NOSTRAND’S SOIENCE SERIES. \f
{
ut BRME rE rf i
'pative Tests of Accuy2>Yy, Delivery, ete.—
tinetive Features of t.° Worthington,
. gennedy, Siemens an.: tie «2 Meters.
Bt «Gaya MEM. TECH. SOC.
q ‘
“~e 4
she
Cd
EPRINTED FROM VAN NOwtF' N's 1AGAZINE.
|
sROSS Ee DROYy? ) =.
. |
\
NEW YOBE:
ee
D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, ig
28 McnRAY anp 27 Warren Srikts. “ie
1885. A
—- pap oy aie —— ;
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Sar
WATER METERS,
Comparative Tests of Accuracy, Delivery, ete.—
Distinctive Features of the Worthington,
Kennedy, Siemens and Hesse Meters.
BY
PODS a BROWNE,
MEM. a Sac.
REPRINTED FROM YVAN NOSTRAND’S MAGAZINE.
NEW YORK:
I). VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER,
23 MuRRAY AND 27 WARREN STREETS.
1885.
We et
Pe hates”
MAR lta 94 OD,
As this brief essay is merely descriptive
of certain mechanical devices, it needs no
explanation in a preface. As the litera-
ture of the subject is undoubtedly too
scanty, it needs no apology. We believe
hydraulic engineers will be found ready
to welcome any addition to the stock of
existing information on so practical and
important a subject. —
Mr. Browne’s paper has been supple-
mented with a few descriptions translated
from an article in Le Génie Civil, by Ch.
André.
“Se
er v is
oh. aa
ioe
WATER METERS.
ROSS E. BROWNE.
WATER METERS,
Wirn the purpose of employing a meter
for the measurement of water, in connec-
tion with some hydraulic experiments
conducted at the University of California,
the writer instituted a series of tests of a
meter invented by Prof. F. G. Hesse.
The accuracy, at various rates of delivery>
was carefully determined. The results of
these experiments, properly tabulated,
furnish a correction for the indicated de-
livery. It is believed that, where the
flow is uniform, the possible error in the
corrected index reading may be safely
placed at + per cent.
The meter is of the class known as ve-
locity or inferential meters, and is so per-
manent in its sources of error, as to make
it peculiarly adapted to the purpose
named.
8
These experiments led to comparative
tests of the Worthington meter. Reli-
able information was also sought concern-
ing other meters in common use. It is
thought that sufficient of interest was
developed to warrant this paper, particu-
larly as, in the course of this investiga-
tion, it was noted: that no great amount
of accurate and systematic information
upon this subject is to be found in the
available files of our engineering and sci-
entific journals; that the several reports
consulted, of engineers and superintend-
ents of water works, while well answering
their immediate purposes, do not furnish
facts in sufficient detail to guide the in-
dependent judgment of one not familiar
with the construction of the meters in
competition; that very few of the circu-
lars of the American manufacturing com-
panies supply such data as will answer
for comprehensive comparison.*
* The circular of the National Meter Co. of New
York is exceptionally complete, though there is miss-
ing some of the data necessary to warrant the inclu-
sion of their rotary Crown Meter in the list of meters
discussed.
*
9
It will be attempted to bring forward,
as fairly as may be, the distinctive feat-
ures of two of the principal forms of Pis-
ton meter—the Worthington and the
Kennedy,—and three forms of velocity
meter—the Siemens of English manufac-
ture, the Siemens of German manufacture,
- and the Hesse meter already mentioned.
The Worthington is widely known in
the United States. The Kennedy is one
of the most perfect of the meters used in
England. The two Siemens meters are
probably the most extensively employed
in Europe. The Hesse meter has been
but recently perfected, and not yet intro-
duced. If undue prominence has been
given to the last named meter, the inter-
est of the writer in his special investiga-
tion must plead as excuse.
It is to be regretted that this list can-
not be made more compréhensive by add-
ing an example of the rotary piston form,
such as the Crown. It will be understood
that, in speaking of the piston meter,
special reference is only intended to the
Worthington and the Kennedy.
10
These meters will be considered in the
main with reference to their adaptability
to house use, or use in the sale by volume
of water under pressure.
This being the purpose of a’ meter, it
should fulfill the following conditions :
Ist. It should register with a suitable
degree of accuracy, the quantity of water
delivered at every rate of flow, from that
of the maximum capacity of the service
pipe, to a rate so small as to discourage
theft. ‘The admissible error is variously
placed at from 2 to 5 per cent.
2d. This degree of accuracy should be
reasonably permanent, 7. ¢., the meter
should not be subject to any change,
seriously affecting its accuracy, by wear,
by shght deposition of sediment, etc.
Sudden opening and closing of the house
faucets should not induce any consider-
able error of registry.
3d. The introduction of the meter
should not materially affect the delivery
of the service pipe; 7. e., should cause no
serious loss of effective head or pressure.
WORTHINGTON METER, 5 inch, Scale kk.
Fic. |.
LU LI
U/
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Jens)
mee ae
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Yfll_|\¢
Y, \
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Sawiasece:
SOAS
—s —
11
4th. The price should be small and the
necessary repairs inexpensive.
Notwithstanding the demand and the
effort made by inventors to meet these
desiderata, such marked success has not
been attained as to make it a universal
custom to sell water by the volume.
In the systems of city supply, there re-
sult decided advantages from the employ-
ment of the meter. Reckless waste is
checked and the consumer is not charged
for his neighbors’ extravagance. A num-
ber of comprehensive articles have been
published “upon this subject, and a few
. points only will be reiterated.
It is claimed that nearly one-half of the
water consumed in our cities is uselessly
wasted. It is doubtful if this lavish con-
sumption is on the whole a sanitary bene-
fit, the waste being in large part the re-
sult either of leakage or of willful negli-
gence, and not of a character to effect any
proper flushing of closets and sewers. By
placing meters near the point where the
service pipes enter the premises, and thus
making the consumers responsible for such
12
negligence, and for defective plumbing, a
wiser use of water is effected. In order
to prevent the penurious consumer from
pursuing an economy so stringent as to
result in certain sanitary evils, it is rec-
ommended that a minimum quantity of
say 10 or 20 gallons per capita per diem be
established, and the consumer charged
for this whether he use it or not. The
water department of Providence, R. L.,
makes a minimum charge of $10 per year
(equivalent to about 100 gallons per diem)
for each meter service. Meters were pro-
vided, in Providence, for about one-half
the total number of services, and a decided
economy effected. The daily consump-
tion at present is about 350 gallons per
service, or 25 to 30 per capita—less than
one-half the average in American cities.
When the water supply of a city, em-
ploying few meters, becomes inadequate
to meet the demands of the consumers,
two propositions may be entertained: the
increasing of the capacity of its water
works, and the introduction of meters. It
is maintained that in most cases the latter
13
proposition is by far the more economi-
eal. As the city grows, it will, from time
to time, become necessary to increase the
supply; but it is thought much cheap-
er to keep the meters in repair and main-
tain water works of double the capacity
sufficient without meters.
Itseems inevitable that the meter system
should rapidly grow in favor with im-
provement of the present forms of meter.
In a few cities their use is already exten-
sive. In London* nearly 40 per cent. of
the houses supplied by the various water
companies are now provided with meters.
In New York and Boston, meters have
been introduced into from 5 to 10 per
cent. of the services. In Providence, R.
I., 50 per cent. In San Francisco 20 per
cent. In Oakland 3 or 4 per cent.
Tue Comparison. or Merers,—A just
and comprehensive comparison of the
merits of competing meters will frequent-
ly involve an extended investigation. If,
* See London Engineer of Aug. 1, 1884. For detailed
information concerning the U. S. and Canada, see cir
cular of National Meter Co., N. Y.
14
for instance, the extent and effect of wear
and rusting are difficult to estimate, pro-
longed trial may become necessary.
Of the more important considerations
in such a comparison, the following are
enumerated in an order not pretending to
indicate relative importance. |
Delivery under various effective heads.
Greatest advisable rate of delivery.
Accuracy of registration at various rates
of delivery.
Sensitiveness.
Necessity and difficulty of special ad-
justment.
Permanence of initial degree of accu-
racy and sensitiveness. .
Liability to obstruction.
Compactness.
Price, both upon the basis of delivery
and of greatest advisable effective head.
Expense of repairs, including the con-
sideration of the life of the meter.
Head lost in the meter.—By head lost
is understood the difference of the heads
in the inlet and the outlet openings. If
H is the actual head at the inlet and /
15
that at the outlet, then the head lost is
H-h. The rate of delivery will depend
upon this difference of heads, and not up-
on the actual magnitude of H and h.
In each of the meters described, the
law of loss of head is, within a practical
limit, roughly the same—the resistance
being mainly due to impact and fluid fric-
tion, and therefore approximately propor-
tional to the square of the rate of delivery.
This is about the same as the law of loss
in a pipe. Hence the loss of head in a me-
ter is fittingly indicated by the length of
pipe of given diameter which will cause
the same loss. Thus 10 feet of 4-inch pipe,
or 30 feet of 23-inch pipe, will occasion
the same loss as the Worthington 2-inch
or the Hesse 4-inch meter.
Effective head.—By effective head is
understood the actual head necessary to
force water through the meter at a given
rate. This is equal then to the “head
lost” plus the velocity head in the outlet
pipe, and will, in the meters mentioned,
be very little greater than the “head
lost.”
16
Delivery of the meter.—It is customary
to designate the size of a meter by the
diameter of service pipe for which the in-
let and outlet openings are fitted. This
classification furnishes no general meas-
ure of delivery. When the rate of de-
livery is approximately the same function
of the head lost, in each, it is admissible
to adopt a unit and classify the meters
accordingly.
The loss in the delivery of a service
pipe occasioned by the introduction of a
Worthington 2’’ or a Hesse 4” meter, is
easily calculated.
Suppose for example the 8-inch service
pipe to have a length of 100 feet; also 5 el-
bows each equivalent, in loss of pressure
occasioned, to 5 feet of pipe; also one
service cock, together with minor obstruc-
tions equivalent to 25 feet of pipe. The
equivalent length of pipe, of diameter,
d= inch, is 7,=150 feet =1800 inches.
After introduction of meter /,=(150 +30)
Lf
<12=2,160 inches. Weisbach’s formula
gives
| 2H
1415
wherein H will be the effective’ head in
the main, v the velocity in the service
pipe, and A a coefficient =.02 for such
velocities as are here involved. If v,
represents the velocity before, and v,
after the introduction of the meter
Pet: d+ii, TA 54.02 1,800
Oh d+X1,~ " £4.02 x 2,160
In other words, the meter would ovcasion,
in the case given, a loss: in delivery of
service pipe, of about 9%; in effective
head back of the faucet, of about 1.00—
(0.914)?=16%; in the kinetic energy or
capacity for work, of about 1.00 —(0.914)
Greatest Advisable Rate of Delivery
—When a meter is taxed beyond a cer
tain point it will be seriously damaged.
A practical limit in rate of delivery is
therefore fixed upon, and this should
govern the selection. In addition to this
v=
= 0.914
18
limit in rate of delivery, the correspond-
ing effective head should be given. The
allowable effective head in the oscillating
piston meters is small, in the. rotary
piston meters considerably greater, i
the velocity meters very high. Where a
high head is at hand, and the capacity of
the service pipe is great, an oscillating
piston meter of large size should be used,
whereas it is safe to introduce a compar-
atively small velocity meter.
Sensitiveness.—The rate of delivery nec-
essary to cause motion of the dial hands,
or the greatest quantity per minute which
_ may pass without causing registration,
_ will be taken as an inverse measure of the
sensitiveness of the meter.
The head lost and accuracy of a meter,
are conveniently illustrated by means of
curves.
Curves of head lost (see diagram).—
These were obtained by plotting on suit-
able scales, in a rectangular co-ordinate
system, the rates of delivery as abscissa,
and the corresponding heads lost as or-
dinates. |
19
Curves of Registry (see diagrams).—
By recording the measurement of the ac-
tual quantity delivered, and the reading
of the index, under various rates of flow,
the data is obtained for plotting a curve
which will illustrate the effect of the
change in rate of delivery upon the accu-
racy of registration. The curves given
were obtained by plotting the rates of de-
livery as abscisse, and the corresponding
per cent. registered of the actual quantity
delivered as ordinates.
Upon the basis of the considerations
enumerated, a comparison of the meters
selected has been instituted.
J
ey
> Z>
21
in moving, displaces the volume escaping
through the discharge pipe. The arrange-
ment is such that the strokes of the two
plungers alternate, the valve actuated by
the one admitting the pressure to the
other. The displacement, (area of piston
times length of stroke) multiplied by the
number of strokes will give approximately
the volume of water delivered. The in-
dexing apparatus is arranged to move
the dial hands once every fourth stroke,
3 such movements registering ;1, cubic
foot in the 3-inch meter.
The water enters through opening A
into chamber B. In the position of
plungers shown, the water then passes
through port @ (of valve C'), channels 0
and ¢ into chamber D!. Plunger P' is
moved to the left, forcing the water of
chamber D* through channels d, ¢, ports
fand g into outlet H. In the last third
of the stroke, valve C’ is shifted to the
left, establishing communication between
chambers B and E’, through port *’ and
channels / and m—and at the same time
connecting chamber E! with outlet H
eo
22
24
through channels n and o and port p.
Plunger P’* is moved to the right, shift-
ing, in the last third of its stroke, valve
C', and thus establishing communication
between chambers B and D’ through port
f and channels e and d.
The pistons are brought to rest at the
end of the stroke by rubber seatings S?,
ae
Piston P, imparts a reciprocating mo-
tion to lever L, which, in combination with
the movable pawl M, ratchet-wheel W,
stationary pawl N, and index gear R,
causes the dial hand U to register for
each four plunger strokes (single strokes)
35 of a cubic foot,
Fig. 1 isasection through wv (see Figs.
2 and 8).
Fig. 2 is asection through wz (see Figs.
1, 2. and 4, ).
Fig. 3 is a view from below with base
plate (Fig. 4,) removed, showing the
walls of chamber R partly in section.
Fig. 4, is a top view of the base plate,
showing valves, ports, etc.
Fig. 4) is a plan of the valve ports,
LL!
yh ox
a ms ” 4 a ,
2, > . Ib sy Pe, pie a =
CM Aw? P Me Ps
ey ie
ER ; oe
“? - os Wt eee Aion oe
: i Se te 2 a
P , t
Ny \
Gas ae
Ua OSs 2
as
By og
XN \
ried / We 3 WAN
NN \W \anaaret
CN ia
\ ss
RS)
til
i HM
Fic, 5.
LY;
Le
KENNEDY MET
i U i
WffP/’”"”AY
e7,
25
channels and outlet, showing how channel
o passes under channel /, channel e under
channel /, etc.
Description of the Kennedy Piston
Water Meters* (see Figs. 5, 6, 7).—TLe
measuring cylinder (A) forms the base of
the meter, and is fitted with a piston (B)
made of vulecanite. The piston is made
to move perfectly water-tight and almost
free from friction, by means of a solid
eylindrical ring (C) of pure * Para” rub-
ber, which rolls between the body of the
piston and the internal surface of the
cylinder. Each end of the cylinder is
. fitted with an india rubber seating (D),
on which the piston will form a water-
tight joint, if back pressure shouid force
it to either end of the cylinder; undue
pressure is thus prevented from being
thrown on the piston roller.
The piston rod (KE), after passing
through a stuffing box (F) in the cylinder
cover (G), is attached to arack (H) which
* Description and figures are taken with but slight
changes from the circular of the Kennedy Patent W.
M. Co., Kilmarnock, Scotland.
26
gears into a pinion (K) fixed on the shaft
(L). The shaft is turned in reverse di-
rections, actuating the reversing and in-
dexing gear (M) as the piston moves up
and down. The rack is kept in gear and
guided in a vertical line by an anti-fric-
tion roller, which is carried on a stud
projecting from one of the shaft-bearing
brackets. The cock-key (P), which di-
rects the water aiternately above and
below the piston, is placed in the same
axial line as the shaft, and is fitted with
a duplex lever (Q), which is actuated by
a weighted lever (R) carried loosely on
the shaft, and caused to fall alternately
on each arm of the duplex lever. The
weighted lever, after reversing the key,
falls on a buffer (S) faced with india rub-
ber, which, yielding before it and travel-
ing in the same curve, gradually brings it
to rest.
Fig. 5 is a side section through the —
center shaft, cock-key, and piston.
Fig. 6is a front section of cock-key (P)
and water passages (U, inlet, and V outlet).
27
Fig. 7 is a horizontal- aa
line UV. OS
co x
Hos
1D ID LW HHIS HHO LASS
AD ACD ASD 169 1D UD UD KD LD UD SH
=
cD
st < ae 2
te + ‘
a4 ;
? ‘
. ee
CCPH
NOEL |
2
SOUNSSCHEREREADNL
FUEEENEEEEE
EEN
eS
4
a
N
rN
ess eae a
EAE
elt
EL
di
PETTITTE
07
30 3)
ia A as
06
TENCE CECE
CEPA
CECCNCCN CEE
FEN LL
PEEL
aes oe Te Ps 4 NN oS
SET AL
: SU RINIIHLAIt MARE
PLETE A
papi Sep pet
CCEEERSRECHHS
iiilip
ae
Be
He
ETT MT
3233 3A
SR AZO 274 28h" 29. s
IN, 200 2 oo 22 ia? eee
iF GALLONS PER
Ne
14
51
ber seating is compressed at each end of
the stroke by an amount, increasing with
the momentum or with the velocity of the
piston, hence with the rate of delivery.
If the difference in the magnitude of this
compression, between rates of 3 and 16.
gallons per minute, is ;/; inch each seat-
ing, there results $ inch difference in
length of stroke. The meter registers
the number of strokes, hence, if adjusted
to register correctly at rate of 3 gallons,
it will register about 46=6% too little at
rate of 15 gallons per minute.
As the rate becomes less than 3 gal-
lons per minute, the diminution in length
of stroke is more marked.
The Kennedy curve, when compared
with the Worthington, shows the advan-
tage of registering the approximate dis-
tance traveled by the piston, in place of
the number of strokes, the main sweep
being practically parallel to the axis of
abscissee, By proper adjustment, 7. ¢.,
by shifting the 100% line upward 1.054
(see dotted line), this curve is made al-
most perfect.
52
¢ The Siemens curves were improved by
adjustment (see dotted lines). They show
inferiority in point of sensitiveness. This
is due to the resistances of solid friction
opposing the motion of the measuring
wheels.
The Hesse curve shows a favorable ad-
justment, and a degree of sensitiveness
nearly equal to that of the best piston
meters. The effect of solid friction is not
observable for quantities exceeding one
gallon per minute. The curve, following
the law of combined fluid pressure and
resistance, rises rapidly for quantities
less than four gallons per minute. If
there were absolutely no solid frictional
resistance, the curve would mount to a
great height as the quantity approached
zero—see considerations which led to the
adoption of the form of measuring
wheel.
Comparison. — The meters described
will be compared with reference to the
considerations enumerated.
Ist. The accuracy will primarily be
compared by means of the adjusted
53
curves, and without reference to perma-
nency. Such comparison shows.the Ge,
nedy curve to be without doubt the
then follow in order the Hesse, Sue
Worthington A and B, the German Sie+
mens, the English Siemens, the Worth-
ington D.
2d. The necessity Wy: special adjust-_
ment is greater in the Worthington than
in the Kennedy, in the\Siemens thanan
the Hesse. A close comparison is diffiy
cult without the experience*of the mant-
facturers ; it is apparent, however from
the curve, that even the Kennedy requires
a special adjustment if great accuracy is
sought.
3d. The difficulty of special adjustment
is greater than it should be, in each of
the meters excepting the Worthington.
Provisions should be made for these ad-
justments outside of the casing. In the
Hesse meter, for instance, this might be
effected by suitable provision for shifting
of one or more of the stationary ribs.
The Worthington is easily adjusted by
tightening or loosening the screws of
Sepa
54
the cap, covering one of the rubber seat-
ings.
4th. A certain degree of sensitiveness
is important. This is apparent from the
fact that one gallon in three minutes can
be made to supply a household by use of
a small storage tank. The Kennedy 1”
will register a gallon in from 20 to 30
minutes; the Worthington 8” and the
Hesse 4’, a gallon in 15 minutes; the
two one inch Siemens meters a gallon in
from 1 to 14 minute. A direct compari-
son of these figures would not be fair to
the Siemens meters, as the deliveries
(under given head) of the sizes tested
were greater than those of the Worthing-
ton and the Hesse. However, it is safe to
say that the Siemens meters are much in-
ferior in point of sensitiveness. The
wear of the Worthington piston will cause
deterioration in this respect, unless the
meter is judiciously used.
The sensitiveness of the Hesse meter
may be greatly increased, but at the ex-
pense of the accuracy at small rates of
delivery. However, a rate of one gallon
55
in 15 minutes or 96 gallons in 24 hours,
is about the minimum rate admitted in
Providence, R. I., and only + of the quan-
tity passed in the average service. Such
a degree of sensitiveness makes theft out
of the question.
5th. With respect to permanency of
sensitiveness and accuracy, it is confi-
dently thought that the Hesse meter will
stand foremost under a wide variation of
wear, etc.
There is no leakage due to wear of valves
and piston, no alteration due to change
of friction by wear, rusting, or oiling of
the registering apparatus. The only
parts which might be regarded as sensi-
tive in this respect, are the circular open-
ings aa; but as these are made of hard
rubber, no rusting can take place, and any
tendency towards diminution in size of
these openings, by deposition of sedi-
ment, is overcome by the rapid flow of
water. Little of the wear which may
take place in the meter is of a nature to
effect its curve of registry.
56
It is probable that the Kennedy curve
is reasonably permanent.
The effect of wear, upon the Worthing-
ton curve, is plainly shown by compari-
son of curves B, C and D. It must be
remarked, however, that it is unfair to
charge against this meter a deterioration
which appears to be due to over taxation.
The manufacturing company calls special
attention to the fact that their 3 inch me-
ter should not be taxed with a delivery
greater than 75 gallons per minute. This
corresponds to an effective head of about
16 feet. In San Francisco, where the
hydrostatic head runs up to two hundred
and fifty feet and more, it does not seem
likely that the 8'’ Worthington is large
enough for the average service.
That the Siemens curves are not partic-
ularly permanent is plain from the fact
already mentioned, viz.: that the accuracy
and sensitiveness depend upon the mag-
nitude of the frictional resistance of the
indicating apparatus, and this will vary
constantly with rusting, wear, etc. Mr.
Salbach, who has given the German Sie-
57
mens meter careful consideration, says it
is capable of giving good results in every
respect when new, but after a while the
meter will deteriorate in so far as the ac-
curacy is concerned in the measurement
of quantities at small rate of flow. “The
main cause,” he further says, ‘‘is the oil
which is contained in the first chamber
above the wheel, and which in time ad-
heres to the gear wheels. A further
detrimental effect is produced by freezing
or thickening of the oil in case the tem-
perature sinks to 2 or 3° C. From these
facts it is plain that the oil chamber is a
bad feature of this meter, and one that
there should be an energetic effort made
to overcome.” This has been effected in
the Hesse Meter.
6th. The hability to obstruction was
not tested in the Worthington and Hesse
meters, as similar data was wanting in
connection with the others. A suitable
screen (see Figs. 9 and 18) should be pro-
vided for each meter to keep out the
coarser obstructions, such as leaves, straw,
chips of wood, wads of oakum, ete., which
58
are easily withheld. The liability to ob-
struction is said to be a weak feature of
some of the rotary piston meters, but not
of the oscillating. To be sure a sandy
deposit in the measuring cylinder will
cause rapid wear in the Worthington, and
a certain resistance to free rolling of the
rubber ring in the Kennedy; but with
reasonably clear water no serious diffi-
culty seems likely to occur if the coarser
obstructions are screened, and thus
wedging of valves prevented. The sandy
or muddy sediment is probably less
detrimental to the velocity meters when
properly constructed. It is suggested
that the cylindrical wheel chamber in
Hesse’s meter should be extended a few
inches in length and provided with a
waste cock at the bottom, for convenient
discharge of accumulated sediment, in
case it should be used for the measure-
ment of muddy water.
7th. The greatest advisable rate of de-
livery is least in the Worthington, and
most in the velocity meters. As already
stated the Worthington is not guaran-
59
teed for an effective head exceeding 16
or 20 feet, corresponding to a delivery of
74 gallons per minute by the 2’', 15 gal-
lons by the #’’, etc. The safe limit of
effective head in the Kennedy is, accord-
ing to the manufacturer’s statement,
about 60 feet, the 2” delivering 20 gal-
lons per minute, the 4’’ 30 gallons, the
1” 70 gallons, ete.
In the velocity meters the limit of head
is exceedingly high. In the Hesse meter
this limit is dependent almost solely
upon the action of the rubber diapbragm.
The difference of heads in chambers B
and OC, measuring about twice the effec-
tive pressure upon the diaphragm, will
- depend upon the square of the ratio of
areas of the valve opening d@ and jet
openings aa. Inthe meter tested the
diaphragm is subjected to but 5; of the
total pressure lost in the meter, and this
may be diminished at will by simple en-
largement of the valve opening. By
closing the opening / and fastening
down the valve, the diaphragm was sub-
jected to 25 feet of pressure without
60
damage. The diaphragm then would
not give way under a total loss of head
in the meter of 25xX20=500 feet. The
further question which must be consid-
ered, is: Will the bellows operate under
the rapid motion of the worm wheel due
to high loss of head? A greater head
than 60 feet was not available for trial,
but in this case the time occupied in lift-
ing cap K was only one-half the inter-
val of high pressure. If the velocity of
registering should be too great under
very high heads, the difficulty is simply
remedied by increasing the width of the
arm, or the number of teeth, in the worm
wheel. It is not thought that this would
be necessary as the rate of supply of
water to the bellows chamber is nearly
proportional to the velocity of the meas-
uring wheel.
Sth. The compactness of the velocity
meter is great as compared with that of
the oscillating piston meter. This will
appear from a comparison of the weights
of meters of about the same delivery.
9th. The prices are given, as near as
61
possible, in the following table: The
price, as well as weight, increases much
more rapidly with increase of delivery
under the same head, in the piston meters,
than of the velocity meters. In either
form, the price increases at a smaller
rate than the delivery. For example, a
Kennedy 1 inch meter, delivering four
times as much as the 2 inch, costs less
than 24 times as much; the English
Siemens 14 inch, delivering five times as
much as the # inch, costs less than twice
as much. Any comparison therefore of
the price of meters of different delivery
should be made with caution. The fal-
lacy is apparent in the claim made by the
Kennedy Co. to the effect that their 1
inch meter, delivering 2.02 times as much
as the Siemens 1 inch, has over double
the proportionate money value, and as it
costs about 1.63 times as much as the
Siemens, is therefore a %
cheaper. Reference to the table will
show that the Kennedy $ inch, delivering
62
TABLE OF DELIVERIES, GREATEST ADVISABLE
OF
A ‘ Delivery
Size of in unit 9 gals.
Name of Meter. | and out-lets. ea vee
Tak head of
rere 20 feet.
Worthington...... 3 1.0
3 ?
1 2
MIVENDECV res ois ood my ie
4 1.8
3 2.8
1 5.4
13 ieee
English Siemens... . 2
4 5
3 8
1 2.0
14 2.9
14 4.1
German Siemens.. 1 2.5
FICSSE Vacured fis kes. 5 1.0
* The deliveries and greatest advisable effective
heads in the Kennedy and English Siemens meters,
were calculated from data furnished by the manufac-
turers’ circulars.
The Kennedy 4 inch meter is omit-
ted, as it is not recommended by the manufacturing
company.
63
Rates OF DeELivery, WEIGHTS AND PRICES
METERS.
Greatest Advisable
Weight in
Price
Bees of Effective | lbs. avoir-| :
delivery $
in gals. head dupois.
per min. in feet.
7.5 16 59 17.00
15.0 a 103 27.00
30.0 — 175 33.00
19.9 60 104. 19.86
30.0 -— 162 27.88
50.0 — 206 33.82
70.0 _— 322 46.00
150.0 564 75.00
*x * ee 9 12.10
9 14.76
——— =, ? 18.15
———— — ? 21.30
— —— ? 26.86
— — ? 30.75
merase —- 33 26.00
capeatincaed etches 91 * * OK
* * The greatest advisable effective head is many
times greater in the velocity than in the piston meters.
*** A careful estimate of the cost of manufacture
of the Hesse meter, indicates a price considerably less
than that of any other meter named.
64
less than the Siemens 1 inch, costs con-
siderably more.
The prices may be compared as fol-
lows:
(a.) Upon the basis of equal delivery,
the list shows the Worthington to be
cheaper for small sizes than the Kennedy
or Siemens. As the deliveries increase,
the ‘Siemens become cheaper than the
Worthington or Kennedy. The price of
the Hesse has not been definitely ascer-
tained.
(d.) Upon the basis of greatest advis-
able rate of delivery, the velocity meters
are by far the cheapest, and the Worth-
ington the most expensive. This is an
important consideration only where there
is on hand an abundant surplus of head
for the house service. If, for example,
the head is such as to make the capacity
of the service pipe 10 or 12 gallons per
minute, it becomes advisable to employ
a # inch Worthington, whereas a Siemens
of far less delivery, or a $ inch Hesse
meter will amply serve.
10th. The expense of repairs of the
65
English Siemens meter is permanently
guaranteed by the Manufacturing Co.
for 5 % aunually upon the original cost.
The actual expense in this and the Ken-
nedy, seems to be in the neighborhood of
3or4 % per annum upon the original
cost. It is claimed that the average life
of the rubber roller in the Kennedy is
more than three years. If the Worthing-
ton is overtaxed, the wear of the piston,
etc., will necessitate expensive repairs in
order to maintain its sensitiveness..
In the Hesse meter the life of the rub-
ber diaphragm remains to be ascertained.
It is known that pure rubber will deteri-
orate quite rapidly when exposed to air
and light; but it is claimed that in cool
water, under the exclusion of light and
air, it will remain intact for an indefinite
period. The rubber diaphragm is not
taxed as is the roller of the Kennedy.
There was scarcely a perceptible wear in
the Hesse meter during the passage of
62,000 cubic feet of water. The velocity
of the measuring wheel (190 revolutions
per cubic foot) is far less than in the
66
Siemens meters of equal capacity, and
its weight is trifling. The spindle does
not pass through a stuffing box. The
shaft P, which does pass through a stuff-
ing box, makes only ;; revolution for
each cubic foot registered.
Conclusion.—The following is an at-
tempt to rank the meters according to
their merits with respect to the more
definite of the considerations enumerated.
This is done with a certain reserve, as, in
some, cases, the information at hand is
not sufficiently complete to admit of posi-
tive conclusions. Where two meters are
placed in the same vertical column no
comparison between them is attempted.
LO AGCUIACY caren ss Ki Wie een
2. Sensitiveness ... K. in” Won
S.
3. Permanency....H. K. aw.
4. Greatest advisable rate
of delivery. 1H K. W.
5. Compactness........... H Viewer AS
equal delivery under the
mame” Wedd. yo Praia <.
6. Price—(a). Upon basis of ( 4;
us K
Price—(b). Upon basis of 9
greatest advisable rate H K.W.
Of COMVOr Yn. c. sce. an.
S.
7. Expense of repairs......H. < K.
We:
The Worthington, though sufficiently
accurate, and quite sensitive when new,
has very small advisable rate of delivery,
and unless judiciously used is subject to
deterioration with respect to sensitive-
ness.
The Kennedy, while extremely accu-
rate and sensitive, and an excellent meter
in other respects, is the heaviest and most
expensive.
The Siemens meters are very compact
and admit of a high effective head with-
out damage; but, while their accuracy
is sufficient for considerable rates of de-
68
livery, they are inferior in point of sensi-
tiveness.
The Hesse meter combines, in the main,
the good features of the others, with an
advantage in respect to permanency of
sensitiveness, price and wear.
ConsTRUCTION OF THE HesszE MEasuRING
Wuee.t.—The following is an abstractéof
the statement made by Prof. Hesse with
regard to the considerations which led
him to the present construction of the
measuring wheel, and the introduction of
the stationary ribs.
A is the area of opening, a.
7, the radius of the wheel.
v, the velocity of the wheel.
c, the velocity of the water in passing
opening a.
P, the effective pressure (reduced to
radius 7) of the jet upon the wheel, in-
cluding all pressures, positive or negative,
directly due to the action of the jet.
R, the resistance (reduced to radius 7)
caused by the displacement of the mass
of the water.
F, the solid frictional resistance (re-
~ 69
duced to radius 1), offered by the spindle
journals and the worm wheel.
M and N, constant coefficients of press-
ure and resistance.
For permanent (uniform) motion of the
wheel—
P=R+— (1)
The actual quantity of water delivered,
Ac.
The quantity registered, Q! = By,
wherein B is a constant determined by
the gearing, etc.
The ordinate in the curve of registry,
1
Q ay is dependent upon P, R and =
oS
On account of the variability in the
workmanship and degree of wear, etc.,
upon the spindle journals and the worm
wheel, the magnitude of F is subject to
an unavoidable fluctuation of say 504.
Therefore, by diminishing the influence
of F upon = the permanency of the curve
of registry is increased. It is evident al-
70 .
so that, by diminishing the value of
E'
mo the Q necessary to move the wheel is
lessened, 7. e., the meter is made more
sensitive.
In order to show that velocity meters
of this and similar forms are practicable,
it is only necessary to point out that
— is approximately constant. If this
ratio were strictly constant, such a value
of B could be reached by adjustment as
as to make pI, and the meter would
be perfectly accurate.
If the losses of head are assumed to
be proportional to the squares of veloci-
ties, actual and relative, then
VE alae aaa eet a ois
P is os 2g (c?—Cc,’—2w"),
wherein y is the weight of unit volume
of water, C a constant, c, the relative ve-
locity of the water to the bucket, w the
actual velocity of discharge. See Fig.
abs) Q=Ac.
¢7=¢ + v’—2ve cos. p=cp(*),
j
i
i 2
W,=C,7e,"+ (=) v' —2 (cos. J) (“Jove
Hence by transformation
Paar) ee) -“ez)
—9,(~)-9.()
P=Mc'p(—.) | (2)
Wherein the function of the ratio of
or
. . Vv . .
velocities, gm | — }, increases with decrease
Cc
72
of v—i.e. the pressure upon the wheel
increases when ¢ remains constant and
the velocity of the bucket, v, is forcibly
diminished,
R=Nv’?
For F=o0, by introducing values of P and
R into equation (1).
Me'y(—) sa Nv;
sg ees ap
N? ( c =( c]*
If then P were strictly proportional
to c and @ (=) : = would be a constant
for Po.
However, the adopted law of loss of
heads is a good approximation for con-
siderable velocities only, therefore the re-
sult obtained indicates simply that, if the
v
influence of F could be overcome, —
c
would not vary to any great extent, ex-
cepting for small rates of delivery.
The actual curve of registry, for F=o,
is doubtless similar to that shown in Fig.
20.
73
The ordinate in the curve of registry—
132 piel 2any flay a
Pe leery
74
This approaches the condition F=o,
and the influence of a 50 @ fluctuation of
F is the less, as the value of mee is di-
minished—7. e. as F is diminished, or as
7x and P are increased.
It appears from the above that the
meter will gain in sensitiveness and per-
manency :
(I.) by diminution of the solid friction-
al resistance (F) ;
‘(II.) by increase of the radius (r) of the
measuring wheel ;
(III.) by increase of the pressure (P) of
the jet upon the wheel.
This increase of P may be effected:
(1) by reducing the area of the openings
Gime
* This is a convenient method of improving the
curve of registry, but is limited in its application on
account of the corresponding reduction of the deliy-
ery of the meter under a given head.
75
(2) by increasing the resistance (R) of
the water, and thus reducing the ve-
locity (v) of the wheel. This increase
of R is accomplished:
(a) by increasing the area of bucket, 7. ¢.,
the effective displacing area ;
(6) by introducing stationary ribs, and.
thus checking in part the rotation of
the body of water in the measuring
chamber.
In one wheel tested, a high degree of
sensitiveness was reached, hy curving that
portion of the bucket encountered by the
jet, and arranging for outer feed, thus
greatly increasing the pressure. How-
ever, such refinement was found unneces-
sary, and the small addition to the ex-
pense was not deemed advisable.
Due regard to the considerations enu-
nerated, has led to sufficient sensitiveness
and a high degree of permanency.
Improvement of the Curve of Registry.
—There remains to be considered the
question of a further improvement of the
curve of registry. An immediate improve-
76
ment of that portion of the curve corre-
sponding to values of Q between 1 and 4
gallons per minute, may be effected by a
small increase of F (see Fig. 20); but it
must be borne in mind that such increase
of F is necessarily accompanied by a con-
siderable loss in sensitiveness.
Prof. Hesse devised the attachment
shown in Fig. 21, with which the curve
of registry was perfected without sacrifice
of sensitiveness.
The light hard-rubber valve V slips
freely upon the outer surface of the tube
W. If Q is considerable, say 6 gallons
or more per minute, the valve V is lifted
to its highest position and no water can
escape through the openings pp. If Q,
hence the effective head, is less, the valve
will occupy a lower position of equilib-
rium, and a small portion of the water
will escape through the openings pp with-
out assisting in the rotation of the wheel.
Qi
Thus Q
as Q becomes smaller. This reduction is
experimently regulated by the width of
may be reduced more and more
T7
the openings pp, and by the curvature of
the surface of valve V.
bes -
VM
This is important in connection with a
test meter only. The present curve of
registry is all that may be desired in a
house meter, and certainly no device
should be attached to the meter which
would detract from the permanency or
add to the liability to obstruction.
WATER METERS (GOMPTEURS D'EAU).
BY
CH. ANDRE.
i
o-™,
f
WAS
WT
Tue Frazer Murer (1872 Model).
WATER METERS (COMPTEURS D’EAU).*
THe Frazer METER.
There are two forms of this meter: the
first introduced in 1872 and the second
in 1878.
In the earlier pattern the general form
was cylindrical; the smaller sizes being
of cast iron and the larger of wrought
iron plate. The water coming within the
outer casing exerted pressure upon the
pistons, of which there were four joined
two and two, and single acting. There
are two three-port slide valves, working
horizontally. The valve for each pair of
piston rods regulates the flow for the
cylinders of the opposite pair. The reg-
* The greater part of M. André’s paper is devoted to
descriptions already given in Mr. Browne’s paper.
Only the more important of the remaining ones are
here given.
82
istering wheel work is moved by the pis-
tons acting on a ratchet wheel.
In 1878 Mr. Frazer patented his later
form of meter, which differs from the first
in several particulars. The outlet pipe is
supplied with a rubber ball-valve, which
serves to mitigate the water hammer
shocks on the valves. The pistons turn
upon their axes while making the stroke,
so as. to insure a regular wear on the
packing.
There are two double-action pistons
in place of the four single-action, thus re-
ducing the length, weight, and price of
the machine.
The water enters from above, passes
through a strainer which arrests solid
particles and also serves to keep the
valves in place during transportation.
The valves rotate instead of working
back and forward, and are driven by a
key and collar on the piston-rod. The
adjustment of the parts is such as to ad-
mit of examination of the meter at any
time.
Furnished with a safety valve, this me-
Ps} ;
a a
TL Lyi
= ~~ AY a
\ AG
UUKAAA WAS EARDGDOL AE UNATENEN AL
11SEC CN LET
HY
\
¢
iS
IMS
t
sittin
(—)
|
|
eres
pS]
“Wis =
_
—
ir
if
SH
> \\ fe
S NN By
SS Sy. Y
XK \ ‘A
\ Y
\\ »~
De
\ qT, = Z y YR NS
. =
1 Bl {
}
Tue Frazer Meter (1878 Model).
4
Sei ey
ae bot
Dy MD
83
ter has been applied to the measure of
feed-water for boilers.
The durability of the Frazer meter is
very satisfactory. The packing of one at
the Eastern Railway Station in Paris was
recently renewed. It had registered
200,000 cubic meters, and the packing
was still water-tight.
Tue Crown METER.
This meter has a rotating piston and is
known in France as the Nasch Meter
(Compteur Nasch).
The apparatus is enclosed in an iron
box. The water enters below and passes
through a copper strainer of large sur-
face.
It is composed of four strong pieces,
only one of which is movable. One of
these pieces is the so-calledcrown. Itis
substantially a heavy ring with indenta-
tions on the concave edge. A pinion
rolling on the inside of this crown consti-
tutes the piston. It separates the crown
into two water ways. The piston has
84
one tooth less than the crown, The pis-
ton has at the center of each face a cavity
and a little further out a deep groove.
The lower central cavity communicates
with the upper groove by oblique conduits
through the metal. In like manner the up-
per central cavity communicates with the
lower groove. The piston and the crown
are of the same height, and are situated
between two fixed discs which perform
the office of valves. These discs are per-
forated with curved conduits opening at
their extremities on the side towards the
piston. One of these extremities; the
one nearest the point where the piston
and crown are in contact, communicates
with a groove, while the other extremity
opens at 90° from this point into the
open space between the teeth.
The water enters by a central hole in
the lower disc, traverses the piston, is
conducted into the upper groove, thence
by the curved conduits into the space be-
tween the crown and piston and causes
the piston to roll.
The water then goes out through the
85
conduits of the lower plate; thence into
the lower groove of the piston, passes
through the piston and out through its
upper central cavity.
Tarr Crown METER.
Crown, C.
86.
Valves, V. j
¢ oq.
i} es wh
<, - 7
The piston carries on its upper surface
a bronze rod, which describes a circle and
drives the registering wheels.
The crown meter is especially adapted
for measurement of large quantities of
water under light pressure. It is also
more exact when the delivery is small
than are the velocity meters, but is less
so than the ordinary piston meters. This
naturally follows from the fact that the
Crown meter is not furnished with pack-
ing and a water-tight piston. Its effi-
ciency depends chiefly upon precision of
adjustment and lightness of its piston,
which is made of vulcanite. It is put in
action by a water pressure of two or
87
Vertical Section.
three centimeters. Six liters of water
per hour will keep one at work.
From the experience in French cities,
it is concluded that where exactness of
measurement is regarded as the first im-
portance, only the piston meters of ordi-
88
Plan View.
nary type are in use. In the provinces
the English Siemens meter is most widely
employed. Other kinds of meters may be
profitably employed in measuring veloc-
ities. Piston meters are large and costly,
but accurate and durable. The other
89
varieties are small, easy to work, but less
exact and more delicate.
The Crown meter occupies a sort of
intermediate position between the two
classes. Its capacity, its price, and its
precision, entitle it to favorable consider-
ation; but where solidity and durability
are regarded as essential merits, the pis-
ton meters are preferred.
*," Any book in this Catalogue sent free by mail on receipt of price.
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