5 39, 65/4: Bul 23 Bulletin No. 23. MM. LEIGHTON January 16, 1922. COMMONWEALTH OF PEVNSYLVANTA os DEPARTMEN? OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS James F. Woodward, Secretary BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George H. AShley, State Ceologist Sp a COAL BEDS IN CAMBRIA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA By A yn BA Sisler Tntrodue tion. Cambria County ranks fourth in Pennsylvania as a producer of bitu- mMinous coal, (bi Ships more bituminous coal for export than any other county in the State. A large quantity also is distributed by boat and rail along the Atlantic Coast. Jts central location in the smokeless steam coal district of the State, its fine transportation facilities, and the great demand for the excellent coal, which, for its type, is the best.in the State, ea hatte the Cambria County production in 1918 to 20;569 ;253 tons; valued at $60,909,198. The quantity made into coke was 1 260 038 tons, valued at Ae 625 612; 18 ,141;677 tons valued at. B54 , 055 305 were loaded at the mines for shipment , ‘Bel HOS tons were sold to local trade and ‘used by employees, and 286 }OOB ‘tons were used at the mines for steam and heat. Cambria County is one of the few counties in the bituminous coal region having four important coal beds. These beds have good thick- ness in different parts of the county, and also are exceptionally free from impurities and remarkably uniform in composition. Cambria County has at least 24 recognizable coal beds including four important ones and five others which are workable locally; the rest are very thin. Mhe total average thickness of all the beds is sbout 40 feet, Although Cambria County has been a large producer for many. years, there are enormous reserves of good coal just being prospected by the Porenaryil. The \coaiauets lt unbested) by the drill may be expected TOW maintain the thickness and ovwlity shown in adjoining areas where they are now mined, Cambria County lies west of Allegheny Mountain. It is:‘bounded on the north by Clearfield: County, on the east by Blair County, on the South by Somerset County and on the west by Westmorcland and Indiana counties. It is roughly a parallelogram in Shape, with the long sides on the east and west, The average wicth of the county is #O-miles, and the length 34 miles. Its area is about 717 square miles, and its population in 1920 was 197 839. The coal is transported entirely by railroad and highway. The raiiroads of Canbria County are one of the greatest assets of its coal trade, The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad follows Conemaugh River across the county. That line, with its branches to the mining towns, gives the best of facilities for moving coal to eastern cities, tide water, the Contral States, and. lake trade. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad running from Johnstowm to the main line at Rockwood is another direct route to both eastem and westcm coal trade centers. The New York Central and Hudson River railroad carries Cambria County coal north to the counties in Pennsylvania which are barren of coal, to New York State, and to the New England States, The railroad facilities, as well as the excellent quality and reputation of the Goals, have made Cambria County one of the largest producers of bitu- minous coal in the State, Cambria County is well supplied with Statc and Township roads. Recently the State roads have been improved in many localities, and plans have been made for improving may miles of them in the future, Nhe towiship froads arc dirt; pub most of ‘them are’ kept in good, con- dition. The highways are not used cxtensively for transporting coal. The Merinern part of the county 18 nilly, witn summits ranging Pont ONO LO Be Ger co Ula Dov OC SCR lOve. | Phery uplands, Have... sontiy Rounded outlines, cut by nmumorous vellovs from 300 to 500 feet Geep Mhe southern part of the county 1s decidedly hilly. Tho slopes are Peuvie, (but there is yery tattle level pround. Conemaugh River flows inva decp narrow gorge which it has cut across the geologic structure, The extreme eastern part of the county is mountainous. STRUCTURE. There are cight distinct major structural features in Cambria Morty ell) On whichkiarloct tine. position and deith of. tho coal; beds. - These are, in order from cast to west; as follows: Nittany anticline, Wilmore syncline, Ebensburg anticline, Bradlev syneline, Johnstown Syncline, Laurel Hill anticline, Bamesboro syncline, and Nolo anti- cline. Bach structure has a gencral northcast-southvest trend. Some are more pronounced ‘than others, but cach plays a part in the formation of the diffcrent basins of the county. The Nittany anticline at the ‘eastcim edge of the county and the Laurcl Hill anticline at the westcorn 4n4 edge are the most extensive and pronounced structural features, Tho Allegheny Front, whose crest marks the cast boundary of the county, is an escarpment made by upturned beds on the northwest flank of the croded Nittany anticline. - @- Ms fi hab 4 Wet oad has ahd Ka? I ring? mA ry . 1. em RT Tee aes th Ww et ee OBE! ‘ 5 iti) rd ai Livi Phe rocks desccnd sharvly. from this ridge into the Wilmore syn- Clinica drop of 2700, fect inv5s mides.: This’ basin is narrow and Shallow and in the northern part of the county tails out a few miles north of St. Augustine. The syncline is larger in the southern part of the county and rises rapidly to the southwest. The Bbensburg (Viaduct) anticline, lying west:of the Wilmore syn- Gline, is smell in the northern part of the county, having only 200 feet greater altitude than the synclines on either side of it, Farther south the rocks rise rapidly and regularly to the west. The Bradley syncline, lying northwest anc approximately parallel to the axis of the Fbhensbure anticline, reaches its greatest develon- ment in the northern part of the county. This is a minor structure; the slope of the becs is gentle and the trough is shallow. The Johnstown syncline lies farther west on the same general north- east-southwest line. The slope of the rocks is gentle on the east flank of this syncline, the maximum dip being about 100 feet to the mile. Mhe beds rise ravidly on the west flank to the crest of the Laurel Hill anticline. d The Laurel Hill anticline is one of the largest folds in the plateau region, The dips are very uniform on both flanks of the anti- cline but increase from the north to the southwest line of the county where the greatest rise is 2100 fect in 9 miles on its eastern flank. The Berresboro syneline occupies 2 Small area in the northwestern oh pert of the: county at Nipton. It is 2 miles wide at Nicktown. (At Barresboro and Westover the axis varies much in altitude, The Nolo anticline barely cuts the northwestern corner of the CopmGuy. (1b See sharp fold, havingvas hich as 5 ver cent dip on its western flank. STRATIGRAPHY . the outcropping rocks of Cambrig County are confined to the Quaternary system end to the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian series of the Carboniferous system. The Monongahela, Conemauzh, Allegheny, and Pottsville formations alone are coal-bearing. . The Quaternary system is present in the valleys and flood plains S composed of clay, Sand, and gravel. The Monongahela formation has been entirely eroded excepting possibly a few acres of what has been called Pittsbureh coal under thin Povey remaining insasymlitop ini the Vjilmore synecline. This coal. is the highest stratigraphic unit in the county. The Conemaugh formation, composed chiefly of shale and heavy sand- stone, with many thin beds of impure limestone and thin coals, has been much eroded, =~ 4B \ ' 4 il ss es Fes and . oo ‘ ie t ve ‘ i ' J , r j ‘ ‘ J +t 4 ' % / i . , ‘ é ‘ - iW s * . t a4 " ‘ 4 i ‘ | Oil ok ‘ arya 2 tia! dbs . Loner AYE 63 , faa tf G Hen "i ny 5 in The Allegheny formation with its valuable coals outcrops well up on the hill gloves, It is composed of dark. shales, local heavy beds of Sandstone, and clay beds. This formation remains practically intact ex¢ent where streams have cut channels through it; in large areas it will be necessary to shaftt/for the coals noar its base, The Pottsville formation composed of two massive sandstones, Shales, a flint clay, and an unimportant coal bed, is also largely intact, [ts outcrops ere few, coming to the surface in the Ceepest valleys where streams have cut across anticlines, The Mauch Chunk formation is red and grecn shale With a hearty Sandstone near the center. It i8 exposed only ina few localities, The Pocono formation is composed entirely of grayish green sandy Shale and sandstone, It outcrops at one point in the deep channel of Comemaugh Hiver. Fs COALS. The coal-bcaring forma tions in Cambria County contain some twenty coais. Four are of ercat importance in large areas, Lower Kittannine ("B", Miller, White Ash) Coal, This coal is the In the northern half of the county also it is a persistent bed with £00d thickness and cuality; its development has becn slow bctause it is below drainage under most of the ‘county, and other good coals aro more easily acecssible,. Uovcr et teanning «(Ou Ceme noo], This bed ‘Lies about125 feet above the Lower Kittanning. It is minced extensively for steam Coal in ‘the southern bart of the county where it reaches its greatest thickness and importence. Development of this coal began in the northern part of the county at Hastings and latcr sorcead to Patton, wierc it iS thinncr and of poorer grace than in the Johnstowm region. Lower Freeport ("D", Moshennon, Limestone) Coal, In the north- ern part of the county the Lower Irecbort is an. cxcellont coking coal With low suiphur content and is tle refore more widoly pros pected anc ieye hoped whan ne, Otc F peas.) Inthe Ssouthorn' halt. of the -cotnty at Peemine dat many places, cepcoially in the Johnstown region, out;i0: is: HOorer than the other) coals, and. has been tosted in only.a few. placcs Dy criti, This bed is GeO stovlSO:Teet above the Lower Kittanning: coal, Upoer Freeport ({"B", Lemon) Coal, Thc. ton Lory Leotend ther fiene, eco Lopicecolumias) the Upper Froeport bed... The coal is: uscd in aaron go LOCOmMOvIVCS: 2nd With varying results in making coke... :Tt: has been mincd principally in the Barne sboro region ‘although the quality is poorer in the north half of the county on account of higher percen- tage of ash end sulphur than in the othcr beds. The Upper Frecport is Thaoke yr sand better in the Southe mm part: of the ‘county and is mined. in many placcs. Et Aie Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from University of Illinois Uroana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/coaloedsincambri0Osisl_0 a -Pive. other beds are mincd for custom coal; the remaining eleven are so thin that they may never be mined. Mercer Coal. Mhis is peologicalily the lowest coal in Cambria County. It is thin and mixcd with many partings of bone and shale. At South Fork its horizon is of commercial importance because it is associated with a valuable bed of flint clay. Brookville ("A") Coal. The Brookville bed lies from 40 to 100 feet below the Lower Kittanning coal. This bcd is four fect thick at Misert ane on siony, Créek.)). Large niunbers of "knife blades" and nodulcs of iron pyrite, and partings of Shale and bony coal make it so high in ash and sulphur that it cannot be profitably minec, elthough the Lixed carbon and the voletilc mattcr compere well with the Lower Kittanning. Clarion ("a7 a Coal. This bed, lying 20 to 40 feet above the Brookyiitle Coal, is seldom over 1 foot thick in tho county end is never mined. Bons Creek (lowsr Kittanning ue Coal. . & local coal Tourteen fect shove the Lower Kittanning nas been mincd on Bens Creek. Drill aA ; hoie records in this region indicat te that -itiis e@ »versistent: bed, having-an average thickness of 26 icct. It has more ash than other ecails of the same rogion; othcrwiss its quality is the same, Middle cittanning ¢ Coal. The Mitele Kittanning coal is Many Bisces: irom eb to G5 Tcet ‘aborcltho Lower Kittanning bed. In this county it is unimportant and of poor cuality. Conemaugh Coals. Numerous smali beds of unmineable coal in the SAL AGO TRL TEE oF PSR RETR ATES ER SR TR ~ ree _ 4 eS ‘ Conemaugh formation are seattercd through 700 to 900 fect of strata above the Upper Freenort hed. Tho Mahoning coal lics about 45 feet above the BPete Frecvort coal and between th lowor and Upper parts of the Mahoning sandstone. The Coal itself is not valuable, wt the iron ore and clays Se en With it arc sometimes worth exvloitation. The Brush, Creck or’ Gallitzin coal, lying 7O to 110 fect above Peete r Nreeoo yurcuad never oxcecdSs” one Toot in thickness and as unmnincablo. Mhe Bakerstown coal is an unmincable bed lying some 225 feet gvove the Upper Freeport coal. The Harlem coal lies from 300 to 400 fect above the Upner Pree port Goal. Slt Peas been mines sasVcustom e¢oal in one’ locality. The: bed is Very egiin, JOUL At iss ro vorted to+po eB good smithing coal, Kany other beds only a few inches thick will not be mcntioncd in this report. Pittsburgh Coal. An impure coal lying about 775 feet above the Upper Preeport and having an average thickness of less than two fcet Opie : A e y { ‘ ST AA’ Pa mit Peuane A A . ‘ rane) 7 a a hae 4 an Hye ty ; ie ~ . Lal 1 a) oe Ne ye a) ate 4 - ) wit i " ' ‘ i { Os aed : 4 is : : Hane , 4 . ‘ | 4 ie i pal ’ t. v f. sooty , b >i, ‘ie j \ N pitahray yh i ' gee TSS ae ey, fontte Mit eux ni 2) ME ee tL yy i , ver a am . ' ' \ " ! . ewe Me Z { Sa . ‘ + i t ; iw ; ‘ \ ae) ta Ae Tb ce S8 ol , . ; ; 4" 1A \ a! ye : h : } } z oy ‘i i on ; a “ Aas ¢ . vy . : s , Jape} areas ; bp Ae } " oad ty A \ F i ; . Near B j >| : Wg ly) oe j \ , : i cha Nowe \ y : " ¥ x j % i = 4 5 aver ey - oy { \ | " a ‘ ' ‘ t 1 ‘i ” t . ' \ » ‘ ae \ i “ ) "t ‘i NT Weak : i \ ry te » ¥ { ‘ Oia cA Litera ) a . , yy 5 : 4 ; 4 ’ ‘ ‘ , ‘ “ | ‘ i \ , ’ { aii ly j im f] fi A) ! i ® 4 \ PEP : ’ oh oe es , ‘ ‘ amd ~ " 4 i ’ \ ) ’ t v = i ad ( “ Sa ' y ‘ ‘ 4 4 ii) } ‘ A ihe (4 i ‘ ea , + H i eh @ ie - ' f. pat wr! " a hues iv i ‘ F iN ‘ he * hy q i : ry) ' ve f 4 P 1 rd , 4 a y 4 1) ¥e : ‘si ong * A LMA TOS ween oy ioe ye ‘ WN) ee s i " i i ‘ 1 fe on oy F ‘, at. 7) | * ' ; rine OP Bs ’ ita 4 aartchs j Sa e : och 1a ' ; J b 5 : ; Lie ce) ‘ * ad At j pee ' ’ Ae “ ins 1 een gos A eB ‘ A Yael ty yee rit j Ub) he hy Aa ea na ite, Pos u ef) h ; PT ha ’ \ , SAM hie ere ge in a very small acreage on a knob two miles sovth of Wilmore, has 2een correlated as the eastern remnant of the Pittsburgh coal in Cambria County. The coal has been minec Sut is of little value. BARNE SBORO-PADTON DISTRICT. Lower Kittanning Coal, This bec is very regular throughout the district, averaging 5 to 4 feet thick with one or two benches below Which locally can be worked with the main bench. The vrincinval out- croos are in the valley of Clearfield Creek south of Coalport, in the valley of Chest Creek between Patton and Althurn, and on the head- waters of Vest Branch of the Susquehanna. In the vicinity of Delaney the bed is gplit into two benches by 1 foot of bone and shale; the top bench is 2 feet 6 inches thick, and the lower’one 12 inches thick. At Bakerton the bed is 6 feet 10 inches thick, and is partec by shale into three benches, The top or main bench of good clean. coal is 3 feet 10 inches thick. A 6-inch middle bench is separated from the top bench by 6 inches of Shale. The lower bench is 14 inches thick, with 4 inches of shale between it md the micdle bench. In the Clearfield Creek region the bed is divided by a bony parting into a top bench 17 inches thick and a lower one 2 feet 6 inches thick. The lower bench also carries a small bony parting 13 inches from the bottom. At St. Benedict the coal is 2 feet 8 inches thick with 18 inches of bony eoal on tov. This bed is regarded as one of the most valvable coals in the northern part of the county, ver vyalusble cosh. sithough it’has more Subohur than the Lower Freevort; its ash. content is above the aversge. Me bed .outcerovs well up on the hills along “Vest Branch’ ond Chest Creek anéd their tribdutcries., [ts most extensive development is in thé VECLiaby Of Barnesvor do.) The thickness cf the bead is varicble; the maximum is 5 feet; the averzzee Steet 6 inches. It carries ~2rtings ane binders of pone and gio te \\werving- much in thickness, cersistence Grouse yw An ee inch Mi noerotren lew Lire clay or done is ‘common peer GAe Voutom., A 4-inch bench ior conl which is never worked is | siways present below this binder. This bed is free from roof sand bottom "rolls", and clay veins’ waich 2re present in the lower coals. Mie coe) a8 excellent for Stecming Surzoses, ond coes not clinker uncer ct tre boiler as much |S would be, es >ected of 2 cool so high in sulphur. It has been coked With varying Success ot Hastings and Moss Creek. A general rise to the northerst brings cll-‘the coals above drainage in the novthecstern e(ze of the county, 2nd the rise to the Allegheny Front lifts them nll cbove Clerrfield Creek between Desn and ima Perm ie.) Manse Pee on. ort olting the cogls are irresuinr and should be »resnected with the core drill before sttempoting develonment. Lower Kittanning Coal. Thisnped outcrops in the valley of Clearfield Greek and its tributaries snd on the western slope of the Allegheny Front. It has been onvened and develonec at many sinces from auegherty to the north line of the county. The; Sed varies from 1 to 4 feet in thickness and is divided into an toper end lower, bench by = characteristic binder. ‘Wnere the lower bench hos considercbdle thick- ness, the whole bed is mined and the ~-rting of 2 to 5 inches of bone pe, ee 18 picked out before shipment. Where the lower bench is thin the Upper Jench forms the main part of the bed. The binder is then used as the bottom and the lower bench is not mined, The coal is fairly clean and the sulphur content is low; the ash is medium, This coal is used successfully as a steam coal. The bed is subject to local rolls Yoth on roof and bottom, and to pinches and "swamps", which cause great variation in thickness, Upper sittanning | Coal. Phis bed -is also an important one in the CLVEtLICL, Tt has peen “developed extensively at Daugherty, Tloyésville end Blandburg, The coal has no characteristic impurities, although locally the bed is Split into two benches by a thick bone parting. In such vlaces the coal beneath the Harting 1s not mined. In) many localities the coal is overlain with a few inches of "draw slate”, which is taken cown in the rooms and headings for height. The bed varies much in thickness et quality. «its average thickness does not exceed 2 feet 6 inches. The coal does not rank with the Lower Kit- tanning in quality pap anae iron pyrite makes the sulphur content very high, The ash is medium, Tests have shomm that it is a very good steam coal, but is inclined to make large clinkers. Lower Freeport Coal, This bed is thin anc unimportant in most of the district, Its average thickness is less than 2 feet and its maximum thickness as observed by the writer does not exceed p feet 6 inches. The uoper nart is much cut by bone and shale partinss. Numerous roof "rolls" cause much variation in chickness. Many ‘mush- room’ mines opened during war time are now abandoned, A large future production cannot be predicted from this bec, Upper @reeport Coal. The greatest number of openings in the ieee trict is in this bed, Many farm and custom coal drifts ere onened micway on the hillsides and numerous large mines are operated, Whe bed is not as thick in this district as in other parts of the county, but its analyses compare favorably with those of the same coal in the Barnesboro-Patton district, The sulyhur is rather high, but the ash is fairly low, No coking tests have been mace on it in this district, but it is reputed to be a good steam coal. This ted is thickest from PFigart north along the Bellwood Branch-of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad and in the valley of Clearfield Creek, but probably Goes not exceed 3 feet 9 inches, The bed is divided into two benches Dy @ characteristic 1 to 2 inch bone parting, which lies 4 to 14 inches from the bottom. This parting is readily separatec by picking, so that both benches are mined profitably. The upoer bench eaverezes 2 treet 4 inches thick; the lower bench is 4 to 18 inches thick, New operations are beginning on Clearfield Creek anc 2 z00d procuction is Drecdicted) in the future. . DPhecoal is of good quality, olean, with the exceztion of one small parting, and easily accessible by drift on the hill‘slopes. Large acréases remain unvrosvected and when the better known areas of Cambria County have been xhausted; Clearfiel¢ Creek will vndoubtedly become one of the large mining centers of the county. BLACK DICK DISTRICT, Lower Kittanning Coal. This bed is by far the most inportant iw = toe Hy its ‘. SALA ae % ye ae ee) 1 f ’ i . p. ree . r . » mom ee i bb + tbe a 4 fe ny tas rat » Cha th! Bi ial 9 a OnG.10 this diste1ov., The cCOmleis mined, mainly by drift, from Vin- tondale, where it first outcrops, enstword to Nanty-Glo and on the TreUMuories OL Blok Lick Creeks *hnormmous srece in Barr; Cambria, Sa Carrolt cownships, where the conti is dee, ere undeveloned ond have been “ros pected but littie Dy Oore, CYills it is hard to é€stimate Doe WOT th OL Tinie potenvin. Conti jeld et the »resent’, but it probably contains Inrgee iucrenges of excellent cool. The Lower Kittanning coal closely resembles the sare bed on Conemcugh River in its mode of occurrence and physical CiorecuelteuLes., The. COM or cain: bench averoees Tron 3h TOS TOC Thick over the entire district. . A thin gin le PartINe seyorates"it from 2 thin middle bench, cvernrging léss Dik 2 inenostiniiker The roverre bench 18 sear r ted from the middéle Pench by a Shale woorting mever oxceeding &£ or S:inches thick. The lower bench has 2 reximum thicknoss of 2 feet and sverrges xzbout 18 Pecteses The plowerwvuencn wis Gnclined to be high in ash cid sulphur end if not mined unless it is of unusunl thickness, The top or main bench is 2 bright ond “lustrous conl, with /columnicr cleavage, and mines out fier cee Lune uC COM NOS op Vem munitori aninivsis, over the entire PRCUnLOiey ne mole Ue ae LOM vot th oumutter 2160.39 low, and, Tixed CeO everacee Ground 0 per icenuy The wish Renee but is Low in most every Mealysis, The sulphur content is rather high. Steaming tests Mogae bs the United Steves Ceoloeicnl Survey Acve shown it to be 2 high Clnss ouem Cool, Theron makes, lieht eray, sliivery coke thrt is Sometimes soft 2nd high in sulphur, w Tt. hes been coled succe Sotu li wie Several loc-lities in both bechive rd by-product ovens, | Miadle BLY MUN) CON. This unimmortcnt bed, lying about 50 foet =bove the Tower itt aning Col Wiss) Deen worked mlons) Bleckliex Creck. It 18 4 -ersistent bec heaving an overace thickness of sbout & PoC cee S Tee eLOn Dene Me veraring 2 Téct- thick, ond tho bottom Denon. oe INCRE Ss Unik are Sc sare tod bw FP thick Slay parting. Mine qu.lity of the cozl in both benches is good The bed has been mined - Tor house coal, Lover Freeport Cool. The correl:tion of the uppermost cocl that ig mined on Blecklick Creek ig uncertnin. The beds xre not mined -s cn ere W280 Une Coremiven) ond Yheretore are border to correi2te Cerinitvely., | The interval obovemthe Lower Kittanning coal, which vories from 150 to 165 feet, is taken to indicnrte, tempor “yily en lJeast, thet the top bed mined is the Lower Freeport coal. The Upper Freeport coal was not recognized, The bed is compo sed of. three benches, hiving a vocal average thickness of nearly 3s feet. The top bench his an average thidkness of necrly 2 feet; the middle bench is gene rally thin, MMOVIS Se parsted: Dy a thin bony parting from. Lower bench about 15 inches thick. The benches =nd portinges vary much in thickness, The portings ere easily seporated from the conl. After the supply of clean and thicker eool in other beds is sha usted, this bed my be of commerci-l importance. JOHNSTO'WN-SOUTEH PORK=VINDBER DISTRICT. Mis 18 one or tho Inrgest districts in the county both 7s to area Si erooue tion... The sienm coals) or the Windber region, which are =~ GQ ms ett f) pd ie f i ‘A ‘ h " PAS hha av ay ® iy its ae Te ae a hibe heed ae di 4 . y } Yad i clxssed with the well tmown Pocshont.s corls of West Virginia, are valued sreatlzy by the ocean trade for steaming nurzoses, Tarcze cuantities are usec 4s locomotive steam coal, *lthouch there has been a large syocuction from this cistrict for many years, large reserves of hish grade coxl remain. Lower Mit tanning Coad. This bed is the highest grade, most in- aortant , and most “ersistent coal in the district. ..t Johnstomm the coal is at or below dreinase level and is mined by shaft or slove. The beaurel Hill anticline andthe Ebens>irg anticline bring it to crop at different points alone Gonemaugh River. The coal is at considerable desth in the YVilmore basin, but in the vicinity of Vlindber it comes to the surface and is mined bv drift. In the vicinity of Johnstown the coal has 2a resular thickness of Ss to-4 feet; the latter ig the maximum fo: the Johnstown basin. A lower bench 6 to 24 inches thick, which is not mined, is sometines presen, Se oaratec Tron the, top bench by 1 Toot of shale. The coal in the lower bench rarely has the good cuality of the upper bench. At South Fork end Mineral Point the main bench is thicker than it is at Johnstown, enc will average nearly 4 feet, with a maximum of 5 £6e0. The lower Dench which is also >resent in this vicinity has a egular thickness of 2 feet brt is seldom minec. In the Jindber refion the main bench of the Lower Nittennins coal has practically the gare tnickness.25 in the ‘icinity of Johns town. Th olaces @ rider vewine-in thickness from 1 to 14 inches occurs 3s to 4 teét above the main bench; the characteristic lower bench 3 inches to 2 feet is resent, Une ower e toate CO yO Vas GIs EPA otoies high) in fixed e2rbon, ive VvOle tiles wa bbervana mons tiure.) 'Initie vicimits or Johns‘ cown tTrerped hes a larcern oereentase of ash and sulphur ‘than in Pee Osos one area.) ne ively eaciowealso (1s. hivhers. &\0bCis “a veood steam coal throughout Che entire cistrict and has been coked with PeOGess iver, Gyr LOCal Ulee.y The view or coke isi ii gn, Dub tt os 2iso:- commonly high in sulshur. Uprer Kittanning Coal. This coal also is important, in this district, It is best in the ied oe of Johnstown where its revute- ton 5 ast oem Coat 15 erve Poco ade mot, better than, that or ‘the Lower Kittanning, itltnoursh its eae CooL more recent date tian the latter bed, the Upper ! “ittennin« coal furnishes a larze ver- centage or the »~roéuction in * this @istrict Analyses show a high per- centase of fixed carbon, and low content of voletile matter and moisture, The ne rcent2."¢ Of e¢Sn-ancd sulshur is ratner hich, The Upner Kittennin: varies much in th icine ss in the area eround Jyonnstown. The minimum is 2 Leet 6,inches, the maximum 6 feet. The ereeatest thickness is alons Stony Creek and in the Windber area. A Tocel pony coal at the ton end local "knife blades" of nvrite are the only marked impurities, Along Conemaush River the coal is thinner but it nas léss sulphur AY Ke) and ash fhan in the Johnstown region. The Upper Kittanning coal is not mined much in the Windber area where the importance of the Lower Xittanning conl has overshadowed it, Prospecting indicates that the bed will average betwean 3 and 4 feet thick, It retains its good quality and is marked by the absence of impurities, Lower Freeport Coal, At the present time this coal is not mined extensively in this district although the analyses compare favorably with those from'the Lower Kittanning. The coal has a high percentage of fixed carbon, low volatile and low moisture content; sulphur and ash are rather high. The bed varies in thickness and locally a few inches of bony coal comes in at the top. In the immediate vicinity of Johnstown the coal has no commercial importance at present but at South Pork it is locally workable. Here the bed is split into two benches by a thin bone parting, It does not exceed 23 feet thick, ‘South of Johnstown on Stony Creek the bed is persistent and work- able, averaging.about 2 feet 6 inches thick. It is divided into 3 benches, A top bench averaging 1 foot thick is separated by a shale or bone parting from the main bench averaging 2 feet thick. The lower bench is never mineable, Upper Freeport Coal. This bed outcrops in many places in this district. The coal has 4 practically uniform composition with a high percentage of fixed carbon, comparatively low moisture, and high ash end sulphur content, ‘ In the vicinity of Johnstown the bed will average about 3 feet 5 inches thick. The coal occvrs in one main bench, Locally, a bench 3 or 4 inches thick comes in below, separated from the main bench by 5 to 6 inches of shale or bone; it is never worked, The coal is very clean and the only marked impurity is a local "draw slate", Th bed is regular in’thickness and has no marked "rolls" in either root or bottom. Along Conemaugh River and on the west flank of the Wilmore basin the coal is rather dirty and unimportant, since it is split by small bone or shale partings into two or three benches, only the two lower benehes being workable. The upper workable bench ranges from l to 2 feet and the lower one from 13 to 2 feet thick, separated by a bone or shale parting + to 2 inehes thick, The coal is mined at South | Pork, where it resembles both in thickness and quality, the same bed at Dunlo, The bed here is divided into 2 benches by a thin shale or bone parting which is readily removed by picking, The Upper Freeport bed has not been much prospected in the Winiber area, but drill records show that it averages 3 feet thick. The coal is good in the main bench, as in the Johnstowm area. At the present time there are few openings in the bed because of the greater importance of the Lower Kittanning coal in the same dis- trict. Its value is not overlooked, however, and with the depletion of the more valuable coals this bed will become a large producer, i ay iti 4 : : Rew Sumer wan : Ke f, esi NTS is pth s! : r . i ee me outed Fe hel i) 4 a oD " a tH ; Rae < Ae. ary Whe Th oh 4 RY ah : ifs, vee I : ‘ ; , oat \ ; ’ : ‘ } ‘ i in re 4 Lae \ r rr py rae 33 : me t ; - v¥¥ ¥ " ‘ , = im up i ene AM \ “ity oie = ‘A a ; } é ¥ . a ¢ = wd Oe oe ” rt < g : reap Ps Ie hoe i Y Lee erie, at rues eo i . , ; , < nF vee Pa ag by Ca he 1 oe PNG ak ae 0, ee re we id i ee dah, yO \ (ts ig Pye Ny ea PAL ey ae the ‘ - ig a x LOM ics: 4 f f ’ ote tite tp rare : 1 oan a Ae 1 iy * ' P Pe we hy : é NAS ¥ Ga: u# “ . re ' i (A Reg snes oy Ohad | ae ; te he Ve me Mia re. 5 7 eX a a re) iY ; lt . % Uo IE 9 BR ass ‘enter DO vi ra. ogi é er ee 7 he i \'e a Je ind! Dh SRE i) Vi tt YT ee Ott e iy RA baa ra pir ee a “it ’ 1 ad Us i f mK ad Wh ti hy ie f- yeas ral ; ney na Les {) ih my 1 i i eh a RUMEN re mee iors . ‘ , \ , ' Be oY es “a ry , i ro ! yA A Mt aa ete | } ‘ iy ia: cael od M1 ia : ye ey f mee tO RG atet va t : ‘ ih f pig * bis : RL ae * ey es 4 ; \ a F , wove My ‘ “sf pa ae : . xu , 4 ar | ie ve kd: Ae ah ¥ ah ray . ; , ¢ 4 ae et fal ie ae aA rae Lge t a ih ‘ } i im ote AOpen bare Fe 8 to oat is hal Mame ‘ P ; i " f § Poe fis ae wee foal : : Ws nS ES UES TR JO. Seas ht Tax y a 5 is , mm; i 7 © i oJ ie Toes * } 4 PAley aw" ot 1 p ay Me Bt aid be * ' Dy My I e ? Ww r - ’ Po ‘ene im? \ Las a : ; i" , Hi if p}y i)! ’ i } ; DORE | 5 1 tae J ' . by ” 7 er in \ i be f 4 di *“ fi ° ° i fie aay & Vx i - bi 7 Le ’ Le { 3 | ’ es, y * ‘ of Viv ’ i! ‘ - ¥ ¥ na? t fae us uf ue ' Waegee st yee dd a ot 7 fa ‘ 2 i Dd 5 rt Nee pills ee > Bee ere : i ee eae ' f oe ’ # Hy F vo™ Mi why f [ - q t i *) , i : « ‘bes Al i 4 ‘ y" J 16 eh, ‘ n 4 of tet, * / ». p bee A bob ihe Oa i Pe hi Bo WOR NA), ay ail rs | : P 4 tet’, Rr Ne are » faves hi | im ANY be, ; Ae ie Peer Se |) ieee & HB an f J vn \ } mnP s 7 eat Mi. ay haley yt AG; eR) ‘ ay >» he ol . ‘ Corel a SE aa le BM. aie; aie 2 ie. Rai ny Wie aly Se PORTAGE-GALLITZIN DISTRICT. The Portage-Gallitzin district does not contain as many mines as the other districts in the county but it contributes greatly to the output. The production has been limited almost entirely to the Lower Kittanning and the Upper Freeport coals. Little is known of the other coals, as little prospecting has been done by the core drill in cer- tain areas, Lower Kittanning Coal. The Lower Kittanning coal has been the most important in this diStrict for many years. It has high fixed carbon, medium volatile, low moisture, and medium ash and sulphur content. It is greatly in demand as a high grade locomotive steam coal. In the vicinity of Lilly it is mined and shipped as a smithing coal, It is equal in quality to the Lower Freeport bed of the Friedens district in Somerset County, the standard smithing coal in central Pennsylvania. The bed is a single bench, though locally a thin unmineable lower bench comes in, separated from the main bench by a shale parting about 3 inches thick. The main bench averages over 3¢ feet thick, with no well defined partings or binders. The bed is very thick, regular, and free from rock "rolls", Upper Kittanning Coal. This bed is not important in this dis- trict. Although the coal compares favorably in composition with the Lower Kittanning, the ash and sulphur content is slightly higher. The mining of this bed is limited and cannot be expected to increase much in the future, The coal shows great variation in thickness and’ quality. Im large areas the bed does not exceed 1 foot in thickness, and averages less than 2 feet. The coal is in one bench, Lower Freeport Coal. This bed also is unimportant in the dis- trict. The outcrop and drill records indicate that it is workable in very few localities, although its entire area has not been tested by drill. i; ‘ og ¥ ae! t F ; ; CINbe hab hae doen) wae Dis AA aE A wy 7 en dint: : an - f -) ~ “ ‘ 4 hi : ; ' an, aes (eave ‘ t 4 y 5 ' J a H mn oi ds . f . 7, w “aR ay X y d Sie a ‘ ‘s , F * pay ) , t Ay er lp ; 74? , i 4 7 J wi yuh “ 6 A ees ay ‘ . 4 ) , 1 Lyk @ sh i ; ¢ ( ¢ 43 a a : \ . - ' I i" 1 pA ve * " 9 f J f ) _ ‘ 4 t ‘ * ‘ ’ \ ‘i qe * moet ; et ; idm ! i r ‘ Sie f ‘ v 4 : + , y ‘ - ai ol { j Cen a gee Pe 4 4 4 , 4p ee } Sua “ " i f f 4 Py Ws yi fens : ‘ wis { af rey are hy, iw Aw # ] f ATTY | “a \ edt ay P r hin My. A Ms weds fo i Wry enh - a ‘a if » , " t Al - + ily Gite ‘ | wt A Mites he, ' *hs i 4 , ; : Pei Le | : Set Ys Oe ot QUALITY. The four important coals vary so much in the different districts that it is difficult to give an accurate idea of the quality in this brief text,