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 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 HARRISBURG. 
 
 ARBOR DAY and BIRD DAY 
 
 THIS IS THE FOREST PRIMEVAL. 
 OC LO BOR 78102 2 
 
 The Birthday of Theodore Roosevelt 
 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATION 
 President and Executive Officer 
 THOMAS E. FINEGAN 
 
 Term expires 
 Reernrietea ty WT LLIA MS; M.S.) 5 see oi oo is nee os Been oo ees alt «aw oy « Pittsburgh, Pa. July 1, 1927 
 Pierre. CLOTHIE Ry Giles Di iayesie ot.s 0 oie ee eee oie 00 nolo Ue ie woe «sas Philadelphia, Pa. July 1, 1926 
 INGEST Se IS, Ie COMONEIBDY,, ai ugodeon.cncoutocod poeacoadarac Gano: oon mG Beaver, Pa. July 1, 1926 
 PRS) H. SA~PRENTISS NICHOLS, «2-2 .i¢ceccse reese cre sree re eueqeceess Philadelphia, Pa. July 1, 1925 
 EWGAR FAHS SMITH, M.D., Sc. D., Ph. D., LL. D., L. H.- D., Chem. D-.. Philadelphia, Pa. July 1, 1928 
 Nee oe EM PLE DON | wis > sons < oes See ee eee cee Saad a Greenville, Pa. July 1, 1928 
 Re Ae 1S BA OWN ee aiees cis a vine cies Sate ews ooo ones ox pHa oon eRe ase Pittsburgh, Pa. July 1, 1924 
 PeNtoe LAPLACH OM. Dy, LL. DD. ...4.2>4..- itn aac ay eee di eset Wer Philadelphia, Pa. July 1, 1925 
 
 THOMAS E. FINEGAN, M. A., Pd. D., Litt. D., L. H. D., LL. D.Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
 PGP ORGE BECHA MeA:, Sc.D., LL.D. «.... ss eee cea ns Deputy Superintendent Higher Education 
 Te Vino ml WitseeNinrAL. Pd. WittDy - anes .. ese e%e Deputy Superintendent Secondary Education 
 Pie ED ebeeve JORNSON EB. As, - 2: osse cess cee ey ese nes Assistant to Superintendent (School Law) 
 etree ee IStTANUCG. Met ert te 6 oo nes hk he es bee eka cee oe aha ees Secretary to Superintendent 
 
 DIRECTORS OF BUREAUS 
 
 Administration, ....Francis B. Haas, B. S., M. A. Ruraly Education). vee 12) Driver, MaA,, EL. BD 
 Attendance, .-...-.....- W. M. Denison, M. A. School Buildings, ..HuBert Clark Eicher, M. S. 
 Health Education,.-.-. Charles H. Keefie, M. D. School Employes’ Retirement, H. H. Baish, M. A. 
 Pre-Professional and Professional Credentials, -. Speciale aucarianmatrescnts ER Nee Maxtrelda hws a) 
 CGhacsmDa Koch vie. lndsD lett) Wkeacher mente « Albert L. Rowland, M.\A., Ph. D 
 WiereriniGinenly qivcgiian betes sor L2H. Dennis) Bees 
 
 DIRECTORS OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Same ES CVT AT OTA es Pay app ere San fee's ow, batch vik BPSD ew suk SABA Ne choles hy Ghee ata ae ns ose, sysop ale 0 ere C. Valentine Kirby, M.A. 
 Copier! Tehietaleyi, sooluodo cabs oto pe odu stn s edo od oue noes o c.c/s > ath ocue peo clo acer) ion Oni Vacancy 
 “ype eipliae clematis Det nesch ran pare Eatare Par acter ae sr minis wotarer Po tr g Pera a Parra ec Orton Lowe, B.S. 
 Merve sie eat ela Ves, Maite oc «14,05 <e Boms airip im se ec Dee oe Belge Solero Scye w alates 5 G. C. L. Riemer, M.A., Ph.D. 
 FEORTADNY, 2 ric ces rs cae eels oes ala eee 6 tle wee tie emia wean wind rine Ob @ cna) eins tm ain! eles Erna Grassmuck, B.S. in Ed. 
 Inspection of High Schools, <2....--26- 06 ce vee ee et een ee James Ga bentz, 7b. Anas 
 Junior High Syolaieyell ls ramos Sordi Sine clrcha Chton Cork Colos “sO Bin oles puke O50 pce moa pgs ae James M. Glass, B.A., M.A. 
 MIAjINTEIICS, Sia tgodhoue sn psc cogs emo uoe od ope oto dae LU ris co Omri oOrnes are cocmor Sordi © J. A. Foberg, B:S. 
 SC MN Eire can et cenae tenses anatomy, caebee ie oe) sayy hail a) 0 rusia) atom fone eich) Barely Wiaiale ln ist Slate chqimeys coir ela ofa b¥aveude Hollis Dann, Mus.D. 
 Seolerelh Ubi oreararen., ei oaas pen Sibi Bei ucrOm ceed cals Ono Une rrareos cle omimech ota ci ont) Pde ele le Bhar ee Adeline B. Zachert 
 Sele, Dohoo bossdden cools mo comunoOnen 5 oo J Hoo asad dada onc Jo Coane 5 evar ae James N. Rule, BiSaeMiis: 
 Sa ATS STG BS sd Sige Oa PRS tence Ona Pane eee cee rE a ec J. Lynn Barnard, B.S., Ph.D. 
 Syarevetel ald baakontoneaities «na dog dao) malodea some omic MOnromae Seema 0 qoOmAKigIe tac oto Drea Helen M. Peppard, B.A. 
 3 
 
HONORABLE WILLIAM C. SPROUL 
 Governor 
 
IN THE NAME AND BY AUTHORITY OF THE 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 
 HARRISBURG 
 
 Proclamation 
 Whereas, God, in His goodness, has bestowed upon our State of Pennsylvania the beautiful wooded 
 mountains and fertile valleys threaded with their life-giving streams, and has likewise given us a great 
 wealth of mineral deposits and abundant stores of indispensable timber, a heritage which has enabled 
 this Commonwealth to develop into a great agricultural and industrial empire, with profitable employ- 
 ment to great numbers of our people who are producers in our mines, mills, and factories, and upon 
 
 our farms from which come such quantities of food products that we rank among the first farming states 
 in the Union; and 
 
 Whereas, For many years these great advantages were not fully appreciated by the people of our 
 State and our natural resources were not well conserved, and we have not only drawn heavily and with- 
 out discrimmination upon our forests but we have permitted the pollution of the streams, the depletion 
 by waste and erosion of our fruitful hill-sides, and allowed wanton destruction of the birds, the fish, the 
 game, and the wild flowers, which contributes so much to the comfort and enjoyment of our people; 
 and 
 
 Whereas, Far-sighted citizens, realizing the need of correcting these unsound practices and condi- 
 tions, years ago initiated a program to preserve for future generations the wealth of nature in this God- 
 favored area, and produced wise legislation looking toward the preservation of the forests, the saving of 
 the streams pure and clean, the protection of the \wild life and the preservation of healthful conditions for 
 our workers, and especially for the women and children, in order that we may have a stronger and better 
 manhood and womanhood, surrounded by wholesome conditions, which will save for future generations 
 the blessings with which we have been endowed; and 
 
 Whereas, It is especially desirable that the boys and girls of Pennsylvania—the great army of two 
 million school children upon whom the responsibility will soon fall for the management of the State’s 
 resources and the conservation of its future—should be encouraged to study and become interested in 
 this work which has been so well started and which we have endeavored to carry on, that it may be 
 amplified and developed for the benefit of all of the people in the future: 
 
 Now, therefore, I, William Cameron Sproul, Governor of Pennsylvania, do hereby appoint and desig- 
 nate Friday, October 27, 1922, the birthday of Theodore Roosevelt, to be observed as the Autumn Arbor 
 Day and Bird Day in Pennsylvania, and I do commend to all of our people, and especially to the school 
 children of the State, the proper observance of this day in educational and practical efforts looking to- 
 ward the acquisition of knowledge regarding the tree life and wild life of the State, and particularly in 
 the planting of trees and in the protection and cultivation of the forests and birds which bless us with 
 their useful and grateful presence. 
 
 GIVEN under my hand and the Great Seal of the 
 State, at the City of Harrisburg, this fourth 
 day of October, in the year of our Lord 
 one thousand nine hundred and twenty-two, 
 and of the Commonwealth the one hundred 
 and forty-seventh. 
 
 By the Governor: &. XD. reyA = 
 
 BERNARD J. MYERS, 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth. 
 
 [SEAL] 
 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 HARRISBURG ; 
 October 27, 1922. 
 
 To The School Children of Pennsylvania: 
 
 I extend to you a most cordial gréeting upon your return to the school room this autumn. 
 What a joy it would be to see every one of the one million seven hundred thousand boys and 
 yirls of Pennsylvania at work with their books in the schoolroom! Since this is impossible 
 | am availing myself of the privilege of addressing you through this letter. 
 
 The Honorable William C. Sproul, Governor of our Commonwealth, has issued a proclama- 
 lion requiring the observance of Friday, October 27—the birthday of Theodore Roosevelt—as 
 Arbor Day and Bird Day in Pennsylvania. I am requesting you, therefore, to join us in pay- 
 ing proper tribute to the memory of one of America’s most eminent citizens. Let us all—boys 
 and girls, fathers and mothers—express our appreciation of the services rendered to the 
 American people by this great man. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt was a man who believed in hard work, a square deal, in education as 
 a birthright, and in productive labor for all. Whether he was boxing, playing tennis, riding 
 horseback, leading his men in battle, hunting big game, writing his great messages to Congress, 
 or speaking to the thousands who loved his Straightforward, honest messages, Theodore 
 Roosevelt always did the task at hand with every ounce of strength he had. He loved the 
 out-of-doors, the flowers, the birds, and the animals, but above all he loved boys and girls. 
 You will take great delight in reading his books and in learning more about the wonderful 
 life he lived. 
 
 In his proclamation, our Governor has emphasized a great national interest that was dear 
 to Roosevelt—the conservation of the natural resources in plant and animal life. We are not 
 good citizens unless we leave for the generations that are to follow a more valuable inheritance 
 than was left to us. We are not good sportsmen unless we leave for the men and women of 
 tomorrow better opportunities for recreation, more game in our mountains, and more fish in 
 our streams than were left to us. 
 
 Do you know that Pennsylvania is one of the few states in the Union that has never 
 adopted a State flower? I want you, the school children of Pennsylvania, to help us select a 
 State flower. Next spring, when the flowers begin to bloom, I should like to have you make 
 a careful study of the wild flowers of your community. Learn to know them and learn to love 
 them. I am going to ask you, on the Spring Arbor Day of 1923, to decide by your votes which 
 of the native flowers of Pennsylvania you desire designated as our State Flower. 
 
 I congratulate you on the splendid opportunities which a generous citizenship in Penn- 
 sylvania has provided for your welfare, for your growth, and for your happiness. I trust 
 that you will use wisely and well the days of your childhood so that you may develop right 
 ideals, and the ability to think clearly and to act with intelligence and decision. The world 
 needs men and women of force and action. Study hard, play hard, and give your best service 
 always. Your sincere friend, 
 
 SS : ety 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
- 
 ey 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt was a practical forester. 
 
 a 
 
GIFFORD PINCHOT. 
 
Theodore Roosevelt 
 GIFF ORD PIN CHOT 
 
 Former National Commissioner of Forestry 
 and late Commissioner of Forestry, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt was an outdoor man. He knew the mountains, the forests, the plains, 
 and the streams. He understood what they meant to the people of America now and here- 
 after because he never was in the open without using his eyes. What he looked at he saw, 
 and what he saw he thought about, so that his mind was ready to understand and adopt the 
 policy of the conservation of natural resources the moment it was brought to his attention. 
 
 The conservation policy means the use of the earth and its resources for the greatest 
 good of the greatest number for the longest time. We who are alive today have the right to 
 use all the natural resources that are necessary for our safety, comfort, and happiness, but we 
 have no right to destroy more than we can use, nor to prevent the new growth of the renew- 
 able resources by destructive methods of use. 
 
 Thus we have no right to destroy the forest, which is a renewable resource, when we 
 harvest the timber crop. On the contrary, we are under the most solemn obligation to cut 
 our trees in such a way that new trees will grow so that land of little use for other purposes 
 will keep on producing trees. That is one of the essential ideas of conservation. 
 
 What Colonel Roosevelt did with respect to conservation has made this Nation his debtor 
 so long as streams run and forests grow. Not only did he accept the conservation policy, but 
 he preached it all over the United States. He preached it just as vigorously where there was 
 opposition as where the people were all friendly. He was never afraid to tell what he thought, 
 and it was because of his fearless backing of the conservation policy that it made such won- 
 derful progress during the years he was President. 
 
 Very often the opposition to conservation in Congress and in many of the States of the 
 West was so bitter that almost any other President would have been induced to speak less 
 clearly for fear of making enemies. Not so Colonel Roosevelt. He told the truth as he saw 
 it no matter whether those in high places liked it or not, and the result in this case was to 
 make the rank and file of the American people believe as he did, that conservation is absolutety 
 necessary for the welfare of America in this generation and in all the generations to come. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt never spared himself when there was good to be done. No man in 
 America ever had greater power. He used it to make this country a better land in which 
 boys and girls and men and women might live. No matter what it cost him, he stood for 
 what was right. 
 
 He will be remembered longest for his part in conservation, a great and lasting policy 
 in which the American people has come to have abiding faith. It is his greatest monument. 
 
 Pennsylvania needs conservation as much as any other State. We must save and renew 
 our forests, protect and develop our streams, and make this wonderful Commonwealth of 
 ours even richer and more beautiful than it is. 
 
 Pennsylvania will not die with us." Those who come after us have rights which we 
 
 must respect. 
 GIFFORD PINCHOT. 
 
f 
 « 
 “Martha”, The last passenger pigeon known to science died in the 
 Zoological Garden in Cincinnati, September, 1913. 
 10 6 
 : . 
 
WILD LIFE IN PENNSYLVANIA 
 By 
 Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker 
 
 At the time of William Penn’s first appearance on the Delaware there was probably no 
 part of the world, Africa included, where nature had been more lavish with wild animals, 
 bird and fish life than Pennsylvania. In a letter to a friend in England he spoke enthusias- 
 tically of the bounteous supply of game, for food and furs, and the fish “as a cheap and plentiful 
 food supply for the, common people.” 
 
 In those days, so Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia tell us, deer and bears, and even 
 panthers, were killed in what is now Philadelphia and Germantown. The wild pigeons which 
 flew by the millions were likened by the early settlers to the quails mentioned in the Bible, 
 and helped to tide them over several severe winters when the crops had been poor. Fur buying 
 and trapping were soon established on a large scale in the province, and there is a description 
 extant by a French traveller of the long rows of sheds at Harris’ Ferry, later Louisburg 
 and now Harrisburg, jammed full of bison hides. 
 
 (Courtesy Pennsylvania State Game Commission) 
 
 Deer become tame when protected. This group was photographed 
 in the Kalbfus Game Preserve. 
 
 In the early days the buffaloes or bison, migrated between the Great Lakes and Georgia, 
 crossing the Susquehanna River at Haldeman’s Island, near Clark’s Ferry Bridge, that huge 
 covered structure built by Theodore Burr and so charmingly described by Charles Dickens 
 in his “American Notes.” In Brooks’ “Annals of Harrisburg” the killing of a buffalo within 
 the limits of that city in 1792 is recorded. The last herd was wiped out in Snyder County in 
 1799. A bison was killed by Theodore Stamm in Northumberland County in 1810. That is 
 not the latest eastern record, as one was shot on Tygart River, West Virginia, in 1825. The 
 moose which came to Pennsylvania from the North during exceptionally severe winters were 
 exterminated about the same time. As late as the middle of the last century elk were found 
 in some of the northern counties of the State. The beaver existed in a wild state, and the 
 wolf, the panther, and the Canada lynx were met with, as were the fisher fox, pine marten 
 and wolverine. 
 
 11 
 
Today all of these interesting forms of wild life are gone, and are we any better off for 
 their passing? Dogs kill more sheep in one year than the wolves ever killed, and the small 
 amount of game destroyed cannot be weighed against the thrill and charm of their existence 
 in our forests. Twenty years ago the deer were all but extinct, yet half a century ago 
 professional hunters thought nothing of killing a hundred in a season for the New York and 
 Philadelphia markets. There were two varieties, the northern and the southern forms of the 
 Virginia deer. Most of the big northern type are gone, but the southern type have interbrea 
 with western and southern deer introduced by the State Game Commission, and now deer 
 hunting is again a popular sport in our mountains. The red and grey fox are present in 
 diminishing numbers, squirrels are scarce, including the black squirrel and the picturesque 
 flying squirrel. The ’coon, the ‘possum and the groundhog are still with us, affording much 
 sport for the average man. The black bear seems to be holding his own, and is our noblest 
 game animal—thanks to Governor Sproul’s watchful interest. 
 
 Our older people love to tell of the flights of the wild pigeons on their migrations north 
 in the spring, south in the fall, in untold millions which “darkened the sun.” They were 
 unmercifully harassed at their breeding grounds in the northern counties, the old birds were 
 netted, and the trees cut down for the squabs. No wonder they decreased, yet their total 
 disappearance is the greatest of avian mysteries. In 1878 a feeble law was passed to protect 
 them, but it came too late. They remained in the Commonwealth only a few years longer. 
 Their last nesting was along what is now the wonderful Cherry Springs Drive, in Potter 
 County. 
 
 Where did the wild pigeons go when they migrated southward in the fall? They did 
 not winter in the southern states. In very mild winters, however, a few remained and oc- 
 casionally wild pigeons were found about Philadelphia and Chester. The great flocks of 
 millions of birds crossed the Gulf of Mexico, spring and fall. Where did they go? Are they 
 waiting for some more propitious time to revisit Pennsylvania from some hidden jungles in 
 South America or Africa? 
 
 The heathcock, the eastern form of the prairie hen, was exterminated in Pennsylvania 
 before it was ever mentioned in our game laws, as was the beautiful Carolina parrakeet. 
 The ruffed grouse or “pheasant” and the quail are still residents of our State. 
 
 The golden eagle is occasionally seen in Pennsylvania, but was always rarer than the 
 bald eagle, the American eagle, or “Bird of Freedom,” which regularly bred here, especially 
 along the Susquehanna River. It was said to have been an inspiring and thrilling sight to 
 see these noble birds soaring over the waters as they foamed and frothed over the sagged 
 rocks of the “Big River” about Marietta, Bainbridge, and Wrightsville. Thoughtless hunters 
 laid them low, and the bald eagle on the North and West branches of the Susquehanna River 
 is today but a memory. 
 
 All of the smaller so-called birds of prey, hawks, and owls, so useful to the farmer are 
 becoming scarce in Pennsylvania. They are easily shot and become ready targets for un- 
 scrupulous gunners. The raven is almost a thing of the past, due to the commercial value 
 of the eggs for collectors. The nests have been cruelly and persistently rifled so long that the 
 old birds have become discouraged and have left for less unfriendly climates. In years gone 
 by hunters when they shot a deer and lost it, located its carcass by the circling of ravens. The 
 turkey vulture, miscalled “buzzard”, still soars above some of our mountains, and is a 
 picturesque feature of our scenery, replacing to some extent the majestic but vanished eagles. 
 
 Cranes and herons, bitterns and kingfishers, which once added so much to the harmony 
 
 12 
 
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of nature along our dead waters and ponds, have been killed by gunners who imagined they 
 destroyed fish, whereas they were mostly busied hunting enemies of the fish and their spawn, 
 such as frogs, lizzards, crayfish and water snakes which they devour voraciously. One of the 
 last heronries in the State near Falmouth, Lancaster County, was recently visited by members 
 of the Natural History Society of Harrisburg. These water birds have been described as the 
 “police force” of our streams. 
 
 There is still a fair number of smaller woodpeckers and sapsuckers, but the musical 
 hammering of the pileated woodpecker or log cock is now rarely heard. Wild ducks, wild 
 geese and swans still appear on our rivers, and according to some are increasing in numbers. 
 
 Thanks to the continued efforts of Bird Clubs, Audubon Societies, Conservation Leagues 
 and similar organizations, our song birds are fairly well protected by law and public sentiment 
 in Pennsylvania. What would our woods, gardens and orchards be without our cheerful 
 songsters, robins, wrens, flickers, peewees, redbirds, wood thrushes, thrashers and orioles? 
 We cannot be too watchful that they are carefully guarded against cats, snares, poisons, and 
 other enemies. 
 
 William Penn was filled with enthusiasm over the value of the Pennsylvania fisheries. 
 In those days the seals followed the shad into the estuaries of the Delaware and Susquehanna 
 Rivers, and shad fisheries were profitable investments almost to the headwaters of the Dela- 
 ware, the Susquehanna, the Juniata and the Karoondinha, now called Penn’s Creek. It is 
 stated that shad even penetrated into the beautiful Penn’s Cave, which is the headwaters 
 of the Karoondinha. 
 
 The building of dams, and pollution by industrial plants have made the shad but a 
 memory in the inland waters of Pennsylvania. As late as 1903, however, a retired Pennsvl- 
 vania Railroad employee sold shad at Clark’s Ferry Station, only ten miles above Harrisburg. 
 
 The old-fashioned, highly colored, gamey, native brook trout is only found in some of 
 the wilder mountain streams of the State. Once they were so plentiful that the early fishermen 
 caught baskets full with their hands. There was no “limit” in those days. Potter County 
 newspapers tell how Martin E. Olmstead, then a young man, caught five hundred trout in a 
 single day with hook and line. The introduction of western trout has pretty well destroyed 
 the old native variety, but trout fishing today is a popular and delightful recreation. Catfish, 
 suckers, sunfish and eels also abound, and afford sport for old and young alike. 
 
 The fishing industry on Lake Erie is of considerable importance, and ‘White fish” are 
 popular all-over the- State... Land and snapping turtles are also found: in: Pennsylvania. 
 
 The search for bee trees is still a fascinating pursuit in the forests of northern Penn- 
 sylvania. John H. Chatham, aged Clinton County naturalist, says that the first bees brought 
 in by the colonists were black, with a single white spot on their backs, and known as “Dutch 
 bees.” Their presence in the woods was a warning to the Indians that white settlements 
 were near at hand. In the Black Forest in Clinton County, in 1876, Mr. Chatham says he 
 saw where some one to “line” a bee had cut down a wide swath of original white pine trees 
 for half a mile over a ridge—trees that today would be worth thousands of dollars. Those 
 were reckless days when timber and wild life seemed inexhaustible, and no one cared. Our 
 younger generations have Jost much of the joy of life by the absence of these old forests, 
 birds, animals, and fish. 
 
 Much game was exterminated by the early hunters and professional game butchers, but 
 the forest fires by destroying the “cover” wiped out more wild life than all the hunters. A 
 more sensible day is at hand. The forest fires are being fought with all the stubborn energy 
 
 14 
 
of the State Forestry Department, the Boy Scouts and civic organizations. The State Game 
 Commission and sportsmen’s organizations are using every effort to conserve our game supply 
 and certainly the deer and bears are increasing. The fishermen’s license law means increased 
 fish propagation, but it is the responsibility of the citizens as a whole to legislate the pollution 
 of streams out of existence. It would not be tolerated in any European country. “Ce n’est 
 pas egalite” (it is not equality) the French would say and banish it overnight. The refuse 
 from mines and tanneries can be turned into valuable by-products, so that no one will be 
 the loser. 
 
 (Oourtesy Pennsylvania State Game Oommission) 
 
 A twenty-six pound wild cat caught in the Sproul State Forest, 
 Clinton County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 rN 
 We need forests and game and fish to keep alive the spirit of our pioneer forefathers, 
 the heroic men and women who were the bone and sinew of Pennsylvania. It is in the hands 
 of the younger generations, the school boys and school girls, by Arbor Days and Bird Days 
 and by sincere individual effort, to save Pennsylvania Beautiful. We can again have the 
 hunter’s paradise as described by William Penn, if every boy and girl who reads these lines 
 will become a devotee of conservation, and save for the boys and girls to come some aspect of 
 the wilderness—the Penn’s Woods which we see in our dreams, and which all that is best 
 in us instinctively loves! Let us help to re-create the tall forests, the teeming animal and 
 bird life, the pure waters! But above all, let us exert ourselves to the utmost to check the 
 most destructive enemy of the wild life of Pennsylvania—the Forest Fire! 
 
 15 
 
* 
 
 The jack-in-the-pulpit is one of Pennsylvania’s flower treasures. 
 
 1@ | 
 
PENNSYLVANIA’S WILD FLOWERS AND SHRUBS 
 By J. Horace MacFarland 
 
 President of the American Civic: Association and 
 Editor of the American Rose Annual 
 
 Not only is Pennsylvania remarkable for her yet unappreciated scenery of river and 
 valley, of mountain pass or “gap,” plain and forest scenery, which ought to make every citizen 
 proud of residence in the Keystone State, but as well for the richness and extent of her 
 natural flower and shrub adornments, her “flora,” as the scientist states. 
 
 Within the borders of the state more than two thousand plants are native, or “wild,” 
 though for more than one thoughtless generation we have been doing all we know how to 
 exterminate the finer and more beautiful, leaving only the less conspicuous, the more rugged 
 and enduring things, not infrequently classed as “weeds” or “briars.” 
 
 Curiously enough, when we think of planting flowers and shrubs about our homes or 
 our schools, we try almost always to get something foreign to the state, rather than to use 
 our own treasures, valued elsewhere. About the home we set the Norway maple and the 
 Norway spruce, both from Europe, and the horsechestnut from Greece. On the lawns we 
 plant lilacs from Bulgaria, spireas and hydrangeas from Japan and China. In the garden 
 are geraniums and coleus, salvia and heliotrope, and a score of other European and Asiatic 
 immigrants. Even our usual roses are of the blood of India and Japan, hybridized in England 
 and France! 
 
 In Pennsylvania we should have, of course, the best from all lands, of plants as well as 
 of people, but we need surely also to know and to have about us at home, in the parks, and 
 espicially near the schools, our own treasures of tree and shrub and plant—treasures that 
 have excited the admiration and the envy of plant lovers everywhere. 
 
 With a wealth of great oaks, why not surround the school buildings with them—the 
 white, pin, scarlet, rock and other splendid and enduring trees that made “Penn’s Woods# 
 famous?» Our hard or “sugar” maple is the most beautiful of all that family. We can have 
 the superb tulip tree or liriodendron, not a tulip-poplar, if you please! Our lindens and 
 ashes, our birches and our beeches, are notable, and no evergreens excel in beautiful quality 
 our white pines, our spruces and our hemlocks. 
 
 Let us stay at home for the fine hydrangeas that are of Pennsylvania, the “Hills of Snow,” 
 and the rarer oak-leaved sort. We have the lovely marsh mallows and their descendants. 
 In England the American laurel or kalmia is as highly esteemed as it is here stupidly dis- 
 regarded, and our great rhododendrons have long been valued by those who have ravished 
 them from our woods and hills to adorn their private estates. 
 
 So a first essential to the plant surroundings of a Pennsylvania school ought to be an 
 investigation of local and native plant resources. By reason of the variation in elevation 
 from tide-water to 3,600 feet, and through the possession in its make-up of varied soils, the 
 plant wealth of the Keystone State is so distributed that the natural roadside beauty in one 
 section differs completely from that in another. 
 
 It is thus easily possible that a most heantiful and individual planting of trees and shrubs, 
 all hardy and relatively permanent, might distinguish every city, suburban and rural school 
 building in Pennsylvania, using only plant material native to the state. Such planting would 
 
 17 
 
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 ‘XO1Hd 40 NIVINNOW V 
 
also, if properly undertaken, acquaint the pupils of the schools with the plant resources of 
 their own commonwealth, and upbuild their knowledge and love in that fashion which most 
 promotes true patriotism. 
 
 Nature herself, as she has worked in penutiaul Pennsylvania, provides us with the best 
 planting plans for the patriotic and educational work I have suggested. If the school planting 
 is to be truly satisfactory, it must look as if it had naturally come about, and not as if a 
 French barber had exercised all his arts on a virile woodsman fresh from the forest. 
 
 As I write, I am looking at a gardener’s outrage that has been committed in a lovely 
 open forest near a summer hotel. The beeches, birches, maples and hemlocks that rise from 
 a lawn that is like a wooded meadow frame a charming picture of a nearby lake. Thrust 
 into the middle distance is a “bed” of salvia and white-leaved centaurea that has been irrever- 
 ently called a “cranberry pie” by one annoyed guest, and likened by another to a blot of red 
 ink purposely spilled on the front of a dress shirt. The outrage is extended by certain painted 
 tubs of geraniums set on beautiful weathered rocks along the path! ‘This, too, in a climate 
 and location that causes to flourish remarkably the laurel and the rhododendron, and is right 
 now providing a marvelous show of color in the leaf-surrounded scarlet berries of the moun- 
 tain ash and the winter-berry, while nearby the pink cluster of the withe-rod are a delight. 
 
 When the planting for the school is being thought ont, the idea is to consider the most 
 pleasing unspoiled roadside or forest edging in the vicinity. This will be varied in its items, 
 and by no means in geometrical order. 
 
 The first error to avoid, then, is that committed too often in the restricted home lawn, 
 chiefly desecrated by a Colorado blue spruce in the exact center, or two of them syinmetrically 
 placed if the tree-agent is a good salesman,—bounded by other exotic shrubs set at regular 
 distances and punctuated by “beds” of whatever is deemed expensively ornamental. It has 
 bee: found possible to accentuate this planting crime by surrounding the beds or the walks 
 with bricks on edge, or with oyster shells, or with carefully white washed stones. The ex- 
 treme of this kind of ugliness can be attained by either whitewashing all nearby tree trunks, 
 or by forming a “bed” like a flag, or an anchor, or something else that “never was on land 
 or sea!” 
 
 Going a half mile along a mountain road, I find in sight a planting so lovely and so 
 tasteful that it at first seems like the open edge of the forest. The building is brown in tone, 
 and it is tied to the earth by the huckleberries, laurels, rhododendrons, hemlocks and other 
 varied shrubs of the neighborhood. This “foundation planting,” as it is called, is sufficiently 
 out from the walls to provide passage and air. There are some flowering shrubs, but the 
 decorative dependence is the native evergreen hemlock, laurel and rhododendron. 
 
 The lawn is unspotted and unspoiled by anything but grass, and consequently gives an 
 air of extent and repose. At each side of the property is a long border of rich ground, in 
 which flourish the hardy perennials and the summer-blooming bulbs that provide a continuous 
 show of flowers, varied from day to day. 
 
 At the front, which is above the roadway, the bank has wild roses trailing upon it, with 
 some American-bred hardy climbers, particularly the lovely and robust “American Pillar,” 
 to add a body of bloom and foliage. 
 
 Have I made plain an ideal for the use of Pennsylvania’s wealth of plant life about Penn- 
 sylvania’s now mostly unplanted schoolhouses? Can we not use mostly our own flower 
 treasures? Think of a mountain schoolhouse surrounded by our oaks, beeches, ashes, maples, 
 with a touch of pine and hemlock; think of irregular borders showing our wild phloxes and 
 
 19 
 
and ferns 
 
 sap, 
 0 
 
 ian pipe, pine- 
 
 Ind 
 
 Zz 
 
hepaticas and bloodroots and trilliums in earliest spring, and continuing through with brilliant 
 bergamot, snowy white hydrangea, dainty wood lilies, blue closed gentian, white» snakeroot 
 and scores of other lovely things; consider that there will be not only laurels and rhododen- 
 drons to bloom gloriously, but that their evergreen foliage will be beautiful when snow 
 comes; note that the making of this planting will be full of lessons in biology, in living 
 botany, in plant relations, in soil economics, and in true love of a country whose rocks and 
 rills, whose templed hills, are thus reverently memorialized! Isn’t the picture worth painting 
 in plants and trees, and won’t it be more pleasing even to the dullest school director than the 
 usual barren desolation we now possess? 
 
 A lowland school, a suburban school, and certainly a city school—for cities are yet in 
 the country—could be pictured, each surrounded with the plants and vines, the trees and 
 shrubs of the neighborhood. With a devoted leader to so organize, this “local color” planting 
 could be done largely by the pupils, and at far less expense than is usually incurred to produce 
 a chromo garden effect, purely imitative and exotic. 
 
 Can we have the plants of Pennsylvania about the schools of Pennsylvania? Why not? 
 
 ENTRANCE TO CHILDS’ FOREST PARK, DELAWARE STATE FOREST, 
 PIKE COUNTY, PA. 
 Play and rest places are being prepared on the State forests for you 
 and those who come after you. 
 
 aI 
 
‘ssunueyd soy Araqqniys sAtzeu Suisn Aq pue sazIs 
 gadoid Surj}defes Aq 9A1}9e1}}e O1OUI ape aq UeD Sasnoy [OOYIS INO 
 
 22 
 
Every child should learn how to gather wild flowers without 
 destroying them. 
 
 £5) 
 
CONSERVATION OF PENNSYLVANIA’S FORESTS 
 R. Y. Stuart 
 
 Commissioner of Forestry 
 The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 
 
 A continuous supply of good forest products is necessary for our safety and prosperity 
 in peace and in war. That such a supply will not be available in the future is now certain 
 unless corrective measures are applied to the handling of forest land. Even a casual survey 
 of the present timber situation will convince anyone that forest depletion has reached a 
 critical stage. 
 
 The conservation movement is an effort to use the natural sources of the earth, whether 
 they be forest, coal, or ore, for the greatest good of the greatest number for the longest time. 
 There has been a fundamental misconception that conservation means nothing but the 
 hoarding of resources for the future. There could be no more serious mistake, for the first 
 principle of conservation is use; but it refuses to recognize needless waste and destruction as 
 normal and necessary processes in the proper development and full enjoyment of natural 
 wealth. 
 
 A great change has taken place in the forests of Pennsylvania, the only state that em- 
 
 bodies the word “forest” in its name. The early settlers of Penn’s Province were confronted 
 on all sides with forests. Dense and unbroken stands of big trees covered almost every 
 acre of land in the valleys and on the mountains, Of the State’s entire land area (28,692,480 
 acres) at least 28,592,000 acres originally contained timber. The forest was then an obstacle 
 to development and had to be removed to make way for settlements, agricultural crops, and 
 other necessary and profitable uses of the land. The practice of forest destruction by axe, 
 saw, and fire became so general among the pioneers that it was accepted as normal and neces- 
 sary. 
 As late as one hundred years ago there still stood in the State about twenty acres of 
 forest land for each inhabitant, from which could be secured at least 500,000 board feet of fine 
 lumber. Pennsylvania was so richly endowed with timber that the supply seemed inex- 
 haustible to her citizens. This heritage was theirs at little or no cost and they proceeded 
 to use it unsparingly and treat it carelessly. Before coal and iron were discovered, before the 
 great ore beds were uncovered, and before the railroads were constructed, there began to flow 
 forth from the forested hills of the Keystone State a large and continuous stream of useful 
 forest products. A great lumber industry arose. Sawmills and lumber camps abounded. 
 Streams were the carriers for the large volume of timber cut. In 1850 Pennsylvania stood 
 second among the States of the Union in lumber production; and in 1860 she took first place. 
 The drain upon the forests increased to supply the wood needs of an enlarging population 
 and wider market. The trees removed were the best ones. Those that were left were 
 regarded as of no value and no care or protection was given to them. Protection of the forests 
 in those days was unknown. It was thought that the future could well take care of its own 
 timber needs. 
 
 The effects of a continued policy of forest destruction without provisions for forest re- 
 newal had to be felt sooner or later. About 1890 Pennsylvania’s position as a lumber-pro- 
 ducing state started to decline. In that year she dropped to third place in lumber production. 
 
 24 
 
se 
 
 Her subsequent decline as a timber-producing state was rapid, because her forests were being 
 eaten away without any provisions for their future. She has passed from a position of leader- 
 ship to a place of dependency in the production of a vital product to her citizens. “Today 
 the State is twentieth among the states in lumber production; her forests yield but one-fifth 
 of the lumber she consumes; former lumbering centers are deserted; and most of the timber 
 she uses must be brought by rail or water at great cost from distant states and foreign lands. 
 There are now left less than 25,000 acres of original timber within the State, that is, less 
 than one acre for every 360 inhabitants of the Commonwealth. 
 
 Weare proud of the prosperity that the forests of Pennsylvania brought to her industries 
 and the benefits that have come from them to her people; but we must face the present 
 situation squarely. Our natural resources must be regarded as wealth not merely to be 
 exploited but also to be conserved. The results of forest destruction are evident on every 
 hand. Where once stood matchless miles of the best and most useful timber found in eastern 
 North America, there now remain vast stretches of unproductive waste land. Lands once 
 covered with fine white pine, hemlock, and many other valuable forest trees, are now entirely 
 
 Vast stretches of devastated forest land must be made productive. 
 To permit them to remain idle is an economic crime. 
 
 25 
 
devoid of valuable tree growth. Nature’s forest gifts have been used up, burned up, wasted, 
 and destroyed. It is high time to arrest the destructive tendencies and to restore Penn’s Woods. 
 
 No more important problem confronts the people of Pennsylvania than forest conserva- 
 tion. To exist as a Nation, to prosper as a State, and to live as a citizen, we must have 
 forests. Nothing comes out of the earth or grows upon its surface that surpasses wood in its 
 adaptability to man’s needs. We cannot have forests unless we protect and care for them. 
 Forest fires must be kept out of the woods; forests must be used and treated wisely, not 
 destructively ; and unproductive waste lands must be made to work. We must produce not 
 only more forest trees but better forest trees; trees that are free from fire scars, from worm 
 holes, and from rot. Forests like human beings may be healthy and strong or sickly and 
 weak. It is our social and economic duty to place our forests in order; to restore them to the 
 production of useful wood; to make them attractive; and to keep them sanitary. 
 
 Forests are not only wood producers; from them come other of man’s benefits. We need 
 them for the cheer, health, shade, shelter and food they give, and for the wild life they harbor. 
 There is no better place to rest and play than among the trees. Trees live to give, and 
 everybody needs their gifts. They are benefactors alike to townsman and countryman. Tree- 
 less lands are as cheerless as creedless lands are hopeless. 
 
 There is no better place to play than among the trees. 
 
 26 
 
A start has been made toward the up-building of Penn’s Woods. The State now owns 
 1,126,237 acres of forest land which is being protected and cared for by the Department 
 of Forestry. These State Forests are being made productive for you and those who come 
 after you. Forest protection by the State is extended to private as well as State lands by 
 means of the Department’s State-wide Forest Protection organization. The Federal Govern- 
 ment, other public agencies, private associations and individuals are cooperating in the pro- 
 tective work. The Department advises timberland owners, upon request, on the proper 
 methods of caring for and cutting their timber. Forest trees are distributed free for planting. 
 
 While some progress has been made, it is a bare beginning toward the goal of forest 
 restoration. There must be a large increase in State Forests. Pennsylvania should own and 
 make productive its five million acres of idle forest land good for nothing else than tree 
 production. Pennsylvanians should unite in the determination to prevent forest fires. All 
 timberland owners should protect and care for their timber, learning to harvest the crop 
 without devastating the land. Planting should be done where nature unaided cannot produce 
 the trees. State and citizen must participate in building up the forests. 
 
 The best water supplies flow from forested hills. 
 
 27 
 
Forest conservation is forest thrift—the wise use and care of the forest. It meets the 
 needs of today but provides also for tomorrow. The State as the individual must be thrifty 
 to secure lasting prosperity. There must be a forward-looking plan in forest production. 
 Pennsylvania cannot continue as a prosperous, forward-looking State unless she protects the 
 forests she has and restores forests on the vast areas of devastation. She must provide for 
 the present and safeguard the future by fighting forest fires, forest waste, and forest idleness. 
 Her faith in the future demands that provision be made for the timber needs of her future 
 citizens. Each generation must meet its responsibilities to the future. No responsibility 
 rests more clearly upon the present generation than to use thriftly the timber resources 
 available to it and to restore forest production in Pennsylvania. 
 
 The conservation of Pennsylvania’s forests concerns every Pennsylvanian. Townsman 
 or countryman, old or young, all need the products of the forest and can play some part in 
 the restoration of Penn’s Woods. 
 
 (Oourtesy Pennsylvania Department of Forestry) 
 
 A YOUNG FOREST. 
 
 A natural seeding of white pine. 
 
 28 
 
THE WATER POWER OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 George H. Ashley 
 
 State Geologist 
 The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 
 
 The civilizations of today may be gauged by the power they consume. Primitive nations 
 used little or no power except that of man or of animals. As civilization advanced, nations 
 began to use the power of wind or falling water. Later came the use of the steam engine, 
 burning wood, ccal or other fuel. Ultimately, we shall have to depend largely on power 
 derived directly from the sun’s heat. 
 
 At the present time our principal source of power is derived from the burning of coal. 
 In 1919 the United States used about 30 million horsepower, exclusive of water power, of 
 which over 18 million horsepower was derived from coal, and the rest from oil and gas. To 
 obtain this horsepower 400 million tons of coal were used. In contrast with that it is estimated 
 that 55 million tons of coal would have yielded all of the power derived from falling water. 
 Furthermore, it may be noted that in recent expansion in power consumption, only 10% has 
 been in the direction of water power. 
 
 Our knowledge of the water power of the State or nation is as yet very meager. It has 
 been estimated that the developed water power of the country is only one-seventh of that 
 readily available, or one-fourteenth of that available under conditions of maximum storage. 
 It has been estimated that Pennsylvania has a little under 700,000 horespower readily obtain- 
 able, but probably double that amount if all possible storage were to be used. Of this, a total 
 of 173,000 horsepower has been developed. The horsepower developed in Pennsylvania 
 ranges from small mills on creeks, a few of which still use water wheels, to great power plants, 
 such as that on the Susquehanna River at McCalls Ferry. Here are eight water wheels with a 
 total capacity of 118,000 horsepower and eight main generators with a total capacity of 86,000 
 kilowatts. (A kilowatt is 1.34 horsepower). 
 
 In general, Pennsylvania is not a favorable place for the development of water power. 
 There are practically no falls of large volume and the larger streams have cut their channels 
 down until the fall per mile is relatively small. Thus, the Susquehanna has a fall above 
 Columbia of less than 2.5 feet per mile, and in part of the upper waters the fall is less than 
 half that. Below Columbia, the fall is 5.17 feet per mile. It is in that part of the river where 
 water power has been and will be developed. What is true of the main stream is largely true 
 of the tributaries. 
 
 In the second place, the valleys of Pennsylvania present few narrow places with rocky 
 cliffs that would allow water power development at a moderate cost. In contrast with the 
 narrow unoccupied canyons of the west, the valleys of Pennsylvania are moderately wide and 
 commonly occupied by railroads and manufacturing towns. Many places, such as the “water 
 gaps,” that might serve as sites for water power dams, could be used only at very great 
 expense; for in addition to the cost of the dam there would be the cost of elevating railroads, 
 usually involving the securing of new rights-of-way, and of moving any towns that would be 
 flooded by the waters above the dam. 
 
 Conservation of the State’s water powers will be along four lines: 
 
 1. The utilization of possible power sites for the development of power not now used. 
 
 2. The building of storage dams in the upper valleys of the rivers for storage of water 
 during the spring floods, to be let out during low water periods, and thus to equalize the flow. 
 
 3. It is now customary to design water power plants so as to utilize only such portion of 
 the power as can be depended unon for eight or nine months of the year, using a “standby” 
 steam plant to help out during the extreme dry season. Jn this way often more than half of 
 the possible available water power is not utilized. By building a steam plant that will carry | 
 
 29 &. 
 
Service. ) 
 
 Reclamation 
 
 States 
 
 United 
 
 (Oourtesy 
 
 ROOSEVELT DAM, ARIZONA 
 
 hat has made a garden of a desert. 
 
 izona t 
 
 in Ar 
 
 iver project 
 
 The Salt R 
 
all of the desired load except that to be furnished by the water-power plant during extreme low 
 water, and then building a water plant to utilize all of the power of the stream, except during 
 extreme flood periods, the water power plant becomes the “standby” plant in a sense, the 
 two supplementing each other, so that all the power possible from the stream is obtained. 
 By this method the power derived from any stream may be greatly increased or even multiplied 
 two or three times. 
 
 4. Ordinarily, a local water-power plant and its auxiliary steam plant form a separate 
 unit. It has recently been proposed to link together all of the power plants—water and 
 steam—in the eastern part of Pennsylvania and in adjoining areas, into a “superpower 
 system.” As a rule, power plants have to meet an uneven load, with a “peak” load during 
 certain hours of the day or during certain seasons of the year, and periods of small demand 
 during other hours or seasons. The “peak” loads will differ for different localities according 
 to the industries served. By combining the available power from a large area the “peak” load 
 at one point may be met from some distant power plant where the peak load comes at a dif- 
 ferent hour or different season. In this way it is possible not only to avoid the extra equip- 
 ment to meet extreme peak loads, but emergency equipment as well. Again, by the develop- 
 ment of power in large units, vastly greater efficiency is obtained. Thus, a large modern 
 power plant may develop four times as much horsepower from a given weight of coal as a 
 small power plant. 
 
 At the present time the largest undeveloped power sites in Pennsylvania appear to be 
 on the upper Delaware River above Easton, on the lower Susquehanna below Ferry, and on 
 the Clarion River. 
 
 Dam and Power Plant of Pennsylvania Water and Power Co. McCalls Ferry, Pa. 
 ol 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Fred Crabtree 
 
 Dean of School of Mines 
 Carnegie Institute of Technology 
 
 Pennsylvania is a State that is notable for many things, among which may be mentioned 
 its scenic beauty, its fine agricultural development, its educational institutions, its great in- 
 dustries and millions of skilled workers, and, as a basis for its industries, vast- mineral 
 resources. The products of its mines and mills are distributed throughout the whole world, 
 serving mankind everywhere and bringing great wealth to the State. To know Pennsyl- 
 vania, then, and her relations to the rest of the United States, it is necessary tc know some- 
 thing of her mineral resources and mineral products. 
 
 The early colonists who came to America from England, France, and Holland lived in 
 a very simple way. They worked long hours, and did not, as a rule, travel far from home. 
 Most of them were farmers; nearly all of their simple needs were supplied from the animal 
 and plant life of their own immediate neighborhood, and mineral products were of small 
 account to them, outside of the few iron tools they used. Even with the greatly increased 
 numbers that built the towns and cities of the Revolutionary Period the needs, and methods 
 of living, though more varied, were quite simple, and luxuries so common now were unob- 
 tainable because they were the product of, or depended on, mineral industries. 
 
 About the time of the Revolutionary War, and during a few succeeding years, certain 
 events took place that led to a complete change in the methods of working and of living of a 
 great portion of the people in both Europe and America—a change vastly greater and more 
 important than the political change brought about by the separation from England. When 
 
 (Courtesy Pennsylvania Geclogical Survey) 
 
 Pennsylvania mines one-fourth of the limestone of the Country. 
 
 bye 
 
 Rs 
 
 EY 
 
 & 
 
(Courtesy Pennsylvania Geological Survey) 
 An iron ore mine in the mountains of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Henry Cort invented his methods for making wrought iron and rolling it into shaped bars, 
 James Watt perfected his steam engine mechanism, Hargreaves Arkwright and Cromplin 
 their spinning machine, Cartwright his power loom for weaving cloth, Eli Whitney his cotton 
 gin, Robert Fulton his steam boat, and George Stevenson his locomotive, they made possible 
 and started, the modern industries that have given employment and wealth to hundreds of 
 millions of people, have greatly favored the growth of large cities, and have placed within 
 the reach of the ordinary workingman conveniences and luxuries that were beyond the reach 
 of George Washington, and the other wealthy men of his time, or even of the richest and most 
 powerful kings and emperors of other nations of that, or earlier times. 
 
 These industries are all based on the use of minerals—on power generated from coal or oil. 
 on machinery made of iron or other metals, and on innumerable ways of utilizing other 
 mineral products in addition to the vegetable and animal products used by our forefathers. 
 Fuel—which usually means coal—is the real basis of our industrial life and progress. Inex- 
 perienced men are apt to think of gold and silver mines, or diamond mines and copper mines, 
 as the mineral sources of great wealth; as a matter of fact, these are of vastly less industrial 
 importance and value than coal mines, limestone quarries, clay beds, and iron ore. 
 
 Dr. George H. Ashley recently told* in an interesting way of many kinds of minerals that 
 are mined in Pennsylvania. The following excerpt is worth quoting: 
 
 “Pennsylvania is rich in that she has both the natural resources and the will to work, in 
 very large measure. It is not that her resources are so much greater than those of her sister 
 states but that the knowledge of her resources through public and private surveys has been 
 coupled with a restless energy, an untiring ambition, and an unconquerable desire for achieve- 
 ment. 
 
 *Proceedings of the Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania, February, 1921. 
 
 oF) 
 
“This explains why, with less than four per cent of the coal in the country, she annually 
 mines 46 per cent of the country’s needs, and in days gone by met two-thirds of the country’s 
 need. With no better limestone than many of her neighbors, she annually mines one fourth 
 of the limestone of the country, and produces one fourth of the Portland cement of the 
 country. She mines one seventh of the sand and gravel used, and one third of the glass sand. 
 She makes 60 per cent of all the metallic paint, 84 per cent of all the paint from slate and 
 shale, and quarries more than one tenth of all the stone quarried—and so on, down the list.”— 
 
 The following figures and information are also taken from Dr. Ashley’s address. 
 
 Coal, of course, heads the list in order of tonnage and commercial value. Each year more 
 than 200,000,000 tons are mined; and it is estimated that anthracite coal may continue to be 
 mined for one hundred years, while the known supply of bituminous coal would yield 150,000,- 
 COO tons a vear for about five hundred years. 
 
 Petroleum and natural gas, found in the western part of the State, have also been of in- 
 
 calculable value to its industries and its people; but unfortunately only a small supply of each 
 
 remains. 
 
 Limestone is used in enormous quantities, for different purposes. It furnishes the chief 
 part of Portland cement, of which about $30,000,000 worth is made annually in the State. 
 Limestone is indispensable in the making of pig iron and steel, it is used in road making, 
 
 as ballast for railroad tracks, in concrete and mortar for foundations and walls, and as lime ~ 
 
 or pulverized limestone on farms to increase the yield of crops. The burnt lime alone—one 
 fourth to one third of all that is produced in the United States—has a value of $6,000,000 or 
 more each year. 
 
 Clay is another mineral very widely and extensively used. A single year’s production of 
 building brick was valued at $6,500,000, and of fire clay brick at $24,000,000. Fire-proof tile, 
 terracotta pipe, electrical conduits, and china are among the other clay products that bring the 
 yearly value up to about $50,000,000. Shale and slate, minerals closely allied chemically and 
 geologically, are also mined in considerable quantities, and for varied uses. 
 
 Sandstone, sand, ganister, and quartzite are all forms of silica, varying principally in the 
 degree or manner of cementing the grains together. They are used in building, in iron and 
 steel foundries, and in lining steel-making furnaces, in making glass, and in grinding and 
 polishing plate glass—all very important industries in the State. 
 
 Among the other minerals mined in smaller quantities are magnetite iron ore, which also 
 contains a little copper and has been worked for nearly two hundred years; graphite; 
 feldspar, used in making enamelled wares; kaolin, marble, mica, chromite, soapstone, pyrites 
 and talc. Some of these, and a number of others, are produced in very small amounts; one 
 government publication listed 37 minerals as being produced in Pennsylvania during 1916. 
 Salt, nickel, and bromine were formerly produced here, but are now obtained more cheaply 
 in other places. 
 
 Gold and silver do occur, but in such small amounts as to be unprofitable; and gem stones are 
 occasionally found, but too rarely to justify any mining operation. But these are much less 
 
 desirable commercially than the Jess romantic minerals on which our industries and wealth have 
 been based. 
 
 34 
 
 %, 
 
 e 
 
THE CONSERVATION OF PENNSYLVANIA SOILS 
 R. L. Watts 
 
 Dean of the College of Agriculture 
 The Pennsylvania State College 
 
 The conservation of our soils is of vital importance to the people of Pennsylvania. We look 
 to the land for all our food and raw materials for manufactured articles, and though our 
 people are well supplied at present, the problem which should concern each one of us is, will 
 the land produce adequately for the increased millions of people who may be living in Penn- 
 sylvania 100 years or more from now. We have no right to abuse or neglect the land when 
 the welfare of all future generations is dependent upon its careful and intelligent manage- 
 ment. Lands may waste and become practically useless, as have millions of acres in China, 
 and we must avoid any such calamity in the great Keystone State. It is well for us to 
 
 remember that the earth is God created. A prominent educator has written a book* on 
 Sie Eoly Earth.” 
 
 Soi PAP or PENNSYLVANIA 
 —— CorpPiLeD Frort THE Keconorssance, So, Surveys of PennNsyLVANIA—— 
 
 mh 
 
 | 
 
 = 
 
 NAAT 
 TATOO 
 AGREE EES PEATE OT 
 EET 
 
 PtEEEER SON 
 
 Ltt ka 
 [pS Eer 
 
 oman GAT, 
 
 : 
 
 Pia? 
 
 a 
 
 dines 
 
 ALTE ASSESS 
 SSS ss 
 
 aT 
 
 Ry 
 R 
 
 : 
 
 SS ecaeeee a eae 
 SELES SZ OS 
 Se 
 
 - Dekalh Volusia Westmoreland Hagerstown f 2 
 : 2 : pshur BLE Pi & L a 1 y I s 
 Agr ison) (Duchess) (Brooke) (Conestoza, © Danw Behe cee taales Foledye Sere atren tetydey: 
 (®dgemont) : Frankstown, : and Murrill : 
 Duffield) . 
 
 Soil map showing the different soils found in the State. 
 *\_. H. Bailey: The. Holy Earth. 
 
 oo 
 
Pennsylvania is a large state of 28,821,120 acres of land. Of this great area, however, only 
 61% is in farm land. This leaves 11,000,000 acres that are mountainous, stony or hilly and 
 are not satisfactory for farming purposes. ‘ 
 
 Forty-seven different kinds of soil have been found and mapped in the State. These dif- 
 ferent soils are divided into what is called soil series and are named for some town or natural 
 feature near which they were first found. As an example, Westmoreland, Warren and Mont- 
 alto soils take their names from the location in which they were first found. This soil series 
 is again divided into soil types. The term type is used to describe the texture of the soil. 
 As an example, Westmoreland is the name of a soil series and Westmoreland silt loam is a 
 type name. Many of these soils vary from a heavy clay to a sandy loam, so we must have 
 type names to describe the texture of ‘the soils, such as clay, clay loam, sandy loam, etc. 
 
 Seventy-four per cent of the soils of the State are known as residual soils, that is, they are 
 found where they were originally formed from the rocks and have not been moved by the 
 action of streams or other agencies. Twenty-two per cent of the soils are glacial, formed and 
 carried by the action of great masses of moving ice sheets which covered northern Pennsyl- 
 
 A typical area of DeKalb mountain land where erosion is severe. 
 Such land should be reforested. 
 
 36 
 
 & 
 
 ¢ 
 
 Fj 
 
vania many centuries ago. The remaining four per cent of the soils is what is known as 
 alluvial and lacustrine. Alluvial soils are those that have been carried and deposited by 
 streams, while lacustrine soils are transported and deposited in the bottom of lakes. 
 
 Reference has been made to the millions of acres of waste land in China caused by erosion. 
 When vegetation is burned or removed from the land year after year, the supply of soil organic 
 matter soon becomes practically exhausted and the heavy rains are certain to wash deep 
 gulleys, thus making the land of little value for agricultural purposes. The sound policy of 
 good farmers is to keep the land covered with a growing crop from early spring until late 
 fall, which prevents washing and erosion and also conserves available plant food in the soil. 
 
 The proper use of a soil is favorable to its conservation. The growing of big crops under 
 good farming conditions will not reduce the future productiveness of a soil. On the other 
 hand, bad management of land is certain to lower future yields. The depletion of plant food 
 and soil organic matter invariably leads to lighter crops. Almost every community has 
 striking demonstrations of this fact. 
 
 The most extensive soil area in the State is known as the Dekalb, formed from sandstone 
 and shale. It is found in twenty-three counties, from Monroe to Butler, on narrow ridges 
 and along ridged valleys. Throughout the Dekalb area, the land is hilly to mountainous and 
 
 A view of the Snow Shoe experiment fields on DeKalb soil showing 
 the increased yields of wheat as the result of fertilizer treatment. 
 
 ar 
 
is normally not very productive, but responds well to scientific treatment. On the experi- 
 mental plots of The Pennsylvania State College, it has been found that Dekalb soil of a very 
 low type is capable of high development when properly managed. For example, corn yields 
 have been increased from less than five bushels per acre to fifty-two bushels, and oat yields as 
 high as seventy-two bushels per acre have been obtained on this soil, which contitutes forty- 
 three per cent of the State’s area. 
 
 Volusia soil ranks next to Dekalb in area, extending through the northern tier counties and 
 including 19.4 per cent of the state’s oil area. On this soil a great dairy industry has developed, 
 famous for its herds of pure bred cattle. The area is occupied by beautiful rounded hills, 
 flanked by steep sided valleys and, in the northwest, rolling plateaus with steep slopes to 
 the streams below. Dotted here and there among the hills may be seen large numbers of 
 creameries, cheese factories, and condensories, which handle the enormous quantities of dairy 
 products produced in this picturesque country. 
 
 Showing the increased yield of pasture grasses on Volusia soil as the 
 result of fertilizer and manure treatment. 
 
 38 
 
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 CD 
 
 zy) 
 
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 he success of the dairy industry is largely dependent upon the summer pastures, and al- 
 though the land is well adapted to grasses, improper methods of farming have brought about 
 soil depletion until the grass lands no longer furnish sufficient forage and the farmers are 
 forced to supplement the cattle feed with expensive mill products. As a result of continuous 
 cropping without the return of plant food to the soil, the green succulent grasses which once 
 thrived on this soil have been replaced by native weeds. Many of these hillside pastures, 
 robbed of their covering of natural grasses, are exposed to excessive erosion, which, in too many 
 cases, leaves the land in a condition beyond repair. 
 
 The soil fertility experiments conducted by our State College Experiment Station on 
 typical areas of this land have demonstrated beyond question that these depleted pastures are 
 capable of quick rejuvenation through the liberal use of lime, manure, and acid phosphate, or 
 lime and mineral fertilizers. 
 
 A view of America’s oldest soil fertility experiments established at 
 State College on Hagerstown soil in 1881. 
 
 39 
 
\Westmoreland soils are found in the extreme southwestern part of the State and include 8.5 
 per cent of our total soil area. This soil occupies a topography similar to Volusia and comes 
 within the Kentucky blue grass belt. This section of the State was at one time famed for 
 its excellent blue grass pastures, which, however, in recent years have become depleted until 
 at the present time large acres of soil that formerly were used for pasture have been either 
 abandoned or devoted to the growth of inferior hay. Experiments similar to those conducted, 
 on the Volusia and Dekalb soils have shown that this soil responds quickly to manurial treat- 
 ment and is capable of rapid rejuvenation. 
 
 The most fertile farm land in the State where agriculture is found highly developed is 
 located on Hagerstown soil of limestone origin. This soil is found only in the limestone valleys 
 and represents 4.3 per cent of the soil area of the State. Throughout these beautiful limestone 
 valleys, stretching in broken areas from Northampton southwest to Bedford, are found farms 
 that are unequalled in the east. On this soil settled the thrifty Dutch, the people who have 
 made Lancaster County the garden spot of the country. ; 
 
 The oldest soil fertility experiments in America are located on this soil at State College. 
 These famous experiment fields have just completed their fortieth consecutive year and have 
 become the source of information which has played a large part in the upbuilding and main- 
 tenance of soil fertility on this, the State’s most noted soil area. 
 
 The heavy annual drain on the fertility of our soils through the loss of plant food removed 
 in crops may be illustrated by the following significant facts: To replace the nitrogen, 
 phosphorus, and potash removed by the annual crop of wheat grain grown on 1,424,951 acres 
 of the soils of our State would require an annual application of the equivalent of 100,000 
 tons of nitrate of soda or 3,000,090 tons of manure, 49,031 tons of acid phosphate, and 7,174 
 tons of muriate of potash. To return to the land of the State the plant food annually sold 
 from the farms in the milk supply would require in round numbers the application of the 
 equivalent of 42,000 tons of nitrate soda, 14.000 tons of acid phosphate, and 3,500 tons of 
 muriate of potash. In other words, these two farm products remove annually from the farms 
 of the State 47,000,000 pounds of nitrogen, 7,000,000 pounds of phosphorus, and 9,000,0G0 
 pounds of potassium. 
 
 Such heavy drains on the soil, however fertile, will lead to the depletion of the land unless 
 ample provisions are made to replace the plant food thus removed. It is much more econo- 
 mical to keep up the fertility of the soil by the frequent addition of plant food in whatever form 
 applied than to allow the land to become depleted and be compelled to resort to heroic 
 measures in an attempt to restore to the land its original crop producing power. 
 
 Pennsylvania has been peculiarly blessed by Nature in the provision of her many fertile 
 soils stretching across the great Commonwealth and affording an opportunity for almost any 
 phase of agricultural practice. “To use the soil and not abuse it” should be the motto ot 
 every farmer. Successful farming is the joint work of theory and practice and there should 
 be no conflict between the two. The Agricultural Experiment Station, the chosen guardian 
 of the soil, has pledged itself to continue unabated all lines of research that may lead eventu- 
 ally to the complete rejuvenation of the soils of the State through the adoption of more 
 scientific practice. 
 
 A» 
 
CHARLES A. BABCOCK 
 
 Charles A. Babcock, the originator of the idea of National Bird Day, died at his home in 
 Oil City, Pennsylvania, August 9, 1922. Mr. Babcock gave to the world a record of unusual 
 service. He was born at Petersburg, New York, December 16, 1847. He was graduated 
 from Hamilton College, and later taught for nine years in the Normal School at Fredonia. 
 His education in the classics was supplemented with training in chemistry and in law and 
 he practised in the courts of New York State as a chemical expert prior to beginning his 
 educational work. After a time he decided to give his attention to public school work and 
 
 was elected Superintendent of Schools in Oil City, Pennsylvania, which position he held 
 from 1883 to 1908. 
 
 CHARLES A. BABCOCK 
 The Founder of National Bird Day 
 Born December 16, 1847; Died August 9, 1922 
 
 4] 
 
SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR OBSERVING ARBOR DAY AND BIRD DAY. 
 
 This number of the Arbor Day Manual emphasizes in every article the conservation of 
 natural resources, those gifts we have enjoyed in such abundance in past years, but which 
 we. now realize cannot last forever unless we use them most carefully. 
 
 The statutes provide in Section 4001 of the School Code, “That those days set apart by 
 
 the Governor as Arbor Days shall also be known as ‘Bird Days’ in Pennsylvania and it - 
 
 shall be the duty of every teacher in the public schools * * * * to devote, together with 
 the pupils, at least two hours of such school day to the study of wild birds * * * *, and the 
 best methods through which the conservation and increase of useful birds may be secured | 
 and it shall be the duty of all school superintendents within this Commonwealth, either 
 county, city or otherwise, to see to it that the requirements of this act are complied with.” 
 
 Let us make this the banner year by observing Arbor Day, Bird Day, and Roosevelt Day 
 in one hundred percent of the schools in Pennsylvania, October 27th. Superintendents and 
 supervising principals may render a helpful service at HES time by cooperating with class 
 room teachers in planning suitable programs. 
 
 A few suggestions are submitted for the guidance of teachers in preparing for the olbxer- 
 vance of this day: 
 
 A. Preliminary Suggestions. 
 
 1. Consult again pages fifty-four to fifty-eight of the Arbor Day Manual of Apmil 14. 
 1922, and pages twenty-one to twenty-three of the Arbor Day Manual of October 
 28, 1921, for numerous helpful suggestions on exhibits, reports by children, poems, 
 plays, and music. 
 
 2. In honoring the memory of Theodore Roosevelt refer again to the Arbor Day Manual 
 of October 27, 1920, using it as source of information for talks and readings. 
 
 3. Use the various articles in the present manual as the basis of talks and readings by 
 the pupils. Let them discuss and become acquainted with these articles before 
 presentation in the formal program. 
 
 4. In honoring the memory of Charles A. Babcock, refer again to the Arbor Day manual 
 of April 14, 1922, page eleven, for a story of “The Origin of National Bird Day.” 
 
 5. As a means of giving permanent effect to the lessons of Bird Day, form a Junior 
 Audubon Club in your school. The following by-laws are suggested by the Audubon 
 Society : 
 
 Article I. This organization shall be known as the “ 
 Junior Audubon Club”. 
 
 Article II. The object of its members shall be to learn all they can about wild 
 birds, and to try to save any from being wantonly killed. 
 
 Article III. The officers shall consist of a President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. 
 
 Article IV. The annual fees of the club shall be ten cents for each member; and 
 the money shall be sent to the National Association of Audubon Societies in 
 exchange for educational leaflets and Audubon buttons, 
 
 Article V. The Junior Audubon Club shall have at least one meeting every month. 
 
 Write to Mr. T. Gilbert Pierson, President of the National Association of Audubon 
 Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City, for information as to club activities. 
 
 6. Save this manual. It should be retained as the permanent property of the school 
 for use in future years. 
 
 42 
 
 vay 
 
+ 
 
 a 
 
 B. Suggested Program for Friday, October 27, 1922. 
 
 The topics listed below, numbers two to ten inclusive, on each of which an article has been 
 prepared by a noted authority and printed herein, suggest themes for short talks by pupils 
 before an assembly in the school room or auditorium. Ask the children, the patrons, and the 
 visitors to supplement each topic. Discuss thoroughly the application of the topic to local 
 conditions and draw as many helpful lessons as possible from each subject. 
 
 For the tree planting as suggested in number eleven, the school should proceed to the place 
 where the planting is to be made. A young tree, a large number of seedling trees, or local 
 native shrubs and flowers should then be planted. Preparations for this event should be made 
 during the preceding week by having discussions as to how, what, and where to plant, and by 
 assembling the proper materials for the planting operation. 
 
 ARBOR DAY, BIRD DAY, AND ROOSEVELT DAY PROGRAM 
 
 1. Appropriate songs. 
 
 2. Governor Sproul’s Arbor Day Proclamation. 
 
 3. Letter to the school children of Pennsylvania from Dr. Finegan, Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction. 
 
 4. Gifford Pinchot’s letter to the school children of Pennsylvania. 
 
 5. “Wild Life in Pennsylvania”. 
 
 6. “Charles A. Babcock—Founder of Bird Day”. 
 
 7. “Pennsylvania’s Wild Flowers and Shrubs”. 
 
 8. “Conservation of Pennsylvania’s Forests’. 
 
 9. “Pennsylvania’s Water Power”. 
 
 10. “The Conservation of Pennsylvania Soils”. 
 
 11. Planting of native trees, shrubs, or flowers on or near the school grounds. 
 
 fm ong, America”. 
 
 C. Exhibits of Pupils’ Work. 
 
 1. Posters announcing the school program for Arbor Day, Lird Day, and Roosevelt Day. 
 Bird feeding shelves made by children, to be erected for feeding birds this winter. 
 3. Collections of specimens of native trees, including leaves, bark, vertical sections 
 and cross sections. 
 4. Drawings, color studies, and paper cuttings of birds, trees, and land-scapes. 
 5. Decorations of appropriate kinds, such as leaves, evergreen boughs, and autumn 
 foliage. 
 
 43 
 
(Courtesy of American Game Protective and Propagation Association) 
 
 Friends