NOSTRAND’S SOIENCE SERIES. \f { ut BRME rE rf i 'pative Tests of Accuy2>Yy, Delivery, ete.— tinetive Features of t.° Worthington, . gennedy, Siemens an.: tie «2 Meters. Bt «Gaya MEM. TECH. SOC. q ‘ “~e 4 she Cd EPRINTED FROM VAN NOwtF' N's 1AGAZINE. | sROSS Ee DROYy? ) =. . | \ NEW YOBE: ee D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, ig 28 McnRAY anp 27 Warren Srikts. “ie 1885. A —- pap oy aie —— ; THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 18mo, Green Boards. Price 50 Cents Each. Amply Illustrated when the Subject Demands. No. 1—CHIMNEYS FOR FURNACES, FIREPLACES AND) STEAM BOILERS. By R. Armstrong, C. BE. %d} Edition, with an Essay on Gos Chimneys, by i} Pinzger. Nc b Zerah Colbr* us SN Ne SecGaaesea = LINING WALLS. | Ne rs f IN BRIDGES. |) 5 ( | No e al By W. F. Butler.“ ie 5 E , Greenleaf. 2d | wok 6 d | No cS < % TRUCTION OF & 5 Oo @ jhur Jacob, A.B. No st a 1 FORMS OF RE- | | ) s Pa » ite, C.K. ey Nor> fa O.f ) ENGINE. By ! . Go | oak With Additions » ee ia) ‘ No au ao p ; ty L., to which is g FICIAL FUELS eae ° i oS By John Wor- et : No. S me K ~ iS) f islated from the MW § ts of American = 0 2 = dition. Be Pia yee No. 6 He BF + f, Allan. ie Lame ; fae No. ) = home i3 = S. By Prof. W. mt ae, 7 7 tH é ; No @ 8 =) bw 4 NES. By J. J. > Oo i ) To which is nc AW abe USTs.’ By Stam in ee aa : No. 5 e & J. J. Atkinso No. : ne Gum fo] No. IE BED Prot dao ! No. 17.—WATER AND WATER SUPPLY, By Prof. W. 1 Corfield, M No. 18. _SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE UTILIZATION. Prof. W. H. Corfield. aN, No. 19.—STRENGTH OF BEAMS UNDER TRANSVERSE LOADS. By Prof. W. Allan. No. 20.—BRIDGE AND TUNNEL CENTRES. By John B.- MecMasters, C. E. No. 21—SAFETY VALVES. By Richfra H. Buel, G. BE. THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. ' No. 22.—HIGH MASONRY DAMS. By John B McMaster. - No, 23.—THE FATIGUE OF METALS UNDER REPEATED & STRAINS, with various Tables of Results of Ex- periments. From the German of Prof. Ludwig 4 Spangenberg. With a Preface by S. H. Shreve ae No. 24.—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE TEETH OF eur WHEELS, with the Theory of the Use of Robin- ae son’s Odontograph. By Prof. 8. W. Robinson. * No. 25.—THEORY AND CALCULATIONS OF CONTINU- OUS BRIDGES. By Mansfield Merriman, C. HK. i 26.—PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS BRIDGES. By Charles Bender. No eee BOILER INCRUSIS ION AND CORROSION: No. 28.—ON TRANSAEI SION OP POWERS Y WIRE ROPES./ By re $W: Stahl No. 29. ia RS; THEIR THEORY ie akTRIAL MAGNETISM AND.T TEM: OF IRON. SHIPS, — By’ Prof. Fak ATT No. 32—CABLE MAKIN FOR ‘SUSPENSIO Fee - as exemplified in sconstruetion of the East f River Bridge. By Wilhelm Hildenbrand, C. E. No. 33.—MECHANICS OF VENTILATION. By George W. Rafter, C. E . No. 34.—FOUNDATIONS. By Prof. Jules Gaudard, C. E. HI Translated from the French. * No. 35.—THE ANEROID BAROMETER: Its Construction ; and Use. Compiled by Prof. G. W. Plympton. q 3d Edition. -< No. 36.—MATTER AND MOTION By J. Clerk Maxwell | No. 37.—GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING: Its Uses, Methoas ~ and Results. By Frank De Yeaux Carpenter. No. 38.—MAXIMUM STRESSES IN FRAMED BRIDGES. By Prof. Wm. Cain. No. 39.—A HANDBOOK OF THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH. By A. E. Loring, a Practical Tel- ir By egrapher. 2d Edition. No. 40.—TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY COMPRESSED ‘y. AIR. By Robert Zahner, M ~~ No. 44.—STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. By William Kent. Bs * No! 42.—VOUSSOIR ARCHES, applied to Stone Bridges, Tun nels, Culverts and Domes. By Prof. Wm. Cain. "No. 48.—WAVE AND VORTEX MOTION. By Dr. Thomas . | 7 Craig, of Johns Hopkins University. i z ye aay Sestersrere pete Beasts Sar WATER METERS, Comparative Tests of Accuracy, Delivery, ete.— Distinctive Features of the Worthington, Kennedy, Siemens and Hesse Meters. BY PODS a BROWNE, MEM. a Sac. REPRINTED FROM YVAN NOSTRAND’S MAGAZINE. NEW YORK: I). VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, 23 MuRRAY AND 27 WARREN STREETS. 1885. We et Pe hates” MAR lta 94 OD, As this brief essay is merely descriptive of certain mechanical devices, it needs no explanation in a preface. As the litera- ture of the subject is undoubtedly too scanty, it needs no apology. We believe hydraulic engineers will be found ready to welcome any addition to the stock of existing information on so practical and important a subject. — Mr. Browne’s paper has been supple- mented with a few descriptions translated from an article in Le Génie Civil, by Ch. André. “Se er v is oh. aa ioe WATER METERS. ROSS E. BROWNE. WATER METERS, Wirn the purpose of employing a meter for the measurement of water, in connec- tion with some hydraulic experiments conducted at the University of California, the writer instituted a series of tests of a meter invented by Prof. F. G. Hesse. The accuracy, at various rates of delivery> was carefully determined. The results of these experiments, properly tabulated, furnish a correction for the indicated de- livery. It is believed that, where the flow is uniform, the possible error in the corrected index reading may be safely placed at + per cent. The meter is of the class known as ve- locity or inferential meters, and is so per- manent in its sources of error, as to make it peculiarly adapted to the purpose named. 8 These experiments led to comparative tests of the Worthington meter. Reli- able information was also sought concern- ing other meters in common use. It is thought that sufficient of interest was developed to warrant this paper, particu- larly as, in the course of this investiga- tion, it was noted: that no great amount of accurate and systematic information upon this subject is to be found in the available files of our engineering and sci- entific journals; that the several reports consulted, of engineers and superintend- ents of water works, while well answering their immediate purposes, do not furnish facts in sufficient detail to guide the in- dependent judgment of one not familiar with the construction of the meters in competition; that very few of the circu- lars of the American manufacturing com- panies supply such data as will answer for comprehensive comparison.* * The circular of the National Meter Co. of New York is exceptionally complete, though there is miss- ing some of the data necessary to warrant the inclu- sion of their rotary Crown Meter in the list of meters discussed. * 9 It will be attempted to bring forward, as fairly as may be, the distinctive feat- ures of two of the principal forms of Pis- ton meter—the Worthington and the Kennedy,—and three forms of velocity meter—the Siemens of English manufac- ture, the Siemens of German manufacture, - and the Hesse meter already mentioned. The Worthington is widely known in the United States. The Kennedy is one of the most perfect of the meters used in England. The two Siemens meters are probably the most extensively employed in Europe. The Hesse meter has been but recently perfected, and not yet intro- duced. If undue prominence has been given to the last named meter, the inter- est of the writer in his special investiga- tion must plead as excuse. It is to be regretted that this list can- not be made more compréhensive by add- ing an example of the rotary piston form, such as the Crown. It will be understood that, in speaking of the piston meter, special reference is only intended to the Worthington and the Kennedy. 10 These meters will be considered in the main with reference to their adaptability to house use, or use in the sale by volume of water under pressure. This being the purpose of a’ meter, it should fulfill the following conditions : Ist. It should register with a suitable degree of accuracy, the quantity of water delivered at every rate of flow, from that of the maximum capacity of the service pipe, to a rate so small as to discourage theft. ‘The admissible error is variously placed at from 2 to 5 per cent. 2d. This degree of accuracy should be reasonably permanent, 7. ¢., the meter should not be subject to any change, seriously affecting its accuracy, by wear, by shght deposition of sediment, etc. Sudden opening and closing of the house faucets should not induce any consider- able error of registry. 3d. The introduction of the meter should not materially affect the delivery of the service pipe; 7. e., should cause no serious loss of effective head or pressure. WORTHINGTON METER, 5 inch, Scale kk. Fic. |. LU LI U/ ‘| Jens) mee ae < = | Yfll_|\¢ Y, \ \ \ fy Sawiasece: SOAS —s — 11 4th. The price should be small and the necessary repairs inexpensive. Notwithstanding the demand and the effort made by inventors to meet these desiderata, such marked success has not been attained as to make it a universal custom to sell water by the volume. In the systems of city supply, there re- sult decided advantages from the employ- ment of the meter. Reckless waste is checked and the consumer is not charged for his neighbors’ extravagance. A num- ber of comprehensive articles have been published “upon this subject, and a few . points only will be reiterated. It is claimed that nearly one-half of the water consumed in our cities is uselessly wasted. It is doubtful if this lavish con- sumption is on the whole a sanitary bene- fit, the waste being in large part the re- sult either of leakage or of willful negli- gence, and not of a character to effect any proper flushing of closets and sewers. By placing meters near the point where the service pipes enter the premises, and thus making the consumers responsible for such 12 negligence, and for defective plumbing, a wiser use of water is effected. In order to prevent the penurious consumer from pursuing an economy so stringent as to result in certain sanitary evils, it is rec- ommended that a minimum quantity of say 10 or 20 gallons per capita per diem be established, and the consumer charged for this whether he use it or not. The water department of Providence, R. L., makes a minimum charge of $10 per year (equivalent to about 100 gallons per diem) for each meter service. Meters were pro- vided, in Providence, for about one-half the total number of services, and a decided economy effected. The daily consump- tion at present is about 350 gallons per service, or 25 to 30 per capita—less than one-half the average in American cities. When the water supply of a city, em- ploying few meters, becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the consumers, two propositions may be entertained: the increasing of the capacity of its water works, and the introduction of meters. It is maintained that in most cases the latter 13 proposition is by far the more economi- eal. As the city grows, it will, from time to time, become necessary to increase the supply; but it is thought much cheap- er to keep the meters in repair and main- tain water works of double the capacity sufficient without meters. Itseems inevitable that the meter system should rapidly grow in favor with im- provement of the present forms of meter. In a few cities their use is already exten- sive. In London* nearly 40 per cent. of the houses supplied by the various water companies are now provided with meters. In New York and Boston, meters have been introduced into from 5 to 10 per cent. of the services. In Providence, R. I., 50 per cent. In San Francisco 20 per cent. In Oakland 3 or 4 per cent. Tue Comparison. or Merers,—A just and comprehensive comparison of the merits of competing meters will frequent- ly involve an extended investigation. If, * See London Engineer of Aug. 1, 1884. For detailed information concerning the U. S. and Canada, see cir cular of National Meter Co., N. Y. 14 for instance, the extent and effect of wear and rusting are difficult to estimate, pro- longed trial may become necessary. Of the more important considerations in such a comparison, the following are enumerated in an order not pretending to indicate relative importance. | Delivery under various effective heads. Greatest advisable rate of delivery. Accuracy of registration at various rates of delivery. Sensitiveness. Necessity and difficulty of special ad- justment. Permanence of initial degree of accu- racy and sensitiveness. . Liability to obstruction. Compactness. Price, both upon the basis of delivery and of greatest advisable effective head. Expense of repairs, including the con- sideration of the life of the meter. Head lost in the meter.—By head lost is understood the difference of the heads in the inlet and the outlet openings. If H is the actual head at the inlet and / 15 that at the outlet, then the head lost is H-h. The rate of delivery will depend upon this difference of heads, and not up- on the actual magnitude of H and h. In each of the meters described, the law of loss of head is, within a practical limit, roughly the same—the resistance being mainly due to impact and fluid fric- tion, and therefore approximately propor- tional to the square of the rate of delivery. This is about the same as the law of loss in a pipe. Hence the loss of head in a me- ter is fittingly indicated by the length of pipe of given diameter which will cause the same loss. Thus 10 feet of 4-inch pipe, or 30 feet of 23-inch pipe, will occasion the same loss as the Worthington 2-inch or the Hesse 4-inch meter. Effective head.—By effective head is understood the actual head necessary to force water through the meter at a given rate. This is equal then to the “head lost” plus the velocity head in the outlet pipe, and will, in the meters mentioned, be very little greater than the “head lost.” 16 Delivery of the meter.—It is customary to designate the size of a meter by the diameter of service pipe for which the in- let and outlet openings are fitted. This classification furnishes no general meas- ure of delivery. When the rate of de- livery is approximately the same function of the head lost, in each, it is admissible to adopt a unit and classify the meters accordingly. The loss in the delivery of a service pipe occasioned by the introduction of a Worthington 2’’ or a Hesse 4” meter, is easily calculated. Suppose for example the 8-inch service pipe to have a length of 100 feet; also 5 el- bows each equivalent, in loss of pressure occasioned, to 5 feet of pipe; also one service cock, together with minor obstruc- tions equivalent to 25 feet of pipe. The equivalent length of pipe, of diameter, d= inch, is 7,=150 feet =1800 inches. After introduction of meter /,=(150 +30) Lf <12=2,160 inches. Weisbach’s formula gives | 2H 1415 wherein H will be the effective’ head in the main, v the velocity in the service pipe, and A a coefficient =.02 for such velocities as are here involved. If v, represents the velocity before, and v, after the introduction of the meter Pet: d+ii, TA 54.02 1,800 Oh d+X1,~ " £4.02 x 2,160 In other words, the meter would ovcasion, in the case given, a loss: in delivery of service pipe, of about 9%; in effective head back of the faucet, of about 1.00— (0.914)?=16%; in the kinetic energy or capacity for work, of about 1.00 —(0.914) Greatest Advisable Rate of Delivery —When a meter is taxed beyond a cer tain point it will be seriously damaged. A practical limit in rate of delivery is therefore fixed upon, and this should govern the selection. In addition to this v= = 0.914 18 limit in rate of delivery, the correspond- ing effective head should be given. The allowable effective head in the oscillating piston meters is small, in the. rotary piston meters considerably greater, i the velocity meters very high. Where a high head is at hand, and the capacity of the service pipe is great, an oscillating piston meter of large size should be used, whereas it is safe to introduce a compar- atively small velocity meter. Sensitiveness.—The rate of delivery nec- essary to cause motion of the dial hands, or the greatest quantity per minute which _ may pass without causing registration, _ will be taken as an inverse measure of the sensitiveness of the meter. The head lost and accuracy of a meter, are conveniently illustrated by means of curves. Curves of head lost (see diagram).— These were obtained by plotting on suit- able scales, in a rectangular co-ordinate system, the rates of delivery as abscissa, and the corresponding heads lost as or- dinates. | 19 Curves of Registry (see diagrams).— By recording the measurement of the ac- tual quantity delivered, and the reading of the index, under various rates of flow, the data is obtained for plotting a curve which will illustrate the effect of the change in rate of delivery upon the accu- racy of registration. The curves given were obtained by plotting the rates of de- livery as abscisse, and the corresponding per cent. registered of the actual quantity delivered as ordinates. Upon the basis of the considerations enumerated, a comparison of the meters selected has been instituted. J ey > Z> 21 in moving, displaces the volume escaping through the discharge pipe. The arrange- ment is such that the strokes of the two plungers alternate, the valve actuated by the one admitting the pressure to the other. The displacement, (area of piston times length of stroke) multiplied by the number of strokes will give approximately the volume of water delivered. The in- dexing apparatus is arranged to move the dial hands once every fourth stroke, 3 such movements registering ;1, cubic foot in the 3-inch meter. The water enters through opening A into chamber B. In the position of plungers shown, the water then passes through port @ (of valve C'), channels 0 and ¢ into chamber D!. Plunger P' is moved to the left, forcing the water of chamber D* through channels d, ¢, ports fand g into outlet H. In the last third of the stroke, valve C’ is shifted to the left, establishing communication between chambers B and E’, through port *’ and channels / and m—and at the same time connecting chamber E! with outlet H eo 22 24 through channels n and o and port p. Plunger P’* is moved to the right, shift- ing, in the last third of its stroke, valve C', and thus establishing communication between chambers B and D’ through port f and channels e and d. The pistons are brought to rest at the end of the stroke by rubber seatings S?, ae Piston P, imparts a reciprocating mo- tion to lever L, which, in combination with the movable pawl M, ratchet-wheel W, stationary pawl N, and index gear R, causes the dial hand U to register for each four plunger strokes (single strokes) 35 of a cubic foot, Fig. 1 isasection through wv (see Figs. 2 and 8). Fig. 2 is asection through wz (see Figs. 1, 2. and 4, ). Fig. 3 is a view from below with base plate (Fig. 4,) removed, showing the walls of chamber R partly in section. Fig. 4, is a top view of the base plate, showing valves, ports, etc. Fig. 4) is a plan of the valve ports, LL! yh ox a ms ” 4 a , 2, > . Ib sy Pe, pie a = CM Aw? P Me Ps ey ie ER ; oe “? - os Wt eee Aion oe : i Se te 2 a P , t Ny \ Gas ae Ua OSs 2 as By og XN \ ried / We 3 WAN NN \W \anaaret CN ia \ ss RS) til i HM Fic, 5. LY; Le KENNEDY MET i U i WffP/’”"”AY e7, 25 channels and outlet, showing how channel o passes under channel /, channel e under channel /, etc. Description of the Kennedy Piston Water Meters* (see Figs. 5, 6, 7).—TLe measuring cylinder (A) forms the base of the meter, and is fitted with a piston (B) made of vulecanite. The piston is made to move perfectly water-tight and almost free from friction, by means of a solid eylindrical ring (C) of pure * Para” rub- ber, which rolls between the body of the piston and the internal surface of the cylinder. Each end of the cylinder is . fitted with an india rubber seating (D), on which the piston will form a water- tight joint, if back pressure shouid force it to either end of the cylinder; undue pressure is thus prevented from being thrown on the piston roller. The piston rod (KE), after passing through a stuffing box (F) in the cylinder cover (G), is attached to arack (H) which * Description and figures are taken with but slight changes from the circular of the Kennedy Patent W. M. Co., Kilmarnock, Scotland. 26 gears into a pinion (K) fixed on the shaft (L). The shaft is turned in reverse di- rections, actuating the reversing and in- dexing gear (M) as the piston moves up and down. The rack is kept in gear and guided in a vertical line by an anti-fric- tion roller, which is carried on a stud projecting from one of the shaft-bearing brackets. The cock-key (P), which di- rects the water aiternately above and below the piston, is placed in the same axial line as the shaft, and is fitted with a duplex lever (Q), which is actuated by a weighted lever (R) carried loosely on the shaft, and caused to fall alternately on each arm of the duplex lever. The weighted lever, after reversing the key, falls on a buffer (S) faced with india rub- ber, which, yielding before it and travel- ing in the same curve, gradually brings it to rest. Fig. 5 is a side section through the — center shaft, cock-key, and piston. Fig. 6is a front section of cock-key (P) and water passages (U, inlet, and V outlet). 27 Fig. 7 is a horizontal- aa line UV. OS co x Hos 1D ID LW HHIS HHO LASS AD ACD ASD 169 1D UD UD KD LD UD SH = cD st < ae 2 te + ‘ a4 ; ? ‘ . ee CCPH NOEL | 2 SOUNSSCHEREREADNL FUEEENEEEEE EEN eS 4 a N rN ess eae a EAE elt EL di PETTITTE 07 30 3) ia A as 06 TENCE CECE CEPA CECCNCCN CEE FEN LL PEEL aes oe Te Ps 4 NN oS SET AL : SU RINIIHLAIt MARE PLETE A papi Sep pet CCEEERSRECHHS iiilip ae Be He ETT MT 3233 3A SR AZO 274 28h" 29. s IN, 200 2 oo 22 ia? eee iF GALLONS PER Ne 14 51 ber seating is compressed at each end of the stroke by an amount, increasing with the momentum or with the velocity of the piston, hence with the rate of delivery. If the difference in the magnitude of this compression, between rates of 3 and 16. gallons per minute, is ;/; inch each seat- ing, there results $ inch difference in length of stroke. The meter registers the number of strokes, hence, if adjusted to register correctly at rate of 3 gallons, it will register about 46=6% too little at rate of 15 gallons per minute. As the rate becomes less than 3 gal- lons per minute, the diminution in length of stroke is more marked. The Kennedy curve, when compared with the Worthington, shows the advan- tage of registering the approximate dis- tance traveled by the piston, in place of the number of strokes, the main sweep being practically parallel to the axis of abscissee, By proper adjustment, 7. ¢., by shifting the 100% line upward 1.054 (see dotted line), this curve is made al- most perfect. 52 ¢ The Siemens curves were improved by adjustment (see dotted lines). They show inferiority in point of sensitiveness. This is due to the resistances of solid friction opposing the motion of the measuring wheels. The Hesse curve shows a favorable ad- justment, and a degree of sensitiveness nearly equal to that of the best piston meters. The effect of solid friction is not observable for quantities exceeding one gallon per minute. The curve, following the law of combined fluid pressure and resistance, rises rapidly for quantities less than four gallons per minute. If there were absolutely no solid frictional resistance, the curve would mount to a great height as the quantity approached zero—see considerations which led to the adoption of the form of measuring wheel. Comparison. — The meters described will be compared with reference to the considerations enumerated. Ist. The accuracy will primarily be compared by means of the adjusted 53 curves, and without reference to perma- nency. Such comparison shows.the Ge, nedy curve to be without doubt the then follow in order the Hesse, Sue Worthington A and B, the German Sie+ mens, the English Siemens, the Worth- ington D. 2d. The necessity Wy: special adjust-_ ment is greater in the Worthington than in the Kennedy, in the\Siemens thanan the Hesse. A close comparison is diffiy cult without the experience*of the mant- facturers ; it is apparent, however from the curve, that even the Kennedy requires a special adjustment if great accuracy is sought. 3d. The difficulty of special adjustment is greater than it should be, in each of the meters excepting the Worthington. Provisions should be made for these ad- justments outside of the casing. In the Hesse meter, for instance, this might be effected by suitable provision for shifting of one or more of the stationary ribs. The Worthington is easily adjusted by tightening or loosening the screws of Sepa 54 the cap, covering one of the rubber seat- ings. 4th. A certain degree of sensitiveness is important. This is apparent from the fact that one gallon in three minutes can be made to supply a household by use of a small storage tank. The Kennedy 1” will register a gallon in from 20 to 30 minutes; the Worthington 8” and the Hesse 4’, a gallon in 15 minutes; the two one inch Siemens meters a gallon in from 1 to 14 minute. A direct compari- son of these figures would not be fair to the Siemens meters, as the deliveries (under given head) of the sizes tested were greater than those of the Worthing- ton and the Hesse. However, it is safe to say that the Siemens meters are much in- ferior in point of sensitiveness. The wear of the Worthington piston will cause deterioration in this respect, unless the meter is judiciously used. The sensitiveness of the Hesse meter may be greatly increased, but at the ex- pense of the accuracy at small rates of delivery. However, a rate of one gallon 55 in 15 minutes or 96 gallons in 24 hours, is about the minimum rate admitted in Providence, R. I., and only + of the quan- tity passed in the average service. Such a degree of sensitiveness makes theft out of the question. 5th. With respect to permanency of sensitiveness and accuracy, it is confi- dently thought that the Hesse meter will stand foremost under a wide variation of wear, etc. There is no leakage due to wear of valves and piston, no alteration due to change of friction by wear, rusting, or oiling of the registering apparatus. The only parts which might be regarded as sensi- tive in this respect, are the circular open- ings aa; but as these are made of hard rubber, no rusting can take place, and any tendency towards diminution in size of these openings, by deposition of sedi- ment, is overcome by the rapid flow of water. Little of the wear which may take place in the meter is of a nature to effect its curve of registry. 56 It is probable that the Kennedy curve is reasonably permanent. The effect of wear, upon the Worthing- ton curve, is plainly shown by compari- son of curves B, C and D. It must be remarked, however, that it is unfair to charge against this meter a deterioration which appears to be due to over taxation. The manufacturing company calls special attention to the fact that their 3 inch me- ter should not be taxed with a delivery greater than 75 gallons per minute. This corresponds to an effective head of about 16 feet. In San Francisco, where the hydrostatic head runs up to two hundred and fifty feet and more, it does not seem likely that the 8'’ Worthington is large enough for the average service. That the Siemens curves are not partic- ularly permanent is plain from the fact already mentioned, viz.: that the accuracy and sensitiveness depend upon the mag- nitude of the frictional resistance of the indicating apparatus, and this will vary constantly with rusting, wear, etc. Mr. Salbach, who has given the German Sie- 57 mens meter careful consideration, says it is capable of giving good results in every respect when new, but after a while the meter will deteriorate in so far as the ac- curacy is concerned in the measurement of quantities at small rate of flow. “The main cause,” he further says, ‘‘is the oil which is contained in the first chamber above the wheel, and which in time ad- heres to the gear wheels. A further detrimental effect is produced by freezing or thickening of the oil in case the tem- perature sinks to 2 or 3° C. From these facts it is plain that the oil chamber is a bad feature of this meter, and one that there should be an energetic effort made to overcome.” This has been effected in the Hesse Meter. 6th. The hability to obstruction was not tested in the Worthington and Hesse meters, as similar data was wanting in connection with the others. A suitable screen (see Figs. 9 and 18) should be pro- vided for each meter to keep out the coarser obstructions, such as leaves, straw, chips of wood, wads of oakum, ete., which 58 are easily withheld. The liability to ob- struction is said to be a weak feature of some of the rotary piston meters, but not of the oscillating. To be sure a sandy deposit in the measuring cylinder will cause rapid wear in the Worthington, and a certain resistance to free rolling of the rubber ring in the Kennedy; but with reasonably clear water no serious diffi- culty seems likely to occur if the coarser obstructions are screened, and thus wedging of valves prevented. The sandy or muddy sediment is probably less detrimental to the velocity meters when properly constructed. It is suggested that the cylindrical wheel chamber in Hesse’s meter should be extended a few inches in length and provided with a waste cock at the bottom, for convenient discharge of accumulated sediment, in case it should be used for the measure- ment of muddy water. 7th. The greatest advisable rate of de- livery is least in the Worthington, and most in the velocity meters. As already stated the Worthington is not guaran- 59 teed for an effective head exceeding 16 or 20 feet, corresponding to a delivery of 74 gallons per minute by the 2’', 15 gal- lons by the #’’, etc. The safe limit of effective head in the Kennedy is, accord- ing to the manufacturer’s statement, about 60 feet, the 2” delivering 20 gal- lons per minute, the 4’’ 30 gallons, the 1” 70 gallons, ete. In the velocity meters the limit of head is exceedingly high. In the Hesse meter this limit is dependent almost solely upon the action of the rubber diapbragm. The difference of heads in chambers B and OC, measuring about twice the effec- tive pressure upon the diaphragm, will - depend upon the square of the ratio of areas of the valve opening d@ and jet openings aa. Inthe meter tested the diaphragm is subjected to but 5; of the total pressure lost in the meter, and this may be diminished at will by simple en- largement of the valve opening. By closing the opening / and fastening down the valve, the diaphragm was sub- jected to 25 feet of pressure without 60 damage. The diaphragm then would not give way under a total loss of head in the meter of 25xX20=500 feet. The further question which must be consid- ered, is: Will the bellows operate under the rapid motion of the worm wheel due to high loss of head? A greater head than 60 feet was not available for trial, but in this case the time occupied in lift- ing cap K was only one-half the inter- val of high pressure. If the velocity of registering should be too great under very high heads, the difficulty is simply remedied by increasing the width of the arm, or the number of teeth, in the worm wheel. It is not thought that this would be necessary as the rate of supply of water to the bellows chamber is nearly proportional to the velocity of the meas- uring wheel. Sth. The compactness of the velocity meter is great as compared with that of the oscillating piston meter. This will appear from a comparison of the weights of meters of about the same delivery. 9th. The prices are given, as near as 61 possible, in the following table: The price, as well as weight, increases much more rapidly with increase of delivery under the same head, in the piston meters, than of the velocity meters. In either form, the price increases at a smaller rate than the delivery. For example, a Kennedy 1 inch meter, delivering four times as much as the 2 inch, costs less than 24 times as much; the English Siemens 14 inch, delivering five times as much as the # inch, costs less than twice as much. Any comparison therefore of the price of meters of different delivery should be made with caution. The fal- lacy is apparent in the claim made by the Kennedy Co. to the effect that their 1 inch meter, delivering 2.02 times as much as the Siemens 1 inch, has over double the proportionate money value, and as it costs about 1.63 times as much as the Siemens, is therefore a % cheaper. Reference to the table will show that the Kennedy $ inch, delivering 62 TABLE OF DELIVERIES, GREATEST ADVISABLE OF A ‘ Delivery Size of in unit 9 gals. Name of Meter. | and out-lets. ea vee Tak head of rere 20 feet. Worthington...... 3 1.0 3 ? 1 2 MIVENDECV res ois ood my ie 4 1.8 3 2.8 1 5.4 13 ieee English Siemens... . 2 4 5 3 8 1 2.0 14 2.9 14 4.1 German Siemens.. 1 2.5 FICSSE Vacured fis kes. 5 1.0 * The deliveries and greatest advisable effective heads in the Kennedy and English Siemens meters, were calculated from data furnished by the manufac- turers’ circulars. The Kennedy 4 inch meter is omit- ted, as it is not recommended by the manufacturing company. 63 Rates OF DeELivery, WEIGHTS AND PRICES METERS. Greatest Advisable Weight in Price Bees of Effective | lbs. avoir-| : delivery $ in gals. head dupois. per min. in feet. 7.5 16 59 17.00 15.0 a 103 27.00 30.0 — 175 33.00 19.9 60 104. 19.86 30.0 -— 162 27.88 50.0 — 206 33.82 70.0 _— 322 46.00 150.0 564 75.00 *x * ee 9 12.10 9 14.76 ——— =, ? 18.15 ———— — ? 21.30 — —— ? 26.86 — — ? 30.75 merase —- 33 26.00 capeatincaed etches 91 * * OK * * The greatest advisable effective head is many times greater in the velocity than in the piston meters. *** A careful estimate of the cost of manufacture of the Hesse meter, indicates a price considerably less than that of any other meter named. 64 less than the Siemens 1 inch, costs con- siderably more. The prices may be compared as fol- lows: (a.) Upon the basis of equal delivery, the list shows the Worthington to be cheaper for small sizes than the Kennedy or Siemens. As the deliveries increase, the ‘Siemens become cheaper than the Worthington or Kennedy. The price of the Hesse has not been definitely ascer- tained. (d.) Upon the basis of greatest advis- able rate of delivery, the velocity meters are by far the cheapest, and the Worth- ington the most expensive. This is an important consideration only where there is on hand an abundant surplus of head for the house service. If, for example, the head is such as to make the capacity of the service pipe 10 or 12 gallons per minute, it becomes advisable to employ a # inch Worthington, whereas a Siemens of far less delivery, or a $ inch Hesse meter will amply serve. 10th. The expense of repairs of the 65 English Siemens meter is permanently guaranteed by the Manufacturing Co. for 5 % aunually upon the original cost. The actual expense in this and the Ken- nedy, seems to be in the neighborhood of 3or4 % per annum upon the original cost. It is claimed that the average life of the rubber roller in the Kennedy is more than three years. If the Worthing- ton is overtaxed, the wear of the piston, etc., will necessitate expensive repairs in order to maintain its sensitiveness.. In the Hesse meter the life of the rub- ber diaphragm remains to be ascertained. It is known that pure rubber will deteri- orate quite rapidly when exposed to air and light; but it is claimed that in cool water, under the exclusion of light and air, it will remain intact for an indefinite period. The rubber diaphragm is not taxed as is the roller of the Kennedy. There was scarcely a perceptible wear in the Hesse meter during the passage of 62,000 cubic feet of water. The velocity of the measuring wheel (190 revolutions per cubic foot) is far less than in the 66 Siemens meters of equal capacity, and its weight is trifling. The spindle does not pass through a stuffing box. The shaft P, which does pass through a stuff- ing box, makes only ;; revolution for each cubic foot registered. Conclusion.—The following is an at- tempt to rank the meters according to their merits with respect to the more definite of the considerations enumerated. This is done with a certain reserve, as, in some, cases, the information at hand is not sufficiently complete to admit of posi- tive conclusions. Where two meters are placed in the same vertical column no comparison between them is attempted. LO AGCUIACY caren ss Ki Wie een 2. Sensitiveness ... K. in” Won S. 3. Permanency....H. K. aw. 4. Greatest advisable rate of delivery. 1H K. W. 5. Compactness........... H Viewer AS equal delivery under the mame” Wedd. yo Praia <. 6. Price—(a). Upon basis of ( 4; us K Price—(b). Upon basis of 9 greatest advisable rate H K.W. Of COMVOr Yn. c. sce. an. S. 7. Expense of repairs......H. < K. We: The Worthington, though sufficiently accurate, and quite sensitive when new, has very small advisable rate of delivery, and unless judiciously used is subject to deterioration with respect to sensitive- ness. The Kennedy, while extremely accu- rate and sensitive, and an excellent meter in other respects, is the heaviest and most expensive. The Siemens meters are very compact and admit of a high effective head with- out damage; but, while their accuracy is sufficient for considerable rates of de- 68 livery, they are inferior in point of sensi- tiveness. The Hesse meter combines, in the main, the good features of the others, with an advantage in respect to permanency of sensitiveness, price and wear. ConsTRUCTION OF THE HesszE MEasuRING Wuee.t.—The following is an abstractéof the statement made by Prof. Hesse with regard to the considerations which led him to the present construction of the measuring wheel, and the introduction of the stationary ribs. A is the area of opening, a. 7, the radius of the wheel. v, the velocity of the wheel. c, the velocity of the water in passing opening a. P, the effective pressure (reduced to radius 7) of the jet upon the wheel, in- cluding all pressures, positive or negative, directly due to the action of the jet. R, the resistance (reduced to radius 7) caused by the displacement of the mass of the water. F, the solid frictional resistance (re- ~ 69 duced to radius 1), offered by the spindle journals and the worm wheel. M and N, constant coefficients of press- ure and resistance. For permanent (uniform) motion of the wheel— P=R+— (1) The actual quantity of water delivered, Ac. The quantity registered, Q! = By, wherein B is a constant determined by the gearing, etc. The ordinate in the curve of registry, 1 Q ay is dependent upon P, R and = oS On account of the variability in the workmanship and degree of wear, etc., upon the spindle journals and the worm wheel, the magnitude of F is subject to an unavoidable fluctuation of say 504. Therefore, by diminishing the influence of F upon = the permanency of the curve of registry is increased. It is evident al- 70 . so that, by diminishing the value of E' mo the Q necessary to move the wheel is lessened, 7. e., the meter is made more sensitive. In order to show that velocity meters of this and similar forms are practicable, it is only necessary to point out that — is approximately constant. If this ratio were strictly constant, such a value of B could be reached by adjustment as as to make pI, and the meter would be perfectly accurate. If the losses of head are assumed to be proportional to the squares of veloci- ties, actual and relative, then VE alae aaa eet a ois P is os 2g (c?—Cc,’—2w"), wherein y is the weight of unit volume of water, C a constant, c, the relative ve- locity of the water to the bucket, w the actual velocity of discharge. See Fig. abs) Q=Ac. ¢7=¢ + v’—2ve cos. p=cp(*), j i i 2 W,=C,7e,"+ (=) v' —2 (cos. J) (“Jove Hence by transformation Paar) ee) -“ez) —9,(~)-9.() P=Mc'p(—.) | (2) Wherein the function of the ratio of or . . Vv . . velocities, gm | — }, increases with decrease Cc 72 of v—i.e. the pressure upon the wheel increases when ¢ remains constant and the velocity of the bucket, v, is forcibly diminished, R=Nv’? For F=o0, by introducing values of P and R into equation (1). Me'y(—) sa Nv; sg ees ap N? ( c =( c]* If then P were strictly proportional to c and @ (=) : = would be a constant for Po. However, the adopted law of loss of heads is a good approximation for con- siderable velocities only, therefore the re- sult obtained indicates simply that, if the v influence of F could be overcome, — c would not vary to any great extent, ex- cepting for small rates of delivery. The actual curve of registry, for F=o, is doubtless similar to that shown in Fig. 20. 73 The ordinate in the curve of registry— 132 piel 2any flay a Pe leery 74 This approaches the condition F=o, and the influence of a 50 @ fluctuation of F is the less, as the value of mee is di- minished—7. e. as F is diminished, or as 7x and P are increased. It appears from the above that the meter will gain in sensitiveness and per- manency : (I.) by diminution of the solid friction- al resistance (F) ; ‘(II.) by increase of the radius (r) of the measuring wheel ; (III.) by increase of the pressure (P) of the jet upon the wheel. This increase of P may be effected: (1) by reducing the area of the openings Gime * This is a convenient method of improving the curve of registry, but is limited in its application on account of the corresponding reduction of the deliy- ery of the meter under a given head. 75 (2) by increasing the resistance (R) of the water, and thus reducing the ve- locity (v) of the wheel. This increase of R is accomplished: (a) by increasing the area of bucket, 7. ¢., the effective displacing area ; (6) by introducing stationary ribs, and. thus checking in part the rotation of the body of water in the measuring chamber. In one wheel tested, a high degree of sensitiveness was reached, hy curving that portion of the bucket encountered by the jet, and arranging for outer feed, thus greatly increasing the pressure. How- ever, such refinement was found unneces- sary, and the small addition to the ex- pense was not deemed advisable. Due regard to the considerations enu- nerated, has led to sufficient sensitiveness and a high degree of permanency. Improvement of the Curve of Registry. —There remains to be considered the question of a further improvement of the curve of registry. An immediate improve- 76 ment of that portion of the curve corre- sponding to values of Q between 1 and 4 gallons per minute, may be effected by a small increase of F (see Fig. 20); but it must be borne in mind that such increase of F is necessarily accompanied by a con- siderable loss in sensitiveness. Prof. Hesse devised the attachment shown in Fig. 21, with which the curve of registry was perfected without sacrifice of sensitiveness. The light hard-rubber valve V slips freely upon the outer surface of the tube W. If Q is considerable, say 6 gallons or more per minute, the valve V is lifted to its highest position and no water can escape through the openings pp. If Q, hence the effective head, is less, the valve will occupy a lower position of equilib- rium, and a small portion of the water will escape through the openings pp with- out assisting in the rotation of the wheel. Qi Thus Q as Q becomes smaller. This reduction is experimently regulated by the width of may be reduced more and more T7 the openings pp, and by the curvature of the surface of valve V. bes - VM This is important in connection with a test meter only. The present curve of registry is all that may be desired in a house meter, and certainly no device should be attached to the meter which would detract from the permanency or add to the liability to obstruction. WATER METERS (GOMPTEURS D'EAU). BY CH. ANDRE. i o-™, f WAS WT Tue Frazer Murer (1872 Model). WATER METERS (COMPTEURS D’EAU).* THe Frazer METER. There are two forms of this meter: the first introduced in 1872 and the second in 1878. In the earlier pattern the general form was cylindrical; the smaller sizes being of cast iron and the larger of wrought iron plate. The water coming within the outer casing exerted pressure upon the pistons, of which there were four joined two and two, and single acting. There are two three-port slide valves, working horizontally. The valve for each pair of piston rods regulates the flow for the cylinders of the opposite pair. The reg- * The greater part of M. André’s paper is devoted to descriptions already given in Mr. Browne’s paper. Only the more important of the remaining ones are here given. 82 istering wheel work is moved by the pis- tons acting on a ratchet wheel. In 1878 Mr. Frazer patented his later form of meter, which differs from the first in several particulars. The outlet pipe is supplied with a rubber ball-valve, which serves to mitigate the water hammer shocks on the valves. The pistons turn upon their axes while making the stroke, so as. to insure a regular wear on the packing. There are two double-action pistons in place of the four single-action, thus re- ducing the length, weight, and price of the machine. The water enters from above, passes through a strainer which arrests solid particles and also serves to keep the valves in place during transportation. The valves rotate instead of working back and forward, and are driven by a key and collar on the piston-rod. The adjustment of the parts is such as to ad- mit of examination of the meter at any time. Furnished with a safety valve, this me- Ps} ; a a TL Lyi = ~~ AY a \ AG UUKAAA WAS EARDGDOL AE UNATENEN AL 11SEC CN LET HY \ ¢ iS IMS t sittin (—) | | eres pS] “Wis = _ — ir if SH > \\ fe S NN By SS Sy. Y XK \ ‘A \ Y \\ »~ De \ qT, = Z y YR NS . = 1 Bl { } Tue Frazer Meter (1878 Model). 4 Sei ey ae bot Dy MD 83 ter has been applied to the measure of feed-water for boilers. The durability of the Frazer meter is very satisfactory. The packing of one at the Eastern Railway Station in Paris was recently renewed. It had registered 200,000 cubic meters, and the packing was still water-tight. Tue Crown METER. This meter has a rotating piston and is known in France as the Nasch Meter (Compteur Nasch). The apparatus is enclosed in an iron box. The water enters below and passes through a copper strainer of large sur- face. It is composed of four strong pieces, only one of which is movable. One of these pieces is the so-calledcrown. Itis substantially a heavy ring with indenta- tions on the concave edge. A pinion rolling on the inside of this crown consti- tutes the piston. It separates the crown into two water ways. The piston has 84 one tooth less than the crown, The pis- ton has at the center of each face a cavity and a little further out a deep groove. The lower central cavity communicates with the upper groove by oblique conduits through the metal. In like manner the up- per central cavity communicates with the lower groove. The piston and the crown are of the same height, and are situated between two fixed discs which perform the office of valves. These discs are per- forated with curved conduits opening at their extremities on the side towards the piston. One of these extremities; the one nearest the point where the piston and crown are in contact, communicates with a groove, while the other extremity opens at 90° from this point into the open space between the teeth. The water enters by a central hole in the lower disc, traverses the piston, is conducted into the upper groove, thence by the curved conduits into the space be- tween the crown and piston and causes the piston to roll. The water then goes out through the 85 conduits of the lower plate; thence into the lower groove of the piston, passes through the piston and out through its upper central cavity. Tarr Crown METER. Crown, C. 86. Valves, V. j ¢ oq. i} es wh <, - 7 The piston carries on its upper surface a bronze rod, which describes a circle and drives the registering wheels. The crown meter is especially adapted for measurement of large quantities of water under light pressure. It is also more exact when the delivery is small than are the velocity meters, but is less so than the ordinary piston meters. This naturally follows from the fact that the Crown meter is not furnished with pack- ing and a water-tight piston. Its effi- ciency depends chiefly upon precision of adjustment and lightness of its piston, which is made of vulcanite. It is put in action by a water pressure of two or 87 Vertical Section. three centimeters. Six liters of water per hour will keep one at work. From the experience in French cities, it is concluded that where exactness of measurement is regarded as the first im- portance, only the piston meters of ordi- 88 Plan View. nary type are in use. In the provinces the English Siemens meter is most widely employed. Other kinds of meters may be profitably employed in measuring veloc- ities. Piston meters are large and costly, but accurate and durable. The other 89 varieties are small, easy to work, but less exact and more delicate. The Crown meter occupies a sort of intermediate position between the two classes. Its capacity, its price, and its precision, entitle it to favorable consider- ation; but where solidity and durability are regarded as essential merits, the pis- ton meters are preferred. *," Any book in this Catalogue sent free by mail on receipt of price. VALUABLE SUIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY D. VAN NOSTRAND, 23 MURRAY STREET AND 27 WARREN STREET, N. Y. ADAMS (J. W.) Sewers and Drains for Populous Districts. Embracing Rules and Formulas tor the dimensions and construction of works of Sanitary Engineers. Second edi- PAULUS CLOLM. x0 care Sak ok wis -12mo, Cloth: giccvcens'caclle se aeinyers eartenecaas 175 Chemical Examination of Alcoholic Liquors. A Manual of the Constituents of the Distilled Spirits and Fermented Liquors of Commerce, and their Qualitative and Quantita- tive Determinations... x2im0, cloths ca... «sea eecla seater Gael I 50 First Book in Qualitative Chemistry. Second edition. T2mi0; Cloths... 5-25..0isk avis ctalalata youve mls Uae ele sistas Sara siiae eee I 50 PYNCHON (Prof. T. R.) Introduction to Chemical Physics, designed for the use of Academies, Colleges, and High- Schools. Illustrated with numerous engravings, and con- taining copious experiments with directions for prepestng them. New edition, revised and enlarged, and illustrate by 269 illustrations on wood. Crown 8vo, cloth......... Sees 5.00 RAMMELSBERG (C, F.) Guide to a Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, hg piled of Minerals and Furnace Pro- ducts. Illustrated by Examples. Translated by J. Towler M:D.~ 8v0, Cloths. «ss seacineth oe Sabicea rhe tc cecal an ee ne RELA RANDALL (P. M.) Quartz Operator’s Hand-Book. New edi- tion, revised and enlarged, fully illustrated. 12mo, cloth... 2 00 bg pen soo J. M.)_ Applied Mechanics, comprising Prin- ciples of Statics, Cinematics, and Dynamics, and Theory ot Structures, Mechanism, and Machines., Crown 8vo, cloth. “Tenth edition.” Londons 2s. socs@s oe te nee seve 5 OO A Manual of the Steam-Engine and other Prime Movers, with numerous tables and illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. ‘Tenth edition. London). 1882:-. <<. tc... <. -0< pele atroedhie ate 5 00 — A Selection from the Miscellaneous Scientific Papers of, with Memoir by P. G. Tait, and edited by W. J. Millar, C.E. 8vo, cloth. London, 1880............. Sava cteags lain craters eeeeeeIO 00 D. VAN NOSTRAND’S PUBLICATIONS. 11 RANKINE (W. J. M.) A Manual of Machinery and Mill-work. Fourth edition. Crown 8vo. London, 1881 .......... ++ ++. $5 00 Civil Begincering., comprising Engineering Surveys, Earthwork, Foundations, Masonry, Carpentry, Metal- works, Roads, ,Railways, Canals, Rivers, Water-works, Harbors, etc., with numerous tables and illustrations. Fourteenth edition, revised by E, F. Bamber, C.E. 8vo. ORGOR RE BOS > saeihss Sas sense tes een seca caiemabets femeut 6 50 Useful Rules and Tables for Architects, Builders, Car- penters, Coachbuilders, Engineers, Founders, Mechan- ics, Shipbuilders, Surveyors, Typefounders, Wheelwrights, etc. Sixth edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. London, 1883...... 4 00 and BAMBER (E. F.) A Mechanical Text-Book; or, Introduction to the Study of Mechanics and Engineering. eee CIE ORG me EG76 Se.ec ose voc Usdines cle Soveee Cosapb shh 3 50 RICE (Prof. J. M.) and JOHNSON (Prof. W. W.) Ona New Method of Obtaining the Differentials of Functions, with especial reference tothe Newtonian Conception of Rates or MMI Cos TAO DODEN. 05, 22.01 oe) siducicisldde de dhasoones ve 50 ROGERS (Prof. H. D.) The perlony of Pennsylvania, A Gov- ernment Survey, with a General View of the Geology of the United States, Essays on the Coal Formation and its Fos- sils, and a description of the Coal Fields of North America and Great Britain, Illustrated with Plates and Engravings inthe text. 3 vols. gto, cloth, with Portfolio of Maps. ....30 oo ROEBLING (J, A.) Longand Short Span Railway Bridges. Illustrated with large copperplate engravings cf plans and Walon hav al sar date Previn Cold peer oe BAe 25 00 ROSE (JOSHUA, M.E,) The Pattern-Maker’s Assistant, em- bracing Lathe Work, Branch Work, Core Work,Sweep Work, and Practical Gear Constructions, the Preparation and Use of Tools, together with a large collection of useful and val- uable Tables. Third edition. Illustrated with 250 engrav- Megs ovo, Cloths: fi. .c. SFoaic eo diitne Ome O ator, aes eaals eS: SABINE(ROBERT). History and Progress of the Electric Tel- egraph, with descriptions of some of the apparatus. Second edition, with additions, T3M0,/ ClOL ae wane tes sp leamese ace 7225 SAELTZER(ALEX ) Treatise on Acoustics in connection with Wengiuationn 120; Clothy.u; ss .ssnc o aan bea oe oe bcltieeds I 00 SCHUMANN (F) A Manual of Heating and Ventilation in its Practical Application for the use of Engineers and Archi- tects, embracing a series of Tables and Formule for dimen- sions of heating, flow and return pipes for steam and hot- water boilers, flues, etc., etc. 12mo. Illustrated. Full FORT MAE at lea ce cs cue derek oviate RoOe re we Renias 6 I 50 Formulas and Tables for Architects and Engineers in calculating the strains and capacity of structures in Iron and Wood, ~“12mo, morocco, tucks © 0. 6.5..cceewssdeeuce sink oa SO 12 D. VAN NOSTRAND’S PUBLICATIONS. SAWYER (W.E.) Electric-Lighting by Incandescence, and its Application to Interior Lllumination. A Practical Treatise. With g6illustrations. Thirdedition. 8vo, cloth.g2 50 e SCRIBNER (J. M.) Engineers’ and Mechanics’ Companion, comprising United States Weights and Measures, Mensura- tion of Superfices and Solids, Tables of Squares and Cubes, Square and Cube Roots, Circumference and Areas of Cir- cles, the Mechanical Powers, Centres of Gravity, Gravita- tion of Bodies, Pendulums, Speer ig of Bodies, Strength, Weight, and Crush of Materials, Water-Wheels, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Statics, Centres of Percussion and Gyration, Friction Heat, Tables of the Weight of Metals, Scantling, etc., Steam and the Steam-Engine. Nineteenth edition, revised, 16mo, full morocco. 1 50 Engineers’, Contractors’, and Surveyors’ Pocket Table- Book. Comprising Logarithms of Numbers, Logarithmic Sines and Tangents, Natural Sines and Natural Tangents, the Traverse Table, and a full and complete set of Excava- tion and Embankment Tables, together with numerous other valuable tables for Engineers, etc. Eleventh edition, revised, 16mo, full morocco SHELLEN (Dr. H.) Dynamo-Electric Machines. Translated, with much new matter on American Pte and many il- lustrations which now appear for the first time in print. 8vo, cloth, New York (In press) SHOCK (Chief-Eng. W. H.) Steam-Boilers: their Design, Construction, and Management.. 450 pages text. Illustrated with 150 wood-cuts and 36 full-page plates (several double). Quarto. Illustrated. Half morocco SHUNK (W. F.) The Field Engineer. A handy book of prac- tice in the Survey, Location, and Track-work of Railroads, containing a large collection of Rules and Tables, original and selected, applicable to both the Standard and Narrow Gauge, and prepared with special reference to the wants of the young Engineer. Third edition. 1I2mo, morocco, LUGKS eo iraiaes cielo ey aosoinlaia aisle taienaie ete ninval state ota sveneeeentoe esistareasteie are 2 50 SHIELDS (J. E.) Notes on Engineering Construction. Em- bracing Discussions of the principles involved, and Descrip- tions of the Material employed in Tunnelling, Bridging, Canal and Road Building, etc., etc. 12mo, cloth I 50 SHREVE (S. H.) A Treatise on the peougta of Bridges and Roofs. Comprising the determination of Algebraic formu- las for strains in Horizontal, Inclined or Rafter, Triangular, Bowstring, Lenticular,and other Trusses, from fixed and moving loads, with practical applications and examples, for the use of Students and Engineers. 87 wood-cut illustra- tions. Third edition. 8vo, cloth........ eS cforciratensie sesieceseen 3 50 D. VAN NOSTRAND'S PUBLICATIONS. 13 SIMMS (F. W.) A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Levelling, showing its application to purposes of Railway pet geste J and the Construction of Roads, etc. Revised and corrected, with the addition of Mr, Laws’s Practical Examples for setting out Railway Curves. Iliustrated. 8vo, Cloth secon) ong SA) he eele cuneate deren ioe ate ss ehine Deca vewant $2 50 STILLMAN (PAUL) Steam-Engine Indicator, and the Im- proved Manometer Steam and Vacuum Gauges—their Utility and Application. New edition, 12mo, flexible cloth...... I 00 STONEY (B. D.) The Theory of Strains in Girders and similar structures, with observations on the application of Theory to Practice, and Tables of Strength and other properties of Materials. New and revised edition, enlarged. Koyal 8vo, 664 pages. Completein one volume. 8vo,cloth...... .... I2 50 STUART (CHAS. B., U.S. N.) The Naval Dry Docks of the United States. Illustrated with 24 engravings on steel. Mowurthredition; cloth, 2s Jec ccc ce erie cae Onis sisters wag earn ath o 2 6 00 The Civil and Military Engineers of America, With 9 finely executed portraits of eminent engineers, and illus- trated by engravings of some of the most important works constructed in America. 8vo, cloth........ a ee eee 5 00 STUART (B.) How to Become a Successful Engineer, Being Hints to Youths intending to adopt the Profession. Sixth Cawion Tamo, boards ss aa sae creas oa tea settee aussie 50 SWEET (S. H.) Special Report on Coal, showing its Distri- bution, Classification, and Cost delivered over different routes to various points in the State of New York and the principal cities on the Atlantic Coast. With maps. 8vo, GILL eae. sve vere hoes a otc usaiapiee Rae ETE eee tae ae oa colo 3 00 TEXT-BOOK (A) ON SURVEYING, Projections, and Port- able Instruments, for the Use of the Cadet Midshipmen at the U. S. Naval Academy. Nine lithographed plates and Several wood-cuts.. (SvO, cloth pare esses leauite Scie Sens 2 00 TONER (J. M.) Dictionary of Elevations and Climatic Reg- ister of the United States. Containing, in addition to Ele- vations, the Latitude, Mean Annual Temperature, and the total Annual Rain-fall of many localities; with a brief in- troduction on the Orographic and Physical Peculiarities of North America-se BVO,) ClOLM ce trate a se sects seine tinecce 2 By Ge TUCKER (Dr. J. H.) A Manual of Sugar Analysis, includ- ing the Applications in General of Analytical Methods to the Sugar Industry. With an Introduction on the Chemis- try of Cane Sugar, Dextrose, Levulose, and Milk Sugar. Svo, cloth, illustrated cases s ene te see teeters aac t see shee ba ce 3 50 TUNNER (P.) A Treatise on Roll-Turning for the Manufac- ture of Iron Translated and adapted by John B. Pearse, of the Pennsylvania Steel-Works, with numerous engrav- ings, wood-cuts, and folio atlas of plates............ ..... 10 00 14 D. VAN NOSTRAND’S PUBLICATIONS. VAN WAGENEN (T.F.) Manual of Hydraulic Mining, for the use of the Practical Miner. 12mo, cloth.......:....... $1 00 WALKER (W.H.) Screw Propulsion. Notes on Screw Pro- pulsion;: Its Rise and History. 8vo, cloth................. IS WANKLYN (J. A.) A Practical Treatise on the Examination of Milk and its Derivatives, Cream, Butter, and Cheese. PATO RGLOUL 6. <5 a x.s.5 telson a cine esti eee atn enue cae eee eae I 00 WATT (ALEX.) Electro-Metallurgy, Practically Treated. Sixth edition, with considerabie additions. 12mo, cloth.... 1 00 WEISBACH (JULIUS). A Manualof Theoretical Mechanics. ‘translated from the fourth augmented and improved Ger-. man edition, with an introduction to the Calculus, by Eck- ley B. Coxe, A.M., Mining Engineer. 1,100 pages, and go2 wood-cutullustrations. ) 8vo)) cloths. ck4..2ktaseese asec 10 00 WEYRAUCH (J.J.) Strength and Calculations of Dimen- sions of Iron and Steel Construction, with reference to the Latest Experiments. 12mo, cloth, plates............. I 00 WILLIAMSON (R.S) Onthe use of the Barometer on Sur- veys and Reconnoissances. Part I. Meteorology inits Con- nection with Hypsometry. Part II. Barometric Hypsom- etry. With Illustrative Tables and Engravings. 4to, cloth 15 00 Practical Tables in Meteorology and Hypsometry, in con- nection with the use of the Barometer. 4to, cloth......... 2 50 Complete I12-page Catalogue of works in every department of science sent postpaid to any address on receipt of ten cents in postage stamps. ! THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES, . 44.—TURBINE WHEELS. By Prof. W. P. Trowbridge. . 45.—THERMODYNAMICS. By Prof H.T. Eddy. . 44.—ICE-MAKING MACHINES. From the French of M. Le Doux. . 47.—LINKAGES ; the Different Forms and Uses of Ar- ticulated Links. By J. D. C. De Roos. . 48.—THEORY OF SOLID AND BRACED ARCHES. By Wm. Cain, C. E . 49.—ON THE MOTION OF A SOLID IN A FLUID. By Thomas Craig, Ph. D. . 50:—DWELLING HOUSES; their Sanitary Construction and Arrangements. By Prof. Wm. H. Corfield. . 51.—THE TELESCOPE: Its Construction, &c. By Thomas Nolan. French of M. Argand. By Prof. Hardy. 3d Edition. . 544. KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY. By Prof. Ken-' nedy. With an introduction by Prof. Thurston. . 55. -SEWER GASES. By A. De Varona. . 566.—THE ACTUAL LATERAL PRESSURE OF EARTH- WORK. By Benj. Baker, M. Inst. C. E. —INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHTS, By Compte: Th. Du Moncel and Wm. Henry Preece. 2d Edition. . 58.—THE VENTILATION OF COAL MINES. By Wa Fairley, M. E., F. 8.8. . 59.—RAILROAD ECONOMICS; or Notes, with Gane ments. By S. W. Robinson, C. E. . 60.—STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE MEM- BERS. By 8. W. Robinson, C. E. . 61.—POTABLE WATER, and the Different Methods of Detecting Impurities. By Chas. W. Folkard. Clerk. . 683—HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SANITARY PLUMB- ING. By W. P. Gerhard. 2d Edition. . 64.—ELECTRO-MAGNETS. > By Th. du Moncel. | . 65.—POCKET LOGARITHMS TO FOUR PLACES OF © |: DECIMALS. P. Thompson. . 67.—HYDRAULIC TABLES. By P. J. Flynn, C. E. . 68.—STEAM HEATING. By Robert Briggs. . 69.—CHEMICAL PROBLEMS. By Prof. Foye. 3d Hd. ; 7 -EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS. By M. P. E. Berthelot. —DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY. By John Hopkinson, J. A, Schoolbred and R. E. Day. _ b2.-IMAGINARY QUANTITIES. Translated from the) . 53.—INDUCTION COILS: How Made and How Used. | . 62 —THE THEORY OF THE GAS ENGINE. By Dugald ° . 66.—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY. By Silvanus __ ; } 4 { THE VAN NOSTRAND ‘SCIENCE SERIES —TOPOGRAPICAL SURVEYING. By Geo. J bs Prof. A.S. Hardy, John B. McMaster a? Walling Pe 73. _ SYMBOLIC ALGEBRA ; or The Algebra of Numbers. By Prof. W. Cain. 74.—TESTING MACHINES; their History, Cx and Use. By Arthur V. Abbott. 75.—_RECENT PROGRESS IN DYNAMO-ELEC CHINES. Being a Supplement to Dyn tric Machinery. By Prof. Silvanus P. T 76.—MODERN REPRODUCTIVE GRAPHI CESSES. By Lt. Jas. 8S. Pettit, U.S.A 77.—STADIA SURVEYING. The Theory o Measurements. By Arthur Winslow. 78.—THE STEAM ENGINE INDICATOR, an: By W. B. Le Van. 79.—THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH. By Roberts, C. E. 80.—HEALTHY. FOUNDATIONS FOR HOL Glenn Brown. 81.—W ATER METERS: Comparative Tests of Delivery, etc. Distinctive Features of MF ington, Kennedy, Siemens and Hesse } f red Ross E. Browne. is Age) NE 82.—_THE PRESERVATION OF TIMBER, by ie } e of Antiseptics. By Samuel Bagster Boultpn, Ones 838.—MECHANICAL INTEGRATORS. By Prof Henry | S. H. Shaw, C. E. 84.—FLOW OF WATER IN OPEN CHANNELS, PIPES, CONDUITS, SEWERS, &c.; with Tables. By P. J. Flynn, C. E. 85.—THE LUMINIFEROUS ATHER. By Prof. De Vol- son Wood. 86.—HANDBOOK OF MINERALOGY; Determination and Description of Minerals found in the United States. By Prof. J. C. Foye. 87.—TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF THE ee STRUCTION OF HELICOIDAL OBLIQUE ARCHES. By John L. Culley, C. E. 88.—BEAMS AND GIRDERS. Practical Formulas for their Resistance. By P. H. Philbrick. 89.—MODERN GUN COTTON: Its Manufacture, Prop- erties and Analysis. By Lt. John P. Wisser, U.S.A. .90-—-ROTARY MOTION; as Applied to the Gyroscope. By Gen. J G. Barnard. 91.—LEV ELING : Barometric, Trigonometric and Spirit. By Prof. I. O. Baker. p a duxley’s Physical B +1 Fife, SON Srimiine, a R.C.8. pn sis hoe -ON YH" HYPOTHES: ~ - i:VWOLt ty ng Metaphysical. = Sts ENTIFIC ADDRESSES :-—1. On | teva. Payer C vets. Frice 25 cents. PO. VIL—NATY RAL ELECTION ASAT ? Be SBS alet 4 44 a7 pe 5 ll i i i’rice _ O11. 2 06907971 ie Ki CORRELATRIN GC.’ VITAL ~s¥OROCES. By Proi. Guonek D. B. { *'ly College. 86 pp. Paper Sovers. Pr AS REG: AKDS PROTOPI 48M, in 3 ma. 4 id OSX oes a " BY Magic DS" tzrae., 79 pp. Paper Covers. Price — ' Tendencies of Physical Investigation ie Dust, 8. On the Scientific Use of tv J By Prof. JOHN TYNDALL, F.R.S. « Plex. Clots\ Ey ALreED RussELL WAL LAC! | ie teet 2) AP 4: sx Development of | i Got i318 HK pee HOD (2) the limits.."% Rims econ sieppliclis wan. O4pp. Price 2t \ 2 oD Ee RCHR at L NALYSIS. Thr, me sly Pro. Fescoe, Inez 18, aud ockyer. - & “usttuted. 22 yp. Bex: « Covers. Price oe sh 4, . VEE LOW SUN, .' sketch ¢ E nee ; - sele: aiifie opinion as rewards Tr Laciy, %, veooons o? the most secedt hier” ¥etics wd mnt se sort B oi By Prof. C. Ago‘ /ogn¢ " af aes © Oras ‘eve. B8pp. PeperOovers .crine % \ O3.ea. --THE BAR THOA GF it Y ade 74s an, Pn.D., of Stevens Inctivc. 4 i. Gs detes Mating lecture cu cue** ot. Hae id 2. Eener Covors. Price v: arte i ie oa , A ay . og ae SS OR ORG) TEAAR. ee 8 re, on, & sgt aie 4 cs fog "ort retest eae interest:ng le tuses ur. em de .a.¢4, Original discoveries, uri-liant meats, peantifaily illus. 88 pp. Pape Covers. _ —_— pee AS BPR AGT AEE ots asker q “mi aor » a ki gp’.