurce of Iccal fuel. On Rough Run the coal is 2 feet 6 inches thick, inclusineg two 1 inch bone parte ings. It is reported to be 3 feet 2 juanes thick in West Franklin tovnship. The bed is deev under cover in most of the southern part of the county, but drillings indicate that it is too variable in thickness and quality to make mining of it profitabie. Yn Qu 25 Fa oa by At ut, has maul hae shale Craigsville coal. This bed, lying 20 to 35 feet above the Brookville, is a local occurrence and has a maximum thic!mess of 3 -set on Buffalo Creek, two miles northwest of Craigsville. It is ~oported to be 3 fect. 6 inches thick half a mile northwest of Cra ville. It is a very, good clean coal, but lenticuler and subject wraol solis.™ iog~ ALES tO Clarion ("A'") coal. This bed, lying ebout 75 feet above the Homewood sandstone, is thickest on the Allegheny north of Mahoning Creek, Here it ranzes from 3 feet to 4 feet\8 inclkes thick, but is very pyritous and carries many bone and Betis partings. At Parkes City a 1 inch shale parting separates the bed into a 9 inch top Dench and 2 lower bench 2 feet 8 inches thick, It is a hard compact ¢co2., high in ash and suiphur,. At the mouth of Mahoning Creek it ranges from 6 inches to 2 feet thick. At Buffalo Mills it is persistent end is 24 to 30 inches thick. The Clarion coal is worthless in the ° vicinity of Kittanning, On Rough Run it is 2 feet 6 inches thick, including two 1 inch shale partings, It is mineeble at Wess Wisfield and is 2 feet 6 inches thick at Pat rmount. The coal is very thin or entirely lacking at 211 other localities. Lower Kittennirg ("BY") coal, This bed, lying 120 to 140 fee above the Brookviiie coal is one of the chief sources of sree et coal in the county, It is the most important codl in the nox‘hera half of the county, especially west of a line drawn from Kelicrsburg to Kittanning. Within that aren it is nearly everywhere over 2 feet 6 inches thick, averaging 3 feet 6 inches, and is logaliy 5 feet thick, lLocally it has many bone partings and is high in sulphur, The bed probably is mineable in the whole ares At Kittanning the bed is 3 feet 6 inches thick, has 3 to 4 iuches of bony coal at the top, and carries small lenses of py se STNG At -ovanshamnock it is 3-feet thick, not including 4 inches of bone con. at the top, and carries no partings; at Mosgrove 3 feet 11 inches bey Aes cat an’ 4 ' J ‘ s Lod j } \ wd ‘ » ‘4 < F P pif mes , G fori ws Rg ‘ Rit { Pee Fe ee er A }! i J a) e : ae 1 t J i 4 , ‘ ‘ of ,, 4 » . 7 + * te hd : iy { ’ wi ‘ , J ii Fhe dice iat i ; ; h } ty ‘ PF y " 1 ’ ’ ‘ } ae Me A, 4 ‘ { a PUA Aen, y i f j Viva g ‘* ‘ " ke y « yak u ot ‘ ’ ; ty Py b Dah ‘ ca) * i ' y ’ rick tah - 4 y ri ‘ f we “ i ‘ / ye te ey Je - . « t - 4 7 Ave yd bis ‘ 2, F . ’ : ve f ee We ee A y 3 Oe ) , ; » 7 > ‘ \ , “yen f ) ' ea Bh ‘ me iid Tiny A y Nan’ ¥ pee . ; ¥ et et: Move i aiah - ad “ Lens = f y F ; ' jl , oar " ae -¥ 4 cv As ; F a hee an BS AD on * he Ad . i y org a j : ,* ys 3 ok ‘ a Ga Ve } Whee i<, “Mabed , ~ La | d ‘ . the \ . A” (MY ii, Aaa v iiiute ayia vhs Ba cath ; Ri ES a ak a a we iD, es 9 , wil ‘ * ‘ . 5 ox ; [ - ; ; ‘ . ua : ey Agee 7 ot * sib a 7 ‘ay 2 ae ; a ap house if tie ( oe Pi ; ‘ ee iD “ \ { ; ‘ eS a Ray ; , ray: SPE Bo i - hy 6 de | , bap ‘ 1 : z Des rie z a 2 i ; bg ney ) it ne, oy LS Ek AHP 1A icy 7 urbe e Ebiney 7 4 a _ get LSE a oh 2 9st Pe, ee « nen + Eee 98 PRL wile i 3 (eee ie Te ; f rr i = ¢ 7 J a 7; j oh eM el ae ' \ f “ \ F . i. q *, ae a , t ee ee RY ed ie thick, not including 4 inches of bono coal at the top; at Rimerton S fect 6 inches, with the characteristic bone coal at the top. In Madison township the bed averages 3 feet 8 inches, with about 5 inches of bone coal-at the top. There are no partings, but the coal carries small lenses of pyrite. The bed thins to an average of 2 feet 6 inches in Mahoning and Red Bank townships, although a local thickness of 4 feet is not uncommon. There are no cheracteristic . pertings or binders, but numerous small lenses of pyrite make the sulphur content high, The average thickness of the coel in Wayne township is 3 feet and the maximum is 5 feet. Partings or binders are rare, The coal thins to 2 feet 6 inches in the eastern part of Pine and Boggs town- ships, but thickens westward to the Allegheny. The bed probably is thickest in the northern part of East Franklin towship and in Wash- ington township, averaging 3 fect 9 inches, It thins northward into Bradys Bend and Perry townships’, where its average thickness is about & feet 6 inches, A bone coal averaging 4 inches thick is inveriably present at the top of the bed, Opposite Rod Bank the bed is divided into an upper bench 4 inches thick, and a lower one 3 feet thick, by Oo 1 inch bone and pyrite parting. Near Rimer the bed is 3 feet 2 inches thick, with 4 inches of bone corel at the top. Opposite Mose grove it is 3 feet thick including = 1 inch parting 4 inches from the top; at Furnace Run 3 feet 3 inches with the same parting. The coal probably thins to the western boundary of the county, In Reyburn and Velley townships the coal averages 3 feet thick, It varies greatly — iu: thickness in the townships elong the Allegheny south of Kittanning, mt will average 3 feet, including a 1 inch bone parting about 4 inches from the top of the bed, The cool is deep under cover in most of the southeastem townships’, and little is known of its thickness and quality. Bore hole records indicate thet it is lenticular, and ronges from 12 inches to 3 feet 8 inches thick. The Lower Kittanning coal averzges 37.5 per cent voletile matter, 50 per cent fixed carbon, 3.5 per cent sulphur ond 8 per cent ash, The cosl is bright, and has columnar cleavage. It is soft, but mines out in fair sized lumps. The percentage of slack is rather large. With the exhaustion of the highevolatile coals of the Irwin basin, in Westmoreland and Fayette counties, the Lower Kittanning coal of Armstrong County will be used extensively for gas manufecture. It will be necessary to pick and wash the coal to attain the ex- cellent quality of the coals now mined in the Irwin besin, Middle Kittanning ("C") coal. This bed lies 45 to 55 feet above the Lower Kittanning cool. It is persistent in the county, but rarely is thick enough to be mined profitably. The coel is clean and avereges about 12 inches thick. One mile west of Cowansville it is 2 feet thick where exposed by stripping. The same thickness is indi- cated by its outcrops on Allegheny River, Mahoning and Red Bank creeks, Its blossom again shows in the vicinity of Sherrett, Morrows Corner and Adrian. One mile south of Mahoning Furnace the bed is. about 2 fect 3 inches thick. In the southern and central parts of the county it averages less then 12 inches, but in the northeastern part of the county it is persistent, cnd locelly is mineable, On the ~ 7 « ‘ey » ’ , it « i‘ ‘ , ‘ ( Ay ’ i ‘ “ ; yeh A NOOSE ae t. dhs ee i a ave ar r . ce ay 2 ae My Yas i u% ' f j ¥y" i ¥ . 1 SAPS ree a - 4 , wap Ly . “ wry Aw ¥ 7 +4 4 at 8 ¢ ry ey Sy et ty ‘ Psy \ gh one ’ : eo oe 3 t a B) P Pee u { aa ’ ’ %, i f ; : ; = i ; ; a a - . ‘ : i ; Pic i . ' 3 1 4 t j } ’ : 4 rt fo th | f is ; : p oo La * Ayr i . » ‘ ; bh at j , be te ’ i, Y Pa OG } i I ie ENE . , ve ew, ’ * ; y f ; i ; of ‘ j é ee: . =)" os ae 5 » i Wiis ’ bk ia Ay ' bn 2 aa aa yf 4 ey A Ih y ‘ ¥ 4 : ‘ . é * . : : N ‘ ay eye i " “ 7 ‘ ye ‘ gee w Rae Py A wore hi wh pete We : 4, = wor We Ay - af Ge 2 j na I iy os bE yo AE ; pe a i ¥: y | eal ci. Mee ee, Havel A rare pM ra) \ k A ‘ ' A < po sam 7 ‘ * . J ' . ‘ t agers at ty ra a ie bent " Byun. id r , if : ty, PT é ho rt bie} 4 rele one Ye a i i \ 5 ‘ { pf N , 4 3 i Be Cae Pe Pe Oe Whe af | ay f heel * , . » a : ‘ K + St. a ve ide - . » } Y a ; r ‘ie ‘Ve Wg ef . “ es j y 4 ’ } 2 wiz / Hee any vis ’ ' hs FY , r “ r . 4 | ir ma sa M1 : - i yer al fe ' Tae { A ite ! i a Cay. : 1 ; 4 yt : #) em mah ead . , Ain f aiid tuts vs ‘ Ty Sate WR de Ba n ( , A ok ry > ad Sat ? va ae; i a ee 1 DY ee eS ee , ae 5 1. Sn ae ‘ a 4 . 4 ‘ ‘ ot) he ty : Nita hi, @ ars. HA) a 4 +. he a $ Y MN ; aati ry eh. tS ‘ i - ¥ id a » * ra 4 ‘ t . pss j , m Pg Ape a a ; ‘ ‘ ~ My j aw Om tu? ~ i . - ; ¥ dye {aon “sx ¥ ' « , ‘ fa y * ‘ ; : bs ih 5 ah p ‘ Aa x ‘ oy fy aS ; i fee f & ‘ ae ST j ; { ' bi a ; iat a a $y i} By hi * 1% fg , b " bw Oats 44 ; ¥ J Pm } y) ‘35 A a meet \* | ( Ds 4 Pps, ee 1 ‘ 4 Py ty . dk ee es 7 ‘ ie > : ‘Ne A i Rist ; » ; i F . Vb pity rn ‘ Ve i ¥ ; ee ; "pr 0G “ ia - o 4 a | Sikad ’ ve poy . hi hk ¥ Ay M Jia A ry oe aie i haw 4285 \ { Hl ‘ Pg y é ierym . 7 s r ; AhA mee hb asl is tah \ 5 a re } vf J . j f hoe 4 "e Diag onl ‘ti Lin De be See a A i i* ae ®s of Wars 1 ‘* Lr 1s A wpetohy eet u ¥ vA PA, lagh aly me hyE : 7 i] r ' By - ' walt ae ae “oF fe F Fhe ® ee at ft Ae wth ; te mw ft ay ‘ ert y Sater \e . - : i ; 7 ‘ ? a) * fy a We AD. Ll ota | ft, te hat han 4 ub./% whe 2e eh ANY GUND NAN ie FF y ‘ 7 y aii weet ” y Wii, i ' EF" i 4s ; ‘y Y 3: : uae ME TAS, B 1D fe mht B hy pat *4 : i Al pe i= fe i MIO se “ever " AT 1 RSP A Wh ae a eT hey 1 ‘ie ie TES Cy, ie , i f ' p WE wo, 1 APEIY . ee AER. Sa oh ee ei; ic Lea | , ’ a Sae | t " ; < . x % a 7 y As j - y Hak + ey ee nk A ails ae Bd pe ee ee * ae I V4; Heitt: “ p i 4 ole + 4 é aa Be hPL iy ie ait é SES. ; 4 , : Ee PW cadet ait ' - ; d : ; ee Cie 2 ae: 4 hee ih yt eee Wiig i! ote i " it Te | iy Nee Ce x : ; are 4 Piatt . i ae. af BA O8e : Tid P| me’ , y “4 $ i J vii r "1 ‘ wy ya . Ba, bg ‘ ie ib + + r . re: s Ve ve re q y Vie ie fa Cave 3 hy wv, Wa Fe Mek 1) a x : a bs n ean . ahs, y ‘ i $ { ; 4 i ‘ -/ i " aA , Fi oh at TATEES ‘ 1 i pel Pye % ;* Nae oe North Fork of Pine Creek the coal is 2 feet thick where stripped, and a mile farther up the creek is 3 feet thick. ~The coal has been mined near Echo. On the South Fork of Pine Creek, two miles above Echo where the railroad crosses North Branch the Middle Kittanning coal is 2 feet 8 inches thick.: Two miles further up the creek in an old opening it is 5 feet thick, bvt is very dirty and high in sul- phur. The bed has the same character at Waltersonville. Upper Kittanning ("c4r) coal. The Upper Kittanning coal, lying about 5 feet above the Middle Kittanning bed, is not a typ- ical high volatile coal. Locally, especially in the northeastern part of the county, some of the bed is cannel coal, The coal cccurs in long narrow troughs, evidently old stream channels. In these troughs the lower part of the bed, usvally about 2 feet thick, is overlain by cannel coal, which is 5 to 13 feet thick in the axis of the trough, but thins to a feather edge on both sides. The average width of the mineable coal area is usvally not over 600 to 800 feet. Unlike typical camel, this coal, instead of having 45 per cent or more of volatile hydrocarbons, and a less amount of fixed carbon, has about 14 times more fixed carbon than volatile matter, It is also very high in ash. The bed is mineable ‘in the vicinity of Sherrett and Peach Hill, at Somerville, at Kaylor, and possibly also on Cove Run. At Somer- ville the coal and cannel shale is 13 feet thick in the center of a trough. ‘The coal is thickest and best in Mahoning and Redbank town- Ships, where it occurs in several apparently isolated deposits of unusual thickness. It consists of cannek coal and bituminous coal in two to four benches. On Cathcart Run, and in other localities between Putneyville and South Bethlehem, the bed is locaily 15 feet vnick and is composed of four bencles, two of bituminous, and two of Cannel coal. On the east side of Little Mudlick Creek, the Upper Kittanning coal has a maximum thickness of 13 feet 11 inches, 8 feet of which is cannel coal. In the Pine Creek region the coal has a persistent thickness of about:2 feet 9 inches. It was once mined on the South Fork of Pine Creek, near Pine Furnace, am is 2 feet 8 inches thick. Farther up Pine Creek, on the road to Goheenville, the coal measures 2 feet; at Echo, 2 feet 6 inches, and on Cowan- shannock Creek 12 inches to 3 feet. The Upper Kittanning coal is thin on Kiskiminitas River. It is 2 feet thick at Girty, and Cochran Mills on Crooked Creek. On Cherry and Carnahan's kun the bed has a maximum thickness of 35 feet, Mt averages much less. The Upper Kittanning coal is used only for local fuel. large operations have failed because the extreme irregularity of the bed makes mining unprofitable. Lower Freeport ("D") coal. The Lower Freeport coal nomally lies 55 to 55 feet above the Upper Kittanning coal. The interval is exceedingly variable on Allegheny River, and has led to an evident confusion of these two beds especially in the vicinity of Freeport. This problem must remain unsolved until more detailed work has been done in that area, ROR «os 4 ¥ " ; t.4 : ( a F ' ‘ a5 ah Fs aby f I Eh i . \ t ) ‘ i ; } 0 i) eae ey 3 wAy YS he j ay ‘ = " ' . } hia, ; i if r ‘ » ue : J are ! bt Lb bt fy , hy ‘ A ‘ (tea ‘ ‘ } 4 A oA ‘ ' ‘ rey ce , , i, f : j ‘ A tee i ’ ‘ , j , ' . ry 7 , } r ri or y ih Dba bb ; at 1 4 en by, i ' A y a‘ 4 ‘ i Py o i ¥ LT a ‘ 4 ; \ vv s a / i rt r ~ * A 4 5 ae | ! may f py } Te i ) ‘ Ri Dy « sl sk roe Noa ) +h ¢ ‘ ad ee) ’ c : 'v 4 i PT ) ’ +Y ‘ i , ’ tr ‘ tad { A , _ ; , fay i : . ' oN d fe eat fe} ‘ ) + j i ' ; ! if ‘ i] he ' ih dy , ms i) ‘ t Mi 3 a ni : He Ne exe eS iy sine ‘hae prey “ee hg | ee “ i ea Rae ht Welt id b hives gt it: y rave ; Hd AGE Dy oth | SAI PG 4 ‘ / 7 ve | ’ . ' " . 1 : re \ i f wo { wr ‘ AY a ryHe nat [ rf 4 oom) bane oom yon esse se Eta pede yee a oh een a Et SL Skee 4 7 ‘ r nt 4 A Cay fi 7 ae! , : t MAT i oa Mf hat Wa) A Retainer ye t bY \ iba al ty Cie rie Nay fe whe i WOT | He VERE se J. yt ah ii : tyil! Ma a A q i a4 ray t rt De hice ; fons oven sae ie, ie + Man of ; iy? Wee Me ie P P ) qa ay ay A Gees - " oy l > = ’ r \ reo evens < opeait da CRS at? ‘ } pbs i- a r " ver 5 . at i " > { : L HN ‘ rs Coen 4 : ¥ 416 : 7 #f f i en ; ’ ty 4 i i ie Shy 4 i Nan " wir . RH iy cs ue es Woks d f dive j rwy c f, ‘ak ‘ & ates: f “ At ‘i uA a thes : p \ { As { ' i ee i ‘ se ‘ y { ‘e ; hy Ff ) et eit Bln Wy) : y ; ; | : ae j “A H Adi f - i 5 , ‘s ' ‘ t 5 4 , J f 4 j i be er « ¥ Ai) . Wry joxt ta 2 dig a Oe ane & yh i Meh iny, : Lan m9 le See whe A, Wee hia ype Py Oy i rf 5 r 7 vy é ' they 4 » yd ae ; hans ius 4 } i , 2 ’ 3 RAS Gis OS es ae hyn + ° i “ j , ; t) wv " on * V7 c ot “ / ; A \ ! F it 1 vi ; \ ) Le al OE MSD ae ' f ‘ er es U enn me ies Ni ' cs as ‘ Mpa gy 7 | Vee hii : i { i ‘ ; ‘ Bi Cae he Whe! ’ i . yuu ® id ’ t s/ ‘ f ri Te Pe eS Uae KY, ated oe ee ee Ad a ah Maye ve ’ : PoP AR BIR a ) ane eel sth ie TM + , rt s r ‘ - of? by Sewtaosy f hee ahh [Ae te ay chet oe uh Sieh Pa eT ¢ Ci ie ete } ees fe if, eit cy veal tia .; 1 Legos or TEMS 5) UNA re nM SE AEs Ok ibe nf a Ugh id hi Pian if ‘ i M A j : i Z f. 4 i “J , - ‘ Ce) ee ee | ath bobs dy times! MW Leer f A Pe SA ei | "y f bind Ht NG rey 4 ia ee rp. j ; A ball ; Diy fa es ha yy ad Le RN Send, at PAC f J ib x A . h ea y aes ns Eyeae: fs lb ee gate og i es a i oy i; SUR MELTTEM,: ait arate mi a The Lower Freeport coal is extremely variable in thickness wes. of Allegheny River ani is mined only for local use. At Cowansville and southward along Glade and Limestone Runs and along the Allegheny the bed is locally 3 feet thick. The coal is persistent-‘east of Allegheny River. Where mineable it is 2 to 4 feet thick, and is a bright clean coal. In Madison, Mahoning and Redbank townships the coal has a local maximum thickness of 4 feet 6 inches. In several areas the coal averages 3 feet thick, Locally a 2 inch bony parting, high in sulphur, divides the bed into two benches, in Pine, Beggs, Wayne , Valley and Rayburn townships the coal has a local maximun thickness of 3 feet, but averages much less. It averages 2 feet _ thick in the southern part of the county and on the Kiskiminitas. On Cowanshannock Creek the bed has fair thickness and the coal is clean. It is mined principally for local use. At Yatesboro the bed is 4 feet 6 inches thick, including a local 2 inch shale parting. On the South Fork of Pine Creek it is from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches thick. On the North Fork of Pine Creek, its average thickness is el inches, with a maximum of 2 feet 6 inches. It is thin’ on Mahoning Creek, but north of Putneyville it is nearly 4 feet thick, including “29: thkek bone partings near the roof and the bottom. The bed is : “eet 10 inches thick on Redbank Creek. A 3 inch bony parting eparates an upper beitch 16 inches thick from a lower one 2 feet 3 anches‘thick. At South Bethlehem it ranges from 3 feet 6 inches to 6 feet, but the coal is locally extremely shaly, and carries much pyrite. The Lower “Freeport coal averages about 33.5 per cent volatile matter, 52 per cent fixed carbon, 8 per cent‘ash, and 2.5 per cen* Sulphur. It is a typical high volatile coal, and after the thicker and more persistent beds have been exhausted will have much value for gas manufacture. Upper Freeport ("E") coal. This bed, lying between 35 and 55 feet above the Lower Freeport coal, is of great economic importance in the county. In the northwestern part of the county it ranks next to the Lower Kittanning, underlies large areas and has a maximum thickness of 4 feet. Although it is locally thin and dirty it averages over 3 feet thick. In the eastern and northeastern part of the county the Upper Freeport is the most important coal. It is very ‘persistent, but in a few places is too thin to mine. In the southern part of the county it is known as the "four foot coal", although it will average only 3 feet 3 inches thick. A maximum thickness of 4 feet 6 inches iS Uncommon, ‘In the vicinity of Bradys Bend and Queenstown the Upper Freeport bed is divided into four benches by shale and bone partings that lessen its value. The bed averages 2 feet 9 inches thick, and is a bright, good coal. Locally it is more than 4 feet thick. At Karus a is 5 feet thick; above the railroad tunnel on Long Run 4 feet & inches; half a mile east of Penelton 3:‘feet 9 inches; at Bradys Bend i feet 2 inches; at Leet, 4 feet thick, but very impure. It’‘is 3 feet 9 inches thick at Sherrett. It is mined at Cowansville, where it averages 3 feet 3 inches thick. Locally two thin binders are yresent, otherwise the coal is clean. The coal is 3 feet thick at PATE SS a duels a. ten | | gal, eee EAR RB awn east: Day) 8. 9RBID ne | Ee tas ae at rie Wear ¢ =n. v4 on L ‘ ‘ ek ; , s er) a, ie ne ‘ - i - vs ad de A Ae Gtr Oe) Mee cL M4 4 "2 ry 0 » Ns ¥ t aa Noh ? \ f ( 7 : Su Te ay oy ¥ it tts: FP) y 4 o e j ea i, ; ws ” vit Wiis, ‘ ‘ ; * hs ‘ Phe? es th ; en ii A eo ae a} 4, Lew fin ' 4 2 4 J ' : Me a iy gn is ; de (ike 1 fr i os Ws) iy ‘ak ig SR es Mare hy Be Fc “a AY Vi wes 5 wo cy * bat ‘ni HE ei any belt he hele bag ‘aby sad Sa Us ent Be +o” bine tee ab Eves | rey gee nee Si eae nt a ee Tare ae Us tp Hot ie ut meee % i a Aare nity Ml ay Piva SF Nichola, and 3 feet 4 inches thick at Worthington. ‘The bed averages & feet thick in the townships west of the Allegheny, and south and west of Kittanning and is very regular. The coal is generally clean, but locally has two or three thin bone partings and pyrite lenses. Locally, 3 or 4 inches of the bottom coal is too dirty to be mined profitably. The coal has been eroded in large areas in the northeastern townships. In the southern part of Madison township and in Pine town- Ship the coal is locally 5 feet 4 inches thick. It is lenticular, but will average 3 feet thick; a local band of pyrite, from 1 to 2 inches thick increases the sulphur content. The coal is very persis- tent and regular in thickness in Mahoning and Red Bank townships, ranging from 3 feet to 4 feet 4 inches, and averaging about 3 feet 4 inches thick. locally there are one or two thin bone binders in addition to a 3 inch tone parting 8 inches from the bottom. In a few mines there are 4 to 6 inches of bone coal at th top of the bed. North of Deanville the Upper Freeport is 4 feet 4 inches thick, in- cluding 1 to 2 inches of bone coal at the top, and a thin parting le inches above the bottom; at Seminole, 3 feet 8 inches thick, ‘including two 1 inch bone partings near the bottom; at South Bethlehem, 4 feet thick, It was once coked at Mahoning Furnace where it is 3 feet ll inches thick. The coke was too tender for shipment. At McWilliams the bed is 4 feet l inch thick, not including 6 or 8 inches of bone coal at the top of the bed. On Allegheny River in Boggs township the Upper Freeport coal averages 2 feet 8 inches thick and is free from partings and binders. Pyrite lenses are numerous in some places. The coal thickens east- ward into Wayne township, averaging 3 feet 4 inches, Two miles east of Goheenville the coal is 3 feet 8 inches thick, with no partings, but high in sulphur. At McCrea Furnace it is 4 feet thick, including a thin parting near the middle of the bed. The coal is confined to isolated patches on the highest hilltops on the headwaters of Pine Creek. On a‘high knob one mile east of Muff, the coal is 4 feet 4 inches thick, separated into two benches by al inch pyrite binder in the middle of the bed. The top coal is dirty, The coal is 3 feet 4 inches thick where mined at Dayton including a $ inch parting of t one 20al and pyrite near the middle. The coal thickens to 4 feet 4 inecles between Dayton‘and Echo, tut is very dirty. At Echo the bec ic 4 feet 2 inchs thick, with at to 2 inch bone coal parting 4 to 10 inches from the bottom. The bed is also bony at the top. In Cowanshannock township the bed is extremely variable in thickness, At Sagamore it measures 6 feet including a 6 inch bone parting near the middle, a 1 inch shale parting near the bottom, two pyrite bands and 5 incls of bony coal at the top of the bed. At Yatesboro the bed is ‘4 feet 2 inches thick, including 6 inches of bony coal at the top, and a $ to 2 inch bone parting 4 to 8 inches from the bottom. In Rayburn and Valley townships the Upper Freeport averages 2 feet 8 inches thick, and carries no distinct impurities except local lenses of pyrite. On Garrett Run and in Kittanning and Manor town- ships the coal thickens locally to 6 feet 6 inches, including five thin partings. - 10 - si < e aN. i atte Sneeeeeon: fe donne € toy le aL RR Renae ayry ee DS he eT ney: Br Het Se AEN A 78 aN eee’ ‘eh | ae Meath : int hy Bale. , ) NC oh gah hte ty (eood i aN Wie ot ies Ne HAhs Bib ’ - A tes P yee We Ms %) ‘ As i & a) + ae | ee YD EY a SEG ea thsi nie othe. - mS 4 Poet | 4K j Paes : WH ok ep Caen thr ven be Tt, ond + a i Bs Sai ee a ) * \ “ * « a ks a I ‘ Nene ea a R Deb : ee Want ds ate . 1 y f - r 1 ea . 4 ; ; i vie , ‘ MJ yas aX Po Soy Ea) 2 GS) ORG I AR eae “ ‘ . 7: ry ws . ; , m . _ ; es th s ) . 4, ? . 45 gree ae 6 8 D aReR O toa CR a Oe 1 ' i ‘ : , 7 ' ait’ Yat 2 . 2 a You ae PE OK : ‘ I. 2 ae aa Va teed ak aN Pho pL rien ae . 3 bas A aa i a) Bs gn f, od. ym jaa wy ay ¥ ay y Rat & * Py ST ee awe Ve EY dS ay : , , : j Pia. : ? ) ¢ 5 ‘ aa ' . iM bt . * bi Pee ou Na gah a Ah A RT RY « Na (> ER Os 9 : 6 ri i Pda ay 4,5 Yok my vaige ee ¢ ‘ ) Se 6 Re bi bey eae Fab ck eee de “ ; LA , ian) Cae! oT i * i" ; i wt APs 2 } A <4 ‘ ‘) abet ai ay : q d Q Paley : ‘ ie iyie ah 4 F td wih gh aan fe a hae Oia eA Ys } : 4 ry Les ee / nena a vy TRUE: GARGS TBE bit MES iC ie ¢ ut v ‘ i + i. ee " 7h gd ee yd Ay ! P ‘ . ¥ A aah My { ! Y yy ‘ iN Wer ‘ | i etl ' Y th eta ae) See , J wi en Ray) AONE, dikes ed sy Pee Ki A 7 f ti ON te 0 Oe Oe ee. Soa ‘ he * Pil ‘ 5 ‘ ; S -h Vay " i } a oe Ra RAD ‘ n , : Peer h A . ‘ ( : Aaah oO Lf wy hg Fth, ‘ OM 4 uv “ We » ix ae ry yD > i* { ‘ hy hy ¥ is 1 { has pi RY . ey r B45 Si, ea es P r oe Nad placket eng wine ‘ f . Py i Le CY ceo ‘ } - t rs ; r yi : ~~ . 5 ‘ ne ee tf) he a oe i : ie ted ° Pith iia ha ty Lot ; AS US ’ ; 7 tr 1) im é : ; a See hi f th ‘ pe lus , P) A Beak Tie wl ’ \ ii ‘\ er f) ms aly iy ; ' P oy ” f A) hae Pusu | aay ty) Pat ¢ hao re, aed af Dee ee ; . a aS ‘ x Ai ar ~ 4 vale . ins af irs Ee aah i rd FA in | ' JR , uhh be are y A Pao lige ws hie be fle j 7 ‘ et ‘ Ay » Un ed ~ Py ey ere M 1 ie pee if i : ehays 1 aa A Da Ai dlieta v ARE aye i Ln D geal? yA as - 7 ; { y iy! e ; eybae se a ty if + We bik ‘ a Le ys ales has SRY Z ae | uh ry i Crh o CP Ava eg SS at eg TERROR iE eRe: | On ean BBs LOO: REN a aes MOND By a 8 5 ier grit ae :/ Soe Bt Oe a hat pein te fRel owe aia) ee Wed BETA : a9G RM NG Be 8 \ ae! f he at iy i a, 1 i i fi { i } \ a , Ye i ty “ i} i iret fs is wp iy , %: hy a ind ie A a Py ae, F or ts OR inane: 2 hankea kh wi mat is hates hie) Ne mss wis 4 Anat f ate The average thickness is less than ’3 feet. One mile north of Heilman the coal is 3 feet 1l inches thick, with 9 inches of bone at the top. Half a mile east of McNees the bed is 3 feet 8 inches thick including several small clay partings. Half a mile east of Blanket Hill the coal thins to 2 feet under a heavy sandstone. The Upper Freeport coal averages over 3 feet thick in Manor; Bethsl, Gilpin‘and Parks townships. It ranges from 2 feet to 4 fect S inchs thick, including local partings of bone and pyrite which are 6 inches thick in places. A few inches of bone coal at the top is very common, ee, F ‘ In the southeastern townships the Upper Freeport coal has great importance. It ranges from 2 feet 6 inches to 5 feet thick in Kiskim- initas township and averages about 3 feet 9 inches. Small persistent bone partings lessen its value. At Apollo it is divided into two benches by a 1 to 2 inch bone parting. The upper bench is 2 feet 4 inches to 3 feet thick; the lower one 12 to 18 inches thick. The upper bench is good clean coal, but the lower one is dirty. The bed is persistently 4 feet thick on Roaring Run, and carries a small part- ing, usually not more than 1 inch thick, The bed is 7 feet‘2 inches thick on Long Run, but has two partings, one 2 inches thick, and the Other 18 inches. The coal averages about 3 feet thick in South Bend, Burrell and Plumereek townships, and is an important coal on Crooked and Plum Greeks. The bed is seldom free from partings of bone and sulphur, "yi some places the top of the bed is bony. The Upper Freeport coal in Armstrong County is one of the largest reserves of high volatile coal;in the State, Large areas have not been mined, and:some are not as yet prospected. With improved methods of picking and washing the coal, Armstrong County will becom: the center of gas coal production in the State. The composition of the Upper Freeport coal is as follows: Per cent Range Average Volatile matter - - - - - 33-36 34 Fixed carbon -=- - - = = 52-57 54 Ash - = - = = - == == - 5-12 7 Sulphur - - - +--+ - - -- 1-4 ae E The coal is soft, friable, brilliant in lustre, and breaks up when mined, - Mahoning Coal. The Mahoning coal lies about 50 feet above the Upper Freeport. It has a maximum thickness of 3 feet on Cherry Run. Itiis 18 inches thick on Crooked Creek, but has never been mined, . . Brush Creek Coal. This bed, lying about 90 feet above the Uprer Freeport coal, is persistent in the area west of Allegheny River where it averages about 15 inches thick. Near Worthington i% ee “o 0 fri 7 ee i Ae 9 | bs hk “se te i‘ d al wh act is 9 ‘ F bigeat are a ary iN aoe Wt, Ae oe : By es vine ‘a it ne : et ois pre De Sy b ‘ 2 Vid a nr) i * pi vwyied 7 (2 ao ae Coad ha SIGS ik cies Pe Un Pree eta! ah uta | ral re ia uuP at ,. ‘ , iy / q ha Pi 1 Cet \ waun he ” . é te Yoga a Ay ‘ 4 4 tt ‘% . P, eine : ve é, is FO ( * jf iy { } . ny i Pais a) “Ai \ on asi 4 ") hah Sirah ie ae 2 } i f come 4 { 4 vy ye \ * x Su ay i \ a hd R NiMee ya “] nit , ‘ ; aril i ee silt gts oy diate Ty) 1 ‘ iy 4 Bie aan a | 4 a " ', yl : eas : Dey pS br a fy 2A i} ; ‘ he a ee ‘j ' 8 AL, ga ' ‘ y {ewe \ i \f) Ae ‘ bh ‘ . 1 oe i “ } Pe yvarhs 4 Nixa 1 ‘ yay “ty ie iy mii HF ff if Y i il : ’ 1 ‘ ; : eae ‘ fe ’ 4 7 é at . Fy mah WAS OMENS | , ) i~ tw hs Va ia! ell 4 ? d af ; f ‘ i Sw ‘ I a nT) of y | Py Be ’ + ‘ ” io tS te Tae ; 1 be We Sie Ce i m by ; at Bry oe hy Mp eV EN BY) ht \ aa BY ep al. ¢ Sh a | rs " ie rie hs . aun 4 “> st eile 4 ie ee ey 6 / “aon pap We Ay oy 4 + wy ‘ hy aes Be det ak * / ee ee fe hel A ‘t ae? t , ie Fhe ' hice ike ‘ah. a 4 i q pay ie ye Waele OWL ilaly «4 e , rae Ae Ua Te red yt Aes mr te A ig A. : y RAEN rte - ~ ™“ ¥ y i ' . s a ‘ ” *) Mm SLA * RAS Ag Sih A), et) ae * : .* j i i ial ais \ . , i i ‘ = ‘ j ass . i } iy byt" Oe ge AS ar ars) bP foi ly iat Rohe be nent i ; rl “ a 4 on A yf hi, a, 4 +h we oR ji 7) oh) ee varie ‘ 7 T) AMR eyore a ree Aj et Be rea i ey “a en Ue h AH Ie. ess ee aa oo ; ‘i Vy a ade ap ; ws : ty i ‘ oh i id ig ee hte PP 7 wy ie x L i A ath 44, aR ae ae) MEAD ab As a, Meee "wv , : HI ‘9 He Pn) a i ‘ yy "a + fh afeel oy, ? o , “hee ve i J i Ps te et y 3 ' i We ay wor Aju ae A “ "tiny i 1 oh ry y aye aa +2 ie } " 4; 4 ‘ ; . , f é ; 4 i ; ¥ i i fae f " LP She aL 4 wil 4 i y 4 ; NP sah Pers, Var gi am » ee ane Cat fh pat A i , a ee 4d it Bon ie eT) db yore Pert a by ea iE yh iy fy Fs ie ’ dial ay “ ooo Ag ey ing ey, \ pn 3) =) nai i i i 1%! f. ’ . vr i ee es - ay pe pions “ J we a “ 4ES WA My ok ee t Se by dy Wad DA toe Bod Wi ah i nie ai ea Fat Ma AD. ch he vA : if ' I tah fF 5 ‘ y Ee Sf a aed een: | yah 4B ety y ore a Pe SB } : Peri Nae ea ue Fat NAR ND Bisih A si) er ; “+ Hh od ith ; , im ¥f * , f 4 is 2 feet thick. On Crooked Creek the bed is locally 2 feet 6 inches thick, but very lenticular. It has @ reported thickness of 2 feet 6 inches on the headwaters of Hays Run, in Rayburn tovmship. It has been opened near the headwaters of Cowanshamnock Creek east of Rural Valley, and has a reported thickness of 20 inches. akerstown Coal. This bed lies about 160 feet above the Upper Freeport coal. 1tvs outcrop has been noticed at many places in the county, but it will not average over 20 inches thick. It is reported to be locally 4 feet thick on Crooked Creek, It has never been mined, Pittsburgh Coal. This bed lies about 650 feet above the Upper Freenort coal. Its occurrence is restricted to the highland on the southeastem border of the county in Kiskiminitas and South Bend _ townships, and is part of the most northern area of Pittsburgh coal in th State. The coal is slaty in some places and has imny partings, in others it is clean and almost unbroken. It ranges from 6 to 10 feet in thickness, including its partings and roof coal. The roof coal is impure and is‘not mined. The lower division of the bad averages 7 feet thick, but the coal is pyritous and slaty. The im- purities increase to the southwest. The coal is hard, mines out in cubical blocks, ad stands transportation better than the soft Pree- port coals. At Hicksville the lower division is 6 feet 10 inches thick, including a 2 inch shale parting; 2 feet 6 inches from the bottom, On Long Run it is 8 fect thick, but carries three thick Shale partings. On Big Run it is 8 feet thick, including a 12 inch Shale parting 5 feet from the bottom. On the headwaters of Harper Run the lower division is 8 feet 10 inehes thick, including a 6 inch Shale parting 2 fect 4 inches from the bottom. The coal has numerous small "knife blades" of pyrite scattered through it. The coal be- longs to the high volatile class. Its volatile matter averages 33,5 per cent; its fixed carbon 56 per cent; ash 9 per cent; and sulphur 3 per cent. Redstone Coal. The Redstone coal underlies a small area in the eastern part of South Bend and Kiskiminitas townships. It is about 40 feet above the Pittsburgh coal, The bed averages 15 inches tiick, is very lenticular, and has not been mined anywhere in the COUNTY « Sewieckloy Coal. The Sewickley coal is present only in the highest hilltops in easterm South Bend and Kiskiminitas townships. It lies 120 feet above the Pittsburgh, and varies from 12 inches to 5 feet thick, averaging less than 3 feet. The bed is much parted by bone and Shale, making mining unprofitable. ~- 12 w« tad ree ; ik ii Ne Nits ; " r if Ly ‘ \ " hy 4 \ \ ’ "4 4\ 4 Ai Rea ‘ ‘ ep i r BE Vat) P| mi") f i Any 4 ’ NAP ts 4 "I ee | A j ; } ’ 4 Adi 9 "he iV {/ y L Ay TAY 6 ba @ RAR hve aay! t y eed 4 beg : " a ¢ ts \ h * - A ‘ ‘el * wee a) ! 4 t Y yr ‘ - TAY 2 4 4 7 ’ * » : » 3 i bel ‘ ‘4 ) ib " ‘ . i hy OREN i Y . ; , ‘ + hey I I a » ' . \ ' : e A an Lf } i i J ~ 1 i ‘ 4 . be ih mee . 1, ‘ ’ ™~ f =i m ‘ f ‘ : |