Bo / P382 to ho. 206 ™M ap v4 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS ——))) ame Ts aS . All \ iS Stone ch \, Caaf, y =~ N 40}+ — 7 kendo \ SOR 7 . Sa ,, Catasauqual’s al f —_— (Slating tor) Zon, 7 t HK ))\ # : e Sirvil he a UNIS ee ) : 58a \ ery] 1 | m2 AN } wh { pe : s - j \ ‘ aN i z ) | awertow \ - ‘ = a7) a Af , * ) J R. Y. STUART, SECRETARY TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY GEORGE H. ASHLEy, STATE GEOLOGIST » ay Se . Shoenersville \ pon, ge m () rat T\ i a \ ~1A \ ee ) J ey ier. if “tae bp [ | | 1) ( be JIN \\easreee — pas \ xe Sy Middletown Oe | TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA SHEET 206, ALLENTOWN AREA, PLATE I a \ ; pra Ss iy \f g i 1G aa “J e 1 ) P = | a < y \ X ASK / ( @; 4. \ e , a HY ( oopars Sf A 5 y ) y wl \ | B | = / \ f” Base from U. S. Geological Survey topographic map of Allentown quadrangle, Pennsylvania Surveyed in 1893 MAP OF THE ALLENTOWN QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA Showing Topography Seale 42%00 4 Miles = 5 Kilometers Datum ts mean sea level. 1925 A HOEN &CO BALTIMORE MO Additional railroads added igi9 by B. L. Miller and from data furnished by the several railroads. City streets extended from maps by as engi- neers, 1924. oe | On a "206 » I we PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS R. Y. SMR SpoRirane AND WATERS TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TOPOGRAPHIC|AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST SHEET 206, ALLENTOWN AREA, PLATE II | =| (Wind Gap) 20' T5115, ss scsvills Piz Karasitiqua \ oe { x 2 abs eMicklers == 2a West \ 4 FS Sot a ~ ff S26 & Fullerton (Slatington) (Basten) 20 - ™ Lae z - zs 75°30 (Quakertown) 40° 75° 8 J ee eee oe ae MAP ORAL H HeALLENIEOWaN Surveyed in 1893. AHOEN & CO. BALTIMORE QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA TOOT oa forthe Us 8. Geological Suivey City streets extended from maps by city Showing Areal and Economic Geology engineers, 1924. at = x 1 Seale 62500 ea 2 3 4 Miles $ Oo gS = = L: 2 3 5 Kilometers he Contour interval 20 feet. Datum ve mean sea level, 1925 EXPLANATION AREAL GEOLOGY Diabase (Furnishes building stone, paving blocks, and road metal) WR Shales, sandstones, and conglomerates ofa prevailing red color (Furnishes building stone and road metal. Contains traces of copper) Martinsburg shale Black shales and slates with occasional beds of brown sandstone and lenses of limestoue, Is (Contains workable beds of slate and lenses of limestone suitable for lime and road metal) Black argillaceous limestone (cement rock) (Extensively used in manufacture of Portland cement) A Gray Merestoxes low in magnesia (cement limestone) (Used in manufacture of Portland cement and lime) Dolomitie limestones (Used for lime, flux, and road metal; certain strata suitable for cement. Contain limonite and zine. Generally over- lain by brick clay of Pleistocene age) Hardyston quartzite (sandstones and quartzites) (Quarried for building and road metal purposes. Contains limonite and some pyrite and manganese) Highly erystalline graphitic limestone (Used for cement and flux) Gneisses of both sedimentary and igneous origin (Used for road metal and building stone. Weathered rock used for sand. Contains magnetite and graphite with some mica and traces of gold) ECONOMIC FEATURES IRON MINES Limonite mine in Cambrian and Ordovician limestones (“Valley ores’’) Nos. 1 to 75; all abandoned ® 133 Limonite mine in Cambrian quartzites and sandstones (‘‘Mountain ores”’) Nos. 76 to 133; all abandoned x 152 Magnetite mine in pre-Cambrian gneiss. Outcrop of veins shown north of Vera Cruz Station Nos. 134 to 152 ; all abandoned except mine No. 138 Numbers correspond to descriptions in text LIMESTONE AND CEMENT ROCK QUARRIES Quarry in operation Abandoned quarry i—For lime &—For flux & M —For road metal C—For cement STONE QUARRIES OTHER THAN LIMESTONE Quarry in operation Abandoned quarry S! —Slate Ss —Sandstone Gn —Gneiss Ser —Quartz-sericite schist (‘‘soapstone’’) D6 _Diabase SAND, GRAVEL, AND CLAY PITS Pit in operation oF Abandoned pit Gn —Decomposed gneiss sand G/ —Glacial sand and gravel Al —Alluvial sand and gravel Fe —Sand from mud-dam deposits of abandoned limonite iron mines Brick —Clay used for bricks Cement —Clay used for cement WELLS AND SPRINGS 0190 Bored well Numbers refer to depth in feet Spring Note: The economic features on the map, especially in regard to springs, are not complete ORDOVICIAN TRIASSIC CAMBRIAN CAMBRIAN AND PRE-CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN pas te ho. 206 PS et ALLENTOWON ATLAS PLATE III PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY . =z MAP SHOWING MAGNETIC SURVEYS IN VICINITY OF VERA CRUZ LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Scale oO 200 400 600 800 FEET E = =i E EXPLANATION s Shaft PZ) : | Exploration pit ey] Building Strike of vein age Dip of vein TO EMAUS 22M _—> von BEKO CY \ \\ 20 7 = YN Ws Z z See Ss he SMA ss 2 to Ps SILL . << ENe ee 2 ANY NN f Mi poe CON Ye ; Le WUY7ii / : : = 9 is neal 733 a4 Ls ee] é pe, as SUE : = : : hb 2 T = ; 2 nee - EI SR _ Le J ' LAs 2 Lt Magnetic intensity less than 10 degrees 7 a 45 . ifs i A 4 6 20 So j VZEa “ie C | i B a - & y Or , re Is , é. // 7 ( : , le Le 5 - “A jo | 5 _ Magnetic intensity between 0 and 25 degrees = _ “@ | | *— an PP nse WM sa aa ao Magnetic intensity between 25 and 50 degrees | | ae \\ Magnetic intensity more than 50 degrees Note- Magnetic readings were taken every 10 feet along lines 100 feet apart running approximately at_right angles to trend of mountain. Only about every fifth observation 1s shown 557 P382te ne. 206 Ne p PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ALLENTOWN ATLAS PLATE IV vEBERROTH MINE TRUE NORTH MAG La) e Gueres ortich VA Store room * North openir Old. eee a 30 feet deep South opening Old Hartman mine 90 feet deep Drill hole C! Ss Drill hole B’ MINE THREE. CORNERS M5 Depth os tt. Dip 2 Church property CORRELL MINE =a 150 Feet deep = est, /ojew HARTMAN MINE | \ Jacob Correll cP office Je shows Black circ tion oF ace / loca Gs) ageijoned sha 2s Drill hole A = cr es A Drill hole A* & Drill hole D' \ David Hariman ae Samuel Adams 100 ee | fo 190 200 300 400 500 Feet zi eel J 5 Map showi i p showing locations and developments of the Friedensville zinc mines. PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOURTH SERIES THE WBRARY OF (HE — DCT 2h 0A TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLQgugygRSITY OF {ANOIS™ GE LAS es PENNSYLVANIA NO. 206 ALLENTOWN QUADRANGLE MINERAL RESOURCES By BENJAMIN LERoy MILLER Published in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey Department of Forests and Waters R. Y. Stuart, Secretary Topographic and Geologic Survey G. H. Ashley, State Geologist ~ COPYRIGHTED, 1925 By R. Y. STUART Fa iT ~— N X=) [ ~ = vo aS ~ iv} & a ~~ >) = 3 Yn Ad £ S- 3 > i 5 y SS ae cs ~ SS 3 vo 3 & i=} E § a (2) 7) FY f ke L* x LVN: 2 soy May, 1924. 7 tA / L/ OKA 0 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. R. Y. Stuart, Secretary. Department of Forests and Waters. Sirs I have the honor to transmit herewith for printing, a report on the Mineral Resources of the Allentown Quadrangle by Professor B. L. Miller, Head of the Department of Geology of Lehigh University and cooperating geologist of this Survey. This is one of a number of detailed reports to be submitted, all of which will together constitute the Topographic and Geologic Atlas of Pennsylvania. The report covers the area of a quadrangle, lying between 15’ lines of latitude and longitude. In form and character it follows the many “folios” and “economic bulletins” previously published by the State and Federal governments on the geology of Pennsylvania. The mineral resources of the region are of much financial interest. They include the heart of the Lehigh cement district, containing the largest cement mill in the world; the most important zine deposits known in the State; also iron, slate, ochre and other deposits of value. The expenses of the survey and the preparation of the report had been borne entirely by the U. 8S. Geological Survey. I asked per- mission to publish it, first, because of the many requests for informa- tion on the region covered; and second, because its publication by the Federal Survey seemed likely to be greatly delayed, by the inad- equate printing appropriation of that Survey. Respectfully submitted, State Geologist. PREFACE. The Topographic and Geologic Atlas of Pennsylvania presents the results of the Survey’s “thorough and extended survey of the State for the purpose of elucidating the geology and topography of the State.” (Act of June 7, 1919, establishing Survey.) The Act further provides: “The Survey shall disclose such chem- ical analysis and location of ores, coals, oils, clays, soils, fertilizing and other useful minerals, and of waters, as shall be necessary to afford the agricultural, mining, metallurgical, and other interests of the State, a clear insight into the character of its resources. The Survey shall also disclose the location and character of such rock formation as may be useful in the construction of highways or for any other purpose”. The results of the surveys may, in accordance with the pro- visions of the Act, be presented in the form of several series of publications as follows: 1. Topographic Atlas Sheets 16 x 20 inches: The surveys for these sheets are made by the State in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, each paying half the costs. The engraving, printing and distribution of these sheets is done by the U. 8. Geological Survey at Washington, D. C. be The Topographic and Geologic Atlas: Maps and texts show- ing and describing the topography, geology and mineral re- sources of the State by quadrangles. This series continues and supplements all ‘folios’ and “economic bulletins” of Pennsyivania already published by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the State. Each quadrangle is an area about 174 miles long from north to south and about 134 miles wide from east to west and is represented by a single map or sheet. The quadrangles are numbered from west to east and from north to south. Sheet No. 206 is in the twenty-first row from the western edge, and the sixth sheet from _ the northern boundary of the State. The reports constituting the atlas will bear the same numbers. The following figure shows the sheets already issued, and the distribution status of each. (The numbers on folios and bulletins of the U. S. Geological Survey do not follow this system. ) (5) ‘suUOTJBOTTGNd 9y} o}VUsISep Stoquinu oq, ‘) ‘q ‘WOWUIYSVAA ‘S}UEeMMIOG Jo JUspUdjUTIedNg oy} Worf UIBIGO “) ‘C ‘WO SUIYSVAA JV AVAING [BITSO[OEH) “G “f) “AOJoITC ey, WOTF UTBIqQ “4 ‘SoLIVIQIL UL yNSUOM ‘JUuIId JO JNO °B ‘eIUBATASUUeg UL SUTJET[NG puB soTpoy Jo deur Avy ‘oO oo oes woe oe Of See” | Sod omic =F fi “« ‘ . espe} 2 ae g214 - ( os County Reports: As the Atlas Sheets and Reports are highly detailed and somewhat technical, a series of County Reports will present the general facts in more popular language, and on maps without topography. These reports will also review the broader aspects of the subject, and in particular will pre- sent the detailed Soil Maps and Soil Reports. 4. Mineral Resources: These reports are confined to describing and showing the location of a single mineral resource over the State, with studies of the technology, including the min- ing, preparation and marketing of the minerals. 5. Underground Water Resources: In general, water resources will be discussed in the County Reports or in the Topo- graphic and Geologic Atlas, but general studies on under- ground water supplies will follow in a fifth series of reports. 6. Soil Reports: In general, Soil Maps and Reports will ac- company the County Reports, but general maps or discussions on soil conditions will fall in this series. This report, having been prepared before the present State Survey was established, does not follow the stratigraphic nomenclature to be adopted for all new reports. However, as the stratigraphy plays a very small part in this re- port, it does not seem necessary to recast that portion of the re- port. This report has had the advantage of a revision by Professor Miller, immediately preceding its offer for publication. CONTENTS Page. ee LS Uti) hve alates Wcherele Made Oe cide Kida y uote 13 TES ern ae are ono chico aisha o's se sie ttt ers. tein © spas OO giles wih. oa eg 13 CIDE Tae Aap 2 Oe ae eo Ae SRL oe ae 14. ES coe ody cath s rec WA scca. > 6b Rinse cuore wo eit oe dhe elects sluc con 14 Ne fae a oa ale Glas Sir aie clus s one's evo le ee Wolo oss a eghistere: Riots, & 17 a eet fe I Sw wb dle saiehe «wre Was s/s es ete whe 6 lene ys DEePUOUECITCAL V-ALI@Y siicla cs arv's ose ve bule bi eisewceeceed wogecec dawn ily MEE TehTYe. IVE OILTRCHITIO Mr ten % sas «¢ sos GE oibld edict ase e o> wales c's eee hs 19 Piedmont Plateau ....... Os ca Re EEO Sarg CAP EA gd ea ie he 19 A oe SP ete at Vols Meee Pe. SIE yo che y Wer ateiy Mie Steye cl iy pt oun a cio 20 IIIS REUSE hs ‘aie gh Ia wet gin «os ie'e vcla sec ls' se: sete aye widvepe Wlavety celine @ bore 23 MERTON 000 28s fa as Wo "Ske ei tae. teats aoe a bier a die ee dik Oke Seles hake ae anes 23 Pemeeeecaraetel of (te), FOCESS ©... cs a5 ph seco anise wee lee detlca es 23 SEO UP OSICLNSOS 125 ates ernie a's's shea eip eleies ee cadets sc Gels vee 24 Pre-Cambrian crystalline graphitic limestone ..................0- 25 Cambrian sandstones and conglomerates ......cceccccesccccccccece 26 Cambrian and Ordovician dolomitic limestones ............eeeee0% 26 RETIN VETILO RECTOR. tip ire Ar scale ek als Wincst asdiarciene ¥oe. were: ® > a. vole ac6.k. 0! ete 26 NEE REN EE or, Pe ety M's Sarat lah Peale ele Gietoce eeie os 0 cade ule ass eDa ela eae eda oh 33 MRE RTETRT OTN FMR UN ey teria ata nals: ala o Wee whe oie lone le sete Sinbevasatn ware tac abe 34 rete Geet areca g Arties o.6 ober ciel ejeis ee cidle: fa, tig siecle siete 35 an Were DONT) BIOLET | eee erat LF, OG leo Bin aie wr kte se ete w hdtere A eae ee 37 eI OOML ATO tS o%, Ra ater Maite § akblerc ak, PQ Fhe ater ee Sia Giants Hohe ee minim etens 39 Pe EUS Et MaMa te hdc) ain Sie Pieot oho aie PialSle, dle Ovicgthe eee ee eee See ee 8 41 lime eG WOT KING) cr Petite a's 5 a ci eeotetc Mehl atets nite e eee evokes 48 Prete POR RING PERCE: beds cialv aleve) ateatel tes ite e wtalelite se yea 50 ETT ICMEM TLV OT ALOT ¢ Oa" ore. ae otatdid awe dlale’s she etoleboe Gatlin es ke 51 Limonite mines in the Cambrian and Ordovician limestones Pe V EEC AGTOR Alclad cue tals oe ha cic Malalar eke ae vt ces Perera 52 Limonite mines of the Cambrian quartzite (“mountain ores’’) 56 PRR OOTALE + (SIGETILE) OLAS) 100689 at coeds oa eas ee han ob eens 62 ee PRM PROS VGHES ooo) os sha" ors are! Neate ae Tage naw dig dahl oa) a alle coe oe es 63 PL REPUINTAGIE -/ giaiaverxc ota late ce AP ARRON ce eral tate eae ee eae en ee as 63 RM EE ET) CG), ot, or nutpidavt oataecoatee tebe ee ake eel et hasan ed Ere eh os 64 PH arnater: ANG, COMPOSIELONL Ha Ae ae trrlicee pe eee nk ns 65 EPA glo. oh cel tet Axe dred « Pes LE Oy trae Saree: Sah Wane 66 RELICS: OL MATTER 50! a5: shat cetihehats) MERE GPeE ETEN Ue cto ene ec ave nla 67 Ba + CONSICETALIOUS (4s Sates eitetd DME eke ek eee ean 68 MOLEC TA TTIGS yf ch al ehctaret o\ a5, eh Aa as or ehiels Shite a bls Coa 69 10 Eeonomie Geology (Continued) VAUR) «Deere Mr Oe eo RR etm Historical sketch Distribution so. 50ers see Soares bsece es Bale aoa we Fou dar ees l'ase a ee Character> and Composition . oS... 0% dc. ~ «+vse oie © = 2 ce QGCULTENCE os oe ve viene ole these 6» nu ae tech Stee b,cstue claw acs shone nese ann Origin Mining Malling ocak ap ace stake Miceye opeite a; oy eiete, oeieoe A aye ella plate et at iee eine ane Outlook for future development FANG WINES is ee boo ele ta hs ee one Gee Bee nT ei eae ee 8 0 80 ob 0 @ 0 8,8 6 6 8 6 6 8 8 8 ee 8 8 fe 6 et 6 Ce Oe ee 6 SC 8 6 8 6 Os 6 6 6) oy pie eee eee @ 0 © 6 6 8 C18 6 6 e166 8 8 oe 6. 8H ee € 6 Oe ee 8 8s ale 6 ols ea) 6 O pte el eee One ae ne Bibliography COPPer oc cc cdc cee c Gewese bdlv ee ged sb we eis og 0 cn 9/0 le Snel Manganese Gold © 6 © © 8 6 68 © 6 wee BNO € @ 8 ee 0 8 eee te 6 6 6 6 66, 6 68 Selene) 5 eee ne ee eonnne een ewae eee qees 6 80 ee Co 6 wp ee he So He 6 ee ee Oe Ue 86 6 Se Signe ea eer ur eee eoeeceecoeoee se ee Cece eoes eCeoeveee ec hee 8 06 6 8 6 8 6 6 8 0 6 oe 6G 6 68) © 6.18) Cie ee e eens enn Historical sketch Cement. materials .. 1.6.0 s+ eve eo coe © oo 0 old oleie oy nen Cement rock ooo. cca cee be wl wine a Coen) ale nl ee ee ieee naan Cement limestone ..... . os cu-e chs sales.» due oes e ooeeeiely anne nnn Other materials for making cement Limestones Clay Materials from other regions used by local cement companies Cement plants .. ..... sos acu oieteuerelelgehtctans wlekele: roltel a: pyeiehe ta ets ene a a aan Atlas Portland Cement Co Bath Portland Cement’ Ce (a0 v7 Jo... es se ee Coplay Cement Manufacturing Co Dexter Portland Cement Co © 0 0 6 0 6 @ 6 6 0 8 6 6s Oe a) Oe 2 eee ececevtece eee beCaeeteen eee 6 6 & 0 6 6 e 8 68) © es whe Sele erenmeee Oeececeovnveeeveveee eevee eee eee ev ee 6 68 e 6 as £ @ 6 6 Seer en ener e@onngece Coes 9 & oe 8 w 8 0 © 6 we 6 6 6 ew eee Ce KC ee 8 oO 6 aS te Ss « fs le ee eee ees een ee £ ¢ 6 6b 6 © ® Sa) @ ole eens! on eene pee esse ee 6 06 6 4 8 6 we © tl ae ee ere oo 00 6 © 8 0 6 8 8 © © 8 © 6 ells oe) @ a wee een cee eecevns nw ce 6 8 6 we 6 6 6 6 Oe ne 6 ie bole eh alent eo a0 6 6 @ 6 BD © Ce 6 % Oe ig oe ee a) ee ee Pennsylvania Cement: Go) o.4 so. 5 0% «cle seve erect een Phoenix Portland Cement Co Quarry methods @ 6 0 © @ © © © 6 @ le 5 0 Shs, we) 5 ele a eae en ara o 6 © 8 6 © 8 6 Oe 6 ee 8 Ore © Be © 80 oe 8 em 6 ‘oe: \6) 60 Ue 6 0 Cl igte mel elalealtwaiane Methods of Portland cement manufacture Economie considerations Building stones Limestones Sandstones Gneisses Diabase SST tes 2% cansisge! oiein ces olla sn beneilll npai 0. 0s SEA eUMMRIIMEIEEE BP a7 osc. po kl re a ean General characteristics of the Martinsburg shale Slate? deposits’... 2.5.50. 0.50 Failte pew «<0 0s eps pie wis ook e > Gor ne Distribution Co ee 0 © © 6 & 6. 6 © ie te Oe 6) 60) 6 er ene eooerc ate eee eee ee o.e o © oe ore 6 © 6 6 Ss 6) 6 Sie 6 ele 8 soe © 00 © 0 © © 0 06 6 0 6 6 6 6 8 pie © 6 6 6 8 ©) 6 0 0 & 6 @ 618 oe 6 el ate Gene Ce ee eS Se CO uC a eC ee OO TO Qe eo e oe e 6 oe © 6 eon 6 6 6 6 66 6-6 e 8 0 6 6 te 88 6 ae © op 8 es) mre peel sie eee © © © 6 0 6 6 8 8 8 8 6 0 0 6) 6.0 6 Dee © 6 6 © 0 we © © 66 6 oH 0 6 © oo 6 6, Bele wilaith) eee eeeoereoeon eo 6&6 6 60 0 6 6 Be 8 8 © 6 oe © © 8 ek 6 6 8 6 6 ee 6 8 8 © ee 0s) See bh Meee eee o © 0 68 sp ee SS 6 eee © © 0 Oe 6 6 © 0 8 6 2 © 0 6 6 6 0 0 86 © 6 6 0.0 6 0 © » =) 9 Cilh) 5 a) een ails tea tee Structure Character Origin «0 00:5! oie vwis’le asl beaaan'e S «a aon Scppete mele pareaale See a a cece le bie edhe ate lace a0. ibiis lot piiptbn tale alter’s inion tessa Sie Gi vw we wie tore: pls Mean sdb-c ce peceie loo pase Neene Toe tee heen TSO Si os tei Ss ore Lar ocala wooo er e068 6 6 0 8 6.6 0 8 8 © 6 8 & ow 5 4 ©) © 8s & 0 5) 8 0) a8) ole see et nee Slate Guarries, 54.4 +,) kao t ee sia Vas ein th bas Week at Eeonomie Geology (Continued) Page. MCT S167 MPDCK SS 5. 5 avs 's,. a 6 2 Ud biate Ee eels 0 o Wiese Galea ee cl ew 136 rR ooo oy he ae. a a a 5 J eed eMeneh MeN Bihan ete he's Vue wily oh kok we Obie s 137 SNORE IME eS SAT TPs va. 5a si co lel eeoate PRM REE apm TR GGRTE SY © oOUS Se ware of Sakae, wae 137 TEE ee IFT 95 ton elle. ge 1s ao ceed ae nee Tas Seley visiaie casle al ee. 13 RIE EMNET LTTE T OCH on Sic < aM s,«' «: 0 « w'aleRgiathes Mtarane Fete Sher RIe PN Fee kes alee 138 MITES OC RS. oer c, 0, 0 olin o's vate Ce ole wane ames x ates Oe Ae Ae x ers 139 MNT TUCPIE CPCS ATINIG <5 A goo co ce & s cle die EMER oes Cie hive 000 e Ghee ole eoutie 139 MICUPETE PETTUS Moo cae auc Gl so ceo! Gherecsh@ a ard wvae ene fel ere Olte os oh aoe ekes Gace 1438 PEEEIMEHErSENIST(: SOLPSLONG ) ... 5 6 Siya ovis vee beet 08s oe is a ctea bea aie 144 ECCI. oh ee ak base te ec alee eh sels Pe eee te a a8 144 REMC TT CTI eed hg ke aly Develete no ak Marte Mate Whe oitie a ett ie sg 144 SEE ACMA NG VOPAVEL cd on. os. «ye ee ee cenalt 2 Meta ie ee ene a 146 EAN OT ATIC OTEAV EL vi h.c shag fatale Hen s mneitersl ele he ¥ sci hg hod as 147 Sand from mud-dam deposits of limonite iron mines .............. 147 TIES or rT ese a pane, ss 0. 5, vs ahd dace eer ore. oebileg ais 5 Box wah pies» 148 ET TS TC TT Se ee seats ete sO sa ole ua¥e ene e race ahaa dees be fel eh8 Tk va erg Wel ote ens 153 NE PTE RATT Che ca! gen a’ oi aiuN oat hate Wesehele tire hares tlc eta aes 153 TT a eaten ye RRS Re ae ane 1g ci hc Se A a i 155 RRM OWA eet rae fo ved, 5 Ser ccs a) oh eer alate rately, ele wires aee eh eos wk eb whee ee 157 MES 0g) S08 tho sain, oi aah ells s wie: eco giste a cbs aes cet s at Sale 4 ck, Cea bicle 158 eS TIR OIE eater? vee Woe Fhe eos Lia g v gory Sea of hale s MRS Pe me alt, eee oe ee 160 en mE Re eh et NP AO Aub hate ole tel cree teas ek ee ay 162 SE ie RENE ede ce ose Melg Eos, os esta Vordies 6 eye a es Poth ws cake Sem 162 ee oh at eet cae a ENS tone cel tats Gt tak, Palaals ae wteloe ne ta seis Bclats 163 PMPIOR ATE IntCS TC ORIN EPE fie!, 2s W¥shcieik a cca 04 © maetee Wletre ss nae o Soeiek 164 Oe eT IETS aE sgt 98) ali ge ge nr tig RDP: 4S ey OR AR 165 Cambrian quartzite and pre-Cambrian gneisses .......-..iccccccecs 165 rer TS MINOT LER eee eo iets shes Ack wait Falels t.0 6 le Reals tps otidewew ee 166 MMSE LEE eee rt OR ee Ng td. e vik se elo ais ew elt Be alk 4 cee highs ben 166 eo yece TUS 6 UD GEE a oe ee a RO areata, cade i Tetra an a 167 aL ASOD theese vig diss so ete cite a ese He Ow ae. . tee ee 167 ee RENE CEH MEMES iret gC eRe eS AL. t os hee ivieiplvae ale HORA Ch es vedio oa hee eee 168 a RE iN SOLO es 82 Ae MCE sg 5) X. 0's ce focal SolyanionsSdicy agave! atehie, wflp Wie A¥aka MG lc bee 168 ETA VUE et ete ote Sree tte Sehoy son a eee hie e. Sha o vans hal as.4 ee, ee dee oh 168 EES Meee NA ce is eo. . har er oteas hy er'walede We oe eee sth eh etaa 168 er SOELODC MWALCTR © 5). o cies co < case obe srw n:o eb khel Miesoulge Age, piers cies 169 MEME COMMER PROM ERs TS Mer. ole cis tos 5 ie 5 Wale, v Saw ests Pls cs. Pale Dade 171 PAPEL CE MMR PEN re eae Ua cha te) ra: snd, oh Sad ait coat eyo crcl etn ale. ePalet dhe a tees 171 RCMP CINCOM ere ae we Or eas cate a Rs re ae Oe are fee ek 178 Water in the Ordoviciam shales and slates .....0:.s. 66 bneca es 2.388 DE Be se aA be 8 S55 os gS ANEE 2 ST A A ee .300 Ba ee IER ria. Gio gy Gilt ees 0 view OLT BSNS Ty ease, Pare aks 5 GL § Yous 4 12k. alle le pace yap 035 ee NURSE TSIEN L IT er eI alin 2 as sue Dh telini e) adn hs ose. A48 DRIER OTN Maal SMe he ew ee Ce cis oe a 5S wai ws'e olelle abe ove 11.340 Dyce Ue gS ES alla SS at CE ep ee ee 13.915 Pe Hee a dy a, MME at ia eels ey po clancta. 4: bare aber 48.800 VR Pere T im OS Shea c 1a hy Bigs a gosta SY oils) ay mid allel’ sctinie “shes .900 NIE REM IE Six eae Men Fl Loot ay SR ath ds veins « STE o CoN fe wt .014 OSE aT ha Ui ST at Se airy 2 en a aan OO a 196 99.749 110, 111, 112. Whitman's mine.—‘‘Leased by Emaus Iron Co. [No. 110] is being worked; the ore occurs in white and yellow clay, there being but little ore in sight when the mine was visited. [Nos. 111 and 112] are numerous small openings not worked and the sides too much washed to see anything.” 118. This excavation seems to have been an iron mine. Numerous masses of sandstones and chalcedonic quartzites and some limonite were seen. The limonite shows clearly that it was formed by replacement of the quartzite. 116. ‘Red’ mine.—Mining at this locality waj carried on over an extensive area, the refuse being thrown in the old workings. The abundance of quartzite fragments in the clay seems to prove that the ore was of the ‘“mountain”’ variety. 118. Newmeyer’s mine—‘‘The limonite is deposited in irregular lenticular bodies. The dip appears to be undulating to the eastward 5° to 15°. A large excavation has been made to a depth of about 40 feet at the deepest point.’ *° 34Tdem, p. 29. 35Tdem, p. 29. 86Tdem, p. 29. 87Idem, p. 29. 38Idem, pp. 29-30. 29Pennsylvania Second Geol. Survey Rept. D3, vol. 1, p. 225, 1883. 60 121. Hrdman & Cooper’s sand pit (mine.)—“Loecated on the south side of the Center Valley-Saucon Valley Post Office pike 1 mile west by north of Center Valley. The limonite is associated with decomposed sandstone and hydromieca slate. A large amount of siliceous matter occurs in the ore. Decomposed feldspar is found on the surface. The pit is close to the edge of the feldspathic rocks.” *° 122. Sill & Jordan’s mine.—“There are several small openings 20 to 30 feet deep and 10 to 20 feet wide. The jlimonite cecurs in clay and sand; no slate is visible.” *1 123. Hiram Hisenhart’s mine.—The shaft is about 35 feet deep. A small amount of ore has been taken out. 124. Bachman mine.—The Bachman mine was opened in 1887 and worked for about five years. About 15,000 tons of good ore was taken out. The ore became lean, and the mine was abandoned. The great masses of yellow chert in the east part of the pit show conclusively that the ore was formed by replacement of Cam- brian quartzite. Some of the ore contains considerable wavellite and cacoxenite, but so far as known no objection was ever raised on account of the phosphorus present in the ore. 125. Kauffman mine—The Kauffman mine was similar to the Bachman mine. It was worked by the Crane Iron Co. 127. Blank mine.—The Blank mine was operated intermittently for about five years and was closed in 1888. The ore was of good quality and was high in man- ganese. The vein was fairly thick, but the mine failed to pajy because of poor equipment. 128. Wharton mine.—The Wharton mine, located about 2 miles east of Heller- town, was first opened by George Wharton in 1852, who worked it as an open pit for several years. ‘The mine was abandoned and no work done until 1872, when it passed into the possession of the Saucon Iron Co. It was then reopened and worked for about 12 years and then again abandoned, as it could not be profitably worked longer by the open-cut method. In 1884 the Thomas Iron Co. purchased the property and at once began to sink a shaft. It was worked more or less continually until 1910, when it was finally abandoned, because the old shaft had been forced out of plumb by the pressure of the clay that slipped down the slope and it was not thought advisable to bear the expense of a new shaft. The ore was found in yellow, white, and red clays segregated in veinlike bodies 5 to 10 feet in width which in general headed eastward, parallel to the direction of the valley. At the 150-foot level one of these ore bodies which had a high angle of dip toward the mountain was traced for about 1,100 feet. The ore also was found in large and. small masses irregularly disseminated throughout the clay. Great masses of chert, some of which were 4 feet in diameter, were rather common in association with the clay and ore. The accompanying map of the mine workings shows the relation and direction of the main ore bodies. #0Idem, p. 2382. 41Tdem, p. 233. ‘eq ‘UMOWOTPH JO 4Svo Soplu Z| ‘VULUT UOLT UOJAVY AA JO dvyy ‘G ons 413934 0v2 002 2~—S—S—té a oe ee eee Mg eee ee .056 . 066 SS jee oes ae, Ae et Ree ek ee eae 1.048 .191 SIQp ie Bie Wee oe oe ee ee oe 38.55 32.00 An old shaft was sunk on the Third vein just east of a new road that is not shown on the map. It is now completely filled and is reported to have been 30 feet in depth. The ore found was leaner than that in neighboring mines. 145. A shaft on the Second or Back vein is on the west side of a road that is not shown on the map. The material on the dump contains pieces of a very basic gneiss, which seems to have been associated with the ore. 146. The Engelman mine comprises a shaft, which is commonly supposed to be on the Second or Back vein, a short distance west of Jobst’s mine. The magnetic survey chart (PI. III) shows, however, that it is on a slightly different vein but one which unites with the vein worked in Jobst’s shaft and tunnel. Little is known of this mine. 147. At the Jobst mine in 1875 a tunnel was run into the hill from the road by the Hellertown Iron Company. At a distance of 150 feet from the entrance a 4-foot body of ore known as the Front or First vein was penetrated and at 411 feet the Second or Back vein was found. The Front vein, which contains solid ore of good quality, was never mined. The Back vein was extensively mined. From the end of the tunnel a shaft was driven apa? to the surface, a distance of 135 feet. This shaft was also continued downward 75 feet below the ‘tunnel level. The Back vein at the tunnel level was 6 feet thick, but at the bottom of the shaft it was 8 to 15 feet thick and contained solid ore of good quality. Above the tunnel level the vein was only about 2 feet thick, too thin to be worked with profit. The vein dips to the south at an angle that averages 45°. The ore contains considerable horn- biende and pyrite. Tobias Castelane, who investigated the Vera Cruz mines for Thcmas A. Edison, sampled the rock in the tunnel between the two veins and found that it contained from 15 to 25 per cent iron. The ore was stoped along the Back vein below the tunnel level to a distance of 300 feet along the strike and hoisted to the surface through the shaft. About 40,000 tons of ore was produced from this mine, most of which was shipped to the furnaces at Hellertown, Hmaus, and Edgehill. 148. No information is available regarding the Bachman mine. 149. Nothing is known concerning this mine, which was probably only a pros- pect hole. 150. The Wichelberger & Frey mine is 1 mile west of Spring Valley on the farm of W. J. Sleifer. Magnetite ore was mined at this place for several years prior to 1883. The are two shafts, one of which is reported to be 100 feet in depth. About 4,000 tons of ore was mined, most of which was hauled to the Bingen furnace. No data could be obtained in regard to the size and character of the vein. The ore contains much quartz and considerable pyrite, feldspar, and hornblende. ‘The following analyses of ore from the dumps were made by the Bethlehem Steel Co. in 1900 and 1905: 71 Analyses of magnetite ore from Hichelberger & Frey mine. 1 2 TIS edge egal i rea Spee rapa ee 54.81 35.47 DUT pene rs Re eee oe he) et Sere AS 02 025 TE tie eee ees LL Ses oe . 04. 029 ape etek) | ee ts | ee ee ee ee 046 125 SAO eae eS BS Ss et a Se he 21.28 43.63 Sa) deletes ie PRAY Neo ER ee ELE Soprano tc, be seat 002 There is a report that the ore contained considerable titanium but this has not been verified. 151. A short distance west of Spring Valley a tunnel was driven into the hill in search of magnetite ore. It is reported that some ore was found but not enough for profitable mining. 152. At this prospect hole, three-quarters mile south of Springtown, little ore seems to have been found. . ZINC ORE. The most productive zinc mines of Pennsylvania are at Friedens- ville, in the Saucon Valley, about 3 miles south of Bethlehem. Although not now in operation, they have contributed largely to the mineral wealth of the region, and the zinc ranks among the most valuable mineral resources of the Allentown quadrangle. These mines have yielded large quantities of high-grade zinc ore in the past and may in the future become an important factor in the zine pro- duction of the country. Historical Sketch. Karly in the last century an unusual mineral was noted in the surface soil of the farm of Jacob Ueberroth, about half a mile north of Friedensville, but as iron was the only economic mineral known to occur in the region little attention was given to this material. However, about 1830 a wagonload of the unknown substance was hauled to the Mary Ann iron furnace in Berks County to be tested. Naturally the experiment yielded no metal, as all the zine was volatilized and escaped. In 1845 Andrew Wittman, after studying Overman’s “Metallurgy,” conducted some experiments with the ore by means of a small cruc- ible in a stove and obtained a few globules of metal but did not know that it was zinc. Also in 1845 Theodore William Roepper, a local mineralogist, who later became the first professor of mineralogy and geology in Lehigh » University, while taking an afternoon’s stroll in the vicinity of Friedensville picked up a few pieces of the hitherto unknown mineral and determined it to be calamine. He conducted experiments in Lehman’s foundry, in South Bethlehem, and succeeded in making brass from the calamine and native copper. He did not succeed, how- ever, in making spelter. Roepper induced Robert Earp, a Philadelphia importer, to examine the deposit and to obtain a lease on the Ueberroth farm. After this 72 lease was obtained, 9 tons of ore was mined and shipped to England in one of Earp’s vessels in January, 1846. The temperature of the English furnaces, which was gaged for roasted ore, was not high enough for the calamine, so the report came back that the ore could not be used. Experimentation was carried on in this country and finally a process was developed for the manufacture of zinc oxide from the calamine ore. In the spring of 1853 Samuel Wetherell began the construction of furnaces for the production of zine oxide according to a process of his own invention. The furnaces were erected in ° what is now the south portion of Bethlehem (then known as Augusta) and had a capacity of 2,000 tons a year. They were completed on Oc- tober 12, 1855, and on the following day zinc oxide was produced from the Friedensville ore by the “furnace” and “tower” process of Weth- erell and collected by the “bag” process of Richard Jones. The operation was described by M. S. Henry*’ as follows: The entire process of manufacture practised here consists, in effect, of the following operations, viz. : The ore, pulverized and mixed with coal, is strongly heated in furnaces which are fully supplied with air; the metallic zinc which is thereby extracted in the form of vapor, is instantly oxidized, and the oxide of zine thus formed, being an exceedingly light powder, is carried immediately from the furnaces by a strong artificial draft, together with large quantities of gases, and such ashes, ete., as are light enough to float in a current of air. These ashes are taken first and separated and deposited with the coarse particles of zine oxide in rooms prcvided for the purpose; a part of the pure zine oxide is afterward caught in chambers, and finally the gases are all strained out by an immense apparatus of Hannel and muslin begs, to the inner surface of which the last and finest of the zine oxide adheres, whence It is re- moved at proper intervals. The zine oxide which is thus collected in the chambers and bags, is in the form of «a very white, fine, and flocculent powder, which is compressed by proper sppara- tus into much smaller bulk, and is then carefully packed into strong, tight, paper- lined casks. - . The manufacture of zinc oxide from the Friedensville ore was the second successful attempt in the United States. In 1852 the New Jersey Zinc Co. in its works at Newark, N. J., had begun the manu- facture of zinc oxide on a commercial scale. Its output for 1852 was 1,083 tons, and for 1853 it was 1,805 tons; altogether only about 2,500 tons had been produced in the country before the beginning of opera- tions at Freidensville. On May 2, 1855, by an act of the legislature, the Pennsylvania & Lehigh Zine Co., composed of the same men who had already begun operations, was incorporated with a capitalization of $1,000,000 “for the purpose of mining zinc ore in the counties of Lehigh and North- ampton, of manufacturing zine paint, metallic zinc, and other arti- cles from said ore, and of vending the same.” Attempts to produce spelter were early made, and between 1854 and 1859 Wetherell carried on a series of experiments for that purpose. He succeeded in producing spelter, but the process he developed was 45}Zistory of the Lehigh Valley, pp. 286-257, 1860. 73 not economical and the experiments were discontinued. His method was to heat the ore in the open furnace and then draw the fumes of zine oxide through incandescent anthracite to reduce the oxide. He made a few tons of spelter in this way. In 1857 Matthiessen and Hegeler, two young men fresh from the School of Mines of Freiberg, Saxony, obtained permission to experi- ment in the plant which the company had erected at Freidensville. They were successful in making spelter but were not able to make satisfactory terms with the company for the erection of a plant of practical size In 1859 Joseph Wharton contracted with the company for the erection of spelter works of the Belgian type, with retorts made of materials that had been found to be sufficiently refractory, and brought to this country Louis de Gée, of Ougré province of Liége, Belgium, to superintend their construction. The Belgian furnaces were successful, and in July, 1859, the first spelter was produced. In 1838, at the United States Arsenal in Washington, the first brass was produced in this country. The zinc was made from a mixture of zincite ore of Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill. Zinc ore from the Perkiomen lead and zinc mine in Montgomery County, N. J., was used in the manufacture of the standard weights and measures ordered by Congress. The method was the one employed for hun- dreds of years in producing brass from copper and zine ore. The process, however, was so expensive that it was many years before any attempts were made to utilize the zinc ores of this country. Up to this time spelter had been made commercially at only one place in the country. The first regular manufacture of spelter was started in 1850, and the New Jersey ores were used. The industry did not meet with much success for several years, because the oxide of iron in the franklinite of the ore formed a fusible silicate with the siliceous matter of the clay. . Thus the production of spelter from the Friedensville ores was started only a few years later than that from the New Jersey ores, and the furnaces erected at South Beth- lehem were the first entirely successful zine furnaces in the United States. On February 16, 1860, by an act of the legislature the name of the company was changed to the Lehigh Zinc Co., the name by which it is best known. There was much litigation concerning the ownership of the property until 1861, when the company purchased the land out- right. In 1864 and 1865 the company erected a mill for rolling sheet zine with a capacity of 3,000 casks or 1,680 tons a year. The mill started operations in April, 1865. From 1853 to 1876 the Lehigh Zine Co. continued to operate its Friedensville mines without interruption. From the beginning of 74. operations until 1875 this company was the only operating company in the district. However, it never owned the property of the Jacob Correll estate, which lies just west of the Friedensville Church. This property was originally leased by the Passaic Zine Co., by which it was sublet to the Lehigh Zinc Co. on high royalties. In 1875 on the expiration of this lease, the Bergen Point Zine Co. of Bergen Point, N. J., obtained the lease and began operations. For about a year, therefore, until the discontinuance of the Lehigh Zine Co’s. operations, there were two companies at work in the region. The Bergen Point Zine Co. continued to operate until 1881. In 1881 Franklin Osgood, who already owned an interest in the Correll mine, purchased the Lehigh Zinc Co’s. property, consisting of the Ueberroth, Old Hartman, and New Hartman mines, and organ- ized the Friedensville Zinc Co. New smelters were erected at the Ueberroth mine and oxide works at the Hartman mine. However, from 1881 to 1885 the ores mined were mainly shipped to Bergen Point, N. J., but after March, 1886, they smelted at the works. Mining operations at the Correll and New Hartman mines con- tinued with few interruptions to November, 1893, since when all the mines have been idle. The Ueberroth mine was worked for a while in 1883 and again for a short time in 1886. The big pump of this mine was run from September 29, 1890, to September 15, 1891, but merely for the purpose of lowering the water in the New Hartman mine. At present the New Jersey Zinc Co. owns all the mines that have thus far been opened, except the Correll mine, together with consider- able land adjoining. Prospect drilling by this company was carried on in 1914 and 1915 in the vicinity of the Old Hartman mine and later water was pumped from the New Hartman mine for several months and the shaft repaired but no ore taken out. Conditions brought about by the war interfered with the operations and all work ceased. In 1925 drilling was resumed and is still in progress. It is estimated that 50,000 tons of spelter and 90,000 tons of zine oxide, valued at approximately $20,000,000, have been produced from the Friedensville zine ores. Only incomplete statistics of actual production have been obtained from occasional items in the mining journals. From October, 1853, to September, 1857, the production of zine was 4,725 tons. In 1865 the production amounted to approximately 3,000 tons of zinc oxide, 3,600 tons of metallic zine, and 3,000 casks or 1,680 tons of sheet zinc, which represented about one-half the total production of the country. The president of the Lehigh Zine Co. stated in 1872 that in certain years 17,000 tons of ore was mined and that up to that time about 300,000 tons had been taken from the ground. 75 In 1875 the Bergen Point Zine Co. produced 500 tons of spelter and 1,000 tons of zine oxide from the ores of the Correll mine and the Lehigh Zine Co. 1,505 tons of spelter from ores obtained from the Ueberroth and Hartman mines. From 1876 to 1881 the Correll mine is said to have produced about 50 tons of ore daily. | The census statistics for 1880 give a production of 20,459 tons of ore for the Friedensville mines. Distribution. The area in which ore has been found in paying quantities is exceed- ingly small, comprising localities in the immediate vicinity of Fried- ensville and about half a mile to the northwest. Considerable pros- pecting has been done’over a much larger area throughout the Saucon Valley and elsewhere in the Allentown quadrangle but without re- sults. Reports of zinc ore from other places have been circulated at many times but have never been confirmed. Traces of zine have been found in some limestone drill cores from a locality about 1 miles west of Friedensville, in the limonite iron ores about 14 miles west of Friedensville, and in the Hellertown Cave. Character and Composition. The zinc ores first worked in the Friedensville region consisted al- most entirely of calamine, together with some _ smithsonite, mixed with the residual clay formed by the decomposition of the country rock, which is Ordovician limestone of Beekmantown age. In depth the calamine and smithsonite decreased rapidly, and zine blende (sphalerite), intimately associated with pyrite and mar- casite, became more common. The calamine occurs in irregular segregations in the clay, in fis- sures in the limestone, or in the porous, partly silicified limestone, commonly in botryoidal or stalactitic forms. Sheets or plates from 2 to 3 feet square and from an eighth to a quarter of an inch thick are said to have been frequently found in the crevices in the limestone. These masses of calamine were coated with small crystals of the same mineral. The crystals of calamine are small but clear and lustrous. In color the calamine ranges from colorless to yellowish and greenish- blue. The smithsonite was usually inconspicuous and occurred as white scales or granular masses coating the calamine or blend, or on the walls of the limestone fissures, or as yellowish-brown porous masses. Most of the smithsonite mined was amorphous and occurred in botry- oidal, stalactitic, or laminated masses. closed its mines and contracted with the New Jersey Zine Co. for 1,000 tons of ore a month from the New Jersey mines for a period of five years. Clerc’, who was familiar with the operations of the Friedensville mines at that time, says: The causes which led to the extinction of the Lehigh Zine Co. and the abandon- ment of the two first named mines Ueberroth and Old Hartman were briefly these: The impossibility of competing successfully in the oxide market with the owner's of the big mine in Sussex County, N. J., after the expiration of the patents cover- ing the oxide process left them free to take the trade, or in the sheet zine and metal market with the western smelters using cheaper and richer ores, at a time when a general depression of all manufacturing enterprises made it unusually burdensome to carry the heavy bonded indebtedness incurred during a period of high prices and general inflation,in acquiring mines and putting up machinery to work them, Under more favorable circumstances it is probable that these mines could have been profitably worked for years to come; for although the pumping expenses were heavy, they were not excessive, considered as a royalty on the ore, and these charges per ton would diminish in proportion to the amount of ore mined. The present owners have not announced their intentions regarding these mines, but should the borings that are now being made show favorable results it is hoped that the mines may be reopened shortly and again become active producers. Zinc Mines. Ueberroth mine—The Ueberroth mine was the largest and most profitable of all the Friedensville mines. It was worked continuously from 1853 to 1876 end: for short periods in 1886 and 1891 and produced abcut 300,000 tons of calamine and smithsonite ore. In no other mine in the region did the oxidized ore continue to such depths. To a depth of 150 feet the oxidized ores were found between loose blocks of limestone, some of enormous size. At that depth, however, the limestone became solid and the ore veins, which were 12 to 40 feet in width, had well-defined walls. The limestone strata and the main ore beds which lie between them are practically vertical in the Ueberroth mine and’ strike N. 80° E. There were two very rich veins in this mine known as the Stadiger and Trotter, both of which were worked continuously for a. distance of about 1,000 feet along the strike. Another productive ore body was known as the Blende vein. This vein was not worked so extensively on account of the larger amount of sulphide ore which it contained. At the deepest level worked this vein was very well-developed and yielded ore that ran about 30 per cent zine. One-third of the ore was rich enough to be sent directly to the smelters; the remaining two-thirds, however, required concentration. Clere®® gives the following description of this mine: The ore came close to the surface, and a very rich pocket was found in the clay above and around limestone boulders, which is estimated to have produced 100,000 _ tons of ore. When this body of ore was exhausted the ore was followed down in erevices between the boulders. "These crevices lie in planes parallel to the bedding of the limestone, or in planes perpendicular to it, and preserve great regularity in their position and a parallel course for several hundred yards in a northeast and southwest direction ; they are nearly vertical, and at the depth of 225 feet, to which the mine was worked, showed no signs of closing up. The ores at first were exciusively calamine and smithsonite, but at greater depth blende made its appear- ance, coating the walls of the crevices and in some cases penetrating into them several feet; in other cases segregated as rich seams, which nearly filled the cross openings. At first it was confined to the northeastern end of the mine, but at the lowest depth reached it could be traced almost continuously to the extreme southwestern end. The dip of the ore body appeared to be regular and to the south- west. Six of these parallel crevices were worked and about as many crossings, and where they intersected rich bunches of ore were found, some of which were as much as 60 feet across and 20 feet thick. All the indications seemed to point with increasing certainty to the existence of a backbone or underlying deposit of 55Clere, F. L., U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1882, p. 365, 1883. 55Clerc, F. L., U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1882, pp. 362-363, 1883. 91 blende, out of the reach of the action of meteoric waters, from the continuation of which the oxidized ores have been derived. Timbering the mine was always a . . . serious difficulty, but the greatest obstacle to be overcome was the water. Even at a depth of 46 feet the flow was already very strong; at the depth of 150 feet it was found necessary to put in what was then the largest pumping engine in the world. This engine, which is a single cylinder, double acting, condensing, walking- beam engine, with a pair of flywheels, has a 110-ineh eylinder and a 10-foot stroke and is calculated to work four 30-inch plunger pumps and four 30-inch lift pumps, with 10-foot stroke, and to take water from a depth of 300 feet. At the time it was stopped it was running from six to seven strokes a minute, and was working three pairs of 30-inch pumps and one pair of 22-inch pumps, and was easily hamnd- ling all the water that came to them. The pump shaft and foundation for the ‘en- gine were no less remarkable in their way. The latter was built up from the solid rock, 60 feet below the surface of the ground of hewn blocks of Potsdam sandstone; the former, which measured 30 feet by 20 feet in the clear, was started on a small crevice and timbered with 12-inch square yellow pine sticks and divided into three compartments and further strengthened by two open brattices of the same timber. When the pitch of the vein carried it out of the shaft the rest of the depth was sunk through solid rock. Several shafts were sunk at this mine, but these have been destroyed by eaving. At present the old open pit, which is approximately circular and measures about 480 feet in diameter, is filled with water the level of which lies less than 30 feet from the surface. Nearly all the buildings which were formerly near the mine hsjve been completely razed; the pumping-engine house and office, the only ones remaining, are in ruins. (See Pl. V). Old Hartman mine.—About a quarter of a mile southwest of the Ueberroth mine is the Old Hartman mine. which now consists of two open pits about 400 by 250 feet in extent, both nearly filled with water. Like the Ueberroth, the Old Hartman mine was first worked exclusively for calamine and smithsonite, but large bodies of blende were found nearer the surface than in the Ueberroth mine. The oxidized ores were worked to the depth of 150 feet, although much sulphide ore was found nearer the surface. The last work done in this mine was the driving of a slope to work 4a fine vein of sphalerite ore, The limestones of the Old Hartman mine show much brecciation (See Pl. VI. B. p. 104) but are less cavernous than those in the Ueberroth mine. The water problem here was less serious than in the Ueberroth mine and the mine was operated for a year after the large engine at the Ueberroth pit wa stopped. Had grouting been employed the necessary pumping might have been considerably reduced. At the pres- ent time the water level in the two openings is somewhat lower than in the Ueberroth pit. The Old Hartman mine was worked both by open cut and by shafts sunk in the limestones. The vein system is similar to that of the Ueberroth mine, although no veins were followed for so great a distance. The veins of the two mines seem to be entirely distinct. The veins worked are shown on the map (PI. IV). V Correll mine.-—The Correll or Saucon mine is about one-eighth mile southeast of the Old Hartman mine. It was actively worked as early as 1859 and much of the time between that dajte and 1881, but since that time it has furnished little ore. The mine produced less oxidized ore in proportion to the sulphide ore than did the Ueberroth mine. It was worked by open cut until 1876, after which under- ground mining predominated, and when work ceased its depth was 200 feet. The limestone strata and the principal ore veins which lie between them dip to the south at angles that range from 30° to 40°. The limestones are regular and show few effects of disturbance or of solution. In 1876 a 12-foot vein of sulphide ore was being worked. At greater depth this width increased to 40 feet and in one place to 50 feet. The whole length of working in the Correll mine was about 700 feet along the strike. The veins were worked to the western limits of the property of the Correll estate and are continued in the New Hartman mine. The open pit of the Correll mine, which is now partly filled with water, measures apprceximately 200 by 300 feet. New Hartman mine—The Hartman mine, which adjoins the Correll property on the west, is the only mine in the region that was exclusively worked by under- ground methods. The ore was struck in a vertical shaft at a depth of 110 feet and continued downward to a depth of 200 feet. Very little oxidized ore was found. When work ceased the principal ore vein was said to be 50 feet wide. Its strike was almost due east, and the dip was 35° S. ALLENTOWN ATLAS PLATE V A. Ueberroth mine, Friedensville, while in operation, about 1877. B. Recent view of Ueberroth mine, 93 Three-Cornered Lot mine.—This mine is located east of the Friedensville-Coles- ville road, about 700 feet northeast of the Friedensville Church. The opeu cut, which is partly filled with water, is irregular in shape and has an average diameter of about 250 feet. Here, as in most of the mines, open-cut mining finally gave place to underground mining, and several veins were followed under the road and beneath the property that lies west of the road north of the church. The veins undoubtedly belong to the same system as those of the Correll and New Hartman mines and have the same general strike and dip. The exposed limestone strats| dip on the average 35° S. and strike N. 85° BH. Bibliography. Blake, N. P., On the occurrence of crystallized carbonate of lan- thanum: Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 16, pp. 228-230, 1853. Anonymous, Pennsylvania and Lehigh Zinc Co.: Min. Mag., vol 1, pp. 944-546, 1853; vol. 2, pp. 99-100, 1854. Whitney, J. D., The metallic wealth of the United States; Pennsyl- vania, pp. 351-352, Philadelphia, 1854. Smith, J. L., Reexamination of American minerals—Lanthanite: Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 18, pp. 378-879, 1854. Genth, F. A., Contributions to’ mineralogy—Lanthanite: Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 28, pp. 425-426, 1857. Rogers, H. D., The geology of Pennsylvania, vol: 2, pp. 101, 286, Philadelphia, 1858. Henry, M.S., History of the Lehigh Valley, pp. 285-238, Easton, 1860. Drinker, H. 8., Abstract of a paper on the mines and works of the Lehigh Zine Co.: Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., vol. 2, pp. 67-75, 1871. | | Reichel, W. C., The Crown Iron, near Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 141-144, Philadelphia, 1872. Anonymous, Die Gruben and Werke der Lehigh-Zink-Gesellschaft im Pennsylvania: Berg-u, hiittenm. Zeitung, pp. 51-53, 61-62, 1877. Genth, F. A., Preliminary report on the mineralogy of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Second Geol. Survey Rept. B, pp. 15, 18-20, 57, 69, 106, 107, 120-22, 149, 161-8, 165, 166, Harrisburg, 1875. Anonymous, Pumping engine at the Lehigh Zine Works, Friedens- ville, Pa.: Sci. Am. Suppl., vol. 2, pp. 502-504, 1876. Raymond, R. W., Zinc: Appleton’s American Encyclopedia, vol. 16, pp. 816-826, New York, 1876. Anonymous, The Lehigh Zine Company: History of Northampton County, Pennsylvania, pp. 211-212, Philadelphia, 1877. Clerc, F. C., The mining and metallurgy of zinc in the United States; Pennsylvania; U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1882, pp. 361-365, 1883; Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 36, pp. 148-149, 1885 ; Pennsylvania Second Geol. Survey, Rept. D3, vol. 2, p. 239, 1883. 94. Eyerman, John, The Friedensville zinc mines: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 36, pp. 220, 374, 1883; Pennsylvania Second Geol. Survey Summary Final Rept., vol. 1, p. 442, 1892. . Lesley, J. P., The Saucon zine mines of Lehigh County: Pennsyl- vania Second Geol. Survey, Summary Final Rept., vol. 1, pp. 436-439, 1892 Kemp, J. F., Ore deposits of the United States and Canada, 2d ed., ae 250-251, New York, 1906. ce also general mining news and editorials in the Engineering pei Mining Journal, as follows: Vol. 13, pp. 65-66, 75, 329, 1872; vol. 20, p. 8, 1875; vol. 22, pp. 216, 325-826, 1876; vol. :39, p. 94, 1885; vol. 44, p. 423, 1886; vol. 48, p. 84, 1887; vol. 50, p. 581, 1890. COPPER. Throughout the eastern United States the rocks of Triassic age in many places contain traces of copper. Many of these Trassic copper deposits have been worked, particularly in colonial times, but very few operations have been successful. In the Allentown quadrangle cop- per minerals occur in two places, and both localities have been prospected. One of the deposits is 1 mile south of Leithsville and the other about the same distance southeast of Leithsville. Ce 9 Biee, (ors) ----. ___---.. ae 3.8 7 5 5 Ti 6.5 8.0 | 8.5 Tron (Fe) -------------------- 2.8 | 23 ae 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.0 oS St 6:1 13 15 Pent 28 20 2 29 Magnesium (Mg) ----------- 4.3 8 oy 13 8.8 12 10 Sodium and potassium (Na- |---------- i 7.6 | 23 5.2 19 12 +K Biearbonate radicle (HiCO:) 5.2 40 41 102 49 102 | 89 Sulphate radicle (SOx) ----- 37 50 26 16 1G | 2) 30 eilorma, (Ol)? ......-.--.----- 5.0 6 8.3 12 8.6 | 2.6 4.9 Dissolved solids -_----------- S7 118 105 278 48 | 226 142 Organic and volatile matter® ,._--__----|---------- 15 100 2 | ra 13 Total hardness as CaCOx -. Betas hs e5s a 65 158 93 | 168N | 125 1Analysis by Thomas Iron Co. 2We203+AleO3. Water slightly acid. 3Values approximate. GROUND WATER. Source. Ground water has been utilized in all parts of the quadrangle, and yet complete data in regard to its development are nct obtain- able, on account of the long period of time since the region was first settled. Many of the wells were dug more than 100 years ago, and the present owners or occupants of the land can not furnish any information in regard to their depth or material penetrated. The accompanying table gives a list of the principal wells of the quad- rangle and shows the geologic age of the strata from which they de- rive their supplies, together with other data. Of the water that falls on the region in the form of rain or snow part is evaporated, part runs off into the streams at once, and part sinks into the soil. The relative proportions of these three quanti- MG ties depends upon so many factors, such as the way in which the precipitation occurs, whether in heavy downpours or gentle rain, the temperature at the time of precipitation, the character of the eround, whether bare or covered with vegetation, whether soft or frozen, whether dry or saturated with water, and the slope of the surface that it is impossible to determine how much of the rainfall disappears into the earth to form the underground water. Throughout the great limestone belt of the Allentown quadrangle where the slopes are gentle, the soil loose through cultivation, and the underlying rocks porous or cavernous, doubtless half or more than half of the annual precipitation finds its way into the underly- ing rocks. In many places in this belt sink holes are well developed and there is no surface run-off. In the regions of shales and gneiss- es, on the other hand, where the rocks are less soluble, the slopes steeper, and the country less cultivated, the direct run-off probably exceeds the quantity of water passing into the earth. Part of the water that passes into the ground is drawn. to the surface later through capillarity and is evaporated, part is dis- charged by vegetation, part emerges along the slopes of the hills as seeps or springs, part probably continues its passage to the ocean by underground channels, and part remains practically stag- nant in the rocks. Though some of the deep-seated waters may originate a short distance beyond the confines of the quadrangle it is doubtful whether any large quantity of even the deepest waters has come from distant points. The rainfall of the region thus deter- mines the quantity of underground water available. As the rainfall of the whole quadrangle can be computed from the table given be- low, and the probable amount consumed annually can be estimated, it is clear that the ground water at present has not been fully util- ized. ¢' , aod i Ps mY oe = wo . + . ' : 7 ? ~ - / a \ ~ , , . “ ' ; \ . . t , ' LS OF ALLENTOWN QUADRANGLE. + eet 2 ran : ' , ie ; ‘ ‘ ' 2 7 . i . ‘ ee [pb eheer 4 o ‘ i ‘4 4 7 - j ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ i 4 : 2 ' = ' > e 1 yi * : ‘ " Pa e . ‘ * ’ f - ¢ -" ‘ » a ty - ‘ ba G73) on - ’ ry a? . f a, . ra ‘ ‘ Pe, * mo 4 ; a , WG a ‘.. > ws a ‘ s WELLS IN CAMBRIAN AND a Ss) gape | oa Location Owner of Well 5 rs) = = a fe) val A A Bt os | In ss pee) 1-300) 1-14 miles north of Siegfried --.-------.. Borougit Obs pier itiet..-2a.2eee sees 1913 eet 8 1-200 Northampton. 2s) eee eee ae eee | Da -G. Dery) Silk= Mig: Cov” 2eainigee ae 6 1-119 Northampton): 2. saseebs bemalt ore nee Northampton Brewing Co. —---- 1902 240 4 1, mile northeast of Catasauqua ------__ Georges ELOMOlg aa. biu- 230 e! oe 1909 225 6 2 mile east of Catasauqua ------------ Borough” of "Oatasauqua, 22.2 22ee eee Ate 8 ; 240: Catasauqua sh Stes fase slob ope: Seen Oryetal ice: Co' hott <5. se 1914 107 8 Gatasauqua ) 22 ee eee A. F. Kostenbader Co. ---------- 1903 | 205 8 Oatas aqua. ©. saci ace eee Chas. L. Lehnert Brewery —-_-_--- 1904 204 6 South Catasauqua . 2222-00. 228 ee a ed ee ee re Dah yee Mickley’s Pike 1 mile west of Fullerton Oscar “Henninger 2222222. eee 1911 125 6 North “Allentown: 52222232 ee Jordan Silk Dyeing Co. 2_-=22-= 1914 100 8 1 mile north of Allentown 22-2222 e Lehigh Suk Dyeing’ Co. 22 19138 229: 8 Allentown y «pevecsneuc. hte eee eee Allentown: Iron Mfg. Cos 22 2oaee 1909 157 8 Allentown-Adam’s,” [slé" 22522 eee eee Allentown Boat & Swimming Club | 1909 100 6 Allentown tense See oe oe) es eee Arbogast-Bastian (Co...) 22 eee 1912 708 8 Hast “Allentown. = t32222 2) ie ee eee National Silk Dyeing Co. 22 222 1910 125 6 Allentown, Union’ Street.) eee G8. BY. Grames> & SOU. eee ee 1911 404 8 Allentown, Jefferson and Lawrence City of Allentown 22.22.) 22.202) eee Streets. Aen COW the. 5 Sot os ee oe cee Horlacher Brewing Oo. ---------- §1890 270 e cnt | ; 11897 230 6 AINCYVillempeat esas. cee 25 0 1 Nene eee ee eae Stuyvesant, Silk Mill --_-__--_-__. 1910 200 6 Aineyyille a2 S23 = Ae eee eee eens vs Keystone Textile Co. __---2--_.__ 1910 255 6 Hanns eee Bee se ee Ee ee ee eee Borough (of Jintaus¢ sae 1910 } 260 Ft 825 10 POUR TIS fate tere a oe er eee H. Kostenbader Brewing Co. ---! 1910 270 tea PUMA IS eee ee toe Se oe Mee ee Emus Silk \Covess2sso- 6 1915 125 6 South Bethlehem, Fourth and _ Birch Lehigh Valley Cold Storage Co. en 200 4 Streets. ‘| 1191.4 250 10 South Bethlehem, Elm Street ----------- South Bethlehem Brewing Co. --_|------ * 163 8 Ret hledi ern ie es See ae ee eee 3 Ae Borough of Bethlehem 2222.22 22222222 3007 aere Bet hiehery ita 2 2 aes ye ee ees Bethlebem' Silke Cowa2-- 22. Sa oae 1900 400 10 Bethlehéin see oan, ern oe oer sees GLoman \ Bros sees ee a ee 1911 100 6 ~ vee ‘700 8 1 mile north of Bethlehem --___---______ | Borough of Bethlehem —--_---_-___ if EAS: 750 6 : {1915 | 1,013 | 12-8 1 mile south of Shoenersville ____.---__ Hlarvey Fenstermacher ___-__-_-_- 1911 170 6 12 miles northeast’ of Shoenersvilic __._.}| George Diefendorfer ___._________- 1914 119 6 12. mile south oreBbath, see) ee George . Danner ete = 2 ee 1914 161 6 196 13 miles southwest of Bath ----_--_---- Bath. Portland Cement Co. ----|--_-.- z0| 6 250 4 mile north of Farmersville ~__..____- | Robert: Person po oe eee 1912 191 6 Farmersville+.c 1. ee ee ee 8 Wilson ; ATbomast )22s--6.2- 2 eee 1912 265 6 = milesnorth of BUtztowureeeese oo. 8 ATson, 3MOSSeT gee a ee 1913 110 6 Freemansbtirgd jp seca reer or oe Wi, “Weaver pies eee 1911 125 6 2 mile southeast of Redington —______- | Emma: (Lerch 222s eee 1913 \ 262, 6 180 6 North 'Héllertown’;-_ secede cam John “Weaver, 2.42 ceee tee ee 1910 150 8 Mountainville: 292 2 eee Salisbury" School... === see PIS. 1914 153 6 Hellertown. (2.2 262222 Soe ee ee Hi Ea Myers-Park Hoteles. sane 1907 106 6 1_Overflowed. 2—4,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. %—Overflows. 4—Overflowed 10 galtons \ TOWN QUADRANGLE. =~] qn ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONES Depth to prine- pal water suppl; 70 ~~ Every 10 feet 300 and 425 ee a a 180 190 and 245 Every: 20 Feet 110 48 and 130 | 175, 200, & 220 Ses we ee ae ee ee ee 185 140 and 220 70 and 100 115 80. and 135 | 130 106 a minute. whieh Depth below sur- to water rises face Supply per min- = co] vo q ‘S ae eS General Remarks. SH a J a i ie oC | Air pump Hard | Pump of 100 gallons capacity failed to | lower water. 'l'wo wells gave combined fiow of 450 gallons per minute for a b | period. Air pump | Hard | No water in 500-foot well; 119-foot well F | at, south end of mill. Airpump | Hard} Used for brewing. Air pump Hard Air pump Hard | Supplies Catasauqua. Reciprocating | Hard |Distilled and used in manufacturing ice. pump | Air pump Hard | Used in brewing. Air pump Hard | Used in brewing. Se eee eke rg een ees Dry hole. Airpump | Hard Air pump Hard Air pump: Hard | Not thoroughly tested. Will pump more. Suction pump | ‘(Hard Air pump Hard | Alluvium 40 feet, then limestone. yo ee pe ee ey Hard | Struck quartzite at 600 feet then gneiss. eee ee | Hard | ee plea Siete Soe | Hard | A spring, part of city water supply. Steam pump |} Hard. Used in. brewing. Air pump Hard | Clay 160 feet, then limestone. Air pump Hard es eee. Hard | Borough water supply. Spee. eee eeu e\e | Sink hole, 280: feet of clay, then lime- stone: verv little water. eas Se tae ee Hard Air pump: Hard River fill and loose material, 175 feet. Air pump: Hiard | Used for brewing. pa deel ae abet oS Hiard | No longer used. Suction pump:| Hard Air pump Hard Clay 70 feet, then limestone 30 feet. | The 1,013-foot well has 12-inch casing to Air pump Hard | 650 feet and then 8 inch easing, Borough water supply. Air pump Hard Air pump Hard | Clay first 70 feet. Air pump Hard | Clay first 70 feet. Air pump Hard | Supply for cement plant Air pump Hard Not thoroughly tested. Air pump Hard | Not thoroughly tested. Air pump Hard | Clay first 35 feet- Air pump Hard | Clay first 92 feet. ALERT SH Cae phd Ch ape a | First well dry. Air pump: Hard | ; Air pump. All in glacial or residual material. Air pump Hard Rel SNR 34h NS Hard 176 WELLS OF ALLEN WELLS IN CAMBRIAN a £) | Sao o a a er Location Owner of Well 5 Oo | oO A pe e | ez | a | A oe Se Te ee ee — 7 oS Ft. In South Allentown? (222s 2s ttesece Borough of South Allentown ____| 1914 Cr aes 176 tees 1 mile south of Rittersville ---.---=--:-- Allentown State Hospital -_----_- 1913 160 8 41 mile west: of Rittersville .--_._--—=---- Lehigh Valley Traction Co. ----| 1909 230 6 Beldersville @2.. cclcs tists ate aes ober’) Melkerset-s 0 cco. ste eee 19110 208 6 ® mile south of Mountainville __------_- Waldheim Camp: Association _---- 1912 825 8 WELLS IN PRE- ; 770 1 mile south of Rittersville ~.----------- Allentown State Hospital] __-_--__|__-__- 700 8 270 ® mile south of Rittersville ------------ Allentown Foundry-Hardware Co. | 1913 oe 6 120 South Allentown or Aineyville --------- Be (Miller®™ 22) See 1909 268 8 187 8 Summit} Lawn 11 miles south of Moun- aura, Kuntz eeses eee eee 1912 186 6 tainville. : Summit Lawn 14 miles south of Moun- Ri. P,. ‘Stevens Bs 2 eee 1911 93 6 tainville. r : + mMilassouth of mans os2-.2s.2c...-=: Mountain Water Co. 72 neo 1910 { 200 8 120 8 a milepeaste Of) MIMAUS. 25-52 0525. lene Boroughs of@iinialisw..] eee nee 1909 700 6 WELLS IN TRIASSIC QODDEIBUUTS pee oot aoa ate eee Gabriel. Hosiery Co7.2- 3 =. ee 1909 160 | 8 Coonpersbunrcewee sss. 2 222 ee eee Borough of Coopersburg -------- 1910 300 8 WELLS. IN ORDOVICIAN | 13 miles northwest of Bath ------------. Borough Rots Bath 2 2s es 1914 225 4 4 1—_QOverflowed. 2—4,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. %—Overflows. ‘4—Overtlowed 10 gallons 17 (7 TOWN QUADRANGLE—Continued. ——————— SANDSTONES AND QUARTZITES. —_—_—. on | 2 on om S as os ae aa | & AG Bn a 5 o oO A -= os ores fo = Po QP Bo Remarks. os] o ima] == <= lee Os | = = 2S] a pone = BS ese| 82 | 55 E A a Racca Rp va Fo | +2 Dag | Ce | : Gh re 2 225. Air pump _( Medium) Supplies borough. 1 Vid = aa 1504 Soft ain ee 80—100 Air pump Soft | Used at dairy house. 180—215 82 50 Airpump = Soft ; 190 oO 15 Airpump | Soft | In quartzite, glacial till, 170 feet. 300 60 DOs sees A ee ie | Soft | Loose surface material 90 feet. CAMBRIAN GNEISSES | | Ss 90 |85 to 80} Air pump Hard | 770-foot and 270-foot wells connected. LoS } 4 Air pump Soft | Practically dry holes. ia, Sera 30 Air pump Soft | Drilled to supply borough. SOS eee 70 175 25 50 Air pump: Soft 90 45 / 50 Air pump Soft tl ds es oo 35]|----------------| Soft | Sandstone on surface, but water-bearing cit hs ee 20) lesen ee eae peds consist of gneiss. Neate fee Wer yas ee ae eo ee Soft | Well abandoned. small | SHALES AND SANDSTONES. 75 and 135 | 8 | TNO Ul cy 2s ER Ne 2 eae) (ee Seer Red Shale to 100 feet then red sandstone. 140 and 210 | 35 | 100 ATE DUI ees Supplies borough in summer. SHALES AND SLATES. | | ee es 1h)_-------| Overflowed | Soft | Part of borough supply. pe through pipe | | sunk 20 feet | underground a minute. 128 178 As the amount of precipitation determines the quantity of under- ground water, the following rainfall statistics for Bethlehem, which is near the center of the quadrangle, are included. Average rainfall at Bethlehem, Pa. Inches Inches HNUAYY Vacca es: 3.64 PUTA Y tices el nto eee 4.64 BSbriarvic . sucks: 5 ois AULUSE. oh ss oe) ree 4.35 SET gi) OP cog i Oe 3.80 September... aise 3.39 NEDO whe ots vitery ces 2.86 GlMetober : ii. «seem y 3.20 MUCK OS otae: ieee arabe Ge 3.93 November‘: 3.40 thraTIGms tees alte feb 4.41 December 22a 3.48 44.83 Occurrence. As the conditions under which ground water occurs in the rocks depend largely upon the character of the rocks at or near the sur- face it is advisable to discuss separately the ground-water resources of the areas of Ordovician shales and slates, Cambrian and Ordovic- ian limestones, Cambrian sandstones and quartzites, pre-Cambrian gneisses, and Triassic shales, sandstones, and conglomerates. They are discussed in the order named, which is the general order in which the rocks appear at the surface from north to south across the quadrangle. Hach division occurs in a more or less regular band that crosses the quadrangle from nertheast to southwest. (See areal geology map, Pl. II). Water in the Ordovician shales and slates. North of a line between Siegfried and Nazareth the rocks consist almost entirely of shales and slates, with a few lenses of interbedded limestones in the vicinity of Seemsville and some sandstone strata near Kreidersville. Though the usual dip of the strata is northwest the rocks have been so closely folded in many places that they dip in all directions. Where the beds have been jointed and faulted great veins of quartz and calcite have been formed. Ag these rocks are relatively impervious little water percolates through them except in the joints and between the beds of the shale or along the cleavage planes of the slate. These openings are very narrow, and ag the shales are almost insoluble there has been little enlargement of them by the moving water. The result is a very slow downward movement of the water and the almost complete absence of large underground streams such as characterize the lime- stone areas. 179 Near the surface the shales and slates become greatly disintegrated through the action of frost, so that much of the rain water percol- ates a short distance into the rocks. Consequently wells sunk into these rocks are practically assured of water at moderate depth, al- though not in large quantities. As the wells usually receive seepage at several depths the yield is more or less CORT SULA Le with the depth and diameter of the well. Within the slate belt of the Allentown quadrangle there are no industries that require large amounts of water, and consequently no deep wells have been sunk. For farm use wells sunk to a depth of 20 feet in some places supply sufficient water, but in other places they must be sunk 60 or 100 feet. In the vicinity of Dannersville the wells range in depth from 20 to 60 feet. In general it is neces- sary to go deeper on the uplands close to the deep, narrow valleys than farther back on the divides. About 4 miles north of Nazareth a 600-foot well that was drilled in the slate obtained a strong flow of water that rose to the surface. The drill probably broke into an open fissure caused by some dis- placement of the rocks, through which the water flowed in large volume. Other wells sunk to equal depths in the same vicinity might obtain only small amounts of water that would not rise to the surface. Along the slopes of the narrow valleys there is much seepage and in many places the water emerges as springs. Many of the inhabit- ants of the region obtain their entire water supply from springs. The Northampton County Almshouse, 1$ miles west of Nazareth, is supplied with water from several springs that issue from the slate half a mile north of the buildings. The water is collected in a reser- voir and piped to the buildings. The water-works were built in 1875. A well-known spring a short distance northwest of Nazareth Hall, Nazareth, and a few others near by supplied the town of Nazareth with water for nearly a century. These strong springs evidently reach the surface along well-defined fissures that were produced by earth movements and that extend to great depths. The water rises along them under artesian pressure. The water from the Ordovician shales and slates is of excellent quality. The insoluble character of the rocks permits little mineral- ization, and the slow filtration through the slates removes surface contamination. Water in the Cambrian and Ordovician limestones. Ground water in limestone regions flows mainly in well-defined open channels formed by solution along ordinary joints or bedding planes, and the surface water passes into these underground chan- nels.. With the exception of Monocacy Creek, which heads in the 180 slate region, surface streams are practically absent in the lime- stone belt east of Catasauqua and Weaversville. Count Zinzendorf in a letter dated March 15, 1748, described the region between Beth- lehem and Nazareth as “absolutely a desert without wood or water, and of such a nature that it never can be sold.” Another writer™ in 1799 said that “part of the road [between Bethlehem and Nazar- eth] runs through a tract of land, which is exclusively called the Dry Land, on account of its want of any creeks, rivulets, or springs above ground. It is however well settled; the inhabitants bring water for common use from the nearest spring or brook. This is often at the distance of one, and even two and three miles. Of late, however, prudent and able settlers have begun to dig wells, whereby the value of their lands is considerably enhanced.”’ As the water in the limestones is concentrated in definite channels one of these channels must be struck to obtain water, and the un- certainty of finding one of them has favored “water witching,” which is still practiced in many regions, although repeatedly shown to have no scientific basis and to be entirely unreliable. Some water is usually obtained at the contact between the loose residual and glacial loamy clay and the underlying compact lime- stones. Many wells 15 to 30 feet deep draw their supply from this horizon and obtain sufficient water for domestic use except in times of drought. The water in such wells is, however, easily polluted by surface drainage, and these wells are gradually being abandoned. In place of the abandoned shallow wells deep wells are sunk, or if these are not successful cisterns are used. In the region between Butztown and Tatamy probably more than half of the farmers de- pend on cistern water for household use, and cisterns are also ex- tensively used in other sections of the limestone areas except along permanent streams. Many deep wells have been bored in the limestones during the last few vears, and most of them have been successful. One ex- - perienced driller states that he obtained fair supplies of water at depths of about 200 feet in about 70 per cent of the wells he drilled in the limestones of this section. As shown in the table (pp. 174-177) some wells procure very large supplies, a few of them from several different horizons, vet a hole may be sunk within a few feet of a strong well and still be dry on account of the impervious character of the solid limestone. For this reason dry wells before being abandoned should be dynamited in order to shatter the surrounding rocks. As the rocks have been greatly broken by folding and fault- ing water may be obtained more readily from these limestones than from those in other regions that have been less subjected to stresses. 81Ogden, J. C., Excursion into Bethlehem and Nazareth in 1799, pp. 41-42, Philadel- phia, 1805. 181 The water in most of the deep wells rises above the level at which it is struck, and it overflows from numerous wells, as shown in the ~ table (pp. 176-179). In general the deep wells obtain water under the greatest pressure, but as no regularity exists locations where flowing wells can be obtained can not be predicted. Many springs are found in the limestone areas. Some of them are unusually strong, being underground streams that rise to the surface under artesian pressure. Some of them have been important sources of municipal water supply. The spring at Bethlehem that supplied the borough with water for nearly 170 years furnished more than 800 gallons a minute. Crystal Spring, the source of water supply for Allentown for many years, which yielded more than 4,000 gallons a minute, and the springs along Lehigh River that supplied Hokendauqua are the best known. Christian Spring, 2 miles west of Nazareth, and Menges Spring, three-quarters of a mile northwest of Mountainville, are also well known. A large spring that emerges near Monocacy Creek 14 miles south of Hanoverville may be part of the creek which follows an underground course for a few miles instead of following the great bend of the creek past Brodhead. Crystal Cave, half a mile northeast of Hellertown, contains a stream of water that probably comes to the surface as seepage in low marshy land a short distance away. Numerous smaller springs in many places are drawn upon by the inhabitants of the region, and also furnish much water to the surface streams, many of which, such as the small stream that passes through Butztown and Middletown, are almost entirely dependent upon springs. Ali the springs of the region are affected by drought, and many disappear in summer, though the larger ones just mentioned have never been known to fail entirely. All the ground water of the limestone areas is hard ‘because of the mineral matter it dissolves in passing through the soluble rocks. The amount of material-in solution ranges within wide limits owing to the differences in distance through which the water has flowed, the length of time it has remained in contact with the rocks, and the relative solubility of the inclosing limestones. This water caus- es the formation of much scale in boilers. In drinking water the mineral matter, mainly calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonates, is not regarded as detrimental. Analysis i in the table of analyses (p. 189) shows the composition of a limestone water. The limestone waters are subject to contamination, as the areas are thickly settled and surface waters in many places find ready access to underground channels. Limestone waters near cities and towns, whether from wells or from springs, should be treated with hypochlorite of lime on account of the sewage that is continually poured into the underground channels and should be examined bac- 182 teriologically from time to time to ascertain the extent of contamina- tion. If wells are tightly cased for some distance into the solid rock the danger of surface contamination is lessened, but it is not entirely removed, as polluted waters may reach great depths through open fissures with practically no filtration. Doubtless a complete sanitary survey of the region would demonstrate that many of the sources are too badly polluted for safe use. Water in the Cambrian sandstones and quartzites. The band of sandstones and quartzites along the sides of the South Mountain has been prospected for water in few places, main- ly on account of the narrowness of its outcrop. The quantity of water encountered in the operation of the limonite iron mines in this belt of rocks between Emaus and Mountainville and in the narrow valley 14 miles southeast of Hellertown proves that these sandstones and quartzites contain much water. The water passes along joints and bedding planes or through the rocks themselves and is seldom concentrated in definite streams, except in places where the rocks have been broken and displaced by earth movements. The best place to procure water is at the contact between these rocks and the under- lying gneisses. The borough of Emaus drove a tunnel into the mountain, starting in the quartzite and passing into the gneiss. At the contact considerable water enters the tunnel, but the quantity is inadequate. The same contact 100 feet lower would probably have furnished a much larger supply. The best place to sink wells in these rocks is a short distance be- — yond the point where they disappear beneath the limestones. As the rocks near the mountain almost invariably dip steeply, the sand- ~ stones or quartzites are within a short distance carried beyond the depth at which they are available as sources of water. Springs are not numerous in these rocks, but there are some in places where the rocks have been shattered. The water from the Cambrian quartzites and sandstones is low in mineral content because of the insoluble character of the rocks with which it comes into contact, and it is uncontaminated because the slopes of the mountain are sparsely settled. 8 Water in the pre-Cambrian gneisses. The pre-Cambrian gneisses form the mountains in the southern half of the quadrangle. These regions are thinly settled on account of the steep slopes and the stony character of the soils, which are only locally suitable for cultivation. The rocks near the surface are greatly jointed and permit the entrance of water. As the depth increases the joint spaces become narrower and consequently the 183 water moves more slowly. Lines of seeps or springs furnish most of the residents of the region with ample supplies of water. Wells 10 to 25 feet deep yield fair supplies. Half of the deep wells that have been bored have been failures. If water is not obtained within 200 feet it is generally regarded as useless to continue to lower levels. A few excellent wells have been obtained in the gneisses of the quadrangle, but most of them yielded only small quantities. The borough of Emaus bored a well to the depth of 700 feet in the gneiss but obtained no water except near the surface. The water in the gneiss contains little dissolved mineral matter, and when it is protected from local pollution it is very desirable. In a few places where pyrite is an abundant constituent of the enersses the water may contain iron. Camel’s Hump Spring, on the north slope of Quaker Hill, rises along a fault plane, but the water is derived entirely. from the eneiss. The water from this spring has long been marketed in the near-by towns. An analysis of it is given in the table of water analyses (p. 189.) In 1845 Dr. F. A. Oppelt established a “hydropathic asylum” in Bethlehem, where St. Luke’s Hospital is now located, which used the water from a fine spring that emerges along a fault plane be- tween the gneiss and the limestone. The establishment, which was known as “Oppelt’s Water-Cure,”’ was operated until 1875, when the property was sold to the trustees of St. Luke’s Hospital. It is said that over 3,000 people were treated in the institution. A hotel and resort was also run at Leuchauweki Springs, Bethle- hem, for many years. The water, which seems to come from the gneiss, is pure and wholesome. Water in the Triassic shales, sandstones, and conglomerates. The beds of Triassic rocks in the southeastern part of the Allen- town quadrangle are gently inclined and do not have sharp folds and faults, such as are characteristic of the limestones and Ordo- vician shales and slates. Water percolates slowly through the shales, following the narrow openings along joints and between the beds. When it reaches sandy beds the water tends to flow in them on account of their porous character. Small amounts of water can be obtained in most places in the shales, but where a sandy or con- glomeratic layer is penetrated a good supply is assured. The Coopersburg wells are the only deep ones in the region regarding which information could be obtained. Wells 15 to 35 feet deep sup- ply most of the water required for domestic use. The Triassic rocks are unlike the other rocks of the quadrangle in that they can be depended upon to furnish water at definite 184 horizons. The wells in any locality are approximately of equal depth, as they derive their water from the same bed or beds of nearly horizontal porous rock. There are no data to show how far these water-bearing beds extend, but the variable character of the Triassic rocks indicates that they underlie small areas, within which, however, they are well marked. Springs are rare, except along the contacts with other rocks, es- pecially the diabase, which is intruded within the sedimentary strata east of Coopersburg. The water of the Triassic rocks is of good quality on account of the insoluble character of the rocks and the filtering which the water undergoes as it percolates through them. Municipal Supplies. Allentown.—The water supply of Allentown is obtained from two springs. The chief source is Schantz’s Spring, about 5 miles from the city, in Lower Macungie Township, in the Slatington quad- rangle. Hard limestone water is pumped from this spring into the Allentown reservoir at the rate of 8,000,000 gallons a day against a head of 167 feet. Crystal Spring, at Jefferson and Law- rence streets, Allentown, is the other source. It is pumped against a head of 255 feet at a rated capacity of 4,000,000 gallons a day. The water is higher in chlorine than some others in the vicinity. The water is not filtered but is treated with chloride of lime. The character of the water of this spring is shown in the table (p. 189). A vast supply of water in the future is planned to be taken from Little Lehigh Creek. About 40,000,000 gallons a day can be pro- cured from this source without difficulty. The water is softer than that of Crystal Spring. It is proposed to filter this water for do- mestic and industrial use. Bath—The borough of Bath derives its water supply from two springs and a 225-foot well 1144 miles northwest of the borough limits. The well was bored in 1914 for an additional supply of water. It is 4 inches in diameter, and the water rises within 114 feet of the surface. From a point 20 feet below the surface the water flows through a cross pipe to the reservoir, into which the water from the two springs also flows. The water from the springs and the well comes from the slates and is of excellent quality. Its character is shown in the table of analyses (p. 189). Bethlehem (north side of Lehigh River).—The first successful waterworks in Pennsylvania was established in 1754 at Bethlehem, when the water of a large spring on the east side of Monocacy Creek, back of the site of the present Hotel Bethlehem, was forced by means of water power developed by Monocacy Creek through wooden pipes to a tower between Community House and the Sisters’ House LSS and thence distributed throughout the borough. This spring con- tinued to supply practically all the water required for the borough until 1912. A 3800-foot well was then drilled between the spring and the creek, but the water was so badly contaminated by sewage that it could not be used. Water from a 390-foot well at the Bethlehem Silk Mill, half a mile farther north, was used to sup- plement the spring supply. The spring finally, however, became contaminated and had to be adandoned. At times it yielded 1,200,- 000 gallons a day, and the 300-foot well furnished 460,000 gallons a day. | In 1912 Bethlehem began to use the water from two wells at II- lick’s Mill, on Monocacy Creek about 14 miles north of Bethlehem. These wells, which are 700 and 750 feet deep, overflow, but they must be pumped in order to obtain a sufficient supply. Together they yield 2,000,000 gallons a day. A third well, 1,018 feet deep, was completed on the same property just east of the creek in March, 1915. Tests show it to have a capacity of 1,851 gallons a minute, or approximately 2,000,000 gallons a day. The water from the spring and the wells is hard. The wells throughout their depth were in limestone. As the limestones are cavernous and the region is thickly settled it is necessary to watch the water carefully and to make frequent bacteriologic examinations. It is, however, seldom necessary to add hypochlorite of lime, though equipment for that purpose has been installed. Bethlehem (south side of Lehigh River).—The South Bethlehem Gas & Water Co. built works in 1865, taking water from Lehigh River. The Mountain Water Co. was chartered in 18938 to supply water in Bethlehem Township from springs on the mountain near Seidersville. -The two companies united in 1894 under the name of the Bethlehem Consolidated Water Co., which sold its franchises and properties in 1903 to the Bethlehem City Water Co. The City of Bethlehem has recently purchased the company. It obtains its water from the two sources mentioned, and until recently it furnished water to Bethlehem (South side), Fountain Hill, Northampton Heights, Bethlehem (West side), Rittersville, East Allentown, and the State Hospital for the Insane at Rittersville. Its service is now limited to Bethlehem and Fountain Hill. Some houses still re- ceive spring water from the side of the mountain, where Tinsley Jeter built a reservoir in 1866 near Bishopthorpe School. Pipes were laid from this reservoir through several streets as far as Union Station. In 1872 the Cold Spring Water Co. laid pipes from springs on the side of the mountain near Delaware Avenue to a few residences on Fountain Hill. The Bethlehem Steel Co. has also a private supply from a spring on the side of the mountain. 186 The river supply of the City of Bethlehem is pumped from a dug well near the river to reservoirs on the side of the mountain above St. Luke’s Hospital. In sinking the well several flows of water were obtained from the quartzite beds that were penetrated. The well was sunk under the impression that water from Lehigh River would filter through the alluvial material and fill it. During that part of the year when the flow from the springs is greatest, however, about 75 per cent of the water pumped is probably furnished by the springs, but during droughts the river must supply nearly all the water needed. The spring water is of excellent quality, as it contains little mineral matter in solution and is free from contami- nation. The river water, on the contrary, must be filtered on ac- count of the sewage poured into the river from the cities farther upstream. The acids from the waters of the coal mines along the upper course of the river are sufficient to destroy many of the bac- teria, although not all. Irom the well the water is pumped into a sedimentation reser- voir 420 by 220 feet and 21 feet deep, which has a capacity of 14,- 000,000 gallons. It then passes through six preliminary filters and six open slow sand filters having a capacity of 4,000,000 gallons a day. The filtered-water reservoir holds. 5,000,000 gallons. The filtered water can be treated with hypochlorite of lime when that is necessary. Analyses of the water of Lehigh River are given in the table on pages 170-171. The spring supply, which comes from the springs of the Mountain Water Co., is piped to a masonry reservoir holding 300,000 gallons. Catasauqua.—The main part of Catasauqua was formerly supplied with water by the Clear Springs Water Co., but it is now supplied from two wells that have been drilled by the borough in limestone east of the town to depths of 240 and 220 feet respectively. An ex- cellent supply of hard water was encountered at these depths, the combined yield of the wells being 1,000 gallons a minute. Clear Springs Water Co.—The Clear Springs Water Co. has con- tracted to supply water to the boroughs of Siegfried, Northampton, Cementon, Coplay, Hokendauqua, North and West Catasauqua, and Fullerton. The company procures its water in Lehigh County from Liesenring Spring near Cementon, and Yellis Creek. Both sources are beyond the borders of the Allentown quadrangle. The spring is used to supply the town of Cementon only, and the water is dis- tributed by gravity. Yellis Creek is supplied largely by springs. It furnishes excellent soft water which is pumped into a reservoir at Spring Mill, 325 feet above the surrounding country. The sup- ply is purified by filtration through rapid sand filters. The average daily consumption is 1,000,000 gallons. In summer, when the sup- ply from Yellis Creek is insufficient, water is pumped from Lehigh River into the reservoir. li LF 8) lend 4 Coopersburg.—The borough of Coopersburg obtains its regular supply of water for domestic use from springs east of the village. As this source is insufficient during summer, a 300-foot well with a capacity of 100 gallons a minute was drilled in 1910. This well was drilled through red shale and red sandstone of Triassic age. The principal water-bearing beds were struck at 140 and 210 feet, and the water rises within 35 feet of the surface. The well is 8 inches in diameter, and an air pump is used to force the water to the surface. This well, together with the spring supply, is suf- ficient for all purposes. Coplay.—Coplay is supplied with water for domestic and industrial use by the Clear Springs Water Co. of Catasauqua. Hast Allentown.—The borough of East Allentown was supplied with water by the Bethlehem City Water Co. until recently. It is now supplied by the City of Allentown Hmaus.—For many years the borough of Emaus obtained its water supply from a well near the Perkiomen Railroad, within the limestone area. After the water in this well became contaminated a spring on the side of the mountain was utilized. A tunnel that was run into the mountain passed through two shattered places in the eneiss, from which small amounts of water were obtained. Later a 700-foot well was drilled near by. Loose material was penetrated to a depth of 120 feet, where a small amount of water was procured. The deeper drilling was in Cambrian sandstones and the underly- ing gneiss. AS samples were not carefully preserved the depth at which the drill apparently passed from the sandstone into the gneiss can not be stated, but apparently no water was found at the contact or in the gneiss below, and the well was abandoned. The borough now receives most of its water from a 325-foot well near the place where the water was originally obtained. The water ap- parently is uncontaminated, though it is high in mineral matter, as it comes from the limestone. The spring and the tunnel furnish part of the water, and this water from the sandstone and gneiss is of excellent quality. Fullerton.—The borough of Fullerton procures the greater part of its water from the Clear Springs Water Co. Hellertown.—TIwo springs furnish most of the water consumed by the residents of Hellertown, though several large artesian wells add to the supply. The springs, which are owned by the borough of Hellertown, are in the mountains southeast of the village. The water which emerges from the pre-Cambrian gneiss is soft and ex- cellent in quality. It flows into a 1,000,000-gallon reservoir that is inclosed by a high picket fence and is protected against POO by surface drainage. 188 During summer the reservoir frequently overflows; shortage oc- curs from October to January, however, and an option has been taken on two springs on the Koch property, 1 mile east of the res- ervoir. A pressure of 120 pounds to the square inch is maintained — by the present system. Recent tests of Eichelberger Spring as a source of additional water supply showed a flow of only 34,000 to 37,- 000 gallons a day. Hokendauqua.—Hokendauqua receives its water from the reser- voir of the Clear Springs Water Co. Nazareth—The water supply of Nazareth is purchased from the Blue Mountain Consolidated Water Co., which obtains soft water of excellent quality from a small stream and two wells on the north side of Blue Mountain near Wind Gap. Northampton.—The borough of Northampton is supplied, by the Clear Springs Water Co. Northampton Heights——The former borough of Northampton Heights now a part of Bethlehem is supphed with water by the City of Bethlehem. Rittersville—Rittersvile now a part of Allentown is supplied with water by the City of Allentown. Siegfried—Three wells were drilled north of Siegfried in 1915 in order to supply the borough. One is 300 feet deep, and the others are 200 feet deep; the principal water-bearing stratum was at 70 feet in each well. The wells are 8 inches in diameter and yield 600 gallons a minute. Two of them yielded 450 gallons a minute during a prolonged test, and a 10-inch hole that was drilled near by later yielded much water. Despite these satisfactory results, the water supply is now purchased from the Clear Springs Water — Co., and the wells are held for emergency. f South Allentown and Aineyville—Two wells, which were drilled 267 and 187 feet in gneiss in the rear of Miller’s hotel, South A1- lentown, yielded only 30 gallons and 70 gallons a minute respec- tively, but two wells drilled later by the borough through glacial drift and clay into limestone are more satisfactory. One is 225 feet and the other 176 feet deep. The principal water-bearing stratum was struck at 160 to 170 feet'in both wells. The larger well yields 324,- 000 gallons and the smaller one 216,000 gallons a day. The level of the water is 137 feet below the surface. The water is raised from this depth into a 120,000-gallon standpipe. The chemical character of the water is shown by the analyses in the table (p. 189). West Catasauqua.—West Catasauqua is supplied by the Clear Springs Water Co. 189 Other towns.—Private wells 18 to 100 feet deep supply water to the residents of Butztown, Center Valley, Freemansburg, Lanark, and Pleasant Valley, though cistern water is extensively used in these localities. Wells at Butztown, Center Valley, and Lanark yield hard water from the limestone. Numerous springs furnish water for people in Spring Valley (Saucona) and vicinity, but no per- manent supply for domestic use is available in Tatamy, and resi- dents there depend entirely on cistern water. Analyses of ground waters in Allentown quadrangle. [Parts per million. | Constituents 1 2 3 4 5 Pa i eS, —| aa Pyne te Se ee ee ee OP pa ager pe Yk ee So Se | PR (Cg ar SME GL Mic tilt OS 0S» a a ee an EE) Cae sey He Se oyun LENO ih eg So tes pea Wage at TY pe CO oe = a ee ee Us Wad © cas kel Rape | MS ce Sp Re a a pe it pny eee, 2 FA2 TA A) 1 Aas ae | (altel SPEED A cae eae ee TSAR So iE a one ge 10 BN TAN yes hd A nee Ce oe Sec rece: Nye A |e ee neta) eee eer ae ee ee ee ee al | Soe A A ne oo eee LS LO ee eS ee eee 2s iy), Siete eae oA ihn 1 RS Ee SS 196 UW a SS a ais = Fy ees SOE oe er See Cow sk Pe ee Sg eee 2 Pa tere ee Oe A Aes a ee Zt ya 21 4.5 Doe Organie and volatile matter _______- ee ie a 2 2.4 16 (Ns 50 DR PIME GIT cee eee ee eS ek 274 40 271 Tala ah | 15 Moreen CONess asa aUOs oe <2 2-2 ce. 252 LS 13 Va ie OS 2 oe Ba Es 67 1Tron. Te 2. Water from pre-Cambrian gneiss. Orystal Spring, Allentown. From 225-foot well near ‘Bath, Jan. 16, Well-water supply of South Allentown. Ol poo LOLS: From 290-foot well of Bethlehem Silk Mills, Bethlehem, Feb., 1907. Ciamel’s Hump Spring on north slope of Quaker Hill. Analysis by W. Analysis by S. P. Sadtler. Water from limeston-, H. Chandler. INDEX. A Allentown quadrangle, area of, 18 cities of, 15 drainage of, 20, 21 forests of, 14 geology of, 23 highways of, 15 industries of, 16, 17 railroads, 15, 16 rainfall, 14, 178 temperature, 14 topography, 17 . Allophane, 78 Alluvium, 147 Amphiboles, 97 Analyses of: aragonite, 78 cement, 111 Franklin limestone (N. J.), 114 iron carbonate ore, 63 lanthanite, 78 limestone, 112, 113, 140, 141, 142, 144 limonite, 40 magnetite, 66, 69, 70, 71 mountain ores, 40 ocher, 154, 155 peat, 163 slate, 132 surface waters, 171 umber, 157 valley ores, 41 Antimony, 79 Aragonite, 76, 78 Arsenic, 79 Asbestos, 78 B Bailey, IE. H. S., cited, 182 Bayley, W. 8., cited, 66 Beraunite, 39 Biotite, 66, 67, 145, 160, 161 Blake, W. P., cited, 78 Bombshell ore (or pot ore), 37, 39, 45, 63 Brachiopods, 111, 117 Brass, 71, 738 Brickyards, 150, 151 Brown hematite ore, 30 Bryozoans, 111, 117 Calamine, 71, 72, - Calcite, 78, 85, 103,'110, 123, 127, Building stones, 127, 128, 129 C Cacoxenite, 39 Cadmium, 76, 77, 85 La aL Ye Ce OU, os 87, 88, 89 aed 138, 178 Caleium, 117, 181 carbonate, 105, 110, 118, 117, 122, 123, 124, 148 Carbon, 132 Carbonate, So calcium, 105, 123, 124, 148 magnesium, 26, 102. 110; 112. 119, 132, 148 iron ores, 62, 63, 83, a HOF ee se Eg it ee 84 37, 45, 47, 81, 95 Carbon dioxide, 45, 95 Carbonie acid, 82, 84, 85 Carter: Wer, Jr. cited, 164 Catlett, Charles, cited, 158 Cement, 98, 100, 112, 118 history of, 99 limestone, 26, 28, 109, 110, 1138, 122, 123 Ores; Bo, analyses of, 111 character, 110 chemical composition, 110 distribution, 110 fossils in, 111 structure of, 111 thickness of, 111 materials, 102 natural, 101, 124 output (in Lehigh district), 101 plants, 114-124 Portland, 26, 100, 101, 102, 105, 112, PES PIV 1195 -123,7127,7152 method of manufacture, 125 quarrying, 124 rock, 27, 28, 98, 106, 109, 110, 111, LOS 1253127 analyses of, 106, 107, 108 argillaceous, 108, 111, 123 character, 103 (191) 192 Cement—Continued. chemical composition, 105 distribution, 102 fossils in, 108 structure of, 108 thickness of, 109 Cerium, 78 Chaleocite, 95 Chaleedony, 46, 148 Chaleopyrite, 95, 98 Chance, H. M., cited, 45, 158 Chert, 26, 36, 39, 43, 128, 187 Chlorine, 184 Chlorite, 66, 132 Clay, 26, 36, 40, 46, 47, 48, 75, 88, 97, 105, 113, 123, 137, 148, 146, 152, 165, 167 analyses of, 114, 152 black, 47 glacial, 105, 109, 110, 153 loamy, 145 ocherous, 37, 148 residual, 86, 110, 137, tallow, 77 white, 63, 114 Clere, FE. L., cited, 82, 90 Conglomerates, 27, 34, 146 Copper, 71, 73, 94, 95 Crinoid stems, 117, 122 Crushed rock, materials for, 186, 1387, 117, 149, 151, 158, 157 138 D Dale, T. N., cited, 1380 Diabase, 24, 25, 27, 129, 138, 167 Dolomite, 78, 81, 85 Dolomitic limestones, 24, 26, 84, 110, Drinker, H. S., cited, 81 112 E Wpidote, 25 at Feldspar, 24, 25, 65, 67, 98, 144 Fluorite, 105 Fossils, 108, 111, 117 Franklin limestone (N. J.), Tranklinite, 75 20, 114 Gabbro, 24, 25 Gangue, 65, 88 Castropods, 122 Genth, I. A., cited, 77 Glacial deposits, 28, 29 Gneisses, 23, 42, 48, 64, 66, 67, 78, 80, 95, 97, 129, 1388, 144, 145, 155 decomposed, 144 garnetiferous, 25 granitic, 158 pre-Cambrian, 24, 165, 182 quartz-feldspar, 144 yoethite, 33 Gold, 98, 160 Goslarite, 77 Gossan, 45 Graphite, 25, 105, 160, 161 Gravel, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150 alluvial, 147 glacial, 146 Greenockite, 76, 85 Grit, 156 Gypsum, 95, 114, 125, 126 II Tlalloysite, 77 Hardyston quartzite, 26, 155 Harrisburg peneplain, 17, 47 Hartz jig, 88 Hematite ore, 30, 182 Henry, Mather S., cited, 30, 72, 149 Hornblende, 24, 25, 66, 67, 98, 144, 161 Hudson River slates, 130 Hydrozincite, 77 Ilmenite, 24, 66 Iron carbonate ore, 62, 63, 83, 84 analysis of, 68 Iron ore, 29, 30, 41, 42, 182)°156 industry, history of, 29 4 J Jasper, 36, 38, 39, 438 Jasperoid rocks, 34, 36, 48 K Kaolin, 39, 78, 138, 144, 145, 146 Kemp, J. F., cited, 82 4 Kerr, J.