3465/4:
6u_ 36
Bulletin No. 36 April 27, 1922.
M. M. LEIGHTON
COMMON EALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF INTERVAL APFAIRS
Janos HH, Woodward, \Scoretary
———
BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
George H. Ashley, State Geologist
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COAL BEDS IN INDIANA COUNTY, PEMISYLVANIA
Ja Ds Sisler.
Introduction,
Indiana County for mmy years has been one of the most important
bituminous coal producing countics in Pennsylvania. The greater part
of the coal is mined from the Upper Freeport bed, which is the
largest reserve of valuable ant casily accessible coal in the county,
The Lower Kittanning, Lower “Freeport, and the Pittsburgh beds are
important locally as sources of shipping coal. Many other beds have
future value, but are not mined at present,
The thick coal beds of the Allegheny formation, including the
Kittannings and Preeports, are large reserves for future use,
Practically all mining as yet is by drifts, although there are
extensive areas where these beds are within easy shafting distance.
The Pittsburrh bed; restricted to a small area in the southwestern
part of the county, will be exhausted within 2 few years.
In 19186 Indiana County stood sixth in Pennsylvania as 2 ditu-
minous coal producer. In tmt year, 12,745,190 tons were produced,
valued at $37,576,089. Of this emount, 12,209,067 tons, valued at
$56,153,156 were londed at the mines for Shipment; -110,848 tons were
sold to local trade and used by employees; and 189;056 tons were
used‘at the mines for steam ana heat; 254,219 tons, valued at
$646,828 were made into coke at the mines.
Indian2 County is bounded on the north’ by Jefferson County, on
the cast by Clearficla and Cambrian counties) on the south by
Westmoreland County, and on the west by Armstrong County. Its
greatest width from north tc south is 37,5 miles, and from cast to
west 28,5 miles, Its area is 847,2 square miles, The population in
1920 was 80,910,
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nearly level from that point to the eastern edge of the county.
Brush Valley syncline, the next structure to the northwest, hes
its southern end in Indiana County, between Nole and Shestnut Ridge
anticlines. It extends northeast near Brush Valley and Cookport,
leaving the county about two miles north of Cherry Tree, It is a
proad fold, with rather steep dips on both flarks. The axis 1s
extremely irregular in elevation. |
Chestnut Ridge anticline, the largest fold in the county, cross-~-
es Conemaugh River about 2 miles west of Bolivar, and extends north-
east near Penn Run (Greenville), Utah (Taylorville), and Hortens,
leaving the county near the northcast corner, The west slope of the
anticline is gencrally steepest; the fold is highest between Black
Lick Creek and Conemaugh River, The northern part of the fold in
Indiana County is broad and flat, and the axis is extremely variable
in elevation,
Latrobe syncline enters the county at Blairsville, extends north-
east near Homer City, and flattens out at Indiana, It is a well
marked structure, with the rocks rising rapidly on the eastern flank,
and gently on the western. The axis is very regular in elevation.
Dixonville syneline is a minor structure lying between Chestnut
Ridge anticline and Richmond anticline near Dixonville. The basin
ri narrow and flat. The greatest rise of the rocks is on the eastern
lank.
Richmond anticline is a short structure lying near Kintersburg
and Rayne. The dips on both flenks are gentle, The axis rises
sharply to the north,
Jacksonville anticline crosses the Conemaugh near Saltsburg, and
extends northeest to Curry Run where it flattens out. It is a well
eam structure with a broad flat top, and gentle dips on both
flanks,
MickKee Run anticline is a low gentle fold lying between Indiana
and Creekside. This anticline is important because of the occurrence
of gas along its northwest flank in the vicinity of Creekside.
Elders Ridge syncline enters the county at Edri, extends north-
east near Elders Ridge, West Lebanon and Chambersville, and flattens
out in the northern pert of the county. It is a canoe shaped basin,
shallow at both ends but deepening toward the middle at Iselin. The
Slopes on both flmks are rather steep but remarkebly uniform.
Dutch Run anticline is a minor fold of small extent, lying just
west of Willett.
Punxsutewney syncline, Perrysville end Rocring Run anticlines lie
in the northwestern corner of the county, but their exact locetions
have not been determined by the Geological Survey, They are minor
structures.
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COAL BEDS.
The following table shows the stratigraphic relation of the beds
and their range in thickness...
Coal Beds in Indiana Covnty.
I oes saan aoa
Renge in
Average thickness
Neme of bed intervel of coal beds
(Sewickley MAGS SY, al Geaidsea a REA eC ARIE StGncCAle{ Eh a al NOUN oy Oh
; ( 80
ET SR VR PO YU sae kal Ce cad oe ee la ks wc em 6" = Zton
( 45
SSCA Sack: Tat indo « Ui a ae mp2 pS Gali aed PA a LF AN BD 1
( 400-425
tT a i © rr Oke
70-100
Ey OTS SET ie SUDA SRE Ti etry ep yin ter
650 ( 40-60
(Coal EN Sige A VR IRON ON eek [oy Bh Nahe Ok goalie Pid alll Cpl ae A/a a On waeeOu
( 50-75
(Upper Freeport ("EN) 214 Uy COD vat nS NA ae Ee AN a
( 25-80
TEE Sa aaah ae] 0d A LELT Ly BO a ea oN a Behan
( 40-80
| Upper cde Mr oy set arya GERI AN Sa 10 Se apy cat a Sa Oe 6" . 5ro"
BOmEC
Aitegheny (Middle Kittanning ("0") -~--..-- --0O - 20"
B95 ( 350
LORS) Waa dees abel Male VA) eg aim ce a QO = 510"
( } 50-85
(Clarion ("A Py aia ietttonene Theres grt ein NEG AY CLP EIS eM 6 L:
( 20-55
FSD ay ofe teas gett Weta ULE A ce call 9 ape ne ge a a Q = 419"
The coals in the Mercer grovp in the Pottsville are not mineable
in Indiana County. On Black Liek Creek, a coal in the Pottsville for-
mation is locally 14 inches thick, but appears to be very lenticular.
Coal Beds in Allegheny Formation,
| Brookville ("A") coal. This bed, lying 2 few fest above the
Pottsville sandstone, is generally very impure, high in sulphur, and
veries greatly in thickness, At 01d Conemaugh Furnece it is 4 fect
thick, and at Bolivar, ten miles down the Conemaugh only 18 inches.
Qn Black Lick Creek at Heshbon end Bells Mills it is between 3 and 4
fect thick, and hes been used for steaming purposes and for burning
et at ES cele
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brick. It is extremely high in ash and sulphur. In Pine township
it renges from 2 feet 2 inches to 3 feet 10 inches thick.
Clarion ("A‘") coal. This coal, lying 20 to 55 feet above the
Brookville, is thin, but very persistent in the county. It averages
6 inches thick.
bed is about 100 feet above
Low the Upper Preeport coal.
It is below drainage practically everywhers in the county, and few
Openings have been made in it. The bed does not average more than 2
feet in the entire county, although in local areas it has a maximum
- thickness of 5 feet, It generally hes 3 to 4 inches of bony coal at
the top. Its floor is fireclay and is persistently rolly. The shaie
roof is always regular, There ere no persistent purtings or binders,
although locally there is a thick clay parting near the center of the
bed. Local lenses of pyrite are coumon.
The Lower Kittanning is important on Conemaugh River and on
Black Lick Creek, It averages 2 feet 10 inches thick at Boltz, and
locally thickens to 3 feet 2 inchos, and has 5 inches of bone on top.
It is 3 feet 2 inches thick in Robindale shaft, where it is mined for
use in the West Penn power plant; 4 inches of top coal are locally
bony. The bead is 5 feet 3 inches thick at Lockport, including a 3
inch parting of bone and shale 18 inches from the bottom, and 6 inches
Of bone coal at the top. It is very high in sulphur, mede so by
numerous lenses of pyrite. The Lower Kittanning coal is mined exten-
Sively at. Robinson (Bolivar), where it varies from 3 feet é inches to
5 foet thick. It carries « few inches of bone coal on top. A local
binder from 1 tc 6 inches thick is sometimes present 18 inches above
the bottom, The coal is locelly very clean, but tends to be rathex
high in sulphur. The Lower Kittanning coal is mined extensively on
“Black Lick Creek east of Josephine, where it is 3 feet 4 inches
thick, and has 4 inches of bone coal on the top. The coal ranges
from 2 feet 4 inches to 4 fest thick at Heshbon. The bottom is very
rolly, end there is 2 inches of bone coei at the top of the bed. The
bed is 3 feet 10 inches thick at Scott Glenn, but contains many lenses
er pyrite,
The Lower Kittaming is deeply buricd in most of the southwestern
part of the county, It outcrops ct a few points on Crooked Creek
where it averages 2 feet 6 inches thick, but it is extremely high in
sulphur. The coal is 3 feet 6 inches thick where mined in Center
township, ond has 3 to 4 inches of bone cool on the top. It is
locally 3 feet 10 inches thick in Armstrong township. There are many
old openings in this bed southeast of Indiana, where the coal is used
for domestic purposes. On Furriers Run the coal is 3 feet thick; on
Yellow Creek, 3 feet 6 inches, One mile above Ramsey Run on Two Lick
Creek the bed is 6 fect 2 inches thick, includiug a 16 inch shele
parting 14 inchos from the bottom. Just above Allen Run on Two Lick
Creek the bed is 7 feet 2 inches thick, including a 12 inch shale
parting 2 feet 6 inches from the bottom. There are several openings
in the Lower Kittanning coal on Penn Run and its tributaries. At
Greenville it is 3 feet 10 inches thick; at Atherson's on the North
Fork of Penn Run, 13 miles due north of Greenville, the coal. ranges
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from 3 feet 10 inches to 4 feet 3 inches thick, The coal is mined
extensively at Clymer, where it avereges 5 feet 3 inches thick, not
including 2a few inches of bone coel at the top. Drilling in the
eastern part of the county, where the Lower Kittanning coal is deep
under cover, indicates thet it is locally thin, but mMineable in lerge
“reas.
The Lower Kittanning coal is exposed in the northeastern part of
the county only in the Glen Campbell region, but is not an important
bed at present. It is 3 feet 4 inches thick at Hillsdale; @ feet 10
inches thick near Arcadian, It varies from 2 feet 8 inches to 4 feet
2 inches thick at Glen Campbell. Locally it hos a $ inch bone part-
ing near the bottom, end also locally o few inches of bone coal at
the bottom. At Juneau the coal is 19 inches thick and clean; at
Enterprise, 12 inches thick; at Richmond, 3 feet 8 inches thick,
including a 14 inch shale parting near the middle of the bed, ‘The
coal renges from 18 inches to 3 feet thick near the headwaters of
Mehoning Creck, and is clean but for numerous “knife blades" of
pyrite.
The Lower Kittanning is deep under cover in most of the north-
western.part of the county. Drill hole records indicate that it is
locally 4 feet thick, although the average is less than 3 feet. The
bed hes a persistent bony top, and carries large amounts of pyrite.
Middle Kittanning ("C") coal. This bed, lying 35 to 70 feet
above the Lower Kittanning coal, is thin end unimportant in the
county, but has been opened for house coal in a few pleces,. Its
maximum thickness is 2 feet, and its average is about 6 inches. It
measures 18 inches on Black Lick Creek; 16 inches on Two Lick Creek;
and locally 2 fect thick on Mchoning Creek.
sates Kittanning ("C") coal, This bed, lying about 100 feet
above the Lower Kittanning coal, ig thin and unimportent in this
county. There are places near Deckers wheres it is 5 feet thick and
in some spots it is overlain by 4 feet of cannel cosl. South of
Richmond a 5 foot bed of clean coal is probably at the horizon of the
Upper Kittanning. It is locally 4 feet thick on Black Lick Creek.
It is extremely variable in thickness and is very bony end high in
sulphur.
Lower Freeport ("D", ees coal, The Lower Freeport lies
from 40 to 80 feet above the Upper Kittanning coal in Indiana County.
The coal ranges from 12 inches to 16 feet thick, and varics from a
clean coal of excellent quality to a coal high in sulphur and ash.
The Lower Freeport is thin and irregular in all the townships
south of Indiana, averaging less than 2 feet thick; furthermore it is
high in sulphur, In local areas betweon Black Lick and Homer City tae
bed is 3 feet thick, including a two inch bone parting 4 inches from
the bottom, On Neal Run, near Jacksonville, the maximum thickness of
the coal is 5 feat 2 inches, On the divide between Dixon and Buck
Runs, one mile north of Two Lick Creek, the coal is 4 fect 4 inches
thick, South of Dixonville it ranges from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 fect,
one-half mile north of Dixonville it is 4 feet 3 inches thick. The
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coal is oxccllent, although locally there are many small bands of
pyrite scattered through it. The bed ranges from a fow inches to 4
foct 9 inches thick in Armstrong township.
The only development of the Lower Freeport in the district east
of Indiana is at Heilwood, where the bed has a maximum thickness of 3
feet 6 inches. The coal is clean, low in sulphur and ash, and minos
out in lerge lumps. In Grant township, between Richmond and Mahoning
Creek, the bed averages 2 fect 6 inches thick in a smell areca.
Locally it hes 5 inches of bone coal at the bottom, end a 1 inch bone
binder 10 inches from the bottom.
An unusual thickness - 16 feet - together with exceptionally
good quality is found in Montgomery and Banks townships, in the Glen
Campbell district, However it diminishes rapidly to 2 feet or 1lceSe
Where thickest the bed is divided into several benches by rather
thick partings. The main bench, 6 fect thick, is separated from &
lower bench 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches thick, by a 5 inch clay part-
ing. Over the main bench is a parting of light-drab clay end shele
nearly 3 feet thick, containing a 7 inch band of coal near the middle.
Above the thick parting is a local bench of coal 4 feet thick, In @
few pleces the coal is a solid bed 4 to 5 feet thick. Generally it
ranges from 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches thick, with benches of bony coal
about 8 inches thick, either above or below the main bench.
At Juneau, on Canoe Creek, the coal has a local meximum thickness
of 3 feet 8 inches, but the average thickness is less than 2 feet.
The coal is thin and irreguler in the northwestern townships. It has
& Maximum thickness of 3 feet in very smsll areas on the nerth bank
of Plum Creek. On Mahoning Creek in North Mahoning township the
Lower Freeport coal is locally 5 feet thick, end has only one thin
perting near the bottom. The coal is rather high in sulphur, but
mines out in good sized lumps,
The Lower Freeport coal averages about 27 per cont volatile
matter; 59 per cent fixed carbon; 9 per cent ash; and 1.5 por cent
sulphur. In general it is a hard, compact coal that mines out in
good sized lumps, Its extreme irregularity in thickness has greatly
hindered its development, and will continue to do so until the more
valuable Upper Preeport coal has been exhausted.
Upper Freeport ("E") coal. This bed, lying about 50 feet above
the Lower Freeport and about 190 feet above the Lower Kittaming, is
the most important coeal in the county. Its thickness is verieble
but it is exceptionally regular in lerge areas, The bed averages 3
feet 5 inches thick in the entire county, and only locally has any
partings end binders, It invariably hes a reguler fire clay bottom.
The roof, where sandstone, is "rolly."
r The Upper Freeport has been mined extensively on Conemaugh River
in Indiana County, It averages less then 2 fect thick at Cremer, but
at Seward it is 3 fcet thick, There are meny small mines at Lockport
where it is very irreguler, ranging from 3 feet to 6 feet 6 inches
thick, A top bench of coal 24 to 28 inches thick carries much pyrite
and is separated from the middle bench by 8 to 12 inches of bony coal.
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The mi@@€lc bench is excellent co2l, 20 to 22 inches thick. A shale
parting + to 14 inches thick suparates it from a lower bench 20
inchcs to 2 feet 2 inches thick, The coal in the lower bench is high
in ash, but has been used with much success for steaming purposes.
At Robinson end Condit, the coal is 6 to 7 fect thick including
a porsistent bony top 10 to 12 inches thick, end two bone partings,
ono averaging 4 inches and the other 6 inches, On Black Liek Creek
the Upper Freeport coal averages less then 12 inches thick and where
3 foot thick it is very bony and extremely high in sulphur. In the
western townships it averages 4 feet thick, Openings have been made
* in the vicinity of Jacksonville, where the coal ranges from 3 feet 6
inches to 4 feet 7 inches thick, It is high in ash end sulphur, In
Conemaugh township the coal is 3 feet 11 inches thick, with 5 inches
of bony coal and shele 6 inches above the bottom. The Upper Fresport
is 5 feot thick on Crooked Creck and its tributaries, including a 6
inch shale parting 18 inches from the top. In Armstrong township the
Upper Freeport ranges from 2 to 3 feet thick. New operations are
starting in this bed et Shelocta. The col thivs northward and is Pa
fect 10 inches to 3 feet 6 inches thick on South Branch of Plum Creokz,
and is partec by 1 inch of shele 5 inches from the bottom.
The bed is very importont in the northwestern townships. The
coal locally averages’6 feet on North Fork of Plum Creek. It carries
numerous pyrite lenses, and is parted by 1 inch of shele near the
bottom and 5 inches of bonc coal near the top, The bed is 4 fect
thick on Mahoning Creek in Indiane County, end has 8 inches of bone
coal at the top, a4 to 2 inch bone binder 8 to 10 inches adove the
bottom, and numerous streaks of pyrite.
The Upper Freeport coal is also very importent in the central
tier of townships. It is mined extensively on ‘two Lick Creek, At
Graceton it is 6 feet 8 inches thick, including an 8 inch shale part-
ing 2 fect 6 inches from the top. The upper bench corries considerably
pyrite, and the lower bench is used after washing, for making coke.
The coke is bright, herd and has well developed cell structure. On
Tearing Run the bed is 6 feet thick, including an 8 inch shale part-
ing 19 inches from the top. A number of openings have been made on
the Upper Freeport coal on Chestnut Ridge, and measurements show thet
in this region there is little veriation in the thickness of the coal.
On the road between Homer ond Heshbon, 1+ miles east of Graceton the
coal is 5 feet thick, ineluding 9 inches of shale end bone, 6 to 8
inches from the cp, Southeast of Indiann on Two Lick Creck the coal
is 7 feet 3 inches thick, including 10 inches of shale 27 inches from
the top. This thickness is persistent in most of White township.
The Upper Freeport coal again decreases in thickness northwerd,
On the top of the ridge in the vicinity of the road between Indiana
and Greenville, the coel’is 4 feet thick, inclu .ug 2 1 ineh shele
porting 9 inches from the bottom, and another 6 inches thick’, 8 inches
from the top. It is even thinner near Penn Run, and has two 3 inch
shale partings. In the eres directly north of Penn Run the Upper
‘Freeport is thin snd unimportent. On Dixon and Rayne Runs the coal is
thin and in large areas is entirely Lacking.
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indefinite. No attempt will be made to name them in this report.
Near Gaibleton there are two co2ls ebout 60 end 130 feet above
the Upper Freeport. The lower one is 2 feet thick, The higher coal
is 3 feet thick on Brush Run and on the hills west of Rayne Run.
On the headwaters of Crooked Creek between Onberg and Ideal,
there are several openings in the Conemaugh formation on a coal bed
abové the Mahoning sandstone, and about 100 feet above the Upper Iree~
vort, The coal is 2 feet 10 inches thick, including 4 inches of bone
coal, 6 inches from the top.
. On Brush Creek, 14 miles southwest of Mechanicsburg, a coal about
200 feet above the Upper Freeport has been opened, and is reported %o
be 3 feet thick,
A coal bed about 225 feet above the Upper Freeport is 3 feet thick
near Kellers Mill, and appeers to be rather persistent in a consider
éhle area. The lower part of the bed is dirty, but the upper part is
excellent, clean coal.
A coal at the Harlem horizon has been seen on Two Lick Creek. It
is very irregular, has a maximum thickness of 28 inches, but is of
excellent quality.
Coal Beds in Monongahela FPoruation.
Pittsburgh Coal. The northern most «rea of Pittsburgh coal in
Pennsylvania is in the highland on the Arnstrong-Indiane county-line
south of Crooked Creek, The bed underlies 124 squore miles in
Indisne County. It ranges from 6 to 10 feet,thick, including partings
and roof coal, Generally the roof coal is so dirty that it is not
Mined, but used as a roof to hold up the soft shales above it. The
dol is 7 feet 2 inches thick at West Lebanon, including a = inch shale
wicting 2 feet 2 inches fron the bottom’, and 4 inches of bony coal’, 2
‘oot 2 inches from the top. The coal is 9 feet thick at Iselin, in-
Luding a 6 inch shale parting 2 feet from the botton; on Big Run €
set thick’, including 12 inches of shale 20 inches from the top; on
-igkiminitas River the bed is 6 feet 9 inches thick and carries a 1$
.neh shale perting 2 feet 5 inches above the bottom.
The Pittsburgh coal averages 56 per cent fixed carbon, 34 per |
eent volatile matter, 8 per cent ash, and 1.5 per cent sulphur. It “<5
a hard stick and block co2l, and mines out in fair sized lumps.
Redstone Coal. This bed, lying about 45 feet above the Pitts-
burgh bed, and composed of alternating bands of shzle end coal, is
very thin and irreguler. It hes a maximum thickness of 3 feet at
Elders Ridge, but is too impure to be mined.
sewickley Coal. This bed, lying 125 feet above the Pittsburgh,
underlies a small @rea in the highest hills near Elders Ridge. It is
2 to 5 feet thick’, but has not bean mined because of its high ash and
sulphur content,
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