Z s ; SCS OELLLO SE Se CELE SLOSLG SoG 4, SS ens. E> ae a a ae 7 a, e SEIS LIE BIS DIG IAIF BAPE AIF A LL am AB BSS 2 / » “ SA ALO SF J a.) O germ BAT, . SU 4 RH BD er O pty FMM PMH DFR Ty, Hoe Oy \ cote x BA, @ Ry @ tka, @ SO Re = EE a a Age eran ee we pee eo! ee we Paw eee OS gh ce’ Peta ei se wi ae ee Nae BENS re Set THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2023 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/officialobluebookOOjame THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS : OP ee ae 7" oo cae a4 _ i a —— = P — > A : we THE LIBRARY QUIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS STATUE OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH By Wituam Couper, Sculptor Erected at Jamestown Island by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities flea om by ee OFFICIAL BLUE BOOK OF THE JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION AD-19@7: THE ONLY AUTHORIZED HISTORY OF THE CELEBRATION ILLUSTRATED THE COLONIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. NORFOLK .VIRGINIA, U.S. A. COPYRIGHT, 1909 By THE COLONIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INCORPORATED NORFOLK, VIRGINIA MANUFACTURED BY THE WERNER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO EDITOR S#PR Hla Gr: HAT the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, its inception, its devel- opment and its completion, its general history and the story of its efforts demand a record, is a fact too obvious to require a word of explanation. To prepare an exposition history is a work involving enormous labor and a large expenditure of capital. All of the great fairs have been recorded in books; some have had only perfunctory accounts, others have been elaborate; but with the exception of this History all have been written by some one employed by the Exposition whose story was told. It is not our purpose even to hint at bias in other works of this character, but, in favor of ourselves, we may say frankly and without fear of contradic- tion that if anything appears in the following pages which is not an exact fact it is a misfortune due to lack of available information, and not to any desire that the truth should be hidden or distorted. The records and the books of the Jamestown Exposition Company have been open to the Editor and in the compilation of this work he has received much valuable aid from the officers of that Company, from department chiefs, from many exhibitors and from a number of exceptionally strong men who as Commissioners splendidly served their several States or as managers of the United States’ exhibits made a showing of which the Nation should be proud. There does not appear in any line of this History a word for which any one has paid; it is impartial and tells the exact truth as the Editor has seen the truth—praising no one unduly and censuring no one without just cause. If there are errors in the text, and naturally some will be found, it may be said in extenuation that information was in certain lines extremely difficult to obtain. If the efforts of some States appear to be unduly aggrandized the reason lies in the fact that the Commissioners of these States preserved better records of their transactions and were more willing to permit an investigation of their files. Believing that in a large degree exhibits form an exposition and desiring to give so far as possible prominence to the principal displays, the pub- lishers decided to describe and illustrate every exhibit that received a gold medal. All of the descriptions appearing in the history have been prepared and printed without cost to the exhibitor; and, where a prize exhibit is not described, the exhibitor refused to give the facts connected with the display of his wares. We feel safe in saying that this course toward commercial houses has established a precedent. In this history for the first time there appears a complete and verified list of the findings of the Jury of Awards. The plan of this book was evolved by Eugene d’Avigneau, who believed that the Jamestown Exposition, an eminently historical celebration, should have a real history and was convinced that such a book critically compiled would serve as a primer for future similar undertakings. Consequently there is in the legend of this event much purely editorial matter—deductions, infer- ences, conclusions. Many occurrences that perhaps have been worthy of the Editor’s comment have escaped attention because inferences were involved and conclusions were hazardous. Where such comment shows the Editor felt that no logical difference of opinion could obtain. The Jamestown Exposition Company entered with the Colonial Pub- lishing Company into an agreement which officially authorized the latter to publish this History and positively precluded the use of the Exposition’s rec- ords for the preparation of any other account of the undertaking. This is, therefore, the only History of the Ter-Centennial which will appear. To Mr. d’Avigneau who, as General Manager of the Colonial Publishing Com- pany, invaluably aided in the compilation of this volume, the Editor extends the assurance of his appreciation and to him and also to Cornelius H. Bull, the President of the Company, the Editor is grateful for their consistent atti- tude, rejecting utterly all suggestions of commerciality and interfering not even in the slightest degree with the text of the book. Whatever faults there are, therefore, in the treatment of any subject or incident must be charged to the signer. CHARLES RUSSEL KEILEY. 57 362 TABLE OF CONTENTS STAWUEL OH CASTAIN, TON SMITH s o:0cc ieee ole syeiein ois.ye 415.50) «a0, a)e sete s leu ehohe wrote tel es tea romeys] mney ayeMaatotay ste Haas fal syste atin ste abelce cvs TT Frontispiece Epiror’s PREFACE AupTvoRIUM ILLUMINATED INTRODUCTION, TIARRY St. GrorGe TUCKER History OF THE JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT, J. A, C. CHANDLER, LL.D. THE THE ELE CHAPTER I INCEPTION—Naming of Virginia—Celebrations in 1807 and 1857—Efect of Jamestown—The Idea of a Ter-Centen- nial—Association for Preservation of Virginia Antiquities—Other Agencies—Interest in Tidewater Virginia—Governor Tyler’s Proclamation—Organizing Committees—Concentrating Activities—Preparing a Charter—The Charter Granted.. CHAPTER II INCORPORATION—Meeting of Incorporators—Election of Officers—Visit to Charleston—Election of a President— Selecting the Site—Scope of the Exposition—The Financial Plan—An Appropriation from Virginia—Securing Subscrip- tions—Aggressive Solicitation—Mass Meetings—Transportation Subscriptions—Appeal of Executive Committee—Close of Campaigner cere aires m CHAPTER III ORGANIZATION—Meeting of Stockholders—The Directorate—Executive Committee—Standing Committees—Request for Appropriation from Congress—Opposition to the Appropriation—Endorsements of the Exposition—Congressional Pilgrimage to Jamestown—lIlearing before a Special House Committee—Interest shown by Cabinet Officers—With- drawalof Biller wasiitarcinsctetensntcaretanorer cesta erases oan terete CHAPTER IV PROMOTION—Pilgrimage, Daughters American Revolution—Consultation with Director-General of Charleston Exposition— THE CONSTRUCTION—Historical Tidewater Virginia—Souvenir Certificates—President Roosevelt’s Message Plans for Construction Submitted—The Board of Design—Dissatisfaction with the Company’s Organization—Schmelz Resolution—Board of Governors—Settling Transportation Subscriptions—Plans for Buildings—Improvement of Grounds Begun—State Campaigns—Bill before Congress—The Vote in the House—Exploiting the Exposition— State Appropriations—Death of General Lee—Visit of Rhode Island Commission—Honorable Harry St. George Tucker Elected President—Mr. Tucker’s European Trip—Creation of Working Bureaus—Analysis of Board’s Policy —The Various Governing Bodies Compared—The Unusual Powers of the Board of Governors.........+..++ees+e00- CHAPTER V BOARD OF GOVERNORS—Ways and Means—Collections—Original Estimate of Cost—Enforcing Collections— Securing the Virginia Appropriation—Public Utilities—Transportation Arrangement—Location of Main Gate—Dis- advantages of Location—The Effect of Trolley Consolidation—Water Supply—A Reservoir—Light and Power—The Division of Concessions—Experience of other Expositions—The Policies of the Concession Division—Prices Charged —Division of Works—Landscape Features—Collecting Plants—Characteristics of the Site-—-The Exposition Fence— Water and Sewer System—Building Roadways—The Labor Problem—Exploitation and Exhibits—Ramification of Exhibit Division—Exhibit Commissioners—History, Education and Social Economy.............sseseeececeesevees CHAPTER VI Efforts to Secure an Appropriation from Congress—Odd Feature of the Bill—Opposition to the Seigniorage Clause—Testimony of Cabinet Officers—Appropriation Recommended by Committee—Hearing Denied by Speaker Cannon—TIntroduced Through the Senate—A New Division Created—‘t Exhibits’’ and ‘‘ History, Education and Social Economy ” Conflict—Classification of Exhibits—Necessity for a Single Head for Exhibit Division—Issue Between Exhibits and Concessions—Rules Governing Sale of Privileges—Amendment to Rules—Discrimination Against American Venders —Contrast Between the Amusement Sections of an Exposition and Its Neighborhood—Immorality at Pine Beach —The Exposition’s Cash Balance July First—Conditions of Buildings at that Time—Board of Design Urges Speed —Large Buildings Started—Excess of Liabilities—Necessity for a Loan—Budget of November First—Congress Re- quested to Lend One Million Dollars—Exaggerated Building Conditions—Building Materials Ordered and Returned —Increased Cost of Materials—Rise in Labor Rates—Beginning State Buildings—Supervision of Executive Com- mittee—Cransp ortatiom Maciities: voice ciate ies aco art ole G:e¥arn 6's 1G ahacerel avane in Toy olinncbalfe debetee tebe naWencivite oiokereneker cere peice ere: alot eicteton ede ten caeneaneane CHAPTER VII COMPLETION—An Empty Treasury—Motives of Managers—Supply System—Auditing Difficulties—Increased Cost of Material and Labor—Late Building—Construction Problems—Contractors Delays—History Building—Indefinite Ex- hibit space—Electric Fountain—Rumors of Postponement—Public Service Features—Exposition Post Office—Pre-Ex- position Hurry—Need of Practical Works Director—Arrival of Soldiery—Exposition Debts—First Bond Issue—Advisory Committee—Second Deed of Trust—Enforced Payments on Common Stock—Alteration of By-Laws—James M. Barr Elected Director-General—Condition of Exhibit Palaces—Efforts of Government—Injudicious Exploitation— lic clzin sp ieisfeievers/s/¥e) 0A) 0)" CHAPTER XVII Foods and Accessories Beers— MINES AND METALLURGY Personnel of Department—Honorary Director—Virginia Mineral and Timber Association —Virginia’s Railway Exhibits—Displays of North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, Maryland, Nova Scotia, Vermont, West Virginia—Miscellaneous Exhibits—Mining Machinery—Mining Literature........-....ee005 CHAPTER XVIII NEGRO PARTICIPATION—Laying Cornerstone of Negro Building—United States Supervision—Negro Architect and Craftsmen—Promising Exhibits—Education Displays—Collegiate, Secondary and Industrial—Sculpture — Agricultral Showing-—Foods—Photographs—China-ware- =F ir TOL SLES ce sige pile ete eral acanelae ai etvan Sreueeuetelsiereress a alle ie ra aleloue. n Wole;'e ssny.celeisie;ire rece CHAPTER XIX CONCESSIONS—Hotel on Grounds _Restaurants—Stands—Official Photographers—War Path -Amusements, Great Spec- tacles, Cycloramas, Oriental Shows, Menagerie, Labyrinths, Incubator, Wild West, Minor Attractions............-- APPENDIX REPORTS of Officers, Directors and Chiefs—INDICES (a) General, (b) Awards, (c) Illustrations.......--++.+eeeeeeeees vii 391 451 DST 661 GSD NeLANDS Bry GALVNINATH NOITOLIGAV AHL it eo amegor: Pe ‘uolei0dio9g ydes30j0Yg [eyo uMojsouef ‘yystsAdo) ferret iLL z ee E bepitibaeeceas Vill INTRODUCTION Bye HARRY St. GEORGE. LUCKER President of the Jamestown Exposition. HE original conception of those who projected the Exposition was to cele- brate in a fitting manner the Ter-Centennial of the birth of the Nation. This task was so monumental in its scope that it is easy to understand how many opposed the pur- pose, viewing it as chimerical and impossible to achieve. Indeed as we look back and review the con- ditions which confronted the men who origi- nated the idea; the enormous amount of money that had to be raised; the limited means at their command; the meagre local population from which they had to draw; the vast project of interesting the States of the Union and the Federal Government in the enterprise, and their inexperience in such difficult work, I hesi- tate not to express the belief that future history will accord to them a reputation for courage equal to that of the colonists who first braved the deep and landed at Jamestown in 1607. There was never in the minds of those who projected and per- fected this Exposition any hope or purpose of vying with the in- dustrial fairs of the past. It was ever the design to produce a great historical and educational exposition in direct contra-dis- tinction to a commercial enter- prise. [hat exhibits from every State and from foreign coun- tries, that the first fruits of the land and the products of manu- factures, of art and of com- merce were gathered is largely incidental and while the collec- tion demands that credit be given to those whose skill and energy brought about the re- sult, yet the prime purpose of the Ter-Centennial was to illus- trate history, to inculcate patri- otism and to show the value of education. The history of this Exposi- tion will record the indefati- gable energy of a small body of men selected in Tidewater Vir- ginia, immediately adjacent to the Exposition grounds, who have in their completed work builded far greater than any anticipated, and have given to the world an Exposition which in beauty of design, architec- tural taste and fitness of location _ The Honorable Harry St. George Tucker, LL. D., is a native of Winchester, Virginia, and a eradate of ihe Washington and Lee Universiy, of which institution is unexcelled by any ever de- in May, 1%, to, succeed. his father, the Honorable ohn, Randglph Tucker as veloped in this country and in Ce ee eet ea ee ae eo cooree Wasknon University at historic importance surpasses all Washington; was President of the American Bar Association; was chosen President of the Jamestown Exposition to succeed General Fitzhugh Lee. 1 others. Introduction. From the Revolutionary our history has been so brief and so spectacular that it needed only lightly to be touched in order to recall each large event to the inquisitive student. But to emphasize the history of the early devel- opment of the country, less insistent than the later story but more important as the record of a formative stage, the Colonial states brought together a collection of original documents and early manuscripts and relics of pre-Revolution- ary wars that have stimulated the study of our early history in a manner and to a degree un- equalled by any movement heretofore inau- gurated in this country. History visibly and continuously impressed on the visitor and the great historical days set aside for celebration during the progress of the Exposition caused effects far-reaching and important. On the Opening Day the Presi- dent of the United States, whose invaluable aid was ever a chief asset of the Exposition, formally opened the Ter-Centennial with a notable speech that bears in every paragraph the impress of his great personality and his fer- vid patriotic spirit; and on the tenth of June Mr. Roosevelt delivered an address scarcely less important than his opening speech. Wil- liam J. Bryan, Morefield Story of Massachu- setts, W. Bourke Cockran of New York, Gov- ernor Charles E. Hughes of the same State, Governor Claude A. Swanson of Virginia, Woodrow Wilson, President of Princeton University; former Vice-President Adlai E. Stevenson, Alton B. Parker, Democratic Can- didate for the Presidency; Warren J. Keiffer, former Speaker of the House of Representa- tives of the United States; Samuel W. Mc- Call of Massachusetts; the Governors of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connec- ticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Utah were visit- ors at the Exposition and orators on various occasions. The Government of the United States, with liberality and without stint, supplied exhibits from all of its departments, making a display more instructive and beautiful than was ever presented at any Exposition. These were largely viewed by those who attended the Ex- position, and under the management of the efficient officers detailed for the purpose, fur- nished entertainment and education to the thousands of visitors. To the Ter-Centennial Commission, composed of the Secretaries of the Treasury, of War and of the Navy, the Exposition was greatly indebted for the loyal efforts which they at all times put forth to per- fect the Government Exhibit. The naval and military features, which some feared would stimulate an erroneous ambition in the minds of young America, was one of the most successful and imposing features of the Exposition. It is certain that never before in the history of our country have so many nations been represented by their fleets in American waters. From a spectacular point of view, perhaps the great naval participation was the most im- portant Exposition feature. Our magnificent Atlantic Squadron, which acted as a host for the monster ironclads of Austria, Argentina, Chile, England, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Japan, Norway and Sweden, was largely represented during the entire Exposition and for a considerable period was concentrated in Hampton Roads; and the social intercourse and friendly contests, the camaraderie and in- terchange of hospitalities surely drew closely together in the bonds of mutual respect and admiration the fighting men of many nations. The United States Army furnished an at- traction of fascinating interest. The drills and parades of the Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry twice daily executed on Lee’s Parade, were always witnessed by a large proportion of those who attended the Exposition, and in addition to the Federal soldiery the National Guards of the several States brought to the celebration nearly one hundred thousand men who, thrown with the Regulars, must have been benefitted by observing the rigid discipline of an army camp. Unfortunately the Exposition was for a long time incomplete but since the finishing touches were applied no person could leave the grounds without praise for the beauty of the prospect and the interest of the collection. There was on view an Exposition of which every American might well be proud and no man who saw it can claim otherwise. It was in every respect worthy of the great occasion which was celebrated and no higher praise could be accorded to it. Whether it was a success or failure depends on the point of view. For those who con- ceived the undertaking, it stands as a success for they achieved their purpose. In the awak- ening of historic interest in our country, in the study of our Colonial history and the impress of the great characters of that period on the national hearts of our people; in the renewed determination of our people to preserve the principles of religious freedom and civil liberty, first delivered to us by our fore-fathers, who landed at Jamestown in 1607; in the strength- ening of the moral sinews of the people, and the final obliteration of any sectional feeling growing out of the Civil War; in the union of all parts of our country under one flag and the constitution of our fathers, it succeeded signally. Those who saw the Exposition must have re- ceived the lesson and those who have read or will read the history of the undertaking and study the great speeches that great orators de- livered, cannot fail to absorb a love for their land and an interest in its story which will be through the ages productive of real good to the Nation. THE HISTORY OF THE JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT HE settlement at James- town in 1607 marks the birth of the American Nation. Its antecedents go back at least thirty years before the accom- plishment of the first permanent settlement. In- deed it might be said that the antecedents of Jamestown are to be traced in the discoveries of the Cabots, John and Sebastian, who at the close of the fifteenth century, sailing under the British flag with the approval of Henry VII, explored the American coast from Labrador to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The Papal Bull of Alexander VII (1497) di- vided the newly found lands between Spain and Portugal and this may have had something to do with the relaxing of English effort to secure western territory during the early part of the sixteenth century. the lack of such effort may have resulted from the troubles at home and the desire on the part of Henry VIII to keep out of European polli- tics and to occupy a neutral ground between Spain and France. But whatever may have been the motives influencing the English it is, nevertheless, a fact that until England had sev- ered its relations with the Church of Rome and its Government became hostile to both Spain and France, no real efforts were made to ex- plore and settle in the Western World. In the middle of the reign of good Queen “Bess”? the English seriously began to con- sider American conditions. The spread of geo- graphical knowledge among the English and the desire for exploration on the part of their bold seamen, demonstrated by a circumnaviga- tion of the globe by Sir Francis Drake in 1565, followed by a determination to secure some of the wealth from the new world which was aid- ing in the development of Spain, caused par- ticular notice to be taken of America. Already Spain and Portugal had control of all of South America, the West Indies, Central America, Mexico and Florida. Spanish explorers had pushed into the interior and discovered the Mississippi River. The wealth of the northern part of the new world was still unknown, and the English naturally revived their claims to this territory based upon the explorations of the Cabots. Moreover the English desired to share in the trade to India and efforts were made to discover the ““Northwest Passage’’ to that land of so many commercial commodities. From 1576 to 1578 Martin Frobisher made three voyages searching for the Northwest Pas- sage and for gold in Labrador. Drake in his 3 On the other hand | By J. A. C. CHANDLER, LL. D. circumnavigation of the globe had touched on the western shores of North America. ‘These explorations brought no direct fruit but they stimulated Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his half- brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, to apply to Queen Elizabeth for a charter to plant a colony in the new world. With the consent of the vanneone } j q | j a | q SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT Queen, Gilbert sailed to Newfoundland, took possession of it for the English Government and established a settlement. Lack of supplies and the unfavorable location forced him to abandon the colony. On his return voyage to England he was lost in a storm. To a less de- termined man than Sir Walter Raleigh this disaster which resulted in the death of his brother would have deterred him from further efforts, but Sir Walter Raleigh had an undying hatred of Spain; he saw each day the power of Spain increasing in wealth and influence, chiefly due to the returns which that empire was receiving from the mines of South Ameri- ca. We are convinced also that Sir Walter dreamed a dream of a British Colonial empire which would girdle the globe. Whether this be merely a surmise or not Sir Walter Raleigh at once applied to Queen Elizabeth for per- mission to continue his expeditions, and in 1584 sent out under two sea captains, Philip Ama- das and Arthur Barlow, an expedition to ex- plore further North America. These two sea captains touched upon the coast of North Caro- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. lina where they discovered Indians who proved to be friendly, and found the tobacco plant and the potato. They were greatly impressed with the grandeur of the forest, the luxuriance of foliage and fruit, and on their return to Eng- land made to Raleigh a report so satisfactory that at once the land was named in honor of the Virgin Queen, Virginia. An old writer of the time in defining Virginia said: “ The bounds thereof on the east side is the ocean, on the south lieth Florida, on the north Nova Francia and to the west thereof the limits are unknown.” In other words Virginia as it re- SIR WALTER RALEIGH Sound, now included in the State of North Carolina. The settlement did not prosper, and the following spring it was visited by Sir Fran- cis Drake with his fleet. On the solicitation of Richard Grenville, he carried the colonists back to England. Leaving Roanoke Island the settlers abandoned their homes without de- stroying them. Among the first settlers who went to Roan- oke Island were Thomas Hariot, a learned English mathematician, and John White an English artist, both of whom boasted that Raleigh was their patron. These men along ~~ ane Ki ma SRE aE SS By Freperick ZuccaRO ceived its name from the Queen Elizabeth was practically that territory which makes the pres- ent United States of America. Queen Eliza- beth then gave to Raleigh a charter making him proprietor of all of this vast territory. At once the “Shepherd of the Ocean,” as Sir Walter Raleigh was familiarly known among his associates in England, organized a colony which was sent to settle in Virginia. Under the leadership of Richard Grenville in the summer of 1585 a colony was planted on Roanoke Island situated on Albemarle with Grenville and others explored the territory north of Roanoke Island. The account of their exploration has been published in Hariot’s Discoveries. The names given there are so different from our names to-day that it is fre- quently difficult to locate rivers and places, but as far as one can judge these gentlemen dis- covered what is now the Elizabeth River in Virginia, exploring the region of the Chesa- peake Indians which is now Princess Anne and Norfolk counties, Virginia, and from what is now Sewell’s Point, where the Jamestown Ex- 4 The History of the Jamestown Settlement. position was located, they viewed Hampton Roads and the Chesapeake Bay. White made water color sketches showing Indian scenes and portraying their manners and customs. For a long time these sketches were supposed to have been lost, but some years ago they were discovered in the British Museum in the Gren- ville Library collection, and they are a valu- able commentary on the Virginia Indian as he appeared to the first English who trod upon Virginia shores. One result of the first settlement by Raleigh was the introduction of the white potato into Ireland. Some of the settlers took back to England the potato which Raleigh planted on his estate in Ireland and it was soon discovered that the lands of the Emerald Isle were well adapted to its production. The potato to-day is the chief food of Ireland and is known the world over as the Irish potato. Following the first settlement the use of tobacco was intro- duced into England. Many marvelous stories are told concerning its use there. We recall the familiar story of Raleigh weighing the smoke from his pipe for Queen Elizabeth, and also the stories that were told about school children being furnished with tobacco to be used as luncheon. The failure of Raleigh’s first settlement did a SIR FRANCIS DRAKE not prevent him from making other efforts. The following year (1587) he sent out a second colony under the direction of John White, the artist, as Governor. ‘This colony had instruc- tions to settle on the Chesapeake Bay, and had these instructions been obeyed Raleigh’s second colony would have been planted near the pres- ent city of Norfolk. The pilot in charge, how- ever, took the ships back to Roanoke Island where the second settlement was begun by re- pairing the old houses which had been aban- doned the previous year. In a short time John White returned to England to get new supplies. Hardly had he 5 SIR RICHARD GRENVILLE reached London before Spain and England were at war and the Spanish Armada sailed up the English Channel. No thought could be given to the little settlement on Roanoke Island for all had to meet the emergency. The Spanish fleet was defeated, and White at once prepared to return to America. On reaching Roanoke Island no signs of the settlers could be found. It had been arranged that if, for any reason, the settlers had to move, they would leave carved upon a tree the name of the place to which they had gone, and if the trans- fer had been made under distress that a cross should be carved underneath the name. A search was made and the word “ Croatan”’ was found but no cross, and the assumption, there- fore, was that the Roanoke settlement was abandoned for a better location. A search party was sent to locate Croatan, but as a matter of fact it went but a short distance into the in- terior. Five expeditions were sent from Eng- land to find the Roanoke Colony but their explorations were made chiefly along the coast and consequently no signs of the settlement were ever discovered. To-day there is in North Carolina a tribe of Indians known as the Croatans, many of them having blue eyes and light hair, and by some it 1s assumed that the Roanoke colonists intermarried with the Croatan tribe and were absorbed by it. This is purely a conjecture and to this day the lost colony of Roanoke re- mains one of the untold stories of history. With this colony ended Raleigh’s attempt to settle in America, but the impetus he had given was not lost and to-day we reverently speak of Raleigh as the father of American Colonization. In North Carolina his name has been preserved in the capital city of that state and patriotic citizens have caused a stone to be placed on the site of old Fort Raleigh on Roanoke Island to commemorate Raleigh’s at- tempted settlements. The stone bears the fol- lowing inscription: “On this site in July-August, 1585 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. (O. S.), colonists, sent out from England by Sir Walter Raleigh, built a fort, called by them * The New Fort in Vir- ginia. These colonists were the first settlers of the English race in America. ‘They returned to England in July, 1586, with Sir Francis Drake. Near this place was born, on the 18th of August, 1587, Virginia Dare, the first child of English parents born in America—daughter of Ananias Dare and Eleanor White, his wife, members of an- other band of colonists, sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1587. On Sunday, August 20, 1587, Vir- ginia Dare was baptized. Manteo, the friendly chief of the Hatteras Indians, had been baptized on the Sunday pre- ceding. These baptisms are the first known celebrations of a Christian sacra- ment in the territory of the thirteen orig- inal United States.” Tablet at Old Fort Raleigh, Roanoke Island, erected by the Roanoke Colony Memorial Association. The period from 1590 to 1600 is not filled with explorations in Virginia; it was one of preparation for the establishment of English colonies. Commercial enterprise in Europe was taking on a new form and Elizabeth and England were ready to seize hold of any move- ment looking toward the increase of the wealth of the realm. Commercial companies organized for trade in the east were numerous. From England came the idea of these trade com- panies, an idea which rapidly spread to Hol- land, France, Sweden, Denmark and even to Scotland and to Russia. A list of the com- mercial companies formed in the | 6th and 17th centuries contain not less than seventy-five dis- tinct organizations. In the formation of the English companies a model was found in the society of merchant adventurers which went back to the 15th century. It was a great me- dieval merchant guild and the last survivor of that system which aided so materially in the development of commerce and trade and the growth of towns in the middle ages. Raleigh’s proprietary attempts having failed, a number of merchants interested in trade in India applied to Queen Elizabeth for a char- ter for a great company to trade in the Orient, and in the year 1600 the famous East India Company of London received from the Queen a charter addressed to the Earl of Cumberland and two hundred and fifty knights and mer- chants, making a corporation and body politic under the name of “ Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies.” Under its charter the company had the privilege of trading with all continents and islands lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan—that is, the east coast of Africa, the southern shores of Asia, the islands in the Indian Ocean and the west coast of America. It was a perpetual cor- poration with privileges of trade granted for fifteen years to be extended longer if the trade should prove profitable. Moreover this Com- pany was given a complete monopoly of the trade in the regions described with the right to secure land without limitation and the nght of making all reasonable laws for the government of such lands as it possessed and such colonies as it planted. [The Company was freed from all payments of customs for the first four voy- ages. The organization of the Company is interesting; it consisted of a governor, and twenty-four members of a directing board to be called committees, to be elected annually in a general assembly or court of the Company. The governor and committees must all take the oath of allegiance to the English sovereignty. It is interesting to note here that through this Company England acquired possession of all India. ‘The charter was not revoked until about the middle of the reign of Queen Vic- toria. It was a new type of commercial organ- ization and its growth was so marvelous that it quickly influenced the English mind to believe that such companies were the best means under which commerce could be encouraged and colonies be planted. In two years after the East India Company had been organized Bartholomew Gosnold, an explorer, prominent merchant and sea captain, proposed that the colonization of Virginia should be revived and that a great trading company should be organized for the accom- plishment of this purpose. In these efforts he was seconded by Martin Pring, and George Waymouth, both of whom had conducted ex- ploring expeditions to the coast of New Eng- land. ‘The matter was also taken up by the Reverend Richard Hakluyt who saw in the organization of the company for the coloniza- tion of Virginia, the opportunity to christianize the savages, to relieve England of its pauper 6 The History of the Jamestown Settlement. KING and beggar classes, as well as to promote the commercial supremacy of England. Sentiment grew in favor of the proposed company and finally the Virginia Company was organized, composed of two large associations, one made up of knights and merchants of London and the other of persons resident in the cities of Bristol, Exeter and Plymouth. These asso- ciations received the sanction of King James, who on the 10th day of April, 1605, granted a charter to the Virginia Company in two divisions. One division is known in history as the London Company and the other as the Ply- mouth Company. With the first division of the Virginia Com- pany we are more particularly interested. The 7 JAMES I London Company was chartered under the technical name, “ The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters in the City of London for the First Colony of Virginia.” As granted in the charters of 1608 the colony to be planted in southern Virginia was intrusted to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers and others, with the understanding that the said Company could plant a colony anywhere be- tween thirty-four and forty-one degrees of north latitude, but the limitations of the colony when planted were to extend fifty miles north and fifty miles south of the spot selected for the settlement, one hundred miles into the land and to embrace any island within the same dis- tance of the coast. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. The Plymouth Company was granted the privilege to settle anywhere between thirty- eight and forty-five degrees north latitude with the specific provisions, however, that the strip included between thirty-eight and forty-one degrees of north latitude should be open to either company; but should the land be occu- pied by either settlers, the others should not come within fifty miles of their settlement. Under the charter of the Virginia Company the first attempted settlement was made by the Plymouth Company in the northern part along what is known as the Kennebec River. The winter proved so severe that the settlement was abandoned. It is interesting to note, however, that when the colony departed for England, it sailed on a ship built on the Kennebec River which was named in honor of the country, Vir- ginia. This was the first ship built by English- men in America. The London Company was not inert but prepared for exploration and settlement three ships, the Susan Constant or Sarah Constant of one hundred tons burden, the God Speed, or Good Speed, of forty tons burden and the Discovery of twenty tons burden, commanded respectively by Christopher Newport, Barthol- omew Gosnold and John Ratcliffe. One hun- dred and four men besides the crews prepared to sail for Virginia, among them Edward Maria Wingfield, the London Merchant; George Percy, brother to the Earl of North- umberland; John Smith, the well known ad- venturer; George Kendall, a cousin of Sir Ed- ward Sandys; Gabriel Archer, an English law- yer; John Martin, who had commanded one of the ships in Drake’s fleet in 1585-86, and the Reverend Robert Hunt, a pious minister. These three vessels sailed from Blackwell on the Thames on December 19, 1606. The settlers whose names are given by Smith in his general history were: Council : Mr. Edward Maria Wingfield, Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold, Capt. John Smith, Capt. John Ratcliffe, Capt. John Martin, Capt. George Kendall. Gentlemen: Mr. Robert Hunt, Preacher, Mr. George Percie, Anthony Gosnold, George Flower, Capt. Gabriell Archer, Robert Fenton, Robert Ford, William Bruster, Edward Harrington, Dru Pickhouse, Thomas Jacob, John Brook, Ellis Kingston, Thomas Sands, Benjamin Beast, Jehu Robinson, Thomas Mouton, Eustace Clovill, Stephen Halthrop, Kellan Throgmorton, Edward Morrish, Nathaniel Powell, Edward Browne, Robert Behethland, John Pennington, Jeremy Alicock, George Walker, Thomas Studley, Richard Crofts, Nicholas Houlgrave, Thomas Webbe, John Waller, John Short, William Tankard, William Smethes, Francis Snarsbrough, Richard Simons, Edward Brookes, Richard Dixon, John Martin, Roger Cooke, Anthony Gosnold, Tho. Wotton, Chirurg, John Stevenson, Thomas Gore, Henry Adling, Francis Midwinter, Richard Fnith. Carpenters: William Laxon, Edward Pising, Thomas Emry, Robert Small. Laborers: John Layden, William Cassen, George Cassen, Thomas Cassen, William Rodes, William White, Old Edward, Henry Tavin, George Goulding, John Dods, William Johnson, William Unger, Jam: Read, Blacksmith, Jonas Profit, Sailor, Tho. Cowper, Barber, William Garrett, Bricklayer, Edward Brinto, Mason, William Love, Taylor, Nic: Scot, Drum, Wm. Wilkinson, Chirurg, Samuel Collier, boy, James Brumfield, boy, Nat. Pecock, boy, Richard Mouton, boy. The others are not mentioned by name. These settlers preceded the dissenters who sailed in the Mayflower by thirteen years and while there are not so many persons living in America to-day who boast descent from those who sailed in the three ships for Virginia in 1606 as those who claim as forbears the voy- 8 The History of the agers in the Mayflower, yet in Virginia there are here and there farmers, planters and mer- chants of more or less distinction whose an- cestors were among those who sailed in the three ships that brought the first permanent colony to America’s shore. The settlers reached Virginia on the 26th of April, 1607. They effected a landing at a point which they named Cape Henry in honor of the eldest son of James I. From this point they explored the surrounding country and in a few days reached Lynnhaven Bay ( where they came upon , some Indians engaged in an oyster roast. The Indians fired upon them with a flight of arrows but were driv- en away by the dis- charge of the blun- derbuss. The Eng- lish came ashore and for the first time par- took of the famous bi- valve, now considered by many, the best flavored oyster in America. A few days later they crossed over the river to a 4 place which they named Old Point Comfort because they were em so gra- ; ciously In- ee |) dians. Proceed- ing up the river, which ' they named James in honor of the King, they finally came on May 13th to a_ peninsula containing less than 2000 acres of land. A ¥ recent discovery shows that the area was 1400 acres, but much of it has been washed away or inundated. To the settlers this appeared as a satisfac- tory place to build a settlement because it was located on a river suitable for navigation, and at one corner of the peninsula the water was deep enough for the vessels to be moored prac- tically against the banks. It was also easy to be fortified against the attacks of the Indians. The peninsula has since that day become an island. It is to-day two and a half miles in length and varies in width five hundred yards to a mile and a half. The island is now surrounded on three sides BUST OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH By GeNneRAL BapEN-PoWELL Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Jamestown Settlement. by the James River and on the north side by Back River, which separates it from the main- land. Through the island in the northern part runs the Pitch and Tar Swamp and in the south Passmore’s Creek—the latter named after Thomas Passmore, a carpenter, who was living on the Island in 1623. No portion of the island is more than fourteen feet above low tide. The western shore has been washed away to an extent which is not definitely known, but it probably extended in 1607 more than four hundred feet beyond the present sea wall which has been built for the protection of the island. ‘The little isthmus that connected the northwest corner of the island with the main- S _ land was spoken of by Strachey, ) in 1610, as a slender neck. Mrs. 3y Anne Cotton, in 1676, estimated the middle of this neck as fifty feet and the Reverend John Clayton, in 1688, as sixty to ninety feet, William Sherwod, in 1694, as one hun- dred and ninety-eight feet. The next information we have is from Richard Ambler, in 1748, who spoke of this neck as being so low that Series you it was neces- sary to have a cause- way, but at the time of the Revolution the island was separated from the mainland by a small gut “ not two feet wide at the reflex of the tide.” In 1805 _ the neck of land was very narrow and inun- dated at high tide. In 1837 we are told that the neck had been en- tirely washed away, and in 1844 a bridge was built across what is now called Back River, formed by the wash- ing away of the isthmus. The change from a peninsula to an island varied, sometimes the river filling up and almost re-forming a peninsula and at other times the river widening out. Bishop Meade spoke of the river that separated the island from the mainland as being one-third of a mile across. The question of just how much land has been lost by the washing away is difficult to determine, but it is probable that it is something like twenty-five acres. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. BUILDING THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT AT JAMESTOWN, VA., 1607 From an old wood cut published in 1800 of the History of United States Written by Rey. Chas. A. Goodrich. The selection of Jamestown Island, as we shall call it, was not a fortunate one for the settlers. It was subject to fevers and the water for drinking purposes was bad. On the 14th of May, 1607, work began and an open- ing was cleared in a dense growth of trees for a stockade. Only a few days after the land- ing at Jamestown, an expedition with Capt. Newport and twenty others went up to the falls of the river, first touching the point where Richmond now stands. While this was being done other settlers built rude habitations of logs, covering the roof with sedge and earth and plastering the building inside with clay and mud. A fort was built at once, near which the English planted some of the wheat that they had brought with them. It is generally supposed that Smith on being brought to the colony was under arrest and was tried by a jury. ‘The reports from James- town show that he was tried by the council and released and Kendall fined for the part that he had taken in his unjust accusation against Smith. It was in September, 1607, that the first jury trial in America took place, when John Robinson and John Smith sued Edward Maria Wingfield, who had been deposed as President, for slander, and recovered damages from him, Robinson to the extent of one hun- dred, and Smith, two hundred pounds. These cases were acted upon by a jury of the settlers. The summer of 1607 was a terrible time. Edward Maria Wingfield, though a prominent London merchant, was not a suitable person to preside over a new settlement. He was, therefore, a failure as president, which was very unfortunate for the colony. In a little while more than fifty men were dead, among them Bartholomew Gosnold who had urged the settlement, and Thomas Studley the treas- urer. The supplies were wasted, Wingfield and certain members of the council taking all the best for themselves. ‘Then it was that Smith led a rebellion that deposed Wingfield and resulted in the election of John Ratcliffe as president. By September | Oth there were only forty-six of the one hundred and four col- onists left alive. With the coming of frost, conditions im- proved somewhat but there was no food on which the settlers could subsist. Smith was now Cape Merchant and Treasurer, having succeeded Thomas Studley. He went in November to Kecoughtan, now Hampton, and secured corn from the Indians. In December he went up the Chickahominy River where he was captured by Opechancanough and carried finally before Powhatan, who condemned him to death. According to Smith’s account he was saved by an Indian maiden, the daughter of Powhatan, known in history as Pocahontas. After a few days he was allowed to return to Jamestown where he arrived on January 2, 1608. He found the settlement containing about thirty men, but the council was still an- tagonistic to him and had him arrested and sen- tenced to death under the Levitical law, for they claimed that he was responsible for the death of the men who had accompanied him in the exploring trip up the Chickahominy River. He would probably have been executed but for the timely arrival of Newport who had returned to England on June 22nd of the previous year to get additional supplies. To add to the confusion and turmoil, a few days after Smith’s return the entire town was de- 10 The History of the Jamestown Settlement. —> eld this fate & fefhion when Capt: Smith oa a rwas deliuered lo hin prifanen 1607 PO a stroyed by fire, consuming all the ammunition and provisions. The winter was severe and the habitations were rude. The conditions under which the settlers had to live were so bad that many died from exposure. According to Smith the mor- tality would have been much greater but for the timely aid of the Indians through the kind solicitations of Pocahontas. ‘The settlement now numbered about one hundred, Newport having brought seventy additional settlers in his first supply. The company was seeking wealth and urged that gold and other salable material should be sent to London. ‘The result was that exploring parties went through the country instead of engaging in building houses and working the land. Finally Newport’s vessels were loaded with dirt supposed to contain gold and he sailed back to England on the 10th of Apmil, 1608. Ten days later came the Phoenix, commanded by Captain Fran- cis Nelson, with forty addition- al settlers. He remained until June of that year and returned to England with a cargo of cedar and a manuscript copy of the first pamphlet ever written in America, called the ‘‘ True Relation of Virginia,”’ by Cap- tain John Smith. This was printed the same year in Eng- land at the Greyhound, St. Paul’s Churchyard. Much of the summer of 1608 was spent by Smith as a leader of the colonists in learning about the new land to which they had come. With fourteen companions Smith ex- plored the Chesapeake and PNY, SSRMAUULVURLDEARURRTT ARATE ORS UE ERG! Za Na being absent for nearly three months, he returned to Jamestown, where he found everything was in a state of confusion. Kat- cliffe had consumed all the stores, had spent much time in building a pleasure house in the Wh woods, with the result that the people deposed Ratcliffe and elected Smith. It was no open election but a rebellion against Ratcliffe, but the action of the settlers in placing Smith at the head of affairs may justly be termed the first popular election in Virginia. Smith’s rule brought order, for he put the men to work. According to his own story: “the church was repaired; the storehouse re- covered; buildings prepared for the supplies, we expected; the Fort reduced to a five-square form; the order of the watch renewed; the squadrons trained; the whole company every Saturday exercised in the plaine by the west Bulwarke, prepared for the purpose, we called Smithfield where sometimes more than an hundred Salvages would stand in an amaze- ment to behold, how a fyle would batter a tree, where he would make them a mark to shoot at; the boats trimmed for trade.’’ More land was got ready for cultivation all in thirty days when the second supply arrived under Newport in October, bringing with it seventy additional settlers. These seventy raised the population to about two hundred, which at the departure in the early part of June of the Phoenix, was two hundred and forty, but more than half had died from disease in the summer of 1608. The London Company was dissatisfied with the returns from Virginia. Newport brought a letter saying that the colony must send back a lump of gold or one of Raleigh’s lost colo- nies or they must discover the South Sea. New- port was instructed not to return until he could comply with one of these three demands of the London Company. In addition to these | King Powhatan comands CSmith to bE many of its tributaries. After 11 = = fii dg daughter Pokahontas beggs his life his Vorslaelegstrcrd ‘ SSS ig and how he Subvected 39 of their kings réade$ iften| The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. conditions, the Company desired to acknowl- edge that Powhatan was a king and at the re- quest of the King of England they sent him a present of a basin and ewer, a bedstead and a royal robe, and instructed that he should be duly crowned. Smith and some companions were sent to announce to Powhatan that he must come to Jamestown to be crowned in due form. Smith with four companions started to Werowocomoco, and reaching there they found that Powhatan was absent but would return the next day; so he and his companions awaited the return of the brawny emperor of the woods and were entertained by Pocahontas anticke; thirtie young women came naked out of the woods, onely covered behind and before with a few greene leaves, their bodies all painted, some of one color, some of another, but all differing, their leader had a fayre payre of Bucks Hornes on her head, and an Otters skinne at her girdle, and another at her arme, a quiver of arrowes at her backe, a bow and arrowes in her hand; the next had in her hand a sword, another a club, another a potsticke; all horned alike; the rest every one with their several devises. These friends with most hellish shouts theirtoniuralion abial—=s Smith. 160: and the women in a manner which is best told by Smith himself: “In a fayre plaine field they made a fire, before which, he sitting upon a mat, suddainly amongst the woods was heard such a hydeous noise and shreeking, that the English betooke themselves to their armes, and seized on two or three old men by them supposing that Powhatan with all his power was come to surprise them. But presently Pocahontas came, willing him to kill her if any hurt were intended, and the beholders which were men, women and children, satisfied the Captaine there was no such matter. Then presently they were presented with this and cryes, rushing from among the trees, cast themselves in a ring about the fre, singing and dancing with most excellent ill varietie often falling into their infeznal passions, and solemnly againe to sing and daunce; having spent neare an houre in this Mascarado, as they entered in like manner they departed. Having reac- comodated themselves, they solemnly in- vited him to their lodgings, where he was no sooner within the house, but all these Nymphs more tormented than ever, with crowding, pressing, and hanging about him, most tediously crying, “ Loue you not me? Loue you not me?’ This salutation ended the feast was set, con- The History of the sisting of all the Salvage dainties they could devise; some attending, others sing- ing and dauncing about them; which mirth being ended with firebrands instead of torches they conducted him to _ his lodgings.” When Powhatan returned he refused to go to Jamestown to be crowned, saying: “If your King have sent me presents, | also am a King, and this is my land; eight days I will stay to receive them. Your Father is to come to me, not | to him, nor yet to your Fort, neither will I bite at such a bait.” The result of Smith’s visit was that New- port with a great deal of trouble went by water around Old Point to Werowocomoco and there Powhatan was crowned King of the native Virginians. Among those that came over with Newport in the second supply were Thomas Forrest and Mistress Forrest with her maid Anne Burras. Of the former settlers was one John Laydon, a carpenter by trade who became enamoured of Anne Burras and early in December, 1608, they were married in the Church at Jamestown. This was the first recorded English marriage on the soil of the United States. The first child born to this marriage was named Vir- ginia in honor of the country and was the first English child born in the first permanent English settlement in America. Some twenty years later a grant of five hundred acres of land Jamestown Settlement. was given to John Laydon in what is now Eliz- abeth City County, Virginia, as a gift for the distinction of being the first man to marry in the colony and the father of the first English child born in Virginia. Throughout the winter of 1608-9 Smith con- tinued as an aggressive leader. Forty acres of land were prepared for seeding, twenty new cabins built, glass manufactured, a block house placed on the peninsula and a new fort built. While this was going on, Smith carelessly allowed most of the grain to be consumed by rats which forced him during that winter to place the settlers among the Indians in order that they might secure a living. Much trading was also done with the Indians along the York and Pamunkey rivers. In the winter New- port returned to London with a letter from Smith which has been termed the “ rude an- swer. It was Smith’s reply to the instruc- tions which Newport brought over as to the three things that must be done. He as good as told the members of the Company that they did not know how to manage affairs in Virginia for they had foolishly spent money in such acts as the crowning of Powhatan, a farce, the sending of new settlers without provisions, only embarrassing the colony, they being settlers who did not know how to work. He up- braided Newport, believing that the Captain misrepresented affairs to the people of London. In short he told the Company that if Virginia was to grow and prosper, it should send “carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons, diggers-up of trees _lriump about hi 1 roots, well provided,” and he closed his letter by say- ing: “And I humbly en- treat you hereafter, let us know what we should re- ceive, and not stand to the Saylers courtesie to leave us what they please else you may charge us what you will, but we not you with anything. These are the causes that have kept us in Virginia, from laying such a foundation, that ere this might have much bet- ter content and satisfac- tion; but as yet you must not looke for any profit- able returns; so I humbly rest.” Things had not gone smoothly in London. The Company there had made a great mistake ‘in the methods used to establish a colony. ‘They had in- augurated first of all in Virginia the communal system: Every one of the settlers had to draw from a common store-house and The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. all their products were to go into the same store- house. After the expenses were paid a sort of divi- ff dend was to be declared kj from the products, a part of which would go to the Company and a part to the settlers. This arrange- f=: ment was neither satisfac- |27f243" tory to the Company nor § to the settlers. The lazy and the indifferent would fare as well as the indus- § trious and __ persevering. Newport made it appear that the whole trouble in & Virginia was its govern- ment and not the condi- tions under which the col- ony was founded. ‘These reports caused an up- {q4 heaval in the Company | (VJ and the granting of anew F* Charter in 1609. The Charter of 1606 had been granted to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Rich- ||\NIK ard Hakluyt and Ed- Ail; ward Maria Wingfield. Now the Company was ; organized into a_ great corporation composed of six hundred and fifty of the most distinguished nobles, knights, gen- tlemen and merchants of England and some fifty-six city companies of London. The King enlarged the prerogatives of the Company and also the privileges of the colonists. Sir Thomas Smith was appointed treasurer of the Company and the Earl of Southampton and fifty-one distinguished gentlemen a council resi- dent in England. At that time the council was composed of fourteen members of the House of Lords and thirty members of the House of Commons. To it was granted the right to make all regulations as to the govern- ment of the colony. The territory of Virginia was now fixed as two hundred miles south and two hundred miles north of Old Point Com- fort, to extend west and northwest to the sea. It was under this Charter that Virginia claimed the great northwest territory from which five magnificent states have been carved: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The London Company as reorganized de- termined to appoint a Governor, a Lieutenant Governor and an Admiral of Virginia who were to go there with power to declare military law if necessary. The communal system, however, was not interfered with. The officers appointed were Thomas West, Lord Dela- ware, Governor and Captain General; Sir Thomas Gates, Lieutenant Governor; and Sir George Somers, Admiral. They were all splendid gentlemen. In the latter part of May there were sent from England nine vessels con- taining full supplies, five hundred new settlers —men, women and children. Lord Delaware did not sail with them but Gates and Somers did. In charge of the whole fleet was New- port, Smith’s old enemy. Unfortunately for the enterprise Somers, Gates and Newport all sailed in one vessel, the Sea Venture. When the fleet was within eight days of Virginia it was caught in a hurricane, one of the vessels lost and the Sea Venture was separated from the rest and went ashore on the Bermuda Islands with all three of the leading men and about one hundred and fifty settlers, among them John Rolfe and his wife. After several months they succeeded in building from the wreck of the Sea Venture two small barks, called Patience and the Deliverance, and finally reached Virginia on the 24th day of May, 1610. The seven ships that were not destroyed but separated from the Sea Venture, reached the Chesapeake Bay in the summer of 1609. They found Smith in command and ordered him to give over the government of the colony into the hands of John Ratcliffe. Smith re- fused to do so until papers could be produced showing the change of government as deter- mined upon by the London Company. This could not be done as all papers and instructions to the officers were on the Sea Venture. The settlers landed, however, about two hundred 14 The History of the and seventy-five in number, but they only in- creased the dissensions because of disputes aris- ing between Smith ruling under the Company as organized in 1606, and the demands of the new settlers under the Charter of 1609. In the fall of 1609, Smith was wounded by the explosion of some gun powder as he was coming down the river from the falls, and he felt compelled to go to England for medical treatment. His only embarrassment in leav- ing Virginia was to determine who should be appointed as commander. Finally to George Percy was entrusted the reins of the govern- ment, and Smith sailed from Virginia in Sep- tember, 1609, never again to return. Jamestown at this time contained about fifty or sixty houses, forty of them hay- ing been built by the new Jamestown Settlement. ware, Governor and Captain General of Vir- ginia, had arrived from England with three ships. They returned that night to James- town, having been absent from the village but one night. The next morning Lord Delaware arrived. It was Sunday morning when he came ashore and he was received by Gates at the south en- trance to the fort. The Governor and Cap- tain General on landing knelt down and re- mained for some moments in prayer; he then went in state to the Church where he remained during services, after which he delivered an address to the colonists, uttering words of en- couragement and hope. A new era _ had dawned in Virginia, a man with power was at the helm; Virginia had been saved and from. this time forth its settlers. All permanency told there was not to be were nearly questioned. We five hundred Wt SS 3% too frequently men, women How they tooke hanprifoner ua) 3 %y forget the im- : fy pinthedaze 1607. Pgs" and children; SL ny : portance of the some five hun- dred or six hun- dred hogs, a number of horses, sheep and cows, twenty cannon, three hundred muskets, three ships and seven boats. Percy was not a man, however, to manage affairs. Within two months every- thing was in a state of confu- sion, followed coming of Lord Delaware. When he land- ed at James- town the colony had been in existence for three years and twenty-seven days. Dumng this whole time it was one of bickering and dissension inter- nally and not in harmony with the Lon- don Company which had é EAA Sinith bindeth afalwage tohis armé Sighteth with theKing of Pamaunkee ando all his company, andflew 3 of therm. = by the terrible starving time. planted it. There was now An Indian who had been killed and buried was dug up and his flesh eaten by the poor sort of people. In six months time out of the five hundred persons left in Septem- ber, not more than sixty remained alive, the others had died of starvation or were killed by the Indians. This was the state of affairs when Gates and Somers arrived on the 24th day of May, 1610, in their little boats, the Patience and Deliverance. When they saw the remain- ing settlers drawn up on Jamestown Island they determined to abandon the place, and after a few days of preparation, they sailed away on the 7th of June, 1610. Fortunately they did not burn the village. They spent the night of the 7th at Mulberry Island in James River, and on the morning of the 8th made ready to depart, when a row boat was seen coming up the river. It brought news that Lord Dela- 15 to be a master, an autocrat, and he was to rule with authority which made it possible for the colony to grow more stable. Immediately upon the arrival of Lord Delaware the colony took on new life. The communal system was continued but everyone was put under military discipline; all were forced to work, the hours of labor being from six to ten in the morning and two to four in the afternoon. He brought with him supplies that would last four hundred men for twelve months. Among the improvements made at Jamestown was the repairing of the Church. Here every Sunday two sermons were delivered and on Thursday one, there being two preach- ers who took their weekly turns. Every day at 10 o'clock prayers were held in the church and also at four o'clock in the afternoon. On Sunday the Governor went to church accom- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. panied by his councilors, officers and all the gentlemen, with a guard of halberdiers, num- bering fifty, dressed in the red livery of his lordship. Lord Delaware had a seat in the choir in a green velvet chair with a cloth and green velvet cushion laid on the table before him on which he knelt. The councilors and officers sat on either side of him. Two forts were erected, one called Fort Henry and the other Fort Charles. These forts were near the mouth of the river where it was intended that new settlers on arriving in Virginia should first land. After some six months residence LORD DE LA WAR in the colony, Lord Delaware on account of ill health was forced to return to England, leaving behind him at Jamestown about two hundred settlers and a store of provisions suf- ficient for ten months. The London Company in the meantime was greatly dissatisfied. It made the mistake of expecting Delaware to show returns before he really had an opportunity to put the colony into a good working state. After some debate it was decided, however, not to abandon the colony and Sir Thomas Dale was appointed to come to Virginia as High Marshal with abso- lute martial authority. He was a rough sol- dier who had fought in the low country and on arriving in Virginia he instituted a military code. On arriving at Jamestown he found the settlers engaged in their usual occupation of playing at bowls in the streets. He put them to work felling trees and rebuilding and re- pairing the houses. Eight of the colonists were convicted of treason and executed. In August, 1611, three hundred more settlers arrived under the direction of Sir Thomas Gates. A large number of these colonists were sent to establish a town at what is now known as Dutch Gap. ‘This town was named in honor of Prince Henry, the eldest son of James I, Henrico. A third settlement was made at Bermuda Hundred on the south side of the James River, not far from Henrico. ‘There was also a settlement which had been in exist- ence for some years at Kecoughtan, now Hampton. It was during the administration of Dale that Pocahontas, who had never been to the colony after Smith’s departure, was captured by Captain Argall on the Potomac River from an Indian named Japazaws. She was brought to Jamestown where she was finally converted to Christianity and baptized under the name of Rebecca. John Rolfe, whose wife had died soon after his arrival in Virginia from the Ber- mudas, became enamoured of her and finally secured Powhatan’s consent to their marriage. This marriage was performed in the church at Jamestown, about April 5, 1614, and was the first recorded marriage of the white with the Indian race in America. The building of new settlements caused a number of persons to leave Jamestown and in 1615 there were only sixty persons in the town, and when Dale left the colony in 1616 there were only three hundred and fifty-one persons in all the settlements. It was during the ad- ministration of Dale that the third charter was granted to the London Company extending the boundaries of Virginia and providing for a quarterly court of the council resident in England and for four general courts of the whole Company. All the former privileges were re-afhrmed but the charter explicitly stated that all the laws of the colony were to be made by the Company, and that should any question of interpretation of the charter be raised it should be construed by the general court of the Company liberally in favor of the Company and the colonists. This made it possible for the Company to inaugurate in Vir- ginia such a form of government as in its judg- ment seemed best. When Dale departed from Virginia, in 1616, he carried with him to England John Rolfe and his wife, the Lady Rebecca, and their little son. George Yeardley then acted as deputy governor and new life was instilled into the colony. Rolfe had already raised some tobacco as early as 1612 and shipped it to London. Yeardley advised a further culti- vation of the weed and we are told that it was even planted in the streets of Jamestown. Yeardley’s rule continued at this time for only a few months when he was succeeded by Sam- uel Argall as deputy governor, who in turn was succeeded by Capt. Nathaniel Powell. Yeardley had in the meantime returned to England where he had been knighted and ap- pointed Governor and Captain General of Virginia. He arrived in Virginia with his in- structions from the London Company on April 19, 1619. He was the first Governor of Vir- ginia who had resided in Virginia and was still residing in Virginia, at the time of his appoint- ment, as a permanent resident. The com- munal system was still in existence as from 16 The History of the Jamestown Settlement. the beginning, except somewhat modified under Dale who had assigned to each inhabitant three acres of land to cultivate as his own in addition to the common crops. He was, however, to pay to the storehouse from this three acres of land two and a half barrels of corn as rent. In the three years that had elapsed after # the departure of Dale the popula- § tion of the colony had trebled, being now about one thousand. The number of settlements had increased from four to eleven. The attitude of the London Company had become liberal. Already a_ struggle had taken place in England between the King’s forces & and the reform party in Parliament. Questions debated in Parliament had even been carried into the quarterly courts of the London § Company. Upon the appointment ‘ of Yeardley as Governor of Virginia liberal instructions were granted him, under which it was possible for him to establish a legislative assembly for the people of Virginia. Accordingly early in June, 1619, he sent out a summons that @% two burgesses should be elected from ¢& each of the eleven plantations of the colony to assemble at James- © town on July 30th to pass laws “ and to deliberate upon the. affairs of the colony. In accord- / ance with these instructions / the Assembly met on July 30th and remained in session five days. It was composed of twenty-two _representa- tives chosen by the inhabit- ants of the eleven planta- tions, the Governor and the Council of State. The names of the first mem- bers of the House of Burgesses were: For James City, Capt. William ebitdeps yi Powell, En- sign William Spense; for Charles City, Samuel Sharpe, Lawne, Ensign Washer; for Captain Ward’s Plantation, Captain Ward, Lieutenant Gibbes. John Rory, the Secretary of the Colony, was elected Speaker and John Twine, Clerk. The Assembly sat in the choir of ai a the Church and each burgess on taking his seat was required to subscribe to the oath of allegiance and supremacy. Among the acts of this assembly was » the making of tobacco the currency ")\ of the colony. Steps were taken to insure the completion of the col- lege at Henrico which had been agitated by the London Com- pany since 1616. All persons were required to attend hy religious services. As an in- b, dication of the independence of the P people they asked the Company to ““ give us power to allow or dis- allow of their orders of court as his Majesty hath given them power to » allow or reject our laws.” There was a feeling that no legislation ' should be enacted concerning the settlements in Virginia which would not meet with the ' approval of the representatives of the people in body assembled. ‘Their boldness is to be considered in connection with the fact that just previous to the meeting of \ this first legislative assembly there \ had been in England a great fight ~ in the London Company over the election of a successor to Sir Thomas Smith as treasurer of the Company. Sir Edwin San- dys, a friend of the liberal government, was chosen. He was extremely obnoxious to the King. He held the office for one year and in 1620 when the question of the re-election of the treas- urer came up_ the majority of the Com- pany was in favor of retaining San- dys. Certain gen- tlemen of the King’s party in the Company declared that the King was un- Samuel Jor- POCAHONTAS alterably oppos- dan; for the city Statue by William Ordway Partridge ed to Sandys and Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, of Henrico, Thomas Dowse, John Polentine; for Kic- cowtan, Captain William Tucker, Wailliam Capp; for Martin Brandon (Capt. John Martin’s Plantation), Mr. Thomas Davis, Mr. Robert Stacy; for Smythe’s Hundred, Captain Thomas Graves, Mr. Walter Shelley; for Martin’s Hundred, Mr. John Boys, John Jack- son; for Argall’s Gift, Mr. Pawlett, Mr. Gourgainy; for Flowerdieu Hundred, Ensign Rossingham, Mr. Jefferson; for Captain Lawne’s_ Plantation, Captain Christopher begged that his name should be rejected. Sandys’ friends thereupon withdrew his name and elected in his stead the Earl of Southampton who was even more objectionable to the King than San- dys himself. For the remaining four years of existence of the Lendon Company the liberal party con- trolled, but the King was determined to revoke the Charter if possible; he hated Sandys and he hated the London Company because it was controlled by those members of Parliament The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. who were opposed to his high handed measures in setting aside parliamentary action. He like- wise was opposed to a legislative assembly for Virginia and this, along with the election of Southampton, made him determine to repeal the charter. But during four years of dispute the London Company did not waver in its liberal policy for Virginia. In addition to the introduction of the first legislative assembly in 1619 Yeardley’s admin- istration was marked by the introduction of negro slaves into Virginia. A Dutch man- of-war came to Jamestown with twenty slaves, twelve men and eight women, and offered them for sale. The system of private ownership of property had already been introduced, the communal system being abolished with the be- ginning of Yeardley’s administration. Each individual planter was raising his own crops and it was thought that the negro would be serviceable for field hands. The Governor himself bought eight out of the twenty slaves and sent them to his plantation of Flowerdieu Hundred on James River. African slavery was not rapidly introduced. In twenty years the population of African slaves did not reach more than three hundred, but in the next twenty years the population increased by births and importation to about two thousand. With the growth of the tobacco industry slavery became a more important economic institution. Above all, however, Yeardley’s administra- tion was an important one because it marked the real permanent settlement of Virginia. It was a period of home building. When Y eard- ley came to the colony there were a very few women and children. He saw the importance of having permanent homes and urged the London Company to send to Virginia a number of maidens who were eligible for marriage, for a man is not permanently bound to the soil or to the community until he is the head of a family. No one saw this more plainly than did Yeardley and through his influence young women came to Virginia and were married to the colonists. The transportation of each maiden was paid, by the man who became her husband, in tobacco amounting to one hundred iy ras: sa Jf wi sii Poh itt Ae a) a and twenty pounds. Other settlers soon came direct from England with their wives and chil- dren and permanent homes after twelve years of struggle were finally established. As a matter of fact this social side of Virginia life is frequently overlooked by historians, but it was the real factor in making the settlement per- manent in spite of the tendency to retard growth resulting from the squabbles between the King and the Company as to the rights of the House of Burgesses or of the Company itself. When Yeardley had to give up the gov- ernorship in 1621 the London Company ap- pointed Sir Francis Wyatt as Governor of Virginia, who brought to Virginia a document reafhrming Yeardley’s establishment of the first legislative assembly of America. He brought with him also William Clayborne as Surveyor General, a man destined to figure so prominently in the affairs of the State. While Wyatt was Governor we are told that the num- ber of inhabitants at Jamestown amounted to three hundred and fifty-three. Since in 1622, at the time of the Indian Massacre, the entire population of Virginia was about twelve hun- dred and fifty-eight we conclude that about one-fourth of the inhabitants were living at Jamestown. In 1624 the King persuaded Chief Justice Ley to declare the Charter null and void. When quo warranto proceedings were about to be instituted to overthrow the Charter, we are told that Nicholas and John Farrar who were strong supporters of the London Com- pany, preserved the records, passing them to the Earl of Southampton. They were bought from the Southampton estate by William Byrd of Westover, and from the Byrd family they passed to William Smith, President of William and Mary College, from the Smiths to Peyton Randolph, then to Thomas Jefferson and finally to the United States Government. To-day ’ they are preserved in the Library of Congress. The importance of the London Company is not to be ignored for it was this Company that made possible the first permanent English set- tlement in America. At times it did not under- ig ieamoctitee wevas i eee eS ce (Enlarged from a cut in the Scheeps- Togt tan Anthony Chester Na Virginia, geaaan in het yaar 1020. Printed at Leyden by Peter Vander, 1707. A pamphlet. 12mo.]} 18 The History of the stand conditions but its perseverance and deter- mination to build a colony in America was the only thing that made the Jamestown settlement the first permanent colony in America. What the fate of Virginia would have been had James I been allowed to carry out his plans on the repeal of the Charter of the London Company, is not known. Fortunately he died before he had determined on its government, and the final settlement of the affairs of Vir- ginia fell into the hands of Charles I. Za Rng NN anders, other commissioners came, and in general, the later comers pursued the same official policy as _ the first, all of them y requesting enabling \ appropriations \ from their several \ states. Maryland later gave sixty- five thousand; | Massachusetts, sixty thousand; _ Georgia, _ thirty | thousand; South | Carolina, twenty thousand; Mich- ' igan, twenty thou- sand; and to their previous appropria- » tions Connecticut @ added forty-five thou- _- / sand; and New Jersey, ” fifty thousand respective- a od winter and spring, further ap- ~ propriations were secured. Ohio gave seventy-five thousand; Dela- fifteen thousand; Vermont, fifteen thousand ; Missouri, forty-five thou- sand in addition to the ten thousand previously appropriated; New Hampshire, seventeen thou- sand; Indiana, twenty-five thousand; West Virginia, fifty-five thousand; and Kentucky, raised, by popular subscription, thirty thousand dollars. In the General Appropriation Act for 1906, the Legislature of Virginia set apart thirty thousand dollars for the purpose of mili- tary display, and for public state entertainment at the Jamestown Exposition, and seventy thousand dollars for the purpose of erecting a building, and for making an industrial and commercial exhibit of the resources of the State. While the necessity for selecting a suitable successor to General Lee had been by no means overlooked, matters in relation to legis- lation which always had been directed by the Chairman of the Board of Governors did not suffer, and all the duties which had directly de- 80 d ‘ly. During the succeeding ~ 1905 305 Promotion. volved upon the President were performed by the First Vice-President, Alvah H. Martin; therefore, there was no urgent need of haste. The high standard of General Lee made it necessary that his successor should be a man no less worthy to hold the position. Only two candidates—if so may be designated men, neither of whom strove for the position—were ever seriously con- sidered. [he one—former President Grover Cleveland—was very positive in his expressions of interest in the Exposition, but by reason of other engagements found it impossible to con- sider seriously the Presidency of the Company. The other—Honorable Harry St. George Tucker—was Dean of the Law School of the George Washington University, and his accept- ance of the position meant a severance of ties which he had doubtless _.. be considered life-long. The appeal to Mi. Tucker, however, was based on the ground of loyalty to Virginia, and he finally concluded to set aside persona! incli- nation and accept the call of his State. The Department of State through its dip- lomatic representatives had sent te each Gov- ernment a copy of the President’s proclama- tion and an official invi- tation from the United States, but it was deemed advisable that the President of the Exposition should per- sonally supplement this invitation, and on the Atherot November, 1905, Mr. Tucker, ac- companied by Mrs. Tucker, took passage on the Kaiser W5l- helm II for Plymouth, England, and arrived there on November 12th. On board was the Italian Ambassador to the United States, Baron Edmundo Mayor des Planches, whom Mr. Tucker had known most pleasantly in Washington. ‘The voyage was without incident except that a wireless message was sent to the Admiral of the Eng- lish Navy stationed at Plymouth, who received Mr. Tucker upon his arrival. His mission abroad for the Exposition was solely for the purpose of enlisting the interest of European countries in the naval and military display to be held during 1907. ‘The ques- tion of securing foreign exhibits was not to be considered, except incidentally, nor was he expected to solicit exhibits either from the governments of Europe or from individuals, but whenever any one was desirous of exhibiting, he explained the scope of the Exposition. Bre: 81 VICTOR EMANUEL III King of Italy Before leaving America, Sir Mortimer Durand, British Ambassador, a warm personal friend of Mr. Tucker, had informed certain of his home friends that Mr. Tucker would visit England, and among them were the Speaker of the House of Commons, and Lord Roberts, with whom the Ambassador had served in India. The American Ambassador, Hon. Whitelaw Reid, was most courteous and atten- tive and did all in his power toward expediting the objects of the mission, and through his courtesy Mr. Tucker attended on Thanksgiv- ing Day an American dinner, at which about eight hundred citizens of the United States were seated at the tables. The guests were in- formed by Mr. Reid, in the course of his ad- dress, concerning the object of Mr. Tucker’s visit to London. ‘The Admiralty and the War Departments were visited by Mr. Tucker, as was also the Foreign Office, and at each of these places the envoy of the Exposition was received with the great- est consideration and promises of support in his work were pledged. It was impossible at this time to secure an audience with the King; but the Departments which were visited gave assurances that the cor- dial and hearty co-op- eration of the Mother Country would be given to the celebration. About the first of December Mr. Tucker went to Berlin, and al- though the American Ambassador, Mr. Tower, was absent at the time, the Embassy did all that could have been expected or desired to help the undertak- ing. Without final com- mitment the War and Naval offices gave the same assurances that were given in England. The American Consul at Berlin, Mr. Thackera, and his wife, a daughter of the late General William T. Sher- man, were especially cordial and did much to make President and Mrs. Tucker’s stay in Ber- lin delightful and profitable. Proceeding to Vienna after a week in Ber- lin, Mr. Tucker felt confident of success when he greeted his old Congressional colleague, Hon. Bellamy Storer, the American Ambas- sador at that place. [he Austrian, being the most exclusive court in Europe, it was impossi- ble officially to see the Emperor, but the depart- ments of the government through the kindly influence of Mr. Storer, responded most cor- dially to the invitation; and, when Vienna was 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. left, assurances were taken that Austria would certainly be represented in the naval display at Jamestown. Next, Rome was visited, Mr. Tucker arriv- ing there a day or two before Christmas. It seemed quite a difficult task at that season to accomplish anything like business results, but the wisdom of the government in sending Am- bassador White to the Italian Court made the visit entirely successful, and in recording the events and impressions of his trip abroad, Mr. Tucker pays a high tribute to the efficiency of the American Ambassador. Mr. White gave an official dinner Christmas night which Mr. Tucker attended, and at which many other notable and prominent persons were present. The Ambassador secured an audience with the King for the next day and Mr. Tucker went through his first experi- ence in ap- proaching roy- alty. TheKing of Italy, a cele- brated and able member of the very distinguish- ed house of Savoy, keenly aliverstogeall questions of the day, and well informed about American poli- cies and_ poli- tics, was appar- ently interested in the Exposi- tion and _ his actions _subse- quently showed that the inter- est was real. In Paris Mr. Tucker was re- ceived most cor- dially by Am- bassador Mc- Cormick, a fellow native of Rockbridge County in Virginia. The Ambassador evidenced deep interest in the Exposition and spared no effort to secure the active participation of the French Republic. President Loubet was just going out of office, but he very kindly met Mr. Tucker, and expressed his personal good will and belief that the incoming government would certainly accept the invitation. The War Office and the Navy Department expressed the same opinion and within a month the official acceptance was forwarded. Mr. Tucker returned to London and ob- tained an audience with his Majesty Edward VII. The King expressed his strong desire that England should be well represented. During the conversation it was suggested that Lord Roberts be sent as the military represen- \ EDWARD VII King of England tative of Great Britain, and while this proposal was not accepted, the King was evidently im- pressed with it. Mr. Tucker relates that he told King Edward that Virginia would espe- cially welcome the Field Marshal because his personal resemblance to General Joseph E. Johnston was so great. The King asked: “Not like General Lee?” To which Mr. Tucker replied that Virginians did not consider anybody like General Lee. In England, the president of the Exposition was the recipient of many distinguished cour- tesies. He sat on the bench with the Lord Chief Justice of England and witnessed the trial of a cause at Nisi Prius. He attended, as the guest of the Lord Chief Justice, the annual dinner of the bar, given at Lincoln’s Inn. He visited the Archbishop _ of Canterbur y who, as_ the leading Episco- pal churchman, was deeply in- terested in the three hundredth anniversary of the first Episco- pal foundation inAmerica. He met most of the members of the outgoing and in- coming Govern- ments. On the twen- ty-first of Jan- uary, 1906, he arrived in New York after a stormy passage and immediate- ly proceeded to Washington to help in the pending cam- paign fora Con- gressional Ap- propriation. Every country visited by Mr. Tucker was represented in the Naval demonstration at the Ter-Centennial. On the 28th of May, 1905, the Board of Governors created the first working bureaus. Their authority for this action is contained in the fifth section, Article VI, of the by-laws of the Company which relates to the Board of Governors, in many ways the most important rule of the Company, as it shows the purpose of the Directors so far as relates to their con- ception of the duties of the Board and its Chairman. ‘This section reads: “The Board of Governors may, from time to time, create such bureaus and departments, and appoint such managers thereof as may be deemed necessary to execute all work for the proper creation and operation of the Exposition, and they may employ a General Manager who shall be under the direc- tion of the Chairman and the Board of Governors and subject to the supervision and authority of the President.” 190¢ 5 Promotion. In order to arrive at a more complete under- standing of the wishes of that portion of the Board of Directors who desired a change from the earlier methods of the Company and whose protests resulted in its reorganization, it is neces- sary also to bear in mind the first paragraph of the sixth section of the same by-laws which deals with the Chairman of the Board: “The Chairman of the Board of Governors shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Governors at which he is present, and call special meetings whenever he deems it necessary. He shall be ex-officio a member of the Executive Committee. He shall have general supervision over all employees, and shall make known to them, through the proper officer, all the rules and regulations of the Company or the Board, and shall have power to remove any employee.” The only ambiguity in the first of these by- laws is contained in the final clause which subjects the General Manager to the supervision and authority of the President. These words were placed in the law because General Lee, then President of the Company, was, in a measure, jealous of his prerogatives and felt that without some such phrase being inter- polated the position of the President would, by implication, be subordinate to that of the Chairman of the Board, but he and every one of the Directors recognized that all other posi- tions were secondary to that of the Chairman if not actually subordinate. The right of the Board to employ a general manager did not affect the primacy of the Chairman, for the first quoted paragraph of the by-laws distinctly states that he has the power to remove any employee, but the right of the Board to employ a general manager might reasonably be taken to imply that the Governors were not expected to be themselves managers, else they would be as executives subordinate to an executive they had employed; a condition decidedly anomalous. The first of these by-laws certainly indicated a legislative character for the Board and denied an executive, while the second of the quoted sections makes a clear distinction between the power of the Chairman of the Board as the holder of that position and as an individual Board member. ‘That the Board 83 LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT was a legislative committee was the opinion of the Attorney-General of Virginia when he de- cided that one of its members should be a state commissioner. ‘This decision was rendered in face of the designation of the Governors as officers of the Company. The duties of the Chairman were legislative so far as he was a member of the Board and as an ex-officio member of the Executive Com- mittee, but his principal functions were execu- tive, and, while there could be no question as to his right to vote as an executive com- mitteeman, there might have been a legal ques- tion as to his suffrage privilege on the Board of Governors unless his ballot were necessary to break a tie. ‘That all of the positions in the Company, with the exception of the Presidency, were to be subordinate to that of the Chairman was implied if not plainly stated. The em- ployment of a general manager could mean only that of an assistant chief executive—that is, a deputy whose immediate superior was the Chairman. Nevertheless the first resolution of the Governors creating departments directed the managers to confer with the Chairman and re- port to the Board, in effect making each man- ager a chief executive, subject to the legislation of the Board and to its judicial decisions, while the Chairman was relegated to the position of an advisor whose counsel, inferentially, might be taken or disregarded, and he was thence- forth considered executive only in so far as he directed a bureau placed in his charge by the Board or as related to matters referred to him by that body. This resolution passed May 26, 1905, reads as follows: “ Resolved: That the following departments or bureaus be at once created to facilitate the Exposition work: A Depart- ment or Bureau of Concessions, to be in charge of Mr. Sher- wood as manager; a Department or Bureau of Grounds and Buildings, to be in charge of Mr. Cottrell as manager; a De- partment or Bureau of Ways and Means, to be in charge of Mr. Myers, as manager, and the managers of these Depart- ments will confer regularly with the Chairman of this Board and make report of the progress of their work to the Board meetings.” The language of this resolution clearly indi- cates that at an early date the individual mem- 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Bout ce Se is See fasta NATURAL BEAUTY ON GROUNDS bers of the Board had conceived ideas at vari- ance with the purport of the by-laws and these later became so deep-rooted that the first intention of the rules was entirely disregarded. The resolution recognized one of the principles of the by-laws and contravenes another. ‘The authority which had been vested in the Board to create bureaus and departments and to ap- point managers was unlimited. Whatever bureaus they deemed necessary to create they could create and their field of choice for men to manage such bureaus was unrestricted. They were not precluded from selecting a member of the Board as a manager, yet they were dis- tinctly free to go beyond this meagre limitation. In the separation of exposition work there are only four grand divisions: “ Exploita- tion,” which has for its purpose the securing of interest of every sort; ““ Exhibits,’’ which super- intends the collection and display of all edu- cational and commercial objects; “ Works,” which has charge of the grounds and buildings, and “‘ Admissions and Concessions,” which directly supervises the apparent revenue pro- ducers, namely: the tolls at the gate and the returns from shows or selling privileges. If a prominent newspapcr man with general pub- licity experience had been a Governor it might perhaps have been logical to have made him manager of Exploitation, and for similar rea- sons, that is, eminent fitness, the Division of Exhibits might have been placed in charge of a Governor if he had been a museum director or a successful organizer of fairs. If one of the Governors had been a prominent contractor it would have been proper to have made him manager of Works, or a successful show man on the Board would have made a satisfactory manager of Concessions and Admissions. In any of these cases, however, certainly the wise, and possibly the only proper action to have been taken by a Governor if he were appointed manager, would have been for him to have presented his resignation to the Board immedi- ately. In fact the only manager of a depart- ment who logically might have been a board member was the man in charge of Ways and Means, a division of work which entered so closely into the affairs of the entire company that it was essentially a part of the general man- agership, and, therefore, proper to be under the immediate direction of the chief executive of the company—or at least someone who was present at every session of the Board and could participate in its deliberations. | Curiously enough the only manager of a department created by this resolution who was not a gov- ernor, was Barton Myers to whom was given Ways and Means. It must be obvious therefore that at this time the Board of Governors did not consider that only one of its members was entitled to direct a bureau, but from the beginning of specialized work this idea obtruded and as a sequence there occurred a serious miscomprehension of individ- ual duties, responsibilities and opportunities. This condition at times caused considerable ill feeling, handicapped operations, and to a de- gree endangered the success of the Exposition. The policy of the Governors to reserve to themselves the management of department busi- ness was determined at a very early stage. About two months after the resolution of May 26, 1905, Frederick J. V. Skiff, who had been director of exhibits at the St. Louis Exposition and had previously been connected with the World’s Fair at Chicago, a recognized author- ity on such enterprises, had a conference with the Governors and other officers of the com- pany at which time he stated that in view of the evident policy of the Board he thought that Mr. Myers, then Manager of Ways and Means, either should become a Board member, or should be succeeded by a Governor. Later, Mr. Myers was elected a Governor and subse- quently never was there a thought of creating an executive division unless some Governor was available to manage it. “This was demonstrated by all the other appointments of the Board, and when it was deemed desirable to increase the number of executive divisions to seven, an amendment to the by-laws was enacted author- izing the election of an additional Governor. In adopting this policy the Governors un- questionably assumed a power and responsi- bility not in consonance with the views of those who had effected a change in the first organiza- tion of the company. ‘The purpose of the re- organizers was to obtain a set of rules which would expedite legislation and concentrate ex- ecutive authority. “The demand for concentra- tion related solely to executive functions and could not possibly be construed as evidence that the directors wanted to be relieved of any of their own legislative privileges. The father of the resolution which caused the remodeling of the laws, George H. Schmelz, was very pro- nounced in his antagonism to the lessening of the Directors’ power or to the removal of the directorate from its position as a court of highest 84 5 Promotion. appeal. The Board of Governors, taking, as it did, practically the place of all standing committees of the company and largely super- seding the Executive Committee, made speedy legislation inevitable, or certainly tardy legisla- tion inexcusable; and the Directors presumed that having made a chief executive they had secured rules which would sufficiently concen- trate the executive power. But where concen- tration was wanted separation came and where there was no demand for concentration there occurred a rigid congloinerate. The hazard of such an arrangement is not difficult to understand. It is perhaps natural for the manager of a division, who has learned to consider his charge as a separate business, to strive assiduously for the best results for his division, irrespective of the interests of any other or without due consideration for the entire un- dertaking. But in an exposition, as in every large corporation department, interests clash and one may easily antagonize another. At the Jamestown Exposition conflicting interests were inevitable. Without one supreme arbiter it is difficult to reconcile the policies of the con- cessions division with those of exhibits and to this inherent and basic difficulty the Jamestown Exposition superadded a division of exhibits duties, for practically every other large exposi- tion had included in the division of exhibits, “ History and Education ”’ and ‘ Social Econ- omy ” when that subject was accentuated. In the non-revenue producing class there was also a division of duties. Exploitation was divided, and legislation and promotion were placed under one executive, while “‘ Press and Public- ity ’’ was placed under another. To add to the complexities of the situation almost on the eve of the Exposition, Transportation, which had been a branch of general administrative effort at other expositions, was made an executive bureau; and among other peculiarities the ., we ae Medical Director of the Company, being an officer, reported to the nominal chief executive of the Exposition, the Chairman of the Board of Governors, while his assistants reported to the Governor of Works; and the Department of Police was diverted from the care of the Chairman of the Board and entrusted to the Governor of Works after the Exposition opened. The Board as a whole never relinquished its supervision over each and every department but its supervision was legislative, and for all practical purposes the head of the division, and not the Board, or the Chairman of the Board, was executive, for whenever the policy of a Governor was questioned he upheld his posi- tion or considered himself deeply aggrieved. As a result, instead of a single executive there were six or later seven co-ordinate executives, who were not infrequently antagonistic to each other but whose differences were of a nature which could only be settled in the Board and were unheard beyond its sessions. In the balance sheet of an exposition some departments show as revenue producers while others yield apparently no returns. Frequently, and, as a matter of fact, generally, the latter departments are the real money makers. A well exploited exposition with modest exhibits, for example, will have a better chance of success than one with fine exhibits and poor exploita- tion, yet the advertising of such an undertaking is, on its face, a debit. The claims of such de- partments as these for financial assistance are often antagonistic, but still more adverse are the interests of divisions in the same class. It is possible that departments which show direct money returns might operate harmoniously and without friction; possible, but not probable, for there is always a likelihood of the policy of one department affecting the interest of another and sometimes jeopardizing its success. NATURAL BEAUTY ON GROUNDS 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. If the members of the Board of Governors had been debarred from any executive work they could have sat as unbiased judges deter- mining the merits of causes presented to them; they could have declared rules for the govern- ment of each bureau and have placed whatever restrictions they pleased upon the authority of its managers. Should the executive of a bureau have deemed it expedient to suggest the altera- tion of any plan or if he had considered the ap- propriation for his work insufficient he could have protested to the Chairman of the Board whose business it then would have been to refer the subject for adjudication to the Governors. With no individual departmental responsi- bility, with no executive cares or conflicts to consider, but empowered with authority to leg- islate without prejudice in all the affairs of the company, the Governors would have been able to discuss without bitterness and to decide with- out bias; and no member could have felt per- sonal antagonism because another considered himself in duty bound to oppose a suggestion. Having created bureaus and having appointed managers, the functions of the Board would then have consisted of legislation for the de- partments and the settlement of disputes be- tween them; the Chairman would have been the chief executive under whose direct super- vision the rulings of the Governors would have been carried in effect. Opposed to the separation of executive au- thority there was the closest concentration of legislative power, for there, practically, the Board was supreme, and in the hands of its six members was centered the privilege of making and construing the laws. ‘This was not ob- vious, nor was it inevitable, but it is what oc- curred. The Board of Directors might con- sist of as many as one hundred and five mem- bers but seventeen constituted a quorum. The executive committee consisted first of twenty- one members, later of twenty-two, but seven always constituted a quorum. In parallel col- lumns below appear the Sections in Articles V and VI which relate to the powers of the Exec- utive Committee and the Board of Governors: ARTICLE V. Section 3. The Execu- tive Committee shall have full power to do all acts and adopt all measures which it shall deem best for the interest of the stock- holders, but the Committee shall not have the power to bind the corporation by any contract or obligation in- volving an expenditure in excess of fifty thousand dol- lars ($50,000), or any con- sideration moving from the Company’ exceeding _ that sum, unless specifically au- thorized so to do by the Board of Directors; pro- vided, however, that all contracts shall first been considered by the Board of Governors. ARTICLE. VI. Section 4. The Board of Governors shall directly supervise the affairs of the Company, and shall have all the functions and pow- ers of the Executive Com- mittee, except as in_ these By-Laws otherwise expressly provided. They shall have authority to enter into con- tracts and have the same executed in the name and on behalf of the Company without reference to the Executive Committee or Board of Directors, pro- vided the same shall not have been previously dis- approved by the Executive Committee or the Board of Directors, and provided the obligation to be incurred, or the consideration moving from the Company does not exceed the sum of twenty- five thousand dollars ($25,- 000), in which case they must refer their contem- plated action to the Execu- tive Committee. The only distinctive privileges of the Board of Directors were the power to change the by- laws of the Company, to accept or reject the nominations which the Executive Committee might make for positions on the Board of Gov- ernors and to vote on contracts where the con- sideration exceeded fifty thousand dollars ($50,000). The Board of Governors had all the functions of the Executive Committee ex- cept that the latter should vote on contracts where the consideration was more than twenty- five thousand dollars ($25,000), and did not exceed fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), should fix the compensation of the officers of the company and annually should nominate the Governors. The general legislation of the Company was entrusted to the Governors. Theoretically this was the intent of the rules; but its practical working was curious. Origi- nally there were five Governors, four of whom were Executive Committeemen and the Board meetings were generally attended by the Au- ditor, an Executive Committeeman, later elected a Governor. When the Board membership was increased to six and later to seven, every Gover- nor was a member of the Executive Committee. The Secretary of the Company who kept the minutes of all Board meetings was an Executive Committeeman as were also both of the Gen- eral Counsel. For all practical purposes the Governors with their immediate associates con- stituted a quorum of the Executive Committee and only on rare occasions did this coterie fail to form a committee majority. Ten or twelve members at the most usually attended the meet- ings of the Executive Committee and there were thirteen members who were officers of the Com- pany. Of the remaining nine, one lived in Richmond and rarely attended, three of the others lived across Hampton Roads and two more resigned before the Exposition opened. As a consequence, so far as performing any separate function might be concerned, the Ex- ecutive Committee might as well have been non-existent. Nevertheless this committee met once a month while the Directors who really retained some semblance of independent power held their meetings quarterly unless called to- gether in the interim to pass upon some con- tract. There were occasional protests against these conditions. [he Directors did not tamely sub- mit; but the concentrated power was too strong for the scattered opposition and every effort to amend the by-laws in such a manner as would reduce the representation of the Governors on the Executive Committee, or eliminate that rep- resentation, met with defeat. This invariable result demonstrated that even in the Director- ate, with its large membership, the Governors were able to control. As a consequence of these conditions, the Board was the legislative and the judicial branches of the Government and its members were the executives. It made most of the laws for the company and interpreted its own laws or the others which its members helped to make; and the individual Governors executed 86 190, 105 Promotion. them. If the Board as a whole even had exe- cuted the laws it would have been an unwise oligarchy yet preferable to the individual execu- tion for under the former plan there would necessarily have been one mouthpiece and to that extent there would have been concentra- tion, but even this simulated unification was absent and each department was a separate government, the Chairman one among equals whose sole differentiating function was the pre- siding at meetings. [hese conditions did not make for success, and it is certainly creditable to the individual members of the Board of Governors that they succeeded even partially. It is certain that the original idea of the Gov- ernors to assign the various departments to their own care was based on economical reasons and the assumption that the appointment of expert managers who were not officers of the Com- pany or perhaps without previous interest in it, would necessarily compel the payment of large salaries, which, by their arrangement, could be saved. It is equally certain that they must have overlooked the fact that their assumption of managerial duties would make it necessary for POWHATAN'S OAK each of them to abandon, to a great extent, his own business and, as a consequence, each would expect to receive, and, as a matter of fact, later did receive, adequate compensation. The salaries paid to the several Governors were probably just and not excessive, for all of them were successful men and the diversion of their time and attention from their own business rea- sonably may be deemed a considerable personal loss, but, if the duties of the Governors had been purely legislative, they could have at- tended to their own affairs and their salaries might have been nominal, while competent and experienced exposition men could have exe- cuted their orders without adding materially to the cost of operations yet producing better re- sults. In many ways the Exposition succeeded largely and few utter failures have to be re- corded. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to assume that under more favorable circumstances the results would have been eminently satisfac- tory, but, handicapped as the Jamestown Ex- position was in so many ways, an inherent weakness of government was a deplorable ad- dition to the load. The Largest Tree on the Grounds 1905 ee recee en ite auvnods HOI 1IVe wintioyIpnyy uoneonpy 3821/09 pue Ayisia atu) ‘uorje10di0g ydersojoyg [BIoyUjO UMOJsOWeL ‘yWYsAAdOD 88 i 4 i 4 sm COLONNADE BETWEEN GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS CHAPTER V THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS WAYS AND MEANS—COLLECTIONS—ORIGINAL ESTIMATE OF COST—ENFORCING COLLECTIONS— SECURING THE VIRGINIA APPROPRIATION—PUBLIC UTILITIES TRANSPORTATION ARRANGE- MENT—LOCATION OF MAIN GATE—DISADVANTAGES OF LOCATION—THE EFFECT OF TROLLEY CONSOLIDATION—-WATER SUPPLY—A RESERVOIR—LIGHT AND POWER—THE DIVISION OF CON- CESSIONS—EXPERIENCE OF OTHER EXPOSITIONS—THE POLICIES OF THE CONCESSION DIVISION _ PRICES CHARGED—DIVISION OF WORKS—LANDSCAPE FEATURES—COLLECTING PLANTS— CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE —THE EXPOSITION FENCE—WATER AND SEWER SYSTEM— BUILDING ROADWAYS—THE LABOR PROBLEM—EXPLOITATION AND EXHIBITS—RAMIFICATION OF EXHIBIT DIVISION—EXHIBIT COMMISSIONERS—HISTORY, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY. T is obviously advantage- ous to separate Exposition work into departments. Under intelligent direc- tion, creation and main- tenance are robbed of much of their difficulties when plans are laid in advance of actual requirements and definite policies decided before there is a need of ap- plication. The creation of the three depart- ments authorized by the Board of Governors was a distinct step in the right direction, spe- cializing as it did certain necessary phases of an activity, but it is questionable whether the num- ber should have been so limited. ‘The segrega- tion of these branches of work left the Chair- man of the Board of Governors as direct super- visor and executive of all the remainder. A part of this unplaced authority might perhaps best always be under the direct charge of the chief executive. This is especially true of the division of promotion logically comprising leg- islation, publicity, press work and those en- deavors which have for their object the secur- ing of organized support such as the attendance of conventions and the arrangement for events in which numbers participate; and to these sub- jects might also be added the preliminary work in the department of exhibits, for the creation of interest with exhibitors is purely exploitive 89 in its nature. Possibly some such thought as this last influenced the governors to create a single division of exploitation and exhibits, combining the two subjects under one manager, but it is more probable that this designation might fairly be taken as an indication of the secondary consideration which attached to ex- hibits. It is a question whether anything was gained by making Ways and Means an executive bu- reau. This was a departure from exposition precedent and the wisdom of imposing upon any one man the vast obligations of this divi- sion is doubtful, yet it was a logical result of the conception which the Board of Governors had of their duties. There are so many decisive matters, a large proportion of which involve the practical policy of the company, which rightly fall under the appellation of ways and means that to make any man the manager of such a division especially under the individu- alistic conditions which obtained at the James- town Exposition, conferred on him legislative and executive power which, if rightly exer- cised, was likely to place him in continuous and acrimonious antagonism with some of his fellow board members. ‘The fact that the Governor of this Division discharged his duties with marked ability cannot be urged as a sufficient answer to this elemental objection. 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. The selection of Mr. Myers to manage the bureau is easy to explain. While Auditor of the Company he had practically fulfilled many of the functigns of such an office even before the Board of Governors was created. Finan- cial difficulties had continuously plagued the Company and these, instead of lessening, in- creased as time wore on. No one was so familiar with the situation as the Auditor to whom had been assigned the solution of many problems and the charge of many operations clearly above and beyond the normal duties of such an office; yet the history of the Ways and Means bureau is, to a great extent, the story of the Exposition because every division of oper- ation is compelled at almost all times to come into close and intimate touch with that power. Prior to the creation of the Board collec- tions had been most unsatisfactory. The change in the management resulted for awhile in caus- ing an improvement but this condition did not continue. Without visible results, local en- thusiasm naturally waned and the indisposition to pay which formerly had prevailed again be- came apparent. One reason for apathy on the part of many of these subscribers was that the transportation companies had refused to pay their subscriptions. This difficulty was, how- ever, eliminated in August, 1905, when most of the transportation companies liquidated their deferred payments in full and within a few weeks all these claims were paid. From the beginning of the organization it had been generally assumed that to create an ade- quate and satisfactory exposition the expendi- ture of approximately two million dollars would be necessary. lo secure this sum it was hoped that one million dollars worth of preferred stock might be sold at par and common stock for the face value of five hundred thousand dol- lars might be placed. Of this sum only twenty- eight per cent. could be demanded prior to January |, 1907. Two hundred thousand dol- lars had been donated by the State of Virginia and it was reasonably expected that five hun- dred thousand dollars would be given by Con- gress. If, however, all of this stock had been placed and Congress had made a half million dollar appropriation, there was still a gap to fill. It was quite obvious therefore that no sub- scriber large or small could be excused from his contract. With the elimination of the transportation problem many of the larger subscribers, who had held that if ten per cent. of the entire pos- sible working capital to be derived from stock sales was withdrawn the Exposition would have slight chance of success, now that this menace was removed, evidenced a willingness to pay; but others had delayed for such a long time to respond to the Treasurer’s calls that either they had acquired the habit of neglecting or now found it difficult to discharge their obli- gations. At the suggestion of the Manager of Ways and Means, the General Counsel of the Company notified all in arrears that they would be sued if they did not settle, and a local attorney was engaged to enforce collections. The result of the first suit made it evident that the legality of the stock subscriptions was be- yond question and that judgments would hold; thus it was only necessary to sue in a very lim- ited number of cases in order to secure payment from responsible people. This action of the company was a distinct ways and means move and separable from the immediate financial question. [he appropria- tion made by the State of Virginia was avail- able only after certain sums should have been paid into the treasury of the company from col- lections on stock subscriptions. Of the two hundred thousand dollars appropriated by Vir- ginia the company was entitled to draw from the treasury of the State fifty thousand at any time after the first day of March, 1904, pro- vided that before this amount was paid to the company two hundred and fifty thousand dol- lars should have been collected from stock sub- scriptions; and a second installment of one hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars was available after March 1, 1905, provided that before this payment could be made to the exposition a to- , Be sou THW STUY me JAMESTO Be. ¢x0s/TION GROUNDS. PENS-19O7 - EXPOSITION FENCE, ERECTED 1905 tal of five hundred thousand dollars should have been collected from the same stock source. But neither of these payments could be demanded unless the amounts above stated had been paid into the treasury of the company within two years after the close of the 1904 session of the General Assembly, or prior to January 12, 1906. Up to the closing day of October, 1905, only two hundred and ten thousand, five hundred and three dollars and thirty-nine cents had been paid on stock subscriptions, but by the first week in December owing to the ac- tivity of the collections bureau this amount was increased sufhiciently to enable the company to receive the State’s fifty thousand dollars. Waith- in five weeks as much more money would have to be collected else the one hundred and fifty thousand dollars appropriation would be lost. The Manager of Ways and Means strove very diligently to increase sufficiently the col- lection account and he secured from a number of subscribers the full amount of their subscrip- tions in advance, but there was still a large lapse between the total obtained and the total re- quired. Mr. Myers induced the Atlantic Trust and Deposit Company, a Norfolk financial in- stitution, to prepay the subscriptions on a suf- 90 1908 The Board 5 ficient amount of stock to comply with the half million dollar requirement and accept as security partly paid stock with subscribers’ notes for the unpaid balance, together with a pledge of one hundred thousand dollars executed by the Board of Governors to be liquidated by a transfer to the Trust Company of the moneys received by the Concession Department—the pledge constituting a first lien upon this class of revenue. Further to guarantee the Trust Com- pany the Governors collectively and as indi- viduals endorsed notes to the extent of twenty- five thousand dollars. The Board realized that unless some such endeavor as this were success- ful the imperatively necessary help from the State could not be obtained, building operations would be delayed and the success of the Expo- sition rendered most questionable. Before construction began the matter of pub- lic utilities demanded attention. Within less than two years all of the conveniences of a city had to be installed in a wilderness. There were no methods of communication for men, messages or freight; car service, both electric and steam, was urgently demanded; telephone and telegraph lines had to be inducted; piers had to be built; provisions were needed for supplying light and power, and the most glaring necessity, water, presented a serious problem. An electric line was operating between Norfolk and Pine Beach, a point closely adjacent to the Exposition and from this road a spur track was diverted into the grounds. For a considerable period this was the only method of transporting men and material to the Exposition, and there was no other public utility except the limited convenience of a post office at Pine Beach and a telephone at a hotel approximately a mile distant from the first building point of the Ex- position. During the summer of 1905 the Exposition Company prepared an agreement with the Nor- folk & Atlantic Terminal Company, the owners of the Pine Beach trolley line, by which, under certain conditions, each corporation would con- tribute jointly to the erection of a passenger station fronting on Maryland Avenue within the boundaries of the Exposition, this avenue marking the western limit of the main site; and it was further agreed that each company would share in the cost incident to the enlargement and betterment of a pier then and still owned by the electric company. ‘This contract was never executed. The parties appeared to be in thorough accord and each was satisfied with the proportion of expenditure and _ revenue. The papers were with the General Counsel of the Exposition for several months, and if the contract had ever been prepared and presented it probably would have been signed. Mean- while, however, the Norfolk and Portsmouth Traction Company, a corporation which had other electric lighting and trolley interests in Norfolk and vicinity, acquired control of the Norfolk and Atlantic Terminal Company. This consolidation did not adversely affect the transportation situation; to the contrary, it is very probable that the service would have 91 of Governors. FENCE IN BLOOM, 1907 been much less satisfactory had the lines been operated independently. The purchasing company offered at its own cost to improve the Pine Beach Pier to an extent not less than that proposed by the contract which has been mentioned; and notwithstanding the fact that subsequently the Exposition management financially aided a company which erected and operated a pier adjacent to the Exposition site, the Traction Company did what they had offered to do: they improved their own pier and maintained it during the entire period of the Exposition in excellent condition. It did not require extraordinary acumen to appreciate the fact that trolley service alone would not afford an adequate means of ship- ping freight during the creative period of the Exposition. On the 15th of November, 1905, Raymond Dupuy, General Manager of the Tidewater Railroad (now the Virginia Rail- way), announced that his company would con- struct tracks to the Exposition Grounds, enter- ing at a point on 99th Street about mid-distant between the eastern and western boundaries. This decision caused considerable disquietude on the part of many who had purchased prop- erty on Maryland Avenue, for the reason that it had always been anticipated that the main entrance would be on that thoroughfare, and these property holders feared that where the railroad entered the principal gates would be. A Maryland Avenue location was the logical point for the main entrance. When the first ground plan was prepared, it showed the FENCE, INTERIOR VIEW, 1907 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. | \ | PIER AT PINE BEACH State buildings occupying a semi-circular tract in the eastern section of the grounds. The Virginia Building was supposed to form the apex of this arc and to face a beautiful park, adorned with a fountain and flower beds, and flanked by the other State headquarters except at the western boundary which was to lie open. While this formation was being considered the Management had planned to build an entrance, if not the main entrance, on 99th Street, but this plan was abandoned when the State build- ings were located on a boulevard overlooking Hampton Roads, and it was generally believed that a Maryland Avenue location would be chosen for the principal gate. That the Board of Governors so intended seems obvious, for all the plans of ground development appear to have been made with this idea in view. The fears of the property owners proved well founded and the change provoked much invidious comment. Apart from any effect it might have had upon individuals it certainly resulted in a considerable loss of revenue for the Exposition. Wherever the majority of ex- position visitors enter there should be a pleasing picture. If necessary it might be well to use a part of the exposition site for a decorative plaza leading to the main gate but in any event the scene inside the barriers should be attractive. At the Jamestown Exposition the entrance was placed most unfortunately. Instead of a broad tree-lined avenue flanked on either side by club houses and the buildings of private exhibitors— a vista planned by the Board of Design—the visitors to the Exposition entered a barren waste, unadorned, low and at most time damp. The buildings in the vicinity of the entrance were unattractive, cheap board affairs and the central group of Exposition palaces was hid- den from view by an unsightly grand stand which lay across Lee’s Parade. The Admin- istration Building and its two wings, used for primary and secondary education on the one side and university education on the other, had each a single face which was turned away from the main gate, and those who utilized that entrance were required to walk over half the breadth of the property across the Parade Ground when that was vacant or around it when occupied, before reaching any main build- ing. Instead of the first impression of the Expo- sition causing pleasurable surprise it was de- cidedly disappointing. Just within the gates lay a wide stretch of open space over which had been thrown gravel that crunched disagreeably under heavy shoes and made uncomfortable those who were lightly shod. It is not easy to remove initial disfavor and it is undoubtedly true that visitors from distant points sometimes left the Exposition without losing their uncom- fortable advent sensations. “This was true even after the buildings and grounds were finished. It was more glaringly obvious, however, before that time. The loss of revenue from this source cannot be estimated but the decrease in local attendance can measurably be traced. The half mile or more of a dreary walk required to reach any desirable point deterred an evening visitor from repeating his excursions. If the at- tractions had been easily accessible local peo- ple might have visited frequently. At this, as at most other expositions, the amusement sec- tion was the only one open in the evening and until late in the summer of 1907 there was no car service worth mentioning between Norfolk and any point at the Exposition, other than the main gate. Had this entrance been located where it was originally planned the visitor could have entered the grounds at a point not more than one hundred yards from the end of the War Path, and could have reached this sec- tion by travelling a broad, well lighted, well paved, dry avenue. It has been stated officially that the loca- tion of the main entrance was not in conformity with the wishes of the Governors or the Board of Design. Even if this were true, it is no excuse; to the contrary, it renders the situation less excusable. It has been stated that the Trolley company was anxious to secure a com- mon terminus which would require a minimum mileage and for this reason it chose the 99th Street location. Before the Exposition was planned the Norfolk and Portsmouth Traction Company had been operating a line from Nor- folk to Willoughby Spit, and for a part of the distance the tracks were parallel to the eastern boundary of the site at a point about two miles distant. As the trackage of this line between the Exposition and Norfolk was longer than over the Pine Beach division, it might have been advantageous to reduce the discrepancy and this may have been justly considered in- 92 05 The Board of Governors. teresting to the traction corporation because they charged an extra fare via the Willoughby Spit section and naturally wished to make the trip as attractive as possible, but there were other phases to the situation. The General Manager of the Traction Company, E. C. Hathaway, and President John Blair Mac- Afee, maintain that the location of the prin- cipal entrance was decided by the Exposition Company and was not their choice. They show that it cost their company to build ter- minals and to construct an over-head viaduct on 99th Street not less than $84,000.00, a sum greatly in excess of what would have been required for a station on Maryland Avenue where car tracks would not have crossed. They prove that the nghts of way secured by their company, to operate on 99th Street did not include the privilege of building an over- head structure or a loop at the freight station which was to be constructed on Maryland Avenue and they show that the exercise of these privileges without the consent of the Hampton Roads Land Company caused a dispute which resulted in the traction company being compelled to operate alternately the cars running between Norfolk and the Exposition over the tracks of the Norfolk and Atlantic Terminal division—one to the main gate, and the second traversing the Maryland Avenue course. The contention of Messrs. MacAfee and Hathaway is corroborated by W. E. Cottrell, Governor of Works of the Exposition, who has stated that the location of the main gate was decided by him, acting for the Exposition Company, at a conference in which the Trac- tion representatives and the Exposition repre- sentatives participated. There is no doubt that the Board of Governors subsequently approved the selection for this is a matter which is at- tested by the official records of the company. Although it has never been publicly ad- mitted, it is a fact which no Exposition official will deny that a cause chiefly determining the diversion of the main entrance from any point on Maryland Avenue was the character of the buildings occupying the adjacent territory. On all progress maps there was shown a gate 1; s Copyright, Jamestown ( ane ” - &. — Corporation. ogray 93 opposite 104th Street and provisions for land- ing passengers at that point were made long before the opening of the Exposition, in fact, during the very early stages of construction. A loop for the station had been provided at that point and within the fence, landscape work had been executed with the obvious in- tention of using 104th Street continued as the main thoroughfare of the Exposition. ‘The loop for the railroad tracks began at 103rd Street and continued to 104th Street and the latter avenue was chosen for the point of entrance because, there, visitors from the adjacent territory could enter the grounds with- out having to cross any tracks. As, however, many objectionable places had been established in the vicinity of 104th Street, the Exposition Company decided to install the main gate at the juncture of 99th Street and Maryland Avenue, and in order to afford adequate ter- minal facilities at that point the Board of Gov- ernors offered to the Traction Company for its free use during the Exposition period, a square section equal in size to the average city block. The Traction engineers prepared plans for the terminal at that point and presented these to the Governors, who objected to the proposed arrangement because it necessitated passengers crossing a bridge in order to reach out-going cars; a condition which was argued might cause accidents in the event of a crowd rushing to the cars. The plans were returned to the Trac- tion Company with the request that they be changed with this objection obviated. While alterations of the design were being considered a meeting with the Exposition’s and the Traction company’s officials occurred and the 99th Street point was chosen. To a less degree the corner site was open to the same objection as the 104th Street location, namely, the presence of undesirable places in the vicinity. [here was, moreover, another dif- ficulty which was even more serious. None of the ground plans had contemplated a corner entrance and had that been selected, visitors to the Exposition would have had for their first view a most unsightly picture—the rear aspect of the War Path, full of small shacks and ugly hoardings, devoid of any compen- FIRST CARLOAD DELIVERIES, SEPTEMBER, 1905 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. JoHN J. O'KEEFE FrANK HitcH Cornetius H. Buti COMMITTEE OF THE NORFOLK COUNCILS sating decorations. Undoubtedly this corner would have been even less attractive than the more distant point, which at least provided easy access to the Parade Ground and offered a view not entirely satisfactory, yet still possess- ing some charm. As a basic proposition it may be stated that the chances for the success of any Exposition are slight when the transportation situation is as complicated as it was in Norfolk and vicinity. Over one line from Norfolk a ten cent fare was charged and over the other five cents ad- ditional. At least a ferry fare, perhaps an ad- ditional car fare, had to be paid by those living in Portsmouth or Berkley to reach Norfolk be- fore beginning their journey to the Exposition, and from the residential part of Newport News it cost fifteen cents to reach Sewell’s Point and five cents more to get to the Exposition Grounds, yet the greater part of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Newport News lay within a twelve mile radius of the Exposition. It re- quired forty-five minutes to travel from Norfolk to the Exposition and from that city it could be reached only by two trolley lines, or rather two branches of the same system. It required more minutes for the journey from Portsmouth and still more from any point in Newport News except one immediately adjacent to the water front. If the city near which an exposition is located is densely populated and lacks sufficient amusement attractions the time of transit or the additional car fare might not seriously affect attendance. The cities around Hampton Roads were not large and under normal con- ditions the contiguous territory presented many attractions to visitors as well as residents. Nat- urally during an exposition period such pleas- ure resorts are beautified and rendered more at- tractive and as a consequence local people, to a certain extent, and visitors, perhaps in equal degree, are diverted from the exposition to adjacent points of interest. “The Pan-Ameri- can suffered from the proximity of Niagara and the Jamestown Exposition lost by reason of Fortress Monroe, Ocean View, Virginia Beach, Cape Henry, Buckroe Beach and Jamestown Island. In addition to the disad- vantages of time and cost there might be added the unfortunate terminal location and a sched- ule particularly between the Exposition and Norfolk, which, for various reasons—some of them quite beyond the control of the traction company—was at many times most unsatisfac- tory. With the exception of the officers of the trolley company there were few who at any time believed it possible for the electric roads to give car service that would be adequate. The Virginia Railway offered the use of its tracks to all the roads entering Norfolk and excursions from distant points could reach the grounds with unbroken trains. Over these same tracks cars could have been run from Norfolk and on several occasions they were run. But this method of local transit was unpopular and only utilized on a few special occasions. It was, however, the general belief that a ride over the water would prove attractive and several steamboat companies were organized for the purpose of transporting visitors to the Exposi- tion. Water transit was a necessity from Old Point, Hampton, Phoebus and Newport News, but Norfolk’s population and sojourners in Norfolk seemed to prefer the cars, however crowded they might be, and one by one the ferry lines ceased to operate. If all of these steamship companies had operated from a com- mon terminus and maintained a quick and regu- lar schedule, it is possible that more people would have taken the water route but there were disagreeable features also connected with the landing which was quite distant from the Exposition and necessitated either a walk of half a mile to reach the first Exposition building or a ride for an equal space over a miniature railway which operated from the deep water pier to the Inside Inn. The boats charged twenty-five cents for a round trip. A car fare of five cents to and from the boat in Norfolk and again a car fare of five cents either way between the pier and the Exposition made a total of forty-five cents for transportation charges to each visitor and precluded men with small incomes and large families from making this excursion. The problem of a water supply for the Ex- position was difficult to solve. There was no 94 190€ 05 The Board of Governors. adequate quantity of pure surface water in the vicinity nor was there a pipe line from Norfolk. At first, driven wells were utilized and these furnished fairly pure water but experts declared that the maximum quantity obtainable from these wells would be far below the Exposition’s demands, and there was no certainty that the water would continue free from brackishness. Norfolk County, within which political division lay the site of the Exposition, had no public water works but its needs were supplied by a private company. Being precluded by the Constitution of Virginia from making a direct appropriation to aid the Exposition, the coun- cils of Norfolk had considered various ways and means of aiding the undertaking. The most patently valuable assistance that the city could give was free water and this donation was suggested by the Exposition management. Dur- ing the fall of 1905, the Councils of Norfolk questing the bestowal of the right of eminent domain upon the city for the purpose of con- demning such property as was needed for the laying of water mains through the county. In order to reach the site the city’s mains would have to parallel for quite a distance the main of the Norfolk County company. As a conse- quence its attorney opposed the City of Norfolk in its undertaking to furnish water to the Expo- sition; first, as a basic proposition that the city had no right to supply the territory beyond its limits; and second, on the ground that the fu- ture operations of the city’s pipe line might be in direct contravention of his company’s rights. As a method of solving the problem he offered a contract to the City of Norfolk, under which agreement the latter might acquire the property which he represented and he also offered to furnish water to the Exposition at what ap- peared to be a fair price. After building op- THE JAMESTOWN BOULEVARD COMMISSION From left to right—JoHN J. O’KeEre, W. W. Moss, Treasurer, H. B. Goopripce, Chairman, C. H. Butt, Standing: Joun A. Copp. Sitting: CaP ew OHAW, We SNe RETIRED: appointed a joint committee, John J. O’Keefe of the Select branch, and Frank Hitch and C. H. Bull, members of the Common Council. This committee collected a vast amount of data bearing upon the cost incident to such a dona- tion, and one of its members, Mr. Bull, secured for purposes of comparison figures which showed the contributions previously made by cities within whose borders or near whose limits expositions had been held. ‘The result of these investigations he placed before the Council and it proved to be a very strong argument in favor of granting the request of the Exposition and convinced the city government that such a course would be in complete accordance with general precedents. Without the enactment of a special law granting the privilege, there seemed to be some doubt as to the right of the city to supply a territory beyond its boundaries. A petition was prepared and forwarded to the legislature re- 95 From left to right—Barton Myers, AtvaH H. Martin, Frank Hitcr, E. T. Lamp, Secretary, LIEUTENANT erations were begun the Norfolk County Water Company laid a six inch pipe to the grounds and this source was temporarily utilized. How- ever, it soon became manifest that unless their plant was largely increased the supply would be insufficient for the regular patrons of the cor- poration if an adequate volume was given to the Exposition. In the early part of 1906 the Legislature passed an act enabling Norfolk to supply the Exposition with water. The esti- mate of the Manager of Ways and Means who had taken expert advice as to the possible need of the Exposition, was accepted by the city, and an agreement made for furnishing a mil- lion gallons a day. Later when the city system was installed the Exposition erected a reservoir with a stor- age capacity of about two million gallons and whenever there was an excessive demand for water either at the exposition or in the city dur- ing business hours this large reserve was called 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. into requisition, while during the night when the demands of both places were small the supply was replenished. Adjacent to the res- ervoir was a pumping station consisting of double-acting triplex piston pumps, driven by four gas engines. These pumps delivered two thousand five hundred and sixty gallons each minute against strong pressure calculated to be constant at one hundred pounds at the fire mains. The pumping station was installed by the Goulds Manufacturing Company of New York. Under the circumstances such a plant was a necessity because no part of the reservoir was much above the surface of the ground, nor was there in fact any elevation within miles of the Exposition sufficiently important to give gravity-force. The station was equipped in duplicate as a guard against possible accident and while the Exposition fortunately did not encounter a fire peril the wisdom of this caution cannot be doubted, for the large amusement section and many of the separate buildings were resolution, requested H. B. Goodridge of Nor- folk to organize a Citizens’ Commission for the purpose of expediting this very important work. A handsome driveway between an Exposition and its home city is a luxury which might almost be called a necessity. So far as the Jamestown Exposition was concerned the need was undeniably obvious because the character of the celebration indicated that many uni- formed bodies might be expected to visit the fair and it would be unfortunate if they were compelled to march from Norfolk to the Ex- position over roads so bad as to leave an in- delibly unpleasant memory. Mr. Goodridge felt that the success of his work depended largely upon his having the co- operation of all citizens and he agreed to act as chairman of the commission, provided that the governing boards of the city and county would confirm his selection of the men to serve with him. He named W. W. Moss, President of the Citizens Bank of Norfolk, and also Pres- Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. CAPE HENRY, WHERE THE JAMESTOWN SETTLERS FIRST DEBARKED The old tower bears a memorial tablet recording the event. of wood and other light material, highly in- flammable. When the city of Norfolk was petitioned to furnish free water for the Exposition, the Board of Governors also requested the Councils to adopt a measure that would create a boulevard to connect the city with the Exposition site. This matter was referred to the same committee which was investigating the water problem. The question of water supply was undoubtedly complicated, but the boulevard proposition pre- sented to the Councils committee difficulties that were practically insurmountable. For the city to have constructed the entire roadway was impossible owing to the large cost entailed. For the city to have constructed its end of the avenue alone would have been valueless unless the county authorities enthusiastically co-oper- ated and continued the work to its limit. Up to January, 1906, nothing had been done to effect a solution. The Board of Governors then by a formal ident of the Chamber of Commerce, E. T. Lamb, General Agent of the Southern Rail- way and President of the Virginia Club of Norfolk, Lieutenant C. P. Shaw, U. S. N. (Retired), President of the Norfolk Civic League, Alvah H. Martin, Clerk of Norfolk County, John A. Codd, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Norfolk County, Bar- ton Myers, a Governor of the Exposition and the three councilmen who had previously been appointed to investigate the subject and whose researches, though indeterminate, were valuable—Messrs. Hitch, O’Keefe and Bull. — The Councils of Norfolk confirmed this commission on March 6, 1906, and the Board of Supervisors of Norfolk County officially concurred. To the commission was delegated the duty of obtaining the necessary rights of way and contributions for building the boule- vard. The commission was authorized to have the various proposed routes surveyed and to 96 190 905 The Board obtain estimates on the cost of construction. They were directed to report the result of their investigations together with such recommenda- tions as they might deem proper for final adop- tion by the councils of the city and supervisors of the county. The Board of Supervisors voted to appro- priate fifteen thousand dollars to aid the work, provided, however, that thirty-five thousand dollars should previously have been secured from individual subscribers, for the purpose of aiding the construction of the county end of the boulevard. It was estimated that one hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars would be re- quired to build the city’s portion and it was the general belief that the Norfolk Councils would appropriate one hundred thousand dollars for this improvement since the water supply would not be likely to cost more than that amount and two hundred thousand dollars would certainly have been given to the Exposition as a direct aid if the Constitution of the State had not prohibited. Several routes were proposed but the one finally selected by the commission appeared to possess several distinct advantages over all the others. It was more accessible from the main avenues of the city, it was with- out any trolley within the city limits and it offered a practical and direct route to the Ex- position Grounds. There were additional economic reasons for the selection since the sec- tion traversed promised the greatest develop- ment in the near future and therefore offered a more reasonable promise of tax returns. Furthermore, all the rights of way along the line were offered free of charge. In Norfolk County the owners of property contiguous to the Boulevard were assessed in proportion to the frontage of their land on the thoroughfare, and in this way thirty-five thousand dollars was secured. A somewhat similar procedure was adopted to obtain the bulk of the subscriptions for the city section. The constructive work within the city limits was superintended by City Engineer, W. T. Brooke; but the county delegated to the Com- mission the authority not only to finance the undertaking but to construct the road. The completed boulevard will probably prove the greatest permanent asset left by the Exposition not only for Norfolk and the immediate vicinity, but as an object lesson, it must be an asset to Virginia whose roads have always been below the average. The Commission worked intel- ligently and energetically and they were valuably assisted in their enterprise. W. J. Payne, President of the Norfolk and Atlantic Terminal Company gratuitously transferred to the County of Norfolk a drive-way over his company’s bridge across Tanners Creek upon the sole condition that the authorities would agree to keep the bridge in repair and maintain it as a free highway. ‘The corporation thereby relinquished for nothing a toll franchise which was valuable. The Good Roads Department at Washington sent to Norfolk one of their skilled engineers who surveyed all the routes which had been suggested for the boulevard 97 of Governors. and later sent the same engineer, Mr. Pierce, to assist in the construction of the boulevard, and he brought with him some excellent road- building machinery owned by the government. The Virginia State Road Commission detailed convicts to help on the county end of the boule- vard and convicts were also utilized for opera- ting the quarry which supplied the stone to the county. The fact that the boulevard was not completed when the Exposition opened can not be attributed to any tardiness or negligence on the part of the Commission whose work was admirably and promptly done. Mr. Good- ridge, the chairman, officially urged the Coun- cils of Norfolk on several occasions to act quickly on the appropriation measure and stated on August 18, 1906, that each day’s delay was dangerous. In spite of the insistence of the chairman and the hearty co-operation of the councilmen who were members of the commission, it took an un- reasonably long time to secure the city’s sub- scription, and the work suffered in consequence. Not only was the appropriation late, but there were other difficulties, notably the inability of the quarry company to fulfill its agreement to furnish stone promptly, after having executed a contract so to do, and considerable delay was caused by an accident to the bridge over Tanner’s Creek which resulted in a temporary cessation of the operations. Aside from water and means of communica- tion the greatest necessities for an exposition in the way of utilities are light and power. The development of the Jamestown Exposition made this a peculiarly difficult problem. Start- ing ostensibly as an historical and educational Copvright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MOVING A BIG TREE 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 2076 Copyright, Jamestown Official Ph h Corporation exhibition it developed very largely along the same lines as other great fairs. If the first in- tent had prevailed, the demand for the power would have been practically negligible and the need for light would have been restricted. The uncertainty regarding the light and power situ- ation led the manager of Ways and Means to eliminate this feature from his first budget, con- tenting himself with simply stating the neces- sity for an electric and a steam plant. Even if money had been available for the construction of a power house, it is almost certain that the initial estimates of the required quantity would have fallen far short of the real demands. This was not entirely due to the Exposition’s own development, but as later will be shown the demands of the government would have rendered a shortage inevitable. Users of little power and those who cook in connection with exhibits are apt to prefer gas to electricity. Though oil or gasoline might be substituted there is presumed to be an element of danger connected with the use of these and it is, therefore, necessary that a certain amount of gas should be furnished for an exposition. The first budget suggested the erection of a gas plant but as in the case of power did not in- corporate any figures. At that time it was deemed that a gas plant might be built by some concessionaire who could make contracts with exhibitors and the company, and negotiations were pursued toward this end, but later it was found impossible to secure any supply except through the Norfolk City Gas Company, which, after it began operations served the Exposition adequately and with gas of a good quality. The system was not installed com- pletely until after the Exposition opened but be- gan operations within a month from that date. Some of these matters are anticipated so far as execution is concerned but all of them were THE TWO MILLION GALLON RESERVOIR problems to be solved by the Manager of Ways and Means, and each was investigated by him during the first year of his office. Similarly the installation of telephones and telegraph stations was not effected until much later. The former shortly after building operations began and the latter a few weeks in advance of the opening day, nor was there for a long time any satis- factory delivery of mail matter to the ground but negotiations in these several lines were pur- sued for months in advance. At first sight there might appear to be little reason for haste in the creation of the bureau of Concessions at a time when the plans of the Ex- position were inchoate, but to the initiated—to those who had been connected in a managerial capacity with a big fair—the wisdom of begin- ning concession work as soon as possible is obvious. Several months before the resolution creating departments was passed, applications for concessions had been received and the cre- ation of the bureau was the result of mature deliberation. Sometime before this action was taken the Chairman of the Board had expressed his conviction that it was necessary at once to organize such a department for the reason that most concessionaires who follow expositions re- quire capital to enable them to carry through their projects, and that the money for these undertakings was largely subscribed locally. As a further and still more important reason for speedy organization he related the exper- ience of other expositions which had shown that reputable concessionaires were invariably will- ing to give a reasonable monetary guarantee that they would carry out their contract, but that the amount of these warrants diminished in a ratio based on the diminishing interim between the execution of the agreement and the date of the opening of the exposition. During the summer of 1905, Mr. Sherwood 98 The Board of Governors. 305 pursued a rigorous investigation of the subject of concessions and carefully studied the policies which had been adopted at previous important expositions. In addition to the study of printed notes and statistical tables which shed some light on the subject he visited St. Louis and Buffalo and from other sources received the advice of men formerly in charge of concession departments or who had been prominently con- nected with the general administration of expo- sitions. Concession authorities hold extremely divergent views and this is quite natural, for conditions which obtain at one exposition rarely if ever are duplicated at another, and to prog- nosticate what an exposition really may bring is a task beyond the ability of any one. The best guide in the formulation of a policy is ex- perience but unfortunately this, while extremely valuable if conditions could be repeated, is valueless when they are dissimilar. It is difficult for a man to gain a comprehensive concession experience at one exposition, however large, because if he is wise he will not abandon a fixed policy unless it is radically wrong but will strive to modify it to an effective degree. The period of an exposition—and this includes both the creative and operative stages—is so short that even a half bad policy pursued is better than various good policies. The manager of Concessions was unable to gain any consensus but from the many views presented he could make a choice. Many recognized authorities have stated their uncom- promising opinion that concessions of every na- ture should be negotiated on a square foot basis; some except amusements from this cate- gory. Equally experienced men have advo- cated the operation of concessions solely upon percentages. [here are some who favor selling for a specific amount all of the amusement grounds of an exposition to a competent show man and there are others who advocate a con- tract with a similar individual who would pay a percentage. Still another class holds the view that amusement concessions should be sold outright to individual concessionaires for sums prorated to their total investment, the payment for these privileges to be either in a lump or collectible periodically. In the matter of sell- ing concessions, which, at several expositions had been covered partly by the exhibit depart- ment, though this policy has now generally been abandoned, and all selling exhibits are controlled by the manager of Concessions after space has been assigned, the majority of au- thorities are united in the opinion that the space should be sold by the square foot and the pay- ment for it should be largely, if not entirely, made in advance; but even in this division there is a lack of unanimity as to whether or not the square foot payment should be the only consid- eration or that in addition to the space rate a proportion-of-sales agreement should be made. There is undoubtedly a definiteness and cer- tainty of results assured by the square foot method. The element of chance which enters very largely into all questions of exposition reyenue is minimized if not obliterated when 99 the returns are based upon the same rule of measurement as are the expenditures. Calcu- lations for the conduct as well as the creation of an exposition are made by square foot rules and this refers to everything within the fence— grounds as well as buildings. All calculations for construction, decoration, maintenance, com- fort and protection are area figures and a cor- responding basis for sale would limit some un- necessary speculation on the part of the man- agement. Where this method is adopted not only may anticipated revenues be determined with greater initial accuracy but concessionaires and exhibitors are less likely to contract for more space than they can utilize. Almost every man with concession experience advocates the adoption of a policy irrespective of details which insures as large initial payments as pos- sible. ‘This is urged not solely because these funds may be useful for the liquidation of cur- rent obligations but such a plan prevents litig- lous concessionaires from involving the company in unnecessary legal controversies and debars concessionaires of doubtful character from tak- ing advantage of any possible difficulties which later might beset an exposition and _ thereby make compromises disadvantageous to the Ex- position company. ‘The only apparent objec- tion to this plan is that concessionaires are not usually well supplied with currency, but that is not determining because the entire sum need not necessarily be paid in full and the obliga- tion can be liquidated as work progresses until the exposition opens. From every concession with one or two ex- ceptions, which the Board of Governors au- thorized against the protest of Mr. Sherwood, advance payments were demanded and col- lected. In the selling division without or within doors direct area taxes were imposed and in some cases additional percentages were collect- ible. ‘The concessions which dealt with public utilities were arranged on various bases, usually the percentage, while on the War Path space was sold for twenty dollars per front foot pay- able in advance of the actual construction work. This War Path prepayment was not accepted as the liquidation of the exposition’s account or even as a part payment, but was demanded as a guarantee for the fulfillment of the con- cessionaire’s contract and for the payment of percentages later to accrue. This payment was subsequently returned to the concessionaire or rather he was permitted to retain half of his percentage payments until a sum equal to the original deposit had been kept by him. As an example a theatre fronting fifty feet on the War Path would be taxed a thousand dollars. If it were operated on a twenty-five per cent basis and collected at its gates four hundred dollars a day, the amount due to the exposition would be one hundred dollars but of this sum the con- cessionaire was entitled to retain one-half and his credit on the books of the company became nine hundred and fifty dollars instead of a thousand. ‘This retention of one-half was con- tinued until the credit balance disappeared. A policy which was adopted by the Con- 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 1905 cession Department against the advice of many was the limitation of a number of privileges in certain classes. ‘This action later proved to be very wise. [he motive for the course was to prevent ruinous competition and enable the holder of a concession to receive a reasonable warranty of satisfactory returns. This plan while not unique was certainly applied more rigidly at the Jamestown Exposition than at any previous fair; it was In no sense utopian but was based upon the very sensible assumption that if the concessionaire made money he would liquidate his indebtedness to the Exposition, if he lost money he would not; and it is generally true that it costs as much to enforce the col- lection of disputed small sums as the effort, when successful, yields. This policy of the con- cession bureau was fixed and unalterable; and while in some cases undoubtedly a departure from the principle would have been helpful to the company’s interests and would have yielded an increased revenue, yet it is safe to say = 7 | i 3 ew] = i! wy ated the finances of the Company would not permit any building operations. The manager, W. E. Cottrell, could only pursue the work of the Grounds and Buildings Committee, pre- viously directed by Mr. Johnston and hasten the development of the landscape features. The improvement of the Exposition grounds was directed by Warren H. Manning, a mem- ber of the Board of Design, who spent a con- siderable part of his time at the Exposition and was always represented by some resident en- gineer. Melvin L. Gulptill was sent by Mr. Manning to take charge of the surface drainage work which was begun in the winter of 1904-5 and before the Department of Works was cre- ated these operations were far advanced. The depressions on the Exposition site had been par- tially drained and several large fresh water lakes and swamps in the vicinage were in pro- cess of elimination. Among these contiguous depressions was Lake Sanford, a_ shallow, swampy sheet of water, about one hundred og Se Ei ete = x aa ng PLACING SILLS FOR LARGE EXHIBIT PALACE that on the whole the strict adherence to the rule was beneficial. “There were objections to this policy and also to the conception of the manager of concessions that it was his duty to prevent the public from being defrauded. This latter view of his duties prevented Mr. Sher- wood from placing a number of concessions for which applications had been made and for which privileges fair amounts had been offered. The work of gathering information and de- termining policies required many months of as- siduous application and far in advance of the letting of any contract the rules of the depart- ment were fixed and there were few if any vari- ations from these regulations in the granting of any concession. F. B. Davison was selected as Chief of the Department of Concessions in February, 1906, and shortly thereafter active operations began and a number of concessions were placed. When the Department of Works was cre- acres in extent, which several times previously had been ditched and partially pumped, yet still remained a menace to health and a breed- ing place for mosquitoes of the malarial variety. Its elimination and the elimination of all simi- lar immediate pest places was regarded as es- sential by the Medical Director of the Expo- sition. Charles H. Pratt succeeded Mr. Gulptill after a few months and under his direction the surface drainage was completed. He installed a system of sub-surface piping which was made necessary by the prevalence of small sunken areas within the Exposition grounds, all of which, during wet periods, were covered with water varying in depth from six inches to a foot or more. Without such an installation the western side of the site would have been useless for several days after each heavy rain. It was under the immediate direction of these engineers that the herbs and plants, the 100 1905 905 The Board of Governors. FORMER GOVERNOR WILLIAM E. CAMERON Commissioner General shrubs and flowers for the decoration of the Exposition were secured and they supervised the moving of trees—a service which was per- formed by representatives of Isaac Hicks & Sons, the largest tree moving firm in the coun- try. Several thousand live oaks, hornbeams, persimmons, mulberries, maples and cherries of several varieties, magnolias, willows, cedars, apples, dogwoods, locusts and pines were root pruned and transplanted. Nearly all minor plants which had been collected on the grounds and in the near vicinity were placed in nursery rows in three locations, where later the Hos- pital Building, the Pennsylvania Building and the Inside Inn stood. The collecting of plants continued under the supervision of Mr. Cottrell and as soon as the roads were graded and plant- ing spaces prepared the shrubs were put into permanent positions. Altogether about one million plants were secured and used for deco- rative purposes; and, in addition to the trees that were root pruned the first year, there were enough later moved to bring the total up to three thousand. The site of the Exposition was picturesque in location but almost flat and, therefore, not easy to treat artistically. The landscape de- signers found a region which had been culti- vated in spots and a part of which was under cultivation when they began work. ‘The por- tions which had been utilized for farming were, as is usual in flat countries, intercepted by ditches cut at various distances from one hun- dred and fifty to three hundred feet. On ac- count of the difficulty of keeping the shore out- lets free from sand accumulations all of these drainages led into the arms of creeks. Some of these were free and others so full of vegeta- tion that apparently they formed a part of the level. The ditches varied in depth from a few inches to several feet. “There was one zigzag 101 road leading to a farmhouse on the grounds but the only passage from clearing to clearing, other than was afforded by this pathway, lay along the beach. As an offset to the flatness of the territory the landscape designer was helped by a vegetation unusually varied and attractive. At the. west- ern boundary of the Exposition site there stood a fine grove of tall, straight, short-leafed pines extending nearly a thousand feet along the shore and making for five hundred feet away from the water. Along the shore line was a varied growth, a large part virgin with here and there a coppice of five or six years of age where pines, oak and hickory had been cut. Crowding on the cultivated pasture lands were thickets of dwarf oak, holly, hickory, French mulberry and wild rose, and there were many varieties of smilax and other characteristic herbs of the South. The average height of these jun- gles was from fifteen to thirty feet with here and there a tree exceeding a foot in diameter and at least one hundred feet high. There were some scattered giant pines and occasional large hol- lies. Upon some of these had been carved the names of soldiers who had formed a part of the defense of Sewell’s Point during the Civil War and many of the names were still legible. Other sections along the westerly and southerly boundaries were covered with seedling pines, willows, poplars and other small trees, and there were desultory groves of larger pines and several apple orchards; while along the high shore contiguous to Boush Creek there was a fine growth of trees and a steep jungle bank next to a marsh at the southeastern boundary. As the Exposition Company owned its land, all of its avenues and streets, its water and sewer systems, were designed with a view toward fu- CaRe BILE Chief of Exploitation, 1903-1907 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ture development as a town site or suburban park, and before any preparations for building were made a design had been drawn showing the future development possibilities of the ter- ritory for such purposes; upon this as a basis for operations the scheme of the Exposition was developed. In the winter of 1904-5 a unique fence was erected along the land boundaries of the Expo- sition. [his barrier consisted of cedar posts, rough and projecting seven feet from the ground, standing ten feet apart and between which wires were strung. [he metal material for this was donated by the American Steel & Wire Company. The fence later became one of the sights of the Exposition. Instead of the unseemly boards generally used to con- fine a fair and exclude unwelcome visitors, there stood a wall of verdure and bloom, an impenetrable growth of trumpet vine, Virginia creeper, honeysuckle and crimson rambler roses. As soon as Mr. Cottrell was appointed Manager of Grounds and Buildings he began pushing developments. Soon he had large gangs of men doing work which had been au- thorized several months before but had been neglected for lack of necessary energetic super- vision. Before the close of 1905 and in ad- vance of any building, miles of streets had been graded and roads partly finished. Along the avenues iron pipes and great tubes of terra cotta were soon in evidence and quickly these were placed in position and covered. ‘The presence of hydrants and water basins indizated the installation of the completed water and sewer system. The underbrush and broom straw which, in many sections had grown rankly to a man’s height, had been cleared and a city park was succeeding a wilderness. A\n electric line was running to the center of the property and the location of future buildings was soon staked out. On the first of September, 1905, W. H. H. Weatherwax was appointed as Chief Draughtsman to the Board of Design and the sketches which the associated architects had prepared for the principal buildings began = = is ey ae oF aes s CHARLES W. KOHLSAAT Commissioner General, 1906 HONORABLE N. VELOZ-GOITICOA Commissioner to Latin America to assume detailed working shape. ‘These pic- tures which were done in water color had been presented to the Board of Governors during the latter part of July. They were indefinite and merely showed in an indeterminate way how the buildings would appear when com- pleted. But the basic principle of the drawings was manifest, namely, a system whereby the buildmgs might be extended over any required area, without interfering with the general plan, merely by adding more units. Before the Department of Works was or- ganized the Board of Governors had decided to finish no roadway that later might be re- quired for heavy truck or railway transporta- tion. This principle is distinctly wise but it was carried to an undue length at the James- town Exposition. The idea of leaving streets unfinished does not mean that only the top dressing should be removed and sand or clay left bare. Such a course is especially inadvis- able where the soil lies on sand; for heavy trucking over such a road bed is attended with great difficulties. It is economical under such conditions to lay at least some heavy stone two and a half inches or over in diameter and allow the carts and drays to press this into position. Later when the heavy hauling is over and the railroad tracks are removed the top dressing can be put on a solid bed. The unfinished condi- tion of the Exposition’s main avenues, or really the unstarted condition, was a source of much trouble, and after a severe rain there were few railroad ties that were solidly fixed and deep furrows showed where each heavy cart had passed. As soon as it became known that the archi- tects of the Company had prepared and pre- sented drawings there was pressed for solution a problem which had engaged the attention of the managers for several months. The ex- perience of previous expositions with labor had not been satisfactory. Like every other com- modity labor regulates its price according to the law of supply and demand and, as a labor 102 1905 905 The Board of Governors. exchange is impossible, future contracts deliver- able in work cannot be made. An agreement with the labor union is not necessarily a solution and apparently the only method that would le- gally bind a workman is an individual contract. Where thousands are employed it can readily be seen that individual contracts are impracti- cable. The central labor unions of Norfolk and Portsmouth and Newport News had appointed a joint committee to confer with the Jamestown k= 3 + < FS $= : Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. best mechanics in the section belonged to the unions. Collectively the unions had_ been staunch advocates of the Exposition and had been fairly liberal subscribers to the stock, while individual members of the unions were to a large extent stockholders. In opposition to the demands of organized labor the contractors who maintained an open shop naturally stood firm but the committee who had been appointed by the Board of Directors to adjudicate the question, recommended that POCAHONTAS SPRING ON EXPOSITION GROUNDS Exposition Company and this committee repre- sented all organized labor in Tidewater Vir- ginia. There were some members of this body who desired to have a wage scale promulgated but the majority wished that the exposition would simply place itself on record as intending to employ union labor exclusively. For several reasons this attitude of the organizations was reasonable. It would have necessitated leav- ing the territory at once for workmen if no un- ion men were employed for practically all the 105 the policy of the Exposition be stated not only as definitely promising the employment of union labor for the work of the company but that in so far as possible the good offices of the company should be used to secure the engage- ment of union men for work done by private parties at the Exposition. Before this report was presented the members of the Committee had conferred not only with local labor leaders but many of the general officers of the various associations who had promised to use every en- 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. deavor to the end that there should be no evi- table friction. The action of the Jamestown Exposition proved that a modus vivendi might be reached insuring the elimination of discord and preventing acrimonious disputes and strikes. The report which was adopted read: October 24, 1905. To THE Boarp oF Directors, Jamestown Exposition Company. Gentlemen: Your committee appointed to confer with the representatives of the various local unions and to consider the question of employment of organized labor on the construction work of the Exposition Company at the exposition grounds, respectfully report that we have had frequent conferences with the repre- sentatives of the local unions, located at Norfolk, Portsmouth, Berkley, Newport News, and Hampton, and have fully con- sidered, after mature investigation and deliberation, all matters that could reasonably be anticipated in connection with the employment of labor at the exposition grounds, and respectfully recommend that it be adopted as the policy of the Exposition Company, to allow only members of the various building trades organizations to work on such building and construction as shall be contracted for by the Exposition Company, and done under its direct control. That all specifications for work contain a clause to the effect that only members of various trade organizations will be allowed to work upon the construction called for by said speci- fications, and that all contracts entered into between the Exposi- tion Company and the contractors whose bids are accepted for the performance of work, contain a clause that only members of the various trades unions or organizations shall be allowed to work on°such constructions as is set forth in the contract, and that only members of the trades unions or organizations be allowed to work on buildings contracted for by the Exposition Company, either on the external or internal work of the Expo- sition. We recommend further that the good offices of the Exposi- tion Company be exerted, through its officers and the Board of Governors, that all concessionaires that erect structures or build- ings upon the exposition grounds employ only organized union labor on the buildings and structures to be erected by said concessionaires. In making these recommendations, your committee is actuated only by what it considers the best interest of the Exposition Company, and believes that if the recommendations are adopted and carried out in spirit as well as in letter, the construction work of the Exposition will progress without inter- ruption. The representatives of the various local building trades and labor organizations assured your committee that the initiation fee for non-union men desiring to join the labor organizations would not be advanced beyond the sum of twenty-five dollars during the creative period of the Exposition, and that there would be no undue or unjust discrimination in favor of the local organizations of Norfolk over the local organizations of Portsmouth, Berkley, Newport News, and Hampton. The representatives of the national organizations, several of whom were in attendance upon the various conferences, also assured us that these provisions with reference to the initiation fees and to there being no improper or unjust discrimination in favor of the local unions of one place as against the unions of another place were proper, and stated that they would use their good offices to prevent, as far as possible, any strike or tie-up in the construction work of the Exposition. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) C. Brooxs JoHNsTON, Barton Myers, S. S. NottTincHaM, T. J. Woot. Upon the recommendation of Mr. Johnston who was directing legislative matters, the Board of Governors engaged former Governor Wil- liam E. Cameron of Virginia to assist in this work. Governor Cameron was the first to have the title of Commissioner-General, and the only one whose duties ever bore any relation to the title. His energies were directed toward fur- thering beneficent legislation in the States that had already taken some action and inaugura- ting favorable legislation in the States which had not acted. To help the efforts of the Com- missioner General, Governor Andrew Jackson Montague of Virginia sent official letters to the Governors of all States in the Union requesting their sympathetic co-operation in the celebration of Virginia’s three hundredth birthday. In mapping out the work to be done during the winter it was thought best that Theodore J. Wool, one of the General Counsel of the Com- pany, and G. T. Shepperd, the Secretary, who, during the preceding spring had accompanied General Lee to various eastern States, should again assume care of legislative matters con- nected with the commonwealths which they had previously visited; Governor Cameron person- ally went to Iowa, Indiana and Ohio. Wil- liam Henry Mann of Petersburg was sent as Commissioner to South Carolina; H. N. Castle of Norfolk, as Commissioner to Kentucky, and John Whitehead went as Commissioner to a number of States including Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Ohio, Indiana, and Louisiana. On the 28th day of October, 1905, the De- partment of Exploitation and Exhibits was created and T. S. Southgate was designated as manager. He was placed in charge of all do- mestic exploitation and the securing of all ex- hibits. The foreign exploitation at that time was presumed to relate only to such matters as would influence governments to send ships and soldiery and had been directly entrusted to the President of the Company. Under the head- ing of domestic exploitation was included gen- eral publicity and the arrangement for conces- sions and conventions and special events. Mr. Southgate separated his work into three depart- ments which were designated respectively Press and Publicity, Conventions and Attractions, and Exhibits, and he continued in charge of the first C. R. Keiley who had been at the head of the Press Bureau for more than two years. He selected G. T. Shepperd as chief of the second department and for some time made no decision regarding a chief for the third. A few months later A. M. Wheeler was selected as Chief of Exhibits. The line of investigation pursued by Mr. Southgate soon convinced him that it would be impossible for one man to give anything like adequate attention to exhibits and exercise any direction over exploitation. Early in 1906 and at his own request the division was separated, he retaining the Department of Exhibits while Exploitation was divided, Mr. Myers directing Press and Publicity and Mr. Johnston taking charge of Congresses and Special Events. It can be seen therefore, that as early as the spring of 1906 the exhibit idea had grown and the Chief of Exhibits who had at first taken charge of all exhibit work was soon thereafter made Chief of Manufactures and Liberal Arts and J. L. Farmer engaged as Chief of Agricul- ture which included Forestry, Fish and Game, and Foods. Subsequently other departments were added. A department of Machinery, Transportation and Marine Appliances was created and Captain J. E. Reinberg of the United States Revenue Cutter Service was de- tailed by the Secretary of the Treasury to take charge of the bureau. Another government official had charge of the Department of Mines and Metallurgy, Dr. David T. Day, Chief of the Geological Survey, who, with the consent of the Secretary of the Treasury, was made 104 1905 The Board 105 Honorary Director of Mines and the Chief of this Department was Joseph Hyde Pratt, Ge- ologist for the State of North Carolina. These were the main divisions of the Exhibit Bureau with the exception of the Fuel, Cement and Al- cohol esting Plant, a late developmeni directly supervised by Prof. J. A. Holmes, entitled Director of Power. Prof. Holmes was detailed for this specific purpose by the Director of the Geological Survey, Hon. H. L. Walcott, and to these two gentlemen is largely due the credit of obtaining the consent of President Roosevelt to the removal from St. Louis and the re-erection at the Jamestown Exposition of the Fuel Testing Plant of the United States Government which had _ been erected for the World’s Fair of 1904. Later the foreign exhibit idea grew and for the purpose of securing participation in the industrial feature of the Exposition, Charles W. Kohlsaat was sent to Europe. While in Europe he secured the co-operation of three distinguished Americans living abroad, who gave without compensation valuable assistance. These were the Hon. Thomas W. Cridler, the Hon. Charles LeSimple and the Hon. John Hammar who acted respectively as Honorary Commissioners for France and England, for Germany and Holland and for Scandinavia. Of immense importance was the work of the Hon. N. Veloz-Goiticoa, formerly Minister from Venezuela to the United States, and a diplomat well known throughout Latin America as well as in this country. Mr. Veloz was not only eminently successful in his work in the exhibit division but valuably aided the Presi- dent of the Company in social matters con- nected with visiting distinguished Latin Ameri- cans. As a general rule the classification of the Exhibit Department includes everything that is displayed except such goods as are to be vended. Sometimes even this latter proviso is omitted and everything in the nature of an exhibit for commercial or educational purposes of Governors. is placed in one division. At the Jamestown Exposition there were twenty-seven standing committees, all of which were inoperative, but their designations are misleading, if taken as an index to the opinion of the Directors of the Company who adopted the by-laws creating these boards. Among the committees were “Transportation,” ‘‘ Sanitation,” ‘ Agricul- ture,” “ Fine Arts,”’ ““ Mines and Metallurgy,” “State and Territorial Exhibits,” ‘“ Manufac- tures and Liberal Arts,” ‘‘ Electricity and Electrical Appliances,” “‘ Fish and Fisheries,” “Anthropology and Ethnology,” “ Education and Educational Congresses,” ‘“* History,” ** Naval and Marine Affairs,”’ and all of these were adjunctive to the division of exhibits. It might, therefore, be premised that the James- town Exposition purported to care largely for exhibits but the system of committees was bor- rowed from the rules of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition without much thought regarding their applicability to the different conditions of the Ter-Centennial. The St. Louis classifica- tion was divided into sixteen departments, one hundred and forty-four groups and eight hun- dred and seven classes and the Jamestown clas- sification contained thirteen groups with one hundred and fifty-five classes. In the James- town classification was included “ Fine Arts ” which were not represented. ‘Therefore, one group might be eliminated. With the idea of possibly forcing into the forefront the historical and educational side of the Jamestown Exposition, History, Educa- tion and Social Economy were diverted from the exhibit division and this separation of the technically distinctive educational exhibits from those which possessed the commercial elements, may have been at all times the design of the Board of Governors. It is reasonable to as- sume that such was the case since no effort to collect exhibits of an historical or educational character was made until the new division was created with the Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson as its Governor. EUROPEAN COMMISSIONERS JouHN Hammar To Scandinavia 105 Hon. THomas W. CRIDLER To England and France CuHartes Le SimpLe To Germany and Holland 1905 SONIC TING ALV.LS ONIMOHS “LSAM GUYVAAINGd ATHONOTIUA od ‘uo1zeiodiog Yydeasojoyd [Boy UMoJsomel ‘yysr1Adod oe NONE eoo0esh OG & 3 ° j 7 en Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. RALEIGH SQUARE AT NIGHT CHAPTER VI CONSTRUCTION HISTORICAL TIDEWATER VIRGINIA—SOUVENIR CERTIFICATES—PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT’S MES- SAGE—EFFORTS TO SECURE AN APPROPRIATION FROM CONGRESS—ODD FEATURE OF THE BILL—OPPOSITION TO THE SEIGNIORAGE CLAUSE—TESTIMONY OF CABINET OFFICERS—APPRO- PRIATION RECOMMENDED BY COMMITTEE—HEARING DENIED BY SPEAKER CANNON—INTRO- DUCED THROUGH THE SENATE—A NEW DIVISION CREATED—* EXHIBITS” AND “HISTORY, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY” CONFLICT—CLASSIFICATION OF EXHIBITS—NECESSITY FOR A SINGLE HEAD FOR EXHIBIT DIVISION—ISSUE BETWEEN EXHIBITS AND CONCESSIONS—RULES GOVERNING SALE OF PRIVILEGES—AMENDMENT TO RULES—DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AMER- ICAN VENDERS—CONTRAST BETWEEN THE AMUSEMENT SECTIONS OF AN EXPOSITION AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD—IMMORALITY AT PINE BEACH—THE EXPOSITION’S CASH BALANCE JULY FIRST—CONDITIONS OF BUILDINGS AT THAT TIME—BOARD OF DESIGN URGES SPEED—LARGE BUILDINGS STARTED—EXCESS OF LIABILITIES—NECESSITY FOR A LOAN—BUDGET OF NOVEM- BER FIRST—CONGRESS REQUESTED TO LEND ONE MILLION DOLLARS—EXAGGERATED BUILDING CONDITIONS—BUILDING MATERIALS ORDERED AND RETURNED—INCREASED COST OF MATERIALS —RISE IN LABOR RATES—BEGINNING STATE BUILDINGS—SUPERVISION OF EXECUTIVE COMMIT- TEE—TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. EFORE the close of 1905 the purposes of the Ex- position had been widely advertised throughout the country. The historic and sentimental —_ associations attaching to Tidewater Virginia had been im- pressed upon all Americans. Not only had the foundation of the nation been laid in Tide- water Virginia but within the limit of that ter- ritory were reminders of every war of conse- quence more than local which had been fought by the colonists with Indians or with the Euro- pean foes of England; and relics of the three great American struggles, The Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War, were numerous. Reminders of sanguinary [n- dian massacres lingered in name and story. Hampton Roads had been the scene of ship burning when Holland campaigned against England and was the theatre of naval fights in both wars against England, while the Federal and Confederate fleets alternately controlled the harbor during the Civil War until the loss of the Merrimac left the former continually dominant. When Braddock set forth for the Pennsyl- vania valley where he was to suffer one of the most thorough defeats in recorded history, he 107 started from Williamsburg; the Revolutionary War, to an extent fought in this territory, was concluded at Yorktown—a curious freak in the history of the nations, since English rule in what is now the United States terminated at a point just twenty miles from where it began. Several battles were fought in this territory dur- ing 1812 and the more recent War between the States, fresh in the minds of all Americans, would be scarcely half written if the campaigns of Tidewater Virginia were eliminated. Al- most every American of more than two gener- ations had some association, either personal or by clan, with Tidewater Virginia, and the ef- fort to secure the participation of the States re- sulted in a general spread of knowledge con- cerning Virginia’s history and a wide awaken- ing of interest therein. The chief energies of the Publicity Department were used in the ef- fort to spread the knowledge which was deemed so important in the legislative campaign, and incidentally it resulted in another benefit which later was to have a considerable effect in the production of good feeling on the part of the state law makers and in the national Congress. This result was the creation of interest on the part of national and historic, and trade and professional associations, principally the first group, and of these the Daughters of the 1905 1905 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. American Revolution, the National Society of Colonial Dames, the Colonial Dames of Amer- ica, United Daughters of the Confederacy, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of the Cincinnati, the Society of Yorktown, the Grand Army of the Republic and the Confed- erate Veterans were cordially in sympathy with the Exposition and promised to its cause their support which later they gave. . The assumption that the exhibit division of the Exposition would not require very elabo- rate buildings for its purposes led the Governors to consider and practically to adopt plans for two main exhibit buildings before any division of exhibits was created. The area of these structures was settled approximately and the first budget prepared by the Governor of Ways and Means, predicating the cost for building to be proportionately about the same as had obtained at other expositions, estimated the re- quirements for the division of exhibits carefully and economically. This budget allowed for exhibit structures three hundred and seventy- four thousand dollars. poration, ARTS AND CRAFTS SECTION The most parsimonious calculation showed a probable deficit of more than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars after realizing all of the available assets of the Exposition except uncertain advance receipts from the sale of privileges. There was no possibility of selling any more stock locally or abroad. ‘The state of Virginia had made as liberal a donation as could be expected and the cities and counties of the state were precluded by the Constitution from making any direct appropriation for any undertaking not exclusively public in its char- acter or from buying stocks or bonds of any corporation. A souvenir certificate issue had been considered and the Board of Directors had authorized at one time the sale of half a million dollars worth of non-participating stock on such terms and in such manner as might ap- pear best to the Board of Governors. The only action taken under this resolution was an authorization to Mr. Shepperd to place one hundred thousand dollars worth of stock but his efforts were unsuccessful and no money was derived from this source. It was obvious, therefore, that, to create the Exposition, Con- gressional aid was imperative. The President of the United States, the Honorable Theodore Roosevelt, had always been the Exposition’s friend. He had not deemed that the Act of the Fifty-eighth Con- gress inaugurating a naval and military celebra- tion, was sufficient recognition of the transcend- ent event which it purported to memorialize, and in his annual message to Congress, which convened in December, 1905, he wrote: “I again heartily commend to your favor- able consideration the ter-centennial celebration of the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Ap- preciating the desirability of this commemora- tion, the Congress passed an act, March 3rd, 1905, authorizing in the year 1907, on and IAMESTOWN near the waters of Hampton TER-CENTENNIAL. Roads, in the State of Vir- ginia, an international naval, marine, and mili- tary celebration in honor of this event. By the authority vested in me by this act, | have made proclamation of said celebration, and have is- sued, in conformity with tts instructions, invita- tions to all the nations of the earth to partict- pate, by sending their naval vessels and such military organizations as may be practicable. This celebration would fail of its full purpose unless it were enduring in its results and com- mensurate with the importance of the event to be celebrated, the event from which our Nation dates its birth. I earnestly hope that this cele- bration, already indorsed by the Congress of the United States, and by the legislatures of sixteen States since the action of the Congress, will receive such additional aid at your hands as will make it worthy of the great event it ts intended to celebrate, and thereby enable the Government of the United States to make pro- vision for the exhibition of tts own resources, and likewise enable our people who have under- taken the work of such a celebration to provide suitable and proper entertainment and instruc- tion in the historic events of our country for all 108 190; Construction. D6 who may visit the exposition and to whom we have tendered our hospitality.” Mr. Johnston who was managing the bureau of legislation, went to Washington early in December and conferred with Mr. Maynard and other friends of the Exposition with the view of having a bill prepared at once. Not- withstanding that every effort was made to expedite the preparation of this bill it was not until the 20th of January, 1906, that a meas- ure alike acceptable to the friends of the Expo- sition and possessing a chance of passing the House of Representatives, was prepared and referred to the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions. There it became the subject of warm discussion. The odd, yet not unique, feature of this bill was contained in the Seventh Section which empowered the Secretary of the Treasury to purchase the necessary bullion and to coin at the mints of the United States one million two dollar silver pieces of the same fine- ness and of twice the weight as the present one dollar silver pieces, on which should appear cer- tain words and devices commemorating the event which was to be celebrated. ‘These coins were to be delivered to the Treasurer of the Jamestown Exposition Company in lots of not less than fifty thousand upon receipt by the Treasurer of the United States in legal tender money of a sum equal to the cost of the bullion contained in the pieces delivered. In effect this would have given to the Exposition about eight hundred thousand dollars in seigniorage. On the 19th of February the House Com- mittee on Industrial Arts and Expositions met to hear the arguments in favor of the measure. The Chairman of the Committee, Honorable Augustus B. Gardner of Massachusetts, was decidedly inimical to the Exposition. He had been opposed to any appropriation at the pre- vious session of Congress and it is very probable that he had been selected by the Speaker as Chairman of the Committee because he was antagonistic. While the chairman of a com- mittee does not possess over his associates the absolutely autocratic power of the Speaker of the House, yet he is an important factor and Mr. Cannon undoubtedly considered this po- tentiality when selecting him. At the first hear- ing Messrs. Tucker, Wool, Batchelor and Myers pleaded the Exposition cause. Having just returned from a very successful trip through Europe, Mr. Tucker was able to predicate a goodly attendance from abroad and practically to pledge that the fleets of the world would come to Hampton Roads. He dwelt upon the lack of exactness regarding the demands likely to be made upon the Exposition as a logical sequence to the passage of the Act authorizing the celebration and claimed that instead of helping the commemoration financially the for- mer Act of Congress had imposed burdens without relieving any—or in other words the effect would be to compel the Exposition Com- pany to make a display which would not be entirely dwarfed by the naval celebration and would afford to the visiting fleets a land spec- tacle attractive and pleasing. 109 Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. POTTERY BUILDING He and his associates advocated the passage of the bill as it stood, contending that the coin- age clause would enable the government to give all the aid necessary at no cost to the Treasury, on the theory that even if redeemable in gold few of the two dollar pieces would ever be re- turned since souvenir collectors would remove them from circulation. The questions pro- pounded to the several speakers by the Chair- man of the Committee demonstrated that so far as lay in his power he would prevent the report of any bill to Congress and he led in a spirited discussion as to the propriety of the is- suance of the silver coin and parting with the seigniorage. The curious phase of this debate was that no one present seemed to realize that it was entirely inconclusive and impossible to lead to any conclusion. ‘The plan was not new; it was a variant of fiat money. It had been pro- posed before, not once but several times; and its application was impossible under the rigid American currency laws. While it is true that the retention of bullion does not satisfac- torily guarantee the gold value of a silver piece yet it goes far toward assuring that result. If the measure that was discussed by the Com- | mittee had been by them presented to the clas- sic financiers of the United States Senate its rejection was absolutely certain, no matter how favorable the senators might have been to the undertaking which would have been benefited. A continuation of the hearing was set for the 28th of February and on that day the Hon- orable Leslie M. Shaw, Secretary of the Treas- ury, opened his address without any preamble by saying: “T do not think that we ought to toy with our currency sys- tem for the sake of making one million dollars out of the American people. Certainly, we have kinds of money enough Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. TEXTILE BUILDING Copyright, 1906 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. without making a new kind. The whole principle is bad, and you might as well issue one million dollars worth of paper money of a peculiar print containing the portraits of the Com- mittee on Industrial Arts and Expositions, or officers of the Exposition Company, or the President and his Cabinet. “IT am disposed to think that you could issue one million dol- lars in greenbacks, if you please, redeemable on demand, con- taining the portraits of the President and his Cabinet, if you please, making it legal tender, and it would be absorbed and you would be one million dollars ahead, but no one but a South American Republic would think of that. It is absolutely wrong in principle. It is deception. It is sowing the dragon teeth. If you can put fifty per cent fiat into silver and send it out and call the balance profit, you can put ninety-nine per cent of fiat into paper money and call it profit. The principle is the same and the teaching is just as vicious and more subtle. As between having any exposition and vetoing a proposition of that kind, I would by all means say to the President * veto it. It is wholly vicious. Unless we can guard our currency, then we had better give up and let somebody else run the Government.” Mr. Shaw was in perfect accord with the President’s idea that the Ter-Centennial of Jamestown was worthy of national commem- oration but the desirability of celebrating the event did not in his mind appear as an excuse for a violation of the established currency scheme of the country. He foresaw a wonder- ful opportunity for a great water display and expressed his opinion that the average Ameri- can, man and woman, would rather examine a battleship than any other piece of mechanism in the world. He stated to the committee that it was not his province to urge an appropriation but he further told them that they had an ex- position on their hands and that the former Act of Congress did not relieve them from their obligation in the matter, to the contrary the President’s invitation which had been accepted by many nations imposed a burden which, in his judgment, should not be shouldered by Vir- ginia alone, and he showed the inhospitality of inviting the navies of the world to rendezvous in a harbor contiguous to an exposition without affording any facilities for the people to land, and without making any provision for the enter- tainment of the nation’s guests except on ship- board. A letter from Hon. Robert Bacon, the As- sistant Secretary of State, U. S. A., informed the Committee that Argentine, Belgium, Costa Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. WASHINGTON NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS In Front of Auditorium, May, 1906 a Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, France, Great Britain, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico and Russia had accepted the President’s invitation and the only government which had declined was Siam, a nation that was unable to accept and so stated in the letter of declination. Hon. Trueman H. Newberry, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, and James K. Taylor, Super- vising Architect of the Treasury Department, presented their views, which, in both cases were favorable to the Exposition’s cause, while the Hon. William H. Taft, Secretary of War, was most cordially insistent in his advocacy of a favorable report by the Committee and em- phasized the importance of a government ex- hibit to accord with the provisions of the bill. Answering a direct query on the subject Mr. Taft said: “T hope it will be done because I think that it has a very good effect to have the people who visit such an exposition know what is being done by the various governmental bureaus. Of course the historical interest in this particular exposition is very great. The President has expressed very strong interest in it to me because of its very great historical interest. The War Department can make a very fine exhibit, almost equal to that at St. Louis, so Mr. Scofield tells me, at a very reason- able cost. We want to spread knowledge of the Army because we are in favor of maintaining it at a greater efficiency than now and any means of getting the people familiar with its necessities we are glad to encourage.” The testimony of these high government of- ficials was distinctly helpful to the Exposition cause and it was obvious that the Chairman of the Committee would be unable to prevent a report of some appropriation measure to the Congress. then sitting. A new bill was pre- pared which eliminated the coinage feature but included practically every other section of the bill. In lieu of the gift of seigniorage the Com- mittee decided to recommend the appropria- tion of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars as a direct aid to the Exposition. While the House Committee on Liberal Arts and Expositions was considering the May- nard Bill, providing for a seigniorage of silver bullion—which would amount practically to a gift of eight hundred thousand dollars to the Exposition—the Exhibit Department had in- 110 1906 06 Construction. A * a Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. AUDITORIUM, AUGUST 1, 1906 Contract Required Completion One Month Earlier augurated a comprehensive plan of display which included most lines of industrial en- deavor, and on the thirteenth day of February, 1906, the Committee on Plan and Scope, consisting of Mr. Myers, Manager of Ways and Means; Mr. Southgate, Manager of Ex- ploitation and Exhibits, and Mr. Wool, one of the General Counsel of the Company, submit- ted a paper setting forth what was in their judgment distinctly desirable to accomplish, and estimated the expenditures necessary to carry out their recommendations. For the cre- ation of the Exposition, they calculated that two million, four hundred and thirteen thou- sand, nine hundred dollars would be required. In this summary was included a power plant, an intramural railway and a gas plant—three items not obviously or necessarily a part of ex- position expenditure—the first and last of which dealt with necessities that could be sup- plied by existing companies and the second not a matter of vital consequence. It was also deemed possible that these three utilities might be established as concessions. However, after eliminating these items, there was still left the sum of approximately one million, seven hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars, which it ap- peared would have to be expended to complete the Exposition on the scale then contemplated. The recommended appropriation of two hundred and fifty thousand, which would have sufficed if the budget of November, 1905, had been final, was now entirely inadequate, and it was generally appreciated that the appropri- ation of that sum would necessarily leave the Exposition to face a deficit long before the gates opened. On the seventh day of May, 1906, the Manager of Ways and Means sub- mitted to the Board a condensed budget in which, taking the previous report of the Plan and Scope Committee as a basis and elimina- ting the buildings which the board had con- sidered and rejected or considered and modi- fied, he showed a possible reduction of fifty- five thousand dollars. The managers at that time were imbued with an economic spirit. They had deleted several buildings, but these 11] were afterward built, under the same or differ- ent names, and the actual expenditures for con- struction were in excess of the original estimates made by the first Plan and Scope Committee. If the May budget had proved final and its calculations correct, there was an apparent deficit of, approximately, four hundred and fifty thousand dollars which could not be avoided. The recommendation of the Committee had strenuous opposition from Speaker Cannon, and it was impossible even to get the amended Bill before Congress) Among the causes which contributed to the financial failure of the Exposition was its incompleteness during a considerable portion of the open period. Mr. Cannon must have known that the course which later was pursued by the friends of the Exposi- tion was not only possible but probable—nay, even certain—and, having had some experi- ence with other expositions, he must have known that the longer the appropriation was delayed the less valuable it would be to the constructing company. No consideration of this kind, however, had any influence with the Speaker, nor did personal pleas from political associates carry any weight. [he commission- ers from a number of States which had decided to participate used their best endeavors to se- cure a hearing for the measure. The President and his Cabinet were as distinctly energetic as their high positions would admit. The news- papers of the country generally commended the undertaking. Historic societies were en- thusiastic in its support. Congress itself was, by a large majority, favorable to an appropri- ation even more liberal than that recommended by the Committee; but the Speaker dominated the situation. The friends of the Exposition knew that the Bill must be passed in some form or the under- taking would be an utter failure. They were exceedingly anxious to hurry Congressional action, for, aware of the inevitable deficit, they also knew that if the buildings were nearly completed a few months in advance of the Ex- position, a local loan could be obtained, and 1906 1906 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. in any event Congress would hardly refuse to lend money at its next session. It was, there- fore, most important that whatever money Con- gress purposed giving should be appropriated as early as possible, and not delayed until the last and inevitable moment. Mr. Cannon knew these facts, but, as if it were his desire to handi- cap the celebration at every stage, he peremp- torily refused to entertain, before the Commit- tee on Rules, any motion whereby the Bill might receive an opportunity for being heard. Until June 16th, 1906, with only ten months and ten days intervening between the opening, nothing was done, nor could anything have been done. When the session was nearly closing and the appropriations for the succeed- ing fiscal year had been decided by the House of Representatives and were before the Senate for its consideration, the Hon. John W. Dan- iel, Senior Senator from Virginia, reported in the Upper House of Congress as an amend- ment to the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill a section to aid the Exposition. The Senate ac- cepted this amendment, which was referred back to the House and there adopted, but only the certainty of delaying Congressional ad- journment enabled the measure to receive con- sideration. Congress could not leave Wash- ington without making provisions for Govern- ment expenses, and the Senate had resolved that the Jamestown Exposition was entitled to a part of the Government’s expenditures for 1907. The Amendment read: JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. “That there shall be exhibited at the Jamestown Exposition by the Government of the United States from the Smithsonian Institution, the National Museum, the Library of Congress, such articles and materials of an historical nature as will serve to impart a knowledge of our colonial and national history; and such Government exhibit shall also include an exhibit from the War and Navy Departments, the Life-Saving Service, the Revenue-Cutter Service, the Army, the Navy, the Light- House Service, the Bureau of Fisheries, and an exhibit from the Island of Porto Rico. And the Bureau of American Republics is hereby invited to make an exhibit illustrative of the resources and international relations of the American republics, and space in any of the United States Government exhibit buildings shall be provided for that purpose. The Jamestown Tercentennial Commission, created by an act of Congress, approved March 3rd, 1905, shall, in addition to the authority and duties conferred and imposed by said act, be authorized and empowered and it shall be their duty to select, prepare, transport, and arrange for the exhibition and return to the Government exhibits herein authorized. In addition to the articles and materials which the said Jamestown Tercentennial Commission may select for exhibition as aforesaid, the President of the United States may in his discretion designate other and additional articles and materials. “The officers and employees of the Government who may be appointed by the Jamestown Tercentennial Commission to carry out the provisions of this section and any officers and employees of the Government who may be. detailed to assist them, including the officers of the Army and Navy, shall receive no compensation in addition to their regular salaries, but they shall be allowed their actual and necessary traveling expenses, together with a per diem in lieu of subsistence not to exceed four dollars. The officers of the Army and Navy shall receive said allowance in lieu of subsistence and mileage now allowed by law, and the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy may in their discretion detail retired Army and Navy officers for such duty. Any provision of law which may prohibit the detail of persons in the employ of the United States to other service than that which they customarily perform shall not apply to persons detailed to duty in connection with said Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition. And to carry out in full all of the provisions of this section not herein otherwise specifically appropriated for, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary is hereby appro- priated out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priated, the same to be expended in accordance with law and under such rules and regulations as the said Jamestown Ter- centennial Commission may prescribe. “That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause suitable buildings to be erected on the site of the said Jamestown Ter- centennial Exposition for said Government exhibit, including a suitable building for the exhibit of the United States Life- Saving Service; a fisheries building, including an aquarium; also a building for use as a place of rendezvous for the soldiers and sailors of the United States Navy and Army and of the foreign navies and armies participating in said celebration, also a building for use as a place of rendezvous for the commissioned naval and army officers participating in said celebration; also the preparation of the grounds for the approaches thereto, and the lighting of all of said buildings. Said buildings shall be erected, as far as practicable, on the colonial style of architec- ture from plans prepared by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to con- tract for said buildings in the same manner and under the same regulations as for other public buildings of the United States: Provided, That the aggregate cost of all of said buildings, in- cluding the preparations of the grounds, approaches, and light- ing, shall in no event exceed the sum of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which sum is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. At the close of the Exposition the Secretary of the Treasury is author- ized and directed to dispose of said buildings or the materials composing the same and of the piers which are provided for in this act or the materials thereof, giving preference to the Jamestown Exposition Company to the extent that it shall have the option to purchase the same at an appraised value, to be ascertained in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury may determine. “That to the end that free and ready communication be- tween the ships and the shore may be had, and in order to fur- nish ample and safe harbor for the small craft necessary to convey the soldiers and Exposition visitors from the grounds to the fleet, there shall be constructed, from plans to be fur- nished by the Jamestown Exposition Company and approved by the Secretary of War, two piers extending from the Expo- sition grounds into the waters of Hampton Roads, the ends of said piers to be surmounted with towers for the exhibit, if practicable, of the Light-House Service and wireless telegraph service. Said piers shall be connected by an arch sufficiently high to permit small craft to enter under it into a basin or harbor which shall be dredged to a sufficient depth to accommo- date boats drawing not more than ten feet of water at mean low tide. And the Secretary of War is directed to contract for the construction of said piers and basin in the same manner and under the same regulations as for public structures of the United States, but the contract price shall not exceed the sum of four hundred thousand dollars, or as much thereof as may be necessary, which sum is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated: Provided, That before the appropriation made by this section shall be- come available the Jamestown Exposition Company shall file with the Secretary of the Treasury an agreement that it will, at its own expense, operate and manage said piers and basin during the period of the Exposition, and that it will, at its own expense, illuminate the same: Provided further, That all small craft attached to any naval vessel of this or any for- eign country, whose fleet is in the waters of Hampton Roads to participate in the celebration, shall have access to and use of said basin and piers for the purpose of communication with the Exposition grounds without any charge therefor and under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Navy shall prescribe: Provided further, That the same right of access and use of said basin and piers during the Exposition shall be, and is hereby, reserved to the United States, but nothing herein contained shall be construed to impose upon the United States any obligation to maintain or keep in repair such piers or basin or approaches thereto or to reimburse any individual or corporation for any damage sustained in consequence of the use of said piers and basin. “That in aid of the said Jamestown Tercentennial Exposi- tion the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, which sum shall be paid to the Jamestown Exposi- tion Company upon satisfactory evidence being furnished the Secretary of the Treasury that the said company has expended the sum of five hundred thousand dollars on account of said Exposition. Said two hundred and fifty thousand dollars shall be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury upon vouchers and satisfactory evidence that it has been expended for the purposes of the Exposition other than salaries: Provided, That as a condition precedent to the payment of this appropriation in aid of said Exposition the Jamestown Exposition Company shall agree to close the grounds of said Exposition to visitors on Sunday during the period of said Exposition. “That for the erection of a permanent landing pier at Jamestown Island on the frontage owned by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the precise location to be agreed upon by the Secretary of War and said association and to be donated by said association to the United States, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of the money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. The Secretary of War is directed to contract for the construction of said pier in the same manner and under the same requirements as for other public structures of the United States: Provided however, That if any pier now constructed and suitable for landing per- sons and material for the erection of the monument on said Jamestown Island heretofore authorized can be leased or pur- chased within the appropriation of fifteen thousand dollars hereby made, the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to 112 1906 106 Construction. expend the sum hereby appropriated for the leasing or purchase of said pier and of a sufficient and proper amount of land adjacent thereto to give free access to the grounds owned by such Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities and the monument to be erected thereon under the provisions of an act approved March third, nineteen hundred and five. “For the policing during the Exposition period of the grounds owned by the Association for the Preservation of Vir- ginia Antiquities, upon Jamestown Island, and for erecting thereon suitable retiring rooms and rest stations for the visiting public, and for providing drinking water at suitable places thereon, and for such benches and other accommodations as visitors to such island will need, the sum of ten thousand dol- lars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appro- priated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priated. The moneys appropriated by this paragraph shall be expended by and under the direction of the Tercentennial Commission, and shall not be expended until such provisions are made with such association as will insure the free access, to every part of the grounds of said association, of all visitors who may come during the period of the said Exposition, and will insure free access always to that part of the grounds upon which said monument is located. “That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole purpose of exhibition at said Exposition upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty shall be admitted free of the payment of such duty, customs, fees, or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during the Exposition to sell, for delivery at the close thereof, any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the Exposition buildings or on the grounds, subject to such regula- tions for the security of the revenue and for the collection of import duties as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That all such articles, when sold or withdrawn for consumption or use in the United States, shall be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of withdrawal, and on articles which have suffered diminution or deterioration from incidental handling and necessary exposure, the duty, if paid, shall be assessed according to the appraised value at the time of withdrawal for consumption or use, and the penalties prescribed by law shall be enforced against any person guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal: Provided further, That nothing in this section contained shall be construed as an invitation, express or implied, iss SA : ~. = yeux — ene Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. AUDITORIUM, NOVEMBER 10, from the Government of the United States to any foreign gov- ernment, state, municipality, corporation, partnership, or indi- vidual to import any such articles for the purpose of exhibition at the said Exposition. “That medals with appropriate devices, emblems, and in- scriptions commemorative of said Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition and of the awards to be made to the exhibitors thereat and to successful contestants in aquatic and other con- tests shall be prepared for the Jamestown Exposition Company by the Secretary of the Treasury at some mint of the United States, subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coinage act of eighteen hundred and ninety-three, upon the payment by the Jamestown Exposition Company of a sum equal to the cost thereof; and authority may be given by the Secretary of the Treasury to the holder for a medal properly awarded to him to have duplicates thereof made at any of the mints of the United States from gold, silver, or bronze upon the payment by him for the same of a sum equal to the cost thereof. “That in aid of the Negro Development and Exposition Company of the United States of America, to enable it to make an exhibit of the progress of the negro race in this country at the said Exposition, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. This sum shall be expended by the Jamestown Tercentennial Commission under rules and regula- tions prescribed by it and for such objects as shall be approved by both the said Negro Development and Exposition Company of the United States of America and the said Commission: Provided however, That a reasonable proportion of said appro- priation shall be expended for a building within which to make such exhibit. “That except to the extent and in the manner by this act provided and authorized, the United States Government shall not be liable on any account whatever in connection with the said Exposition, and nothing in this act shall be construed so as to create any liability upon the part of the United States Gov- ernment, direct, or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, or for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United States in support of or in liquidation of any debts or obligations created by said Ter- centennial Commission, or any other board, commission, or any person or persons whomsoever, acting or claiming to act by authority of this act in excess of the appropriations provided for by this act. ~ ee ee oe el ee 1906 Exterior Practically Complete, Interior Unfinished 113 1906 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. eae ee eS ak igrtige NE SAR he tam Cosytieht Jamestown Official Photog ph CESSES mane rac §e amare RE STATES EXHIBIT BUILDING, NOVEMBER 10, 1906 “The United States shall in no event be liable, directly or indirectly, upon any ground or for any cause whatsoever in connection with or on account of its participation in said James- town Tercentennial Exposition beyond the sums expressly appro- priated by the act of March third, nineteen hundred and five, and by this act. “That all moneys appropriated by this act which the Jamestown Tercentennial Commission is authorized to expend shall be drawn out of the Treasury in such manner and under such regulations as such Commission may determine, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury; and at the close of the Exposition period, and after the work of such Com- mission is completed, such Commission shall make a complete report of their actions hereunder and a complete statement of all expenditures for each of the purposes herein specified to the President of the United States for transmission to Con- gress. The campaign which had been waged to se- cure National aid had made it necessary for the President of the Company and the Chair- man of the Board of Governors to be in Wash- ington almost continuously for six months. On many occasions these officers were joined by other Exposition managers, and at. times all of the high officials of the Company were at the Capital. The result of the long struggle was exceedingly disappointing financially, and the absence of the executives from their posts of duty handicapped the progress of the Exposi- tion. The Company was now confronted with the alternative of minimizing the Exposition or of continuing operations that would certainly entail a large deficit, however economically ex- penditures might be made. A provision con- tained in the Bill made it obligatory for the Ex- position to maintain lights on the great Govern- ment Piers, in such quantities as to make the “illumination a feature of special attraction.” This requirement made the construction of a power plant by the company practically im- possible; for, even if funds had been available, none of the great electrical equipment compa- nies could have completed the necessary instal- lation within the brief period then left before the opening day, unless the claims of other cus- tomers were ruthlessly disregarded. It is possi- ble that a plant as oviginally planned might have been installed; but the lighting of the piers and their approaches demanded as much power as at one time it was thought would be required for the illumination of the entire Exposition, or at least, that part of it controlled by the Com- pany. The giving of light to the Government, did not cause a construction deficit, but it did entail a burden on the treasury of the Exposi- tion, and during the three months that the piers were lit, the expense was enormous. The visible results of exposition functions are those obtained by the Divisions of “Works” and “ Exhibits,’ and, in creating an exposition, the demands of an exhibit de- partment measurably decide the creative ex- penses. At the Ter-Centennial, this depart- ment had, shortly after its creation, inaugurated a comprehensive scheme which- included dis- plays in most lines of industrial endeavor, and contemplated elaborate illustrations in the De- partments of History and Education. While these latter subjects were not made a part of the exhibit propaganda and were, therefore, excluded from its campaign of exploitive solici- tation, nevertheless, the illustration of the his- tory of the country and the exemplification of its development and educational opportunities were basic features which, however costly, could not be ignored, since the motive of the Ter-Centennial was patriotic and _ instructive and its major support had been given by those to whom sentiment ranked above utility. The later establishment of a Division of History, Education and Social Economy created a cu- rious fractional exhibit condition, one which at times was difficult to comprehend. The first general rules and regulations of the Exhibit Department, printed early in the spring of 1906, contains the following, as a part of rule thirty-four: The heads of classification are as follows: A—Education. H—Agriculture. Be=Acr J—Horticulture. C—Liberal Arts. K—Forestry. D—Manufactures. L—Mines and Metallurgy. E—Machinery. M—Fish and Game. F—Electricity. O—Social Economy. G—Transportation. Q—History. R--Isolated and Collective Exhibits. The rules governing the exhibits in these va- rious classifications were general, affecting one class as well as another. They were signed by Algar M. Wheeler, the Chief of Exhibit De- partment and countersigned by T. S. South- gate as “ Governor of Exhibits and Exploita- tion,” these two departments still being under his control. At that time the Exhibit division controlled the displays in all these subjects, but in April, 1906, a division of History, Education and So- cial Economy was created and Hon. J. Taylor Ellyson was appointed its manager. Soon thereafter, he selected J. A. C. Chandler, LL.D.. as Director and Miss Minnie Bronson 114 1906 06 ‘ ee. ae ‘ Construction. as Assistant. Dr. Chandler’s efforts were di- rected chiefly toward the displays in History and Education, while Miss Bronson’s principal work dealt with Social Economy. In July, three months after the appointment of Gover- nor Ellyson the Division of Exhibits issued an amended set of rules, in which Rule One, en- titled “* Classification,” read as follows: “For the purpose of installation and review of exhibits, a Classification has been adopted. This Classification is divided into twelve groups or departments, each of which is subdivided into classes. Under this scope and plan the exposition will be constructed, the installation perfected, and the systems of awards conducted. In conformity therewith, the following exhibit groups and departments are created, viz.: (ely | OOO se ae ane History. Seu LU Were Weer. ots Education. 108 a Rare stay en cee Social Economy. Viera ctor atest 2 Fine Arts. Ngee Serene ss Manufactures and Liberal Arts. Wal. 5.5 Aches cohen Machinery. Ad 0 Bh Aes Aras ns mye ie Transportation. iV i Taersee cre atern ess Agriculture. IDS con cyclo oes Horticulture. Gi Cairne Ain Ae Foods and Accessories. D4 eae eae eat raren Forestry—Fish and Game. XT errs anienee Mines and Metallurgy. “The Jamestown Exposition Company reserves the right to amend or correct the Classification at any time before the open- ing of the Exposition.” The preamble to this set of rules stated: “Every person participating in any of the Exhibit Buildings must first become an exhibitor and furnish installation plans satis- factory to the Governor of Exhibits.” Nowhere in these rules is there a sentence which would suggest that any of the groups are under the direction of some one other than the Governor of Exhibits. All of the regula- tions are general. Rule Four, which states the time limit for filing applications for space, con- tains (Paragraph C) this notation: “For historical and educational collections, works of art, nature, and manufactured products, not herein expressly classi- fied, January I, 1907.” In this same rule are the application time limits for every other conceivable exhibit, in- cluding “ exhibit concessions.” These rules were signed by T. S. Southgate, Governor of Exhibits and approved by C. Brooks Johnston, Chairman of the Board of Governors. A sec- ond edition, without change, was published in January, 1907. In the ‘‘ Official Classification of Exhibit Departments,” the table of contents shows His- tory as Group I; Education, Group II; Social Z ee as pies Copyright, Jamestown Official P’ a FIRST Corporation. WORK ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDING Economy, Group III; Fine Arts, Group [V; and contains as set forth in the rules of July, except that Graphic Arts is made Group XIII. This Classification was arranged late in the fall of 1906, although the Division of History had been in operation for more than a half year, had collected some exhibits and arranged for many more during that interim. All of the subjects in this Classification properly belonged in the dominion of the Chief of Exhibits, or the Director, Manager or Gov- ernor, by whatever title the executive might be called; and the creation of a separate division for the government of any one, two or three departments was illogical. All other exposi- tions have grouped exhibits of every nature in a single class and under the direction of one chief or director. ‘There is a distinct advantage in placing all subjects of like character under a single executive. At an exposition, every ele- ment that enters into the visible creation of the exposition should be in the province of the Manager of Works; every enterprise conducted for the purpose of yielding a direct mone- tary profit to its conductors should be governed by the Manager of Concessions; every instruct- ive display, whether commercial, scientific or sentimental, should be directed by the Manager of Exhibits. Perhaps in no department of exposition work is this unification of authority so necessary as in the Exhibits Division—for side shows, no matter how beautiful, are side shows. People visit an exposition to see the exhibits. If they lunch or dine on the grounds, it is a detail; if they attend performances while there, it is merely incidental—the purposeful object of each visitor is to examine the exhibits—and the better the exhibits, rightly exploited, the higher class is the exposition. No one man can secure the exhibits necessary to equip a first rate fair; but the director can appoint a competent mana- ger for each department and direct the policies of all of them. Knowing what they are doing, what success is attending their efforts and what are the chances for success along lines pursued but not finished, he can with judgment attend 1906 1906 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. to the wants of each department and give such support to each interest as its value might war- rant. In furthering the construction of build- ings this is a serious element. At the Ter- Centennial, exhibits for History, Education and Social Economy were splendidly collected, and far more secured than could be housed; while precisely the opposite is true of the Exhibits Division, where the floor space demanded and provided was greatly in excess of what was actually needed for the displays. A part of what rightly belonged to the Ex- hibits Division was taken away. In one in- stance, however, the Exhibits Division seemed to have gained at the expense of Concessions. Following the advice of Harlow N. Higin- botham, the President of the World’s Colum- bian Exposition, the Board of Governors ruled that: “Privileges refer to the sale of such goods as are manufac- tured within the grounds of the Exposition in order to illustrate a machine. Concessions refer to the sale of goods for revenue.” At the outset the policy of the Division of Exhibits was to exclude from the exhibit build- ings all merchandising except the sale of pro- ducts made on the spot. This conclusion was not happy. It might be possible to conduct successfully an exhibit division under this rul- ing, in some favored locality where enormous crowds might confidently be expected; but, if such great cities as New York or Chicago are eliminated, it is doubtful whether an exposition held in this country could be an exhibiting suc- cess if this rule was rigidly enforced. On the other hand, to turn exhibit buildings into ba- zars and to fill the halls with exposition camp followers who sell cheap goods for high prices, lowers the general character of the undertak- ing. Between the rigid exclusion of the selling exhibits and the unrestricted use of exhibit buildings for merchandising purposes, there lies a broad field. The first set of rules and regulations, which has already been mentioned, contains Rule Thirty-seven, which reads: “An exhibitor, as such, has no privilege of sale from his exhibit space; but exhibitors may sell for delivery after the close of the Exposition, and may take orders for future delivery. Exhibitors desiring to sell for immediate delivery shall, immedi- ately after securing space, make application to the Governor of Concessions as to terms and approval of the articles to be sold. All such applications must be first approved by the Governor of Exhibits, and no such sale privileges shall be exercised by an exhibitor until a written contract for same has been duly executed.” The corresponding rule, similarly numbered, in the second set of regulations reads as fol- lows: “An exhibitor, as such, has no privilege of sale from his exhibit space; but he may sell objects on exhibition for delivery after the close of the Exposition, and may take orders for deliy- ery from his regular and permanent place of business. Exxhibit- ors desiring to sell for immediate delivery from exhibit space shall, immediately after securing space, make application to the Governor of Concessions, through the Governor of Exhibits, as to terms and approval of the article to be sold. All such applications must first be approved by the Governor of Ex- ibits, and no such sale privileges shall be exercised by an exhibitor until a written contract for same has been duly executed. “The Exposition Grounds and Buildings have been con- stituted a bonded warehouse for articles exhibited from foreign countries; but on all goods offered for sale duty must be paid.” This second rule confined the exhibitor far more closely than the first. Instead of per- mitting him “to take orders for future deliv- ery, it restricted him to the taking of “ orders for delivery from his regular and permanent place of business;’’ thus preventing a conflict be- tween the departments of Exhibits and Conces- sions which might easily have resulted under the former conditions if an exhibitor of the usual Concession type had opened a branch just beyond the gates of the exposition, a contin- gency likely to arise if concession and privilege rates ditfered radically. The statement that the Exposition Grounds and Buildings had been constituted a bonded warehouse was new, but when the first set of rules was published the law which created this condition had not been enacted. A few days after these rules were printed, a resolution was adopted by the Board of Governors, dated July 13th, 1907: “Resolved, That in addition to the general rules already passed upon by the Board in connection with the Exhibit De- partment, that in the case of all American bona fide manufac- turers who exhibit their machinery or process of manufacture at our Exposition, that after contracting to pay for the space which they desire to occupy in the Exhibit Building at the rates already prescribed by the Board, that in the event they (ex- hibitors) wish to sell the products of their own manufacture for immediate delivery from their exhibit, the percentage to be charged on their gross receipts shall be as follows: In the event that the exhibit is a ‘live’ one—goods manufactured on the spot—l0%. In the event the exhibit is ‘dead ’"—goods be- ing manufactured away—I5 to 20%, as the Exhibit Depart- ment may determine. “Resolved, second: That in the instance of Foreign Exhib- itors, that in order to induce the bona fide actual manufacturers of products abroad to exhibit at our Exposition such choice exhibits as may be acceptable to the Exhibit Department, that such space in the Exhibit Buildings, in which their several products would naturally classify, will be allotted them free; and if the selling privilege is desired for goods of their own individual manufacture, that the rate be for live exhibits 10%; for dead exhibits, as explained above, 15%. “Resolved, third: That in the instance of foreign manu- facturers who wish to exhibit in the Exhibit Buildings of the Exposition Company and do not desire the selling privilege, that the charge for space be 50% of the uniform rate charged American exhibitors.” Without any amendment or note indicating the altered conditions which obtained after the passage of this resolution, Rule Thirty-seven was circulated until the need for exhibit rules had ceased. The Division of Exhibits at no time purported to control merchants who were clearly concessionaires, but if the Governor of that Division felt inclined to recognize as an exhibitor any one who applied for space in a building for the purpose of showing and selling goods, he undoubtedly could grant a selling permit; and, therefore, it was unnecessary for the prospective vender to apply either directly or through the intermediation of the Governor of Exhibits, to the Governor of Concessions for terms or for approval of the article to be sold. The right of the Exhibit Division to sell space and determine percentages, clearly evidenced complete control. The punctuation and exact verbiage of the official record is followed in this quotation, and it seems difficult to understand why the third resolve was passed. ‘The first clause in the second resolution, as it reads, means, if it means anything, that space in the exhibit buildings would, without any cost, be allotted to foreign exhibitors, subject, however, to the restriction that the articles should be “ choice exhibits ”’ and “ acceptable to the Exhibit Department.”’ Under this ruling, it was within the province of the Exhibit Department to determine whether 116 1906 Construction. an exhibit was choice or not; and nothing could be exhibited in any event that was not accept- able to that Department. The second clause in this resolution states the rate to be charged for sales from live or dead exhibits, but in no way qualifies that which precedes the semi-colon and deals with the giving of space. As a consequence, the third resolution appears to be unnecessary. If it was not unnecessary, it was an evidence of bad policy. The additional resolution causes a meaning to be given to its predecessor unwar- ranted by the construction of the sentence and yet possibly the intent of the framers, namely, that free space was only to be given to those who desired the selling privilege. The price charged for space in the exhibit buildings was one dollar and a half per square foot for aisle space without a corner, two dol- lars per square foot for corner space, two dol- lars and fifty cents per square foot for space with two corners. These rates were exclusive of any selling charges. Copy t, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. TRANSPORTATION BUILDING LEFT, MINERAL AND TIMBER BUILDING RIGHT, NOVEMBER 10 Most of the foreign manufacturers have American agents; and while at international expositions splendid foreign exhibits are usually made, at an exposition not international in its scope and unauthorized by Congress such as was the Ter-Centennial, great foreign exhibits are unusual; and the principal, if not the only displays, are conducted by venders—the chief classes being sellers of cheap jewelry, metal ware, and marbles. The general effect of these resolutions was to discriminate against a class of American ven- ders in favor of a similar foreign class: the specific effect was to give an insuperable ad- vantage to a man, shrewd enough to obtain an agency or sufficiently well informed to appreci- ate the benefits immediately derivable from it. This advantage, glaring in all classes, was most insistent in marble work. A manufacture of marble not sufficiently excellent to warrant its designation as a work of art is subject to a 117 customs duty of fifty per cent. of its value, art pieces are taxed fifteen per cent. An agent who can produce some evidence to convince an inspector that his wares warrant an artistic clas- sification stands a fair chance of success, while a concessionaire would invariably fail unless the evidence were extremely weighty. If the duties were alike in both cases, the agent would have a ten per cent. advantage, for no conces- slonaire paid less than twenty-five per cent. to the Exposition; if the agent could get the bene- fit of the official classification, his advantage would mount from ten per cent. to forty-five. While the Appropriation Bill was pending in Congress the Board of Governors had re- ceived a number of communications from min- isters and associations, requesting that the Com- pany would place itself officially on record against the opening of the Exposition on Sun- days. The Governors were unanimously of the opinion that all show places and conces- sions, other than restaurants, should not be operated on Sundays; but there was some dif- UME WHT) ai I] UTA , 1906 ference of view regarding the closing of the gates and the darkening of the exhibit palaces. At every exposition there occurs a nuisance which in the very nature of things is inevitable. The land circumjacent to a world’s fair site is made additionally valuable mainly by reason of its hotel and amusement potentialities. The temporary or permanent hotels erected in close proximity to an exposition belong to several classes. Some of these hostelries are eminently respectable and some entirely disreputable. Between these two extremes there are almost as many grades as there are buildings devoted to hotel use. Concerning the amusements, how- ever, little may be said in their favor. During the day the outside places are generally dark. At night they blaze with lights and present scenes both unesthetic and immoral. The great majority of exposition visitors purpose to combine pleasure and profit. The profit is mental and the expected pleasure generally 1906 1906 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. oh Corporation. FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, clean and wholesome; but there is a minority which looks for dissipation of all sorts; and, since the policy of Fair managers is to keep the amusement sections of their enterprises perfectly clean, this latter class of pleasure seekers must go beyond the boundaries for the kinds of dissipation they desire. “To cater to such, there is generally an outside “ Midway ”’ or “Pike”? or “ Warpath,” entirely dissimilar from the reputable area of a similar designation within the walls of the exposition. The territory adjoining the Exposition site toward the West, a section known as Pine Beach, was filled with hotels, bars, dance halls, gambling houses and other dives. Early in 1906 the future of Pine Beach was forecasted, not merely by the help of experience but by the visible operations which were then making. This obvious development inclined some of the Governors to believe that it would be much better to keep the Exposition as a park open on Sundays, excising all of the commercial or Sabbath breaking features. This action was regarded as especially desirable in connection with the Jamestown Exposition, by reason of the large number of sailors and soldiers who would constantly be in attendance, and it was thought wise to give to these young men some clean attractions which would divert their at- tention from the outside section. Unable, or unwilling, to arrive at a conclusion in this mat- ter, the subject was referred to the Executive Committee, and to the Board of Directors who decided that the gates be closed. The volun- tary action of the Company, not the Act of Congress, settled this policy, for though the Appropriation Bill carried a proviso that the gates should be closed on Sundays, the Com- pany’s decision had already been recorded and this section might not have been in- serted had the Company made a determined fight against it. On the first day of July, 1906, the available cash balance of the Exposition was two hun- dred and eighteen thousand, eight hundred and thirty-seven dollars and sixty-eight cents. A call for fourteen per cent. on the subscriptions to the preferred stock was made that day, but the responses to this demand would not help the Exposition, since the money when paid must be given to the Atlantic Trust & Deposit Com- pany, to whom the proceeds of Exposition stock subscriptions had been pledged. At this date there was not a single finished Exposition building. Contracts had been let DECEMBER 1, 1906 for the Auditorium, the small houses in the Arts and Crafts section, the big palaces of Manufactures and Liberal Arts and Machinery and Transportation, and the States Exhibit Building. Under the terms of the several con- tracts, the Arts and Crafts section should have been finished by July first—and so should the Administration Building. The former was nearly completed, but scarcely fifty per cent. of the work on the latter had been executed and the States Exhibit Building was not ten per cent. advanced. The two hundred and fifty thousand dollars appropriated by the Govern- ment might become available when the Com- pany satisfied the Secretary of the Treasury that it had expended five hundred thousand dollars on account of the Exposition, a condi- tion which would be demonstrable before the bank balance of July Ist had been expended. For creative purposes, therefore, four hundred and sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and thirty-seven dollars and sixty-eight cents might be considered as a current asset. The Mothers and Children’s Building and the Arts and Crafts structures would cost, un- der their contracts, fifteen thousand, seven hun- dred and eighty-three dollars and forty cents; and the contract price for the Auditorium was sixty-three thousand, three hundred and thirty- nine dollars and eighty-five cents, for the Pal- ace of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, one hundred and sixteen thousand, four hundred and seventy-five dollars; the same for the Pal- ace of Machinery and Transportation; and for the States Exhibit Building, ninety-seven thou- sand, nine hundred and ninety-three dollars— or a total of four hundred and ten thousand dollars in round figures. Perhaps forty or fifty thousand dollars had already been paid on the construction of these buildings—but to com- plete these alone would require within one hundred thousand dollars of all the available assets of the Company. On the tenth of July the Board of Design officially warned the Governors of the Exposi- tion that the time was very brief during which work could be completed, and strongly urged that the Board take such measures as would be necessary to expedite progress. This warning was heeded and attempts were made to ad- vance construction. [he small, semi-perma- nent buildings were hurried through, and there was a general access of energy. ‘The policy was not followed very strenuously or long, for the Administration Building was not completed 118 1906 1906 Construction. until the thirtieth day of March, 1907, and the two large exhibit buildings were unfinished when the Exposition opened. Plans for other exhibit buildings had been prepared; among these were the halls of Mines and Metallurgy and Food Products; and for several months the Governor of Works had, possessed drawings for the History and Historic Arts Buildings. In regard to these latter, it seems to have been during July the idea of the Governor of His- tory and Education that it was not necessary to make the History Building fire-proof, and that, consequently, a saving might be effected. It is a matter of record that the plans for the History and Historic Arts Buildings—or, in other words, the two wings of the Auditorium —which were used for housing displays in Su- perior Education and in Primary and Second- ary Education, were in the hands of the Gov- ernor of Works in December, 1905. It is also a matter of record that the designs were altered on an average of about once a month, and that finally neither of these buildings was completed, nor was either used wholly or even in part for the purpose for which it was originally de- signed—chiefly, if not solely, for the reason that the first plans were abandoned. At an additional cost of fifteen thousand dollars to the contract price for the Historic Arts Build- ing—or, in other words, at a total cost of less than sixty thousand dollars—a permanent fire- proof structure could have been erected that would have housed the History exhibit in a palace instead of a barn; and if the historic collection were too large for one building and needed to be divided, as was the first intent, into a congeries of relics as contra-distinguished from art subjects, the other wing could have been made fire-proof, and at a total extra ex- penditure of thirty thousand dollars, the Expo- sition would have had two beautiful fire-proof buildings, while the unattractive, damp, low, concrete barn which cost one hundred and twenty-seven thousand, four hundred dollars PALACE OF COMMERCE, DECEMBER 10, could have been omitted. It was utterly use- less for any future purpose and could not, therefore, be considered as a permanent asset; and there was ample space unoccupied in the exhibit buildings to have subserved the purpose of an area for educational display. On the seventeenth of August the Mines and Metallurgy building was begun. Work in the Auditorium wings commenced September 11th; the Food Products building was started on the eighteenth of September, and the Pal- aces of Commerce, on October 30th. The con- tract prices for these buildings totalled a sum slightly exceeding two hundred and_ thirty thousand dollars. In addition to these build- ings a commercial pier was being constructed, but the proceeds of the sale of part of the Mines and Metallurgy to the Virginia Mineral and Timber exhibit practically offset the cost of the pier. With available assets of four hundred and sixty-eight thousand dollars the Company was bound by contract for its build- ing operations only to the extent of six hundred and forty thousand dollars, less the amount liquidated prior to July Ist. This excess of obligations was very reason- able and indicated the exercise of great caution by the management. If the operations had been hurried, the deficit would have caused no alarm. Expenses, however, were, in other lines, very heavy. General expenses were large and the ground work was costing much money. As a result, during the fall of 1906, the finances of the Company became perilously involved. Every attempt to sell additional stock had failed, and a loan was inevitable. “The Gov- ernors of the Exposition felt reasonably safe in assuming that Congress would grant a loan to the Ter-Centennial, as it had to other exposi- tions. When funds for current expenses were low, the creditors of the Exposition seemed will- ing to adopt the same conclusion. ‘The incom- pleteness of the Exposition and the apparent im- possibility of completion on time militated against the floating of any bonds locally, and the only hope of the Company was that Con- gress would advance the money required. There was naturally a limit to the amount of this possible accommodation; and there was also a well defined limit to the capacity of the contractors for giving credit, however sure they might be of payment later. Before the application for a loan was pre- sented to Congress the Governors, realizing the 1906 1906 1906 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. large deficit they were facing, rigidly scruti- nized all estimates and no matter how impera- tively expenditures were demanded each item was carefully examined. At no time had it been deemed possible to create the Exposition for a sum less than two million dollars, but when the Governor of Ways and Means ob- tained estimates from the heads of each division for the expenses necessary before opening day he found that it would require one million, six hundred and seventy-five thousand, three hun- dred and seventy-nine dollars and fifty-six cents to pay the bills accumulated between Novem- ber 1, 1906, and April 26, 1907. To offset this possible liability there were estimated re- sources of more than a quarter of a million from preferred stock, a balance of sixty-five thou- sand dollars due on the twenty-eight per cent. call of common stock, sixty-three thousand dol- lars cash in bank, eighty-seven thousand, five hundred dollars estimated as pre-exposition concession receipts, fifteen thousand dollars from pre-exposition admissions and two hun- tects ar Neat ; el att eet ed mS Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. tween the Department of Works and the Board of Governors which caused much anxiety to those in charge of the finances of the Company, and the members of the Board were quite free in expressing their opposition to the policy of that Department which was buying supplies without reporting to the Auditor and ordering work without consultation with the Board. On the eleventh of December, Mr. May- nard introduced a Bill authorizing an appro- priation of one million dollars as a loan to the Jamestown Exposition Company, for the pur- pose of aiding in the construction, completion and opening of the Exposition. The Bill pur- ported to protect the Government for the liqui- dation of its claim by making it a preferred creditor with a lien upon the gross receipts of the Exposition from all paid admissions to the Grounds and from all money received from concessions after the opening day. The Bill provided that the Exposition should execute in writing an instrument satisfactory to the Secre- tary of the Treasury, securing to the Govern- BREAKING GROUND FOR RHODE ISLAND BUILDING, JULY 14, 1906 dred and seventy-five thousand dollars estima- ted advance sales of exhibit space. ‘The total estimated resources deducted from the budget left a deficit of nine hundred and forty-five thousand, four hundred and twenty-seven dol- lars and fifty-six cents, and it was confidently expected that should the Government grant the loan of one million dollars the Company would be able to open the gates with cash in hand. This budget approximating one and three- quarter million dollars was in addition to the amount spent prior to November |, 1906, and showed that the Exposition had grown from a two million dollar undertaking to one requiring two and a half million dollars for completion. Several of the Governors of the Company and a large number of the Executive Committeemen still clung tenaciously to the original estimate and were averse to requesting a loan in excess of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars as an absolute maximum. While this matter was being debated and even during several weeks preceding that time there was a conflict be- ment its first lien upon receipts, and that at the same time the Company should guarantee to the Government that such receipts were entirely free from any prior liens, mortgages or other en- cumbrances; and, further, that the Company should agree that it would not subsequently in any way encumber the receipts so as to en- danger or affect the right of the Government to receive as first creditor the amount to be re- turned from such sources to the United States Treasury. In order to make this agreement possible, the Atlantic Trust & Deposit Company—holding a lien upon the concessions of the Exposition— released its claim and accepted in lieu thereof a lien on the moneys to be derived from the sale of exhibit spaces. ‘The Bill provided that repayment should be made in the following manner: On the thirty-first day of May, 1907, it would be the duty of the Company to report to the Secretary of the Treasury in detail the total amount of all the Company’s receipts from April twenty-sixth to May thirty-first, both in- 120 1906 906 Construction. Cte eee, 35 4 1otograph Corporation. Copyright, Taauestouin ‘Official GOVERNOR WARFIELD LAYING CORNER STONE OF MARYLAND BUILDING clusive; and that forty per cent. of such re- ceipts should at that time be paid to the Secre- tary of the Treasury; and that, subsequently, on the fifteenth and last days of each month, respectively, a similar detailed report of gross receipts should be made and a similar forty per cent. paid into the Treasury of the United States; and it was further provided that from and after the fifteenth day of July, 1907, and until the entire sum should have been paid, each of the semi-monthly payments should not be less than one hundred thousand dollars. In default of any payment, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized, personally or by agents and representatives selected and ap- pointed by him, to collect and control any re- ceipts of the Exposition, until the full sum of one million dollars had been collected; and he was further permitted to have access to all the books, accounts and contracts of the Com- pany. This Bill for the first time definitely dated the Government participation to corre- spond to the programme of the Exposition Com- pany, naming April twenty-sixth as the day for the opening of the Celebration and November thirteenth as the date of closing. Though strenuously opposed by Congressmen who had been generally inimical to the Exposition this measure did not seem to arouse as violent an- tagonism on the part of Mr. Cannon as had the previous efforts of the Exposition Company to obtain recognition andaid. The Bill was passed early in February and Honorable Frederick Paul Grosscup of Charleston, West Virginia, was ap- pointed Disbursing Agent for the United States. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, GOVERNORS SWANSON AND WARFIELD ; asa fe , ; r Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MRS. SWANSON LAYING CORNER STONE OF VIRGINIA BUILDING For several months the Governor of Works had been confronted with the exasperating conditions inevitably accompanying a depleted treasury and on the twenty-eighth of Decem- ber he suggested that the Board of Governors confer with representative bankers and finan- ciers of Norfolk with a view of obtaining a loan of five hundred thousand dollars to be repaid when the government loan should be available. Mr. Cottrell stated the self-evident fact that unless funds were provided for meet- ing current obligations it would be difficult for him to hurry the contractors and impossible for him successfully to induce them to increase their corps of workers. So far as his own work was concemed he claimed that, even with the most favorable weather, the grounds could not be put into good condition and the electric and other work completed by opening day unless the entire force under his direction was doubled. A loan of such a character, however de- sirable on the part of the Exposition Company, would hardly have proven attractive to an in- vestor or financier. Government appropriations to aid an exposition or loans made to such an undertaking usually carry provisions which pre- vent a diversion of any sum for the purpose of repaying a previous loan, though the Govern- ment funds may be used for discharging pre- viously incurred obligations for material and wages under which term salaries are not in- cluded. ‘There is no record of any effort having been made to secure this accommodation; but it could hardly have been successful, if made. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MISS JENNIE SHERWOOD BREAKING GROUND FOR MISSOURI BUILDING The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Copyright, Jameste own "Oficial Photogray MARY LAND BUILDING AND PART OF VIRGINIA BUILDING, NOVEMBER 8, 1906 It would certainly have been a very fortu- nate thing if five hundred thousand dollars could have been placed to the credit of the Company just before the beginning of the year. Early in the fall of 1906, large amounts of gravel, crushed stone and lumber were ordered for immediate delivery—but on account of the Exposition’s financial condition it was 1m- possible even to pay the freight on these ship- ments, and the railroads confiscated practically all of the lumber and a large proportion of the gravel and stone. Most of the material was not confiscated until late in the winter; and then what the railroads did not take they, in many cases, returned to the original shippers. Practically all of the material remained at the Exposition until the first of the year, very little having been taken or returned before that time. The materials which had been ordered were needed, and later had to be replaced at much higher prices. Gravel or crushed stone for roads and concrete was from twenty-five to fifty per cent. higher late in the winter and dur- ing the early spring than it had been during September or October of the preceding year— when the contracts were placed—and lumber, the price of which had steadily been rising for several years, was higher just before the Ex- position opened than at any previous time. Dur- ing the fall of 1906, eighteen cents were paid for a pound of copper, while in April, this commodity brought twenty-seven and _three- quarter cents per pound. An available bank Photograph Corporation. NORTH DAKOTA BUILDING, NOVEMBER 10, 1906 Copyright, Jamestown O balance during December, 1906, would un- doubtedly have helped the Exposition very ma- terially. Not only in the matter of purchasing material would funds have been eminently de- sirable, but almost equally advantageous in de- fraying wages. All work in the Landscape Department—the road work, the laying of sidewalks, preparation of lawns, digging of trenches, planting of grass, care of trees and preparation of flower beds—was done by day’s work under the direction of the Division of Works. During 1906 until December, most of the day laborers worked nine or nine and a half hours and received a daily pay ranging from one dollar and twenty-five cents to one dollar and a half, in some rare instances excep- tional workmen receiving one dollar and seven- ty-five cents per day. For this same class of un- trained men the wage rates from December until April and later ranged from two dollars to two dollars and a half. No one worked more than eight hours a day during this latter period, and no laborer on the Grounds drew less than a two dollar wage. Not only were wages higher, but as the Exposition approached Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MISSOURI BUILDING, NOVEMBER 8, 1906 it was quite evident that the results being secured were even less in proportion than might naturally be expected from the shorter hours. Unskilled laborers were as independent as the skilled mechanics. “They knew that a certain amount of work had to be done and they re- alized that it would be impossible to fill their places. A contributing factor to the rise in this scale was the competition of the Scofield Com- pany, who as soon as they began work on the Government Piers openly bid for men, offering more money than had been given and they took from the Division of Works as many laborers as they could get, especially those of the better class. As a natural result, to keep their men the Exposition was compelled to meet the ad- vanced scale; and the increase in pay affected the Exposition Company not only directly but indirectly, all contracts awarded late in the winter being necessarily figured after a due consideration on the part of the contractor for the wage scale to which he would be compelled to adhere. The Exposition was an undertaking incom- mensurately large considering the population 122 1906 106 Construction. of its adjacent municipalities and the number of resident working men. ‘That which had al- ways previously occurred in exposition terri- tories repeated in Norfolk—a greatly accentu- ated impulse to build. At no time superabund- antly supplied, the cities of Norfolk, Ports- mouth and Newport News suffered during the construction period of the Exposition from an acute scarcity of mechanics. In addition to the local demand and the requirements for the Gov- ernment and the Company’s work on the Expo- sition grounds, the States and several private ex- hibitors were erecting buildings, and these com- bined demands naturally increased the market value of labor. Some of the States had begun their buildings ceremoniously. On the fourteenth of July the Honorable John Taggard Blodgett, Chairman of the Rhode Island Commission turned the sod for the foundation of his State’s building, the first to be begun at the Exposition. On that occasion a welcoming speech was delivered by Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia and Judge Blodgett delivered a masterly ora- tion outlining the history of Rhode Island and giving cumulative reasons why his State should prominently participate in such a celebration as the Ter-Centennial. The laying of Virginia’s corner stone was also a function, and to Mrs. Swanson who performed that ceremony Colo- nel W. W. Sale presented a silver trowel on which was this inscription: “* This trowel was used by Mrs. C. A. Swanson, wife of the Gov- emor of Virginia, for the laying of the corner stone of the Virginia Building at the James- town Exposition and was presented to her by the Virginia Commission, September 19, 1906.” Maryland’s exercises which occurred the same day as those of Virginia were more elaborate, Governor Warfield being the principal speaker and Governor Swanson also taking a prominent part. The buildings for Missouri, Pennsylva- nia and Ohio were begun unostentatiously. The Executive Committee of the Exposition decided at their July meeting to visit the site after each monthly session beginning with August 24th. This resolution possessed the merit of exceeding wisdom. In no other way could the Committeemen so well familiarize themselves with the actual conditions obtaining and by no other method could they gain equal intelligence to guide them in voting on contracts presented for their approval. Unfortunately, however, there is a record of only one visit and that was made at a time when appearances | - ‘Grestamas tis * on whee wEE ee Canam neat intemal Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. hl ee ts coms — - favored a timely completion. By the end of September very rapid progress had been made both on buildings and grounds. ‘The Audi- torlum and States Exhibit Building were far advanced toward completion and the great pal- aces which edged Raleigh Square appeared to be well under way. Foundation work had been begun on the wings of the Auditorium and superficially the grounds and roads looked well. A month later, however, the prospect would not have been so satisfying and each succeeding month would have added to the dis- appointment had the Committee viewed the scene. Numerous and apparently evitable changes in the plans and buildings grievously delayed construction, and adequate transportation facil- ities were at no time procurable. This was equally true of the freight and passenger ser- vice. During the construction period the freight problem was the more important. Impressed with the necessity of helping the management, and realizing the disastrous results of delay the officials of the railroads terminating at Norfolk, had, during the summer, held a meeting and decided to expedite matters so far as lay in their power. Cards were issued by their order bearing this legend: “* This car for the James- town Exposition, Norfolk, Virginia. Must have right of way,’ and emphasizing the printed command the freight agents of each line were instructed that Exposition freight should have precedence over al! shipments except those which were distinctly perishable. At a meeting of the transportation represent- atives held on November 26th, it was decided to accept freight prepaid from point of ship- ment to be delivered at the Exposition. Prior to that time it had been the custom of the rail- road lines to hold shipments in their city yards until the consignees paid the freight bills and secured a release. ‘The issuance of the notifi- cations and the liquidation of indebtedness al- ways caused delays. ‘The suggested arrange- ment made for progress, as under its pro- visions cars might be tagged through to reach the Exposition unstopped. Most of the con- tractors took advantage of this plan but the credit, or rather, the lack of credit, of the Ex- position Company prevented the management from deriving any considerable aid from the measure. Shippers did not care to prepay freight to the Company subject to unconditional release and the Company could not prepay its own freight. Kno Ta ae a diplernal ae PKs iY Sicimamet teat VIEW OF GROUNDS FROM TOP OF MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING, DECEMBER 24, 1906 1906 —, Sagas Sk cee ee SSE ae or aC) NMOUd-HSnd “MN “H Ad “LNOH OTVSAANG AHL “uoryeiodiod ydeisojoyg JeOYyWO uMosoWwEf Qyus1AdoD =— Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. THE AUDITORIUM ILLUMINATED CHAPTER VII COMPLETION AN EMPTY TREASURY—MOTIVES OF MANAGERS—SUPPLY SYSTEM—AUDITING DIFFICULTIES— INCREASED COSTS OF MATERIAL AND LABOR—LATE BUILDING—CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS— CONTRACTORS DELAYS—HISTORY BUILDING—INDEFINITE EXHIBIT SPACE—ELECTRIC FOUNTAIN —RUMORS OF POSTPONEMENT—PUBLIC SERVICE FEATURES—EXPOSITION POST OFFICE—PRE- EXPOSITION HURRY—NEED OF PRACTICAL WORKS DIRECTOR—ARRIVAL OF SOLDIERY—EXPOSI- TION DEBTS FIRST BOND ISSUE—ADVISORY COMMITTEE—SECOND DEED OF TRUST—ENFORCED PAYMENTS ON COMMON STOCK—ALTERATION OF BY-LAWS—JAMES M. BARR ELECTED DIRECTOR- GENERAL—CONDITION OF EXHIBIT PALACES—EFFORTS OF GOVERNMENT—INJUDICIOUS EX- PLOITATION—ATTENDANCE FIGURES—TUCKER-BARR CONTROVERSY—RESIGNATION OF MR. BARR—ALVAH H. MARTIN ELECTED DIRECTOR-GENERAL—COMPLETED EXPOSITION—RE-OPEN- ING DISCUSSED—RECEIVERS FOR THE COMPANY APPOINTED. dawned upon a very dis- couraged management. Their determination to conquer the difficulties had not lessened, but the obstacles to success were too apparent to be disregarded. Just be- fore Christmas there was not one dollar in the treasury to meet the labor pay-roll. Though the business success or failure of the Exposition was a matter wholly beyond his control, for he possessed no power over the management of the Company, Mr. Tucker, the Exposition’s President, generously advanced, without security and without interest, the sum required to pay the wages of the workingmen. Payments had been delayed before, the salary list had been more than once compelled to wait, but this was the first time that an actual cessation of operations threatened, and only individual generosity intervened to prevent the misfortune. It was a serious matter—the prospective re- sources of the Company had been pledged to their limit, prepayments on concession contracts had been used before they were made, and a large part of the exhibit space had been hypoth- ecated. Without the million dollar loan, to open the Exposition were impossible. It is a 125 matter of record that two weeks later the same condition occurred and again it was the gen- erous public spirit of Mr. Tucker and his desire to act fairly with labor that saved the situation. No critic of the Exposition can analyze justly the methods of the management unless the mo- tives are fairly considered. ‘The grand domi- nating idea of the Board of Governors, and in fact all who held high place in the Company’s affairs, was that the Ter-Centennial should be celebrated worthily, that the Exposition should be dignified, impressive and, so far as the means would permit, adequately commensurate with the importance of the transcendent event that was celebrated. It was their hope to have an attractive, homogeneous, artistic picture, which would satisfy the eye; to make a notable dis- play of inventions and devices illustrating prog- ress and ingenuity; to exhibit educational details of highest merit, and of all most certainly to give to the world an exemplification of history so perfect in conception and so thorough in ar- rangement that no visitor could escape its in- fluence. The efforts of the management were un- doubtedly open to serious criticism. Their de- lays in ordering and forwarding absolutely essential work grievously handicapped depart- 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ment progress, but the matter which proved to be their most serious indictment in the local mind and with observers generally throughout the country was due far more to ignorance than intent. If building had been curtailed after the loan was granted—curtailed to a minimum —the Exposition in all probability would not have been a serious financial failure; but it is a fact that the million dollars had practically been spent before the loan was secured and it is incontestably true that the Board of Governors did not know this. In the stress and hurry of the pre-Exposition period the careful scrutiny imposed by the by-laws seemed to be too rigid to suit some of the Governors, and notably in one case a separate bookkeeping department was maintained for a division and supplies were ordered without the knowledge of the Board. Surprising as it may seem to the general public, nevertheless it was true that the enormous deficit which threatened the Exposition shortly before HONORABLE FREDERICK P. GROSSCUP U. S. Disbursing Agent the opening most of all astounded the Board of Governors. The duplicate requisition system long in vogue necessitated an endorsement by the Chairman of the Board of Governors on all supply orders or other expenditures not directly authorized by the Board. While this plan was operating, the Company’s expenses and condition could at any time have been ascer- tained, but during the fall of 1906 the Division of Works organized its own bookkeeping de- partment and established a Bureau of Supplies, each of which reported intermittently to the general Auditing department. These opera- tions caused irremediable confusion in the accounts of the Exposition, a confusion not allayed up to the time that the final balance was taken, in March, 1908. It is possible that greater latitude should be given to exposition officials than usually is granted to the officers of a corporation. Celer- ity is an exposition pre-essential ; matters have to be decided quickly ; purchases of supplies which one day may be negotiated favorably might be unfavorably negotiated the next. The value of a purchasing agent depends upon his ability to keep in touch with market conditions; and, to take advantage of possible fluctuations, he must have a measure of latitude in ordering; but whenever supplies are bought on the company account, a duplicate slip should be sent to the auditor, for only by this method can the general ledger be kept correct and current. When liens against the Exposition were filed, a num- ber were for materials of which no record could be found and in some instances, although deliv- ery had been clearly proven, it was never pos- sible to say where the materials had been used. The by-laws, very carefully drawn with a view of concentrating financial responsibility, made the Auditor’s office the receptacle for all accounts and the general clearing house for the Exposition. ‘The system of bookkeeping in force at the Exposition was evolved by H. M. Bain, a well known Norfolk accountant, who shortly after the organization of the Company, was selected as Assistant to the Auditor. All forms were arranged in consonance with the Company’s laws; and, if reports had been made promptly, confusion was impossible. ‘The sys- tem of accounting was formed primarily with a view to clarity, and the accounts were kept in such a manner that detailed or totaled ele- ments could be ascertained without delay. What had been sent to the Auditor for entry was recorded and needed no tracing, but vouch- ers and order slips duly executed were found in the desks of Exposition officials after the close of the Exposition, when the furniture was placed at auction. Superadded to these difficulties, the Gover- nors were rendered still more powerless to act judiciously in the matter of authorizing work, because early in February, 1907, the Exposi- tion books were placed in the hands of The Audit Company of New York for expert exam- ination and report. This proceeding was un- timely, to say the least, since the Auditor's Department was seriously embarrassed at the very period when it was most important for the Governors to have immediate information. During the six weeks the visiting accountants spent in this examination, the Auditing Depart- ment was almost at a standstill, and during this time the liabilities startlingly increased. The Board of Governors seemed to be in a way bewildered by the enormous increase in the cost of building material and labor, and yet they appear to have authorized some construc- tion without a due sense of the peril they were courting. In the case of late building at all expositions, not only must the actual cost of construction be considered but to what extent may labor be diverted from other and necessary work. At all periods a management must con- sider how to secure the best revenue from each investment. In the first creative months of an exposition the actual cost of a building is paral- 126 190) 907 Completion. leled with its earning power, as a space yielder, or its drawing power at the gates. If either of the latter items counterbalances the cost, the investment is a good one; but later the first consideration is whether or not the building is absolutely necessary. If it is not, there is little excuse for its construction, for it is very difficult to make late buildings pay, and every late build- ing means a disproportionate increase in the Company’s pay-roll. All work is not done under contract. An exposition employs an army of day laborers and many skilled mechanics.. Where the sup- ply of labor is not abundant, or, as it was around Norfolk, extremely scarce, every added demand gives an opportunity for a request for increased pay—a request tantamount to a de- mand and undeniable. It is a very human de- sire to sell one’s goods for the best price obtain- able, and where labor must be bought it makes its scale. Appeals to the sentiment of the workingman are usually and very naturally re- ceived with greater or less contempt, for he knows that the highest wages which he can get are incomparably small compared with the pay of the exposition officials, and he is fully aware that the success of the enterprise means ulti- Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MINES AND METALLURGY mately far more to them than it does to him. His profit, smaller than theirs, is present only; theirs, the larger, is both present and prospec- tive. As an index to the increased cost of later building as compared with the earlier, some figures may prove interesting: The Mines and Metallurgy Building cost at the rate of one dol- lar and five-sixths of a cent per square foot to erect and less than two cents per cubic foot, the contract price being sixty-two thousand four hundred and thirty-five dollars, its area sixty- one thousand nine hundred and twenty-eight square feet and its contents three million, one hundred and seventy-six thousand, eight hun- dred cubic feet. The Marine Appliances Building, not nearly as well built or finished, cost slightly more per square foot, but fifty per cent. additional by cubic measurement. The test as applied to these buildings is perfectly fair, because the former building was really composed of two structures, quite separate, merely connected by an “L.”’, and each of these was practically the same size as the Ma- rine Appliances Building. The contract for the first of these halls was awarded in the sum- mer of 1906 and work was started on August 17, whereas work on the latter was not begun until the nineteenth of January, 1907. The 127 square foot basis is generally used at expositions because the cornice line of the main buildings is usually even and the third factor is negligible in the calculation of costs; but, where heights vary, cubical capacity must be considered. It is safe to say that every one of the earlier build- ings of the Exposition would have cost prac- tically fifty per cent. more than it did if the same rates for material and wages had been paid in 1906 as were paid during the early part of 1907. The buildings started after the first of January, 1907, and their authorized cost were: The Marine Appliances Building, begun Janu- ary 19, twenty-seven thousand, three hundred and thirty-five dollars; the History Building, January 29, one hundred and _ twenty-seven thousand, four hundred and ninety-two dollars and fifty-nine cents; the Service Building, January 31, twenty-two thousand, five hun- dred and sixty-nine dollars and _ thirty-seven cents; the Graphic Arts Building, February 19, twenty-three thousand, three hundred and nine- ty-one dollars; the Power-Fuel-Alcohol Build- ing, February 23, twenty-four thousand, five hundred and thirty-three dollars; Convention Hall, March 26, twenty-seven thousand, eight BUILDING, JANUARY 1, 1907 hundred dollars, and the Aeronautic Building, May 8, ten thousand, five hundred dollars. The Exposition buildings did not cover as great an area as had been estimated in the budget of the thirteenth day of February, 1906; nevertheless, the expenditures for con- struction were considerably in excess of the original estimates made in that plan and scope report. [he reason for the additional cost was that construction was so much more expen- sive than had been calculated. This difference was not due to any mistake in the judgment of the committee but was caused by the greatly increased cost of material and labor, the latter factor having been interjected by delays which were difficult to have foreseen when the original calculations were made. It is not safe to cheapen exposition buildings beyond a certain point, for the architectural engineer who designs these structures must pro- vide a large margin of safety in the essential building elements. While decorations may be flimsy, the walls must be strong enough to with- stand the elements, and the floor braces, girders, supports to the roof and the roof itself must be of high grade material, rigid, durable, carefully installed and adapted to stand not only ordinary but extraordinary strains. Impermanency has no bearing upon this requisite; during storms 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, JANUARY 1, 1907 there must be no vibration, for leaky roofs and fractured walls cause endless complaint from exhibitors, invite suits against an exposition company and greatly discommode visitors. The fire-proof Palace of History was trussed with steel, but with this exception only timber frames were used at the Exposition and the wood worked well. The selection of this material was not due to the wishes of the Gov- ernors nor to economic reasons, but rather to the conditions in the steel trade, for the large structural steel companies were overcrowded with orders and as contracts were awarded late it was impossible to obtain the metal skeletons on time. Peculiarly local engineering difficulties at- tended the construction of the heavier buildings. Only a few feet of sandy loam lies between the surface of the ground and gravel beds full of water. This configuration made it neces- sary to use exceptional care in protecting the heavy walls and posts from sinking, and for the weightier structures solid concrete foundations had to be laid. The first of these was pre- pared for the Auditorium Building, and the same course was followed with every other building of consequence on the grounds. After construction had been started the ex- asperating shortage of funds caused the Gov- ernors to delay awarding contracts and at times to postpone work on buildings which were under way. Inno other class of building is the bind- ing of a contractor for the timely completion of his work so pre-essential as at an exposition. It is not unusual for an exposition company to be in such a financial condition that the pay- ments of current estimates is impossible, but these lapses are inevitable and all others should be avoided. A resolution which was adopted by the Board of Governors on March 6, 1906, authorized the Governor of Works to make such changes in the plans of buildings as in his judgment might seem “ desirable or necessary,” provided that the amount required to complete these alterations should not exceed the sum of one thousand dollars. To order such changes, it was not demanded that he submit his pur- poses to the Board or that he consult any other officer of the Company. This power vested in the Governor of Works was certainly a cause contributing to the delay, and, as a necessary consequence, toward an increase in the deficit, for its exercise postponed operations in a number of instances and long before the Exposition was completed the limitation as to cost became a dead letter. Nevertheless, it was only one of many reasons, for the Board, acting as a whole, frequently delayed construction and often ordered work to be resumed on exactly the original lines. Alterations of plans and inter- ference with building operations should not be tolerated except under advice of counsel and after a legal agreement has been reached which will prevent a contractor wasting time and de- laying completion beyond a reasonably ex- tended period. It is not as a general thing advantageous to a contractor to delay, for the longer he post- pones his work the more expensive it becomes, but there is a limit to the period of advance, then the expense lessens. Extensions beyond the opening of an exposition not infrequently help the builder, since the labor market is then glutted. Of the principal buildings of the Ex- position, the Auditorium, the States Exhibit Palace, the Mines and Metallurgy Building and the Palaces of Commerce were the only ones finished before the Exposition opened. Though all of the buildings which were begun in 1907 served more or less useful purposes, very few of them were absolutely necessary. At first the Governor of History, Education and Social Economy was not positive in urging that the wings of the Auditorium be made fire- proof. Later he strongly advised this course and had his advice been taken the History Building could have been omitted without any loss of prestige and greatly to the advantage of the Exposition picture. It was the intention of Governor Ellyson to display the historic exhibits in the Auditorium annexes and he wished to place the showings of the Department of Edu- cation and Social Economy in some unutilized section of the principal exhibit palaces. This solution of space difficulty did not appeal to the Governor of Exhibits, who felt that he could fill all of the area under his control; and after rejecting this suggestion he secured the consent of the Board to erect several additional build- ings. 190 907 Completion. The award of a contract for an additional fireproof building solved the problem of hous- ing the historical display and the Auditorium wings were set aside, one for Primary and Sec- ondary Education, and the other for Collegiate Education, but up to the end of February, 1907, no provision had been made for the hous- ing of Social Economy exhibits. The largest single exhibit which had been secured by this Department was the excellent display of the American Federation of Labor. Mr. Gom- pers, the President of the Federation, who had been induced to arrange a representative collection of union labor handiwork, then de- clared that he would not have the Federation put in some out of the way corner and unless adequate provision were made for the display it would not be sent to the Exposition. Lieu- tenant C. P. Shaw, U. S. N. (Retired), a citizen of Norfolk, who was much interested in sociological questions, inaugurated a movement to induce the Board of Governors to supply space for this and kindred displays. Shortly afterwards the Graphic Arts Building was transferred to Governor Ellyson and later was known as the Social Economy Building. There had been absolutely no necessity for a separate building for an exhibit of Graphic Arts, which rightly belonged in the Division of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and there was little excuse—especially at such a late date—to construct a building for Marine Ap- pliances which could have been included with Transportation. If the marine displays had been put in the larger palace they would have added materially to the showing made therein and the spectacle of one building more than half empty and another less than two-thirds full would not have jarred upon the visitor. The exhibits in the Power-Fuel-Alcohol Build- ing were undoubtedly extremely interesting to the few who visited the demonstration but pos- sessed little general attraction and in all prob- ability did not add an average of twenty-five a day to the Exposition attendance. The Serv- ice Building subserved a certain useful pur- pose, for the Auditorium could not have housed all of the employees of the Company, but the principal offices could have been maintained in the large building and the departments fur- nished with quarters in the galleries of the sev- eral exhibit palaces. During the Exposition the Press Bureau was diverted from the Service Building and placed in a hall leased for the purpose, and long before the Exposition closed a Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. : AUDITORIUM AND WINGS, FEBRUARY 20, 129 the Service Building was practically vacant except for the offices of the Concessions and Admissions Department and the rooms of the Auditor and Secretary. “The Convention Hall was rarely used, and a tent would have served full well as a substitute for the Aeronautic Building. The comparative uncertainty regarding the space to be available for commercial exhibits militated against the success of at least one department. That a _ better collection of marine appliances might have been secured had there been sooner a definite location for the display, admits of no question, and it is possible that in some other fields of industrial endeavor the Division of Exhibits could have made a better showing had it been able earlier to offer positive space at a definite time to pro- spective exhibitors, but the Division of History, Education and Social Economy was the prin- cipal sufferer from delay, and it can be proven that each of these subjects would have been far more profusely and attractively illustrated, even than they were, had the housing facilities been sure and timely. By the first of the year the water front pre- sented a very active spectacle. A number of the State houses were nearly completed. Dur- ing December the treatment of the central square of the Exposition—the park which ex- tended from the Administration Building to the Government Piers, flanked on either side by the Palaces of Machinery- Transportation and Manufactures-Liberal Arts—began to re- ceive the consideration which long before it should have had, and for the first time definite plans of decoration for this place were dis- cussed. [he purpose of the Department of Electricity was to make a unique electric foun- tain, blazing at night with vari-colored lights, the central feature and the cynosure. ‘The Board of Governors did not arrive at a con- clusion on this subject until February, and then it was found that a fountain could not be cast in time for the opening of the Exposition, prob- ably could not be delivered until July. Rather than to exclude the feature, it was decided to buy in the open market some fountain adapted to the design or capable of adaptation. On March 9 the electric spray which had been so much admired at the Tyrolean Alps at St. Louis was purchased and immediately shipped to the Exposition, where it was over- hauled, improved and placed in position. The delay in getting glass for the spillways and the 1907 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. scarcity of labor prevented the expeditious completion of this work. The excavations for the fountain and the two large pools which flanked it were not started until the twenty- fifth of March. The unfinished and extremely ugly picture presented by Raleigh Court was a source of the most distressing and invidious comment on opening day, and it is difficult to determine just to what extent this unsightly scene affected the visitors on that occasion and biased them against what was really beautiful at the Exposition, nor can it be determined how far this blot inspired the reproaches which during the early months of the Exposition filled the press of the country. It was not entirely illogical to have delayed work on Raleigh Square, since the Government Piers were notably backward and unfinished, but it was impossible to give this reason to every visitor. ‘The managers of the Exposition per- haps deemed it unwise to divert their attention from other parts of the grounds in order to ‘a 2 oes | Se od Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. probably have been ready for opening day. In this respect either the Governors or the Board of Design were derelict; and as a partial justi- fication of the Government Engineers, it may be urged that while the piers did not subserve their purpose as a decorative feature unti! late in the season, they discharged their utilitarian obligation as a landing place and a harbor for small boats on the opening day and continuously thereafter. Notwithstanding these favorable items in the Government account, it must not be overlooked that the contract awarded to Schofield & Com- pany of Philadelphia, the firm which under- took to build the pier, expressly stipulated that the work should be absolutely complete on opening day, instead of which the piers were finished on the fourteenth of September. All during May, June and part of July the lower part of Raleigh Court was impassable. Instead of being a beauty spot as it was destined to be, the Court was the most unattractive section of LOOKING EAST FROM AUDITORIUM ROOF, FEBRUARY 20, 1907 complete a section whose approach was un- ready; yet to the casual visitor, and no visitor is so casual as the press representative who attends the opening exercises, the central fea- ture of an Exposition is the whole Exposition, and his idea of merit is based upon what he can see without effort. It is, therefore, especially necessary that the feature of a fair be finished when the gates are formally opened, for no president or king counts so much in the attend- ance column as does the representative of a large newspaper. Much fault has been found with the Govern- ment because the great piers were incomplete until late in the summer, and undoubtedly some of this blame was well deserved. There is little doubt that had the plans for the piers been given to the United States Engineers immediately after the passage of the Appro- priation Act—in June, 1906, instead of late in September, a loss of three months—the work could have been started during the summer in- stead of winter’s eve, and the piers would the grounds. One of two conclusions 1s inevit- able: The contract was a very bad one, in- capable of strict enforcement, or else no deter- mined effort was made to enforce it. In the summary of causes which contributed to dis- suade visits to the Exposition, it may truthfully be said that the unfinished piers constituted the most important single item. Construction work was still hampered by lack of adequate transportation facilities, and this difficulty assumed so grave an aspect after the first of January, 1907, that a Division of Transportation was established with Alvah H. Martin as Governor. Until late in the fall of 1906 the spur track of the Norfolk and Atlan- tic Terminal Company afforded the only regu- lar rail delivery to the grounds, and late in January, 1907, this trolley road had, owing to the destruction of its bridge across Tannezx’s Creek, been compelled to cease operating. The Virginian Railway shortly thereafter began a delivery service, but it hauled very little material for the Company, its small equipment being 130 190% 1907 Completion. ~ ake Le Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, FEBRUARY 25, 1907 utilized almost entirely for the forwarding of exhibits. A large part of the freight came by water; and, before the Company’s pier was finished, material thus delivered was landed at Pine Beach, a distance of more than one mile from the principal buildings of the Exposition. The roads over which the heavy material had to be hauled were not adapted for the purpose, and during wet spells the passage between Pine Beach and the Exposition was slow. Once inside the gate the hauling was even more difh- cult, for the Exposition roads were abominable. The Company’s pier, which was finished late in December, was at best a makeshift. Though it extended twenty-two hundred and fifty feet out into Willoughby Bay, there was so little water at its farther end that a loaded lumber barge could only make an approach at high tide; and, unless its cargo had been materially lightened, the boat was always stranded at ebb. However, meager as was this facility, it proved a determining factor in the building of the Exposition, for much of the most necessary work of the Company would have been delayed indefinitely had the pier not been available. Early in 1907 it became evident that the Exposition would be woefully incomplete on opening day. Rumors of postponement spread, and these were credited not only in mm tp oe. ae Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION 131 Norfolk but found eager acquiescent accept- ance in the departments of the Exposition, no- tably in the Division of Works. The men who were superintending construction and equipment realized the physical impossibility of performing their duties on time. The weather conditions during the first of the year had made timely progress on outside work impossible and later when work could be done matters were hurried without regard to cost. Speed was the great thing desired, and mechan- ics were kept working overtime on all of the Company’s operations, especially on _ those buildings which had been begun late. These tactics were very expensive, and as an evidence it may be cited that the April pay roll of the Department of Electricity showed a larger sum than had been required to meet its total wage account for the nine preceding months. To controvert the postponement impression the Directors, who met in their room in the Auditorium Building on the sixteenth day of April, passed these resolutions: “WHEREAS, it has come to the knowledge of the Directors of the Jamestown Exposition that rumors have been circulated to the effect that the Exposition management proposed to close the Exposition to visitors after April 26th for a certain period. “ WHEREAS, the Exposition in almost all of its leading fea- tures will be complete and will afford to the public much of great interest and entertainment, the items of incompleteness being of minor importance, which can be completed in a short time after the opening day and while the Exposition is in operation, therefore, be it “ Resolved: That the Exposition shall be opened on the BUILDING, FEBRUARY 25, 1907 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 26th day of April and shall remain open, Sundays excepted, until November 30th, 1907. * Resolved: further, that the Exploitation Department be requested to give the widest publicity to these resolutions.” If the Directors had looked out of the win- dow of the room within which they were sitting when they passed these resolutions, they would have seen Raleigh Square—intended as the Exposition piece de resistance—an unsightly stretch of mud holes; had they walked through the grounds, they would have seen few com- pleted buildings and no finished roads; had they examined the interiors of the exhibit pal- aces, they would have found nothing but empty spaces, and it is certain that the wide publicity given to these resolutions by the Exploitation Department was extremely hurtful. To have kept the Exposition open may have been neces- sary, but at least the general public should not have been deluded into visiting an utterly in- complete fair under the belief that only minor details or items were lacking for its completion. This mistake cannot be charged to the Depart- ment of Exploitation, which was acting under positive instructions; but it undoubtedly was bad advertising. The public service features of the Exposition were unusually well handled during the con- structive period and in fact throughout the entire life of the undertaking. The first installment of apparatus for the Fire Department was re- ceived in October, 1906—an extra large Nott engine, a combination hose and chemical wagon and a Hayes aerial truck formed the original equipment. This was increased later. The Board of Governors realized that a conflagra- tion would be disastrous, and as the buildings of the Exposition progressed the force and material of the fire fighters grew proportion- ately. Thomas Reynolds was the first Chief and the firemen who served under him were veterans in the departments of Washington, Baltimore, New York and other cities. Before the Exposition started a large steamer and a whe ay. = eee 88, Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. second double tank chemical combination en- gine were added to the first apparatus, and forty firemen with fourteen horses were em- ployed. No less careful were the managers in the matter of providing adequate police protection. The Powhatan Guards went on regular duty January 9, 1907. Before that time a con- stabulary system was sufficient for all demands. Captain Henry W. Carpenter of the United States Marine Corps, had been detailed by the Government to command the Powhatan Guards, and he selected as his adjutant Cap- tain Curry, formerly an officer of the Marine Corps. The first section of the patrol occupied one building in the Arts and Crafts section, while the commandant and the adjutant were housed in an adjacent structure. About two weeks before the Exposition opened the per- manent tent headquarters of the Powhatan Guards was established and a section resem- bling a well kept camp of regulars was one of the first sights that greeted the visitor entering the west gate of the Exposition. The Post Office Department issued orders dated March 16, establishing an independent postal station for the Jamestown Exposition grounds. ‘These orders became effective April 1. Though designated ‘ independent,” the postal operations at the Exposition were under the control of the Norfolk postmaster, the Hon- orable S. B. Carney, and the headquarters were known as the Exposition Station of the Nor- folk Post Office. The service was from the beginning exceptionally good. The ground was laid off into routes which were regularly served by carriers making at first three and later four deliveries a day, except Sunday, when a carrier's window at the station was open from 11:00 to 12:00 A. M. for the accommodation of those living or working on the grounds. To all intents and purposes, the station was a fully equipped post office and there was every facility MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING, FEBRUARY 27, 1907 132 1907 Completion. TESERESESESESES eis CEG AENGBI, n= aa Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. ENTRANCE TO PURE FOOD BUILDING, FEBRUARY 27, 1907 for the handling of domestic and foreign mail, money orders, registered letters, packages and such matter as would come within the provis- ions of the various parcels posts conventions. Mail was sent at short intervals from Norfolk to the Exposition, and the deliveries on the grounds were as regular and more frequent than they were in the residential sections of the city. HONORABLE S. B. CARNEY Postmaster at Norfolk Beginning January 13, an admission fee of ten cents was charged. It was not supposed that the gate receipts would add materially to the revenue, but work was progressing during seven days in each week and visitors were not 133 greatly to be desired. The demand for an admission fee undoubtedly deterred many from going to the grounds and the receipts more than paid the expenses of collecting. Until April | the charge at the gates was ten cents, both for adults and children, and fifty-seven thousand and nine tickets were sold. From April | to April 25 adults were charged twenty-five cents and children ten. During this period there were twenty-two thousand, seven hundred and nine paid admissions. The revenue between Jan- uary 13 and April | was five thousand, seven hundred dollars and ninety cents, and during the April period, five thousand, six hundred and twenty-two dollars and ninety-five cents, or a total of eleven thousand, three hundred and twenty-three dollars and eighty-five cents. Added to these items of income were sales of vehicle admission tickets, photo passes and admission badges, which yielded slightly more than five thousand dollars, and brought the grand total up to sixteen thousand, three hun- dred and thirty-one dollars and sixty-five cents for the pre-Exposition period. A month before the Exposition opened the construction work appeared to be less advanced than at the first of the year. This seeming re- trogression was caused by the great accession of energy which succeeded the granting of the Government loan. Prior to that time the ground had appeared rather orderly. Work was being pushed to a certain extent, but the progress was leisurely and the number of men employed comparatively small. Ass soon as the million dollars became available, the working force was greatly increased, new contracts were awarded and all of the operations were pushed vigorously. During April the site looked chaotic. The early rains had softened all the roads and heavy cartage was attended with great difficulty. 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Owing to insecure foundations and the lack of ballast, railroad ties were continually slipping and derailments were frequent; the ground was littered with building materials and debris; scaffolding surrounded a number of the struc- tures—several of which were not roofed in, all of which were empty and few windowed; yet no fault could have been found with the efforts that were making. On the other hand, there was just cause for criticizing the conduct of the workmen employed by the Company, for they were openly shirking their duties and per- forming their tasks apparently with a view of continuing their jobs rather than finishing their work, At all times evident, never before was mani- fested so glaringly the need of a trained, prac- tical contractor as head of the Works Division. It is possible that no man could have prevented some soldiering, but a contractor conversant with all the details of building could have dominated the situation sufficiently to prevent such insistent evidences of purposeful tardiness. 4 ¥ Ne ? ae Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. strenuous campaign they were sent back to the United States. Arriving in this country, the battalions were separated and except for the annual military maneuvers they had been to- gether seldom since. While at the Exposition, the Twenty-third was under the command of Colonel Philip Reade, one of the best known and most popular officers in the Army. This commander had seen service in the West and in the Philippines and his name was well known to fighters throughout the world. There were about thirty-five officers and five hundred and seventy men under his command. The troops of the Twelfth Cavalry arrived in time for opening day. They were also Philippine veterans. Three years ago the Twelfth came back from the archipelago, where it had been doing garrison duty and had helped to suppress a number of small revolu- tions and riots. Major H. P. Sickle was in command of the two hundred and fifty men, twenty officers and fifteen civilians who came from Chickamauga Park, Georgia, where they RALEIGH SQUARE, MARCH 1, 1907 And it is certain that the contractors were get- ting better service than the Company received. The value of practical superintendence was illustrated by the success of the Electricity De- partment. The installation of lighting material was executed at a rush and under great difficul- ties, and even the management would have been surprised had ten per cent. of the lights on the Exposition buildings been ready by opening night. Nevertheless, eight of the largest build- ings on the grounds were brilliant with myriads of glowing bulbs on the evening of April 26; and, in addition to these glowing spots, hun- dreds of lights along the avenues were burn- ing. Several days prior to April 26, detachments of the regulars arrived. Not since the Twenty- third United States Infantry piled bag and baggage into the overland train and started for the Philippines, early in 1898, had the com- ponent companies been together for any appre- ciable time. During the two years following that trip the men fought in the far off islands, but the regiment was divided there. After that had been encamped at Fort Oglethorpe for the previous three years. The United States Artillery was represented by the Third under command of Captain T. N. Horn. For several days an advance guard had been busy erecting frame skeletons for the Army stables and commodious shacks for camp kitch- ens. Carpenters had been constructing plat- forms, and the soldiers, when they arrived, completed the tented city with almost incredible swiftness. Since the Civil War times, so many tents had not been seen in the vicinity of Nor- folk, and the workmen who had departed late one afternoon were astounded to find the camp completed when they returned to work in the morning. It became obvious shortly after the opening day that the Exposition was deeply in debt and that funds were imperatively demanded for current expenses. It cost about three thousand, five hundred dollars each day to operate the Fair. While the gate receipts for April 26 were nearly sixteen thousand dollars, the total 134 1907 1907 Completion. revenue for the three remaining days of April was less than one-third that sum. The first three days of May yielded a still smaller revenue—a little over two thousand dollars; and on May 4 the Board of Directors discussed the issuance and sale of four hundred thousand dollars worth of bonds. The Auditor’s report then presented to the Directors showed that the budget estimate of November |, 1906, had fallen far short of the actual expenditures. Some divisions, notably History, Education and Social Economy, had used less money than had been estimated for their requirements, but in the Division of Works alone the reported increase of expenditures amounted to three hun- dred and thirty-seven thousand, seven hundred and ninety-four dollars and ninety-one cents, and this reported difference was considerably less than the real. Not only had the expenses been far greater than was expected, but the receipts were much less than had been estimated on the first of the preceding November. Only one of the three sources of revenue came meas- urably up to expectations. The Division of Admissions and Concessions practically col- lected all the money that was anticipated, but the payments on stock were extremely disap- pointing and the estimates made by the Division of Exhibits bore little relation to the revenue collected. The Exposition had now gone up another notch. When Congress had been asked to lend a million dollars to the Exposition Com- pany the undertaking had ceased to be a two million dollar affair, but it was then deemed practically certain that two and a half million dollars would amply cover all requirements. It was presumed that the departments had esti- mated liberally the expenditures that would be necessary and instead of the meager sum of scarcely fifty thousand dollars as was shown by the November budget to be the probable cash balance at the opening of the Exposition, it was generally assumed that an economical administration of affairs would insure several times this sum as an available asset for the cur- rent demands when the Exposition was under way. The Governors of the Company had long before May abandoned the theory that there would be any appreciable surplus, since the innumerable bills presented for payment when the Government funds became available had soon demonstrated that the entire loan had practically been used before it was secured; but owing to the delays in bookkeeping incident to the diversion of the Company’s books for expert audit and also the grievously inadequate system of division reports regarding expendi- tures for work and supplies, the Auditor’s re- ports were far from accurate, and no one was positive just to what an extent the debts of the Company were in excess of its resources. The Auditor’s figures, incomplete as they were, however, proved to the Directors that a bond issue was imperatively demanded, and in the effort to place these bonds, negotiations were at once begun with the transportation companies maintaining terminals in Norfolk, and President 135 Tucker, Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson, Chair- man Johnston and the Honorable Joseph Bryan of Richmond, as a Committee, conferred with a convention of transportation representatives in Washington. The arguments advanced by these gentlemen were decidedly influencing, Mr. Bryan’s statement being especially strong; and on that occasion the transportation officials appeared willing to buy half of the bond issue; but for some reason, which, even in view of the subsequent receivership, seems inconceivable, for the bonds were amply secured, the bankers of Norfolk appeared to be panic stricken, and as some of the prominent local transportation men were also high in banking affairs, the panic was transmitted. If energetic efforts had fol- lowed the first attempt to influence the railroad subscription, it is highly probable that the bonds would have been placed notwithstanding the bankers’ fear—a timidity not entirely inexcus- able since, with a single exception, the local financial institutions were without any prominent representative in the affairs of the Jamestown Exposition Company, and the one Exposition official directly connected with a Norfolk finan- cial institution seemed unable to give any infor- mation which would allay the fear. When the bond issue was discussed it was hoped that half of the amount would be taken by the transpor- tation companies, one hundred thousand by private subscribers and one hundred thousand by the associated banks of Norfolk. On May 8, the Directors again met and passed the following resolution: “* Resolved: That it is the sense of the Board of Directors of the Jamestown Exposition Company that the Board of Governors do not under any cir- cumstances contract any obligation in the name of the Company in excess amount realized for the bond issue of four hundred thousand dollars and the sum of other assets enumerated.” This resolution is quoted literally from the Minute Book, which does not record the names of those voting, but states that the resolution was adopted with nineteen ayes and four nays. There were thirty-five Directors present at this meeting; only twenty-three voted on this im- portant resolution. The verbiage of the resolve is ambiguous, no assets apparently having been enumerated, and the five words preceding the words ‘‘ bond issue” being certainly involyed—though the meaning doubtless was that the Governors were debarred from contracting any obligations for the Company, which in the aggregate would involve the expenditure of a sum greater than that to be secured from the sale of bonds. The real importance of this action lies in the fact that for the first time the Directors by a resolu- tion formally limited the contractual powers of the Governors and thereby indicated a lack of confidence. On June | the stockholders of the Exposition met and authorized the issuance of the bonds and later, the same day, the Directors executed a deed of trust designating Walter H. Taylor and Hugh M. Kerr of Norfolk, as trustees of the deed, pledging as security for the payment 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Copyright, Js »graph Corporation. Tae ot dee esate OVERLOOKING MANUFACTURES BUILDING, MARCH. 10, 1907 of the principal and interest of the bonds all of the real estate of the Company and all of its buildings and improvements—these subject only to the several option contracts which had been made with the States. At this meeting of the Directors an agree- ment prepared by the representatives of the Norfolk banks was presented and accepted. The agreement read: “Upon the acceptance of the Jamestown Exposition Com- pany of the following conditions, the undersigned, hereinafter referred to as ‘ The Banks,’ agree to subscribe, at par, to the amounts set opposite to their respective names, aggregating One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) of the six per cent. (6%) first mortgage (except for the purchase money mortgage hereinafter mentioned) bonds of the Jamestown Ex- position’ Company.) payablean tinea ee , the said bonds to be a part of a total issue of Four Hundred Thousand Dollars ($400,000.00). “The conditions upon which this subscription is made are as follows, to-wit: “1. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Caldwell Hardy and W. W. Moss and Col. W. H. Taylor, or such other per- sons as may be designated by The Banks to take the places of such of them as may not be able to act, hereinafter referred to as ‘Executive Committee,’ is hereby constituted; and such committee shall satisfy itself, by legal advice, as to the form and validity of the said bonds, and of the fact that the mort- gages or deed of trust securing the same is a first lien upon the property of the said Jamestown Exposition Company conveyed thereby, save and except for liens which may be filed and which are provided for as hereinafter mentioned, and an in- cumbrance now existing for the unpaid purchase money of the said property, aggregating approximately Fifty-four Thousand Dollars ($54,000.00) which is to be paid off as hereinafter mentioned. There shall be two trustees in the mortgage or deed of trust securing the said bonds, one of whom shall be named by the said Executive Committee, and the said Trustees, in accepting the said trust, shall agree that in the event of a sale of the property either by them or under an order of Court, they will subordinate their claim to commissions to the payment of both principal and interest of the bonds secured by such mort- gage or deed of trust. “2. The said Executive Committee is to have from time to time, and at all times, full power and authority to inspect the books and papers of the said Jamestown Exposition Com- pany. “3. Two Hundred Thousand Dollars ($200,000.00), par value of bonds out of the said total issue of Four Hundred Thousand Dollars ($400,000.00) is to be deposited by the James- town Exposition Company with the Executive Committee under the agreement that the said bonds may be sold by the said Jamestown Exposition Company from time to time (and the said Company shall use its best efforts to sell the same with all reasonable dispatch), at not less than par, provided that the proceeds thereof shall be retained by the Executive Committee up to an amount sufficient to pay all indebtedness of the said Company for which liens exist or may be filed, including the amount due for purchase money as aforesaid, and the said Executive Committee shall have the power to pay off and satisfy the said liens, or claims for which liens may be filed; it being the intent of this agreement that the lien of the mort- gage securing the bonds hereby subscribed to shall be made a valid and effectual lien upon the property of the said Com- any. sie 4. The proceeds of the One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) hereby subscribed for shall be expended only under the approval of the Executive Committee, for the pur- pose of completing, as far as possible, the Jamestown Exposi- tion, and paying off such liens, or claims for which liens may be filed, as, in the opinion of the said Executive Committee, it shall be necessary or proper to pay. No part of the said One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) shall be used for the payment of any part of the salaries of the Board of Governors of the said Jamestown Exposition Company, or of any now existing indebtedness of the said Company for which liens have not been or may not be filed. “5. A Committee to be styled the * Advisory Committee ” may be created by the Executive Committee, which said Adyis- ory Committee shall have at all times free access to the books and papers of the said Jamestown Exposition Company, and which may confer, whenever in its judgment it may be proper to do so, with the officers of the said Company with a view to the reduction of its expenses, both in construction and operation, and in general to the more economical administration of its affairs. And the said Jamestown Exposition Company shall accept and be guided by the advice of the said Advisory Committee, unless the unanimous action of the Board of Goy- ernors is to the contrary. “6. The same Jamestown Exposition Company is to pay all expenses of the Executive Committee or Advisory Committee created hereunder, including counsel or auditing fees and ex- penses. “7. The Executive Committee is hereby vested with the power of modifying, in any way it may see fit, the terms of the foregoing agreement, including the re-adjustment of the subscriptions hereto, provided that the said subscriptions shall not be thereby increased. “8. In consideration of the subscription of the parties signing the foregoing subscription agreement, the undersigned Jamestown Exposition Company, hereby accepts and agrees to be bound by all and singular the agreements, terms, provisions and conditions in the said subscription agreement set forth and mentioned.” CaLDWELL Harpy, W. W. Moss, W. H. Taytor, Executive Committee. Section 5 of this agreement made the Advis- ory Committee practically paramount. The bankers by their action evidenced their complete disapproval of the methods of the management and their lack of confidence in the business methods prevailing. Whether this feeling was justified or not is difficult to answer by “ yes” or “no.” That some changes were expedient or even necessary can hardly be denied, but that the wholesale repudiation was proper does not seem apparent, and certainly the issue thus suddenly obtruded was harmful to the Exposi- tion. It was the purpose of the bankers to have as their representatives an exceptionally strong committee. The men chosen were Honorable Joseph Bryan of Richmond, L. E. Johnson of Roanoke, President of the Norfolk and West- ern Railway, and James M. Barr of Norfolk, former President of the Seaboard Air Line. 907 Completion. Before June | and prior to the consideration of this agreement by the Directors, the follow- ing note had been sent by the Bankers’ Com- mittee: “Some days ago a number of the banks of Norfolk and vicinity signed a subscription agreement to certain bonds pro- posed to be issued by your Company, to take effect upon the acceptance of certain terms and conditions named in that sub- scription agreement. “ By that agreement the undersigned, constituting the Execu- tive Committee of the Banks, were vested with the power of modifying in any way the terms thereof. The agreement has not yet been accepted. “We have concluded that it is essential to the best interests of all parties that paragraph 5 of the agreement should be modified so as to read as follows: “5. A Committee to be styled the “ Advisory Committee’ may be created by the Executive Committee, which said Advisory Committee shall have at all times free access to the books and papers of the said Jamestown Exposition Company, and which may confer, whenever in its judgment it may be proper to do so, with the officers of the said Company with the view to the reduction of its expenses, both in construction and operation, and in general to the more economical administration of its affairs, and the said Jamestown Exposition Company _ shall accept and be guided in all respects by the advice, recommenda- tions or directions of the said Advisory Committee, provided, however, that in the event of disagreement between the said Jamestown Exposition Company and the said Advisory Com- mittee, the matter in dispute shall be submitted to the Executive Committee hereby created, whose conclusions, recommendations and directions in the premises shall be final and binding upon the said Jamestown Exposition Company. “We would like to have added to the said agreement the following: “8. Neither the Executive Committee nor any member of either of them, shall be liable to any person whatsoever by reason of anything done, or left undone, by them, or either of them, in the premises. “These amendments when accepted by your Company are to be attached to and form a part of the original subscription agreement heretofore executed by the Banks, and pending an acceptance by your Company of the amendments above men- tioned, the aforesaid subscription paper is hereby withdrawn.” CaLpweLt Harpy, W. H. Moss, W. H. Tay or. This letter was incorporated with the agree- ment and duly accepted. The alteration in Section 5 made the Advis- ory Committee the absolute governing board, subject only to the Bankers’ Committee, who were a self-constituted Court of Last Resort. Mr. Bryan and Mr. Johnson found it impossi- ble to reconcile their business interests with service on the Advisory Committee and, there- fore, declined to accept the proffer of office. Mr. Barr was, however, able to give to the affairs of the Exposition practically all of his time and he was made sole adviser. When he accepted the position his conception of his duties as he expressed in a letter* to C. Brooks * This letter appears in the report of the Governor of Ways and Means.—Eb. « * es Ris , 23 Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Johnston, was to control the expenditure of the money advanced by the bankers and to disturb as little as possible any of the existing manage- rial conditions, yet to all intents and purposes he was the Director-General of the Company from the time he entered office. On June 13 the Directors passed the follow- ing resolution: “ Resolved, That Mr. J. M. Barr, who has already agreed to act as an advisory committee, be hereby further vested with such general executive power and supervision over all the Company's affairs, as are usually understood to have been vested in the director generals of other expositions, and that a com- mittee of five (5) be appointed to report to the meeting of the Directors one week hence such amendments to the By-laws as will provide for the same.” At the same meeting, a second deed of trust was executed, with T. J. Wool and O. D. Batchelor trustees. This instrument conveyed to the trustees all the real estate and improve- ments previously conveyed to Walter H. Tay- lor and Hugh M. Kerr, trustees,—subject, however, to their prior rights in the premises; and, in addition, conveyed all of the personal property and estate of the Exposition Company for the equal, pro-rata benefit and security of all the creditors of the Exposition Company other than the United States Government and the holders of the four hundred thousand dol- lar issue of bonds. The Government’s claim was specifically secured by a lien on the gate and concession receipts and the previously executed deed of trust guaranteed the bonds. At this meeting a committee of five was ap- pointed to suggest possible retrenchments in ex- penditures. On June 19, Mr. Barr addressed a letter to Mr. Tucker, the President of the Company, and Mr. Johnston, Chairman of the Board of Governors, in which he stated that from avail- able information he estimated that one hundred thousand dollars would be required in addition to the one hundred thousand dollars provided by the Norfolk bankers, for the purpose of completing in a creditable manner the Exposi- tion buildings and grounds. In this letter he stated that, while it was not yet known what the monthly cost of operation and maintenance would be, if the May pay-rolls were used as a basis for an estimate it would approximate one hundred and sixteen thousand, nine hundred and seventy-eight dollars and fifteen cents. In TO THE LEFT, WORK ON SOCIAL ECONOMY BUILDING, MARCH 10, 1907 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. this total, Mr. Barr itemized music and special events at twenty thousand dollars for the month, advertising and exploitation, fifteen thousand, and miscellaneous supplies, seventeen thousand dollars. Mr. Barr concluded his letter by say- ing: “I am asking for action in this matter at this time, without waiting for official figures, because of the immediate need for money, which if not provided will imperil the success of your enterprise. To-day but twenty-four thousand dollars are available to complete the Exposition, and no money whatever is available to meet its imperative operating needs, and work, in consequence, is largely at a standstill.” The condition confronting the Exposition undoubtedly was perilous. The total revenue collected by the Department of Admissions from April 26 to May 31 inclusive was thirty- seven thousand, two hundred and seventy-seven dollars and forty cents; the pay-roll of the Company alone for the month of May was over sixty thousand dollars. On the twenty-fifth of June, Mr. Ellyson addressed a letter to President Tucker in which he stated that the Exposition, when completed, would be remembered as one of the most pleas- ing and attractive ever held in America, but that funds with which to pay the outstanding indebtedness were lacking, and he wrote: “I beg leave to suggest that a committee be ap- pointed to call together some of the leading citi- zens of Tidewater Virginia, with a view of securing at once the sum of one hundred thou- sand dollars, which together with the proceeds of the sale of bonds already authorized, will put us in a comfortable position to proceed with our work. I am willing to be one of twenty to contribute five thousand dollars each toward such a fund, or, if one hundred thousand dollars be insufficient, I am willing to be one of twenty-five to put up whatever amount is necessary to complete the Exposition.” This letter was read by Mr. Tucker to the Board of Directors at their regular June meet- ing, and while it appears in full in the Minute Book, there is no record of any action having been taken officially by the Directors on the offer of Governor Ellyson. As the Advisory Committee, Mr. Barr held that he was responsible only for the proper expenditure of the one hundred thousand dol- Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. VIEW OF POCAHONTAS STREET, MARCH lars which the bankers of Norfolk had placed in his hands in return for the Company’s bonds, but the Directors were anxious, as they had shown by their resolution that he should take a general charge of the work. Mr. Barr, how- ever, would not consider this proposal unless an additional one hundred thousand dollars was secured for the purposes set forth in his letter of June 19. A determined effort was, there- fore, made to raise the money. On July 1, the Directors resolved that the balance due on common stock should be col- lected in full. The terms of subscription for this class of stock were that only twenty-eight per cent. should be assessed prior to the opening of the Exposition, but that later it was subject to call for the remaining seventy-two per cent., or any part thereof. The Directors also re- solved that all amounts unpaid and due to the Company on both preferred and common stock should be pledged to the Atlantic Trust & Deposit Company of Norfolk, as security for a loan of not more than one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, for the purpose of supplying urgently needed funds. The Trust Company did not feel willing to advance the money, but a committee was organized to solicit subscrip- tions to an Exposition fund, and a sum was secured from public spirited citizens who took as their security the pledged stock subscrip- tions. As the principal factor contributing to the acquisition of the funds for the Exposition Treasury under the agreement of pledge, H. C. Davis, a prominent attorney of Norfolk, received the unanimous thanks of the Board of Directors. “The exact amount subscribed was eighty-one thousand, five hundred dollars. There were fifty-six subscribers, few of whom had been prominently connected with the Ex- position. The largest amount advanced by any Exposition official was twenty-five hundred dollars, the subscription of Mr. Ellyson. R. Lancaster Williams subscribed ten thousand dollars, the Honorable Joseph Bryan of Rich- mond, five thousand dollars, and, subject to certain conditions, Fergus Reid of Norfolk, also subscribed five thousand dollars. On the fifth of July, the fund by this time having been secured, the Directors met, amended the by- laws of the Company, provided for a Director- 10, 1907 190" 1907 concerted action looking toward relief. Completion. SF nH, ar - otograph Corporation. RALEIGH SQUARE, 2 : x ; ( Sopyright, Jamestown Official Ph General, elected Mr. Barr to the position and he accepted. Before any change in the management was made—by the end of May—practically every building on the ground, with the exception of the Negro Building, Convention Hall and the fire-proof Art Palace, had been finished. The interior decorations of several were yet incom- plete and there was a sad dearth of exhibits. The freight congestion in Norfolk had been responsible for some of the delay in the installa- tion of displays. Shortly after the Exposition opened this matter became so serious that Mr. Southgate, unable to remedy the situation, re- quested the Board of Governors to take some Ac- cording to the Governor of Exhibits there were at that time packages on the Old Dominion dock which had been there since April 2, and there was no definite assurance that they would be delivered within a reasonable period. Dur- ing May, freight moved freely, and the diff- culty was to a large extent obviated. Never- theless deliveries were not prompt and many cases billed for the Exposition were held more than a fortnight in Norfolk. By the middle of June, the Palace of Manu- factures and Liberal Arts was fairly well filled, and with the exception of selling exhibits few displays were later added. The Palace of Machinery and Transportation was also about as full as it ever became, and the exhibits in the Division of Social Economy and Educa- tion, the installation of which had been fear- fully handicapped by lack of housing facilities, were then well advanced and the buildings pre- sented attractive appearances. Visitors who had been at the opening of the Exposition and returned at that time noticed evidences of great improvement. By Georgia Day there had been a marked advance toward completion and there appeared to be the dawning of a bright promise for this undertaking, which possessed such a high order of merit. The first Exposi- tion reports told a story that was doleful, a tale of incompleteness—of chaos; but after the first few days things went better, and later avail- 139 MARCH. 10, 1907 able funds were certainly applied to the best uses. [he Exposition had rapidly assumed a better shape and it looked as if in a short time everything would be ready. There was much adverse criticism regarding the unfilled spaces in the exhibit halls. Expo- sition exhibits are never secured until they are installed. “The manager of an exhibit depart- ment or division encounters difficulties which the most astute prevision could scarcely indicate. Reputable firms of the highest standing apply for room, receive allotments and then fail to utilize their locations. A man with exposition experience hesitates to stop selling exhibit space, even though his building is apparently filled to repletion. Until some payment is made no space can be regarded as sold, and even after the first payment is made an exhibitor may find it more profitable to cancel his arrangement and forfeit the advance money. The Jamestown Exposition was no exception to the general rule, but the Governor of Exhibits apparently felt confident that certain of his buildings would be overcrowded, and during the winter preceding the Exposition stopped for a time all efforts to secure additional exhibits in several lines. This temporary lack of effort may have accounted in part for vacancies, but Mr. Southgate, on June 17, called attention to other reasons, notably that the difficulties which had attended the first weeks of the Exposition had resulted in a large number of those who had arranged to display their products declining to do so; and he mentioned the extraordinary paucity of local displays. It is true that up to the first of June only seven local firms had entered appli- cations. After that time, however, two others secured spaces and made notably fine exhibits. The best results at the Exposition and the worst were attained by the Nation. The United States Government Board, with rare discrimination, had selected exceptionally com- petent men to collect, install and display the National exhibits. The showing made by them was dignified, impressive and in highest degree instructive; but the Government Piers were sadly incomplete, and in contrast with the 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. energetic efforts put forth by the Exposition Company to complete its work, the slow prog- ress of the piers was conspicuous. At no period of their construction did work on the piers progress rapidly. This was a great pity, for if the Government had fulfilled its obliga- tion and compelled a timely completion of the work, that great feature would have been a delight to thousands who visited the Exposition, vet missed its chief feature, and the Naval trance, and while nothing less than an entire reconstruction could obliterate the actual ugli- ness of the scene this landscape decoration certainly afforded relief. “The road work was actively pushed and streets were finished. Sev- eral glaringly ugly sections of “The War- path”? were improved and a large bare spot in the center was converted into the semblance of a park. Better stories went abroad concern- ing the Exposition, and if the Publicity Depart- ‘ bY ¥ a we a \ ‘\ + , Jamestown Official Photograph Co LIBERAL AQTs 1232 COLONNADE OF LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING, APRIL 1, 1907 concourse would have had far greater signifi- cance and effectiveness. One of the first results of the management of J. M. Barr was activity on the landscape work. The order went out June 15 for the completion of that important end of the Expo- sition. All day Sunday squads of workmen were busily engaged all over the grounds and the results were noticeable as early as Monday morning. ‘The first parking was done around the Service Building, just inside the main en- ment had taken full advantage of the afforded opportunities a brighter era might have dawned. The arrangements for special events under Mr. Barr’s management did not show a notice- able improvement over the preceding period, and the exploitation of the Exposition, always inadequate, was, during his incumbency, not only inadequate but injudicious. In justification of Mr. Barr it may be said that he realized his utter lack of experience in exposition advertis- ing and merely continued as the responsible 140 1907) Completion. 1907 head of the Publicity Department a man who had been employed by the previous manage- ment to serve under Mr. Myers, the Governor of Exploitation. ‘There was, however, this difference in conditions: Under the rule of the Governors no one beyond the Board had any real power and no matter how high the rank of an employee, how dignified his title, or impor- tant his position, he was really little, if any more than a chief clerk. While no one policy of the Governors could have done so much to destroy department esprit du corps and enthusiastic indi- vidual effort on the part of the various chiefs as did this determination to be in themselves everything, yet at the same time it prevented in some measure departmental extravagance and certainly kept within the control of the men most largely interested financially in the Expo- sition Company, the expenditure of the Com- pany’s money. If exceptionally well qualified men had con- trolled the departments as chiefs and directors, Mr. Barr’s policy of giving to the individual full authority would have been a vast improve- ment over the old system. But Mr. Barr did not have exceptional technical assistants; nor was he, owing to his utter lack of exposition experience, able to select such men. He, there- fore, kept the chiefs whom he found, but elim- inating the Governors, he placed in the hands of each chief really more power than. formerly had been exercised by any Governor. A great deal of money was spent during the summer and early fall advertising the Exposi- tion. [here are few newspapers in America whose editorial opinions are controlled abso- lutely by the business offices, but editors are not entirely unlike other human beings and they do not like to be told that they are consid- ered negligible. During the early weeks of the Exposition special correspondents gave ex- tremely unsavory accounts of the Ter-Centen- nial, and the papers published them. Most of these papers had published previously the stories sent by wire and by letter announcing prior to opening day that the Exposition would be ready, and naturally visiting journalists felt aggrieved when they witnessed the scene of desolation. Subsequently when the principal news writers accompanied President Roosevelt on his second visit, June 10, they saw Raleigh Court and the Government Piers still unfinished and apparently unadvanced, and in the absence of instructions to note carefully all that there was to be seen, they sent to their several papers more or less unenthusiastic accounts of progress. It is true that the tone of the second letters was much kindlier than the first; yet, and telling the truth, the later articles stated that the Expo- sition was not finished. Apparently taking cue from this correspond- ence, the Publicity Bureau began disseminating information concerning the work that was each day doing, and these letters unintentionally but certainly over-emphasized that the Exposition was still incomplete. Later communications were manifolded and sent to the newspapers of the country, stating that the Exposition would 141 INTERIOR TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, APRIL 10, 1907 be finished by a certain time, inde ‘nite at first, later a definite date. This might have been considered a news note on which to hang a story, but it was an inju- dicious note, for undoubtedly it deterred from visiting the Exposition thousands of people who were undecided whether or not they would make the trip. This was especially true with regard to the farmers and planters of the south, numbers of whom had made partial arrange- ments to visit the Exposition and later cancelled them. In addition to this error in the conduct of the news bureau, there was a still more unfor- tunate mismanagement of the advertising divis- ion. Circus exploitation has its merits and within a limited radius it is questionable if any publicity is better for an exposition than glaring posters or similar spectacular advertising, but to draw people from a distance—and by this is meant to induce them to spend any appre- ciable amount of money—the valuable adver- tising Is newspaper or magazine advertising; and these media were almost entirely if not utterly ignored in the summer campaign of ex- ploitation, when for the first time the Publicity Department actually had some money to spend. Newspapers have made or marred every Expo- sition held in this country—and they marred the Ter-Centennial. There was no incentive for them to help it, and while with one or two exceptions there was no dishonest or virulent opposition, few journals beyond the Exposition reading territory aggressively supported it. When the Exposition was completed, so much INTERIOR FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, APRIL 10, 1907 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. time had been lost that a real success was im- possible, but a partial success even then might have been secured had better means been em- ployed. Many thousands of dollars spent in adver- tising are bound to bring some results, and the attendance at the Exposition improved as the months went on. ‘The total paid admissions for the four days of April were thirty-six thousand, eight hundred and thirty-nine, show- ing an average of over nine thousand each day; but thirty-two thousand people passed the gates on the opening date; seventy thousand, six hun- dred and thirty-seven paid admissions was the record for May; one hundred and sixty-eight thousand, nine hundred and eighty-six for June; one hundred and eighty-two thousand, four hundred and sixty-nine for July; two hun- dred and seventy-seven thousand, one hundred and fifty-three for August, and three hundred and two thousand, five hundred and twelve for September—the banner month. The October paid admissions were two hundred and fifty- five thousand, three hundred and ninety-two, and in November, one hundred and six thous- and, five hundred and twenty-nine. Contrary to expectations and in defiance of conditions as well as precedent, October showed a notable decrease over September. By Sep- tember the Exposition was complete, and a more attractive, delightful fair had never in- vited the American people; but internal dissen- sions widely exploited irreparably hurt what- ever prospects of success that remained. When Mr. Barr became Director-General, to all intents and purposes he superseded the Board of Governors and undoubtedly the Directors of the Company then were willing to give him absolute, autocratic power. Feeling that he would be sustained in any action that he took, Mr. Barr unquestionably used his power autocratically. In no community is it possible to demote men of consequence sufh- cient to be chosen for such positions as Gover- nors of an exposition without causing consider- able ill-feeling and arousing bitter partisanship. From the date of the Board’s creation until there occurred the troubles which resulted in the election of Mr. Barr, the Governors had been practically paramount and the Directors Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. had occupied a more or less minor position. Mr. Barr knew it to be true that the methods of the old management were entirely discredited by a majority of the Directors. Without analyzing the reasons for many delays the Directors appeared to consider that the prime element in the Governors’ policy had been pro- crastination, and what they wanted was action, immediate and forceful. ‘This Mr. Barr un- doubtedly gave, but it was given in an impolitic manner and there was a certain obviously sym- pathetic reaction in favor of the deposed Board. This undercurrent of feeling was brought to the surface by a most regrettable incident which occurred the latter part of August and resulted in a disagreement between Mr. Tucker and Mr. Barr regarding the scope of their several powers. Article IV, Section 3, of the by-laws relates that “the President shall exercise a general supervision over all the affairs of the Company. He shall be ex-officio a member and chairman of the Executive Committee. He shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders other than the annual meeting and at all meet- ings of the Board of Directors.’ The Section continues to the usual effect as to papers that shall be signed, ““ deeds, mortgages, bonds and contracts duly authorized,” and in closing states “He shall perform such other duties as may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board of Directors or Executive Committee.” With the exception of signing contracts authorized by the Board of Governors, the President was in no sense a creature of the Board of which he was not a member—he was the presiding officer of the Executive Commit- tee and subject to that Committee’s rules. He was the chief presiding officer of the Company, and, therefore, subject to the directors and the stockholders. But he was not a member of the Board of Governors nor could that Board con- trol his conduct. While there had been nothing explicitly set forth in a by-law of the Company nor had there been a ruling of the Directorate on the subject, it was the general understanding that the conduct of social functions was the province of the President. On behalf of the Exposition, Mr. Tucker had always received distinguished visitors. It had been his invariable custom to RALEIGH COURT, APRIL 20, 1907 142 1907 1907 Lhe Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. * Be Corericht, IE Official PRoropeanh Garperition: LOOKING EAST FROM PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING, APRIL 20, 1907 extend the courtesies of the Exposition to its guests. Not all the entertaimments given by Mr. Tucker, and in fact comparatively few of them, were strictly exposition entertainments, it having been his custom, since the finances of the Company were involved, frequently to en- tertain personally, and one of the entertainments individually given by him caused the disagree- ment. The Director-General apparently ag- grieved at an act which he construed to be a slight, appointed C. W. Kohlsaat to represent him as the Social Secretary of the Exposition. Various plans were suggested by the friends of the Director-General and the President, with a view to adjusting the difficulty and ar- ranging an amicable modus vivendi. The con- tinuation of Mr. Kohlsaat in a capacity which would practically have placed him on the same plane as the President of the Company, was naturally impossible, and a Committee on Ceremonies was created, with Colonel Barton H. Grundy, of Richmond, as its Secretary, Mr. Kohlsaat resigning. This makeshift was not satisfactory and, while no doubt a number of other causes were contributory, the dispute nominally led to the resignation of the Director- General. Mr. Barr’s position in the matter, while un- diplomatic, was not wholly without excuse. His advent had occurred very late in the season and he was not familiar with the customs of the Company. He had formed his impression of the conduct of ceremonies from a set of rules which, promulgated by the Governors, had purported to define and segregate duties. The Board of Governors was a business body and the Governors individually had assumed cer- tain duties involving executive functions. Whether or not this condition was proper does not enter; it has been discussed elsewhere and is now stated merely as a fact. Disagreements concerning the scope of their several powers occurred not infrequently between the Gover- 143 nors and other officers, and at one time it ap- peared likely that these misunderstandings might be serious. “Therefore, the Board formu- lated a schedule in which was defined with more or less distinctness the departments in each division. The construction of this schedule was in itself interesting. “The opinion of every promi- nent official in the Company was solicited with the view of obtaining a correct arrangement of details, and the paper as originally prepared for submission to the Board of Governors evi- denced on the part of at least one department chief not only a willingness to perform prac- tically any Exposition function, but a convic- tion that his department was more than a moiety of the undertaking. In this first paper ““ Ceremonies ’’ were placed under Mr. John- ston, not as Chairman of the Board of Gov- ernors, but in his capacity as Director of Con- gresses and Special Events, and the immediate supervisor of ceremonies would, under that ar- rangement, have been Mr. Sexton, Chief of the Department. It was not difficult to discern faults in this arrangement. ‘The principal ad- ministrative correspondence of the Exposition was conducted by the President of the Com- pany and the Secretary, just as executive corre- spondence was conducted by the Chairman of the Board and his fellow Governors, while de- partment matters were noted by the chiefs. Every detail connected with Congresses and Special Events appeared to be under the juris- diction broadly of Mr. Johnston and specifically of Mr. Sexton, but Special Events did not in Jamestown Exposition cataloguing include the functions incident to State days or the ceremo- nies attending the visits of distinguished foreign- ers and representatives of the National Govern- ment. Therefore, there was a definite cleavage between two classes of ceremonies and the Board of Governors recognizing the demarca- tion scheduled “ Ceremonies’’ under the 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ‘Duties of the Secretary,” adding as a foot note “ the care of distinguished guests.” Mr. Barr claimed that he was only taking away from Mr. Tucker the ceremonial duties which he had conferred, since the Board of Governors represented by the Secretary had managed entertainments before the Dhirector- General had been elected. ‘This was true, however, only to a very limited extent. The Secretary attended to ceremonial correspond- ence, to the issuance of invitations and to the details of entertainment, but his province was socially clerical. The Board of Governors had never delegated to him the power of broadly supervising social matters because at no time had they claimed such power to dele- gate. The President stood between the Ex- position and the outside world. On behalf of the Exposition he welcomed the guests and whenever he was present he presided at impor- = JAMES M. BARR Advisory Committee, June | to July 5, 1907 Director-General, July 5 to October 5, 1907 tant functions. He was the host; and the Sec- retary, like any other officer of the Company, was merely a guest. It is a fact that until the dispute the Secretary of the Company had not presided at a single really important ceremony ; and, though later he did preside on two or more occasions, his chairmanship was due to some specific personal reason not connected with his official duties. In the matter of general ceremonies certainly the Chief of Congresses and Special Events did not regard himself as even temporarily the social head of the Expo- sition nor could the Secretary of the Company have conceived that in State affairs such a posi- tion was his. By general consent and custom which was as binding as law, the President was superior in the social domain. The amendments of the Company’s by-laws by which provision had been made for a Director-General certainly gave to that officer extraordinary power, but the alteration in the Company’s rules did not in any way affect the rights of the President nor amend his privilege to ‘ exercise a general supervision over all the affairs of the Company.” It is true that this supervision had never been evidenced because it was generally understood that the presiding officer was not expected to direct the affairs of the Company, and so far as Mr. Tucker was concerned he had not, unless asked, ever inter- fered with the transactions of the Board of Gov- ernors nor attempted to influence their decisions, realizing that it was the Board and not himself who would be held responsible for the business conduct of the undertaking. It would have been equally as unfortunate had Mr. Tucker, holding strictly to the letter of the law, inter- fered with Mr. Barr in the prosecution of his work as Director-General, as it was when Mr. Barr, misconstruing the purport of the Gover- nors’ schedule interfered with Mr. Tucker in his social capacity. Upon final analysis the fault might perhaps be traced to the indefinite- ness of the law dealing with the powers of the President—a law written practically at the dic- tation of General Lee and one which really never meant what it stated. It certainly would have been much better if the point had been made clear in the beginning, and certainly the ruling of the Governors, as to the duties of themselves and other officers, was far from be- ing lucid; yet any one long connected with the Company could have given such advice to the Director-General as would have precluded any chance of misunderstanding. Mr. Barr must have resigned prior to Sep- tember 4, although there is no record on the Minute Book of the Board of Directors that his resignation was ever tendered, but on that date it is recorded that J. L. Hubard pre- sented “three petitions—one signed by the various business organizations of Norfolk, an- other signed by the concessionaires of the Ex- position, and the third from the banking inter- ests of Norfolk, urging the Board to decline to accept the resignation of Mr. Barr as Direc- tor-General, etc.” and in consequence a Reso- lution was passed, which after preambles recit- ing the indebtedness of the Company to Mr. Barr, continued: ‘“‘ Now, therefore, we the Directors,. wish to express our sincere regret that anything should have occurred to induce Mr. Barr to tender his resignation at this most critical juncture of the affairs of the Company. We, therefore, earnestly request him to with- draw his resignation.” On the fifth day of October, the Directors again convened and the Secretary read a communication from the Director-General in which he stated that he declined to serve further and asked that his resignation be accepted, and this brief note appears in the Minute Book: “ Resolved, that the resignation of Mr. J. M. Bar as Director-General, be and it is hereby accepted with regret.’ Alvah H. Martin was then elected his successor. During Mr. Barr’s incumbency few new men were employed. A number of places were vacated, and in several instances other 144 1907 1907 Completion. Copy Jamestown. O Photograph Cor ongy pe ETT aay MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, APRIL 22, 1907 economic reductions were made. Only one member of the Board of Governors drew any salary after August. Mr. Cottrell, the Gov- ernor of Works, resigned as soon as Mr. Barr was appointed Advisory Committee, and was succeeded for a brief period by Mr. Sedden, who in turn was succeeded by Mr. Dixon, for- merly Chief of Electricity, and afterwards assistant to the Director-General. When the by-laws of the Company were amended at the meeting of July 5, 1907, Section | of Article 4 was made to read “ The officers of the Com- pany shall consist of a President, ten Vice- Presidents, a Director-General, seven Gover- nors—one of whom shall be chairman of the Board, and one a State Commissioner—a Treas- urer, a Secretary, and Auditor, one or more General Counsel—as the Board of Directors may determine—and a Medical Director, all of whom shall be members of the Board of Direc- tors. But no two of the offices herein enumer- ated shall be held by the same person except that a Vice-President may hold another office.” In consequence of this last provision, Mr. Myers, who was Auditor of the Company, as well as a Governor, resigned the former position to take effect the first of August. At the same time, Mr. Bain, the Assistant Auditor, re- signed. Mr. Myers was succeeded by Albert E. Little, of New York, a well known account- ant and a member of the distinguished firm of Stephen Little & Son. Mr. Bain was suc- ceeded by W. H. Hilton, who had been his assistant. Later, Mr. Little resigned and Mr. Hilton became the Auditor of the Company. During the summer, Mr. Southgate engaged John A. Wakefield to assist him in the Exhibit Division. Mr. Wakefield was an accom- plished exposition man, but his experience had been principally confined—certainly during recent years—to concession work. As Chief of Concessions at St. Louis he had achieved a distinct success, which he repeated at Port- land. To obtain real exhibitors when the Exposition was half over could scarcely be accounted a probable accomplishment, and Mr. Wakefield, who was thoroughly practical, had no vague illusions. He directed his efforts toward filling with vending exhibits the vacant spaces in the large buildings, and succeeded remarkably well in so doing. Under Mr. 145 Barr's régime the Governors, with the excep- tion of the Governor of Exhibits and the Goy- ernor of History, Education and Social Econ- omy, had ceased to be active officers, and one of the Director-General’s first official acts was to instruct the various department chiefs to report directly to him. This order in effect eliminated Mr. Myers as Chief of Exploitation and substituted Mr. Bolles as head of the Division; eliminated Mr. Johnston and made Mr. Sexton controller of Congresses and Special Events; eliminated Mr. Sherwood and promoted F. H. Davison to the management of Concessions and Admissions. Subsequently Mr. Bolles was entitled Director of Publicity, and Mr. Sexton Director of Congresses and Special Events, while Mr. Wakefield became Director of Concessions and Admissions. Mr. Davison resigned as Chief of this last named Division, and H. E. Sherwood, who had for- merly been Chief Clerk in the Department of Admissions, became Chief of Admissions. When Mr. Martin began to exercise the functions of the Director-General, he found that the administration would have to be ex- ceedingly economical or the Exposition would have to close. “There was practically no money in the Treasury, there were a number of over- due bills and the entire receipts from the gates and concessions were insufficient to pay the current operating expenses. The concession- aires had acquired the habit of disregarding their obligations, and with few exceptions all were in arrears. ‘Io remedy this difficulty Mr. Martin at once established an arbitration com- mittee consisting of Assistant Treasurer C. L. Old, the assistant to the General Counsel Smith P. Brittngham and John A. Wakefield, Director of Concessions. ‘This committee met daily and adjusted disputes between the Ex- position and its concessionaire debtors and they obtained a considerable part of the contested accounts. Every dispensable office at the Ex- position was vacated. In the departments only those were retained on the pay-rolls whose services seemed absolutely requisite. The only important change made was in the Division of Publicity. Mr. Bolles resigned and Silas E. Snyder, who had been Chief of Exploitation, succeeded him. Besides reducing expenses and energetically 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ARCH OF GOVERNMENT PIERS pushing collections, the new Director-General strove earnestly to create an interest in the Special Events scheduled for the remainder of the Exposition, and he used the forces at his command to create enthusiasm in the cities and towns in Tidewater Virginia, and North Caro- lina, to the end that other special days might be added to the list already formed. There were, however, few who thought that the Ex- position could be continued until November 30, and there was practically no one who believed that this result would be attained without add- ing further to the Company’s obligations. Yet Mr. Martin succeeded in the accomplishment. The Exposition kept open and instead of in- creasing the indebtedness of the Company he decreased it. Ever since the middle of Sep- tember the Exposition had deserved to be a success. When the Government Piers were completed there was little left to be desired. Never had an exposition a site so charming nor was there in all history a world’s fair which presented a picture so intensely sense satisfying, artistic, simple, effective and imposing. The great Greek temples and Roman piles that hitherto had served as exposition palaces were conspicuously missing. ‘The indescribable feel- ing of sadness that has affected visitors to all other expositions, caused by an appreciation of the impermanence of the seemingly imperish- able structures, here was absent, for the build- ings were durable and likely to subserve the purposes of a lasting memorial rather than an evanescent celebration. The great architectural and _ engineering triumph of the Exposition was the Govern- ment’s twin piers, whose ends were linked by a HOTEL CHAMBERLAIN, OLD POINT COMFORT magnificent archway. On this great work were ornaments of wood and staff, but the structure was made of solid concrete—the material which has best withstood the ravages of time, for the foundations of Athens’ monuments and the marvels of Naples still remain, though the stones which rested on them long since have rotted away and fallen to the ground. One-fourth of a mile or more from the Ex- position’s shore stood the largest concrete arch ever built; and, from the vantage point of its apex, the Exposition visitor had spread before him a land and marine panorama ineffably beautiful. Over the waters was Fort Wool, a tiny built-up island surmounted by grim, gray stone battlements; still further off was Fortress Monroe, looking green and peaceful from the distance; the great red hotel at Old Point Com- fort showed clearly, and the shore line north- ward from the Roads, lined with cottages, was just discernible. Newport News appeared in the distance, and immediately to the right or the left of the Exposition were cottages, club houses and several large hotels. The great harbor itself was always an attractive picture, restless sometimes, often at rest, the pure, clear, green-blue waters of Hampton Roads bore vessels of every sort—the warships and mer- chantmen, schooners of trade and pleasure yachts, tiny launches and numerous cutters or gigs. About face, and the visitor could see a vision typical of an era and a veritable apotheosis of sentiment. With the re-birth of architecture under Louis XV., a style was evolved in which there was blended homogeneously the graces of the purest Greek with the utilities of modern —* = SS 146 1907 1907 Completion. civilization. Crossing the channel and modi- fied, the Renaissance became the Georgian, in honor of the King; and over sea other altera- tions were ingrafted and the Colonial was evolved—an architecture as distinctly Ameri- can as is the “‘sky scraper’’ type of recent years. In the south this theme attained perfection. Desultory examples linger in the shape of buildings generally throughout the eastern por- tions of the United States; but in Virginia, in Maryland, in the Carolinas and in Georgia houses still stand that were erected in the Colo- nial days, and “ restorations’’ have not been permitted to destroy the grand simplicity of the original pattern. The very genius of the section stood forth in the buildings and the whole formed a Colonial acropolis restful to the eye and satisfying to sentiment. Between the pier and the handsome Admin- istration Building—the chief and most charm- ing structure on the grounds—Raleigh Square lay, parked with green and in the center a handsome fountain. To break the stretch of sward, two pools intervened, and these limpid waters made a mirror that doubled the attract- iveness of the vision. To the nght or left the great Government buildings reared skyward, and the imposing twin palaces of Manufactur- ers-Liberal Arts to the right and Machinery- Transportation to the left completed the cen- tral picture. Along the shore stood the buildings of the States, each one tasteful and dignified, and each a type of the period that preceded National existence. The Old State House of Boston could be seen, and Philadelphia’s his- toric Independence Hall, each reproduced with exact fidelity. The Bulloch House, and Adena, the first stone mansion erected west- ward from the Appalachian Mountains, re- spectively represented Georgia, who, desiring to honor her illustrious grandson, President Roosevelt, chose for her headquarters the man- sion occupied by his maternal ancestors, and Ohio, who thus paid tribute to the memory of 147 her first Governor and first Senator. White alone or white or red were most of these State buildings, but the red did not glare, it was the restful shade of dark, unpressed brick; and green was everywhere. Toward the north the Exposition looked, and the sun shone over it and not toward it. From the shore, the faces of the buildings lay in shade, and paths were dotted with small trees, and the avenues with denser, larger growth. Pleasing as was the picture from a distance, no less attractive did closer inspection prove. The main buildings of the Exposition were models of simple taste—classical in outline, adorned but not ornate. The landscape bore an equal charm. Broad sidewalks, separated from the road by lines of trees and demarked from the buildings by grassy stretches, were orderly and well kept. Ever and anon a bed of flowers sprang up to greet the eye, and in these clusters of blooms few were found that were not native. Superb Willoughby Avenue stretched a mile along the shore, from the Pine Grove at the farthest West to Boush Creek at the eastern boundary, and from “ Fort Boonesborough,”’ within the pines, to the tiny building of Dela- ware with its gigantic chimneys, a string of Colonial triumphs stood in order. ‘The stately splendid palaces of Virginia, Maryland and New York ranked high in this charming coterie, and scarcely less admirable were the graceful houses of Missouri, New Jersey, IIhi- nois and Rhode Island. Most dignified were North Carolina’s building and the buildings of West Virginia, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Michigan, Connecticut, and North Dakota, while the little Vermont Building was, of its kind, a rare gem. The scene of the most distinctively spectacu- lar features of the Exposition was Lee’s Parade —an immense thirty-five acre tract devoted to the military. In the spring this ground was beautiful, green-carpeted and fringed with blooming apple trees. ‘Twice or thrice daily 1907 1907 The Jamestown Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Ter-Centennial Exposition. DISCOVERY LANDING, SHOWING SMITH'S BASIN the Parade was the theatre of great evolutions. The Regulars, whose every movement of horse or man was performed with machine-like pre- cision, marched and countermarched before de- lighted thousands. Regiments and companies from many states camped with the soldiers of the United States, often paraded with them and more frequently paraded alone, while cadets from military and semi-military colleges and from naval schools lent a color and keen interest to the Army spectacle. The ships of the world had left Hampton Roads long before the Exposition was com- pleted, but the Naval rendezvous will remain forever a bright memory with those fortunate enough to have seen it. Our graceful “ White Squadron,” which proved its deadly effective- ness in its only time of test, looked from a dis- tance like a flotilla of pleasure craft in contrast with the sombre, dismal, dark sea fighters sent by foreign powers to honor the occasion. Gracefully the cruisers rode the waves, and, seemingly immovable, the battleships rested like huge forts, each one impregnable; and the blue- jackets from the ships and the marines when they marched, as frequently they did, gave some idea of the immense army carried by the peaceful looking monsters lying within the range of vision. Within the buildings the scene, no less pleas- ing to the eye, possessed the added attraction of intense educational value. ‘Taking in order of geographical location the Exposition build- ings from the east and making a circuit, no poke, i Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. one could fail to be impressed with the wonders of America. Through the States Exhibit Palace a visitor could stroll, lingering for hours at a single booth and every moment marvelling at some new treasure. Rarely, if ever, have the resources of exhibiting commonwealths been so compre- hensively shown as at this Exposition. The museum plan of classified exhibits was abro- gated at this Exposition, in so far as States might wish to congregate their displays, and this privilege was eagerly seized by most of the Commonwealths. Some few separated their exhibits, placing minerals in the halls of Mines- Metallurgy and collective manufactures in the palace of Manufactures-Liberal Arts, but in the main a State showed its treasures in a single collection. The great railway systems of the South also were represented in the States Exhibit Build- ing, and what they showed would compare most favorably with the potential displays of roads anywhere in America. The range of fruits and vegetables and of cereals was astounding, the exhibits of marbles, granites and other minerals comprehensively magnifi- cent, and taken as a whole this building served to awaken a materialistic pride in the resources of the Nation. A vastly different feeling was evoked by the displays made in the next structure. The Social Economy Building contained exhibits which idealized altruism and illustrated a wide variety of efforts which are making for the bet- EAST SECTION OF LEE’S PARADE 148 1907 Completion. terment of human conditions and the creation of a truer human brotherhood. Excepting one or two corrective or preventive exhibits all were dominated by a tone of unselfish philanthropy. The protection of the child, the care of the weak, the education of the defective—subjects that are seriously engaging the attention of modern humanitarians, were exemplified in va- rious ways and the organized fighting against the great white plague was exceptionally well illustrated. Across Commonwealth Avenue stood the Mines-Metallurgy Building, filled to repletion with evidences of the wealth which lies beneath the soil of America. Here were displays made by States and others made by individuals or firms; building stones, clays, gems—in fact an exhibition which ran the gamut of America’s commercial mineral possibilities. In a wing of this structure was the wonderful display of the Virginia Mineral and Timber Association, we ~~ % Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. building of Machinery-Transportation. In the large hall were thousands of examples of American industry and ingenuity and some few fine specimens of imported wares. The genius of American invention showed in this building, not in the machines but in the products of the machines, and to illustrate the wide divergence between the old and the new some exhibitors showed how their goods were made fifty years ago and how now they were making them. On the south side of Pocahontas Avenue stood the Food Products Building, wherein were the things we eat and drink. Delicacies for the table were shown by many exhibitors, condiments, spices, coffees and teas by many others. Meats and meat accessories were dis- played, and a number of firms exhibited their whiskeys and beers, while many cf the prom- inent mineral springs in America were excel- lently represented. The History Building which stood between POCAHONTAS STREET, THE PRINCIPAL EXPOSITION THOROUGHFARE perhaps the best collection of its kind ever grouped by a State of the American Union. Adjacent and somewhat nearer the Audito- rium stood the Building of Marine Appliances where vessels and the accoutrements of vessels, sections of ships and their plans, tiny motor boats and models of yachts, life-saving devices for marine travelers and the various signals for use under the International code, were in- cluded in a fairly representative showing of those things which interest the men that follow the sea for profit or for pleasure. Over in the Machinery- Transportation Pal- ace stood great locomotives and models of great engineering. Boilers of huge capacity and tiny engines were in juxtaposition. A railroad train complete illustrated the highest type of modern land travel, and numerous automobiles were on exhibition; engines of every sort, and devices for utilizing electricity might be seen. Beyond Raleigh Square the Palace of Manufactures-Liberal Arts balanced the great 149 the Food Products Building and the Audito- rium was the treasure trove of the Exposition. The structure was unsightly but within, senti- ment reigned supremely. At all expositions his- tory generally, or the history of some specific epoch has been exploited in a manner more or less valuable, but at the Jamestown Exposition there was nothing disjointed or disconnected. Some archeological displays adumbrated America before the English came, but the great effort was to illustrate the colonial and national history of the land now known as the United States of America. Happily, great patriotic societies have collected material to show our country’s periods, and fortunately the greatest of these were largely interested in the Ter- Centennial. In no less measure it is a source of congratulation to all the lovers of their coun- try’s story that State museums and State libra- ries in our land do not unnecessarily exalt com- meicialism and are able to give object studies of the development of the various Common- 1907 1907 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ame wealths. The historical exhibits of many States were displayed and they added an item of sen- timental interest to the collection which as a whole created or reawakened a broad and comprehensive love of country to a degree un- paralleled in the history of similar events. On either side of the Administration Hall or Auditorium education was exploited. In the east wing collegiate and university courses, in the west wing the instruction of the child from the kindergarten to the college stage was shown. ‘These most important subjects were finely exemplified. The great universities set forth their own evolutions and their methods for evolving graduates. The primary and secondary schools by records of the actual work showed how children progressed under their tutelage. The Auditorium or Administration Building was the architectural triumph of the Exposi- tion. It was the center of a great land picture and its large hall was the scene of oratorical triumphs, innumerable and invaluable. To have sat before the rostrum in the great theatre and listened to the words of patriotic fervor issuing from the lips of the nation’s chief orators, was a course in patriotism unequalled in the past and likely again never to be equalled. Day after day in this hall great men told how great our country was and how it had grown great. And great men told the dangers that stood menacing the onward progress of the nation and they described the still more in- sidious enemies to the upward growth of Amer- ican greatness which unseen were lurking be- neath the surface burrowing at the foundations of the country’s superstructure. FORT WOOL (THE RIP-RAPS)—PROTECTING THE ENTRANCE TO HAMPTON ROADS The beauty of the Exposition was so obvious that it was seriously proposed by many that the gates should be re-opened during the spring of 1908, and a committee was appointed to in- vestigate and sound public sentiment. At a Directors’ meeting held November 14, George F. Adams, the Chairman of this special com- mittee, reported that he and his associates had studied the question of re-opening, considering first the desirability of that proceeding and second its practicability. They arrived at the conclusion that it was desirable because all the parties interested in the Exposition Company, the National Government, the States, the ex- hibitors and concessionaires had all gone to enormous expense in connection with the Expo- sition and had only enjoyed a completed show for about six weeks. ‘They expressed their con- viction that the unanimous approval of the Ex- position during its later days would result in a largely increased attendance in 1908. They decided that it would be practicable because the concessionaires were unanimously in favor of re-opening, and assurances had been given that additional attractions could be secured, and that according to the Director of Exhibits about half of the present exhibitors would re- main, while it was thought probable that a num- ber of others could be induced to come. They also reported that some of the transportation 6 r ey OS A CLOSE VIEW OF THE GREAT ARCH, GOVERNMENT PIER 150 1907 907 Completion. companies favored the proposition, although others were strongly opposed. It was, however, the belief of the committee that there would be little difficulty in arranging reasonable sched- ules and rates if the gates were opened in 1908. There was little doubt that the Government exhibit would remain and no doubt whatever that an adequate history exhibit would be in evidence. [he Committee estimated that two hundred thousand dollars would be sufficient capital to assure the re-opening and that if six thousand people paid admissions each day the fair would be self sustaining. The report of the committee was adopted by the Board of Direc- tors who declared themselves in favor of re- opening the Exposition during the succeeding year. Long after the Exposition closed efforts were put forth to secure the capital for 1908. a Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. The Government exhibits were retained at the Exposition intact until the first of February, and many of them were there until after the first of March; but it seemed impossible to arouse sufficient local enthusiasm and the pro- ject was abandoned. Shortly after the first of December the Jamestown Exposition Company was declared insolvent and its affairs placed in the hands of receivers. Alvah H. Martin, William M. Geddes, representing the United States Gov- ernment, and E. T. Lamb, representing the transportation interests, were placed in charge of the property. Messrs. Martin and Geddes qualified at once, but Mr. Lamb delayed his acceptance until about the first of February fol- lowing. Mr. Martin was elected Chairman of the Receivers. RUSTIC BRIDGE BY “LOVER'S LANE” 1907 ial Photograph Corporation, Jamesto ght, PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SPEAKING FROM THE GRAND STAND, OPENING DAY 15 Copyright, Jamestown Official Photog U. S. MARINES PARADING—OPENING DAY Dh OE THE EXPOSITION APRIL 26, TO NOVEMBER 30, 1907 April 26.—Opening Day. Never did Na- ture’s elements conspire better to favor a great outdoor celebration. “The day was mild; the sun shone brightly, and there was just enough breeze to carry away the powder smoke of numberless salutes. At sunrise the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, with one hundred guns greeted the event; and the echoes of this mighty reverberation scarcely had departed ere the booming of the great rifles aboard ship sounded in honor of the President of the United States. The “ Mayflower,” bearing the nation’s Chief Executive, the Commander-in-Chief of its Army and Navy, rounded Old Point Com- fort early in the morning. As soon as the President’s yacht neared the men-of-war the guns of the fleet began saluting. From each ship there boomed twenty-one guns. Anchored in three lines were: The Brazilian cruisers “ Tamoyo’’ and “ Barroso,” and the battleship ‘‘ Riachuelo;” the British armored cruisers “‘ Roxburgh,” “Hampshire,” “Argyle” and ‘‘ Good Hope;” the German armored cruisers ‘‘ Roon ”’ and “ Bremen;” the Austria-Hungarian arm- eos Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. ored cruiser “Sankt Georg” and the cruiser ““ Aspern;” the Chilean cruiser ‘‘ Zenteno;” the Argentine cruiser “ Sarmiento;”’ the sixteen battleships of the United States Navy, ““ Kear- sarge,’ “ Missouri,” “ Georgia,” “ New Jer- sey, Rhode Island,” “* Virginia,” “ Maine,” “Tllinois,” “‘ Louisiana,’ “* Connecticut,” “ Alabama,” “ Kentucky,” “‘ Ohio,” “ Min- nesota,” “‘ Iowa,” “ Indiana;”’ the cruisers “ St. Louis,’ ‘‘ Washington,”’ “ Tennessee,” “ Den- ver’ and “Cleveland;” the torpedo boats, “Stringham,” “DeLong,” “ Blakely,” ** Stockton ’’ and “ Wilkes;’’ the destroyers, = Hopkins,” ** Hull,” “ Stewart,” “ Truxtun,” “Whipple ’’ and “ Worden;” the auxiliary cruisers “ Arethusa’’ and “ Glacier,” and as permanent “‘station’’ ships, the cruiser “ Brooklyn,” the battleship “* Texas,’ the monitor ““ Miantonomah”’ and the old monitor “Canonicus,” a relic of the Civil War. The President arrived at Discovery Landing promptly at 11:30. A committee consisting of President Tucker, Rear-Admiral Harring- ton, Major-General Grant and all the Expo- sition officials met him. Escorted by a squad- ron of the 12th U. S. Cavalry, he was driven PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT DISCOVERY LANDING 153 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. at once to the Reviewing Stand on Lee’s Parade. The entire dictance from the Govern- ment Pier to the scene of the day’s ceremonies was walled by companies of the Coast Artil- lery from Fortress Monroe, and detachments of the 23rd U. S. Infantry. Immediately upon the arrival of Mr. Roosevelt the exercises began. The Right Reverend Alfred Magill Randolph, Bishop of the Diocese of Southern Virginia, delivered the following impressive invocation: O God, whose days are without end and whose mercies cannot be numbered, we worship Thee, the Father of all the families of the Earth. We would remember this day all the way Thou hast led us from the birthday of our country. Thou didst guide our forefathers from their old homes through the perils of the unknown seas, and didst give them a home in this new land to dwell in. When they were brought low, Thou didst raise them up again. When they were few and strangers in the land, Thou didst give them courage in the days of their adversity and hope to inspire them in their poverty and their ‘hardships; healing their dissensions within and defending them from foes without, by sea and by land. And now that they have grown to be a great people that cannot be numbered for multitude, we beseech Thee O Lord, leave them not to them- RIGHT REVEREND ALFRED MAGILL RANDOLPH selves, for without Thee the frailty of man cannot but fall. Thou only, O Christ, the Lord, canst order the unruly wills and affections of sinful men. Save us, O Lord, from the tempta- tions of prosperity, from the idolatry of covetousness, from pride, vain glory and hypocrisy; from the delusions of religious bigotry; from the weakness and follies of sectional hatreds and from the blindness of party passions. Make us to love the things which Thou dost command and desiie those things which Thou dost promise. Bind the States of our Union together in the bonds of peace and love by the memories of common tribulations and mercies from Thy hand, and by our common hopes for the future. Bless, O Lord, Thy servant, the President of these United States. Give to him that wisdom which cometh down from above, which is first pure, and then peaceable; so that in his great office he may have a right judg- men! in all things and amid the noise of the people and the strife of tongues, he may discern the truth and love mercy and walk humbly before his God. Bless all in authority over us with the spirit of reverence for, and fidelity to righteousness and strengthen their hands for the punishment of wickedness and vice and the maintenance of Thy true religion and virtue. Guide our Legislators and our judges to the paths of justice and save them from the temptations to receive bribes to blind their eyes therewith. e pray for our Senate and Representatives who shall assemble in our National Congresses. Direct and prosper all their consultations, that peace and happiness, truth and justice, religion and piety may be established among us for all genera- tions. We pray for the blessings of peace and righteousness upon the nations whose representatives are here from over the ocean to bring their greetings and benedictions to our country GOVERNOR AND MRS. SWANSON on this commemoration of her birthday. May God Almighty bless Old England, Our Mother, and keep green her memory and her love for her children. We ask, O Lord, for the protection of thy good Providence for all of our people who shall gather together at this place and for those who have conceived and carried out this under- taking. May it be a means of grace to our people in widening their minds to receive the lessons Thou hast taught them in the history of the past and to bind them together in the spirit of unity and peace through all the borders of our land. We thank Thee, O Lord, for the memory of the great and good men who laid the foundation of our country, and who wrought out the fabric of our religious and civil liberties; for the soldiers and the sailors who have offered themselves a sacrifice in many a struggle for truth and duty and sacred rights. In one fellowship and one communion, they with us are bound together in the mystical body of Thy Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who offered Himself a sacrifice for the sins of the world. Grant that we may so follow Thy blessed saints in all virtuous and godly living, that we may come to those unspeakable joys which Thou hast prepared for those who love Thee—through Jesus Christ our Lord—Amen. * Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy name; Thy kingdom come; Thy will be done on earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day, our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses, even as we forgive those who trespass against us. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil; and Thine be the Kingdom and the power and the glory forever— Amen.” The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all— Amen. President Tucker then delivered the opening address: Mr. President, Our Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Genile- men: Standing upon an eminence of three centuries of achieve- ments, the American Republic pauses today to celebrate, in fitting manner, the Ter-Centennial of its birth on the banks of the tawny James. The steadiest head grows dizzy, the strongest nerve agitated, while the pulse of the lion-hearted assumes the motion of the trip-hammer in the retrospect of the marvelous progress of three hundred years. The origin of ancient Rome, of Greece and of other countries that in their day have con- trolled the destinies of the world, are shrouded in mystery, or preserved in fable, by poetic fancy; and even more modern nations find it difficult to point with historic accuracy to the date of their birth, Even our own Mother Land, endeared to us by so many ties, finds it difficult, in the incursions of the Norsemen, the piratical invasions of the Angles and Saxons, and the misty origin of the ancient Briton, to determine either its paternity or the birthday of the kingdom. More fortunate than these, or any of them, is this American Republic, not only in its knowledge of the date of its birth, but in the possession of the names and characters of those who first faced the dangers of the sea, and then the dangers of the savage and forest, in the founding of the greatest Republic of modern times. And so we gather today in the presence of this distinguished company, representing not only our own country, but the Mother Country, and, with few exceptions, every civilized na- tion of the world, to celebrate the Ter-Centennial of the birth of America. This day brings with it a two-fold joy, in that it marks the Ewe ea HONORABLE JOSEPH G. CANNON Diary—A pril. Ter-Centennial of the birth, not only of the American Republic, but also the birth of Virginia, the oldest American colony, both co-incident and simultaneous. By Divine prescience, the infant Republic was first hidden in the bulrushes of our Virginia Nile, and nurtured by its Mother, Virginia, the daughter of the King, whom Providence had placed in waiting on the banks of the river, that she might be the first to give to her offspring those impressions of infancy so necessary to high and noble character in maturity. We greet you therefore this day, Mr. President, and hon- ored representatives of the great powers of the earth, at the birthday party not only of the American Republic, but of Virginia also—the first, the oldest of the American Colonies. When the Federal Convention was once on the eve of dissolution, it was the venerable Benjamin Franklin who gave utterance to those remarkable words: “God governs in the affairs of men, and if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise with- out His aid?” Those of us who agree with Franklin do not believe that the birth of the nation on the soil of Virginia was accidental. For, from the inspired Book, are we not taught that he who would attain the bliss of eternal life must be born again; and in our subsequent history, may we not see the analogy between man and a nation? For, if the first birth of our Republic was at Jamestown on the 13th of May, 1607, will it be denied that the second birth, necessary to its immor- tality, took place at Yorktown, on the soil of old Virginia, on the 19th of October, 1781 > At the table that is this day spread for you, the thirteen Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. privilege of seeing with us the work of his hand finally and successfully completed. And this day, which to many of us is the realization of the hopes of years, is thus saddened by the fact that our first, our great President, is not allowed to share our joy with us. In this presence we lay the tribute of our obligation to him on his tomb this day, for his invaluable work for this cause, and with it the tribute of the sincere affection of all who shared his companionship or claimed his friendship. His great zeal, his cheery nature, his greatness of soul and his charming personality contributed as much as any other cause to enlist the interest of the country in this great project. He possessed a zeal that accomplished something; a heart that loved something; a faith that believed something; and a patriot- ism that was ready to die for something. Whether following the plow or the bugle or the serious work of this enterprise, he “Ever with a frolic welcome took The thunder and the sunshine.” Honor beat with his blood, and all things high came easy to him; he fetched his life from men of royal liege! The very government under which he lived was fashioned into shape and usefulness by his maternal ancestor, George Mason, whose brazen image in yonder city keeps watch over Virginia’s great son. Upon the sire’s side what a pedigree! From the hour when our race first planted foot upon Virginia's soil, some Lee has made her annals illustrious, and one has made her name to flame over the earth with such fierce light as to blind the stars in their courses. And, among the innumerable, the constant, the never-ending | MR. TUCKER SPEAKING original colonies occupy the seats of honor, while their daugh- ters and grand-daughters, in the constellation of States, vie with each other in the brilliancy of their garments and the patriotism of their sentiments; and the nations of the world, honoring America by the presence of their distinguished sons, lend an interest to the occasion as they contemplate with eager eye this happy reunion of all the peoples of America on the hearthstone of the mother of them all. The men behind the guns, who have wrought this great work, have had the liberal patronage of the Federal Govern- ment, and the governments of the several States. All that education, science and skill could produce, with the limited means at their command, has been invoked for the completed work. The Federal Government stands facile princeps in its liberal benefactions, and each State present has freely given of its substance in proportion to its means for its proper repre- sentation here today. In its formation and building, the points of the compass have been disregarded or lost, for here there is no North, no South, no East, no West; but we are each “as distinct as the billows, but one as the sea.” As we rejoice in the work before us, and congratulate each other that the long-looked for day has come and our hopes are at last realized, we cannot forget that there is one vacant chair in our midst. Despite his years of leadership, Moses, who led his people successfully through the Wilde-ness, was never per- mitted to see the Promised Land; so, Fitzhugh Lee, under whose stimulating leadership the foundations of this work were laid, and who for two arduous years of his life, led his people through the Wilderness of Doubt and Distrust into the smiling valleys of Hope and Confidence, is denied by Providence the 155 acts of kindness, always so cheerfully bestowed upon this enter- prise by President Roosevelt, and by his great and noble Sec- retary of War, who honor us with their presence this day, we cherish none more cordially than those delicate acts of sympathy extended to us, and the honor so graciously accorded the remains of our great Chieftain in the hour of our bereave- ment. Such acts will live forever in the hearts of all Vir- ginians. The significance of this gathering would be greatly min- imized did we fail to contemplate the historic causes which led to the founding of the American colony at Jamestown; the principles for which they came, for which they lived, and for which they were willing to die. For, it will not be denied that a people that fail to study their past history will as surely possess no future history worth preserving; for it is only by the study of the past that we will be enabled to avoid errors in the future; and by the study of those principles which have made us great in the past, will our moral sinews be strengthened for future effort. In some quarters it is the popular delusion that the first colonists who settled this country were a band of adventurers, seeking private gain, and bent upon personal aggrandizement alone; that unworthy men and reckless buccaneers found their way into the colonies is not to be denied; but, that the master minds that organized them, or the men who led them across the seas, were of such character, is emphatically denied. To the proper understanding of the real sentiments which brought the colonists here, and of the real principles for the development of which they came, we must look for a moment to the political history of the Mother Country. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. The Conquest of England by William, the Conqueror, re- sulted in the inevitable conflict between the native Saxon and the Norman carpet-bagger. Three points of antagonism will suffice to show the sharpness of this contest. 1. Local Saxon institutions were supplanted by Norman customs and institutions. 2. The Pope, who had excommunicated Harold, the Saxon ‘King, had authorized William to bring back England to obedi- ence to the Holy See, and William brought with him a foreign priesthood, to supplant the local native priest. This resulted in the attempt to uproot the native religion by a foreign pziest- hood, backed by a foreign conqueror. The Saxon clung to the common law. The Noman brought with him the foreign civil law. These three elements, distinct in themselves, and independent of each other, all intensified the Saxon feeling against the Norman. Nor can it be doubted that the antagonism of the Saxon to the Norman priesthood lent additional power to the Reformation; the teachings of Wycliffe, Tyndale and others, found fertile soil in the Saxon heart, and made them ready for the outbreak that came with the opening of the 16th century, when Luther burned the Papal Bull at Wittenberg in 1520, and lighted the fires of the Reformation. Henry’s (the Eighth) championship of the Pope, in his contest with Luther, increased the feeling against the Crown. It was the same ecclesiastical power that had come with William the Conqueror in 1066. This antagonism made them the more ready to accept the doctrines of Luther. Henry, by com- bining the civil as well as ecclesiastical supremacy in himself, aroused the double opposition of the civil and religious elements in the English people. This act united them against the King. The Reformation was a revolt of the individual soul against ecclesiastical hierarchies, and the Reformers felt that the re- sponsibility of each individual to God alone, could no longer be restrained by the Theological dogmas of the Church, but was referred to the awakened conscience of each individual. Religion, the intangible nexus between man and his maker, under this inspiration, could no longer recognize the authority of the Church or the State to determine this relation. Re- ligion was not the gift of the State or Church, and therefore could be controlled by neither. The church was but the out- ward sign of an inward force; the visible organization of an invisible element. In the human soul was to be found its origin —not in the church. The church was but the convenient, visible organism for the proper development of this invisible relation- ship between man and his Maker. The church did not make this relationship; but, out of it emerged the church; the one was original, the other secondary; the one fundamental, the other structural; the one organic, the other functional; and the Reformation may be said to have culminated in the rebellion of the human soul against any power, religious or civil, that sought to supplant the responsibility of the indi- vidual to his Maker by the dogmas of ecclesiastics or the fiats of human rulers. Rebellion against these was obedience to God. “Power may touch the man’s life, prop- erty and family; his respect for the gov- ernment de facio and social order may lead him to submit; but touch his awakened con- science, invade his soul, put manacles on his conscience—cut off the avenue of union be- tween him and his Maker—make him re- nounce the faith which binds him to the Cross of the Divine Author of his origin, and you arouse a power which the ancient world never knew—which Christianity has alone created, and compelled the popular re- , sistance to the orders of government which are in conflict with the conscientious con- victions of the man.” 4 een weil Ki She. a Relig are vay etiam U. S. S. “ TEXAS,” PERMANENT STATION SHIP After the death of Mary, Elizabeth was hailed with enthusiasm as the representative of the Protestant faith. Under her reign Spenser dedicated his Faerie Queen “ To Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, Queene of England, France, Ireland and Virginia.” The English people believed the Pope had selected Philip II of Spain, as his instrument for reducing England to his power. The Spanish Armada was organized for this purpose; but before the blasts of Heaven and the valor of Drake, the power of Spain was dissolved upon the English shores. The English believed that the object of Philip was to re-establish the power of the Pope in England in spite of the rising spirit of Protestantism. England was now Protestant to the core, and the destruction of the Armada, which to the English Re- former meant the overthrow of the Papal power, strengthened the hands of the Protestants in England, and encouraged them to lend their aid to the Dutch in the Netherlands, and the French Huguenots wherever occasion permitted. Spain had been extending her colonies in the west, and already was laying claim to all of the American country. It cannot be doubted, I think, that the religious antagonism of England and Spain at that time was the most potent influence which culminated in the settlement of an English colony in America. In support of this view, consider for a moment the character of those to whom letters patent were first granted; for among them were many of those who had been engaged in the Spanish wars and who naturally imbibed the spirit of those struggles: Sir Thomas Gates; Captain George Yeardley; Lord De La Warr, first Captain General of Virginia, and Sir Thomas Dale, who succeeded him; Newport, _ the Captain of the first fleet; Wingfield, Sir Thomas Smith, Treas- urer of the colony, and others, all soldiers in the Spanish wars, and deeply imbued with the religious spirit aroused by those wars. The instructions given to the colonists are interesting, as showing the object for which they were sent. Among them, it was provided that the President, Council and Ministers shall, “with all diligence, care and respect, provide that the true word and service of God and Christian Faith be preached, planted and used, not only with every one of the said colonies and plantations, but also as much as they may amongst the savage people who do or shall adjoin unto them or border upon them according to the doctrine, rights and religion now professed and established iwthin our realm of England.” The King’s Council for Virginia, in giving their last advice to the colonists, said: “ Lastly, and chiefly, the way to prosper and achieve good success, is to make yourselves all of one mind for the good of your country and your own, and to serve and fear God, the Giver of all goodness; for every plantation which our Heavenly Father hath not planted shall be rooted out. These extracts, which could be multiplied, show that the sending of the colony was for the purpose of preserving and spreading the religion as then established in Eng- land. The preparations for this colonization did not escape : — the attention of Philip 3 II, or his representative | at the London Court; and the Spanish Board of War, in response to the news as to the preparation for such colonization, reported to them from England, declared in protest, that “this country which they call Virginia, is con- tained within the limits of the Crown of Castile,” and that “ according to this and other considerations which & . Rea EE 156 Diary—A pril. igo Swe Wil Pee) ORPEDO BOATEDESTROMER were of special importance, it was thought proper that with all necessary forces this plan of the English should be pre- vented, and that it should not be permitted in any way that foreign nations should occupy this country, because it is, as has been said, a discovery and part of the territory of the Crown of Castile; and because its contiguity increases the vigilance which it is necessary to bestow upon all of the Indies and their commerce, and this all the more so, if they should es- tablish there the religion and the liberty of conscience which they profess, which of itself already is what most obliges us to defend it even beyond the reputation which is so grievously jeopardized,” etc. September 22nd, 1607, Zuniga, the Spanish Ambassador at London, referring to the English colonization, wrote the King of Spain that such a bad project should be “ uprooted now while it can be done easily.” In the month of April, 1609, Zuniga writes His Majesty, the King of Spain, as follows: “Much as I have written to your Majesty of the determination they have formed here to go to Virginia, it seems to me that I still fall short of the reality, since the preparations that are made here are the most energetic that can be made here, for they have actually made the min- isters in their sermons dwell upon the importance of filling the world with their religion, and demand that all make an effort to give what they have to such a grand enterprise. Thus they get together a good sum of money and make a great effort to carry masters and workmen there to build ships. Your Majesty will see the great importance of this matter for your royal service, and thus will give order, I hope, to have these insolent people quickly annihilated.” The feeling in England on the change of the charter, in 1609, has been well described. “ Not a yeare of a romain- jubile, noe nor the Ethnick-Queene of Ephesus, can be said to have bene followed with more heate and zeale; the discourse and visitation of it took up all meetings, times, termes, all degrees, all purses, and such throngs and concourse of personal undertakers, as the aire seemed not to have more Lights than that holie cause inflamed Spirits to partake with it. Almost every religious Subject that stood sound indeed at the Coare within the Loialtie and to the profession of the present Faith brought his Free-will-offering, and professed then to throw his bread upon the waters.” We therefore conclude that one of the primal objects of English colonization in America was the establishment of relig- ious freedom as claimed by the Reformers in England at that day, and which was largely the outgrowth of the Reformation. How well this principle has been preserved by their descend- ants in America, we need not long dwell upon; for, with all our boasted American progress, surely we have received no principle from the Mother Country which has been more generously fostered or more broadly developed than that of religious freedom. It cannot be denied, as is so often the case in the history of such movements, that the pendulum at times has swung far in the opposite direction, or that startling inconsistencies may not be found in the pathway of its development; but, still the struggle went on. For example, without dwelling on others, we find that in some of the colonies laws were passed compelling the citizen to attend the services of the church, and to support the pastor under penalty of fine and imprisonment. The dog- matism and intolerance which drove them to America was sometimes written into law by themselves as objectionable as that from which they had fled, and for the overthrow of which they had willingly spilled their blood. The final triumph of this great princi ple, in America as in England, had not been reached without a gigantic struggle. In England, for two centuries or more, with domestic and foreign foes, at times doubtedly, at others, tri umphantly, but at all times, with persistent doggedness the battle waxed warm. And, if the victo ies of this period could not be considered as final, they were at least the proud monuments which marked the way to that ultimate triumph which came a century later. A broader policy was to triumph, and statutes for religious liberty became general throughout the colonies. It is an interesting fact to recall that the Colony of Maryland, settled largely by Roman Catholics, was the first of the American colonies to declare for religious freedom. The representatives of this historic church, when transplanted into the free air of America, burst the bands of ecclesiasticism, and proclaimed themselves the pioneers of this great principle. The Maryland Act was soon followed by all the colonies; by Virginia, December 16th, 1785, in an act drawn by the hand of Mr. Jefferson. The preamble of this act is well worthy of reproduction: “That to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion, and to restrain the profession or propaga- tion of principles on the supposition of their real tendency, is a dangerous policy which at once destroys all religious liberty. It is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for its officers to interfere when principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order.” The same view has been well stated by another author: “As long as religion is a matter of the conscience, the civil power must not invade it; but when religious conscience violates the rights of others and disturbs social peace and order, it must be restrained within its own domain, and excluded from the civil realm which it may not control.” Indeed, the citizen of America may hold to the most absurd religious views; may believe anything, or nothing, and will be upheld in so doing by the laws of the States and of the United States. His conscience is his castle; that, no power can invade and no enemy attack; but, if that silent monitor, secure in its proper abiding place, thrusts itself into the open and by overt act interferes with the civil rights of others, civil power may interfere. In days now happily gone by, it is said that the Mormon, under his creed, conscientiously believed that the taking of more than one wife was right and proper. The right to such belief could not be questioned by the civil power; but, when such belief is put into living action, the civil right of others to go where they please and live where they please is curtailed by the presence of this objectionable custom. The Friend or Quaker, who believes that war is not justifiable under any cir- cumstances, who believes in his conscience that war is wrong, may not be compelled to go to war, because for the civil power to compel it would be an invasion of the human conscience; and so, while the civil power may not compel the doing of that which is against conscience, it may compel the not-doing of that which might conscientiously be done, if, in the doing it invades or curtails the civil or religious liberty of another. And so, the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which has been regarded with the other nine amendments as parts of the original instrument, declares that Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibit the free exercise thereof. Under this amendment and the laws of the several colonies and States, guaranteeing freedom of religion, we can look back over three hundred years of our life and thank God for that freedom of conscience which has created in this country a broad and catholic spirit in religion; that has developed many sects and many creeds, each clinging to its own with fidelity, but with charity to all others; and /|, that has caused our country to be recognized, without ' an established church or eccle- siastical domination in any direction, as the home of religious free dom. If the desire _ |. for religious freedom was one of the impell {| ing motives which brought our fathers here, it is no less true that civil liberty came as its handmaid. Indeed, the two prin- ciples are so an The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. THE OLD CIVIL WAR MONITOR, inter-dependent that they may be assigned to the same origin. For, if religious freedom brooks no barrier between the con- science and its Maker, so, civil liberty would remove all barriers to self-use, between the individual and government, which may be necessary for the proper development of self, as a member of society. Civil liberty is the liberty which one possesses as a member of society, as distinguished from the liberty of isolation; the one is limited, the other unlimited. Man surrenders his isolate liberty when he comes into society, but he acquires social liberty by so doing; and in society, “if each cannot have all the rights he might have as a solitary being, he must have all which are consistent with the equal rights of others. Neither party must seek for himself a greater elevation by the depression of the other, but each must so adjust themselves to a social equi- librium that the maximum elevation of each shall be attained, and the minimum depression of each be avoided.” Liberty is the exclusive right of each man to self-use; social or civil liberty, the exclusive right of man to the self- use of all his powers, consistent with the same right in others. Nor must the distinction be lost sight of in considering the rights of man, between his jural and legal rights, for this dis- tinction was recognized by the men who made this Republic. Jural, from its Latin derivative, “ Jus,” and legal, from its Latin derivative, “Lex,” indicate the distinction. “ Jus,” the abstract right, the absolute and unconditioned right, corresponds with the Greek “ Dike "—righteousness—that absolute right which resides in the bosom of God himself. “Lex,” is the human reflex of the “ Jus;” it is the Divine “ Jus,” filtered through the conduit of humanity. As the light of the moon is but the re- flection from that of the sun, so the human “ Lex” is but the reflection of the Divine “ Jus.’ “‘ Lex” is the human expression f “ Jus;"" it can rarely attain to it, but must ever tend toward it. Jural liberty or right is, therefore, God-given, absolute, unconditioned; legal liberty or right is the gift of society or government. It is interesting to note the fact, without enlarging this dis- cussion, that our fathers recognized these distinctions, wrote them in the organic constitutions of the country, lived in accordance with them, were ready to fight for them, and die for their maintenance. The Declaration of Independence, which was the united expression of all the colonies, contains these significant words: that men “ are endowed by the Creator with certain inalienable rights; that, among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, etc.” Mark the words “ inalienable rights;” that is, rights that cannot be given up by the possessor of them by voluntary gift or surrender, by purchase or conveyance, or by force without resistance. The constitutions of many of the original States contain the same ideas, and the Bill of Rights, of Virginia, adopted on June 12th, 1776, twenty-two days before the Declaration of Independence, contains the same idea in these words: “ That all men have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot by any compact deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoy- ment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, etc.” The original constitution of Massachusetts, in its first article, contains these words: “ All men oP have certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberty ; that of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, etc.” The first article of the original constitution of Pennsylvania follows the same line: “ That all men have certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and property, acquiring, possessing and pro- tecting property, etc.’ In the united voice of them all, and in the separate action of each, we find not only the same idea, but almost the same language. These rights are said to be inherent—not derivative, not social, not the gift of government—and, if not the gift of Why, it government, exempt from invasion by government. “ CANONICUS ” will be asked, are these rights considered inalienable? Is not the “jus disponedi’’ one of the indicia of property? If a man owns his life, may he not give it up to whom he pleases? If he owns his liberty, may he not surrender it? If he owns his property, may he not suffer it to be taken from him without defending it? Can any power take from him the right to dispose of either, if they belong to him? If inalienable, then, I repeat, why so? It is clearly because the men who framed these great charters of human liberty did not regard these rights, to which I have referred, as belonging to them. They did not own them in “ fee simple.” They believed that life and liberty had been given by the Divine Ruler of the world in trust for the development of the mind, of the heart, and of the body; so that the possessor of these, in due time, might return them to his Lord with other talents besides. These words in these great instruments, | think, can only be reconciled on this theory; for, if man was regarded as a trustee of these gifts, they could be alienated to no one without a breach of trust. It was recognized that every man was endowed with cer- tain qualities, physical, mental, and moral, each differing from the other in their number, quality and strength, and that these faculties could not be alienated or surrendered, because they were held in trust, and to do so meant a breach of trust. They believed that they were given to man for a purpose, for use, for enjoyment and development—not as his own, but held by him as trustee for the grantor who’ was the “ cestuique trust,” and the man could no more part with them, surrender them, con- vey or give them away, than could a trustee make title to trust property for which he was trustee. He must defend them, or be guilty of a breach of trust. Human life, it is said, under human law, may be defended; it is called the Law of Self-Defence. This is a mistaken idea; man may not defend his life; he must defend it. It is not a right which he may use or not, in his discretion; it is a duty he must fulfill, and the failure to do so constitutes a breach of trust to God, the Giver. Life must be defended in order to self-development; liberty must be defended to preserve self-use; but, why, it may be asked, should the right of defending property be put in the same class, as stated in the constitutions above quoted? The answer is found in the germinal idea of property, from the Latin “ proprius,” one’s own, one’s self. In a state of nature, all things belong to man for his use, not more to one than to another; but let us imagine Captain John Smith, in company with Wingfield, roaming the un- tracked forests of Virginia, discovering a tree, laden with fruit. The right of discovery of the fruit cannot ripen into a perfect title by possession, since the tree is high, and the fruit out of reach; but after hours of arduous labor with his ax, Captain Smith fells the tree, and is about to become the happy possessor of the fruit, when Wingfield seeks to divide it with him. This, Smith resents, and says to him, “ My dear Wing- field, to acquire this fruit, which originally in the top of that tree was as much yours as mine, | have had to put a part of my own muscle, a part of my own brain, a part of myself into it, and it is } now no longer simply fruit, but it is composed of fruit and John Smith; and, as its component parts are indivisible and inseparable, an undivided whole, and the hu man mind or the human eye cannot detect which part is Smith and which fruit, I have the f right to defend it all against your claim; be cause I am, to the extent that a part of 4 myself has gone into it, simply ex- er cising the duty of self-defense.” ' Our fathers well knew their duty to government as well as the duty of government to man. The tide of the Revolution was | rising; Henry's call to arms had aroused a continent and the Americans were panting for liberty, civil liberty—that liberty which MODERN HARBOR DEFENSE MONITOR, “ MIANTONOMAH ” Diary—A pril. government, the trustee of society, could give; which it ought to give, and which they had finally determined under God it must give. This declaration of all, and each of the colonies, in the basic organism of the new government, affirmed that certain rights, given of God, could not be denied by the government of man; and that the government that attempted it was equally tyrannical, whether foreign or domestic, and must be resisted. And, it is a source of infinite pride, as we look back over the pathway of three centuries, to find that at each successive stage and each recurring decade, civil liberty was building new monuments and erecting new altars at every step of its progress. And thus, “like those sustaining powers in Mechanics, which retain whatever they once have gained, it advances with a step that never retrogrades.” It may fairly be claimed that in the several States of the Union and in the Federal Government, there has been attained not only the most advanced development of civil liberty; but, its security is more perfect than that of any country on the globe. Our fathers did not wait for the adoption of the Federal Constitution before demanding their rights. The histories of the several original colonies, from their organization to the adop- tion of the Federal Constitution, are rich in their struggles for civil liberty. With filial pride I may be pardoned for men- tioning one example in the Virginia colony. We are accus- tomed, as descendants of the English, to boast of the great charters of civil liberty which come to us, as the children of the Mother Country. Magna Charta, first wrung from a tyrannical King by the Barons at Runnymede, is an inexhaustible spring from which we draw our inspiration for civil liberty. The Petition of Right, extorted from Charles I in 1628, constitutes an addi- tional monument to the spirit of liberty, erected along the high- way of progress. ii " Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. The rights of life, liberty and property of the individual man seem to have been the chief concern of the framers of the Federal Constitution. All legislative powers are vested in a congress of the United States; neither the President nor the Judiciary may legislate. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, the direct representa- tives of the people; the Congress alone, except in cases of rebellion or invasion, may suspend the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus; nor shall the citizen be punished with any severer penalty by the passage of Ex Post Facto laws, than those which obtain at the time of the commission of the act; nor shall the blood of the innocent be attainted by the corruption of that of the ancestor; nor shall the money of the people— wrung from them by taxation—a compulsory gift, be paid from the Treasury except by law; nor shall the President, Vice-President, or any civil officers of the United States be removed from office except on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors; nor shall a citizen, except in cases of impeachment, be tried for any crime except by a jury of his peers; nor shall such trial be removed for the purpose of conviction or otherwise, into any other State than that wherein said crime shall have been com- mitted; while the charge of treason against the United States cannot be proven, nor conviction had except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The freedom of speech and of the press, the right of the people to peaceably assemble, are recognized as essentials to a free people; nor shall the right to keep and bear arms be infringed; nor shall the domestic peace of the citizen be invaded by the soldier in time of peace, quartered in his house without the consent of the owner. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and houses against unreasonable seizures and searches shail not be REAR-ADMIRAL ROBLEY D. EVANS AND MAJOR-GENERAL FREDERICK DENT GRANT Among the provisions of the Petition of Right, is the fol- lowing: “ The Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons in Parliament assembled, . . . . do therefore humbly pray Your Most Excellent Majesty that no man hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax or such like charge without common consent by Act of Parlia- ment.” In effect it is “ No Taxation without Representation ” —a principle, which today is so trite and common in America in its acceptance by the people, that we wonder that there could ever have been a time when it was not admitted; a prin- ciple which, under the fiery eloquence of Patrick Henry, aroused the people to arms and for which George Washington drew his sword, and sheathed it only when the independence of his people was won. Standing this day on this shore, washed by the waters which have but recently washed the shores of the Jamestown Island, thirty miles distant, I affirm that that principle had not its origin in the Petition of Right, so cherished by freemen of all lands; but it had its origin on Jamestown Island, and its paternity is traced to the House of Burgesses of Virginia, when in 1624, four years before the granting of the Petition of Right by Charles, it was written in the statute law of the Virginia colony by an Assembly but five years of age, scarcely able to stand alone, in the swaddling clothes of infancy; we may well believe that the bold action of the Virginia House of Burgesses so impressed the hearts and minds of our fathers in the Mother Country as to produce four years later the Petition of Right, as one of the greatest charts of civil liberty recorded in the organic law of any people. Truly, “ out of the mouths of babes and sucklings hast Thou ordained knowledge.” And while we are ready at all times to make our humble acknowledgments to the Mother Country for all that she has done for the cause of civil liberty, we feel that she is not without obligation to her children for leading the way at least to the adoption of this, one of the greatest principles of all free governments throughout the world. 159 violated; nor shall a person be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, except on the presentment of an indictment of a grand jury; nor shall such person be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense; nor be com- pelled to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall an accused person be confined in jail and denied the right of a speedy and public trial; and the witnesses who accuse him must confront him, and all the powers of the court shall be his to produce his own witnesses; nor shall the citizen be deprived of liberty by the exaction of excessive bail and exces- sive fines, nor shall cruel and unusual punishment be allowed. In the enumeration of these great rights of civil liberty, | dare venture to assert that they have not been excelled in any civilized country. Not only do these provisions cover all the reasonable claims of the citizen to civil liberty, but the security of them we can confidently claim is greater than in any country in the world. In magnifying our own achievements, we mean no dis- paragement of those of other countries. The history of our Mother Country abounds in splendid memorials to civil liberty, in Magna Charta, the Petition of Right, the Declaration and Bills of Right, Reform Bills, and the like, erected by our English fathers. No step attained by them was ever retraced. What of liberty they secured, they retained and added to, and at last they stand upon an elevation “ with personal rights as secure, with unwritten muniments of liberty as impregnable as have ever been the possessions of any people, save the inheriiors of their free institutions who have founded the written constitutions of these American States.” And Lord Chatham’s statement is as true today as when it was uttered, that “the poorest man in his cottage bids defiance to all forces of the Crown. It may be frail; its roof may shake, the wind may blow through it; the storms may enter, but the King of England cannot enter; all his forces dare not cross the threshold of the ruined tenement.” ee The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ion. 7h i RON Vs es na SS te Copyright, Jamestown Othcial Photograph Corpore PRESIDENT AND MRS. ROOSEVELT DRIVING TO REVIEWING STAND In Japan, in Germany and in France, by enactments, there has been secured to the citizen ample protection to his life, to his liberty, to his property, but these enactments are liable to be changed by the legislative departments of those countries; the power that gives can take them away. Baron Kaneko, an eminent Japanese publicist, was recently twitted by an English lawyer because the Japanese constitution contained no provision for the writ of habeas corpus. He quickly replied, “ The reason is palpable; we never had a King John.” The omissions in the constitutions of Germany, Japan and France of these securities for civil liberty do not obtain as to England; for, while her constitution is unwritten on paper, it is written in her institutions and in the hearts of her people; but still, these constitutional guarantees for civil liberty may be uprooted in England by an act of Parliament; while in America, being engrafted in the Constitution of the country, no legislative act can repeal them, and no executive order can uproot them. They can only be changed by that difficult and cumbrous method of amendment laid down in the Constitution, and which has not been accomplished in the history of our government for over one hundred years, except in the dis- tracted period following the Civil War. In addition to this security, we can claim another for these rights, unknown to other countries. For, if they be invaded by the legislative or executive power, the judiciary may declare the act null and void. The right of the judiciary to declare an act of the legislature null and void, because in conflict with the Constitution of the country, has well been termed the “ American Discovery " in constitution-making. No English court can de- clare a law unconstitutional as against the Constitution of England; and in all of the countries named, these great rights of civil liberty, secured not in their constitutions, but by statu- tory law, may be taken away by the same power, with no power in the courts to restrain them. It is thus seen that by law the constitutions of England, Japan and other countries, may be changed, which in England practically means the Heuse of Commons, for the veto power of the Crown has not ‘been used, except perhaps in one instance, in two hundred years; and the House of Lords cannot resist when the House of Com- mons insists upon a measure; while in Japan, under Article Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. OFFICERS OF U.S. NAVY, DISCOVERY LANDING V, Chapter |, of their constitution, “ the Emperor exercises the legislative power, with the consent of the Imperial Diet;” and Anticle XXXVII, Chapter 2, prescribed: “Every law re- quires the consent of the Imperial Diet.” It is thus seen that the Emperor is the real source of legislative power, only to be restrained by the refusal of the Imperial Diet to give its consent; and this consent is rarely withheld against the insistence of the Emperor. And so it must be admitted that when the Emperor desires a change, it will be had. In France, the vote of the two chambers is sufficient to change the constitution (Article III] of the Constitution of France) without the sanction of the President; so in Germany, without the consent of the Emperor (Article V, Constitution of Germany). The change of our Constitution is far more difficult; by one of the methods two-thirds of each house of Congress must pro- pose the amendment, and not until it is ratified by the legisla- tures of three-fourths of the States will it be effective. I have attempted thus imperfectly to sketch the causes that led to the settlement at Jamestown, to enumerate the principles by which those who first sought this goodly country were moved; and to show how well their descendants have devel- oped them in the broad fields of American life. My solemn conviction is that by just so much as we cling to those prin- ciples, and never relax our faith in them, by just that much will the future glory of our country be determined. Our foreign and internal commerce, the number of bushels of wheat and of barrels of corn we produce, the output of our mines, and the product of our factories, as collated in the census returns at successive eras, inflame the imagination, lend a pleasing charm to our vanity, and tell the valued story of our material advancement. But, Mr. President, these are but as “a sounding brass and tinkling cymbal ”’ unless the spiritual, the idealistic, the patriotic sentiments of our people are stimulated and cherished. It has been your proud privilege to do much to turn the public mind toward high ideals, and we humbly trust that it may yet be your privilege to do much more for the cause of civil liberty. You have boldly challenged to battle those who in ycur judgment, would curtail this ancient principle; the final outcome cannot 160 Diary—A pril. be in doubt; an iron nerve, a dauntless courage—with which you are happily possessed—will be your support throughout the conflict. It was in the darkest days of our Revolutionary period, when the cause of liberty seemed doomed, that Wash- ington, Virginia's great son, declared: “Leave me but a banner to plant upon the mountains of West Augusta, and | will rally around me the men who will raise our bleeding coun- try from the dust and set her free.” The descendants of these men still abide on Virginia soil; you know the mettle of their pastures. As the successor of Washington, in your great office, if you feel that the cause of civil liberty today is en- dangered by domestic instead of foreign foes, let me invite you, standing on the sacred soil of Virginia, to which liberty is an indigenous plant and patriotism an evergreen, to plant the banner of liberty once again in the mountains of Wi Augusta, a country enriched with the best blood of Americans, North and South, and there rally around you her sons, whose men of might today are worthy of their sires, and with them raise your — bleeding country once again from the dust and set her free.” America can have no higher mission among the nations of the world than in the simple working o:. in their perfection of the great principles for which I plead this day; principles which received their first baptism in the waters of the James, and their last in the blood of patriots from every State in the Union. The lessons that this day teaches, and that it is intended to enforce, is that of honest introspection, that we may inquire how far our lives and our conduct have been controlled by these principles for which our fathers fought and died. Pre- serve them we must. To relax our devotion to them is fatal, and if, with firm resolve and reliance upon Almighty God for their maintenance, we set Copyright, Jamestown Official Pho ograph Corporation. TROOPS ON THEIR WAY TO PARADE ** Our face to the field, swearing never to yield, Or return like the Spartan in death on his shield, Then the folds of Old Glory shall triumphantly wave, To light us to freedom and glory again.” My heart’s desire and prayer to God is that when these gates, which we this day open, shall be closed in November next, and the fleets of the world which gracefully ride these waters, shall have turned their prows homeward, that all the nations of the earth here represented, with mutual respect and admiration increased and strengthened by their friendly inter- course, may be cemented by the ties of an everlasting friendship that shall encircle the earth in one continuous band of amity and peace; and that those of our own people who have gathered here from every part of these United States, for the purpose of kindling anew the fires of liberty in their hearts from these ancient altars, or with open hearts to renew the friendship of olden days, may with one heart and one voice joyfully unite in the aspiration of Massachusetts’ great orator: “LIBERTY AND UNION, ONE AND INSEPARABLE, NOW AND FOREVER.” When Mr. Tucker ceased speaking, Presi- dent Roosevelt advanced to the front of the Grand Stand. Happily, a President of the United States is always certain that he will be well received by an American crowd; Mr. Roosevelt’s individuality would secure for him a cordial reception were he not the President, and among the vast throng who faced him on this occasion there were thousands who knew that his splendid assistance and generous advo- 161 cacy had made the Exposition possible. “There- fore the cheers which fifty thousand throats sent forth, were for the President, the man, and, exultingly personal, they were for the friend. Accustomed as he long has been to enthusiastic greetings, the spontaneous, intimate friendliness of the salute seemed to surprise the President. Mr. Roosevelt spoke as follows: At the outset I wish to say a word of special greeting to the representatives of the foreign governments here present. They have come to assist us in celebrating what was in very truth the birthday of this nation, for it was here that the colo- nists first settled, whose incoming, whose growth from their own loins and by the addition of newcomers from abroad, was to make the people which one hundred and sixty-nine years later assumed the solemn responsibilities and weighty duties of com- plete independence. In welcoming all of you I must say a special word, first to the representative of the people of Great Britain and Ireland. The fact that so many of our people, of whom as it happens I myself am one, have but a very small portion of English blood in our veins, in no way alters the other fact that this nation was founded by Englishmen, by the Cavalier and the Puritan. Their tongue, law, literature, the fund of their com- mon thought, made an inheritance which all of us share, and marked deep the lines along which we have developed. It was the men of English stock who did most in casting the mold into which our national character was run. Let me furthermore greet all of you, the representatives of the people of continental Europe. From almost every nation of Europe we have drawn some part of our blood, some part of our traits. This mixture of blood has gone on from the beginning, and with it has gone on a kind of development unexampled among peoples of the stocks from which we spring; and hence to-day we differ sharply from, and yet in some ways are fundamentally akin to, all of the nations of Europe. Again, let me bid you welcome, representatives of our sister Republics of this continent. In the larger aspect, your interests and ours are identical. Your problems and ours are in large part the same; and as we strive to settle them, I pledge you herewith on the part of this nation the heartiest friendship and good will. Finally, let me say a special word of greeting to those representatives of the Asiatic nations who make up that newest East which is yet the most ancient East, the East of time immemorial. In particular, let me express a word of hearty welcome to the representative of the mighty island empire of Japan; that empire, which, ir learning from the West, has shown that it had so much, so very much, to teach the West in return. To all of you here gathered I express my thanks for your coming, and | extend to you my earnest wishes for the welfare The world has moved so far that it is no longer necessary to believe that one nation can rise only of your several nations. by thrusting another down. A\ll far-sighted statesmen, all true The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 3 spi Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporati THIRD U. S. ARTILLERY, LEE’S PARADE patriots, now earnestly wish that the leading nations of man- kind, as in their several ways they struggle constantly toward a higher civilization, a higher humanity, may advance hand in hand, united only in a generous rivalry to see which can best do its allotted work in the world. ing tide in human thought which tends for righteous international I believe that there is a ris- peace; a tide which it behooves us to guide through rational channels to sane conclusions; and all of us here present can jel feiteibe possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men. well afford to take to heart St. Paul’s counsel: We have met today to celebrate the opening of the Exposi- tion which itself commemorates the first permanent settlement of men of our stock in Virginia, the first beginning of what has since become this Three hundred years ago a handful of English adventurers, mighty Republic. who had crossed the ocean in what we should now call cockle-boats as clumsy as they were frail, landed in the great the Indian-haunted waste, which then stretched down to the wooded wilderness, waters edge along the entire Atlantic coast. They were not the first men of European race to settle in what is now the United States, for there were already Spanish settlements in Florida and on the headwaters of the Rio Grande; and the French, who at almost the same time were struggling up the St. Lawrence,, were likewise destined to form permanent settlements on the Great Lakes and in the valley of the mighty Mississippi before the people of English stock went west- ward of the Alleghanies. both the Dutch and the shortly to found colonies between the two Moreover, Swedes were sets of English colonies, those that grew up around the Potomac and those that land coast. Nevertheless, this landing at Jamestown possesses for us of the United States an altogether peculiar significance, and this without regard to our several The men who landed at Jamestown and those who, thirteen years later, landed at Plymouth, all of English stock, and their fellow-settlers who during the next few decades origins. streamed in after them, were those who took the lead in shaping the life history of this people in the colonial and revolutionary days. It was they who bent into definite shape our nation while it was still young enough most easily, most readily, to take on the characteristics which were to become part of its permanent life habit. Yet let us remember that while this early English colonial stock has left deeper than all others uvon our national life the a a aa ts ss ph Corporation. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photos Copyright, Jamestown Off. Photo. Corp. grew up on what is now the New Eng- PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SPEAKING work. People who dwell in old civili- mark of its strong twin individualities, the mark of the Cavalier and of the Puritan—nevertheless, this stock, not only from its environment but also from the presence with it of other stocks, almost from the beginning began to be differentiated strongly from any European people. As I have already said, about the time the first English settles landed here, the Frenchman and the Spaniard, the Swede and the Dutchman, also came hither as permanent dwellers, who left their seed behind them to help shape and partially to inherit our national life. The German, the Irishman, and the Scotchman came later, but still Before the outbreak of the Revolution the American people, not only because of their surroundings, phys- in colonial times. ical and spiritual, but because of the mixture of blood that had already begun to take place, represented a new and distinct ethnic type. This type has never been fixed in blood. All through the colonial days, new waves of immigration from time to time swept hither across the ocean, now from one The same thing has gone on ever since our birth as country, now from another. a nation; and for the last sixty years the tide of immigration has been at the fuil. The newcomers are soon absorbed into our eager national life, and are radically and profoundly changed thereby, the rapidity of their assimilation being mar- yelous. But each group of newcomers, as it adds its blood to the life, also changes it somewhat, and this change and growth and development have gone on steadily, generation by generation, throughout three centuries. The pioneers of our people who first landed on these shores on that eventful day three centuries ago, had before them a task which during the early years was . of heartbreaking danger and difficulty. The conquest of a new continent is iron zations and find that therein so much of humanity's lot is hard, are apt to complain against the condi- tions as being solely due to man and to speak as if life could be made easy and simple if there were but a virgin con- It is true that the pioneer life was As a matter of fact, tinent in which to work. simpler, but it was certainly not easier. the first work of the pioneers in taking possession of a lonely wilderness is so rough, so hard, so dangerous that all but the strongest spirits fail. The early iron days of such a conquest search out alike the weak in body and the weak in soul. In the warfare against the rugged sternness of primeval Nature, only those can conquer who are themselves unconquerable. It is not until the first bitter years have passed that the life be- comes easy enough to invite a mass of newcomers, and so great oe res OW A aes OS psy See i < Any “ U. S. MARINES ON POWHATAN STREET Diary—A pril. are the risk, hardship, and toil of the early years that there always exists a threat of lapsing back from civilization. The history of the pioneers of Jamestown, of the founders of Virginia, illustrates the truth of all this. Famine and pesti- lence and war menaced the little band of daring men who had planted themselves alone on the edge of a frowning continent. Moreover, as men ever find, whether in the tiniest frontier com- munity or in the vastest and most highly organized and complex civilized society, their worst foes were in their own bosoms. Dissension, distrust, the inability of some to work and the un- willingness of others, jealousy, arrogance and envy, folly and jaziness—in short all the shortcomings with which we have to grapple now, were faced by those pioneers, and at moments threatened their whole enterprise with absolute ruin. It was some time before the ground on which they had landed sup- ported them, in spite of its potential fertility, and they looked At one moment so hopeless did they become that the whole colony embarked, and was only across the sea for supplies. saved from abandoning the country by the opportune arrival of help from abroad. At last they took root in the land, and were already pros- pering when the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. In a few years a great inflow of settlers began. Four of the present States of New England were founded. Virginia waxed apace. The Carolinas grew up to the south of it, and Maryland to the Copyright, Jamestown Official Phorsecant Cooperation: REAR-ADMIRAL ROBLEY D. EVANS AND STAFF Lt. TRAIN Flag Lieut. Fleet Ord. Off. Chief of Staff north of it. The Dutch colonies between, which had already absorbed the Swedish, were in their turn absorbed by the English. Pennsylvania was founded and, later still, Georgia. There were many wars with the Indians and with the dauntless captains whose banners bore the lilies of France. At last the British flag flew without a rival in all eastern North America. Then came the successful struggle for national inde- pendence. For half a century after we became a separate nation there was comparatively little immigration to this country. Then the tide once again set thither, and has flowed in ever-increasing size until in each of the last three years a greater number of people came to these shores than had landed on them during the entire colonial period. Generation by generation these people have been absorbed into the national life. their sons, almost always their grandsons, are indistinguishable from one another and from their fellow-Americans descended from the colomial stock. For all alike the problems of our existence are fundamentally the same, and for all alike these problems change from generation to generation. Generally In the colonial period, and for at least a century after its close, the conquest of the continent, the expansion of our people westward, to the Alleghanies, then to the Mississippi, then to the Pacific, was always one of the most important tasks, and sometimes the most important, in our national life. Behind 163 : Lt.-Com. McLean Capt. INGERsoL REAR-ApMIRAL EVANS Com. Atlantic Fleet the first settlers the conditions giew easier, and in the older- settled regions of all the colonies life speedily assumed much of comfort and something of luxury; and though generally it was on a much more democratic basis than life in the Old World, it was no means democratic when judged by our modern stand- ards; and here and there, as in the tide-water regions of Vir- ginia, a genuine aristocracy grew and flourished. But the men who first broke ground in the virgin wilderness, whether on the Atlantic coast, or in the interior, fought kard for mere life. In the early stages the frontiersman had to do battle with the savage, and when the savage was vanquished there remained the harder strain of war with the hostile forces of soil and climate, with flood, fever, and famine. There was sickness, and bitter weather; there were no roads; there was a complete lack of all Under such circumstances the men and women who made ready the but the very roughest and most absolute necessaries. continent for civilization were able themselves to spend but little time in doing aught but the rough wok which was to make smooth the ways of their successors. In consequence observers whose insight was spoiled by lack of sympathy always found both the settlers and their lives unattractive and repellent. In Martin Chuzzlewit the description of America, culminating in the description of the frontier town of Eden, was true and lifelike from the standpoint of one content to look merely at the outer shell; and yet it was a community like Eden that gave Lr. CraFTs Fleet Signal Off. Lt.-Com. CHANDLER Flag Sec’y birth to Abraham Lincoln; it was men such as were therein described from whose loins Andrew Jackson sprang. Hitherto each generation among us has had its allotted task, now heavier, now lighter. In the Revolutionary War the busi- ness was to achieve independence. Immediately afterwards there was an even more momentous task; that to achieve the national unity and the capacity for orderly development, with- out which our liberty, our independence, would have been a curse and not a blessing. In each of these two contests, while there were many great leaders from many different States, it is but fair to say that the foremost place was taken by the soldiers and the statesmen of Virginia; and to Virginia was reserved the honor of producing the hero of both movements, the hero of the war, and of the peace that made good the results of the war—George Washington; while the two great political ten- dencies of the time can be symbolized by the names of two other great Virginians—Jefferson and Marshall—from one of whom we inherit the abiding trust in the people which is the foundation stone of democracy, and from the other the power to develop on behalf of the people a coherent and powerful government, a genuine and representative nationality. Two generations passed before the second great crisis of our history had to be faced. Then came the Civil War, terrible and bitter in itself and in its aftermath, but a struggle from which the Nation finally emerged united in fact as well as in The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. united for- Oh, my hearers, my fellow name, ever. countrymen, indeed _ has our good fortune; great been for as time clears away the mists that once shrouded brother from broth- er and made each look through a glass darkly” at as the other, we can all feel the same pride in the valor, the devotion and the fealty toward the right as it was given to each to see the right, shown alike by the men who wore the blue and by the men who wore the gray. Rich and _ prosper- ous though we are the heritage as a people, proudest REAR-ADMIRAL SIR GEORGE that each of us has, no matter where we may dwell, North or South, East or West, is the immaterial heritage of feeling, the right to claim as his own all the valor and all the steadfast de- votion to duty shown by the men of both the great armies, of the soldiers whose leader was Grant and the soldiers whose leader The men and the women of the Civil War did their duty bravely and well in the days that were dark and terrible and splendid. We, their descendants, who pay proud homage to was Lee. their memories, and glory in the feats of might of one side no less than of the other, need to keep steadily in mind that the homage which counts is the homage of heart and of hand, and not of the lips, the homage of deeds and not of words only. We, too, in our turn, must prove our truth by our endeavor. We must show ourselves worthy sons of the men of the mighty days by the way in which we meet the problems of our own time. We carry our heads high because our fathers did well in the years that tried men’s souls; and we must in our turn so bear our- selves that the children who come after us may feel that we too have done our duty. We can not afford to forget the maxim upon which Wash- ington insisted, that the surest way to avert war is to be pre- pared to meet it. Nevertheless the duties that most concern us of this generation are not military, but social and industrial. Each community must always dread the evils which spring up attendant upon the . very qualities which give it suc- We of this mighty eee \ grapple with the dan ) as cess. western Republic have to gers that spring from popu- lar self-government tried on a scale incompar- ably vaster than ever before in the history of mankind, and from an abounding material prosperity greater the world has hith As regards the | it behooves us also than anything which erto seen. first set of dangers, to remember that men can never escape Either they must being governed. govern themselves or f the y must submit to be- ing governed If from lawlessness or fickle- by others. ness, from folly or self-indulgence, they refuse to govern themselves, then most assuredly in the end they will have to be governed from the outside. They can prevent the need of from by they power government only that the of government from A eign can not make without showing possess within. sover- excuses for his fail- ures; a sovereign must accept the re- sponsibility for the exercise of the pow- that him; and where, as er inheres in is true in our Re- public, the people are sovereign, then the show a_ sober people must - ———— un- NEVILLE, R. N., AND STAFF derstanding and a sane and_ steadfast purpose if they are to preserve that orderly liberty upon which as a foundation every republic must rest In industrial matters our enormous prosperity has brought with it certain grave evils. It is our duty to try to cut out these evils without at the same time destroying our well-being itself. This is an era of combination alike in the world of capital and in the world of labor. Each kind of combination can do good, and yet each, however powerful, must be opposed when it does ill. exercise such control over the business use of vast wealth, indi- At the moment the greatest problem before us is how to vidual, but especially corporate, as will insure its not being used against the interest of the public, while yet permitting such ample legitimate profits as will encourage individual initiative. It is our business to put a stop to abuses and to prevent their recurrence, without showing a spirit of mere vindictiveness for In John Morley’s bril- of Burke he lays especial stress upon what has been liant sketch done in the past. the fact that BAR ™ Burke more than almost any other thinker or politician of his time realized the pro- found les son that in politics we are concerned not with barren rights but with duties; not with ab ie os stract truth, but with practical moral- ity. He 1 1 ! especially eulogizes the way in which in his efforts for economic re- form, ’ da\ Burke combined unshakable reso \ lution in pressing the reform with rar a profound temperateness of spir ef mt which made him, while bent on the extirpation of _ the evil system, refuse to \ cherish an unreasoning and vindictive i111 the men who had -\ benefited by it, , will toward H. M. S. GOOD HOPE, FLAGSHIP OF ADMIRAL NEVILLE 164 Diary—A pril. — I. & R. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMORED CRUISER, “ SANKT GEORG” PIAS cea COMMANDER, CAPTAIN RITTER VON HOEHNEL Said Burke, “If I can not reform with equity, I will not reform at all. (There is) a state to preserve as well as a state to reform.” This is the exact spirit in which this country should move to the reform of abuses of corporate wealth. The wrongdoer, the man who swindles and cheats, whether on a big scale or a little one, shall receive at our hands mercy as scant as if he committed crimes of violence or brutality. We are unalterably determined to prevent wrongdoing in the future; we have no intention of trying to wreak such an indiscriminate vengeance for wrongs done in the past as would confound the innocent with the guilty. Our purpose is to build up rather than to tear down. We show ourselves the truest friends of property when we make it evident that we will not tolerate the abuses of prop- erty. We are steadily bent on preserving the institution of pri- vate property; we combat every tendency toward reducing the people to economic servitude; and we care not whether the tendency is due to a sinister agitation directed against all prop- erty, or whether it is due to the actions of those members of the predatory classes whose anti-social power is immeasurably increased because of the very fact that they possess wealth. Above all, we insist that while facing changed conditions and new problems, we must face them in the spirit which our forefathers showed when they founded and preserved this Re- public. The cornerstone of the Republic lies in our treating each man on his worth as a man, paying no heed to his creed, his birthplace, or his occupation, asking not whether he is rich or poor, whether he labors with head or hand; asking only whether he acts decently and honorably in the various relations of his life, whether he behaves well to his family, to his neigh- bors, to the State. essentials and not the accidents. We base our regard for each man on the We judge him not by his profession, but by his deeds; by his conduct, not by what he has Other republics have fallen, because the citizens gradually grew to consider the interests of acquired of this world’s goods. a class before the interests of the whole; for when such was the case it mattered little whether it was the poor who plundered the rich or the rich who exploited the poor; in either eyent the end of the republic was at hand. We are resolute in our purpose not to fall into such a pit. This great Republic of ours shall never become the government of a plutocracy, and it shall never become the government of a mob. God willing, it shall remain what our fathers who founded it meant it to be—a government in which each man stands on his worth as a man, ~ ee oer | : : 4 I. & R. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN THIRD CLASS CRUISER “ ASPERN” where each is given the largest personal liberty consistent with securing the well-being of the whole, and where, so far as in us lies, we strive continually to secure for each man such equality of opportunity that in the strife of life he may have a fair chance to show the stuff that is in him. We are proud of our schools and of the trained intelligence they give our chil- dren the opportunity to acquire. But what we care for most is the character of the average man; for we believe that if the average of character in the individual citizen is sufficiently high, if he posseses those qualities which make him worthy of respect in his family life and in his work outside, as well as the qualities which fit him for success in the hard struggle of actual exist- ence—that if such is the character of our individual citizenship, there is literally no height of triumph unattainable in this vast experiment of government by, of, and for a free people. Although the Exposition was not formally opened until President Roosevelt touched the button which started the machinery of the Fair, the people were admitted after eight o’clock in the morning, and at 9:30 the first Exposition feature occurred, Lynn’s Brass Band giving a concert in front of the Auditorium. It had been purposed to have a choir of four hundred voices sing at the ceremonies on the grand stand, but unfortunately the singers did not arrive at the appointed hour, and the ceremonies were about concluded before they came. Many, however, waited for the singing. First, “ America ’’ was rendered, then, ““ The Heavens Are Telling,” from the Oratorio, ““ The Creation,” and finally the Official Hymn of the Exposition, an ode written by William M. Pegram, of Baltimore, and set to music by Wilberfoss G. Owst, of the same city. THE OFFICIAL HYMN. O God of Nations, by Thy guiding hand Were our forefathers led to this blest shore, W hen they were seeking for some friendly land a tea a patos COMMANDER, CAPTAIN OF FRIGATE VON PAJER 165 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Where they Thy praise, from fervent hearts might pour In deep libations. They had nought to fear From persecution’s rack, or bitter strife. Or gross exacitons, of t- en hard to bear, Which compassed all their dailv round of life. Their first famed act on bleak Cape Henry's shore Was planting of the Cross, with grateful mien, Then with loud voice, above the ocean’s roar Proclaimed their faith in what was yet unseen, Yet well they knew had surely been decreed, And in His own good time would be de- clared By Him who helped them in their hour of need, Who neither fost’ring care, nor guidance spared. Cheered by blest Hope, sheet-anchor of the soul, They struggled on, impelled by conscious right, Strong in that Faith, which did their acts con- trol, And gave them power, when it was lost in sight. On Jamestown Isle they did new altars raise, Crude at the first but with high purpose bent, And there again with heartsome hymns of praise They worshipped Thee, © God, with one consent. So thus ‘tis seen, it needs nat to be proved, That in this glorious land, where they were free, Their first thought was of Him, whom well they loved, Their glory was “ religious liberty.” So now, Great God, on this our nation’s dav, We give Thee homage, by our sires begun; WILLIAM M. PEGRAM Author of the Official Hymn ee ee “Re Ee See ae anti Copyright, Jamestown QOthcial bhotograph Corporation. We still would learn of Thee to watch and pray, Lest, losing Thy loved care, we be undone. We praise Thee for the gifts Thy love bestows On this our country, with unsparing hand, Though undeserved ; it thus most truly shows Thy watchful care o'er this God-favored land On which blest liberty first saw the light, Where it was cradled, as the world records; Where our forefathers’ faith is ‘‘ lost in sight,” Where Thou art “ King of Kings and Lord of Lords!” On few occasions in the history of this coun- try have so many distinguished men been gath- ered together. Foreign Embassies and Legations were splendidly in evidence. Few prominent diplo- matic representatives remained in Washington. The following distinguished foreigners were in the President’s official party at the opening exercises : From Argentine Republic, Minister Don Epifanio Portela and Senora Portela; Secre- tary Zavalia and Commander Vera, Naval Attaché. From Austria-Hungary, Ambassador Baron Hengelmiller von Hengervar and Baron Louis Ambiozy, Counselor of Legation. From Belgium, Minister Baron Moncheur. From Bolivia, Minister Don Ignacio Cal- deron and Senorita Calderon. From Brazil, Ambassador and Mrs. Joa- quim Nabuco, Counselor Sylvino Gurgel do Amaral and Madame Gurgel do Amaral; Lieutenant-Colonel A. V. de Pederneiras, Military Attaché, and Madame de Pedernei- ras; Lieutenant-Commander Radler de Aqui- no, Naval Attaché, and Madame Radler de Aquino. From Chile, Senor Alberto Yoacham, Chargé d’Affaires, and Senor Manuel Salinas F., Second Secretary. From China, Minister Sir Chentung Liang- Cheng and Mr. Chow Tszchi, First Secretary, with a special military and naval commission representing the war forces of the Empire— Lieutenant Lin Sun-chwang, I. C. N., Colonel PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT PASSING LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING 166 Diary—A pril. Li Ting-hsin, I. C. A., Major Wang Yu-chin, J. C. A., and Captain Wang Yen-pin, I. C. A. From Columbia, Minister Don Enrique Cortes and Senora de Cortes, First Secretary Don Pomponio Guzman and Senora de Guzman. From Costa Rica, Minister Don Joaquin Bernardo Calvo and Senorita Calvo. From Cuba, Minister and Senora de Que- sada, First Secretary and Senora de Padro. From the Dominican Republic, Senor Arturo L. Fiallo, Secretary of Legation. From Ecuador, Senora Dona Matilde Noboa de Carbo, wife of the Minister, and Senor Don Esteban Felipe Carbo, Attaché and at the time Chargé d’A ffaires. From France, Ambassador and Madame J. J. Jusserand, Captain Fournier, Mailitary At- taché, Lieutenant-Commander de _ Blanpré, Naval Attaché, Madame de Blanpré, and Vis- count Charles de Chambrun, Secretary. From Germany, Count Hermann von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, Counselor of Em- bassy, Captain Hebbinghaus, Naval Attaché, and Mrs. Hebbinghaus; Major Korner, Muili- tary Attaché, and Mrs. Korner, and C. von Schubert, Attaché. From Great Britain, Ambassador James Bryce, O. M., and Mrs. Bryce, Counselor Esme Howard, and Lieutenant-Colonel B. R. James, Military Attaché. From Guatemala, Minister Doctor Don Luis Toledo Herrarte, Dona Herrarte and Senor Doctor Ramon Bengoechea, Secretary of Legation. From Haiti, Minister and Mrs. Léger. From Holland, Minister and Mrs. van Swinderen and Secretary of Legation Roy- aards. From Italy, Ambassador Baron Mayor des Planches, Signor Giulio Cesare Montagna, Counselor of Embassy, Lieutenant Carlo Pfis- ter, Naval Attaché, and Mrs Pfister. From Japan, Ambassador Viscount Siuzo Aoki and Viscountess Aoki, Mrs. Miyaoka, wife of Counselor Miyaoka of the Embassy, Ambassador from China BARON HENGELMULLER VON HENGERVAR Ambassador from Austro-Hungary Lieutenant-Commander Taniguchi, Naval At- taché, and Major Tanaka, Military Attaché. From Mexico, Ambassador Don Enrique C. Creel and Dona Enrique C. Creel, Senor Don José F. Godoy, First Secretary, Senora and Senorita Godoy, and Major Davila, Mili- tary Attaché. From Norway, Minister C. Hauge and Madame Hauge. From Nicaragua, Minister Don Luis F. Corea and Senor Corea. From Panama, Minister Don J. Domingo de Obaldia and Dona de Obaldia, also Sec- retary Arosemena. From Persia, Minister General Morteza, Kahn. From Peru, Minister and Madame Felipe Pardo and Secretary Manuel de Freyre y Santander. From Russia, Ambassador Baron Rosen and Baroness Rosen, Counselor Kroupensky, Colonel Raspopoff, Military Attaché, Com- mander Nébolsine, Naval Attaché, and Madame Nébolsine. From Salvador, Mejia. From Spain, Minister Don Ramén Pita, Don Manuel Walls y Merino, Secretary, and Lieutenant-Colonel de Monteverde, Mulitary Attaché. From Siam, Phya Ratanayapti, Chargé d’Affaires, and First Secretary Edward H. Loftus. From Sweden, Minister Herman de Lager- crantz and Secretary A. Ekengren. From Switzerland, Minister Leo Vogel. From Turkey, Minister Chekib Bey. From Uruguay, Minister Doctor Luis Me- lian Lafinur, Secretary Bermudez and Lieuten- ant Saez, Naval Attaché. From Venezuela, Senor Doctor R. Garbiras Guzman, Chargé d’Affaires, and Senor Au- gusto F. Pulido, Secretary. With the Diplomatic Corps were the Secre- tary of the Treasury and Mrs. Cortelyou, the Minister Don Federico The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Secretary of the Interior and Mrs. Garfield, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor and Mrs. Straus. The President’s party consisted of Mrs. Roosevelt with Masters Archie and Quen- tin Roosevelt, Justice Moody of the Supreme Court, Private Secretary Loeb, Assistant Sec- retary of State Bacon, Assistant Secretary of War Latta, Mrs. Randolph Cross Johnson, Captain Key, Lieutenant-Commander Long, Dr. Ohensorg, U. S. N., and Captain Fitzhugh Lee, one of the President’s Military Aids and a son of the former President of the Exposi- tion. Each House of the Nation’s Congress was represented by a committee: Senators John W. Daniel, Julius Casar Burrows, Thomas Staples Martin, Joel Benson Foraker, John Kean, Nathan B. Scott, William Warner, Frank B. Brandegee, James H. Berry and Edward W. Carmack; Representatives James S. Sherman, Joseph Howell, H. C. Wood- yard, E. M. Pollard, James McKinney, James A. Tawney, James E. Watson, Edward L. Taylor, George S. Legare, Henry M. Goldfogle, Marcus C. L. Kline, James T. Lloyd and Thomas W. Hardwick. The following high state officials were pres- ent: From Virginia, Governor Claude A. Swanson, Lieutenant-Governor J. Taylor Elly- son, Secretary of State D. O. Eggleston, State Auditor Morton Mayre, Adjutant-General William A. Anderson, Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction J. D. Eggleston, Commissioner of Labor James B. Doherty, Governor Rob- Copyright, chnedinse Sere BARON SPECK VON STERNBERG Ambassador from Germany BARON MAYOR DES PLANCHES Ambassador from Italy ert B. Glenn of North Carolina, and Lieuten- ant-Governor Francis D. Winston; Gov- ernor Joseph W. Toole of Montana; Governor James H. Higgins of Rhode Island; Gov- ernor Fletcher D. Proctor of Vermont; Governor Rollin S. Woodruff of Connecticut; Governor Curtis Guild of Massachusetts; Gov- ernor Wm. M. O. Dawson of West Virginia; Governor M. F. Ansel of South Carolina; Gov- emor Preston Lea of Delaware, and Lieuten- ant-Governor Chanler of New York. With few exceptions the Covernors were accompa- nied by their staffs. Among the other distin- guished guests were Samuel Clemens (“* Mark Twain’), Senator Charles Dick of Ohio, Senator Morgan G. Buckley of Connecticut, Senator Thomas H. Carter of Montana, Sen- ator Asbury C. Latimer of South Carolina, Senator John A. Gearing of Oregon, Senator Fred T. Dubois of Idaho, and Senator J. Frank Allee of Delaware, David R. Francis, former Governor of Missouri and President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition; Theodore Shonts, former head of the Panama Canal Commission; Congressmen Ebenezer J. Hill of Connecticut, Hiram R. Burton of Delaware, Frank Clark of Florida, Leonidas F. Livings- ton of Georgia, James R. Mann, W. W. Wil- son, George Edwin Foss, James McKinney, Martin D. Foster and George W. Smith of Illinois; Harvey Helm of Kentucky, E. E. Jackson and Harry B. Wolf of Maryland, John F. O’Connell of Massachusetts, Edward L. Hamilton of Michigan, Richard Barthold of Missouri, Eugene W. Leake of New Jersey, William W. Cocks, George W. Waldo, Henry W. Goldfogle, William Sulzer, Will- iam S. Bennett, John E. Andrus, Lucius Lit- taur, William H. Ryan and Jacob Ruppert, Jr., of New York; Robert N. Page of North Carolina, Henry T. Bannon and James H. 168 Diary—A pril. Southard of Ohio, Irving W. Wan- ger and John M. Reynolds of Pennsylvania, John Lamb and Francis R. Lassiter of Virginia, and the Honor- able Joseph G. Cannon, Speaker of the House of Representatives. The mayors of a number of municipalities were present: E. Clay Timanus of Balti- more, Waldo Besker of Davenport, Iowa; George H. Steele of Hoboken, N. J.; Paul C. Barth of Louisville, Ky.; Sherburn M. Beck- er of Milwaukee; Jacob Hussling of Newark, N.J.; Martin Behrman of New Orleans, John Johnson of Paterson, N. J.; Edward R. Gerber of Reading, Pa.; and Carlton McCarthy of Richmond, Va. Representing the United States Government Board were Charles Denby, W. W. Ludlow, John C. Scofield, Cecil Clay, Merritt O. Chance, C. R. Burch, Frank H. Bowen, Wade C. Ravanel and F. J. Yanes. Repre- senting the Army and the Navy were Major- General J. Franklin Bell, Major-General Frederick C. Ainsworth, Brigadier-General Charles F. Humphrey, Brigadier-General Henry G. Sharpe, Brigadier-General Robert N. O’Reilly, Brigadier-General George F. Elliott, Rear-Admiral W. S. Cowles, Rear- Admiral W. L. Capps, Rear-Admiral C. W. Rae, Rear-Admiral Royal B. Bradford, and Rear-Admiral Robert M. Berry. At the conclusion of President Roosevelt’s address he pressed a button which started the machinery of the Exposition and thus formally inaugurated the Fair. The party then ad- journed to one of the wings of the Audito- rium and partook of a light luncheon. The following order issued Copyright, Clinedinst TSUNEJIRO MIYAOKA Chancellor Japanese Embassy 169 Copyright, Clinedinst VISCOUNT SIUZO AOKI Ambassador from Japan LIEUT. CARLO PFISTER Naval Attaché, Italian Embassy by General Grant, the Grand Mar- shal of the Opening Day Parade, announced the appointment of his Aides: Adjutant and Chief of Staff, Major John S. Mallory, 12th U.S. Infantry. Aide-de-Camp, Captain A. J. Bowley, Artillery Corps. Ad- ditional aides—Major C. E. Woodruff, Medical Depart- ment, Chief Surgeon; Cap- tain John L. Hines, 23rd U. S. Infantry, Chief Quar- termaster; Captain J. N. Killian, Subsistence Depart- ment, Chief Commissary; Cap- tain Percy L. Jones, Medical Department, U. S. A.; Lieu- tenant H. L. Jordan, 2lst U. S. Infantry. Honorary Aides—Hon. Cor- nelius A. Pugsley, President- General S. A. R.; Hon. Floyd Hughes, representing S. A. R.; Hon. John Lamb, _ representing United Confederate Veterans; Hon. Julian S. Carr, representing United Confederate Veterans; Hon. Heth Bo- ling, representing United Confederate Vet- erans; Brigadier C. C. Vaughan, represent- ing Virginia Volunteers; Colonel William P. Sheffield, National Guard, representing militia; Captain H. B. Nichol, representing Grand Army of the Republic; Hon. John D Crimmins, representing Irish-American His- toric Society; Hon. Edward H. Hall, repre- senting Order of Founders and Patriots of America; Hon. Howland Pell, representing Society of War 1812; Colonel Francis Ward, representing Spanish War Vet- erans; Hon. Amory Sibley Carhart, representing Society of Colonial Wars; Colonel Oswald Tilghman, representing Society of the Cincinnati; Hon. Clarence E. Leonard, representing So- ciety of Mayflower Descendants; Hon. Edward L. Perkins. Mounts and horse equipments will be furnished to honorary aides by G. T. Shepperd, Secretary of the Jamestown Exposi- tion Company. The horses for all members of the staff will be found in the rear of the East wing of the Auditorium build- ing, and should be called for between 12 M., and I P. M., on the 26th inst. All military aides will appear in full dress, mounted; hon- orary aides who do not appear in uniform are requested to wear silk hats, frock coats, riding breeches or leggings. All members of the staff should report, mounted, to the chief of staff, at 1:15 p. M., on the 26th inst., at the intersection of Gilbert Street with Commonwealth Avenue, East (near Northwest corner of Lee’s Parade). (Signed) F. D. Grant, Major-General U. S. A., Grand Marshal. After luncheon the President and the other distinguished visitors returned to the Grand Stand to review the soldiery. The great column entered Lee’s Parade at the northwest corner, marched in front of the Re- viewing Stand and presented arms before the President. CHOW TSZCHI First Secretary Chinese Embassy The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Copyri: PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT First in line was the 23rd Regiment U. S. In- fantry, Colonel Philip Reade commanding. The three battalions were commanded respect- ively by Captains R. B. Stevens, K. C. Cruston and Thomas F. Schley. A battalion of Coast Artillery, U.S.A., commanded by Major F. S. Strong followed, then came a brigade from the U. S. Atlantic Fleet; six battalions, with Cap- —————_ HOUSE OF BARTON MYERS, NORFOLK, VA. tain Seaton Schroeder, U. S. N. in command. The battalions of this brigade were led respect- ively by Major W. C. Neville, U. S. M. C., Captain R. H. Davis, U. S. M. C., and Lieu- SALUTING THE FLAG tenant-Commanders F. L. Chapin, U. S. N., P. W. Hourigan, U. S. N., W. B. Fletcher, U.S. N., H. B: Price, USS! N: gEollowme the Naval Brigade came the Third Battery U. S. Artillery, Captain T. N. Horn commanding, and the Second Squadron, 12th U. S. Cay- alry, Major H. G. Sickle, U. S. A., com- manding. Closing the parade marched the Seventy-first Infantry Regiment of Virginia Volunteers, Colonel Thomas J. Nottingham commanding. During the evening the President was the guest of President Tucker at a dinner given in Norfolk at the home of Barton Myers, a Goy- ernor of the Exposition. Although the Exposition formally opened on the 26th of April, the night of Apmril 25 witnessed a brilliant social function, the in- augurator of a splendid series. The Virginia Building was filled with distinguished guests, prominent officials from a number of States, dis- tinguished officers of the Army and Navy and splendidly gowned women. The receiving line was headed by Governor and Mrs. Claude A. Swanson of Virginia, and with them were Governor and Mrs. Ansel of South Carolina, Lieutenant-Governor Chanler, of New York, | wae yi; pinnatsiacnogesne RRS anne oo ai ae eee SENOR DON EPIFANIO PORTELO, MINISTER FROM THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC Photo taken on board the Cruiser “ Sarmiento,” April 26, 1907 170 Diary—A pril-M av. Governor Proctor and _ Luieutenant-Governor Prouty of Vermont, Governor Glenn of North Carolina, Lieutenant-Governor and Mrs. Elly- son of Virginia, Governor Woodruff of Con- necticut, Governor Harris of Ohio, Governor Higgins of Rhode Island, President and Mrs. Tucker and Mrs. Beale, the Associate Hostess of the Virginia Building. Among the noted guests besides those receiving were Major-Gen- eral Frederick D. Grant, U. S. A., Adjutant- General Sackett of Rhode Island, Adjutant- General William H. Gilmore of Vermont, Brigadier-General C. C. Vaughan of Virginia and his staff, Col. Thomas J. Nottingham, 71st Virginia and staff, Brigadier-General T. R. Robertson, Colonel Charles E. Johnson, Col- onel A. H. Arrington, Colonel D. L. Ward, Colonel Fred J. Cox, Major Charles H. Cat- tis, Mayor James G. Riddick of Norfolk and the three members of the Norfolk Board of Control, Harry Hodges, Robert Johnson and R. H. Jones. April 27.—Three state buildings were opened ceremoniously. ~The Maryland Build- ing, the first to open its doors, was the scene of several orations. A feature of Governor War- field’s address was a tribute which he paid to General Fitzhugh Lee. With impressive ceremonies the Governor of Connecticut and the State Commissioners opened their building. A fine oration was de- livered by Congressman T. T. Hill of Con- necticut, and a branch of the old Charter Oak at Hartford was planted in front of the house. Mr. Justice Blodgett of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, and President of the Rhode Island Commission, gave the keys of his build- ing to Governor Higgins. The visiting Gov- ernor and Judge Blodgett both delivered ad- dresses. April 29.—The first of a long series of in- ternational courtesies on the part of the United States Sailors was an entertainment given by the petty officers of the battleship ‘‘ Virginia ” to the petty officers of the British cruiser “ Argyle.” The party toured the grounds and made a sight-seeing trip to Norfolk and vicin- ity, closing the day with a dinner at which the Britons were the guests of the Americans. May 2.—The crews of eight warships of the United States fleet entertained the crews of the foreign vessels lying in Hampton Roads. This was the first general entertaining that was done by the American sailors since the visiting squadrons arrived. Many entertain- ments succeeded. May 3.—Adnmiral Sir George Neville of the British Cruiser Squadron, gave a reception to the officers of the American and foreign war- ships anchored in the Roads, and to the officers of the Norfolk Navy Yard and the officers sta- tioned at Fortress Monroe. Receiving with Admiral Neville were Lady Neville and the officers of the ““ Good Hope,” “ Roxburgh” and “ Argyle.” A most cordial welcome was extended to every one of the several hundred guests who found it possible to accept the invi- tation of the English commander. The male 171 guests were resplendent in gold braid and deco- rations. [hey began arriving late in the after- noon. Scores of launches and small boats swarmed around the flagship during the three hours of the reception. Among the distin- guished visitors were Rear-Admiral Hermann von Pleskott, commanding the Austro-Hun- garian ships. Commodore Kalau von Hofe, commanding the German ships, Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, Commander-in-Chief of the United States Atlantic Fleet and Rear Admi- rals Thomas, Davis and Harrington, U. S. N. Late that night the German cruisers “Roon”’ and “ Bremen”” sailed. Weighing anchor they passed down the line of warships with their searchlights signalling to the Atlantic Squadron: “‘ Many thanks for your American Hospitality,” and ‘‘ Farewell.”” “The Yankee boats replied with ““God speed”? and “ Au revoir.” The “ Roon”’ left for Kiel and the ‘““ Bremen” for Boston. The crews of the ships anchored in the Roads had for several days been engaged in a regatta contest, and during the afternoon of May 3rd there occurred the most important rowing race in which the men-of-war’s men participated. It was for the “ Battenberg Cup” given to the American Navy by Prince Henry of Battenberg on the occasion of his visit to America several years ago. ‘The crew of the British cruiser “ Argyle’’ defeated the crew of the American battleship “ I]linois ’’ who had qualified as defenders. Under the deed of gift the winners could not take the trophy which was to remain forever in the possession of the American Navy, but by winning the race the members of the victorious crew were entitled to have their names engraved on the Cup. May 4.—Escorted by the United States torpedo boat “ Truxtun” the Italian warships “Varese” and “ Etruria” arrived in Hamp- ton Roads at 8:30 in the evening. His Royal Highness, the Duke d’Abruzzi was in com- H. R. H. LUIGI DI SAVOIA, DUKE D'’ABRUZZI The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ITALIAN R. N. ETRURIA Captain Riccarbo PERICOLI mand. When the “ Varese,” his flagship, steamed to her anchorage, in addition to the usual salutes of welcome, the British, Austrian and Argentina warships dipped their colors. May 5.—Two bmilliant social functions oc- curred. Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, U. S. N., entertained the visiting Army and Navy officers aboard his flagship the “ Connecticut,” and the Navy League gave a ball that evening at the Hotel Chamberlin, Fortress Monroe. Three hundred guests were received by Ad- miral Evans from four o'clock in the afternoon until nearly six. The brilliantly uniformed officers of the visiting Navies arrived at the ship’s side and were met by the staff of Admiral Evans and conducted to the storm deck, where Admiral Evans and Mrs. Swanson welcomed them. ‘The flagship was elaborately decorated with the colors of the United States intertwined with those of all the foreign nations represented at the Exposition. In the ball room at the Chamberlin during the evening Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell and Mrs. Robert S. Sloan of New York received. They were assisted by Lady Neville, the wife of the British Admiral, Mrs. Evans, the wife of the American Commander, Mrs. Frederick Dent Grant, Mrs. Harry St. George Tucker, and Mrs. Claude A. Swanson. May 6.—The Japanese cruisers “ Tsu- kuba”’ and “ Chitose,” commanded by Vice- Admiral Ijuin, arrived late in the afternoon, and the Chilean Cruiser “* Zenteno”’ arrived a few hours earlier. To greet the Japanese Ad- miral, Commander N. Taniguchi, Naval At- taché of the Japanese Legation at Washington, had come to the Exposition, and as soon as the “Tsukuba” anchored, he went aboard to pay his respects. Baron Mayor des Planches, the Italian Ambassador, also came to welcome H. R. H., the Duke d’ Abruzzi. May 6-7.—The League of American Sportsmen met at the Auditorium on the 6th JAPANESE I. N. TSUKUBA of May and held a two days’ session. ‘The President of the League is G. O. Shields of New York, Arthur F. Rice of Passaic, N. J., is Secretary. The object of the Association is to enforce game laws where such exist and to influence the passage of such laws in States which now afford no protection to game. Be- tween one hundred and fifty and two hundred members were present, representing Chapters from nearly all the States of the Union. Among the resolutions passed by the League was one highly endorsing the work of the U. S. Biolog- ical Survey, “ the value of which they consid- ered as entirely beyond computation in words or figures.” The resolution stated “that the work already done by this Bureau has had greater influence in educating the people of the country to a proper appreciation of wild animals and birds than all other agencies com- bined.”” Hon. George Shiras was commended for his effort to procure the enactment of a law by Congress which would afford “ federal protection for migratory birds while on their semi-annual flights.’” Resolutions were passed, also, urging the legislature of several states to prohibit shooting from batteries all species of web-footed wild fowl. May 7.—The National Machine Tool Builders’ Association met at the Auditorium. May 10.—The American Medico-Psycho- logical Association, after holding a three days’ meeting in Washington in connection with the Congress of American Physicians and Sur- geons, adjourned for its final meeting which was held at the Exposition. “The members of the Association met in the large hall at the Inside Inn and Dr. Charles G. Hill of Balti- more responded to the address of welcome de- livered by an officer of the Exposition. Since the first meeting of this Association, which was held in October, 1844, in the City of Philadel- phia, it has increased largely in membership and importance. It was first known as the “Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane,’ and Dr. Samuel B. Woodward of the Massachusetts State Lunatic Asylum, was the first president. Since its foundation it has held annual meetings in different cities of the United States and Can- ada and now has a membership of nearly five hundred prominent doctors who are banded together for the study of all subjects pertaining to mental diseases, to the treatment of the in- sane and to the promotion of the best interests of such unfortunates. At the meeting held at the Exposition, Dr. Charles P. Bancroft, of Concord, N. H., was elected President; Dr. A. F. Kilbourne of Rochester, Minn., Vice- President; and Dr. Charles W. Pilgrim of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Secretary and Treas- urer. At a signal from Captain Lovelace over five hundred homing pigeons were liberated in the center of Lee Parade at 11:15 in the morning. The pigeons came from twenty-nine lofts, four clubs competing: Washington _ District, National Capitol District, Northwest District and Capitol City District, all of Washington, 172 AMERICAN MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 1—Dr. CuHarves P. Bancrort, President 1907-1908 2—Dr. CuHar.es G. Hit, President 1906-1907 3—Dr. CuHartes W. Picrio, Secretary D. C. The first bird arrived in Washington at 2:24 P. M. The Brazilian cruisers ‘‘ Tamoyo ” and “Barroso”’ arrived on the evening of May 10th. May 13.—A brilliant pageant honored Jamestown Day, the three hundredth anniver- sary of the foundation of Jamestown. Field Marshal Baron Kuroki, the hero of the Russo- Japanese war, arrived at the Exposition on the preceding evening. He was accompanied by several other distinguished veterans of that con- flict. As a special compliment to the noted guests, Lieutenant-General Arthur MacArthur, U. S. A., representing the War Department, visited the Exposition to extend the welcome of the Nation. The parade which took place in the morning, was reviewed by Field Marshal Baron Kuroki, Lieutenant-General Arthur MacArthur, U. S. A., H. R. H., the Duke LIEUT.-GENERAL ARTHUR MacARTHUR, U. S. A. 173 d’Abruzzi, Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Har- rington, Major-General Frederick D. Grant, Admiral Baron Ijuin, Major-General Y asut- usuma-Kigoshi, Brigadier-General Michiharu- Umezawa, Colonel Masauri-Ota, Lieutenant- Colonel Sushki, Major ‘Toyorika-Yoshita, Major Tanaka, Captain Shojire- Tanoka, Cap- tain Jotoku-Laigo, Captains Tamura and Kabayshi. In the Reviewing Stand also were Major Wang Yu-chin, Col. Li Ting Sin, Cap- tan Wing Ling Chwang, representing the Chinese Empire; Captain Michel and Captain Leftbure, representing Belgium; Colonel Valee, Major Tarayo and Lieutenant Potela, repre- senting Argentina; Colonel Monbaulan and Lieutenant Passig, representing Chile; Captain Daria, representing Mexico. The appearance of three companies of Jap- anese seamen headed by their band, was the signal for a great outburst of applause which Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. THE DUKE D’'ABRUZZI and VICE-ADMIRAL IJUIN The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. lasted until they reached a_ point opposite the Re- viewing Stand where the dis- tinguished guests were assembled. The parade be- gan at 10230; Rear Admiral C. M. Thomas, U.S. N., was Grand Marshal. The pa- rade was organ- ized in the follow- ing manner: The Grand Marshal, follow- ed by his. staff, then came the troops. 1. The Japa- nese detachment, consisting of three companies of Jap- anese sailors, one hundred and fifty of whom were at- tached to the cruiser ““ Tsukuba,” the others from the cruiser “‘ Chitose.”’ 2. The Austrian detachment from the “ Sankt Georg,” and ‘‘ Aspern ’—one hun- dred sailors were formed in one company. 3. The Chilean detachment. In this division were a number of marines and one hundred and fifty sailors. 4. The Brazilian detachment. So similar were the uniforms of the Chileans and Brazil- ians that had it not been for the difference in the flags the spectators would have been unable to distinguish the latter from the former. 5. Following the foreign sailors came the 23rd U. S. Infantry, the crack regiment of the Army, commanded by Colonel Philip Reade, and then sixteen companies of marines com- manded by Major Neville and thirty-two com- panies of blue jackets. 6. The Second Squadron, 12th U. S. Cavalry, commanded by Major H. G. Sickel. . ie ikl - Copyright, Jamestown Official Phote FIELD-MARSHAL BARON KUROKI AND MAJOR-GENERAL GRANT 7. The last division was the 3rd Battery U.S. Field Artillery, and not even the sight of the Jap- anese seamen aroused such an interest on the part of Field Marshal Kuroki as did this battery of Regu- lars. He followed every movement of the horses and scrutinized the guns. The uniform for the staff and aides- de-camp of the Grand Marshal was blue service dress with white cap, white gloves, swords and_leg- gings. The uni- form for the U. S. Army detachment, for the marines and the bands accompanying the marines was full dress, as also was the uni- form for the Brigade commander and staff and for the blue jackets in the parade. After the Military Review a patriotic cele- bration was held in the Auditorium. Judge Theodore S. Garnett read extracts from the “Jamestown Anniversary Ode’ written by the late James Barron Hope, and Mr. Tucker made a brief speech. One of the most gorgeous marine spectacles ever witnessed in American waters was pre- sented that night in Hampton Roads. Out- lined by thousands upon thousands of incan- descent bulbs, the gigantic fighting machines of the Navy resembled fairy boats. “To the mul- titude who viewed them from the shore and from the decks of excursion steamers, the war- ships, themselves invisible, presented merely outlines of light. The illumination was a The hulls, masts »graph Corporation. triumph of electrical skill. Cine right, Jé amestown Official Phot grap yh C BeG oration. FIELD-MARSHAL KUROKI AND STAFF SALUTING THE COLORS Diary—May. and funnels were traced in streamers of flame, and for miles the boats afforded a sight that one is not apt to see twice in a lifetime. Shortly after sunset the vessels were illuminated and the lights were not extinguished until eleven o'clock. During this period the waterfront of the Exposition Grounds was thronged. Per- haps the most conspicuous vessel in line was the battleship “ Connecticut,” the striking feature of whose decoration was an immense American flag, done in red, white and blue bulbs, apparently floating from the main mast of the big fighter. In addition to the war ves- sels there were numerous yachts and small craft decorated with lights and these moved about among the big fighters, lending a pleasing animation to the scene. A water carnival whose pieces consisted of floats brilliantly illuminated, was also a feature of the evening. The floats represented: “Uncle Sam,” “ Neptune’s Chariot,” “ Leif Ericson’s Ship,” ““ The God Speed,” “‘ The Susan Constant,” an “Indian Village,” the SR h * Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. JAMESTOWN ISLAND, MAY 13, 1907 “Marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas,” an © Indian War Canoe,” a “ Pirate Ship,” “The Great Harry,” a “Mosquito,” a “Chinese Junk,” and a “ Sea Serpent.” All of May 13th there were races between the crews representing the battleships. Every race was eagerly watched by thousands of ex- ‘cited sailors. The surprise of the day was the failure of the little Japanese to make any show- pe against the crack American, Italian and u strian crews. ‘The next greatest surprise was the splendid showing made by the Italians. The first race was for service cutters, three mile course, time 30’ 27”, and was won by the “Varese”’ of Italy, second “ Sankt Georg,” Austria-Hungary, and third “ Aspern”’ of the same flag. ‘The second race was for service gigs, three miles, time 32’ 27’, and was also won by the “ Varese,” the U.S. S. “ Ken- tucky ” second, and the “ Sankt Georg ”’ third. The third race for cutters, three miles, time 26’ 47”, was won by the “ Etruria,” Italy, U. S. S. “ Kearsarge”’ second, U. S. S. “ Illinois”’ 175 third. The fourth race for cutters, a match race, three miles, ttme 25’ 23”, was won by thee diana. The Naval Band Contest which had been one of the features of the daily programme for the week beginning May 6th and ending May 11th, resulted in a tie. The first prize going to the bands from the “Ohio” and_ the “ Franklin.” Although not entitled properly to compete in this contest, which strictly was limited to fleet bands, the organization from the Receiving Ship, “ Franklin,” was admitted and succeeded in scoring more points than any of the battleships other than the one from the ‘“ Ohio.” Cash prizes were awarded and the “Ohio” men received the full first money, but the committee, consisting of F. Phinney, Herbert Brown and Joseph Maerz, decided that a prize equal to the one awarded to the ““Ohio’”’ should be given to the men of the Franklin.” Contemporaneously with the celebration at the Exposition the Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities directed exercises on Jamestown Island, and most appropriately celebrated the three hundredth anniversary of the settlement. The opening prayer was offered by the Right Reverend A. M. Ran- dolph, Bishop of the Diocese of Southern Vir- ginia, and Governor Claude A. Swanson de- livered a stirring address, during the course of which he said: With the settlement at Jamestown, the history of America and of modern England really begins. Then England com- menced that vast system of colonization which has carried her rule, laws, institutions and civilization on every continent, in every clime and among every people. From thence she became a mother of nations. From Plymouth Rock to Savan- nah she founded colonies which afterwards became great states in the American Union. She wrested from France, Canada, with vast possessions stretching to the North Pole. She ac- quired colonies in the far waters of the Pacific, exceeding in territory and richness any domain ever ruled by the Caesars. She conquered and rules the mighty empire of India, which had resisted the arms and thwarted the triumphs of Alexander. Her settlers disputed Africa with the Kaffir, Hottentot and savages and finally opened the dark continent to settlement and civilization. She has gone to Egypt the most ancient and de- cadent of nations and stirred her to modern life and activity. Here on this spot, on the 13th of May, 1607, Britain, commenced that wonderful career of colonization and conquest which has changed the destinies of the world and directed its course of civilization. That day was so memorable that it be- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. longs not alone to Virginia, the United States and England, but to the world. But of all the influence originating from Britain, of all her deeds, the most important, the one that has been the most potential in the affairs of the world and for the betterment of mankind was the founding of the colonies fringing the Atlantic Coast, which afterwards .was formed into this mighty Republic. The advent of the Anglo-Saxon, with his sentiments of freedom and individual rights, to the new world marked the beginning of a social revolution, which has not only deeply affected Great Britain, but has permeated every nation of the globe. Privilege, caste, aristocracy and feudalism were power- less in the wilderness. The needs of the situation were energy and strength to fell forests, cultivate fields, fight savages, build homes, construct roads and bridge rivers. Enterprise, courage, character and capacity became the measure of success. Idle and listless drones, however high their station or gentle their blood, found no suitable place in the primeval forests of America and disappeared in disgrace and despair. Achieve- ments alone gave title of nobility. American communities and commonwealths were constructed on these principles. Here calmly and without crime humanity made for itself a new existence. The Right Honorable James Bryce, British Ambassador to the United States, was intro- duced by Joseph Bryan of Richmond, the pre- siding officer, and extended a message of greet- ing from the Old World to the new. Ambas- sador Bryce said: The oak of English dominion on the continent of North America lay hidden in the acorn that was planted on this Island in the James River, just as the germ of English dominion in the East was to be found in the charter that had been granted by Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company seven years before this very settlement here. The landing at Jamestown was one of the great events in the history of the world—an event to be compared for its momentous consequences with the overthrow of the Persian Empire by Alexander; with the destruction of Carthage by Rome; with the conquest of Gaul by Clovis; with the taking of Constantinople by the Turks—one might almost say with the discovery of America by Columbus. But did any idea of the magnitude of this event rise in the minds of the little band of settlers when they set to the building of their fort, called after the King, “ Jamestown,’ and began to sow their fields with wheat? There is nothing to show they saw that far ahead. Twe qualities we may note in these founders of Virginia. One of these the spirit of adventure, was common to them with many others who had crossed the Western Sea. But in the other quality our countrymen and your forefathers stood pre-eminent. They came from a free country, though its free- dom had not yet been placed on a secure foundation; and the spirit of liberty and the love of self-government glowed in their hearts. They carried in their breasts the principles and traditions of the. common law of England, which of all the legal systems that have ever been framed is the one most fully pervaded with the spirit of liberty and the most favorable to the development of personal self reliance and individual respon- sibility. That spirit showed itself very early among the colo- nists of Virginia. The same spirit prompted Virginia’s action when an unwise English Ministry, ignorant of the circumstances and feelings of the colonists, blundered into a conflict which ended in their severance from England; how the greatest of all Virginians, clarum et venerabile nomen, led his colony and its fellow colonies in that conflict; how the statesmanship of Vir- ginia, matured by the experience of nearly two centuries bore its part, and a most distinguished part, in framing the Constitu- tion of 1787 and gave to the Union four out of its five first Presidents; how one of Virginia’s most illustrious sons, Chief Justice Marshall, so expounded and developed the Constitution as to become almost its second author—of all this I must not now attempt to speak. Nearly fifty years ago dark days descended upon Vir- ginia. War came, with all the evils that war brings in its train. Those were days of sadness and suffering, suffering borne with the characteristic gallantry of Virginians, and they produced in Robert Edward Lee one of the finest characters of that age. But out of the storm there emerged a land deliv- ered from the curse of slavery, which had, alas! come down from early colonial days. The Republic now began to stand more truly united than it had ever stood before. Today the jealousies of States, the antagonism of North and South, have happily vanished. Virginia and Massachusetts, the Caro- lina of Calhoun and the Illinois of Lincoln, can all look back without bitterness on those Virginia battlefields where Lee and Grant won undying fame. The problems that now occupy the thoughts of your people have, with one exception, nothing to do with geographical boundaries. Never was there in this country so strong a sense that whatever the future may have in store, the Federal Union—an indestructible Union of indestructible States—must and will be preserved. It guarantees your material prosperity. It is guarded by your national patriotism. In this season of fair weather it is natural that your yes should look back across the sea to the ancient Mother Land, from whom you were for a time divided by clouds of misunder- standing that have now melted away into the blue. Between you and her there is now an affection and a sympathy such as perhaps there never was before in the days of your political connection. ‘Today she rejoices with you in your prosperity and your unity. She is proud of you, and aiaong her many RIGHT HONORABLE JAMES BRYCE The British Ambassador achievements there is none of which she is more proud than this: that she laid the foundation of your vast and splendid Republic. You have asked me to say what England’s message to America would be on this three hundredth anniversary of the birth of the American nation. On the occasion of the opening of the Exposition by the President of the United States a fortnight ago I had the honor of transmitting to the President a greeting from the King and his Government in the following words: “On the occasion of the celebration commemorating the ter-cenlenary of the foundation of the first English settlement on the American continent at Jamestown and the birth of the American nation, His Majesty's Government wish to offer their warmest congratulations to the United States Government on the magnificent progress and development which have brought the United States into the first rank among the greatest nations of the world, not only in material prosperity but also in cul- ture and peaceful civilization. The connection which must ever exist in history between the British and American nations will never be forgotten and will contribute to increase and foster ties of affecticn between the two peoples.” These words express the sentiment of the British people, their sentiment of affection and of pride, of pride in what you have done already, of hope for what you may do in the future. If I might venture to add any words in which English- men who have reflected upon your history and their own would desire to convey their views of the teachings of that history, I would ask: Could the ancient Mother Land with her recol- lections of fourteen centuries of national life and seven cen- turies of slow but steady constitutional development send to her mighty daughter a better message than this old message > “Cherish alike and cherish together liberty and law. They are always inseparable. Wéithout liberty, there is no true law, be- cause law sinks into being merely the will of an arbitrary ruler or a selfish class, and ceases to be the will of the whole com- munily. Without law and order there is no true liberty, for anarchy means that the rights of the gentle and weak are over- ridden by the violent. In the union of ordered liberty with a law gradually remoulded from age to age to suit the changing needs of the people there has lain and there will always lie the progress and the peace both of England and of America.” Eight warships. sailed. ‘The cruisers “Tsukuba ’’ and “ Chitose’’ steamed away early in the morning. Admiral Ijuin left to attend the dinner which was to be given to General Kuroki at the Hotel Astor, New York City. Following the Japanese Squadron, the Austrian cruisers “Sankt Georg’ and ‘* Aspern’”” weighed anchor and sailed up the Chesapeake on their way to Annapolis. Four 176 Diary—May. American ships departed at 11 o'clock in the morning: the “ Maine,” the “ New Jersey,” the “ Minnesota’’’ and the “ Missoun.’” All these went to various yards along the coast for repairs and overhauling. A very pleasing incident of the day occurred when about twenty children from the “ Odd Fellows” Orphans Home in Lynchburg, Vir- ginia, were, through the courtesy of the Exposi- tion managers and the various concessionaires, admitted to the grounds and to all the attrac- tions that were doing business on the War Path. The children were unable to see all the Exposition sights in one day, but during the sessions of the Grand Lodge of Virginia I. O. O. F. they remained and saw the entire fair be- fore returning to their home. ‘The Grand Lodge had intended holding their convention at the Exposition, but the Auditorium was not well arranged for secret ceremonies and the Con- vention Hall, owing to its unfinished condition, was entirely unfit for the purpose. As a con- sequence the meetings were held in Norfolk. Two cadet corps arrived at the Exposition for ten days’ encampment. ‘These youngsters, as General Grant designated them, represented the Horner Military Academy of Oxford, N. C., and the North Carolina Military Academy of Red Springs, N. C. During the afternoon the boys from the latter school paraded and made a pleasing appearance. Their white trousers were spotless, their forms were small but erect, and their execution of the Manual excellent. Their band, composed of a dozen cadets, not one of whom was sixteen years of age, played finely. The Horner boys made an excellent showing. There were sixty-three cadets under the command of Major Smith and Major W. C. Overman. The line officers were Captain F. C. Whitney and Lieutenant ri Radactieh ol, i ‘ » slp Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. W. H. Powell, Company “ A,” and Captain F. E. Farrier and Lieutenant Zollikoffer, Com- pany * B.”” The Red Springs boys were com- manded by W. N. Jones, Superintendent, Cap- tain C. B. Connell, Commandant, Captain Mercer and Lieutenants Cope and Ashley. One of the most attractive features of the Exposition during the period from May 14th to the 24th were the daily drills and parades of the Horner Cadets. Weather permitting, these young soldiers went through their evolu- tions at 5:30 every afternoon and_ their efficiency was pronounced highly creditable by the experienced military authorities who wit- nessed the proceedings. “Toward the close of their stay at the Exposition they had a com- petitive drill judged by officers of the regular army detailed for the purpose by General Grant. Company “ B”’ was declared the win- ner. In the manual of arms drill, Cadets John- son and Jones tied for first honors. JOSEPH FARRAR Great Senior Sagamore May 15.—The Great Council of Red Men paraded in Norfolk and then captured the Ex- position. JOHN W. CHERRY Great Prophet One hundred painted and fearless PIGEON FLIGHT FROM LEE’S PARADE, MAY 18 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. braves swarmed over the grounds and through the buildings of the Exposition. At three o'clock they met in the Auditorium, where Charles T. Bland of Portsmouth, and Great Senior Sagamore, Joseph Farrar, made addresses. [he Auditorium was filled during this part of the programme. ‘The braves then took the trail to the War Path and saw the sights. It had been planned that the Red Men should storm Fort Boonesboro and seize fifty cases of firewater which were concealed there. This part of the programme was not executed, but several tribes stealthily invaded the Fort and reconnoitered. May 16.—At ten o'clock A. M. the famous “Monkey Drnill” was executed by Troop “MM” of the 12th Cavalry. The Parade Ground was lined on all sides by spectators and the agile cavalrymen performed their remark- able feats to the accompaniment of hearty ap- plause. The full squadron drilled for over two hours, going through all the regulation Cavalry evolutions and the sabre drill. After this regu- lar exercise, all of the men, with the exception of Troop ““M”’ were ordered back to camp. After arranging their stirrups in the required manner the horsemen went through the full list of movements, standing in their saddles and per- forming daring tricks of mounting and dis- mounting at full gallop. They also raced up and down the Parade Ground, turning and wheeling at full speed, standing erect upon the back of their horses. May 17.—The Grand Lodge of Odd Fel- lows of Virginia and North Carolina marched into the Exposition Grounds at twenty minutes past ten and proceeded directly to the Conven- tion Hall, where they were welcomed by the officials. A number of pleasing speeches were delivered, President Tucker giving the address of welcome, to which Hon. W. C. G. Hobbs, Grand Master for the State of Kentucky, re- sponded. Later, Mr. Hobbs made the oration of the day, dwelling at length upon the beauties and benefits of fraternal organizations and speaking of the splendid works of charity and the mutual benefits of his order. He alluded most touchingly to the care which the fraternity takes of the interest of the orphans and helpless ones. May 18.—The greatest pigeon flight ever given in America was the feature of the morn- ing. Ina fluttering crowd, more than six thou- sand vari-colored, well trained homing pigeons swirled up from the center of the big parade ground and sped northward to their homes in New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Buffalo and other cities. Captain Lovelace was in charge of the arrangements for the release of the birds and these were perfect. Ten min- utes after the signal to open the cages was given, not a pigeon was in sight. May 19.—The Maryland Bankers Asso- ciation visited the Exposition in a body early in the morning. They had held their business sessions on the steamer “ Atlanta ’”’ en route to the Exposition and were stopping at the Hotel Chamberlin. No official ceremonies attended CHARLES HANN, Secy. this visit. "The Maryland building $erved as a headquarters for the Association during their day at the Exposition and a cordial reception was there extended to them. 5 May 20.—The fifth general convention of the Structural Building Trades Alliance of America was opened at the Auditorium on the Exposition grounds at 10 a. M., President Kirby presiding. Owing to a delay in the de- livery of the records and books of the Alliance, it was found necessary to postpone the actual opening of the convention until the morrow. The Alliance remained in session five days. All of the meetings were devoted entirely to business except when a visit was paid to the Hampton Industrial School on the evening of the 23rd, and when an oyster roast at Cape Henry was given to the delegates Friday, the 24th. James Kirby was re-elected President of the Alliance, and William J. Spencer re- elected Secretary and Tyreasurer. H. B. WILCOX, Pres. JAMES KIRBY, Pres. WM. J. SPENCER, Secy. May 21.—Lincoln Beachy made his first successful flight in an airship at the Exposition. Beachy was scheduled to fly from the Aero- nautic Concourse at eleven o'clock in the morn- ing, but owing to the very high wind then pre- vailing he was dissuaded from making the at- tempt. Shortly after six in the evening the aeronaut made the ascension and sailed above Lee Parade Ground. After circling over the heads of the troops, then parading, Beachy traveled over the Auditorium and the other large buildings adjacent to the Parade. He then passed along the water front of the Expo- sition, sailed over the War Path and descended without a mishap into the enclosure from which he started. Diary—M av. The /nier-State Cotton Seed Crushers Asso- ciation convened for their Eleventh Annual Convention at the Inside Inn at 10:30 A. M. Barton Myers welcomed the visitors. Luther A. Ranson of Atlanta, Georgia, responded to the address of welcome. President F. H. Bailey of Paris, Texas, reviewed the work of the Association for the year. ‘The first event of the meeting was the speech of Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chief Chemist of the Department of Agriculture of Washington. ‘This was de- livered at the morning session the second day. He selected as a text “A Good Name is Rather to be Chosen than Great Riches,” which he said furnished a fruitful theme for thought, though in direct contrast to some other well known expressions on the same sub- ject. Shakespeare, for instance, says, “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Dr. Wiley stated that a name in itself did not add anything to the value of an individual or a substance, but that a name was associated with certain properties and if a name was lost the value was impaired. Dr. Wiley mentioned were of the vegetable variety and at their head was the product made from olives. Considered as nutriments the speaker said there was little difference in vegetable oils—the nutritive value of each was high. Olive oil, he said, was made in limited quantities and its price rendered its use prohibitive among the people at large. The Doctor protested against the misbranding of cotton seed oil and said that unless an article has a merit and can stand upon its merit, upon its own name, it can never achieve any lasting success. “‘If,”’ said the speaker, “ cotton seed oil is not a fit substance to be consumed by man then let us stop trying to make him consume it. If it is fit for human consumption, let it stand upon its merits and its own name and take its chances in the markets of the world.” Another feature of the meeting was the ad- dress of Hon. John M. Carson, Chief of the’ Bureau of Manufactures Department of Com- merce and Labor. Major Carson’s address dealt with trade expansion. Speaking of foreign market requirements, he said, “‘ Successfully to invade and maintain foreign markets a thor- L. A. Ranson President 1907-1908 the Congress which had assembled at Madrid a few years ago representing the various Euro- pean nations. “ [his Congress had for its pur- pose the protection of proprietary rights and of geographical names.” ‘The speaker said, “ It is well known that many countries become noted for producing food products of exceptional ex- cellence. As soon as a good name has been established in this particular it has been the custom for other countries to utilize it for sell- ing inferior articles of the same kind.” ‘The speaker instanced sherry whose imitation has hurt the sale of the real Spanish article, cham- pagne and cognac which have been imitated to the detriment of French interests, and he said “In our country we have known Vermont maple sugar to be manufactured in other parts of the country, New York cheese to be made in Wisconsin and Ohio; California fruits have been grown in Delaware, New Orleans molas- ses made in Chicago, and Blue Point oysters have been gathered all along the coast.” Dr. Wiley made a direct application of his prin- ciples. He said that oil and wine were pro- duced in the earliest historical periods. Oils 179 Rosert Gipson Re-elected Secretary F. H. BaiLey President 1906-1907 ough knowledge of existing conditions must be attained, and instead of wasting time and effort in a vain attempt to change or reform them, our methods must be adjusted to them. The requirements of the climate, habits, — tastes, peculiarities and prejudices of the people must be recognized.” This trade expert declared that the nations which successfully rivaled America used this method; that the manufacturers in foreign countries took advantage of all the advice and admonition contained in consular reports and in the memoranda of special agents, and they made it a habit not to abandon the market, even temporarily, after they had effected an en- trance, since they had found that abandonment entailed loss and vexation upon the local mer- chants and aroused prejudice against any future effort of the nation which had forsaken the ter- ritory. The speaker said that the principles underlying successful trade were fundamental. ** Strict integrity is just as essential in the Orient as in the Occident, and studious observance of the popular characteristics as needful to win foreign as to hold domestic markets.’’ He told The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. the story of our increased factory output and showed the necessity of acquiring markets abroad in which to vend the products. He called attention to the large surplusage of raw goods sent abroad and the paucity of manufac- tured articles. ‘‘ We will continue,” he said, “to sell abroad four hundred million dollars annually in raw cotton so long as American Manufacturers content themselves with permit- ting this great staple to be utilized by foreign manufacturers in carrying on and extending their mills and factories, and in supplying cot- ton fabrics to the people of every quarter of the globe. Ships flying the flags of the great com- mercial nations will continue to come without solicitation for the raw materials so abundantly produced in the United States, but the products of American factories and mills must be pushed into foreign markets and held there by intrinsic merit and persistent enterprise.” The sessions of this Association were well attended and a number of weighty matters con- nected with the interests of the cotton seed men were discussed and settled. Rules governing transactions of cotton seed and cotton seed products were promulgated by the Association and standards for the seed, for the oil, crude or refined, for soap stock, for cake and meal, were adopted. For the year 1907-1908 these officers were elected: President, L. A. Ranson, of Atlanta, Georgia. Vice-President, J. H. Parish, Memphis, Tennessee. Secretary-Treasurer, Robert Gibson, Dallas, Texas. May 22.—The Third Division of the United States Atlantic Fleet under command of Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans sailed for the southern drill ground, under orders to return to Hampton Roads three days later. Thirty-two members of the Cadet Corps of Maryville College arrived at the Exposition and went into camp for a stay of ten days. The boys came from Maryville, Tenn., and their trip was for pleasure, recreation and study, the principal object being the latter, and the special study being confined to military meth- ods. ‘The boys and their commander were in- terested observers of all the methods employed by the Regular Army as demonstrated in the camp life, drills and parades. The general convention of the Baptists of North America was called to order at two o'clock in the afternoon, by the President, Hon. E. W. Stevens of Missouri. Former Governor Montague of Virginia, who was ex- pected to receive the delegates, was unavoid- ably detained, and the event of the first session was the President’s address. “We rejoice,” said Mr. Stevens, “in this Exposition which so happily honors the primal settlement of English colonists in Virginia and in America, and which is representative of the prosperity and civilization of our great Repub- lic. But we rejoice still more in the greater fact that made that prosperity, that civilization, that Republic possible. That fact is freedom, and that freedom we have a right to claim was primarily and directly born of Baptists.” Mr. Stevens balanced the honors between Rhode Island and Virginia, who, he said, might appro- priately clasp hands, “* for while Rhode Island may have given to the world Roger Williams, Virginia contemporaneously furnished a home for heroes who suffered during a century un- speakable persecutions that the principles for which Roger Williams contended should be- come the dominant idea of our Government.” “Tf a Rhode Island Baptist, John Clarke, secured for the State the first democratic form of government in America, it was the Virginia Baptists who suggested to Thomas Jefferson the same government for America, who bitterly resisted an established church and who through James Madison had a provision guaranteeing religious freedom as well as free thought and free speech incorporated in an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.” R. J. Willingham, D. D., Thomas S. Bar- bour, D. D., J. M. Frost, D; D., A. J. Row- land, D. D., H. L. Morehouse, D. D., and D. B. Gray, D. D., Corresponding Secretaries of several important Boards of the Baptist Con- vention, delivered brief addresses, as did E. C. Morris, D. D., President of the National Bap- tist Convention, of Helena, Ark., J. G. Brown, D. D., of Toronto, representing the four Bap- tist Conventions of Canada. In the evening Governor Montague delivered his address. After giving a personal greeting he said: “T am also constrained to add that the people of this com- monwealth concur with me in this greeting. Virginia's historic and sentimental relation with the people of all the States of our Union is most extraordinary. With many of these States she may have in times past been divided in opinion, but never in affection. For the * original thirteen ’ she still cherishes the sanc- tity of early and enduring ties. For that cordon of States made out of the Northwest section she cannot and would not diminish her maternal affection. In those States carved out of the Louisiana Purchase she beholds with pride the consummating statesmanship of one of her most illustrious sons. And to our visitors from Canada this State, so long the “Old Dominion ~ of the English colonies of America, extends an_ especial and affectionate welcome to the New Dominion of the North.” The speaker referred to hospitality in a wider range and suggested that it would be well to be more hospitable to the truth and sweetness of fraternity. He enquired: “May I anticipate the subject of the evening by suggesting the sore need of our co-operative wisdom and courage in extend- ing the ethics of our religion into the sphere of our politics? Is it not pathetically palpable that we have one standard of morals for private life and another standard of morals for public life? And do not the two standards live in antagonism? Is the church a militant spirit in suppressing graft, bossism, bribery and fraud in elections and corruption in public place? Is not the majority of our membership indifferent to the vices of political life and to the needs of public service? And is it not true that we achieve bad government more through the indifference and neg- lect of church members than through the ability and activity of bad men? Shall the energy of the vicious be made availing through the indifference of the virtuous? Can we reconcile a good church member with a bad citizen? Shall partisan politics benumb our ethics or estrange the people of our republic? Shall spoils and offices energize our party politics, while principles and patriotism lie dormant? Should not lawlessness and disorder find more frequent rebuke from the Church? Shall the stake and the torch usurp our judicial altars? Shall reverence for law find no certain footing in our social group and give no guiding power to our civilization?” Dr. Henry M. King of Providence, R. I., responded to this address, and delivered a splendid eulogy on Roger Williams, to whose name he added, as scarcely less worthy of re- membrance the name of “ John Clarke and John Crandall, who were arrested and fined for holding service in a private home, and Obadiah Holmes, who bared his back to the executioner’s lash; William Witter, the blind old martyr of Swamscotty, Henry Dunster, the 180 Diarv—Mav. third President of Harvard College, who was deposed from office for becoming a Baptist; John Myles, the distinguished Welsh exile; Thomas Goold, the first pastor of the Church in Boston, and William Screeven, who, driven from Massachusetts by persecution, found a shelter for himself and his flock in South Caro- lina.”” Concluding this address, Dr. King said: “The fathers of New England and the fathers of Virginia clasped hands in their weakness, and were made strong for the accomplishment of a mighty victory. May their sons of the North and of the South, with our wonderful increase in num- ers, in material resources, in political influence and in moral power, clasp hands in this joint convention and be made strong for the work which still remains to be done for God and truth, for liberty and righteousness and peace, for United America and for the nations of the world.” A number of important resolutions were passed by the convention and the following officers elected for the ensuing year: President, Augustus H. Strong, D. D., LL. D., N. Y. Vice-Presidents, Hon. J. Taylor Ellyson, of Virginia; Hon. Chas E. Hughes, of New York; A. L. MacCrimmon, LL. D., Canada. Recording Secretary, Thomas D. Osborn, of Kentucky. Assistant Secretary, J. S. Dickerson, of IIlinois. Corresponding Secretary, S. B. Meeser, D. D., Michigan. Treasurer, E. M. Thresher, Ohio. CADETS OF FORK UNION MILITARY Brooklyn League Day was celebrated by one hundred members who gathered in the Auditorium and were welcomed by T. J. Wool, General Counsel of the Exposition. The League is purely a social organization and the delegates were traveling for pleasure. John B. Creighton, Secretary of the League, made a brief speech replying to the welcome. The party were later the guests at a reception in the New York State Building. May 23.—Several hundred of the Baptist women who had been attending the North American Baptist Convention, held a session in the Auditorium. President Tucker deliv- ered an address. Mr. Tucker was the only man present. [he meeting was held by the women for women and after Mr. Tucker spoke he left the hall. Various phases of Baptist life and work were discussed, especially the mis- sionary societies which are largely sustained by women’s efforts. Following the meeting there was an adjournment to the Virginia Building where a reception was given in honor of the visitors. The Southern Publishers Association were welcomed by Mr. Tucker. “The Publishers met for their annual convention in the Audito- rium. The principal addresses of the day were 181 made by President F. P. Gloss of the Asso- ciation, Major John C. Hemphill of Charles- ton, South Carolina, and Joseph P. Caldwell, of Charlotte, North Carolina. The Cadet Battalion of the Fork Union Military Academy, arrived at the Exposition for a week’s stay. They were attended by the Head Master, L. H. Walton, Lieutenant E. H. Poindexter, several of the trustees and some of the teachers and friends of the school. Dr. William E. Hatcher, the President of the Academy, was with the boys. Upon their arrival the visitors were met by Lieutenant Cootes, Military Secretary of the Exposition, and fittingly welcomed. The Cadets made a splendid appearance and showed in movement and bearing that they had been well trained. They were escorted to the camp grounds where new tents and new cots had been provided for them. While in camp at the Exposition re- straints were reduced to a minimum, guard duty was light and the Cadets had sufficient liberty. Not one of them was guilty of infringing on any regulations. There was no disorder at ACADEMY, FORK UNION, VIRGINIA the camp and no complaint. Only praise was given to them for their conduct at the fair. The pleasure and profit of their visit was to an extent impaired by frequent and heavy rains but, weather permitting, the Cadets drilled in the afternoon and their maneuvers, which were witnessed by military experts, elicited many encomiums. The young soldiers seemed very proud of the impression they had created and strove in every way to earn good will and appreciation, succeeding admirably. May 24.—Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Har- rington entertained President Tucker and the members of the Board of Governors aboard the cruiser “ Brooklyn,” one of the station ships at the Exposition. May 25.—Major Mallory, Adjutant to General Grant, announced on May 25 orders to become effective on May 27, and remain in force until notice to the contrary was given. These instructions recited: Battalion drills by 23rd Infantry would be held daily from 8:00 to 9:00 a. mM. On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 10:30 a. M., regimental drills by 23rd Infantry. On Tuesdays and Thursdays cavalry drill by 2nd Squad- ron, 12th U. S. Cavalry. Guard mount by 23rd Infantry at except Sunday. Battalion parade by the 23rd Infantry on Mondays, W ednes- days and Fridays at 5:00 P. m. 10:30 a. mM. daily The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. CADETS FROM STAUNTON MILITARY ACADEMY, STAUNTON, VIRGINIA Regimental parade by 23rd Infantry, Tuesdays and Thurs- days at 5:00 P. M. Afternoon cavalry and artillery drills were to be an- nounced a day in advance. May 27.—Three companies from the Cadet Corps of the Staunton Military Academy ar- rived and remained in camp until the first of June. The Battalion was commanded by Cap- tain Wm. C. Kable, Commandant, Captain C. E. Daniel, as Assistant Commandant, with Major Thomas H. Russell, Head Master of the Academy, Major and Quartermaster. De- spite the fact that bad weather prevailed during the larger part of the visit the cadets had a dis- tinctly enjoyable time, and in Major Russell’s report he states: “‘ We feel sure that had our boys any idea of the good time awaiting them, three hundred young men would have taken ad- vantage of the opportunity to make the trip. As it was, one hundred and thirty-seven young men representing twenty-six States of the Union en- camped at the Exposition.”” During their stay A a ee “ici puhcaisadlies _~ a Le Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. HONORABLE W.. J. BRYAN SPEAKING IN CONVENTION HALL’ the Battalion gave an exhibition drill every morning on Lee’s Parade and in the afternoon dress parades were held. On the last afternoon of the encampment the Battalion was reviewed by President Tucker and Lieutenant Cootes. Mr. Cootes, an alumnus of the Staunton Acad- emy, was especially zealous in his efforts to make the cadets from his old school enjoy them- selves. The drilling, encampment and general appearance of the young men was the subject of much favorable comment, in which the civilian officials of the Exposition and the United States Army officers cordially joined. A special parade was given on the twenty- seventh in honor of Admiral Davis, command- ing the Division of the Atlantic fleet then in Hampton Roads, and the entire military con- tingent at the Exposition turned out in his honor. Following the parade the Admiral vis- ited the United States camp and the artillery fired the customary salute in his honor. 182 Diary—Mav. Flags at the Exposition were at half-mast on the twenty-seventh and on the morning of the twenty-eighth as a tribute of respect to Mrs. McKinley who had died on Sunday, May twenty-sixth. Some comment was evoked by the fact that every flag at the Expo- sition was dipped except those of the Govern- ment. ‘This, of course, was due to the Federal statutes in which there is no provision for half- masting flags as a tribute to private citizens, but the courtesy can be shown through a special order and in this case it seemed odd that such an order was not issued. May 30.—Patrick Henry Day. Between four and five thousand people assembled in the Convention Hall at 11:00 A. Mo. to hear William Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska, deliver an address on Patrick Henry. Mr. Bryan compared Henry with Demosthenes, and the speaker declared that the Greek was not the superior of the distinguished Virginian. Defin- ing the orator as a man who knows what he is talking about and knows how to tell it, who feels his convictions deep down in his heart, and convinces others that he feels, Mr. Bryan showed that Patrick Henry, possessing these qualities, and more, was a great orator. Ina great crisis the speaker emphasized there was always a great orator to arrive, “and | hope,” he said, “that another Patrick Henry will be born in Virginia, for with such a man no domestic despot could ever rule.” Mr. Bryan discussed the rate law, the Colonial system of the United States, and gave his ideas of a democratic government, broadly defining these as based upon the election of rep- resentatives who would carry out the ideas of the people who thought for themselves; “ for a leader,” according to his statement, “is one who thinks with the people and not for the people he represents.” At the conclusion of Mr. Bryan’s speech, President Tucker held up for inspection the original manuscript of the famous resolution introduced by Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses of Virginia, protest- ing against the passage of the Stamp Act, a Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MR. BRYAN GREETING TENNESSEE VETERANS (Consign: Jamestown Official Biaeeeian Corporation. MR. BRYAN AT THE DOLLAR DINNER document in the great orator’s own handwrit- ing. It had been framed and was in a good state of preservation. One of the features of the day was a review of the First Tennessee Regiment Reserves composed entirely of old Confederate Veterans. Just as Mr. Bryan left the Convention Hall he spied these vener- able gray coated men gathered on Lee Parade and an impromptu review was organized. The Veterans passed in front of the Grand Stand by pairs, each of them shaking hands with the famous visitor. A dollar dinner was given in the large tent pavilion of the Military Catering Company that evening. The guest of honor was Mr. Bryan, and when he arose to speak he received a tumultuous ovation. During the course of his hour’s talk Mr. Bryan outlined his position on the various political questions of the day and impressed upon his hearers the fact that he still adhered to all the basic policies of government which he had advocated since he first came into prominence as a national figure in 1896. Commissioner Virgil A. Lewis extended a general invitation to the opening of the West Virginia Building. There were no ceremonies attending the opening but a luncheon was served to all the visitors and the little Moun- tam State’s big headquarters was crowded throughout the day. May 31.—The Battalion of Cadets of the Maryland Agricultural College arrived at the Exposition under the command of Major Ed- ward Lloyd, U. S. A. They remained in camp until June 5th. While at the Exposition the Battalion participated in all the functions prescribed by the military authorities. The cadets executed all the military exercises, such as reviews, Inspection parades, guard mounting, drills, both in close and extended order, with marked ability, and the spectators showed their appreciation by generous applause. ‘The military bearing of the cadets was conspicuous. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Sas CADETS FROM MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND The Battalion was garbed in khaki very similar to that worn by the Regular Army, and their carriage, precision of movement and the facility with which they executed involved maneuvers caused them to be mistaken for Regulars. Exchanging salutes with the U. S. S. “ Min- nesota”’ the war vessels representing the Re- public of France, passed between the Virginia Capes shortly before noon, headed by the cruiser “ Kléber,” the flagship of Rear-Ad- miral Thierry, Commander-in-Chief. The squadron, composed of that vessel and the cruisers ‘‘ Chasseloup-Loubet ’”’ and “ Victor Hugo” steamed into Hampton Roads and anchored in front of the Exposition. On the staff of the Commander-in-Chief were Captain Préaubert, Chief of Staff, and Lieutenant Ratier, Aide-de-Camp. Commanding the “ Kléber ’’ was Captain de Saint-Pern, with Captain Ducoroy second in command. Cap- tain Nayel commanded the “ Victor Hugo,” with Captain Corlouer as second officer. And similarly the ““ Chasseloup-Loubet ” was com- manded by Captain Carré, with Lieutenant Pirvinquiére as second officer. The path which these vessels traversed was the same as that over which came the French fleet that brought the Count de Rochambeau to York- town in 1781, and probably the memory of what was due to the great European Republic I a Se ARMORED CRUISER “ KLEBER,” FLAGSHIP OF REAR ADMIRAL THIERRY for her aid which made possible the successful termination of the Revolution, gave special zest to the welcome which was extended to the vis- iting squadron whose officers and men did much while at the Exposition to cement the long linked bonds of friendship between the world’s greatest Republics. June 3.—The Corps of the Pennsylvania Military College arrived on the morning of June 3rd and remained until June 7th. No cadet corps that visited the Exposition estab- lished a better record for excellence of disci- pline, for soldierly bearing and military con- duct. The greatest military school in this coun- try, perhaps in the world, the United States Academy at West Point, occupied, during the latter part of the cadets’ visit, the adjoining camp, and there was little discernible difference between the appearance of the student bodies. Including officers of the Military Department who accompanied the Corps to the Exposition, the Academy was represented by one hundred and fifty men, and in addition they had with them the band of the First Pennsylvania Regi- ment stationed in Philadelphia. Late in the afternoon, a special train, bear- ing the cadets and most of the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, arrived at the Exposition. The boys marched at once to camp where they remained until the morning Diary—June. of June 13th, when the Corps disbanded and most of the students left immediately for their homes in various parts of the country. When the Corps arrived at the grounds and when they departed everything was handled with military precision and a careful attention to detail pre- vented any confusion or delay. Excellent order prevailed in camp at all times and in fact wherever the cadets assembled. “They were prompt in reporting at formations, maintained splendid discipline and created a superb im- pression. June 4.—Cadets formed an important part of the day’s programme. The first command to parade was the Corps from the Pennsylvania Military College. Promptly at | :30 their col- umn, at the head of which marched the First Pennsylvania Band, entered Lee Parade. The cadets gave a dress parade which was heartily complimented by the army officers present. The Corps was commanded by Major W. A. Hboll- brook, 5th U. S. Cavalry, and the adjutant was Lieutenant C. L. Holson, representing the faculty. Before the Pennsylvania boys had left the field the Corps from the Maryland Agricultural College arrived on the ground in battalion drill, and late in the afternoon there was a battalion drill given by the V. P. I. Cadets, three hundred strong. The ninth regular annual meeting of the Tri-State Medical Association of the Caro- linas and Virginia concluded its two days’ ses- sion in the Auditorium. Rotre E. Hucues, M.D. President J. Howett Way, M.D. Secretary Dr. Ralph E. Hughes, of Laurens, S. C., was President of the organization, and Dr. J. Howell Way, of Waynesville, N. C., Secre- tary and Treasurer. The Medical Director of the Exposition, Dr. Robert L. Payne, ex- tended a cordial welcome to the physicians, in which he was seconded by Barton Myers, of the Board of Governors. The meetings of the Association and the entertainments were ex- ceptionally well managed. by Dr. Southgate Leigh, of Norfolk, the Chairman of the Local Committee. The principal addresses were made by Dr. Hughes on “ The Relations Existing between Physicians and ‘Their Patients,” and by Dr. Stuart McGuire, of Richmond, on “A Review of My Last Five Hundred Cases of Appendicitis.” Papers on more than forty important subjects were dis- cussed. ‘‘ Recent Progress in the Surgery of 185 the Stomach’ was the matter for the annual debate, and in this Drs. LeGrand Guerry, of South Carolina, J. E. Stokes, of Salisbury, N. C., and Herbert A. Royster, of North Caro- lina, actively participated. A brilliant recep- tion was tendered to the visiting physicians and their friends in the Virginia State Building. For the year 1907-8 the following officers were elected: President, Dr. Stuart McGuire, of Richmond, Va. Vice-Presidents, Dr. Southgate Leigh, Norfolk, Va.; Dr. E. C. Register, Charlotte, N. C.; Dr. C. M. Rees, Charles- eee and Treasurer, Dr. J. Howell Way, Waynes- ville INeuG, The Council of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs of America met at the Inside Inn, Mrs. Sarah Platt Decker presiding. “Iwo hundred and fifty delegates were present. Mrs. SaraH S. Piatt Decker, President Mrs. May ALDEN Warp Second Vice-President Mrs. Puivip N. Moore First Vice-President Miss Virginia Gatewood, President of the Norfolk Woman’s Club, cordially welcomed the delegates. During the course of her re- marks, Miss Gatewood said: “The present is undoubtedly a revolutionary period for women as well as an evolutionary period for the nations, and herein there lies pre-eminently its quality of distinction. The world now recognizes that within woman's possibilities there is the power to live daily life out of the commonplace, to refine, to brighten it, to make it more attractive. This cannot The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker Recording Secretary Auditor be successfully accomplished by individual effort, but con- certed action promises effectiveness. To realize this promise women’s clubs were organized and they will live. Frequently they take a large part of our time and no small share of our strength, but ever in greater or in less degree the results are gratifying, for associations which have for their objects the cause of truth, of honor, of refinement, of virtue and philan- thropy must in time inevitably succeed, and success is a delight- ful goal to reach.” Miss Gatewood related many details concern- ing the Woman’s Club of Norfolk, an infant or- ganization at that time not one year and a half old. The speaker told of the work which had at various times individually been accomplished by Norfolk women and the feeling, which for several years past, obtained in the city that the women should have a club of their own. Miss Gatewood told how the club was or- ganized, how it had grown and flourished and how strong and vigorous it now was. She showed how comprehensive were the functions and plans of the association and told how the club life was divided into departments, each of which was governed by a sub-committee: House, Library, Music, Art, Literature, Lec- tures, Current Events, Civics and Social Enter- tainments. Miss Gatewood said: “Tt will always be a source of pride to me that I originated what has become such an important factor in Norfolk's social life. Our committees, and especially their chairmen, have worked so efficiently and zealously that each department has MISS VIRGINIA GCATEWOOD President, Norfolk Woman's Club Mrs. Charles A. Perkins Corresponding Secretary Mrs. Josiah Evans Cowles Treasurer yielded exceptional results. The club is now an important factor in Norfolk and with its membership grown to two hun- dred and seventy and growing as the months pass, it contains a promise of rich possibilities in the future and affords a positive guarantee of results which can only inure to the uplift of our city.” The speaker assured the delegates that the latch-string of the Woman’s Club of Norfolk hung on the outside, responsive to the lightest touch of any club woman in the United States. She said that it was the intention of herself and fellow members to be present at each session of the Council, that her associates were not usually tardy, but as a tribute to the memory of Pow- hatan’s daughter, “if in coming we are poky, hunt us.” Mrs. May Alden Ward, the second Vice- President of the General Federation, re- sponded to this address and thanked the speaker for her gracious welcome. Said Mrs. Ward: “From whatever part of the land we have come, we owe a debt of gratitude to Virginia, not only as it is the birthplace of the Nation, but also as the birthplace of American institutions. It was here that the first trial by jury was held, here the first church was built, here the first Elective Assembly met,—the first attempt at representative government in the new world. It is a comfort to us of New England at whose blue laws the world has long smiled, to know that Virginia also had her blue laws; that men were fined for absence from church, for unseemly speech, and for Sunday travel; that the cavalier as well as the pilgrim had need of the pillory, the whipping post, the stocks and the ducking stool. The latter was used to control the tongues of ‘ babbling women who often slander and scandalize their neighbors, for which their poor husbands are often brought into chargeable and vexatious suits and cast in great damages.’ ” Mrs. Ward recounted the virtues of Vir- ginia’s great past, and speaking for Massachu- setts, paid this extraordinary tribute: “There are many later names on Virginia’s roll of fame, and one especially stands for rare qualities of character—that combination of strength and patience, of courage and self- restraint—which have won for Robert E. Lee the love of all mankind. These names are our heritage as well as yours, for it was another Virginian, Patrick Henry, who said “ The differ- ences between Virginians and Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders are no more; | am not a Virginian, I am an American. ” Mrs. Ward stated that among the great problems which confronted men and women of America were: “ How are we to make the education of our boys and girls a preparation for the life they are to lead? How can we pro- tect the children so that they may have that chance of devel- opment which is the right of every American child? How can we safeguard the women who toil that their work may be done under proper conditions and without needless risk or danger ?”’ A feature of the evening session was Henry Turner Bailey’s lecture on the subject of “Beauty in Common Things.” A musical programme followed—Mrs. Blanche Arm- strong Weinschenck, Signor A. Patricolo and Miss Emily LeBlanc, participated. 186 Diary—lJune. ON @ Mrs. Philip Carpenter Mrs. Sarah A. Evans Mrs. Guy R. C. Allen Mrs. Wm. A. Johnston Mrs. Frank N. Shiek DIRECTORS OF THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN’S CLUBS Several important subjects were discussed at the second day session. Mrs. John B. Sher- wood spoke on “ Art,” Miss Mary B. Pap- penheim on “ Literature,’ Mrs. Philip M. Moore on “ A Per Capita Tax,” and Mrs. P. S. Peterson on “ Forestry.”” In connection with this last subject, Eros Mills, an official of the Forestry Department of the Govern- ment, lectured. He urged the ladies to make a deeper study of the subject, maintaining that Nature was closely akin to the best in all literature, especially near to poetry. June 5.—Colontal Dames Day. The exer- cises of this order held in the Auditorium were attended by five hundred Dames. Mrs. Wil- liam Ruffin Cox, the National President, opened the meeting and introduced the Right Reverend A. M. Randolph, Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Southern Virginia. After the prayer by the distinguished prelate and a welcoming address by President Tucker, to which Mrs. Cox responded, Mrs. Hope, of Connecticut, read a poem, written by Mrs. James P. Andrews, of Hartford, entitled “ VIRGINIA.” Once on a day, upon the great round earth The New World lay unknown, close-veiled and _ still, Waiting the promised hour that should fulfill The mystery and wonder of her birth. Like an enchanted princess in her tower In dreamless sleep, removed from love and hate, Will or desire, dumb, inarticulate, Unmoved by circumstance of pomp and power, So slept this virgin world, while in her hand Half-clasped and loosely lay the magic key To boundless wealth, a golden treasury Of riches no King’s ransom could command. Teeming with life the Old World went its way, Fighting and feasting, conquering for the lust Of spoil and hewing, lest the sword should rust If idle in its scabbard for a day; Raising those miracles of faith in stone From whose gray brooding towers a silver chime Called worshippers to matins and to prime Or mass where chaliced wine might yet atone For scarlet sins that weighed upon the soul Of good believers. So the world went Its stormy way, now joyous, now forespent, Of Life's elixir draining the full bowl; Contented as a child in ignorance, Who of the wide earth’s measureless expanse, Knows but the space his vision comprehends, The arch of sky that his horizon ends; Till with revolving years a moment came When like the dawn’s first slender, trembling flame Or presage of a stovm in summer trees That whispers breathlessly of mysteries, Truth pierced the thick, enshrouding mists of night And swept the vibrant chords of sound and light, Dawned in a radiant rose-flushed, morning sky And softly breathed a word of prophecy. 187 What lies, men cried, beyond these darkling seas ? May not the hollow wave that beats our shore Receding, wash some dim, far-distant strand From whose resounding caves its muffled roar Rouses the echoes of that fabled land Where dwell the daughters of Hesperides ? Then that great dreamer by lone vigils taught And high communion with the constant sta‘s, Wresting the secrets that the ancients sought From Vega, Aldebaran and from Mars, Braved the wild terrors that beset his path The Sea of Darkness and its jealous wrath— Till in a triumph glorious, complete, He laid the New World at his sovereign’s feet. England was ringing with the noise of deeds Brilliant and dazzling as the morning sun Whose level rays no human eye can bear; Deeds that resounded to the farthest coast And waked the sleepiest hamlet of the realm. Was there an ear so dull or heart so faint It would not thrill in answer to the tale Of those great captains and their loyal men Who drove their ships like coursers flecked with foam Across the western sea to snatch the prize Of conquest from a greedy rival hand, And grapple with the galleons of Spain? Men breathed adventure in the very air, Dreamed of the Gold Coast and the Summer Isles Where fruits and perfumes, spices, deep-hued gems Combined to make a bright, fantastic whole; And in their dreams still dwelt the larger hope Of unknown principalities and powers That through the valor of unwearied hearts Should yield allegiance to one God, one King. So as men gathered by the water's edge In club or Tavern’s ancient raftered hall, With thoughts intent on news from over-seas, They voiced their spirit in a ringing song. SONG OF THE ADVENTURERS Come friends and merry gentlemen, Let nothing you appal; From Dartmouth moor, from Lincoln's fen Hark to the New World's call; Staunch ships are riding in the bay, Stout hearts are needed for the fray, Who'll let the Spaniard say us nay? Then courage one and all! Come yeoman, burgher, squire and knight, There's need of England's best; St. George is for us and the right, Who cares how rude the test? Let slothful dullards take their ease, We'll strike for fortune over seas, Then trim each sail to catch the breeze, Virginia's our quest! Drink deep to Raleigh, Hawkins, Drake, And shiver glasses down; Who ventures all upon the stake Wins riches and renown; Then loudly let the welkin ring For Merry England and the King So Westward Ho, till home we bring Fresh jewels for the crown. The anchor weighed and all the canvas set, Straining to catch the westward-blowing breeze, The last farewell is waved, and soon the shore Recedes and narrows to a line of blue That in its turn soon sinks below the verge, Leaving the ships, those play-things of the deep To front the buffet of its angry blasts Or shudder down into the green abyss Of giant waves whose crests roll mountains-high. Perhaps some watcher on the lonely deck Pacing his measures round twixt bell and bell Beneath the brooding silence of the sky, Might in his thought, have uttered words like these: The Jamestown Wind of the sea that restless blows To what far realm no mortal knows, Compel our sails with kindly breath; From hurricane that shrieks of death Through livid sky and ashen cloud By riven mast and tangled shroud, And from sick calm’s still enmity Deliver us, wind of the sea. Stars of the sea, bright lamps of night Shed on our path thy steadfast light, That those who anxious vigil keep And those who lie close-locked in sleep, Past sunken reef and hungry shoal May ride in safety to their goal. From night's dim terrors set us free, Till morning breaks, stars of the sea. God of the sea, thy thunderous tread Awakes not him whose wat'ry bed Hung with a feathery sea-weed pall ies in some sea-queen's glimmering hall; Then to that port of golden streams, Bright El Dorado of our dreams, Guide us dread Lord, eternally God of all lands, God of the sea. The goal was reached at last; at last the land Again a thread on the horizon’s verge Was hailed with shouts of joy and loud acclaim, And sturdy rowers, bending to their oars, Pressed to the mark, the long-desired shore. A boat's keel grating on a pebbly beach, Startling wild water-fowl from sedgy nests With raucous cries, and in the virgin sand, Foot-prints of men where none had been before— And lo, the dreaming princess was awake, Roused from her age-long sleep to take her place Among her elder sisters of the world. The charmed ground where life before had flowed Like a half hidden—hidden stream whose murmurings Blend with the whispers of the leafy wood, Must know, in passionate experience, The shock of conflict and the price of death; As on the stage, where all at first is dark While soft preluding music fills the air, That more insistent grows with throbbing beat, Increasing with the light that at the last Bursts in a wave of brilliance over all— While trumpets call in clarion tones to arms. The days to weeks have grown, to months, to years, And centuries have rolled into the void Of endless time, and still the thrice-told tale Of those we know so well we ponder o'er; The Captain, blithe, adventurous, gallant, bold, Bearing a charmed life through hundred wars, And flinging gay defiance at grim death; The subtle chieftains, crafty, full of guile, Holding in leash their hungry hounds of war; The governors, the councillors, the men Who fought the wilderness with dogged blows; And moving in the bright cloud of romance That dearest jewel of the dusky tribes Young Pocahontas, peace be to her name. So on that stage, how wide they little knew, Each in his part the actors came and went, Loved, hated, triumphed, suffered, and so passed Into the silent land, the land of rest. While of the stately city they had dreamed, Raising aloft its serried roofs and spires Stands but one tower, ruined, ivy-grown, Symbol of time’s inexorable change, Tho’ hands that reared it long since turned to clay. And with the passing of those crumbling walls Passes as well much that its builders loved; Hopes, and ideals, habits of reverence, Beliefs and purposes that gave them strength And courage to pursue their thorny way. But symbols change, and what we proudly raise In its decay, with tender, sheltering clasp, The ivy of tradition shields from view; Yet by the old the new springs up to life, Transmuted in the crucible of Time, In its alembic fashioned to new moulds, In substance one, immutably the same. One love, one grief, one triumph, one regret Forever stirs the hearts and minds of men, And one abiding hope, that still we move Toward purer heights of righteousness and peace. The National Society of Colonial Dames of America was a valued contributor to the Exposition. During the fifteen years of its existence the Society has made diligent search for manuscripts, letters and relics of historical Ter-Centennial Expostuon. sad MRS. WILLIAM RUFFIN COX National President of Colonial Dames value and has placed these in National and State Museums. One of the most important loan collections it ever secured was placed in the History Building of the Exposition, having for its special purpose the commemoration of the Colonial period of America. The Dames had made a special study of Colonial history and traditions, and had printed volumes of unique interest, such as the “ Minutes of the Orphan Master’s Court of New Amster- dam;” the “ Letters of Colonial Governors;” the ““ Correspondence of William Pitt with the Colonial Governors and Military and Naval Commanders in America,” and the “ Memoirs of Rufus Putnam.” The transactions of the Society during the past year were discussed at the Exposition and plans for future efforts were promulgated. The principal address of the day was deliv- ered by Bishop Thomas F. Gailor, of ‘Tennes- see. The music for the occasion was supplied by a band from the Third Division of the fleet anchored in Hampton Roads, the musicians coming from the battleships “* Alabama,” “* Kearsarge,” “ Kentucky ”’ and “ IIhinois.”’ After the exercises in the Auditorium the ladies lunched at the Swiss Village, and later were the guests of Mrs. Barton Myers at her home in Norfolk. That evening Mrs. Swan- son received the Dames in the Virginia Build- ing. June 6.—At 7:00 aA. M., four hundred of the West Point Cadets, who on the previous evening had arrived in Hampton Roads on board the “Sumner,” debarked and immedi- ately marched to their camp which the Com- mandant named “Robert E. Lee.” For two hours the West Pointers were engaged in making their abode habitable. They were a star attraction of the Exposition. At twelve o'clock a detachment performed the famous 188 Diary—June. $ J on + - as 2 an = aaa) 4 ie We Oh. ae ' ‘Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. WEST POINT CADETS AT DEEPWATER PIER “Monkey Dnill.” At one o'clock the cadets dined at the big tent where their arrival was greeted with an uproarious welcome from the cadets of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and from the Pennsylvania Muilitary College. At three o’clock the whole battalion attired in white trousers and gray coats marched upon Tuesday, June | 1th, the Cadets broke camp at 6:30 in the morning and marched to the Deep Water Pier. There they re-embarked on the transport ““ Sumner” for the return trip to West Point. They arrived at West Point at four o’clock on the evening of June | 2th. With the Cadets were Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. Howze, Commandant of Cadets; Cap- tain F. C. Marshall, 15th Cavalry; Captain T. Franklin, Commissary Department; Captain M. F. Smith, 20th Infantry; Captain M. B. Stewart, 8th Infantry; Captain S. F. Bottoms, Field Artillery; Captain C. W. Exton, 20th Infantry; Captain H. L. Newbold, 4th Field Artillery; Captain W. L. Oliver, 12th Cavalry; Captain G. S. Simonds, 22nd In- fantry; Ist Lieutenant J. H. Hanner, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army; Ist Lieutenant H. Glade, 6th Infantry; Ist Lieutenant G. Kent, Ist Cavalry; 2nd Lieutenant B. E. Grey, 29th Infantry, and Chaplain E. S. Travers. OFFICERS OF WEST POINT BATTALION Standing: Left to Right Sitting: Captain H. J. KoEHLER, Captain C. W. the field and performed a great variety of evo- lutions. On that afternoon the cadets began their exhibition drills, according to the following schedule: Thursday, June 6th, Battalion drill at 4:00 P. M. and evening parade at 5:45 P. M. Friday, June 7th, morning parade at |1 :00 A. M.; calisthenic drill at 4:00 P. M.; evening drill at 5:45 Pp. M. Saturday, June 8th, riding drill at 10:00 A. M.; morning parade at I 1:00 A. M.; shelter tent drill at 4:00 P. M., and evening parade at 5:45 P. M. Monday, June 10th, the United States Cadet Corps marched to Discovery Landing at 9:40 a. M., and there received the Presi- dent of the United States, after which they participated in the parade and review of the land forces, and Corps of Cadets occupied the right line. They had a riding drill at 4:00 P. M., and an evening parade at 5:45 P. M. 189 LizuTENANT A. A. Maysock, Captain H. L. Newsoip, Captain Georce S. Simonps, Captain L. W. OL iver, LIEUTENANT F. H. Farnum, Captain M. B. Stewart, LIEUTENANT Guy KENT, LIEUTENANT B. E. Grey. Captain O. J. CHarves, Captain M. F. Smitn, LiEUTENANT-CoLoNEL R. L. Howze, COMMANDANT OF CADETS; ExTon. Order No. 44 issued by Lieutenant-Colonel Howze read: ““CaMP RoBertT E. LEE, Jamestown Exposition Grounds, June 6th, 1907. I. Paragraph VI Orders No. 44 cur- rent series Headquarters U. S. Corps of Cadets, is amended to read as follows: II. The official desig- nation of the encampment at Jamestown Exposition shall be “Robert E. Lee,” in honor of General Robert E. Lee, a distin- guished graduate and late Superintendent of the U. S. Military Academy. III. Hours for duty Rev. E. S. TRavers while in camp at James- Chenin: town will be as follows: Reveille, 6:30 A. M. Police Call, 6:40 A. M. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. mestown Official Photograph Corporation. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS In the center stand SUPREME CoMMANDER CHar_Les A. Barnes and Major-GENERAL ARTHUR J. SToBBART, Commander of the Uniform Rank, K. of P. At the extreme right of picture is Mayor B. E. Rice, Superintendent of the Pythian Bureau. Breakfast, First Call, 6:30" A.M, Breakfast, Assembly, 7:00 A. M. Sick Call, immediately after return from break fast. Riding, First Call, 9:40 A. M. Riding, Assembly, 9:45 A. M. Morning Parade, Friday and Saturday, First Call, 10:40 a. M. Assembly, 10:45 A. M. Dinner, First Call, 12:10 Pp. M. Dinner, Assembly, 127152 PM: Police Call, 3:30 P. M. Drill Calisthenic, 7th instant, First all) 3:40 P. M. Assembly, 3:45 P.M. Drill, Shelter tent, 8th instant, First Call, 3:40 Pp. M. Assembly, 3:45 P.M. Parade, First Call, 5:25 P. M. Assembly, 5:30 P. M. Guard mounting immediately after parade. Guard mounting when there is no parade, First Call, 4:55 P. M. Assembly, 5:00 Pp. M. Supper, First Call, 6:35 P. M. Supper, Assembly, 6:40 P. M. Tattoo, 10:30 P. M. Taps, MARDI be The Association of Manufacturers and Job- bers Supplies met at the Auditorium and con- ducted a purely business meeting. The Presi- dent was D. W. Hamill, of Buffalo, N. Y., and the Secretary F. S. Hanley, of New York City. The Supreme Assembly, Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias, met in the Auditorium at eleven o'clock. Major-General Arthur J. Stobbart, of St. Paul, presided and comman- ders from twenty-four states answered to the roll call. “They were resplendent in their glit- tering uniforms and were one of the most dis- tinguished looking bodies that had been in session at the Exposition since its opening. Those present were: Supreme Chancellor Charles A. Barnes, Jacksonville, Florida; Major-General Arthur J. Stobbart, St. Paul, Minnesota; Colonel E. V. Lorenz, A. D. C., St. Paul, Minnesota; Brigadier-General Joseph H. Lyon, Kansas; Brigadier-General James H. Barkley, I]linois; Brigadier-General W. G. Smith, Maine; Brig- adier-General Charles F. McGlashan, Califor- nia; Brigadier-General William H. Loomis, Michigan; Brigadier-General Thomas W. Minshull, Ohio; Brigadier-General Lauren C. Thomas, Pennsylvania; Brigadier-General Fred E. Wheaton, Minnesota; Brigadier-Gen- eral John H. Tiller, Texas; Brigadier-General William E. Hitchcock, Massachusetts; Briga- dier-General John H. Aitken, Oregon; Briga- dier-General Jerome F. Kingsbury, Iowa; Brigadier-General J. Alex Ewing, West Vir- ginia; Brigadier-General Joel T. Livingston, Missouri; Brigadier-General Charles A. Cox, Georgia; Brigadier-General Charles R. Collins, Tennessee; Brigadier-General Charles D. Pfafflin, Colorado; Brigadier-General Orman T. Lougee, New Hampshire; Brigadier-Gen- eral John B. Zaun, Wisconsin; Brigadier-Gen- eral James E. McCracken, Kentucky; Briga- dier-General John W. McBrine, Massachu- setts; Brigadier-General Orson W. Middaugh, New York; Brigadier-General Paul P. Walsh, Washington State; Brigadier-General Merril E.. Wilson, Indiana. The great international fleet began to re- assemble for Georgia Day when the President of the United States was to be present. The “* Kentucky,” ““ Kearsarge,” “ Illinois” and ‘“* Alabama ’”’ had been in the Roads for sev- eral days. The Dutch cruiser ‘ Gelderland ”’ also arrived and was joined by the Austrian cruisers ‘‘ Sankt Georg’’ and “* Aspern’’ and the U. S. S. ‘‘ Washington” and the UV. S. S. “Tennessee.” The last vessel was com- manded by Rear-Admiral Stockton, who had just hoisted his flag for the first time since his promotion. June 7.—Tidewater Virginia Day was one of the best attended events of the Exposition. In order to secure a record-breaking crowd the Department of Special Events included in a single celebration all of the cities and commun- ities in Tidewater Virginia, and the Mayors of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Newport News and Hampton each declared June 7, a public holi- 190 Diary-—June. ‘ — “of ~ Bera“ Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. fy SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GRAND STAND, TIDEWATER DAY day. Practically every store and office in these cities closed for the occasion and it was a gen- eral school holiday. A reduced admission fee was charged to children on Tidewater Day and the street railway companies permitted the use of school tickets for transportation to the grounds. A child might visit the Exposition for a ten cent car fare instead of twice that sum, and a ten cent admission fee instead of a quarter of a dollar. Many of the exhibitors offered prizes and each ticket issued at the gate bore a numbered coupon which might be ex- changed for some souvenir. The first event was a parade of school chil- dren representing Norfolk, Portsmouth, Nor- folk County, Newport News and Hampton. This parade was headed by R. A. Dobie, Superintendent of Public Schools of Nor- folk. Various other superintendents and prin- cipals acted as assistant marshals. After the pa- rade the children sang national airs. J. S. Bar- ron, the Chairman of the Executive Committee, presided at the meeting held in the Auditorium. The orator of the day was Samuel Gompers, who spoke entirely with- out notes. One of his sentences was especially noteworthy. He re- ferred to the military phase of the Expo- sition and the honors accorded the soldiers and said: ‘‘ After singing in song and verse the praises of these men who fall upon the battle- fields, I feel that we should not regard as hoboes the men who fall upon the contested fields of industry.” The most noteworthy event of the day was the balloon ascension made by Eugene Godet, the French Aeronaut, who had been at the Exposition for several weeks building his machine for this occasion. [The wind was blowing a half gale in the morning and Mr. Ludlow, who was in charge of the Aeronautic Concourse, and Captain Lovelace, an experi- enced aviator, attempted to dissuade Godet from ascending, but the plucky Frenchman in- sisted on making the attempt. Leaving the J. S. Barron, Chairman 191 Concourse Godet arose several hundred feet, when a driving wind caught his ship and bore it straight toward Hampton Roads. In spite of all efforts to divert the ship it was driven through a clump of pines and lost its rudder and propeller. Without any steering device, hurled by the storm the balloon was borne over the water and not until the rigging became en- tangled in the smokestack of the U. S. S. “ Alabama ”’ could Godet be rescued. When the men aboard the warship saw the balloon ap- proaching they manned a number of cutters and rushed to the assistance of the imperiled aeronaut. The first boat to approach the machine caught the suspended grapnel, but so swiftly was the airship flying that it dragged the battleship cutter for more than a mile. The excitement aboard the “ Alabama” was at fever heat when it was seen that the airship would strike the vessel. No harm was done to the battleship and Godet suffered merely from a badly bruised hand, but the airship, over which so much time and energy had been expended, was practically ruined. Addresses on a variety of subjects constituted the business of the first day’s session of the Woman’s National Press Associa- tion at the Inside Inn. ‘The principal feature of the evening was the address of Mrs. Emma Shaw Golcouth, of Rhode Island. Mrs. Gol- couth is a distinguished journalist, traveler and lecturer. Other addresses were made by Miss Belva F. Lockwood, of Washington, Mrs. Harriet Hayden Fink, from Philadelphia, and Miss Helen Varick Boswell, of New York. The last session of the convention was held June 8. Admiral Evans’ fleet entered Hampton Roads. ‘The vessels in line were the battleships “ Connecticut,’ the Admiral’s flagship; “Louisiana,” “ Maine,” “ Missouri,” ‘* Vir- ginia,’ “ Rhode Island,” “ Ohio,” ‘‘ Minne- sota,” ‘‘Iowa,” “Indiana,” ‘* Tennessee,” “New Jersey,” and “ Georgia.” The great men-of-war were followed by the destroyers, Mrs. ELLEN S. CROMWELL President W. N.P. A. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. “Worden,” “* Hopkins,” “* Stuart,” “* Hull,” “Whipple,” and “ Truxtun.” The “ Varese ”’ and “ Etruria,” commanded by H. R. H., the Duke d’Abruzzi, also entered the Roads, and late in the evening there arrived the Barroso and “ Tamo- yo, com- manded by the Brazilian Ad- miral Duarte Huet de Ba- cellar. June 8.— The principal feature of the day was the drilling of the West Point Cadets. In the evening Mrs. Harry St. George Tucker gave an in- formal dinner to H. R. H., the Duke d’Abruzzi at the Hotel Chamberlin. June 9.—As a part of the program of drills and exercises prescribed for the Naval Acad- emy Practice Squadron for the Summer of 1907, the cadets from Annapolis paid a brief visit to Hampton Roads, arriving on the eve of Georgia Day. They full dressed their ship, June 10, in honor of the President of the United States and shared with the West Point cadets the privilege of acting as military escort to the Nation’s Chief Executive. A provisional battalion of midshipmen, including six com- panies, landed for the occasion. On Virginia Day the same battalion occupied the place of honor at the head of the line. Lieutenant W. N. Vernon, U. S. N., commanded the bat- talion. The Fifth Regiment of Infantry, National Guard of Georgia, arrived at the Exposition about noon, and immediately marched to camp. Ihe Regiment was commanded by Colonel Clifford L. Anderson, who was ac- companied by his full Regimental Staff. There were ten companies, a hospital corps and a band, under the command of Colonel Ander- son, his regiment being composed of forty-one CAVALIERE ARTURO PARATI Italian Vice-Consul oficers and four hundred and eighty enlistedmen. Dur- ing the week that this Regiment was at the Exposition the weather was ex- ceedingly inclement. Tuesday it rained nearly all day, Thursday heavy rains and Friday light showers. The regiment left the Exposition at three o'clock Saturday Co.. CLIFForD L. ANDERSON Fifth Infantry N. G. Ga. afternoon. The Georgia Troops were assigned as a special escort to the President on June 10th, Georgia Day. The regiment had reg- ular drills and parades, together with guard mounting daily. The camp _ was. strictly guarded by sentinels and the best order and discipline were maintained. In the statement prepared by Major J. D. Dunwoody then Adjutant of the Fifth Regiment, and now Adjutant-General, First Brigade of Georgia, it is stated that the drills and parades required of the Regiment were much enjoyed, though rains made marching difficult and at times con- verted their camp into a pond. The regiment participated in the functions of Georgia Day, June 10th, and Virginia Day, June 12th; the officers took part in the ceremonies incident to the presentation by the Governor of Georgia of the Silver Service to the battleship “Georgia,” and they attended a reception given by General Grant, Thursday evening, a reception at the Georgia Building, Tuesday evening, a reception at the Virginia Building, Wednesday evening, and a banquet at the Virginia Club in Norfolk on Friday evening. A part of the report of Major Dunwoody, ex- presses appreciation of the courtesies extended by General Grant and the other United States officers, and acknowledges the attentions paid by the Exposition authorities to the regiment. ANNAPOLIS CADETS The supplies were purchased from the U. S. Commissary Department at regular army prices. Major Dunwoody stated that the trip was en- joyed despite the heavy rains and that the drills undoubtedly did the regiment good. The men enjoyed good health and not a single case of sickness developed after the return home. Two hundred and sixty-five Cadets of the Virgina Military Institute arrived at the Expo- sition at 7:15 A. M. They were accompanied by their own band. The battalion immediately went into camp and the cadets spent the day adjusting themselves to camp life. The camp assigned to the Corps adjoined ““ Camp Robert E. Lee,” occupied by the West Point Cadets, and there was some friendly rivalry between the West Pointers and the V. M. I. boys dur- ing the stay of both corps at the Exposition. Each organization exhibited considerable in- terest in the methods of the other. A narrow road separated the camps and when a formation of any kind occurred in one, the edge of the dividing road was lined with watchers from the other. The V. M. I. boys marched at the head of the Virginia troops in the Georgia Day parade and received an ovation along the entire line of march. The cadets on duty and off duty, in ranks and singly, made a splendid showing. President Roosevelt especially com- plimented the excellent appearance of the bat- 192 Diary—June. = talion when parading. V. M. I. drills were scheduled to take place during the afternoon of Tuesday, June | 1th, but heavy rains caused them to be postponed. June 12th, Virginia Day, the V. M. I. Cadets had the place of honor in the parade and, marching at the head of all the State troops, were Governor Swan- son’s special escort. As the corps passed the grandstand, Governor Swanson remarked that he was not soldier enough to see any differ- ence between the V. M. I. battalion and the West Pointers. Unfortunately rain and mud prevented the cadets from giving the drills in which they were especially proficient, such as Butt’s Manual and battalion drills. The corps was commanded by Colonel M. L. Mills, the Commandant of the Virginia Military Institute. June 10.—Georgia Day. The “ May- flower” arrived in Hampton Roads early in the morning. On board were the President of the United States, and Mrs. Roosevelt, Am- bassador and Madame Jusserand, Ambassador and Madame van Swinderen, Postmaster-Gen- eral von Meyer, Rear-Admiral and Mrs. Cowles, Douglas Robinson and Mrs. Robin- son and C. Grant Lafarge and Mrs. Lafarge. The “ Mayflower” passed over the same course pursued on “Opening Day” and came to anchor in the center of the large fleet. As the President’s boat steamed past the war- ships lying in anchor each in turn saluted with twenty-one guns the Nation’s Chief Executive, who occupied the bridge of his yacht. ‘The foreign vessels held the position of honor near- est the Exposition grounds and parallel with them. The black or dark drab vessels of Austro-Hungary, France, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands, Brazil and Great Britain, ap- peared in striking contrast to the glistening fleet of thirty-three men-of-war under the command of Rear-Admiral Evans. The only American boats that were not white and buff were five dark green torpedo boat destroyers, and these little craft, by reason of their color, appeared as aliens in the American line. Admiral Evans’ flagship, the “ Connecti- cut,” fired the first gun of the Presidential salute. In a flash the other ships, whose gun- ners were waiting for the signal began their greeting, and the salvos continued without a break until the ““ Mayflower ”’ came to anchor. 193 VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE CADETS ee As the President’s yacht threaded its way along the line of foreign vessels a new series of salutes was begun and repeated by each boat in the Roads. In all eighteen hundred and six cannon shots were fired. Standing at attention, the crews of all the vessels were drawn in close order along their forward and quarter decks and the elevations of the superstructure while the President was passing. Continuing its cir- cuit, the ““ Mayflower” anchored within the group of flagships and immediately the flag ofh- cers of the fleets visited the President. As soon as the “‘ Mayflower’ dropped anchor, Secre- tary Metcalf left the dispatch boat, “*Dolphin”’ and joined the President. With him were Gov- Copyright, Bacharash. Cardinal, Archbishop of Baltimore Ordained Priest 1861—Chancellor of Archdiocese of Balti- more 1862—Assistant Chancellor of Second Plenary Council for the Roman Catholic Church in America 1866—Vicar Apostolic of North Carolina 1868—Bishop of Richmond 1871 —Coadjutor Archbishop of Baltimore May 20, 1877—Arch- bishop of Baltimore October 3, 1877—Presided Over Third Plenary Council of the Roman Catholic Church in America 1884—Appointed a Cardinal Priest 1886 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ernor J. N. Terrell of Georgia and W. M. Mitchell, President of the Georgia Commission. Amid a second booming of cannon and the cheers of thousands of spectators who lined the shores of Hampton Roads, the President en- tered a launch and left for “ Discovery Land- ing’’ where he arrived a few minutes after eleven o'clock. The Fifth Georgia Regiment was waiting for him and he was greeted on ar- rival by the Italian Ambassador Baron Mayor des Planches and Captain Pfister of the Italian Embassy, Rear-Admiral Harrington, U. S. N., Hon. John Temple Graves, of Georgia, J. H. Edwards, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, the members of Governor Terrell’s staff and a number of Exposition officials headed by Mr. Tucker. Mr. Roosevelt was driven directly to the Reviewing Stand which was filled to re- pletion. He first greeted Cardinal Gibbons who had come to deliver an invocation. This great churchman, the chief dignitary of the Roman Catholic faith in America, was one of the first to appreciate the importance of the Ter-Centennial and to express unequivocally his entire sympathy with the celebration and his hope for its success. He was an honored guest on the occasion and an attentive multitude listened reverently to the brief invocation he delivered. Governor Joseph M. Terrell of Georgia, introduced the illustrious churchman to the vast assemblage. During the course of his prayer the Cardinal said: “We pray for His Excellency the Governor of this State, and for the Governor of Georgia, who have as their guest today the country’s most distinguished man, the President of the United States; we pray that the Exposition may be instrumental in drawing more closely together the bonds of fellowship and friendship between the empires of the world, so that the family of nations shall be more closely identified.” Introduced by Mr. Mitchell, the President of the Georgia Commission, as “the son of Georgia, or rather, Georgia’s most illustrious grandson,” President Roosevelt spoke as follows: I cannot express, how deeply touched I am at the action of the State of Georgia, my mother’s state, the state from which I draw half the blood in my veins, in erecting as the Georgia State House at the Jamestown Exposition a replica of my grandfather's house at Roswell, Georgia; the house in which my mother passed her youth and where she was married to my father. It is an act of gracious courtesy and considera- tion which I very deeply appreciate; and through the governor and other representatives of Georgia | desire from my heart to thank all her citizens. Georgia's history is unique, for she alone among the original thirteen colonies and the subsequent new states added thereto, was founded with a consciously benevolent purpose, with the deliberate intent to benefit mankind by upbuilding a commonwealth along carefully planned lines of social, political, and religious liberty and justice. Odglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, was a true apostle of philanthropy and of equality of opportunity for all. His set purpose was to found a state, the gates of which should be open to the oppressed of every land and creed, and closed to every form of political, religious, or industrial bondage or persecution. His colony welcomed alike those who fled from political or social tyranny, and those, whether Christian or Jew, who sought liberty for conscience’s sake. It was a high and honor- able beginning; and I am proud, indeed, of my Georgian ancestry, and cf the fact that my grandfather’s grandfather, Archibald Bulloch, was the first governor, or as the title then went, President of the new State, when the Continental Con- gress, of which he was also a member, declared that the Thirteen States had become a new and independent nation. Since then Georgia has grown at a rate even more astounding than the rate of growth of the nation as a whole; her sons have stood high in every field of activity, intellectual or phys- ical; and rapid though her progress has been in the past, it bids fair to be even greater in the wonderful new century which has now fairly opened. aaa estown Official Photograph Corporation. A SNAP-SHOT OF THE PRESIDENT Copyright, J Perhaps the very fact that I am half southern and half northern in blood, and that for many years I was brought into peculiarly close association with the life of the great West, makes it natural for me to feel with intensity the strong sense of kinship with every portion of our great common country which should be the birthright of every true American. Since I have been President I have visited every State and Territory within the borders of the Union, save such as can only be reached by sea. I have traveled from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf. I have spoken at country fairs, to colleges, to commercial and business organiza- tions, to associations of professional men, to labor organizations, to men of every creed and parentage. The thing that has struck me most has been the essential oneness, the essential unity of our people. In the fundamentals | have found American citizens to be just about the same everywhere. In whatever locality of the country we live, whatever our fortune or occupation in life, there exist just about the same essential good qualities and much the same shortcomings in any gathering of our citizens. Of course, each community has its especial temptations, its especial shortcomings; and if it is wise each community will try to cure itself rather than to cause heartburnings by railing at the shortcomings of a sister community. There is ample field for the reform energies of every one of us in his or her particular sphere of home and neighborhood activity. Not only is all of this true as between one community and another, but it is just as true between one class of our citizens and another. Now and then we meet well-meaning people who have a genuine horror and dread of all rich men and think of them as being set apart by peculiar vice and iniquity. Now and then we meet equally well-meaning rich men who have an equally irrational dread of those whom they style “labor leaders.’’ In each case I think the hostility is in large part due to a want of sympathy caused by complete ignorance of the men who arouse such distrust or anger. As a matter of fact, if we take a given number of men of large fortune and a like number of wage-workers, we find that in their essential human nature they are all alike. In each group we find men as wise and as foolish, as good and as bad as in the other group. Such being the case it is certainly well that, so far as possible, when the men of a given group, as a whole, act in a way that we deem contrary to the public interest, we should treat the action as a wrong to be remedied rather than as a wrong to be avenged. We ought not to tolerate wrong. It is a sign of weakness to do so, and in its ultimate effects weakness is often quite as bad as wickedness. But in putting a stop to the wrong we should, so far as possible, avoid getting into an attitude of vindictive hatred toward the wrong-doer. He may be morally to blame and it may be necessary to punish him; but on the other hand the wrong he has committed may simply be due to the existing condition of things, to conditions under which he has been brought up; and in such a case, while we must apply the remedy, and see that there is no further chance of harm to the community, it is neither just nor far-sighted to exact revenge for what has been done. In short, friends, let us realize that in very truth we are knit together in ties of brotherhood, and that while it is proper and necessary that we should insist upon our rights, we should yet be patient and considerate in bearing with one another, and in trying, so far as in us lies, each to look at the problems that face us from his brother’s standpoint as well as from his own. During the last quarter of a century this nation has made astounding strides in material progress, and in no other section has this progress been more noteworthy than in the South. While her agriculture has grown faster than ever before, there has also been a new growth of her manufacturing industries— indeed, there has been growth of every kind. But of course there is ample room for further growth. The South will be all the better for new immigrants of the right type, and | hope 194 Diary—June. to see steamship lines carrying such immigrants established at ports like Savannah and Charleston, just as I hope to see ports like New Orleans connected by lines of steamers with the South American continent, the continent with which our relations should grow ever closer and mutually more advanta- geous. In the South, as everywhere through the Union, we need to see a good education given free to all children, no matter what may be their race or color. Nor can we wisely permit this education to be of a merely literary type. More and more we are growing to realize that there must be an education of the hand as well as of the head. There must be agricultural and industrial colleges, and, above all, schools in which there can be elementary preparation for agriculture and industry. These schools for technical training will hold a great place in the future in fitting our citizens for doing their economic duties in the best possible shape. In the South there is a population peculiarly fitted to profit by them, a population which has been generally referred to as “ poor white,” a population of splendid capacities, and almost purely of the old native stock, which simply lacks the opportunity to develop a degree of industrial efficiency unsurpassed elsewhere on this continent. It is a matter for congratulation that there is such a steady increase of interest in the Southern States in everything per- taining to children. This has already markedly shown itself, and [| hope will still more markedly show itself in the future, in warring against the evil of child labor in factories. The factory is a very poor place indeed for a child; indeed, personally | think the factory a poor place for a woman—certainly for a married woman, or for an unmarried woman for more than a very few years. In any community organized on really healthy Pe. ' ee of GR Mas Photograph Copyright, Corporation. Jamestown Official result of the ever-increasing growth of our complex industrial- ism. Decade by decade, it becomes more and more necessary that, without sacrificing their individual independence, the people of this country shall recognize in more effective form their mutual interdependence, and the duty of safeguarding the interest of each in the ultimate interest of all. We have inherited and developed a superbly self-reliant individualism in this country. I most earnestly hope that it will not be lost, that it will never be exchanged for a deadening socialism. ‘The only permanently beneficial way in which to help anyone is to help him to help himself; if either private charity, or gov- ernmental action, or any form of social expression destroys the individual's power of self-help, the gravest possible wrong is really done to the individual. Nevertheless, as the conditions of life grow more complex, it is not possible to trust our welfare only to the unbridled individual initiative of each unit cf our population working as that unit wills. We need laws for the care of our children which were not needed when this country was in its infancy. We need laws for the control of vast corporations such as were not needed when the individual fortunes were far smaller than at present, and when these fortunes were not combined for business use. In the same way we need to change our attitude toward labor problems from what that attitude was in the days when the great bulk of our people lived in the country with no more complex labor rela- tions than is implied in the connection between the farmer and the hired help. For example, the great increase in mechanical and manufacturing operations means a corresponding increase in the number of accidents to the wage-workers employed therein, these including both preventable and inevitable acci- ® > Ae, a\ae * , — a —_ 4 pn, oh PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SPEAKING lines the average woman will have quite enough to do in her own home, whether she is rich or poor; and nowhere else can she do work of such value to the nation as a whole—and by work, I mean her housework, her work as housewife and mother, and not so-called “ home industries.’ As regards child- ren, it is as essential to look after their physical as their mental training. We can not afford to let children grow up ignorant; and if they are sent to school they can not, while young, also work hard outside without detriment, physical, mental, and moral. There is urgent need for the health authorities to increase their care over the hygienic conditions and surround- ings of children of tender years, and especially to supervise those in the schools. It is a good thing to try to reform bad children, to try to build up degenerate children; but it is an even better thing to try to keep healthy in soul, body, and mind those children who are now sound but who may easily grow up unsound if no care is taken of them. The nation’s most valuable asset is the children; for the children are the nation of the future. All people alive to the nation’s need should join together to work for the moral, spiritual, and physical welfare of tke children in all parts of our land. I am glad that there has been founded a national society of public school hygiene, and I wish it, and all its branches, well in every way. There is increasing need that the welfare of the children should be effectively safeguarded by governmental action; with the proviso, however, that this action shall be taken with knowl- edge and in a spirit of robust common sense; for philanthropy, whether governmental or individual, is a curse and not a bless- ing when marked by a spirit of foolish sentimentality and ignorance. Such governmental action is merely one inevitable 195 dents. To the ordinary wage-worker’s family such a calamity means grim hardship. As the work is done for the employer, and therefore ultimately for the public, it is a bitter injustice that it should be the wage-worker himself and his wife and children who bear the whole penalty. Legislation should be had, alike from the nation and from the states, not only to guard against the needless multiplication of these accidents, but to relieve the financial suffering due to them. Last winter Congress passed a safety-appliance law which marked a long stride in the right direction. But there should be additional legislation to secure pecuniary compensation to workmen suffer- ing from accidents, and when they are killed, to their families. At present both in the sphere covered by National legislation, and in the sphere covered by State legislation, the law in too many cases leaves the financial burden of industrial accidents to be borne by the injured workmen and their families; and a workman who suffers from an accident either has no case at all for redress oy else must undertake a suit for damages against his employer: The present practice is based on the view announced nearly seventy years ago that “ principles of justice and good sense demand that a workman shall take upon himself all the ordinary risks of his occupation.” In my view, principles of justice and good sense demand the very reverse of this view, which experience has proved to be unsound and productive of wide-spread suffering. It is neither just, expedient, nor humane, it is revolting to judgment and sentiment alike, that the financial burden of accidents occurring because of the necessary exigencies of their daily occupation should be thrust upon those sufferers who are least able to bear it, and that such remedy as is theirs should only be obtained by litigation which now burdens our courts. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. rae Pwd 45 eT Ly? |B ae | were a. Mr) a e Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. BEFORE THE GRAND SfAND ON LEE’S PARADE As a matter of fact there is no sound economic reason for distinction between accidents caused by negligence and _ those which are unavoidable, and the law should be such that the payment of those accidents will become automatic instead of being a matter for a lawsuit. Workmen should receive a certain definite and limited compensation for all accidents in industry, irrespective of negligence. When the employer, the agent of the public, on his own responsibility and for his own profit, in the business of serving the public, starts in motion agencies which create risks for others, he should take all the o-dinary and extraordinary risks involved; and though the burden will at the moment be his, it will ultimately be assumed, as it ought to be, by the general public. Only in this way can the shock of the accident be diffused, for it will be transferred from employer to consumer, for whose benefit all industries are carried on. From every standpoint the change would be a benefit. The community at large should share the burden as well as the benefits of industry. Employers would thereby gain a desirable certainty of obligation and get rid of litigation to determine it. The workman and the workman’s family would be relieved from a crushing load. The National Government should be a model employer. It should demand the highest quality of service from its em- ployees and should care for them properly in return. Con- gress should adopt legislation providing limited but definite compensation for accidents to all workmen within the scope of the Federal power, including employees in navy yards and arsenals. Similar legislation should follow throughout the states. The old and inadequate remedy of suit for negligence would then gradually disappear. Such a policy would mean that with increased responsibility ads Copyright, of the employer would come increased care, and accidents would be reduced in number. The temporary burden involved will not hamper our industries. _ Long experience of compensation laws in other countries has demonstrated their benefit. What we ad- vocate is only a simple measure of justice, only one step toward the goal of securing, so far as human wisdom can secure, fair and equitable treatment for each and everyone of our people. As a corollary to the above let me point out the extreme unwisdom of the railway companies in fighting the constitu- tionality of the national employers’ liability law. No law is more emphatically needed, and it must be kept on the statute books in drastic and thorough-going form. The railroads are prompt to demand the interference and to claim the protection of the Federal courts in times of riot and disorder; and in turn the Federal Government should see to it that they are not permitted successfully to plead that they are under the Federal law when thereby their own rights can be protected, but outside of it when it is invoked against them in behalf of the rights of others. If it is proper for the Federal courts to issue in- junctions in behalf of railroads, it is proper that railroads should be held to a strict liability for accidents occurring to their employees. There should be the plainest and most un- equivocal additional statement, by enactment of Congress, to the effect that railroad employees are entitled to receive dam- ages for any accident that comes to them as an incident of the performance of their duties, and the law should be such that it will be impossible for the railroads successfully to fight it without thereby forfeiting all right to the protection of the Federal Government under any circumstances. In the same way there should be rigid Federal legislation to minimize all railway accidents. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT ON WAY TO NEGRO BUILDING Diary—June. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. SAILORS LANDING FOR PARADE “In closing, friends and fellow citizens of Georgia, let me say one word suggested by the recent ceremonies, in which you have just taken pact, in connection with your gift to the noble battleship named after your state. Our battleships and great armored cruisers, our fighting craft, are named after the States of our Union, and this symbolizes the fact that the Navy is a common possession of all of us, and that its honor and its triumphs are as dear to the heart of a true American who dwells anywhere inland as to a true American who dwells anywhere on the seacoast. The Navy is our surest guaranty for peace, and if war should ever come it will be the gveatest safeguard for our honor and our interest. As is likewise true of our Army, it is manned by a volunteer force; for it must never be forgotten that all our soldiers and sailors, whether regular or not, are volunteers. Every encouragement should be given to our Navy, and no public servant should be pardoned for failing to do everything in him to see that we have the best type of ships and of guns, and that the officers and enlisted men are held to the strictest accountability for so practicing with the ships and guns that no navy afloat shall, ship for ship, squadron for squadron, be our superior. If the officers and enlisted men do their duty—and I am thankful to say that in our Navy the cases where they do not do their duty are relatively few in number—they put us all under a deep obliga- tion to them, and we should give them all the rewa:d and encouragement in our power. The higher a man is in the service, the greater should be our insistence upon having the best kind of man. We should have a system of promotion either by elimination or by selection, so that mediocre officers could not come to the top. The officers in responsible positions should be watched with peculiar care. Each captain of a ship must do his duty just as emphatically as the enlisted men must do their duty, and the way they do their duty will largely depend upon the way he does his. He must keep his officers and men in good order, and he must remember that it is ordinarily his fault if they go down hill, if they deteriorate in discipline or become discontented. Modern wars are in reality decided long be- fore they are fought. I earnestly hope that we shall never have another war; but if we do, its result will have been determined in advance; for its outcome will mainly depend upon the pre- paration which has been made to meet it in time of peace. This lesson of preparedness does not relate merely to war; it is just as true of our ordinary civic affairs. It is as true of the nation as of the individual. Each of us does any given piece of work well or ill, largely according to how he has previously trained himself to do it. The nation, which is but the aggregate of the individuals composing it, will rise or fail “ ss . »! ee ie. 4 - Z Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT Mayj.-Gen. GRANT Rear-Apm. Evans 197 to rise in any great crisis according to the ideals and standards that it has kept in mind in ordinary days, and according to the way in which it has practically trained itself to realize these ideals and come up to these standards. We must insist upon justice and fair dealing as between man and man. We rust strive each of us to treat his fellow with an eye single to what his conduct warrants. We must work hard and bear ourselves cheerfully and valiantly. We must be kind and considerate, and yet show that at need we have iron in our blood. If we live our ordinary everyday lives after this fashion, we need have no fear that the priceless gift of free government will wither in our hands. After the speech of the President the Expo- sition was the scene of the greatest military pageant witnessed in the South since the days of the Civil War. Occupying the chair beside Mr. Roosevelt was Major-General Frederick Dent Grant, the officer in command of the United States Military forces at the Exposi- tion. Without a hitch of any sort or the slight- est delay, for more than an hour the columns filed past the Reviewing Stand. The parade Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. WEST POINT CADETS ON LEE’S PARADE was commanded by Colonel Philip Reade, 23rd U. S. Infantry, as Grand Marshal, and on his staff were Captain George S. Goodale as Adjutant-General and Captains De Vore, Seay, Drum, Wilkins and Dunwoody. In the line reviewed by the President were detach- ments from the French, Brazilian, Austrian, and Dutch warships; two squadrons of the Twelfth Cavalry; a corps of cadets from the U. S. Military Academy at West Point; a corps of midshipmen from the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis; the Twenty-third U. S. Infantry, a full brigade of marines from the Atlantic fleet; the Third Battery U. S. Light Artillery; the Seventieth, Seventy-first and Seventy-second Regiments, Virginia Volun- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. — sie git Kao EE 8! Copyright, Jamestown Offic Photograph Corporation. GOVERNOR JOSEPH M. TERRELL OF GEORGIA, AND HIS STAFF teers; the Fifth Regiment National Guard of Georgia; Company “E,” First Regiment of Georgia; a corps of cadets from the Virginia Military Institute; a corps of cadets from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute; the battalion “Richmond Light Infantry Blues,’’ the “ Nor- folk Light Artillery Blues,”” and the First Bat- talion of Artillery, Virginia Volunteers. At the conclusion of the parade, in which it was estimated that fully fourteen thousand officers and men participated, the President was hur- ried to the Negro Building where he was cheered by five thousand people as he entered the structure. Within the building he was met by a receiving line composed of the officers of the Negro Development and Exposition Com- pany, including JT. J. Calloway, Chairman Executive Committee, A. F. Hillyer, Secretary and Treasurer, Giles B. Jackson, Director- General, and others. The President was ac- Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. companied by Governor and Mrs. Terrell, and the distinguished visitors were introduced by Mrs. A. M. Curtis, the fiscal agent of the com- pany and the hostess of the building. Follow- ing the inspection of the Negro Building the President was driven to the Georgia headquar- ters where Governor Terrell presented a silver service to the battleship “ Georgia.”” On be- half cf the officers and crew of the vessel, the silver service, one of the handsomest ever pre- sented to an American man-of-war, was ac- cepted by President Roosevelt, who spoke appropriately. A reception was then given to Mr. Roose- velt at the Georgia Building, at the conclusion of which the President and his party went to the New York State Building and formally opened the structure. The name of the Nation’s Chief Executive was the first to appear on the New York register. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT ADDRESSING NATIONAL EDITORIAL ASSOCIATION Diary—June. After the opening of the New York Build- ing, Mr. Roosevelt was driven to the Conven- tion Hall where he addressed the annual con- vention of the National Editorial Association. He said: It is of course a mere truism to say that no other body of our countrymen wield as extensive an influence as those who write for the daily press and for the periodicals. It is also a truism to say that such power implies the gravest re- sponsibility, and the man exercising it should hold himself accountable, precisely as if he occupied any other position of public trust. I do not intend to dwell upon your duties to-day, however, save that I shall permit myself to point out one matter where it seems to me that the need of our people is vital. It is essential that the man in public life and the man who writes in the public press shall both of them, if they are really good servants of the people, be prompt to assail wrongdoing and wickedness. These are two conditions to be fulfilled, because if unfulfilled, harm and not good will result: In the first place be sure of your facts and avoid everything like hysteria or exaggeration; for to assail a decent man for something of which he is innocent is to give aid and comfort to every scoundrel, while indulgence in hysterical exaggera- tion serves to weaken, not to strengthen the statement of truth. In the second place be sure that you base your judgment on conduct and not on the social or economic position of the individual with whom you are dealing. There are good and bad men in every walk of life, and their being good or bad does not depend upon whether they have or do not have large bank accounts. Yet this elemental fact, this fact which we all accept as self-evident, when we think, each of us, of the people whom he himself knows in his business and social rela- tions, is often completely ignored by certain public men and by certain public writers. The men who thus ignore it and who attack wickedness only when found in a particular class are always unsafe and are sometimes very dangerous leaders. Distrust equally the man who is never able to discover any vices of rich men to attack and the man who confines himself to attacking the sins and shortcomings of rich men. It is a sure sign of moral and mental dishonesty in any man if in his public assaults upon iniquity he is never able to see any iniquity save that of a particular class; and this whether he is able only to see the crimes of arrogance and oppression in the rich or the crimes of envy and violence in the poor. He is no true American if he is a respecter of persons where right and wrong are concerned, and if he fails to denounce the dema- gogue no less than the corruptionist, to denounce alike crimes of organized greed and crimes of brutal violence. There is equal need to denounce the wealthy man who swindles investors or buys legislatures or oppresses wage-workers, and the needy man who inflames class hatred or incites mob violence. We need to hold the scales of justice even, and to weigh them down on one side is as bad as to weigh them down on the other. The Twenty-second annual convention of the National Editorial Association was in ses- sion June 10-11-12-13 and 14. Bishop Tucker delivered an invocation and President Tucker of the Exposition Company tendered a cordial welcome, to which the Honorable Walter Williams, a former President of the Association, responded. After President Roosevelt had addressed the editors, John E. Junkin, President of the Association, spoke very entertainingly. I]lustrating the tremendous activity of the newspaper, Mr. Junkin said: “If a celebration had been held at Jamestown one hundred years after the “Sarah Constant,’ the ‘Good Speed,’ and the H. B. VARNER, President 1907-8 199 BENJ. B. HERBERT, First President ‘Discovery sailed into Hampton Roads, a report of the proceedings could only have been published in one newspaper in the colonies. It would have taken the reporter two weeks to get his copy to Boston. Boiled down to six lines, it might have been given a paragraph in Harris’ Publick Occurences some time during the year, for the editor about that time naively expressed regret that he was ‘thirteen months behind in giving the news from Europe,’ and the news from over the water was more inter- esting than any mere local event, no matter how important. “Tf an Exposition had been held two hundred years after Captain John Smith issued the edict that every one should work or starve, there would have been only two hundred news- papers in the Republic in which to advertise the great event. And not more than four or five of these were dailies. “To-day twenty thousand presses in ten thousand cities, towns, and hamlets are telling the story of the Jamestown Exposition. The day after the opening, twenty million copies of the daily papers contained forty million columns of descrip- tive matter. During the month following that event, some reference was made to the Exposition in a hundred and forty million copies of journals of all kinds in the United States. This would be two papers for every inhabitant of the land and ten for every family. “There is nothing in all the marvelous achievements of this marvelous country which even approximates the growth of the newspaper. The speaker discussed second class mail rates; the exchange of mileage for advertising. He spoke of the resentment which the average public official entertains for the newspaper and the magazines, and said: “Sometimes our outbursts of virtuous indignation are only for those we do not like. Sometimes our battle for civic righteousness has a strain of selfishness that is ill-concealed, and sometimes, alas, we even assume the garb of heaven to serve the devil. We are not always right and our enemies are not always wrong. Mr. Dooley very aptly puts the case: ‘Th’ press is fr th’ universe what Mulligan was f'r his beat. He was th’ best polishman an’ th’ worst I iver knew. He was a terror to evil-doers whin he was sober, an’ a terror to iverybody whin he was dhrunk.’” Jacob Riis delivered a very pointed speech on the subject of ‘‘ The American Press and the People’s Welfare.” He told of a visit to a chemical laboratory with his friend, a pro- fessor, who explained that everything in the world could be dissolved into its original ele- ments. ‘‘ Suppose that you were to dissolve me,” said Mr. Riis, “ what would you get?” “Let me see,” said the Professor. “* You are a newspaper man. Nothing but gas! A bad-smelling gas.” The speaker claimed that this age has set its landmarks ahead a long way and because of that it is the best age to live in that was ever given to man, and because of that, also, it demands the ablest, the most devoted leader- ship. Said Mr. Riis: “We are traveling in new and untried paths. If I had ever doubted that the Republic was God's plan of setting humanity free, I should know it from the fact of His always finding the pilot for the hard places. The Civil War found its Lincoln; the war against selfish and intrenched privilege that is the fight of our day, its Roosevelt.” JOHN E. JUNKIN, President 1906-7 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. WILL H. MAYES, First Vice-President Colonel John Temple Graves spoke on “The Transition of the Press to a Higher, Larger and Nobler Plane.” He said: “To-day the commercial instinct is the dominant force of civilization, the dollar is the despot, and the trail of the trade- ma-k is over us all. “But to-morrow brings back the man. The great editor looms once more upon the horizon. The ruling force, the guiding intelligence, the imperial mind that sways, shall once again be throned in the sanctum rather than wrapped in the statesman’s toga or magnified in the politician’s wiles. “For the world grows. It grows in scope. It magnifies its numbers. It multiplies its reading; it enlarges its informa- tion. It broadens its ideas. It qualifies daily to discriminate between the false and the true, the spurious and the real. But the minority do the thinking. The minority rule the world. The majority do not think at all or have their thinking done for them by leaders or machines. And the world’s growth comes from us. The press leads the world’s advance. “The press heralds the world’s thought. The press marches in the forefront of the wozld’s progress. The newspaper is taking the place of books and teachers and statesmen and preachers. It furnishes science to the thoughtful. It feeds the imaginative with morals. It panders to sentiment in poems. It satisfies the publicist with facts. It restrains the politician with publicity. It establishes universities in its columns, and where the spoken preachment penetrates a hundred ears, its printed sermons are placed before ten thousand eyes.” Honorable Crosby S. Noyes delivered an address’ on “ Journalism Since Jamestown.” He gave a splendid character sketch of John Smith, and among other things said: “Captain John Smith’s achievements in the way of planting and sustaining the English Colony under the most formidable difficulties were as worthy of glorification as are the deeds of Theodore Roosevelt, but the former lacked the aid of the news- paper press that has so greatly helped the latter in his upward career. “The newspapers have given Mr. Roosevelt their vigorous support in his reform policies; have exploited all his sayings and doings through the twenty-four hours of the day; glorified the man and his work and made his name a household word in every home in the land. Mr. Roosevelt has seemed some- what slow in acknowledging his indebtedness to the press, but perhaps he will think of it some day when he is not too busy. “Captain John Smith had no such newspaper aid, and his great deeds have thereby gone ‘unhonored and unsung. Sad to say there is not in all Virginia to-day a statue, portrait, bust, medallion, inscription, not even a souvenir spoon, to be found to do honor to the brave, sagacious man whose services were of such value on behalf of the infant colony that was the foundation of the Grand Old Dominion!* No babies, cities, towns or counties have been named for him, perhaps because he bore the common-place, unpoetic, monosyllabic name of Smith, which would not fit in well with the aristocratic euphoni- ous names of the Washingtons, Jeffersons, Madisons, Monroes, Berkeleys, Masons, Randolphs, and Pendletons.”’ W. W. Finley, President of the Southern Railway Company, delivered an address on “The Railroad Situation.”” He poked some fun at the editors during the course of his speech. Mr. Finley said: A great advantage that the newspaper has over the rail- way is that, no matter how greatly dissatished a man may be with its editorial management, he has no effective way of making his dissatisfaction felt. He may write a letter to the editor threatening to stop his subscription, but when one of you * This neglect may no longer be charged against the State—Eb. WILL F. PARRETT, Cor. Secretary J. W. COCKRUM, Rec. Secretary receives such a letter you quietly drop it in the waste-basket, well knowing that there is little probability that the threat will be carried out. If you think there is even a remote danger that it may be, you take occasion, in your next issue, to print a pleasant paragraph about your irate subscriber, referring to him as ‘our esteemed fellow citizen, and making him one of your most loyal champions ever after. “How different it is with the railway. When a man has a grievance against it, all he has to do is to write a letter to the newspaper and you gentlemen do the rest. There is no waste-basket for such a letter. You not only publish the letter, but some of you go as far as to criticise the railway editorially, and here and there an editor is to be found who can see nothing good in any railway or in any railway manager. Do you wonder that I am glad of this opportunity to talk to this body, representing so many editors of the United States, and to criticise you as freely as you have criticised the railways?” He advocated the improvement of interior waterways © up to the point that will enable them to become active competitors with the railways instead of being, as is at present the case, in many localities, merely potential com- petitors capable of handling a larger share of the traffic if railway rates should be raised to the level that would make water carriage more profitable.” Will H. Mayes, of the “ Bulletin,” Brown- oS. Harris & Ewing ; Copyright, HONORABLE CROSBY S. NOYES 200 Diary— June. ep =; = me = wood, Texas, delivered an interesting address on the “Characteristic Journalism of the Southwest.” Will F. Parrett, of Waterloo, Iowa, spoke on “ The Producer and How to Produce.” Carl A. Jettinger of Delphos, Ohio, chose as his subject, ‘“ How to Manage the Circulation of a Country Newspaper.” It is probable that the National Editorial Association never had a more successful and important meeting. [There were chosen as officers for the year 1907-8: Henry Branson Varner of Lexington, N. C., President; Will H. Mayes of Brownwood, Texas, First Vice-President; A. Nevin Pomeroy, of Chambersburg, Pa., Second Vice-Pres- ident; R. E. Dowell of Artesian, S. D., Third Vice-President; Will F. Parrett of Waterloo, lowa, Corresponding Secretary; J. W. Cockrum of Oakland City, Ind., Recording Secretary; William A. Steel of Seattle, Wash., Treasurer; W. E. Tabor of Avon Park, Fla., Poet Laureate; C. F. Lehman of Halletts- ville, Texas, Flag Custodian. The Virginia Volunteers arrived at the Ex- position. The following report of the en- campment was prepared for the Blue Book by Major Clinton L. Wright, Assistant Ad- jutant-General of Virginia: Under the provisions of Section 1661 of the United States Statutes, and in obedience to the General Order No. 13 of the Adjutant-General’s Office, the First Brigade of Virginia Vol- unteers encamped at the Exposition grounds from June 10 to 18 inclusive. Unfortunately little had been done toward com- pleting the camp before the arrival of the troops and while the Military Secretary of the Exposition, Lieutenant H. N. Cootes, 12th U. S. Cavalry, was untiring in his efforts to provide the promised comforts, in many instances he was helpless. The First Brigade consisted of one hundred and forty-eight officers and fourteen hundred and twenty-seven men, divided into three Regiments—Seventieth, Seventy-first and Seventy- second, commanded respectively by Colonel W. J. Perry, Colonel T. J. Nottingham and Colonel R. F. Leedy; one Battalion, the Richmond Light Infantry Blues, commanded by Major E. W. Bowles, and three Batteries of Artillery— Battery “ A,” known as the Richmond Howitzers, commanded by Captain William M. Myers, Battery “B,” of Norfolk, known as the Norfolk Light Infantry Blues, commanded by Captain George W. Toms, and Battery “ C,” known as Grimes’ Battery, commanded by Captain Harry A. Brinkley. The work of the Commissary Department was minimized by reason of the fact that supplies were secured from the Depot Commissary of the United States Army stationed at Old Point. The food was entirely satistactory, of excellent quality and 201 MILITARY STAFF OF THE GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA NED was furnished at the same rate as was charged to the divisions of the Regular Army. The Quartermaster Department was placed in the most embarrassing position, both by the railroads and the Exposition Company. Much time and attention had been given to the arrangement of transportation. Excellent schedules had been planned and accepted by the railroads, but in few instances were these carried through. Numerous requisitions for addi- tional tentage and other quartermaster supplies were approved and forwarded to the Exposition Company who had agreed to furnish all such necessities and these requests were subse- quently followed up with personal attention, yet it was difficult to obtain results. The Medical Department was under the care of Junius F. Lynch, M.D., Major and Brigade Surgeon, who was assisted by the following surgeons who had reported for duty: Major Truman A. Parker, 70th Regiment, Surgeon. Major W. L. Old, Surgeon, 71st Regiment. Major A. T. Finch, Surgeon, 72nd Regiment. Captain J. F. Bright, Surgeon, R. L. I. Blues’ Battalion. Cot. Jo Lane STERN Inspector-General Mayor Ciinton L. WricHt Asst. Adjutant-General First Lieutenant A. A. Rittenour, Assistant Surgeon, 70th Regiment. First Lieutenant J. M. Robison, Assistant Surgeon, 70th Regiment. First Lieutenant I. Brown, Assistant Surgeon, 7Ist Regiment. First Lieutenant R. H. Pretlow, Assistant Surgeon, 7|st Regiment. First Lieutenant L. F. Hansbrough, Assistant Surgeon, 72nd Regiment. First Lieutenant W. A. Gills, Assistant Surgeon, Battery “A,” Ist Artillery. First Lieutenant C. E. Verdier, Assistant Surgeon, Battery “B,” Ist Artillery. First Lieutenant J. D. Collins, Assistant Surgeon, Battery “Ci” Ist Artillery. The health of the men was uniformly good. There was practically no sickness, and during the encampments there were only two hospital cases from the Brigade, though naturally there were a number of minor disorders. It rained almost continuously while the Virginia troops were at the Exposition. The Brigade was supposed to comply with The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ASE SH dos OFFICERS OF THE CADET CORPS U. S. NAVAL ACADEMY the General Orders issued daily by Brigadier-General Fred- erick D. Grant, U. S. A., commanding the United States troops but it was generally impossible to execute any military maneu- vers; and, with the exception of guard mount, the daily exercises were largely eliminated. Extended order drills and regimental parades were ordered in conformity with the instructions of the Commander-in-Chief whenever the weather permitted and the inability to carry out the instructions was a source of great disappointment to the officers and men who had hoped that the encampment would, in a military sense, be distinctly profitable. Anticipating that the encampment would afford the means for extended instruction and great improvement, there had previ- ously been issued orders for study in extended order, advance guard, rear guard and outpost, and lectures had been arranged to be given on these subjects by officers of the Regular Army, but ail of these courses had to be omitted by reason of unin- termittent rains. On the morning of the 10th, close order drill was had and at twelve o'clock the Brigade was formed in full dress uniform for participation in the Georgia Day ceremonies when the guest of honor was the Honorable Theodore Roosevelt, Pres- ident of the United States. This was the first appearance of the brigade since its organization, yet it acquitted itself hand- somely before the forty thousand people who witnessed the review. The brigade had been ordered to the Exposition to honor Virginia Week, and in particular Virginia Day. Fortunately the clouds lifted on the 12th of June, the day set apart for the Old Dominion’s celebration, and fair weather lasted just long enough for the parade and ceremonies. Again the Virginia troops acquitted themselves handsomely in a review before the Governor of the State, the Commander-in-Chief of the Militia. As a camp of instruction, the attendance at the Exposition might be considered almost negligible and productive of no appreciable result. The only good fortune attending the en- campment was that the men were able to parade on the two days of special consequence and on each occasion made a showing highly creditable to themselves and to the State of Virginia. During this week there were, in addition to the soldiers of the regular army stationed at the Exposition, thirty-five hundred more men in uniform. Besides the Viriginia Brigade there was a regiment from Georgia and cadets from four important military schools, together with the midshipmen from the United States Naval Academy, and there were a number of independent uniformed companies from various parts of the country. The Annapolis Cadets, who came to the Exposition to partici- pate in the parade of Georgia Day, remained until June 12 when they were in the line of march honoring the Old Dominion. June 11.—In honor of Savannah Dav, Special Commissioner Saussy, who represented the Chamber of Commerce of that city, kept open house all day at “ Bulloch Hall,” for vis- itors from the “ Forest City.” There were no special exercises. District of Columbia Day. Honorable Henry B. F. MacFarland, Honorable Henry L. West, Commissioners of the District of Columbia; General John A. Wilson, U. S. A., President of the Washington Board of Trade, and Colonel R. N. Harper, President Washington Chamber of Commerce, held a public reception at eleven o'clock in the U. S. Government “ Army and Navy Building.”’ In the afternoon at two o'clock there were exer- cises in the Auditorium, General Wilson pre- siding. Both Mr. Tucker, the President of the Exposition, and Governor Swanson, of Vir- ginia, welcomed the visitors. Honorable Henry B. F. MacFarland, the principal speaker, said: ‘‘ When in 1790, the work of preparing the city of Washington for the federal govern- ment began, its site, covered with ancient forests, looked practically as it did when Cap- tain John Smith came to visit it, although Georgetown had grown to a population of 2,000, somewhat smaller than the population of Alexandria, which was at the extreme southern end of the new federal district, in the portion which had been ceded by Virginia.” The speaker told of the difficulty of select- ing a site for the national capital and how the matter was at last decided by Thomas Jeffer- Copyright, Harris & Ewing HONORABLE HENRY B. F. MacFARLAND President Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia 202 Diary—June. Brig.-Gen. John M. Wilson Pres. Wash. Board of Trade Hon. John R. McLean Editor Wash. Post son and Alexander Hamilton, who agreed that the South should have the federal district and the North should have the adoption of Ham- ilton’s measure which made the revolutionary debts of the states part of the debt of the nation. The Potomac was selected and Congress com- missioned General Washington to choose the particular site and plan the capital. Mr. Mac- Farland said: “ George Washington chose the site of the federal city, at the junction of the Anacostia and the Potomac in the beautiful amphitheater which had been the meeting-place of the Indian tribes of the North and South. He chose this site not only with the eye of a surveyor, but with the eye of a seer, who saw what other men did not see of the future greatness and glory of the republic. Most of the other statesmen here and in Europe looked upon the experiment of the thirteen states stretch- ing in a thin line down the Atlantic coast as a doubtful one. The Constitution was only one year old when George Washing- HONORABLE HENRY L. WEST Commissioner District of Columbia ton began to lay out the federal city, and the States had not become cemented together in the habit of union. “ Washington's plan for the city which Congress inevitably called by his name was his prediction writ large that the union would become more and more perfect and would last forever. In the future he saw the great Republic crossing the Alleghanies and the Rockies and taking its new flag to the uttermost parts of the earth. Most men had less imagination and less faith, and they could only see that day of small things. For many years afterward home and foreign wits joked about ‘the city of magnificent distances’ which seemed entirely out of propor- tion to the needs of the young nation.” The speaker told why June 11 had been chosen as District of Columbia Day, and said: “We celebrate to-day the adoption of what the Supreme Court of the United States has called ‘the constitution of the District of Columbia,’ the organic act to provide, as its title 203 Copyright, Harris & Ewing Colonel R. N. Harper Pres. Wash. Chamber of Com. Copyright, Harris & Ewing Hon. Scott C. Bone Editor Wash. Herald says, a permanent form of government, the act of Congress of June 11, 1878. It is evident that in the minds of men in Congress and the temporary Commissioners, who helped to frame the organic act, three ideas were prominent: First, the acceptance of the principle that the national government should pay half the expenses of the national capital and the District tax-payers the rest; second, that suffrage should be abolished, partly through the general desire of the tax-payers who had suffered because of the evils of partisan politics in municipal affairs, partly through the unwillingness of Congress to subject the United States to taxation and appropriation by District voters, and, third, the provision of a non-partisan by an execu- tive commission of three, two of whom should specially repre- scnt the people of Washington, not having for three years pre- vious claimed residence anywhere else, and who would represent the different views of the citizens and be directly amenable to public opinion.” About two hundred and fifty prominent citi- zens of Washington had come to the Exposition in honor of this occasion. “The committee hav- ing in charge the details of the celebration was composed of the leading citizens of the capital. Myron M. Parker was chairman and Edgar D. Shaw was secretary. The other members of the committee were John W. Douglass, Lemon G. Hine, George Truesdell, John B. Wright, Colonel Garrett J. Lydecker, U. S. A.; General Henry M. Robert, U. S. A.; Colonel Charles W. Raymond, U. S. A.; Colonel William T. Russell, U. S. A.; Col- onel Charles F. Powell, U. S. A.; Colonel William M. Black, U. S. A.; Major Lansing H. Beach, U. S. A.; Colonel John Biddle, U. S. A.; Colonel R. M. Harper, President of the Washington Chamber of Commerce; General John M. Wilson, U. S. A., President of the Washington Board of Trade; Mr. James F. Oyster, President of the Business Men’s Association of Washington; Charles J. Bell, President of the Jobbers and Shippers Asso- ciation of Washington; Honorable Crosby S. Noyes, editor of the Evening Star; Honor- able John R. McLean, editor of the Wash- ington Post; Scott C. Bone, editor of the Washington Herald. The most shocking disaster of the Exposition cast a gloom over the festivities of Virginia Day. Shortly before midnight on the tenth of June there left from the Exposition landing one Wels WY BRIGADIER-GENERAL C. C. VAUGHAN, Jr., AND THE OFFICERS OF THE VIRGINIA BRIGADE 204 Diary—J une. of the “ Minnesota’s ” launches bearing Philip H. Field, Colorado, Class of 1906; William Hollister of Stevenson, North Carolina, Class of 1906; Franklin Porteous Holcomb, Dela- ware, Class of 1907; Herbert Leander Holden, Wisconsin, Class of 1907; Henry Clay Mur- fin, Jr., Ohio, Class of 1907; and Walter Carl Ulnch, Wisconsin, Class of 1907. The launch never arrived at the battleship. With the young officers were Robert H. Dodson, seaman, Jesse Conn, coal passer; Frank R. Plumber, ordinary seaman; Horley L. Van Dorne, ordinary sea- man, and George W. Westphal, fireman. The “Minnesota” which was to have weighed anchor on the morning of the twelfth, was ordered to remain in the Roads until the launch was found or until all hope of finding it had disappeared. A feeling of deep sorrow per- vaded the entire fleet. ‘The officers and men of all foreign vessels expressed their sincere sym- pathy. Dredging was begun on the morning of the twelfth and every available boat was searching for the missing. On account of the roughness of the sea the canvas cover to the launch had been fastened tightly when the boat left the pier, and it was known that should the launch have been sunk none of the occupants could possibly have escaped—the only opening in the canvas being for the man at the wheel to look ahead. After several days of tireless search the crews in the launches from the “ Indiana” and ‘ Ohio” discovered the missing craft and a naval der- rick was sent at once to the scene. All night of June 14th divers were working beneath the water fastening cables to the sunken boat, pre- paring to raise it to the surface. The launch, which was sunk, had evidently struck a cable between a tug and its tow. ‘The starboard side was battered in and the tiny craft sent to the bottom. Up to the morning of June | 6th only one body had been found, the remains of George W. Westphal, a fireman of the ill-fated boat. Later all of the bodies were recovered. The League a of American Pen Women gl he is a member of the Inter national League of Press Clubs and afhliated with the National Editorial Associa- tion. It always sends dele gates to the % these organ- izations and Ef decided to hold its an ed nual conven- tion for _ Miss Mabel Louise White 1907 co- meetings of President Mrs. LaSalle Corbell Pickett Vice-President Mrs. Juliette M. Babbitt Historian 205 temporaneously with the meeting of the Na- tional Editorial Association. The exercises which were conducted in the afternoon at the Auditorium consisted of a greeting and a poem by the President, Miss Mabel Louise White, a reunion poem by Miss Anna B. Patton, and an historical poem by Mrs. Marian Longfellow O’Donohue, together with several addresses and recitations by other members of the Asso- ciation. Mrs. LaSalle Corbell Pickett, the Vice-President of the Association, read before the National Editorial Association a dialect story entitled ““ Marse John Randolph.” The officers for the year 1907-8, elected at this meeting were Miss Mabel Louise White, Presi- dent; Mrs. LaSalle Corbell Pickett, First Vice- President; Miss Elizabeth A. Hyde, Second Vice-President; Mrs. Edith Kingman Kern, Corresponding Secretary; Mrs. Della Hine Mertz, Assistant Corresponding Secretary; Miss Jesse A. Griswold, Recording Secretary ; Miss Mae Ruth Norcross, Treasurer; Mrs. Helen H. Gardener, Auditor; Mrs. Susie Root Rhodes, Librarian; Mis. Juliette M. Babbitt, Historian, and Mrs. Lyda J. Young Withee, Reporter. The Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Vir- ginia Press Association convened at the Inside Inn. The Association held sessions on the | | th and 12th of June. In addition to the Presi- dent’s annual speech there were addresses made by W. A. Mann of the “* Blackstone Courier,” R. E. Byrd of the “ Winchester Star,” and Judge C. J. Cameron of the “ Amherst New Era.’ Miss Bertha Gray Robinson of the ““Orange Observer,” the Historian of the Association, read a paper which dealt with the progress of journalism in Virginia during the year that had elapsed since the last meeting of the Association. W. S. Copeland was re- elected President and the other officers chosen were A. S. Gravely, Vice-President; J. L. Hart, Secretary; R. H. Beasley, Treasurer, and Miss Bertha G. Robinson, Historian. June 12.—Virginia Day. A detachment of the 12th U. S. Cavalry escorted Governor and Mrs. Swanson from the Virginia Building to the Reviewing Stand on Lee’s Parade. Shortly after noon Virginia’s festivities com- menced. ‘The first important contribution to the occasion was a recitation by Dr. Thomas Nelson Page, a poem which he had composed in honor of the day: LEERY ISIONSOFSRALEIGE: Caged like an eagle in these stony walls; Fast barred by iron gratings in my cell, With harsh attainder passed upon my life, The shrewd-edged ax hung o’er me by a hair, And Spain’s fierce hate aflame to drive it down, I, Walter Raleigh, still am more than free; For that my soul is but my body’s guest, And roams at will the star-strewn realms of space. Like Galileo in his lonely tower, By Arno’s flood, I watch the starry skies And read the message veiled from dimmer eyes: Each morn with Phoebus, charioteer, The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. I drive my flaming steeds across the Main To view the virgin Land I gave my queen. At eve with silvery Cynthia, guide, Through rosy deeps, squired by the Evening Star, I trail Apollo down ethereal seas, And thread the azure mazes of the spheres, To sail the moonlit reaches of the West. I mind how as a boy on Devon’s Downs, I used to watch the ever westering sea Climb up the misty, azure plain, tll high It lost itself in Heaven among the stars. I fancied that the new, vast Western World, Columbus plucked from space must march with Heaven, And one who trod it, straight might touch the stars. I mind how once in the receding tide I cast a flag made all of stars and shreds, With boyish boast, I’d plant my banner there, And seize that mighty coast for England’s Queen: The young Diana of the morning skies, Alack! Next flood my penon cast ashore. Undaunted | still, | nailed it to a mast, And sent it forth again like Noah's dove, And now like Noah’s dove it came no more. Thus, knew I well, the far, fair Land was mine. Thenceforth God blessed me_ nightly in my dreams. As Moses. viewed from Pisgah’s lone- ly steep, DR. THOMAS God showed me vis- ions of the promised land, Whose milk and honey fed the minds of men. Thenceforth, I questioned every sailor lad To know if he had seen my banner there: And one in jest, noting my kindling eyes, Laughed, “‘ Yea, Young Master, I have seen thy flag On that brave coast ’twixt France and Florida.” And I, in joy did shout, “Thy name, good lad?” ““ Newport,” cried he, Christopher.” ** A brave name, too,” cried I. for me! And braver yet, “ Christ-bearer—Christopher!’ One found a world to give to Aragon; But thou shalt help me seize it for our Queen—” How, when I hied me home, half mad with joy, My brothers laughed: Humphrey and Adnan! Aud I, in rage, swore a new oath I’d learned, That I would pluck Spain’s blood-stained ban- ner down ** An’t please you— “ New ports NELSON PAGE And plant for aye the banner of St. George. Thenceforth, I watched the wind-led_ ships a-sail, And fancied them Cyclopean flocks that ranged The azure plain of Neptune’s pasturage, Which I some day would shepherd through the seas Where Spanish wolves held now high car- nival. "Twas this that planted fires within my breast, Unquenchable by time or toil or blood— This drove me flaming to the Netherlands, To learn in youth on that wolf-ravaged plain The shepherd’s craft to balk Spain’s craftiest wolves. This brought me burning to my Mistress’ feet, Whereat, Columbus-like, I cast a world. I oft have seen in watches of the night— Was it a dream or seer’s far-thrown thought >— A vision of a realm I never knew— Beneath new stars, laved in diviner light: Like that Atlantis which great Plato dreamed, Or fair Utopia spread mid Fancy’s seas. But fairer far than these and_ nobler far; For men grew in that air to rule them- selves, And set a beacon high for all the world: A pilot-star whereby the nations steered. Methought I saw three little Caravels, My flag at peak, freighted with Des- tiny, The Admiral, my brave lad, Christo- pher, Whose name held omen that he bore the Christ, And in their wake the navies of Mankind. They clove the stormy leagues of wintry seas, And flouted Spain’s red banner in her Main, To limp at last within Virginia’s Capes: Those lone and silent sentries of the West, Which guard the portals of the vast unknown, They cast their anchor in an inland sea, Whose waters made a music in mine ears, More sweet than harping of the Seraphim. With cables fine, spun by the silent Fates, Then anchored they the Old World to the New. "Twas Spring! lord, Fair Nature, blushing, donned her virgin robes, Of tenderest green, decked all with dewy And like a bride to meet her gems, Distilled frorn waters of unsullied springs, Wherein chaste Dian bathes her snowy limbs. I heard the trumpet sound: They moored their barks, On the calm surface of a noble stream, 206 Diary—June. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corpora ion. { # r Dong pix... (gene i ig? ee ae ual RICHMOND LIGHT INFANTRY BLUES Whose fountains sprang beneath uncharted skies, To pour their flood round all the coasts of men, And temper every shore and every clime. Unfrighted by the fierce-mouthed cannon’s roar, Deep-bosomed forests rang melodiously And April skies smiled down their benison. I saw them land upon a little isle, Rear first the Cross; Then plant a starry flag, I knew full well; yet knew as in a dream; And lo! A new-made England swam in view, Ass swam an orb in view that natal morn, When darkness fled before the face of God, And, shaking free the enshrouding folds of mist, Clad all in light, Earth rose beneath His feet. Amid Hesperian gardens, sunset-lit, I saw a mighty Nation rear itself, And spread until it covered half the world, Like some young eagle soaring in the sun, Beneath whose mighty wings States sheltered them, And joyful Peoples basked in deep content. She rose—not meteor-like to fade again, But slow and steadfast as the Morning-star From earthly mists to gladden all the sky. Beneath her spell the silvery mountains deep Gave up their hoards; the desert laughed with scorn, Until Golconda shrank into a mite, And E] Dorado faded to a mist. In whiter harvests than all eons yield Cities and states sprang from the teeming soil; Fair Knowledge spread full wide her amplest page, And Science, Art and Literature arose And made their home within the virgin Land, < ea =~ =< : ia: <3 Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Her wide, maternal arms she spread for all: The oppress’d and desolate of every clime, Found rest and consolation on her heart. Adullam’s Cave became the home of light, Where every Nation lent its rays to feed The flame which rose to Heaven and lit the world. Her sway, benignant reached the furthest sea, Then leapst the Main and canopied the Earth: Not with fierce swords nor with embattled towers, But with the might of Righteousness and Peace. For nobler far than all material wealth, And richer far than all the works of Man, Rose vast the Fabric of Man’s Liberty, Wrought by Titanic hands on Freedom’s forge. When sang that Bugle’s Earth-encircling strain, On golden hinges swung the radiant gates, That op’d the Future crystal silences, And rang reverberant echoes down the years. The Dungeon opened and the Shackle broke, And Thrones of Tyranny fell toppling down, As toppled low the walls of Jericho, When Joshuan trumpets blew the blasts of God. High Reason’s voice proclaimed a government, Whose deep foundation was Man’s Liberty. ’Neath a new Heaven, I saw a new Earth dawn. In yon vast spaces of that virgin Land Men’s minds grew great; their thoughts up- soared to God. As in old days, Jehovah spoke again On holy ground, from out the Wilderness And taught men secrets veiled from highest kings: That God’s best gift to Man is Liberty: ' i *. ats . Ae ede hs 4 PE > eT Te BATTALION UNITED STATES MARINES 207 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. hae ‘ caine te thee ot SS sissies fake 335) wena: = Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. RICHMOND HOWITZERS, VIRGINIA DAY His chosen altar, aye, the Patriot’s heart. That knowledge is a pillar of the State, Whose Atlantean shoulders lift the World. And as Men rise in knowledge, so they grow Fitted to take their rank in Government. That neither Lords nor Kings can bind Men’s minds; That neither State nor Church can rule Men’s souls; For Conscience is beneath nor Church nor State, And renders homage to high God alone. That loftier far than gentle birth is birth Of Noble Aspiration and High Deeds. And deeper than all deep foundations lic The People’s Will. On this and this alone All Government whate’er must rest at last; And at the last all Kings and Emperors Their crowns hold but as tenants of that Will, Whose voice is Godlike only when it speaks As Justice bids, God’s Heaven-born messenger. That freed from tyranny of Temporal Kings One Lord and King still sits upon His Throne, And rules the destinies of States and Men. Whose level sceptre sways the Elements, And Justice is the echo of His Voice. This radiant beacon my Virginia set, When Queenly, high enthroned amid the seas, She lit the torch that flamed across the World, Till at her feet the grateful Nations sued And joyful peoples clung about her knees. Then, let the headsman’s axe fall when it will; God can of scaffolds make lintels to Heaven, Though Spain’s red wolves have dragged the Shepherd down, His flock shall whiten every sunlit plain, And ages yet to come shall pipe his praise, Who shepherded the seas for England’s Queen And made the Oceans as a fold of Peace. The God who watched o’er Israel’s Shepherd lad, And led him to the pebbled brook to find The weapon to o’erthrow Philistea’s Might, Shall lead me through the dark and silent wave, And though He slay me, will I trust in Him; Yea, though this tenement must melt to dust, I still will trust Him to upraise its guest And grant the consummation of my hope, To find, as once I dreamed, my Virgin Land In righteousness and Peace to march with Heaven. The principal speaker was Governor Claude A. Swanson, who said: The Commonwealth of Virginia and the Republic, the United States of America, have united to celebrate this, the third century of their beginning. Jamestown is the joint cradle of this State and this Nation. Thus, a3 we participate in these commemorative exercises, our hearts flame alike with state and with national patriotism. This day of the Exposition has been designated as “* Vir- ginia Day.” To-day the children and the descendants of the children of Virginia gather at this birthday party to pay royal loving devotion to their glorious mother for her three hundred years of brave endeavor and splendid achievement. Virginia ~ extends to all of you a cordial, warm and loving welcome. To her children who have come from afar she gives her blessings and benedictions. She places her loving hands on their heads and wishes them all measure of prosperity and happiness. She salutes her many fair daughter- in statehood with maternal pride and joy, she rejoices at their bright career and feels that their glories add to her a deeper majesty. To her sister states, who so generously rejoice and celebrate with her, she gives an affectionate greeting, while she thrills anew with the love which cements them and her into a perpetual union. To her foreign friends and nations who have graced this occasion by their presence and approval, she extends the hand of true friend- ship and hospitality. To this Nation to whose growth and power she had made such vast contributions, her heart goes out in an abounding and abiding love. Virginia! thy very name, like that of Scotland, England, France, Greece and Rome, has a distinct and individual mean- ing, bringing to the mind scenes of natural loveliness and visions of sacrifice, suffering, heroism and glory, which will encircle these with a deathless renown. Bounded by high mountain and majestic ocean, decorated with hill, plain and valley, threaded by beautiful broad rivers, kissed by sunshine and radiant with warmth, nature designed thee as the fit abode of a joyous and chivalric, courageous and lofty people. Virginia furnished a magnificent and suitable stage for the cavalier to unfold the drama of his new destiny. Here man and nature were found in perfect harmony. Here brave people and beau- tiful country combined to create a history so resplendent with genius and grandeur as to make this Commonwealth illustrious the world over. Soft and sweet as the memories of buried love will ever lie in our hearts the old colonial homes and planta- tions of Virginia, embowered in forests, shrubbery and flowers, bricht with joyous romantic life, ruled by superb women and noble men. The history of the Old Virginia from Jamestown to Appomattox is the history of a great and glorious people, SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT VIRGINIA VOLUNTEERS Diary—J une. ever to be noted in story and in song. No people, no civiliza- tion in the same length of time ever accomplished so much for the betterment of mankind, or produced so many eminent men, who wi!l be numbered forever among the immortals. Her his- tory 1s replete with great deeds and great names. The Governor reviewed tersely but elo- quently the colonial and state history of Vir- ginia. In speaking of Bacon’s Rebellion he said: “* History cannot furnish a more dra- matic and inspiring scene than that at the Mid- dle Plantation, now Williamsburg, where on the 3rd of August, 1676, the Cavaliers of Vir- ginia assembled, and in stormy session, extend- ing from noon to midnight, finally, under the flickering light of torches, signed an agreement that they would never lay down their arms until their wrongs were redressed, though the King of Great Britain should send troops to try and suppress them. ‘This was the boldest, bravest act of the century.” Referring to the Revolutionary period, the Governor declared: “No nation was ever adorned at one time with so many illustrious men as was Virginia during the Revolutionary War, and the few years preceding and follow- pe < a Ps 4 , ery own Official Photograph Corporation. Copyright, Jamest GOVERNOR SWANSON SPEAKING ing. Neither Greece or Rome ever possessed at once such a prodigality of genius and emi- nence. It is almost impossible to conceive that a population so small could furnish so many distinguished men.” Naming the heroes and statesmen of that day one by one and describ- ing their claims to the gratitude of the nation, Governor Swanson continued: Eliminate the achievements of these men, and you will nearly unwrite the history of our country. These were the brains that conceived; these were the hands that constructed our national system and formed the foundation upon which have been builded American greatness and glory. Virginia, many and yaluable have been your gifts to this nation, great is your title to distinction and immortality. Within your border was erected the first church in this nation; was built the first furnace, was founded the first free school. It was you who first challenged France on this continent. Your House of Burgesses was the first assembly of the colonies to remonstrate against the tyranny of the British Parliament and assert American rights; you were the first to pass a resolution for armed resistance against British power; your convention was the first to declare for freedom and independence uncondition- ally, and thus you became the first republic of the Western world. The independence of all the colonies was moved in the Continental Congress in your name, through instructions given to your delegates. To allay colonial jealousies during the Revolutionary War you generously conceded the territorial claims of all the other colonies. To cement the States into a Union, you gave to the Nation a lage territory, an empire in vastness and richness, which was yours by charter and con- quest. It was you who called the convention which prepared the Federal Constitution. To you belongs the honor of being 209 the first to condemn and prohibit the infamous slave trade. It was your wisdom and foresight which saved the Northwestern territory from slavery, which act was the most controlling of all causes which led to its final destruction. That the rich and large stretch of territory, embracing Texas and California, is a part of this nation is due to the policy of your distinguished son, President Tyler, and the victories of your illustrious sol- diers, Scott and Taylor. The first blood sked in the Revolu- tionary War was on your Western border in conflict with the Indians, incited by Britain. The last final blow that destroyed British power in America was delivered on your soil at York- town. The first ironclad vessel, which revolutionized the navies of the world, was built and fought within your waters. During the late war between the States, your soil was the seat of the most prolonged and terrific war of all ages and of all countries. Within five years more than six hundred battles were fought w hin your borders. There is scarcely a hilltop, a stream or village within your limits which has not become historical from its association with some daring deed of valor or splendid display of military genius or prowess. Virginia, your history from Bethel to Appomattox gleams with a glory that has brought to ycu a renown which is imperishable. You gave the world its most daring exhibition of disciplined valor, when, amid storm of shell and shot, Pickett charged the heights of Gettysburg, and by a baptism of blood and death showed the glorious stuff of which Virginians are made. The lurid light of that charge will shine to the remotest time. You furnished to that conflict the dashing cavalryman, gallant Turner Ashby, who, on his milk-white steed, his drawn sword in hand, his face ablaze with the enthusiasm of battle, will live as long as gallantry, patriotism and chivalry are cherished. You then gave to the world its greatest cavalry leader, who revolution- ized the use of cavalry, blue-eyed, flaxen-haired Jeb Stuart, boisterous as March, fresh as May,” who rode and fought like a mighty Saxon King. You produced the best corps com- mander of his age, A. P. Hill; and the best tactician of his time, Joseph E. Johnston. Then you gave to the world that silent, stern, mysterious figure, Stonewall Jackson, the great thunderbolt of war, whose unflinching courage, resolute will, rapidity of movement, boldness and brilliance of conception, made a military genius second only to Lee and Napoleon, the two great Gods of War. Then seeming as if desirous of reach- ing a climax in your rich gifts, you gave to the world, Robert E. Lee, whose princely bearing, knightly courtesy, Christian de- yotion to duty, brave heart, superb intellect and amazing genius, formed a character without a peer, and who will ever shine as ihe brightest star in the galaxy of Anglo-Saxon greatness.” When the Governor ceased speaking the great naval and military parade started. Elim- inating the international feature of Georgia's line of march this parade was even more impos- ing than the one which had occurred two days before. Six Companies of cadets from the Naval Academy at Annapolis, clothed in blue uniforms with white caps and white leggings, formed the advance guard. Immediately fol- lowing the midshipmen came Colonel Philip Reade at the head of the Twenty-third U. S. Infantry; sixteen companies of the Marine corps clad in khaki and accompanied by sev- eral bands, marched next and behind these sea soldiers, thirty-two companies of sailors from the various battleships at anchor in Hampton Roads, marched in close ranks. Next came the Third Battery of Artillery with four guns and four caissons, and then three troops of the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry. Wald cheers greeted the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute who succeeded the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, and presented an exact counterpart of the cadets from West Point. The V. M. I. boys were in full dress uniforms and they passed the Re- viewing Stand with lines perfect, heads erect, eyes straight in front and colors proudly flying. Scarcely a less hearty welcome was given by the thousands to the five companies of infantry and one company of artillery from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, who looked most soldierly in their uniforms of blue. ~The Richmond Light Infantry Blues Battalion followed the cadets. Brigadier-General C. C. Vaughan, Com- mander of the Virginia Volunteers, accom- panied by his staff, followed closely after the The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Richmond Battalion. With General Vaughan were the Seventieth, the Seventy-first and the Seventy-second regiments of Virginia Volun- teers, the Fifth Regiment National Guard of Georgia, and Company “A,” First Georgia Regiment, closed the line of volunteer infantry. Contrasting pointedly with the nattily dressed, fresh, well groomed soldiers who had passed, the Richmond Howitzers next appeared, mud- covered and tired after their tramp from Rich- mond. With them was their supply wagon still unloaded, and they looked like veterans who had rushed to the field of battle. The Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, who followed the Howitzers, ended the parade. Those who occupied the Governor’s box in the Reviewing Stand were Governor Claude A. Swanson and Mrs. Swanson, H. R. H., the Duke d’Abruzzi, Honorable Harry St. George Tucker, Major-General Frederick Dent Grant and Mrs. Grant, Rear-Admiral Robley D. Evans, Rear-Admiral P. F. Har- rington, Governor R. B. Glenn of North Carolina, the members of the Virginia State Commission and members of the Governor's staff, Mrs. Stephen B. Elkins, Miss Katherine Elkins, Mrs. Donald McLean and Miss Mc- Lean, Major Mallory, U. S. A., Captain Bow- ley, U2S,7A.,’ Captain Pillsbury aU So eNe and Rear-Admiral Pleskott of the Austrian navy. Aan interesting feature of the exercises in the Grand Stand was contributed by two cadets from the Virginia Military Institute, one carrying a flag of Virginia and the other the national colors. Throughout the exercises which lasted nearly three hours, these young men maintained immovably their places at either side of the Governor’s box. No cards were issued for the reception at the Virginia Building but from 8:30 o'clock until midnight a multitude greeted Governor and Mrs. Swanson, who, with the Virginia Commissioners, held open house. “The weather was far from ideal, not so stormy as the evening of Georgia Day, yet rain fell at times through the afternoon and evening, but the weather did not deter visitors who came in a steady stream from the moment the doors opened. June 13.—The Phi Mu Fraternity, one of the oldest secret societies founded for women in America, dates back to 1852. It was organ- ized at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga. It now has a total membership of over two thou- sand and the chapters of the various fraternities were well represented at the opening meeting AY Miss LILLIAN Estes Historian Miss Louise MonnING Grand President of the convention which was held at noon in the Auditorium. Honorable James G. Rid- dick, Mayor of Norfolk, delivered an address of welcome, to which Mrs. J. E. Hayes of Montezuma, Ga., the President of the Fra- ternity, responded happily. A number of pleasing speeches were made by the members and a musical programme was given. ‘The officers elected for the succeeding year were: President, Miss Louise Monning, Amarillo, Texas; First Vice-President, Miss Lillian Farmer; Second Vice-President, Miss Alice Garth; Third Vice-President, Miss Mary Frost; Secretary, Miss Bonito Hinton; Treasurer, Miss Willie Erm- inger; Reporter, Miss Susan Bynum, and Historian, Miss Lilhan Estes. The Unwersity of Missouri Cadets arrived early in the morning and went into camp for a week’s stay. While at the Exposition the corps occupied the same grounds which had _ been held by the West Point Cadets. During their stay in camp the corps observed the military regulations of the United States Army. For one or two hours each day they drilled on Lee Parade. A fine band accompanied the young soldiers and their drills and parades evoked much favorable comment from the military authorities. June 15.—For two hours the United Com- mercial Travelers occupied the Auditorium. The freedom of the grounds and the War Path had been extended to them. A delegation arrived at the Exposition at ten o'clock. “They were accompanied by their band which played “ My Old Kentucky Home ”’ before the Ken- tucky Building, and “ Dixie”’ at the Virginia Building. At the Auditorium, Governor Swanson and President Tucker met the Trav- elers and speech-making followed. Among the members who made addresses were J. M. Bowers of Louisville, Ky., Parker Jenks of Parkersburg, W. Va., JT. J. Phelps of Roanoke, Va., I. Brennan of Wheeling, and H. K. Wolcott of Norfolk. Governor Swanson accompanied by Colonel Dempsey, Colonel Stern, Major Wright, Major Mallory, and Lieutenants Cootes and Bagby, reviewed the Brigade of Virginia Vol- unteers commanded by Brigadier-General C. C. Vaughan. The Seventieth, Seventy-first and Seventy-second Regiments of State troops passed the Reviewing Stand. Each regiment in succession went through the customary maneuvers of dress parade, passing the stand in company front, and presenting arms to the reviewing party. Precisely at 2:30 Pp. M. Mr. Tucker fired the starting gun for the sports which formally Miss WILLIE W. ERMINGER Grand Treasurer Miss Bontro HinTon Grand Secretary OFFICERS OF THE PHI MU FRATERNITY Diary—June. opened the athletic season of the Ter-Centen- nial. ‘The third annual championship meet of the South Atlantic Association of the Amateur Athletic Union. ‘These events were well at- tended and aroused much enthusiasm. The championship was won by the Maryland Ath- letic Club of Baltimore, with fifty-nine points. The Mt. Washington Club of the same city was second with forty-three points and the Maryland Swimming Club, also of Baltimore, was third with twenty points. The following table gives the events and the winners: 100 yds. run—l0 1-5s., A. C. Carey, Maryland A. C. 220 yds. run—24s., A. C. Carey, Maryland A. C. 440 yds. run—52 1-5s., P. S. Herring, Mt. Washington c 880 yds. run—2m. 5 2-5s., P. S. Herring, Mt. Washington (Ss |-mile run—4m. 57s., Mitchell Griffith, Mt. Washington (& 3-mile run—l9m. 13s., Mitchell Griffith, Mt. Washington S 120 yds. hurdles—I6 3-5s., H. S. Duker, Maryland A. C. 220 yds. hurdles—27 1|-5s., Joseph S. Hill, Mt. Washing- ton A. C. Running high jump—5 ft. 514 in., G. J. Riquardt, Mary- land A. C. Running broad jump—21 ft. 714 in., Joseph S. Hill, Mt. Washington A. C. Pole vault—10 ft. 414 in., J. A. Sterrett, George Wash- ington University. Putting 16-lb. shot—34 ft. 10 in., T. K. Barrett, Maryland Swimming Club. Throwing 16-lb. hammer—132 ft. 10 in., T. K. Barrett, Maryland Swimming Club. Throwing 56-lb. weight—31 ft. 7 in., T. K. Barrett, Mary- land Swimming Club. Throwing the discus—104 ft. 8 in., L. L. Hayden, Mary- land A. C. June 16.—The Pocahontas Bell Association formally presented their bell to the Kentucky Commissioners for use at the Kentucky Reser- vation. The bell possessed rich sentimental value. It weighed three hundred and fifty pounds and its metal consisted of gold, silver, steel and brass which formerly had been parts of heirlooms and had been sacrificed by ladies of Kentucky and Virginia. Originally the plan of the Association was to present the bell to the Virginia Building, but this idea was abandoned when the women and children of Kentucky helped the men to supply the de- ficiency of the Legislature of that State and raised a sum sufficient to complete the Ken- tucky Building. The ceremonies were simple but impressive. [he band which had accom- panied the cadets from the University of Mis- souri furnished the music for the occasion and played patriotic airs. On the platform built next to the belfry were Mrs. Anna F. Green of Culpeper, Virginia, who organized the Association, Mrs. Sallie Barton Buchannan, vice regent of the Association, Mrs. F. A. Walke, Mrs. W. W. Grant and Theodore J. Wool. The principal address of the occasion was made by Governor Swanson. After the bell was dedicated it was rung by a little grand- daughter of Mrs. Green, and the first peals were greeted by cheers. Brigadier-General Vaughan for the first time reviewed the entire Brigade of the Vir- ginia State troops. From five o'clock in the afternoon until nearly eight, the Virginia sol- diery was the attraction on Lee Parade. The Seventieth Regiment first paraded and then 211 passed in review, followed later by the Seventy- first and last by the Seventy-second. ‘The State guards made an excellent showing and while they did not move with the precision of the regulars they evidenced excellent training and were frequently applauded by the thousands of visitors which surrounded the Parade Ground. June 17.—The twelfth annual convention of the Phi Alpha Gamma Fraternity was called to order in the Auditorium. ‘The delegates present represented fifteen different Chapters located at various homeopathic colleges throughout the United States. Gilbert Fitz- Patrick, M. D., of Chicago, was elected Grand President. The sixty-third annual session of the American Institute of Homeopathy assembled in the Convention Hall of the Inside Inn at eleven o'clock. Dr. Edward Beecher Hooker, Gmrtartrord. Conn., the Presi- dent of the Insti- tute, presided. George B. Peck, M. D., Chair- man of the Com- mittee on Inter- national Homeo- pathy, presented some figures showing how Homeopathy was practiced in other countries besides America. In Germany there were three hundred and twelve prac- titioners and thirteen pharmacies; in Great Britain and Ireland one hundred and ninety- three practitioners, seventy-five pharmacies and sixteen dispensaries, besides those connected with the hospitals; in Spain one hundred and forty-two practitioners, five pharmacies, two hospitals, two dispensaries and one institution; in France one hundred and twenty _practi- tioners; in Russia sixty-one practitioners, three pharmacies, four dispensaries and a hospital; in Italy forty- seven practition- ers, eleven phar- macies besides those attached to six dispensaries and one hospital; in Austria~-Hun- gary forty-four practitioners, one pharmacy, and two hospitals; in Belgium thirty - seven practitioners, fourteen phar- Dr. Epwarp BEECHER HooKER President Dr. FRANK KRaFT Secretary The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. macies and nine dispensaries; in Switzerland twenty-four practitioners; in Holland twenty- two practitioners and sixteen pharmacies; in Denmark six practitioners and one pharmacy; in Greece three practitioners; in Portugal two; in Canada eighty-eight practitioners, four phar- macies and two hospitals; in Brazil thirty-nine practitioners and sixteen pharmacies; in Chile eight practitioners; in Argentina seven practi- tioners; in British West Indies five practition- ers; in Uruguay four practitioners and two pharmacies; in India forty-nine practitioners. Dr. Peck also related that the spread of Home- opathy in Japan was quite evident. John Preston Sutherland, M. D., of Bos- ton, delivered a very interesting address on Homeopathy: “What It Is and What It Has Done for Humanity.” The Institute remained in session for five days and conducted business meetings and dis- cussed methods of treatment of diseases. Dr. Royal S. Copeland, M. D., was elected Presi- dent; W. E. Riley, M. D., First Vice-Presi- dent; J. Richey Horner, M. D., Second Vice- President; Frank Kraft, M. D., Secretary; T. Franklin Smith, M. D., Treasurer; J. H. Ball, M. D., Registrar; George T. Shower, Nec- rologist; Millie J. Chatman, Censor. Cotemporaneously with the holding of the Institute there was a session of the Bureau of Homeopathy of which William Boericke, M. D., of San Francisco, Cal., was chairman, and W. A. Dewey, M. D., of Ann Arbor, Mich., Secretary; and a Bureau of Materia Medica and General Therapeutics was also conducted. Victor H. Hallman, M. D., of Hot Springs, Ark., was chairman of this division, and R. F. Rabe of New York City, Secretary. Dr. Hudson D. Bishop of Cleveland, O., Secretary of the Bureau of Clinical Medicine and Pa- thology, conducted the sessions of that division in the absence of C. E. Sawyer, M. D., of Marion, Ohio, and H. H. Baker, M. D., pre- sided as chairman over the Bureau of Pedol- ogy, while William H. Freeman, M. D., of Brooklyn, N. Y., was the Secretary. Eugene H. Porter, M. D., of New York, was chair- man of the Bureau of Sanitary Science and Public Health. June 18.—The eighth session of the Sur- gical and Gynecological Society convened on this day; Horace Packard, M. D., of Boston, Mass., was President, and J. W. Hassler, M. D., of New York, Secretary. Dr. Hassler was re-elected and Dr. Packard was succeeded by Hamilton F. Biggar, M. D., of Cleveland, O. The first session of the fifth annual meet- ing of the Obstetrical Society was held. Flor- ence N. Ward, M. D., of San Francisco, Cal., was President, and Gilbert Fitz-Patrick, M. D., of Chicago, Ill., Secretary and Treasurer. H. C. Aldrich, M. D., Minneapolis, Minn., was elected President for 1908, and Dr. Fitz- Patrick was re-elected Secretary. The Society of Neurology and Psychiatry was called to order by its President, Frank C. Richardson, M. D., of Boston. David Moulton Gardner, M. D., of Caldwell, N. J., was the Secretary. The first of several notable family reunions was one of the events of the day. The Clai- borne Family was founded in America by Will- iam Claiborne, Secretary of the Colony of Virginia, and a lineal descendant of Alfred the Great. Walliam C. Claiborne of Danville, Va., was chairman of the committee and mem- bers of the family from various parts of the country attended. ‘The principal object of the meeting was to form a permanent organization of the Claiborne descendants. The exercises were opened by the Reverend D. G. Claiborne Butts of Richmond, Va., a Claiborne descend- ant on both the paternal and maternal sides. The address of welcome was delivered by Mr. Tucker, to which William C. C. Claiborne of New Orleans, responded. Dr. John Herbert Claiborne of New York City, read a paper entitled ““ Concerning the Contention of Lord WILLIAM CLAIBORNE Secretary of the Colony of Virginia Baltimore and Colonel William Claiborne for the possession of Kent Island—a Justification of Claiborne.” This monograph was a valu- able contribution to Virginia’s colonial history. and has been secured by the Virginia Historical Society for publication. George Mason Clai- borne read a paper on “Claiborne Gene- alogy.” An original poem on William Clai- borne composed by William E. Vassar, of Athens, Ga., was read by James T. Kilby of Danville, Va. A life size portrait of Secre- tary Claiborne was, during the reunion, hung in the rotunda of the Auditorium. Later it vas placed in the Hall of History. At the close of the Exposition the portrait was sent to the State Library in Richmond. The fourteenth annual convention of the International Association of Chiefs of Police was called to order by the President, Major 912 Diary—June. Richard Sylvester of Washington, at ten o'clock in the morning. Probably two hun- dred Chiefs were in attendance. John B. Jenkins, President of Norfolk’s Civil Service Commission, delivered the address of welcome. President Sylvester replied to the greeting and then made his annual address which was full of important facts, highly interesting to those whose stock in trade is a knowledge of the methods of criminals, the means adopted for their identification and the ways of apprehend- ing those who prey on society. The following notable thought was enunciated by this distin- guished police officer: “Cruelty in punish- ment for slight offenses often induces offenders to pass from the trifling to more atrocious crime. Thus are fellow mortals made desperate while the laws which ought to soften the ferocity of obdurate minds tend to corrupt and harden them.” Copyright, Harris & Ewing MAJOR RICHARD SYLVESTER President Mr. Van Buskirk, Superintendent of the National Bureau of Criminal Identification, submitted a report giving in detail statistics re- lating to one hundred or more American cities. His paper showed a number of photographs received by the office from each of the cities, a number of identifications made in each city, letters of criminal information sent from each city, letters of correspondence, number of bul- letins issued and monthly reports issued by each department. J. N. Tillard, Chief of Police of Altoona, Pa., read a most interesting paper dealing with “The Child, the Home and the State.” He inveighed against the various curfew laws that have been adopted and said: “ Actual vice can be restrained by the enforcement of acts of legislation, but it is doubtful whether poten- tial vice can be restrained. Crime, both actual and potential can be restrained. The first by 213 punitive, and the second by preventative meas- ures. It is quite a different thing to arrest an innocent child who may be on the streets in the evening, in order to prevent its being con- taminated by evil associations, from arresting an ex-convict who is known to be an avowed enemy of society and who is idly wandering about with no particular objective point, and whose purposes in the past have always been sinister, in order to prevent his attacking the life and property of others.” Wm. A. Pinkerton, of Chicago, the Chief of the famous Pinkerton Detective Agency, read a paper on “ Train Robberies, Train Rob- bers and the ‘ Holdup’ Men,” which was in effect a history of all the gangs that have ter- rorized railroads in America. The Association was in session for three days. June 19.—The National Society of Physical Therapeutics began its fourteenth annual ses- sion. Hills Cole, M. D., of New York City, the President for 1907, called the Society to order. Rollin H. Stevens, M. D., of Detroit, Mich., was elected President for 1908, and William H. Dieffenbach, M. D., New York City, was re-elected Secretary. The battleships ““ Ohio,” “ I]linois,” “* Indi- ana, and “ Minnesota ”’ left Hampton Roads, having been ordered away for target and tac- tical maneuvers. “These men-of-war were the last remnants of the large fleet that had par- ticipated in the celebration of Georgia and Virginia Days. The Virginia Bankers Association was called to order in the Auditorium by President A. B. Schwarzkopf, the cashier of the Norfolk National Bank; Mr. Tucker and William H. White of Norfolk, President of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, deliv- ered addresses of welcome, to which John W. Woods, President of the City National Bank of Roanoke, responded. The meeting was a business session and all of the addresses dealt with subjects relating to banking. Colonel James R. Branch, Secretary of the American Bankers Association of New York, delivered the most notable address. He discussed the inelasticity of our currency, its power of expan- sion but lack of contractibility, and suggested as a proper basis for paper issue a metallic reserve plus credit, the basis of National Bank currency being the National debt. He said: “The present National Bank note has as a guarantee the Government bond, a piece of parchment representing a part of the Government debt. The wonderful resources of our great country have made these notes absolutely secure; but more than a generation ago when this country was just out of swaddling clothes, the credit notes of the first and second United States banks, the banks of the Suffolk system, the banks of Virginia, Indiana, Missouri, Louisiana, New York, North Caro- lina, Iowa, Ohio and other States were also irreproachable, while to-day with the development of steam and electricity and the resources of the country, such notes would be even better.” As to the benefit of the credit currency, Colonel Branch said: “Such a currency would be more advantageous to the merchants and business people of the country than to anyone else, for it would make the rates of interest more uniform. As has been the experience of all nations using a credit currency, it would help cut down the cost of their products and better enable them to compete with foreign rivals in trade. Lhe Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposiiion. N. P. GATLING Secretary “Such a currency is sound, as has been proven by the experience of France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Scotland, Austria, Japan, Canada and Australia, and from the experi- ence of the first and second United States banks, and various State banks which existed before the Civil War. As the re- port of the Committee on Banking and Currency says this does not refer to wildcat currency circulated under the guise of State notes or bond secured money, the bonds being United States bonds or stocks, and bonds and stocks of several States; and, in the case of Wisconsin, railroad bonds. But I refer to a true credit currency of this or any other country, for when such has been used it has proven as good as gold or the coin of the realm of the Government where issued. Such a currency is certain to be adopted at some future date, for scientific and economic laws are eventually bound to prevail.” The officers of the Association elected at this meeting for 1907-8 were Richard H. Smith of Richmond, President; N. P. Gat- ling of Lynchburg, Secretary; H. A. Williams of Richmond, Treasurer. The details of the meeting and the arrangements for social func- tions incident to the convention were under the charge of a strong local reception committee, of which Tench F. Tilghman, Cashier of the Citizens’ Bank of Norfolk, was Chairman. Many hundreds of traveling men from all parts of the country attended the opening of RICHARD H. SMITH President 1907-1908 A. B. SCHWARZKOPF President 1906-1907 the IT. P. A. Building. The services in the Auditorium were formally begun by State Chaplain J. J. Gravatt of Richmond, after which President E. R. Barksdale was intro- duced. National Traveler, W. T. Kent, President of the Jamestown Commission from Missouri, responded to an address of welcome by Mr. Tucker. Jere M. Porter, a Kentucky traveler, was the principal speaker. Mr. Por- ter’s speech was humorous and one of his most appreciated hits was his remark that he had been a traveling man for thirty years, half of which time he had spent waiting at railroad stations in the South for trains that came the next day. The Norwegian coast service battleship Harald Haarfagre arrived in Hampton Roads. This was the first time that a warship bearing the flag of the new kingdom had entered the Virginia harbor. ‘The vessel was commanded by Captain Oskar Dahl. ‘The officers of the battleship were very welcome guests at the , a a s NORWEGIAN COAST SERVICE BATTLESHIP “ HARALD HAARFAGRE ‘* COMMANDER Oskar DesHL 214 Diary—June. Army and Navy Club and the sailors were fre- quent visitors at the Y. M. C. A. headquarters. Not only the Exposition officials but the United States’ representatives regarded the visit of Nor- way’s vessel as a high compliment. June 20.—Company “A,” Second Infantry, Florida State Troops, arrived in camp at two o'clock in the afternoon. ‘This company under the command of Captain G. A. Nash, took every advantage of gaining experience which was offered by the presence of the regulars and the proximity of Fortress Monroe, a_ point which they visited in a body. While Company “A” was at the Exposition the disastrous “Pine Beach” fire occurred and Quarter- master Sergeant Chambers distinguished him- self by saving a woman’s life, bringing her from the third story of one of the burning hotels. June 21.—One hundred and thirty cadet officers and privates, forming the corps of South Carolina Military Academy, arrived at the Exposition and were quartered in Camp Cap- tain John Smith from June 21 to June 28. Accompanying the battalion was the entire - ‘ ee ag |e a = oe . oe nl ' ¥ Pern r .&% OH HM a ‘ x eee he faculty of the academy consisting of Colonel Asbury Coward, LL. D., Superintendent; Captain W. H. Simons, 6th Infantry, U. S. A., Commandant; Majors St. James Cum- mings VievArine Gs. +Lhomas, C. F, O. J. Bond, B. S., P. B. Winn, C. E. and Charles Walker, M. A.; Captains J. W. Moore, B. S> and H? E. Raines, B) S:; R: S. Cath- cart, M. D., Surgeon, and Professor F. P. Valdez. On Sunday, the 23rd of June, the corps attended divine service at St. Paul’s Episcopal Church in Norfolk, where the baccalaureate sermon was preached by the Right Reverend A. M. Randolph, Bishop of the Southern Diocese of Virginia. On the 26th of June the three companies engaged in a competitive drill to determine the prize company of the year. Company “B,” under Cadet Captain J. S. Bethea was the victor. On the same day was held the competitive individual drill for the “Star of the West’? medal. The honor of wearing this trophy is one highly appreciated by the cadets and its history has a peculiar in- terest. According to Colonel John Payne 215 OFFICERS AND CADETS OF SOUTH CAROLINA MILITARY ACADEMY Thomas, the historian, it was a detachment of South Carolina Military Academy Cadets, commanded by Major (now Bishop) P. F. Stevens, who, by order of Governor Pickens, on January 9, 1861, fired from the battery afterwards known as the “ Star of the West,”’ the first hostile shot of the Civil War. It was directed against the transport steamer, “ Star of the West,’ which was on its way bearing men and supplies for the relief of Fort Sumter. The vessel was driven off and diverted from its purpose. A piece of wood taken from the ship forms part of the medal. Cadet Private A. T. Corcoran, of Charleston, South Carolina, was the winner. The commencement exercises of the Academy were held in the Exposition Audi- torium, June 26th. Colonel C. S. Gadsden, Chairman, Colonel J. J. Lucas, Colonel W. W. Lewis, Governor M. F. Ansel and the Adjutant and Inspector-General, J. C. Boyd, S. C., were present as members of the Board of Visitors. The Governor of the State made an appropriate address on the value of educa- tion, and Colonel Lewis presented the medals. Cadet Captain T. J. Russell of Anderson, the orator of his class, spoke on the subject of ‘“Commercialism.” The Chairman of the Board delivered to nineteen cadets their diplo- mas as graduates of the academy and their degrees of Bachelors of Science. The South Carolina Academy was the only military institute which practically attended in a body and absolutely the only one which officially closed its annual session at the Expo- sition. The compliment which was thus paid to the Ter-Centennial was much appreciated by every one connected with the undertaking, and whatever could be done to make more pleasant the stay of these much honored guests was done. ‘The drills, parades and maneuvers of the cadets were always witnessed by good audiences and their military appearance and discipline was highly complimented. June 22.—The exhibit of the Children’s School Farm League was opened with inter- esting ceremonies. [hey were scheduled to take place in the Social Economy Building, but owing to the chaotic condition of that The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. place, were held at the Farm. The work of the League was explained to all visitors who called and tea was served to them by the children under the direction of chaperons. Among those who received were Mrs. Henry, the hostess of the New York building; Miss Virginia Gatewood, Mrs. C. K. King, Miss Margaret King, Miss Minnie Bronson and Mrs. Henry Parsons, the President of the League. The annual /ntercollegiate Championship Meet for 1907 began on June 22, and was won by Princeton University, which secured sixty- four points, the University of Pennsylvania be- ing a close second. 100 yds run—9 4-5 seconds. N. J. Cartmell, Pennsylvania, first; F. L. Ramsdell, Texas, second; R. A. Gamble, Prince- ton, third. 880 yds. run—I minute, 59 seconds. L. P. Jones, Pennsyl- vania, first; E. J. Baker, Swarthmore, second; Harry Tidd, Missouri, third. 120 yds. hurdle—26 seconds. W. M. Armstrong, Prince- ton, first; L. P. Simons, Princeton, second; T. O. Haydock, Pennsylvania, third. | mile run—4 minutes, 28 seconds. vania, first; J. L. Eisele, Princeton, second; Princeton, third. 220 yds. run—21 3-5 seconds. N. J. Cartmell, Pennsyl- vania, first; F. L. Ramsdell, Texas, second; R. A. Gamble, Princeton, third. J. L. Eisele, Prince- mile run—1!0 minutes, | second. Guy Haskins, Pennsyl- W. L. Meegee, ton, first; F. L. Jackson, Missouri, second; J. M. Groves, Har- vard, third. 4 P \ vA Lok a } zy aN SO” * { s we \ a ” > Pad ‘ \ ea DAS ARNS ’ ‘ we t Pee a oA \ ‘ ’ x \ . “+ \ \ Ra A ee aw Copyright, Jamestown Official | hotograph Corporation. 220 yds. low hurdle—24 4-5 seconds. Princeton, first. 440 yds. run—5I seconds. N. J. Cartmell, Pennsylvania, first; J. C. Atlee, Princeton, second; T. O. Haydock, Pennsyl- vania, third. Pole vault—l1 feet, 3 inches. W. McSwain, Pennsyl- vania, and C. Vozin, Princeton, tied; J. A. Sterrett, George Washington University, third. Throwing 16-lb. hammer—135 feet. W.H. Daub, Prince- ton, first; 115 feet, 8 inches. W. F. Krueger, Swarthmore, second; 82 feet, 8 inches. W. B. Connors, Princeton, third. Running high jump—6 feet, | inch. T. Moffit, Pennsyl- vania, first; C. M. Bacon, Missouri, second; W. McSwain, Pennsylvania, and L. P. Simons, Princeton, tied for third. Putting 16-Ib. shot—43 feet, 44 inches. W. F. Krueger, Swarthmore, first; W. P. Connors, Princeton, second; W. H. Daub, Princeton, third. Throwing the discus—100 feet, 41% inches. W. F. Krueger, Swarthmore, first; W. H. Daub, Princeton, second; W. B. Connors, Princeton, third. Running broad jump—21 feet, 242 inches. T. O. Hay- dock, Pennsylvania, first; B. Connors, Princeton, 20 feet, 9 inches, second; L. P. Simons, Princeton, 20 feet, 6 inches, third. The meet officers were: Referee, A. C. Copeland; Official Timers, A. C. Walsh, Princeton, W. C. Hellawell, Baltimore, Md.: W. C. Thacker, Washington, D. C.; E. V. Cummings, Maryland Athletic Club, Baltimore, Md. June 24.—The converted cruiser “ Prairie ” arrived in Hampton Roads with one company of Georgia Naval Reserves, sixty-five men and five oficers—Captain Joseph Dunn, U. S. N., commanding. Company “ H,” Ninth Regiment National Guard of New York encamped at the Expo- sition from June 24 to June 30. The strength W. M. Armstrong, OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE GEORGIA NAVAL RESERVE ON BOARD OF THE CONVERTED CRUISER “ PRAIRIE ” 216 Diarv—June. CAPTAIN JOHN MEANS THOMPSON of the company was sixty men under the command of Captain John Means Thomp- June 25.—States Exhibit Day. The hand- some building which held the exhibits made by the States participating in the Exposition, was crowded during the entire afternoon. Captain Julian Pratt, Superintendent of the Virginia Exhibit, was the master of ceremonies. Robert W. Withers of Suffolk, a member of the Vir- ginia Commission, made the principal address of the occasion. Governor of Exhibits T. S. Southgate also spoke. “The State Commission- ers were especially active in entertaining visit- ors, and in the South Carolina booth, tea grown in that state, was served with rice cakes made from the famous South Carolina head rice. At the Los Angeles exhibit orange punch was served, and Commissioner Symonds of Maryland made a specialty of apples. ‘The exhibitors, representing the great railroad lines in the building, were kept busy during the day and all of the States dispensed hospitality. The fortieth annual meeting of the Marv- land State Teachers Association convened at MARYLAND STATE TEACHERS’ ASSOCIATION E. M. Nose, Dr. R. Berryman, JNo. E. McConan, ALBerT S. Coox, HucH W. Catpwe i, Dr. James W. Cain, ‘Treasurer. Miss Mary K. Rocers son, First Lieutenant Frank D. Tansley and Second Lieutenant John S. Cooper. During the first part of the encampment the company was unattached. On the twenty-sixth of June the Second South Carolina Infantry arrived and the Company was attached to that regi- ment, serving with it during the rest of its stay and taking part in the parade when the regiment was reviewed by the Governor of South Caro- lina. A reception was tendered to the officers of the South Carolina Regiment by the officers of Company “H,” on the evening of June 29 at the New York Building. Company “1H,” N. Y. N. G. rendered valuable aésist- ance at the “ Pine Beach ’”’ fire. 217 Chairman Exec. Committee. Rec. Secretary. President. Miss Annie E. JoHNSTON the Inside Inn. President James W. Cain occupied the chair, and the opening address was delivered by Governor Edwin Warfield of Maryland. His speech was a review of school legislation in the colony and the State of Maryland. Professor R. C. Stearnes, Secretary of the State Board of Education of Virginia, delivered an address upon the “* True Basis of Education,” a most elaborate paper covering educational efforts of all ages. Dr. M. Bates Stephen, State Superintendent of Education of Maryland, delivered a very per- tinent address, discussing school taxes, county school supervision, negro education and primary and secondary education. Regarding the The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. latter he said: “‘ The high school curriculum has been and still is burdened by the traditions of the past and especially the needs of those who have become professional or literary. We accept the idea of Huxley that ‘no system of education deserves the name of a national sys- tem if it does not raise a great educational lad- der, which leads frem the gutter to the Univer- sity, but we must begin at the right end of the ladder.’ The college should grow out of the high school and not the high school into college.” The Association remained in session three days and elected as officers for the ensuing year: Robert S. Cook, President; George H. Lamar, Vice-President; George Biddle, Second Vice- President; John E. McCohan, Treasurer; Elizabeth Meade, Corresponding Secretary; Hugh L. Caldwell, Recording Secretary. June 27.—In fine fash- ion Baltimore Day at the Exposition was celebrated by the official opening of the Baltimore Building. William B. Hurst, chair- man of the Building Com- mittee, presented the keys to H. F. Baker, the general chairman. Mayor Mahool of the City of Baltimore, made the first address. Speaking of Baltimore the Mayor declared: ' “ Maryland is here because it is just as natural for Mary- landers to participate in a Virginia affair as it is for Virginians themselves. As mayor of the greatest city of our state, and, I might modestly add, the greatest city of the South, I am here to officially offer Baltimore's tribute to the purposes of this Exposition. Surely, no city in the Union feels that she has a better right to play an active part in this great enterprise. Our city, rich with all the advantages and resources natural to a thriving center of commerce and industry, realizes that she is recognized as ‘the great Southern metropolis. Your people are well known to us; we are well known to you. Our presence here, therefore, is like the entrance of one sister into the hospitable home of another sister. We are here to grow joyful with you simply because we know you are joyful. “We are a great city. Not only are we the acknowledged queen as a city of homes, but the commercial and industrial H. F. BAKER General Chairman BARRY MAHOOL HON: Mayor of Baltimore sides of our development entitle us to high rank among cities. Few cities are enjoying so much enterpris- ing activity at the present time as Baltimore is. Since the fire our people have leaped forward with rapid progress. We have rebuilt our stricken section and have woven into our new stores and counting-houses a new spirit of progress.” Governor War- field also delivered an address, and then two prize songs were sung. Each of these compositions was set to the tune of “ Maryland, My Maryland.” One, written by T. A. Murphy, was entitled “Baltimore,” and eulogized the city. The other, ‘‘ Maryland,” praised the State. Miss Minnie E. Hicks wrote the latter. The Second Infantry Regiment National Guard of South Carolina arrived early in the morning. The regiment consisted of eleven companies, a band and a hospital corps, thirty- WM. B. HURST Chairman Building Committee eight officers and four hun- dred and fif teen enlisted men under / the com- mand of Colonel Henry T. Thomp- son. The head- quarters of the regiment were Co- lumbia, South Car- olina. The camp occu- pied by the South Caro- linians was theone which had? been Va ison: gina enacted] by the West Point Cadets. In order to give the men full opportunity for sight seeing they were re- lieved of the trouble of cooking in camp. The regiment ate at the tent of the Exposition Mili- tary Catering Company. Colonel Thompson’s command occupied the central place in the cele- bration of South Carolina Day, June 28, the anniversary of the battle of Fort Moultrie. The men presented a fine appearance in the Auditorium and very nearly filled the entire main body of the building. The regimental band, which was one of the best that visited the Exposition, occupied the stage and during the ceremonies played National airs. Besides participating in the review of South Carolina Day the regiment paraded in honor of West Virginia when that State celebrated. As the *“ Second South Carolina’? had only eleven companies at the encampment they very gladly availed themselves of an offer made by Cap- tain John Means Thompson of Company “H,” Ninth New York, and utilized his command to fill out the regiment. Captain Thompson was formerly a citizen of South Carolina. The regiment left the Exposition on July 4. The Board of Directors of the North Caro- lina Pine Association met in the Auditorium in answer to a call issued by their President, E. C. Fosburgh of Norfolk. This Asso- ciation, which practically controls the lumber output of Virginia, North and South Caro- 218 Diary—]J une. lina, held a business session and considered changes in grading rules, discussed contribu- tions and dues and trade conditions. One of the principal ‘all objects of the meeting was ¥ to arrive at some uni form meth- od of effect ing a_set- tlement of railroad claims on account of over- weight, and after thorough discussion of the sub- ject, the Transporta- tee was au- arrange for between rep- resentatives of the Asso- ciation and of the railways. A meeting of the Executive Committee was held. Those pres- ent were E. C. Fosburgh, President; John Re Walker, Secretary; R. J. Camp, Vice-Presi- dent from Virginia; J. A. Brown, Vice-Presi- dent from North Carolina; and J. G. Cherry, Vice-President from South Carolina. The seventh annual convention of the Beta Sigma Omicron was held in the Auditorium three days beginning June 27. ‘This is a col- lege society prominent through the South and Middle West, having chapters in Colorado, Missouri, Kentucky, ‘Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia and the District of Columbia. The standard of membership is high and only young women of social standing and good scholarship are admitted. The order was founded in the schools of Columbia, Missouri, in 1888; and at the convention of 1907, over which Miss Mary Louise Lackland, the Grand President, presided, thirty-five delegates were present. The meetings of the order were secret, but several interesting social events marked the stay tion Commit thorized to President of the delegates. The officers elected for 1907-8 were: Miss Mary Louise Lackland, Mexico, Mo., President; Miss Marian Bigelow, Clearfield, Pa., Vice-President; Miss Bernice Stall, Richmond, Va., Secretary; Miss Emma Lee Newman, Abbeyville, Ala., Treasurer; Miss Erna B. Watson, Fulton, Mo., Historian. June 28.—South Carolina Day was cele- brated by elaborate exercises in the Audito- rium. ‘The meeting was called to order by Captain William E.. Gonzales, Chairman of the South Carolina Commission. He introduced Governor Ansell of South Carolina, who spoke briefly but feelingly. Governor Swanson also delivered a short address. Both he and Presi- dent Tucker, who followed him, paid high compliments to the South Carolina Militia, whose fine appearance had been the subject of generally favorable comment. ‘The orator of the occasion was Honorable Walter Hazard of Georgetown, S.C. Mr. Hazard touched briefly upon the settlement of Jamestown Island and the history which led up to the culmination of the Revolutionary War, glanced at the later con- flicts of the country and the closing days at Ap- pomattox and returning to the earlier times said: “Tt was no simple accident, nor mere coincidence, that Pat- rick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Nelson, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, George Mason, James and John Marshall all came from the same region and from the same rank in life—the Virginia gentry. “Tt has been wittingly said that the only difference between the Virginia gentleman and the South Carolina gentleman is that, when the former salutes you, he bows wholly to you, whereas the latter, returning the courtesy, bows half to you and half to himself. There is perhaps just a grain of truth lurking in this piece of pungent satire. For it cannot be denied that there are few beings on the earth for whom the average South Carolinian has a more exalted regard than a typical son of his native state, one ‘to the manor born.’ Yet it is no less true that there exists in the breasts of the educated Vir- ginian an exquisitely delicate, well defined pride of lineage, a subtle appreciation of the ancient splendors of his ancestral halls and acres, and a fine sense of the pre-eminent virtues of his contemporaries within the pale of the Old Dominion. Yet, since he recognizes with true generosity the claims of her South Carolina friends, we may accept his bow as an admission of the greatness of our own little State. For to his ears too has wee GOVERNOR ANSELL OF SOUTH:CAR eT a Oa Ae ae sae OLINA AND HIS MILITARY STAFF In Center PResIDENT TUcKER, GovERNOR ANSELL, GOVERNOR SWANSON wag The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. come the fame of our great men, Gadsden, Pinckney, Rut- ledge and Middleton; Sumter, Marion, Moultrie and Horry; Heyward, Laurens, Calhoun and McDuffle; Cheves, Harper and Wardlaw; Hampton, Pickens and Butler, Pettigrew and Hayne, Timrod and LeCompte and a score of other brilliant names, eminent in war, diplomacy, statecraft, law, literature and theology, that have illumined the pages of South Carolina’s history and embellished her fame with an imperishable lustre.” In the evening South Carolina received at the Virginia Building. Despite the rain the mili- tary features of South Carolina Day were suc- cessful. All the troops and the blue jackets from the war vessels at the Exposition paraded. June 29.—Two orators of national reputa- tion helped to make Commonwealth Day notable. On the twenty-ninth day of June, 1776, Virginia adopted her first constitution and this was the one hundred and thirty-first anniversary of that occasion. “The Honorable Moorefield Storey, of Boston, reviewed the present condition of American politics, and the Honorable W. Bourke Cockran, of New York, dwelt upon corruption in the politics of the hour. The programme was divided, Mr. Storey speaking in the morning and Mr. Cockran in the afternoon. Mr. Storey declared that to-day the Presi- dent of the United States is more powerful than any constitutional ruler in the world, with the possible exception of the Czar of Russia and the Emperor of Germany if these could rightly be called constitutional rulers; that his power was none the less because it was extra-consti- tutional, for the disposal of the immense execu- tive patronage was sufficient to control largely the National Congress, and the Chief Executive of the Nation had authority to appoint Supreme Court judges and all diplomats. He said that Mr. Roosevelt might be a safe man with whom to trust such power, but he warned his hear- ers that there was the ever present possibility that an unsafe man might occupy the Presi- dential chair. Discussing Congress, Mr. Storey said that the Speaker of the House of Repre- HON. MOOREFIELD STOREY HON. W. BOURKE COCKRAN sentatives was far more important to the pas- sage or defeat of legislation than ever was con- templated by the Constitution—a dangerous condition, the orator claimed, since with this great dominance an unscrupulous speaker might wreck the Government, and certainly could stifle needed legislation. Referring to the Senate, the distinguished lawyer asked, “ Is it a mere accident that so many of our Senators are rich and represent dollars rather than men?” ‘This body, he claimed, was the most decisive in the make-up of the Federal Gov- ernment, and it was a fortunate thing for the country that in the Senate there had been enough conservative members to control the policies of the body. Concluding, Mr. Storey expressed his conviction that the powers of the individual States were being gradually but surely usurped by the Federal Government through means of inter-state commissions. Mr. Cockran’s address was a sweeping ar- raignment of the corruption existing in high places, and he said that the public conscience had passed into the limbo of things that were. “Until democracy in America became a fact,”’ claimed Mr. Cockran, “the world re- garded it as an inspiration; but the fundamental form of our government was the realization of this treatment and its basis was found in the adoption of the Virginia Constitution.” Mr. Cockran showed how the form of Government had been prostituted by corrupt methods of political trickery, referring specifically to the money power represented in the Senate and the scandals which had followed the other branches of the Government. ‘The prosecution of the life insurance officials, the speaker de- clared, had not resulted in any material im- provement in the management of their affairs. No convictions had been secured on account of the crimes uncovered, and personal convic- tions were the only possible deterrents. He 220 Diary —June-Julv. asserted that thousands of dollars were spent to elect life insurance officials who wanted the control of the trust money in order to make themselves richer through the economy of those whose money they are handling. June 30.—A provisional regiment of West Virginia National Guard composed of Com- panies oe Paneth: oe H,” ee Ke ee [tu and ee M,” First Infantry, and Companies “ D,” “ G,” “1H,” and “M,” Second Infantry—forty-six officers and five hundred and eighty-three en- listed men—to- gether with the First Infantry Band, arrived at Camp Captain John Smith early in the morning. The state troops were under the command of Col- onel Charles E. Morrison, Sec- ond Infantry. egular camp duties were observed; exhibition guard mount- ing on Lee Parade every morning at ten o'clock and regimental parade in the afternoon. The regiment took part in the review of the troops by Governor William M. O. Dawson of West Virginia, July 2, and a review by Governor Hughes of New York, and Major-General Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. A., on July 4th. On this latter occasion, Colonel Morrison acted as Grand Marshal of the parade. On the afternoon of the Fourth a sham battle was COL. CHAS. E. MORRISON * Bt: held on Lee Parade between the First Ken- tucky, taking the defensive side, and the West Virginia Regiment, taking the offensive. Strict discipline of a regular camp was not en- forced. Officers and men visited the Exposi- tion grounds frequently. The regiment left for Charleston July 6. July 1—The First Kentucky Infantry under the command of Colonel William B. Haldeman arrived at the Exposition at noon and remained in camp until midnight, July 8. Besides daily parades, the regiment participated in the review of troops held in honor of West Virginia Day and in the parade of July 4. Special dress parades were given by this regi- ment on July 6 and July 8 at 6:00 P. M. The regiment was the defending party in the sham battle on July 4. Five hundred and eight officers and men were under the command of Colonel Haldeman. Few visiting regiments made a better impression. A large number of people interested in edu- cation attended the opening of the Model School at the Exposition. Miss Mattie Black Tucker was in charge for the first week, and on the opening day she gave an explanation of the purposes of the school. July 2.—West Virginia Day: Secretary of the Treasury, George B. Cortelyou, Gov- ernor Dawson of West Virginia, Governor Swanson of Virginia, Major-General Freder- ick Dent Grant and Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Harrington reviewed the parade in honor of the day. The Twenty-third U. S. Infantry led the line and was followed by two com- panies of marines and two battalions of United States sailors. After the sailors came Battery “ D,” Third Field Artillery and the Second Squadron of the Twelfth Cavalry, and National Guard regiments from West FIELD STAFF AND OFFICERS FIRST KENTUCKY INFANTRY The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Virginia, Kentucky and South Carolina closed the line. Former Governor George W. Atkinson of West Virginia, presided at the meeting in the Auditorium. Governor Dawson was the prin- cipal speaker, and his address was entirely his- toric. Speaking of the character of our Gov- ernment, the Governor said: “ Measured by the flight of years, our country is young in history; but, as we do not measure the character nor the accom- plishments of the individual man by his years, neither do we compare the accomplishments of nations by their age. The essential things are the deeds done, the contributions to the happiness and development of mankind. To the development of man all things are subsidiary and assistant. The civil laws, the laws of nature, the laws of our being, all tend to this end. Liberty is essential to life and happiness; hence that govern- ment which gives to the individual person the largest amount of liberty is the best and greatest government. That best and greatest government is the government of the United States of America. It is the first government established of the people and by the people and for the people. And in this the greatest of all, notwithstanding the short period of its history in years, it has accomplished more than any other nation or people, ancient or modern.” Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph “Corporati Confederacy, 38,000 West Virginians fought under the flag of Washington. No braver men ever fought in war than were these Virginia troops on either side from either state. West Virginia contributed to the South in that great conflict Stone- wall Jackson, a general in her armies without an equal save Lee himself; to the Confederacy she gave also Generals Echols, Jen- kins, and McCausland, while in the Union armies among West Virginians were Generals Reno, Kelley, Duval, Goff, Light- burn, Harris, Strother, Curtis, and the gallant Colonel Tho- burn, of the Second West Virginia Infantry regiment, who lost his life at Winchester in 1862.” Of West Virginia’s great staple the Gov- ernor declared: “Cotton is no longer king. Coal is king. And coal being king, West Virginia has the kingship of the world, for she has more coal and better coal than any other territory in this whole wide world. West Virginia coal is, indeed, the best coal in the world; it is even a little superior to the famous Cardiff coal of Wales.” wees In the afternoon West Virginia’s great Coal Column was dedicated. Neil Robinson, the engineer who designed the structure, presided, and the principal address was made by Secre- tary Cortelyou. Among other things Mr. Cortelyou said: SECRETARY CORTELYOU, GOVERNOR DAWSON AND PARTY The Governor reviewed the general history of the colonies and spoke of English dominance in America. He recounted the journey of Governor Alexander Spottswood who, with his party of thirty horsemen—*‘ Knights of the Golden Horse Shoe ’’—halted on the crest of the Blue Ridge in 1716, and “ away to the westward saw the towering elevations in what are now the counties of Pendleton and Hardy in West Virginia.” The Governor related the part played by his fellow citizens in the various wars of the coun- try, and speaking of their share in the Civil War he said: “West Virginia is proud of her record in the Civil War also, and we feel sure that our brothers of Virginia share with us that respect. We followed the flag of those great Virgin- ians and Americans, Washington, and Marshall, and Jefferson, and Mason, and Madison, and Monroe, with a determination that our Old Mother Commonwealth should continue in the Union with us. We could not part with the flag and we could not be bereft of her. West Virginians and Virginians both had the courage of their convictions. Both suffered for duty’s sake. Besides 7,000 men who went into the armies of the “West Virginia has been called the Child of the Storm. Erected in 1863, she was the last carved out of the original domain of the United States. Fifteen years had elapsed since the last territory within that domain had taken on statehood. Entering the Union, as she did, when the country was con- vulsed with war, the new State had to set up its government under severe conditions. Hardly one of the new states has begun its career so much crippled financially as was this one. It had to begin at the bottom and build up a government com- plete in all its parts while the hand of war was on at least a part of its territory, and when a spirit of turbulence was abroad in the land. This, too, at the close of an epoch of slow progress, such as had hardly fallen to the lot of any of the States of the Union, or even the Territories. That with such a discouraging beginning the State should almost at the start demonstrate the wisdom of its projectors could not be ex- pected. But soon the lethargy which had so marked the early history of the territory embraced within its limits gave way to the new spirit, and the land which so long lay as it were asleep became aroused and a vigor manifested itself that gave promise for the future since well justified. “And now West Virginia has come to her own; her lands are demonstrating their value; her resources, the existence of which was more than suspected a century ago, but the immensity of which is now only beginning to be appreciated, are speak- ing for themselyes. The whole country is partaking of the warmth that comes from the fuel that the ages have stored in her hills; and her flowing wells are furnishing power for the world’s activities and light for cities and towns, for homes and shops. And these do not tell all her greatness, which is devel- oping in many other directions. Whatever may have retarded 999 ose —— hr Diary—Julv. the growth of the country we are considering, the causes thereof have disappeared; and the long-overlooked wealth of this com- monwealth is being brought to the attention of the world. Can we say that the progress of the future is to be less marked than in the recent past? Her people are three times as numerous as when she entered the Union. Already her railroad system has an extent, whether measured by area or by population, that is greater than that in most of her sister States, and yet it has by no means reached a limit. Doubled as it has been in fifteen years, which is true only of one other State, newly pro- jected lines of much promise are to bring her nearer and nearer to all markets; so that she may be able to supply those markets with what she can furnish as readily and cheaply as any other state or province in the world.” Secretary Cortelyou was followed by former -Governor McCorkle of West Virginia, and then by President Tucker of the Exposition, Senators Thomas Staples Martin of Virginia, and N. B. Scott of West Virginia, and Gover- nor Claude A. Swanson. Former Governor At- kinson of West Virginia, introduced Governor Swanson as the “ Chief Executive of the great- est State on earth.”’ Governor Swanson said that it was difficult to differentiate between East- ern and Western Virginia, which had been one State until 1863, and that no law nor boundaries could ever separate the two. “‘ The same three things,” said the Governor, “make a State pow- erful and make a man important, and West Vir- ginia has them—cash, character and capacity.” Ro tee he age : SN i : 7 i Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corp on in the line of march. In the evening at 6:30 a picturesque sham battle was fought. “Thou- sands of shots were exchanged between the husky mountaineers of West Virginia and the First Regiment of Kentucky’s National Guard. The boys from the hills gained after each vol- ley until finally they closed in upon the enemy with fixed bayonets and put them to rout. A particularly attractive feature of the day was the singing of several selections by the James- town Exposition Chorus. ‘The “ Hallelujah Chorus”’ and the rendition of the “Star Spangled Banner” were especially well re- ceived. Former Governor Henry Rogers of Con- necticut presided as master of ceremonies at the meeting of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association held at the Auditorium. Governor Rogers made a brief speech, at the conclusion of which Secretary William Shields McKean of the Association, read a list of the Vice- Presidents, and then Governor Hughes of New York was introduced. He said: The immortal words of the preamble of the Declaration of Independence recorded more than a protest against exactions of the British crown. They were more than an assertion of DESCENDANTS OF THE SIGNERS OF THE “ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ” July 4.—Jndependence Day was greeted by booming cannon and the usual noisy toy pis- tols and fire-crackers. An enormous crowd thronged the grounds; and from ten o'clock in the morning when the great pageant on Lee’s Parade attracted the attention of thousands until late at night, the scene was brilliant and appreciated. During the day, bands at various sections of the ground played “ America,” “The Star Spangled Banner” and “ Dixie,” or patriotic medleys combining all the American tunes. In the evening every building and drive- way was brilliantly illuminated and a handsome display of fireworks terminated the day’s fes- tivities. [he morning parade was impressive. Governor Hughes of New York, President Woodrow Wilson of Princeton University, Major-General Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. A., Adjutant-General Charles J. Anderson of Virginia, President Tucker and Lieutenant- Governor Ellyson were on the Reviewing Stand. The famous Mexican National Band played during the brief intermission between the passing of the military parade and the suc- ceeding War Path march. A\ll of the Regulars encamped at the Exposition, and the various National Guard companies and regiments were 223 the right of the Colonies to be independent States. They passed beyond the necessities of the moment and_ tran- scended, perhaps, in their broad import and sentiment of many who, exasperated by tyrannical demands were ready to renounce their former allegiance. They have the perennial value of a political creed voicing in terms of conviction the aspirations of humanity. They suggest to us the long struggle against the usurpations of power and the impositions of avarice and cunning. hey have been ridiculed as fallacious; they have sustained the assault of those who, descanting upon obvious physical, mental and moral inequalities, have sought to obscure the profound truth of equality before the law and the inalien- able rights of manhood. To-day, as always, they present to us the standard by which we may judge the successful working of our institutions. And gathered upon this historic spot in the Commonwealth which nurtured him, we may fittingly pay our tribute to the author of those words in the language of Lincoln: “ All honor to Jefferson—to the man who in the concrete pres- sure of a national struggle for independence by a single people had the coolness, forecast and sagacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document an abstract truth applicable to all men and all time, and so embalm it that to- day and in all coming days it shall be a rebuke and a stumbling block to the very harbingers of re-appearing tyranny and oppression.” The attitude of men toward government by the people is not determined by party lines. ~The man who would ignore the rights of his fellow citizens, who would establish himself in a fortress of special privilege and exercise his power, small or great, in opposition to the welfare of others, may be found in all parties and in every walk of life. It is an attitude some- times explained by training and environment, but in general merely exhibits the rule of selfishness. The Governor said that there were many who had no sympathy with the principles of the Declaration of Independence and who desired to put the powers of the Government to selfish uses. He recorded the great progress of the The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Nation and spoke of the troubles which menaced the country through debauched ad- ministration by large corporate interests. ‘Education,’ he declared to be “the safeguard of the Democracy,” and he proclaimed that our country is safe so long as our schools are full. In conclusion he said: We stand in the presence of those related by blood to the illustrious signers of the Declaration of Independence. They rejoice in this distinguished lineage. But we are all the spirit- ual sons of those fathers of our liberties; we have a priceless heritage; this great country, populated with an intelligent people animated by the loftiest ideals, presents unexampled oppor- tunity. May we be worthy of our birthright and so deal with the problems confronting this generation that we may transmit to our children a still larger boon, and that they, enjoying even to a greater degree equality of opportunity, may find still better secured the inalienable rights of “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” After Governor Hughes’ speech, Doctor Woodrow Wilson inquired “ What shall we do with Governor Hughes?” and some one in the audience replied ““ Make him President.” This remark aroused the vast assemblage and WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D., Lit.D. for several minutes applause rang out tumul- tuously. When Dr. Wilson was able to pro- ceed he gave a most pointed review of modern politics, his theme including the problems of party life, the regulation of municipalities and the political faults of the present day. It was a practical common sense talk which the Presi- dent of Princeton College gave. He went vigorously at the Trusts, saying: ‘“ We are not trying to catch men but are trying to regulate corporations.” ‘Trust regulation might be dif- ficult, he said, but it was not impossible and it could be done without turning the present mode of civic government upside down. “If you will put in jail one man who 1s responsible for the misdeeds of a trust,” he declared, “* you will do more good than has been done by all the legislation ever enacted against corpora- tions.” ‘‘ If there are no lawyers who can find the guilty parties,” continued Dr. Wilson, “surely there can be no descendants of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.” Optimistically, the speaker said that while much graft and dishonesty had been practiced, the bulk of the American people were honest and honorable and the whole country could not be discredited by the acts of a few. For more than half an hour Dr. Wilson held the atten- tion of his hearers, and he received an ovation when he finished. Before the body adjourned, President Tucker asked that the audience express the appreciation of the country for the act of cour- tesy extended by the Mexican Government in sending to the Exposition the magnificent Mexican Band, which had played throughout the ceremonies. Immediately cheers broke from every quarter of the hall, the audience ris- ing while the bandmaster bowed his acknowl- edgments. Following the ceremonies at the Auditorium, Gov. Hughes, General Grant, Dr. Wilson and Admiral Harrington went to the Soldiers and Sailors Club where a reception was tendered to the distinguished guests. The National Association of the Deaf met in the Auditorium at 10:30 A. M. Lieutenant- Governor Ellyson, of Virginia, welcomed the Association and a cordial greeting from Car- dinal Gibbons was read. The President, George W. Veditz of Colorado Springs, Colo., read an interesting paper on “ The Future of the American Deaf.” He spoke of the prog- ress in the education of deaf mutes; “ and,” he said, “ taking a bird’s eye view of the con- dition of the American adult deaf as it is to-day we have every cause for complacent satisfac- tion. We are better educated, better supplied with all the material accessories of happiness than we have ever been before. Work is plentiful, discrimination, because of the mere fact of deafness in such occupations as we are capable of pursuing and have been trained for, has so far been rare.”’ Professor Veditz held that the retrogression in the standard of the deaf generally throughout Europe was due to the abandonment of the sign language. Dr. A. L. Pach of New York, read a paper en- titled “ The Deaf in Organizations of the Hearing vs. Organizations of Their Own.” President Tucker of the Exposition, Reverend Edward N. Calisch, D. D., of Richmond, and the venerable Dr. John Chamberlain of New York, also spoke. Dr. Calisch spoke of the value of speech and said that sound was not everything. “The constructive forces of the universe,” he proclaimed, “ are silent. The up- holding agencies are noiseless. Violence and destruction are noisy. The first child of creation was light, a symbol of life and growth and progress, and light is everything to the deaf and mute. It is their medium of speech and hearing. [hose who depend upon light are sure to be in the vanguard of human prog- ress. July 5.—Six natives of India, each of whom held a high position under the British Govern- ment, were visitors at the Exposition. With the party were W. R. Bete and Professor W. W. Tracey of the Department of Agriculture, 224 Diary—Julv. = Ene 3 auk COMPANY “M” SECOND INFANTRY NATIONAL GUARD OF GEORGIA U.S. A. The foreign visitors were from the Province of Bengal. A. C. Ghoch, H. L. Duut, S. N. Sil, J. N. Chaoavarty were grad- uates of the University of Calcutta and of Cor- nell University. HH. B. Mitra and D. D. Dutta, the other members of the party, were still undergraduates of Cornell. American Boy Day was appropriately cele- brated. Wailliam C. Sprague, Editor of “ The American Boy,” Detroit, Michigan, was the father of the idea to set aside a day in honor of the boys. Mr. Sprague made a brief speech, and Mr. Tucker delivered an address of wel- come. The balance of the programme was carried out entirely by boys—violin, clarinet and piano solos, orations, declamations and songs. The oldest participant in the pro- gramme was Joseph N. Miller, Jr., of Cam- den, Ala., aged eighteen; the youngest, Gilroy Stein of Richmond, Va., had not reached nine. July 10—The Third Regiment Kentucky State Guard, about five hundred rank and file, commanded by Colonel Jouett Henry, arrived at the Exposition July 10 and remained one week. The Regiment performed one hour of routine field work in the early morning and paraded every afternoon, and they took a prominent part in the celebration of Kentucky Day on the sixteenth. Company “ M,” Second Infantry National Guard of Georgia, also arrived and were en- camped inside the grounds. They remained until July 17. Captain F. E. Fletcher was in command. ‘The company drilled daily on the south side of Lee Parade and participated in all the reviews that were held while they were at the Exposition. This company, better known as the “ Quitman Guards,” is one of Georgia’s crack commands and their drilling was unsurpassed by any military company that visited the Exposition. AG et BES ty kd COMPANY “H” FIRST INFANTRY NATIONAL GUARD OF GEORGIA Pe Soe Se TT July 11.—The Norfolk College Alumne Association met in the Auditorium at 10:00 a. M. After the formal meeting in the morning a luncheon was served to the students from the North, South, East and West. ‘The officers elected for the year were: President, Mrs. Mae White Freeman; Corresponding Secre- tary, Mrs. Mamie Pedrick Brooks; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Hennye Spagat Nusbaum, and Treasurer, Miss Beulah Skinner. # 3 Fa 2 - } 1 a a | Oe Mrs. Mamie Peprick Brooks Miss BEULAH SKINNER Corresponding Secretary reasurer Mrs. Maze WHITE Freeman Mrs. HennyeE S. NuspauM President Recording Secretary July 12.—The citizens of McKeesport, Pa., celebrated at the Pennsylvania building. Cus- todian Rowland made a brief speech, and W. H. Barr, representing the McKeesport Daily News, read an address written by the Honor- able W. H. Coleman, Mayor of McKeesport. The feature of the day’s exercises was the at- tendance of a dozen young ladies from Mc- Keesport, who had been selected by a local newspaper to represent that city. The first meeting of the North Carolina AVC ANON L , Bee KF a es NAM NO . aNOAdV" .. TN ici ‘uolye1odioy ydeisojoyd [ely uMoOjsoweR, ‘yYdLIAGOD aa aS ee sa eee 2 6 99 Diary—/Julv. Architectural Association was held in the Audi- torium. There were more than one hundred delegates present. A brief address of welcome was delivered by Alvah H. Martin, Vice- President of the Exposition. Charles C. Hook of Charlotte, President of the Associa- tion, delivered an address and a lecture by William H. Snow of New Jersey, on heating and ventilation was the principal scientific paper read before the meeting. July 15.—The “German Volunteers,” Company “H,” First Infantry, National Guard of Georgia, arrived for a week’s stay. All the members are Germans or German- Americans. The company was in the Civil War with the first Georgia Regiment and was in the war with Spain as Company “ K,”’ First United States Volunteers. Captain J. D. Helmkin was in command at the Exposition. July 16.—Kentucky Davy was celebrated most characteristically. Sheriff R. C. Hieatt, the Barbecue King of Kentucky, was the prime master of ceremonies, and at one o'clock he called the opening session to order, declaring that the hour of the hungry had arrived. Sev- eral hundred lined up at the great tables which had been set in the pine grove back of “ Fort Boonesboro,” and, nearby immense cauldrons contained the fruits of the barbecue and burgoo. The band of the Third Kentucky Regiment furnished music while the banquet was in progress and the Earlington Company under the command of Captain Price, acted as a special guard for the enclosure while the feast was being served. Following the barbecue, HONORABLE ALTON BROOKS PARKER, LL.D. 1884—T endered 1885—Chairman Democratic State Committee 1885—Appointed Justice of the Supreme Court of New York 1885—Elected 1886 Member Court of Appeals, Second Division 1889-92—Member General Delegate Democratic National Convention office First Assistant Postmaster General Term 1893-96—Appellate Division 1896-97—Chief Justice Court of Appeals, New York, January 1, 18938-August 5, 1904—Received the Democratic Nomination for the Presi- dency. First Ballot, July 9, 1904—President American Bar Association 1906-1907. exercises were held on a platform within the stockade. The Chairman of the day was President John B. Atkinson of the Kentucky Commission, and the orator was Honorable William Rogers Clay of Lexington. President Tucker of the Exposition, delivered an address of welcome and a brief speech was made by the Honorable Alton B. Parker of New York, Democratic candidate for the Presidency in 1904. The Honorable A. Y. Ford of Louis- ville, Ky., also spoke. Mr. Clay said: “No honor ever came to Virginia that did not bring equal honor to Kentucky. No son of Virginia ever attained true fame without drawing to himself the admiration of every Kentuckian. four Henry is our Henry; your Washington is our Washington; your Jefferson is our Jefferson, » and your Lee is our Lee. The greatest lawyer in all England voiced the sentiment of Kentucky when he your Wash- ours: ‘You |) being for have an wrote to ington and are the only whom I awful rever ence. We uttered an apprecia- tive ‘Amen’ when one of our most eloquent United States Senators said: ‘As for me, I wor- ship no man, but, if I did, bowed head and tomb of Jefferson.’ it would be with bared brow at the And surely our hearts are thrilled LE A a Hon. Wittiam Rocers Ciay 2 See cat burg, and final of Lexington ly, of Appo- mattox, who stood there with untarnished sword extended, a victor in defeat, a conqueror of the world, because all mankind now renders allegiance to that peerless general who planned and executed battles with the genius of Napoleon, and to that exalted man who was gentle without effeminacy; noble without affectation; and lovable even when administering a rebuke— the matchless Robert E. Lee.” Mr. Clay told of the pride which Virginia naturally took in Kentuckians: George Rogers Clark, who was Virginia’s son, and Henry Clay, who was her “ Mill Boy of the Slashes.” He continued: “In addition to these, two babes came from the loins of Kentucky about the same time. One went towards the Gulf, the other towards the Lakes. The former we see first as a brave lieutenant in the Black Hawk War; then as a fearless officer in the strife with Mexico.. Next we see him in the United States Senate, then as Secretary of War of the United States. Again he is in the Senate. We see him next at Mont- gomery, amid flowers and plaudits with a smile upon his face, but with a heart heavy with anxiety for the future; then we see him at Fortress Monroe with the hope banished forever from his life, but through it all he is the beloved President of the Confederacy, meeting every obstacle with the impressive dignity of manhood. Upon his head a few have sought to heap all the obloquy of defeat, but his place in the affections of the sons and daughters of the South and his greatness in every relation of life are safe from the malign attacks of envy and far beyond the reach of the poisoned barbs of hate. The other child we see first as a laborer, then as a student of law, then as a lawyer impressing himself upon the people. He then takes part in politics, becomes an able debater, crosses swords with Douglas and acquits himself with credit. Then he is elected President of the United States—the most trying honor that ever came to man. I shall attempt no eulogy here except to say that when the life of Abraham Lincoln went out, one of the greatest men of all the ages passed to his reward, and the best friend that the South had in all the North was lost for- ever. Mr. Clay pleaded for the cultivation of a broader patriotism. He said: *“We should encourage our patriotic societies; we should commemorate freedom’s battles; we should preserve freedom’s relics; we should build great expositions like this where we may gather and catch inspiration from the very fount of liberty. And above all we must make our country worthy of our love. There are many who say that our liberty can only be preserved by strengthening our Government—by increasing our standing army. I answer that this Government is not founded on force. It depends upon the love of its people, and though we had an army of a million men they would be few in number compared to the mighty hosts who would rush to its rescue in time of The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. danger. The people of the United States should know each other better, then they would recognize good whenever they saw it. The Vermonter must not be affected with color blind- ness when looking at his brother in the South. The South Carolinian must see something else in Massachusetts besides love of money and codfish balls. The Chicagoan must not think that murder is the only summer pastime in Kentucky, nor must the Kentuckian conclude that all meat from Chicago is spoiled. The New Yorker must not suppose that populism is the only thing that flourishes in the West, and the Westerner must not think that New York is simply a large menagerie composed principally of a varied asso'tment of bulls and bears.” The Association of the Seaboard Air Line Railway Surgeons met in Hall No. 2 in the Auditorium. Dr. J. M. Burke of Petersburg, Va., delivered the address of welcome on_ behalf of Virginia. Drakcel. Pearyen- es, Medical |\ Director of the Ex position, extended a greeting for the Company, and the President of the Asso ciation, Dr. W. A. Mon roe, of Stan- tordui Nx Ge delivered the annual PR oa ORE ee address. All of the paras: subsequent papers were scientific and technical. ‘The of- ficers for the year 1907-8 were: Chief Surgeon, Joseph M. Burke, Petersburg, Va.; President, Dr. L. S. Oppenheimer, Tampa, Fla.; First Vice-President, Dr. J. D. Dean, Dawson, Ga.; Second Vice- President, Dr. H. M. Wilder, Charlotte, N. C.; Third Vice- President, E. H. Terrell, Richmond, Va.; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. J. W. Palmer, Ailey, Ga. The State and National Food and Dairy Association met at the Inside Inn. ‘Through- out both the morning and afternoon sessions the necessity of a system of co-operation be- tween National, State and Municipal authori- ties was discussed. The Association adjourned July 19 after passing a resolution strongly urg- ing standardization and favoring uniform laws regarding the protection which should be afforded the people from food adulteration and requiring sanitary inspection of small local slaughter houses, creameries, restaurants and Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. hotels. “The most important clause in the reso- lution was the one aimed against certain pre- servatives which are now used, namely: be- tanaphthal, formaldehyde, salts of copper, salicylic acid, boric acid, benzoic acid, or the salts of any of these, and abrostal and saccharin. The Veterans of the Blue and the Gray held their annual re-union at the Auditorium. Dr. K. W. Ferguson of North Carolina, Assistant Surgeon-General of the organization, presided. This organization was formed in Atlanta, Georgia, March 29, 1906. Its pur- pose is to bring together in a spirit of brotherly love the remnants of the armies of Grant and Lee in order that there may be a complete union of the people of the North and South. July 17.—Orphans’ Day. The Tidewater Automobile Club evolved the idea of giving the orphans of Norfolk an outing at the Expo- sition, and they arranged with the authorities of St. Mary’s Orphan Asylum, the Holt Street Orphan Asylum, the Boys Home, and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty of Chil- dren, in order that all of Norfolk’s parentless children might enjoy the day. Every automo- bile in Norfolk and in Portsmouth was placed at the disposal of the committee and none of the little ones needed to use the trolley car. The motor carriages went through Norfolk with flags flying and horns honking. The National Council of Mothers provided everything in the way of a luncheon that the children could wish and down by the water or among the trees the children played games and generally enjoyed themselves. Later the Automobile Committee took the young folks to see the War Path shows—at least the principal spectacular shows, such as the “ Merrimac and Monitor,” the “101 Ranch” and the “ Destruction of San Francisco.” July 18.—Richmond Day at the Exposition was celebrated regally. The official party arrived at the Exposition shortly after ten THE ORPHANS OF NORFOLK VISITING THE EXPOSITION 228 Diary—Julvy. o'clock. On the train were the Mayor, the members of the two branches of the Richmond City Council and the heads of the various city departments. They reached the Inside Inn at eleven o'clock and were met by Governor Swanson and President Tucker. Before the arrival of the civic officials the Richmond Blues, resplendent in their gorgeous uniforms, were drawn up before the Inside Inn and hardly had they formed in line when the Howitzers ap- peared. Later a battalion of the Seventieth Regiment added to the soldiery. Before noon President Tucker es corted John Skelton Williams, the orator of the ayany ; Mayor Carlton McCar- thy and Gov- ernor Swan- son, to the Re- viewing Stand. The Rich mond of- ficials and the militia ae pears arthy presiaed at Hon. Cartton McCartHy 7 ae ae Mayor of Richmond no od rst 1 C President Tucker. Governor Swanson was the next speaker and he referred to the part that Richmond had played in the country’s history. John Skelton Williams, former President of the Seaboard Air Line, delivered a panegyric on Richmond. Mr. Williams said: “The earliest history of our community is identified, as that of no other city in the country is, with splendid self-sur- render, with pure purpose, with broad patriotism and lofty, consecrated courage. What other city can show a record so consistent of devotion, of love of freedom, of actual application of the instinct for the development of mankind to its best, of broad and comprehensive statesmanship> What other American city possesses such memorials as at one end, Bacon’s Quarter Branch, called for Nathaniel Bacon, who staked life and prop- erty and prospects of preferment and transient prosperity and power, for the assertion of the rights of the Virginia British citizens; at another end the humble sacred building in which Patrick Henry—that “ Forest-born Demosthenes, whose thunder shook the Philip of the seas ’—soared and thrilled and spoke words which have echoed around the wo:ld and through the many decades, and thrust his neck into the halter, proclaiming the inherent prerogatives of the free-born man? Bacon, in 1676, Patrick Henry, of Hanover, in 1775; Mason and the Bill of Rights, the resolution of the Virginia Convention which gave to the Revolution the inspiration expressed in the Declara- tion of Independence, drawn by another citizen closely asso- ciated with Richmond, are identified with the founding of the Republic. Washington planned to make the city the commercial metropolis of the country. Jeffe-son designed the capitol; Madison and Monroe debated there with their peers on the ot JOHN SKELTON WILLIAMS relation between state and federal governments; Randolph lived there, while Marshall, a citizen of Richmond, made the law and * gave meaning to the Constitution under which the great Republic , has lived and grown and been ordered.” Mr. Williams described the growth of Rich- mond, which he said was not of the mushroom variety. Coming down to the time of the Civil War, the speaker declared: “True to her traditions, Richmond was generally Whig and Union. Why should she not have been Union? Virginia had been the first State to propose a confederacy, or union, of the original states; really the birthplace of this Republic as Vir- ginia was the bi:thplace of the American people. Richmond was true to the country as it had been founded and as her people hoped for it. It is a curious fact that the capital of the Confederacy in 1861 sent to the State Convention the four delegates to which she was entitled, all Conservative and Union men. When Fort Sumter had been fired on, and President Lincoln forced the issue by calling on the State to send troops to subdue the seceding Confederate States, Richmond again was true to her traditions of loyalty to the right, of allegiance to her sister communities, disregarding ma- terial consideration, considering laws and truth and faith and principle as the things to be revered and obeyed. She voted as the State of Virginia voted to ratify the Ordinance of Secession. “Her citizens knew that she would be the first objective point from the Union capital, but one hundred and fourteen miles away as the people of Virginia knew that their soil would be the battleground and that the blood of her sons would drench it. Calmly, deliberately, in the fear of God, and of nothing else, faithfully seeking to discover where duty called and good faith required, the State and the City voted together and bared their breasts and dared the brunt of war at its fiercest.” SECOND INFANTRY KENTUCKY STATE GUARD—ON LEE’S PARADE RICHMOND DAY 229 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. The speaker dilated upon the growth of Richmond since the war and described the varied evidences of its industrial and material progress. Judge Alton B. Parker joined the Rich- mond party during the exercises, and after Mr. Williams ceased speaking the parade started. There were in line the Twenty-third U. S. Infantry, Twelfth Cavalry, Battery ‘‘ D,” Third U. S. Artillery, the Richmond Light In- fantry Blues, a Battalion of the Seventieth In- fantry, Second and Third Kentucky Regi- ments, Company © H,”’ First Georgia Infantry and the Richmond Howitzers. The Second Infantry Kentucky State Guard, Colonel J. Embry Allen commanding, arrived at 1:00 p. mM. There were seven hun- dred officers and men in the Regiment, which detrained and marched to camp. Without waiting to get anything to eat, tired, dusty and travel stained from their thirty-six hour journey they marched to the Exposition parade ground and took part in the grand review of Richmond Day. The swinging line of stalwart blue- shirted, khaki-trousered Kentuckians, looking like regulars just in from a fight, evoked great applause as they marched by the Reviewing Stand, their fine band playing “ My Old Ken- tucky Home.” The Regiment had daily drills in camp and a review in the afternoon on Lee Parade. On July 22 the whole Regiment was invited to visit Fortress Monroe. A steamboat was chartered to convey the troops. Colonel Harrison, the commandant of the Fort, together with his staff, met the visitors and every courtesy was shown them. On the same day a trip was made to the Norfolk Navy Yard, and to the battleship ‘‘ Missouri,’ and later Jamestown Island was visited. The Regiment disem- barked at the Island and drew up in the shadow of the Old Church. The soldiers then returned to camp after a day somewhat unique in the number of pleasurable experi- ences. On the staff of Colonel Allen were Lieutenant-Colonel E. W. Lillard, Adjutant A. P. Gilmour, Surgeon W. M. Offutt, Quar- termaster D. M. Mulligan, Commissary W. R. Sands and Chaplain W. T. Capers. July 19. Temperance Day was celebrated by the Virginia Division of the Woman’s Chris- tian Temperance Union. The opening prayer was offered by Mrs. R. H. Jones, one of the most active temperance workers in Virginia. Miss Annie Gordon of Evanston, spoke mainly to the children who were celebrating at the same time Sunday School D ae vise Kate Waller Barrett gave an enthusias- tic account \ of the work being done in the Expo- sition rest rooms. Mrs. Stephens of Portland, x Me., the President of the Union, spoke briefly and presented statistics to show what had been done by Maine Mrs. Lituan M. N. Stevens, 4s stamp out the Pres. Nat. W.C.T.U. | whiskey Mrs. Howarp M. Hoce Presi Vas We Cameos Miss ANNA A. GorDon Vice-Pres. Nat. W. C. T. U. traffic and declared that there was not a beer sign in her native city. One of the features of the day’s programme was the singing of three hundred school children who had been care- fully trained by Mrs. Lillian Shepperd of Nor- folk. They sang ““ My Country, ’tis of Thee ”’ at the opening, and then a song composed by Miss Willard, the late President of the National Union, “The Saloon Must Go.” From three o'clock until six a reception was given by the Norfolk County W. C. T. U. to the visiting representatives and a steady stream of callers poured into the welcome house. After the exercises in the Auditorium were concluded the children marched to Fort Boonesboro and listened to a speech by the Reverend Dr. Carter Helm Jones of Louisville, Ky., after the delivery of which the Honorable E.. Pendleton Jones of Hampton, made the ora- tion of the day. The Kentucky Reservation was chosen as the scene for the celebration be- cause it afforded a play ground for the children who, after the ceremonies, romped through the pine grove for the remainder of the afternoon. On the night of this day the electric fountain on Raleigh Square was for the first time put into operation. July 20.—The Fifth Regiment Infantry, CoLoneL Henry M. WarrFiELD “Fifth Maryland ” Diary—July. na wy Ne yg SANS, LAG eI S| National Guard, Maryland, one of the best known militia organizations in the United States, went into camp on Saturday morning and remained at the Exposition until the after- noon of the twenty-seventh. The Fifth Mary- land was organized in 1867 and the leading spirits at the time of its formation were men who had seen active service in the Confederate Army. ‘The distinctive gray full dress uniform, the easy style of marching and the swinging step of the Regiment never failed to revive memories of the flower of Southern chivalry. Most of the first members have passed away but their traditions remain. Like the Seventh Regiment, New York, the Fifth Maryland is more than a Regiment—it 1s a high-class social club, yet it has seen active service not only in riots but in the Spanish-American War. Dur- ing the encampment, battalion drills were held on Lee Parade each morning at seven o'clock and a regimental parade at seven in the even- ing. The splendid bearing of the men clad in their striking full dress uniforms, white cross- belts and white duck trousers never failed to arouse enthusiasm when they appeared on Lee’s Parade. The picture they presented was made still more attractive by the contrasting splen- dor of their red-coated band of forty pieces and their drum corps of thirty-two. During the encampment at the Exposition the Fifth was commanded by Colonel Henry M. War- field, who, shortly afterward, was appointed her (8 "8 4s oi A Tye em NPS ab! 4 -, ep EN SO ear ie Se BH LS yee ST Pvt GF Oe: ¥ if PS OFFICERS FIFTH REGIMENT MARYLAND NATIONAL GUARD MARYLAND ” Adjutant-General of Maryland and was succeeded by Colonel C. Baker Clotworthy. COLONEL C. BAKER CLOTWORTHY Who succeeded Colonel Warfield who had been Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regi- ment. Among the social features which marked The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. the stay of the men from Maryland was a re- ception given by President Tucker and Mrs. Tucker at their house in Norfolk and an of- ficers’ hop given by the officers of the regiment at the Exposition Grounds. July 22.—The Association of the Officials of the Bureau of Labor Statisticians of America met at the Inside Inn and remained in session until the twenty-seventh. Second Vice-Presi- dent J. D. Beck presided. Mr. Tucker wel- comed the delegates to the Exposition and Mayor Riddick performed a similar pleasing duty for the city of Norfolk. The first address was delivered by the Honorable T. V. Pow- derly, Chief of the Division of Information of the Bureau of Immigration. Among other things Mr. Powderly said: “Tt is my belief that the scope of the Division of Informa- tion should be broadened so as to admit of the establishment of agencies of the Division in our large industrial centers, where a man seeking work may apply for information as to where he can find it. To establish such agencies and make them useful, full and accurate information, up to date in char- acter, should be in the possession of our agents. In our large industrial centers where labor is congested, officials of labor organizations, being in close touch with the situation, could co-operate without difficulty in notifying these agencies of the number of men who are seeking employment, and with good, active men conducting these branches, it would be their duty to ascertain just how many men, and of what trades, were seeking work.” Mr. Powderly’s paper was afterwards dis- cussed by several commissioners, notably Mr. Johnson of Kansas, and Mr. Dougherty of Virginia. Colorado, Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Wisconsin presented reports through their several Commissioners of Labor. Reports by mail were received from Charles P. Neill, U. S. Commissioner of Labor, describing what had been done by the United States Bureau during the past year, and from the Labor Commissioners of Connecticut, Cali- fornia, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Washing- ton and West Virginia, detailing current work in their departments. Elks Day. More than one thousand mem- bers of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks were the guests of the Exposition. The feature of the occasion was the address of the new Grand Exalted Ruler, John K. Tener of Chileroy, Pa. Mr. Tener was introduced by Past Exalted Ruler, W. H. Venable of the Norfolk Lodge. The Elks had just held their Grand Lodge meeting in Philadelphia and the party which visited the Exposition came down on a chartered train. The Elks visited all of the exhibit buildings and closely inspected the features of the War Path. They had an elaborate luncheon at the Swiss Village and put themselves immediately on good terms with everybody at the Fair. They greeted strangers with “ Hello Bill,” and replied cheerily to a similar salutation. While in Norfolk they were the guests of the local lodge who were represented by the following strong committee: Exalted Ruler C. W. Todd, Past Exalted Ruler I. Walke Truxtun, Past Exalted Ruler W. H. Venable, Past Exalted Ruler Lennie Gunn and E. F. Jakeman. July 23.—The Association of Surgeons of the Atlantic Coast Line Railway met at the Auditorium and elected officers for the ensuing year: President, H. B. Thomas, M.D., of Wil mington; V ice-Presi dent, J. H. McIntosh, MDAot Crore bia; Sec- ond Vice- SP ress a dent, J. Fie eat man, M. D-, Jack= sonville; Tehased Vice-Pres ident, C. R. Ogles bys, Meeps of Waycross, Ga.:; Secre- tary and Treasurer, M. M. Mo ae ete mieten ran, M. D., of Pinners Point; Va., the last named officer being re-elected. A num- ber of matters interesting to surgeons were dis- cussed, probably the most important being the treatment of shocks resulting from wrecks and other railway accidents. ‘The principal con- tributor to this discussion was Dr. Southgate Leigh of Norfolk, a former President of the Association, and one of the best known phy- siclans in the service of the Coast Line. Dr. Leigh urged that extreme care be taken in cases of this character and that amputation be not too readily performed. He declared that it was often possible to save limbs so badly injured that at first sight amputation might have seemed imperative and that if in the emergency instru- ment cases of railway surgeons there should be plenty of antiseptics and sufficient bandages, the knife treatment might be delayed without serious harm in almost all cases and sometimes might be avoided entirely. “wo other papers of importance read at the first day were “ The Use of Morphine and Hyoscine as an Anes- thetic,” and ““ How to Give Evidence in Rail- way Suits ”’—the former by Dr. M. Monroe Moran and the latter by Dr. L. H. Jennings. The Association remained in session three days. July 25.—The First Regiment National Guard of South Carolina, Colonel W. W. Lewis commanding, arrived at Camp Captain John Smith at 1:30 Pp. m. The camp was already established and in readiness to receive the men. The Fifth Maryland occupied the adjoming camp and in his report Captain P. K. McCully, Jr., Captain and Adjutant of the South Carolina Regiment, paid a tribute to the courtesies extended by the Maryland Regi- ment to the later arrivals. ‘The routine while in camp consisted of regimental and battalion drills from 7:00 to 8:00 a. M., and dress parade at 6:30 P. M., the remainder of the time being devoted to sight-seeing by those who were not detained in camp on official duty. A re- view and inspection by General J. C. Boyd, the Adjutant-General of South Carolina, was the only distinctive and special military feature of the encampment. There were four hundred and ninety-seven officers and men in Colonel Lewis’ command and the report of the Ad- jutant states: “*In dispensing with the usual annual encampment with its ceaseless routine 232 OFFICERS FIRST REGIMENT SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD and really hard work and allowing the Regi- ment instead to visit Jamestown for a period of ten days, wise foresight was shown by the authorities, notwithstanding the fact that the educational feature from a military standpoint amounted to practically nothing.” The Swimming Championships of the Ama- teur Athletic Union.* There were nine events the first day. Fifty yard Junior race was won by J. W. Lawrence, New York Athletic Club, 29 sec- onds. R. Quaile, Chicago Athletic Associa- tion, second; Mr. Nelson of Baltimore, third. Eight hundred and eighty-eight yard Senior —Budd Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, 13 minutes, 2 2-5 seconds. H. J. Handy, Chicago, second; J. W. Spencer, New York Athletic Club, third. One hundred yard Senior—C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, | minute, 3 2-5 seconds. C. D. Trubenbach, New York Ath- GROUP AT A. A. U. SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS, JAMESTOWN, 1, Cuas. J. Dieces; O’CaLLacHaN; 8, JoHN J. Krart; 9, W. H. Rosertson; 14, L. Boyp; 15, H. Brown; 16, F. S. NAETHING; Lawrence; 27, L. B. Goopwin; 28, 32, Water LEE; 33, Cart RIEMER. 20) | ME OTERRE TT sega. CADICKEY+e 4.) La ba RILEY: 11, Bartow S. WEEks; 17, E. E. WeENck, Jr.; Mason; 21, E. H. Trusensacu; 22, J. A. Ruppy; 23, James STEEN; C. M. Daniets; 29, V. pEP. Goopwin; letic Club, second; J. W. Lawrence, New York Athletic Club, third. Fifty yards, Junior Back—R. Quaile, Chi- cago Athletic Association, 37 4-5 seconds; C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, sec- ond; Mr. Mengel, Yale Swimming Associa- tion, third. Junior Plunge—C. Healy, Chicago Athletic Association, 66 feet; C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 61 feet, | inch, second; W. A. Abbey, Princeton, 58 feet, third. Four hundred and forty yards Junior—D. Hesser, New York Athletic Club, 6 minutes, 55 2-5 seconds; George Gaidzik, Chicago Athletic Association, second; W. Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, third. Junior Diving—W. A. Abbey, Princeton, 135 points; J. A. Ruddy, New York Athletic Club, 100 points; C. D. Trubenbach, New York Athletic Club, 30 points. One hundred yards Senior, Back—H. J. FRETERT 1907 5 Ene be FIAUBOLD 320, “ALBERT Fess; 7, Le 12, J. E. Suttivan; 13, Otro WaAHLE; [Se Re OuAnER EO. Elan le levons: «20 G. ©: 24, W. Aspey; 25, H. Wuittaker; 26, J. W. 30, C. D. TrusensacH; 31, Davin HEsser; * These records were compiled by the Championship Commitles of the A. A. U. under whose sanction the events were held and were furnished through the courtesy of Spalding’s Athletic Library.—Ep. 933 on The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Handy, unattached, Chicago, | minute, 23 seconds; R. Laughlin, Chicago Athletic Association, second; R. Quaile, Chicago Ath- letic Association, third. Relay Race—New York Athletic Club. July 26.—There were seven events on the second day: Fifty yards Senior—C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 26 minutes, 2-5 seconds; J. W. Lawrence, New York Athletic Club, second; Mr. Nelson, Baltimore, third. Eight hundred and eighty yards Junior— Mr. Mengal, Yale Swimming Association, 16 minutes, 1-5 seconds; George Gaidzik, Chi- cago Athletic Association, W. A. Abbey, Princeton, tie. One hundred yards Junior—Mr. Nelson, Baltimore, | minute, 8 2-5 seconds; W. Good- win, New York Athletic Club, second; R. Quaile, Chicago Athletic Association, third. Fifty yards Junior, Breast—R. Laughlin, Chicago Athletic Association, 3 minutes, 37 3-5 seconds; W. Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, second; C. D. Trubenbach, New York Athletic Club, third. Two hundred and twenty yards Senior—C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 3 min- utes, 13 4-5 seconds; Budd Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, second; C. D. Truben- bach, New York Athletic Club, third. Two hundred yards Senior, Breast—S. J. Handy, Chicago Athletic Association, 3 min- utes, 17 3-5 seconds; W. Stern, Chicago Ath- letic Association, second; W. Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, third. One mile Senior—H. J. Handy, Chicago Athletic Association, 29 minutes, 20 4-5 sec- onds; E. E. Wenck, Jr., New York Athletic Club, second; J. W. Spencer, New York Ath- letic Club, third. July 27.—Six events were scheduled for the third day. One mile Junior—W. Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, 32 minutes, 28 seconds; W. A. Abbey, Princeton, second; Wm. Loehde, Chi- cago, third. Four hundred and forty yards, Senior—C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 6 minutes, 26 4-5 seconds; L. B. Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, second; C. D. Truben- bach, New York Athletic Club, third. Two hundred and twenty yards Junior—R. Quaile, Chicago, 3 minutes, 8 2-5 seconds; W. Goodwin, New York Athletic Club, second; F. Naething, New York Athletic Club, third. Senior Diving—George Gaidzik, Chicago, 223 points; T. O’Callaghan, New York Ath- letic Club, 192 points; Walter Lee, 187 points. Senior Plunge—C. Healy, Chicago, 67 feet; C. M. Daniels, New York Athletic Club, 61 feet, 3 inches; R. Laughlin, Chicago Ath- letic Association, 57 feet. 3 inches. Water Polo—New York Athletic Club. July 28.—The Brazilian Squadron com- manded by Rear-Admiral Huet de Bacellar sailed at eleven o'clock in the morning. On the previous evening Senor Gurgel do Amaral, Counselor of the Brazilian Embassy at Wash- ington and at that time Chargé d’Affaires, gave a banquet in honor of the departing Brazilian Admiral at the Lynnhaven Hotel. The toasts began with a health to the President of the United States and closed with a similar good wish to the President of Brazil. Among the speakers of the evening were the host, the guest of honor, Rear-Admiral Harrington, President Tucker of the Exposition, and Mayor Riddick of Norfolk. The most important address was made by the Honorable John Barrett, Director of the Bureau of American Republics who had journeyed from Washington especially to attend the dinner, and bore with him a message of cordial good will to Brazil, to her President and to her navy from President Roosevelt and Sec- retary of State Root. The Marine Band from the flagship “ Riachuelo”’ rendered an excel- lent programme during dinner. Among the guests of Senor do Amaral were Rear-Admiral P. F. Harrington, Captain Harber, command- ing the U. S. S. “ Maine,”’ Lieutenant-Com- mander Terhune, U. S. N., Lieutenant Dun- can Wood, U. S. N., aide to Admiral Berry, Honorable John Barrett, Honorable Harry St. George Tucker, Honorable James S. Riddick, Honorable S. S. Nottingham and Honorable Barton Myers, Vice-Consul for Brazil. Ac- companying Admiral de Bacellar were Captain A. Cavalcanti de Oliveira commanding the “ Riachuelo;’” Captain Joao Pereira Leite, commanding the “ Barroso; Commander Altino de Miranda Correa of the “ Tamoyo,” and other officers from the Brazilian warships. With Senor do Amaral were E. F. Shermont, Secretary of the Brazilian Embassy, and Lieutenant Radler, Naval Attaché of the Em- bassy. July 30.—The formal dedication of the Women’s Building occurred at 11:00 A. M. Reverend Calvin S. Blackwell of Norfolk, and the Reverend Mr. George of Alabama, offered prayers. Addresses were made by Mrs. Kate — Waller Barrett of the Florence Crittenden Mis- sion, and Miss Bonney of the King’s Daugh- ters. Rear-Admiral P. F. Harrington, U. S. N., retired, made a speech which caused some- what of a stir. He stated that he distinctly dis- approved of the abolishment of the army can- teen. He said he believed in that institution for it had many virtues which were not to be misunderstood or underrated, and he expressed his positive conviction that its abandonment had created intemperance of a far worse nature than its use had ever caused. Representatives of the societies having headquarters in the Build- ing acted as hostesses on the occasion. Among these societies thus represented were the National Council of Jewish Women, the King’s Daughters, the Woman’s Christian Temper- ance Union, the Florence Crittenden Mission and the Lady Maccabees of the World. The Virginia Bar Association met at the In- side Inn and continued in session for three days. John Garland Pollard of Richmond, Chairman of the Executive Committee, called the Asso- ciation to order at 11:00 A. M., and presented 234 Diary—Julv. ALLEN CAPERTON BRAXTON, of Staunton, President Allen Caperton Braxton of Staunton, the Presi- dent, who read his annual address. Mr. Brax- ton stated that President Tucker of the Exposi- tion had invited the Association to attend the celebration of House of Burgesses’ Day, which would begin in the Auditorium at twelve o'clock, and the Association adjourned for this purpose. Aside from business of a routine nature, a number of instructive and forceful addresses signalized this convention. The Honorable John R. Dos Passos of New York, who spoke on “ The Results and Responsibili- ties of Our Representative Democracy,” said: “The histories which fill our libraries are simply records of the rise and fall of political institutions. Undismayed, un- discouraged, and untaught by unsuccessful attempts to per- petuate monarchies, aristocracies, or democracies, whose skeletons lie bleaching on both sides of the path of history, we are still hopefully working on the insoluble problems. Unhappily, it is man’s fate. “Tis destiny unshunable like death, that he should be a member of some kind of political organization, and as one disappears in the abyss of revolution, destruction or con- quest, another rises out of its ashes. At the apex—can we say ?—of a civilization, ushered in by the birth of Christianity, we find ourselves, to-day, members of a representative democracy which in point, at least, of natural resources, accumulated wealth, and in a genuine effort on the part of its founders to secure liberty, equality and fraternity to its people, is the great- est government upon the globe. All of this should impel us as guardians of our own welfare, and that of our descendants, to put forth our best and most sincere efforts to maintain it in its pristine vigor; quite apart from the responsibility which rests upon us as members of the American Bar.” The speaker mentioned other federations similar to the United States—the Achaian League which was formed about two hundred and eighty-one years before Christ, and existed for one hundred and thirty-five years; the Swiss Cantons which began a political existence in 1291 which has survived until the present time, and the seven United Provinces of the Nether- lands, dating from 1579 to 1795. He de- scribed the conditions under which our federa- tion was formed, and said that the Constitution of the United States, so far at least as it united the thirteen States in a confederation, was an original work, for Madison’s and Hamilton’s impressions of the Greek Federation were 995 “oF wrong, as they had based their opinions mainly upon the work of Abbe Mably, who con- founded the Amphictyonic Council—a purely religious institution—with the Achaian League, the real political confederacy. Mr. Dos Passos emphasized that the first great event in our national life, from a standpoint of an inquiry into a federative government, arose from the contention as to whether the agreement was perpetual, or whether the States had a right to withdraw, and it was finally decided to the present satisfaction of all sections that the League was perpetual. He continued: “We have come down to the 20th century with one issue irrevocably settled, with a Constitution speckled all over by judicial construction—in the main, happily, sustaining the theories of its makers, and with the widest and most illimitable paths of glory and prosperity seemingly open to us. It is propitious at such a time to make a real introspection of our political condition. We have traveled at a terrific pace in our national life and development, compressing by electricity, steam and mode:n appliances, centuries into years. The laws of political wisdom and health would seem to insist that we pause for a new breath.” “What are the results and the responsibili- ties of our representative democracy >” enquired Mr. Dos Passos. He spoke upon the value of citizenship and the prestige it conferred, to- gether with the obligations it entailed, and he argued that it were well to shut the gates to indiscriminate citizenship, which carries with it the right of suffrage. He said: “We must begin to establish a real American union, of Americans only, fully imbued with true American principles, which means citizens who understand, value and respect the absolute rights of individuals—the personal security of life, limb, body and reputation, of holding private property without diminution, and personal liberty, or the right of free locomotion without illegal restraint or banishment. I did, at one time, indulge in a dream of interchangeable citizenship between this and all other countries, where the English law and the English language govern. I believe such a step would insure peace bet- ter than the paper resolves of a Hague Peace Congress, and advance the interests of Christianity and civilization. So long as this thought, however, hovers around the world as an un- realized dream, I would strengthen and solidify the American nation so that it can, if necessary, alone, take care of and advance its own destiny.” He spoke of the administration of New Y ork City and claimed that it made no difference what political flag waved over the City Hall— Democratic, Republican or Reform—the aim of the controlling faction was always plunder. The regulation of citizenship he regarded as the first problem of democracy, and as the second the regulation of commerce, which, he claimed, should be entrusted more largely to the federal government; yet he argued strongly against centralization, for he said if we are to have centralization, ignorance, apathy and inattention become virtues in the eyes of those who manage the nation. We are then all governed from a central point and the farther removed from it the less interest we take in the government. The Honorable Allen Caperton Braxton, President of the Association, discussed the Eleventh Amendment. ‘The speaker main- tained: “The Constitution means whatever the Supreme Court may say it means; and except in the respects in which it has been definitely and conclusively construed by that august tribunal, any man would be rash to risk important action upon what he thinks it means on almost any subject. For this reason I have long thought that the American government owes its greatness as much or mosre to the constructive genius of Chief Justice Marshall and the other great judges of the Supreme Court, than to the entire Convention of 1787.” Mr. Braxton reviewed the attempts to bring before the Federal Court cases in which a State was party to the suit and the objection which octet Srv net i egies tmain eased mate iota esneaanencen eee tees te elisha nepecicisaments MEMBERS OF THE VIRGINIA BAR ASSOCIATION Diary—Julv. had been urged against forcing a State into the position of a defendant. ‘The speaker related that this Amendment which had been sent by Congress to the States for ratification in Jan- uary, | 794, was still undecided four years later. By some States it had been ratified, by others ignored, and up to January, 1798, it was not known whether it had been ratified by a suf- ficient number to make it effective, although, in the meantime, quite a number of suits had been brought by individuals in the Supreme Court against various States; but public sentiment on the subject having been manifested so positively, no one had the hardihood to press these suits. By February, 1798, it was known that the Amendment was a part of the Constitution and the Supreme Court dismissed all suits then pend- ing against States in which individuals were claimants. Richard Evelyn Byrd of Winchester, discussed the “ Prov- ince of the Court on Jury Tnals;” Don P. Halsey of Lynch- burg, the “ Limits of Centralization,” and Lewis H. Machen of Alexandria, the “Duty of the State to Diminish Divorce.” The officers elected at this meeting for 1907-1908, were: President, Wyndham R. Meredith, Rich- mond, Va.; Vice- Presidents, Don P. Halsey, J. Norment Powell, Richard E. Byrd, Charles T. Las- siter and Louis C. Phillips; Secretary Served Ohio and Treasurer, John —Four times HONORABLE JOSEPH WARREN KEIFER Volunteers in field in Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet-Brigadier and Major-General wounded—Member Ohio Senate your footsteps and joins you fervently to-day in this great feast commemorating the birth of the legislative power in the American world. In the midst of this great joy, my dear colleagues, a hid- den tear finds its way to the very bottom of my heart. And this tear condenses the grievances of a million men born in America, of the Porto Rican people, who three centuries after the proclamation of this great doctrine by Virginia, have not yet received the justice due to them, and they are now paying taxes which the country does not vote, and yet, gentlemen, our country is one of the New World and lives under the same redeeming flag which floats over Virginia and over the other States of the American Union. Do you know, gentlemen, that we live under a constitution which establishes two legislative houses, and that one of these, the executive council, equal to the Senate, is not elected by the people, but is nominated by the executive power ? Do you know that the majority of its members are not Porto Ricans? Do you know that to this majority belong the chiefs of the executive department, who are thus members of the executive and legislative power both? I am not attacking persons, I am merely speaking against such a system of govern- ment. We have had and have now, good officials, as we have had bad ones, and as we may have them again while the Porto Rican people are condemned to rely on the justice or charity of different officials, and not under the majesty of Republican laws. Bear with me, gentlemen, and hear my protest, which is conveyed in sentiments of respect and love. I am the Speaker of the House of Delegates of Porto Rico, and Porto Rico be- longs to the United States, and yet, gentlemen, | am not an American citizen and cannot be a citizen of any other country. If now I had to de- clare my intention of becom- ing a citizen of the United States I could not do so, not having any nationality to re- nounce my fidelity to it, which is absurd and _ paradoxical, like everything else in the po- litical system imposed upon Porto Rico without the con- sent of its people. We have proportionately greater riches and a larger number of schools than the in- habitants of the old English Colonies when they established this Republic and _ started to make it the most liberal and powerful Nation of the earth. We have had no wars, and therefore, we have no strong hatred and reckless ambition; we are the friends of peace and order; we admire and love the United States; we have been born in America 1861-1865 as Major, 1868-1869— B. Minor, Richmond, Va. First Assembly Dav. Three notable Department Commander Ohio G. A. R. 1868-1870—Vice- Commander in Chief G. A. R. 1871-1872—Member Congress 1877-1885 and 1905-1909—Speaker 1881-1883—Appointed and served 1898-1899 as Major-General Volunteers in War with Spain. and we have a right to be free. We desire to become citizens of the United States or citizens of Porto Rico, in either case with all the rights addresses featured the commemoration of the first meeting of the House of Burgesses of Virginia. ‘These were delivered by former Vice-President of the United States, Honorable Adlai E. Stevenson; former Speaker of the House of Representa- tives, Honorable J. Warren Keifer, and the present Speaker of the Porto Rican House of Representatives, Honorable José de Diego. Each of these speeches was important and well worthy of the occasion, the address of the dis- tinguished Porto Rican visitor being an espe- cially interesting oration, and a wonderfully strong plea for home rule in Porto Rico. He said: I have crossed the seas, coming from my country to Jamestown, in order to bring to Virginia and to all the merican nation the fraternal salutation of the Porto Rican people. Salve, Virginia! cradle of the United States and birth- place of Washington, my little island, resting in the Gulf of Mexico, as in a mother’s bosom, extols your glory, follows in 237 accompanying a national soy- ereignty. The United States have the right to study the Porto Rican problem, the problem of its colonies, during a _ reasonable period of time before they are ready to come to a decision. We ought and we wish to wait, but not oppressed and with words of protest on our lips, but in the satisfying enjoyment of peace and liberty, which are the greatest blessings of the people. We desire now, home rule; our own government; two legislative houses elected by the people; a governor appointed by the President of the United States, and the chiefs of depart- ments, selected by the governor, with the consent of our Senate; a system of government justly joining the Federal and insular sovereignty. A transitory system and a system of hope. The United States could, later on, decide the question of our political life and destinies and we would accept the final will of the Ameri- can nation as we have an absolute faith in the redeeming mis- sion which Heaven has entrusted to the American people. Gentlemen, you must pardon me for telling you these things, but the people of Porto Rico have sent me to say these things to you here in Virginia, Mother Virginia, creator of States and founder of a Nation. The address of the Honorable J. Warren Keifer dealt with the House of Burgesses and the development of the legislative bodies of America. He said: The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. “When the House of Burgesses first met here it was not endowed with free constitutional liberty to make laws, but it came into existence in a permissive way through charter decree of the King of England, and its laws were subject to ratification or rejection by him and the London Company in England, but notwithstanding this its enactments were, in general, instantly put in force. “ This body met one year before (1620) the * Mayflower ” sailed with its Puritan band from Southampton, destined to land at Plymouth Rock, and while Virginia was the sole British colony on the continent of America. It met and inaugurated legislative power before (August, 1619) the intro- duction of negro slavery in the English-American colonies, but for the introduction and toleration of slavery in America it was not responsible. “The Jamestown colony was, before and in 1619, in a low state, and but for the prescient wisdom of Sir Edwin Sandys, Treasurer of the London Company, and the courage, energy and justice of Sir George Yeardley, recently sent to the colony as its Governor, it would have become extinct, through death and desertion. Of the first emigrants who had reached the colony not above one in twenty were alive. “ History tells us that prior to Yeardley’s coming ‘ the people of Virginia had not been settled in their minds,’ and that few But almost coin- * ninety women had ventured to cross the Atlantic. cident with the meeting of the House of Burgesses agreeable persons, young and incorrupt’ were transported to the colony at the expense of the London Company where they were married to men who defrayed the cost of their passage, which was rig- orously demanded. And the next year (1620) we are told “sixty were actually dis- ‘patched, maids of virtuous education, young, handsome and well recommended, and that ‘the price of each rose from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco, or even more.’ ”” He told about the various charters which had been granted to Virginia and of Sir George Yeardley’s opportune appointment as Governor of Vir- ginia, who, when he came, bore with him commissions and. in- structions for the bet- ter establishment of a colonial common- wealth, and he quoted Copyright, to transact business, and there was little talk, and no filibuster- ing. The body early dealt with subjects nearest to their inter- ests and such as related to their consciences and immediate welfare. It forbade taxation or “impositions upon the colony, their lands or commodities otherways than by authority of the General Assembly. A law provided that no man_ should “dispose of any tobacco before the minister be satisfied.’ The pillory was re-established as a mode of punishment, proc- lamations ‘for swearing and drunkenness are confirmed.’ ” He told how the act of Yeardley in bring- ing into existence the House of Burgesses was solemnly confirmed two years later by a written constitution, and he said concerning the Vir- ginia legislature: “This House of Burgesses was a political training ground of the greatest patriots of all the ages. Therein men of the purest motives, though imbued by natural birthright and con- sanguinity with loyalty to the crown of England, when oppres- sion reached a limit no longer to be tolerated by a proud and self-respecting people, promulgated to the world the natural rights of man, collectively and individually, in organized goy- e-nment, and proclaimed that equal liberty under law, which mankind had a right to enjoy, and which, when denied to a people they, of right, might rebel, cast off the oppressor and institute a government of their own formation.” He quoted the Vir- ginia Bill of Rights adopted by the House of Burgesses of Vir- ginia twenty-one days before July 4, 1776— a document which em- bodied the principles of human liberty es- sentially as later they were embodied in the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and he said: “No panegyric is too great for this declaration; it com- prehends the fundamental principles of freedom to civ- ilized man, and is as immuta- ble as the ten commandments given to the world by God, through Moses amid the thun- der of Sinai.” Former Vice-Pres- ident Adlai E. Stev- enson said in part: COPYRIcHyY IFOP BY Moffett. the proclamation of HONORABLE. ADLAI EWING STEVENSON “An _Minoisan is no ; Member of Congress 1875-1877 and 1879-1881—Delegate ‘St’anger within the conhnes o V Oo 8 n g : this great Governor to National Democratic Conventions 1884-]1892—First Assistant ae oe Dominion. We the effect: Postmaster-General 1885-1889—Vice-President U. S. A,, have not forgotten, we cannot “ “That the cruel laws by which the an- cient planters had so long been governed, were now abrogated, and that they were to be governed by those free laws which his majesty’s subjects lived under in England.’ Also, ‘ That the planters might have a hand in governing themselves, it was granted that a general assembly should be held vearly once, whereat were to be present the governor and council with two burgesses from each plantation, freely to be elected by the inhabitants thereof, this assembly to have power to make and ordain whatsoever laws and orders should by them be thought good and profitable for their subsistence.’ ”’ Speaking of the Assembly which was elected in conformity with the proclamation, he said: “ The Burgesses in session constituted a miniature parliament of about twenty members, mainly bluff planters, yet in silk coats. The Governor and Council, who were only entitled to participate in the debates, sit in the choir brilliant with gaudy waistcoats and gold lace. The Speaker, Clerk and Sergeant-at- Arms sit facing them and the Assembly. The sessions were 1893-1897—1897 appointed Member of Commission to Burope to try to secure international Bimetallism—Democratic Nominee for Vice-President U. S. forget, that the territory now embraced in five magnificent commonwealths, bordering upon the Ohio and the Mis- sissippi, were at a crucial period of our history the generous gift of Virginia to the general government. A gift that in splendid statesmanship and in far-reaching consequence has no counterpart; one which at the pivotal moment made possible the ratification of the Articles of Confederation—the sure forecast of © the more perfect Union” yet to follow. Illinois—one of the greatest of the commonwealths to which I have alluded—can never forget that it was a Virginian, George Rogers Clark, who in the darkest days of the Revolution, led the expedition—' worthy of mention’ as was said by John Randolph, ‘with that of Hannibal in Italy —by which the ancient capital, Kaskaskia, was captured, the British flag deposed, and Illinois taken pos- session of in the name of the commonwealth, whose governor, Patrick Henry, had authorized the masterful conquest. Nor can it be forgotten that the deed of cession, by which Illinois became part and parcel of the general government bears—as commissioners upon the part of Virginia—the honored names of Arthur Lee, James Monroe and Thomas Jefferson. Is it to be wondered then, Mr. Speaker, that a magnificent IlIlinois Building adorns the grounds of the Jamestown Exposition, and that Illinois hearts everywhere beat in unison with yours in the celebration of one of the epoch-marking days of all the ages? “The time, sir, is propitious for setting history aright. This Exposition will not have been in vain if the fact is crystallized into history yet to be written, that the first settlement by English- speaking people—just three centuries ago—upon this continent, was at Jamestown. And _ that here, self-government—in its crude form, but none the less self-government—had its 1900. 238 Diary—Julv-A ugust. historical. beginning. Truly has it been said by an eminent writer of your own State that “prior to December, 1620, the colony of Virginia had become so firmly established, and self- government in precisely the same form which existed up to the Revolution throughout the English colonies had taken such firm root thereon, that it was beginning to affect not only the people, but the government of Great Britain.’ In the old church at Jamestown, on July 30, 1619, was held the first legislative assembly of the New World—the historic House of Burgesses. It consisted of twenty-two members and its con- stituencies were the several plantations of the colony. A speaker was elected, the session opened with prayer, and the oath of supremacy duly taken. The Governor and Council occupied the front seats and the members of the Body, in accordance with the custom of the British Parliament, wore their hats during the sessions.” He quoted the words of Bancroft, referring to the perpetual interest which attaches to the first elective body that ever assembled in the Western World: “Tt is to us to-day, a matter of profound gratitude that these, the earliest American law-givers, were eminently worthy their high vocation. While confounding in some degree, the separate functions of government as abstractly defined at a later day by Montesquieu, and eventually put in concrete form in our fundamental laws, state and federal, it is none the less true that these first legislators clearly discerned their inher- ent rights as a part of the English-speaking race. More im- portant still, a perusal of the brief records they have left, impresses the conviction that they were no strangers to the underlying fact that the people are the true source of political power. ‘The evidence whereof is to be found in the scant records of their proceedings—a priceless heritage of all future generations. And first—and fundamental in all legislative assemblies—they asserted the absolute right to determine as to the election and qualifications of members. Grants of land were asked not only for the planters, but for their wives “as equally important parts of the colony.’ It was wisely provided that of the natives “the most towardly boys in wit and _ the graces” should be educated and set apart to the work of con- verting the Indians to the Christian religion; stringent penalties were attached to idleness, gambling and drunkenness; excess in apparel was prohibited by heavy taxation; encouragement was given to agriculture in all its known forms; while con- ceding ‘the commission of privileges’ brought over by the new governor as their fundamental law, yet with the liberty guarding instinct of their race, they kept the way open for seeking redress, “in case they should find aught not perfectly squaring with the state of the colony.’ No less important were the enactments regulating the dealings of the colonists with the Indians. Yet to be mentioned and of transcendent importance, was the claim of the Burgesses ‘to allow or disallow’ at their own good pleasure all orders of the court of the London Company. And deeply significant was the declaration of these representatives of three centuries ago, that their enactments were instantly to be put in force, without waiting for their ratification in England. And not to be forgotten is the stu- pendous fact that while the battle with the untamed forces of nature was yet waging, and conflict with savage foe of constant recurrence, these legislators provided for the mainte- nance of public worship, and took the initial steps for the establishment of an institution of learning. It is not too much to say that the hour that witnessed these enactments, witnessed the triumph of the popular over the court party; in no unim- portant sense the first triumph of the American colonists over kingly prerogative. Looking through the mists of the mighty past, Mr. Speaker,* to the House of Burgesses over which your first predecessor presided, would it be out of place to apply to that assemblage the historic words spoken of one of a later period: ‘Nobles by the right of an earlier creation, and priests by the imposition of a mightier hand!’ ” He concluded his speech by saying: “What a grand factor Virginia has been in all that per- tains to human government in this western world during the past three centuries! From the pen of one of her illustrious sons, George Mason, came the ‘Bill of Rights ’—now in its essentials embedded by the early amendments into our federal constitution, from that of another, not alone the great Declara- tion, but the statutes securing for his own State religious free- dom, and the abolition of primogeniture—the detested legacy of British ancestors. His sword returned to its scabbard with the achievement of the independence of the colonies, and the mission of Washington was yet but half accomplished. To garner up the fruits of successful Revolution by enduring stable government was the task demanding the loftiest statesmanship. The five years immediately succeeding our first Treaty of Peace with Great Britain have been truly defined ‘ our period of greatest peril.’ It was fortunate indeed that Washington was called to preside over the historic Convention of '87, and that his spirit—a yearning for an indissoluble Union of the States—permeated all its deliberations. Fortunate indeed that in its councils was his colleague and friend the constructive statesman, James Madison. Inseparably associated for all time with the formulation and interpretation of the great Covenant are the names of two illustrious Virginians—for all the ages illustrious Americans—Madison, the Father; and Marshall, the Expounder of the Constitution. “Tt remained to another son of this first Commonwealth from the high place to which he had been chosen, to enunciate in trenchant words at a crucial moment a national policy which under the designation of the ‘Monroe Doctrine’ has been the common faith of three generations of his countrymen, and is to remain the enduring bar to the establishment of monarch- ical government upon this western hemisphere. “My countrymen, the little settlement planted just *three centuries ago near the spot upon which we have to-day assem- bled, has under Divine guidance grown into a mighty nation. Eighty millions of people proud of local traditions and achieve- ments, yet looking beyond the mere confines of their distinctive commonwealths, find their chief glory in being citizens of the great Republic. The mantle of peace is over our own land, and our accredited representatives in the World’s Conference at this auspicious hour are outlining a policy that looks to the establishment of enduring peace among all the nations. To-day, inspired by the sublime lessons of the event we celebrate, with hearts of gratitude to God for all He hath vouchsafed to our fathers and to us in the past, let us take courage, and turn our faces hopefully, reverently, trustingly to the future.” July 31.—The first session of the Twenty- eighth Grand Chapter Sigmi Chi was called to order by Grand Tribune Herbert C. Arms, at 2:30 in Convention Hall, Inside Inn. The permanent organization was as follows: Consul—E. Lee Trinkle, Psi. Annotator—Walter N. Bootay, Zeta. Assistant Annotators—H. Ralph Ringe, Phi Phi, and C. S. Roberts, Omega. Custos—W. D. Dalton, Alpha Omega; Assistants, W. S. Davidson, Alpha Nu, and Bruce Fullerton, Alpha Epsilon. One of the features of the Grand Chapter was a dinner given at the Marine Restau- rant at which Brother Duncan L. Busby pre- sided. Amos W. Sharp, of Columbus, Chio, the Grand Preetor of the Third Province, de- scribed the Convention as follows: “ The Jamestown Con- vention was one of the best I ever attended. That we can easily understand, how- ever, because the men weve highly educated, selected to go to the convention by reason of their fitness; and being thoroughly conversant with parliamentary law, the business was transacted with attention and dispatch; no one neglected his duty; the debates were spirited and the rulings were quick and ac- curate, the work accomplished was fine; and socially, of course, the men were supe- rior. I have attended many conventions of lawyers, doc- tors, and merchants; but I[ have never seen a conven- tion where there was so much capacity and quality. Every- body spoke of the interest in the meetings and of the downright enjoyment that they experienced in attending them. We are extremely fortunate in having such an affable, energetic, capable, and clean man as Charles Alling, Jr., in the consulship. and | have never seen brighter and cleaner-cut fellows, more adaptable and capable than Arms and Brothers. The fra- ternity will take no backward step for the next two years at any rate.” The general officers elected at that meeting were: Grand Consul—Charles Alling, Jr., Suite 303, 100 Wash- ington St., Chicago. Grand Questor—William V. Brothers, Suite 920, 112 Clark St., Chicago. Grand Annotator—Charles C. Chamberlin, 303 Deaiborn CHARLES ALLING, Jr. of Chicago, Ill. Grand Consul St., Chicago. Grand Tribune—Herbert C. Arms, 26 Michigan St., Chi- cago. Grand Editor—Newman Miller, 5515 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago. Grand Historian—Fred A. Perine, 95 Farnsworth Ave., Detroit, Mich. August 1.—Probably a thousand German- Americans participated in the exercises on Ger- man-American Day. ‘The address of C. J. Hexamer, Ph.D., LL.D., was the feature of the occasion, and he brilliantly recorded the deeds of his countrymen who had made * He was addressing Mr. Keifer, former Speaker of the House of Representatives.—Ep. 239 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. America their home. The festival programme was in charge of Fest-President, Carl Ruehr- mund, and the Fest-Director, Professor Jacob Reinhardt. E. K. Vietor, German Consul at ApoL_PpH TIMM Secretary NATIONAL GERMAN-AMERICAN ALLIANCE C. J. Hexamer, Ph.D., LL.D. President Richmond, delivered an address in German— ** Deutsche Ansprache ’’—and urged the Ger- mans of Norfolk and Richmond to organize a branch of the National Alliance. Dr. Hexamer told why August | was chosen as German-American Day. He said: “Tt is an absolute fact, that on the first day of August, 1775, the Boards of the German Society of Pennsylvania and of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, at Philadelphia, issued manifestos declaring for independence and advocating armed resistance, showing their zeal by the formation of a German association who had already been drilling. And that this drilling had not been in vain, was shown at what has been termed ‘The Thermopylae of the American Revolution,’ the battle of Long Island, where the American Army was saved by the Pennsylvania riflemen under Colonel John Peter Kichlein, a German. As a defender of the soil, the German has always been strong, and when, in 1756, the colonies were harrassed by Indians, the Royal American Regiment, raised by order of Parliament, consisted mostly of Germans, including the officers; and a German, Conrad Weiser, acted as inter- preter at the Council with the Indians at Easton. Again, when the Valley of the Mohawk was overrun by Indians, threatening New York, the German, Nicolaus Herchheimer and his brave German followers led in the defense. It was a German Moravian missionary, Fred Post, whose eloquent address to the Indian warriors, near Fort DuQuesne, won them over to our side at the moment most critical in our colonial history.” Dr. Hexamer related numerous other deeds of heroism and patriotism which had been per- formed by Germans in America, and after his address was concluded, a strong musical pro- gramme was inaugurated. Honorable John A. Lesner of Norfolk, Virginia, had organized a temporary association of Germans for the purpose of entertaining the distinguished visit- ors of German Day. Among the members of this association was Anton F. Koerner, one of Norfolk’s leading musicians who had charge Hon. JoHn A. LESNER Norfolk ANTON F. KOERNER orfolk of the local end of the celebration. ‘The exer- cises concluded with a rendition of the “ Star Spangled Banner,” sung by the singers of Washington, Baltimore and Richmond. This was also Eastern Shore Day at the Exposition and between fifteen hundred and two thousand enthusiastic visitors gathered at the Virginia Building and were welcomed by Mr. Tucker, the President of the Exposition, and by Mrs. George McIntosh of Norfolk, the resident hostess for Virginia. Prominent at the ceremonies attending the celebration were Hon- orable H. N. Stevenson, the Mayor of Cape Charles, and Messrs. Bullet, Fitzhugh and McKinney. As the result of a circular letter issued by J. T. Alderman of Henderson, N. C., the Alderman Family had a reunion in Assembly Room No. 3 in the Auditorium. Among the distinguished absent members of the family was the Honorable Edwin Anderson Alderman, D.C. L., LL. D., President of the University of Virginia, but a number of representatives had come from Ohio, North and South Carolina, Mississippi and Virginia. Letters or telegrams of regret were received from almost every State in the Union. A very strong letter was read from David W. Alderman of Alcolu, S. C., and a short poem by Mrs. Jennie Alder- man McCall of Texas. Plans for future re- unions were made and a tentative organization was effected. Military Athletic Carnival. ‘The most spectacular military event which occurred at the Exposition was the mounted contest be- tween Troops ~“E,” = F,> —.G, Sandia of the Twelfth Cavalry and Battery ma Die Third Artillery. The Roman Race, in which nine pairs of horses went at a dead run the en- tire length of Lee Parade, each pair driven by a soldier with a foot on either horse, was the climax to the series of events filled with sensa- tional occurrences. The first contest was a potato race—five potatoes in the row of each rider. About fif- teen entries lined up before the starter and, at the crack of a pistol, galloped across the Parade to the point where the farthest potato was placed. Sergeant Wright of Troop “F”’ won. The mounted tug-of-war was a wonderful exhibition of solid seated riding upon bare backed horses. Troop “F” won. In this contest the teams were faced in opposite direc- tions, the end men holding the ends of the rope which the men of each team grasped tightly. At a signal the horses were spurred forward and it became then a question of strength and horsemanship to retain a seat against the pull- ing of the other teams’ horses. Wrestling on horseback was also very inter- esting. ‘[he contestants lined up in pairs and at a signal rode together and grappled “ catch as catch can.”’ Private Miles of Troop “E”’ won. In the tent pegging race which consisted of sticking a pin with a sabre point and drawing it from the ground, Sergeant Cameron of the Artillery won. The rescue race was won by Privates Hag- erty and Lawler of Troop “ E.” In this con- test a horseman galloped across the field, picked up his team mate and brought him back to the point of starting. 240: Diary—A ugust. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON August 3.—Negro Day. Led by a battal- ion of students from the Hampton Normal In- stitute a large crowd marched from the Negro Building to the Grand Stand on Lee Parade where the ceremonies were conducted. After a selection by the band of the Hampton Insti- tute, Rev. J. H. Reynolds of Norfolk, deliv- ered an invocation, and President Tucker warmly welcomed the negroes. Giles B. Jack- son, the Director-General of the Negro De- velopment and Exposition Company, delivered a brief address, and then Booker IT’. Washing- ton spoke. This leading American negro edu- cator spoke to his hearers with authority, prais- ing the work which had been accomplished by his race at the Exposition. He probed below the surface and told what should be done. Among other things he said: “| believe that our people should take advantage of every opportunity no matter where presented, North or South, to show to the world the progress that we as a race are making. No battle was ever won by an army standing still or sulking in its tents, and racial battles are io be won only by marching forward, not by halting. * * * * * * * In the mat- ter of securing and using education we have in this country as a whole an opportunity which we should highly value. While in some sections there are certain discouragements and acts of unfairness, yet taking the country generally, the Public School System is wide open to the race. Further, and without hin- drance, we are at liberty to establish private schools, industrial schools, colleges, professional and technical institutions. One of the peculiar advantages presented by the South consists in the fact that here we are at liberty to use whatever education we receive not only for promoting our own welfare but as well the welfare of others.” The Ohio Brigade, Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias, arrived at the Exposition and went into camp for a week. With the Ohioans were a battalion from the First Virginia Regiment of Pythians. “The whole command numbered about six hundred men. ‘The visitors were holding their annual encampment and gave daily drills and military maneuvers, but there was no business meeting or convention work done. The most entertaining feature of their exhibition was the sword drill given daily on Lee Parade. The largest portion of the camp consisted of four regiments of the Cincinnati Lodge, commanded by Colonel W. J. Kline, who also as ranking officer commanded the encampment. August 6.—The Ninth Annual Convention of the National Confectionery Salesmen’s Asso- ciation met in the parlors of the Inside Inn. Welcoming the delegates, Mr. Tucker said: “Gentlemen, you are engaged in a great work. Yours is not the ordinary life of the ordinary salesman. The man that is selling guano and things of that character is undoubtedly doing a valuable thing; the man that is selling hardware 's performing a proper duty in life, but it remains for you, the men | see before me, by your work in life to sweeten the lives of the whole country by your labors, and in this world of toil and trials there is nothing for which a man can claim more credit than to be permitted to do some sweet things for the lives of those around us.” President H. A. Dodge of the Association, delivered an address reviewing the work accom- plished during the year and recommended cer- tain changes in the methods of the Association. The rest of the session was devoted to business. The officers elected at the meeting were: H. A. Dodge, President, Chicago; William R. Moffatt, Secretary, Philadelphia; William H. McDowell, Treasurer, Baltimore; and Frank P. Tarbell, Chairman of Lookout Committee, New York. August 7.—The Fourth Annual Conven- tion of the National Alumni Association of Christian Brothers Colleges, was attended by delegates from many states in the Union. Shortly after the convention was called to order Archbishop Glennon of St. Louis, appeared before the body and delivered a splendid ad- dress. Joseph Hartwell of St. Louis, was elected President; A. P. Doyle of the Catholic University, First ites resdent; A. J. Dooley ip NATIONAL CONFECTIONERY SALESMEN’S ASSOCIATION 24) The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Copyright, Gutekunst. MONSIGNOR DIOMEDE FALCONIO Apostolic Delegate to U. S. A. of Chicago, Second Vice-President; Judge Victor J. Dowling of New York, Third Vice- President; A. J. McGuire of Baltimore, Finan- cial Secretary; V. O. P. Harlon of Washing- ton, Secretary; J. P. A. Hearn, Kansas City, Treasurer, and Reverend J. P. Chidwick, New York, Chaplain. A very fine address which had been prepared by Judge James Kinealy of St. Louis, was read to the Association. The Thirteenth Annual Convention of the National Jobbing Confectioners’ Association met in the Auditorium at 10:00 a. M. Carl C. Mueller of Washington, D. C., made an ad- dress. He was followed by President E. R. Barksdale of the Association, who welcomed ¥ RIGHT REVEREND P. J. DONAHUE Bishop of Wheeling, West Virginia RIGHT REVEREND BENJAMIN J. KEILEY Bishop of Savannah, Georgia the delegates to Virginia, and in his speech reviewed the history of the State and its present advantages. E.R. Barksdale was re-elected President; W. P. Johr, First Vice-President; John H. Dockman, Second Vice-President; Alexander McDowell, Secretary; Joseph B. Hellmann, Treasurer; and John H. Konklin, Sergeant-at-Arms. August 8.—St. Mary’s Church, Norfolk, was thronged by Knights of Columbus from all parts of America at the Pontifical Mass sol- emnized by Monsignor Diomede Falconio, Papal Delegate to the United States. Right Reverend Benjamin J. Keiley of Savannah, and Right Reverend P. J. Donahue of Wheel- GRAND KNIGHT EDW. L. HEARN New Haven, Conn. Diary—A ugust. ing, assisted as Deacons at this Mass. Bishop Donahue preached a masterly sermon, eulogiz- ing the discoverer of America. His text was: ““T come that I may gather them together, with all nations and tongues,” and the Bishop said: “Plymouth Rock has, for a large portion of our country- men, associations deservedly most sacred. The pilgrims who landed there two hundred and eighty-seven years ago carved out an empire and fulfilled a noble destiny. They brought with them rooted maxims of law crystallized into the precedents of centuries and became the beginning of a sturdy race. Meet and proper it is that the great events in which the name of Jamestown shall forever be imperishably associated, should be as they are now, fittingly, even magnificently commemorated. The pioneers who set foot on old Virginia's soil were the sires of millions of fair women and brave men whose keen sense of honor and fidelity to high traditions rendered them a great conservative power in this Republic. Yet I believe that when the facts of history shall have received their proper adjustment, when the perspective of the ages shall have been rightly taken, the landing of Columbus at San Salvador will be acclaimed as the most world-changing event of all the centuries. The Bishop referred to the charge that this Republic, vigorous in body is sick in soul and the people bow before the golden calf of riches, and in the dishonest pursuit of wealth sacrifice conscience. He spoke of the laxity of the law relating to the marriage tie, yet struck a note of optimism when he said he looked into the faces of “thousands representing many other L. Hearn, responded for the Order, and Right Reverend Benjamin Keiley extended a wel- come on behalf of Bishop Van de Vyver. The Bishop, who is a native Virginian, good naturedly jested with the president of the Ex- position Company, and the Governor of Vir- ginia regarding their views as to the size of the Old Dominion. He said: “IT am here to-day to represent my good fiiend, the Bishop of Richmond who is, unfortunately, out of the country, and in his name to bid the Knights of Columbus welcome to the State. Bishop Van de Vyver had not the good fortune to be born here, but he improved the first opportunity offered and promptly left Belgium for Virginia. In his name | bid you welcome, and speaking from my personal knowledge, I can assure His Excellency, the Governor of Virginia, that these gentlemen who are delegates to the Convention, represent an organization which, while loyally devoted to the Catholic Church, is likewise loyally devoted to the best and highest interests of the Republic. They stand for law and order and for the lawful and orderly execution of the law; they believe in authority and in due and proper respect being paid to those in whom authority is vested; they condemn anarchy and socialism and will always be found supporting lawful authority.” At 4:00 p. M. all of the United States troops and the National Guard stationed at the Expo- sition passed in review on Lee Parade. In the evening the Norfolk Council gave a ball in honor of the visiting Knights, and Conven- tion Hall, the scene of the entertainment, was Copyright, Jamestown Offici2] Thotograph Corporatio KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS thousands whose knees have not bent and will not bend to the Baal of graft and greed,” and he urged his hearers to hold to the traditions of their fathers and to the example of the in- trepid soul after whom their order was named. Exercises on Knights of Columbus Day were held in the Auditorium. Shortly after 10:00 A. M. the Apostolic Delegate, Archbishop Glennon of St. Louis, Bishop Donahue of West Virginia, and Bishop Keiley of Savannah, rep- resenting the Bishop of Richmond, who was absent in Europe, arrived at the Exposition and were met by G. T. Shepperd, Secretary of the Exposition Company, Captain J. W. McCarrick and M. T. Friary, the Committee having in charge the care of the distinguished guests. G. T. Shepperd presided over the exercises in the Auditorium and through the courtesy of the Mexican National Military Commission, music was furnished by the Mexican National Band. There were a thou- sand school children present, who, as a chorus, sang patriotic airs. Mr. Tucker and Governor Swanson each made a magnificent address, wel- coming the visitors. Grand Knight, Edward 2438 decorated elaborately with colored bunting and the flags of all nations. The Mexican National Band again rendered the music. August 10.—The National Haymakers Association of the United States, a social organ- ization of the Improved Order of Red Men, met. One hundred and twenty-five delegates were present. The following officers were elected: National Chief Haymaker, H. C. Kline of Pennsylvania; National Vice-Chief Haymaker, C. E. Nobes of Indiana; Past National Chief Haymaker, Joseph T. Sum- mers of New York; National Collector of Straws, Mahlon Trumbauer, Pennsylvania; National Keeper of Bundles, Lewis Schroeck, of Pennsylvania; National Chief Inspector, H. A. Haller, of Indiana, Chief Supervisor, George W. Staus; National Guard of the Hay Loft, G. J. Edwards, of New Jersey; National Guard of the Barn Door, W. H. Huffmire of New York. This organization originated at the Great Council of the United States Improved Order of Red Men, which convened in St. Louis, in 1867. The question of side degrees among The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. H. C. Kine National Chief Haymaker JosepH T. SUMMERS Past National Chief Haymaker fraternities was privately discussed at this meet- ing and a Philadelphia degree, known as the “ Burying of the Tomahawk ”’ was described. Brother Alfred Shaw stated that he had a printed form, called “The Haymakers,” which was interesting and amusing, and he offered to confer the degree on those present at the conference. This was done and the printed copy was purchased by Frank C. Knipe of Pennsylvania who, on his return to Philadel- phia, conferred the degree on twenty members of Pequod Tribe No. 18. This was the be- ginning. In 1878 the permanent association of the United States was organized and the ritual revised. In 1880 there was a membership of one thousand one hundred and seventy. The total membership in 1907 was forty-five thou- sand, one hundred and sixty-five. August 12.—The Knights of the Maccabees encamped at the Exposition, remaining until the seventeenth and held their prize drill on the thirteenth. The company from Toledo, Ohio, secured the largest number of points and won the cup; the Cleveland, Ohio, company took second place. For three days the judges, all of whom were Regular Army officers, worked on the percentages of the competing companies and the totals were very close. It was the third time the Toledo Company had carried off the handsome prize. The cup was presented by the Supreme Commanders to the best drilled company of the Uniform Rank Knights of the Maccabees attending any regular national encampment and may be held by the winning company until defeated. Major-General W. H. Sletzer of Cleveland, O., was in command =f of the encamp- ment. The Uni- form Rank of the Knights of Maccabees rep- resented at the Exposition the States of Ohio, Nie wWaevion ks Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, West Virginia, Maryland, In- diana, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, ‘Tennessee, Wis- consin, Iowa, Colorado, Mich- igan, Virginia and the District of Columbia. Mayor-Gen. W. H. SLETZER The Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieu- tenant-Governor of Virginia, and in charge of History and Education at the Exposition, made the principal address at the opening of the History Building. He was followed by President Tucker who, on behalf of the Expo- _ sition Company, accepted the building and ex- pressed his pleasure at its completion since history was the corner-stone of the Exposition’s foundation and the building typified the idea from which the Exposition had sprung. Gov- ernor Ellyson’s speech related to the difficulties which his Division had encountered on ac- count of the delay in completing the building. He referred to the exhibit belonging to King Edward VII, which was on its way from Europe and he described the contents of the building, reciting what were comprised within the exhibits made by Pennsylvania, Ohio, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, New York and West Virginia. He also referred to the exhibits made by the National Society of Colonial Dames and the Daughters of the American Revolution, and to notable private collections exhibited by Miss Nannie Randolph Heth and Thomas F. Ryan. The First Brigade North Carolina National Guard ar- rived. ‘This Brigade consisted of three Regi ments of Lndraan try aL each of w hich there was _at- tached a band and hospi | Sewcey tal corps. With the’ tw First Bri- gade there ycame the First (Bat tery of Field Artillery and four Divisions pa ae Bric.-GEN. JosepH F. ARMFIELD Ms i : Ae Militia. Brigadier-General J. F. Armfield was in command—Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. Leinster, his Adjutant-General. While in camp the usual routine was observed in addition to company, regiment, battalion and brigade drills. All of the troops participated in the review given in honor of Governor Curtis Guild of Massachusetts. “They were prominent par- ticipators at the review given in honor of Govy- ernor Glenn, to whose wisdom, energy and pa- triotism North Carolina’s splendid showing was so largely due. The Brigade officers con- sidered the encampment a success and their stay at the Exposition instructive and pleas- ant. August 13.—Massachusetts Day. Gover- nor Curtis Guild, Jr., had been on the staff of General Fitzhugh Lee during the War with Spain. He had always been a staunch friend of the Exposition, and had done all that lay in his power to make Massachusetts’ participation notable. He arrived from Boston during the afternoon of the twelfth, coming on the trans- port “ Newport,’’ and at Old Point was joined by a number of the Massachusetts State officials. Early in the forenoon, Governor 244 Diary—A ugust. Maj. R. T. Danie. Maj. D. R. JoHNsTon Chief Paymaster Ordnance Officer OFFICERS OF FIRST BRIGADE NORTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD Guild made a formal call upon Governor Swan- son at the Virginia Building and shortly after- wards the Old Dominion’s Chief Executive returned the courtesy. [he ceremonies of the day then began, Governor Guild reading the proclamation declaring August 13, Massa- chuseits Day. Following this proclamation the party drove to the Auditorium where every available seat had already been taken. Hon- orable Arthur Lord of Plymouth, a member of the Massachusetts Commission, presided. He introduced Mr. Tucker, who spoke very happily, linking the histories of Virginia and Massachusetts from the earliest days down to the present. He referred to Governor Guild as the “ Stonewall Jackson of Massachusetts,” and said that this was the highest compliment that Virginia could bestow. Governor Swan- son also eloquently and feelingly welcomed the distinguished visitors. When the Governor of Massachusetts was presented the entire audience arose and cheered. His address was harmo- nious and sympathetic and he brought the house to its feet when, referring to the presence of the Massachusetts Naval Reserves,* he declared that they were just as ready to defend the coast of Virginia against a common foe as they were to take up arms to protect their own shore; that they would rally as willingly around Cape Charles, and as bravely, as they would contest \ [eps Com Rela ekINSTER Adjutant-General May. J. G. Hottincswortu Chief Quartermaster an attack upon Cape Cod. Governor Guild said: “ The last public address ever made by the beloved General who first headed this great enterprise was made before the General Court of Massachusetts. Sympathetic and strong in his simplicity, Virginia could not have sent among us a more welcome advocate than Fitzhugh Lee. His earnest inter- est in our history evoked an answering interest in yours; and men began to talk again about Bartholomew Gosnold and John Smith, the early pioneers along the coast of our Commonwealth, as well as yours.” The Governor related the stories of those champions of liberty, Otis of Massachusetts, and Henry of Virginia, and he told of the final protest of the people which was made in the building whose replica Massachusetts had erected at the Exposition. He said that the Old Bay State and the Old Dominion, side by side in the days which led to the Revolution, were side by side throughout the conflict. “Virginia and Massachusetts, leaders in resistance to 4 tyrant when the tyrant was a foreign foe, need fear no foreign foe in war. The tyrant we face to-day is the demagogue who sets section against section and class against class; the highly respected promoter who influences legislation; the church mem- ber who gives the bribe, as well as the gutter politician who takes it; the journalist who accepts a loan from great cor- porations and sells his editorial opinion with his advertising space—these are our tyrants and against them and such as they, brothers of Virginia, let us get together in the name of order and liberty and under the law take up the sword.” A very attractive luncheon was served at the Massachusetts Building after the ceremonies in the Auditorium. About one hundred guests were invited. Besides Governor Guild and the Massachusetts Commission, the Governor's * The Massachusetts Naval Reserve, 100 men strong, arrived in Hampton Roads, August 12. They came on the U. S. Transport Ship “ Newport.” 245 They stayed at the Exposition only two days.—Eb. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposiuon. » \ \ if = Dia i: 3 ay i ' Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MASSACHUSETTS NAVAL BRIGADE ON LEE’S PARADE Staff and delegates from both Houses of the General Court of Massachusetts, were present. At half past two there was a parade and review. In the reviewing box were Governor Guild, Governor Swanson, President Tucker, Major- General Grant, U. S. A., and Rear-Admiral Harrington, U. S. N. The Twenty-third Regiment, U. S. A., headed the parade. Bat- tery “ D,” of the Third Artillery, the Second Squadron, Twelfth Cavalry, the Massachu- setts Naval Brigade and the First Brigade, North Carolina National Guard, nearly two thousand strong, also participated. The Naval Brigade marched behind a red-coated band of fifty pieces. [he music was a medley of South- ern airs and made the Bay State citizens step bravely. During the afternoon, Governor Guild held a public reception on the lawn in front of the Massachusetts Building. Probably five thou- sand visitors were introduced to the Chief Executive of Massachusetts. After the cere- monies of the day were concluded the Govy- ernor and his official party left on a specially chartered steamer for Washington. The Descendants of the Jaquelins and Carys met at the invitation of Miss Louise Pecquet du Bellet. Dr. Daniel H. Morgan of Rich- mond, Va., Surgeon, U. S. N., called the meeting to order, and delivered the opening address, in which he reviewed the making of the colony in Virginia. He paid a high tribute to the courage of the early colonists and to the Huguenots who followed them during the clos- ing years of the sixteenth century and in the early part of the seventeenth century when the tide of Huguenot emigration set out to Vir- ginia, where the French expatriates took a lead- ing part in shaping the destinies of what has proved to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest nation on earth. “ To-day,” said the speaker, “‘as we stand on an eminence that overlooks three hundred years of brave en- deavor, few relics are visible that mark the site of old Jamestown; but as the corner-stone of civilization in the western world, its name is imperishable and its requiem will be forever sung in the surgings of the King’s river.” Dr. Edward H. Cary of Dallas, Texas, delivered a cross to Miss Louise Pecquet du Bellet as a recognition of her services in col- lecting information concerning the families and Rev. Francis WiLtis AMBLER Birmingham, Alabama HonoraBLe ANDREW JACKSON CoBB Athens, Georgia DESCENDANTS OF THE JAQUELINS AND CARYS Surceon Danie. H. Moraean, U. S. N. Richmond, Virginia 246 Diary—A ugust. for bringing about this reunion. Dr. Cary spoke at length. He told of the Carys in England, of Lord Hunsdon and of Viscount Falkland, and of Lucius Cary, son of the Vis- count and a distinguished scholar; of Miles Cary, the first of the name in this country, the man who led in the defense of Fortress Monroe against the Dutch and gave his life for his new home. He told of Archibald Cary and Dud- ley Cary of the Revolutionary period, and others of the name who had played their part— a large one in the affairs of the State and Nation. Closing his speech he said: “* As the chosen representatives of the Cary branch permit me cordially to greet all the de- scendants of the Ambler, Jaquelin and Mar- shall families, and to assure you of our cousinly regard.” J. Nicholas Ambler, of Winston-Salem, N. ee the next speaker. Of Jamestown he said: “This small straggling settlement, heterogeneous in nature, ~ ‘ ry ae drawing its increase from over the sea, and thinned by sick- ness and death, was gradually welded into a homogeneous colony. In conflict with the realities of life, on a foreign shore, surrounded by savages and beset by difficulties of every char- acter, the weak died out or returned whence they came, while the process of natural selection left only those who could respond to the exigencies of their condition. The wild free- dom, the necessity for exertion and the independence of this life were all character builders, and the spirit of American liberty which was conceived at Runnymede, had its birth near yon sacred town and its announcement from the cannon’s mouth at Yorktown.” The Committee on permanent organization decided that the Association to be known as the Jaquelin and Cary Ancestral Society be formed. The qualification for membership was that the applicant should be a direct descend- ant of Edward Jaquelin, who came to Vir- ginia in 1697, or Miles Cary who died in Vir- ginia, January 10, 1667. The Committee to create a permanent organization consisted of J. N. Ambler, Winston-Salem, N. C., Dr. Edward H. Cary, Dallas, Texas, Dr. Daniel H. Morgan, Surgeon U. S. N., Miss Louise Pecquet du Bellet, Derry, La., Miss M. L. Rutherford of Georgia, J. D. Anthony of 247 VIRGINIA RETAIL MERCHANTS’ ASSOCIATION Tennessee, and R. C. Blackford of Lynch- burg, Va. The Retail Merchants’ Association of Vir- ginia met in the Auditorium at | P. M. for their first day’s session. The annual address of President Umstadter was the feature of the meeting. The President referred to matters which should be brought to the attention of the State Legislature, such as laws dealing with the tardiness of transportation companies in settling claims for the delays of shipments, with excessive fire insurance rates, with unfair advantages of express companies, with freight discriminations, with garnishment laws and other matters; and he spoke of the injudicious license laws in Virginia and said, “ No legis- lative enactment has done more to retard the commercial progress of the State of Virginia than our license laws, and it is no cause of astonishment that fair, enterprising young mer- chants have established themselves elsewhere rather than under the requirements of the license laws of this State. I can only briefly point out some of its fallacies and evil effects.” Mr. Umstadter said that of the States in the Union only fourteen have merchants’ license laws and thirteen of these were Southern States. The only commonwealth in the country, East, North or West with a merchants’ license was Pennsylvania, whose license tax was only one- fifth of that of Virginia. The officers elected for the ensuing year were: M. Unmstadter, President, Norfolk, Va.; L. O. Miller, Secretary, Richmond, Va.; I. H. Kaufman, Treasurer, Rich- mond, Va.; Norman H. Johnson, General Counsel, Raleigh, N. C.; W. A. Clark, Jr., Business Secretary, Richmond, Va. August 14.—The annual meeting of the Virginia Retail Furniture Dealers’ Association was held at the Auditorium. The President, G. B. Sydnor, Jr., of Richmond, Va., covered the year’s work in a thorough manner and set forth the most important matters which should receive the attention of the organization during the ensuing year. Mr. Sydnor also gave an The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. J. A. GILMORE Secretary-Treasurer GEO. B. SYDNOR, Jr. President account of the meeting of the National Asso- ciation of the Furniture Dealers which was held in Chicago on July 9 and 10. He was a delegate to that convention. The Secretary’s report showed the present membership to be eighty-eight. The following officers were elected: President, G. B. Sydnor, Jr., Richmond; Vice-Presidents, Robert Strother, Lynchburg, S. C. Phillips, Norfolk, G. C. Chapin, Newport News, A. J. Waingfield, Petersburg, and Stuart Britts, Roanoke; Secretary and Treasurer, J. A. Gil- more, Charlottesville, Va. The August 15.—WNorth Carolina Dav. “Old North State” really celebrated a week at the Exposition and from Monday until Sat- urday, North Carolinians were largely in evi- dence. The North Carolina Society of Nor- folk inaugurated the festivities with a dinner and reception to Governor Glenn. C. J. Col- lins, F. S. Royster, M. Manley, T. D. Savage and Paul Garrett formed the Committee who arranged an elaborate programme, including a series of addresses to be given at the Colonial Theatre. Unfortunately, however, the train which bore the Governor was late and the re- ception at the Lynnhaven Hotel was made the feature of the evening. This occurred on the 13th. The next evening, Governor Claude A. Swanson gave a reception in honor of Governor Glenn, North Carolina’s Chief Executive. A larger and more cordial crowd had _ never gathered in the beautiful Virginia Building, which was handsomely decorated with flowers Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. GOVERNOR GLENN AT THE NORTH CAROLINA BUILDING se ot . « and flags, the emblems of Virginia and North Carolina being intertwined. On the 15th, North Carolina celebrated and the exercises in the Auditorium were opened by President G. S. Powell of the North Carolina Commission. When Mr. Tucker faced the audience which packed the Auditorium to a degree unprece- dented, he said: ‘‘ Mr. Chairman, Governor Glenn and the balance of North Carolina.” Governor Swanson welcomed the represent- atives of the Old North State on behalf of Virginia, and Lieutenant-Governor Winston of North Carolina, made an eloquent and witty re- ply. Among other things he said: “ If a man lives in NorthCar- olina twenty- five years he is thereby qualified to be Governor of any State in the Union or Mayor of Norfolk. If to the twenty- five years of residence in North Carolina you add twenty-five years in Tennessee, there is no limit to the power of such aman. Only three ever did this and each be- came a President of the United States—Jack- son, Polk and Johnson.” Governor Glenn unfortunately spoke ex- temporaneously. He reviewed the history of North Carolina and told the story of its com- mercial growth. “Six years ago,” he said, “ North Carolina could not answer on the roll call of cotton industries; three years ago Massa- chusetts was the first and North Carolina third in the number of spindles. Massachusetts is still first, but North Carolina is second, and within three years it will be first.” Standing HONORABLE T. D. WINSTON Lieutenant-Governor of North Carolina 248 Diary—A ugust. as = Se Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. TROOPS PARADING ON NORTH CAROLINA DAY Lionel Beachy Sailing His Airship Over Parade Ground in front of Governor Swanson, Governor Glenn declared that North Carolina had come to the Old Dominion to help her celebrate her birth- day; he extended his hand and the Governor of Virginia arose and clasped it. The crowd caught the inspiration and hurrahed standing. The speaker then turned to Major John S. Mallory, U. S. A., representing the Army and declared that the Old North State would for- ever stand by the Stars and Stripes, and as he shook hands with the Army officer bedlam again broke loose. After the Governor had concluded his speech, stands of colors were presented to the three North Carolina regiments. Dr. Dixon presented one to the first regiment; J. Bryan Grimes, Secretary of the State, presented the second, and State Treasurer D. R. Lacy, the third. At five o'clock in the afternoon the spectacular feature of North Carolina Day j ! 4 6 ¢ Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. GOVERNOR GLENN AND MAJOR JOHN S. MALLORY, REVIEWING TROOPS Not less than thirty thousand people viewed the military pageant celebration occurred. on Lee’s Parade. In the evening a magnificent reception was tendered by the North Carolina Commission to Governor Glenn, and in Con- vention Hall the North Carolina officers gave a dance in honor of the visiting North Carolina girls. The Jolly Jokers Club, an organization for the exchange of post-cards, stamps, coins, pho- tographs and curios, met at the Inside Inn at the Exposition, August 15, 16, 17. Delegates from almost every State in the Union were pres- ent, and one or two representatives from Can- ada. Matters of interest in connection with post-card and photograph collections were especially discussed. The Nationai Vice- President, Mrs. Florence E. Hughes of New- port, R. I., presided over the meeting, Miss Madge Lambert of Portsmouth, Va., acting as Secretary, and Miss Dixie Creekmore of Norfolk, Va., Vice-President. A number of interesting speeches were made, the most notable one being delivered by Gaylord Logan of Albany, N. Y., who spoke on “ Post-card Collecting as an Instructive and Fascinating Pastime.” The Roanoke Colony Memorial Association met in the Committee Room at the Auditorium. This association, which was organized to com- memorate the first attempt at English coloniza- tion in America, is an incorporated organiza- tion, chartered by the State of North Carolina. Its membership is widely distributed, one stock- holder being a distinguished professor at Ox- ford University in England. The exact point of settlement was at the North end of Roanoke Island and there the Association purchased about two hundred and fifty acres, which per- haps includes all the land first utilized. Plainly visible yet are the remains of the fort of 1585. The Association has erected a monument made of North Carolina and Virginia granite.* The Rev. Robert B. Drane of Edenton, N. C., President of the Association, delivered an * This monument is described and illustrated on pages 5 and 6.—Eb. 249 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. vee a. Sa SITE OF OLD FORT RALEIGH, ROANOKE ISLAND, NORTH CAROLINA a FIRST ENGLISH COLONY IN AMERICA, A. D. 1585-87 address at this meeting. Among other things he said: ‘““We remember the historic events that transpired in the olden time when the only civilized thing in all Virginia was the Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina. There is such a mingling and commingling of memories and interests, such a fount of beginnings in those first attempts by Raleigh’s men and women at colonization on Roanoke Island, that there is nothing foreign in it to any citizen of the United States, and short of Roanoke Island itself there could be no more suitable meeting place than this where we are now met, associated as it is with the Jamestown Colony, 1607, especially when we observe that we are now within three days of August 18, the anniver- sary of the birth of Virginia Dare in 1587 on Roanoke Island.” Speaking of the land owned by the Asso- ciation, Dr. Drane said that chiefly owing to the effort of its first President, Professor Ed- ward Graham Daves, the Association bought the site of Old Fort Raleigh, a tract of about sixteen acres, and near by two hundred and fifty acres more. He continued: “ About the smaller tract, there not only linger individual historic associations, but there exist on it in material form the tangible outlines of that fortification which the first colonists from England erected in the year 1585. You, members of this Association, possess on Roanoke Island the visible remains of the handiwork of the first Anglo-Saxon settlers; your Asso- ciation is to care for that precious property and to perpetuate its historyee a ee ae ee oe ©) ue licr ta tval erohmets so far off the beaten track of travel and it is in such a state of nature that there the visitor feels all the more the spirit of pilgrimage. It is a shrine which brings us close to the heart of that pregnant movement which meant so much to our land and to the world.” August 16.—Governor Glenn of North Carolina was the orator at North Carolina Negro Dav. A large crowd gathered at the Negro Building to hear the Chief Executive of the “ Tarheel ”’ State. There were many white people in the audience. Governor Glenn said “My friends, white and colored—you are all my friends. Since I have been Governor of North Carolina, having taken the sacred oath to do my duty by all classes, high and low, rich and poor, white and colored, I have always tried to treat the colored people as citizens of North Carolina and make each and every one of them feel that I have just as much respect for them as I have for the white people, and have tried to encourage them to do everything I could for the State of North Carolina; and, in the administration of laws, the races have been treated equally. If a white man deserves help we give it to him. If the white man is unworthy we put him in the chain gang and make him work for other people, and we treat the colored people the same way. If the colored men or women deserve our respect and our aid in upbuilding them- selves we assist them; if they are criminals we punish them for their crimes, and I want to tell you | feel very close to the colored people of my State, for I was raised on a plantation. * * * | wish you, all of you, Godspeed in your work and in your efforts to help your race rise. We must work side by side and act our part so that in the end God will say, * Well done, thou good and faithful servant.’ We want you to go on and press forward to better things even than you have accomplished to-day.” August 19.—His Roval Highness, Prince Wilhelm of Sweden, second son of the then Crown Prince, now King, arrived at the Expo- sition. The Swedish Cruiser “* Fylgia,’” which brought the Prince, who was known simply as Second Lieutenant Sodermanland, his title coming from the Duchy of that name, encoun- tered a storm between Bermuda and Cape Henry and was delayed twenty-four hours. It was nearly five o’clock before the Prince, accompanied by Baron de Lagercrantz, the Swedish Minister, and Captain H. Lindberg, Commander of the “ Fylgia,” arrived at the Exposition. His Royal Highness had been ex- pected early in the morning and since nine o'clock Troop “ E,”’ of the Twelfth Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Trumbo, had been waiting, attired in full dress, to do escort duty. Over in the New York Building, Mrs. Henry, the hostess, Mrs. Tucker and the other ladies having in charge a luncheon to the Prince, were also waiting. ‘The repast was very hurried. A review of the soldiery had been scheduled, and on the pro- gramme _ also were drills by the ‘Twelfth Cavalry and Battery “ D,” Third — Artil- lery, and there was little time to lose, as it was necessary for the party & . H. R. H. PRINCE WILHELM to be in Nor folk at seven OF SWEDEN 250 Diary—A ugust. stown Official Photograph Corporation. Ln beoWis ls hCR US Eh Resshey Gl Ags o'clock to attend a dinner which was to be given at the Virginia Club in honor of His Royal Highness, by the Honorable M. Fernstrom, Vice-Consul of Sweden at the Port of Nor- folk. Although it necessitated the making of very close transportation connections, the Prince not only remained in the Grand Stand until all of the United States soldiers had passed in re- view, but he witnessed, for a few moments, the subsequent cavalry drill before taking his launch for the city. Like President Roosevelt, the young blond giant, scion of Sweden’s Royal family, does not believe in body guards. While in Norfolk he ignored the police escort and at the Exposition traveled mainly unattended. At the dinner were His Royal Highness Prince Wilhelm of Sweden; His Excellency Baron de Lager- crantz, the Swedish Minister; Secretary Ekengren of the Swedish Legation; Captain Lindberg, Commander of the “ Fylgia;” Lieuten- ant-Commander Kloeckner, Aide-de- camp tows R:VH:: Rear-Admiral Har- rington, Lieutenant-Commander Akermark, Paymaster Lindgren, President Tucker, Ma- jor Mallory, Captains Potter, Merriam, Vree- land, Osterhaus, Hubbard, Wainwright and Ingersoll, U. S. N.; Colonel Lamb, Dr. Du Puy, Mr. Kohlsaat, Judge Blodgett, Judge Garnett, W. H. Taylor, Barton Myers and Mr. Fernstrom. At the conclusion of the din- ner toasts were proposed to His Majesty, King Oscar of Sweden, to President Roose- velt, to His Royal Highness and to the Princess Palovna of Russia, to whom the Prince was betrothed and to whom he has since been mar- ried. After the banquet the Swedish party returned to the Exposition grounds where the principal social function took place. Sunday and Monday had been spent by the HON. M. FERNSTROM Swedish Vice-Consul] at Norfolk 251 florists enclosing the grounds of the Army and Navy Club with tall bushes of fragrant bay laurel and yew. Chinese lanterns were arranged artistically around the grounds and lent a bril- liant tone of color. The place was effectively illuminated with electric lights, and burning joss sticks exhaled an oriental aroma. “The Mexican National Band rendered Swedish and Ameri- can airs intermingled with the soft, languorous music of Spain. President and Mrs. Tucker, assisted by Mrs. Robert Berry, wife of Admiral Berry; Mrs. Frederick Purnell Harrington, wife of Admiral Harrington; Madam de Lagercrantz, wife of the Swedish Munister; Mrs. Nelson Henry, Mrs. Barton Myers and Mrs. John Taggard Blodgett received the Prince. Later in the evening this receiving party accompanied the Prince to the New Y ork THE VIRGINIA CLUB Norfolk, Virginia The Jamestown Wee ages pyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. T er-Ceniennial Exposition. Lieut.-Com. De Kioeckner, Ligut. Cootes, Mayor Mattory, Baron pe Lacercrantz, H. R. H. Prince WILHELM, CapTain LinpBerG, PRESIDENT TUCKER PRINCE WILHELM REVIEWING TROOPS State Building where dancing was in progress. The rotunda of the Empire State headquarters was draped with American flags. “The draw- ing room with its wide fluted columns and long French windows was most artistically deco- rated. Huge clusters of white hydrangeas and bowls of golden glow, scattered lavishly around, emphasized the colors of New York State. The dining room was gracefully festooned with blue and yellow bunting and stalks of sun- flower and Indian corn. After the dance, President Tucker gave a supper to His Royal Highness. The other guests were Baron de Lagercrantz, Rear-Admirals Harrington and Berry, Captain Lindberg, Lieutenant-Com- mander Kloeckner, Mr. Fernstrom, Captain Merriam, U. S. S. “ Missouri,’ Major Mal- lory, U. S. A., Mr. Kent of Missouri, Mr. Dunn of New York, Messrs. Martin and Wool of the Exposition Company, and Lieutenants Cootes, Bagby and Woodward. August 20.—Hhis Royal Highness, Prince Wilhelm, accompanied by Baron de Lager- crantz and Captains Goran and Lindberg, arrived at the Exposition at 11:00 A.M. John H. Edwards, Assistant Secretary of the Treas- ury and Chairman of the United States Gov- cates ed) Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. ~ ernment Board, and William M. Geddes, Sec- retary of the Board, represented the National Government in the receiving party; Captain Hammond of the Twenty-third Infantry, rep- resented the Army, and T. S. Southgate, the Exposition Company. ‘These gentlemen met the Prince and conveyed him on a tour of inspection. [The Army and Navy Building was first visited and every detail of the Govern- ment exhibit was inspected by the Swedish representatives, their interest chiefly lying in the showing made by the Navy. A tour through the National Museum, the Treasury, Post-ofice and Interior Departments was then made. The visitors spent some time exam- ining the important papers in the Department of States’ Exhibit. None of the Exhibit build- ings of the Exposition were visited. After leaving the Government displays the party went to the Army and Navy Club for luncheon, and then proceeded to the Monitor and Merrimac building where a special performance of that great spectacle was given for His Royal High- ness. At its conclusion the Prince personally thanked Manager McConnell for his courtesy. In the afternoon on board the Swedish cruiser ““ Fylgia’”’ a reception was tendered by Prince SUPPER AT THE NEW YORK BUILDING Diary—A ugust. Wilhelm to those who had helped make his stay pleasant. In the receiving line with the Prince was Baron de Lagercrantz, the Minister of Sweden. ‘The festivities in his honor closed that night with a dinner at the Hotel Chamber- lin, Old Point. This courtesy was extended by Governor Swanson. August 21.—The Culver special which brought the Cadets of the Culver Summer Naval and Cavalry Schools to the Exposition, arrived in two sections. ‘The previous day the Cadet Corps, four hundred strong, passed through Richmond and their march through the streets of the Capital City was a distinct tni- umph. Early in the morning the cadets, led by their fine band, entered the Exposition Grounds. ‘Their boat, infantry and cavalry drills were excellent and compared favorably with any evolutions witnessed at the Exposition. Major L. R. Gignilliat, Commandant of the School, was in command, and Commander T. H. Gignilliat directed the Naval maneuvers. So creditable was the performance of the Cadets that Lieutenant Cootes, Military Sec- retary of the Exposition, writing to the Com- Com. T. H. GIcNILLIAT Naval Director Major L. R. GIGNILLIAT Commandant mandant thanking him for the display made by the Culver School, said: “It is little short of marvelous the way in which these men evinced high discipline with only six weeks’ training, and e. be ee” PRR) ig ‘3 IS Se eR Gre. Oe TT eS = NO, See dE >. c Food Were Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corpora they certainly reflect great credit on yourself and the other officers who assisted in bringing about this state of discipline. I was particularly impressed withthe , drill of the Black Horse Troop. It is a magnificent mount and reflects great credit upon its in- structors.”’ Simi | Bs Tao larly Rear-Admiral P.. E.. Haring ber of the Board, a “ton, Senior mem- A Jamestown Naval £) commented, and ex- press ed, as the represen- tative of st hve Navy De Deaetet ment, U. S. A., “the general ap precia- tion and | pleas- ure of zr every- body con | / nected with the Expo- sition CuLver Brack Horse upon the ee ‘TROOPER visit of the Cul- ver Cadets.” Lieutenant Cootes, an officer of the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, was certainly a competent judge, and a more conservative man than Rear-Admiral Harrington were difficult to find. August 23.—Few schools in the world— possibly none—could make such a remarkable exhibit as did the Culver Institute on Culver Day, and it is unlikely that such varied features were ever shown by another school. A splen- did military band, five companies, marching in perfect alignment, erect, eyes front and sol- dierly; two sections of one-pounders, one gat- ling gun drawn by the men who did not allow the drag ropes to interfere with the guns slung orderly across their backs, and Culver’s pride, the Black Horse Troop, maintaining their seats like trained troopers, formed the Culver Parade, which was reviewed by Chairman George Edmund Foss and the members of the Naval Committee in Congress, by resident officers of the Army and Navy and by the CULVER NAVAL CADETS AT DISCOVERY LANDING 253 The Jamestown right, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Ter-Centennial Exposition. CULVER NAVAL CADETS DRILLING IN JOHN SMITH'’S BASIN Veterans of the Mexican War, who, conjointly with Culver, celebrated on August 23. There were nine of those gray haired, grizzled warriors who had followed Scott and Taylor, and they occupied prominent positions on the stage in the Auditorium. Congressman Foss made the principal address of the day and advocated a continuance of the policy of up- building the Navy. Lieutenant-Governor Elly- son of Virginia, requested President Beeler of the Veterans to make an address, and the old soldier, who had prepared a speech eulogizing the valor of the American Army in its conflict with the Mexican forces, proved that gentle- ness and bravery are boon companions, by declining to deliver the speech whose prepara- tion must have cost much effort, because the Mexican National Band, who had helped to make the day successful, were present and he would not hurt the feelings of any man. Mrs. Moore Murdoch, the Secretary of the organ- ization, and its Adjutant-General, is the only woman in America who is a regularly elected officer of a military order. She reviewed the efforts that had been made to obtain from the National Government a just recognition of the claims of the Mexican War veterans, and she told what the men of the United States Army had done in that great conflict. Concluding her speech she invited her beloved veterans to advance to the front of the stage, and as the fine old men fell into line, their faces glowing with pride, Mrs. Murdoch exclaimed to the four hundred cadets: ‘“* Look well at them, boys, for these men never lost a battle and when they went forth they were boys just as you are to-day.”’ Badges of all sorts were hanging from the coats of these old men—some were veterans of the Grand Army, others Confeder- ate veterans, but each wore the bronze cross of the Mexican War. It was a pathetic sight to see these aged, trembling veterans standing on the platform in vivid contrast to the youngsters before them. Mrs. Murdoch said the Mexican War was a beneficent struggle, since the Mexi- can soldier, brave and loyal, only needed to be emancipated from the tyranny of such men as Santa Anna and his creatures in order to achieve the heights of modern civilization. She brought her address to a close by saying: “Thank God it has come to pass that the United States of Mexico and the United States of America now stand side by side, willing and ready to protect each other and to guard and safekeep this part of the world.’ After the meeting in the Auditorium the veterans held a business meeting, and passed a stirring set of resolutions eulogizing Mrs. Murdoch. ‘These were offered by Captain William C. Haines. - Captain Francis J. Keffer, President of the famous Scott Legion of Mexican War veterans of Philadelphia, and a gallant officer in the Civil War, made a telling speech. He told his listeners that he was eighty-four years old and Capt. Francis J. KEFFER Vice-President NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MEXICAN WAR VETERANS Mrs. Moore Murpocu Secretary Cot. Louis F. BEELER President Diary—A ugust. that he had served his adopted country with a clear conscience in two wars. He had come from Switzerland to the United States when quite a little lad and fought under Scott in Mexico and for the Union during the Civil War. Of the Mexican War, he declared that the humane methods pursued by the generals in command established a code of ethics for modern warfare, and never before in the annals of conflict had two nations ceased a war with the same feelings of respect and friendship towards each other as were entertained by Mexico and the United States when they laid down arms. Colonel Louis F. Beeler of Bal- timore, was re-elected President; Captain Francis J. Keffer, Vice-President; Captain George Barney, Elkhart, Ind., Second Vice- President; Leroy Wiley, Paris, Ill., Treasurer; Mrs. Moore Murdoch, Dallas, Texas, Secre- tary; Miss Jessica Randolph Smith, Hender- son, N. C., Assistant Secretary. On Culver Day and on the day preceding fourteen cutters which had been courteously loaned to Commander Gignilliat by Rear-Ad- the orator of the day, made a very witty speech, and Mrs. Howard Jett of the same city, was hostess at a most enjoyable luncheon. August 25.—Company “L,” Second In- fantry, Connecticut National Guard, arrived at the Exposition. With the company was its full quota of enlisted men. As this organization was composed of one company their exhibitions consisted of open order drills and skirmish runs in which the command showed that it was par- ticularly well versed. The bulk of the time spent at the Exposition was used in sight-seeing and visiting the Regular Army camps, inspect- ing and studying the methods in use there. ‘The company stayed for a week and created a splen- did impression. The Culver Cadets visited the battleships, and on their return found in Smith Basin the racing crew from the training ship “ Franklin ”’ waiting with a challenge. The first racing crew was called to defend the school and between two black buoys marking a measured mile off the end of the pier, the boats raced. Culver took the lead, kept it and increased it foot by COMPANY “L” SECOND INFANTRY CONNECTICUT NATIONAL GUARD miral Berry, the Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard, were utilized by the Naval Cadets to give examples of the seamanship which had been acquired at the inland school, and the exercises closed with a parade that even the winter school men pronounced up to the stand- ard. The day closed with a ball, at which Admiral Harrington led the grand march with Mrs. D. J. Culver, and the cadet officers put on the Culver anchor figure. A most realistic attack on Old Fort Boone and the capture of three of the prettiest girls of Winchester, Ky., were the features of Win- chester Day also celebrated on this date. Shortly before noon the crowds gathered at the Kentucky reservation and by this time Indians were discovered lurking in the forest which sur- rounds the Fort. Miss Goldie Perry, Miss Ruah Searcy, and Miss Annie Lee Souther- land, each of whom was a direct descendant of a participant in the defence of Old Fort Boonesboro, were the girls captured. Natur- ally the Kentucky soldiery did not permit the redskins to escape with their prizes and formal ceremonies marked their return to the Fort. Colonel Garner, an ex-Mayor of Winchester, 255 foot, at the end of the race winning by nearly three lengths. August 26.—The Eleventh Annual Meet- ing of the American Osteopathic Association was called to order at the Inside Inn by Presi- dent S. A. Ellis, D. O., at ten o’clock in the morning. The Association was welcomed by Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieutenant- Governor of Virginia, and Dr. S. M. S. Hal- lett responded. The Association held two ses- sions daily for five days. The principal speech at the first meeting was delivered by the Presi- dent, S. A. Ellis, D. O., of Boston. His address dealt largely with the habit of many osteopaths who use, with more or less regularity, drugs in connection with their practice. He recognized the difficulty of dealing with this subject since osteopaths are much divided in opinions regarding the matter. He accepted Webster’s definition of osteopathy as “a sys- tem of treatment based on the theory that all diseases are chiefly due to mechanical interfer- ence with the functions of nerves, blood vessels, and other tissues, and may be remedied by manipulation to remove interferences, correct misplacements, and stimulate or inhibit activ- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ” ity.” He contrasted osteopathy with eclec- ticism, which takes its methods from all schools. He applauded the law which had recently been passed in New York restricting the osteo pathic praca tioner_ to Ampiac tice of osteop athy alone, and stated that the New Yeo rk Osteo pathic Society prohibits its mem bers from the use of adjuncts of any kind ~ ances OD the strength De sipney a. ELLIs Of this, it has built up President what is per- hapsthe strongest local osteopathic society in the country.” He concluded his remarks by saying that every effort should be exerted to make osteopaths see the danger to osteopathy which would follow their prescribing drugs, and he added: “I am convinced that the American Osteopathic Association should state definitely that drug giving is not osteopathic and should determine whether its members shall be privileged to use internal medicine in their practice.” A number of extremely interesting addresses were made during the course of the Osteo- pathic convention. Among the principal speak- ers were Drs. Sidney A. Ellis of Boston; A. G. Hildreth of St. Louis; E. A. Booth of Cincinnati; Earle S. Willard of Philadelphia; H. S. Bunting of Chi- cago; C. M. Turner Hulett of Cleveland; ibartye\ Lago te lort New York; C. Y. Mut- tart of Philadelphia; Harry Forbes of Los Angeles; M. E. Clark of Indianapolis, and M. C. Hardin of Atlanta. A feature of each day’s ses- slon was an open parliament, and there were demonstrations of technique and clinics illus- trating methods. Aside from the business convention a8 pe a a 5 eB AS ioe, ine j ‘ E pes esis ~ 1 shearer Dr. Earte S. WILLARD Philadelphia, Pa. there ARIE Ae : Eins sons Bu THE ARION SINGING SOCIETY, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN, NEW YORK CITY were many interesting social features. Excur- sions were made to Jamestown Island, to Cape Henry, to Virginia Beach and to Old Point Comfort, and a grand ball was given at the Inside Inn on the evening of the twenty-seventh. Dr. William Dawson Willard, the leading osteopath in the City of Norfolk, was the chair- man of the local Com- mittee on Arrangements. Dr. Earle S. Willard, a member of the faculty of the Philadelphia College of Osteopathy, and son of the local Chairman, was a prominent member of the committee. The younger Dr. Willard was a former resident of Norfolk, and it wasDR. Wm. Dawson WILLARD ? - Norfolk, Va. largely through his efforts that the convention was brought to the Ex- position. August 29.—Osteopathy Day. ‘The exer- cises began at 2:30 P. M. in the Exposition Auditorium. The Exposition band was present and furnished music for the occasion. Dr. E. R. Booth of Cincinnati, was the first speaker. His address was largely devoted to reminis- cences concerning Andrew ‘Taylor Still, the founder of Osteopathy and a native of Vir- ginia. Speaking of his profession, Dr. Booth stated his belief that the success of the system was due to the fact that there was a certain definite principle of osteopathy : “There is something perfectly tangible, something absolutely comprehensible, something that is within reach of the finite mind; all of mysticism has been to a great extent eradicated. It is perfectly simple and capable of being placed on an abso- lutely scientific basis. The systems heretofore have been based to a great extent upon mysticism, but we have something tangible. What is that tangible element? You are all familiar with it as well as I. Going back to the same principle that the human body is a perfect machine and the additional elements in con- nection with it, the influence of the nerve force and of circula- tion, we have a tangible basis on which to build, and those were the principles that were given to us more than a third of a century ago by the rugged: man that was born in the wilds of the western part of this State.” The Volunteer Fire Department of Harris- burg, Pa., made a record-breaking exhibition run against time. The scene was the War Path and a large crowd witnessed the exhibition which had been widely advertised, but was soon over. ‘The firemen dashed one hundred yards, laid fifty yards of hose, covered the plug and started a stream of water in twenty-five and one-half seconds. ar BN ae Pad Diary—A ugust-September. MISS MANNING, MISS FUNK, MR. CLAASSEN August 31.—There are very few male choruses in America which compare well with the Arion Singing Society of Brooklyn, N. Y. The Auditorium was crowded in the afternoon when the society appeared. Arthur Claassen, the Director, is a leader of the highest standing and in addition to his splendidly trained male chorus he had as an attraction Miss Lillie Funk, a soprano soloist, the pos- sessor of an exceptionally fine voice, which she used to advantage. Miss J. Louise Manning was the piano accompanyist and William Wall Whiddit, the Exposition’s Superintendent of Music, assisted at the organ. The Male Chorus gave nine selections, all of which were admirably rendered. Miss Funk sang three selections, accompanied only by the piano, and the concert closed with ““ Omnipo- tence,’ Shubert-Liszt—a soprano solo, male chorus and organ. ‘The afternoon afforded a rare treat for song lovers and was easily among the best of the Exposition’s musical events. Negro Physicians’ Day. More than one hundred negro professional men celebrated the occasion. Not only were there doc- tors from many states but a large number of dentists and pharmacists of the negro race were present. The exercises began in the Negro Building at 10:00 a. mM. Dr. A. M. Curtis, Chairman of the Committee on Medicine and Surgery, presided. T. J. Calloway, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Negro Ex- hibit, welcomed the visitors, and Dr. Joseph J. France of Portsmouth, replied with a very well prepared speech. Several other interesting addresses were delivered and music was fur- nished by the Fisk Jubilee Singers of Nashville. September |.—Company “H,” Third In- fantry Indiana National Guard under the com- mand of Captain Orville B. Kilmer, arrived at the Exposition, September |, and remained for one week. ‘This company, whose home station is at Warsaw, Ind., is one of the crack com- mands of the State, and was the only Indiana company which attended the inauguration of President Roosevelt in 1905. Company “ H,” better known as the ““ Warsaw Light Guards,” was organized in | 886, was called out for serv- ice in the Spanish War and was mustered into the United States Army as Company “H,” 160th Indiana Volunteers. Later it was reor- ganized and assigned to the 3rd Infantry. It was one of the best drilled visiting companies. HONORABLE WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST September 2.—Labor Day was one of the events of the Exposition. The Auditorium, large as it was, could not hold a fraction of the COMPANY “H” THIRD INFANTRY INDIANA NATIONAL GUARD SLSAND GNV SYANVAdS “AALLINNOD AVG : ee pita ined, YoOdVT LNIOf ap % agi MYT MIG HEY aie ‘loerdig CARO a Sh 4 Ck Diary—-September. MR. HEARST SPEAKING crowd that gathered to hear Hon. William Randolph Hearst and Hon. Samuel Gompers. An imposing military parade preceded the ora- tions which were delivered from the Grand Stand on Lee’s Parade. ‘The speakers were introduced by Mr. Tucker, President of the Exposition. Mr. Hearst’s oration was notable for its calmness, clearness and force. He said: “There is no reason for hostility between employer and employee, between capitalist and wage-earner. Capital is but the accumulation of wealth which employer and employee create together. Wages are but the division of profits. Both employer and employee are entitled to their share of the profits, and as long as the division is just and equable there is no occasion for conflict. If the division is not just, it can always be made so by arbitration, and there is still no occasion for conflict. “Let us regard one another as fellow workingmen and treat one another with consideration and tolerance. Let us all labor harmoniously to create wealth in order that there may be the greatest possible amount to be justly divided. ‘A con- dition of class hatred such as has developed in Colorado is a curse to this country.’ ” Mr. Hearst reviewed conditions in San Fran- cisco, and he defended the union laborer there for demanding more for his labor since he was compelled to pay more for his sustenance. De- fining prosperity he said: “Prosperity means, first, the creation of wealth, and then the distribution of wealth. We all realize the advantage of putting money into circulation, but how are we going to put money into circulation on any large scale except in good wages to workers and good prices 'o farmers? If | buy a block of land worth a million dollars, there is really no money to put into circulation. There is the transfer on the books of some bank, and a million dollars which stood in my name now stands under somebody else’s name. That's all. No one else is benefited. But if I put up a million-dollar building on that block I pay out thousands of dollars to bricklayers and thou- sands of dollars to iron workers and thousands of dollars to carpenters and plasterers and plumbers, and that money is spent by hundreds of men for hundreds of families in food and clothes and supplies and rent—in necessities and luxuries and amusements, and the whole community is benefited. Pros- perity for the producing classes means prosperity for the com- mercial classes. It means prosperity for me as a newspaper man. It means prosperity for every business man.” He defended all labor organizations but re- pudiated the lawless acts of men within or with- out the ranks of union labor, and he said: “Let us combat organization that operates for evil with organization that cperates for good. Let us fight the trusts and oppressive monopolies, not with the slings and arrows of an age that is past, but with a modern armament with the twelve- inch batteries and disciplined battalions of an age of organiza- tion. Let us organize a union of all good citizens to preserve our Government as the patriots founded it, to conduct it impar- tially for the benefit of all and to perpetuate for our children the independence, equality and opportunity which our fathers with devotion, sacrifice and heroism won for us.” Mr. Gompers, who followed Mr. Hearst, declared that the man of labor of the past with 259 bent back and receding forehead, the man with the hoe, no longer typifies labor, particularly American labor. “* The American workman stands erect, looking his fellow man squarely in the eye, insistent upon his just demands, as the equal of all his fellows, striving, aspiring to the highest development of justice among men.” Copyright, Harris & Ewing HONORABLE SAMUEL GOMPERS Mr. Gompers discussed the abuse of the writ of injunction. He claimed that no lawyer would dispute that this writ should be exercised only for the protection of property rights and that: “There must be no other adequate remedy at law. That: It must never be used to curtail personal rights. That: It must never be used in an effort to punish crime. That: It must never be used cs a means to deny freedom of speech. That: It must never be used to deny the freedom of the press. That: It must not be used as a means to set aside trial by jury.” We protest against the discrimination of the court against the laboring men of our country which deprives them of their constitutional guarantee of equality before law. The injunctions which the courts issue against labor are sup- posed by them to be good enough law to-day when there The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. \ YS \ es «4 Lh’ = ‘Copyright. Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MR. GOMPERS SPEAKING exists a dispute between workmen and their employers, but it is not good law, in fact it is not law at all, to-morrow or next day when no such dispute exists. The injunctions issued against workmen are never used or issued against any other citizen of our country. It is an attempt to deprive citizens of our coun- try, when those citizens are workmen, of the right of trial by jury. It is an effort to fasten an offense on them when they are innocent of any wrong doing. It is an indirect assertion of a property right in men when those men are working, engaged in a lawful effort to protect or advance their lawful rights and interests. The injunctions issued in trade disputes are to make outlaws of men when they are not even charged with doing things in violation of law of State or Nation. The injunctions issued in labor disputes are not based on law, but are a species of judicial legislation—judicial usurpation in the interests of a money power against workmen, innocent of any unlawful or criminal act, the doing of the lawful acts rende.ing the workmen guilty of contempt of court. Of the labor union, he said: “Out of all the struggles of the past, the labor movement of our time represents the best expression of the aspiration for the future. It is an evolutionary, not a revolutionary move- ment. It aims to make to-day a freer and a better one than it was yesterday; to make to-morrow and to-morrow’s to-morrow each a brighter day than the one it followed, to achieve the day and the time for which poets have sung and philosophers have dreamed, which it is the mission of labor to fulfill, to that day when | “Man to man shall a brother be, For a’ that and a’ that.” Company “ F,” Sixth Regiment Infantry, Massachusetts Volunteers, arrived in the morn- ing. [his company is known as the “ Davis Guards,” taking their name from the body of minute men who fought in the battle of Lexington under Captain Isaac Davis. That officer lost his life in the battle and was the first American commissioned officer to be killed in the Revolutionary War. The organiza- tion has continued without any serious lapse from the battle of Lexington to the present time. It was a part of the famous “Old Sixth’ which made the march through Baltimore in 61. The “ Davis Guards” were the only military organization from Massachusetts which visited the Exposition. “They were very hand- somely entertained at the Massachusetts build- ing while they were in camp. The command- ing officer, Captain Franklin J. Taylor, was entertained by Colonel Philip Reade, Twenty- third Infantry, U. S. A., and was highly com- plimented upon the personal appearance and discipline of his company. Few companies have a better record than the ““ Davis Guards.” For years they have maintained their maximum strength and rarely fail to have one hundred per cent. present for duty at inspection. ‘Their full quota was at the Exposition. September 4.—One of the most successful of the city celebrations at the Exposition was Kansas City Day. Mayor H. M. Beardsley had appointed a strictly business committee to look after the celebration, and the committee, headed by W. A. McGowan, the Chairman, attended to their business. Thirty-three hun- dred people came from Kansas City and the adjacent territory for this specific occasion, and perhaps not less than three thousand others jour- neyed from various sections of the United States in order to be present. President Tucker and Mayor Riddick of Norfolk, welcomed the vis- itors who entered the Exposition shortly after two o'clock, headed by a band of music and numbering in the ranks more than a thousand marchers. ‘To these speeches the Hon. H. M. Mayor BEARDSLEY Kansas City Beardsley, the Chief Magistrate of Kansas City, feelingly responded. Captain John F CoMMISSIONER WILSON K. C. T. Bureau COMPANY “F” SIXTH REGIMENT INFANTRY MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEERS 260 Diary—September. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. GOVERNOR FLOYD AND STAFF AT THE NEW HAMPSHIRE BUILDING Pelletier, Chief of the Kansas City Fire Patrol, made an interesting address. The principal oration was delivered by H. G. Wilson, the Commissioner of the Kansas City Transporta- tion Bureau. Of Kansas City which he eulo- gized, Mr. Wilson said: “In the first place, it is the largest railway center in the United States, consequently in the world; it is at the practical head of navigation on the Missouri River. It is a manufactur- ing and distributing center for all classes of goods; located at the eastern edge of the great wheat and corn belt, it is a natural grain market; it has over ten million bushels elevator storage capacity and does fifty million dollars worth of grain business every year. It is the second largest flour milling center in the world. Its live stock and packing house business is only ex- ceeded by one other city, and by none its stock and feeder trade. “Coal and natural gas at its door, iron, cotton and lumber within a short day’s journey, reasonably fair transportation rates, a location in practically the geographical center of the country and at the gateway to the great southwest, which will eventually teem with its millions of population, make Kansas City the logical manufacturing center, where the industries must locate, for these are the factors that will not be over- looked.” September 5.—New Hampshire Day was celebrated without any speech-making. Gov- ernor Floyd and his party went sight-seeing during the morning and the afternoon exercises did not occur until 5:30 p. M. They began with a parade and artillery drill. In the review- ing stand besides the Governor and his family, were Councillor J. J. Jouett, Major-General R. B. Chile, Brigadier-General William Sul- livan, Brigadier-General George A. Kimball, Brigadier-General Alfred R. Evans, Colonel William Burpee, Colonel John H. Henry, Colonel Hertel Pariseau, Colonel William Wallace, Colonel R. K. Horn, all of whom were on the Governor’s staff; Congressman John Wesley Gaines of Tennessee; Colonel José Manterola of the Mexican Commission, and most of the Exposition officials. The crack band of the Twenty-third Infantry, headed the column of troops passing before the Chief Executive of New Hampshire. After the In- fantry had been reviewed the Twelfth Cavalry and Third Artillery passed the stand. Subse- quently there was an Artillery drill. At the conclusion of the review, Colonel Philip Reade of the Twenty-third and his staff paid their respects to the Governor. A delightful recep- tion was given in the evening at the New Hampshire Building. This was the first func- tion in that State House. ‘The interior was tastefully decorated with flags of New Hamp- shire, Virginia and the United States. In the receiving line were Governor Floyd, Mrs. and Miss Floyd; Mesdames Sullivan, Kimball, Evans, Burpee, Henry, Pariseau, Wallace, Horn and Moore. September 6.—One of the most successful Ist Jf JSlOlas Chicago Athletic Association meets in the history of the Amateur Athletic Union began September 5. A number of the world’s famous athletes contested for the hon- ors and nine new championship records* were established in a two days’ session at the Expo- sition. * The records of the winners in these events have been taken from the official list prepared by James E. Sullivan, President of the Amateur Athletic Union, for Spalding’s Athletic Almanac, and the records in these and all other cases refer to time or distance made in classes, not to world records.—Eb. 261 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ‘ Jamestow n Official Photograph Corporation: Seated: . C. Brown, One hundred yard run— 101-5 seconds, H. J. Huff, Chicago Athletic Association. Two hundred and_ twenty yards run—22 1-5 seconds, H. J. Huff, Chicago Athletic Asso- ciation—lowering previous best record by one-fifth of a second; R. L. Young of the Irish-Amer- ican Athletic Club, covering the distance in 22 2-5 seconds at the 1906 meet. One quarter mile run—51 seconds, J. B. Taylor, University of Pennsylvania. Half-mile run, | minute, 55 1-5 seconds, M. W. Sheppard, Insh-American Athletic Club. Five mile run—26 minutes, 4 seconds, J. J. Daly, Insh- American Athletic Club. The previous record for this distance was 26 minutes, 20 3-5 seconds, made by William Nelson of Boston Athletic Club in 1906. One hundred and_ twenty aw M. W. SHEPPARD LEA SAW J. J. Daty ARATE yard hurdle race—I5 3-5 sec- onds, Forrest Smithson, Multnomah A. A. Club. The previous record was 16 seconds, made by W. M. Armstrong, New York Ath- letic Club in 1906. Two hundred and twenty yard hurdle— Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Forrest SmitHson, MuLtNomaH A. A. CLus ders J. Harvey, M. J. SHeripan, Dr. J. Caucrietp, THos. F. Ritey, Bartow S. Weeks, James E. SuLtivan, E. E. Bass, T. E. Straus, W. H. RoBertson OFFICIALS AT NATIONAL A. A. U. CHAMPIONSHIPS, SEPTEMBER 6-7, 1907 25 1-5 seconds, J. J. Eller, Irish-American Athletic Club. Running high jump—6 feet, | inch, Con Leahy, Cork, Ire- land. Running broad jump-——23 feet, 11 inches, Dan Kelly, University of Oregon—a_ rec- ord in this competition. Meyer Prinstein established a record of 24 feet, 7!/ inches, at Philadelphia, April 28, 1900, but that athlete’s best performance at any of the Amateur Athletic Association games was 22 feet, 4 inches—a record made in 1906. pw, Je |S EELER J AZATG Copyright: Jamestown Official Pharosraee Corporation. Con LeaHy, WINNING HicH Jump Pole vault for height—12 feet, 3 inches, E. T. Cook, Jr., Irish-American Athletic Club. C. A. Allen of the same club, made the same vault. The bar was then raised 12 feet, 6 inches, at which distance both men failed, but Allen withdrew in favor of Cook. This was the best vault ever made at an annual meet, although W. R. Dray of New Haven, Conn., vaulted 12 feet, 5'4 inches, May 18, 1907. ‘a Geavile zht, Jamestown Official Photograph Connataiiont Eel COOK RV AULIING | | 2a EcameS RING Diary—September. feet, 534 inches, M. J. Sheri- dan, Irish American Athletic Club. Throwing the discus, Greek style—97 feet, 3'/y inches, M. J. Sheridan, Insh-American Athletic Club. Ten mile run—55 minutes, 16 4-5 seconds, J. J. Daly, J Irish-American Athletic Club. g Cross country run—95 minutes, 12 seconds, F. G. Bellars, New York Athletic Club. One mile walk—7 minutes, 41 1-5 seconds, S. Liebgold, Pastime Athletic Club. Three mile walk—24§ minutes, 56 seconds, S. Lieb- gold, Pastime Athletic Club. Standing high jump—5 3 feet, 7 inches, R. C. Ewry, New York Athletic Club. Standing broad jump—10 | feet, 8 inches, R. C. Ewry, New York Athletic Club. “Copyright, Jamestown O Photograph Corporation. Eh COOK yr: New York Athletic Club Putting the sixteen pound shot—49 feet, 61/4 inches, Ralph Rose of the Olympic Club of RALPH ROSE Oe Gofal: a Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. FORREST SMITHSON, WINNING ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY YARD HURDLE RACE California. This broke the record which had been made by Rose—46 feet, 10 inches, and two weeks later this remarkable athlete broke his own record at the games of Montreal, Canada, hurling the iron 49 feet, 71% inches. Running hop, step and jump—44 feet, 9 inches, P. Adams, New York Athletic Club. Pole leaping for distance—28 feet, M. J. Sheridan, Irish-American Athletic Club. Throwing fifty-six M. J. SHERIDAN 1A. A.C 263 Throwing the sixteen pound hammer—171 feet, 34 inch, J. J. Flanagan, Irish-Amer- ican Athletic Club. Previous record 166 feet, 61/2 inches, OF made by the same athlete. Throwing fifty-six pound weight for distance—38 feet, 8 inches, J. J. Flanagan, f Irish-American Athletic Club —a record superseding his © own previous best figures, 35 feet, 7 inches, made in 1906. This throw was made under _the rule of a seven foot circle ‘ without follow. Throwing the discus weigh- ing 414, ibs. from a seven foot circle without follow, 129 pound weight for height —15 feet, 3 inches, M. J. McGrath, New York Athletic Club. Frequently the an- nual Senior and Junior Championships of the Amateur Athletic Union are held cotem- poraneously. This was the case in 1907. One hundred yard run—!0 2-5 seconds, P. C. Gehrardt, Olym- pic Club of Califor- nia. Two hundred and twenty yard run— 22 1-5 seconds, W. J. M. J. McGRATH Ne YaAs G: The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. lila ssi Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. P. C. Genrarpt, WINNING 100-yaRD JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP Keating, Irish-American Athletic Club. Previ- Running high jump—) feet, 9!/y inches, F. ous record, 22 4-5 seconds. F. Risley, Irish-American Athletic Club. Four hundred and forty yard run— 51 2-5 seconds, G. B. Ford, New York Athletic Club. Eight hundred and eighty yard run—|1 minute, 56 2-5 seconds, F. C. Sheehan, South Boston, Mass. Pre- vious record, | minute, 59 2-5 seconds. One mile run—4 minutes, 304-5 sec- onds, J. J. Sullivan, Boston, Mass., clip- ping four seconds off of the previous record. Five mile run—27 minutes, 101-5 sec- onds, A. R. Welton, Lawrence, Mass. Pre- A . vious record, 2/ . Tene minutes, 15 seconds. One hundred and _ re ; twenty yard hurdle—I6 1-5 seconds, C. (22 Brinsmade, New Y ork Athletic Club. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. , James E. SuLiivan James M. Barr Bartow S. WEEKS Two hundred and twenty yard hurdle Pres. A. A. U. Dir.-Gen. Exposition Chair. Com. A. A. U. —25 2-5 seconds, W. S. Lee, New York Athletic Club. Previous record, 26 seconds Running broad jump—22 feet, 41/2 inches, flat. P. Adams, New York Athletic Club. Saget i ; Fue toes Photograph Corporation. F. C. SHEEHAN, WINNING 880-YARD JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP Copyright, Jamestown Official 264 Diary—September. se . eS - aos be la —— < notograph Corporation. Mumrorp, Seitz, Bettars, Kear, Forp, ApDAMs, Price, FIELDING, BrINSMADE, Burscu, Ropcers, Horcan, MAHOoNneEy, McGratH, DEARBORN, PEABODY, O'CONNELL, FARRELL, Lyons, Pitcrim, WALTHER, ZINK, BalLey, SCHAFFER, HausoLp, Septey, Moore, McEntee, McCuttocn, HERTBERG NEW YORK ATHLETIC CLUB TEAM AT A. A. U. CHAMPIONSHIP CONTESTS Pole vault for height—12 feet, E. T. Cook, Jr., Irish-American Athletic Club. Putting sixteen pound shot—43 feet, | 11/4 inches, W.Gilmore, Olympic Club of California. Previous record, 43 feet, 414 inches. Throwing sixteen pound hammer — 161 feet, 2 inches, M. J. McGrath, New York Athletic Club. Throwing fifty-six pound weight—37 feet, 34 inch, P. McDonald, Irish- American Athletic Club. Previous record, 32 feet, 2\4 inches. Throwing the discus— 113 feet, 61% inches, L. J. 4 oe he Talbott, Irish - American W. J. KEATING Athletic Club. LALA C Throwing the discus, Greek style—72 feet, 2144 inches, W. W. Zeig, W. U. P. F ON Setecsted wet Ne ray. Je a eS ae Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporati The day’s meet was marred by an unfortu- nate accident. Brawny John J. Flanagan was making his final throw in the hammer event when the iron slipped from his hands and struck the leg of Charles J. Walsh of New York. Mr. Walsh’s sufferings were _ hardly greater than those of the giant athlete, who walked around with his hands ner- vously twitch- ing and his L. J. TALBOTT face showing [eAMAS GC the agony which he was enduring. After a _ few minutes he put on his hat, picked up his coat 1, McLeop; 2, Cotuins; 3, Bacon; 4, NortHripce; 5, ELLter; 6, Newcoms; 7, Werers; 8, FRANK; 9, KEATING; 10, Bonnac; 11, Taytor; 12, ArcHer; 13, LANGHAN; 14, ALLEN; 15, Bromitow; 16, Daty; 17, SHEPPARD; 18, SUL- LIVAN; 19, SHERIDAN; 20, Conway; 21, FLANAGAN; 22, Meyer; 23, McDona.tp; 24, TEEVAN; 25, RisLey; 26, RILEY; 27, TaLBoTtT; 28, CLouGHEN; 29, Cook TRACK AND FIELD TEAM IRISH-AMERICAN ATHLETIC CLUB, NEW YORK 265 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. and announced that he had thrown his last hammer. These championship events indicated that the /rish-A merican Athletic Club of New Y ork was the premier association of America. Of the sixteen events they were first in ten. In field trials they were invincible, but were beaten by other clubs on the track in the short distance runs. In the total number of points scored the Olympic Club, which had crossed the continent from San Francisco came in second and the New York Athletic Club third. September 8.—Two baggage cars, a day coach, five tourist sleepers and a standard Pull- man car formed the special train of the Corps of Engineers, Ohio National Guard, who ys : arrived at the Expo- sition on that even- ing. The routine observed during the encampment included a morning drill at 7:30, guard mount at 9:15, and parade at 4:30 in the after- noon. The total strength of the bat- talion while in camp was thirteen officers and one hundred and seventy-eight enlisted men under the command of Major J. R. McQuigg. On Tuesday, Sep- tember 10, the Governor of Ohio, accompanied by his staff, General John C. Speaks and other officers, visited the corps. The battalion had been formed and the Commander-in-Chief of the State troops was received with fitting hon- ors. The officers of the corps attended a recep- tion that evening given by the Governor of Virginia, Governor Harris of Ohio, and Gov- ernor Higgins of Rhode Island. Wednesday morning the battalion was inspected and mus- tered by Major Duffy of the Adjutant-Gen- eral’s Department. In the afternoon the corps participated in the military review which was a part of the ceremonies of Ohio Day. In the MAJOR J. R. McQUIGG Corps of Engineers O. N. G. oe CORPS OF ENGINEERS OHIO NATIONAL GUARD AT DEEPWATER PIER evening the officers attended a reception given by Governor and Mrs. Harris at the Ohio Building. On this occasion eight non-com- missioned officers of the corps acted as ushers. Thursday evening, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred C. Sharp of the General Staff, U. S. A., joined the command and remained with it in the capacity of government inspector until Colum- bus was reached on the return trip. Colonel Sharp observed the battalion drills in the morn- ing and made numerous valuable suggestions as to the execution of the movements. After the drill the officers were assembled at head- quarters for two hours. Colonel Sharp gave a most interesting and instructive talk on paper and record work and company and battalion administration and discipline. The last bat- talion parade of the encampment was held at 5:00 p. M. on Friday, and was viewed by a large number of people. The corps broke camp Saturday morning, September 14, at 7:30, and embarked at Deepwater Pier for Newport News where they boarded their private train. This Ohio Corps which was organized May 30, 1898, was mustered into the United States service July 7 of that year. After serving nine months in the Spanish-American War it was mustered out of the service and returned to take its place in the Guard. It is a distinct organization; is not a part of any regiment, nor in any way attached or connected with a regiment; complete in itself and subject only to the orders of the President of the United States and the Governor of Ohio. All clothing, arms and equipments are furnished by the United States Government, and in appearance the corps exactly resembles the engineers of the Regular Army. To the uninitiated these men seemed like regulars and when they first ap- peared at the Exposition it was thought that another branch of the United States Army had joined the forces under General Grant. Major McQuigg and his fellow officers were the recipients of many compliments. September 9.—Delegates from sixteen states 266 Diary—September. were present at the High Tent of the Independ- ent Order Rechabites held at the Auditorium. It was their fifty-fifth annual meeting. This old English order in America chose the Jamestown Exposition for their convention place because the fair commemorated the first English settle- ment in the country. The historic facts of the order relate principally to the sailing of the early English to America. ‘‘ Our British Order ” was the subject of the address of Past High Chief Ruler S. W. Willis of Pittsburgh, Pa. ‘ Crime Caused by Drink ”’ was discussed at some length by J. T. Rolfe of the Washing- ton police force. Colonel J. C. Lee of Wash- ington delivered an address on “ The Future of Our Order.” The final speech of the day was delivered by Mr. Golden of the Soldiers and Sailors’ Club at the Exposition. He told of the work being done for enlisted men at the Exposition and of the success which he had met in trying to inculcate the ideas of higher morality as taught by the Rechabites. September 10.—Rhode Island Day. Cele- brating their State day on the anniversary of the victory which the famous Rhode Islander, Commodore Perry, gained over the British fleet on Lake Ene in the War of 1812, Goy- ernor J. H. Higgins and a large party from “ Little Rhody ” gathered at the Exposition. Rhode Island had played an important part in the celebration. “The Commissioners of that State were the first to visit the Exposition, they first broke ground for a building and they were among the first to install their exhibits. These facts had received full recognition and the Vir- ginians were especially eager to welcome the Rhode Islanders. The exercises in the Audi- torium began at 11:30. The Governor and his party were welcomed by President Tucker for the Exposition and Lieutenant-Governor Elly- son for Virginia. Justice John Taggard Blod- gett, the President of the Commission, occupied the chair. In his brief introductory speech he sketched some of the early history of the State and in presenting the speakers continued to weave a fabric of historic interest. When Gov- ernor Higgins was presented he received an en- thusiastic ovation. Really young, he looked younger than he was, and he proved to be one of the most magnetic speakers who visited the Exposition. He said: The friendship existing between Virginia and Rhode Island is of no recent origin. From the early stages of the civilized colonization of this hemisphere our interests, our senti- ments and our tendencies have been very much along similar lines. Our march along the path of progress has been simul- taneous and mutual. It was only a few years after the historic settlement of John Smith at Jamestown, which this Exposition is now commemorating, that our own Roger Williams, fleeing from the unprogressive spirit of intoleration, blazed his way through the wilderness of the Narragansett territory, and founded the settlement of Providence. Through the dark days of the succeeding century and a half, our trials and struggles were kindred in their nature. Both carried the torch of civilization with undying devotion in spite of adversities of every kind, including the attack of the Indian and the terror of disease. In the stirring times preceding the Revolution our opposi- tion to the tyranny of George III was no less marked than that of the Old Dominion. The thrilling tones of Patrick Henry, voicing the indignation of a wronged people in Vir- ginia, were ably seconded by our Stephen Hopkins, Samuel Ward, our Browns and Ellerys and others of like vigorous patriotism. In the great conflict for independence which followed, our boys fought hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder in a com- mon cause. Second to your Washington only, in ability, tact and glory, was our own immortal Nathaniel Greene. 267 We meet to-day to celebrate Rhode Island Day at this Exposition under peculiarly auspicious circumstances. It is a day upon which history was made for America and eternal glory for Rhode Island. It is a day upon which the reputation and valor of the American se‘lor were placed upon an endur- ing and noble basis. In the consummation of these happy results Rhode Island played a leading role. Ninety-four years ago to-day the British fleet was soundly trounced on Lake Erie by the American forces, with Oliver Hazard Perry of Rhode Island in supreme command. We, therefore, take particular pride in every September 10th, and, with Virginia, we claim an honored place in the making of American history by furnish- ing the second greatest soldier of the Revolution and the great- est naval hero of the War of 1812, perhaps the greatest in all American history. Concluding his speech the Governor said: And now, sirs, our gratitude and appreciation to the Lieu- tenant-Governor of the old Dominion, who, speaking for his thousands of fellow citizens, has welcomed us here to-day: That your distinguished Commonwealth may continue to grow in wealth, numbers and patriotism, is our greeting of to-day, and the sincerest wish from your sister State of Little Rhody, which, although not like Virginia, the Mother of Presidents, is, never- theless, like Virginia, the Mother of Patriots. President, William H. P. Faunce, D. D., LL.D., of Brown University, was the orator WM. H: P/ FAWNCE, D.D;, LL.D. President Brown University of the occasion, and he made a distinctly bril- liant address. Referring to pre-English at- tempts at civilization, Dr. Faunce said: The Spaniards had previously colonized the Pacific slope and penetrated far into Mexico and South America. But their memorials to-day are names on the map, the crumbling ruins of the famous missions, and the thrillingly, heroic story of a light that failed. The French dominated at one time large sections of North America, and still the French language is the ver- nacular of millions in the United States and Canada. But the dominant temper of our civilization is not French or Span- ish, not Latin or Celtic; it is the temper of the English-speak- ing race. Dr. Faunce quoted the opinion of the Right Honorable James Bryce that Rhode Island was the most interesting corner in the Republic. He said that Rhode Island was in some respects far more closely related to Virginia than it was to the northern States which immediately adjoin its and that Rhode Island had always had a life of its own with a flavor that was distinctly ALYVd TVIOIdAO GNV SNIDOIH YONYAAOD é uoljeiodioy yd E = % 2 Ee i ae ea 4, PROS wy eeccs. Eon a aN $$ 15204 any, AiWas SNiognieey 68 ) Sn AER AG. tite Diary—September. individual. He recited as the principal defect of American life in general, from the viewpoint of Europeans, that it was monotonous, that dialects were similar and that costumes, modes of life, standards, ideals, currency, advertise- ments and architecture all were practically identical, and he claimed that we need in America more “ provincialism’’—more of a resolve to maintain historic traditions and land- marks, among the flood of meaningless novel- ties. He continued: In any such attempt to conserve and compare traditions, we at once become conscious of the kinship of Rhode Island and Virginia. It is with no disrespect to the noble State of Massa- chusetts that we of Rhode Island acknowledge that even to-day our little State fronts southwards. It understands Washington and Jefferson far better than it understands Cotton Mather and John Winthrop. Our people visit New York and Philadelphia far more naturally and easily than they visit Boston and Spring- field, and they do this not because they still cherish colonial grievances, but because they are dimly conscious of a sympathy with some ideals more fully expressed by the Cavaliers than by the Puritans. Twice has the English race found permanent expression on this continent—in 1607 at Jamestown, and in 1620 at Plymouth. It would take us far afield to attempt to elaborate the extraordinary contrast in those two settlements. Suffice it to say that Rhode Island, beyond any other section of New England, is by its history and tradition qualified to appreciate the temper and motives of the southern colony. The speaker said that while it would be foolish to indulge in local Pharisaism, for every part of our broad land has produced men of unswerving principle and lofty character, Rhode Island had contributed to the national life in the exaltation of personal honor and in- tegrity in private and public life, and the finest example of a moral and religious pioneer. As to the latter he instanced Roger Williams, whose claims to primacy it were hard to dis- pute. As to the former he said: “ It has been remarked that what orthodoxy was for a cen- tury in Massachusetts, financial solvency was in Rhode Island. The fear of heresy in the one colony was paralleled by the scorn for dis- honesty in the other.’’ Referring to the fathers of the Nation, Dr. Faunce said: The founders did not contemplate a sheer and unmitigated democracy. hey feaed on the one hand an_ individual military dictatorship and on the other hand they feared the power of the mob. They were as afraid of Demos as of Cesar. Consequently they carefully balanced their govern- mental system, centralizing certain powers in a federal govern- ment, localizing certain powers in the various states, and resery- ing all other powers for the sovereign people. They estab- lished a mediate government through representatives, rather than the immediate government of pure democracy. The speaker showed that these ideals were still potent in his State and that the restless desire for experience which characterizes some other commonwealths, is particularly unwel- come to Rhode Island. He did not unduly exalt tradition and frankly admitted that adher- ence to the past might become thoughtless and blind, but he said that loyalty to their traditions had been more beneficial. In conclusion he said a strong word for co-operation: In the twentieth century the individual is helpless if he stands isolated. Only as we find our fellows do we find our- selves. Independence is a noble word, provided it conducts us to interdependence which is nobler still. To stand apart from one’s fellows when they are wrong is the elementary courage of the reformer and the pioneer; to stand with one’s fellows in order to set them right is the loftier courage and sounder philosophy and nobler citizenship to which we now aspire. If Rhode Island, true to its historic emphasis on the dignity and yalue of personality, shall perceive more and more clearly that only through social coherence and civic co-operation can personality be achieved and expressed, then the smallest State in our national territory may be the largest in the value of its message, and from our “lively experiment’ shall issue streams of hee water for the refreshment and rejuvenation of the world. 269 Following a lunch which was tendered by the Exposition Company to the distinguished visitors there was a review of the troops, in which all the regulars participated, and subse- quently an exhibition drill by the ‘Twelfth Cav- alry. A reception at the Rhode Island Build- ing, given by the Commission to Governor Hig- gins and his party, took place in the afternoon, and in the evening Governor Swanson, who had just arrived from Richmond for the ceremonies, entertained with Mrs. Swanson at the Virginia Building. In the Convention Hall of the Exposition the Jamestown Dental Convention was called to order by the chairman of the organization committee, Dr. Burton Lee Thorpe of St. Louis. In an opening address, Dr. Thorpe spoke of the good work which has been accom- plished by Drs. F. W. Stiff, H. W. Campbell and R. H. Waller, representing the Virginia State Dental Association, in their efforts to secure a meeting of the national body at James- town. Dr. Thorpe represented the National Dental Association and Dr. Thomas R. Hin- man represented the Southern Branch of that association on the committee which was com- posed also of the three gentlemen representing Virginia. President Mason of the Southern Branch, afterwards by request, added Dr. J. E. Chase of Ocala, Florida, and Dr. C. J. Grieves of Baltimore, to the committee. ° The speaker paid a tribute to the Virginia State Dental Association, who had emptied their treasury in financing the convention, to the Southern Branch which gave substantial aid, to the Maryland State Dental Association and the North Carolina State Dental Association, and to Drs. J. Y. Crawford, V. E. Turner, Charles L. Alexander, E. J. Tucker and C. A. Bland, who made personal donations to aid the work of organizing. Hon. Harry St. George Tucker followed the speaker and delivered an extremely cordial address of welcome. Among other things he said: “* You know an exposi- tion is useless unless it demonstrates the advance of the people in some directions. I want you, before your adjournment—and I have offered myself as a victim—to demonstrate to the world that a tooth may be extracted and that a nerve may be killed without pain. I have seen adver- tisements to that effect in newspapers, but I am not altogether willing to be- lieve them, and I offer myself for the benefit of human Tty an age J We-Es gleston of Richmond, addressed the conven tion on be- half of the profession in Virginia. He likened the welcome which the V ir ginians extended to their visit ing broth- ers to the Dr. Epwarp EccLeston greetin cf which the Pres. Va. State Dental Acen. A 1 k aN) gr sawyer ex tended to the visitor who could play the violin: ‘‘ Git down, stranger, and come in. Boy, take the The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, stranger's hoss and put him in the cornhouse and stop the door with a stack of fodder. Come right in, stran- ger, and set down. Take a cheer, take two cheers. Pull up to the table and pour out your coffee in two cups, sweeten it twice, and stir it with two spoons. Durn the ex- pense.” And he said, |° “That is the way we | will | feel toward you.” i eae on Dr. Edward Egglee da ston of Richmond, ~~ President of the Vir- ginia State Dental Association, was next introduced, and was especially happy in his greeting. Dr. W. G a "DR H — -— Mason, President of is the Southern Branch of the National Dental Association, also wel- comed the visitors, and Dr. J. Y. Crawford of Nashville, Tenn., delivered an eloquent and scholarly address brimful of historic facts and logical deductions from records. To the various addresses of welcome, Dr. J. D. Pat- terson of Kansas City, Mo., responded. He said: “We feel that our hearts warm to the South; to Virginia; to the Jamestown Exposition; to the organizers of the Dental Congress; to every association assisting, and to every individual who has brought his mite and his presence. Little they thought who first made their settlement on this shore that one day—our day—would see a congress of dentists here, but in the enroll- ment of the world’s beneficences, dental surgery, by inherent right, occupies a prominent position as one of the professions which administer to the comfort and advancement of the indi- vidual and of the world. We are proud to be here at the opening exercises of the present great convocation.” r. V. E. Tumer of Raleigh, N. C., the President of the Con- vention, next spoke. Among other things he said: “We know that perma- nent advance in any science is incomplete, and to a cer- tain extent ineffectual, with- out a record of the means and the men who have been factors in that advancement. As no country can progress in all that makes a nation great without keeping in mind the previously existing conditions and the means employed to improve these conditions, so it is necessary for a scientific calling like dentistry to record 5 and preserve the various steps in its upbuilding. In this way | the scientific gathering fur- \| nishes the opportunity for \\ putting on record and _ pre- \ serving the new facts which have been ascertained, and all the verified steps which have been taken in the labor upon the yet unsolved problems of dental science.” Referring to the de- velopment of dentistry SA waned Fe ne) Wat Ker VA ioe Y. CRAWFORD on. PRES. TEN. OFFICERS JAMESTOWN DENTAL CONVENTION Bueror, q ol a oe TH 7 CHAIRMAN. Gane COMMITTEE OF ORGANIZATION THE JAMESTOWN DENTAL CONVENTION in this country, he said : “With hardly more than a dozen practitioners a cen- tury ago, we have now in this country over forty-five thou- sand, and those men who spend their lives in the effort to ameliorate human suffering are ever on the alert for en- lightenment and truth, and to such what can be more attractive than this _histor- ical and educational exposi- tion, celebrating the birth of this the greatest of all nations.” Dr. Etcheparabor- da of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, who came to the con- vention as a delegate from lEcole Den- taire, of Paris; Dr. A. J. Wright — of Perth, Australia; Dr. Karol Jakubowski of Lemberg, Austria; Dr. Ernesto Paz of Mexico City, Mexico; and Dr. Robert N. LeCrone of London, England, were made hon- orary Vice-Presidents of the convention, and each of these gentlemen spoke briefly. The convention was in session three days, holding two meetings each day, and after the first meeting subjects of scientific interest to the profession only were discussed. In connection with the Dental Convention there was an exposition of dental goods which elicited the admiration and wonder not only of the visiting laymen but of hundreds of den- tists. [he main feature of the exhibit, which cost so much money and labor to assemble, was the United States Dental Exhibit, in charge of Naval Dental Sur- geon, Richard Grady. As a part of this there were included hun- dreds of charts show- ing the teeth of young men, and _ indicating hi how the teeth were jaye filled, crowned and Pease treated, etc. The progress of recording was so perfect that a subject could be com- pletely identified after death, no matter how mutilated otherwise his Ge Ss body might be so long = . — as the jaws remained intact. Dr. William Bebb, the naturalist, brought from Los An- geles a most remarka- ble collection of com- parative anatomy specimens, and Drs. V.H. Jackson, C. S. Case and Martin Dewey made a full INC ec: Me. PRE AREWCE ita = 270 Diary—September. orthodontia exhibit demonstrating the advance- ment of dental science in regulating teeth and resetting jaws. The two casting outfits, new inventions which have revolutionized dentistry, used in the filling of teeth with gold, replacing the old method of using the mallet, were exhib- ited by Drs. Taggart and Jamieson. Other exhibits showed the latest models in dental machinery, material used in dentistry, medicines recommended by dentists for the preservation of the teeth, and powders, washes and tooth pastes. The commercial exhibit was particu- larly strong. While the dentists were in session clinical demonstrations were daily given. The Seventh Annual Convention of the American Veterans of Foreign Service met at 10:00 A. M., Commander Charles H. Devereux presiding. ‘T. B. Forster was appointed Act- ing Adjutant-General. Three meetings were held daily during the three days they were in session. As has been customary, following all wars in which the United States had a part, semi-military organizations have been formed. This association is one of the most important of those connected with the War with Spain. It was organized in Philadelphia and chartered under the State laws of Pennsylvania, with subordinate posts in almost every State east of D. T. Nevin Quartermaster-Gen’l. Nat'l. Commander The Veterans are all H. H. WaLton Adjutant-Gen’l. P. CLIFTON WEsT the Mississippi River. honorably discharged soldiers, sailors and marines who saw service either in Cuba, Porto Rico, China or the Philippine Islands during the period from April, 1898, to July 4, 1902. They have held annual conventions since the first in the fall of 1902; and the one at James- town was the most successful. D. T. Nevin of Philadelphia, Pa., was elected National Com- mander; Levi Huber, Senior Vice-Commander ; T. B. Forster, Junior Vice-Commander; J. B. Teagarden, Judge Advocate Generai; Dr. A. B. Gloninger, General Surgeon; R. S. Hans- bury, F. Herold and J. E. Thorne, Inspector- Generals; H. H. Walton, Adjutant-General ; P. Clifton West, Quartermaster-General, and G. Kerslake, Chaplain. The Children’s School Farm entertained a number of the exhibitors from the Social Economy Building. More than thirty of them gathered under the awning which surrounded the farm house and were served with luscious vegetables picked from the farm and ice tea flavored with home grown mint. Mr. Parsons presided at the entertainment and was assisted by Miss King and Miss Pickett. September 11.—Ohio Day. Honorable Claude A. Swanson, Governor of Virginia, 271 extended a hearty welcome to the delegation from the ‘‘ Buckeye State.’’ He expressed the pride that Virginia takes in the record of her great daughter whose pioneers and settlers were for the large part Virginians. He in- stanced among these venturesome spirits, George Rogers Clark, who was one of the really great heroic figures of America’s heroic age. Briefly referring to the time when Virginia and Ohio had been divided in opinion and the sons of each had faced in bloody war the sons of the other, he declared that it was two sons of Ohio who had been most largely instrumental in bridging the bloody chasm carved by the Civil War—General U. S. Grant, the gener- ous victor at Appomattox, and Major William McKinley, the kindly President of the United States, chief executive of no section. For the Exposition, Mr. Tucker gave a greeting no less hearty. He complimented Ohio and Ohioans, and referred to the vastly disproportionately large number of important public men that Ohio was giving to the Nation. Governor Harris, of Ohio, responded to these words of welcome and declared that he regretted that more Ohioans were not present to see the great Exposition and assist him and his party in telling the people at home what had been achieved here and how grossly the fair had been misrepresented. The orator of the occasion was former Attorney-General, Judge Judson Harmon of Cincinnati, who eulogizing his native State, paid a high compliment to Virginia whom he called the mother of Ohio. His speech, remarkable in many ways, was especially notable as an argu- ment for State’s nghts. He reviewed Virginia’s cession of the northwest territory and said: That there might be no question about the political future of the country she gave up, Virginia made and Congress accepted her grant on the express condition that “ the territory so ceded shall be laid out and formed into states, not less than three nor more than five, to be distinct republican States and admitted members of the Federal Union, having the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other States.” The people of Ohio cherish still, as they always have done, the “ rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence ™’ as well as the membership in the Union, thus secured to them. They might have gained these otherwise, but are none the less grateful for the precaution taken by Virginia which assured them. And they have justified her by the use they have made of those rights. They realize that for a people who have set out to govern themselves to look to some one else, no matter whom, to help govern them, is a confession of unfitness. They are proud of the Governor who, when pleaded with to call for Federal troops, said Ohio could take care of herself, as she did. They know that authority once surrendered or qualified is never regained, no matter how bitter the regret. They have learned that encroaching power is sometimes well meant and always strews its path with attractive present benefits. And they have that sovereign virtue of a free people—patience to endure tor a time, if need be, while they work out through their own agencies the difficulties which changing circumstances are ever presenting. And the people of Ohio have no excuse for lapsing from the virtue of self-reliance. They have shown that they know how to deal with trusts and combinations organized and con- ducted in defiance of the laws of trade and the rules of fair dealing. They are sure they better than others can control with- out crippling the corporations they create, and fix the condi- tions on which those created by other sovereignties may do business within their borders. And they are not willing to yield the right to do this to any other power, or to have it qualified save by the condition, to which they have given irre- vocable consent that they must act justly with respect to rights lawfully acquired. He concluded by saying: The people of each State can best decide for themselves, fiom time to time, what mcasures to adopt and judge their operation and effect. They can better and more promptly repebett oncenptiteenl sameoepeonaeennte ALYVd TWIOISAO GNV OIHO dO ST YVH YONYAAOD Diary—September. HONORABLE JUDSON HARMON correct or change them to suit their case, as trial may suggest. And each State will have the benefit of the experience of the other States as well as its own. If a measure prove wise it will promptly be adopted wherever conditions require it. If it prove unwise the less scope it has the better. What higher hope can | express, in conclusion, than that when Virginia and Ohio meet from century to century, as no doubt they will, to celebrate their origin on this spot, they may greet each other as they do to-day, as ° free, independent and sovereign; States whose dignity is magnified and glorified, not reduced or obscured, by the Union to whose greatness they contribute and in whose glory they share. At the close of Judge Harmon's address, Miss Martha Worthington, of Washington, D. C., a great granddaughter of the first Gov- ernor of Ohio, whose historic old home “ Adena,” at Chillicothe, was reproduced at the Exposition as the State Building, read an ode to the Old Mansion written by her sister, Miss Anne Worthington. After luncheon Governor Harris reviewed the United States Troops, the Second Ohio Regiment and the Ohio State Corps of Engi- BN Se neers. Following the parade the Third Artil- lery, U. S. A., gave an exhibition drill. The day’s ceremonies closed with a reception ten- dered by the Ohio Commissioners to the Gov- ernor and his party at the Ohio Building. Several hundred people were present. The Second Battalion of the Fourth Infan- try, Maryland National Guard, commanded by Major Harry C. Jones, left Baltimore on the morning of September 11, and went into camp at the Exposition grounds on the evening of that day. Next day they acted as escort to His Excellency, Governor Warfield of Mary- land, receiving him at the Government wharf with military honors and heading the line of march to the Auditorium where the Maryland Day exercises took place. By express permis- sion from Major General Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. A., the battalion took part in the garrison review given at 4 P. M. on that day in honor of the Governor of Maryland. The regi- mental band of the Fourth, which had accom- panied the battalion, furnished the music at the reception to the Governor of Virginia given at the Maryland Building. On Major Jones’ staff were Second Lieutenant John J. Carlin, Acting Battalion Adjutant; Major W. Guy Townsend, Surgeon; First Lieutenant D. N. Rittenhouse, Acting Battalion Quartermaster and Commissary, and Captain E. B. Gootee and First Lieutenant Henry E. Lupus, Aides. The Battalion returned to Baltimore September 14. Food Products Day. This celebration was a great success. From nine o'clock in the morn- ing until six in the evening the Foods Building was crowded as never before in its history. About eleven o’clock the enclosure was packed and shortly after it became almost impossible for the crowd to move one way or another. For more than an hour this congestion was un- relieved. More than two thousand prizes were given away and after one o'clock each booth served as a free lunch samples of its products. It was one of the best attended days at the Exposition and the details of the various dis- plays made in the building were subjects of exceedingly favorable comment. es i cas we OFFICERS OF SECOND BATTALION, FOURTH INFANTRY, MARYLAND NATIONAL GUARD The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. September I] to 20.— Cup Races. ‘To add inter- est in the yacht races sched- uled for the Exposition four fine loving cups were offered as prizes. The King’s Cup donated by His Majesty, King Edward VII; the Pres- ident’s Cup donated by Pres- ident Roosevelt; the Sir Thomas Lipton Cup donated by that distinguished sports- man, and the Jamestown Ex- position Cup, were the tro- Donated By Kine Epwarp VII Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. JAMESTOWN YACHTING TROPHIES By Sir Tuomas LipToN With ideal weather conditions, a smooth sea and a ten mile breeze the first of the yacht races was started just at noon, Septem- ber 11. “Iwo boats en- tered in competition for the President's Cup— the ““Sue’’ and_ the “Regina.” The for- mer won. Half an hour later six yachts began their struggle for the By PresiDENT ROOSEVELT phies. The races were held under rules King’s Cup. The boats raced twice around a adopted by the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1906, and measurements were according to the universal rule. almost fifteen miles. wie: triangular course, each leg of which was about two and one-quarter miles and the total distance They finished in the fol- JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION YACHT RACING COMMISSION J. F. Duncan Dr. J. F. De Munp Cuas. P. Tower J. van B. Metts Myron B. Vorce AEMILIUS JARVIS R. H. Sexton T. J. HERRMANN 274 Diary—September. lowing order: “* Manhasset,’ ‘‘ Dorothy,” PLattless Rhody; as. ilanor,...- Capsicum, and “ Dorothy Q.” Under the rules govern- ing these contests each boat that entered was entitled to one point and each received an additional point for every boat beaten. Thus the “ Manhasset’ which finished first, was credited with six points, the “ Dorothy ”’ five, the “Little Rhody” four, the “ Elanor”’ three, the “ Capsicum ’”’ two, and the “ Dor- othy OF one. The second and concluding race for the President’s Cup occurred on September 13 and was won by the “ Sue”’ owned by Edwin R. Luckenbach of New York. The same yachts which had competed two days previously for the King’s Cup again raced. The “ Capsi- cum’ won, followed by the “ Little Rhody,” ‘““ Manhasset,” “Elanor,’’ ‘‘ Dorothy,’ and “Dorothy Q.” in the order named. Under the point system this race resulted in two ties, the “ Capsicum” and “ Manhasset,’’ who had scored a total of ten points each, tied for first place, and the “ Little Rhody,” and “ Doro- thy,” the score of each being seven points, tied for third position. The third and deciding race for the King’s Cup was run on September 16. The boats finished in the following order: “ Elanor,” “Manhasset,” “* Dorothy,” ‘‘ Capsicum,” “Dorothy Q.,” and “ Little Rhody.” This gave to the “ Manhasset ’’ owned by Clarence Robbins of the Manhasset Yacht Club of Long Island, first place and the trophy. The “Capsicum ’’ was second in the totals and “ Dorothy ” third. With the wind blowing fitfully, a free-for-all regatta for yachts of forty feet or less in length was conducted on September 17. The trophy was offered by the Jamestown Exposition Com- pany. ~ Little Rhody ” of Providence, Rhode Island, was the winner; “ Capsicum” second, and “ Dorothy Q.”’ third. At the conclusion of this race the Regatta Committee announced that having failed to get any Class H. or Class K. Schooners to race for the Cup offered by Sir Thomas Lipton, they had determined to offer the trophy to yachts of P. and Q. Classes; the course to be fifteen miles, three races, one of which would be to windward and return, one to leeward and return and the other over a triangle. The first race for the Lipton Cup was run over the triangular course on September 18 and was won by “ Dorothy Q.,” “ Dorothy ”’ sec- ond, ‘“ Capsicum’”’ third, “‘ Elanor”’ fourth, and “ Sue”’ fifth. On the following day the second race, seven and a half miles to windward and return, was won by the “ Elanor,”’ “ Dor- othy ”” second, ‘‘ Dorothy Q.”’ third, “ Capsi- cum” fourth, and “‘Sue’’ fifth. Under the point system the result of these two races was that “Dorothy” and ‘ Dorothy Q.” tied with eight points; “ Elanor’’ was third with seven, “Capsicum ” fourth with five, and “‘ Sue ”’ last with only two. On September 20th the con- cluding race for the Lipton Cup resulted in a 27 5 second victory for the “ Elanor.”” This yacht was followed by the “ Capsicum,” “‘ Dorothy Q.,”’ ~ Dorothy ” and ~ Sue.”’ The “ Elanar,” owned by F. W. Fabyan of Boston won the trophy with twelve points, ““ Dorothy Q.”’ sec- ond with eleven, “ Dorothy ” third with ten, “Capsicum” fourth with nine, and ‘ Sue”’ last with only three—the points given for en- tering. September 12.—Marvland Day was cele- brated in a most dignified manner. The Gov- ernor of the State, Honorable Edwin Warfield, came to the Exposition and with him were a large number of distinguished Marylanders. Adjutant-General Clinton L. Riggs and Col- onel Joseph L. Wicks of the Governor’s Staff accompanied the State’s Chief Executive on the journey from Baltimore. ‘The official par- ticipants included all of the State Commission- ers, a number of leading State officials, the mayors of many Maryland municipalities and in addition to General Riggs and Colonel Wicks the following members of the Gover- nor’s military staff who had preceded Gov- ernor Warfield to the Exposition: General N. Winslow Williams, Colonel John L. G. Lee, Colonel W. Hopper Gibson, Colonel E. A. Baughman, Colonel M. Gillette Gill, Jr., and Sergeant Robert McClellan. The official party entering the Auditorium at eleven o'clock were greeted with “ Maryland, My Maryland,” played by Phinney’s Band and the great Exposition organ. Captain Fred- erick M. Colston, Chairman of the Maryland Commission, presided at the meeting. Presi- dent Tucker and Governor Swanson delivered characteristic addresses of welcome and Sena- HONORABLE WILLIAM PINCKNEY WHYTE Appointed U. S. Senator 1868-1869—Governor of Maryland 1871-1874—United States Senator 1875-188!1—Mayor of Bal- timore 1882-1883—Attorney-General of Maryland 1887-1891 —City Solicitor of Baltimore 1900-1903—Appointed United States Senator January, 1908, to fill an unexpired term of Arthur Pue Gorman, deceased. APUHdWAH “VW ‘f ‘NYOHXNL 'D ‘VW ‘saWv{ “f GNaWay ‘Yq ‘NaINIG YONYFAOD ‘NAAN “S$ ‘SVHD ‘sup] ‘NYOHXA]L ‘D ‘VY ‘SU AFUHAWAH “YW “ff ‘SU ‘AGUACTOFY aITTAN SSI, ‘FING “SUT ‘NOXIG “YJA] ‘NOXIG] “su NIIND ‘SU ‘AGUIGTIOH{ WINVHLVN ‘NOP{ ‘HONvaIssaq Hdasof ONIC TING SION CNV NA3ANA4d YONYAAOD ‘uolzeiodioy ydeiso} Sees es : at Oud [ROYWO uUMojsowel ‘ys11AdoD 2 mee ee rm Diary—September. tor William Pinckney Whyte, Maryland’s “Grand Old Man,” made the first speech for the visitors. He said: The object of all these expositions, which have preceded this at Jamestown, has been to show the wonderful industrial advance our country has made; its capacity for growth and expansion in all the liberal arts and commercial, manufactur- ing, agricultural and scientific pursuits. History and tradition have their part, but vision to mortal- ity has some special charm. Our eyes behold proof, that, no matter in what climate of the country or in what soil of the land, the march of progress and the wheels of industry are constantly in motion. Here you can observe the achievements of the past; and here too, you can foretell to what marvelous size the work can be extended in the future. It needs no prophet to portray it. The common mind can grasp the situation and realize that there is still in store for the people riches by far greater than any yet acquired in this land of promise. The Exposition be- fore us seems to have surpassed all others in the discriminating selection of its exhibits and their orderly arrangement for inspection. Senator Whyte, relating the points of con- tact between Virginia and Maryland, recited an incident: It was my good fortune to be a Senator from Maryland in the Fortieth Congress, and to my sorrow Virginia, the mother of States, who had given to her country in the Revolutionary War the immortal Washington and in the civil conflict the peerless Lee, was absent from her home there. The Civil War was over, but Virginia had not been rehabilitated, according to the fashion of the times. It was my delight, when and how I could, to represent in that body her exiled citizens. I felt that I was only performing a duty which my own State would have laid upon me in her affection for her beloved sister Vir- ginia. Colonel James R. Randall, the author of “Maryland, my Maryland,” was the next speaker. He was fol- lowed by Governor E:d- win Warfield, who said that the greatness of a State depends not only upon agricultural — sec- tions, the products of her soil, her waters, her forests, her minerals and her mines, but upon the thrift, energy and pro- gressive spirit of the dwellers within her cities, towns and vil- lages. ‘Therefore, he stated, that while the State, as a whole, was hailing her day at the Fair, the anniversary was so closely and sacredly asso- ciated with Baltimore City that he had con- cluded to use “ Baltimore, the Gateway to the South” as a text. He referred to the September twelfth during the War of 1812 when the citizens of Baltimore repulsed Wellington’s veterans of the Peninsula. He traced Balti- more’s growth from the survey of 1730 and, claiming that it was a Virginia City, continued: By the census of 1900, Baltimore numbered among her citizens one-third as many native-born Virginians as dwell in Richmond, the historic capital of the Old Dominion; within ten thousand as many as are in the City of Norfolk, and more than there are in any other Virginia city. Cot. J. R. RANDALL He related the tale of Baltimore’s commer- cial progress and standing, and concluded: The great rule of success in modern business economy is to do bigger things to-morrow than to-day, and it is a plain propo- sition that the South must keep on increasing her transportation facilities and adding to her railroad mileage if she wishes to continue her commercial growth and prosperity. Baltimore has contributed of her capital and her enterprising men in. this great development of the South and has invested more than two hundred million dollars in Southern railroads, Southern cotton mills, Southern street railways, Southern coal mines, timberlands and factories. September 12th was chosen as Maryland Féte Day because it was the anniversary of the 277 ““ Star Spangled Banner,” Francis Scott Key’s stirring poem, that is now our National Anthem. A pleasing episode of the programme was the singing of this ode by the Honorable George Edward Smith, Mayor of Frederick, Mary- land. ‘The audience joined in the chorus and the band and organ accompanied the song. Immediately after the Auditorium exercises a luncheon was served at the Maryland Build- ing to Governor Warfield and the guests of the State. Then the Governor held a reception. In the afternoon Governor Warfield reviewed the troops. With him were Governor Swanson of Virginia, President Tucker of the Exposi- tion, Rear-Admiral Harrington, Mayor Ma- hool of Baltimore, members of the Governor’s Staff and the Maryland Commission. ‘The re: view was an exceptionally fine one. After the military exercises most of the members of the Commission returned to Old Point Comfort, at which place they took the steamer “Vir- ginia”’ for Baltimore. Many, however, re- mained over for the reception given to the Governor of Maryland by the Governor of Virginia and Mrs. Swanson that evening. Re- ceiving with Governor and Mrs. Swanson were Governor Warfield, Mrs. John Ridgely, Mrs. J. Barry Mahool, Mrs. Henry W. Rogers and Mrs. Douglas H. Gordon. September 14.—At 11:30 President A. C. Tuxhorn of the I]linois Commission opened the Illinois Day ceremonies. In the absence of Governor Swanson and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson, President Tucker welcomed the visit- ors on behalf of the Exposition and the State of Virginia. Governor Deneen, a man of splendid appearance and personality, respond- ing for Illinois, declared that his people were modest to a fault, that even Chicago was a distinctly modest city, that he, the Chief Exec- utive of the State, was a modest man, and that he could not exploit his State or its people, but that he was glad to be at the Exposition, and he said: We shall return to our homes and to our business refreshed by this contact with each other and with the place in which was forged the first link of the chain which has bound us into one mighty republic, a republic which, everywhere in the world to-day, is esteemed the highest achievement in human govern- ment, a government of equal opportunities, a government of the people, by the people and for the people. Edward J. James, LL.D., Ph.D., President of the University of Illinois, was the principal speaker. During the hour in which he held the stand, he riveted the attention of every thought- ful man in the audience. He bravely asserted: My proposition to-day is that we must have a new Federal Constitution adapted to the needs of the twentieth Century State before we can be sure that our industrial, social and political system may continue to advance peacefully along the pathway toward that marvelous development in things material, moral and intellectual which is opening before us. He did not attempt to undervalue the present Constitution of the United States—to the con- trary, he declared that it was among the most wonderful instruments ever frarned by the mind of man; he maintained that our experiments in free government had so fixed the attention of the world that it had made the absolute gov- ernment of the old type impossible, and that to-day, more than ever before, the example of The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. our great Republic was a living, moving force which was working in all European nations to- wards freer and better government, but he claimed that our Constitution would not permit us to reach the greatest heights. He asserted: We have one of several choices. First, we may do nothing. Drifting along. Letting things slide. Leaving private initiative to absorb such portion of our national wealth as may endanger national welfare; letting private individuals seize the stragetic points in our industry and commerce from which they may bleed their fellow citizens to any desired extent; permitting them to lay under contribution their less fortunate competitors, build- ing up monopolies to feed and fatten on the industry of the ation. Second, we may leave the matter to the States with the hope that they may undertake the task. This can only be a temporary solution—for they will fail in the task and all that we shall have done will be to postpone the earnest and real consideration of measures. Along this road we should be grasp- ing at a shadow and in the meantime lose the substance. Third, we may go on as we have been going. In this case, after long deliberation and many turnings and twistings, muc discussing of constitutionality we shall pass tentative laws— weak and ineffective because of fear that the courts may upset them—and wait for the courts to uphold them as they surely will—if Congress is persistent enough—bringing them all under a few general clauses of the Constitution which were never in- tended to cover such subjects. This method will distort the Constitution out of all possibility of recognition; undermine popular belief in the possibility of constitutional guarantees. % % * % % # * Our political machinery is in many respects as unequal to Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. FIREWORKS AT DEDICATION OF GOVERNMENT PIER the tasks we must require of it as would be the old-fashioned plow and cradle and flail, to the work of a modern Dakota wheat farm; or the stage-coach and prairie schooner to the work of the modern railway. Our people can never solve the gigantic problems of com- merce, industry, education and social welfare without using, to a larger extent than at present, the instrumentality of the Federal Government. In the afternoon Governor Deneen re- viewed the troops from the Grand Stand on Lee’s Parade and in the evening there was a brilliant reception at the I]linois Building. National Maga- zine Readers’ Dav. Under the auspices of Joe Mitchell Chapple, the distin- guished Editor of the National Magazine, the readers from all sections of the coun- try enjoyed a special day at the Exposi- tion. Promptly at one o'clock the doors of the large com- Joe MitcHeLt CHAPPLE mittee room in the Auditorium opened and the guests of the editor sat at great tables laden with flowers and decorated with immense punch bowls holding iced tea and fruit punch. One hour was spent at luncheon then the crowd filed into the main hall of the Auditorium, where William Wall Whiddit, the Official Organist of the Exposition, played National airs. After speeches by Mr. Tucker and Mr. Chapple the latter announced that soon would be heard famous words which had echoed down the cor- ridors of time and through the pages of history, and a Columbia phonograph repeated oratori- cally that great speech of Patrick Henry, which concluded with the immortal words: ‘‘ Give me liberty or give me death.”’ The date selected for this reunion was the anniversary of President McKunley’s death, and a notable feature of the ceremonies was a tribute to the martyred President. Phinney’s Band played softly “ Nearer My God to Thee,” and a boy clad entirely in pink and car- rying a large bouquet of pink carnations walked on the stage and drew from an easel a large flag that covered the portrait of William McKinley. On the opposite end of the platform Mrs. Blanche Armstrong Weinschenk sang “Lead Kindly Light.” Mr. McKinley had named the Na- tional Magazine and was one of the editor’s closest friends. On this evening, with the end of the Exposition only two months and sixteen days dis- tant, the Government Pier was dedicated. At seven o'clock the contractors, the engineers of the United States, and the Ex- position officials gathered on the beautiful arch where the cere- monies of delivering the struc- ture to the Exposition were conducted. C. W. Gaylord, representing the Scofield Company, transferred the property to Captain Wheeler, United States Engineer- ing Corps, who formally delivered it to Mr. Tucker for the Exposition. Receiving the gift, Mr. Tucker said that this was the last great architectural triumph for the Exposi- tion and that its completion would be joy- ful news to thousands of the Ter-Centennial’s well wishers. His speech was brief and at its conclusion a powerful rocket was fired—a signal that the Pier was public property and that the crowds might take possession of it. Immediately following the discharge of the rocket a long shower of fireworks poured from the arch to the water line, and no sooner had this ceased than the lights for the first time circled Smith’s Basin. The current was given gradually, the first light being faint with a delicate orange hue, then through the shades until all shone brilliantly, and fifteen minutes to eight o'clock the lights on the Pier were suddenly extinguished and a signal rocket an- 278 Diary—September. nounced that the fireworks would begin. This pyrotechnic display was the most elaborate which the Exposition gave. Among those who witnessed the ceremonies of the Pier were Gov- ernor Deneen and the other distinguished visit- ors from Illinois who had just come from the reviewing stand on Lee’s Parade and who, later, went to the Illinois Building to attend a reception given by the I[I|linois Commissioners to the Governor and to President James. It was unfortunate that the Pier had re- mained so long incomplete. This contribution of the United States Government was a magnifi- cent gift and added wonderfully to the beauty of the Exposition. The plans of its construc- tion were drawn by the Jamestown Exposition Board of Design and approved by the United States Engineers. More than thirteen thousand piles were driven; more than a mile of sea wall was built; about three hundred thousand yards of filling, and about four hundred and fifty thousand yards of dredging were demanded in the plans, three million, five hundred thou- Copyright, Jamestown Official ogra NORFOLK YOUNG sand feet of lumber were required. The Pier was double and enclosed an enormous water basin one million, two hundred and eighty thou- sand square feet in area, and the most excep- tional feature of the entire construction was an arch at the outer ends of the piers connecting them. This arch was a veritable triumph of engineering skill. It measured one hundred and fifty feet between sides at the water line, was built entirely of reinforced concrete, and was the largest archway of this material that had ever been constructed. In order to place the great mass securely, two hundred and twenty piles were driven in the abutment on either side and concrete was placed in large cofferdams. September 16.—The official exercises of Mexico Day began at 10:30 in the morning. President Tucker for the Exposition and Lieu- tenant-Governor Ellyson for Virginia warmly greeted Mexico which was the first nation to celebrate a day at the Fair. . Aside from the welcoming addresses the principal speeches were delivered by Luieutenant-Colonel José Manterola, the President of the Mexican Muili- tary Commission to the Exposition and by Senor Don José F. Godoy, E.E. and M. P., Chargé d’Affaires ad interim during the absence of Senor Don Enrique C. Creel, the Mexican Ambassador. Miss Lee Eure of Nor- folk recited an ode composed for the occasion by the Honorable Veloz-Goiticoa, eulogizing Mexico and President Diaz. Upon the stage were General Frederick Dent Grant, Rear-Ad- miral Purnell F. Harrington and Senor An- tonio Leon Grajeda, Vice Consul-General of Mexico at New York. Acting Ambassador Godoy briefly sketched the struggle of Mexico for life and liberty, and said: It is not my purpose to sound the praises of those in power; it is not my design to bring before your eyes a picture of the prosperity and advancement which my country has attained, but it is my privilege, it is my duty to state that for the past twenty years Mexico has forged forward in the pathway of progress and that the wonderful development of her resources is due to the foresight of her Chief Executive—to the able statesmanship of President Porfirio Diaz. President Diaz has considered that peace is the corner- stone upon which a nation’s greatness must rest and has devoted all his energies to that end. One of your greatest generals, and one whose name is revered in my country, for he is classed among its best friends,* once said: ‘Let us have peace,’ and in those words there is more statesmanship and wisdom than can be imagined. Lieutenant-Colonel José Manterola who had expressed himself with great difficulty in English when he first arrived at the Exposition, made an interesting speech, every word of which was clear to the audience that was eager to hear the President of the Mexican Commis- sion, for no one connected with the Exposition was unappreciative of Mexico’s cordial friend- ship and aid, and at every mention of President Diaz’s name the audience applauded and cheered just as if he had been an American instead of a Mexican Executive. Colonel Manterola told of the exhibit which Mexico was making and said that it showed the state of advancement attained by his country. “ Ex- positions,” he declared, “have no boundary lines and their visitors have no special national- * Senor Godoy referred with reason to the Mexicans’ friendship for General Ulysses S. Grant, who after the Civil War, strongly urged President Johnson to send him and an army to Mexico if the French would not leave that country. This incident also did much to add to the reverence with which General Grant was held in the South, for he suggested to the President that his army might well be composed largely of Southerners.—Eb. 279 SENOR DON JOSE F. GODOY, MEXICAN MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY, AND THE OTHER CELEBRANTS OF MEXICO DAY Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Diary—September. ity. These are all brethren, tied by identical desire, that of getting acquainted with each other and loving each other. Referring to the two great North American Republics he said: Besides the similar form of government by which Mexico and the United States are ruled, which is a powerful element of good will, our two Presidents have, as chief characteristic traits, their constant endeavor toward securing the well being of their fellow citizens and the enforcement of the laws which tend tc such end, with serene purpose, honest conscience and indomitable will. He brought the Audience to their feet by exclaiming: May God Almighty preserve the lives of two beings so be- loved by their fellow countrymen, Roosevelt and Diaz. There was a luncheon after the Auditorium exercises and in the afternoon military parades andreviews. Immediately preceding the parade, automobiles carrying twenty young ladies typi- fying various nations passed in review be- fore the representatives of Mexico and the United States. Miss Jean Cooke wore the tni- color of Mexico, Miss Lelia Hobson represented the United States; Miss Alice Hunt, Argen- tine; Miss Julia Veloz, Venezuela; Miss Louise Tucker, Chile; Miss Mary Sharp, Cuba; Miss Carolista Sanford, Salvador; Miss Lee Eure, France; Miss Cornelia McBlair, England; Miss Hannah Eure, Italy; Miss Mary Payne, Greece; Miss Guenllyan Mor- gan, Turkey; Miss Claire Wigg, Portugal; Miss Virginia Tucker, Spain; Miss Etta Sharp, Japan; Miss Mary Scherrer, Sweden; Miss Eloise Bohannan, Switzerland; Miss Louise Quimby, Russia; Miss Margaret Gill, Austria; and Miss Mary Booth, Germany. Following the review of the automobiles, the young ladies returned to the Grand Stand and were received in the President’s box at the reviewing stand where they witnessed the march of the United States troops. After the review the Mexican Commission entertained at dinner at the Inside Inn and a formal ball closed the day. The Mexican National Band rendered the music at this function and it was as brilliant a social event as any of the great Exposition features. Exceeding in interest any cotillion figure was a march executed by these young ladies who had represented the various countries. September 18.—The Green Mountain Boys with appropriate ceremonies celebrated V er- mont Day. The visitors were cordially wel- comed to the Exposition by President Tucker and to Virginia by Lieutenant-Governor Elly- son. lo these expressions of good will Gov- ernor Proctor of Vermont responded. The oration of the day was delivered by Honorable Joseph A. DeBoer, of Montpelier. His ad- dress was most scholarly, reviewing entertain- ingly and instructively the struggle which his State had made to preserve its identity in the fight which it had waged against New York, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, each of whom had wished to absorb the territory. He told of the final triumph which had come in 1794, when the district became a State, and de- clared: Vermont is able to take care of itself, as of yore, upon the old doctrine of self-dependence and the new doctrine of self- development, asking for itself no other prerogative than its rights as a State and no other honor than that of its full share in the burdens of the Nation and in the opportunities to sustain its honor in the competitions of the world. It feels to-day the 281 impulse of new thoughts and new ideas, but | am confident that it also yields filial affection to the days of the ancient, whose devoted, heroic, unselfish labors made the State. There comes to-day no sentiment from the Green Mountain save one of united affection for all of the States and no prayer more fervent than that God in His love may continue to bless the State of Vermont with honor and peace. President Tucker entertained the Vermont- ers at luncheon; and the official party, after sight-seeing, returned to the reviewing stand where the regulars passed before Governor Proctor. The little Vermont house was crowded during the evening at a_ reception tendered by the Vermont Commission to the Governor of their State. September 19.—Promptly at two o'clock the visitors began to crowd the headquarters of the Ladies of the Maccabees of the World, where Mrs. Lillian M. Hollister, Supreme Commander of the order; Miss Bina M. West, Supreme Record Keeper; Mrs. Melva J. Cas- well, Supreme Sentinel and State Commander for District of Columbia, Maryland and Dela- ware; Miss Etta M. England, State Com- mander for Virginia; and Mrs. A. J. West, Sr., mother of Miss West, acted as hostesses. Luncheon was served to the guests at four Miss Bina M. West Supreme Record Keeper Mrs. Lituian M. Ho .uisTer Supreme Commander o clock and immediately thereafter the high officials repaired to the reviewing — stand, where one of the most interesting drill con- tests of the Exposition occurred. Two sets of the Uniform Guards, one from the Rich- mond Hive of the Ladies of the Maccabees, and the other from the Mt. Vernon Hive at Washington competed in the drill contest. The evolutions performed by the young ladies, their precision of step and_ erect bearing, received much praise and through the most involved and difficult movements they passed with a precision and correctness showing careful training. ‘The work was done without music and with no word of command. Lieu- tenants Bagby, Copp and Waddill of the United States Army were the judges and they awarded the first prize to the Richmond Hive, of which Mrs. Mary E. Robinson is Captain. The “ Ladies of the Maccabees of the World ” is perhaps the most important fraternal and beneficial order of women that exists. Under the name there are one hundred and fifty thou- sand women banded together. It was organ- ized in October, 1892, and has branches in fifty-four states, territories and provinces. An important city celebration took place in i j ; ONIGTING LNONYAA LV ALYVd TVIOIdAO GNV YOLOOYd YONYAAOD “UOL}E. I UN AO YS ole 982 Diary—September. D. E. HEINEMAN Pres. Com. Council Detroit B. F. Weapock E. R. ScHREITER, JR. Sec. Com. Council Detroit Asst. Corp. Counsel Detroit the Auditorium. A large delegation of officials from Detroit, Mich., and a number of citizens of that city celebrated Detroit Day. The fea- ture of the occasion was the address of Assist- ant Corporation Counsel, Bernard F. Weadock of Detroit. Mayor William B. Thompson, who was unable to attend the ceremonies, dele- gated Mr. Weadock to act as his representa- tive, and besides that gentleman there were Aldermen Weiber, Kingsley, Gutman and Rose, City Clerk Gaston, Deputy City Con- troller Nagle, City Accountant Griggler, Sec- retary Mabee of the Department of Public Works and Council Secretary Schreiter. Hon- orable H. E. Sargent of the Michigan Com- mission presided. Mr. Tucker welcomed the visitors and then Mr. Weadock spoke. In his speech he pictured early Detroit with its trading posts, pack sacks for transportation and other primitive customs, and contrasted it with the Detroit of to-day with its four hundred thou- sand people and its vast commerce. Honorable Edward L. Walbridge, Secretary of the Mich- igan Commission, also spoke. He reviewed the great advance which had been made in the northwest territory and added that Virginia was not only responsible for the State of Mich- igan, but for her first Governor, Stephen B. Mason. September 20.—In order to attract visitors to the building of Mines and Metallurgy spe- cial inducements were offered for Mines Build- ing Dav, and so great was the enthusiasm of those in the building that they contributed many valuable premiums, among which were a beau- tiful blue beryl, a handsome piece of pot- tery, a marble statue, an oil painting, and a number of extremely attractive but less expen- sive souvenirs. [he day’s programme began with a lecture on radium and a demonstration of the generation of ozone; at 10:30 the Ty- rolean singers entertained the crowd and an hour later the Fisk Jubilee singers occupied the stage. During the afternoon there was a band concert and again the Tyroleans sang and Miss d’Arville, the violinist, gave an interesting recital. The flag on the IIlinois Building was at half- mast as a tribute of respect to Thomas Nowers, the President of the Commission from that State. He had just died at his home in Atkin- son as he was preparing to leave with his wife and daughter to visit the Exposition. He was succeeded by Dr. R. W. McInnes. Senator T. B. Dunn, President of the New York State Commission, entertained over one hundred persons at an elaborate banquet given at the New York Building in the evening. It was purely an official function and only those connected with the Exposition, the Army and Navy Officers and the visiting State officials were present. Among those who responded to the toasts were Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia, First Vice-President Alvah H. Mar- tin of the Exposition, and Rear-Admiral R. M. Berry, Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard. Among the guests were Colonel D. C. Dupont of Wilmington, who had supplied in principal measure the deficit in Delaware's ap- propriation. Colonel Dupont, a Delaware Commissioner, was stopping at the Delaware State Building. September 21.—The address of Governor Joseph W. Folk was the feature of Missouri Day. Several hundred members of the League of American Municipalities, which had been holding a three days’ session in Norfolk, attended the Missouri exercises. [hey were headed by former President of the League, GOVERNOR FOLK OF MISSOURI AND MRS. FOLK The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Mayor E. FE; Dunne of Chi- cago. The In- surance Commis- stoners’ Assocta- tion which had been holding its sessions in Rich- mond was also represented at the exercises. At eleven o'clock the Governor and the official party arrived at the Auditorium. escorted by a de- tachment of Cavalry. Commissioner Kent of Missouri presided and the exercises were inaugurated by Archbishop Ireland, of St. Paul, who delivered a most impressive invocation. After the dis- tinguished prelate had ceased and the audience were seated, Hon. J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieuten- ant-Governor of Virginia, extended the Old Dominion’s welcome to Missounr. Mr. Tucker then expressed the appreciation of the Exposi- tion for the opportunity which had been af- forded to greet and entertain the notable visitors. Governor Folk spoke extemporaneously and delivered a very strong political sermon cover- ing the most important questions of the day. At the conclusion of the exercises the Governor held a public reception on the platform of the Auditorium. Luncheon was served to the visit- ors at 1:30 o'clock. Among the Exposition’s guests on this occasion were Inspector-General J. L. Hanley of St. Louis and the Honorable George Creel of Kansas City, together with a number of State Commissioners. Promptly at 4:30 Governor Folk, Lieutenant-Governor E]- lyson and Admiral Harrington arrived at the Grand Stand, where they reviewed the Iwenty- third U. S. Infantry, Twelfth Cavalry and Third Artillery. After the parade the Artil- HON. E. F. DUNNE Mayor of Chicago MOST REVEREND JOHN IRELAND Archbishop of St. Paul, Minn. lery and Cavalry commands gave exhibition drills in honor of Missouri. At nine o'clock the doors of the Missouri Building were thrown open to the guests of the Commissioners who had tendered a reception to the Governor of their State and to Mrs. Folk. September 23.—Robert Fulton Day. 1907 being the centennial of the invention of the steamboat, an effort which revolutionized the commerce of the world, the Robert Fulton Monument Association, organized for the pur- pose of providing a permanent memorial to the genius who first successfully applied steam to boat propulsion, resolved to celebrate at the Exposition and pay tribute to the memory of Fulton and his achievement. Though the debt which the Nation owes to Robert Fulton has generally been acknowledged, only recently has ROBERT FULTO ROBERT FULTON DAY EXERCISES AT AUDITORIUM Diary—September. WILLIAM H. FLETCHER Secretary there been any concerted action looking toward the erection of a suitable monument. Some prominent Americans became interested in the subject and they organized and elected tem- porary officers. Major-General Frederick Dent Grant was President; Dr. Samuel L. Clemens, Vice-President; Robert Fulton Cutting, Chair- man Auditing Committee; Hugh Gordon Mil- ler, Secretary, and Richard Delafield, Treas- urer. ‘This organization was only temporary and later the following permanent organization was effected: Cornelius Vanderbilt, President; Dr. Samuel L. Clemens, Vice-President; Hugh Gordon Miller, Second Vice-President; Robert Fulton Cutting, Chairman Auditing Committee; Colonel H. O. S. Heistand, Chair- man Executive Committee; Walter Scott, Vice- Chairman Executive Committee, and H. W. Dearborn, Secretary. Mr. Dearborn later re- signed and gave as his reason for such action his belief that a man more prominent in the ship building world should occupy the position of Secretary. William H. Fletcher of Hobo- ken was elected permanent Secretary and he accepted this office with the understanding that Mr. Dearborn should act as Assistant Secre- tary. On the Executive Committee are some of the most distinguished men of the country, in- CORNELIUS VANDERBILT President DR. SAMUEL L. CLEMENS Vice-President cluding among others, Colonel John Jacob Astor; Andrew Carnegie; Nicholas Murray Butler, LL.D., President of Columbia Uni- versity; William Bayard Cutting; Gerard Beekman; former Vice-President Levi P. Morton; former Ambassador to England Joseph H. Choate; John Claflin; Cleveland H. Dodge; the Most Reverend John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York; Thomas P. Fow- ler; Richard Watson Gilder; George Jay Gould; the Right Reverend David H. Greer; I. A. Hall; Charles R. Lamb; Goodhue Liv- ingston; William A. Power; William Rhine- lander Stewart, and S. M. Vauclain. ‘The New York State Legislature gave to the Asso- ciation a tract of land extending from 114th to 116th Street under water, in the North River at the foot of Riverside Drive, New York City, and the Association purposes to build up this land three hundred feet from the shore line and erect thereon a water gate to be used as a landing place for distinguished visitors, or as a reviewing stand for the Nation’s high officials who may use it as a point of vantage as war vessels file by. Back of the water gate and at the top of the hill, the Association purposes to erect a tomb near the mausoleum in which lie the remains of General Ulysses S. Grant. Notwithstanding the inclement weather, for RICHARD DELAFIELD Treasurer bo ioe) On H. W. DEARBORN Assistant Secretary COOLS] OPSaHEISTAND Uns eA. Chairman Executive Committee The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Isaac GUGGENHEIMER I 2Ne JEUNE WaLter Scott Chairman Finance Committee Chairman of the Association Vice-Chairman Executive Committee at times a gale was blowing, a line of vessels three miles or more in length trailed over Hampton Roads in honor of Robert Fulton. In this long parade were craft of widely vary- ing shapes, ancient and modern, large and small, and many prominent yachts were an- chored in the Roads during the review. Among these were Cornelius Vanderbilt’s ““ North Star” and the “* Kanawha,” Henry H. Rogers’ great steam yacht. On board the former vessel were Colonel H. O. S. Hein- stand, U. S. A., William H. Fletcher, Walter Scott and Mrs. Scott, Martin W. Littleton and Mrs. Littleton. The “Kanawha” was in Wo, Runszanoen STEWRE charge of Dr. Samuel L. Clemens who had He%.,&: Fextoy Come with him a number of distinguished guests. ‘The exercises were announced for three o'clock in the Auditorium but the heavy weather de- layed the landing of the launches from the ‘“ Kanawha’ and the “ North Star.” The postponement was, however, overlooked or for- gotten when the programme began. : At a quarter to four in the afternoon the | procession formed in the rotunda of the Audi- torium and filed down the aisle to the platform. Robert Fulton Cutting of New York presided — at the meeting. President Tucker and Lieu- tenant-Governor Ellyson greeted the descend- ants of Fulton and the Association formed to honor his memory. Then Mark Twain entered Most Rev. Joun M. Fartey the hall. The great crowd in the Auditorium — Cot. Joun Jacos Astor Chairman N. Y. City Com. arose and cheered while the distinguished hu- Executive Committee R. Futton LupLow Wma. Bayarp CUTTING Major W. H. WILeEy Rear-Apm. G. W. MELvILLE Grandson of Fulton Executive Committee Executive Committee Executive Committee 286 Diary—September. GEORGE L. RIVES Executive Committee JOHN CLAFLIN Executive Committee morist marched to the stage. Certainly no Ex- position visitor had received such a welcome, and Mr. Clemens, though accustomed to en- thusiastic greetings, was visibly touched. For almost a minute after the applause ceased he tried to speak and the audience rightly estima- ting the reasons for his hesitation, again began to cheer. His speech was ostensibly an intro- duction of Admiral Harrington. He said that the application of steam to sea navigation was peculiarly an American event and should be celebrated, and that there are not many Amer- ican holidays. All the great efforts that led up to the Fourth of July were made by English subjects and not Americans, and subjects of the King did most of the fighting; but “ It was an American who applied steam successfully. There are not many great world events but we have our full share. The telegraph, telephone and the application of steam navigation are American.” The humorist described Robert Fulton’s boat: You probably do not know a great deal about that boat. It was the most important steamboat in the world. I was there and saw it, and the Admiral was there at the time. It need not surprise you, for he is not as old as he looks. That little boat was interesting in every way. The size of it? The boat was (he consulted Admiral Harrington) ten feet long. The breadth of that boat (again he consulted Admiral Harrington) You was, according to Admiral Harrington, two hundred feet. see the most important detail is the length, then the breadth, then the depth. The depth—the Admiral says it was a flat boat. Then her tonnage—you know nothing about a boat until you know about two more things—her speed and her tonnage. We know the speed she made. She made four miles and sometimes five miles. It was on her initial trip when she went from Jersey City to Chicago by way of Albany. Now comes the tonnage of the boat. The tonnage of a boat means the amount of displace- ment; displacement means the amount of water a vessel can shove in a day. The tonnage of a man is estimated by the amount of whiskey he can displace in a day. The Admiral and myself have held public office and have been also together a great deal in a friendly way since the time of Pocahontas. The incident where Pocahontas saves the life of Smith from her father, Powhattan’s club, was gotten up by the Admiral and myself to advertise James- town. Mark Twain said he did not care to compli- ment Admiral Harring- ton: Because there is nothing you can say in answer to a compliment. | have been complimented myself many times and it always embarrasses me—lI feel that they have not said enough. I have known Admiral 287 ROBERT FULTON EDW. T. BATES Executive Committee THOMAS T. FOWLER Executive Committee Harrington in all kinds of situations, in public service, on the platform and now and then in the chain gang, but it was a mistake—a case of mistaken identity. [| do not think it is at all necessary to tell you Admiral Harrington's public history. You know that it is in the histories. I am not here to tell you any- thing about his public life, but to expose his private life. I am something of a poet. When the great poet laureate, Tennyson, died, and | found that the place was open, I tried to get it; but I did not get it. Anybody can write the first line of a poem, but it is a very difficult task to make the second line rhyme with the first. When I was down in Australia there were two towns, named Johnswood and Par-am. I made this rhyme: The people of Johnswood are pious and good; The people of Par-am, they don’t give a damn. 1 do not want to compliment Admiral Harrington, but as long as such men as he devote their lives to the public service, the credit of the country will never cease. I will say that the same high qualities, the same moral and intellectual attainments, the same graciousness of manner, of conduct, of observation and expression have caused Admiral Harrington to be mistaken for me and | have been mistaken for him. Admiral Harrington was the next speaker. He said: { For National purposes a navy is necessary, precisely in the nature of a State militia, the county constabulary and the metropolitan police. But more than those conservative bodies of the peace, a navy, which will insure the safety of a nation against foreign aggression and wrong, must be well built, fully equipped and thoroughly trained. The work of Robert Fulton has to-day its fruits in the navy. With them go the invention of the turret by Ericsson and the devolopment of the naval gun. Of the latter it may be said that when the marine engine takes it to a suitable position, it is a most effective peacemaker with a potential energy of about forty-eight thousand foot-tons. One gun of the battleship Delaware as designed, could strike a blow whose force, suitably applied would lift the ship of twenty thousand tons about two feet and a half; and if the force of the whole gun battery of that ship was similarly employed it would raise the ship entirely out of the water. Speaking of the intersectional friendships en- gendered by the Exposition, the Admiral continued: Never has there been more hope in the solu- tion of all questions upon just and enduring foundations. Never has there been shown a more intense and united patriotism. Here, on this his- toric ground, the visitor, whether coming from the rock bound coast of New England, from the sunny fields of the South, from the glowing West, or from the vine clad hills of the Pacific, has seen everywhere the glorious ensign of the Republic and felt that his foot was on his native soil. It is to this scene that you have come, to add your part to the great stream of unity and patriotism which flows under the Star Spangled Banner, the symbol of the power of the Nation, the emblem of an indivisible Union. Martin W. Littleton, one of the most eloquent orators in America, held the audience spellbound for nearly an hour. Mr. Littleton said: We meet under the aus- pices of a patriotic committee to celebrate a great event. Looking backward, the years that reach from now to then have worked a miracle in men and things. The swelling host of men and women forsook the fringe of eastern shore and poured their ever increasing generations into the valley of the Mississippi, scattered their children over the untouched plain and sent their stalwart sons to the Pacific slope; The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. MARTIN W. LITTLETON and then the valleys became white and gold with the ripening harvest, the plains resounded with the tramp of countless herds, and mountains gave up their riches to the quest of the miner. Beneath and _ behind advancing developments, was the powerful inspiration of a great free, constitutional government. And still behind and still beneath this government was the enkindling genius of a new civilization, which in its own good time was sure to shed its light wherever dwelt the sons of men; a civilization whose deep dynamic force, whose wide and widening energies, whose complex ambition required a gov- ernment free enough for the play of all its forces, firm enough to hold in wholesome check its lawless elements, and broad enough to embrace within its freedom and stability, the certain growth and changing conditions which surely come with the development of a new Nation. He spoke of Hamilton and Madison: Not as philosophers and scholars, but as men whose prac- tical genius construed conditions and interpreted events, rose above the constricting limitations of the Articles of Confedera- tion, defied the fatal restraint of the written law and translated the resistless growth of the country into the vital language of its organic constitution. Speaking of Fulton’s achievement he said: The United States conceived in the glorious genius of a righteous revolution, brought forth as the joint product of the chivalric Cavalier and the persevering Puritan, sprang into the arena of the world’s conflict and the reach and range of her influence has touched and quickened the conscience of the world. Chief among those who gave her the position of un- doubted supremacy in the world was Robert Fulton. Until his genius wrought its wondrous miracle over wind and wave, the commerce of the world was but a senseless slave of every storm and the idle drift of every tide. Until he fused the fragile heat and made it master of the insensate iron and made the two work together in tireless rhythm, the man upon the sea sought every shore where restless winds could blow. Until he turned the glistening blades of burnished wheels into the stubborn sea and held the elements captive in the cabin room, the clouds were masters of our ocean course and the storms dictated our destiny. Until he caught the idle wind within the swelling sail and smote its confused elements into orderly force, the world stood still in the midst of every calm and frightened fled in front of every storm. On the stage in the Auditorium were a num- ber of Robert Fulton’s descendants: Mrs. H. H. Cammann, his only granddaughter; C. Franklin Crary, of Merrick, L. I.; Edward C. and H. Schuyler Cammann, and R. Fulton Ludlow, grandsons of the inventor, and the Misses Alice and Cornelia Fulton Crary, great granddaughters. On the rostrum there were also practically all of the officers of the Associa- tion, a large number of the Executive Commit- tee, the principal officers of the Exposition and a distinguished representation of the army and navy officers. Following the day made memorable by rea- son of the noted assembly and the remarkable speeches which had been delivered, the New York State Commissioners tendered to the rep- resentatives of the Robert Fulton Monument Hucu Gorpon Mitver, Mrs. Donatp McLean, SAMUEL L. CLemeNs, Litt.D., Mrs. HucH Gorpon MILLER Diary—September. hee aa = = ‘i ant me eS HENRY H. ROGERS’ “KANAWHA” Association a banquet at the New York State Building. Hugh Gordon Miller, a New York Commissioner, and Second Vice-President of the Robert Fulton Monument Association, acted as toastmaster. Mrs. Donald McLean, one of the New York Commissioners, and the President-General of the Daughters of the American Revolution, spoke briefly, as did Mr. Littleton; Henry C. Bayer, Special Commis- sioner in the United States of the International Maritime Association; John S. Wise, of New York, and Colonel H. O. S. Heistand, Chair- man of the Robert Fulton Executive Commit- tee. The guests of the occasion were, in addi- tion to the members of the Robert Fulton Memorial Association, the most prominent United States and State representatives and Exposition officials with their wives. The Congress of Horticulture was in session at the Exposition during the week beginning September 23. Warren H. Manning presided at the opening session. A number of affliated organizations participated in this Congress, chief of which were the American Pomological Society, the Society of Horticultural Science and the Maryland Horticultural Society. In- teresting papers were read during the meeting. Professor P. H. King, of Madison, Wis., dealt with ““ Soils;’?> Dr. A. F. Woods, Assistant Chief, Bureau of Plant Industry, read a paper on “ Plant Pathology.” “* Insect Enemies ”’ were described by A. L. Quaintance of the Bureau of Entomology. An essay on “ Breed- ing and Propagating Florists’ Flowers ’’ was read by W. N. Rudd. Professor F. W. Rane of Boston talked on the subject of “ Forest Trees,’ and showed that thousands of acres of land lying idle could be made extremely valu- able in years to come if only seeds of pine trees were planted. L. A. GOODMAN President JOHN CRAIG Secretary AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 289 aa Benes CORNELIUS VANDERBILT'S “ NORTH STAR” The American Pomological Society held its thirteenth biennial session in the Court of the States Exhibit Building. All the papers that were read treated of technical conditions or were reviews of fruit growing in various states. The ofhicers of the previous terms were re-elected. President L. A. Goodman, Kansas City; Sec- retary, John Craig, Professor of Horticulture of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Treas- urer, L. R. Taft, East Lansing, Mich.; Assist- ant Secretary, L. B. Judson, Ithaca, N. Y. Colonel C. L. Watruss of Des Moines, Iowa, responded to the several addresses of welcome delivered by Mr. Tucker for the Exposition, by Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson for Virginia, and by Samuel B. Woods on behalf of the Virginia State Horticultural Society. The ses- sions were successful and the exhibit of fruit was attractive and emphatically educational. The Society enjoyed a watermelon luncheon and later inspected the Garrett Wine Cellars. Then, as the guests of the Norfolk and South- ern Railway, they visited the home of the Scup- pernong grape. September 24.—The Maryland Horticul- tural Society held its summer meeting. Pres- ident Orlando Harrison occupied the chair. The Honorable W. McCullough Brown re- sponded to Mr. Tucker’s address of welcome and Captain R. W. Silvester, President of the Maryland Agricultural College, made the prin- cipal address. Eloquently and with convin- cing force he described the benefits which might be derived from annual meetings of associa- tions such as the Horticultural Society, and ex- pressed his conviction that societies similar to the Maryland Association should be organized in all the States. He cited the results which had been obtained by State societies in various parts of the country so far as related to secur- LAL Treasurer L. B. JUDSON Assistant Secretary The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ing their just rights in the sale of their products, and he tellingly directed attention to the great work that the agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations are doing. Julius J. Heinrich, Superintendent of the Ex- position’s Landscape Department, spoke on “The Troubles of a Landscape Gardener at an Exposition.”” Professor L. R. Taft of the Michigan Agricultural College discussed “‘ The Possibilities of the Peach—Mlichigan versus Maryland.” Professor H. E. Van Deman of Maryland spoke on “ The Possibilities of Nut Growing in Maryland,” and Professor C. P. Close described “‘ Some of the Newer Straw- berries in 1907.”’ The Secretary of the Asso- ciation, Professor I. B. Symons, of the Mary- land Agricultural College, urged the Society to prepare for the succeeding winter session to be held in Baltimore during December. Colonel Thomas J. Nottingham of the Sev- enty-frst Regiment Virginia Volunteers, gave a dinner to Colonel Philip Reade, command- ing the [Twenty-third Infantry, U. S. A., and to the members of his Staff on the eve of their departure. Speeches were made by Colonel Nottingham, Colonel Reade, Rear-Admiral Berry, Major J. E. Kuhn, U. S. Engineer in charge at Norfolk; Colonel Waller, U. S. M. C.; Paymaster W. W. Galt, of the Navy; Chaplain Sullivan of the Twenty-third Infan- try, and Colonel L. C. Hudgins, Colonel of the old Fourth Virginia Regiment. September 25.—Joseph Bryan of Richmond presided over a meeting of the Society of Colonial Wars and the gathering though small was enthusiastic and successful. “The members met at the Massachusetts State Building and after their session enjoyed an informal lunch. The officers of the General Society were Arthur J. D. Sowdan of Boston, Governor-General ; Howland Pell, of New York, Vice-Governor- General; Samuel F. Hoffman, of New York, Secretary-General; Guy Van Amringe of New York, Deputy Secretary-General; Walliam McPherson Horner, of Byrn Mawr, Deputy Treasurer-General. The representatives from Kalamazoo, Mich., joined with the people of Staunton, Va., and jointly celebrated. President Justin Muffley of the Kalamazoo City Council spoke briefly of his home city, and he extended to Virginians a welcome as cordial as that which had been tendered to the Michiganders by President Tucker and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson. Then Hon. William Alden Smith, a veteran newspaper man whom the people of Michigan had selected to represent them in the United States Senate, spoke for his progressive Com- monwealth. He said that the country would be better and greater only as the citizenship be- came greater and better, and he urged more rigid qualifications for naturalization and stronger evidences of loyalty before a vote should be given to a foreigner. Mayor Landes, of Staunton, talked about his little city which he termed the “‘ Queen of the Valley,” and Captain R. S. Parks, a well known orator and Confederate soldier, deliv- ered an eloquent and poetic speech, eulogizing the Shenandoah Valley, whose beauty he de- scribed in the following words: When the great Architect first smote upon the anvil of creation, and flaming worlds took their places in space, were these mountains then formed, or are they the result of some great upheaval of nature or some volcanic action? ‘Their sides are covered with virgin forests, and we watch the tiny leaf as it springs from the expanding twig, we see it change color from summer beauty to autumnal loveliness, and fall in withered worthlessness to the ground to teach man who treads upon it a lesson of his own destiny. Captain Parks closed his address with an eloquent tribute to the Stars and Stripes. Following the exercises at the Auditorium a luncheon was tendered to the prominent visit- ors. President Tucker acted as host at the In- side Inn. Later a review of the soldiers sta- tioned at the Exposition formed a feature of the afternoon exercises. Among the aides of Colonel Reade, the Grand Marshal, were Captain Henry W. Car- penter, U. S. M. C., the Commandant of the Powhatan Guards, and Lieutenant H. N. Cootes, U. S. A., the Military Secretary of the Exposition, both of them natives of the Shenan- doah Valley. September 26.—The Congress of Peanut Growers was called to order by President C. W. Mitchell. Mr. Tucker welcomed the . delegates. Messrs. Jones and Poole from the Tennessee Peanut Growers’ Association | were introduced and | made speeches. J. E. | Evans represented the | North Carolina Farm- ers’ Alliance, and Mr. Sherman, of Greens- [ burg, Ind., organizer of ~ the American Society of Equity, addressed the meeting. The subject of establishing a great co-operative Peanut Cleaner was dis- cussed but nothing definite was decided on the subject, which was referred to a future meeting. Professor L. C. Corbett, of the U. S. Agricultural Department, spoke on “ Pea- nut Culture,’’ and Professor W. F. Masse dis- cussed “ Crop Rotation.” Colonel L. R. Ed- wards, of Franklin, Va., delivered an address on “ The Uses of the Peanut.’’ Honorable B. B. Winborne of Murfreesboro, N. C., also spoke. C. W. Mitchell was re-elected Pres- ident and E. Stephenson Askew, of Windsor, N. C., was elected Permanent Secretary to suc- ceed Gilbert T. Stevenson who had resigned. The Sixth Annual Convention of the Na- tional Nut Growers’ Association met at the In- side Inn. Mr. Kirkpatrick, of Texas, spoke on the future of the nut industry. Dr. Van Duzee and Dr. Morris, of New York, Profes- sor Close, of Maryland, and Professor Van Deman made able addresses. Francis Hiram Burnett, Professor of Horticulture at the Louisiana State University, and Chairman of the Louisiana State Committee of the Amer- ican Pomological Society, was re-elected Pres- ident of the Association, and Dr. J. F. Wilson, 290 E. STEPHENSON ASKEW Secretary Diary—September—October. Dr. J. F. Witson Secretary Pror. Francis H. Burnetr President the Manager of the Piney Park Nursery of Poulan, Ga., was re-elected Secretary. Dr. Wilson advocated a system of nomenclature and standards, and said: Something more is needed in order to register the name, protecting the originator in his claim for a name and giving full publicity to the fact. Incidentally other than a commercial standard of scoring varieties is needed for there will no doubt be varieties introduced, not of commercial value, that may be valuable for home use. September 27.—Three battalions of the Twenty-third U. S. Infantry, under the com- mand of Colonel Philip Reade, and the Third Squadron of the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, under the command of Captain C. J. Symmonds, left Camp Captain John Smith to take part in the McKinley Memorial exercises at Canton, O. Before going it was announced that the entire Cavalry force and two of the Infantry bat- talions would return to the Exposition after the dedication of the mausoleum. The Third Bat- talion of Infantry was ordered to Annapolis for target practice. October 1.—Several hundred of the St. An- drew Brotherhood, the largest organization of men in the Protestant Episcopal Church, visited the Exposition. The members of the Brother- hood came from Washington where the annual gathering of the organization had just been held. They had no official session at the Ex- position but spent the greater part of the day in the History Building. October 2.—Japan Day. Welcoming the Japanese, who were the second nation to cele- brate at the Exposition, Mr. Tucker said that the Americans admired them for their triumphs in fine arts, for their intelligence and because “the people of this country always like a good scrapper.” He proclaimed that the Japanese Constitution was a monument to the greatness of the nation. It made the Empire a monarch- ical republic with a constitution handed down from the throne—a constitution which guaran- teed to the people of Japan civil and religious liberty, the two great principles incorporated in the Constitution of the United States. Vice-Consul-General, S. Suzuki, was the next speaker. He said that the Consul-Gen- eral, C. Kioke, could not be present on account of pressing official engagements but had sent a written speech which the Vice-Consul would read. ‘This speech called attention to the great interest which Japan had taken in the Exposi- tion as was shown by the fact that His Im- perial Majesty had sent Field Marshal Kuroki and Vice-Admiral Ijuin to take part in the Ter- Centennial of Jamestown. Referring to Gen- eral Kuroki, the Vice-Consul said: His merits are known to everybody, and of his importance to Japan, it will suffice to say that he is holding the post of Military Councilor to His Majesty, the Emperor; and of the ships which Vice-Admiral [juin commands, I take pleasure in reminding you that these powerful boats represent a happy combination of American and Japanese industry. The Chitose, one of the cruisers, was framed with steel from the soil of the nation most friendly to us and riveted with the hands of sym- pathy of the people most friendly to Japan. The feature of the ceremonies was the ad- dress of IT. Fukushima, of Tokio Academy. An alumnus of Cornell, the Professor's manner of speaking was decidedly American and his pronunciation perfect. He said: Fifty years ago, Japan was asleep and it was the American people who coming had found a great people and introduced them to civilization, and the friendship between the two power- ful nations, which then began, has continued and will con- tinue forever. What other nations may be doing, may be called progress but what Japan is doing can only be called phenomenal. The schools of Japan are splendid and they teach obedience to the calls of the country and obedience to parents, and, American children may learn something along this latter line from the little Japs. From a spectacular standpoint the Feast of Lanterns and the Water Carnival which took place on the Government Pier and the Grand Basin at 7:30 o'clock, was the greatest feature JAPANESE OFFICIALS AND PARTY 291 pepe a HUHA ¥ Hit 3] UH ea ne Mute Mee Gp ae uae Copyright, Jamestow GOVERNOR STUART OF PENNSYLVANIA, HIS STAFF AND OFFICIAL PARTY, IN FRONT OF THE AUDITORIUM Diary—October. of the day. The lights on the Pier were ex- tinguished at seven o'clock and three thousand people carrying red lanterns marched around the arm of the structure and then across the arch. From there, headed by the band from the U. S. S. “Chicago” playing “ Dixie,” the lantern bearers wended their way to the Auditorium where they were checked by the signal for the fireworks display. During the parade eight motor boats decorated with scores of lanterns strung around their superstructure maneuvered over the basin. ‘The reflection of the red upon the water was beautiful and the whole carnival was unsurpassed by any previ- ous Exposition spectacle. A number of Nor- folk girls dressed in Japanese costumes were seated in the boats but the basin was so large and the boats so far from shore that their iden- tity was well hidden. In the pyrotechnic dis- play the flags of Japan and the United States were outlined and then the photographs of President Roosevelt and the Mikado were shown in the same element. At 8:30 there was a reception at the Japanese Tea Garden and several hundred invited guests had tea and rice cakes served to them. At various times throughout the day bal- loons were released and each of these carried some numbered coupon entitling the finder to a handsome prize. The premiums had been of- fered by the Japanese Industrial Commission- ers and were vases, plaques and other art work in porcelain or bronze. October 3.—The Ninth Regiment Infantry National Guard of Pennsylvania arrived at 10:30 in the evening, and after supper at the Swiss Alps went into camp. Everything was in readiness for the men. There were modern tent walls, cots and mattresses in profusion. The camp was astir early the next morning for Wilkes-Barre Day, and at noon a delightful reception was given by Harry St. George Tucker and Mrs. Tucker, a former Wilkes- Barre girl. Colonel Asher Minor was in com- mand of the three hundred and eight enlisted men and thirty-four commissioned officers. The second day of their visit, October 4, was Penn- sylvania Day at the Exposition and the regi- ment arrived at the Deep Water Pier at 10:15 A. M. to act as escort to Governor Edwin S. Stuart. The Commander-in-Chief of the Penn- sylvania forces was received with proper mili- tary honors. ‘The regiment then moved in col- umns and squads, headed by their regimental band, and escorted the party to the Auditorium where the salute to the Governor was repeated and the regiment was dismissed. In the after- noon the Pennsylvania troops participated in the parade in honor of Governor Stuart. The regimental band under the direction of the prin- cipal musician, J. I. Alexander, gave a concert in the Virginia Building on the afternoon of the fifth and another the same evening to the Governor’s party at the Hotel Chamberlain, Old Point Comfort. On the morning of the sixth the Regiment left the Exposition. The members of the Photographic Assocta- tions of Virginia and the Carolinas who were 293 holding their biennial session in Norfolk, visited the Exposition grounds in a body. No cere- monies attended their visit but they inspected all the buildings and looked at the principal attractions. October 4.—Celebrating Pennsylvania Day at the Exposition and also the anniversary of the famous battle of Germantown, more than one hundred Pennsylvanians headed by Gov- ernor Stuart and his Staff, reached the Exxposi- tion in the forenoon and participated in the elaborate ceremonies which had been arranged for the occasion by the Pennsylvania Ter-Cen- tennial Commission. The official party headed by the Ninth Regiment Pennsylvania National Guard reached the Auditorium promptly at 11:30. Honorable Henry F. Walton, ex- Speaker of the Pennsylvania Senate and a member of the State Commission, called the body to order and presented Governor Stuart who was received enthusiastically. He said LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR ROBERT F. MURPHY that he had not come to deliver an address but as the Governor of one great State to show the people of another great State his feeling for them and to testify to the interest which Penn- sylvanians felt for Virginia’s great Exposition. The Governor paid an eloquent and sympa- thetic tribute to the memory of the late General Fitzhugh Lee. Lieutenant-Governor Robert F. Murphy, of Pennsylvania, was the orator of the day. He paid a high compliment to Governor Swanson and Mr. Tucker, each of whom had delivered a salutatory address, and said that Pennsyl- vania was grateful for the welcome so elo- quently extended. To-day, we gratify our own hearts in complimenting the first of Virginians and the first of Americans—Washington, the patron saint of our country. Men of Pennsylvania and Virginia will ever recall with feelings of pride the memory of German- town’s battlefield, where, just one hundred and thirty years ago this day, the soldiers of the two Commonwealths, standing side by side, struck boldly for liberty, and where the immortal soul whom I have named, whose life and services are and will ever The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. be the most valued heritage of this Republic, stood in supreme command. Pennsylvanians and Virginians shoulder to shoulder then—Pennsylvanians and Virginians hand in hand now upon the anniversary of that eventful day. A representative State of the North glad to be the guest of a representative State of the South, and both proud and happy to recall what together they have wrought; and even more glad that day by day and hour by hour dissolves the imaginary line which would mark you as of one section and us of another. The history of Virginia, its battlegrounds and its epic of Civil struggle, the lives of its great men and its historic scenes were vividly recalled. He pictured Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia traveling with clasped hands along the high road of independence for many years, in peace, happiness and contentment, and de- scribed the time when the States were torn asunder by differences of opinion originating with the fundamental law. He paid tribute to the soldiers who had fought their way “ to the admiration of a world, under a leadership typified in the immortal Lee and his great Lieu- tenant, Stonewall Jackson,”’ and continued: We of Pennsylvania recall with grateful hearts the great, gentle and masterful Meade, who stood crowned with the laurel of victory upon the Gettysburg hills of his native State. We are all alike thankful for that noble son who paid the price of devotion with his life upon that memorable occasion, the brave, chivalrous Reynolds—and we shall ever fondly cherish the deeds of that heroic figure, the incarnation of courage, who upon the field of battle was known as “ Hancock, the Superb.” Of the history of Pennsylvania he said: It is filled with materials that will ever delight the his- torian; that will arouse the ardor and courage of her people; that will ever stimulate her to higher and nobler endeavor along the lines cast by the men whose eyes with prophetic vision foresaw the future of a great people and rose equal to the opportunity to make them forever free. The hardships and difficulties, with the danger even of death, that was the legacy of the other Colonies, was also the part of Pennsylvania. Her valleys were fertile and her landscape beautiful, but to capture the fruits of the soil and to wring from the bosom of Mother Earth first a livelihood, then comfort, then a competence, under the circumstances and conditions of the times, subjected every- one to the strongest test of courage. In due time, however, changed conditions gave birth to new ideas, and there was distilled that spirit of independence so natural to a country of such illimitable size and so richly endowed with the blessings upon which mankind depends. The very character of the people was of an ardent and independent type. They believed in civil and religious liberty. They believed in the largest indi- vidual freedom consistent with the good of all. But to be ruled from abroad ever results in criticism, suspicion and impatience. Almost imperceptibly came the resultant irritation, and upon its heels traveled dissatisfaction, until a strong and growing desire for independence became apparent in Pennsylvania and her sister Colonies. Leaving the Colonial times, he described the peace and progress ensuing after the Revolu- tion. He spoke of Pennsylvania and the many able men, who served her: The names of Morris, Mifflin, Dickinson, Franklin, Cad- walader, Rittenhouse, Wilson, and others equally distinguished decorate her pages. She gave to the Nation the best that was within her. She supported and advanced in every way the conception of government of which the realization is found in the present indissoluble Union. In maintaining it she has never hesitated for an instant and has been ready to defend $ ie SY. SQUADRON “A,” NATIONAL GUARD NEW YORK it at any cost, in legislative hall, at the polls, or when sterner measures became necessary. The speaker described the industrial growth and opportunities of Pennsylvania, the fertile soil of the district between the Delaware and the Ohio, the richness of her mineral resources, her primacy in the production of iron and steel, her vast coal treasures, her manufactures of silk, woolens and textiles—in all of which she led the Nation. He spoke of the enviable place occupied by Pennsylvania in the repro- duction of leather, in the furnishing of lumber, in the refinement of petroleum, in the making of glass. He stated that in her railroad equip- ment, in cars, in armor plate and in locomo- tives, Pennsylvania was ahead of all other States, and the splendid vessels built in her yards sailed over every sea. He concluded: When to this impressive testimony of wealth and achieve- ment is added the statement that the chief of all industries of the State is agriculture, surely the greatness of the province of William Penn is splendidly illustrated. In the afternoon the United States and Pennsylvania troops were reviewed by the Gov- ernor, and the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry gave an exhibition drill. Late in the afternoon there was a reception in the Pennsylvania Building and at night Governor and Mrs. Swanson en- tertained the visitors at a brilliant and well at- tended reception at the Virginia Building. October 8—The National Funeral Direc- tors’ Association which had convened in the morning held their second session in the Auditorium at 3:00 P. M. President D. B. Quinlan presided and introduced the Hons ehlarrygeot George Tucker. Mr. Tucker made unques- tionably the wittiest speech that he had delivered at the Ex- position, and kept his auditors laughing from the moment he began. William J. Phelps of New York responded, and at the conclusion of his address by a rising vote the members of the Association thanked Mr. Tucker for his splen- did welcome. Major Oliver B. Bridgeman of Squadron “4,” National Guard of New York, com- D. B. QUINLAN, President Diary—October. manded the portion of the squadron which had been designated by the Adjutant-General for duty as escort to Governor Hughes while he was attending the Jamestown Exposition. On the afternoon of October 8 the horses were loaded on cars and in the evening the men left Jersey City for Norfolk. The troopers arrived at Cape Charles early on the morning of the ninth and the horses and baggage were then transferred to the waiting boat. The Exposi- tion was reached shortly after nine o'clock and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia made a very gracious address of welcome when the command landed at the Deepwater Pier. After disembarking the horses were led by the men in columns of twos directly to the camp assigned, the baggage and kits following in wagons. At four o'clock in the afternoon, in service uniform, the Squadron formed for re- view with the soldiers of the United States Army and took position on the left of the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry. On the following morning, October 10, New York Day, the squadron in full dress uniform, preceded by its mounted band, marched to the New York State Building and reported to the Adjutant- General at 11:45. At twelve it escorted Gov- ernor Hughes and party to the Auditorium where the exercises of the day were held. At four o'clock it again joined the United States Troops and the Twelfth Infantry, N. G. N. Y. for a review by Governor Hughes on Lee’s Parade, afterwards escorting the Governor back to the New York Building. On the third and last day of the visit, early calls were sounded as on the preceding day, reveille at six o'clock and first call for mess at seven. At nine in the morning the Squadron formed in service uniform and proceeded to Lee’s Parade where a drill of one and one-half hours was held, the commanding officer of the Twelfth United States Cavalry withdrawing his men in order that ““ A” might have the whole field. Then only did the men have a chance to see the Exposition as a whole and Major Bridge- man marched the Squadron at “ Route Order ” around the grounds and back to camp. At four o'clock in the afternoon camp was broken and Squadron formed for the march to the boat, which left the dock about 5:30 p.m. No militia troop that visited the Exposition made a more splendid impression than did this crack New York Cavalry command. October 9.—Rear-Admiral P. F. Harring- ton, U. S. N. (Retired), Chairman of the Naval Board, was a conspicuous figure on Delaware Day. He is a native Delawarean and loves his State, and to him it was largely due that Delaware was represented at the Ex- position. In full uniform he met Governor Lea and the other official guests upon their arrival to the grounds and escorted them in automo- biles and carriages to the Auditorium where the opening exercises of Delaware Day took place. The Hon. John W. Causey, Vice-President of the Delaware Commission, presided. This gen- tleman had served in Congress both with Gov- ernor Swanson of Virginia and President 295 Tucker of the Exposition. Unfortunately the Chief Executive of Virginia could not be pres- ent but Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson, in a most admirable way, acted as his substitute. In his address of welcome and also in the address de- livered by President Tucker high tributes were paid to Admiral Harrington. When Governor Lea arose he was greeted with tumultuous ap- plause. The Governor’s review of the early history of Delaware was most instructive. He said in part: The Colonial period was marked by friendly relations and cordial interchange of interests and commerce between Vir- ginia and Delaware. A large number of prominent early settlers of Delaware first landed in Virginia, then joined a movement northward seeking to settle the hospitable and in- viting region along the Delaware River and Bay. They were met and welcomed by the sturdy Quakers from Pennsylvania; the Churchmen from Virginia and the quiet followers of Fox joined forces to subjugate the soil and establish a righteous and stable government. Dissimilar in thought and manner of life, at variance in beliefs and practices, these colonists were united in real purposes and aims. Tolerant of the beliefs and methods of worship of others, bigotry found no lodging place with them, and persecutions for religious opinions was un- known to our people. HONORABLE JAMES PENNEWILL The orator of the day was Hon. James Pennewill, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of Delaware. His speech was both elo- quent and scholarly. He said: I have often thought that the religious persecutions of the Old World were the best things that could have happened for the New. Because of such persecutions untold numbers of the best blood of Europe left their native lands and came to this, where they hoped to worship according to their own belief and live according to their own faith. Intolerance and bigotry prevailed here for a time but the day of religious freedom had dawned, and the New World was the first to welcome the morning beams. Urging respect and regard for the law the speaker declared : The greatest element of strength in the Japanese during their late war consisted in the absolute surrender of the in- dividual will to an authority higher than self. You may call it obedience to the voice of the elder statesmen, worship of the Emperor, reverence for the spirits of their ancestors, patriot- ism or what you will. Nevertheless, it was something as sacred as law; something for which they had respect; something in which they believed; something which made splendid citizens, and soldiers and sailors as brave and true as the world has ever seen. And so I say in order that the law may be effective the body of the people must believe in and respect the law—the public mind must be assured that those who occupy ALYVd TWIOIGAO CNV JAV.LS SIH SAYVMAVTAC JO VAT YONYAAOD ‘uoljet1odioy ydeisojoyg saparyeeer ” % & Diaryv—October. the highest positions are no more above the law than the humblest citizen in the State. * * * there is nothing more necessary in a constitu- tional government, and especially in our own, than an honest, capable and fearless bench. Men of Virginia! if your State had never done anything else it would be an everlasting honor that she furnished for the country and the world Chief Justice Marshall. * * * The fame of Marshall will be as endur- ing as the principles of law he interpreted. Let us trust that the Constitution he so ably expounded may live and be cher- ished as fondly and long as his illustrious name. A pleasing feature not on the programme was a short talk by Admiral Harrington, who complimented his fellow Delawareans upon the success of their meeting and the creditable showing which had been made by the State. The official party and a number of other guests were entertained by the Exposition at luncheon. Judge Pennewill, Judge R. T. Duke, Jr., of Charlottesville, Va., and Hon. John W. Causey made after luncheon speeches. At 2:30 o'clock Governor Lea and Lieutenant- Governor I. Thomas Parker, of Delaware, re- viewed all the troops on the grounds, and the day’s festivities ended with a delightful recep- tion given in the evening by the Delaware Com- missioners to Governor Lea at the Delaware Building. The Eleventh State Conference of the Vir- ginia Daughters of the American Revolution was called to order by Mrs. Samuel Jamieson, the State regent, at half past ten o'clock. President-General Mrs. Donald McLean oc- cupied a seat on the stage. The address of welcome was delivered by Mrs. Charles N. Nash, Fort Nelson Chapter, and Mrs. Edward W. Finch, the regent of Frances Bland Ran- dolph Chapter responded. Mrs. Jamieson de- livered the State regent’s annual address and offered reports from State officers and secre- taries of the Chapters. At the second day’s session held October 10, Mrs. Samuel W. Jamieson was re-elected State regent, Mrs. William A. Smoot was elected Vice-President-General for Virginia, Mrs. W. W. Harper Vice-State regent, Mrs. James R. Shick re-elected Secretary, and Mrs. Frederick Effinger elected Treasurer. After the completion of the routine business Mrs. Jamieson presented to the Conference a silver W. H. SARGEANT Secretary of Committee 297 W. J. HUBBARD Grand High Priest 1906-7 mounted gavel made from four pieces of wood, each of which possessed rare sentimental inter- est. I'wo pieces were taken from trees which had been planted by George Washington and the Marquis de la Fayette at Mount Vernon shortly after the close of the Revolutionary War, one piece came from Thomas Jefferson’s desk and the last from a tree which shades the grave of Patrick Henry. Miss Alexander, of Roanoke, delivered a stirringly patriotic address urging regard for the Nation’s flag and recom- mending that respect for the country’s emblem be inculcated in the minds of the country’s young people who as school children should be taught to reverence the Stars and Stripes. Mrs. Charles R. Nash, of Portsmouth, successfully advanced a plea that the Virginia branch of the Society request the other State conferences to join in a petition to Congress that the Govern- ment provide a monument to the memory of Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury. Mrs. Donald McLean delivered a characteristically fine address in which she expressed officially the cordial feelings of the general Order toward the Virginia Conference. At 8:30 in the morning the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Virginia met at the Masonic Temple in Norfolk and proceeded in a body to the Jamestown Exposition as the guests of Norfolk Chapter No. 1. W. H. Sargeant, Jr., introduced the speakers. Addresses of welcome were delivered by the Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson, Hon. H. St. George Tucker, and Hon. James G. Riddick, Mayor of Nor- folk. Companion J. E. Thacker on behalf of the Norfolk United Royal Arch Chapter No. 1 also greeted the visitors. “Io these addresses the Grand High Priest of Virginia replied, and the oration of the day was delivered by R. T. W. Duke, Jr., Past Grand Master A. F. and A. M. of Virginia. Of his Order Mr. Duke said: The Fraternity of Free Masons is of course known all the world over. It has given words to the language, ideas to humanity and its works are beheld, as well as mentioned by men. aster Masons are seen in public processions—now en- gaged in the last remnant of operative work—the laying of corner-stones—and now in solemn train accompanying the body of a deceased brother to his lasting resting place. The organ- Pr SOR ee >>, ~ JOHN R. CHARLETON Treasurer of Committee S z S 2 wW o E BB Copyright, GOVERNOR HUGHES AND OFFICIAL PARTY AT THE AUDITORIUM bo co) Qo Diary—October. ization of Knights Templar, with its plumed and belted hosts, is no strange sight in our cities, and its uniformed, well-drilled commanderies give to the world an opportunity to become ac- quainted with the outward form and ceremony of Christian knighthood. But Capitulary Masonry, as it is called—the degrees under the control and rule of the Royal Arch Chapters, standing midway between the Blue Lodge and the Commandery —is never seen outside of its own temple. It has no work to do that the world may see; no procession to form; no drill to catch the eye. Unseen and quietly it goes on its way, and what it does is alone for the eyes of its own members and the eye of God. What reason it can give for its existence; why it has a right to exist, to do its work and to-day to gather its companions together to celebrate the end of a Century, is for itself alone. It has no apology to offer; no explanation to give. It is, because it is. It could not be where it is, between the Lodge and Knighthood, were not its aims noble, its intent for good. More secret in many ways than either its mother or its child, it stands accountable to no earthly master and asks no earthly applause. The officers elected by the Grand Chapter for 1907-8 were, John S. Fisher, Grand High Priest; William B. Chesney, Grand King; E. L. Guy, Grand Scribe; James B. Blanks, Grand Secretary. This meeting celebrated the one hundreth anniversary of the foundation of the Royal Arch Masonry in the Common- wealth of Virginia. The twenty-fourth convention of the Asso- ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists was attended by about one hundred delegates. ‘The Presidential address by John Philip Street, of New Haven, Conn., dealt especially with sug- gestions for the improvement of the efficiency of the work of the association. A number of in- teresting papers were read at this meeting and later the delegates were the guests of the Na- tional Fertilizer Association, then holding its session in Norfolk. Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States De- partment of Agriculture, delivered an interest- ing address, during the course of which, speak- ing of fertilizers, he said: There is a general consensus of opinion which is shown alike by the farmers and manufacturers, that large crops can only be secured, in most cases, by properly feeding the soil. The growing plant takes certain nourishing elements from the soil and puts them into the ripened crop. No matter how large the store may be of these nutritious elements, if they be continually drawn upon the time will come when they are no longer available. * * * Many philosophers have looked with pessimistic doubt upon the future of the human race. Malthus who lived a hundred years ago was a philosopher of events and saw nothing but starvation for the increasing population. The very British Isles on which he lived and for which he saw so black a future, now stand in greater comfort than in his day and with more than twice the population which then existed. Why should we be longer pessimistic while ex- pecting still greater development? Not so long as scientific agriculture and scientific manufacture of fertilizers exist need we fear the future in so far as the supply of food is con- cerned! October 10.—At eleven o’clock the Twelfth New York Regiment drew up before the New York Building to escort the Governor to the Auditorium, and with the Infantry was the famous Squadron “ A’”’ of New York, whose men were clad in light blue with skin tight trousers and looked like Continental soldiers. It was New York Day and the New Yorkers owned the Exposition. Virginia and the whole South has always been grateful to the Empire State for the generous help which that great Commonwealth extended to the survivors of the Lost Cause when at the close of the Civil War the people of the South were impoverished, and both Governor Swanson and Mr. Tucker made a point of this tie in the addresses of welcome which they delivered. Governor Charles Evans Hughes received an ovation when he arose to reply. His speech was brief but interesting. 299 Among other things he said concerning our country : We turn from our eager searching of the future to gather confidence and to learn wisdom from the record of the past, and once again we scan the ever fascinating pages of the wonder-book of American history. In contrast to an old world ravaged by greed and unprincipled ambition, where for cen- turies the toil and blood of the people had been given to the service of privilege and of the rivalries of despotic rulers, lay this broad land of matchless resources, enshrouded by its vast and silent forests, awaiting the fulness of time when it should become the domain of a nation dedicated to freedom, and the scene of the greatest triumphs of humanity. The Governor maintained that the Nation had largely fulfilled its promise and he claimed that New York State was in itself a world: It presents the most conflicting problems of modern times. In striking contrast it has the greatest wealth and the most abject poverty. Side by side with thrift and education and virtue may be found the depths of squalor, ignorance and vice. While in rural communities and small cities may be found American life at its best, in the congested quarters df the great metropolis humanity huddles in poverty, distress and shame. Government, State and municipal, is put to the severest tests, and to the thoughtful mind the emotions of just pride and the thrill of pleasure at our material and moral advances must stimulate the sense of obligation and of the most serious responsibility. JACOB GOULD SCHURMAN, D.Sc., LL.D. The address of Dr. Jacob Gould Schurman, President of Cornell University, was most in- structive. He began: To Virginia, the oldest of our States and the nursery of our great statesmen, honor and affectionate greeting from New York! The people of New York rejoice to share with you in these celebrations of the three hundredth anniversary of the com- ing of your English ancestors. We cannot survey the scene of the first settlements of the English in the New World without pride and admiration for their enterprise, their heroism, and their sublime endurance of every hardship to which mortal man may be exposed. It was no accident that from this stock and from this soil should have sprung those illustrious Virginians, Washington, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, who for thirty- two years guided so successfully the destinies of the young republic of the United, States of America. Dr. Schurman said that it was a dozen years after Madison withdrew before a son of New York became President, but that latterly the Empire State was imitating with more success the example of Virginia and that during the last twenty-six years the presidency had been held for eighteen years by citizens of New York; and The only living ex-President is a New Yorker, and all The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. America delights to honor the good sense, the ardent patriotism, the sturdy independence, the fine courage and firm resolution, and the simple straightforward honor and integrity of Grover Cleveland. Then the crowd went wild. Cheer after cheer rang out for the sage of Princeton who no longer regarded as a political factor in the coun- try, was reverenced as perhaps no politician ever will be. Then the distinguished orator paid tribute to the present incumbent, Theodore Roosevelt, whose name was greeted with equal enthusiasm. The speaker told what had con- tributed most to the material growth of New Y ork and said the figures which to-day represent the wealth of the State baffle comprehension and almost imagination. ‘The estimated true value of all property in the United States was in 1904 one hundred and seven billion, one hundred and four million dollars. And of this unimaginable total between one-eighth and one- seventh belonged to the State of New York, namely, fourteen billion, seven hundred and sixty-nine millions. Of this wealth the larger portion—nine billion, one hundred and fifty- one millions—consisted of real property and improvements. The Doctor spoke of the great farming wealth of the State and of the dairy interests, and gave the figure of the previous year’s dairy output: Thirty-six million dollars for milk and nearly ten million for butter. He said that New York enjoyed an undisputed primacy in manufactures and gave as reasons for this emi- nence, the location of the State, its great harbor and its means for interior transportation. He declared that the State was now spending one hundred and one million dollars on an enlarge- ment of the Erie Canal, and fifty million dollars for the macadamizing of highways. He showed that in finance also, New York was the first State in the Union and that after London New York City was the greatest financial center in the world, that the resources of its National banks amounted in 1900 to one billion, three hundred and twenty-two millions, and of the trust companies and saving banks to seven hun- dred and ninety-six million additional. Dr. Schurman continued : I have been speaking of the marvelous wealth and pros- perity of our State. Let me now turn to the people who create that wealth and for whose sake the wealth exists. As the dif- ferentiating features of our State on the physical side are its unsurpassed location, its Atlantic harbors, its interior water- ways, its water-powers culminating in the irresistible might of Niagara, and its varied agricultural resources, so in the char- acter of its population our State has always been distinguished by a great diversity of nationalities. I have already spoken of the Dutch, French and English in the early days. There is no time to trace the multiplication of foreign streams which now compose the volume of our population. But it will be instruc- tive to take the figures as we have them in the last census. Of a total population in the United States, New York has a population of 7,268,000—nearly one-tenth of the whole. No other state has so large a population. Now of these 7,268,000 more than one-fourth were born in foreign countries. If we should add to them the children born in New York of parents one or both of whom were born in foreign countries the com- bination would make more than one-half the population of the State of New York. Of the 1,900,000 persons in New York State who were born in foreign countries 602,000 came from the United Kingdom, 425,000 of them being from Ireland, Germany sent 480,000 of them, Italy 182,000, Russia 165,000, Canada 117,000, Austria 78,000, the Scandinavian countries 64,000, Poland 47,000, Hungary 37,000, Roumania 10,000, and many other countries still smaller numbers. The speaker gave the reasons for the mag- netism of New York; the attractions it offered; its wealth; its business opportunities; its social enjoyments; its literary, artistic and professional pre-eminence. He said that a result of the mixed population was its spirit of cosmopolitan- ism which bred catholicity of sympathy and independence of judgment. ‘The orator con- tinued: We respect individuality, with all its idiosynscrasies; and nothing human is so outlandish as to escape the reach of our sympathy. And this is true not only in religion, but in politics. Hence political organizations are constantly arising in our State which are unknown to the “ regular” parties. They assert some right, they voice some aspiration, they demand some good. Between Niagara and the Atlantic we feel we have room enough for thera, even though they roar as loud as the one and rage as furiously as the other. Nor is this all. Our State is the home of the mugwump—the man who has no party, the man who votes solely with reference to the good of the country whichever party may promote it. And these independent voters, unattached to party, are now so numerous in our State that the “yegular”’ parties are obliged to take account of them in writ- ing their platforms and nominating their candidates. * New York stands not only for individualism in ae ie for individualism in business. We give our business men a free hand, not hampering them by unnecessary legis- lative restrictions, and we see them making the most of their opportunities and demonstrating the wisdom of the policy of individual freedom. e recognize that politics is one thing and business is another and we have a profound conviction that if politics is injected into business the result will be either corruption or bankruptcy or probably both. We make no at- tempt, therefore, to appropriate for public uses, by means of exorbitant taxes, the vast fortunes which our merchants and financiers accumulate. We give them freedom to make their fortunes and freedom to dispose of them. And in spite of many discouraging phenomena, on the whole, no fair-minded judge can doubt that experience justifies our procedure. Following the exercises a public reception was tendered to Governor Hughes and prob- ably three thousand people passed across the stage and shook hands with the distinguished reformer. Subsequently a buffet luncheon was given by the management and then the New York militia escorted the official party back to the New York Building where they remained until four o’clock when the military feature be- gan. The United States troops and New York soldiers were reviewed by Governor Hughes and his party. The famous Squadron “A”’ attracted most attention. ~The men were well attired, splendidly mounted and rode their horses as easily as the troopers of any of the TIMOTHY L. WOODRUFF HON. Lieut.-Gov. of New York 1896; re-elected 1898 and 1900 300 Diary—October. world’s best cavalry corps. In the evening President Thomas B. Dunn of the New York Commission and his fellow Commissioners gave a reception in honor of the Governor and the other distinguished New Yorkers. Hon. Tim- othy L. Woodruff, former Lieutenant-Governor of New York, stood in the receiving line with Governor Hughes on this occasion when more than a thousand guests came to greet the visitors. The seventeenth anniversary of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution was celebrated at the Exposition with a birthday feast made notable by a char- acteristically sparkling speech brimming with humor delivered by President Tucker of the Exposition and eloquent addresses by Governor Claude A. Swanson of Virginia and Governor Charles E. Hughes, of New York. Mrs. Donald McLean, the President-General of the Order, whom Mr. Tucker designated as the most eloquent woman in America, made a splendid address. Her speech was intensely patriotic and kept her audience on keen edge. Interspersing periods of fervid national senti- ment, Mrs. Mclean interjected bits of humor which convulsed her audience. The Exposi- tion entertained the ladies with a luncheon, at which Mrs. Harry St. George Tucker, Mrs. J. Taylor Ellyson, Mrs. Hugh Nelson Page and Mrs. J. L. Hubbard acted as hostesses for the Exposition. The Disciples of Christ, who had been meeting in Norfolk, convened during the after- noon in the Auditorium and J. H. Garrison, the Editor of the Christian Evangelist, pub- lished in St. Louis, delivered a most impressive address in which he showed the parallel be- tween the founders of Jamestown and the es- tablishers of the Disciples and a similar har- mony between the Declaration of Independence and the “ Declaration and Address”’ by the Campbells. It was a distinctly fine speech which was received enthusiastically. A great many of the audience were not affiliated with the religious order and knew little or nothing about the principles and objects of the move- ment, yet they listened attentively and seemed 301 ASSOCIATION OF MILITARY SURGEONS to be impressed. R. E. Steed, City Clerk of Norfolk, and a prominent Disciple, presided at the meeting. The National Congress of Mothers, Mrs. Frederick Schoff, President, held a convention in the Auditorium Building and effected plans for the organization of the Virginia Congress. Mrs. Edward C. Bryce, the National Secre- tary, was secretary of the meeting. Mrs. Schoff called attention to the fact that the Indian child, Pocahontas, was the first to give a kindly wel- come to the weary wanderers from foreign shores, and it was “ fitting that the Ter-Centen- nial of the settlement of Jamestown should in- clude in its celebration the promotion of organ- ized effort throughout the Nation to surround the children with the influence of environment which would develop their highest possibil- ities.” She deemed it especially proper that Virginia women should take a part of this work which the National Congress of Mothers had begun. October | 1.—About twenty members of the “Windy City Brain Trust,” whose alias is the Chicago Press Club, were entertained by the Jamestown Press Club. “They were guided by Colonel Humphrey, Secretary of the Illinois Commission, and were also entertained at the Illinois Building. While in the vicinity the Virginia Pilots’ Association took the members on a yachting trip out through the Capes. On their way back to Chicago they stopped off at Richmond where the freedom of the city was tendered to them. October 14 to 17.—The annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States convened at eight o'clock in the evening. Thursday, October 15, was Military Surgeons’ Day and at 9:00 a. M. the doctors gathered to hear the reports of the Executive Council, of the various officers and the Chair- men of Committees. A public meeting was held in the Auditorium at eight o’clock in the even- ing. Surgeon Charles Poindexter Wertenbaker, P.H. and M.H.S., was in the chair. The ad- dress of welcome was delivered by Mr. Tucker, to which Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Albert H. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Asst. SurGc.-GEN. VAUGHAN President 1907-8 President 1906-7 Briggs, N. G. N. Y., responded. The annual address of the President of the Association, dealing with the “ Ideal Medical Department in the Field,’ was delivered by Colonel Valery Havard, U. S. A. Next came the installation of Foreign Delegates as corresponding mem- bers by Major James Evelyn Pilcher, Secre- tary, and responses by the several representa- tives of foreign nations who were present. Music was interspersed between the speeches. “There were about one hundred prominent surgeons present, and among them a number of foreign- ers. Surgeon W. B. Leishmann, Lieutenant- Colonel of the Royal Army Medical Corps represented England; Surgeon Arthur More- head, Major in the Indian Medical Service, and Surgeon MacLean MacLarren, Lieutenant- Colonel of the Canadian Medical Corps, rep- resented English colonies; S. Y. Ho, Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Imperial Japanese-Chinese Army, represented China. At 9:00 A. M., October 16, the Surgeons again convened and a number of extremely interesting papers were read: “Notes from the Summer Encampments of the National Guard of Pennsylvania,” by Major Herbert A. Arnold, N. G. Pa. “An Efficient Method of Disposing of Garbage and Kitchen Refuse by Incineration Under the Camp Spider,” by Major Herbert A. Arnold, N. G. Pa. “The Sanitation of Modern Military Camps,” by Major Charles E. Woodruff, U. S. A. “Sanitation Requirements for the Navy, Ashore and Afloat,” by Medical Director Manly H. Simons, U. S. N. “Camp Sanitation,’ by Captain Percy L. Jones, U. S. A., and Passed Assistant Surgeon William Colby Rucker, P. H. and M. H. S. “The Purification of Drinking Water in the Field,” by Captain Carl R. Darnall, U. S. A. “ The Sanita- tion of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition,” Passed Assistant Surgeon Rupert Blue, P. H. and M. H. S., and Passed Assistant Surgeon William Colby Rucker, P. lab chyel IMG IER Si ie United States Naval Station at Olongapo, Philippine Islands; Its Location, Cli- mate and Diseases,” by Surgeon Charles Poor Kin- dleberger, U. S. N. “ The Disabled Foot in the Muili- tary Service,’ by George H. Richardson, U. S. A. “The Etiology of Inguinal Hernia and its Relation to the Question of Line of Duty,” by Surgeon George Rothganger, U.S. N. ‘* Ob- servations on the Standard of Vision for Recruits,” by Major Henry A. Shaw, U. “The Prevention of Lizut.-Cot. A. H. Brices Former President SieAc Disease in the _Army and the Best Method of Accomplishing That Result,” Frederick Smith, R. A. M. C., D. S. O. At eight o’clock in the evening of the six- teenth a second session was held and the fol- lowing papers were read: “The Effects of the Sun and Artificial Heat,” by Major by Dr. Cot. Vatery Havarp, U.S.A. Rear-Apm. Rixey, U.S.N. First Vice-President 1906-7 Mayor Pitcuer, U.S.A. Secretary Harold D. Corbusier, late U. S. A. “* The Psychic Phenomena of Intestinal Toxemias and Their Treatment,’ by Captain Joseph Carlisle De Vries, N. G. N. Y. “ Plague in India— Sketch of its Cause and Spread; Methods Adopted to Combat the Disease by Officers of the Indian Medical Service,” by Major Arthur Henry Moorhead, I. M. S. “ The Conquests of Preventive Medicine,” by Major Louis Livingston Seaman, U.S. V. E. “Notes on the Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Iloilo,” by Lieutenant Earl H. Burns, U. S. A. “ Heat Ex- haustion on Men-of-War,’ by Surgeon Middleton Stuart Elliot, U.S. N. “A History of the Typhoid Cases Occurring on Board the U. S. S. Connecticut,” by Passed Assistant Sur- geon Paul E. McDonnold, U. S. N. “ Typhoid Fever in the Philippines,” by Lieutenant Henry J. Nichols, U.S. A. “A Study of Tuberculosis in the United States Navy,” by Surgeon General Presley Marion Rixey, U. S. N. “ Relation of Immi- gration to Insanity,” by Assistant Surgeon Thomas W. Salmon, le Vek, Ehavel WE JGI, SE Thursday, October 17, the first session was as usual at nine o'clock. ‘The papers read on the occasion were: “Some Facts About the Army Canteen,” by Dr. Anita Newcombe McGee, late U. S. A. “Amebic Dysentery (Chronic) a Surgical Disease,” by Passed Assistant Surgeon John Milton Holt, P. H. and M. H. S. “Atropine as a Hemostatic,’ by Dr. William Francis Waugh, formerly U. S N. “Ethyl Chloride as a General Anesthetic in Minor Sur- gery,” by Passed Assistant Surgeon Edward Maurice Black- well, U. S. N. “ Smokeless Powder Burns,” by Surgeon Rand Percy Crandall, U. S. N. “A New Operation for Vari- cocele,” by Passed Assistant Surgeon George Franklin Free- man, U. S. N. “Inflammation of the Tendo-Achilles as a Military Affection,” by Major James Evelyn Pilcher, U. S. V., Captain U. S. A. “A Report of Four Operations on the Stomach,” by Surgeon L. L. Williams, P. H. and M. H. S. Thursday evening at eight o'clock the last session was held and the doctors listened to other papers: “The Correspondence School as a Means of Instruction for Medical Officers of the State Forces,” by Lieutenant-Colonel Homer I. Jones, N. G. Indiana. “ The Hospital Ship—The Only Adequate Solution of Properly Caring for the Sick and Wounded of the Fleet,” by Medical Director John C. Wise, U.S. N. “The Work of the Medical Corps in the Care of the Wounded at Gettysburg,” by Captain Edwin L. Bebee, N. G. N. Y. “The Medical Service of the United States Marine Corps—A Sketch of its History, Organization and Work,’ by Surgeon Frederick Leslie Benton, U. S. N. “ The Organization and Instruction of the Medical Department of the State Forces,” by Major C. T. Dulin, Utah, N. G. “ Proposal for a National Medical Service or Department of Public Health,” by Surgeon Sheldon Guthrie Evans, U. S. N. “ The Organization of the Medical Department of the State Forces with Special Reference to the State of New York,” by Cap- tain S. J. Kopetzky, N. G. N. Y. “ The First Aid Packets of the Armies of the World,” by Major Edouard Laval, French Army. “ A Method of Transporting Disabled Soldiers in the Field,” by Captain George P. Peed, U. S. A. “ The Training of Medical Officers of the State Forces, from a Regular Amy Sy ey by Major Frederick P. Reynolds, SrA he Military- Medical Service of the Sovereign Order. of tie Knights of Malta in the Austro-Hungarian Army,” by Stabsarzt Dr. Johann Steiner, Austro-Hungarian Army. “ The New German Army Sanitary Regulations,” by Major Paul F. Straub, U. S. A. “An Improvised Horse- Litter for Two Patients, ” by Captain Gideon McD. Van Poole, U. S. A. “A Method of Instruction in the Physiology of the Circulation,” by Major Robert S. Woodson, U. S. A. “Tropical Diseases as They Exist in the Philippine Islands,” by the Army Medical Research Board. “The United States Army Board for the Study of Tropical Diseases as They Occur in the Philippine Islands,” by Captain Percy M. Ash- burn, U. S. A. “Observations Upon Treponema Perteunis (Castellani) of Yaws and the Experimental Production of the Disease in Monkeys,” by Captain Percy M. Ashburn, U. S. A., and Lieutenant Charles F. Craig, U. S. A. “ The Hono- 302 Diary—Octoher. lulu School of Tropical Medicine—The Life History of an Idea,” by Acting Assistant Surgeon E. S. Goodhue, P. H. and M. H. S. “ The Teaching of Tropical Medicine, as Exempli- fied by the London School of Tropical Medicine,’ by Captain James M. Phalen, U. S. A. “ Ipecacuanha in Amebic Dysen- tery,” by Major Henry I. Raymond, U. S. A. “ The Treat- ment of Amebic Dysentery,” by Captain Robert M. Thom- burgh, U. S. A. “ The Effects of Tropical Climate on the White Race,” by Lieutenant William A. Wickline, U. S. A. While at the Exposition several side trips were taken. Fortress Monroe was visited one afternoon and the next day launches carried the surgeons to visit the vessels which were anchored in Hampton Roads. The officers of the Association were Colonel Valery Havard, U. S. A., President; Rear- Admiral Presley N. Rixey, U. S. N., First Vice-President; Major James Evelyn Pilcher, U. S. A., Secretary. Dr. George Tulley Vaughan, Assistant Surgeon-General, P. H. and M. H. S., was elected President for 1907-8, and Major Pilcher re-elected Secre- tary of the Association. October 15.—Nearly three thousand miles across the continent came the official party from the State of Utah, headed by Governor John C. Cutler, and the addresses of the Virginians at the ceremonies attending Utah Day reflected forcibly how thoroughly the hosts appreciated the distinguished courtesy which had been paid to the Old Dominion by the visitors who had come so far to do her honor. Lieutenant-Gov- ernor Ellyson who welcomed them for Virginia and Director-General Martin who delivered the greeting for the Exposition, did not fail to emphasize this sentiment. Governor Cutler spoke for more than an hour and discussed the various questions with which his State had to deal. He told of her resources, her wealth and her promise for the future. Once only did he speak of Mormonism and then proclaimed HONORABLE JOHN C. CUTLER Governor of Utah that Mormons were good citizens—just as good as could be found in the country. He said: I am impressed with the parallel existing between Virginia and Utah, the State which I am proud to represent here to-day. Virginia was the pioneer among the colonies, the first in which a permanent settlement was formed. The success of this settle- ment, the ter-centenary of which we are celebrating, led other adventurous spirits to brave the dangeis of the sea and the rigors of the shore in search of a new home. ‘The effect of success here achieved was that others sought places of settlement and rest along the Atlantic coast. If failure had attended the at- tempt at colonizing Jamestown, we have no assurance that the colonization of other places would not have been long delayed. % * * * * % * * * Utah has received a large portion of its population from the strong independent middle classes of America and central and northern Europe. Coming from the farms and work shops, from the professional and business pursuits of the best countries, they are a peculiarly sturdy, intelligent, industrious, self-reliant people, well fitted for the work of conquering the desert and making a new country. Nearly all the people of Utah are as desirable citizens from the standpoint of industry, intelligence, uprightness, morality and religious and social integrity as one will find anywhere. The line between Mormons and non- Mormons is rather sharply drawn by certain people who have an object to gain by so doing; but so far as business, and political and social matters are concerned the tendency is gradu- ally to depart from this classification. We think the distinction really needs to be made only in a religious sense, and we deplore the application of it in other directions. Utah’s first Governor, Honorable Arthur L. Thomas, was the last speaker of the day. He sald: It is interesting to read that not even the great men of the early days of our country could realize the greatness of the national development that was to come. In the Senate of the United States, Daniel Webster referred to that portion of our national territory known as the Far West as a desert land fitted only to be the home of the wild beasts, where there would never be settlements established and as a territory which was un- attractive and unnecessary to have. He regarded it as a menace and not as a factor in our national development. In the face of the marvelous history of our country during the three hundred years since the Jamestown settlement, it is almost incredible to believe that such a statement could have been sincerely made on the floor of the United States Senate less than eighty years ago and not have been challenged by some observing man who could with prophetic vision unfold the mag- nificent panorama of the future. The State which is celebrating this day at this Exposition is situated in the heart of the section which was characterized as forbidden territory—forever to be uninhabitable to man. It is said that the philosopher of old had a crystal which, when placed to the eye, revealed the treasures of the earth. If one of the settlers of the early days of our nation could have looked through such a crystal upon the future national develop- ment which was to make the fo'bidden western land the most inviting of our country, and had related to his fellowmen what he had seen, it is a question whether he would have been be- lieved. Our western country is a land of clear atmosphere, fertile soil and unrivaled climate, holding within its bosom in untold measure mineral riches to give dignity, power and glory to an empire. It is a notable fact that the first Anglo-Saxon cultivation of the soil by irrigation in this western land was made at Salt Lake City, the capital of the State of Utah, and upon the success or failure of this first irrigating experiment on American soil depended the life or death of this supposedly desert country as a place of human habitation. While James- town will forever be famous as the place of the first permanent English-speaking settlement in America, Salt Lake City, Utah, will forever be famous as the place of the first permanent English-speaking settlement in the arid west, where it was demonstrated that the desert region could be made habitable and productive. Accompanying the party as the guests of Governor Cutler and the Utah Commission were two artists regarded in the West as the leaders in their particular lines, Professor John J. McClellan, the organist of the Mormon ‘Temple, and Professor William Weihe, violin- ist. During the ceremonies these artists played. Following the exercises the party were escorted to the Army and Navy Club where a delight- ful luncheon was served. On the following day they were the guests of the Connecticut Com- missioners and on the third and last day of their visit they were entertained by the New Jersey Commissioners. In the Governor’s party were former Governor Arthur L. Thomas, Judge The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Hon. ArtHur L. THomas First Governor of Utah Hon. WeEsLey K. WALTON State Senator, Utah Henry B. Henderson, Senator Wesley K. Walton and Mrs. Walton, Representative Ed- ward H. Tolton, John C. Sharp and Mrs. Sharp. Brooklyn Day was also celebrated. Lieu- tenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia welcomed the Brooklyn delegation and Chairman St. Clair McKelway, LL.D., Edward M. Bas- sett, Frank Harvey Field, William Berri and Edward C. Blum, spoke briefly for the visit- ors. Hon. William J. Gaynor of Brooklyn, a member of the Supreme Court of New York, delivered a logical and oratorical masterpiece. He said in part: We are on the soil of the South, where government is pure, where statesmanship is high, where greed and corruption are not and never were uppermost, where politics and govern- ment have never been debauched by the use of money and the greed of private interest. Nowhere is the American stronger and more patriotic than here in the new South. The new problems before the country it is meeting in that high spirit and with that high aim which alone in government as in re- ligion, in science and in all that goes to human advancement, can achieve good results, however slowly and gradually. Judge Gaynor spoke of the commerce of the country typified in the Exposition and how it had been shackled by tariff and centered in monopolies by favoritism in freight rates. He declared: We cannot too often talk about this. Our commerce should be absolutely free; competition in it must be free and not destroyed by privilege or favoritism. He showed how advantages in transporta- tion throttled competition and said that this re- bating and discriminating had been done for many years and it was being done now. The speaker continued: Some think that because a penal law was passed against this practice that it was stopped. They did not know the im- measurable distance between the passing of the laws and their enforcement. Judge Gaynor praised the President in his efforts to stop the rebate evil and said: In my part of the country, which is under the eaves of Wall Street and partly debased and debauched by the gambling yas q Dr. St. Crain McKet_way Chairman Brooklyn Day Hon. Wn. J. Gaynor Orator of Brooklyn Day of that place, there are many, some wickedly and falsely, some stupidly, as mere parrots, denouncing President Roosevelt for bending the energies of the government to stop this great evil. They call his course a general attack on corporations and on business. Yet, this effort to make the railroad companies obey the law and charge the same rate to every one, is called an attack on corporations and on business. It is pitiful to see some stockholders join in this false cry. A monopoly is a curse, both immoral and law-abhorrent and no free people will submit to it. It is the means of depression and debasement of many for the aggrandizement of the few. It enables private fortunes to be accumulated, so vast and so dishonest that they provoke general discontent and moral protest. The exercises were held in the New York State Building and were markedly successful. After the formal ceremonies the Brooklyn dele- gates were the guests of the New York Com- mission and the rest of the day was spent by the Brooklynites going through the various State buildings and viewing the War Path attractions. The Supreme Grand Commandery, Ancient and Illustrious Knights of Malta, held their twenty-fourth Convocation beginning on the fifteenth and continuing on the sixteenth and seventeenth of October. The Supreme Com- mander, Sir Robert Keenan in his report stated that the year which had passed had been a prosperous one for the Order and a most har- monious one, but notwithstanding all opposition on the part of the schismatists, who had, in former years, used their best exertions to dis- rupt the Order, it had withstood every assault and its jurisdiction reached from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico. The report of the Supreme Re- corder, Sir Frank Gray, P. S. M. covered in detail the minutes of the Supreme Commander for the fiscal year ending 1907, and showed that the total number of Commanderies was two hundred and fifty-five with a total mem- bership of twenty-eight thousand, seven hun- dred and one. Reports of all the Committees were read, including a report of the Senodacia Dames of Malta. The principal officers elected for the year 1907-1908 were Supreme Commander, Sir George W. Welsh, of Pennsylvania; Supreme Generalissimo, Sir Benjamin M. Bartilson, of Philadelphia; Supreme Captain-General, Sir W.M. Macomber, of Massachusetts; Supreme Prelate, Sir David I. Robinson, of Massa- chusetts; Supreme Recorder, Past Supreme Commander Sir Frank Gray, of Pennsylvania; Supreme Treasurer, Past Supreme Commander Sir W. J. Rugh, of Pennsylvania. October 16.—Occupying a position similar to no other military organizations of the United States, the Guards of the Governor of Con- necticut form no part of the military system of the State but are attached personally to the Chief Executive. There are two battalions of these, Horse and Foot and both accompanied the Governor to the Exposition. The cavalry were commanded by Major Gilbert P. Hurd and with him were Captain H. M. Barton, Lieutenant William A. Hinds, Cornet F. L. Purrinton, Quartermaster L. J. Sylvester, Cap- tains Joseph Hopper and Gideon C. Segur; Lieutenants Alfred M. Greenbaum, Herbert L. Switzer, Charles H. Whiting, Charles H. Dillings, George H. Wells and William Sand- 304 Diary—October. land, and forty-five men. The Horse Guards arrived at the Exposition seve~al days in ad- vance of the Connecticut ceremonies and en- camped on the grounds. The uniforms of the men were © a helmet with yellow plume, coat of dark blue trimmed with yellow, dark blue pants with yellow stripes, gauntlets, black belt and breast plate.” The officers wore “ a cha- peau with black and yellow feathers, coats trimmed with white, buff breeches with high topped boots.” “The Governor’s Foot Guards were commanded by Major Louis R. Cheeny and under this officer were eighteen commis- sioned officers, twenty-five non-commissioned officers and sixty-fivemen. ‘Their uniforms were of the Continental period with high fur helmets, red coats and yellow trousers. “The “‘Feeters,”’ as they are called in Connecticut, stopped at the Pine Beach Hotel while visiting the Ex- position and did not encamp with the cavalry. Connecticut Day. Escorted by his Guards, the Governor of Connecticut, Honorable Rol- Copyright, Tasseatoun ‘Official Photograph Corpor ation. GOVERNOR WOODRUFF, OF CONNECTICUT, AND HIS STAFF lin S. Woodruff, paid an official visit to Gov- ernor Swanson at 9:30 in the morming. A little later the Governor of Virginia returned the call and accompanied the Connecticut party to the Auditorium where the exercises of the day began. On the stage with the visit- ing Governor and his staff were Governor Swanson and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia; Governor Cutler and former Gov- ernor Thomas of Utah; President Tucker of the Exposition and Director-General Alvah H. Martin. Seated before the platform were the Governor’s Guards in full dress and they lent a picturesque color to the .cene. President Samuel A. Eddy of the Connect- icut Commission, chairman of the meeting, presented Chaplain Watson L. Philips of the Second Company Governor’s Foot Guards and the clergyman delivered an invocation. Mr. Tucker then made an address of welcome on behalf of the Exposition and was followed by Governor Swanson for Virginia. The latter stated that the infusion of New England blood had produced in the South a very thrifty race 305 of people and he said that the Connecticut woman was one of the finest types of Amer- icans, and her good sense was illustrated when she wrote to her mother that her husband was dead. She said “ Dear John died last night— but the loss is fully covered by insurance. Governor Woodruff, when he arose to reply, received an ovation. He exclaimed: What a mighty civilization have the Americans achieved out of the little settlement of Jamestown—a composite popula- tion of eighty millions of people made out of the blended nations of the world, governing themselves and working out their own destiny! The germ of the Constitution came out of Con- necticut. It was one of her earliest inventions. And that law has been made by the people of our country ever since they determined to be free, and in making the law we have learned the value of power and self-reliance. The feature of the day was the address of President Flaval S. Luther of Trinity College, Hartford. He began: There are many places on our continent where romance and history meet together, many annals which read like the chronicles of knighthood or the tales of mythical chivalry. Till these later days men read the records of the remote past when they would be thrilled by hearing of adventures; possible it was supposed, only when the world was a child. The period of settlement on these shores changed all that. Only ten gen- erations ago young and old met in what was to be America. Maturity rejoiced in a new and splendid youth. Opportunity came again. Mankind turned over a new leaf. No wonder, then, that romance blossomed and that here and there on our fair new earth were gathered memories of special heroism, of hours that were big with fate, of racial movements determinative of future civilization. The orator spoke of the by-path through Massachusetts, the mountain road in the valley of the Ohio, the Plains of Abraham, the Santa Fé trail, the Rock of the Pilgrims, and how all of those names thrilled; but more suggestive than all was the Virginia region where the first settlement was effected, and he said: We come here thinking of Captain John Smith and of the stories of him that we read when we were children. We look for the Indian maid and old Powhatan, her father. We call to mind the many brave men and braver women who knew this place and unconsciously gave up their lives in building the foundation of a nation. We also remember that it was here nearly two centuries later that was reached the final decision as to our political independence. Here a mother nation, forgetful that children grow and that a young nation would be its own master, found that parting was sure to be. Dr. Luther said that our forefathers did not, nor could they, feel the tremendous sense of responsibility to posterity which was so marked a feature of the best political thought and action in America to-day; that John Smith and AVC LONOLLOANNOO ."SGUYVND LOO SUYONYAAOD,, AHL ‘uolye10dioy ydeiSojoyg [eloyO uMoysaumel ‘yyst1Adod eee. a et a 9 J saa i.” uh 5, hat ot S cinaaniad 306 Diary—October. Thomas Hooker and their companions were too busily engaged in the actual struggle for main- tenance; but, he said “it is the great glory and unceasing boast of us Connecticut men that our fathers came nearer to a vision of the future than did most others.”” And he recalled that the State of Vermont, through its general as- sembly, once voted: ‘Resolved, That the laws of God and Connecticut be adopted until we have time to frame better ones.” ‘The speaker said that the past could not be taken as in all respects a pattern for present copying; that even if it had been wholly good it was the product of conditions which are now largely superseded; that what we could learn from the history of our three hundred years was not political dogma, nor mercantile methods, nor national policy, but that we might profitably learn what sort of men they are who count in the growth of a people toward a higher destiny and what principles are safe-guides among the changing policies dictated by varying needs and ambitions. He continued: Questions change, human tendencies take on new forms, men alter the very environments that have helped to make them what they are. They build electric roads and several commu- nities are bound into one community. They string wires and the business methods of centuries are thrown into the waste basket. Some of them work together and individual isolation becomes the mark of failure. They stop to look at themselves in the cosmic mirror and self-dissatisfaction breeds reformation. This is what is happening now in this great country into which we have grown. We have somehow caught a glimpse of our real selves, perhaps not a complete reflection but enough to set us thinking. We see ourselves rich, powerful and progressive. Do we see ourselves sordid with low ideals, with false am- bitions? No; this last is too severe, we are not that surely. Look again in the mirror. It is perplexity that is marked on the national countenance. We are troubled because some things are going wrong. We are surprised and some of us are angry ecause old ways will no longer answer. Some of us are re- sentful because our pet doctrines are becoming evidently un- pore We see great evils and are uncertain how to correct them. In no vague way and without hesitation the speaker gave his idea of State activities: Beyond the occasional election of a senator what political question, in the larger sense, does any State legislature discuss or vote upon? ‘The legislatures are busy, or ought to be, in providing for the education of the children, the maintenance of good order, the protection of the weak, the control of the strong. Now these problems are substantially the same in every State, though the means for dealing with them vary widely. Hence our need to learn from each other, to copy good laws from each other, and if we would do both, we would achieve the highest good. Among the chief rights of the States is the adoption of uniform laws to fit like conditions. And yet we hesitate and proceed along our forty different ways because long ago, knowing little of each other, we were obliged to work separately and independently. We of Connecticut need to learn this lesson of the wisdom of the people. We may fairly claim to have done more than our sister States in devising a practical scheme for a constitutional democracy. We have not excelled others in building a statutory scheme, based upon the principles which we were first to formulate. Further he said: A great step toward economy and efficiency would have been taken if the several States would endeavor to work to- gether in matters of legislation. And this way lies the preserva- tion of much that is historic and very dear to the citizens of every State. This way lies the preservation of State autonomy and original State rights. Believe me; it is not because State governments are weak but because they are discordant that demand has arisen for a larger measure of national control than has hitherto been thought desirable. And if legislatures continue to conduct their affairs as if independence were non- existent, except when demonstrated by laws differing in each State from those of other States, then indeed will national weak- ness set in, unless radical constitutional amendments work funda- mental changes in our relations to the national government. Illustrating the close association between the States, he said: Did John Smith dominate your first settlement? He also named New England and mapped its coast-line. Did you take a leading part in establishing the great republic? We, also. Is Virginia the mother of Presidents? Connecticut is the mother of a goodly array of sons of presidential size and at- 307 tributes. Are you proud of your history? So are we. Do you mean to press forward to further triumphs, loyal to Vir- ginia, greatly loyal to the great republic? Our purpose is not less than yours. So, together, march we toward the unknown future that lies beyond the horizon’s utmost verge. The Connecticut Commission entertained the visitors later at a luncheon which was one of the most elaborate ever served at the Exposi- tion. The military exercises followed this function, the party going immediately from the Swiss Village to the Reviewing Stand, where three Governors occupied the President’s box: Governor Woodruff of Connecticut, Governor Cutler of Utah and Governor Swanson of Vir- ginia. Followingthe United States troops came the soldiers from the Nutmeg State, looking gorgeous in their bright uniforms and shining epaulets. Both the Foot and Horse Guards brought their bands with them and the Putnam Phalanx brought a drum corps. Following the parade, the Third Artillery gave an exhibition drill. The day’s official functions closed with a brilliant reception at the Connecticut State Building given in honor of Governor Woodruff and his party. Four Governors were present in the evening, Governor Stokes of New Jersey, having arrived late in the afternoon. Manufactures and Liberal Arts Day. Rep- resentatives of firms whose exhibits were classi- fied under the title of Manufactures and Lib- eral Arts had formed a strong association at the Exposition, and this was their day. In order to arouse interest in the occasion a large number of prizes were offered as premiums. To the sum total of these practically every exhibitor contributed, some of them giving single prizes of considerable value and others a number of small pieces, altogether about four thousand premiums were offered: Sewing machines, typewriters, fountain pens, cutlery, statuary, books, jewelry, shoes, corsets, laces and furs. Each admission ticket sold at the gates had a detachable coupon which was numbered. The exhibitors who donated prizes displayed con- spicuously in front of their several booths a chart containing numbers to correspond with the prizes which they had offered. “They were not posted until after three o’clock and no ex- hibitor knew what number would draw _ his prize. [he day was successful and the Manu- factures and Liberal Arts Building was thronged during the afternoon by holders of coupons searching for a number to correspond with the one which they held. Curiously enough it was found more than a week later that less than half the prizes had been de- manded, a condition due perhaps to the fact that many of the tickets were held by visitors who were strangers and who kept the coupons as souvenirs of their visit. October 17.—New Jersey Day. Replying to the welcome extended by Governor Swan- son and President Tucker, Governor Edward C. Stokes of New Jersey made a very happy speech, in which, mentioning Woodrow Wil- son, he declared that if Virginia had any more sons of this type to send North, New Jersey would gladly assimilate them. He remarked that New Jersey had never produced a native ONIGTNd AdSYal MAAN JHL LV ‘ALYVd TWIOIdIO GNV ‘AdSYal MAAN JO EGET SANOLS YONYAAOD *uor}e10d105 ydeiso0joyd | ev O uMojsowef ‘yyst1Adog aAALES Si | 308 Diary—October. President, but that if by his moving to Virginia she could gain such a distinction he personally would gladly emigrate and he promised to bring a large part of the colony of New Jersey with him. He spoke of the laws of New Jer- sey, especially those relating to corporations, and declared that the corporation tax netted the State so many million dollars yearly, that it paid all the expenses of the government and then turned back to the tax payers five million dollars annually as a dividend, assisting munici- palities and counties in their local government and improvements. The appearance of United States Senator John Kean was a pleasurable surprise. He had not been expected and had prepared no speech, but talked briefly and most entertainingly. Among other things he said: The success of the Revolution made it necessary during the first century of the country to make the generalities of the Declaration of Independence living realities on every part of American soil and under one flag. The discordant views of Hamilton and Jefferson in the first generation, of Webster and Calhoun in the second, and of Lincoln and Davis in the third, led to the controversies as to the civil rights of individuals and to the extent of the power of the Federal Government. For seventy years the people were inclined to put away war and rely on the ballot as the means of political grace. Their experiment culminated in the convulsions of the Civil War, and no part of that struggle was more creditable to both sides than the disbanding of both armies after Appomattox, and the return of the veterans to the arts of peace. The course of civilization is a perpetual controversy. We can now see quite clearly that the supposed rights of individuals, even in a republic, cannot be fully delivered to them by any plan of government yet devised; that zealous efforts to do so tend strongly, and perhaps certainly, to destroy civilization itself, and we are beginning to see that a consolidated national government tends to degrade the States to the position of munici- palities, and to minimize the political influence of the in- dividual. Virginia and New Jersey have not always agreed in all respects in the years that have gone, but conservative citizens of both States are more harmonious in our day than at any time in the past. They keep step to the music of the Union. They proudly remember that Washington, of Virginia, won his brilliant victories on the soil of New Jersey. They are glad that the Federal Government which he founded is able and willing to protect the lives, liberty and property of the people anywhere under the flag. It is that government, with all its power and all its limitations, which they wish to preserve. It is said that hard cases make bad law that in the form of precedent plagues the future. When the people are excited or angry they struggle at the restraints of government and ascribe new meanings to old principles. I believe there is virtue and power enough in the Constitution and laws as they stand, and have stood for many years, to cure the evils under which the people have been exasperated, inciting action that threatens the guilty and innocent alike with vast disaster. In no period of our history has there been more urgent necessity for the exercise of conservative good sense than now. Let us all, as our forefathers did in the early days of the republic, not fail to exercise a wholesome influence in the solution of the problems of the present and the future. W. H. S. Demarest, D.D., President of Rutgers College, was the orator of the day. This fine type of the American college pres- ident was one of a distinguished line of orators selected by their several commonwealths to de- liver State addresses, and he well upheld the reputation of New Jersey as well as the credit of his class. He said: Amid the display of modern achievement, the erections of a most recent art and industry around us, the central display and the central theme of the year's celebration is the kernel of history that through three hundred years has grown into ever larger harvest, the grain of mustard seed that has become the great tree of spreading branches. New Jersey, with its ancient origin, its distinguished history and its present-day values, may also well pay her share of praise to Virginia's makers of the State. It may also well be that our hosts on this occasion, the administrators of this great Exposition, in creating New Jersey Day, have had it in mind to recognize and display the glories ot our State as part of the latter glory of the house in which the pioneers rejoice, if the privilege of witnessing it is now vouch- safed to them. Beyond this the occasion naturally suggests that we take thought not simply of the past and present but of the future as well, that we remind ourselves of truth that lies in 309 W. H. S. DEMAREST, D.D. history and achievement and which must underlie all true and noble progress. Speaking of Colonial Virginia the speaker continued : The study of origins is fascinating. A discovery of origins must be an unspeakable joy. Just to look at the remnant tower of Jamestown Church stirs the springs of the soul; to read a monument standing thus out of the past, decaying, deserted through the many years, but telling of early faith and zeal. Still more to look at the outline of the Government house, to think of voices sounding there where so long has been but the stillness—and more, to think that until but half a decade ago even those lines lay hid—What a treasure hid in a field! | envy the engineer whose Providence led him to the field and moved him to discovery. So the more than remnant survivals of early, though not so early, time at Williamsburg. They are monuments of life, of personality; of society and of learning and statecraft; of simplicity and of courtesy in a virgin com- monwealth. Memories of brave men and fair women throng our souls, and names to conjure with troop past in high parade. But that day of vigor even of courtly custom, was born of the men and movement which this year especially exalts. The pic- ture in strong lines stands before us of the pioneers indeed, sailing up the James in 1607, of them and their swift successors in the storm and travail of the primal settlement, in the endur- ance and energy of a dauntless ambition. Of New Jersey, Dr. Demarest remarked: It was not very long after 1607 that her soil was first settled, since which day her people have never stayed their steady growth. How different the earliest days there from the days here! No awful story of famine and pestilence and massacre comes down to us. A very peaceful, promptly pros- perous community is born beside the Hudson, and in the valley of the Hackensack, of the Passaic and of the Raritan and beside the Delaware. Life from the first forms itself and goes its way in strangely facile sort for the ready, hardy settlers. There was the Englishman indeed ere many years with his pervading, dominant strength. There before him was _ the Dutchman, the Hollander, with his cleverness to till the soil or make a trade. There was the Frenchman, the Huguenot, with his fineness of spirit and alertness of mind. There was the Scotch-Irishman with his eager brain and aggressive step. There were the German and the Swede with their virtues to blend in the new-rising race. If anywhere there be a State that singularly displays in its original and enduring character the nature of our national commonwealth, it surely is New Jersey within her narrow borders. She seems in her springs of life to be at the very heart of the Union. The speaker reviewed the history of New Jersey and told of her resources, the adaptabil- ity of her soil, the variety of her products, her efforts in the line of the cause of education, and her contribution to the public life of the nation, and said: It is in no boasting spirit that so much of New Jersey’s history and value is displayed; it is in the spirit simply of an honest self-respect and of a deep desire to make our word of congratulation to others to-day mean as much as it may. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. The speaker emphasized the instinct for law which marked the early times and how the Colonists all magnified at once law and its sanctions, and declared that liberty must be best secured in allegiance to law—law that will direct and really protect the welfare of com- munal life against the ill of individual license. And he marked the zeal for education that had individualized our nation from its very start, how schools and colleges had from the earliest times been a hope and pride of the people. And with the instinct for law and the zeal for educa- tion he emphasized the spirit of religion which had been a part of the colonies, and how in all the colonies the zeal of God’s house was the first zeal of the people, and how with devoted reverence early shrines had been established, and concluded: Are we to preserve just government, are we to keep men and classes of men at peace with one another, are we to stay the sweep of a brazen and wasteful luxury, are we to save the family from uncertainty and wreck, are we to uplift society, are we to keep the American man clean and honest? Then let us not forsake the old land-marks nor count the fear of God an idle or needless thing. The great sanction of a divine sovereignty lies in an inspired word and in a sacred day and in a holy house and in a heavenly Lord; and well for us if we be not disobedient to the heavenly vision. The official party from New Jersey was exceptionally representative. The Governor was accompanied by his entire staff: Generals, R. Heber Breintnall, John D. McGill, Joseph W. Congdon, Q. O. M. Gillmore, P. Farmer Wanser, Edward A. Campbell; Major Leon Manton; Captains, George IT’. Vickers, H. C. Kramer, Walter E. Edge, Mahlon Margerum; United States Senator John Kean; former Governor George T. Werts; President W. H. S. Demarest of Rutgers College; Congressmen W. Wayne Parker, Ira W. Wood and Wil- liam Hughes; State Senators Bloomfield Minch, Edward S. Lee, John Hincliffe, O. H. Brown, Samuel K. Robbins, William Plum- mer, Jacob C. Price and Edmund W. Wake- lee; Assemblymen, J. Willard Morgan, Rob- ert H. McCarter, Nelson B. Gaskill, David O. Watkins, Charles J. Baxter, Winton C. Garrison, Henry B. Kummel, E. C. Hutchin- son, Charles R. Bacon, Henry J. Irick, Eckard P. Budd, Stephen J. Meeker, Reverend George B. Wight, William Cloke, John C. Payne, Michael F. McLaughlin, Robert Wil- liams, Colonel Charles W. Filler, John H. Capstick, William H. Chew, Dr. Frederick C. Jacobson, H. M. Herbert, John W. Wese- man, Francis B. Lee, Edward Burke and E. M. Applegate; and the following members of the New Jersey State Commission: Lewis T. Bryant, C. E. Breckenridge, D. Harry Chandler, Alfred Cooper, Richard W. Herb- ert, A. B. Leach, Harry W. Leeds, James T. MacMurray, Wallace M. Scudder and Dr. E. L. Stevenson. Besides this official party there were a half hundred prominent New Jersey- men in attendance. A parade of the troops in the afternoon and a well attended reception tendered by the New Jersey Commissioners in the evening, concluded the features of the day. October 18.—The Virginia Convention of the Christian Endeavor Society observed a day at the Exposition. The convention had been holding its meeting at Newport News and the delegates crossed the Roads for the public cere- monies. Reverend E. T. Wellford, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Newport News, and President of the Virginia Christian Endeavor Union, presided. President Tucker and Lieutenant-Governor Ellyson welcomed the delegates. Reverend J. E. Thacker, Pas- tor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Norfolk, responded. The orator of the day was the Rev. J. McPherson Hunter, of New York. This speaker had done magnificent work among the sailors of the country and his address was almost entirely along the line of his chosen pursuit. [he eloquent divine praised the worth of the American sailor, referring to his record in the Revolutionary War, in the War of 1812, in the Civil War and in the War with Spain, which last, he said, was a sailors’ war, and from it the sailor had reaped his just glory. Dr. Hunter declared that there could be no great city which was not a port and for this reason the sailor was a great economic factor, and so long as sailors left their homes and fam- ilies to go to sea and engage in a hazardous pursuit, just so long would the world associate them with romance. But he denied the popular conception that the sailor is always a prisoner with a single privilege—that of being drowned, and he described the life of the modern sailor and how different it was from the haphazard conduct of the seamen in the past. October 19.—Yorktown Day was cele- brated under the joint auspices of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association and the Asso- ciation of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. It was the one hundred and twenty-sixth anniversary of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington at Yorktown, Virginia. Secre- tary McKean of the Thomas Jefferson Me- morial Association presided. Mr. Tucker wel- comed the celebrants, and read a letter written by Arthur St. Clair to the Hon. James Wilson, of Philadelphia, and carried to that gentleman by Colonel Tilghman, the officer who bore also the articles of capitulation to Congress. This letter dated October 19, 1781, began: “ Dear Sir:—I have just time to inform you that the business with Lord Cornwallis is over,” etc., etc. Following the reading of this letter Mr. Tucker presented Dr. Thomas Nelson Page as “the great grandson of Yorktown,” since he was the great grandson of Thomas Nelson, a Governor of Virginia, whose house was, during the siege, occupied by Lord Corn- wallis. Dr. Page eulogized the victor of York- town. He said: The military genius of Washington has probably never had justice wholly done to it. Shallow criticism of late, gauging his abilities largely by the smallness of the forces which he commanded have been given to belittling that genius because his armies were so small as compared with the vast aggregation of men who within our time have met and clashed upon the same ground. Be this said, that it is not the numbers of an army which display a captain’s ability, but the manner in which he handles the forces at his disposition, whether they be many or few. Had Washington had a great army, it is inconceivable that he would not have handled it with the same supreme ability which he dis- played in handling his ragged continentals, and yet more ragged militia. His gifts were not those of the mere soldier of the battle- field, but were rather those of the great Captain who compelled men, created forces and dealt with the grand strategy as a master. 310 Diary—October. HONORABLE JOHN E. REYBURN The Honorable John E. Reyburn, Mayor of Philadelphia, spoke briefly, but most patriot- ically. He said that to be a citizen of the United States was a greater privilege than to be a citizen of any other country on the face of the earth. He praised the Exposition that was being held and said that the event it cele- brated, just as their celebration of the York- town victory, should serve to teach the coming generation to revere the memory of the men who made this country, who established it as a land of liberty and dedicated it to the free- dom of mankind. Of his own city Mayor Reyburn said that Philadelphia was the great- est municipality in the Union and that he was glad to bring greetings from her people to those of Virginia, whom Philadelphians knew and loved. October 21.—At ten o’clock A. M. Supreme Washington, Charles H. Morrow, called to- gether the Fifty-seventh Annual Session of the eater aaties Jamestown Official pancourache Corporations ; Supreme Circle, Brotherhood of America. Reverend Brother J. W. Porter, D.D., deliv- ered the address of welcome. In this address the reverend gentleman urging his brothers to be loyal to the principles of their order, said: The foes that you combat are secret ones, therefore the most dangerous. The eagle gives its scream before it seizes the little lamb; the tiger gives its growl before it pounces upon its prey; the rattlesnake gives its deadly rattle before it places its venom in its victim; but the foes with which you have to do, work without warning in their attempt to destroy the founda- tions of this government. “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty,” and deathless devotion and ceaseless effort the only security for our heritage. The heathen nations made gods of their idols, but America makes her idols of gold, and let us beware lest we soon worship at the shrine of the god of gold. We are fast commercializing Christ, and making the dollar-mark the index of character. G. E. W., Charles M. Bacon, spoke briefly, thanking Dr. Porter for his address. The re- port of the Supreme Washington was read. Then followed the report of the Supreme Trustees. Sessions were held also on the twenty- second and twenty-third. The principal officers for 1907-8 elected at the convention, were: Past Supreme Washington, Charles H. Morrow, Wilming- ton, Del.; Supreme Washington, George W. Dannenhauer, Philadelphia, Pa.; Supreme Jefferson, Julius Viebahn, Houtz- dale, Pa.; Supreme Franklin, William J. Schafer, Atlantic City, ; Supreme Scroll Keeper, H. B. Walter, Philadelphia, Pa., and Supreme Treasurer, H. T. Sergeant, Wilmington, Del. A large crowd witnessed the Flower Car- nival at the Exposition, and the vehicles which paraded were most artistically decorated. For three hours the judges debated the merits of the various contestants, and even then were un- able to agree upon a definite first choice. When they made their announcement at the Flower Ball in the evening, it was to the effect that Miss Adelaide Williams of Berkley, Mrs. Charles H. Consolvo and Mrs. J. R. Speight of Norfolk had made equally fine displays and were entitled to receive the first prize. Lieuten- ant H. N. Cootes, U.’S. A., driving with Miss Cooke, won the second prize and Miss Sarah Frances Bonner with Miss Cornelia McBlair, won third. The judges were E. Leslie Rey- nolds of Washington, D. C., William Shields McKean of Washington, D. C., Mrs. C. A. Everhart of Fargo, N. D., E. L. Walbridge of Michigan, and Miss Edith Little of New Jersey. It was half past three in the afternoon before the line of decorated carriages moved MRS. CHARLES H. CONSOLVO, OF NORFOLK, FIRST PRIZE FLOWER CARNIVAL 311 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ‘Copy right, Jamestown “Official Photograph Corporation. MRS. J. R. SPEIGHT, OF NORFOLK, FIRST PRIZE FLOWER CARNIVAL from the Auditorium to Lee’s Parade. The Exposition Band and Grand Marshal, Lieu- tenant Bagby, headed the line. ‘The fine array of gorgeously decorated vehicles passed before the grand stand and each carriage was care- fully examined by the jury until a big water wagon bearing the sign of ““ Press Club” was reached. This entry was declared by the judges to be entitled to the booby prize and Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. IRS Ole tiaNs COOTES mu oat Second Prize Flower Carnival promptly a half score of newspaper men fell off the ‘ water wagon.” B.¢ | ET ay aiagst iter shgee, Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. In the early evening a Venetian Water Car- nival was successfully held and later there was ; CEpTrightajaniecoqn Of caer entea Corparations MISS SARAH FRANCES BONNER Third Prize Flower Carnival a Flower Ball at the Inside Inn. A hundred young ladies dressed in fantastic costumes, each representing a different flower, or similar flow- SAA ers of different styles, made the scene in the huge ball room unique and exceptionally bril- liant. There were poppies, carnations, Amer- ican Beauties, violets, pansies, sun flowers, heliotropes, chrysanthemums, lilies, daisies, dah- lias and morning glories among the scores of blossoms represented on the floor. A prize was offered for the most convincingly dressed girl and Miss Ethel Hardy, of Norfolk, clad as a morning glory, won the trophy. Miss Ser- pell representing a lily, Miss Mary Simmons MISS ADELAIDE WILLIAMS, OF BERKLEY, VA., FIRST PRIZE FLOWER CARNIVAL 312 Diary—October. a poppy and Miss Laura Kirk a pink rose, re- ceived special mention. October 22.—The chief event of Southwest Virginia Day was a speech delivered by L. E. Johnson, President of the Norfolk and West- ern Railway. Mr. Tucker welcomed the visit- ors and a first class musical programme was arranged. Mr. Johnson had always been a loyal, consistent and valuable friend of the Ex- position, and whatever support the undertaking had received from the railways was in large measure due to his sympathetic attitude. He was an especially welcome guest and he made an exceptionally fine speech. He said: Everything desirable in life is the lawful inheritance of Virginians, and if proper use is made of this inheritance this State will never be a laggard in industrial progress or in intel- lectual and political leadership. For my part, I feel that, in all these matters of personal counsel with Virginia people, [| may speak as one to the ‘manor born,’ for, although born and reared in that giant State of the West, Illinois, I always re- member that my native soil was once a part of the Old Do- L. E. JOHNSON President Norfolk & Western Railway minion and was, by the unselfish generosity and self-sacrifice for the interests of the general welfare of the Union, sur- rendered to form five of the largest and most densely populated States of this Union. Even if this were not so, still | am a convert, an adopted Virginian, if I may be permitted to say so, and all the world knows that a convert is frequently of firmer faith than one born to a creed. Ten years ago, while in the vigor of mature manhood, | accepted a post which required me to become a citizen of this commonwealth, and I| did not feel that I was coming among strangers, but rather felt that I was, in fact, coming back to the old homestead to enjoy with others the common inheritance. The cordial welcome which I received from this community has so endeared to me the people of Virginia that I have felt it a privilege and duty to devote as much of my time as the exact- ing responsibilities of my position will permit to aid in every way in my power in upbuilding this State—a State with such a background of splendid history and the opportunity for such expanding and ever-increasing prosperity. In this work, I only ask the privilege of working with you in a common effort to the end that the commonwealth as a whole may enter into a full enjoyment of its perhaps unexampled resources, and that this generation may witness a career of vigorous but conserva- tive progress, with no backward step. Nor should we be content until we have put in motion forces for progress and development which will once more put Virginia in her natural place of indus- trial, intellectual and political leadership among her sister States. Then reviewing the history since Jamestown, he continued: The early settlers were drawn from all classes in Great 313 Britain, and on the whole were, as I believe, better than repre- sentatives of each class. To the virtues of each class many of these settlers added the adventurous spirit which made them of particular value in developing the new country. At the end of the first one hundred years of our history, the work of these men had been accomplished. Their possession of the land was undisputed. Civilization had followed the waterways of the new territory and a prosperous and contented colony had spread over a large portion of what is now Vir- ginia, peacefully engaged in agriculture and manufacture, and with the professions highly developed, all the conditions and difficulties considered. A second century had hardly begun before the prosperity of the colonies in America seemed to excite the cupidity of the government in England, and oppressive exactions soon brought home to the colonies the fact that, unless they resisted aggression, they would lose many of those benefits which had come to them as the result of the struggles and labor expended by them and their fathers in founding and building up a new civilization in a newly discovered Jand. Under these circumstances this people addressed themselves to the study and solution of this new political problem with which they were confronted. They did not approach the sub- ject with the nervous haste or excitement or hysteria which is too common nowadays in movements for reform, but they thought over and studied the situation and came to conclusions which were wise and far-reaching. When neither petition nor protest availed they did not shrink from asserting their rights with arms and on the field of battle. The world knows the result, and the United States of America became a separate nation toward the close of the second century after the settlement at Jamestown. The third century, said the speaker, marked the building of a great republic, and during its years the people were confronted with the grave questions of the relation of the States to the Union, involving the question of seces- sion, of the existence of slavery as an institu- tion, of the acquisition of vast areas of new territory and many other perplexing questions, but that all those great problems, some of them jeopardizing the very life of the Republic, had been met and solved; that we were now enter- ing on the fourth century of our existence as a people and would have to face new problems and bear new burdens peculiar to the times. And he concluded: In the solution of these problems it is my hope and firm belief that the people of Virginia will assume an important place. The character of this people for reasonableness and con- servatism, recognized through the generations gone by, is a part of our inheritance, and these are the qualities now most needed in the regulation of the affairs of this government and people. The Jamestown Poultry Show, which opened on the twenty-second of October and continued until November | inclusive, was conceded to be the greatest quality exhibition ever held in America. . Winning in the Exposi- tion was recognized to mean primacy, and this significant fact induced poultry fanciers and breeders from all over the United States to send their birds to the show. Thirty-three different States were represented in the exhibi- tion and the competition for honors was very keen. John A. Murkin of Nashville, Tenn., had charge of the exhibit as Superintendent and was assisted by Theodore Hewes of In- dianapolis and E. L. Doal of Nashville. The judges, each a prominent and representative fancier, were: W. C. Denny of Rochester, N. Y.; J. H. Devenstedt of Red Bank, N. J.; R. E. Jones of Nashville, Tenn.; F. J. Mar- shall of Atlanta, Ga.; A. F. Kummer of Butler, Pa.; George Ewald of Cincinnati, Ohio; T. Reed Parish of Nashville, Tenn., and W. S. Russell of Ottumwa, Iowa. In connection with the exhibition an institute was held under the auspices of the American Poultry Association, and daily lectures were given by competent authorities. Visiting poul- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ‘ ci Sas trymen were in attendance from nearly every State in the Union and a large quota of the American Poultry Association were present during the entire period of the show. Cer- tainly no exhibit of this kind ever held in the country resulted in more strongly cementing the friendly relations between breeders, and to all the participants the results were gratifying. Prizes were awarded for single specimens of cocks, hens, cockerels and pullets and for breeding pens, which consisted of one male and four females, age not to count. Mr. Murkin, the Superintendent, arranged the official pre- mium list according to the American Standard of Perfection. Specimens of the following varieties were exhibited: BarreD PrtymMoutH Rocks, CoLUMBIAN PLYMOUTH Rocks, Si-veER PENcILED PLyMouTH Rocks, WHITE PLyM- OUTH Rocks, PARTRIDGE PLymMoutTH Rocks, Burr PLYMOUTH Rocks, WHITE WYANDOTTES, SILVER WYANDOTTES, GOLDEN Wryanpottes, Burr WyanpotTtes, BLack WYANDOTTES, PAR- TRIDGE WYANDOTTES, COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTES, SINGLE ComB Ruope IsLaAnpD Reps, Rose Comp Ruobe IsLanp Reps, LIGHT BrauMmas, Burr CocHIns, PartRIpcE CocHins, BLAck LANGSHANS, WHITE LANGSHANS, SINGLE Coms Brown LeEc- HORNS, RosE Comp Brown LeEcHorNs, SINGLE Comp WHITE LecHorNs, Rose Comp Wuite LecHorns, SINGLE ComB Burr LecHorns, Rose Comps Burr LecHorns, SINGLE ComB Brack Mrnorcas, Rose Comp Brack Minorcas, SINGLE Coms Burr OrpincToNs, SINGLE Coms BLack ORPINGTONS, SINcLE Comp WHITE OrpINGToNS, RosE Coms Burr OrPING- TONS, Ros—E Comp WHITE OrpiNncToNs, Rose Coms Biacx OrpincTons, Houpans, CornisH INDIAN GAMEs, BLUE ANDa- LusIANS, WHITE Facep Biack Spanisu, MottLep ANconas, FrizzLes, LAKENVELDERS, BLacK SUMATRAS. ENGLISH SAL- MON FAVEROLLES, RHopE IsLAND Bugs, Buckeyes, Pit Games, SHERWooDS, GREY, SPANGLE, WHITE Py Le, RED Pye, Brack Pyrite, W. C. Brack Potisnu, Non-BearDED PotisH Bantams, BLack Tait JAPANESE, WHITE JAPANESE, Rose Coms Wuite Bantams, Rose Comps Brack BaNTAMs, Wuite CocHin BanTAMs, PARTRIDGE CocHIN BANTAMs, Burr Cocuin Bantams, SILVER SEBRIGHT Bantams, BLack BreasteD Rep GAME BANTAMs. exhibits Among the miscellaneous were Pekin, Rouen, Gray, Indian Runner and White Muscovy Ducks; Bronze, White Hol- land, Buff and Wild Turkeys, and White Guineas. October 24.—The feature of Nova Scotia Day was the address of Honorable Duncan C. Fraser, Governor of Nova Scotia. The Chief Executive of the Canadian Province ex- pressed his appreciation of the cordial welcome extended by Mr. Tucker and said that while the exhibit made by Nova Scotia was small, yet in the character of the material shown by the Province as well as in the abundant re- sources of that land, they did not fear gener- ous competition. He said: I do not feel I am among strangers in coming to Virginia. My native Province was settled two years earlier than “ Old EE a Nm ‘ a << OFFICIALS OF JAMESTOWN POULTRY SHOW AND THE PRINCIPAL EXHIBITORS Virginia,” but you had a representative government before us. Our first Parliament met in 1758, and to you we are indebted for many of our statutes, which, despite any law of copyright, we appropriated. The high character and learning of your first settlers were a guarantee to our forefathers that any legislation you enacted would be of such a high character as to make its adoption by other countries safe and advantageous. There was another thing that endeared you to us. The French in 1605 made a permanent settlement at Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia. Your first settler reached your shores in 1607. Seven years afterward they sent ships and men and drove out the French at Port Royal under the claim that as Cabot had previously landed in Nova Scotia the country belonged to Britain. How sad that the Motherland should by unwise legis- lation have driven away the noble children of such gallant ancestry ! But since coming here, through the courtesy and personal attentions of the President of this Exposition, who is such a noble type of the Southern gentleman, I have learned that not only have we historically much in common but that socially you are able to win men’s hearts and confirm the belief that the brotherhood of man is highly exhibited in the bearing and actions of the good people of your commonwealth. Speaking of Nova Scotia, he declared: Our Province is rich in minerals of all kinds, varied in forest wealth, highly suited for raising fruits, particularly apples, as also in other farm products, unsurpassed in fisheries, and as a summer resort, we are not afraid of competition with any part of the world. Our bracing winter is followed by what you would call a cool summer. A sea coast of nearly one thousand miles with numerous harbors and inlets, most of them accessible by railways and steamboats, where travelers can enjoy the luxury of bathing, cheap fare and abundant fishing and hunting, furnish excellent opportunities for health to those who desire a summer outing. Feelingly, Governor Fraser continued: I see in the happy relations now existing between Great HONORABLE DUNCAN C. FRASER Governor of Nova Scotia 314 Diary—Ocltober. Britain and the United States, the guarantee of the future peace of the world. Old animosities, too long continued, are fast passing away. I see in the complete harmony of the boys in gray and the boys in blue, a lesson of the advanced progress of the great races from whom we both sprang. If you can do so between brave men who fought honestly, however mistaken, cannot two great nations the more easily cultivate the grace of forgiveness and the virtue of concord? I shall return to Canada with broader views' and kindlier sympathy toward this mighty land. You have been narrow in your trade relations and we unfortunately retaliated. You looked at us away in the frozen north with rather a cynical glance, and felt our trade unimportant and our presence as unworthy of notice. We, in turn, look at you as a big blustering brother and we determined we would work our destiny on different lines. Cannot we now calmly and wisely look over the ground lost, and the opportunities disregarded, as people with a mission for the world’s betterment and humanity's uplift- ing, learn that the future under God has unlimited opportunities for us both to combine our energies in helping the less fortunate of all lands in enjoying the blessings of freedom in life, trade and moral worth, with which we in part at least have been originally endowed ? The distinguished representative of the Ca- nadian Province received an ovation when he concluded his speech, and it was doubtful if the governor of any American state made a more lastingly pleasing impression, or did more to interest people in his Commonwealth. October 25.—Greater Norfolk Day. From early in the morning until long after dark crowds poured through the Exposition gates. Though this was peculiarly a local celebration the visitors came from all sections of the State attracted by the numerous features which had been advertised and the large number of prizes which had been offered. From a standpoint of total attendance Greater Norfolk Day ranked seventh in the Exposition’s records and it held sixth place in the column of the days showing the greatest number of paid admis- sions. 24,226 bought tickets to the grounds and only 7,146 entered on passes. In other words more than 77 per cent. of all those on the grounds paid their way at the gates. This showing contrasted most favorably with most of the other big days, notably Virginia Day when there were 18,338 paid admissions to WM. T. ANDERSON President Norfolk Board of Trade and General Chairman of Norfolk Day EUGENE D'AVIGNEAU Exposition Commissioner 20,153 passes. On Georgia Day, the principal event of the Exposition and the one most largely attended, 26,049 paid admissions were recorded against 20,488 free entrances The immense number of prizes offered for the occasion probably contributed to this result but the most influencing factor undoubtedly was the general comprehension that the Exposition needed every dollar it could secure in order to continue until closing day. William T. Anderson, President of the Board of Trade and Business Men’s Associa- tion of Norfolk, was Chairman of a strong committee who worked assiduously and most intelligently to create local enthusiasm and create conditions which would insure success. Serving with Mr. Anderson were Miss Vir- ginia Gatewood, Mrs. Inman H. Payne, Mrs. James Y. Leigh, Mrs. J. Leighton Hubard and Mrs. D. E. Levy, representing the Ladies’ Auxiliary of the Citizens’ Commission of Nor- folk; John R. Walker, R. A. Wainwright, Dr. Southgate Leigh, J. E. Hough and E. H. Hyman, from the 200,000 League; P. Mor- gan Fussell, S. B. Stanfield, Louis Drewry, J. Victor Abramson and J. C. Gorsuch from the Retail Merchants’ Association; J. A. Hall, J. F. O’Connell, E. B. Hodges and B. R. Bunting from the Board of Trade. To co- operate with this Citizens Committee the Ex- position appointed Eugene d’Avigneau and C. R. Keiley as Special Commissioners. The day offered a continuous succession of features. Band concerts beginning soon after the gates opened were repeated at frequent in- tervals until the gates closed. Drills and re- views were executed in the morning and in the afternoon. All of the military forces stationed at the Exposition accompanied the Confederate Veterans when they marched past the review- ing stand. Each concessionaire on the War The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. * Ee Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. CROWD IN FRONT OF AUDITORIUM, NORFOLK DAY Path gave several hundred free tickets to his show. Hundreds of prizes were offered by exhibitors in the various buildings, notably in the Food Products Palace. The 200,000 League offered a cash prize of $500.00. As usual on such occasions each admission ticket carried a detachable numbered coupon and the prizes were awarded by numbers on a schedule which had been arranged in advance but not displayed until long after the gates opened. The cash prize of $500.00 was the sole excep- tion. This was a lottery, all of the tickets having been placed in a receptacle and after these were well shaken one was withdrawn. Through the efforts of Mr. Anderson and his associates the schools of Norfolk were closed for the day, the street railway company con- veyed children at half rates and the Virginia Railway and the Norfolk & Southern Railroad jointly ran excursion trains from the city to the Exposition. ‘To induce a large attendance of the little folk the Exposition Company reduced the price of children’s tickets to fifteen cents and a parade of these children organized by Miss Gatewood was by no means the least interesting event of the occasion. At four o'clock in the i afternoon formal exercises were held in the Auditorium. Judge Theodore S. Garnett pre- sided and Mr. Tucker delivered a very feeling address of welcome to which the Honorable James G. Riddick, Mayor of Norfolk, responded with a most optimistic speech declaring that the Exposition was Norfolk, for soon the city limits would comprehend the site; and he predicted that Norfolk after shaking off the lethargy of years would grow until its bounds would reach from Virginia Beach to Ocean View. Judge Garnett, who was to have been the orator of the day yielded to His Excellency, Duncan J. Fraser, Governor of Nova Scotia, who said among other things: For your greater Norfolk, if a stranger may so quickly form an opinion, I see a great and glorious future, since Nature has bestowed upon her priceless gifts, which no other city that I know can challenge. I have heard of the sunny South from the lips of sons and daughters of the Southland and I| have heard of the indolent South from those who were prejudiced, but I now have seen your land and it is all that the poets have described and more, but I have failed to find the indolent Southerner, and if I may be allowed to judge, indolence is not a characteristic of your people. We may never meet again but at some future time I am sure some of you will be seated around a festive board celebrating the wonderful advancement of your greater Norfolk, and when you have shown the world your marvelous advantages over other harbors and other sections [| would ask you to think of me and remember that you have my best wishes. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. CROWD ON LEE’S PARADE, NORFOLK DAY Diary—October. John R. Walker made an address on behalf of the 200,000 League, explaining the purposes of the organization and describing the efforts that it was making to cause Norfolk to reach that coveted mark in population which was blazoned in the title of the League. The meeting closed with an address delivered by Honorable E. W. Gaines, a member of the State Legislature who told of the great good which had been accomplished by organized labor and pointed with pride to the building of the Exposition as an evidence of labor’s sincere desire to co-operate with friendly cap- ital. An excellent musical programme was rendered in connection with the speeches. Vocal solos, piano solos and quartette singing enter- tained the audience. “Two football games were played in the afternoon. Shortly after sunset there was a fine display of fireworks, imme- diately after which all of the War Path attrac- HONORABLE JAMES G. RIDDICK ayor of Norfolk tions joined in a monster parade which drew the crowd toward the amusement section where the drawing for the grand prize was held. Later at the Inside Inn there was a beautiful Colonial ball. To insure the success of this feature President Anderson had appointed Miss Virginia Gatewood as Chairman of a committee of chaperones and patronesses with authority to choose her associates and she se- lected most able assistants. He also appointed a men’s committee with Alvah H. Martin as Chairman. Both of these bodies worked effect- ively, but naturally the larger share of the bur- den was borne by the ladies and the ball was an unqualified success. Matrons and maids with powdered hair and puffs, with patches on their faces and gowns of old embroidery made the big ball room beautiful and the brilliant uni- forms of the army and navy officers who at- tended lent dashes of color which offset the gloomy black of the civilian dress suit. 317 The Grand Camp Confederate Veterans of V irginia celebrated their day contemporaneously with the Greater Norfolk celebration. The Veterans being members of the Grand Camp of Virginia, Pickett’s Camp, A. P. Hill Camp, Stonewall Camp, Thomas Smith Camp, Nei- meyer-Shaw Camp, Pickett-Buchanan Camp, and Veterans from various other Camps throughout the State. The Sons of Confed- erate Veterans, Hope-Maury Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Confederate Choir of the Hope-Maury Chap- ter were in the parade. The Seventy-first Reg- iment of Infantry, Virginia Volunteers, com- manded by Colonel Nottingham, was in line and all were under the command of Colonel O. H. Perry, the Marshal of the Day. . This line formed at Deep Water Pier and after reaching the Auditorium were joined by an escort of United States Troops composed of three Companies of the Twenty-third Infantry, a detachment each from the Twelfth Cavalry and from the Third Artillery. The line con- tinued its march to Lee’s Parade and passed in review before the Grand Commander of the Grand Camp and the officials of the Exposi- tion who occupied the grand stand. The Veterans then marched to the Auditorium where they were addressed by Grand Com- mander Stewart, President Tucker and Ad- miral Harrington. The Committee of Ar- rangements from Pickett-Buchanan Camp con- sisted of D. H. Burroughs, R. A. Dobie and W. R. Drummond, and admirably they planned and executed the work which they had in charge. The gray-haired Veterans who haltingly dragged across Lee’s Parade were almost the entire remnant of that great Virginia Army that followed Lee and Jackson. WROLERRTF 42 108i ANDMAEOO SE alate deeaiacarat oreo Fades Aneta ance NTR ete |S aitaea camera sos eat eC LANE. RMR TIANT AS 334 LAWN AROUND STATE BUILDINGS CHAPTER IX STATE PARTICIPATION PALATIAL MANSIONS ON SHORE LINE—VIRGINIA, HOSTESS OF THE STATES, VARIOUS APPRO- PRIATIONS, PLAN OF STATE BUILDING, LAYING CORNER-STONE, HOSTESSES, BUILDING AND FURNITURE, ENTERTAINMENTS, DISTINGUISHED GUESTS—CONNECTICUT, DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING—DELAWARE, ENABLING ACT, COMMISSIONERS, CURIOUS HOUSE, RECEPTIONS— GEORGIA, PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTIONS, PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT’S INTEREST—ILLINOIS, ATTRACT- IVE HEADQUARTERS, NOTABLE FUNCTIONS, POPULARITY OF THE HOUSE—KENTUCKY, STATE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, PUBLIC SPIRITED KENTUCKIANS, FORT BOONESBORO, LARGE REG- ISTRATION — LOUISIANA, TYPICAL CREOLE MANSION, PICTURES, ENTERTAINMENTS — MARY- LAND, GENEROUS APPROPRIATION, SOCIAL FEATURES, FURNITURE, PAINTINGS AND RELICS— MASSACHUSETTS, OLD STATE HOUSE, COLONIAL EXHIBIT, MEETINGS AND RECEPTIONS—MICH- IGAN, LATE OPENING OF STATE BUILDING, MICHIGAN DAY BANQUET — MISSOURI, LOCATION OF BUILDING, LUNCHEONS, RECEPTIONS AND DINNERS — NEW HAMPSHIRE, BUILDING OPENED EARLY, ENTERTAINMENTS—NEW YORK, LARGEST APPROPRIATION, IMPOSING HEADQUAR- TERS, HANDSOME FURNISHINGS, ELABORATE SOCIAL FEATURES—NEW JERSEY, EARLY INTER- EST WELL SUSTAINED, NEW JERSEY’S PAINTINGS, SPLENDID RECEPTIONS—NORTH CAROLINA, LARGE NUMBER OF VISITORS, ELABORATE FUNCTIONS, NORTH CAROLINA DAY—OHIO, LARGE APPROPRIATION, DISTINCTIVE BUILDING—PENNSYLVANIA, STRONG COMMISSION, INDEPEND- ENCE HALL, COLONIAL FURNITURE, ENTERTAINMENTS — RHODE ISLAND, FIRST COMPLETED STATE BUILDING, NOTABLE SOCIAL FEATURES, DEDICATION OF BUILDING—VERMONT, DAINTY HEADQUARTERS—WEST VIRGINIA, DIGNIFIED BUILDING, FINE RECEPTIONS, HANDSOME DECO- RATIONS—NORTH DAKOTA, SINGLE COMMISSIONERS-STATE COMMISSIONER'S ASSOCIATION. ACING on Willoughby Avenue, the great mile-long boulevard which bor- dered Hampton Roads, or standing on squares adjacent to the harbor, were the various State headquarters, over whose porticos were written the names “ Connecticut,” ““ Delaware,” ““ Georgia,” “ I]linois,” “ Kentucky,” “ Louisiana,” “ Maryland,” “‘ Massachusetts,” “ Michigan,” “ Missouri,” ““ New Hampshire,” ““ New Jersey,” “ New York,” “ North Carolina,” ““ North Dakota,” “‘ Ohio,” ‘‘ Pennsylvania,” ““Rhode Island,” ‘“ Vermont,” “ Virginia” and “West Virginia ’’—uncommercial were these and each established as a sentimental testimonial rather than a show place. Most of these States had collective commonwealth exhibits* in the various departments of the Exposition and three whose names do not appear in the list of house builders maintained at- tractive commercial displays. South Carolina made a direct appropriation. Oklahoma through its Chambers of Commerce raised funds for an exhibit and the Counties of San Diego and Los Angeles presented an array of wonders which did ample credit to California. The liberal participation of the States was directly attributable to the original conception of the Exposition creators. The efforts to interest the general Government and the State legis- latures were based alike upon appeals to sentiment rather than to the commercial instinct. It was at all times obvious that some means would have to be afforded to the States through which they might receive an opportunity to display their resources, but the commissioners of each State were urged to divorce commerce from the headquarters and in no case was the request denied. *In this chapter only pre-Exposition matters and details connected with State buildings will be treated. Whenever the States made separate displays such will be described in the chapter dealing with the subjects illustrated. The details of celebra- tion in connection with State Days and other events of special importance even when closely related to some particular common- wealth are described each under its proper date in the “ Diary of the Exposition.”—Eb. 335 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Some of the commonwealths grouped all of their exhibits in the States Exhibit Palace, some sep- arated them, placing displays in practically all of the exhibit palaces, but no State building con- tained an industrial show. VIRGINIA IRGINIA, which had authorized the Ex- position, jealously exercised a watchful care over the undertaking from its very inception. When a charter was granted to the Exposition Company the State demanded a representative not only in the directorate of the Company but on each standing committee, and twelve Com- missioners, ten of these from the several Con- gressional Districts of the State and two repre- senting the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, were appointed by Gover- nor Andrew J. Montague to represent the Com- pyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corpor monwealth. These Commissioners were J. Taylor Ellyson, Richmond; J. W. McCar- rick, Norfolk; E. D. Cole, Fredericksburg; H. D. Ejichelberger, Richmond; Thomas N. Williams, Clarksville; J. H. Spencer, Martins- ville; Roy B. Smith, Roanoke; Walter B. Richards, Front Royal; S. R. Donohoe, Fair- fax; William H. Aston, Abingdon; and W. C. Barker, M. D., Buchanan. The Right Reverend A. M. Randolph, Episcopal Bishop of Southern Virginia, was requested by the Governor to serve as a Commissioner but de- clined; and, in his stead, Colonel W. Gordon McCabe was appointed; Captain James W. McCarrick represented the State on the Ex- ecutive Committee, and Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson was a member of the Board of Goy- ernors. When the Legislature appropriated two hun- dred thousand dollars to aid in the celebration of the Nation’s birthday, it was a direct gift to the operating Company. It was intended that the money should be spent in such a way as would add attractiveness and importance to the Ter-Centennial, and the Legislators considered that the State’s interests were sufficiently safe- guarded by the Commission already appointed. At the same Legislative Session each County of the State was authorized to appropriate fif- teen hundred dollars for the purpose of exploit- ing its specific history or resources through the medium of the Ter-Centennial. Breese & Mitchell, Architects, Norfolk, Virginia. THE VIRGINIA BUILDING When, however, the General Assembly made a direct appropriation for Virginia’s participation the Governor was authorized to appoint six Commissioners who, with himself as Chairman, should constitute the Virginia Board. Governor Claude A. Swanson named Colonel W. W. Sale, of Norfolk; Colonel C. Fenton Day, of Smithfield; Colonel A. M. Bowman, of Salem; Captain W. W. Baker, of Hallsboro; Hon. Robert W. Withers, of Suffolk; and Hon. N. B. Early, Jr., of Daw- sonville. Their first meeting was held in Rich- mond on April 9, 1906. One hundred thousand dollars had been placed at their disposal and with only this,sum at their command the Com- mission was directed to erect a dignified head- quarters and to collect a worthy historical, edu- cational and commercial exhibit. “The expenses of the State soldiery when at the Exposition were chargeable against this fund. An ap- 336 State Participation. GOVERNOR SWANSON AND MRS. SWANSON OF VIRGINIA parently unimportant but actually a great item of expense to be defrayed by the Commission came under the caption of entertainment; for to Virginia necessarily would fall the honor of playing hostess to all Government and State representatives who should visit the scene of the Exposition. Some of the counties were sure to take ad- vantage of the permission accorded by the Legislature and appropriate sums for agricul- tural displays. Hundreds of individual farm- ers, fruit growers and planters might also be counted surely as contributors; but the immense mineral and timber interests of Virginia seemed most likely to be ignored, or at least inadequately treated if the Commission were compelled to defray the expenses of collection and installa- tion. Governor Swanson, unwilling to allow Standing: Sitting: 337 GOVERNOR SWANSON AND THE VIRGINIA COMMISSIONERS TO THE EXPOSITION CotoneL A. M. Bowman, Honorasce Rospert W. WITHERS, CoLoNeEL W. W. SaLe CoLoneL C. Fenton Day, Governor CLaupE A. Swanson, Captain W. W. BAKER The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. this difficulty to daunt him, converted an ob- stacle into an instrument of triumph, and aided by his Commission and other patriotic, energetic Virginians, notably L. E. Johnson of Roanoke, William j. Payne of Richmond and General Rufus Ayres of Big Stone Gap, organized the Virginia Mineral and Timber Association, whose splendid exhibit is described elsewhere. While all lines of commercial and industrial effort were represented and the Commissioners through their appointed agents diligently gath- ered representative specimens of the State’s re- sources, the chief object of their personal in- terest was the State Building, where Virginia was to receive. On May 23, 1906, they met in Norfolk to consider a large number of plans which had been submitted as designs for the Among these were several faithful building. itll ine Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Gaxporstions begin his State Building. Missouri’s represent- atives were on a similar mission for their Com- monwealth, and the Travelers’ Protective Asso- ciation were breaking ground for their club house. Each of these events attracted, and all on the site of the Exposition crowded around Mrs. Swanson. Colonel W. W. Sale was made Chairman of the Building Committee and the burden of the detail work fell upon him. Assiduous in the discharge of his duties the construction pro- ceeded rapidly under his direction. “The keys of the now historic Virginia Building were given to the Commissioners early in April, 1907. From the eve of the Opening Day until taps, after midnight on the first day of December, some member of the Commission was always on duty at the building and he exercised a gen- INTERIOR OF VIRGINIA BUILDING reproductions of famous historic mansions. Sentiment probably would have dictated the choice of some house hallowed by associations with a great man or a great family, but there were basic objections to all the reproductions which had been submitted, and the Commission decided that it was preferable to portray an ideal old Colonial home, the type of the period rather than to reproduce one example. The design of Breese & Mitchell of Norfolk was the choice of the majority of the Commission and either the first or second choice of all. Henry Monk was the builder. Ground was broken for Virginia’s headquarters in Septem- ber, 1906, and on the nineteenth day of that month the corner-stone was laid by Mrs. Claude A. Swanson, wife of the Governor. The cere- mony was witnessed by hundreds of people. Maryland’s Governor was at the Exposition to eral supervision over it while he was in charge. Each Commissioner had the privilege of invi- ting three assistant hostesses during his term of office. ‘The seven months and few odd days of the Exposition’s open period were divided among the Commissioners in this manner: Captain Baker was in charge until the first of June; Colonel Sale had June and July; Mr. Withers, August; Colonel Day, September; Mr. Early, October, and Colonel Bowman, November. The incumbency of each of these gentlemen was marked by the presence of choice examples of Virginia’s finest young woman- hood. ‘The assistant hostesses were ever ready with a gracious welcome for all who came to accept the State’s generously offered hospitality. In her beautiful and hospitable mansion Vir- ginia welcomed every Governor who visited the Exposition, giving to each a memorable re- 338 State Participation. ception. At the re- quest of the Virginia Commissioners, Mrs. Swanson acted as chief hostess and evi- denced the distin- guished ability needed for the proper dis- charge of her mani- fold duties as the first lady of Virginia. During the months of May and June she was ably assisted by Mrs. Preston Beale of Buchanan County, one of the most distin- guished women in the State. After the first of July, Mrs. George McIntosh succeeded Mrs. Beale and the atmosphere of culture, refinement and hospitality for which the Virginia Building was famous, in no small part was due to this COL. W. W. SALE Chairman Building Committee Ser Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA AND COMMISSIONERS AS HOSTS AT THE VIRGINIA BUILDING tactful and resourceful woman who was a prominent figure in the best social circle of Tidewater Virginia. Though the Virginia Building was of mas- sive proportions and formal outlines, the effect of homelike comfort was excellently preserved. Constructed of brick, with gray stone quoins con- trasting with the white woodwork, the coloring was typically Colonial. ‘The artistic and digni- 339 fied front portico was approached by a series of stone steps running straight across its entire width of thirty feet, while uncovered piazzas on either side connected the front entrance with the smaller porticoes at the eastern and western faces of the building. ‘The rear approach was through a massive porte cochére, supported on giant Corinthian columns, duplicates of those which adorned the sea face. Dormer windows attractively relieved the severity of the roof and tall chimneys afforded an imposing finish to the picture. A look at the interior proved that dis- pensing hospitality was a point most largely in the mind of the Colonial designers, for every- thing was spacious. The great square entrance hall was in the center of the building and through its ceiling a well opened, permitting the visitor to view sections of the upper and lower floors at a single glance. The hall walls were paneled with buff, silk-finished paper and the wooden wainscoting and plastered pilasters itil i i | oN Lor Ene As were enameled white, while the cornices were tinted a pale cream. All the floors on the first story were covered with rich Oriental rugs; and, adorning the hall and its circumjacent rooms, was rare old furniture, rich in historic associations, which had been loaned by some of the oldest families of the State. Where the woodwork was not enameled white it showed mahogany. ‘The entrance doors were of leaded The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. glass in mahogany casements and the brass knobs bore the seal of Virginia. All of the other doors throughout the building were like- wise made of mahogany but instead of brass knobs they carried heavy crystals. Back of the great hall a narrow passage-way extended from side to side of the house, opening at either end on a porch. ‘To the left of the hall was a reception room trimmed in gleaming white with dull blue hangings. Colonial gilt and Wash- ington mirrors reflected the light from wall to wall. Candle stands, Empire sofas, Heppel- white tables and Chippendale chairs carried the visitor back through a century and a half. A quaint and curious harpsichord graced a corner of the room and historical paintings adorned the walls. ‘To the right of the hall was the dining room with antique landscape paper and a heavy mahogany sideboard with a massive table and generous chairs. A stairway with two angles ascended from the rear of the hall. This was eer tes If confined by a mahogany railing and a white balustrade that was repeated as an enclosure to the overhead well. A graceful antique table stood on the first landing and nearby ticked a grandfather’s clock. Antique low-boys and Sheraton desks, roomy old sofas and heavy chests of drawers made the upper hall a treasure place for the visitor who delighted in old time grandeur—the inheritance of an age and a civil- ization that have passed. The surroundings of the building were equally typical of pre-Revolutionary Virginia. Great clumps of rhododendrons from the slopes of the Blue Ridge stood closely massed near the walls of the house and in season their blooms were gorgeous. Pyramid box bushes surrounded the columns of the balustrade. A thickly turfed lawn sloped gently to the boulevard in the fore- ground and toward the Pennsylvania and Maryland Buildings on either side. Tubs of blue blossoming hydrangeas outlined the broad HON. R. W. WITHERS AND A GROUP OF ASSISTANT HOSTESSES OF THE VIRGINIA BUILDING concrete walk that led from the roadway to- ward the entrance steps and stately magnolia trees stood sentinel at the house front. Spotted here and there were locust and wild cherry trees which had been left to grow where nature planted them. The rear driveway, winding under the porte cochere was bordered by ever- green shrubs. Pink crape-myrtle adorned the spaces next to the house and a forest of wild plum bushes carpeted the rear lawn with snowy petals and lent a delicate, pleasing aroma to the air. Everything was in bloom when, on the night of April 25, Governor Claude A. Swanson and Mrs. Swanson inaugurated the series of famous receptions and opened the social season by entertaining twenty Governors of States, who with their staffs were to participate the next day at the opening of the Exposition. A stu- dent of the past, whose imagination might per- mit him to disassociate the differences in cos- CSRs AARON ANOS Nie cease ERLE Sere ati tumes, might well have fancied himself back in the days of Colonial glory, had he entered the Virginia Building that night. Old tunes were played; native flowers decorated the rooms; sconces and candelabra bore multitudes of candles that served to lend antiquity to the scene. Right nobly did the “ Old Dominion ” begin entertaining and nobly did she con- tinue. Among the many distinguished guests who during the life of the Exposition honored with their presence the Virginia Building were: President Roosevelt; H. R. H. Prince Luigi of Savoy, Duke d’Abruzzi; H. R. H. Prince Wilhelm of Sweden; Admiral Neville, com- manding the detachment of the English Fleet; Field Marshal Baron Kuroki of Japan; Am- bassador and Mrs. Bryce and Lady Lister- Kaye of England; His Eminence, Cardinal Gibbons; Monsignor O’Connell, President of the Catholic University; Rear-Admiral Robley 340 State Participation. D. Evans, U. S. N., and Governors Warfield of Maryland, Hughes of New York, Wood- ruff of Connecticut, Lea of Delaware, Brow- ard of Florida, Smith of Georgia, Deneen of Illinois, Wilson of Kentucky, Blanchard of Louisiana, Guild of Massachusetts, Warner of Michigan, Johnson of Minnesota, Folk of Mis- sourl, Floyd of New Hampshire, Stokes of New Jersey, Glenn of North Carolina, Harris of Ohio, Stewart of Pennsylvania, Higgins of - Rhode Island, Ansel of South Carolina, Patti- son of Tennessee, Cutter of Utah, Proctor of Vermont and Dawson of West Virginia; and the Honorable William Jennings Bryan, the Honorable William Randolph Hearst and the Honorable Alton B. Parker. Each visiting Governor was the guest of Virginia at a re- ception given especially in his honor, and other notable visitors were recipients of the same courtesy. One of the most notable social functions in the list of Exposition entertamments was the dinner given by Governor and Mrs. Swanson in honor of Prince Wilhelm of Sweden, the son of the present King. ‘Though this was not given at the Virginia Building, or at the Ex- position proper, it was distinctly a State enter- tainment, and covers were laid for one hundred at the Chamberlin Hotel, Old Point, the guests including the most distinguished and representa- tive people then at the Exposition. Virginia is entitled to take pride in the part she played in the Jamestown Exposition, and those to whom she entrusted the care of her interests at the celebration of her three hundredth birth- day gallantly discharged the trust. CONNECTICUT ONNECTICUT * had one of the hand- somest State buildings at the Exposition. It was constructed after the general plan of the old Talmage home at Litchfield, built in 1775, the architectural style of the exterior being al- most identical and the interior was changed only in such details as were necessary to permit the in- Been < Cilio Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation staff of General Washington. He is famous in history as the officer to whom was entrusted the execution of Major André. The Building, therefore, was an historic reminder and within its walls were many articles of great sentimental value. Chief, perhaps, among these was the famous “ Constitution Tablet,” on which was Rossiter & Wright, Architects, New Haven, Connecticut. — THE CONNECTICUT BUILDING clusion of modern ideas and conveniences. The prototype of this building was the first Colonial mansion erected in the colony of Connecticut; and its owner at the time of the Revolution, Benjamin Talmage, was a valiant officer in the American army, for a long time serving on the engraved the Connecticut Coat-of-Arms and beneath which were the words ‘‘ Connecticut State.” On either side of the tablet were quotations from famous historians and_ other writers. The great entrance hall of the Connecticut * The Publishers of this History endeavored strenuously to obtain official information regarding Connecticut's participa- tion, but their efforts were unavailing. missioner, did not contribute a single item, although repeatedly urged so to do. Samuel A. Eddy, the Chief Commissioner, and George D. Curtis, the Executive Com- The record of Connecticut in the States Exhibit Palace was compiled from unofficial sources because J. C. Fanton, the Superintendent of the Exhibit, emulated the example set by the President of the Commission and the Executive Commissioner.—Ep. 341 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. HON. ROLLIN S. WOODRUFF Governor of Connecticut Building was hung with soft old Venetian red and the furniture was of the Seventeenth Cen- tury pattern. A quaint old grandfather’s clock occupied the place of honor on the stair- way landing and dainty chairs of Heppelwhite design lent a delicate attractiveness to the pic- ture. [he handsome drawing room was dec- orated with green and contained a valuable collection of heavy Eighteenth Century furni- ture, including some exquisite mirrors of Re- naissance design and a gorgeous Queen Anne sofa. A dainty tea room with furniture of the First Empire and a large dining room with Chippendale and WHeppelwhite chairs and tables were two attractive places. The bed rooms had some old carved bedsteads and other antique pieces. Above stairs the Colonial colors of buff and blue were everywhere in evidence. George D. Curtis was manager of the house and Mrs. Charles E. Munson and Miss Munson of New Haven were the host- esses. [he Connecticut Commission consisted of three representatives, Samuel A. Eddy, of Canaan, President; William J. Barber, of Harwinton, Secretary; and Thomas Hamilton, of Groton, Treasurer. DELAWARE EALIZING the historical importance of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial, the Gen- eral Assembly of Delaware, by an Act passed January 21, 1907, made provisions for the State’s proper representation. Unofficially, the matter had been under consideration for some time previously, and on January 7th Hon. Harry St. George Tucker, the President of the Exposition, and Rear-Admiral Purnell F. Har- rington, U. S. N. (Retired), visited Wilming- ton and addressed a public meeting. In their speeches they gave much information concern- ing the aim and the objects of the Exposition, matters which prior to that time had not been generally known. ‘This meeting encouraged _those who had been advocating a State par- ticipation and the enthusiasm aroused at that time shortly afterwards became general. On the following day Mr. Tucker and Admiral Harrington together with Mr. Shepperd, the Secretary of the Exposition Company, accom- panied a delegation from Wilmington and other sections of the State and appeared before a joint session of the General Assembly, then sitting at Dover. The advantages which might accrue to Delaware by her participation were presented to the attention of the legislators and the remarks of the speakers were received in a kindly spirit. As a matter of fact, the project was launched officially as soon as it was possible for the State to do so. On January Ist, the opening day of the session, Senator Sparks introduced a Bill creating a Commission from Delaware to the Exposition and appropriating money for the purpose of representation. A week was re- quired for perfecting the preliminary work on the measure, and on January 8th a finished Bill was introduced, given two readings and re- ferred to the proper committee. As soon there- after as possible the measure was passed and presented to Governor Preston Lea, who on January 21st, by his approval, made it a law. The Act created a Commission to consist of nine residents of the State of Delaware, one of whom should be the Governor of the State, and the other eight to be appointed by the Goy- HON. PRESTON LEA Governor of Delaware State Participation. 213% < ail es li ti Oe ae cas ee aT Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. ap oe ed illiam raper. Brinckle, Architect, Wilmington, Delaware. THE DELAWARE BUILDING ernor, one from each house of the General As- sembly and two from each of the three counties of the State. To this Board, or Commission, was delegated the charge of the interests of Delaware and its citizens in the preparation and exhibition of the natural industrial products of the State and in the illustration of its history and progress. An appropriation of ten thousand dollars was made to provide for the necessary expenses. Governor Lea appointed as his colleagues on the Commission: Hon. John W. Causey, of Milford, a former member of Congress from Delaware, who served as Vice-President of the Commission; Hon. John Hunn, of Wyo- ming, a former Governor of the State, who was elected Treasurer; General T. Coleman Du- Pont, of Wilmington; Hon. William H. Hilles, of Wilmington; Hon. David C. Rose, ’ of Newark, State Senator; Hon. Oliver A. Newton, of Bridgeville, member of the State House of Representatives; Hon. Joshua A. Ellegood, of Ellendale, and Hon. J. Dallas Marvil, of Laurel. Shortly after the organiza- tion, Hon. George H. Dick, of Smyrna, a former State Auditor, was appointed Secretary of the Commission. No changes were made in the personnel of the Board from the time of its organization until its labors ended, and their work was executed satisfactorily and success- fully. On March 9, 1907, Hon. John W. Causey, Hon. Oliver A. Newton and Hon. David C. Rose accompanied by State Senator A. B. Connor, Adjutant-General I. Pusey Wickers- ham and Representative C. P. Holcomb visited the Exposition Grounds and selected a site for a State Building. This building was pre- pared from plans drawn by architect William Draper Brinckle, of Wilmington, Delaware. It stood at the extreme eastern end of Will- 343 oughby Avenue and was the oddest structure on the grounds. The best description that might be given of the building would be a pen picture of two chimneys. ‘These practically constituted the building; they were enormous, and the small house lay between them. The building represented an old time Delaware homestead and it incorporated the ideas of the Colonial days, when wood was plentiful and furnaces were unknown. All of the State pic- tures in the Capitol at Dover were shipped to Norfolk and hung on the walls of the Diamond State headquarters. These included portraits of many of the Governors of Delaware from George Reed, 1777, to Preston Lea of one hundred and thirty years later. Over the man- tel in the reception room was Delaware’s coat- of-arms, and there were three fine oil portraits of John Clayton, Commodore MacDonough and James A. Bayard, who with Albert Gal- latin negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, the cul- minating episode of the War of 1812. The building was two stories high, but the second floor was built only over the western end, making the reception room at the east exceptionally lofty. In one corner of the large reception room there was suspended the historic MR. AND MRS. GEORGE E. SMITH OF LAUREL Custodians of the Delaware Building The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Hon. JoHN W. Causey Vice-President Delaware Commission bell brought by Thomas Rodney from England to Del- aware in 1763. This bell was hung in the State House at Dover and was used to call the people together for meetings. It was rung in | 774 to notify the citizens of Dover that the Bnitish had closed the port at Boston, and again in 1787 it announced that Delaware had rati- fied the Federal Constitution. The official document of the first ratification of the Con- stitution of the United States, framed, hung in the Delaware Building. In the sitting room there was a portrait of Lord de la Warre, in whose honor the State was named. There were three old wall settees in this room, taken from the ancient Swede church at Wilmington. The appropriation made by the legislature was not sufficient to permit the plans of the Commission to be carried through successfully, but private subscriptions supplied the necessary funds. Throughout, the house was equipped with Mission furniture, simple in pattern and very attractive. From the shore boulevard the building was reached by terraces, and the house garden was exceptionally fine. Flowering plants were massed in profusion about the en- trance and the paths were bordered with grace- ful ornamentation. Senator Rose, one of the landscape gardeners of the Pennsylvania Rail- road, designed the lay-out of the grounds around the building. Shortly after the Exposition opened the Delaware Building was completed. George Hon. Oxiver A. NEWTON Commissioner Ex-Gov. JoHN HuNnN Treasurer Hon. Georce H. Dick Secretary E. Smith of Laurel and Mrs. Smith were selected by the Com- mission to act as_ its custodians. They at once took charge and remained until — the building was closed, on November 16. There were a number of distinctive func- tions at the Delaware Building, the chief perhaps being on “Delaware Day,” September 18th. In ad- dition to keeping open house on that occasion, the Jamestown ‘Ter-Centennial Commission from Delaware gave a reception in the evening in honor of Governor Lea. Among those who assisted in receiving the guests were Mrs. Lea, Mrs. Swanson, President and Mrs. Tucker, Admiral and Mrs. Harrington and Mr. and Mrs. George E. Smith, the host and hostess. The Governor’s Staff were present and aided in dispensing Delaware’s hospitality and in giving a distinct color to the occasion. Over six hundred guests attended. Delaware’s participation was entirely his- torical and sentimental. No commercial or in- dustrial object was displayed under the State’s zgis; but the building was largely for the time being the State Museum and contained many more valuable and important relics and mementoes than those which have been men- tioned. Though small in area, Delaware is large historically, a natural consequence of be- ing “ The First State ”’—a title earned by Delaware when it, first among Amer- ican Commonwealths, ratified the Constitu- tion which has served to bind the States in a compact federal Union. Hon. Davin C. Rose Commissioner GEORGIA EORGIA’S headquarters was one of the most imposing structures on Willoughby Avenue. It was near the western limit of great Shore Boulevard and commanded an excel- lent view of Hampton Roads. The State ap- propriated thirty thousand dollars for defraying the costs of an exhibit, but failed to provide any funds for the erection or maintenance of a State building. The Georgia Commissioners de- termined that the Empire State of the South should not be unrepresented in the social phases of the Exposition and inaugurated a_ public subscription toward a building fund. Georgi- ans generously responded to the appeal. A peculiar sentiment attached to the fine old Colonial replica which stood for Georgia. It 344 State Participation. was the only Ter-Centennial structure that was dedicated by the President of the United States, and Georgia’s day was the scene of the greatest Exposition splendor. By an inspira- tion, which was near akin to genius, the Georgia commissioners chose, as a model for the State house, the old Bulloch home at Ros- well. There was the birthplace of President Roosevelt’s mother and in the parlor of the fine old mansion, Miss Bulloch was married to her Northern suitor. The Nation’s Chief Ex- ecutive, moved by this personal tribute of affec- tionate regard, departed from the usual prece- dent and twice visited the Exposition officially. The act creating a Georgia commission made the Governor of the State ex-officio Chairman; therefore, the Honorable Joseph M. Terrell was nominally the presiding officer. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. GEORGIA STATE BUILDING W. N. Mitchell of Atlanta was president; Martin M. Calvin of Augusta, Secretary; Commissioner of Agriculture, Thomas G. Hudson of Atlanta, Treasurer; and State Geologist, W. S. Yeates, Executive Commis- sioner. The other members were: S. R. Fields of Cordele, W. S. West of Valadosta, Joseph W. English, Jr., of Atlanta, J. Carroll Payne of Atlanta, Hon. Charles R. Russell of Columbus, S. C. Dunlap of Atlanta, and S. R. Parrott of Macon. The commissioners associated with them- selves a number of other prominent Georgians; and, having succeeded well in their endeavor to secure an adequate building and maintenance fund, they made a second appeal—this being directed to local pride. The principal cities in the State were urged to select each a room in the Georgia building and furnish it not alone as a help to the State, but as an evidence of the city’s progressiveness. Among the cities* which replied favorably to the suggestion of the Commissioners were Atlanta, Savannah, Au- gusta, Columbus, Valadosta, Macon and Rome, while Statesboro County also equipped an apartment. The electroliers, hangings, cur- tains, carpets and furniture which adorned these rooms were in large part products manufac- tured in the places represented. As a conse- quence, the Georgia building was in itself a first-class commercial exhibit even though the displays were not entered in competition for awards. Entirely aside from the sentiment associated with the structure, Georgia’s home was notable among the houses of States. “he massive col- = Lie CORT ENT 1907. 9¥ AMESTOWW OFFICIAL PHOTO, CORFE, Thornton Marye, Architect, Atlanta, Georgia. umns which adorned the front and the wide, comfortable veranda gave a_ suggestion of dignified, luxurious ease which was most at- tractive. Rarely did it present a deserted ap- pearance. The door was usually wide open bespeaking a welcome and chairs were numer- ous on the spacious porch. Several cities in Georgia celebrated and the scene of their festivities was always the State building. It was there also that Governor Terrell presented a silver service to the U. S. Battleship “ Georgia ’’ which was accepted by President Roosevelt on behalf of the ship and the Nation. The reception tendered by the Commissioners to the Chief Executive of the State was a notable function in which not only Americans but distinguished foreigners par- ticipated. * The information concerning Georgia's participation is lacking in exactness through no fault of the Publishers of this History. Although several of the commissioners promised to prepare detailed statements, up to the time of going to press none of these had been received—Eb. 345 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. [ILLINOIS HE amount appropriated by the State of Illinois for participation in the Jamestown Exposition was twenty-five thousand dollars, and this sum could not possibly have been better expended. Honorable Charles S. Deneen, HONORABLE CHARLES S. DENEEN Governor of Illinois 1904-8 Governor of I]linois, appointed these Commis- sioners: Thomas Nowers, of Atkinson, Presi- dent*; A. G. Tuxhorn, of Edwardsville, Vice- President; J. A. Humphrey, of Chicago, Secretary; Dr. R. W. McInnes, of Belvidere; Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Thomas H. Creighton, of Fairfield; and Na- thaniel Holderby, of Carmi. The Secretary of the Commission was a Virginian by birth and intensely loyal both to his native State and the home of his adoption, and his efforts to make the Illinois participation a noteworthy feature met with distinguished success. Ass the head of a large advertising agency, his connections enabled him to give great aid to the Exposition, an aid most freely and generously tendered. On March 4, 1906, the officers of the Board visited the Exposition and officially selected a site for the Illinois State Building, and on December 5, of the same year, the ground for the building was broken. On that occa- sion Governor Swanson made a_ graceful speech, and in a happy vein Mr. Humphrey responded. The architect of the Illinois Building was W. Carby Zimmerman, the Illinois State Architect, and the builders, Thomas E. Young & Company, of Chicago. The State erected a very attractive and extremely substantial building which was tastefully decorated, well situated and artistically parked. Few State buildings received more visitors than did the Illinois headquarters, where forty-six thousand, five hundred and thirty-three persons registered. On several occasions more than five thousand people visited the building during a day. The receptions given by Illinois were numerous and successful. Over these Mrs. J. A. Humphrey, the hostess of the Building, presided, and she was seconded by Miss Mary Iva Humphrey, the assistant hostess. On Illinois Day a large reception was given and a thousand invited W. Carby Zimmerman, Architect, Chicago, Illinois. THE ILLINOIS BUILDING * Honorable Thomas Nowers died September 17, 1907, and was succeeded by Dr. R. W. McInnes. 346 State Participation. THomas Nowers President Died Sept. 17, 1907 guests were presented to the Governor. In the receiving line at that function were Governor and Mrs. Deneen, Governor and Mrs. Swanson, Lieutenant - Governor and Mrs. Ellyson, Rear - Admiral and Mrs. Harrington, and several others. The music was furnished by the famous Mex- ican Band whose services had been tendered by Colonel Manterola as a comp- Dimeentet.o Vins. Humphrey. ‘This re- ception was of the lawn féte variety and refreshments were served in the dainty park which separated the headquarters from Willoughby Avenue. Under the shelter of a mammoth tent one hundred feet long and fifty feet wide the ground was carpeted and tables laid. Around the tent were hundreds of electric lights and Japanese candles. Assisting the hostess at this lawn party were Mrs. E. H. Switzer, Mrs. Duee and Miss Mary Iva Humphrey, of Chicago; Miss Lilian Thorn, of Remington, Virginia; the Misses Elma and Beatrice Colbert, of Portsmouth, Virginia, and Mrs. MacQueen, of Porto Gunda, Florida. An attractive reception was given to the Press Club of Chicago. On that occasion the music was furnished by Phinney’s Band. At the recep- tion there were present most of the State Commissioners and the hostesses of the different State Buildings. Among other noted functions were receptions given to the National Editorial Association of America, to the Knights of Columbus and to the Masonic Com- manderies of Chicago. On the occasion of the Frep A. KINZEL Commissioner Mrs. J. A. HUMPHREY Hostess Illinois Building 347 Cox. J. A. HumpHREY Secretary Tue LittrLe Humpureys Dr. R. W. McINNEs Second President Elected Oct. 5, 1907 visit of Archbishop Ireland there was a dinner given in_ his honor at the Illinois Building. On_ Thanksgiving Diao chore. Humphrey gave a_ dinner jointly to the Right Reverend D. J. O’Connell, Presiden: of the Catholic Uni- versity at Washing- ton, and to the Hon- orable Harry St. George Tucker, Pres- ident of the James- town Exposition Com- pany. This was the last important function given at the Building, except that on Closing Day Colonel Humph- rey tendered a recep- tion to the Jamestown Press Club, of which organization he had been at first an honor- ary and later a regular member. It is doubt- ful if any other State Building was the scene of so many entertainments exclusively for young people. Scarcely a week passed without witnessing some reception, dance or tea, where young men and girls were exclusively or at least principally in evidence. During June the Decatur Cadets, from Decatur, Illinois, were the guests of the Illinois Commissioners; and at a reception given in their honor at the Building, a speech was made to them by a former Decatur man, President Garrett of the Seaboard Air Line Railway. Illinois had no commercial exhibit and in fact with the exception of the Lincoln collection in the halls of the Illinois Building the State had no exhibit at the Exposition. The numerous and _ historically important reminders of the martyred President were, however, the subject of much admiring and patriotic interest. NaTHANIEL HoLpERBY Commissioner Miss Mary Iva HumpHREY Assistant Hostess The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. KENTUCKY HE Legislature of Kentucky failed to make any provision for that State’s participation of the Ter-Centennial but private citizens sup- plied the deficiency. The State Development Company organized a commission and for nearly a year pursued an active campaign for popular subscriptions. The amount sought was forty thousand dollars and most of this was realized. Not the least interesting exhibit at Kentucky’s building was the roster of contributors which showed just how much money had been se- cured and what amount each contributor had given, the pennies of the school children were re- corded as duly as the dollars of the adults—each giver was immortalized in the pages which will live as a memorial at the Capitol in Frankfort The public spirited Kentuckians who served coon su thi : Se a : mestown O Photograph Corporation. Copyrigh display can hardly be computed by auditor’s reports, for the Commissioners served without pay and various liberal home interests freely contributed needed materials. The logs for the cabins and for ‘‘ Daniel Boone’s Fort’’ were given by farmers along the line of the C. & O. railroad. These generous donors gave the wood and put it free on board, and the railroad charged nothing for transportation. Boone’s Fort, which was in Madison County, Kentucky, ceased to exist many years ago, but old sketches record its contour and details, and in the Pine Grove at the western end of the Exposition Grounds was a palisade and four block houses of the old log cabin type, and in the center of the Square stood the fort, which consisted of two rectangular log at ee Sa ny dere 8 eS, Kenneth McDonald, Architect, Louisville, Ken “FORT BOONESBORO,” THE KENTUCKY BUILDING on the Commission were John B. Atkinson, of Earlington, President; Charles E. Hoge, of Frankfort, Vice-President; J. Stoddard Johns- ton, of Louisville; Malcolm H. Crump, of Bowling Green, and James M. Benton, of Winchester. Mr. Crump served as Director of the Forestry exhibits, and Mr. Benton di- rected the exhibit of manufactures. In addi- tion to these Commissioners were four honorary commissioners: Charles J. Norwood, of Lex- ington; Hubert Vreeland, J. A. Fuqua and William Lindsay, of Frankfort. While these gentlemen were denominated “ Honorary,” Mr. Vreeland, the State Commissioner of Agriculture, directed the exhibit of ‘‘ Agricul- ture and Horticulture,” Mr. Fuqua had charge of the showings of “ Education,” Mr. Nor- wood of “ Minerals” and Mr. Lindsay super- intended “ History.” Logan C. Murray was Treasurer of the Commission, and C. C. Ous- ley Secretary. The value and importance of Kentucky’s cabins with an intervening roofed space, all presenting an appearance bearing the closest resemblance to the pictures of Boone’s famous fortification. “Fort Boonesboro,”’ the Ken- tucky Building, was picturesque. Between the square log cabins, the roofed pavilion afforded a comfortable resting place, and the pines which grew in abundance all around gave a pleasing shade on the warmest days. ‘These cabins, though utilized for reception and living purposes, really made an excellent exhibit of the State’s timber resources. In a side of one hut were five kinds of oak—white, red, post, swamp and black, and in another were syca- more, walnut, wild cherry, hickory, ash, pine, cedar and yellow poplar. Mr. Ousley was constantly at the Ex- position and Mrs. Ousley was the perma- nent hostess. The wives of the members of the Commission and other distinguished ladies of Kentucky also served as_ hos- tesses during various periods. The Ken- 348 Joun B. ATKINSON President Cuar_es J. Norwoop Honorary Commissioner J. Stopparp JOHNSTON Commissioner Wituiam: Linpsay Honorary Commissioner State Participation. CuHarces E. Hoce Vice-President tucky Building was maintained in such a manner as to add to the reputation for hos- pitality which the State has always en- joyed. Without the formalities which had been generally ob- served on such occa- sions, the Kentucky State headquarters opened on May 18, with hundreds of in- vited guests present at a midday reception. Mr. Ousley then an- nounced that the Ken- tucky Building would be open day and night. The other State buildings were after dark open only to re- ceive the citizens of the State which each represented, but from whatever State of the Union or whatever country a visitor might hail, he was always sure of a welcome at Fort Boonesboro. The celebration of Kentucky Day on July 16 was one of the events of the Ex- position. The exer- cises of the occasion were not held in the Auditorium as was the general custom but on the spacious lawn within the palisade. An old-fashioned Kentucky barbecue was given in the pine grove. and sheep were roasted whole and great cauldrons of burgoo were Numerous teas and minor receptions were given at With the exception of Virginia no Commonwealth was represented so largely in the list of served to visitors. the Fort. city days. Winchester, Louisville, Frankfort and several other Kentucky munici- utilized the palities 349 Oxen State Mrs. C. C. OusLey head- Hostess Kentucky Bldg. GaCeOusrny. Secretary quarters for commem- orative ceremonies and some social function always succeeded the set exercises. The Kentucky Building was generously placed at the disposal of the ‘Tennessee State Com- mission for the cele- bration of “Tennessee Day, October 25th, and one of the kind- liest courtesies that marked the Exposi- tion period was the entertainment given by the Kentucky Commission to the orphans of Norfolk. On Saturday, Octo- ber 5, one hundred and fifty or more parentless children were for the entire day the guests of the Kentuckians and ihe tots were treated to boat and auto- mobile rides, and sub- stantial food and tasty delicacies were served to them. The roster of few State buildings showed sO many names as did Kentucky’s. There were over forty thousand signa- tures on the book and the usual estimate of Matcotm H. Crump Commissioner James M. BeEnToN Commissioner James A. Fuqua Honorary Commissioner HuBertT VREELAND Honorary Commissioner four visitors to each registration could not fairly be applied. There was an air of informality and friendly cheer per- vading the Kentucky reservation. Nothing was obtrusive, not even the book of names; so registration was rather a definite act of will than a concession to custom. that many more than one hundred and sixty thousand persons enjoyed for a long or for a brief period the wel- coming hospitality which was offered so gracefully by the Kentuckians at Fort Boonesboro. It is certain The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. LOUISIANA HE Louisiana Commission, which consisted of Colonel Charles Schuler, President; General T. W. Castleman, Vice-President; William G. Stubbs, Ph.D., Executive Commis- sioner; W. R. Dodson and Robert Glenk, Sec- retary, were represented principally at the Ex- position by the Executive Commissioner, who, with Mrs. Stubbs kept open house in the Louis- iana Building, while the Secretary was in charge of the exhibits. “The Pelican State head- quarters was a typical Creole mansion, built with upper and lower porches, or galleries as the people of New Orleans call them. It was an illustration of a class of fine homes that line the banks of the Mississippi. Facing Willoughby Avenue and_ overlooking Hampton Roads, the white building with its massive Corinthian columns supporting the roof of simple design, was emblazoned with a coat-of-arms showing the pelican crowned by the Scales of Justice and with outspread wings sheltering its young. Within the surrounding circle were the words “Union, Justice and Confidence,” and beneath these was traced the title ‘“ Louisiana.” The Building was forty by sixty feet in ex- tent. On one side were galleries ten feet wide and on the other they measured six feet. The yard was well laid cut and flowers and shrubs abounded. Situated at the intersection of Will- oughby Avenue and Bacon Street, there were two entrances, and a gallery faced each thor- oughfare. Ether of the main doors afforded entrance to the large reception hall which was forty feet long and more than half as broad. The color scheme of this apartment was a deli- cate green and the furniture was old mahogany Copyright, Jamestown Official PEctenienn Corporation. upholstered in red plush and morocco leather. There were a few writing desks for ladies and a large reading table in the room which was characteristically home like and typical of the far South. Old paintings and pastels repre- sented the work of several of the State’s well known artists, and all portrayed Louisiana scenes. “A Section of the French Quarter ”’ HONORABLE NEWTON CRAIN BLANCHARD Member Congress 1880-1893—United States Senator 1893-1897 —Associate Judge Supreme Court of Louisiana 1897-1904- Resigned—Governor of Louisiana 1904-1908 a. INE wtreret Architect, New Orleans, Louisiana. THE LOUISIANA BUILDING State Participation. COLONEL CHARLES SCHULER Treasurer Louisiana Commission drawn by William Woodward, showed in the distance the famous cabildo and the old St. Louis -Ca- thedral. By the same artist was a scene in Frenchtown illustrating a spot dear to those who ever lived below Canal DR. WM. G. STUBBS Chen eA Executive Commissioner Old Gane by Gertrude Roberts Smith, was reminiscent of a certain French restaurant in New Orleans—one which has long outlived the generation for whom it was_ established. Some of the pictures of rural Louisiana were especially dainty and charming, as, for in- stance, Miss Mary F. Baker’s pastel entitled “A Home in the Pines,” and Charles Wal- lington Boyle’s ““ Acadian Home.”’ Two other notable paintings of this latter artist were “ At Grand Lake, Louisiana,” and “* A Southern Road,” while some landscape views by Miss Sadie A. E. Irvine proved that the artist pos- sessed conspicuous ability. John Pemberton’s “Cane Cart” and “ The Praline Woman” were subjects to inspire emotions in the hearts of wandering Louisianians and to evoke admir- ing comment from any one. In the center of the room was a winding stairway of long leaf pine, hard finished, and across the little nook made by the stairway heavy dark green por- tieres hung. ‘To the left of the stairs was the office of the Commission, adorned with portraits of the Duke of Orleans, from whom the State’s chief city took its name, and of LaSalle, the great discoverer of the Mississippi, who, calling 351 GENERAL T. W. CASTLEMAN Vice-President ROBERT GLENK Secretary the territory Louisiana, paid tribute to the a Cir aeried Monarque.”’ All of the Governors, Colonial and State, were pic- tured 5 be- ginning with the ap- pointee of Louis XIV and _ ending with Gover- nor Blanch- ard aa lene evolution of masculine garb, during the two hundred and odd years was well illustrated. The Legislature of 1906 provided for Louisiana's participation in the Exposition and directed that an exhibit should be made, but appropriated no money for the purpose. To remedy this omission and to fulfil the wishes of the General Assembly, Governor Newton C. Blanchard secured a loan of twenty thou- sand dollars from the State’s fiscal agents lo- cated in New Orleans. Dr. Stubbs selected a site for the building during December, 1906, and the building was ready for occupancy on April 25, 1907. It was kept open from that day until the close of the Exposition. A large crowd visited Louisiana’s headquarters on Open- ing Day, and it was the scene of numerous en- tertainments during the season. The commis- sloners purposed to have an elaborate celebra- tion on August 22, Louisiana Day, but the ar- rangements were canceled on account of the death of Mrs. Blanchard, the wife of the Goy- ernor. As a private citizen Governor Blanch- ard visited the Exposition on October 22. At various times during the season members of the Commission severally attended. PROF. WM. R. DODSON Commissioner The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. MARYLAND N February, 1904, General Fitzhugh Lee visited Annapolis and at a joint session of the General Assembly invited Maryland to par- ticipate in the Ter-Centennial. Promptly and graciously was the invitation accepted and a resolution was then adopted which provided for the appointment of a commission of thirteen to submit plans for participating at the next session of the General Assembly. Governor Warfield named these gentlemen as Commis- sioners: Carter Lee Bowie, of Prince George’s County; Oliver D. Collins, of Worcester County; Captain Frederick M. Colston, of Baltimore; S. Frank Dashiell, of Somerset County; Allan Farquhar, of Montgomery County; Colonel David G. Mclntosh, of Baltimore County; Lynn R. Meekins, of Balti- more; Colonel James W. Owens, of Anne Arundel County; Jacob Rohrback, of Fred- Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation, “ HOMEWOOD,” THE “MARYLAND” BUILDING erick County; T. Herbert Shriver, of Carroll County; Palmer Tennant, of Washington County, and D. H. Thomas, of Baltimore. Captain Colston was elected Chairman and Mr. Meekins Secretary and Treasurer. On the thirteenth of December, 1905, the Commis- sioners visited the Exposition site and after a thorough discussion of Exposition matters they decided to recommend that Maryland’s appro- priation should not be less than one hundred thousand dollars. Governor Warfield supported the findings of the Committee but the Legis- lature decided that sixty-five thousand dollars was all that the State could afford, that being the amount that had been appropriated for Maryland’s part in the Louisiana Purchase Ex- position. The Legislature which made the appropriation directed that additional Commis- sioners should be named, and Governor War- field appointed:, Hope H. Barroll, of Chester- town; Charles A. Councilman, of Glyndon; Reuben Foster, of Baltimore; Dr. William W. Goldsborough, of Greensboro; Dr. John H. Jamar, of Elkton; J. M. McNabb, of Macton; Seymour Mandelbaum, of Baltimore; W. J. Price, Jr., of Centerville; John B. Shannon, of Frostburg; John K. Shaw, Jr., of Baltimore; Major George M. Thomas, of Charlotte Hall, and John Warfield of Baltimore. Later he appointed an Auxiliary Commission as follows: Mrs. John Ridgely, of Towson; Mrs. Jesse Tyson, of Baltimore; Mrs. Henry W. Rogers, of Baltimore; Mrs. Lloyd Lowndes, of Cumberland, and Mrs. E. E. Jackson, of Salisbury. Of this joint Commission Captain Colston was Chairman, Mr. Meekins Secretary and Douglas H. Thomas, Treasurer. Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., of Baltimore, a member of the Exposition Board of Design, was the architect of the Maryland Building, which was a modified reproduction of “* Home- Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., Architect, Baltimore, Maryland. wood,” the old Carroll Mansion on Charles Street Avenue, Baltimore. A distinguished party left Baltimore on the eighteenth of September, 1906, for the purpose of laying the Maryland corner-stone, a function which took place the next day. The “ Dan- ville” of the Chesapeake Line was chartered for the occasion. Most of the Commissioners were on board and the ladies of the Auxiliary Commission, together with many special guests, all led by Governor Warfield and his Staff. Among the latter were Colonel Oswald Tilgh- man, Secretary of State; General Clinton L. Riggs; General Frank S. Hambelton; Colonel John M. T. Finney; Colonel Robert S. Hill; Colonel Joseph L. Wickes; Colonel E. Austin Baughman; Colonel W. Hopper Gibson; Colonel John L. G. Lee, and Colonel L. Gil- let Gill, Jr. The Maryland delegation was met by Gov- ernor Swanson of Virginia and the members of his Staff; Colonel C. C. Vaughan, Commander 352 State Participation. MARYLAND COMMISSION TO JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION ON STEAMER “ DANVILLE” Front Row—Left to Right: Geo. M. THomas, Douctas H. Tuomas, W. I. Price, Jr.. Mrs. HENry W. Rocers, Mrs. JoHN Rivcery, Mrs. JessE Tyson, Frepertck M. Corston (Chairman), T. Hersert Suriver, D. G. MclInTosn, REUBEN FosTER. Rear Row—Left to Right: PALMER TENNANT, R. S. Dopson, Carter Lee Bowie, James W. Owens, JoHN K. Suaw, Jr., JoHN Warrietp, LyNN R. MEeEkins (Secretary), ALLAN FaRQuHAR, JoHN H. Jamar, S. F. DasHIELL of the Seventy-first Virginia Regiment and his staff; the members of the Virginia Commission; Rear-Admiral Berry, the Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard, and Major Strong with the other officers of the United States Artillery Corps of Fortress Monroe. The Seventy-first Virginia Regiment, headed by its Regimental band, and the Thirty-first, Forty-first, Forty- eighth and One Hundred and Eleventh Com- panies of Coast Artillery, headed by the Coast Artillery Band, were in line to receive the visit- ors. Governors Warfield and Swanson with Captain Colston, the Chairman of the Mary- land Commission, rode at the head of the procession in a carriage which carried the Maryland colors. Elaborate exercises marked the laying of the corner- stone. Bishop Tucker of the Diocese of Southern Virginia, made the open- ing prayer. President Tucker of the Exposi- tion spoke briefly and both Governor Swan- son and Governor Warfield deliv- ered addresses. The Maryland Building was ready on Opening Day and on that occasion it was the scene of a very attractive luncheon. At all times generous hospitality was dispensed, the policy of the Commission being to maintain Maryland’s social reputation and if possible to extend it. The culminating episode in the 353 HONORABLE EDWIN WARFIELD Governor of Maryland, 1904-8 social calendar was the magnificent celebration of Maryland Day on the twelfth of September, as brilliant an occasion as distinguished the Ex- position. Inthe Maryland Building many dele- gations and organizations, including the State Board of Education and the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence were entertained at special functions. Onmany of the principal Exposition dates Governor Warfield and his Staff were present. During June a tea was given to the Colonial Dames by members of the Auxiliary Commission; in July the Officers and men of the Fifth Maryland Regiment were entertained, and the veterans of the Fifth Maryland also accepted the hospitality of the Maryland Commission. The Maryland Building was open at 9 A. M. and closed at 6 P. M., except Sundays, and the stream of visitors was constant. They were greeted by the host Colonel J. William Baughman and the hostess, Miss Mary L. Robins. Colonel Baughman and Miss Robins won golden opinions for their cordiality and courtesy while uphold- ing the best traditions of Maryland’s hospitality. The Maryland Building was richly furnished with Colonial mahogany furniture. Notable paintings and en- gravings, decorated the walls. These included a special col- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. lection made under the direction of Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson. The Building was a permanent brick structure, massive and elegant. No liberties were taken with the exterior design and all the decorations were reproduced in sub- stantial form. The firm of Potthast Brothers of Baltimore lent to the Commission entirely free of charge, sixty-two chairs, five tables, four sofas, an inlaid side table, a lowboy, two mir- rors, a cabinet, a table, a desk and a stand, all of heavy mahogany. ‘These pieces were large and extremely handsome and they formed the main part of the furniture. Chippendale and Heppelwhite patterns were largely in evidence. In addition to the pieces of their own make the same firm loaned some rare antiques, the most noteworthy of which was a sideboard which had belonged to Francis Scott Key, the author of “The Star Spangled Banner.” Mrs. Ridgely loaned a Colonial table from Hamp- ton and William Knabe & Company lent an antique harpsichord which was discovered twenty-five years ago in an old college at Annapolis, and they also lent one of their Sheraton design pianos. A Stieff piano was loaned by Charles M. Stieff and stood in the “* Senate Chamber.” The principal apartment in the Maryland Building was an exact reproduction of the Old Senate Chamber in the State House at An- napolis, famous as the room in which Washing- ton resigned his commission as Commander-in- Chief of the American Army. It was, there- fore, in itself an historic exhibit of great im- portance. In the old Chamber Congress had assembled for the first six months of the Session of 1783, and in its replica at the Exposition there hung two reproductions of paintings de- picting the resignation scene. One showed White’s picture which now stands at the head of the stairway in the State House at An- napolis, and the other, Trumbull’s masterpiece which adorns the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. Within another frame was a fine engraving of the State House as it looked in Washington’s time and there were many photographs relating to the Revolution and the part that Maryland took therein. Prominent among these was a copy of the “ Resolution of Protest”” by the Association of Freemen of Maryland, adopted July 16, 1775. There was a group of portraits of many prominent Maryland soldiers and sailors of the Revolu- tionary period, and with these a letter from General Washington to the Governor of Mary- land praising the service which the men of that State had rendered. Nearby was a choice collection of Maryland paper money issued during Colonial and Revolutionary times and there were some samples of Maryland silver coinage, and the magnificent silver medal given by Cecilius Calvert to the Susquehanna In- dians, showing on the obverse and reverse the portraits of Calvert and his wife, Anne Arun- del, after whom a county in Maryland has been named. There was a view of Congress Hall in Balti- more just as it stood when Congress met in that city and framed laws for the gov- ernment of the colonies, and near this view was an ex- hu bate ow which every Marylander was proud —a_repro- duction of the original in Lenox sib ran y: New York —‘‘An Act Concerning Religion,’ passed in 1649. Concerning this document the great English historian, Lecky states: “It exhib- ited for the first time since the Reformation the spectacle of a government acting with per- fect toleration and a steady and unflinching impartiality towards all sects of Christians.”’ There were portraits from authentic sources of all the Calverts attired in their baronial robes and regalia, and many engravings and photo- graphs which showed them under various con- ditions and circumstances. Then came a line of governors reaching from 1635 to 1775, nearly a century and a half. As the visitor entered the Maryland Build- ing, he saw on the side of the hall a portrait of Thomas Johnson, the Governor of Mary- land who nominated George Washington to be Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. On the opposite side was a splendid painting in oil of Governor Edwin Warfield. In the writing room, to the left, was a remarkably fine exhibit of water colors by Baltimore artists, and with the water colors were exhibited beau- tiful miniatures by Miss Florence Mackubbin, Miss Grace Turnbull and Mrs. (thiarraleess Weise. In the south room was a bust of the poet Sydney Lanier, and in the north room, a bust of Cardinal Gibbons, both the work of Ep- hraim Key- ser, a distin- guished sculptor of Baltimore. Under the CapT. Frep. M. Cotston Chairman Md. Com. Cot. J. Wm. BAUGHMAN Host Maryland Bldg. State Participation. direction of Mrs. John Ridgely, a collection of handsome photographs showing the Colonial homes of the State was made. Though Maryland had an exhibit in the History Building the greater part of its his- torical display was at the Maryland head- quarters. The Maryland Historical Society and a number of private collections were well represented by engravings, photographs, relics, medals, coins and arms. ‘The Pocahontas Memorial Association made a fine exhibit of prints, photographs and copies of inscriptions. The Designers and Artisans’ Club, under the leadership of Miss Margaret E. Haydock, made an excellent exhibit which included a number of beautifully stenciled designs, hand made potteries, mirror frames, tooled leather, metal work and photography. A special col- lection of memoirs was made under the direction of Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson, who with a special camera made to reproduce in fac- simile at short range, went to the old counties and photographed all available interesting documents. The names of one hundred and ten of those who came in “ The Ark” and “The Dove ”’ with Governor Leonard Calvert were shown together for the first time. There was a facsimile of a letter which was sent back on “ The Ark’s”’ return trip to England, giv- ing an account of the voyage over and there was an original bill of lading of Colonial date, beginning with—‘‘ Shipped by the Grace of God.” Under the head “‘ Lords of the Manor in Maryland,” were given the names of forty-six of those who had received manors with all the privileges of manor lords in England. Among other extremely interesting exhibits were: a copy of an Act “ For erecting a pryson in this Province,” dated 1662, evidence of the fact that Maryland was without any place of con- finement for twenty-eight years—a law-abiding condition unique in the history of colonization; a facsimile of the original author’s copy of “The Star Spangled Banner” and a photo- graph of one of the first printed copies which were distributed and sung in Baltimore the day after the song was written, off Fort McHenry, on September 13, 1814; a photograph of Francis Scott Key, the author of the national anthem and a portrait of Judge Joseph Hopper Nicholson, the brother-in-law of Key, who had the words printed and set to music; and photo- graphic facsimiles of the autographs and seals of about six hundred early settlers and im- portant Colonial personages. These latter were taken from original letters and legal documents in ancient court houses. ‘The original charter of Annapolis; the original boundary agreement between the Penns and Frederick, the sixth Lord of Baltimore; the Ratification of the Federal Constitution by Maryland; the plat of Baltimore and Jonestown in the year of 1747, and other interesting State Documents were shown through the courtesy of the Land Com- missioner, the Honorable E. Stanley Toadvin; and in the ““ Senate Chamber ”’ were two large cases containing Indian remains from Mary- land, collected and exhibited by Colonel Wil- liam H. Love of Baltimore. It had been purposed to dedicate the Mary- land Building on April 26, the Opening Day of the Exposition, but the programme was so crowded that the exercises were delayed until the twenty-seventh, when Captain Colston presented to Governor Warfield the keys of the Maryland Building, and a speech was made by each of these gentlemen and one by O. D. Batchelor of the Exposition Company. The great day at the Building was September 12, Maryland Day. Governor Warfield had issued a proclamation declaring it to be a State holiday, and all available means of transporta- tion between Baltimore and Norfolk were taxed to their utmost on the eleventh of Sep- tember. [he Commission had issued three thousand invitations to officials of the National Government, of the State of Maryland, of Maryland cities and counties and to the prin- cipal officials of all the States of the Union and chief cities. Invitations were also extended to the officers of the Army and Navy, and as a result an immense throng was present on that occasion. After the public ceremonies luncheon was served in the Maryland Building and also on the lawn, the house, large as it was, being utterly unable to hold the crowd. The guests were received by Governor Warfield assisted by Captain Colston, Mrs. Swanson, Mrs. Ridgely, Mrs. Henry W. Rogers and Miss Mary L. Robins, the hostess of the building. Though this was the principal social event of the Maryland season, there were a number of other entertainments which could not be called minor, some of them being especially elaborate. On Baltimore Day the State headquarters shared with the Baltimore Building in enter- taining visitors, and representatives of the Mary- land military organizations always had their stay marked by some social festivity. MASSACHUSETTS Y an Act passed on the 7th day of May, 1906, the General Court of Massachu- setts accepted an invitation to participate in the Exposition. The Resolution of Acceptance provided for an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars and authorized the appointment of a Board of Managers, consisting of five residents of the Commonwealth. This Board was to be 355 charged with the care of the interests of the State and its citizens in the preparation and exhibition at the Ter-Centennial of such of the natural and industrial products of the Common- wealth as would best illustrate its welfare; and, at the same time was empowered to make an historical exhibit. The Honorable Curtis Guild, Governor of The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Massachusetts, appointed Major Henry J. Higginson of Boston, Honorable Arthur Lord of Plymouth, General Francis Henry Apple- ton of Peabody, Honorable Wilson H. Fair- bank of Warren, and Mrs. Barrett Wendell of Boston as members of the Board. Within a few weeks after these appointments were made, Major Higginson resigned and the Gov- ernor designated Colonel Thomas L. Liver- more of Boston as his successor. When the Board organized, Colonel Livermore was elected Chairman, William A. Murphy was appointed Secretary and Miss Emma A. Allen of Needham, Assistant Secretary. Influenced by the historic character of the Exposition, the Board of Managers selected the Old State House in Boston as the model for the Massa- chusetts Building; and on Willoughby Avenue at the Ter-Centennial the reproduction of this famous capitol stood just as it looked in Colonial days. The historical and _ patriotic memories attaching to the State , House made the replica intensely interest ing. Its brick walls were laid with an unusual © bond of alternating headers and stretchers, ? show- HONORABLE CURTIS GUILD, Jr. ing black ends. The porches, rail , ings, Brigadier-General State Militia at Outbreak of Spanish War— cable ornaments and central. y = Served as Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector General on Staff 7th Corps (Gen. Fitzhugh Lee) until breaking up of the Corps tower were all built of wood Ve in Cuba—Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts 1902- 1905. and painted white, but figures — Governor of Massachusetts 1906-1909 of the lion and unicorn which é. flanked the tower were em- phasized in gold and red and the same brilliant hues decorated the quaint sun- dial that surmounted the roof. & No attempt was made © to preserve the historic integrity of interior ar- @ rangements, except that — the large old staircase ~ in the hall with its deli- cate winding flight lead- ing from the center of the building to the second floor was in each particular a faithful reproduction of the orig- inal, and the excellent carving on the newel posts and banisters and the refined and delicate ornaments in the dadoes and cornices were re- peated from G@e_— careful measure- LM ments of existing i Henge as . well as from ancient Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. John Lavalle, Architect, Boston, Massachusetts. THE “OLD STATE HOUSE,” THE MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING 356 State Participation. and descriptions. The first floor of the building was used to illustrate the progress of the Com- monwealth and the business of its depart- ments. A large proportion of the exhibits were furnished by the State Department and _ the Department of Education. The furniture in the halls was reproduced from the Colonial period, the tables of solid mahogany being replicas of the famous table in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, and the John Hancock sofas were modeled after the sofa in the same _ hall. Equally representative of the Colonial period were the chairs and settees about the chambers; and the china, which was used on State occa- sions, bore in blue the seal of the Common- wealth. In the “ Congress Chamber” and in “Representative Hall’ were hung portraits and photographs telling a story of the early Colonial days of Massachusetts and showing many famous men and women of those times. The Massachusetts Board early decided to secure for the Exposition a Colonial exhibit which would be worthy of the “‘ Bay State,” and they appealed to the people of the Com- hibited. This historical co | - lection was concluded in the first days of March and was exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston for sev- eral months be- fore it was sent to the Exposi- tion. At first it was intended to place this in the Massachu- setts Building on account of the delay in constructing the Palace of History, but this idea did not prevail and it was later displayed with the historical collections of other States. The educational exhibit of Massachusetts was, however, placed in their State headquarters. It was excep- tionally comprehensive and attracted the atten- WILLIAM A. MURPHY Secretary Be ees GENERAL Francis HENRY APPLETON, HonoraBLeE WILSON H. FairBANKs, HonoraBLeE ARTHUR LorD MASSACHUSETTS COMMISSIONERS monwealth for the loan of articles which would illustrate the colony. The appeal was emi- nently successful. The Board entrusted to the Colonial Dames of Massachusetts, and to a select committee of experts, the congregation of articles to be ex- 357 tion of all visitors who were interested in school and college work. Various meetings and functions were held in the Building during the Exposition period and thousands of visitors registered in the State book. The most important celebration was The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Massachusetts Day, August 13. On this occa- sion the State was represented by Governor Guild, a detail of his staff, President Chapple of the Massachusetts Senate, Speaker Cole of the House of Representatives, and a joint Legislative Committee of twenty. An in- formal reception was held in the Massachusetts Building in the forenoon and after the exer- cises of the day a luncheon was given at the building to Governor Guild, Governor Swan- son and the Massachusetts delegation. Mrs. Mabel Wolcott Brown of Belmont was the hostess of the building and served most ad- mirably throughout the Exposition. MICHIGAN URING the 1905 session of its Legisla- ture it was resolved that Michigan should participate in the celebration of the Ter-Cen- tennial, but so much doubt at that time attached to the character and scope of the proposed Ex- position that the law makers decided it would be wise to postpone the making of a definite appropriation until the next session which would convene early in January, 1907. A committee was, however, appointed to Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. THE MICHIGAN BUILDING visit the Exposition site and they were in- structed to ascertain so far as possible just what form the celebration would probably as- sume and how far it might be expected to ramify. This committee visited Norfolk and made a painstaking investigation, and _ the State’s appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars was in all probability based upon the report which they made. When the Legislature made an appropriation for Michigan’s participation, a Commission was created to supersede the former Commit- tee. The “ Michigan Board of Managers,” as they were officially designated, consisted of five members with the Honorable Fred M. Warner, Governor of the State, as a member ex-ofhcio. John. T. Rich, of Detroit, was President; William H. Johnston, of Ishpeming, Vice-President; Henry C. Smith, of Adrian, Treasurer; Herbert E. Sargent, of Grand Rapids, Director of Exhibits, and Fred Postal, of Detroit. Edward L. Walbridge was Sec- retary to the Board. The Board, with the exception of the Governor, visited the Exposi- tion grounds during the latter part of March, 1907, and selected a site for their State Build- ing. A number of causes contributed to the delay in beginning operations and the ground was not broken for the headquarters until the sete ss oat r = a ‘ “HL. Tee Dwyer, Acchieer Nori Cer eit first week in May. The exceedingly inclement weather which then prevailed prevented any appreciable progress and the carpenters did not begin work until the middle of June had arrived. ‘The building was designed by a Nor- folk architect, H. Irving Dwyer, who did not live to enjoy a view of the structure he had planned. ‘The Building was completed on the first of September and was formally opened to the public on September | 1th, later than any other State headquarters and in fact the very last structure to be finished at the Expo- sition. Apart from any commercial value that might accrue and actuated largely, if not solely, by the desire to make the Michigan headquarters unusually attractive, the Board of Managers perfected arrangements for furnishing the State Building in such a way that it would illustrate 358 State Participation. Ex-Gov. JoHn T. RicH Treas. of Commission Hersert E. SARGENT Com. and Dir. Mich. Exhibit only the products of Michigan and yet be eminently artistic. This hope was not realized. The large and lofty rooms would have — served admirably as exhibit places for the manu- factures which have made Grand Rapids one of the best known places in the furniture world. Especially was this true of the main hall, for the en- tire lower floor con- sisted of this single re- ception room which was in itself very at- tractive, being floored with Virginia pine, un- stained, and _ wain- scotted with the same wood nearly to the ceilng from which the wood was _ sepa- rated only by a nar- row strip of dark bur- lap. The great furniture manufacturers of Grand Rapids had agreed to furnish this spacious apartment and in fact to embellish the entire building, but owing to the unfortunate delay in completion this splendid decorative exhibit was not sent; and, instead of the luxurious appoint- ments which had been anticipated the most simple furniture was seen. E-verything, how- ever, was distinctly tasteful and a suggestion of comfort prevailed. “The house was a popular FRED PosTAL Commissioner Miss Zoe ALBERTA WALBRIDGE Assistant Hostess 359 HONORABLE FRED MALTBY WARNER Secretary of State of Michigan 1900—Re-elected 1903—Goy- ernor of Michigan since 1904 Wa. H. JoHNsTon Vice-Pres. of the Commission Henry C. SmitH ‘Treasurer resort and the ver- andas were rarely un- occupied. During its brief life the Michigan Building was the scene of a number of entertainments. Most of these were infor- mal teas and_ re- ceptions, but an ex- ceptionally fine ban- quet, given in the large reception hall, was the prominent feature of Michigan Day. Fischer’s Orchestra of Kalamazoo played at the banquet which was served by a Washington caterer, and over five hundred guests were present. Governor Fred M. Warner, his staff and all of the Managers were present on that occasion, and they entertained almost every one on the social register of the Exposi- tion. Edward L. Walbridge, the secretary of the Board, and Mrs. Walbridge acted as resident host and hostess and their daughter, Miss Zoe Alberta: Walbridge, was the assistant hostess. Mr. Sargent was the resident member of the Commission and was, with his family, at the Michigan headquarters continuously after the opening of the State Building. Epwarp L. WALBRIDGE Secretary Mrs. E. L. WaALBRIDGE Hostess The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. MISSOURI ITHIN ten days of the close of the leg- islative session of 1905 General Fitz- hugh Lee visited Jefferson City to extend an invitation to Missouri. Hurry, incident to ad- journment, prevented due attention being given at that time to the subject, but an appropriation of ten thousand dollars was made, and the Goy- ernor was empowered to expend this sum as he deemed best for Missouri’s interest. Governor Folk appointed Henry T. Kent, of St. Louis; James M. Irvine, of St. Joseph, and J. M. Wattenbarger, of Milan, to be Commissioners and directed them to formulate plans for the State’s participation. When the Commission met they selected J. E. Crumbaugh, of Colum- bia, to superintend the agricultural and horticul- tural exhibits. Mr. Kent visited Norfolk and selected a site for the State building and on September 11, 1906, a contract was awarded to Dunnavant & Company of Norfolk, Va., to erect the headquarters from plans and specifica- tions which had been prepared by Mariner & LeBeaume, architects, of St. Louis. The superintendent of exhibits was com- pelled to secure his displays from the crop of 1906 and during the summer and fall of that year he was actively engaged in getting his ex- hibits aligned. There was a certain indefinite- ness at all times regarding the amount of money which the Commission would have to expend. It was generally believed that the 1907 Legis- lature would make an additional appropriation but the amount was problematic. In March, 1907, a second appropriating bill was passed and forty-five thousand dollars added to the original sum. The State was particularly fortunate in the location and the architectural plans of its build- ing. It was built of brick, and, in design, was strictly Colonial. Porticoes covered the east- ern and northern front, the latter overlooking Hampton Roads. During the summer the Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. THE MISSOURI BUILDING ey ; WA HONORABLE JOSEPH WINGATE FOLK Circuit Attorney of St. Louis 1900-1904—Prosecuted numerous Bribery Cases—Governor of Missouri 1905-1909 comfortable porches were filled with visitors who took advantage of the easy chairs to rest in the shade and view the warships at anchor and the vessels of commerce which were con- stantly passing. The building was formally opened to the public on May 26, 1907. On that occasion a reception was given from four to six o'clock in the afternoon. ‘The receiving party consisted of Henry T. Kent, the Pres- ident of the Commission; Mrs. Edmund F. Wickham, Miss Catlin, Thomas C. Powell ocr ces, a2 i ean? St. Louis, Missouri. . e a Mariner & LeBeaume, Mite Architects, State Participation. and Samuel B. Mc- Pheeters, all of St. Louis. At this recep- tion the Exposition of- ficials, the officers of the Army and Navy stationed at the Expo- sition, all of the State Commissioners at the Exposition and a large company from Nor- folk and = adjacent places attended. The Missouri Building was an open house from then until the close of the Exposi- tion. June 12, Virginia Day, a luncheon was given there in honor of Miss Mary Custis Lee, daughter of General Robert E.. Lee, and a few days later a reception was given to the Mis- sourl Editors who were delegates to the Na- tional Editorial Association. It was one of the few State headquarters which had a kitchen and a dining room; and scarcely a day passed that some Missourian was not entertained, while often this hospitality was extended to visitors from other States or to distinguished foreigners. September 21 was Missouri Day. Gov- ernor and Mrs. Folk arrived on the twentieth and an elaborate dinner was given in their honor on that evening. After the dinner Gov- HENRY T. KENT Pres. Miss. Com. ernor Folk went to the New York State Building and received an enthu- silastic welcome. On the evening of Sep- tember 21 a brilliant reception was given at the State Build- ing to which special invitations were sent out. In the receiv- ing party were Gov- ernor and Mrs. Folk, Mrs. R. E. Folk of Nashville, Mrs. Emma Price Willis and Miss Willis of Columbia, Mo., and Presi- dent Kent. The Governor and his party were on the following day the guests of Admiral Harrington at a dinner on board the Cruiser “ Brooklyn,” the flagship of Ad- miral Schley at the battle of Santiago. When Governor Hughes visited the Exposition for the ceremonies of New York Day he was the guest of Missouri at a breakfast party. No one was officially denominated host but Mr. Kent, who was at the Exposition during almost the entire season, discharged the duties which are sup- posed to attach to that position, and it is certain that in his care the reputation of Mis- souri for generous and genuine hospitality did not suffer. J. M. WATTENBARGER Commissioner NEW HAMPSHIRE RIVATE interest in the Jamestown Ex- position was manifested in New Hamp- shire long before official action could be taken. This was delayed until the session of the Legis- lature which convened on the second of Janu- ary, 1907. The State Board of Trade and other similar organizations had adopted resolu- tions favoring New Hampshire’s representation and thus a sentiment was created which paved an easy way for the Appropriation Bill when it reached the Legislature. On the evening of January 15, 1907, Pres- ident Harry St. George Tucker, of the Exposi- tion Company addressed a large audience in the hall of the House of Representatives at Concord. He was introduced by General Henry M. Baker who had been a fellow mem- ber with Mr. Tucker in the National Congress. Mr. Tucker’s speech removed any lingering opposition which might have existed regarding the appropriation of funds for the State partici- pation, and on the next day a bill was intro- duced setting aside ten thousand dollars to ex- pend at the Ter-Centennial. It passed both branches without a dissenting voice or vote and became a law on the twelfth of February. By its provisions the expenditure of the fund was vested in the Governor and Council who thus became virtually the New Hampshire Commis- sion. ‘These officers were Honorable Charles M. Floyd of Manchester, Governor of New Hampshire, and a prominent merchant and 361 HONORABLE CHARLES M. FLOYD Governor of New Hampshire manufacturer of the State; Honorable Stephen S. Jewett, of Laconia; Honorable William H. C. Follansby, of Exeter; Honorable Herbert B. Viall, of Keene; Honorable J. Duncan Upham, of Claremont and Honorable Frank The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. P. Brown, of White- field, Councilors re- spectively from the five districts of New Hampshire. On February 20 Governor Floyd, Secretary of State Edward N. Pear- son, and all the Councilors, except Mr. Follansby who was detained at home by reason of the illness of his wife—a sickness that later proved fatal—left New Hampshire on their Hon. H. C. FoLianssy Commissioner ‘ m Consent: Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. THE NEW HAMPSHIRE BUILDING first trip to Jamestown. During their stay they chose an excellent site for their building and made a contract for its erection. The building was a copy of the home of Governor Lloyd which had been built at Plymouth, N. H., in 1784. The original is still standing and is occupied for a part of each year by Wood- bury Langdon of New York, a descendant of NEW HE State of New York evinced much in- terest in the Ter-Centennial. Its Legisla- ture accepted the invitation of the Exposition Company with a promptness confirmatory of cordiality and a liberality expressive of earnest- ness. Afterwards, the Commission voiced the sentiment of the people by the manner in which it carried out the law’s intent. ‘The State’s re- sponse dated from June 3, 1905, when the bill appropriating $150,000 for such purpose became a law. ‘Thus nearly two years were the Governor and a wealthy retired busi- ness man who con- tributed largely to the State’s fund for exhibitory purposes at the Ter-Centen- nial, providing spe- cifically for the fin- ishing of the hall of the building, making it an exact reproduction of the original. Work on the State headquarters was begun early in March without any formal exercises and as soon Hon. Hersert B. VIALL Commissioner as it was completed the building was thrown open to the public. William H. Topping, of Manchester, was appointed custodian of the building and he and Mrs. Topping were at the Exposition during the whole season. Several receptions were given at the State headquarters, the most notable of which was the entertainment of Governor Floyd on New Hampshire Day. YORK allotted for making suitable provisions for joining with the other States in the great cele- bration. The Act comprehended two objects, the erection of a State Building which should serve as an attractive rendezvous for people from New York and elsewhere, while it would also adorn the grounds, and the presentation of an exhibit of history, replete with its best memorials in the way of relics of noteworthy character. New York, the greatest Commer- cial Commonwealth, made no industrial display. 362 State Participation. CLARENCE Luce, Arcuitect; R. L. Morrett, Com’r; FRANK C. SouLe, Com’r; THomas B. Dunn, PRes. NEW YORK’S REPRESENTATIVES WHO SELECTED SITE A Commission of seven members was au- thorized by the Act and Governor Hughes appointed Thomas B. Dunn, of Rochester; Mrs. Donald McLean, of New York; Hugh Gordon Miller, of New York; Frank C. Soule, of Syracuse; Sheldon B. Broadhead, of Jamestown; Robert W. Pomeroy, of Buffalo, and Robert Lee Morrell, of New York. Mr. Dunn was elected Chief Commissioner and President, and Mrs. McLean Vice- President. Wailliam H. Hamlin, of Can- andaigua, was later appointed Secretary to the Commission, and Louis W. Gett and L. D. Field Assistant Secretaries. The Commission was organized on Decem- ber 4, 1905, and in January, 1906, the Executive Committee visited Norfolk and selected the site for the State Building. Ground was not broken for the head- quarters until January, 1907, and the build- ing was uncompleted when the Exposition opened. The building occu- 363 HON. CHARLES EVANS HUGHES Governor of New York pied an imposing position on the water-front, the first of a number of State buildings which extended eastward from the Grand Basin along a _ beautiful driveway skirting the shore. Ass it was the nearest to this feature of the Grounds it came strongly into view, and its location added considerably to the effectiveness of the general landscape scheme. It fronted upon Wil- loughby Avenue; and the rear, nearly similar in architectural treat- ment, abutted on the shore and faced di- rectly towards Old Point Comfort, lying northward across the water. The view from the piazza, which ran the length of the building, was most attractive. It was not so close to the water, where the waves broke against a palisade in refreshing cadence during the heated term, but that it was possible to beautify the spot by converting the space a hundred feet in width, into a terraced lawn, relieved here and there by shrub- bery and flower-beds. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ROBERT W. POMEROY Commissioner The architect of the building was Clarence Luce, of New York city, and the style was Colonial, modified by an Italian feeling. A portico of six Roman-lonic columns, stately in proportions, marked the entrance. Upon the tympanum of the pediment was the coat-of- arms of the State executed in relief. On high, floated the State flag, the staff extending from a low dome, which rose from the center of the building. At the two ends of the edifice were porticoes. Passing under the main portico, one entered into a square hall, which extended the entire depth of the building, and above the center, a two-story rotunda gave a view of the dome. Placed in the middle of this hall was a life- size statue of a private soldier, appearing in the uniform of a State’s guardsman. The receiving room for the public was lib- erally supplied with handsome rugs, and upon the several corner tables were newspapers from every part of New York, and an enormous volume for the registration of guests. [Lounging places made it a welcome resort, and every visitor was made to feel at home. ‘There were several persons stationed here, ever ready to assist the stranger in any manner. Mrs. Nel- son H. Henry, wife of Adjutant-General Henry of New York, acted as permanent Hostess. Occupying the west wing, beyond the office and minor rooms flanking the bisecting hallway which conducted to it, was the parlor or room r | —~ a peel rebels vs ioas i ~ Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MRS. DONALD McLEAN Vice-Pres. New York Commission HUGH GORDON MILLER Commissioner for formal receptions. Here flowers were al- ways found in the huge vases which stood on mahogany tables in various parts of the spacious room, giving to it daily the appearance of being just prepared for some prominent guest. The furniture had been provided in extremely good taste, and besides the fireplace at the further end and a piano at the other, a noticeable fea- ture in the decoration scheme consisted of a collection of the portraits of New York’s thirty-four Governors, framed with their auto- graph letters, ranging from George Clinton in 1789 down to Charles E. Hughes, the execu- tive in 1907. Suitably inscribed by gold let- tering, these attracted every visitor and fur- nished many minutes of more than casual study. Corresponding with this room, and located in the east wing, was the dining-room or ban- queting hall. The rows of white columns were kept decorated with festoons of flowering vines, and each of the numerous small tables ranged about the large one in the center, added its share of brilliant decoration by the vases heaped with Southern flowers. Luncheon and evening dinner were served there, and the doors open from the forenoon until ten o'clock at night. The New York Building was officially opened to the public by the President of the United States on the tenth of June, 1907. On July 4 a reception was tendered to Governor Hughes of New York and Prince Wilhelm of ee Clarence Luce, Architect, New York City. THE NEW YORK BUILDING 364 State Participation. Sweden was entertained at the building when he visited the Exposition. During New York Week a dinner was given to Governor Hughes and Mrs. Hughes on the night of October 9, and a reception was given to them on the fol- lowing night by the Commissioners. Many minor entertainments and functions were given from time to time by various commissioners of New York and by commissioners from other States, as well as by Exposition officials. The New York Building was operated in so far as its restaurant was concerned, on club principles. A competent caterer had charge and prominent people connected with the Exposition received cards entitling them to take advantage of the restaurant facilities offered. New York’s appropriation for the Exposi- tion was the largest made by any State except Virginia, and the New York Commissioners expended most judiciously the liberal fund at their command. ‘The President of the Com- mission, Thomas B. Dunn, was at the Exposi- tion almost continuously and he gave energetic direction to the Empire State’s affairs. NEW JERSEY HE New Jersey Commission to the James- town Exposition was appointed by the Honorable Edward C. Stokes, Governor of the State, and consisted of eleven members. The Act of 1905 which created the Commission car- ried an appropriation of only twenty-five thou- sand dollars, but the general appropriation bill of the next Legislature added fifty thousand to the sum, making a total of seventy-five thousand dollars for New Jersey’s expense account. The Commissioners were Clarence E. Brecken- ridge, of Maywood; Wallace M. Scudder, of Newark; Alfred Cooper, of Cape May Court House; Henry W. Leeds, of Atlantic City; D. Harry Chandler, of Vineland; James Harper Smith, of Somerville; Richard W. Herbert, of Wickatunk; James T. McMurray, of Plainfield; A. B. Leach, of South Orange; Dr. E. L. Stevenson, of New Brunswick, and Dr. Thomas K. Reed, of Atlantic City. The first meeting of the Commission was held at the State House of Trenton, early in January, 1906. At that time Mr. Brecken- ridge was chosen Chief Commissioner and Mr. Scudder Vice-President. No further organ- oo NEW JERSEY. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Consort ation. HONORABLE EDWARD C. STOKES Governor of New Jersey George E. Pool, Architect, Trenton, New Jersey. THE NEW JERSEY BUILDING 365 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. RicHarp W. HERBERT CiareNcE E. BRECKENRIDGE Coronet Louis T. Bryant Dr. THomas K. Reep Commissioner Chief Commissioner Secretary Commissioner ization was then effected. On Washington’s birthday the Commission held its second meet- ing at the Virginia Club in the City of Nor- folk and Colonel Lewis T. Bryant was elected Secretary. Governor Stokes had accompanied | the Commission on the trip to Virginia and dur- ing the visit of the officials a site for the State building was selected. A luncheon and recep- tion was tendered to the Governor at the Club House and a graceful speech of welcome was delivered by former Governor William E. Wattace M. Scupper Cameron of Virginia, to whom Governor — James T. McMurray Commissioner Stokes eloquently responded. Coramiasiones R. C. Strehlow & Company were the con- tractors for the New Jersey Building. ‘There were no formal exercises to note the beginning of the builders’ work. The architect, George E. Pool, was the State Architect of New Jer- sey and he exercised a general supervision over the erection while C. W. Houpt, the State Superintendent, was practically in continuous charge of the construction. The building was of a colonial design, not unlike the one used by the State at the Chicago Exposition and closely resembled New Jersey’s headquarters at St. ieee COLE Louis. The resident hostess was Miss Edith HES ae maa eae B. Little of Plainfield and her courteous grace made the New Jersey Building famous for its welcome and generous hospitality. It was one of the few buildings completed in advance of the Opening Day. A collection of paintings by New Jersey artists hung in the building. Through the efforts of Professor Frank Forrest Frederick of the Trenton School of Art, this was made pos- sible and it was not only an interesting and extremely beautiful exhibit but proved to be a valuable factor in bringing into closer touch the en ae artists of the State. Governor Stokes was at Ee eee (eR RTAE all times much interested in the Exposition and Conmchstoeee James Harper SMITH Miss EpityH LItTLe D. Harry CHANDLER Commissioner Hostess Commissioner 366 State Participation. he took particular pride in his State’s participa- tion. He attended the Opening Day ceremo- nies and he was a member of the official party at the State’s exercises when he delivered an address which was exceptionally well received. The formal ceremonies of New Jersey Day were held at the reviewing stand and in the Auditorium on October 17. The official party left New Jersey on the evening of the fifteenth of October, traveling in four special cars. ‘They spent the morning of the sixteenth sight- seeing and in the evening attended a formal dinner given in their honor at the New York Building. A reception to Governor Stokes was given at the New Jersey Building on the afternoon of the seventeenth and was one of the most attractive social functions of the Ex- position. Numerous informal entertainments were held from time to time at the building and an effort was made by the Commissioners and the hostess to welcome with cordial hos- pitality not only the residents of the “ Garden State ”’ but visitors from all parts of the Union. New Jersey’s participation at the Exposition was altogether pleasing and the State’s repre- sentatives made numerous friendships for them- selves personally and for the Commonwealth which they represented. NORTH CAROLINA UST before adjournment in 1905, the Leg- islature of North Carolina appropriated thirty thousand dollars for an exhibit at the Ex- position. At this time Government recognition seemed unlikely and the appropriation was ob- tained with difficulty. Later interest grew in North Carolina whetted largely by the activi- ties of the Honorable Robert B. Glenn, the energetic Chief executive of the State, and the succeeding Legislature not only added twenty thousand dollars to the previous appropriation but further appropriated five thousand dollars : aK Copyright, Jamesto for the purpose of enabling the negroes of North Carolina to exhibit the progress of the State’s colored population. The sentiment for these later appropriations was practically unan- imous, and the supplementary bills passed without a single dissenting vote. The original Act provided for the appointment of ten com- missioners, one from each Congressional Dis- trict, and in August, 1906, the Governor appointed the following gentlemen to represent “The Old North State: George S. Powell, of Asheville; G. W. Hinshaw, of Winston- Salem; D. C. Barnes, of Murfreesboro; E. L. 367 Daughtridge, of Rocky Mount; Colonel Joseph E. Pogue, of Raleigh; J. W. Atkin- son, of Wilmington; H. C. Dockery, of Rock- ingham; U. B. Blalock, of Wadesboro; D. J. Carpenter, of Newton, and Dr. John Faison, of Faison. These Commissioners met in the Governor’s office at Raleigh shortly after their appointment. Governor Glenn presided. The meeting was informal, and adjourned to re- convene at Norfolk on the eleventh of Sep- tember. A permanent organization was then effected and the following officers selected: President, George S. Powell; Vice-President, G. W. Hinshaw; Secretary, D. C. Barnes; Treasurer, E. L. Daughtridge; Commissioner- General, Joseph E. Pogue. The Executive Committee consisted of Messrs. Powell, Hin- shaw and Dockey. On the same day, the site for the North Carolina Building was chosen, and floor space in the States’ Exhibit Building was secured. [he Commissioners attended to all possible preliminary business at the time of this visit. Not only did they select their site and arrange for the collective exhibit of the State, but they secured space for North Caro- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Cot. G. W. HiInsHAw Vice-President Gerorce S. PowELL President ee ee) D HONORABLE ROBERT BRODNAX GLENN Gout ix 12) traci 7 U. S. District DELS SSH berg on of North Caro- salem teat ina 1905-1909 lina’s mineral exhibit and a room in the History Building for the exhibit of the State’s historical treasures. [hey also obtained exhibit areas in the Social Economy Building and the Educa- tion Palace. Ground was not broken for the State Build- ing until the middle of January, 1907. The Architects were Zimmerman and Lester of Winston-Salem, and the builders J. E. Elliot and Brother of Hickory, N. C. Few States had more imposing headquarters, and no build- Cox. J. Witper ATKINSON jng on the ground was superior in construction. D. C. Barnes Commissioner ; : Secret It was a fine permanent colonial home, built Sue a and finished throughout with North Carolina Pine. It was completed and turned over to the Commission on the sixth of June, all con- struction work having been delayed by reason of the extremely unfavorable weather condi- tions which obtained during the late winter and the early spring. ‘The house, however, had been used before that date. On May 20 the cadets from the North Carolina Miuilitary Academy entertained visitors with a band con- cert at the Building, and after the rendition of me aioe the band programme the young men sang col- 1 reine ee oe lege songs and played college stunts. Fag Tne D. J. CarRPENTER Miss Mary Irwin U. B. Bratocx Commissioner Hostess Commissioner 368 State Participation. Miss Mary Irwin was in charge of the Building for the first half of the Exposition and Mrs. Charles Maclvor of Greensboro occupied the same position during the latter half. In Colonel Pogue’s report on North Carolina’s participation, he says: ‘* Both of these ladies proved to be ideal managers and the North Carolina Commission feels under many obliga- tions to them for the very faithful and efficient manner in which they discharged their many obligations and important duties.” ‘The sev- eral Commissioners, by agreement among themselves as to dates, occupied the Building for various periods. Each of the gentlemen was accompanied by his wife and the division of duty was so arranged that one Commissioner was constantly at the Building. If Virginia’s headquarters were excepted, and possibly not even this exception need be made, North Carolina’s Building could claim the honor of entertaining the largest number of visitors, and certainly the register of that State showed the most signatures. This was doubt- less due partly to the close proximity of North Carolina, but equally as important a contribu- tive factor was the proportion of North Caro- linians living in Norfolk. In every way Gov- ernor Glenn contributed to the success of North Carolina’s participation. He was in the fore- front in each movement undertaken to arouse public interest in the Ter-Centennial, and in his efforts he was ably assisted by the entire Commission, especially by the Executive Com- missioner, Colonel Joseph E. Pogue, who spent a large part of his time at the Exposition and devoted his splendid energies and intelligence to the cause of North Carolina and to the gen- eral welfare of the celebration. North Carolina Day was a spectacular suc- cess and only on four occasions during the Ex- position did the gross attendance exceed the figures recorded by the “ Old North State ”’ celebrants. On two of these occasions, Open- ing Day and Georgia Day, the President of the United States was present, on another, Vir- ginia Day, the passes exceeded the paid ad- missions, and North Carolina’s paid attendance was in excess of Virginia’s. The fourth day was Independence Day, a public holiday—the Fourth of July—when a holiday crowd from Tidewater thronged the grounds. Without any extraneous aid, therefore, North Carolina made a remarkable showing, perhaps the best at the Exposition, and on her State day the Auditorium certainly was crowded as it was on no other occasion. A splendid banquet was tendered to the Governor of North Caro- lina, and to the other State officials, by the North Carolina Society of Norfolk on the evening of the fourteenth of August, and on the evening of North Carolina Day, the fif- teenth, the Commissioners gave a public recep- tion to Governor Glenn. Several thousand visitors were at the North Carolina Building on that occasion and the event was in every way a brilliant success. OHIO HIO appropriated seventy-five thousand dollars for its participation in the Ter- Centennial and provided for the appointment of five Commissioners to supervise the expenditures and arrange the exhibits. Governor John M. Pattison, at that time the Chief Executive of HONORABLE JOHN M. PATTISON Elected Governor of Ohio for term 1906-1909 Died June 18, 1906 369 HONORABLE ANDREW LINTNER HARRIS Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio 1892-1896—Member U. S. In- dustrial Commission 1898-1902—Goyernor of Ohio 1906-1909 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. here ae Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. a ; Joseph N. Bradford, Architect, Columbus, Ohio. “ ADENA,” THE OHIO BUILDING the State, appointed Braxton W. Campbell, of Cincinnati; John P. Given, of Circleville; Clive C. Handy, of Wauseon; George W. Knight, of Columbus, and Ernest R. Root, of Medina, Commissioners. Upon the death of Governor Pattison, the Honorable Andrew L. Harris, Lieutenant-Governor, succeeded him. The new Chief Executive continued It is rather noteworthy that the Commission. Ernest R. Root Vice-President Braxton W. CAMPBELL President this was the only Democratic Board that was retained by Governor Harris. The Com- missioners organized their Board very soon after they had been appointed; Braxton W. Campbell was chosen President; Ernest R. Root, Vice-President, and George W. Knight, Secretary. Stuart R. Bolin, of Circleville, was Executive Commissioner. Ohio erected a per- manent building, re- producing “* Adena ” the stone house which stands just beyond the limits of Chilli- cothe in Ross County, Ohio. ‘‘Adena” was built by Thomas 4 ~ . Worthington, the first al United States Senator from the new Ohio Territory, and it was / ym Sita pe Miss BiancHe E. Capot Hostess in 1799, while serving in the Upper House of the National Congress, that the founda- tions for his home were laid. The original building was designed by the famous Latrobe Brothers, the French architects who built the first Capitol at Washington, and not only was the replica a faithful copy of the old exterior, but the arrangement of rooms was identical. Grorce W. KnicHT Secretary JoHNn P. Given Commissioner The furnishings of the Ohio headquarters were extremely elegant; and the mural decora- tions, ceilings and frescoes all were executed in water colors and were very attractive. Antique rugs and draperies abounded. Heavy antique mahogany and black walnut chairs and tables were in evidence. The Hanley-Casey Company of Chicago and Norfolk were the contractors who erected the building and the work was completed in time for the opening of the fair. While only one of a great number, perhaps the principal social event of the Ohio Building was a reception given to Governor Harris on Ohio Day. Stuart R. Botin Executive Commissioner 370 State Participation. PENNSYLVANIA HE Pennsylvania Legislature by a joint resolution approved May I1, 1905, appro- priated one hundred thousand dollars to defray the expenses of the State’s participation in the Jamestown Exposition. Honorable Samuel W. Pennypacker, at that time Governor of Pennsylvania, was determined that his State should be most worthily represented and he named an exceedingly strong Commission: Honorable William S. Harvey, Honorable John F. Lewis, Colonel E. T. Stotesbury, Honorable James Pollock, of Philadelphia; Honorable George T. Oliver, of Pittsburgh; Honorable Algernon B. Roberts, of Bala; Honorable H. Gaither, of Greensburgh; Hon- orable T. B. Patton, of Huntington; Honor- able C. C. Frick, of York; Honorable John S. Arndt, of Ardmore, and Honorable E. M. Thomas, of Torresdale. The President of the Senate added the following members of the Upper House: Honorable William C. Sproul, of Chester; Honorable John M. Scott, of Philadelphia; Honorable Samuel P. White, of Beaver; Honorable J. Henry Cochran, of Williamsport. members of the Lower House to serve FS on the Commission: Honorable Henry F. Walton, of Philadelphia; Honorable | Frank B. McClain, of Lancaster; Honorable William Wayne, of “~ Paoli; Honorable H. I. Riley, of Millvale; Honorable F. W. Jackson, of Apollo; Hon- \ Gov- | | orable L. O. McLane, of Linesville. ernor Pennypacker and Lieutenant-Governor William M. Brown were ex-officio members, and at the expiration of their terms of office they were succeeded by Governor Edwin S. Stuart and Lieutenant-Governor Robert S. Murphy. After the organization an executive com- mittee was elected with Honorable Henry F. Walton, Chairman, and Messrs. Sproul, Har- vey Pollock, Jackson, Sena Lewis, Oli- ver and Thomas. _s Colonel - James H. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. The Speaker of the House , of Representatives selected the following # | Lambert, of Philadelphia, was appointed Ex- ecutive officer, Honorable Bromley Whar- HonoraBLE SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER Presiding Judge Court Common Pleas, Philadelphia, Governor of Pennsylvania 1903-1904 1902— ton, Secretary, and Colonel E. T. Stotesbury, ae ie Mr. Wharton was. suc- £ ceeded as Secretary on May 1, 1907, ° by A. B. Miller, Private Seebie to § Governor Stuart. The first visit to Norfolk by an au- -. thorized representative of Pennsyl- @> vania occurred in the latter part of Ht January, 1906. Colonel James | H. Lambert then examined the “~~ site which had been assigned to Pennsylvania, but the location away from the water front did not appeal to the Executive Officer as he chose to face Hampton Roads. During April, 1906, the Board of Governors offered another location Ey at the corner |) of Willoughby Avenue and Architects, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Brockie & Hastings, *“ INDEPENDENCE HALL,” THE PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Hon. Rosert S. Mureuy Lieut.-Goy. Pennsylvania Commissioner Hon. Henry F. Watton Chairman Executive Com. HONORABLE EDWIN SIDNEY STUART Mayor of Philadelphia 1891-1895—Governor of Pennsylvania Cot. E. T. StToTeEsBury 1907-1911 Cot. James H. LAMBERT Treasurer Ex. Officer Pa. Com. wealth Avenue West. ‘This was accepted and ground was broken for the erection of the Pennsylvania Building on July 20. The Building was completed on the first day of May, 1907. The imposing headquarters of the ““ Key- stone ’ Commonwealth accorded well with the splendid resources of Pennsylvania and fitted into her historical story. “The building was a reproduction of “‘ Independence Hall” and was in every important respect a faithful copy. — In order to provide interior accommodations and Hon. Wm. C. SprouL —_ conveniences, some departure from the original Hon. JAMEs Pottock Executive Committee a iF ee Executive Committee plans were obviously necessary, but eliminating these minor changes, old Independence Hall seemed actually on view. ‘The architects of the building were Brockie and Hastings of Philadelphia, and the builders, the Hanley- Casey Company of Chicago. A distinctly useful ornament was a large clock installed in the tower. ‘This time-piece told the hours with perfect regularity and was the Exposition’s chronometer; the bell, announcing the passing of each hour, could be heard from end to end of the Exposition territory. The furniture of the building was entirely Te a ea Colonial and well accorded with the architec- Cee an Hon. JoHn F. Lewis Hon. Wn. S. Harvey Hon. F. W. Jackson Hon. E. M. Tuomas Executive Committee Executive Committee Executive Committee Executive Committee 372 State Participation. tural theme. A few modern ap- pointments were admitted, and some departures from the heavy Colonial mahogany were made, for the lighter furniture of mission — and wicker were better adapted to the uses of a State headquarters where chairs and settees need fre- quently to be moved. Faithful portraits of the chief executives of the State and other men famous in the history of Pennsylvania, and of Pennsylvanians who had played promi- nent parts in the Na- tion’s history, adorned the walls of the building, and a com- plete set of reproduc- tions showed the por- traits of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Through the persever- ance and_ intelligent interest of the Execu- tive Officer, a unique display of Pennsyl- vanias municipal emblems was _ secured and formed a conspicuous and important exhibit. The doors of the Pennsylvania Building were formally thrown open at noon Opening Day. Governor Stuart was present and he re- ceived many distinguished guests. The build- ing was the scene of a number of interesting social functions. Several Pennsylvania cities RHODE N the Spring of 1905 Rhode Island ac- cepted the invitation extended by General Lee, and appointed as a Commission of En- quiry to determine the form of the State’s par- ticipation and to estimate the incident expenses, Justice John Taggard Blodgett of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island, William Payne Shef- field, Dennis H. Sheehan, Joseph P. Burlin- game and George Batchelor. ‘These gentle- men were the first Commissioners to visit the Exposition and they determined that their State should participate only in the social and his- torical features of the Exposition. Subse- quently forty-five thousand dollars was appro- priated for the expenses of this Commission which was made permanent and designated as the “Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition Commission of Rhode Island.” Justice Blod- gett was President, Mr. Sheffield Vice-Pres- ident, Mr. Burlingame Treasurer, and Mr. Sheehan Secretary. George N. Kingsbury of Providence was appointed Executive Commis- sloner. The architect of the State Building was Ed- win IT. Banning of Providence and the build- ers the Hanley-Casey Company of Chicago - 373 MISS ROSA NEILSON WHARTON Hostess HORACE B. ROWLAND AND MRS. ROWLAND Custodians of Pennsylvania Building had special days and for the social features of these occasions the building served as the scene. The historical character of the edifice naturally made it a focal point for patriotic societies, such as the De- scendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Daughters of the American Revo- lution, Colonial Dames of Amer- ica, the Sons of the American Revolution and the Society of Colonial Wars. During the greater part of the Exposition, Miss Rosa Neilson Wharton of Philadel- phia acted as hostess. The custodian of the _ building was Horace B. Rowland who, with Mrs. Rowland, was constantly present to receive visitors and extend to them the courtesies of the Com- monwealth. Colonel Lambert frequently visited the Exposition and the participation of Pennsylvania was under his direct supervision. To its slightest detail he gave personal atten- tion. The chief function was the Pennsylvania Day Celebration, October 4th, when the Commissioners gave a reception to Governor Stuart, and for that event over two thousand invitations were issued. During the evening the building was crowded. ISLAND and Norfolk. The contract required that the building should be completed by February 1, 1907, and it was ready for occupancy before that time. Rhode Island established thereby a record. Its Commissioners were the first to view the site and its building was the first to be completed. Few States were as well repre- sented in a social way as was Rhode Island, the smallest of the Commonwealths. On Opening Day His Excellency, James H. Higgins, the Governor of the State, and the Attorney-General, William B. Greenough accompanied by the Governor’s personal Staff, Colonels A. A. Tucker, J. A. Ryan, J. F. Archambault, H. A. Baker, J. P. Murphy and J. O. Hunt; the Governor’s general Staff, consisting of Brigadier-Generals F. M. Sackett, W. H. Walker, W. R. Stiness and G. H. Kenyon, Colonel J. H. Weatherell, and Lieutenant-Colonel Lester S. Hill; the Justices of the Supreme Court, Chief Justice William W. Douglas, and Associate Justices Edward C. Dubois, C. H. Johnson and C. F. Park- hurst, and the five members of the Commission constituted the official party. On the 29th of April, the Governor, accom- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. HONORABLE eae HENRY HIGGINS Mayor of Pawtucket, 1903-1906—Goyernor Rhode Island, 1907. ‘1908-1908. 1909 panied by his full personal and general Staff, and the other members of the Rhode Island party, paid an official call upon Rear-Admiral Robley D. Evans commanding the North At- lantic Fleet. The distinguished party were received on board the flagship ““ Connecticut ” with due ceremonies and when they departed the sides of the ship were manned and a salute of seventeen guns was fired. The Rhode Islanders then visited the battleship which bore the name of their State and were ceremoniously received by Captain Bowman, the commander. They presented to the Captain and the other officers of the ship a photographic reproduction of the deed which conveyed “ the great Island of Acquidneck’”’ (Rhode Island), to “* Mr. Coddington and his friends” for “* forty fath- oms of white beades.” The paper dated March 24, 1637, was signed by the Sachems of the Narragansetts, Canonicus and Mianto- nomoh, and witnessed by Roger Williams. In aE ET araeatoon Official Photogr 5 MOG sRRCRHOR: g THE RHODE ISLAND BUILDING the fleet under the command of Rear-Admiral Evans were two other boats besides the one which bore the State patronymic which might appropriately have been visited, for the only monitors anchored in Hampton Roads bore the dignified names of these Narragansett Sachems, the ““ Canonicus ’’ being a very early type and the “ Miantonomoh,” a modern harbor de- fender. On Tuesday, April 30th, the Rhode Island Building was formally dedicated. “There were a large number of invited guests present. These included the President and other officers of the Exposition Company, officers of the Army and Navy, President Hadley of Yale and the Commissioners from all of the other States who were at that time at the Exposition. Justice Blodgett, the President of the Commis- sion, delivered an appropriate historical address and Governor Higgins spoke briefly. Subse- quently the members of the Commission enter- tained the Governor at a reception which was largely attended. September | Oth was selected as Rhode Island Day because it was the anni- versary of the battle of Lake Erie. The State was exceptionally well represented on that occasion. The Honorable James H. Higgins, Governor of the State, was accompanied from Rhode Island by the Secretary of State, Hon- orable Charles P. Bennett, State Auditor Honorable Charles C. Gray, the Governor’s personal and general staff, ten Rhode Island Senators, the Speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, Honorable Roswell B. Burchard, and twenty-four of his fellow rep- resentatives, William H. P. Faunce, D.D., LL.D., President of Brown University, and a score of other distinguished citizens of the State. The Governor was entertained on the eve- ning of his arrival by President Tucker of the Exposition Company at his residence in Nor- folk. During the afternoon of September 10th a reception was held at the Rhode Island Building. In the receiving line were Governor Higgins, Brigadier-General Fred M. Sackett, of Providence, Dr. Faunce and the members of the Commission who were assisted by Mrs. 374 State Participation. Claude A. Swanson, Mrs. J. Taylor Ellyson, Mrs. H. St. George Tucker, and Mrs. John Taggard Blodgett. Through the courtesy of Lieutenant-Colonel José Manterola, Chairman of the Mexican Commission, the services of the Mexican National Band were tendered for the occasion. Aside from the formal reception on Rhode Island Day, the most important social function given at the Rhode Island Building was a Colonial Ball which was attended by more than one hundred couples, and at which most of the young ladies appeared in gowns of the Colonial era with their hair properly puffed and whitened and their faces decorated with patches. Many rare old brooches, cameos, reticules and miniatures were in evidence. Justice Blodgett and Mrs. Blodgett who were the State’s official host and hostess received the Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Hon. G. BatcHetor, Hon. W. P. SHEFFIELD, Hon. DeNNis H. SHEAHAN, Hon. J. T. BLopcett, Hon. J. P. BurLincaME THE RHODE ISLAND COMMISSION guests. The Ball room was decorated with the flags of the Stuarts and Continental ensigns, St. George crosses, a number of historical standards and the official banners of New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jer- sey, North Carolina, Ohio, Vermont, Pennsyl- vania, Virginia and Rhode Island. The President of the Commission and Mrs. Blodgett were present during the greater part of the season, and they entertained at a number of other dances, dinners and receptions, and gave to the Rhode Island Building a fame for hospitality. The Rhode Island Building at the Exposi- tion was exceedingly imposing in design and of distinguished appearance. It was one of the largest of the State buildings that adorned the shore line of Hampton Roads. It faced nearly one hundred feet on Willoughby Avenue, was 375 sixty feet deep and two and a half stories high. On three sides north, east and west, there was a wide two story veranda, but the south face was unadorned. ‘The building was surrounded by a beautiful lawn full of shrubbery and blooms. The upper floors of the Rhode Island house were tastefully furnished and served as a head- quarters for the Commission and visiting Rhode Islanders. ‘The first floor was an immense drawing room filled with luxurious chairs and couches. Heavy carpets were on the floors and the white walls were adorned with por- traits and flags of Colonial days. K. Pattison, “and» E: Clay Timanus. These, together with the following gentlemen, formed the Jamestown Committee: D. C. Ammidon, G. Frank Bailey, McKee Barclay, Willard F. Burgess, R. H: Burwell, Charles C. Baker, Wm. W. Cator, Douglas The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. H. Duer, E. Asbury Davis, W. A. Dixon, Wm. D. Gill, E. Staley Gary, Charles W. Greebe, Jacob W. Hook, Frank N. Hoen, W. H. Mathal, Theo. Mottu, C. C. MacGill, E. D. Nolley, L. B. Nolley, H. B. Smith, Eugene A. Slack, John B. Spence, Eli Strouse, S. S. Scott, Arthur F. West, John C. Weil, Maurice W. Wiley, R. E. Wood. RELIGIOUS To a large extent the settlement of America by Europeans was due to the greed for power and gold which dominated most of the Old ‘World monarchs; but it is not possible to ignore utterly another contributing factor which was the prime motive of many who encouraged emigration or did themselves emigrate, and was used by others as an argument to cover their ulterior and more selfish reasons. “This second cause was religion and in many _ instances religion alone lay at the root of the endeavor. It was generally anticipated that the Churches, especially the Protestant Episcopal, would be interested as a body in the Ter-Centennial which memorialized an effort closely linked with that denomination, but efforts to induce Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. THE BAPTIST BUILDING the Episcopalians to erect a house at the Ex- position proved futile. BAPTISTE GIB ET Two of the principal Protestant denomina- tions in America did, however, establish build- ings at the Exposition. These were the Bap- tists and the combined Presbyterian and Re- formed Churches. The idea of a Baptist ex- hibit was the result of a resolution which had been offered at the Conference of the Baptist pastors of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia, held in the former city during February, 1905. At that time the Rev. R. B. Garrett, D.D., Pastor of the Court Street Baptist Church of Portsmouth, moved that a committee be appointed to erect a suitable building and secure exhibits to be displayed at the Exposi- tion. For a long time the committee who were appointed met many discouragements, but finally they evolved plans which were pursued successfully. The efforts which the Baptists have made in the cause of liberty are worthily recognized by historians generally, and the Committee prin- cipally desired to impress upon Exposition visit- ors the part which their denomination has played in spreading throughout America abso- lute religious freedom. Dr. Garrett was chair- man of the original committee and continued at its head until the end of the Exposition. That work might be expedited, the central com- mittee was divided into sub-committees. These included a Building Committee, with W. C. Corbett of Portsmouth as Chairman; an Ex- ecutive Committee, with Rev. W. M. Vines, D.D., as Chairman, and an Executive Com- mittee consisting of Drs. Garrett, Blackwell and Dudley, and Mr. Corbet. The officers of the General Committee were, besides the Chair- man, Rev. C. S. Blackwell, D.D., Secretary; George A. Schmelz, Treasurer, and Rev. E. E. Dudley, Financial Agent. The Baptists had a very attractive building near the west entrance of the Exposition. They attempted to obtain building funds by selling exhibit space, but finding this plan in- feasible, they secured a loan from ten laymen: Dr. L. Lankford, D. Carpenter, W. H. Davis, and Arthur Richards of Norfolk; W. C. Cor- bett and John A. Morris of Portsmouth; George A. Schmelz and Marion Ransome of Hampton, and W. A. Parker and A. L. Powell of Newport News. These contributors advanced enough money to complete and fur- nish the building. The exhibits were secured by correspondence with the different boards and publication socie- ties of the denomination, and with the various Baptist seminaries, universities, colleges and schools throughout the country. The result was a collection which was admirable in plan and scope and well entitled to the gold medal 384 Government Participation. which it received. An exceptionally fine col- lection of portraits of notable men of the Baptist denomination adorned the walls and there were many pictures of churches, schools, hospitals and mission stations. The various publication societies were well represented, and there was a fine exhibit of books and historical documents. Great care was exercised in the preparation of the displays of exemplified work in mission fields, in foreign schools and in home orphan- ages, and the exhibits in these classes were very worthy. Rev. George J. Hobday was the curator of the building and was painstaking in his stewardship. More than nineteen thousand visitors registered at the Baptist headquarters, and if the usual ratio of registration to non- registration obtained, it is a fair inference that between eighty and one hundred thousand people visited the building. Among the dis- tinguished guests who registered were Governor Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Hughes of New York and Governor Folk of Missouri, both of whom are Baptists, and each of whom was brought to the building by Lieu- tenant-Governor Ellyson of Virginia, one of the leading Baptists of his State. The intention of the Committee who erected the building was later to use it as a church, if the permanent population at Pine Beach would warrant the establishment of an ecclesiastical edifice. It was, therefore, substantially con- structed and would well subserve such a pur- pose. PAN-PRESBYTERIAN EXHIBIT It would be difficult to say who first con- ceived the project of establishing a Pan-Pres- byterian exhibit. The thought seemed to have originated spontaneously and almost simultane- ously in many fertile brains. Among the first, however, to give expression to the wish and 385 actively to urge the action, was the Rev. W. W.. Moore, D.D., LL.D., President of the Union Theological Seminary at Richmond, Virginia. The Norfolk Presbytery took the initiatory step by appointing a working Com- mittee. Other presbyteries followed and a larger committee was instructed to invite the co-operation of all churches embraced in the alliance of the Reformed Churches which held to the Presbyterian system. The building was, therefore, properly called “ Pan-Presbyterian.” It occupied an attractive site on Powhatan Street and the exhibit installed therein served to revive among the followers of that denomina- tion, and to awaken generally, an appreciation of what has been done under Presbyterian in- fluence for the betterment of conditions in America, and it served to impress visitors that freedom in this country owed much to Pres- byterian influence. INTERIOR PAN-PRESBYTERIAN BUILDING The exhibit was arranged in three classes, Historical, Educational and __ Institutional. Although the committee, which was finally formed for the purpose of erecting the building and installing exhibits, was not organized until February 1, 1907, the headquarters were com- pletely equipped and open to the public early in June. The Historical exhibit consisted of : Heraldry, which included seals, arms, banners and geneal- ogies; Relics, individual, ecclesiastical and mis- cellaneous; Art, portraits, scenes, churches, general; Graphic, manuscripts, books and mis- cellaneous literature; Martyrology, instruments, prisons, personal, statistics; Statecraft, genesis, polity, execution. The Educational exhibit was divided into Pre-Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary and showed in each of these classes universities, col- leges, seminaries and _ professional schools, academies, female institutions, etc. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Under the third division—Institutional— there were exhibited matters dealing with home missions, foreign missions, publications, sabbath schools, work among the young people, woman’s work, men’s organizations, current literature, eleemosynary and statistical. The exhibit which was adequately repre- sentative of the largest body of Protestants in the world received a gold medal for its com- prehensiveness and the evident success it had attained in carrying out the purpose of its crea- tion. The Rev. J. B. Waller was curator of this exhibit and gave to the undertaking his con- tinuous attention. He was exceptionally well qualified for the position he occupied both by temperament and by intellectual equipment. The committee in charge of this extremely fine effort were: Reverend E. T. Wellford, Chairman; Reverend J. E. Thacker, Vice- Chairman; Reverend C. F. Rankin, Secretary; J. M. Cratty, Treasurer; and the members of the sub-committees were: on Exhibits, Rev- erends W. W. Moore, D.D., J. N. H. Sum- merell, D.D., Russell Cecil, D.D., C. F. Ran- kin, Isaac Campbell, D.D., T. C. Johnson, D.D.; on Finance, Reverends J. E. Thacker and McG. Shields, and E. D. Taylor, R. E. Magill and J. M. Cratty; on Building, Rev- erends R. A. Robinson, W. M. Hunter, R. B. Eggleston, F. T. McFadden, D.D., and F. F. Ferguson; and the stated Clerk of the highest court of each participating branch of the Church was a member of what constituted an ‘* Advisory Committee.” VIRGINIA DIVISION, UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY “What will the Daughters of the Confed- eracy do to show at the Jamestown Exposition their loyalty to the cause of °61-65>” So wrote Mrs. Ca- bell Smith, a clever, enthusiastic and , forceful young | Daughter of the Rocky Mountain Chapter. The members of the Virginia Divis- ion of the United Daughters of the Confederacy replied to this query by erecting on the site of the Exposition the only building which stood sentinel of an era and represented a specific historic cause. In MRS. CABELL SMITH Rocky Mt. Chapter et is Abert oe Sate? #4: Official Photog Corporation. the History Building were displayed Con- federate relics, trophies, documents, por- traits, there recalling the story of the great American Civil War. It was not for the purpose of conducting a war museum that the Daughters erected their home. That the greatest general of his day was a Virginian and that many of his bravest men were natives of “The Old Dominion,” did not alone cause the Virginia Division to memorialize the era to whose traditions they are devoted. “There was a larger and wider motive underlying the enter- prise—to dispense to visitors such hospitality as would show that in spite of intense loyalty to “‘ The Lost Cause”’ its commemorators were eager to extend a peaceful welcome in 1907, no less exultant than the war welcome of Virginia in 1861. The site of the Exposition had been one of the battlefields of the Civil War and from end BEAUVOIR Replica of President Davis’ Home at Biloxi, Mississippi 386: Special Participation. to end of Tidewater Virginia the armies under either flag had marched and countermarched, pounding the fertile soil of the territory into clods. The stage for some scene in all the conflicts of the Nation, Tidewater Virginia was almost the theatre of the Civil War, and some memorial undertaking at the Exposition, organ- ized by Veterans or Daughters, seemed inevit- able and assuredly was most appropriate. Mrs. McKenney, the President of the Vir- ginia Division, inaugurated the undertaking by appointing a committee which consisted of Mrs. Cabell Smith of Rocky Mount, Mrs. Frank A. Walke of Norfolk, Mrs. Pryor Jones of Peters- burg, Miss Elvira Jones of Roanoke and Mrs. Norman V. Randolph of Richmond. These ladies started with very modest ideas, not pur- posing to erect a building but hoping to secure a large room or suite of rooms in which they might maintain a headquarters. Ass the primal move, they approached the Governor of Vir- ginia and asked that an apartment in the Vir- ginia Building should be expropriated for their use. Governor Swanson, while expressing his MRS. (G) Bo TATE Treasurer of General Committee willingness, even eagerness, to permit the use of the whole building or any part of it for a day or a week if the ladies desired to hold a commemorative service therein, could not legally allow any society to establish a perma- nent headquarters in the building. Averse to memorialize for a brief period the cause which they desired to keep in evidence during the entire Exposition, the failure to secure a room acted as a spur to effort and the committee decided to erect a home of some kind, indefinite as to size or furnishing but positive that what should be done would be worthy. Mrs. Walke, being a resident of Nor- folk, was selected to confer with the Board of Governors and secure a site. Governor Swan- son urged the managers of the Exposition to extend every courtesy to the committee and he begged them to make the most generous pos- sible terms. The arrangements, which were concluded on June 27, 1906, by Mrs. Walke, representing the Daughters, and Barton Myers, representing the Exposition, were very satis- factory and a most attractive site on Common- 387 MRS. NORMAN V. RANDOLPH Chairman of General Committee wealth avenue West was chosen. Fronting on a broad avenue, within full view of Hampton Roads and at the very heart of the Exposition, within a stone’s throw of the great State Build- ings of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland, directly opposite the great Palace of Manufac- tures-Liberal Arts, ““ Beauvoir,” their head- quarters, was erected. Deciding that a house was necessary, port- able houses were first considered and various designs of movable structures were studied care- fully. While this topic was being discussed, “Dixieland,” a Texas periodical, printed a very attractive picture of “Beauvoir,” the home of President Davis; this illustration at once appealed; not only was the house at- tractive, but it was thought that the whole south would desire to unite in honoring the only president of the Confederacy. Unanimously the committee decided to build a replica of this famous Mississippi mansion. A campaign of publicity was begun, and “The Jamestown Bulletin,’ published by Mrs. Walke, was chosen as the official organ of the committee, MRS. FRANK A. WALKE Chairman of Building Committee while “‘ The Keystone” of Charleston, edited by Miss Pappenheim, generously gave the free use of its columns to the exploitation of the ‘ Beauvoir” project. “‘ The Confederate Vet- eran’ published all of the committee’s circulars and the daily papers throughout the south gave columns to communications; so that without money as a treasury fund the ladies were able to bring before the country their ideas, their hopes and their needs. At Wytheville, where the Virginia Division met, the report of the committee was accepted and adopted unanimously. West Virginia sent to this convention representatives who prom- ised help. Mrs. Norman V. Randolph was made temporary chairman and authorized to present the plans of Virginia to the National Convention, which would assemble at Gulfport. Mrs. C. B. ‘Tate was made temporary treasurer. These ladies accepted the offices on the condi- tion that the committee previously appointed by Mrs. McKenney should be retained until a charter was secured and a regular association formed. Subsequently a permanent organiza- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. tion was effected and Mrs. Randolph was elected chairman, and Mrs. Tate treasurer. At Gulfport it was found that the President of the United Daughters of the Confederacy was op- posed to the general organization assuming responsibility fay the work, but the Virginia Division, confident of their ability to execute successfully the plans which they originally had made, announced that they would erect the building and invited the Daughters generally to make the house their headquarters. It was not an easy task that these ladies had assumed —in fact, on its face it seemed preposterous that the chapters of the Virginia Division, no one of which had an appreciable surplus in its treasury, should undertake to erect and main- tain a house the necessary funds for which would amount to thousands of dollars. Mrs. Randolph and Mrs. Walke went to Biloxi and visited the home of President Davis. They secured photographs of “‘ Beauvoir” and later had working plans prepared. The repro- duction at the Exposition was an exact fac- simile of the original, easily identified by any- one who had seen the home of Jefferson Davis. Completed, the house cost sixty-five hundred dollars, the greater part of which was contrib- uted by the chapters of the Virginia Division. No other State division officially aided, bui chapters, individuals and conventions gener- ously subscribed, and the work was further helped by the sale of souvenirs prepared by the committee. These carried a picture of ‘ Beauvoir,” a drawing of the old church at Jamestown and a replica of the Virginia Divi- sion badge. Fifty cents was charged for the souvenirs, and, sold through the various chap- ters, they netted a considerable sum. Mrs. Walke broke ground for the building Christmas Eve, 1906, and the work was rapidly pushed to completion. When the Exposition opened, it stood typical of the cause that its creators love and the scene of hospitable enter- tainment which was essentially Virginian—en- tirely comprehensive and lacking in the slightest discrimination between the guests, veterans of the Blue or veterans of the Gray. The idea of its erection was generous, sweetly sympa- thetic and perfervidly loyal. To name singularly the chief contributors to “Beauvoir” and to its successful creation and conduct, could scarcely fail to be invidious: so many noble women gave their time and money freely to the undertaking. “The hostesses chosen from the various chapters were all honorary officials, serving without compensation and pay- ing all of their own expenses. ‘These ladies presided over the building from time to time solely for the purpose of extending a hearty welcome to all strangers who visited Virginia. The fine southern plantation home was redolent of welcome, and its conduct entirely accorded with its appearance. A restaurant where south- ern dishes were served under the direction of a southern gentlewoman was an _ exposition novelty and a distinct success. Distinguished visitors daily entered “ Beauvoir.”’ and as spe- cial guests there came the Daughters of the Revolution and again the United Daughters of the Confederacy. TRAVELERS sPROTEGTINV E®ASSOCIA HON Although numerous fraternal and_ social organizations were requested to establish head- quarters at the Exposition, the only association to accept the invitation was the T. P. A., that large order of Travelers which has its Posts through the greater part of the United States. When the Virginia Board of Directors met in Richmond during the fall of 1905, the State President, J. S. Oliver, of Danville, was or- Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. dered to appoint a committee which should consist of a member from each Post in the State and to instruct this committee to formulate plans and devise ways and means for the proper and dignified participation of the order. This first committee consisted of C. E. Herbert, Chairman, Charles B. Easley, An- drew Jamieson, R. M. Graham, S. H. Eller- son, 1. S. Beckwith, W. G. Epes, D. L. otal 1 ‘ i TRAVELERS’ PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BUILDING 388 Special Participation. T. EDGAR HARVEY Committeeman Traynham, S. E. Sydnor, H. D. Derrick and R. B. Semple. The Chairman was author- ized to appoint three additional Norfolk mem- bers and he added to the above list the names of E. R. Barksdale, T. Edgar Harvey and L. F. Cotter. These three Norfolk Commit- teemen together with the Chairman were con- stituted an executive or “ working ’’ committee and through their efforts not only were the plans for the Travelers’ participation formu- lated, but the funds secured. It was purposed to assess each member of the Association to the extent of one dollar in order to supply a sufficient treasury account; but, as subscriptions were perforce voluntary, there was no method of enforcing payment and as was natural many members were unwilling to subscribe. Had all the members com- plied with the request of the committee, the part played by the order might have been much more important; as it was, the National Board of Directors found it necessary to supply a deficit of two thousand dollars in the “ Build- ers and Maintenance ”’ fund. ab The Travelers’ Protective Associa- 2 tion, as a whole, were much interested © in the Exposition and took pride in © their contribution. From the time that ~ ground for the building was broken — by the National President, Thad. H. | Howe, of Chicago, until the close of — Cops rich, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Ga EA WE RBERT General Chairman E. R. BARKSDALE Committeeman the Exposition the interest did not flag. Un- doubtedly the ceaseless efforts of Messrs. Her- bert, Barksdale, Harvey and Cotter caused this condition to obtain. It is doubtful if any Expo- sition Committee gave more valuable service than did these Travelers whose work was en- tirely gratuitous. On the first day of July, 1907, the building which had cost nine thou- sand dollars was completed and opened to serve as a headquarters for the members. When the house was ready to receive guests, Mr. Herbert appointed a ladies’ executive com- mittee to direct the entertainment. Serving in this body were: Mrs. T. Edgar Harvey, Chairman, Mrs. E. R. Barksdale, Mrs. C. E. Herbert, Mrs. S. T. Dickinson, Jr., Mrs. W. P. Dodson and Mrs. H. S. Hancock. ‘These ladies not only supervised the recep- é tions and other entertainments, but “ag took general care of the house and contributed largely to its value. Among the principal social func- tions of the Association was the re- ception on IT. P. A. day. The building was not then complete, but a number of smaller events later re- moved any feeling of annoyance which the incompletion may have caused, and it is safe to say that few _ Exposition efforts were more credit- able to their organizers than was _ this single fraternal participation. TOWER ON GOVERNMENT PIER 389 aN LHOVA SAVOY NOLdNVH AHL JO ASNOH aNd FHL HLIM Lids ATHDAOTIM AONVLSIG AHL NI DNIAOHS ‘SUald LNANNYAAOD JO ASIA TINA ‘uoleiodioy ydeisojoyg [emoyQ uMoysamef *}ysi1AdoD : Foes Busi arsessaa 390 Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. THE GOVERNMENT PIER AT NIGHT CHAPTER XI GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL COMMISSION—CHANGES IN PERSONNEL—ACT OF MARCH 3, 19095—AMENDMENT TO SUNDRY CIVIL BILL, 19096—SITES FOR GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS—UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD—GENERAL CHARACTER OF EXHIBITS—DEPARTMENT OF STATE —RELICS OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES—COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL—HISTORIC FLAG—PORTRAITS OF DISTINGUISHED MEN—DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE—MONROE DOCTRINE—TREASURY DE- PARTMENT—OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—OFFICE OF THE REGISTER—TREASURER’S OFFICE— PAPER MONEY, BONDS AND SECURITIES—BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING—BUREAU OF THE MINT—REVENUE CUTTER SERVICE—BUREAU OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE—UNITED STATES LIFE-SAVING SERVICE—WAR DEPARTMENT—OFFICE OF THE SECRE- TARY — GENERAL STAFF EXHIBIT —QUARTERMASTER’S DEPARTMENT — TRANSPORTATION DE- VICES—COMMISSARY MODELS—ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT—SIGNAL CORPS—UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY—SUBMARINE DEFENSE—GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY—PANAMA CANAL—DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE—ETCHINGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND PAINTINGS—CURIOUS VE- NIRE—RARE BOOKS—GOVERNMENT PENITENTIARIES—POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT—MAIL TRANS- PORTATION DIVISION—STAR ROUTE, ALASKA SLEDGES, STAGE COACH, OCEAN LINER AND RAIL- WAY DELIVERY—RURAL OUTFITS—POST OFFICE CAR—MODEL SUB-STATION—DEAD LETTER OFFICE—NAVY DEPARTMENT—MODEL OF GREAT REVIEW—BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS— “ DEWEY ”" DRY DOCK—CANNON—MODELS OF VESSELS—NAVAL GUN FACTORY—UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY—NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL—MARINE CORPS—ARTIFICERS SCHOOL OF NOR- FOLK NAVY YARD—DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR—GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—EDUCATIONAL MAPS— PATENT OFFICE—GENERAL LAND OFFICE—PENSION OFFICE—BUREAU OF EDUCATION—RE- CLAMATION SERVICE—BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS—ILLUSTRATED LECTURES—DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—WEATHER BUREAU—INSTRUCTIVE ANIMAL AND PLANT EXHIBITS—INVES- TIGATIONS—SOIL SURVEY—TOBACCO INVESTIGATION—BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—AGRICUL- TURAL RESOURCES OF HAWAII AND PORTO RICO—LIBRARY OF CONGRESS—DIVISION OF PRINTED BOOKS—DIVISION OF MAPS AND CHARTS—DIVISION OF PRINTS—DIVISION OF PERIOD- ICALS—MECHANICAL DIVISIONS, SHELVING, CATALOGUES, COVERINGS AND BINDINGS—DEPART- MENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR—LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE, LENSES, LAMPS, SIGNALS AND MODELS—BUREAU OF FISHERIES, AQUARIUM, FISH PROPAGATION, FISH CULTURE, BIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS—RHODE ISLAND COMMISSION OF INLAND FISHERIES—SMITHSONIAN INSTITU- TION AND NATIONAL MUSEUM—ETHNOLOGIC EXHIBIT, MODELS, PICTURES, SCULPTURE—EVO- LUTION OF TRANSPORTATION, LAND AND WATER—HISTORY OF MEDICINE—EXHIBIT OF PHO- TOGRAPHY—LATIN-AMERICA—INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS—PORTO RICO —MEXICO—REPUBLICA DOMINICANA—HAITI—OTHER LATIN-AMERICAN PARTICIPATION—UNITED STATES ARMY—UNITED STATES NAVY, NAVAL PARTICIPATION—GOVERNMENT PIERS—ARMY AND NAVY ENTERTAINMENT—OFFICERS’ CLUB—SOLDIERS AND SAILORS CLUB. & INCE the Centennial of the Signing of the Declara- retary of the Treasury, chairman and the Sec- retaries of the Navy and of War. When the tion of Independence es- tablished a precedent, the United States Govern- ment has participated lib- erally in all the great American Expositions. Appropriations for this purpose have been large. The sums expended on National displays at Chicago and St. Louis each exceeded greatly the Government disbursements for the Ter- Centennial, but never in the history of Exposi- tions was the appropriation so large in propor- tion to the capital of the creating company. The act of Congress which authorized the President of the United States to proclaim an “International Naval Marine and Mulitary Celebration for the purpose of commemorating in a fitting and appropriate manner the Birth of the American Nation,” created a Board to be known as the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission, whose members should be the Sec- 39] Commission held their first session, the Honor- able Leslie M. Shaw presided and the other members were the Honorable Charles J. Bona- parte and the Honorable William H. Taft. When Mr. Shaw retired from the President's Cabinet the Honorable George B. Cortelyou, his successor, became Chairman of the Com- mission and the Honorable Victor H. Metcalf, who succeeded Mr. Bonaparte when the latter resigned the Navy portfolio to become the Attorney-General of the United States, suc- ceeded him also as a member of the Commis- sion. At their first meeting the Commissioners appointed NF H. Edwards as Secretary and Disbursing Officer, and William M. Geddes as Assistant Secretary. This Commission had charge of the expendi- tures for which the Act of March 3, 1905, provided. Fifty thousand dollars was appor- tioned to the Commission for preparing and The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. HONORABLE WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, LL.D. Judge Superior Court of Ohio, 1887-1890—Solicitor-General of U. S. 1890-2—Dean and Professor in Law Department University of Cincinnati, 1896-1900—U. S. Circuit Judge, 6th Circuit, 1892-1900—President U. S. Philippine Commission March 13, 1900-February 1, 1904—First Civil Governor Philippine Islands July 4, 1901-February 1, 1904—Secretary of War U. S. since February 1, 1904—Elected President of the United States, November, 1908 conducting the Celebration; one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars for the official en- tertainment of the foreign military and naval representatives—of which amount one hundred thousand dollars was placed at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief of the North Atlantic Fleet, under the direction of the Secretary of the Navy, and twenty-five thousand dollars was HONORABLE CHARLES JOSEPH BONAPARTE Secretary Navy U. S. July 1, 1905-December 17, 1906— Resigned to become Attorney-General U. S. given to the Chief of Staff of the Army to be expended under the supervision of the Secretary of War. Fifty thousand dollars was provided for a permanent monument to be erected at Jamestown; fifteen thousand dollars for per- manent moorings in Hampton Roads, and ten thousand dollars for exhibiting on the scene of the engagement between the Monitor and Mer- rimac one or more of the old monitors of that period, in order to illustrate the progress of naval construction. None of the provisions of this Bill recognized in any way the Exposition as a cause to be aided financially, but the Amendment to the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill which was passed by the Fifty-ninth Congress made lib- eral provisions for exhibits by the Library of Congress, Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, the Treasury, Interior, Post Office, War and Navy Departments, Life Saving HONORABLE LESLIE MORTIMER SHAW Governor of Iowa 1898-1900, 1900-1902—Secretary Treasury 1902-1907 Service, Revenue Cutter Service, the Army, the Navy, the Lighthouse Service, the Bureau of Fisheries, and an exhibit from the Island of Porto Rico. Officers and employees of the Government were placed at the disposal of the existing Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commis- sion, and this detail included officers of the Army and the Navy. ‘To defray the ex- penses of collecting, installing and main- taining these Government exhibits, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars was appro- priated. The Commission was authorized to establish and maintain an exhibit of the United States Life Saving Service and to erect a Fisheries Building within which there should be an aquarium, and to build a club house for use as a place of rendezvous for the soldiers and sailors of the domestic and foreign navies and armies. For these purposes the sum of three 392 Government Participation. HONORABLE GEORGE BRUCE CORTELYOU, LL.D. Secretary to President McKinley 1900—Reappointed by President Roosevelt 1901—First Secretary Department of Com- merce and Labor 1903-1904—Postmaster-General U. S. 1905- 1907—Secretary of Treasury U. S. since March 4, 1907 hundred and fifty thousand dollars was appro- priated. In order to supply a mode of free and ready communication between the ships and the shore, and at the same time to afford an ample and safe harbor for the small craft which might be used to convey soldiers and other Exposition visitors from the grounds to the fleet, the Bill authorized the construction of two piers, ex- tending from the Exposition grounds into the waters of Hampton Roads, the piers to be con- nected by an arch high enough to permit the ingress of small craft to a basin or harbor which was to be dredged sufficiently to accommodate at mean low tide boats drawing not more than ten feet of water. For this purpose four hun- dred thousand dollars was appropriated. WILLIAM M. GEDDES Assistant Secretary Jamestown Ter- Centennial Commission Receiver for Jamestown Exposition Company 393 HONORABLE J. H. EDWARDS Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, U. S. Secretary Jamestown Ter-Centennial ommission HONORABLE VICTOR HOWARD METCALF Member 56th, 57th and 58th Congresses Third California District—Secretary Department Commerce and Labor 1904- 1906—Resigned—Secretary of Navy since Dec. 17, 1906 Two hundred and fifty thousand dollars was given directly to the Exposition. Fifteen thousand was authorized to be expended for the construction of a pier at Jamestown Island, and an additional ten thousand dollars for the policing of the Island during the Exposition period; one hundred thousand dollars was given to aid the Negro Development and Ex- position Company, in order that it might make a worthy exhibit of the progress of the Negro race. After this Appropriation Amendment had been passed, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, J. Knox Taylor, and the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Honorable J. H. Edwards, were authorized to select sites for the Government buildings. They chose the beauti- JAMES KNOX TAYLOR Supervising Architect U. S. Treasury Department since October, 1897 Designer of Government Buildings at Exposition The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. as t, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. GOVERNMENT BUILDING A. Containing Exhibits of the Departments of State, Justice and Treasury, and the Library of Congress and Post Office Exhibits ful frontage on Hampton Roads adjacent to Raleigh Square and on either side of the pro- posed pier landing. In Government Building A. were located the exhibits of the Treasury Department, Post Office Department, Library of Congress, and the Department of the Interior and of Agricul- ture. In Government Building B. were located the exhibits of the War and Navy De- partments and the Departments of State and Justice. The Fisheries Building contained a small but select aquarium, and the Smithsonian Building housed a fine collection from the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum. Apart from the main group of Government Buildings was a house for the Bureau of Amer- ican Republics and the Island of Porto Rico, and in this same structure, through the courtesy of the Ter-Centennial Commission, the Repub- lic of Mexico was enabled to locate a portion of its display. Not far from this house was the Officers’ Club, and near the Club were the offices and the official home of the Ter-Centennial Com- mission. The club house for commissioned officers was handsomely and well appointed, and the enlisted men of the Army and Navy enjoyed a similar establishment of their own. At a meeting of the Commission held July 3, 1906, it was decided to organize a sub- board, and the Secretary was directed to invite the heads of the several executive departments and bureaus each to name a representative, the board to be known as the United States Gov- ernment Board, whose duties would be to select and display the exhibits from all of the departments and bureaus. The Secre- tary of the Commission, J. H. Edwards, was directed to act as Chairman of this Board, and the Assistant Secretary of the Commission, William M. Geddes, was made the Secretary of the Board. The other members, designated by the heads of the departments and bureaus, were: Charles Denby, Department of State; W. W. Ludlow, Treasury Department; John C. Scofield, War Department; Cecil Clay, Department of Justice; Merritt O. Chance, Post Office Department; Benjamin F. Peters, Navy Department; Jesse E. Wilson, Depart- ment of the Interior; S. R. Burch, Department of Agriculture; Frank H. Bowen, Department of Commerce and Labor; W. de C. Ravenel, Smithsonian Institution and National Museum; C. H. Hastings, Library of Congress, and Wil- liam C. Fox, Bureau of American Republics. There were a few changes later made in the composition of this Board: W. J. Carr suc- ceeded Charles Denby; F. J. Yanes succeeded William C. Fox; F. S. Curtis succeeded Mr. Peters, and O. J. Field succeeded General Clay, Mr. Peters and General Clay having died after their appointment and before the labors of the Board were completed. Notwithstanding the strenuous antagonism of certain Congressmen who always oppose the appropriation of money by the Government to aid an Exposition or to enable a display of Government functions, and in spite of the spe- cific opposition of other Congressmen to in- dividual undertakings of this nature, the United States Government has been the most conspicu- ous exhibitor at all of the great expositions held in this country—and its display at the James- town Exposition was exceedingly important. The Government Exhibits have never failed to arouse interest, but recently these have de- veloped wonderfully as educational displays; and, arranged as they now are by Government 394 Government Participation. employees who have gradually developed into expert exposition men, knowing the resources of the departments and skilled in the selection, classification and arrangement of their displays, each article has a personal significance and its proper place in the exposition scheme. The Government Exhibits are conspicuous object lessons which are readily understood by the least educated visitor, and are praised alike by the enlightened and the unenlightened. At the Jamestown Exposition, no better arrangement could have been made by a museum curator than was effected by these Government officials, to whom also great credit is due for their promptness in installing their exhibits, for the Government Buildings on Opening Day pre- sented a striking contrast to the exhibit build- ings of the Exposition. So successful and worthy were the efforts of all connected with the display made by the Government, that a special jury appointed by the Jury of Awards recommended that recog- nition be given to the President of the United States, to the members of the Ter-Centennial Commission, to the United States Government Board and to the officers who planned, directed and successfully carried into execution the Act of Congress, and by so doing made the Goy- ernment Exhibit creditable alike to the country and its official representatives. DEEPA VENT OF STATE The exhibit made by the Department of State covered a broad field of events and con- tained much of interest to the student. The floor space occupied approximately eighteen hundred square feet. On this area were ar- ranged two marble pedestals forty-two inches oe ry SS > Sa BS Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. high, a mahogany table thirty by forty-two inches, ten mahogany cases, five of which were pedestal show cases, Colonial in design, with plate glass fronts measuring twenty-four by thirty-six inches, behind which were swords and other valuable relics. One large case, thirty inches square by thirty-six inches high, held the massive and beautiful solid silver urn which was voted by the General Assembly of Connecticut to Captain Isaac Hull. Other cases held a number of curious and interesting relics, among which were the eye glasses and the service sword of George Washington, a staff of Ben- jamin Franklin, a sword of Andrew Jackson, a sword and two gold-mounted pistols belong- ing to Captain Isaac Hull. There was exhibited a very handsome medal which had been presented to the United States by the Sultan of Turkey, commemorating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. This medal consisted of a well cut cameo representing the landing of Columbus, surrounding which was a gold wreath set in diamonds, and at the base a small bow-knot of diamonds. ‘There was a screen containing a very beautiful old flag woven in one piece, the gift of twenty-five thousand weavers of Lyons, France, who subscribed the money to pay for this work of art and presented it to the United States as a token of their sympathy at the death of President Lincoln. On the other side of this screen was a rug woven in the shape of a flag, presented to the United States by the orphans of Harput, Turkey, as a token of their gratitude. In one case was a facsimile copy in plaster of a treaty between the Athenians and Chalci- donians, 446-445 B. C., a statuette of George Washington by Baron Marochetti, after the oils Re ies ee soe ENTRANCE TO GOVERNMENT BUILDING “B” 395 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. original by Houdan, was exhibited; and on a marble pedestal was a Wedgewood bust of Washington—probably the only Washington bust of this material in existence. The State Department collection included portraits of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Secretaries of State. Beginning with the likeness of Robert Livingstone, Secretary of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and ending with a portrait of Elihu Root, the present Secretary of State, the entire line of succession was shown. Among the displayed Jeffersoniana was a facsimile copy of the rough draft of the Dec- laration of Independence as it was written by Jefferson and interlined by Adams and Frank- lin. As a complement to this was a facsimile of the engrossed copy of the Declaration; and a portrait in oil of Thomas Jefferson, by Peale; an oil color of Monticello, the home of Jeffer- son; portraits of the Committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence, portraits of the signers, and the desk on which Jefferson wrote the rough draft—all reminding visitors of the most important document in our country’s affairs, saving only the Constitution. Facsimile copies of the Articles of Confed- eration were shown, and with these were por- traits of the signers. A fine oil color of Pres- ident Roosevelt by Kelly, and one of Secre- tary of State Root by Madrazo were on the wall. A section of the exhibit showed a por- trait in oil of George Washington by Peale; a facsimile copy of the Constitution of the United States, with the amendments; portraits of the delegates to the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1787, and portraits of the signers of the Constitution. The territorial expansion of the United States was shown by maps, beginning with the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1781 and ending with the treaty with Spain in 1898. Accompanying these maps were portraits of the EXHIBIT OF DEPARTMENT OF STATE signers of the various treaties, and there were facsimile copies of parts of each treaty. The ‘ Monroe Doctrine ’’ was exemplified by facsimile copies of correspondence on the subject, and portraits of Monroe, Jefferson, Madison, Rush, and George Canning of Eng- land. A very interesting large oil portrait of Pocahontas was shown. This picture, pre- sented by Henry S. Welcome, Esq., of Eng- land, is a copy of the painting which now hangs in Boston Hall, Norfolk, England, the former estate of the Rolfe family. The original is from the brush of DePasse, a prominent artist of the Sixteenth and early part of the Seven- teenth centuries. There were two mahogany wheel pedestals which supported twelve double winged mahogany frames with twenty-four glass sides each twenty-nine by thirty-six inches in extent. On one of these pedestals were proclamations issued by each President from Washington to Roosevelt. The other pedestal contained ceremonial letters and communica- tions from noted characters of foreign lands, several from Louis XVI., of France, Emperor Napoleon, Queen Victoria, Queen Marie of Portugal, William II., the German Emperor, Kaiser Frederick, King Leopold of Belgium, the President of the Argentine Republic, the Shah of Persia, and from many others of note; and there were four wall brackets which bore respectively busts of George Washington, the Marquis de la Fayette, Thomas Jefferson and Emperor Napoleon I. The former two were made of bronze, the latter made of plaster. It appears to have been the special object of the curator of this collection to prepare and install the department exhibit logically and chronologically. Occasionally periods and events have overlapped and one may have played a prominent part in several determining occurrences. An inflexible association of a man with a period is therefore impossible; but 396 Government Participation. it is diffcult to imagine a better arrangement than was made, and certainly the public re- ceived for its delectation an interesting and at- tractive historical exhibit, laden with valuable relics, easy to be examined and entirely satis- fying. TREASURY DEPARTMENT The northeast quarter of Government Building A. was occupied by the exhibits of the Treasury Department, under which direc- tion was also included the display of the Life Saving Service, located in a separate building on the banks of Bush Creek. Taking these exhibits in order, they showed the offices of the Secretary, the Register, and the Supervising Architect of the Treasury; the Bureaus of the Mint, of Engraving and Print- ing, and of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service; also an exhibit of the Reve- nue Cutter Service. In the Office of the Secretary, there were oil portraits of the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and the present Secre- tary, George B. Cortelyou; and there were ex- hibited an old cutting knife and punching ma- chine used by the Treasury Department from 1863 to 1899. The knife was used in cutting 2,601,784,936 separate pieces of paper cur- rency, representing a total face value of $5,586,688,85 3.96. In the Office of the Register of the Treasury were shown a series of winged frames contain- ing samples of Colonial currency; old Confed- erate notes, bonds and securities; National bank notes and securities; United States notes and securities, and the bonds and securities of the insular possessions of the United States. In the section assigned to the Supervising Architect's Office, there was a model of the monument which has been erected at James- town Island. ‘This replica, twelve feet or more in height, occupied a prominent position in the center of the section. ‘There were a series of drawings and pictures representing various important public buildings which have been erected under the direction of the Super- vising Architect or whose erection he is now directing. The Office of the Treasurer of the United States displayed in appropriate gold frames a complete set of notes, bonds and securities 1s- sued by the United States. One of the most interesting of the Govern- ment’s live exhibits was made by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which displayed the process of plate printing employed by the Bureau, from the preparation of the blank paper to the finished note. A printing press was maintained in operation, and specimen prints were struck off from steel plates espe- cially designed and engraved for the Exposi- tion. ‘This bureau showed a set of engraved portraits and photographs which had been exe- cuted by the Bureau, embracing a complete set of the Presidents of the United States, most of the Cabinet officers, and many other prominent men whose portraits have been used on notes and securities. Samples of the most recent engravings of bonds, notes, certificates and other obligations of the United States, in- ternal revenue stamps and postage stamps, were exhibited in cases; and there was shown in operation the geometric lathe which traces the intricate line work on bonds and notes. In the Bureau of the Mint was exhibited a most elaborate weighing device, which is won- derfully accurate. It could weigh correctly within one one-hundredth of a grain. It was constructed of gold, steel, aluminum, copper and platinum, was built at the Philadelphia Mint and is now being used exclusively by the United States Government. It could weigh about one hundred pieces a minute. In the exhibit of this Bureau was one of the je eeieie je 101016 ©@@e 2 J 2 2 & EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF THE MINT latest improved coin presses, and near this was the first coin press used by the United States. In actual operation and handled by expert dem- onstrators, were a washing machine; a bottle shaker, used in assaying and refining; a drying machine; an upsetting machine; a shaker box; a coin hopper, and a count board. At the Jamestown Exposition for the first time was the Revenue Cutter Service required by law to make an exhibit. Lack of experi- ence did not daunt the collector of this display and the result of his efforts was distinctly credit- able. Among the principal exhibits there were in special gold frames of nautical and shield design five oil paintings representing scenes descriptive of historic events and the work of the Service. A mahogany gun rack bore twelve magazine rifles and bayonets, six Colt revolvers, rifle and revolver belts, knapsacks, canteens, and blanket bags; and on each side of the gun rack was a mahogany fan-shaped rack bearing six cutlasses. [he main part of the floor space was utilized for showing a six- pounder Hotchkiss hand operating gun, a one- pounder and a three-pounder Hotchkiss semi- automatic gun, and a Colt automatic gun of thirty calibre. These guns were mounted on cage stands and illustrated types in general use on revenue cutters. Beside these guns were projectiles, and a revenue cutter seaman in at- tendance illustrated the manner of loading and firing. Mounted on the six-pounder Hotchkiss was a brass line-carrying gun known as the Mel gun, the projectile having a line attached to it, and the exhibit showed how this line was car- ried when the gun was fired. A model of a triple expansion marine engine with shaft and propeller was shown in operation; and, ar- ranged in plate glass and mahogany cases, were six models of revenue cutters, embodying types from the early topsail schooner class to the modern steam propeller. In frames were pic- tures showing the uniforms of the officers and men of the Service, photographs illustrating de- tails of the work and charts showing the cruis- ing tracks and territory covered by the revenue cutters. Under each chart was a photograph of the cutter doing duty for the section. In planning the exhibit of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, it was deemed advisable to represent as completely as possible the duties with which this Service is charged by law, as well as the general progress that is being made in scientific medicine and public health demonstrations. The Surgical Section consisted of a model operating room having in the center a wax group of figures illustrating a surgical operation. Around the sides of this room were placed steam sterilizers for dressing, water sterilizers, irrigating stands, instrument cases containing a full surgical armamentarium, glass topped bottles, glass basins, and all the other appurtenances of a fully equipped oper- ating room. The Laboratory Section showed various ap- parati constantly used in the hygienic labora- tory in experiments relating to the solution of public health problems. These included lab- oratory glassware, sterilizers, thermometers, embedding apparatus, microscopes, a micro- photographic apparatus, Petri dishes containing the cultures of bacteria isolated from containing vaccine virus; and, for the purpose of further demonstrating the operations of the law of July first, 1902, which regulates the manufacture, barter and sale of vaccine serums and anti- toxines and the methods of their demonstration, there was shown a collection of the various vac- cine serums manufactured in conformity with this law. A traveling laboratory was included in this section, two such outfits being constantly held in readiness for the Service’s field work or for use in the event of epidemic outbreaks in vari- 398 Government Participation. ous parts of the country. In addition there was a very complete helminthological collec- tion, which was of great value in view of the increasing attention now given to the study of parasites in relation to human diseases. The Hospital Section contained a record room and a model ward. ‘The former was equipped with various Service publications, a hospital library, clinical histories, with their methods of filing, and a case for microscopic slides. The latter had modern hospital beds, invalid chairs, bedstands, a wheeled stretcher, a litter, a portable bath tub and stretcher, med- icine cases and case for surgical dressings. The Tuberculosis Exhibit contained a model of the modern hospital sanitar1um located at Fort Staunton, New Mexico; and the Quaran- tine Section showed a model of a detention camp intended for use in the time of epidemic, and models of the quarantine stations at Dela- ware Breakwater and Reedy Island. A most attractive and interesting exhibit was installed in the X-Ray Section, a room specially constructed for the purpose. “Iwo model coils were shown there with X-Ray tubes and fluoroscopes, a high frequency apparatus, and the varied accessories which form a part of such an exhibit. In connection with this display were numerous photographs which served to illustrate the uses to which the apparatus is put at the different hospitals of the Service. The exhibit of the United States Life Sav- ing Service was displayed in a complete modern life saving station, fully manned and in care of a skillful and experienced keeper. It was pro- vided with all the necessary furniture and facil- ities for a comfortable residence headquarters. The building contained a complete equipment of the best and most modern appliances for the saving of life and property from shipwreck. These included beach apparatus, which con- sisted of guns, line carrying rockets, projectiles, shot lines, faking boxes, hawsers, whips, ropes, reels, crotches, and anchors, breeches-buoys, tally boats, blocks, and a shore illuminating apparatus equipped with a powerful reflector to project the light toward a wreck. ‘There were various other gears and appurtenances employed by the Service in establishing line communication between the shore and the vessel and in effecting the rescue of shipwrecked per- sons when the use of boats was not deemed advisable or safe. “There were vehicles for the transportation of the apparatus to boats along the beaches and roads, and a modern life car which is used where many persons are to be landed and where the distance is too great for the employment of the breeches-buoy. The HospiTAL SECTION EXHIBIT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE 399 LABORATORY SECTION The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. walls were hung with paintings and photographs illustrating the development of the Service and the methods employed. There was a collec- tion of signals carried by the beach patrol for the purpose of warning vessels off shore or noti- fying the shipwrecked that they had been ob- served. Among the most interesting of all was the first mortar ball used in the United States in establishing line communication with ship- wrecked vessels—the result of whose first use was a saving of two hundred and one lives. Twice daily the crew of this Station gave exhibition drills. The house was on the edge of Bush Creek, and the “ wreck” was half submerged one hundred yards from the shore. In the well simulated rescue, the crew em- ployed a twenty-six foot self-righting and self- bailing life boat and a thirty-four foot self-right- ing and self-bailing boat equipped with a gaso- line engine, a type of the latest motor propel- ling boat, which had just been introduced into the Life Saving Service of the United States with splendid results, extending the field of the operations of the Service and enabling the crews to respond with greater celerity to calls of dis- Bias UNITED STATES LIFE SAVING STATION ON BUSH CREEK tress, covering long distances with greater speed and more safety than was possible under sails and oars. ‘The boat equipments in either case consist of drogues, a compass with binnacle, life plates, cars, boat hooks, launching carriage, lines, anchors, blocks, boat hatchets, and fog horns. The daily drills were remarkably interesting and dramatic exhibitions. A regular program was given and the attendance was generally large and always enthusiastic. The launch was sent flying down the ways and into the water. The boat completely manned was then sent after the “wreck,” within which and on whose unsubmerged parts the shipwrecked were shivering. After the rescue, which was accom- plished by various methods, surf-boat practice with oars was shown and a man floating out to sea was saved. The several forms of life saving were per- formed graphically. From the rigging of the wreck a breeches buoy and a life car depended —in these devices the imperilled were fastened when helpless or placed themselves when they were able. Not the least interesting portion LIFE SAVING CREW SING THE “BUOY” 400 Government Participation. PEE ‘a f a CREW AT PRACTICE of the exhibition was the realistic resuscitation of the drowning. The victim of this kindness endured all the thumping and rolling that at- tends a real attempt at reviving. During the afternoon drill flag signalling was given and in the evening lights were employed to carry the messages over the water. Rockets were fired, and a searchlight was utilized at night. No more complete illustration of the duties of the Life Saving Service could have been devised. WAR DEPARTMENT The exhibit of the War Department occu- pied a floor space measuring seventy-five hun- dred and forty square feet, and showed in de- tail the evolution of the arms and armies of the United States and workings and growth of the Department from 1789 to the present time. In the Office of the Secretary of War there were exhibited large photographs of the present Secretary and Assistant Secretary. ‘There were fourteen colored transparencies forty by fifty inches in size, vividly illustrating, by means of battle pictures, determining scenes in the mili- tary history of the United States; and there were fifteen enlarged photographs showing de- 401 tails of the Moro Campaign in the Philippine Islands. The General Staff of the Army showed fifty large figures taken during the Russo-Japanese War; a fine collection of books and publica- tions of the Military Information Division; an interesting set of military maps, and a topo- graphical map of the battle field of San Juan. The Quartermaster’s Department, which provides transportation for the army and its supplies, furnishes clothing and _ equipage, horses, mules, vehicles and other miscellaneous property for the use of the army, constructs buildings at military posts, and has charge of the National cemeteries, made an excellent ex- hibit, well illustrating its varied functions. A group of twenty-four lay figures, life size, five being mounted, was arranged to show the kind of uniforms worn by officers and men in arctic, temperate and tropical climes. A group of five lay figures portrayed officers and enlisted men wearing the uniforms especially designed for use in the Philippine Islands. There was another group of four figures showing the Alas- kan uniforms. Illustrating transportation was an Alaskan dog sled and harness; a caribou and cart from the Philippine Islands; the office wagon used THE UNIFORMS FOR THE ARCTICS The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. UNIFORMS FOR THE TROPICS by General George H. Thomas during the Civil War, and a wagon that made the “March to the Sea’’ with General Sherman. Models of all the different tents issued to soldiers were shown, and a case which con- tained samples of army boots and shoes of vari- ous styles. In one section was an army bed- stead with bedding, barrack chairs and trunk locker, the equipment of a soldier’s quarters. Various models of the United States Transport ‘“‘ Sherman,” two of them being sectionalized, were displayed, and there was a complete col- lection of latest pattern silk colors in flags, and a most interesting model of the Arlington Na- tional Cemetery, showing the ancestral home of the Lees. The magnificent Government Piers formed the best possible illustration of the efficiency of the Corps of Engineers, whose duties con- sist of the construction and repair of fortifica- tions; creation and maintenance of all works of defense and of all military roads and bridges, and the improvement of rivers and harbors and the Great Lakes. The specific housed exhibit of this Department consisted of a relief map of New York Harbor; five models which showed the development of ocean vessels in the nineteenth century; a model of the United States ocean-going suction dredge; a model of the United States snag boat “ G. H. Wright,” one of the kind used on the Mississippi River; and a large number of photographic views which illustrated the Government road system in the Yellowstone National Park. The Ordnance Department provides every description of artillery, small arms and muni- tions of war for the use of the army and militia of the United States. Its exhibit would have attracted general attention anywhere, but in connection with the military evolutions at this Exposition it possessed an added interest, which je was evidenced by the number of people who bette carriage; a six-inch rapid firing gun mounted on a barbette carriage, and a fifteen- pound rapid firing, similarly mounted. In conjunction with the collection of armor piercing projectiles and simulated smokeless powder for service cannon, there was a per- forated piece of six-inch armor plate through which shots had passed, and a _ collection of steel projectiles which had pierced armor. There was a new three-inch rapid firing field gun with a carriage limbered up and with six lay figures of horses on which were displayed the artillery harness) A Vickers-Maxim mountain gun and equipment was packed for transportation on five lay figures of pack mules, and a Colt automatic gun equipment was car- ried by two pack mules. “Two Gatling guns stood on carriages, as did a Vickers-Maxim automatic gun, and another of the same make, assembled ready for firing. A Colt automatic gun stood mounted, and besides this display, from the Frankfort Arsenal there had been sent fifteen cartridge-making machines, which were operated and showed the process of manufac- turing the cartridge used in the Government's small arms. One hundred and seventy-eight portable fire arms illustrated the complete de- velopment as to stock, lock, bore and the method of loading the latest modern magazine rifles. There were samples of automatic pistols and revolvers, and many samples of sabres and swords. There were numerous specimens of explosives and the fuses and primers used to ignite them. A victory in modern warfare would be al- most impossible without the aid of a well equipped signal corps. From time immemorial signals have been employed to inform com- manders. An abysmal chasm separates the fire and smoke of the ancient Greeks from the microscopically minute methods of transmitting information employed at the present time. The United States Signal Corps is charged with the construction, repair and operation of military telegraph lines and cables, the collec- tion and transmission of information for the army by telegraph or other media, and with every duty that pertains to military signaling. The exhibit of this Corps consisted of a field wireless telegraph set, a new feature, never be- fore seen at any Exposition; a collection of the various fire control instruments used at Coast Artillery posts; a set of auto-telegraph instru- constantly visited the section where the war = material was displayed. The most spectacular and impressive exhibit was a full sized model of a sixteen-inch breech-loading rifle beside which stood a twenty-four hundred pound, cast-iron projectile, the shot used for this gun, and a six hundred and forty pound charge of smokeless powder, the quantity of explosive necessary to propel the giant projectile. There were models of twelve-inch breech-loading | rifles with a disappearing carriage and a bar- QUARTERMASTER'S EXHIBIT Government Participation. ments: of signal flags, of field telephones, of heliograph and of induction telegraph instru- ments. ‘There were field and marine glasses, a night and day glass, and telescopes for read- ing distant signals. Meteorological and tide indicators, aneroid barometers, a lightning ar- rester and cabinet, a field switchboard, a meteorological controller, and a tide controller were shown—as were buzzers for field cavalry, and hand or breast reels. In connection with the display and illustrating the value of the Service in undeveloped sections, a collection of Philippine photographs were exhibited. These showed how news was conveyed from post to post or from a post to a corps in the field. a MODELS OF TENTS Exhibiting Most Modern Developments The exhibit of the United States Military Academy at West Point was displayed in a small pavilion, within which there stood an exact reproduction of a cadet’s room in the bar- racks. On the exterior walls were shown a most interesting series of photographs of scenes at West Point, together with a number of plas- ter tablets and shields which contained the names of graduates who had received the thanks of Congress or a medal of honor, who have held high office in the Government or in civil life and those who have been killed in action, from 1802 to 1904. An artillery exhibit was made by the School a Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. RELIEF MAP OF PANAMA CANAL 403 oxtti ~ MODEL OF U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY at West Point, N. Y. of Submarine Defense. This showed in minia- ture the method of defending a harbor against a naval foe. While submarine mines and tor- pedoes formed the dominant feature of this ex- hibit, the necessary fortifications and guns were displayed in order to present to the observer the idea of the close relations which subsist be- tween the various parts of defense, and also to show those who had never seen a modern fort the manner in which high power guns and mor- tars are employed and how different they are from the smooth bores of an earlier period. A miniature mine field with shore connections was placed in a large tank representing a part of a harbor entrance. To protect the field from attempts by the enemy to pick up the mines and connections, two twelve-inch rifle mortars were placed in a fort on one side, and on the other side two rapid firing five-inch rifles and a twelve- inch rifle with a disappearing carriage. The mortars and the twelve-inch guns showed the possibility for defense at long range, while the five-inch guns were for use in the immediate vicinity of the field. Above this tank was sus- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. pended a submarine mine, full size, with cable connections, as actually used. The Gettysburg National Cemetery Com- mission displayed a set of blue prints of that battlefield and a large relief map eleven by fifteen feet in extent. There were six other maps and fifty-seven photographic views of the famous scene of action. An extremely interesting outdoor exhibit was a relief map of the Panama Canal, constructed under the direction of the /sthmian Canal Com- mission. ‘The reproduction, one hundred and twenty-two feet long and sixty feet wide, was constructed of concrete, with the surface roughened and painted green to represent a forest clad area viewed from a distance. A cement wall about five feet high on the inside and two and a half feet on the outside gave to the map an effect of a framed picture or panorama, and the spectator could see spread before him the whole line of the water-way from its beginning in the Caribbean Sea at the entrance of Limon Bay, to its end, fifty miles distant, near the Island of Naos, off Panama on the Pacific Coast. In the Bay, the course of the canal was Later the Canal ascends thirty feet through a lock of the same dimensions as those at Gatun, and enters Sosa Lake which has been formed by the damming of the Rio Grande and some other small streams. A thousand foot channel extends for six and a half miles to the Sosa Locks, through which the canal descends to the Pacific level and again reaches deep water near the small Island of Naos. Two parallel yel- low lines zigzagging across the hills, following always equidistant five miles from either side of the Canal, showed the division line between the Canal Zone and the territory of the Republic of Panama, the former being under the control of the United States. Along the Canal’s course were shown various small models from two to five inches in length. ‘These represented vessels built to an exact scale, showing the larg- est steamers yet projected. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE The resources of the Department of Justice may be called limited, in so far as it is possible to arrange from them a display which would be attractive to the ordinary visitor, but at the shown by a line of buoys and stakes marking its five hundred foot channel. From the shore the canal, still five hundred feet wide, proceeds across the low country to Gatun, taking two curves to avoid hills. At Gatun the canal rises eighty feet by a flight of three great double locks, each one a thousand feet long and one hundred feet wide and each capable of taking a vessel drawing forty feet. After passing the locks the Canal follows a buoy-marked channel one thousand feet in width, through Gatun Lake, an artificial pond formed by the dam- ming of the Chagres River. Gatun Lake cov- ers an area of two hundred and twenty-five square miles, and leads to a hill, through which the Canal passes into the Culebra Cut. This excavation is eight miles long. The channel is three hundred feet wide for three miles, then two hundred feet for three miles more through the deepest part of the Cut, then widens again to three hundred feet for the last three miles. EXHIBIT OF DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Jamestown Exposition all previous efforts to in- stall an exhibit consisting of new and varied features were far transcended and a general collection secured which was particularly in- teresting to the student, and, of its kind, un- usually attractive to the general public. Among the pictures displayed were etchings of all the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the members of the Constitutional Convention; photographic and etched reproduc- tions of autographic letters, and oil paintings executed by well known artists, portraying the Attorney-Generals of the United States. Of sculptures there were the busts of the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. Through the courtesy of the Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States, there was presented a most interesting exhibit consisting of records from the Supreme Court files. Among these were some manuscript dockets of 1817 and 1820; the 404 Government Participation. Se ars allotments of Circuit Terms of 1792 and 1796, and a venire returnable August 5th, 1794, with other ancient records pertaining to this great Court. This venire was a revelation to some persons, even among the legal profession, since the fact that jury trials had ever occurred in the Supreme Court is not usually known. The United States Circuit Court of Richmond, Vir- ginia kindly loaned from its files for display at the Exposition, an interesting collection of orig- inal papers in the Aaron Burr treason case, among them being the indictment charging Burr with treason and the original order for his ar- rest, written and signed by the Chief Justice of the United States, John Marshall. ‘There were many copies of rare text books and old publications of interest, among them, a fine edi- tion of Bargraves “ State Trials,” published in London in 1776. ‘This consisted of six vol- umes and contained the complete records of the trials of Mary, Queen of Scots, Sir Walter Raleigh, King Charles I., and other noted de- fendants. A collection of pictures and charts illustrated the methods of the confinment and treatment of United States prisoners and the classes of work which they were compelled to perform. With these were photographs and etchings of the United States penitentiaries at Atlanta, Georgia, and Leavenworth, Kansas, both of which are being constructed by prison labor. There were photographs illustrating the convicts actually employed, and there were numerous specimens of their handicraft, such as stone vases, a set of stone cutter’s tools, a steel safe, a set of harness, pieces of clothing, a mantelpiece, candlesticks, and manufactures of metal, all made by prisoners. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT The exhibit of the Post Office Department was a practical illustration of the entire work- ings of the Service, and it gave a general idea of the functions of the Department from the earliest days of the Republic up to the present time. It showed the means employed in the collection, transportation and distribution of the mails, including the “‘ Star Route,” the city and rural carrier service, the dog sledge of 405 PIONEER MAIL TRANSPORTATION IN THE WEST Alaska, the stage coach and mounted carrier of the West, the lake steamer, the great ocean liner, and the fast railway train. Various de- vices which have contributed to the rapid and economical handling of the mail were exhibited. Among these was a canceling machine which could postmark and cancel the stamps on from seven hundred to one thousand cards or letters per minute, doing the work of fifteen clerks; and there was shown a mail chute, which is used in tall office buildings for conveying let- ters from the upper floors and collecting them in a mail box below. Some of the features which attracted atten- tion in the Mail Transportation Division were two complete rural carriers’ outfits, consisting in one case of a wagon and horses and a lay figure of the carrier, and in the other of an automobile buckboard especially adapted to this branch of the Service, also manned by a lay figure. Ex- emplifying the mail coach, was an old vehicle which had actually been used for many years, carrying United States mail over the Rocky Mountains. To the Alaska mail sled which had seen active service, was attached seven stuffed esquimo dogs, and on the sled were two lay figures garbed in the winter dress of the arctic mail carrier. Lay figures of the Western mounted pony expressmen were extremely life- like, as was a figure of a Porto Rican mail car- rier mounted on a stuffed donkey. Just outside of the building which housed the Post Office exhibit was a regular sixty foot railway car, completely equipped and in charge of a railway postal clerk. ‘This car was located on a switch track and was in charge of a Gov- ernment official detailed for the purpose of ex- plaining the Service to visitors. Within the building was a model ‘of the same car, con- taining on a one-sixteenth scale every detail of the fully equipped vehicle without the walls. There was a model of the steamboat “‘ City of St. Louis,” a type of vessels in use on the larger rivers throughout the United States, and a model of the steamer “ Oklawaha ’—a design that is familiar in the shallow waters of Florida and other Gulf States. A collection of large paintings showed the various methods of mail transportation in the United States and its de- The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. pendencies; and there were models of various Post Office buildings throughout the country. Twelve mutoscopes, or moving picture ma- chines were in operation, and within each were views showing the workings of the Postal Service in its various branches throughout the country. Probably no department of the Government comes in closer touch with all the people than does the Post Office, which extends its services at a nominal cost to every household in the land. For this reason, the Government endeavored to give as full and complete an insight into the workings of the system as was possible. The marvelous extension of the Postal Service was graphically illustrated by a set of wooden cubes which, placed one upon the top of another, showed the comparative growth from 1806 to 1906. Among some curious objects of inter- est were five old ledgers which had been kept by the Postmaster General during the War of the American Revolution. ‘These ledgers, which embodied the accounts of about seventy- five postmasters, greatly attracted the visitors. There was also shown a Post Office ledger copied in his own handwriting by Benjamin Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the Colonies, and with these documents were dis- played a portrait of Benjamin Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the United States, and one of George Von L. Meyer, the present incumbent of that office. The Dead Letter Office presented a care- fully selected collection of curious articles that had found their way to the “ Postal Morgue ” at Washington, and there were shown a number of articles confiscated by the Postal authorities because their transmission through the mails was prohibited. All the postage stamps issued by the Government were displayed in sheets, and there was a fine collection of foreign stamps and stamp paper from every stamp issuing country in the world. For the comfort of visitors, and especially the ladies, a writing and rest room, provided with chairs, a writing table, pens, ink and MAIL TRANSPORTATION IN ALASKA souvenir stationary, was located in the southeast corner of the Post Office Department space. NAVY DEPARTMENT The exhibit of the Navy Department was strikingly attractive and showed the remarkable development of this branch of the Service from its beginning up to the present time. One of its most interesting exhibits was a miniature rep- resentation of the United States Atlantic Fleet which was reviewed by the President, Septem- ber 3rd, 1906. Att this review there were forty war vessels consisting of twelve battleships, four armored cruisers, four cruisers, four monitors, six destroyers, six torpedo boats, three subma- rines, the troop ship “ Yankee,” and five auxili- aries. The forty war vessels carried eleven hundred and _ seventy-eight guns, and were manned by eight hundred and twelve officers and fifteen thousand, two hundred and thirty- five men. ‘The auxiliaries carried seventy-four hundred tons of coal, twenty-five hundred tons of provisions, and six hundred thousand gallons of pure water. The models were exact repro- ductions of the vessels which participated in the review. In all essential details they were complete, and the relative position of each tiny ship indicated the corresponding location of the vessel it represented when the review took place. The models were placed on a large table cov- ered with canvas, undulated and painted in imitation of water, and they gave an intelligible, interesting and realistic idea of the combined strength of the largest fleet that had ever been under the command of an American Naval officer. The Bureau of Yards and Docks exhibited photographs of the various navy yards and sta- tions, and showed a working model of a dry- dock built to scale, which illustrated the type and size of these gravings at various navy yards. The model of the dock and basin oc- cupied a space of thirty by nine feet, and in connection with this exhibit was a tank filled with water, representing a basin or harbor, on 406 Government whose waters was floated a model of the United States Ship “ Illinois.” Every day the process of docking the ship was shown in detail. The floodgates were opened, allowing the water to flow in and fill the dock, the caisson was floated out of position, the ship hauled into its berth, the caisson replaced, and the dock pumped, allowing the ship to settle quietly and safely upon the quay blocks. While settling, the shoring was put in place, making the ship tight and steady. ‘The whole illustrated graphically the process by which a battleship is prepared for work on the hull below the water line, such as the removal of barnacles or the repairing or painting of the hull. There was also exhibited a working model of a steel floating drydock, the type recently installed at the New Orleans Naval Station and the Pensacola Navy Yard and the giant ‘“* Dewey,” which was last year towed to the Naval Station at Olongapo, Philippine Islands, and there anchored. This model was floated in a tank of water which contained a miniature battleship built to the same scale as the dock, one forty-eighth of actual size. As in the case with the stationary docks, all the opera- tions incident to the docking of a vessel in one of these floating contrivances were daily per- formed. These included the sinking of the drydock to the requisite depth, by the admission of water in the pontoons, the hauling of the ship into its receptacle, its entering from the deck of the drydock while submerged, the raising of the dock by discharging the water from the pon- toons until the blocking which previously had been arranged as a resting place of the ship be- came securely placed, the continuing of the lift- ing process until all was above the water level 407 THE EXHIBIT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT Participation. ready for examination and such repairs as might be necessary. While this lifting was being done, the side shoring was adjusted, as was per- formed in the stationary drydock. In both of these cases the undocking of the ship was also illustrated, reversing the operations used for docking. An exhibit which showed the largest type of guns carried by men-of-war at different periods from 1775 up to the present date, elicited great attention. The articles in this division were full sized models and longitudinal sections of guns beginning with the old eighteen pounder smooth bore of 1775, showing the various stages of evolution that end with the thirteen- inch breech-loading rifle of to-day, a gun that weighs 62.9 tons, uses a projectile weighing eleven hundred pounds, and requires a charge of two hundred and forty-five pounds of smoke- also twelve-inch breech-loading rifle, a gun of still later date and somewhat longer than its thir- teen-inch brother. These models were manufactured at the Nawal Gun Factory at Washington and were less powder. There was shown the exact reproductions of the originals. There were also a number of guns which had seen real service, and various other actual arms and apparatus, including torpedoes, ammunition, war explosives, and the machinery for using them. Another historical exhibit was a collection of full sized models of anchors used by vessels of war, from the commencement of the Navy up to date. ‘These showed the old wooden stock, the standard Navy type and stockless anchors, exhibits of electrical appliances, chains and ropes manufactured by the Boston Navy Yard. The Jamestown q Ter-Centennial Exposition. ay MODEL UNITED STATES SHIP “ILLINOIS” IN DOCK Illustrative of other accompaniments of the ves- sels were galleys, cooking apparatus, washing machines, bake ovens, steam boxes, mess tables and gear. Navigating and surveying instru- ments were displayed with compasses of vari- ous sizes, signal apparatus, searchlights, and other articles and equipment. _ Illustrating what is done for the amusement of sailors, there were samples of athletic outfits issued to the Service and a collection of trophies which the Department offers for athletic contests. About thirty models of vessels made to a scale of one forty-eighth of full size, complete in every detail, showed representative types from the time of ““ Bon Homme Richard” up to the day of the “ Connecticut ”’ and ‘‘ Louisi- ana.” ‘The United States Naval Academy, at Annapolis, where midshipmen pursue their studies and receive their Naval training, was reproduced in miniature to the scale of one- thirty-second of an inch to the foot. The model, twelve by six feet, showed the entire lay-out of the grounds, buildings, roads, paths and water front, and gave a careful illustration of the general character of the scene, and the Naval Medical School, at Twenty-second and E streets, Washington, was also reproduced on the same scale as the Academy. A spectacular exhibit was an immense eagle weighing about a ton, the stem ornament of the United States ship “ Niagara;” the vessel was used in laying the first cable across the At- lantic. The Marine Corps contributed samples of 408 Government Participation. MODELS OF VESSELS ONE FORTY-EIGHTH OF FULL SIZE FROM EARLIEST TO PRESENT TYPES uniforms, arms and accoutrements artistically arranged in large glass show cases; and the Artificer’s School of the Norfolk Navy Yard was represented by specimens of work executed by various classes of which the school is com- posed. ‘These specimens included repair work on small boats, fittings, auxiliary machinery, plumbing, painting and carpentering. ‘There were scores of general exhibits installed for the purpose of giving visitors an idea of all the work done by the Navy, and books dealing with the most important features of naval progress. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR The Department of the Interior made a comprehensive exhibit of the work of its Bu- reaus, the most prominent display being made by the Geological Survey, which, under the direction of Professor J. A. Holmes, conducted a superb exhibition in the Fuel and Alcohol Building, in addition to the exhibit made in the Government Building. In the latter place the Survey showed a complete set of publications by this Bureau, comprising its annual reports and all the monographs, professional papers, bulletins, water supply reports and mineral re- source papers issued under its direction, a total of five hundred and sixty volumes and pamph- lets. There was also a collection of carefully compiled topographical maps comprising six- teen hundred sheets, which represented ap- proximately thirty-three per cent. of the total area of the country, and showed every eleva- tion of consequence in the territory covered. One hundred and forty-three geologic maps and folios gave a complete picture history of the topography, geology and mineral resources of the areas described. In the educational series, there was a collec- tion of one hundred and fifty-six specimens of typical rocks of the United States, an economic collection of minerals and ores from the Ap- palachian region, and a collection of minerals from Alaska. There were relief maps of Philadelphia and vicinity and the New River coal fields of West Virginia, the mineral and forest lands of Alaska, the southern Appala- chian regions, the Atlanta and Chattanooga regions and the Bolton, New York quadrangle. A complete set of medals and diplomas which had been awarded to the Geological Survey was shown, and a laboratory for the chemical analysis of water was operated continuously. An attendant explained the use of microscopes for examination purposes, and alongside these instruments was an apparatus for grinding thin sections of rock for microscopic examination. The Patent Office Exhibit comprised cases which were filled with models of patented ma- MINIATURE REPRODUCTION UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AT ANNAPOLIS 409 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. chines, illustrating fully inventive genius as ap- plied to the giant armored and submarine ves- sels, excavating machinery, felt and cloth ma- chines, farm machinery, gas and air engines, fire arms, leather-working machines, marine pro- pelling machines, metal working machines, ordnance, photograph printing process, steam pumps, sewing machines, steam engines, tele- graphs, telephones, textile machinery, typewrit- ers, time locks, and wood-working machines. The models for all of these were taken from the cases in the Patent Office. Among these exhibits were certain epoch- making devices, such as the Morse telegraph, the Whitney cotton gin, the Ericsson screw propeller, Howe sewing machine, and the Bell telephone, illustrated by the original models on which the respective patents were granted. The General Land Office displayed a large map of unusual historical value, which showed the routes of the principal explorers of the United States in the earlier days of the country and indicated the highways of that period. It also offered to view many historical papers deal- educational institutions throughout the United States. A complete set of reports, bulletins and other publications of the Bureau of Educa- tion was exhibited, and Alaska, in which dis- trict the schools for natives are administered directly by the Bureau, was represented by ethnological specimens indicating the condition of life there. In connection with this branch of the display, was a mounted reindeer and a driver, which illustrated the introduction of Siberian reindeer into the arctic territory of the United States. The Reclamation Service, which has become such an important factor in the growth of the West, displayed by photographs what it had done to convert the arid wastes into fertile areas. Millions of acres that now may be used for farms formed part of a desert before this Service was established, and millions of addi- tional acres will be added. The work was illustrated by a series of fine photographs show- ing the improvement in the following sections: Salt River, Arizona; Carson, Nevada; Kla- math, Oregon, and California; Umatilla, EXHIBIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR ing with land. These included the Royal Brit- ish Land Patent and a declaration of la Fayette regarding a grant of land to him. Among other historical land grants there was a collec- tion of military land warrants issued to George Washington, John Paul Jones, Winfield Scott, Winfield Scott Hancock, Abraham Lincoln, and others, and photographs of characteristic scenes on public lands. The Pension Office displayed a chart show- ing the number of pensioners of each class, and historical papers bearing the signatures of many of the Presidents, and applications for bounty land signed by President Lincoln, Generals Grant, Sherman and Sheridan, Admiral Far- ragut, President Davis and General Lee. The Bureau of Education displayed charts and maps which told everything of consequence relating to the progress and the present condi- tion of American education. ‘The charts showed the history and status of American common schools, normal schools, colleges, uni- versities, professional institutions and laborato- ries. [he maps showed the distribution of Oregon; Yakima, Washington; Uncompahgre, Colorado; Huntley, Montana; Minidoka, Iowa; Bellefourche, South Dakota; Shoshone, Wyoming; North Platte, Wyoming-Nebraska; Yuma, Arizona-California; Rio Grande, New Mexico, and Carlsbad, New Mexico. The Bureau of Indian Affairs as conducted by its present managers, is an educational agency pure and simple, whose greatest mission is to cultivate in the Indian the spirit of self- sustaining manhood. Asa consequence, the ex- hibit related particularly to the efforts made in the Indian Government schools. The institu- tions at the following places were represented: Navajo and Phoenix, Arizona; Mission, Cali- fornia; Lemhi, Idaho; Seneca, Indiana; Has- kel Institute at Lawrence, Kansas; Morris, Minnesota; Crowe, Flathead, Fort Peck and Fort Shaw, Montana; Genoa, Nebraska; Car- son, Nevada; Santa Fé, New Mexico; Cantoment, Cheyenne, Ponce, Shawnee and Riverside, Oklahoma; Chemawa, Siletz and Klamath, Oregon; Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Cheyenne River and Crowe Creek, South 410 Government Participation. Dakota; Neah Bay, Washington; Lac du Flambeau, Toma and Wittenberg, Wisconsin, and the State public schools for Indians in New York. From these schools were sent cabinets of classroom papers illustrating the grammar grades and business courses; articles showing the training given to the girls in dressmaking, millinery, plain sewing, lace making and em- broidery, and to the boys in blacksmithing, wagon-making, saddlery, shoe-making, paint- ing, tailoring, carpentering and cabinet making, the two last named being illustrated by furniture in large cases and the exhibit of a model house, every detail of which was made by Indian boys. There were specimens of native arts and indus- tries exhibited. These included _ potteries, blankets, baskets, matting, bead and leather work, and a very ornate model of the Iroquois Council Lodge. There were friezes, rugs and decorated articles made by the Indian pupils after aboriginal designs, and there were maps which showed the locations of Indian reserva- tions and the areas occupied by the remnants of Indian tribes in Virginia. There were also numerous photographs of noted individual In- dians, and of scenes at homes, at reservations, and at various occupations in the Government schools. A feature of the contribution of the Depart- ment of the Interior which added greatly to the value of the whole display and was intensely interesting to the generality of visitors was a lecture room: which had a seating capacity of two hundred and which had been provided with a stereopticon. Several times a day lectures upon different phases of the work of the De- partment were delivered. ‘The lectures were profusely illustrated by colored lantern slides, and an instructive programme of moving pic- tures and stereopticon views afforded hourly entertainment. The pictures, which were es- pecially prepared for the purpose of this exhibit, were of a nature appealing alike to the casual visitor and to the student of Department work. For example: In the moving pictures there was shown an old Indian and his amusements, ceremonies, dances and industries; and, as a contrast, the succeeding film showed the Indian 411 EXHIBIT OF “PATENT” AND “ PENSION” OFFICES of to-day at work in the fields and the children of the tribes busy in school. Other films pic- tured the active work of reclamation in the deserts and wastes, and the stereopticon views were of subjects relating to Yellowstone and Yosemite National Parks, the petrified forest in Arizona, and other picturesque areas under the control of the Department. The windows of the Department space were filled with hand painted handsome photographic transparencies, each thirty by forty-six inches and each rep- resenting the field work of some different branch of the Department or some scene from one of its controlled reservations. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The exhibits of the Department of Agricul- ture were located in the southwest section of the United States Government Building A., and occupied an area of about six thousand square feet. One of the principal displays of this Department was that made by the W eather Bureau. ‘The weather affords a subject of almost universal interest, and the exhibit con- sisted of a complete outfit for a working weather bureau office. All of the scientific in- struments used for recording air pressure, veloc- ity of the wind, quantity of sunshine, amount of rainfall and the vibration of the earth, were shown and explained to visitors. Among these were self-recording instruments like the barom- eter, rain gauge, thermometer, wind vane, sunshine recorder and anemometer. A seismo- graph, used by the Weather Bureau to locate earthquakes, was in operation, and_ visitors could watch the vibration of the recording pen. The instrument was so delicately adjusted that the booming of a cannon out on Hampton Roads was sufficient to deflect the pen from the cylinder. When installed for scientific use this instrument is set on a solid concrete foundation in a sub-cellar where it cannot be affected by accidental causes. Weather reports were re- ceived by telegraph each morning from all sec- tions of the country and charted on a glass map. A full sized kite used by the Weather Bureau in special aerial investigations was shown. To The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. this was attached automatic measuring instru- ments in position. Storm warning lanterns and a model tower for displaying them were exhib- ited, and a set of climatological and meteoro- logical charts and photographs completed the exhibit. The Bureaus of Animal Industry and of Plant Industry were designed to show what the Department is doing in a general way for the benefit not only of the stock raiser and the farmer, but for the consumer of their products. The variety and extent of the work of these Divisions is difficult to understand without a practical demonstration such as was given at the Exposition. The Bureau of Animal Industry is now prin- cipally engaged in the inspection of meat with the purpose of preventing the shipment from one State to another or to foreign countries of any that may be diseased or unwholesome: the investigation of animals’ diseases and the en- EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY forcement of measures for the prevention or re- duction of contagious diseases of animals; the inspection of animals for export, and the inspec- tion and quarantine of imported live stock; the examination of dairy products for export; reno- vating butter factories; investigation of matters pertaining to the methods employed in modern dairying together with the dissemination of in- formation which would help in the production of clean and wholesome milk. To illustrate these functions, were plaster casts of sides of beef, showing the inspection marks; the model of a stockyard, illustrating the tagging of cattle for export, a moving panorama exemplifying some features of the work of the Bureau; mounted sheep showing the effect of scabies and a vat for dipping cattle to cure this disease; a sheep dipping plant; a model of a twenty-cow dairy; a model of a section of a cattle steamer, and various models of foreign cheeses. 412 Government The Bureau of Plant Industry showed its farm demonstration work by the model of an ideal southern farm on which crops were grown in rotation, and at the same time exemplified the management of stock, the arrangement of farm buildings and the planning of the home grounds. Some models of apples, pears and peaches illus- trated the methods of packing fruit for shipment and export, and others showed the effects of orchard conditions and of cold storage, two subjects deeply affecting the pomologist. The value of nitrogen-gathering bacteria and the method of distributing these germinating agents were shown by sample and_ photographs. Other lines of investigation pursued by the Bureau exhibited pure seed studies, plant bear- ing in cotton, corn and tobacco, fiber investiga- tions, cereal investigation, plant diseases, school gardening work, tea culture, seed and plant in- RN troduction, pure drug investigations and the work of the Arlington Experiment Station. Two cases, one containing samples of hard fibers, manilla, sisal, New Zealand and Mauri- tius grasses used chiefly for binder twine, rope and cordage, were in juxtaposition to other sample cases of typical cottons and soft binders —hemp, jute, flax, ramie and pitfina. The exhibit of the Bureau of Soils illustrated two important branches—Soil Survey and To- bacco Investigation. The principal object of the Soil Survey is to classify and map the soils of the United States according to their agricul- tural values, thus enabling the Bureau to advise persons desiring to settle in any district just what the neighboring soil is best adapted to produce. The work was illustrated by relief maps or models of the Albemarle area in Virginia, of Norfolk County, Virginia, and Saint Mary County, Maryland, by farm maps of seventy 413 EXHIBIT OF BUREAU OF SOILS Participation. areas which had been surveyed in the eastern and southern parts of the United States, and by samples of twenty-four important solids from those regions. The object of the tobacco investigation was to demonstrate the adaptability of certain soils to the different varieties of tobacco; to improve the quality of the leaf produced, and to intro- duce among the farmers and warehousemen ad- vanced methods for fermenting and handling tobacco. These phases were illustrated by samples of Cuban filler, tobacco from Texas, Alabama, Ohio, and Sumatra, wrappers from Connecticut and Florida, heavy export tobacco from Virginia, and cigar filler tobacco from Ohio. The Bureau of Entomology illustrated the purely economic side of insect life, and the exhibit consisted of displays of the most injuri- ous insect pests of the country. These showed all the stages in the development of the more common insect enemies of agriculture, horticul- ture and forestry. The insects were subdivided according to the crops they injured. One group consisted of those which attack fruit trees, another the enemies of the field crops, and several cases were devoted to the enemies of the trucker. [wo cases contained collections of insects which affect store products, and much space was given to those which destroy forests or the products of forests. A special case was also allotted to household insects of all kinds. As many of the most important insects are very small and on this account would attract little attention in an exhibit, enlarged models were made, and this helped to call attention to the importance of the display and gave the visitor a good idea of the structure and appearance of the subjects. A special exhibit of enlarged The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. specimens of disease-bearing insects was shown, especially mosquitoes, which were illustrated so as to show their relation to malaria and yellow fever, and flies as typhoid fever carriers. ‘The office of the experiment station was designed to show the experimental investigative work which is being performed throughout the United States and its Colonies. The exhibit from the Alaska station consisted of cereals, vege- tables, and wild and cultivated fruits which are grown in different parts of the territory from Sitka northward, nearly to the Arctic Circle. The agricultural and horticultural resources of Hawaii and Porto Rico were displayed by a collection of fruits, nuts, fibers, vegetables and cereals grown in these territories; and the nutri- tion work of the office was illustrated by exhibits showing samples of fruitarian rations, losses in cooking meat by different methods, the digestibility of bread made from different kinds of flour, and the composition of certain food stuffs. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The exhibit made by the Library of Con- gress in Government Building A. contained many features of historical interest. It was a splendidly arranged display, classified and labeled under the separate Divisions of the Library of Congress, which contributed the materials. The wall spaces were decorated with photographs of the leading American and foreign libraries and of facsimiles of decorations from the Library of Congress. From the Division of Printed Books there were loaned some of the most valuable sets and individual volumes possessed by the Library of Congress. Nearly fifty per cent. of these re- lated to Virginia, and formed a collection which could hardly have been equalled beyond the rooms of the British Museum. From the Manuscript Division there were sent the con- temporary transcript of the records of the Vir- ginia Company, 1622 to 1624, with the printed volumes corresponding to these, published by the Library of Congress in 1906. ‘This col- lection also included the Ambler manuscripts, which dealt with the land transfer surveys in the vicinage of Jamestown, the original mem- bership list of the Virginia Section of the Cin- cinnati, a number of Colonial autograph pamphlets, original letters of many Pres- idents of the United States and examples which illustrated the methods of repairing old papers. From the Division of Maps and Charts were sent many extremely rare maps of Amer- ica and of the world, a collection of Virginia maps beginning with John Smith’s chart of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries and a col- lection which showed the development of Vir- ginia from the time of Jamestown up to the date that the Constitution was signed. The Division of Prints exhibited engravings of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madi- son, James Monroe, William Henry Harrison, James Tyler and Zachary Taylor, all of whom were born in Virginia, and with the portraits of these Presidents the pictures of their homes were displayed. All of these, with the excep- tion of Harrison and Taylor, were residents as well as natives of Virginia, and “ Berkeley,” the famous James River home of the Harrison family, was exhibited, as was the house in Orange County where Taylor was born. Among other interesting prints was a collection of political and historical cartoons. The Division of Periodicals sent a collection of newspapers printed in America before 1800, some of them containing contemporary accounts of important historical events, perhaps the most interesting being a record of the sign- ing of the Declaration of Independence, with the full text of the document itself. The Division of Music illustrated the American history of this art by a splendid collection of books and sheet music. Supplementing this display were rare and interesting works by foreigners. From the Mechanical Divisions of the Library were sent sections of the shelving used EXHIBIT OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 414 Government in the Library, a directory catalogue which contained about two hundred thousand cards composed of collections selected from the third official catalogue of the Library and designed to show the method of tabulation now used. The old catalogues in book, card and slip form were exhibited for the purposes of comparison. There was a collection of bound volumes and sewn sheets which illustrated the various kinds of coverings used for books at the Library and the processes employed in the binding of books, and there were samples of books and periodicals of the different styles of raised type for the use of the blind. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR The Department of Commerce and Labor made valuable and attractive exhibits from two of its Divisions—the Lighthouse Establishment and the Bureau of Fisheries. The central fea- ture of the Lighthouse exhibit consisted of a number of lenses and lanterns, types of the Participation. refractory mantle. The apparatus produced a brilliant, white incandescent light of much higher power than could be obtained from the best oil light hitherto used. Ass an additional advantage, the device is most economical to maintain. So successful is this lamp that it is now being made in several sizes for different classes of lights and as soon as possible, it will be installed in all the lighthouses in the country. One small vapor lamp was kept burning behind one of the small lenses, in order to show the contrast between the old and the new lights. It was found impracticable to show a larger vapor lamp in actual operation because the rays of light would have been blinding to visitors. As a part of the Lighthouse Service, the standard system of fog signaling apparatus was exhibited. This consisted of a large bell and two types of automatic tongues for striking a steam whistle; two forms of “ Siren ”’ whistles with automatic attachments for producing a series of blasts indicative of the particular sta- tion where installed. A “Siren” of the first class and of the pattern used in the Lighthouse UNITED STATES FISHERIES BUILDING several classes employed in the lighting of the coasts, lakes and rivers of the United States. These ranged in size from a hyper-radiant lens, the largest ever built for lighthouse use in this country, down to the small lantern employed on navigable inland waters. Some of the lenses are used where it is desired to have a steady fixed light, while two exhibits were mounted upon revolving mechanisms, in order to show the manner of producing flashing lights of extreme brilliance or of obtaining a distinct- ive group of flashes. A number of the lamps illustrated the application of modern oil lamps for lighthouse use. These, by the employment of several concentric wicks gave an intense solid light, and the mechanism of the appliances showed the progress made toward perfecting devices for automatically supplying the proper quantity of oil to insure a steady flame at a fixed height. Another exhibit showed a new vapor lamp developed by the Lighthouse Es- tablishment and displayed for the first time at this Exposition. Instead of kerosene, crude mineral oil was vaporized and burned under a 415 Establishment, can be heard for a distance ex- ceeding twenty miles. [here were a number of models of typical lighthouses, and plans showing the methods employed in constructing lighthouses at points where the engineering dif- ficulties are excessive. There was also ex- hibited a model of a lightship, one of those vessels which are employed to mark dangerous shoals, or are stationed a long distance from shore—the first light seen by vessels when ap- proaching port. The exhibit as a whole, amply indicated the progress and scope of the Lighthouse Establishment and most entertain- ingly and instructively exemplified the ingenuity of those who seek to protect the sea commerce of the country and the lives of the sailors. The principal feature of the exhibit made by the Bureau of Fisheries was a display of live fish in an aquarium, consisting of nineteen tanks arranged around the sides of a building especially constructed for the purpose. The building was located on the east side of Raleigh Square and was connected by a colonnade with Government Building A. It was one hundred The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES and six feet long and sixty feet wide, and con- tained sixty-one hundred and ninety-five square feet of floor space, of which twenty-six hundred and thirty-eight feet were occupied by the aquaria and entrances, and the remainder was utilized for a fixed exhibit. In addition to the nineteen tanks which lined the walls, there was a pool, twelve feet in diameter, at the center of the building. A\ll the tanks were equipped to hold salt water, but ten of them were used for refrigerated fresh water or fresh water of natural temperature, as might be required for different species of fish. A machinery room occupying seven hundred and fifty square feet was underneath the build- ing. This basement contained pumps, filters, air pumps, refrigerating apparatus and electric motors. Below the main floor were two reservoirs, each with a capacity of eighteen thousand gallons, for salt and fresh water, respectively. The fresh water was supplied from the Norfolk City water works through the Exposition mains, and the salt water was brought by boat from the entrance to Chesa- peake Bay. It was the purpose of the aqua- rium to show, so far as conditions would permit, how salt and fresh water fishes were propagated and distributed by the Bureau, and to exhibit important fishes and water animals of the coastal and interior waters, together with orna- mental or curious specimens generally. The center pool on the main floor was in- stalled for an exhibit of turtles and seals, and some fine specimens of these were displayed. The number of fish in the tanks varied from time to time, and the species were constantly changed by the acquisition of fresh lots from different sections of the country, some of these arriving on the cars of the Bureau and others being collected in nearby waters. The com- paratively small number of tanks necessarily limited the number and variety of fishes that could be exhibited, but the near vicinity of Chesapeake Bay, which contains a great abun- dance of important and interesting species, made it desirable to give particular attention to marine life. ‘The restricted space available for the fixed exhibit prevented a complete illus- tration of the functions of the Bureau, and it was feasible to display only such materials as would show some of the most interesting and salient phases of the work. Under the head of Fish Culture, were ar- ranged those articles which exemplified the work of the Bureau in the artificial propagation of food fishes and the stocking of fresh and salt water therewith. The exhibit included models and full sized samples of the appliances used in collecting the eggs and in the hatching and distributing of fresh water and sea fishes. There was a continuous demonstration of prac- tical fish hatching, in which many thousands of eggs were utilized. Traps were provided for hatching salmon of the Pacific Coast, trouts, graylings, and other species which have heavy eggs. Tables were equipped with various de- vices used in the culture of pike, perch and whitefish, while automatic tidal boxes for the in- cubation of the floating eggs of the cod and other sea fishes were installed. A working model of the Cail Fishway as improved by Doctor von Bayr, the engineering architect of the Bureau, showed the construction of the best ladder for fish, enabling them to surmount obstacles in streams. The equipment used in the biological in- vestigations and researches of the Bureau were shown by types of collecting apparatus inclu- ding tangles, dredges and tow nets of various sizes and forms, together with seines, nets and other appliances for shore collecting, tanks for the preservation and transportation of speci- mens, and the chest recently adopted for port- able use, containing six appliances in a minia- ture form, proportioned to small boats. In connection with these, was the Tanner Deep 416 Government Participation. Sea sounding machine with its equipment of instruments for hydrographic research. There was a model of the special railway car which is employed by the Bureau in transporting live fishes, and another of the sea going steamer “ Fish Hawk,” used for biologic investigation and as a floating shad hatchery. ‘Three cases were devoted to an illustration of the anatomy, growth, and local accidental variations, and the enemies of the oyster, by far the most im- portant single product of the national fisheries. Near these cases was a working model which illustrated the successful experiments made by the Bureau in scientifically fattening oysters. An exhibit, prepared by the Rhode I/sland Commission of Inland Fisheries as the result of their researches made in collaboration with the United States Bureau, showed the culture of the soft clam and scallop and brought out im- portant facts in connection with their develop- ment. The sponge fishery, though it is con- fined to the State of Florida, is one of the most important of the coast industries and has re- cently been the subject of much scientific inquiry and experiment. ‘The natural beds are being rapidly depleted, and the Bureau showed some of the results of its various experiments in arti- ficial sponge production, together with a fine collection of Florida sponges and models illus- trating the method of procuring and preparing them for market. In neighboring cases were collections of crustacea, mollusks, shells of turtles, terrapins and tortoises, and a collection of native sea- weed side by side with samples of food prod- ucts prepared by the Japanese from similar varieties. These were designed to show how our sea plants might advantageously be utilized. The extensive investigations of the Bureau rel- ative to the condition and preservation of the fur seals of Alaska were illustrated by a model of a section of seal rookery of the Pribilof Islands. On this were mounted specimens of seals, representing a typical family or “harem.” Illustrating the secondary products of the Fisheries, upon which are based numerous and valuable industries, there was a comprehensive collection of fish oils, which are used extensively for mechanical and medicinal purposes, and a congeries of fish fertilizers made from fish skins and waste. Shells of certain mollusks, utilized in the manufacture of pearl buttons and orna- ments, and mollusks which yield beautiful and valuable pearls and baroque pearls, were shown. ‘There were still other exhibits of ma- rine shells which afford the finer and more lustrous grades of mother of pearl, from which the better class of pearl buttons and ornaments are made. Nets, seines and traps were suspended from the ceiling, and arranged appropriately on the walls were other appliances for the capture of fish. These included a fine collection of angling instruments, and there was a large case containing models of fishing vessels, especially those most used in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, while strung along the walls were statistical charts giving the value of various fisheries and methods and results of the work of the Bureau. These were supplemented by an effective series of colored photographs and mutoscope pictures of practical fish cultural operations and fishing scenes. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND NATIONAL MUSEUM The exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum occupied a building lying westward from Raleigh Square and con- nected by a colonnade with Government Build- ing B. The display made by these two im- portant Divisions was designed to convey a correct impression of the character and degree of civilization of the Aborigines—and to con- dense within the scope of a single room the epitomized history of three hundred years. Congress definitely limited the display to “such materials of an historical nature as would serve to impart a knowledge of our Colonial and National history.” It was, there- fore, only possible to take from the collections at Washington objects that might be cata- logued under the caption of “* American His- tory.” The exhibits were collected for the purpose of teaching the progress in the civiliza- tion of Americans, and carrying into effect this plan the collection started with examples of we. ‘ y Serna, nee A r) a reD e am 2 nate “atop THE “SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION” AND “NATIONAL MUSEUM” BUILDING 417 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. pre-historic household implements, utensils, weapons and clothing, and continued through the Colonial and National days displaying prog- ress in certain fields of invention which have tended to increase the comfort or advance of civilization of the people. To illustrate the story pleasingly, the curator secured groups of figures, portraits, medals and relics which outlined the three hundred years of progress. ‘The contrast between the twenty ton “ Discovery”’—one of the boats that brought the Jamestown settlers—and the twenty thousand ton battleship lying at anchor in the Hampton Roads is no more startling than were many juxtapositions in the Smithsonian display. Occupying the center of the floor space there was a large tableau of twenty-two life-sized figures portraying Captain John Smith trading with the Indians for corn. The group was designed by W. H. Holmes, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology and Curator of the National Art Gallery. Eleven of the group were white men, dressed with historic verity, and with helmets, rapiers, match-lock guns and pistols such as had been actually car- ried by early English settlers. The boat was a reproduction of the “ Pinnace”’ which had been used by Smith in surveying the Chesa- peake Bay and the Virginia rivers. “The white men had chests of beads and glass, small hatchets, and other trinkets; while the Indians were giving grain in return for the baubles. The corn in this display was grown from seed carried by the Tuscaroras to New York in 1711. The special significance of this group lies in the fact that if Captain John Smith had not succeeded in trading with the Indians the Jamestown Colony would certainly have suf- fered annihilation. Around the central group were placed forty- three cases, twelve of them illustrating costumes and culture of different periods. “Two were devoted to a display of attire worn by the original settlers—the Puritan and his wife, the Dutch padroon and his wife, the Virginia planter and his wife, and the Spanish cavalier and lady. One case illustrated the Indians of the Potomac region employed in making stone implements and another contained specimens of the stone art work of the aborigines. A most interesting scene of the Colonial period was exhibited and the Daughters of the American Revolution lent a collection of costumes and relics of the days of ’76. A case containing objects of especial interest illustrated the arts and culture of the outlying possessions of the United States of to-day, the Philippines, Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska. The evolution of water transportation was portrayed by a series of models beginning with the ancient war galley of the Vikings and showing among others the ships of Columbus, the “ Susan Constant ”’ of the Virginia emprise; the “ Mayflower ”’ of the Puritans; the “ Half- Moon” of Hendrik Hudson; the first experi- ments of Rumsey, Fitch, Fulton and Stevens; the “ Savannah ’’—the first steamboat to cross the Atlantic, and models of modern boats ply- ing to-day on the rivers, bays and oceans of the world. Iu a similar way the development of land transportation was illustrated. The exhibits included models of the pack-horse, the Colonial carts and ox wagons, the Virginia rolling hogs- head for conveying tobacco, the sleds used by the first settlers, the Indian travoix, the Colonial chaise, the Western stage coach, and, in the field of railroading, the Stevens locomotive of 1825, the first American effort in this line, the "Tom Thumb,” which, built by Peter Cooper in 1829, drew a car carrying twenty-four passengers a distance of thirteen miles in fifty- seven minutes, then considered a marvelous rec- ord; the English “ Stourbridge Lion;’’ the ** America’s Best Friend,” built in 1831 and the first locomotive actually employed in rail- TABLEAU: CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH TRADING WITH INDIANS Government Participation. road work in this country, all others having been used for demonstration. The Baldwin Loco- motive Works exhibited the ‘‘ Old Ironsides,” “* Sandusky,’ and modern giant engines. In connection with transportation, illustrations of speedy message communication were given. Telegraph and telephone developments were exemplified by models of the original forms of apparatus and the present means employed. A “History of Medicine” exhibit was especially planned by Doctor James M. Flint of the National Museum. It consisted mainly of portraits of noted doctors, beginning with the physician who accompanied Captain John Smith to America down through the list to Doctor Crawford W. Long who, it is claimed, first used ether as an anesthetic in surgical operations. This collection included pictures of Doctor Zabdiel Boylston, the first American to perform inoculation for smallpox, and Doctor Carlos Finlay who is credited with f at a formulating a definite theory as to the transmis- sion of yellow fever by the mosquito. In a frieze around the building were shown in chronological order one hundred and thirty large colored pictures of the most eminent men associated with the history of the United States. The walls were also adorned with a large col- lection of historic pictures and other material bearing upon the story of America. Among these were included copies of fifty or more pic- tures made by Governor White of Roanoke Island, for Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585. The originals of these are now in the Grenville col- lection in the British Museum. A most remarkable exemplification of photog- raphy was prepared by T. W. Smillie of the National Museum. ‘This great mechanical art has a definite history of less than one hundred years. The oldest display was a crude portrait made in 1824 by Niepce. Prints by Daguerre 419 and Talbot were exhibited. Some wonderful colored photographs were shown. Among a collection of remarkable color prints were a photograph of the solar spectrum thirty feet long, a detailed reproduction of the infra-red spectrum recorded by the bolometer invented by the late Professor S. P. Langley of the Smithsonian Institution, a print showing the total eclipse of the sun in 1900 and a picture of the Goddess of Liberty topping the dome of the United States Capitol. A specially con- structed telephoto camera set at a distance of a third of a mile from the Capitol recorded this last reproduction. LATIN-AMERICA The Ter-Centennial was not strictly a world’s fair since the United States Government had not proclaimed it as an international exposition and consequently no official invitation had been a. GOVERNMENT BUILDING FOR THE EXHIBITS OF INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS, PORTO RICO AND MEXICO extended to foreign countries suggesting or re- questing that they officially participate through other media than their armies and navies. To a certain extent this restriction was not con- sidered in connection with the Republics of Latin-America whose relations with the United States are closer than are usually the relations between independent States. The J/nterna- tional Bureau of American Republics made an abstract exhibit in the northeast section of the Ex- position which showed in a broad and general way the commercial possibilities of all Latin- America, and several of the individual Republics made exhibits no doubt influenced by the Bureau, but as well induced by the evident inclination of the United States to appreciate any co-opera- tion that their southern neighbors might extend. In 1890 the first Pan-American Conference was held at Washington, and as a result of this meeting the International Bureau was es- The Jamestown 1 er-Centennial Exposition. tablished. “TWenty-one American Govern- ments are represented on the Directing Board, and the Bureau is maintained by the joint con- tributions of these countries. The exhibit of the Bureau was one of the principal attractions of the Exposition. It was visited by thousands, and its displays were examined with the utmost care. Few people who saw the exhibit had ever before fully realized the value of the Bureau as an educational, statistical, commer- cial and historical factor. The headquarters of the Bureau showed an architectural contrast with the other Exposi- tion buildings. Its style was Spanish and it was built of gravel and cement—the main build- ing being square, with a single oblong wing, all one story high. ‘The greater portion of the display consisted of maps and of cases contain- ing samples of Latin-American products. A large relief map of the proposed _inter- continental railway, which is intended to connect the United States with the Re- publics of Central and South America, was perhaps_ the chief feature of the exhibit; and a Pan- American map show- ing the area, popula- tion and foreign com- merce of the South American Republics was supplemented by pamphlets and charts calling attention to the immense size of Latin-America and to its wonderful natural productions, its large and HON. JOHN BARRETT Director I. B. of A. R. EXHIBIT OF INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS ‘tbe growing trade, its material development, its immense system of fluvial highways, its mag- nificent ports, its dense forests, its rich mines, its vast plains and_ table-lands, its large and growing cities, its deep valleys and tower- ing mountains. ‘There were fine topographical maps of Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guate- mala, Honduras, Mexico and _ Salvador. There were a number of old maps taken from the early books written about America, charts illustrating the discov- ery of Columbus and a map of the world drawn by Ceserea in 1534. ) staeerrn rete June 10th to 14th.......... Junem24ithetoe2Sthaseeryss te Jilyacthetom | 2thesereerer ae JulyslSthe tom Othe sare July PO nde tom. Othe ietren tte July 29th to August 2nd.... August 12th to 16th........ No. of Drills. No. of Parades. A 4 SAMY cs a ye 2 = 2 5 5 aig Pelle ee eee 2 * 2 5 5 Be ay I: be 5 5 4 4 SLR ee eee 3 fe 2 5 5 4 4 pai eet 9 hie eae 2 i. 2 3 3 LAU sein eres ey = COs 2 ~ 2 4 4 ee i Ae ee D if 2 4 4 A ee y x 2 4 4 Ph eBtey ned etch 2 - 2 4 4 ed) ad A Py 2 A 2 2 4 PEE 2 See tee ee 4 . 4 2 2 Eee ee weer 2 -: 2 2 2 Lo a ETRY ate 2 - 2 2 2 BE EAT gee Re 4 4 .: 3 2 2 Ra rears Me ane 8 2 ie 2 1 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 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ASN ' i . # 9o | \ a 5 Lowe 2 ao / NX sae ; wy my ‘ *sO sto. \ wv ‘ aT 4 FNP. N\ aad. 9 ao A roll eeartet pit . a Slo ts oO Fivel / re y, at / - 0 7 410 kal < ond “0 * ; lanr woe é oo Guo 1” gg 4 ka & 89S 1 O50 i ‘ > mer > Pie eo“ x9 j x ST em v \ ' i - s onc, g to < \ ' 19> Nes a ( s 78 1 GeO i, Ky ba 7 eat be Ciney FoKeOHINY ‘ “ 2-5 Cran ©, ed : \ we 7 %O so 3 ywisvasm) Pores hd 440 Government Participation. : oo SECOND SQUADRON: Third Division— (29) Alabama Rear-Admiral C. H. Davis. Sean One Captain S. P. Comly. (Oe lllinois cases ere Captain G. Blocklinger. Gil) eKentucky- 2. cence: Captain E. B. Barry. (32 )eRearsarge meee sales >< Captain H. Winslow. Fourth Division— Rear-Admiral W. H. Emory. (GED) CINCH ty Settacos Saemeae Captain L. C. Heilner. (34) Minnesota ........... Captain J. Hubbard. (Bd) Clowamnct waves cess: Captain H. McCrea. (6) ep ndiana weeny. oie: Captain D. H. Mahan. Cruisers— (WAYESES ouisiwee ane ere = Commander N. R. Usher. (75) Washington ......... Captain J. D. Adams. (76) Tennessee ........... Captain A. G. Berry. (U2) ae Denver wera: ti. surnere « Commander W. P. Caperton. (5s) eGleveland: Fat .4.2 ereecn Commander J. T. Newton. Destroyers—(9 to II): Lieut. Comdr. E. A. Anderson. lopkins Wein orev se Lieutenant A. G. Howe. Puller cree eee es Lieutenant T. C. Hart. DtewWarte nce csi. Lieutenant J. F. Hellwig. INCE Sesenalcoeed Lieutenant J. V. Babcock. Wihipplesmerrire ae. Lieutenant E. Woods. Wiel deca smaene Lieutenant V. S. Houston. Torpedo Boats—(6 to 7) iringhamiens saa Lieutenant W. McDowell. Blakely ease yet eisce Lieutenant C. E. Courtney. Den leong une series so Lieutenant W. S. Miller. Stocktonlryicie seek Lieutenant J. H. Tomb. WALES daa Sees Lieutenant A. W. Johnson. Station Ships— Brooklyn cere Captain A. P. Nazro. Witcxasme monies: Ate Commander G. H. Clark. Miantonomah ........ Ganonictis ares aece Auxiliaries— C8 aGlacier sare snus sane Commander F. M. Bennett. (15) ON TET Wo se oc areas The opening day of the Exposition was distinguished by the presence of the President of the United States, Members of the Cabinet, Diplomatic Corps, Senators and Representa- tives in Congress, Governors of States, State Militia and Army and Navy officers both Na- tional and foreign. ‘The President arrived on board the “ Mayflower” about eight o’clock in the morning and passed in review through the fleet of the United States and foreign war vessels, each of which fired salutes. The course of the “ Mayflower” is indicated on the chart. When the “ Mayflower’’ reached her anchorage, the President received the 441 U. S. WARSHIPS IN HAMPTON ROADS officers of the combined fleets on board his yacht. On Opening Day, April 26, a brigade of bluejackets and marines, about fifteen hundred in number, disembarked from the United States Atlantic Fleet and joined the forces of the Regular Army and National Guards, partici- pating in the review by the President. The parade passing before Mr. Roosevelt comprised about four thousand men of arms. Major- General Frederick Dent Grant, U. S. A., was Grand Marshal. On May 13, 1907, there were disembarked from the U. S. Atlantic Fleet bluejackets and marines to the number of three thousand. The foreign vessels also landed Naval detachments. Joining the U. S. Army forces present and the National Guards of several States, the whole force formed a magnificent parade of more than five thousand men. MRear-Admiral C. M. Thomas, U. S. N., was Grand Marshal, and the following were his orders for the day: In case visiting men-of-war accept the invitation to land de- tachments, their order in the formation will be as follows: Japanese Detachment. Brazilian Detachment. Austrian Detachment. Chilean Detachment. Italian Detachment. Argentine Detachment. - (2) 23rd Regiment, United States Infantry. (3) United States Atlantic Fleet Naval Brigade. Six Battalions. (4) 3rd Battery, United States Field Artillery. (5) 2nd Squadron, 12th United States Cavalry. 2. The uniform for the Staff and Aides-de-Camp of the Grand Marshal will be blue service dress with white caps, white gloves, swords and leggings. The uniform for the United States Army detachment and for the marines, and the bands accompanying the marines, will be full dress. 4. The uniform for the Brigade Commander and Staff and for the blue jacket battalions will be the same as that prescribed for the parade of April 26th. 5. The Grand Marshal and Staff will assemble on Com- monwealth Avenue, East, at the Northeast corner of Lee's Parade, at 10:00 a.m. The foreign detachments will be formed on Common- wealth Avenue, East, head of column at Gilbert Street, headed South. 7. The 23rd United States Infantry on Pocahontas Street, head of column at intersection of Pocahontas Street with Com- monwealth Avenue, East. The marine battalions of the United States Naval The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Brigade will be formed on Commonwealth Avenue, East, to the southward of the foreign detachments. The blue jacket battalions will be formed on Powhatan Street, head of column at intersection of Powhatan Street, with Commonwealth Avenue, East. 9. The 3rd Battery, United States Field Artifery, will be formed on Powhatan Street, head of column at the inter- section of Powhatan Street, with Mathews Street. 10. The 2nd Squadron, 12th United States Cavalry, will be formed on Powhatan Street, on the left of the 3rd Battery, United States Field Artillery. 11. All foot organizations will be formed in double rank and will pass in review in company front taking this formation upon entering Lee’s Parade. Cavalry and Field Artillery will pass in review in column of platoons. Until arrival at Lee’s Parade all foot organizations will march in column of squads. In passing in review the guide will be right. No honors will be paid along the line of march. For foot troops the distance between the companies will be company distance; for cavalry and field artillery, full distance; between battalions, sixteen paces and between regiments twenty- four paces. 12. After passing the reviewing stand, all organizations will continue the march across Lee’s Parade. On reaching Commonwealth Avenue, West, each organization will form column of squads and the parade column will change direction to the left, and will proceed South on Commonwealth Avenue, West. On reaching West Street, the United States Infantry, Field Artillery and Cavalry will leave the column. The re- mainder of the column will continue the march around the Parade Ground by Commonwealth Avenue, South and East, to Spottswood Circle, thence around Spottswood Circle to Commonwealth Avenue, East, thence North on this Avenue to Powhatan Street, thence to the boats. On this occasion the Argentine Republic, Brazil and Chile were represented as on open- ing day. The boats representing Austro- Hungary, Germany and Great Britain had left Hampton Roads, but in their places were the Italian Fleet, commanded by Captain, His Royal Highness the Duke of the Abruzzi. His flagship was the “ Varese,”’ and with this armored cruiser was the cruiser “ Etruria ”’ commanded by Commander Pericola. Japan’s squadron consisted of the “ Tsukuba,” an armored cruiser of fourteen thousand tons dis- placement, commanded by Captain Takenouchi and the cruiser “ Chitose,” commanded by Captain Yamaya. ‘The squadron was under the command of Vice-Admiral Ijuin. The United States Fleet consisted of the same six- teen battleships that were present on opening day and the same destroyers and auxiliaries. The torpedo boats present on the former occa- sion had departed and to the four station ships first mentioned were added the “ McDon- ough,” a destroyer, and the “ Cushing,” a tor- pedo boat. June 10, 1907, officially designated as “ Georgia Day,” was distinguished by a second visit of the President of the United States. After reviewing the combined fleets and receiv- ing the officers on board the ““ Mayflower,” the President was again brought to Discovery Landing, where he was received with the customary high honors. ‘The parade on this day was composed in part of State troops, cadets of military schools, representatives of the Regular Army, a force from the Atlantic Fleet of more than three thousand bluejackets and marines, representatives of the foreign naval detachments, the West Point Cadets and cadets from the United States Naval Academy. The total number in the parade exceeded seven thousand men. On June 10 there were changes once more in the line of warships. “The Argentine Repub- lic, Chile and Japan were not represented, but the Austro-Hungarian vessels had returned and France had a squadron under command of Rear-Admiral A. M. Thierry—three vessels— the armored cruiser ““ Kleber,’’ Captain B. M. de Saintpern; the armored cruiser “ Victor Hugo,” Captain J. P. Neyel and the cruiser ““ Cahssaloupe-Laubat,” commander E. F. Carre. ‘The Netherlands were represented by the cruiser “ Gelderland,’ Captain Baron von Aspeck, and Portugal by the cruiser ““ Don Carlos I.” The United States Fleet was practically the same as on May 13, except that the midshipmen’s practice squadron under the command of Captain T. B. Howard was present. Besides the cruiser “ Olympia,” commanded by Captain Howard, there were in this squadron the monitors “ Arkansas,” “Florida” and ‘‘ Nevada,” commanded respectively by commanders B. A. Fiske, W. I. Chambers, and H. McL P. Huse. On the nights of April 26, May 13 and June 10, the vessels of the various nationalities lying in Hampton Roads and forming a com- bined fleet of about fifty vessels, on each occa- sion were brilliantly illuminated by electric lights—a spectacle of beauty which has never been surpassed except perhaps by the illumina- tion of the grand pier, Raleigh Court and the adjacent buildings of the Jamestown Exposi- tion. On several other occasions besides these, noted bluejackets and marines participated in parades. The forces at other times were chiefly from the receiving ships and_ ves- sels in commission at the Navy Yard at Nor- folk. The Norwegian war vessel “ Harald Haar- fagre ” visited the Exposition about the last of June; and the Swedish corvette “ Fylgia” arrived on August 20—the latter boat bearing His Royal Highness, Prince Wilhelm, the sec- ond son of the King of Sweden. The foreign vessels present on June 10 sailed soon afterwards. [he United States Fleet began leaving June 13. One division remained in attendance at the Exposition except for intervals of practice at sea. About the middle of August nearly all of the Atlantic Fleet reassembled in Hampton Roads and re- mained until September. The Exposition offered prizes for competitive races between boats from the men-of-war. The results of these races were as follows: April29—The Jamestown Cup Race—Pulling Race, one-mile, twelve-oared U. S. Navy Standard racing cutters, officer crew: Alabama: sat. aetcnc abet First Wairginiate contien cscs metas Second, Roxburgh (British) ...... Third. April 30—Pulling Race—Four-oared ships’ boats, two-mile straightaway : Ohio davgateenthatatadeterstohe Sek First, lowaae maar oi eee Second, Indianal eer as tectec ste Third. Pulling Race—Ten or twelve-oared barges, two- mile straightaway : Avoyllig (british) ermine First, Sankt George (Austrian) . .Second, Bremen (German) ...... Third. Pulling Race—Double banked fourteen to eighteen oars, two miles: sailing launches, Kentuckyster. cesiryecete First, Missouri eere-tasr. ra area era Second Kearsarge: Riv dsic sclse ae te Third. Government Participation. BATTENBERG RACE FINISH, ARGYLL WINNING May 1—Army and Navy Life Cup Free-for-all, sailing race, ships’ boats, over Jamestown course (about ten miles) : Combination Pulling and Sailing Race for service cutters, go-as-you-please, about six miles: Roxburgh (British) ...... First, Sankt George (Austrian) . .Second, Good Hope (British). .... Third. Combination Pulling and Sailing Race for Launches, six miles: Connecticut sme ne eee First, Kentuckyamanec et eecsa 2 Second, Flampshiremee neni nie ae Third. May 2—Free-for-all Pulling Race—Ships’ boats, three miles straightaway : Indianameemertete ree First, Kearsargemmsrccis da chitoecce Second, INentuckysartettec.s ccccces cas Third. Gig Race—Five or six-oared, two miles, straightaway : Good Hope (British).... .First, Presidente Carmiento (Arg.) Second, Roxburgh (British) ...... Third. May 3—Combination Pulling and Sailing Race for gigs or sail boats—About six miles: Hampshire Good Hope Sailing Race for Service Cutters—Regulated rigs, about ten miles: Sankt George (Austrian) . . First, Sailing Race for Service Sailing Launches, go-as- you-please, Jamestown course, about ten miles: Wouisianaweronicce cee First, \ETINEE, Suchen eee po meio Second, Gonnecticutmemmnree nee Third. Battenberg Race—Winner to pull, Argyll, pulling twelve oars, standard racing cutters, about three miles: [ilinois Weert ee aloshoneroexs First, [nidian awe een Second, Wain Gteteses apse ieee ok Third. 443 RACING CREW OF THE “ NEW May 4—Battenberg Cup Race—Three miles, between rep- resentatives English and American crews: Argyll (Biitish) meee First, Elnorspem cer ears ercheeers Second. May 13—Twelve-oared Service Cutters—Three miles: Mareses( Italian) cere First, Sankt George (Austrian) . .Second, Aspern (Austrian) ...... Third. Six-oared Gig Race—All in American Gigs, three miles: Varese (Italian) ........ First, Kentickymers ster -rnecnn: Second, Sankt George (Austrian). . Third. Twelve-oared Cutters, each nation in American racing cutters: Extrurrage ((talian)) Meee: First, Kearsarge cee seek te Second, Hlinots ecotecrne esters Third Prizes were offered for competitive per- formances between the bands of the Atlantic Fleet. The first prize was won by the United States Steamship ‘‘ Ohio,”’ but the band from the Receiving Ship “ Franklin,” stationed at the Norfolk Navy Yard, having scored an even number of points, though debarred from competition, which was restricted only to the bands on vessels anchored in Hampton Roads, received a prize equal in value to the one awarded to the Ohio. The Culver Summer Naval School attended the Exposition during the last week of August with a splendid corps of cadets numbering about four hundred. The corps brought two carloads of horses for cavalry drills and also brought their boats. The proficiency of the cadets was demonstrated in their exercises with boats and as Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry. A high order of conduct and discipline was indicated. Goa as: ane Suma JERSEY ” The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. SEA END OF SMITH BASIN In connection with the account of the Naval participation at the Exposition, it is necessary to notice briefly the very regrettable incident described in the body of this book, namely: the loss of the steam launch of the U. S. S. ““Minnesota’’ on the night of the tenth of June. This launch left the Exposition pier at about midnight, bearing six midshipmen and a crew of five men. A strong northeast gale was blowing, there was a heavy sea, and the rain made it difficult to see lights or objects at any considerable distance. The noise of the gale also obscured sound signals. The launch dis- appeared, and subsequently was recovered in the channel westward of Fort Wool. The bodies of the midshipmen and enlisted men were recovered within a few days. ‘The report of the Naval Board, based upon the condition in which the launch was found, declared that the little craft had run over a tow line between a tug and her tow and that the line had caught the launch under the starboard quarter and ripped open the boat from the keel to the gun- nel. The victims of this sad disaster, which cast a pall over the fleet and the Exposition, were as follows: MinsHIpMEN: Philip Henry Field, Colorado, Class of 1906. William Hollister Stevenson, North Carolina, Class of 1906. Franklin Porteous Holcomb, Delaware, Class of 1907. Herbert Leander Holden, Wisconsin, Class of 1907. Henry Clay Murfin, Jr., Ohio, Class of 1907. Walter Carl Ulrich, Wisconsin, Class of 1907. SaILors: Robert H. Dodson, Seaman. Jesse Conn, Coal passer. Frank R. Plumber, Ordinary seaman. GOVERNMENT PIERS The most important single contribution which the United States Government made to the Jamestown Exposition was the magnificent pair of piers which formed the focal point of the landscape and architectural picture. Four hundred thousand dollars was the sum appro- priated for this work. The plans for the piers were furnished by the Board of Design of the Exposition Com- pany and the work was superintended by Major Spencer Cosby, Corps of Engineers of the United States Army. There was considerable delay in the preparation of the plans. ‘These were not submitted by the Ex- position Company until Sep- tember, 1906, although the appropriation act was passed in June; and the construction, according to the plans which were presented, was found im- practicable since the cost of the work far exceeded the amount available. The Scofield Com- pany of Philadelphia were the only bidders and they subse- quently submitted a_ revised plan which was approved by the Jamestown Exposition Company and also by the Sec- retary of War, and the Gov- ernment entered into a contract with them, dated November 1, 1906, providing for the com- MAJOR SPENCER COSBY Corps Engineer U. S. A. pletion of the work within one hundred and eighty days. A part of December had passed before the actual construction of the piers was begun, and from the time the work commenced, there were no delays attributable to the lack of material. The original project was modified by an act of Congress, approved February 9, 1907, which provided for dredging from deep water in Hampton Roads to the Government Piers and for dredging in Boush Creek to accommodate the needs of the life-saving exhibit. Sixty-five thousand dollars was appropriated for this pur- pose. Except in the case of the dredges, an ample plant was maintained by the con- tractors, but the work was seriously delayed by inclement weather, and by the labor conditions which were far from satisfactory. Owing to the inability of the contractors, who were dredging the channels as well as building the piers, to pro- cure adequate machinery, the channel work progressed slowly. The small Boush Creek contract was executed chiefly by utilizing such hired dredges as could be secured in local waters, but the ap- proach to the enclosed basin 444 Government Participation. A CLOSE VIEW OF THE ARCH was tardily executed. Work was begun in March and progressed slowly during that month and the two months following. In June there were better weather conditions and softer material was encountered, and as a con- sequence more rapid progress was made. By the end of June, the channel was practically complete. As a safe harbor for small boats, the basin which the piers enclosed was utilized continu- ously after Opening Day. ‘The piers therefore subserved a certain economic purpose from the inception of the Exposition, but instead of proving to be, by reason of their beauty, a most attractive magnet, they for months, constituted the most unsightly portion of the Exposition’s contour. The piers were each one hundred and fifty feet wide and one thousand, two hundred feet long, and connected at the sea end by a third pier-way, in the center of which was a concrete arch with a span of one hundred and fifty feet and a maximum height thirty feet above mean high water. At the shore end of the basin, formed by these three piers there was a single landing, about three hundred and fifty feet long, reserved for the use of the United States Government and foreign naval vessels. On either side of the basin were six boat landings connected with the piers. Along the shore for a distance of one thou- sand, nine hundred feet there was erected a wooden bulkhead to hold the fill between it and the original shore line. The piers proper consisted of two reinforced concrete retaining walls supported on round and inclined sheet piles, the spaces between the walls being filled with material dredged from the basin. ‘The head of the pier was of similar construction 445 except for the arch and abutments which were made of solid concrete. The piers and shore bulkhead were surmounted by a number of ornamental structures of a temporary character, and were decorated by numerous lighting de- vices, maintained by the Exposition Company, which also illuminated the entire construction. More than four and a half months of the Ex- position season had passed before the piers were finished, and during the greater part of the time, cars, piles of dirt, suction dredges in operation, lakes of soft mud, and general chaos disfigured the end of Raleigh Square. It is probable that the main reasons for delay were the failure of the contractors to make proper allowance for the weather, and their ignorance of Exposition conditions so far as labor was concerned. Before the close of 1906, railroad sidings had been built near the work, temporary buildings had been erected, a large amount of material had been delivered and many piles driven. From January Ist to January 15th, the progress was rapid, but, dur- ing the latter half of January and all of Feb- ruary, the work showed little advance. Nor- mally, the winters are mild in the vicinity of Norfolk and the spring begins early, but 1907 showed an exception. The weather was un- usually inclement. The cold at times was se- vere and rain or snow was frequent. These conditions continued intermittently until the Exposition had opened, and naturally they served to prevent expeditious work; but even when the skies had cleared and warm weather had made its definite advent progress was dis- appointingly slow. According to contract, the pier should have been completed by May Ist. There was in the agreement, a clause penalizing the contractors The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. one hundred dollars for each day’s delay, but this did not serve as a spur to effort. “The con- struction company was harrassed by certain business difficulties which ultimately culminated in their failure and which probably affected, to a certain degree, their persistence. The official report of the U. S. Engineer in charge gives the condition of the work at the end of the fiscal year, 1907, thus: tions adorned the handsome structure. The great arch was graceful and massive. ‘The plers proper were broad avenues, turfed and graveled and served admirably as a promenade. Within the basin several water carnivals were held and numerous launches entered daily beneath the arch. From one of the towers the Government operated a wireless telegraph station, and from the top of the main arch “ The following table gives the estimated quantities of the principal classes of work and the proportion done to June 30, 1907: Round piles Sheet ‘piles, plam inscribed: “* Awarded for the architecture of the Rhode Island State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Massachusetts for the Massachusetts State Build- ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- scribed: ‘“* Awarded for the Massachusetts State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Mr. John La Valle, architect of the Massachusetts State Build- ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- scribed: ‘« Awarded for the architecture of the Massachusetts State Building, which was inspired by the old State House in Boston and admirably preserved the spirit ov the original.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Connecticut for the Connecticut State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘“* Awarded for the Connecticut State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. Rossiter & Wright, architects of the Connecticut State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘“ Awarded for the architecture of the Connecticut State Building and the skill in which they have preserved the Colonial spirit both in the interior and exterior.’” The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Lennsylvania for the Pennsylvania State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘© Awarded for the Pennsylvania State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to Messrs. Brockie & Hastings, architects for the Pennsylvania State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘“ Awarded for the architecture of the Pennsylvania State Building, and for the admirable manner in which the spirit of Independence Hall has been preserved, both in general design and detail.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Kentucky for the Kentucky State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘* Awarded for the Kentucky State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Mr. Ken- neth McDonald, architect of the Kentucky State Build- ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- scribed: ‘* Awarded for the interesting realization of Daniel Boone’s Fort Boonesboro.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Georgia for the Georgia State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ** Awarded for the Georgia State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Thornton Marye, architect of the Georgia State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘* Awarded for the architecture of the Georgia State Building. ’’ ; The Committee awards a Silver Medal to the Daughters of the Confederacy, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘* Awarded for the interesting Building erected by the Daughters of the Confederacy.’’ ; The Committee awards a Silver Medal to the Walter Baker Chocolate Company, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: “« Awarded for the Bakers’ Chocolate House.’’ The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Kevill Glennan, designer of the Virginian-Pilot Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: “« Awarded for the Virginian-Pilot Building.’’ The, Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Illinois for the Ilinois State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘¢ Awarded for the Illinois State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Silver Medal to W. Carby Zimmerman, architect of the Illinois State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ““ Awarded for the architecture of the Illinois State Building. ’”’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of New York for the New York State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘“ Awarded for the New York State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to ’ Mr. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Clarence Luce, architect of the New York State Build- ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- scribed: “* Awarded for the State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of West Virginia for the West Virginia State Build- ing, and upon the diploma these words are to be in- seribed: “* Awarded for the West Virginia State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Silver Medal to Rabein- stein & Warner, architects of the West Virginia State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ““ Awarded for ginia State Building. The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of North Dakota for the North Dakota State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘« Awarded for the North Dakota State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the City of Richmond for the Richmond City Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ““ Awarded for the Richmond City Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Vermont for the Vermont State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: “* Awarded for the Vermont State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the City of architecture of the New York the architecture of the West Vir- a} Baltimore for the Baltimore Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inseribed: “* Awarded for the Baltimore Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Louisiana for the Louisiana State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘* Awarded for the Louisiana State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Michigan for the Michigan State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: “« Awarded for the Michigan State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of Delaware for the Delaware State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ““ Awarded for the Delaware State Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the State of New Hampshire for the New Hampshire State Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘* Awarded for the New Hampshire State Build- aac The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the Domini- can Republic for the Dominican Republic Building, and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: “« Awarded for the Dominican Republic Building.’’ The Committee awards a Gold Medal to the Negro Exhibit and upon the diploma these words are to be inscribed: ‘« Awarded for the Negro Building.’’ NEGRO PARTICIPATION ADVISORY BOARD OF AWARDS FOR THE NEGRO BUILDING The United States Government was principally responsible for the conduct of the Negro Exhibit and to a large extent the splendid display made by the black race may be attributed to the watchfulness, the care and the interest manifested by the men appointed to supervise the Federal expenditures. position history had they done so well. The Negroes of the country were proud of the showing they had made, and rightly did they place a high estimate on their collection. Messrs. Edwards and Geddes, the President and the Never before in Ex- Secretary of the United States Government Board, requested the Jury of Awards to recognize the Negro effort by a special consideration and appoint some members of that race to judge the exhibits in the Negro Building. Admitting the reasonableness of this request, Dr. Shaw, President of the Jury, appointed an advisory board consisting of two distinguished edu- cators, I. S. Inborden, D. S., of Enfield, North Carolina, Principal of the Joseph Keasby Brick Agricultural, Industrial and Normal School, and W. T. B. Williams of Hampton, Vir- ginia, a Bachelor of Arts of Harvard University and the agent of the John F. Slater Board at Hampton Institute; two prominent professional men, W. D. Crum, M.D., a practicing physi- cian and the Collector of the Port of Charleston, South Carolina, and J. C. Napier, an attor- ney-at-law and the Cashier of the One-Cent Savings Bank of Nashville, Tennessee. The fifth member was Mrs. Mary Church Terrell of Washington, a member of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia. This Advisory Board examined all the exhibits in the Negro Building and the judgment of the experts on the main jury was at their disposal at all times. Their recommendations were submitted to a special sub-jury and finally were accepted or rejected by the “ Jury of Awards.” No exhibits were, therefore, judged with greater dis- crimination than those in the Negro Building and it is splendid testimony to the intelligence and progress evidenced by the Negro race that their awards were so numerous. HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL IN- STITUTE Hampton, Virginia Photographs and Industrial Work. HOWARD UNIVERSITY Washington, District of Columbia Photographs. LYNCHBURG PUBLIC SCHOOL Lynchburg, Virginia Class Room and Industrial Work. NORFOLK COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Norfolk, Virginia Industrial Work. PENN SCHOOL St. Helena Island, South Carolina Photographs and Basket Work. ST. EMMA INDUSTRIAL & AGRICULTURAL COL- LEGE Rock Castle, West Virginia Industrial Work. ST. FRANCIS DE SALES Rock Castle, Virginia Fine. Needle Work. VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY Richmond, Virginia Photographs and Work. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY GOLD MEDALS FISK UNIVERSITY Nashville, Tennessee Painting of Original Jubilee Singers. MISS META VAUX WARRICK Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Historic Tableaux of Negroes Progress. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION GOLD MEDALS AGRICULTURAL AND NORMAL UNIVERSITY Langston, Oklahoma Photographs and Industrial Work. CLAFLIN UNIVERSITY Orangeburg, South Carolina Class Room Work and Industrial Exhibits. FISK UNIVERSITY Nashville, Tennessee Demonstrations and Literary Work. Literary and Industrial 508 Jury of Awards. WEST VIRGINIA COLORED INSTITUTE Charleston, West Virginia Industrial Exhibit. WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY Wilberforce, Ohio Drawings, Paintings, Literary and Industrial Work. SILVER MEDALS AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE Greensboro, North Carolina School Room and Industrial Work. ALCORN AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE Alcorn, Mississippi Class Room and Industrial Work. ALCORN A. & M. COLLEGE Alcorn, Mississippi Houses. ARMSTRONG MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL Washington, District of Columbia Furniture, Iron Work, Drawings, Sewing. JOSEPH K. BRICK SCHOOL Enfield, North Carolina School Room and Industrial Work. HARTSHORN MEMORIAL COLLEGE Richmond, Virginia Literary and Industrial Work. HIGH POINT NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL High Point, North Carolina Industrial Work. ROBERT HUNGERFORD NORMAL AND INDUS- TRIAL SCHOOL Eatonville, Florida Industrial Work. KNOXVILLE COLLEGE Knoxville, Tennessee Photographs. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOL Leavenworth, Kansas Drawings. MT. VERNON PUBLIC SCHOOL Camden, New Jersey Class Room Work and Normal Training. NEWPORT NEWS PUBLIC SCHOOL Newport News, Virginia Class Room and Industrial Work. NORFOLK MISSION COLLEGE Norfolk, Virginia Photographs and Industrial Work. PORTSMOUTH PUBLIC SCHOOL Portsmouth, Virginia Industrial Work. PRINCESS ANN ACADEMY Princess Ann, Maryland Photographs and Industrial Work. RICHMOND PUBLIC SCHOOL Richmond, Virginia Class Room Industrial Work. SHELDON’S KINDERGARTEN SCHOOL Topeka, Kansas : Kindergarten Work. ST. AUGUSTINE SCHOOL Greensboro, North Carolina School Room and Industrial Work. TEMPERANCE AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE Claremont, Virginia Industrial Exhibits. TOUGALOO UNIVERSITY Tougaloo, Mississippi Class Room and Industrial Work. VIRGINIA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTI- TUTE Petersburg, Virginia Literary and Industrial Work XENIA PUBLIC SCHOOL Xenia, Ohio Class Room and Industrial Work. BRONZE MEDALS AMERICAN BAPTIST HOME MISSIONARY SO- CIETY New York City Photographs. ASHEVILLE PUBLIC SCHOOL Asheville, North Carolina School Room and Industrial Work. ATTUCKS PUBLIC SCHOOL Carbondale, Illinois Class Work. REV. R. H. BOWLING Norfolk, Virginia Photograph of Bute St. Baptist Church. BOYDTON ACADEMY Boydton, Virginia Class Room and Industrial Work. CHILLICOTHE PUBLIC SCHOOL Chillicothe, Ohio Class Work. CURRY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE Urbana, Ohio Class Room and Industrial Work. DORCHESTER ACADEMY Thebes, Georgia Examinations. GEORGIA STATE COLLEGE Collegepark, Georgia Industrial Exhibit. HARLEM ACADEMY Tampa, Florida Class Work. HENDERSON PUBLIC SCHOOL Henderson, Kentucky Class Room and Industrial LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOL East St. Louis, Illinois Class Work. MANASSAS PUBLIC SCHOOL Memphis, Tennessee Examinations. ORANGE PARK NORMAL SCHOOL Orange Park, Florida Photographs. OWENSBORO PUBLIC SCHOOL Owensboro, Kentucky Class Work. PORTSMOUTH PUBLIC SCHOOL Portsmouth, Ohio Class Room and Industrial ST. JOSEPH PUBLIC SCHOOL St. Joseph, Missouri Industrial Work. ST. JOSEPH’S INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL Clayton, Delaware Industrial Work. ST. PAUL NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL Lawrenceville, Virginia Industrial Exhibit. ST. PETER CLAVER’S SCHOOL Tampa, Florida Class Work. TALLADEGA COLLEGE Talladega, Alabama Literary and Industrial Work. TERRE HAUTE PUBLIC SCHOOL Terre Haute, Indiana Class Work. THYNE INSTITUTE Chase City, Virginia Class Work. WESTERN UNIVERSITY Quindaro, Kansas Class Room and Industrial Work. WHITTED GRADED SCHOOL Durham, North Carolina Sehool Room and Industrial Work. Work. Work. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ECONOMY GOLD MEDAL NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND AND THE DEAF Raleigh, North Carolina Students’ Work in the Industrial Department. SILVER MEDAL FREEDMEN’S HOSPITAL Washington, District of Columbia Photographs. BRONZE MEDALS BATH-HOUSE Baltimore, Maryland Photographs. W. H. CROCKER Suffolk, Virginia Negroes Progress in Suffolk. KELLY MILLER Washington, District of Columbia Statistical Chart. DR. J. T. WILSON Nashville, Tennessee Wilson’s Infirmary. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. DEPARTMENT OF MANUFAC- TURES AND LIBERAL ARTS GOLD MEDALS A. P. BEDOU New Orleans, Louisiana Photographs. FRANCES SPENCER DORKINS Norfolk, Virginia Hand Painted China. MRS. MARGARET FORTIE Philadelphia, Pennsylvania MRS. MARCELIA MECKENS Covington, Virginia Mountmelick Centerpiece. EDNA NIXON Trenton, New Jersey Centerpiece. A. N. SCURLOCK Washington, District of Columbia Photographs. IDA UNDERWOOD Rainbow, Connecticut Centerpieces. SILVER MEDALS H. M. BRAZELTON Chattanooga, Tennessee Photographs. GEO. 0. BROWN Richmond, Virginia Photographs. LETTIE BUFORD Colorado Springs, Colorado Table Cover and Centerpiece. ANNIE N. CORMICK Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pillows. WALTER S. EBB Baltimore, Maryland Buffet—Hand-made. JENNIE HIGGINS Westville, Ohio Battenburg Work. GEO. W. HILL Anderson, South Carolina Photographs. ANNIE F. HOLLOWAY Washington, District of Columbia Burial Robe. MRS. JULIA HARRIS Norfolk, Virginia Embroidered Skirt. MBS. M. R. JENNINGS Roanoke, Virginia Centerpiece. DR. E. B. JEFFERSON Nashville, Tennessee Plate Work. J. J. LAY Nashville, Tennessee Photographs. A. L. MACBETH Charleston, South Carolina Photographs. MRS. ANNA C. MARROW New York City Table Cover. MRS. KATIE MOSELEY Stoneville, Mississippi Crochet Bed Set. ANNA McNORTON Yorktown, Virginia Centerpiece. MRS. IDA PARSONS Princess Anne C. H., Virginia Battenburg Work. FLORENCE PAUL Baltimore, Maryland Table Cover. VIRGINIA SCOTT Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Luneh Set. MRS. ESTHER TURNER Richmond, Virginia Counterpane. G. A. TURNER Washington, District of Columbia Photographs. MRS. ELIZA WILLIAMS Brooklyn, New York Child’s Dress, Hand-made. MRS. J. L. WRIGHT Lincoln, Nebraska Bureau Searf and Table Cover. BRONZE MEDALS MRS. BETTIE ALLEN Stems, North Carolina Home Woven Blankets. CLARA E. ALLEN Sweet Springs, West Virginia Counterpane. JAMES ARCHER Chester, North Carolina Casket. MRS. E. L. BARBER Norfolk. Virginia Knitted Work. BLANCHE BROWN Findlay, Ohio Table Cover. MRS. J. M. BROWN Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Centerpiece, MATTIE J. BROWN Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dress Shadow-Work. MRS. ANNA BURCKHARDT Lincoln, Nebraska Hand Painted China. MRS. EVA BUNDY Somerset, Pennsylvania Lunch Set. MISS ADDIE BYRD Columbus, Ohio Hand Painted China. DR. RICHARD G. BAKER Baltimore Plate Work. DR. HOWARD BUNDY Trenton, New Jersey Plate Work. G. F. CARR Lexington, Kentucky Incubator and Bread Maker. MRS. T. E. CERUTI Jacksonville, Florida Hair Work. MRS. SUSIE CLINGMAN Denver, Colorado Lace Collar. MRS. FANNIE CLINKSCALES Topeka, Kansas Hand Painted China. MRS. MARTHA COOPER Washington, District of Columbia Doily. MRS. LINNIE DAVIS Portsmouth, Virginia Counterpane. Cc. W. DIGGS Burlington, New Jersey Furniture. JOHN T. DOOLEY Old Sweet Springs, West Virginia Jewelry. DURHAM ELITE MATTRESS COMPANY Durham, North Carolina Mattress. DURHAM HOSIERY MILLS Durham, North Carolina Hose. JAS. DeSHIELDS Wilmington, Delaware Frame House Model. MRS. FOWLER Henderson, Kentucky Hair Work. J. C. FARLEY Richmond, Virginia Photographs. DANIEL FREEMAN Washington, District of Columbia Photographs. ELLA P. GREEN Cornwall, New York Pillow. MRS. PHILLIPS HARDY Wilmington, Delaware Silk Waist. A. J. HOWARD New York City Shoe Polish. FRANCIS F. JACKSON Sutherlin, Virginia Centerpiece. MRS. SADIE PRICE LEWIS William’s Bridge, Kentucky Suit of Underwear. G. ARTHUR LEWIS St. Louis, Missouri Pyrography. KAE MOODY New York City Centerpiece. L. D. MOORE Little Rock, Arkansas Cotton Chopper, Seraper, Cultivator. MRS. B. M. McFARLAND Tampa, Florida Bureau Searf and Pillow. CHAS. McNEIL Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina Frame House Model. KATE NELSON Battery, Virginia Faney Work. W. M. PAGE Providence, Rhode Island Violin. MRS. F. E. PAUL Baltimore, Maryland Table Cover. MRS. HARRY A. PLATO Hartford, Connecticut Battenburg Collar. MRS. MOLLIE POLLOCK Norfolk, Virginia Table Cover. MRS. ELIZABETH POPE Raleigh, North Carolina Battenburg Collar. R. P. ROGERS Spartanburg, South Carolina Improved Plow and Heel Sweep. L. SIMS Norfolk, Virginia Shoe Making and Repairing. MRS. R. W. SMITH Covington, Virginia Centerpiece. WILLIAM E. SPENCER Cedarville, Ohio Combination Bookease. WILLIAM SUTTON Henderson, Kentucky Tobacco. A. C. TAYLOR Charleston, South Carolina Extension Ladder. MR. W. A. THOMAS Millwood, Virginia Table Cover. oO. M. TIBBS Boston, Massachusetts Musical Instruments. J. W. VANDERVALL East Orange, New Jersey Mattresses. MRS. E. WARRICK Atlantic City, New Jersey Hair Dressing. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. GROUP OF EXHIBIT PALACES AT NIGHT Jury of Awards. WOMAN’S EXCHANGE Norfolk, Virginia Needle Work. J. H. WOOD Baltimore, Maryland Tron Work. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE SILVER MEDALS RUFUS JORDAN Henderson, Kentucky Tobacco. A. C. TAYLOR Charleston, South Carolina Cotton Planter. DEPARTMENT OF FOODS GOLD MEDAL HENRY KIRKLIN Columbia, Missouri Canned Vegetables. SILVER MEDAL L. E. KENNEDY Interlachen, Florida Canned Fruit. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTA- TION GOLD MEDAL Ss. G. CRAWFORD Baltimore, Maryland Boat Propeller. SILVER MEDALS A. C. NEWMAN Washington, District of Columbia Rlectric Block Signal System. J. H. STONE Atchison, Kansas Horseshoe. BRONZE MEDALS ROBERT COATES Washington, District of Columbia Overboot for Horses. WILLIAM HILL Denver, Colorado Horse Overshoe. J.B. POWELL Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina One Buggy. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO EXHIBIT CHAPTERS town Exposition did not include ex- (Sewn Es to precedent, the James- hibits of every kind under a single management, but created two distinct Di- visions. One was known as the “ Division of History, Education and Social Econ- omy,” the other, as the “ Division of Exhibits.” The sphere of activity for the former was restricted to the three topics indicated in the title, while the latter comprehended every other class of display. Honorable J. Taylor Ellyson, Lieutenant-Governor of Vir- ginia, was Governor of History, Educa- tion and Social Economy; Thomas S. Southgate, a prominent citizen of Norfolk, was Governor of Exhibits. Although this fact has been noted in the earlier pages of the book, it appears proper that it should be repeated here because there are two forewords to the Exhibit chapters, and without some adjacent expla- nation the independent introductions would seem not only unnec- essary but incomprehensi- ge ble. J. A. C. Chand- gg ler, LL.D., the Di- rector of History, Education and So- cial Economy, and Governor Ellyson’s chief assistant, wrote one of the fore- words, and Mr. Southgate, the other. It was the orig- inal purpose of the Publishers of the Blue-Book to describe only those exhibits which obtained gold medals and this course has been pur- sued with very few exceptions. In some instances, a silver medal display has been noted, when no gold medal was awarded in that particular class. In other instances, exhibits which failed to receive the highest award have been de- scribed and occasionally illustrated when the displays made by the exhibitors were sufficiently noteworthy to cause them to be regarded as dis- tinct additions to the attractiveness of the Expo- sition. To describe and illustrate every exhibit that received a gold medal was the earnest desire of the Publishers, and they spared no reasonable effort to ensure this result. The Jury of Conse Sigh 8ht, 3 J ™EStow,,, O Po Doe i an ring the & GREEK RUNNER One of the Statues adorning Raleigh Square Awards did not publish the results of their de- liberations until the Exposition had nearly ended, and consequently .4@>. it was impossible, du- brief period remain- ing, to secure descrip- tions of all the exhibits which received the highest awards. Frequently the chiefs of the various departments had no records of the details of exhibits and still more fre- quently the official photographer had made no pictures of the prize winning displays. In such instances the only course was to make direct appeals to the exhibitors for data and illustra- tions. Notwithstanding all of the efforts ’ put forth by the Publishers to secure - accurate information upon which to base a true descriptive article, there were oc- casional failures. It seemed very diffi- cult to convince some of ~~~, the exhibitors that space . in this history was not for sale, and that, in ’ the opinion of the Publishers, the story | of the exhibits was an integral part of - the Exposition his- tory to which the purchasers of this volume were en- titled. How- ever, few of the important displays have gone unde- te scribed. ae It is not in the least un- likely that some of the tech- nical descriptions may be inac- curate in details. Wath the exception of a few papers describing his- torical or educational dis- plays, none was prepared by an exhibitor. Many of them were compiled from several sources of information. Some of them were prepared from catalogues as the only guides except the actual records of articles exhibited. From the material available, the Editor ob- tained the best results he could secure. The de- scriptions in the following chapters include the most noteworthy and valuable exhibit features of the Exposition; and they prove, that though not as large as other great fairs, the Ter-Cen- tennial was at least as dignified and important. Nore.—In the descriptive articles relating to exhibits, the names of those who received gold medals are printed in an- tique type. awarded to the same exhibitor—Eb. This style of letter is not repeated when a name appears more than once unless two or more gold medals were 512 THE DIVISION OF HISTORY, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY BY J. A. C. CHANDLER, LL.D., DIRECTOR HE Jamestown Exposition Company was chartered by the Legislature of Virginia to hold an historical celebration at some place on Hampton Roads in the year 1907. The general impression prevailed that the Exposition was to be chiefly historical in character. For one reason or other, however, after the organization of the company, it seemed more practical to the authorities to develop the Exposition along commercial and in- dustrial lines, though Frederick J. F. Skiff, an exposition expert, whose opinion was se- eured, advised that the Exposition would do well to limit its industrial exhibits and to develop itself chiefly along historical and literary lines. Finally, however, in April, 1906, a Division of History, Edueation and Social Economy was established with Lieutenant-Governor J. Taylor Ellyson as Governor of this division. Governor Ellyson was fully saturated with the idea that the historical side of the Exposition should be made an important one and on the first of June, 1906, realizing the magnitude of the work, he called to his assistance as Director of the Division, the author of this paper. A few days later, Miss Minnie Bronson, who had had wide experience in expositions both in this country ard abroad, was made assistant to the director. Later Miss Bronson was appointed Chief of the Department of Social Economy and Arts and Crafts. In September, 1906, Wiliam M. Black, principal of the high school of Lynchburg, Virginia, was made Superintendent of Educational Exhibits, and on February 1, 1907, Albert Cook Myers was added to the Division as Superintendent of Historical Exhibits. This com- pleted the organization of the Division, save the fact that on February 6, 1907, after many months of discussion by the Board of Governors as to whether there should or should not be a fine arts exhibit, Richard N. Brooke of Washington, D. C., was selected as Chief of the Fine Arts Department and instructed to secure a fine arts exhibit. Shortly after this, however, in view of the fact that the Division deemed it best to make efforts to secure an English exhibit of an historical nature and in view of the fact that the fine arts exhibit would cost more than the Exposition’s financial condition warranted, Mr. Brooke asked that he be released from his engagement. Francis Howard of London, was appointed as collector of an English historical exhibit. The work of the Division from June 1, 1906, to December 1, 1907, could be chronicled with dates for every step, but this does not seem necessary. It suffices to say that the great diffi- eulty which confronted this Division was lack of funds to collect exhibits and laek of buildings in which to place them, for as late as June, 1906, no plans had been approved or buildings be- gun for this Division. HISTOR On either side of the Auditorium the Board of Governors proposed to construct two small buildings, each containing floor space of about eleven thousand square feet, one for history and one for historical art, no plans being under consideration for social economy or education. Realizing the available capital of the company, this Division endeavored to proceed upon an economical basis with the hope of having an exposition which could be properly financed, and asked on July 3, 1906, for two small buildings; one, a fireproof building containing floor space of eleven thousand square feet for history and historical art; the other, a temporary non-fire- proof building of twelve thousand square feet floor space for education and social economy. This recommendation of the Governor of the Division of History, Edueation and Social Eeon- omy was referred to the Governor of Ways and Means. I do not know the nature of his re- port, but received the impression that the two buildings would be constructed according to the wishes of the Division. Thereupon, circulars were sent out requesting an historical exhibit from the various States and historical societies for material as follows: TOPICS IN HISTORY CLASSIFICATION 1. Remains and literature relating to the period of the Mound Builders. 2. Indian implements, dress and handicrafts with wall maps and charts showing location of tribes and giving data concerning population, tribal organization and customs. 3. Collections of classified objects, photographs, paintings, medals, statuary; heirlooms of prominent men; original documents, journals and rare books on Colonial days; maps and charts showing expansion and settlements and data relating to the historic and economic development and to the life, political or religious, of Colonial days. 4. Relies of the Revolutionary War; photographs of places of historie interest and of great leaders, civil or military; charts and data showing the part of each State in the Revolu- tion; materials illustrative of the social and financial life during the period of our struggle with the mother country and original documents, rare books, papers, ete. 5. Collections of materials relating to leaders from 1787 to 1860 with especial stress on the industrial and economie life of the time. 6. Graphic illustrations of the contributions of each State to the United States and to the Confederate States during the period of 1860-65, including various war relics relating to great leaders and their armies; battle flags and swords, colored maps and charts of campaigns with letters and original orders of generals, ete., and data relating to resources and economic life. 7. Material showing growth, changes in centers of population and progress in civilization since the Civil War. This same circular assured exhibitors that the building for history and historic art would be absolutely fireproof. On July 17 the Board of Governors instructed the Governor of Works to advertise for bids to construct the historical art building, to the east of the Auditorium, 513 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. according to original plans, which, as I understood it, called for a fireproof building. The same resolution authorized the building to the west of the Auditorium to be constructed as per revised plan, which IT assumed was for the erection of a non-fireproof temporary building. CONTRACTS FOR CONSTRUCTION Some time about the first of August, contracts were let for the construction of these build- ings. A little later it became clear to this Division that if the exhibits—especially education and social economy—of this Division, were to be in keeping with the plan for the other exhibits, it would be necessary to have more space, and on August 17 Governor Ellyson recommended the erection of a temporary building of twenty-five thousand square feet for Education and Social Economy. It is to be remembered that up to this time Miss Bronson was making ef- forts to collect a social economy exhibit without knowing in what building such an exhibit would go. Already the Governor of Exhibits had secured approval of plans for exhibits of manufactures, liberal arts, machinery, transportation, agriculture, pure foods, mines, ete., requiring buildings containing floor space approximating over six hundred thousand square feet. In a conference with the Governor of Works, the opinion was expressed that the exhibit buildings already under construction could not be filled; so the Governor and Director of this Division together with the Governor of Works had a conference with the Governor of Exhibits, asking for twenty-five thousand square feet of floor space in one of the large exhibit buildings. The efforts of this Division to secure space from the Division of Exhibits had to be abandoned, for the Goy- ernor of Exhibits felt sure that space in all of his buildings had already been or could easily be sold at from one dollar to one dollar and fifty cents per square foot. It was, therefore, inecum- bent upon the Exposition authorities to make other provisions for History, Education and Social Economy. INADEQUATE EXHIBIT FACILITIES The Board of Governors was unwilling, in view of the vast outlay already planned for the Division of Exhibits, to make additional outlay, and for some time this Division floundered and was greatly embarrassed—being in a position to collect splendid exhibits and yet not having buildings in which to place them. To add to the consternation of this Division, the historical art building, on which construction was begun the tenth day of September, was found about November 1 to be a slow burning and not a fireproof building. At that time, with the walls up, the contractor was preparing to have a concrete floor laid upon wood superstrue- ture, while the clear story was to be of brick veneering. To attempt to house history and historical art in such a building would have placed the Di- vision in a false position. Governor Ellyson at once informed the Board of Governors that his Division could not proceed further with the collection of an_ historical art exhibit unless the building for history and historical art should be made fireproof. JZ neo (tae (KLANG 1: ' st. Anti-Trust. SS _ THEUNITED a | INDEPENDENT FACTORY > 10 BACCO Co. UNION MADE GooDs. Ba € - IDLE HOUR EPICURE CENTRAL UNION CUT PLUG EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES TOBACCO CO. Richmond, Va. Ter-Centennial Exposition. were confined exclusively to tobacco, large slugs and various colored leaves. The booth as a whole had the appearance of an extremely ornate little tobacco shop. The Charles E. Sholes Company of New York, representing the Naugatuck Chemical Company, the Georgetown Chemical Works, the J.T. Baker Chemical Company and the Recti- fied Chemical Company, made a comprehensive collective exhibit of the articles which they sell and received a gold medal for the display. They exhibited an extended line of acids, salts, fertilizer chemicals, glycerines, soda com- pounds, metal color bases, nitrates, turpentine and alcohol, the latter one hundred and eighty- eight per cent proof denatured. The York Safe and Lock Company of York, Pennsylvania, received a gold medal for fire and burglar proof safes, vault doors, safety deposit boxes and safety devices generally, which have for their purpose insurance against fire or burglary. The Company made a very comprehensive exhibit, showing in effect every- thing which they manufacture. There were safes of all designs and shapes and locks of EXHIBIT OF THE YORK SAFE AND LOCK CO, York, Pa. all the best modern patterns. There were safes as large as bank vaults and miniature bank vaults as small as office safes. To the right of the exhibit was a large replica of an actual vault equipped with a combination time and number lock and showing in sections the mass- ive interior construction. The safes were en- ameled in various shades, principally black and white, and were very attractive in appear- ance. The Company maintained permanently a representative who explained the merits of their product. A. A. Marks & Company of New York made an exhibit of artificial legs, feet, parts of feet, arms, hands and parts of hands, also appliances for injured, paralyzed and impaired upper or lower extremities. The cases containing the exhibit showed some fifty specimens of appli- ances for the remedying of deficiencies and for the helping of ailments. The exhibit received a gold medal. The Southern Cotton Oil Company received a gold medal for ‘‘ Snowdrift ’’? soaps, wash- ing powder, cotton bats and linters. The ex- hibit of this Company was made in the Food Products Building, where they displayed their oil and “‘-hogless)** lard )-As ereste room equipped with desks, letter paper, easy chairs and other accessories served as an exhibit place for the Company’s bi-products, and they dis- played mattresses, pillows and cushions stuffed with cotton, and soaps and washing powders which have cotton oil for the fat basis. G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Mass., received a gold medal for their standard publications, the ‘‘ Webster’’ dictionaries. Their collection of philologie lore contained speci- mens not only of the various editions of the complete dictionary, but all the smaller ‘‘ Web- ster’? books as well. The most important 580 Manufactures and Liberal Arts. |G. 8 C. MERRIAM CO| if For OVER 6O YEARS PUBLISHERS OF Tur | : |Genorne Series OF Wi sTeRs DictionaRies Ss a Meo EXHIBIT OF G. & C. MERRIAM CO. Springfield, Massachusetts editions of the full, standard book are the **1847,’’ the ‘‘Unabridged’’ of 1864, the ‘‘Inter- national’’ of 1890 and the enlarged and revised editions issued in 1900 and 1902. The chief among the abridgments exhibited was the Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, but all of the other School and College lexicons were shown. There are no books so frequently consulted as the dictionaries, and it was curious at the Exposition to observe the proportion of visitors whose attention was arrested by the wide open book that stood at the right of the entrance to the booth and who then stopped and looked for a word or words. The exhibit was most artistically arranged. A gold medal was awarded to The Scientific American and its allied publications, including the Scientific American Supplement and Ameri- can Homes and Gardens. The parent journal is the oldest scientific and technical periodical in existence. For more than sixty years every important item of news concerning scientific and technical inventions or development has been faithfully chronicled in its pages. Files of the paper copiously indexed were on exhibi- tion. The Scientific American recently offered a twenty-five hundred dollar trophy for a heavier-than-air flying machine and annually it gives a gold medal for devices which best safe- NTIFIC Scie Mike NEW YORK-PUBLISH| JUST COMPLETED AMERICAS FIRST GREAT NATIOWAL RETEREMCE SYSTEN THE AMERICANA rer Cassa at on = guard hfe or limb. It had previously taken ten gold medals, and at the Jamestown Exposi- tion repeated this success. The Scientific American Supplement is a separate publication. It differs from the older journal in its more distinctively forum character and from the fact that it carries no advertisements. In this paper articles too long or too rigidly technical for The Scientific American are printed at length. American Homes and Gardens is a_ practical magazine devoted to the construction and decoration of the home and its surroundings and also to country life in general. Each num- ber contains an illustrated account of some per- sonal visit to a noted mansion. Munn & Com- pany of New York, the proprietors of these journals, made a very attractive display in the Liberal Arts section, and with their magazines they included an exhibit of the Encyclopedia Americana, the latest of the great encyclo- pedias on the market and in many ways the most compendious and comprehensive. An additional gold medal was awarded to this pub- hieation for its superlative excellence. The Kny-Scherer Company of New York, makers of surgical instruments and hospital supplies, received a gold medal for their work- ing exhibit, which formed the equipment of the Pocahontas Hospital. The firm supplied all the materials used there. The operating room was furnished with glass topped furniture and in- eluded a lavatory connected with the sterilizers. Within the lavatory was an enameled iron stand with plate glass top and a glass bowl. Every device was utilized to make the room antiseptic. In a room adjoining the lavatory was an apparatus for sterilizing dressing materials, such as bandages and lints, and another for sterilizing water, instruments, basins, trays and general utensils. The wards had the latest form of three piece beds, the head and foot ends being easily detachable from the mattress. The tables had plate glass tops. In addition to the general equipment, there was an electro- therapeutic and X-Ray outfit, and an incubator for the care of children born prematurely. This incubator differed only in seale from the one furnished to the concessionaires who had AMERICAN & CO SHERS. WASHINOTON EXHIBIT OF SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS, ENCYCLOP/EDIA AMERICANA, MUNN & CO., NEW YORK The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. a general incubator exhibit. In the construe- tion of the furniture the prime object evidenced was a provision for prompt and easy manipula- tion of parts and the arrangements of joints in such a manner that sharp crevices were avoided. The surgical instruments embraced a complete set of modern types constructed dissectively, so that cleaning was possible with- out the use of screw drivers or other tools. The Denison University of Granville, Ohio, exhibited seven extremely delicate instruments designed for making accurate physical measure- ments. The University shared with Johns Hop- kins University the honors of receiving the highest awards in this class—each institution of learning received a silver medal. The in- struments were known as the Chamberlain Compound Interferometer, by which measure- ments could be made within one twenty- millionth of an inch—three of this style were shown with ways straight and parallel to an accuracy of one one-hundred-thousandth of an inch; the Torsion Interferometer, which was so sensitive that it measured the lightest touch of the finger when placed upon the sustaining heavy steel post; the Parallel Path Interfero- meter, many times more powerful than the com- pound microscope and capable of marking dis- tances of one two-hundred-thousandth of an inch, and the Universal Interferometer, which could be arranged to form five different instru- EXHIBIT OF THE DENISON UNIVERSITY Granville, Ohio ments of precision for laboratory purposes—the specific device exhibited at the Exposition had been used in the Denison laboratory for meas- uring an important physical magnitude: ‘‘The distance over which molecules act.’’ The exhibit, as a whole, was extremely inter- esting to the scientific visitor, and completely bewildering to the average person whose con- lig EXHIBIT OF THE BABCOCK PRINTING PRESS MANUFACTURING CO., NEW - LAMBERT PHARMACAL COMPANY, 22> EXHIBIT OF THE LAMBERT PHARMACAL CO. St. Louis, Mo. ception of minute measurement is at the best vague. The Lambert Pharmacal Company of St. Louis, Missouri, received a gold medal for their Listerine and Listerine preparations. Under the appellation ‘* Liquor Antisepticus,’’ this formula has been incorporated in the United States Pharmacopeia. Joseph Lister, now Lord Lister, who had proved the value of anti- septics generally in surgical operations but whose investigations were largely based on the use of carbolic acid, which has dangers as well as advantages, suggested as long ago as 1881 that some other agent be substituted, and the Lambert Pharmacal Company, moved by this suggestion, instituted a series of experiments the result of which they called ‘‘ Listerine ”’ in honor of the man whose discoveries had caused a revolution in the science of surgery. The Company exhibited not only their anti- septic fluid but their Listerine Dermatic Soap and Listerine Tooth Powder, into each of which the four Listerine elements enter—thyme, euca- lyptus, mentha and gaultheria. The exhibit of the Babcock Printing Press Manufacturing Company consisted of two ‘“ Optimus ”’ two revolution flat bed cylinder presses. The sizes exhibited were a Number 43 and a Number 6. These are two of the most popular sizes of the ‘‘ Optimus ’’ make. A quantity of fine half-tone work and color print- ing was done on these machines, which were - kept in operation during the Exposition. The exhibit was in charge of Milo E. Hayes, one of the Company’s experts, who has been with them for a great many years. The work done on the ‘¢ Optimus ’? was extremely creditable and a gold medal was awarded to the firm. LONDON, CONN. 582 Manufactures and Liberal Arts. The Corno Mills received a gold medal for their balanced rations, known as hen feed and chick feed. The Corno Company exhibited a full line of its goods put up in various sized packages, and a full carload of their products were used at the Jamestown Poultry Show. One of the prize winners at this show, Mrs. Florence Forbes of New Deeatur, Alabama, who raises brown and white leghorns, displayed her poultry as a Corno exhibit, having raised them entirely on Corno feeds. High Point, North Carolina, made a col- lective exhibit of furniture and occupied a space one hundred and sixty-nine feet in length by thirteen feet deep. The exhibit as a whole received a gold medal, and several other medals were awarded to individual exhibitors. The exhibit showed practically every variety of household furniture, and in addition some few other specialties. There were cheap chairs and rockers, finely upholstered chairs and couches, metal beds and hardwood beds, dress- ers and chiffoniers in great variety, handsome bed room furniture exhibited by single firms, hatracks, dining tables, sideboards, kitchen cabinets and tables, bed springs, parlor organs, center tables and decorative stands. Among the specialties were a display of house building materials in yellow pine and oak, some post- office routing tables, factory trucks, office chairs, show cases, embossed mouldings, buggy wheels and roll top desks. Flour and meal were shown by a milling company, and a gasoline engine and combina- tion saw made at High Point were also exhib- ited, as was some concrete building material made at the same place. Two silver medals and thirty bronze medals were awarded to indi- vidual exhibitors. The Turner, Day and Woolworth Company of Louisville, Kentucky, exhibited a large hexagon eylinder eight feet high, composed entirely of handles. On five of the sides were makes used in different markets of the world— Australasia, Great Britain, Germany, South Te, Pre es 5A AERA AI PRE = onecgrncarpnmne tras I America and the United States—and on the other side was a group of special handles. The eylinder was about five feet in diameter, and arranged to revolve automatically. The sam- ples attached to the board represented the lead- ing varieties of handles made by the firm, and their catalogue shows that they make more than three thousand different kinds. Those exhib- ited were all manufactured from hickory wood obtained in Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri and West Virginia. A gold medal was awarded to the Austin Or- gan Company of Hartford, Connecticut. Their exhibit consisted of the great organ which formed the back of the stage of the Auditorium. This remarkable instrument represented the highest achievements known in the art of organ building and for voicing, tonal requirements and simplicity of action the organ could not be surpassed. The console was placed directly in front of the stage at a distance of forty feet from the base of the organ, and was a type that had recently been perfected and was used ex- clusively by the Austin Organ Company. The old-fashioned draw knobs were replaced by stop keys arranged in a double row above the upper manual. The key boards were close to- gether and sloped to bring each manual at the same relative angle to the organist’s hands. The key action was electric, having gold and platinum contacts to insure absolute certainty of operation, and the stop action was tubular pneumatic. The current for this key action was fur- nished by sixteen Edison primary batteries connected into two sets of eight, having each a current of six volts. From the tone stand- point the organ contained several new and ex- quisite features, such as the solid and imposing foundation of the thirty-two foot magnaton and as a contrast the brilliant and delicate small sealed strings. The ground tone stops were dignified and powerful, the flutes and strings oe FREES Pg THE AUSTIN ORGAN IN THE AUDITORIUM cy o ise) The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. CONSOLE OF THE AUSTIN ORGAN tuneful, an excellent representative of orches- tral instruments, while the heavy reeds, voiced on extra wind pressure, gave tremendous power combined with smoothness. The organ chimes were peculiarly exquisite. The great organ had two air chests each as large as a good sized living room. Either of these could be entered by means of an air tight door while the organ was being played. 33,’’ the stock car which finished the 1907 Glidden Tour with a perfect score. Readers of auto news will re- member that cut of a field of over eighty start- ers this was the only two eylinder car which finished with a perfect score in a run held under adverse road conditions. It was also the lowest priced machine in the contest. Imme- diately after the completion of this tour, Num- ber 33 was started on a continuous run from New York to the Jamestown Exposition, where Vill Staurant liller & Sons isritz Cy the intelligent interest so generally displayed tended to verify the prophecy made a few years ago, that in cities the old delivery wagons would soon be replaced by the commercial power vehicle. The Rapid Motor Vehicle Company manufactures only commercial car- riages, sight-seeing cars, trucks, busses, de- livery wagons, ambulances and police patrols. It, consequently, exhibited no pleasure ve- hicles. The Reo Motor Car Company of Lansing, Michigan, exhibited a line of autos which proved to be a strong attraction. These were in charge of R. M. Owen & Company. The ears of this Company were all! designed by R. E. Oods, one of the pioneer automobile in- ventors of the United States, and built under his personal supervision. The design of the inventor had been to produce an automobile for all kinds of use and at the same time one which could be built at a moderate cost. The machines displaved by this Company were all of the pleasure variety: an 18-20 horse power five-passenger touring car; an 18-20 gentle- man’s roadster, and an 8-10 horse power run- about for either two or three passengers constituted the advance models for 1908. Sim- “REO CAR NO. 33” WHICH FINISHED 1907 GLIDDEN TOUR WITH A PERFECT SCORE it arrived in good condition and was placed on exhibition. It attracted considerable atten- tion while there, and the accompanying view shows how it looked on the day of its arrival at the Exposition. A gold medal was awarded to the exhibit. Studebaker Brothers Company of South Bend, Indiana, received a gold medal for their working exhibit. The various vehicles in the Studebaker exhibit were used, almost without intermission, for general service during the Exposition period; and several of the displays AUTOMOBILE EXHIBITION OF STUDEBAKER BROTHERS CO. 600 Machinery, Transportation, Etc. PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN's CARRIAGE COACH USED BY THE Margulis DE LA FAYETTE EXHIBIT OF STUDEBAKER BROS. CO., OF SOUTH BEND, IND. were utilized months in advance of Opening Day. In a booth in the Transportation Build- ing this Company exhibited the famous Lincoln and La Fayette carriages, historic vehicles which are owned by the Company. The former carriage conveyed the martyred President from the White House to the theatre where he was assassinated; the latter was used by the Mar- quis de la Fayette when he toured this country years after the Revolutionary War. In this booth was also displayed a Studebaker thirty horse power four cylinder gasoline automo- bile. A similar car was used on the Grounds by the Exposition officials. Wherever a visitor went, he was apt to be confronted by some specimen of the many Studebaker vehicles, and could see them performing the work for which they had been designed. A ‘Studebaker Junior,’’ a tiny, miniature farm wagon drawn by two goats, was used by a little news man for the delivery of papers. Studebaker dumping wagons and contractors’ wagons had been used during pre-Exposition days in laying out the Grounds; and later to move and place the exhibits, Studebaker drays were employed. Their Concord side spring road wagons served as pleasure vehicles, and Studebaker sprinklers, one of which had been the first vehicle bought by the Exposition, were exclusively utilized to lay the dust. SEACIORY & DEPOSITORY [RS UNION ST. A. Wrenn & Sons of Norfolk were the largest local exhibitors. They occupied a prominent space in the Transportation Building and dis- played their buggies, runabouts, traps and sur- reys, together with a fine collection of har- nesses. This concern which was established in 1852 by A. Wrenn for the purpose of supplying a local demand, has grown, during its half a century and more of existence, until now it manufactures annually over six thousand vehicles besides many accessories. Although the carriages exhibited at the Exposition were not numerous, the comparison for award was made not only with those present but with the best American output. Nevertheless the Nor- folk firm received a gold medal. The Walborn & Riker Company of Saint Paris, Ohio, attractively displayed their very comprehensive line of pleasure vehicles, pro- portioned to suit a wide range of requirement and shaped to please a variety of tastes. There were miniature, medium and full sized vehicles in the form of carts, traps, wicker carts, spiders, wicker phaetons, surreys, morning wagons, stanhopes, large English ralli carts and an Eng- lish governess cart. Some of these, designed especially for children, might be drawn by po- nies. The Jury awarded a gold medal to this Company, who had previously received at the Columbian, the Cotton States International, the Eee a PRR ANNUAL CAPACITY @ SQNS EXHIBIT OF A. WRENN & SONS. OF NORFOLK, VA. 601 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. jo we EXHIBIT OF THE WALBORN & RIKER CO., OF ST. PARIS, O. Pan-American and the Louisiana Purchase Ex- positions a similar gold medal or highest award. The Clyde Iron Works received a gold medal for a working exhibit showing the MeGiffert steam log loader and skidder in operation. This machine, which conveys logs from the ground into position on flat cars, is an inde- pendent portable device. Its engine being geared and connected to the transporting wheels makes it a locomotive as well as a lifting machine. The Exposition exhibit weighed about twenty-four tons. It was built of steel throughout, except the cab, the floor and the boom. The device was so eonstructed that the wheels might be raised and give opportunity for empty cars to be pulled under the machine into a loading position beneath the boom. The particular advantages claimed for the MeGif- fert loader were the locomotive attachments and the combination of skidding and loading devices together with the general simplicity of operation. The independent movement of the loader saves the expense of a locomotive which may be calculated to represent an item of from McGIFFERT LOG LOADER, EXHIBITED BY CLYDE IRON WORKS, DULUTH, MINN. eight to fifteen dollars a day. Not being lim- ited to side action, this loader does not require the construction or use of a second track. As exemplified at the Exposition, the operation of loading logs was very simple and inexpensive. The operating crew varied in number from three to six men, depending on the character of the material: handled, while the loading capacity was in every instance large. Its adaptability to widely varying conditions is claimed to be one of the chief points in its favor. It was shown that logs of any length or width could be handled and it was obvious that the machine could be used on any grade upon which a locomotive may travel. The loader is now being operated in the forests of Nova Scotia, the swamps of Florida, the yellow pine district of the Atlantic Coast, the hard- wood forests of the Appalachian mountains, the white pine district of the Great Lakes States and among the giant trees of the far West. The experts who passed upon its merits awarded a gold medal to the Clyde Iron Works for a thoroughly practical Steam Loader and Skidder, 602 Machinery, Transportation, Etc. At the Exposition Pump House there were four fifty-horse-power Nash Gasoline engines, direct-connected to the Goulds triplex pumps. The arrangement of the pump plant made it an attractive exhibit. The engines were the ver- tical three-cylinder type with cranks and main bearings operated in oil. The cranks were ac- cessible through large doors held in place by hand screws and the valve operating mechan- ism was directly under the eye of the attend- ant. These engines were exhibited by the National Meter Company of New York, who re- ceived a gold medal for their gas engines and their water meters. They maintained an ex- tremely attractive exhibit in the Machinery and Transportation Building and lighted it electric- ally with a dynamo operated by a Nash engine. It was the only exhibit in that building which was hghted independently. The booth was a perfect blaze of light, eighteen thousand candle power being used. Four flaming are lights and one hundred and twenty-five frosted ineandes- cent lamps were distributed over the exhibit in the shape of signs and arches. An attractive pink Tennessee marble switchboard indicated the amount of current supplied by the engine, and the steady flow of electricity was attested by the absence of flicker or variation of the lights. Water meters displayed by the Com- pany were of various patterns, each of which was designed to suit a different condition. The Crown and Empire are better adapted for gen- Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. EXPOSITION PUMP HOUSE 603 EXHIBIT OF NATIONAL METER CO. eral service conditions, and serve as correct gauges, whether the pressure is high or low or the water muddy or clear. The Nash is a dise type, which is used extensively on account of its low cost. It is a simple and accurate measurer, and where a dise meter can be used it has many advantages. The Gem meter is utilized where large flows are required, such as in locomotive stand pipes or for fire service in buildings, and for elevators, water columns or water carts. The Premier is adapted for still larger measurement, and is utilized to measure the entire water supply of a city. In the exhibit were meters with glass tops, worked under ordinary water pressure, show- ing clearly the operation of the different de- vices. An Empire meter was also used to in- dicate the measurement of very fine streams. At the fountain there was one of these meters with a large dial which indicated clearly the measurement of a stream that was as small as the finest eambrie needle. In a show case were the numerous parts of the various meters, af- fording the visitor a comprehensive idea of the parts that enter into the construction of these high grade instruments. “To the side and at the rear of the exhibit were meters of vari- ous makes arranged in columns from one and a half inches to twelve inches in size—and in the center of the exhibit was a fountain into which was jetted streams of water, the streams being measured by the meters. AND RESERVOIR The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. EXHIBIT OF GOULDS MANUFACTURING CO. of New York City. The splendid exhibit of the Goulds Manufac- turing Company, to which a gold medal was awarded, consisted of the pumps used at the Jamestown Exposition water works. This Company—which built the first power pump ever made in the United States, the one that is still running at the water works at San An- tonio, Texas—was organized in 1842 and has been making pumps continuously ever since. The pumps in use were the Goulds Figure 1348 eleven by fourteen double acting triplex piston pumps, driven by four gas engines. The guar- anteed delivery was two thousand, five hun- dred and sixty gallons per minute against a = zz , Brg EXHIBIT OF GOULDS MANUFACTURING CO. pressure of one hundred pounds, and at the far mains the pressure was warranted to be one hundred pounds to the inch. Frequent tests during the Exposition period disclosed the con- stancy of this force. The pump house was one of the sights of the Exposition and was visited by practically every municipal committee that attended the Fair. The success of the Fire Department could not have been so great had this thoroughly equipped pump station been lacking in any important particular. The American Locomotive Company and the Baldwin Locomotive Works exhibited locomo- tives of the very latest designs, incorporating i AMERICAN bocomarive COMPARE EXHIBIT OF AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE CO., OF NEW YORK the special ideas developed by each concern. Neither of these displays was in the Transpor- tation Building. At the southeastern border of Lee’s Parade, to the right of the Main En- trance to the Exposition, a building was occu- pied by each of these Companies, and each util- ized a large outside space. The exhibit of the American Locomotive Company covered a site measuring one hun- dred and fifty by two hundred and fifty feet. In the center was located the main building, two stories in height and flanked on either side with long open sheds in which several splendid exhibited. locomotives were This space had “DINKEY ” LOCOMOTIVE EXHIBITED BY AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE CO. the appearance of an artistic railroad station, having fine grass lawns dotted with flowers, trees and shrubbery. The Company’s office was located on the ground floor of the main building, and was decorated with photographs of locomotives built for different roads. : § Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. VIRGINIA STATE EXHIBIT Brunswick, Albemarle, Sussex, Dinwiddie, Isle of Wight and Chesterfield, and aside from these and the showing made by the Southern Produce Exchange of Norfolk County, the Virginia ex- EDW. T. BONHAM CAPT. G. JULIAN PRATT Asst. Supt. Va. State Ex. Supt. Va. State Ex. hibit was purely collective. As a display of natural resources, Virginia’s exhibit was re- markable, and it is doubtful if ever a common- wealth made a better showing at an exposition. ye a oa Agriculture. The exhibit was ready on Opening Day and during the entire period of the Exposition it proved to be one of the chief points of interest for the visitors to the Fair. Corn, wheat, rye and oats, splendid samples of each, and numerous varieties were illus- trated; peanuts ranging from the minute Span- ish variety to the ‘* Virginia Jumbo,’’ only exceeded in size by the giant goobers of Cali- fornia, made a pleasing exhibit; many varieties of valuable truck produce were on view; a splendid collection of home-made _ preserves, jams, conserves and pickles loaded the tables and many examples of Virginia’s manufactur- ine ventures went to complete the exhibit, which as a whole received a gold medal and to which there were also a number of individual gold medals awarded. In the endeavor to carry out the design of a comprehensive State representation, contributions were sought from every section. The agricultural and horticultural exhibits were installed by D. S. Clark of Norfolk; the color design was blue and gold and the decorations con- sisted entirely of farm products—vari- ous grains, ears of eorn and_ peanuts made the lines, while bright tobaccos served largely for a_ back- eround. The instal- lation was exception- ally effective and artistic. A notable exhibit was made by the tobacco interests of Dinwiddie, and gold medals for leaf tobacco were awarded to the Dinwiddie Tobacco Association, G. O. Tuck & Company of Danville, and E. K. Victor & Company of Richmond. The immense pea- nut industry of the State was well repre- sented by the Associated Peanut Companies of Virginia, with headquarters at Suffolk. These Companies received a gold medal for peanuts of all kinds and sizes, and Bosman & Lohman of Norfolk obtained a similar award for their peanut butter and other food products made D. S. CLARK Designer of the Va. State Ex. — Z Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. from peanuts. f i et, mes sii i Cae Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. | taal 8 4 bet et toe er Ma te iW? duup Qs. = kilts eG? uae Soe Z “SA MISSOURI STATE EXHIBIT Occupying conspicuous places on the walls were placards relating information eoncerning Missouri. Two especially interesting ones were: ‘‘ A Surplus of Missouri’s Farming, Lumber and Mineral Products in 1906 was Three Hundred and Two Million Dollars,’’ and ‘* Missouri’s Annual Surplus Manufactures, Five Hundred Million Dollars.’’ The State of Missouri received a gold medal for its collect- ive exhibits of agricultural products and a gold medal for its exhibit of corn. MARYLAND The principal feature of Maryland’s exhibit was horticultural. Two thousand square feet of floor space and fourteen hundred square feet of wall space were utilized for the display. In the center and toward the rear of the booth, was an office and rest room finished in white with old gold trimmings and decorated with ropes of ivy. There was a small balcony to the office and the stairs leading up to it, together with the balcony itself, were heavily laden with clusters of grapes and dense grape foliage. Surrounding the space was an iron railing painted black, and at every entrance decorative shrubs stood. These plants were changed peri- odically—dwarf cedar trees, dogwood, arbor vite and privet followed in suecession and scattered at all times through the area were Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MARYLAND STATE EXHIBIT large palms and crotons, while ropes of ivy fringed the windows. Professor T. B. Symonds, the State Ento- mologist of Maryland and a distinguished mem- ber of the Faculty of the Maryland Agricul- tural College, supervised and conducted the exhibit, and the display well attested his ex- perience, taste and executive ability. It was one of the very few exhibits ready for the opening day and throughout the Exposition period it was maintained most attractively. The wall spaces were decorated with a number of appropriate photographs and hand painted charts in dark blue frames, blending well with the old gold background. In the center there was a gigantic hand painted oriole, the emblem- atic bird of Baltimore, and on either side of this were the framed certificates attesting that the State had won a gold medal and a silver medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In front of the booth were twenty-one exten- sion tables which bore the best fruits and vege- tables the State could produce. Handicapped by lack of adequate cold storage facilities, the supply of fruit had to be replenished frequently by shipments from Maryland. The display of strawberries attracted unusual attention. As the State leads the Union in the growing of this particular fruit, it was distinetly appro- priate that Maryland should make a demon- stration of its ability to show berries which 628 Agriculture. overpowered both in quantity and quality. It succeeded in this and surprised the visitors by the excellence and size of the berries displayed. One exhibit of twenty-one berries averaged about three ounces in weight, while some. in- dividual specimens weighed from four to five ounces. The poley of making periodic dis- plays was not limited to strawberries; nine dif- ferent fruits were shown as special collective exhibits. It had been determined, if possible, to have large quantities of some particular fruit or vegetable shown each week. Raspberries, currants, gooseberries, dewhberries, summer apples, peaches, pears and plums each con- stituted a feature for a week. During the lat- ter part of August the Eastern Shore peach was at its best and ‘‘ Peach Week ’”’ was a great success. The exhibit of that luscious fruit was really extraordinary. In addition to the fruits above-mentioned, watermelons, cantaloupes and grapes were shown. The first named fruit was illustrated with specimens which averaged over fifty pounds in weight and in individual instances frequently ex- ceeded seventy-five pounds. During the clos- ing days of the Exposition the fruit exhibit was Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. As in the case of fruits and vegetables, flow- ers followed in suecession—the Easter lily, car- nations and roses were the first blooms. These were massed in large quantities on the tables of the exhibit. After the flowers grown under glass, summer brought banks of beautiful peonies, asters, phlox, gladioh, roses and ear- nations. During the fall the dahlia made a delightful showing and later giant chrysanthe- mums overshadowed all the others. The ‘Chrysanthemum Show,’’ during the week commencing November 11, was a phenomenal collection and Maryland received a special gold medal for that display. While at first it was proposed by those in- terested in the exhibit to make only a display of fresh fruit, later it was deemed advisable to add a showing of the closely correlated canning industry and pyramids of labeled cans stood at each end of the exh*hit. Maryland leads the Union in its output of canned toma- toes and peas and stands fourth in the canning of corn; and this branch of industry received a oold medal under the classification of Foods. A number of gold medals were awarded to individual contributors to the Maryland collec- MARYLAND STATE EXHIBIT—* CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW” made up entirely of apples, many of them mag- nificent specimens. The Maryland State Com- mission received a gold medal for the collective horticultural exhibit and for the continuous display of cut flowers. The vegetable exhibit covered several tables at the west end of the booth and was main- tained in a manner similar to that adopted for the exploitation of the State’s fruit—the period of ripening constituting the period of display. At the opening of the Exposition, and contin- uing for some time thereaftcr, over twenty varieties of Irish potatoes were shown. One table contained a pyramid of nine huge pota- toes. As early vegetables appeared in Mary- land, potatoes were replaced—first with fine cabbage, then successively with new Irish po- tatoes, peas, kohlrabi, peppers, carrots, onions, squashes, tomatoes and ecauliflowers. Among these the exhibit of tomatoes was especially attractive. The cauliflower display was main- tained for a month. Over three hundred un- usually large heads of this vegetable were shown. A fine collection of wild and eulti- vated nuts was exhibited, among which were pecans, butternuts, English walnuts, and many varieties of filberts. 629 tion and the names of the winners will be found in the complete lst of awards. The Maryland Agricultural College made a very creditable exhibit. One of the most prominent features of this display was a mag- nificent cabinet made of quartered oak with inlaid hardwood floor and a walnut base. It held specimens of steel, iron and woodwork and bore the following legend: ‘‘ This Ex- hibition Case Made by the Freshman Mechan- ical Engineering Class, 1907. All Samples in Case made by Mechanical Engineering Stud- ents of this College; Woodworking by Fresh- men; Forging and Casting by Sophomores; Machine Work by Juniors and Seniors.’’ The Mechanical Department was further very ereditably represented by fifty framed mechan- ical drawings, designs of bridges and bench lathes. The Botanical Department was represented by many models of common flowers and fruits and seeds and a large collection of mounted flowers and plants. The large botanical mod- els as well as the enlarged entomological replicas of beetles and moths and ten large mounts of various moths and butterflies were made by the students and inevitably attracted The Jamestown Ter-Centenniai Exposition. % ete Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. MICHIGAN STATE EXHIBIT the attention of visitors. There was also shown a cabinet case of the beneficial insects of Mary- land, taken from the collection of the Entomo- logical Department of the College. On the border of the space were exhibited six banners in royal purple and gold, testifying to trophies won by the students of the College in the contests of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of Maryland. There were also two banners won by the students in a debate with Delaware College; two large panoramic views showing, one the building and campus of the Maryland Agricultural College and the other the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. The College received a silver medal in the Department of Education. Within the Maryland space was an exhibit of the Shellfish Commission, exploiting the oyster interests of Maryland. The display was small but its excellence entitled it to the award of a gold medal. It was collected and installed under the direction of Dr. Caswell Grave, Sec- retary of the Commission. The glass case con- tained three large oysters which were dissected to show structural peculiarities, and a cluster of oysters illustrating the effect on growth caused by soft muddy bottoms in contradistine- tion to hard bottoms. Oysters of different sizes and ages were shown and displays of bacilli and other oyster enemies. MICHIGAN The Agriculture and Forestry exhibits of Michigan were displayed instructively. The plan adopted for the collection was to place raw products in juxtaposition to marketable ar- ticles. Thus, various grains were shown in connection with breakfast foods, and wheat with flour. Extending this idea were fruits and fruit juices, Jams or preserves; applies, cider and vinegar; vegetables, fresh and canned. An especially attractive feature of the exhibit was a fine series of wax models of fruits and vege- tables—these were loaned by the Michigan Ag- riculture College. Michigan Extracted Honey received a gold medal. Most of the commercial woods of Michigan were exhibited with pictures of the great lum- ber operations and lumber camps of that State. Among the wood products, were vharcoal, wood aleohol and paper in various grades from wrap- ping to book. KENTUCKY Kentucky’s exhibit was enclosed within a fence made of forty-seven varieties of woods grown in the State and in itself a fine forestry exhibit, well supplementing the other wood dis- plays. Rich wild cherry made one side of the boundary. Conspicuous among the ornamental features were three great white enameled boxes mounted on huge tree trunks. They were win- dowed with large transparencies behind which electric lights shone. Farm, factory and min- ing scenes of Kentucky were displayed in the pictures, which together made one of the most interesting features in the building. Surround- a — MINIATURE HEMP BREAK Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. KENTUCKY HEMP EXHIBIT 630 Agriculture. Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. wwe KENTUCKY STATE EXHIBIT ing the pictures were small frames which were in all composed of one hundred and twenty-two varieties of Kentucky timber. Near the boxes there was a triangle built of seventeen varieties of polished oak. Another triangle showed seven varieties of the same wood. A hexagon covered with several hundred axe and _ tool handles made by a Louisville factory, attracted a great deal of attention, and other plants were represented by exhibits of hubs, shipping crates, pulleys and wagon or plow stock. PETER HENDERSON & CO. a gold medal for lawn grass and asters, had an exhibit which covered far more area than any other at the Exposition. Around some of the State buildings various grass seeds were planted, mostly Italian rye, but the hot south- ern sun was fatal to the growth and the Hen- derson lawn seed was used when the spaces were replanted. The more prominent Expo- sition parks also showed grass grown from the Henderson seed. Most of the parking was pre- pared during July and August, 1906, when there was little rainfall and the heat was excessive. Water then was not abundant and it was difficult to secure enough for sprinkling purposes; the growing was, therefore, accom- plished under disadvantegeous conditions— nevertheless, the results were quite satisfactory. The plot of ground around the New Jersey State Building was one of the reseeded places and it was regarded as a special exhibit of the Henderson goods, since the grass grown from their seeds prospered well. The firm also sup- plied the flower beds at this place. The other . ee GLADIOLUS FARM OF ARTHUR COWEE, BERLIN, N. Y. large exhibit which won for this Company a gold medal was a display of the ‘‘ Henderson Invineible Asters,’’ planted around the States Exhibit Palace and the Arts and Crafts see- tion. This type is one of the latest and high- est achievements in China asters; the plants are healthy and robust, producing long stems and massive flowers of fine form and exceedingly durable. These flowers are especially prolific and bloom from early summer until checked by frost. The Coldwell Lawn Mower Company of New- burgh, New York, occupied forty hundred and fifty-eight square feet in Section 27, exhibiting their lawn mowers of hand, horse and motor power. Those mowers -cceived a gold medal. They are described in the article on Machinery. In the Court of the States Exhibit Palace there were a number of periodic displays and a few permanent showings. Cordley and Hayes exhibited fiber vases used for displaying flor- ists’ stock, and Arthur Cowee, the gladiolus king, shipped each week to the Exposition about five thousand gladioli thus maintaining a constant display of fresh flowers. The gladi- olus exhibit received a gold medal. It made an exceptionally beautiful picture. It is possible that no flower is easier to cultivate than the gladiolus nor does any embrace a greater range of color or more endless combinations and varie- ties. Some of the blooms that were exhibited compared favorably in rich beauty with the most expensive and rarest orchids. At the Meadowvale Farm there are one hundred acres of gladiol and in this nursery there are over fifteen thousand varieties. The display at the Exposition was very complete, including the World’s Fair colleetion of Groff’s New and Rare Gladiolh which might fairly be ealled unique. It contains the most expensive varie- ties of the flower and hundreds of them were unknown before 1907. None of the horticultural exhibits attracted more admiring comment than the gold medal display of the Hubert Bulb Company. This Company, whose farm is in Norfolk County, selected its territory because the climate was like that of the south of England and the soil similar to Holland’s—two sections famous for bulb culture. Among the attractive tulips in the Hubert display were specimens of the ‘‘early flowering,’’ the ‘‘late flowering’’ and the ‘‘Darwin.’’ Spanish iris was well ex- 4 TSR The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. FS alta’ hibited. The ‘‘early flowering’’ gladiolus was illustrated copiously. The narcissus is the firm’s specialty and the display of this flower FARM OF THE HUBERT BULB COMPANY, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 's. PE et re was unusually fine and wonderfully varied. Among other blooms displayed, the peonies were most prominent. FOOD AND ACCESSORIES HEN the Department of Agriculture was organizing, this country and in fact the world, was paying marked attention to the disclosures then making on the subject of food adultera- tion. Novelists, journalists and investigators generally were filling columns of space in the newspapers and pages in the magazines, and in some in- stances vol- umes, with their diatribes against unsani- tary conditions in large estab- lishments pre- paring. food products and against the sub- stitution of one material for an- other or the use of dangerous preservatives. Pure food shows were being held throughout the country, and the subject of food purity was the paramount National issue. DANIEL G. HEIDT, Jr. Chief Dept. Agriculture and Foods Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Appreciating the importance of the subject and the interest that would inevitably be ere- ated by a mammoth pure food display, the Exhibit Division devoted an entire building to the demonstration of comestibles. Whether the subject in itself was of sufficient interest to draw irresistibly a majority of the visitors or that the giving of samples proved the potent attraction, it is impossible to say, but greater erowds visited this building and sauntered through its aisles than attended any other showing on the Grounds. It was generally known as ‘‘ The Pure Food Show,’’ although the official title of the building was Food Prod- ucts; and it could not be claimed that all of the exhibits were entirely free from adultera- tion, but ncething could be exhibited unless it met the requirements of the Pure Food Law of the United States and bore upon its wrapper a label which showed the name and quantity of each ingredient. The building was a beautiful Colonial strue- ture and contained sixty thousand and odd square feet of floor space. Nearly one hundred exhibits were installed therein. Of the many interests in the building, tea and coffee were most largely represented. For their goods in both of these classes the Thomas J. Lipton Company received a gold medal. This Company erected a booth made of handsome hardwood, artistically finished THE FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING, FROM LEE’S PARADE 650 Agriculture. EXHIBIT OF THOS. J. LIPTON & CO. London and New York and brilliantly lit. sai | Pe EXHIBIT OF THE SOUTHERN COTTON OIL COMPANY OF NEW YORK CITY 654 Agriculture. cess the disagreeable taste and pungent odor are practically, if not entirely, eliminated. No severer test could be devised than the use of the oil in making doughnuts, and these were served daily at the booth to hundreds of visit- ors. Besides the doughnuts, which were served continuously during the hours of demonstra- tion, croquettes, oysters and other dainties were fried in the oil, and ice cream was made of oil and water as a substitute for milk, and cakes were made with snowdrift lard in place of but- ter. As a whole, the exhibit gave a genuine object lesson illustrating the value of a vege- table cooking fat as compared with hog lard. In addition to the health value of vegetable oil as compared with animal fat, the exhibit showed the advantage of frying with a sub- stance capable of being heated many degrees higher than lard without danger of burning or smoking and also illustrated the economy which might be practiced, for the oil can be used and re-used a number of times. The Southern Cotton Oil Company received a gold medal for Wesson oil, Snowdrift lard and the various soaps made from these products. Si panied We EXHIBIT OF THE GENESSEE PURE FOOD CO. Leroy, N. Y. A gold medal was awarded to the Jell-O ex- hibit for its installation. The Genessee Pure Food Company of Leroy, N. Y., manufacturers of ‘* Jell-O,’’ exhibited this product together with Jell-O ice cream powder and ‘‘Grain-O’’ cereal coffee,’’ and received also a bronze for their goods. The Jell-O demonstration showed how jellies and ice creams were made with the powders manufactured by this firm. A booth that attracted unusual attention was that of the Ballard & Ballard Company of Louisville, Kentucky. The enclosure repro- duced an Egyptian temple covered with hiero- elyphies, the door to which was guarded on either side by the phcenix, the ancient emblem of imnortality. An imitation stone fence sur- rounded the booth, at one corner of which stood an obelisk—the Company’s trademark and the name which they have given to their flour. The interior of the temple contained theatre chairs, and at frequent regular intervals through the day a leeturer deseribed the Bal- lard flour and the welfare work which is being done by this Company. In addition to the lee- ture, a practical demonstration of the value of Obelisk flour was offered in the distribution of rolls or biseuits to the audience. The firm received the enly gold medal for flour awarded at the Exposition. They also received a gold medal for welfare work. At its inception, this philanthropic endeavor was confined within narrow bounds and consisted mainly of such endeavors as would contribute to the comfort of the young women employees, but both mem- bers of the firm—Charles and Thruston Ballard —are practical philanthropists and their efforts to improve the condition of their employees and render the employment more pleasant have widely ramified. They maintain for their girls and women rest rooms, lavatories and baths, attractive, well ventilated, lighted and heated parlors. The men also have their lavatories and bath rooms, with lockers for their clothes, all given freely and enabling the workmen to come to the mills attired in ordinary citizens clothes, without running the danger of ruining them at their day’s work. Meals are furnished free to the office force, while the other em- ployees of the Company run a co-operative mess in which all bear their pro-rata of ex- penses, except that the Company gives the bread that is used and which is baked each day on the premises from the Company’s flour. The mills are maintained as hygienic models, and in addition to these devices and plans for the benefit of em- ployees, the firm annually dis- ¢ tributes sixty-five per cent of its = net profits to its employees. This — dividend is pro-rated among those | who are on the pay roll of the % Company in accordance with the salaries which they draw, and as a general thing amounts practi- eally to an _ extra month’s salary. ver This is paid by check on the rst da yw Ob each July, that being the end of the firm’s fiscal year. yN EXHIBIT OF BALLARD & BALLARD, LOUISVILLE, KY. The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. ‘ EX. OF SCHWARZSCHILD & SULZBERGER CO. Chicago, Ill. The Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company of Chicago received a gold medal for their ‘* Majestic *? ham and bacon, lard and canned meats, for ‘‘ Advanee’’ canned meats, for ‘* Laurel Brand ’’ hams, bacon and lard and for ‘‘Crispine’’ and ‘‘Advanece Compound.’’ The exhibit made by this firm was installed in a very attractive space and was admirably ar- ranged for advertising purposes. Several thou- sand cans of meats, tierces of lard, jars of pickled meat, jams in canvas covers and tiers of bacon were shown. Every day some special food article was distributed gratuitously to visitors and attractive souvenirs were given to callers. The demonstrations were planned to illustrate the value of these goods as well as their availability for instant use, and in both of these provinces they succeeded. Green River Bourbon Whiskey received a gold medal. The exhibit made by this distil- lery, which is located at Owensboro, Kentucky, was neither a straight rye or corn whiskey but a Bourbon, and consisted of bottles taken from regular stock. All of it was six-year old whis- key, distilled on the sour mash plan and bottled and guaranteed under the Pure Food Law as ‘ straight ’’ whiskey. The Large Distillery Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, received a gold medal for their pure Monongahela rye whiskey. The firm had previously received medals and diplomas at most of the large fairs, as at Chicago in 1893, Paris, 1900, and St. Louis, 1904, and in all of these instances, as in the present case, the award was based on purity as well as taste and aroma. The Large is a rye whiskey and is bottled at the distillery under the supervision of the Government. P. Hoctor of London, manufacturer of wines and liquors, also exhibited; and the Heurich Brewing Company of Washington exhibited its beers and received a gold medal; as did Gar- rett & Company, manufacturers of the ‘‘ Vir- ginia Dare’’ and other wines. This latter Company exploited its still and sparkling wines in one of the most attractive of the small booths in the building. The Company advertises widely and uses some artistic lithographs for the purpose of gaining attention. The origin- als of these pictures were exhibited at the Ex- position and served invariably to interest the passers by. The Consumers’ Brewing Company of Nor- folk, Virginia, maintained an attractive booth, where they exhibited ‘‘Pale Bottled Beer’’ and ‘‘Broneo Export.’’ The purpose of the display was for advertising merely and no commercial efforts were put forth. The beer received a gold medal. Jee MAHONEY. CONSUMERS BREWING PRE EXHIBIT OF THE CONSUMERS’ BREWING CO. Among the distilleries represented in this building, the Dreyfuss-Weil Company made one of the most odd exhibits. They had a booth representing Devil’s Island, and upon the island was placed a bottle eight feet high, an exact replica of the one in which their Devil’s Island gin is sold. An attractive exhibit was made by the Welch Grape Juice Company of Westfield, New York. This, by the way, was the first exhibit Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. ENTRANCE TO COURT OF THE FOOD PRODUCTS BUILDING 656 Agriculture. in the building to be finished. Various sized bottles containing the Company’s products were arranged upon silver trays, forming a pyramid. The Mecklenburg Mineral Springs of Chase City, Virgimia, and the Adirondack Spring Company of Saratoga, New York, had small exhibits in the building. The Coco Cola Company of Atlanta showed a complete distilling plant in operation and used a part of their section as a counter for the sale of their beverage. S. D. Matthews of Hamilton, North Carolina, received a gold medal for his exhibit of honey. The Valley of the Roanoke River bears plenti- fully haw and other plants that make white comb honey, and from this section the supply for the exhibit came. The Matthews honey had previously received gold medals at the Pan-American and at the St. Louis Expositions. It is worthy of note that honey from Martin County, North Carolina, also received the grand prize at Paris. & EXHIBIT OF VERMONT MAPLE SU MAKERS’ ASSOCIATION Randolph, Vt. GAR The Vermont Maple Sugar Makers’ Associa- tion exploited one of the most important indus- tries of their State. This organization is fos- tered by an annual State appropriation, and its SCENE IN A SUGAR CAMP AT MAPLE GROVE FARM, VERMONT display was made under official auspices. The various implements used in making maple sugar and maple syrup were on exhibition and griddle cakes with maple syrup were served during the entire Exposition. A model of a miniature sugar camp formed a part of the ex- hibit and was one of the most interesting features of the Food Products Building. Stud- ents examined and studied this portrayal of a country sugar orchard with evident interest. A gold medal was awarded for the excellent quality of maple syrup and maple sugar exhib- ited by the Association, as well as for the sugar making apparatus. Among the mechanical features of special interest was an exhibit made by the Ice Ma- chine Supply Company of New York City. This machine, which received a gold medal in the Foods Division, was exhibited in the dairy 657 EXHIBDT OFS TES ICEeMACHINESUPRPIEY CO: New York City department of the Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute. The machine was used for cooling a box eight feet wide, sixteen feet long and eight feet high, divided into two compartments, one for butter, milk and cream and the other for restaurant supphes.. The machine was con- structed by P. R. MeCrary, an engineer, who has made a specialty of developing small ab- sorption machinery of a continuous and auto- matic type. It was constructed entirely of pipe. Twelve-inch pipe six inches long was used for the generator and the absorber was a pipe of similar dimensions, each being fitted with the necessary iron heads and with the proper amount of heating and cooling surface in the shape of interior coils through which steam was passed in the generator and water in the absorber. The double pipe type con- denser, exchanger and cooling coils were used. This has enabled the absorption machine to produce results not obtained by the old system of eylinders with round coils. The only moy- ing part of the machine was a small especially designed ammonia pump which circulated that fluid and was operated at one and a half strokes per minute. The only power necessary to operate the machine was heat derived from a small boiler, the steam being used to heat the generator and drive the ammonia pump. In addition to the cooling box, brine tanks were provided which served for the double purpose of freezing cream for long distance shipments and for the manufacture of the small amount of ice used on the premises. These tanks also served to maintain the tem- perature of the room over night while the ma- chine was not in operation, so that a steady and constant temperature of thirty-four to thirty-six degrees Fahrenheit was maintained at all times, regardless of whether the machine was in operation or not. The temperature of the brine was at zero or slightly below. Mrs. Nathalie C. Buchanan received a gold medal for brandied fruits, fruit cake and mince-meat, pickles, condiments and _ relishes. OLD VIRGINIA LOG CABIN Exhibit of Mrs. Buchanan The Jamestown Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. Ter-Centennial Exposition. BUILDING OF THE WALTER BAKER CHOCOLATE CO., DORCHESTER, MASS. Mrs. Buchanan, whose home is in Louisville, Kentucky, is one of a large resourceful class of southern women who wisely have utilized their talents in producing goods or doing work for which they are best fitted. In a lttle log cabin which looked exactly like many a moun- tain hut in Kentucky or West Virginia, the Buchanan exhibit was installed. The great open fire-place where large logs burned merrily on cold days was the chief feature of the ground floor—a single room which otherwise was undecorated. Tables were loaded with preserves, pickles, curry, chutney, catsups, sauces, mince-meats, fruit cakes and various brandied fruits, all of which were superlatively good. The Pure Foods Act had no terrors for Mrs. Buchanan, who uses no prohibited pre- servatives, and the Jury, which passed most rigidly on food offered for award, unhesi- tatingly gave her a gold medal. The exhibit made by Walter Baker & Com- Wy MAIN EXHIBIT ROOM IN THE WALTER BAKER CHOCOLATE COMPANY’S BUILDING pany, Limited, of Dorchester, Massachusetts, received a gold medal for installation and an- other for chocolate preparations, breakfast cocoa and cocoa butter. This old and well known house erected for its exhibit, at the Jamestown Exposition, a Co- lonial cottage, a pure type of an early New England home of the pre-Revolutionary pe- riod. It was one of the most attractive buildings on the Grounds; in every detail it reproduced the era for which it stood. The building was at the corner of Commonwealth Avenue West and Powhatan Street and was surrounded by an old-fashioned fence of the kind common in New England during the middle of the Eigh- teenth Century. In the rear was a home-like Wa tace S. SHAW Mgr. of Exhibit 658 Agriculture. garden filled with native flowers, during most of theseason amass of bloom. The weatherboarded exterior, unpainted, was stained to give it the appearance of age. In keeping with the ex- terior, all within was old-fashioned and beauti- ful in its simplicity. An attractive hall or reception room with an old time fire-place was just within the main door; the walls of this room were covered with a pattern of old tapes- try paper, on which were hung historical pic- tures. To the left was an apartment dedicated to Virginia, adorned with portraits of Generals Robert E. Lee, Fitzhugh Lee and ‘‘ Stonewall ”’ Jackson; an etehing of Washington’s Last Birthday, and other pictures of intense local interest. This room was furnished with fine old Colonial furniture, all originals, many of the pieces antedating the Revolution, and all in excellent condition. The main exhibit room was very lke an ancient New England kitchen. with a large brick fire-place and an old Dutch oven like those in which the Puritan mothers baked their famous beans. In this room was a complete exhibit of the products of Walter Baker & Company and a complete set of minia- ture machines showing the processes used in preparing chocolate and cocoa for the market. In this room twice daily lectures were given by a professional cooking teacher. These were demonstrations in the use of cocoa and choco- late in culinary work; many dainty dishes were prepared and samples iven to the audience. The trademark of the firm, with which every- one is so.familiar, was represented by a number of young ladies dressed in the famous costume of ‘‘La Belle Chocolatiére.’’ The exhibit was splendidly managed by Wallace S. Shaw, as- sisted by A. M. Dow, both of whom have long been connected with the Baker firm. REPUBLIC OF HAITI Though not entirely a food exhibit, the dis- play made by the Republie of Haiti was in- stalled in the Food Products Building. The natural market for Haiti’s surplus products seems to be the United States, and yet a small PR a ST EXHIBIT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI proportion of its ex- ports come to this country. To familiar- ize the American peo- ple with the value of Haiti’s goods, just now is a prime pur- pose with that Goy- ernment and in conse- quence they are mak- ing exhibits at the various Expositions. Under the direction of Louis Laraque, the Haitian Commissioner, extremely attrac- LOUIS LARAQUE Haitian Commissioner an ( tive section of the building was devoted to a comprehensive show- ing of Haiti’s products. There were fifty or more samples of hardwoods and boards, both polished and rough. Among the woods repre- sented in this collection were goatwood, bitter ash, elm, Cedar of Lebanon, spotted mahogany, wild gauva, lignum-vitew, mahogany, and oak, while some woods peculiar to Haiti were shown coquemola, bayahombe, grisgris and others. The Republic of Haiti received a gold medal for its collective forestry exhibit and several exhibitors received silver and bronze medals. The Panama straw hats were notably fine. Merceusescanne of Quartier Roche-a-Bateau, the principal exhibitor of these, received a gold medal. A very beautiful display of tanned leather, strong, soft and glossy, sent by N. Marcou of Port au Prince, received a gold medal, as did the fancy work sent by Madame Adeline de Jardin of the same city, the Super- intendent of ‘‘ The Madeleine,’’ an institution governed by the Sisters of Charity; and Madame Judith Prophéte of the same city re- ceived a gold medal for night caps. The Re- public of Haiti received a gold medal for its collective exhibit of coffee and sugar. The former was especially delicious. J. C. L, Di- quini of Port au Prince received a gold medal for cigars, and Eugéne F. Nazou of Cape Haitien obtained a similar award for honey. Hi 17 tet Cot b MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING Copyright, Jamestown Official Photograph Corporation. 660 CHAPTER XVII MINES AND METALLURGY PERSONNEL OF DEPARTMENT—HONORARY DIRECTOR—VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER ASSO- CIATION—VIRGINIA’S RAILWAY EXHIBITS—DISPLAYS OF NORTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, OHIO, MICHIGAN, KENTUCKY, MARYLAND, NOVA SCOTIA, VERMONT, WEST VIRGINIA—MISCELLAN- EOUS EXHIBITS—MINING MACHINERY—MINING LITERATURE T the northeast corner of Lee’s Parade stood the Palace of Mines and Metal- lurgy. In proportion to the exhibit space of the Exposition, the area under roof allotted to this Department was unusually large. As finally arranged, the bwilding set apart for these exhibits contained an area of sixty thousand square feet, or nearly an acre and a half. A part of the building was devoted exclu- sively to a collective exhibit made by the Vir- ginia Mineral and Timber Association, and the interior decorations of this section were un- usually fine. In the main building, individual exhibitors decorated their booths each accord- ing to his taste, but the installation of exhibits was under the supervision of the Chief of the VOS#i ee RAM Apel rH.)): Chief DAVID Sil DANG RH. D: Honorary Director and Member ing of mines, ore-beds and quarries, the collee- tion of minerals and stones and their utilization in the widest range of divisions, and metallurgy was classified in all lines of equipment and processes, the Department bent its chief energies to secure exhibits of minerals and rocks which would be not only interesting as ore specimens but would deal with the prin- cipal producers of commercial necessities. With this end in view, obviously it was desir- able to exhibit structural materials, building stones and the products of clay, lighting ma- terials and various coals. All of the exhibit space was taken and much more could have been utilized had it been available, notwith- standing that industrious solicitation of exhib- its had been pursued only in the eastern and JAS. A. DORSEY Assistant Chief Jury of Awards Department. The colorings of the walls and columns were harmonious, and to a large de- gree the shades of the booths blended well with the tone of the interior. The decoration of the ceiling was very attractive, a design of Miss L. Thompson of Washington, D. (Cl, Gee ecuted by the Veerhoff Galleries Company of that city. The central scheme of these dec- orations was an adaptation of the colors in the National Flag, and red and white streamers ran from central points to groups of flags, and blue, white or red bunting hung festooned along the walls. ‘‘Mines and Metallurgy’’ was under the su- pervision of David T. Day, Ph.D., of the United States Geological Survey. Dr. Day’s title was Honorary Director, the word honorary, how- ever, in his case indicating only that his services were gratuitous, for his splendid ability and wide acquaintance were dominating factors in securing the real success of the Department. Joseph H. Pratt, Ph.D., State Geologist of North Carolina, was Chief of the Department. James A. Dorsey of Washington was curator of the Mines Building. Though the classification of mines included the work- b) 661 southern States. Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio and Vermont installed in the Mines and Metal- lurgy Building collective exhibits illustrating the mineral resources of these several common- wealths; and Connecticut, New Jersey, South Carolina, Tennessee, Oklahoma and San Diego County, California, included the display of their mineral resources with the show of their other products in the States Exhibit Building. The only distinctively official for- elgn commercial exhibit at the Exposition was in the Mines Building—the mineral display made by the Provinee of Nova Scotia, which was a most interesting and creditable showing. The Virginia Mineral and Timber Association was organized primarily for the purpose of bringing to the world’s notice the great oppor- tunities for investment that were afforded by the mineral and timber resources of the State. ‘he first effort of the Association was its dis- play at the Jamestown Exposition. The Gov- ernor of the State, the Honorable Claude A. Swanson, was selected President of the Asso- ciation, and to its interests he devoted a large part of his time and energies. General Rufus The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER EXHIBIT A. Ayers of Big Stone Grap, Virginia, was the Vice-President, and the Honorable W. W. Baker of Hallsboro, Virginia, the Treasurer ; these together with C. E. Doyle, W. J. Payne and W. D. Duke of Richmond, N. V. Richards of Washington, and F. H. LaBaume of Roanoke, constituted the Directorate. A number of prominent men throughout the country were associated as honorary vice-presidents, and in- cluded in the list were Thomas F. Ryan, New York; D. B. Wentz, Philadelphia; John W. Eckman, Pulaski, Va.; John B. Newton, Bris- tol, Va.; Robert J. Camp, Suffolk, Va.; Isaac T. Mann, Bramwell, W. Va.; S. D. Crenshaw, and E. R. Williams, Richmond, Va.; H. K. MeHarg, Jr., Bristol, .Va.; Charles Catlett, Staunton, Va.; John L. Roper, Norfolk, Va., and William Foster, Schuyler, Va. Bruce C. Banks of Wytheville, Va., was elected secretary of the Association, and was the active director of the enterprise, so far as related to the ex- hibit at the Exposition. Mr. Banks had previ- ous exposition experience; he collected the mineral exhibit of Virginia for the St. Louis Exposition and received a gold medal and diploma in acknowledgment of his services there. The portion of the Mines and Metal- lurgv Building oceupied by this Association was practically a separate building which had Gen. Rurus A. AYERS Vice-President OFFICERS VA. MINERAL AND TIMBER EXHIBIT Hon. W. W. Baker Treasurer been purchased from the Exposition Company at a cost of thirty thousand dollars, and ten thousand dollars more was spent for decora- tion. It is doubtful if a handsomer interior was ever shown at an exposition. The domi- nant green and gold gave a pleasing color tone to the large hall; the artistic staff ornamenta- tion was most beautiful and the blending of colors was restful and pleasing to the eye. Handsome reception rooms were installed, and a graceful pagoda, which served as the office of the Secretary, was the central feature of the hall. The exhibits were in- stalled with the view of keeping geologie and geo- g@raphie arrangements perfect, so that a traveler might locate the display he sought or a geologist might trace the continu- ity of exhibits. The cen- tral display was arranged in geologic order, in handsome plate glass cases and upright cabinets surrounding the Bruce C. BanKs Secy. Virginia Mineral and Timber Exhibit pagoda. It was known as the Virginia State Exhibit, and was the one which had _ been collected by Mr. Banks for the St. Louis Expo- sition, where it received the highest award. However, to the display made there, many features were added, until at the Exposition it showed in an appreciable way the mineral possibilities of the State. In the cases gold and copper were displayed, and silver, lead, zine, nickel and tin. Also there were curi- ous quartzites. The wide range of iron ores was shown by red and brown hematites, ses- quioxides, magnetic, manganese and specular ores. The granites, sandstones, marbles and slates of the State yielded beautiful samples. Cireumjacent to the State’s Exhibit were the displays of the Norfolk & Western Railroad, the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, the Southern Railway, the Richmond, Fredericksburg & 662 Mines and Metaliurgy. Potomac Railroad, the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line, the South & Western Railway, the Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company, the Virginia Anthracite Coal Com- pany, the Clinchfield Coal Corporation, the Blackwood Coal and Coke Company, the Stonega Coal and Coke Company, the Tazewell Coal and Land Com- pany, the Pocahontas Colheries Company, the Pulaski Iron Com- pany, the Bertha Iron Company, the Mathei- son Alkali Works and the Southern Gypsum Company. The Norfolk & West- ern Railroad, which through its line to Bristol, its Clinch Valley extension and _ its main track, traverses the greater part of Vir- ginia’s southwest, contributed most largely to the mineral exhibit. Their exhibit was exclu- sively commercial, and, as arranged by Dr. E. A. Sehubert, who under the direction of Mr. LaBaume had exclusive charge of the display, showed commercial possibilities in a widely varying line of mineral industries. IRoN—CoaL AND Coke—BuiLpiInc SToNEs—OREsS PULASKI COUNTY EXHIBIT Throughout southwest Virginia, especially in Pulaski, Wythe and Smythe Counties, there hes a deposit of galena. This mineral is now being worked by the Bertha Manufacturing Company of Pulaski, and a large quantity of high grade galena and limestone were exhibited by them. The same Company showed some of their cala- mine ore, zine blend, mixes and flux, as well as finished spelter in three grades, Southern, Dominion and Bertha Pure, which latter is the recognized standard of the United States Gov- ernment. They also had on exhibition some lead in pigs. Perhaps the most striking part of their exhibit was a miniature reproduction of the old Bertha mines, from which was taken EXHIBIT OF POCAHONTAS COLLIERIES CO. 663 OFFICE AND OFFICE FORCE VIRGINIA MINERAL AND TIMBER ASSOCIATION for many years practi- cally the entire supply of zine silieate reeoy- ered in the United States. They also showed zine furnaces with all appliances, and surprised many people who learned for the first time that the recovery process is by distillation and not smelting. The Bertha Company received a gold medal. Other eompanies operating in this terri- tory and having zine or lead exhibits, were the Chamberlaine Min- eral Company of Sugar Grove, Va., and the Co- lumbia Zine Company of Cedar Springs, Va. The exhibits of iron ore and pig iron were many, and varied in size from small geologic specimens to pieces weighing two tons and over. The qualities ranged from .a very low grade silicious ore, high in phosphorus, sulphur and titanium, to specimens which come well within the requirements for the manufacture of Bessemer pig; and the varieties included brown hematite, red hematite, specular, fossil and magnetite. In this collection were speci- mens taken from active operations showing the quality of ore now being converted into finished product, but the vast majority of the exhibit came from practically undeveloped properties or prospects. It is said that the territory tributary to the Norfolk & Western has such a vast tonnage of ore that it must be computed in billions rather than in millions of tons, while in certain sections the quality approaches that of the Superior basic ores and excels the ores of Alabama. Gold medals were awarded to the following iron companies exhibiting ores and_ finished pig: To the Buena Vista Iron Company and to Hugh E. Taylor of Front Royal, Virginia, for Brown Hematite ore; to H. J. Seibel, Jr., of Front Royal, Virginia, for Manganese ore, and Se AS COLL 1 Pocanon sta fy POGAHONTAS.Vq. EXHIBIT OF POCAHONTAS COLLIERIES CO. to M. V. B. Tilson of Tilson’s Mill, Virginia, for Red Hematite. The Norfolk & Western displayed collectively a choice assortment of mineral waters from springs adjacent to its right-of-way, and _ re- ceived a gold medal in this class. By far the most important product handled by this railway is coal and its product, coke. The System links three great coal regions with the sea; these are the Flat Top Pocahontas Field, the Clinch Valley District and the Elk- horn Tract. These several areas were repre- sented by fine exhibits, both of coal and coke, and the displays demonstrated the thickness The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. and variety of the seams and the structural quality of both coal and coke. Among the twenty or more operations represented might be especially mentioned the Pocahontas Con- solidated Collieries Company, which showed one solid piece of coal four feet square and ten feet high, exhibiting the thickness of the seam. This lump had no parting, was taken three miles from the entrance to the mine, and weighed seven and a half tons. It received a gold medal. Another very remarkable lump was shown by the Jaekson Coal & Coke Com- pany of Petersburg, Penn., selling agents for the W. C. Atwater Mill Creek Mines. This ex- hibit was the largest lump of coal ever mined and weighed nine tons. The Norfolk & Western Railroad received a gold medal for its collective exhibit of coal, coke and copper ore, and gold medals were awarded to the Pocahontas Collieries Company for their coal; to the Stonega Coal & Coke Company of Virginia for its roader, gas, lump and cannel coal and coke, and to the Pulaski Iron Company for its iron ore, coal, coke, pig iron and limestone. EXHIBIT OF STONEGA COAL & COKE CO, The Stonega exhibit was particularly at- tractive, and consisted of a tabouret made of Stonega seventy-two-hour foundry coke; also two massive coke pillars supporting an arch, the letters on which, spelling the words ‘‘Stonega Coke,’’ were made of the material they named, and were especially shaped for the purpose. The arch supported a glass sign on which was shown the Virginia analyses of Stonega coke for an entire year. 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Aajamafes'*'* 7p IVY eyURS “d i 00° 10Z 00° 102 rot 00° 10e 08'F OZ" 96T Shandual atete 3 08" FR, Stedeterdon stators Aitese Oye RT 48 [T =" Paunian? een eyo Wapipe mG teens eee er Oar ase aed peak: . , 00° OOF ¢ 00°06 ce ¢ 00° 00L ¥ 00° OOF $ a $ 00° OOF ¢ eee ewww $ 00° 000 ee rons ago OES A de gg gan “"S)005) TSUBA See chet Cela DOOk), 5193 D974 ys Tues., June 4 MG CE las Pie tac otmgtigind Tuan aro mo nn ay COOo OCamDOL a0 UO 6,566 9,036 15,402 3,161.00 Wed., June 5 Showers” paeechsveve ete cous ee ete as rtee, crate ctrantatonareee eaters eon apeieene 6,639 9,729 15,368 3,193 .00 Thurs. June 6 Warm Woomrain ss? (Glisloy am ates aiearcle taka Seeker eens Ree Cee 5,010 10,277 D 2 t Fri., June 7 Clear Aidewater Ia Ydcv.wis ox caer cnein maces ere ee a eee eis 18,066 9,951 Sats, June 8 Clear 7 Nibchayray wa Ee bate Mlay-ltohtiptnt IDEN PS e based 1 Ooo a> enc 4,195 10,443 Sun., June 9 Wari eGR chek crane Toca cle Steeueeh chug Martie alte has Wiceec ch ct Seana g ee: Donen eee 6,883 Mon., June 10 Pleasant Georgia Day Oe oe See ee eae OG) Tues., June 11 Rain Distriehuot Colunibiaw lady ce cen eran weet eran ae 4,858 Wed., June 12 Cloudy Virgie @ Daiyee ye wiotos soe eater Conde DE etebanee ey eaveate me Thurs., June 13 ISEB es ane IepPe COCR Sears ce Tire: Chom OID CDRs Oh 2 FE TEO IS Och OSIRIS. 0 Pris June 14 Showerse TR gases chide aeemte aenateretederstaerapet akace or Wear ok mieten te rctenerate Sat; June 15 WV ATID 6G fecctedein poh aien te opatacs haat cyt piece neh ond ot CHEMO, a oncaetickeTie aeons Sun., June 16 Elen Mec Minako o een One aarettig is co ee mictan roe cio ro alg toe Mon., June 17 Weare 2 fie oss Bk rc aee ees eee ira manta al eae aaa ist ore ates rete Tues., June 28 Wrarrte 9 at tic Sieters tia ialle sks ciuaiald a Peas ivr ereteee ete ae ee eee Oe eel Wed., June 19 Shewers Travelers Protective Association Thurs:, June 20 Wrarriie Oo iiteareseudsanovae' te ithe atone ene cava ite’ & Rccieea Deuce Glee Thine sere nak ort eae Erie, June 21 Hot North Carolina Teachers Day Sat., June 22 Very Hot ‘College, Chanipionshiph Davy stem ee vaste Sun., June 25 Very Warm Mon., June 24 Very Warm Tues., . June 25 Very Warm Wed., June 26 Showers Thurs., June 27 Fair and Warm Fri., Tune 28 Showers Sat., June 29 Rain Sun., June 30 Warm Exhibit Showing Weather Date Conditions Mon. Tuly 1 Clear Tues July 2 - Clear Wed July 3 Clear Thurs., July +4 Warm Fri July 5 Warm Sat July 6 Warm Sun Tully wt Hot Mon July $ Hot Tues July 9 Very Warm Wed July 10 Very Warm Thurs., July 11 Very Warm Fri; July 12 Showers Sate, July 13 Showers Sun., July 14 Showers Mon., July 15 Clear Tues., July 16 Warm Wed., July 17 Rain Thurs., July 18 Rain Fri. Tuly 19 Cloudy Sats; July 20 Clear Sun July 21 Warm Mon July 22 Warm Tues., July 25 Clear Wed., July 24 Warm Thurs., July 25 Warm Fri., July 26 Showers Sat.; July 27 Warm Sun., July 28 Warm Mon., July 29 Showers ‘Tues., uly 3 Clear Wed., uly 31 Warm Admissions Paid and Free, Aico teal Sfopepes syeteuefotetone eta tatereten Wea terecae¥elatcteyevs 12.0 Cee i009, R86 with Total Revenue, Special Events West. Virginiay Days deca cemodn ices bec etninte ae Wee 8 ex ehs doe 8.6 wie elvis » S 6. viw ew acuje wie Ss) wi isis b.6/s. 8 6) BRA) ban Ore one oy I Ouarths Wok, eh ys sxc os ae atte craved dae vei tater oie tee 25,930 Americane Boy saves mee net Ist eee eee 6,000 SPR CRC eri Cc. eon cues Udmerc triton tio An 4,257 Kentucky Day Orphans Mayne o-oo w cere crete eres eee cals nares ame Richmond Day Sunday 7056 Department of Admissions, for the Month of 443,618 July, 1907. Free Total Adms Revenue 9,598 $ 2,200.50 11,617 2,416.25 8,899 2,565.50 12,585 11,965 .00 9,370 2,797.75 8,230 1,958.50 3,275 care eee 8,164 tae 7,046 7,098 6,498 DPD LAD 17 6,945 8,35 8,208 7,82 2 5,062 3,005 8,218 15,388 oh at Tato 13,973 2,836.2: 8,37: 15,478 3 : T9885 16,091 aie Pata, 74 12,415 2,350.75 8,602 14,307 2,523.75 3,129 3,129 ep csc T7580 18,148 2,615.00 8,086 15,152 8,190.00 7.747 15,433 3,552.25 235.297 417.766 $83,427.00 Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid and Free, with Date Thurs., Aug. 1 Fri., Aug. 2 Sat., Aug. 3 Sun., Aug. 4 Mon., Aug. 5 Tues., ug. 6 Wed., Aug. 7 Thurs., Aug. 8 Pri, ug. 9 Sat., Aug. 10 Sun., Aug. 11 Mon., Aug. 12 Tues., Aug. 13 Wed., Aug. 14 Thurs., Aug. 15 BY rv ug. 16 Sat., Aug. 17 Sun., Aug. 18 Mon., Aug. 19 Tues., Aug. 20 Wed., Aug. 21 Thurs., Aug. 22 Fri., ug. 23 pat., Aug. 24 Sun., Aug. 25 Mon., Aug. 26 Tues., Aug. 27 Wed., Aug. 28 Thurs., Aug. 29 Fri \ug. 30 Satu \ug. 31 Exhibit Showing Admissions Paid Date Sun., Sept. 1 Mon., Sept. 2 Tues., Sept. 3 Wed., Sept. 4 Thurs., Sept. 5 a Ae Sept. 6 Sate Sept. 7 Sun., Sept. 8 Men., Sept. 9 Tues., Sept. 10 Wed., Sept. 11 Thurs., Sept. 12 Frt., Sept. 13 sate Sept. 14 Sun., Sept. 15 Mon., Sept. 16 Tues., - Sept. 17 Wed Sept. 18 Thurs., Sept. 19 Fri., Sept. 20 Sate Sept. 21 Sun Sept. 22 Mon., Sept. 23 Tues., Sept. 24 Wed., Sept. 25 Thurs., Sept. 26 Fri., Sept. 27 Sait Sept. 28 Sun., Sept. 29 Mon., Sept. 30 Weather Conditions Warm Clear Showers Warm Clear Showers Warm Warm Showers Showers Showers Warm Warm Clear Warm Clear Clear Waim Showers Showers Clear Skowers Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Warm Weather Conditions Warm Clear Showers Clear Clear Clear Clear Warm Rain Clear Showers Showers Showers Clear Clear Clear Clear Rain Ciear Clear Concessions and Admissions. Special Events Knights of Columbus, N. C. Kniphts Ole bythias! Dayoes asia cic cineca ae Knishtscor Columbus Waryirn acs. ae epioaitn senate Chris. Bros. College and Municipal Elec. Day.... Southern Amateur Journalists Day.........0s000 PA aessemisetiee DAV. iisccc acu ve Odes dian mage dee Knightsiot MaccabeeseDayaes Je Re celailetaxd aerate cist y abeienelian ots tsyeiela ate res tars 86 16 C. P. Lights Virginia ii) i Her, a Mostyn oan SEI eee crete een eet eee 244 16 C. P. Lights and 88 8C. P. Lights Daughters of the Confederacy 25 16\C) Ps and 24.8 G; P2 Lights Walter Baker & Company........ 98°16 'C. Pes 28'8'G) Pevand 19) 2;GaP. nents Grand Trunk Railway............ 45 16 C. P. and 250 2C. P. Lights and 2 Fans Pan- Presbyterian vaictecetevctcestenrs ate vic o wees wat Perinat eee 21.16 Co Py Lights Baltim ores Gitex verte ote cle tates fe cio cperscsrs Tahar etvce nates teats oenete 81 16 C. P. Lights Baptists craratccncromt sie sahotarey arn: Ciara yore sieicenern oeuetalone sa Rete eeretesereee 8) 16°C. P2 lls scslsic cue ake 220, 221 Gortel yours blonse Geo Dacre oct i eure sins eee 222 WLL5 Cumming moen Gordon teeter iene. cis cere NS atu ess 53, 54 @utlera Govem)olnt Gaemrne aren sete eter. coc acs a sisicw era see 303 Paniclmiionss johns Watwick..<.s22 secs. censces oc 4| Davis, Brigadier-General Geo. B.................-. 329 D pwsonm Govem Wan Via Ona tied eie ceetevensts) oaees 9 nc elas 222 DepArmondemiudge: Davidi Acer sccrs oe 6c oe scree 6 3y) DemBoermmidonde) Oster erect sh: one skcudicin. si wistercis © ers 281 desP egos blonae) Osean eriisaiccioe foes stes sate wee 237 Demarest wee ton) Deen cae atic Ae ows 309, 310 eneensy cova Gharles, Satemcids serch kettles arava 277 Donahuemehstestnever bance seisias ricicsisrstih «ccc cinageice 243 Dossizassosallonwe)| Ohnv hese cysts cmietet oe nes. 325 Porters. |e W ae LD: D Preiceer ines earns ehecs tee ea ave as 311 Porterve ] cress Vicrrvetiste crete cietccrtaps cysiare 2 tievaxe ovecs™= 214 Rowderly.) Hon? Ta eiaceviaestare.t seer oe cic.ne me 232 Randolphy RtekevarAltredslViacillmemmeret ie iaereit: « 154 Rawiss. Dra Gavin ner teee eect aaeeaean 327 Reyburns blons John tsar crtacecaytcte tec sere ie 2: 311 Riddicks Elon: '].asze Greermte ne ita sie yee aes ots 316 Riis# Jacobh.:.5 Stare terete tater ety eaehe ae ocreveis ae 199 Robinson} Hontslt Maen ee oe eens ek 42 Roosevelt) Presidente eee ne eee nate. sake 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199 Rosenberg valVirsss tlugo seein att aries tecicrcicrs ee 324 Schley, Rear-Adm. Winfield Scott.................. 329 Schoffe. MrsatHrederick? .sietst cme eraeters sts crers oie. oie tk) 301 Schurman, Jacob Gould, D. Sc., LL.D........... 299, 300 Scott Fong Charles: Fanrracteremrcciare-iiecise tare sts iets: 42 Shaw.t Honest leslie Vie er eee ctiog a eissde ig tale 109, 110 SmithssElon= Elenty . Gasystce rere teieiers caters eee see ee 320 Smiths WailliameAlldentever-micrs sere deiiecic na ates 290 Spaulding Geng © spl ures orem clei daisice elncree + 320 Starry ohn Eames maee teem oii esciat eae se ees 321 Stephens Dre MM Batessrermt eye aeleceveseys etree sar 319 Williamsee) ohne okeltonea seer eters cine ccirsie atic els '-als 229 Wilson bet Goro teats IE shes Sucteralle aie eilene,o\,oua sel 261 Wilson ram) ne Een crepereiens cia te al sraceroteneraye GiaGiahs # ayaks bv 291 Whitin Wikevtelrihe Jee ILD E web oo oceooenanddas 224 NY/srigton Selsl Oneme lea Lone eerste aoa arctic takes re eran ye oiteieiara 248 Wisepaermotephen eS. Gea s2 st aia tne Settee iste onesie 328 WW codriths Gover Rollin Sasimnacte meiuriententcr: cr hicks alerts 305 Wooley headored |e amen wae at es cre save: Cleve ata, ties, 42, 43, 60 Whyte, Senator Wm. Pinckney..................... 277 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Administration Building (Auditorium)..... LIS IOI 23 28 Admiral Evans’ Fleet Enters Hampton Roads........... 19] Admissions, Report of H. E. Sherwood............. 720-728 Advisory “Committees: ay eetiane creer ce meetin acre ae 137 Acronautios Duilding@me ene an creer eer ane ae 1275 129 Alaska= Yukon-Pacihcalixpositions einen eerie 618, 619 Albemarle Sound D ayer eee ceie eer eee 327 Alderman Hamilys Reunions eit erent ater 240 AmadasS:Philip..70 rete mente ecient ee 3 Amatetin eA thletics Unioneme ce sere ota eae re 261-266 Ambassadors at Opening Day Ceremonies.......... 166, 167 ‘American |Boya Daysnecni heen eae Lee ee 223 American) Civic: Associationcmnyacee te sister ca re tele artes 552 American Federation of Labor Day................ 325-327 American Humane Association............20c0eeeeeeeee 547 American Institute of Homeopathy................ PAWN PAPE American-Medico Pyschological Association.............. 172 American Osteopathic Association ..............4- 25582500 Americans omologicalascciety:arr hina nice eeriie American Veterans of Foreign Service...............+.-- 271 AMUSEMENTS Baby: Incubator. sce tsetse ares os arate are Veet toe eee 685 Battlevof Gettysburg acc seceroe merece ace ae mere 683 Battle:-of, Manassas a-tp cotati cenit hitter 683 Beautiful ‘Orientide-se aeeysteencirteie cre ctor are omttes 684 Colonial: Virginia pave eter. eeeiacayaicede ora 687 Deep; Sea; Diving ei actin ccee ater oer ict ancr eae 685 Destruchonjofs Sans liranciscomeriae eee eee aera 685 Esquimauxs Village? emcee etre rath: eee ote tees: 686 Fair Japan tae ttcton tos oe ae oe ie xe een rane 687 Ferrante wid ¢Animal, Showmeenen tae eee rinne: henne 685 Fale's#U ours) ign eer. Coe eee een ae 686 Flell: ‘Gate ys seven scpich tate tec tiem Rae DE eet eet 687 Intra-murallRailwayasee seine iteta siete eieieieie aera 688 Klondike onic sie Se sero oOo ep aes 686 Merrimac and Vionitoneeereeenrr ere aries 682, 683 MillersiBros 101. Ranchacenestemeniec tee ee nctieene 688 Miniature) Railway une cn erect ore enn ae te tie 688 onoralll jacinta tepals ase teas eet ts 688 Nana .i(Painting)'? crt sce are eieciciariie saree ee 686 Old [Malle ce. tscstac te teen eae ates ae eee eee eerie 687 Ostrich? Farm Wort stat cee, cote eis Boer 687 aul Revere s Ride? cn Scan ut are ee ers 686 Pharach'ss Daughter @. 1... ciate eine ete 687 Philippine® Villagee® teats tins a eertar ce eden cite re 687 Princess: {i rixtes ts: tire serve aeciarcioe eit rata earn 686 Scenic’ Railway = tose a ch eee ee ee eee 684 Shoot; the iChutesscenoe seek cmt eth etter oe 684 Streets ‘offs Galros s.5,¢ Same oe ones ait ake Oe Eee 684 Templezofy Mirth ejcence. coriec seen eee ee 685 Animal (Rescues eagues. ms aiciacens ace amide eiioeitrap ee 547 Appropriation from State of Virginia................ 38, 39 Appropriations from Congress........... , 53-62; 109-114 Argentine --o-2c eee rere 180 Barlow; ‘Arthur. v22¥66 ca euaec oats hee Gee 3 Battenberg Cup—Regatta Contests and Races............ 171 Beachy, Lincoln, Balloon Ascensions...........-+--++++- 178 Bennett, Richard: 24.4. 4.naiseee nt atone eee ee 20 Berkeley, Sir Wilham@n. oc -- eee toe one eae 20 Beta;Sigma Omicron... cee sce nse cee eee 219 Blair; John’ 22.330 sco htaiersae ee ae eee ae 22 Board) of ‘Design’ ..can:.qserc-nis Sorin eee ee aa 66 Board! of :Directors .2.0%.02, os-q1 os eee eee 35, 45 Board of Director's Visit to Charleston..............+.. 36 Board of Governors Chairman } siix Sens a) eee Cee 69, 82-87 Create) Working Bureaus: yee nee 82, 89-105 Duties” .joa6 eek onsale neta Boer ae eee 68, 82-87 Menabers': sra.cichecs fics tues srcsiens selec nate ee 69 Vice-Chairman antec wnals «onesie ee eae 69 Boulevard (5.00 Shae skeen ncn eee 96, 97 Brazilian ‘Cruisers... assert. clot oe renee ee wees, (7/5) British Squadron” «cic eee eee ee eee 153, 171 Brooklyn Day. So {cco eee ee eee 304 Brooklyn’ League: Day). on. ounces cane ee 18] Budget of Neveibord T1906: 3. nepcee ee tee eee 120 Buildings Alterations of Plans iu: antes vo: cee tern ee eae 119 Area “of fishies Geiisdics ¢altisi cate oe eee 127 Authorized after July: 1 90Gas- coer eee eee 119 Gondition: of; July [hel 906m. arta 118, 119 Delaysiin Constructiont) © 6s selene eee 128 Early Gontractsforsiton- sce ocean eae 118 Empty) Spaces: inaumintcaruie aces tee eee 139 Stability of 4,2. acini caus ee nce le eee 127, 128 Started’ after January, 1h 19072. sacri nen 127 State: Headquarters’ oc.,..s:< 2c 001s bis «ke eee) ee 123 Unfinished) Atprilon) 907 se ares eee 13275132 Unnécessary’ Halls: 42-485 «tos eel ee cee 129 By-Laws Adopted: $6 ais sic.acs. erences, 0 Ciarars Ole cee ea ee 45, 47 Amendments «to: .:ce% ome ek rere eee nee 68, 69, 138 G Cabot,” John ‘ands Sebastians.....sceeia- seer tereenreeeeeeae 3} Cape Henry: 2.22. A8e5 lac ad sad cols he eamiee a ae eee 9 Celebrations of Jamestown Settlement in 1807 and 1857.. 26 Centennial Celebrations in America.................. 25, 26 Ceremonies Committee) on) 23, 25 cus cro sede ote ee ane ee 47-143 Disagreement (Gonceming!©...- 6% ie eee eee 142 Classifieds © s:t:45; grit: asin eteitomigie cast chee ree eee 143 Secretary's. Share *in...i::0..clasuaacem eee cae 144 President:to Direct 2.ene- sem ects ove oan ne ee 144 Chairman, Board of Governors, Report of C. Brooks John- GEON ane BS oo tesla o [ee 00.8! 0in.0 elfota aye teie) wietalist a iete tl sede ie 692- po Charles \I;. King. 3... 2.2 at ste ccrontaete teenie at ere Charter Crate by the Virginia Assembly oe nie 6 Gele)etomene 33 Charter Prepared Steet eee eee t etme er eeeeeereeas 32 Gharter;: Third Virginialeiner rice cor acee rae 16 Charters) 160Grandal GO927 seer ete 14, 15 Chicago Athletic Association ...............s.e0.0% 260-266 Chicago’: Press ‘Clubs¢e as) ce ccee cn ncoa aoe aeee 301 Children's Day® 2.4.05: 2 eens ne ae cech ie oe ee 328 Children’s) School Farm Weaguei....--- aes eee 215, 271 Chilean Cruiser in Hampton Roads................---++ 153 Chrysanthemum Show *s:3.iis fence ooean cies os Cees 333 Cities and Burgesses of the Jamestown Colony............ 17 Givich Improvement). Dayan. aces ee etree 327, 328 Glaiborney amily. Reunions teeta eee 212 Clayborne, “William 2222.28.50. a0 sconce ee se eee eee 18 Close of Campaign for Subscriptions...............-- 43, 44 Glosing ; Day gi2 e oeisse sic soles caus are ohare: Cee 332, 333 Colonial’ Dames" Day aemete ce eciesii ieee eee 187, 188 Colonial’ General) Assembly." oe ciesis sistels cteevt tetas ere 17 Colonial. Wari Society #ness 5. ccc eer ne te eee 290 782 General Index. Commemoration of Virginia's Birthday in 1857........... 26 KGommerce.n Pe BlWCe, Of.cu auusnrs sitios tates wtieitiers aics sie 119 Mommonwealth Lay: scr. aicis epee tues pret ekrste ara) ac! ava oro 220 Communal System in the Jamestown Colony.............. 13 Company's Capital Stock Glasses ae ean es oy arate etre A eer aad sve anes 38 Direntora Subscribe us vices acetate icie ee cevte sate ale atelesareiats 39 Required "Amount atc tain. recke oe cle cine eievaaie caaantenta aft he, HOlicitings SUDSCIIDUONS centsicbiciahio> steleleiets clare erie 40-44 Room ettOn Merete hake selects o,2,c cee ortho t euthoion air erseiiessts 125-151 Concessions Gommmittes sOn ysis cet revsiacevs cleaves Sea ntunrempenainne ane reloes = 47 Conflict Between Exhibits and................... 116, 117 Wepartments Greated. sen eerie te eres -rsysienetese on wteyeteiaeromerere © 83 DION dal HOt. oA an pe non oqumntode Gee Or 99 Hotels, Restaurants, Amusements, etc............- 679, 688 ManagersAppointedie > rca crarctaye cheith «ue Siete alo aio ekerens 83 INeedittors Departments of nwt cer crconysroereictarene rere erste 98 Elansroteepartmen tiene cette tersietciseiseeeecerette et ater 99, 100 Report ofa Gar oni herwood si cmeriau daeeer alrite « 714-718 Reportiots JohnwA.) Wakefield:.. 1...) severe oes 718-720 Congress Attempts to Secure Appropriation from 48-62, 71-75, 108-114 Failure to Obtain Aid from 58th Congress.......... 67, 76 Industrial Arts and Expositions, Committee on.......... 53-62, 71, 109, 110 oans: @nesVultion Dollarsseacee cece cera 120, 121 Gongresszotmteanuts Growerse.c-< ceteris -chtinine cd seln ceer ees 290 Congressmen at Jamestown Island ................... SYA, 3%, Congressmen at’ Opening Day® 20h 5. ween. soe eects 168, 169 Bonnecticutat aye yecce atecietrts | ges eee hia 305, 307 Connecticut National Guard, Second Infantry, Company Bea SAMMY te eraser ns) a. chotdis ie stone comer cle ins eins 2 onnecticut Governor's Foot Guards... .oc.+<. +e ences: 305 Connecticut Governor's Horse Guards ................-. 305 @onnecticnuss anticipationis:| srmeistenters eerste iene: 336-341 onstruction mpits cketeletris fia) oayete are. creie:c. a afe ora ale negates 107-123 Convention wlallie sree ae cecis we ate ee cicie wo okersielerete 127, 129 Cromwell Sends a Fleet to Jamestown.................- 20 Culvera Dayar nes ce ee eee re isle aide ee aie 36 253, 254 Culver Summer Naval and Cavalry Schools............. 253 Clip sRaces merce eas oar ate Ne ceisie es Pins wero ses. 274, 275 D Daleseoirmel hom aseers nt ere ckaces thers loc wlelo sicvallo ene cvs shoes ays 16 Bye, WANE achbba5 586 hoc guaoubyoudado Ipo6adaces 6 Day, David, Ph. D., Honorary Director................ 661 de Becellar, Rear-Admiral Huet, Banquet to............ 234 Wem lam War leord serie cyercialte cia is cusictescleieue 1 sf sronohone 16 Delaware Day ...... Bee tohs tyeksye-atsusies aeveteyaiete's © 295, 296, 297 Delawaress anticipation si eise ities « aise eg 342, 343, 344 mel eliverancesss Darks he ccia ls erctere: evoke seis) eiiokay sie seyelohsis.< 14 Detroitel) ayer reach ne Seracere Sertesicrei esate) Ststate eileyeue eres aie 283 Diarymotmthen’.x position). cpiste ster a ate tris -garet a 153-333 Director-General Report-ofe JemVln Darras tram iets aietereisisonetexs 697, 698 ReporteoteNlvabwblcm Viartinemtrtsrer cries hy. cinerea = 699 Director-General of the Charleston Exposition, Consultation with Directors INice MALATE waco tpodcgcan moet Haens Uo bo coon. 68 ANG AIBA dune b 6 alo Ga Oe MARGE OC Aone OOOO oe 45 IDE Jen) podnoodmocopeoconscaucueconseuc 13] Distinctive sbirivileses merry. fel stelle ote te eieleis el bee taiereis es 86 Elect: Director-General se ec. ee perience +o 45, 137, 144 Eilects@theersumesanc ception: ia taste nity tokewier eager si 45 Eater Roe ckee CAB DISIO HOOD GE DED o mor GatUb Srata Cori 68 Restrict ower of Governorsijer ie 2) ess elt aie cee ela 135 Diseiples mote Christ eerie ltertelsteits sayeterar rrr to 301 I Direagap Sins sonyke oer sect encotpoons Gbcdo ae eto 8 Dissatisfaction with the Organization..........-..+...+-5 68 Districtrots Columbia ayia cise siete terse ele 202, 203 Dorsey, James A. Curator... ccs ewer es ete es 661 Drakes borancisnmereicvococscnt rateterasstorvetoas tors siereuarctere si. 5 Dutch Gaps cite ees tlcrler ite iene = clas ely ohoeiets 16 is Fastermmohored Dy aystcm cele cere oie icicle lene rere) enotov el sYeratshereketetstsl > 240 astern hoxenote Vitginia, Daye eee celine ce rarer: 327 Education, Exhibit Buildings........ 119, 128, 129, 139, 533 lovetrryal WANE SCR ae come oon bingo cdlne tooo opoidtte 82 Biawardevil ba king:ss@up tere ojo sicte viele miele ers tehaieornaitet 274 Edlectionzot: Officersarse cei ce erie = ee eeiere ener eleaehste iss 3foy, S¥/ Election of President of Exposition............-- BOT L0 |TV ey IDEN? cesctaactctos op dann oe oOURr Hanes ioc ae 232 Eimptym lreasury sector yerietr ae cie oees setae eta 125 Endorsements of Ter-Centennial Elon Grover Clevelandites + yo © sists ts/sraie ores) ole eels ereleness ot 52 lonee WieVibs Woodyiatsetctete eras sieres siot-V tole sere teietatove o> 50, 62 Plone aulaViottonmecnrries meres ic «rates tn ene ttNerteree 50 President skoosevelt ae erste tres eles 8 ake eievers lenis 577 Lackawanna Manufacturing Company............ 592, 593 Ladies of the Maccabees of the World............... 555 Mamberteeharmacale(@omp any,cteterirtelereteierstet tit atiee ett 582 Lanston Monotype Machine Company................ 579 Marge WDistillerys Company acu ais erties ttetei a 656 Larkin iGompanyimrcccpin conte cierto r cciererracatat 584, 585 Latin-American cei o ee ais fatesstereustetshersictetel oes 419, 424 iincolnteublics School ajevrorasterct stray ietetsterereiervarete teat: 676 JEiptonys Uhomasee Company atresia etettertey staan 650, 651 Ihittle Neck (Glame Company aceon -iietasiieeleieel nents 626 Mose Angeles) County @al-anmentetehist litter et 638, 639 Louisiana Agricultural and Horticultural................. 633, 634 Forestry als :012 9) deistere uslcie ae Sere 598 Virginia Minerals and Timbers...............- 663-665 Normal’ Industrial” Institutes... .<1c. civic slesetererscieleeniente 676 Norton: “Company 2:6 «e's 's = sci 's tele) seleientre teen 626 State: School 075 2-2 Fiche Gieie scien ee see eee 549 Textile” ¢. see cuylonstiv nae Catan sce neelett Caer 626 North Carolina Granite Corporation.................- 669 Nova’ Scotia): Mineralsaenm: sc scceeicre oe omic eerie 669 io Agricultural and Horticulturaliy. = s.r: 635, 636 Geological) Survey jae ssa.00)- + sider sere 585 Historicalle Meera cera 3 Oden soe ae eer eee 531, 532 Humane: Society yest snk ocis eee Ge ote eee 542 Minerals oced. cots, scree aves ose vicesiclescate oiseterateretoge eee 667, 668 University sof mercteieaca teeth eee eeteeieneeatede 530 0n Oklahoma, Agricultural and Horticultural............+ 638 General Index. Exuisits (Described)—Continued. Olneny a lings Ot Company nace aes cise ct creb as % 614, 615 Wroanmiower Company mecrmnts cetectes cclectacs els «ci cieoese 584 Wesipee: GottoneMillscmt acta wr mest sar cack nae 626 OltanGas: E.ngme! s\Workswes esa ce weie avorelt hiaclel as 0 614 Fan -brreabyterian meets sctertette eine idelas vertices oles 385, 386 Peanut Growers’ Association of Virginia and North Caro- UNM ate Sete I) cra tia ahs cteieateine alse earth sve- ay ay 642 eng Chool wactrs tia ssh cisis sah Seine ah wh na eiee wie 676 Pennsylvania FAIBLOTICA aT aetecetrsiee elects soc vareialetiaMerertucio es § 521-523 Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society and Free Circula- ting eeipraryatorthe! Olind enter eieeie ere cies 549, 550 Pennsylvania Railroad System .................. 597, 598 Pennsylvania. a University. Of a: ea). antetar nue sec re 535-536 Peoria Drill and Seeder Company............... 588, 589 piladelphiaa lVitiseums a. aeons ies ees eee aie 539-541, 558 PikesVianutactunng) Company sc... ses ecitecieas 673 HaloteC@ottong Mill ls aeyracraye ical: tntoistetareth tener cra 626 Pittsburg Automatic Vise and Tool Company.......... 594 Faittsburgua Vieler Gompany sco. etoeiieeins areite ook 612 Playground Association of America.............-- 556-557 ocanontassa@oale Association jain cacti te ore siinieccaers ore 670 Pocahontas Consolidated Collieries Company........... 664 ocomokes GuanogCompanym. ciate sieteleie eternal are taal 647 Rogpionia eeopinel liven se meee ous wis altars soe rates 569 Rope. Gosserm hina Company yee cerceerrsie nin aeice) iie 668 RorloOmicOmnern ieee nto «3c dete ee eee kee 420, 421 owermhwueleand A lcoholancsbics stems ertes eee 607-615 Egnmoss@hemicalu Compan yareatencentcinrennriiet rece: 672 Prudential Insurance Company of America....... 558-560 Frulaskie rons @ompany-rerac nce seer ae chasis 664 @uakers@atss Company. soe eee ee ate Cae viola tinea 653 IRadiummGollectivesten cinta chvitoe ac tere siete ok 673 Rapid Motor Vehicle Company...............-- 599, 600 Rates pepe t oases the easis co aeirae ts heen ae 117 Reedisg Jacob goons ects ctie cite sobre ak fae hece.ay 576 Renfrow Briquette Machine Company........... 612, 613 RReogMVotoraGar Company, perctieee cee e sence eee 600 Republicamominica sere cele sicitetre cen iok 423, 424 Revolutions Gottone Viillssemiemisesiecicuretaeicisiecte cee 626 Revolutionarysecords teeminnit aces nuentecceine oe 519 Rhode Island FAistoricaltnenr ta tes crate tite ce cioisie Sim © obs ake suacavaistene & 517-519 elistoxical mOOCIelyamermten terete aceon aes aie tats 519 Richardsonyscales@ompanyenee catenin cence ie 590 KichmondaGedanmv orks erie aemiccr sates cisis/otirte 579, 580 Robins Conveying Belt Company.................-.-. 615 RobinsonmaW meg @- cc Sons sae ei iaisieie cos nize oes 595 Rochester, Board of Education. «.....-¢.---.::02-+-8 544 Rockwood mr otterya Companyateei miei cree ie aie « 668 Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Company............ 672 Romanellig brothersm as epee etter ett aaciae 569 Root and Vandervoort Engineering Company.......... 588 RotheGcakinglehart-cer sere aciettecsiebieans ctoaie eo aieinns 574 RowansGraniten Company aaceniaeecitie since nin saicticiels 667 Ny ane bomase Fiecotatra ote atotames at eiavays Sale ereese ccsdewcic = 526 Sans biegox County: Calsmppr a eran crcte ones othe wes 638, 639 Santee River Cypress Lumber Company............... 624 ScherrensuGa Aw on Company.ncje nares aaah ar iseelons etre 596 Schraders At, con, Incorporated... ..-.2ss-0e% 617, 618 Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company................ 656 ScientinewAmericanm tart eeeniiletoates erecta ce oe 581 Scotts Charlesmssteyes erste roty onsrosiayesei ss ovetane ve vo eter ebonecets 647 Scurlock sAcyNamyanevan nc cistecn ts cassG cette shite ies 678 Seaboard Air Line Railway Agricultural, Horticultural and Mineral........ 639, 640 Free Travelling Library System............... SV), 33518) Ssh ISE hy WWaseusces Sama cae su ctet orate nete te oxctonere te Sool ous 663 Shelby Steel Tube Company................... 594, 595 holes Chass b:.4, Company.ziistm sclyes ants otis = oer ie ake 580 Simonds Manufacturing Company..................-4+ 594 Singer Sewing Machine Company..................+- De Smitha briscoes Company eraeen = oeisaeccr hat ons cares 575 Srnnithi ws Go| sprees ee nein ce tud sities eecteie sevice meee aes share 642 Smith Gan teiano) Company. y-iaaceeiee ie sin ele comes 574 SocialuEconomy,) Department, of. a) aeeie rs «ere 546-561 South Carolina Noriculturalywetemes tac tctat ic mune er. crates eet, ats 623-625 Cotton Manufacturers Association............. 585, 624 State Agricultural and Mechanical College.......... 625 Southern Cotton Oil Company........ ........ 580, 654 Southern Railway Agricultural, Forestry and Mineral................. 642 Virginia Minerals and Timbers.................... 665 SO PALEO Wan Com GVAVEL Ve atirprc te ta aie vate ele Fite tt Mees 610 Reintorced Goncreteancuscaieo see acine cae baie 610 plittanya Oh Compan yard cach vise stactatare sore Crass 671 slit ttanyeotUclosn Mr tic eit ra acer eiie Sv re ttc cn Rina ae 577 AGU aE Aa Saint ee ie ee eC ae ie eco ae ad 663 dfougaloo;Wniversityaemastc nat. cpitnicactiae aettes enh 676 Transportation, Machinery and.................. 587-607 ravelers@ AidsSociety qc.nsettaig ys. otk sinter 555 Truscott Boat and Auto Supply Company............. 616 Truscott Boat Manufacturing Company............... 616 det SCE OP Jia Gon Raa. <. Sa Ee e ene ine ne 623 Hummer; «Daye com VV oolworth n> smsterteeneier sierra 583 Underwood [dares ssc nin iyhciiieauetes niub 0s. ahs aera sees 678 Underwood Typewriter Company .................--- 574 Union Bleaching and Finishing Company.............. 624 United Cement Machine Company.................+. 593 United Shoe Machinery Company..................4- 570 United states’ Goverment amnion are eee 394-420 Department of Agriculture ArlingtonuExperiment: Station semen seers eine 413 Bureautofe\nimal sindustry eee eee iret 412 Bureausots entomology mesereee ie at een 413, 414 Bureausofelalantl industry serves eiietcrierrieieeier 412 Bureaurofs Soils sar trecnseneekrecoe ancien eee 413 Flawaiandil-ortoyRicomeaaaecanniae ene ete oe 414 ‘Weathers Bureawgnanten cts hos aee oe toe re ee 411 Department of Commerce and Labor Bureausot si isheries eee eee ere nnen 415, 417 JEighthouses Establishment spereree arteries ieee 415 Rhode Island Commission of Inland Fisheries... ... 417 Department of the Interior Bureauo fursducation settee cine Aa Gene ae erecta 410 BureausofeindianwA fairs sears 410, 411 Generali Zand, ©fhcermeun steerer ne 410 Geological’ (Survey s:r.cvm< cer Given wee eee oh ree 409 Hsecturesniancen tex seer ciclo cere eared tien eos 411 Moving Pictiresenssca natin einen ee ene 411 Patentw Officeterraciccc. Corin. ae hee 409, 410 Pensiony Offices... nse cance ccm metic ete ait tee ee 410 Reclamation) oervicemee sa iceanin. cca eee arater 410 Department of Justice Autograph Letters, Oil Paintings, Court Documents, State Trials, Prison Methods, etc.......... 404, 405 Department of State (Axticlessofm@ontederations eames 396 Geremoniall-Ikettersyn as soc bee sci eee ee oe els 396 Declaration of Independence.................... 396 Memotialse te ana vite eon k me bake > cas 395 Montoex Doctrine, Wy seem Hote eee ee eee 396 Hicturessofathe bresidentsa.qsac eee neato e seek 396 Presidential Proclamations mae sei serie ices seer 396 Relicsas erie aise eee cc Merce ce ee ero as Boe 395 Territorial xpansion Illustrated................. 396 WDreaties# sera wee, eo ptwens stirs Meena anteater aoeey Nets 395 Library of Congress Divisionsote ViapswanduaCharts ete sn ene nee 414 Divisionsofpheriodicalsima een a ae erie a ae 414 Divisionvorelrinteds books: eee eer rane ie 414 Mechanical Divisions ..............-+--e:- 414, 415 Navy Department Artificer’s School of Norfolk Navy Yard......... 409 Atlantica Fleet. Reviewsre eee cme mise 406 BostonsNavyiviards aera Reece rents oe 407, 408 Bureausofmyardspands Docksamememceen sekite 406, 407 Marines Corps-tae teeter cont te ee 408, 409 INavalsGunpiHactoryananraierterasciitite aici tee 407, 409 Navale Medicalsochool@enmran serpentine ocas ae icee 408 Post Office Department Deadsilmettere © fice memati farenceentvecn. area tae 406 Doctimentsaetecec cen te ee crn nt 406 Mail Transportation Division...............- 405, 406 Mutoscopestiemics creat hoy yiiien kas sone tana 406 Wariecimotylesmofmlslandlingm)Viallasemessttsetereerer ete 405 Smithsonian Institution and National Museum Biographicaliee eres nctycm etiam eke 419 Ethnolosicall septtuce on nemiicc eabie ohare 418 Elistorica lao oe ae eee eee 417, 418 Felistoryaot a Viedicinesmtn tere seem reat: meen a eee 419 Photographyeen norek eh cre ae aero ee 419 (lableausopm) onnmomithliradin cartier 418 Transportation Development ................ 418, 419 Treasury Department Bureau of Engraving and Printing............... 397 later Gets INST .. sonsobsS cae Suc sue Be BA oe 397 WaboratoryASeclony ests crac twitter oreiain vias 398, 399 Wifes Saving: Denice sme same rrr cies en ei 399, 401 FlospitalSectionaae serra trrernat shite meses noc 399 Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. .398, 399 Register of the Treasury, Office of............... 397 Revenues Cutter, Services nina aciv.a ceetetais tele crate 398 Secretary of the Treasury, Office of............. 397 Supervising’ Architects; Offices. i... nn: s- 0-02 n0 00 397 (iiveasnrervorathe |Onited sotates nee seller rain 397 suberculosisalxhi bites eirckn reer aeke steerer are 399 ve Ray? Hox bibit ae ic aescncsnecieicts eho: srsheneaaylene Vets tae 399 War Department Generalkstath manera ote anche a sepa oenar 401 Gettysburg National Cemetery Commission......... 404 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Exuisits (Described)—Continued. United States Government—Contlinued. War Department—Continued. Government» Piers!i cyan aca anette cena 402, 444- ee Isthmian Canal Commission (Panama)............ 404 @rdnances Departmente atari aie eerie 402 Portote Rico tcc ee ee ECE 420, 421 Quartermaster's) Department ye ieee 401, 402 School of Submarine Defense .............. 403, 404 Secretarymotm\ any Olicerotemeiniecerieeneierneitet: 40] Urs: Military Academy ice sativcuct materi eet 403 WS. poignale Corps) najcrsehs chs checscctreseeteteetee 402, 403 Wnitedt Statesml obaccal| Company. saree ete ie 580 Vermont Agriculturalleands bloral setae cere acre te 637, 638 Historical iy.: Aeiwrtesettaee§ wisieg et eee Se eee eee 519 Mineral es eee eee wncaryk cate teaoe ek teioe anche oe 669 Vermont Maple Sugar Makers’ Association............ 657 Wickes) Sons and Viaxim!\Company.aase sentria rei ieee 596 WictorANp palachees Cotton all aayarareietete rey eey erential 624 Victor: E2y Kay & Company tieciaa ioc teleeie ceeneter eon: 623 Virginia Agricultural, Forestry, Fish and Game......... 622, 623 Department of Public Instruction.................. 542 Historical? farce ce eon eta 525-920 Mineral and Timber Association............... 661-667 Schoolstonsthes!eatsand lind antennae 548, 549 Virginia Anthracites: Compan yarn sitet eer cree 666 Mirginiay brewing § Company. niet nite tacit etre 645 Virginian lions Coal sca Coker Company eines 666 Wirginia Polytechnics nstititem=arce erie aes 537-539 Mirginial Onion) W niversityanaener eieniiaria ie aeons 676 Witainer OMG Gise Gl coodaoco oPardasbosuabas 534, 535 Wakeleé’ss Camelline cage eanionaie eet nate. 577, 578 Walbormm&phikeni@ompanymeae ere erence ena 601 Waltham Watch) Companys eee ree SA, BYP Ware-Kramer Tobacco Company...............----- 571 Warrick: Meta. :Vaux ayorie crud ctrare oe caknotccee etiraceee 677 Wrelche Grape) Juice, Company. eet eerie 656 Wells “and Richardson. Company. 4... 250. seen ae Mee 579 Weelsbach: Company Ajamc son acti a4 acciaisicneten eareieiete ener 673 West Virginia Coal -Columin® pycptysia ate see eri reuinete cece EE evant 670 Colored “Institutes G cae a. Seals sete een echo ee 676 Fruits: 22 5hs4, Jet i sakhis ) Sade Seed Se ae ee es 633 Historical. “5: were arecave ate fanaa = ore ninio ateatane stele ane 524, 525 West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company............. 623 Westinghouse) Companies: sj-eiart sie cei ete einie ier naenele 612 White moos entale Company. miei eer erier rie 672 Wihites@ ake CottonmVirllsan ctor emrett een etree 626 Walberforce Colleges num cnceemeva arise comer eee: 676 Walliamsonye benjamingeememneein ae aeniae eae 624 Wialliamsonay Macl yor scoicciaee:. oot ciaidteke heater: ates 624 Witt) George Di) Shoes @ompany.seyen ee eters 570 WiomantsmC@ollesevofsbaltimoreseciee te iat narn aie 541 Women's Christian Temperance Union............... 554 WiolferCompanyen sneer eer See ea oe aa 589 Wood) R= Dist: Companyescnnc ser (skate eatnkey Soalepe s,s Ss 613 Woods) Ss9As i Machinery. Companyac serene 590 Wrenn): 2A; :ScS0nS sfsatane serge cies ietehewateteuanercnetawa ese ohs 601 Morkwoate: andelsocks Companyees iene teicnin arin 580 Young Women’s Christian Association.............++- 555 Exhibits Gomimittees'| on i sicssssctehs, oroiere 12 spcuar nent tanayaletioetere ieee 47, 105 Conflict with Concessions Division .............. Wiss, WAL Conflict. wathallistory, Divisione eerie ieiecetreet oie 115 Department: Greateditesucrnirtererctacts settle cece 104 Developmentvote Scopemscnrcemnc tect tie eee 104, 105 Palaces Joby aaco: «cts schon eis ok a nei eee 118, 119, 127-129 Report ofMlicn os Southgate sri-y.)- ceieiia 562-565, 773, 774 Rules softs Division mite mt cin setae 114, 115, 116 Unfilled! Halllse7n2 icteric dponers zoo epeptteusieeimeroie Oletete vera 139 Exploitation Advertising “Begun yrricys et aplorat corte ects Glceeaeeter 40 Adyertisinoia\ listakes manele te cenit 132, 140-142 iNdvertisings esultsmorrn crt te crite eet ne 108, 142 Committeeton ress and) Publicity wer-taeenieieneia st aeineeiens 47 Departmentiot Exploitation am amore ister nie eine 104 Injudicious Advertising "52 - cece. oe see ee sec 141, 142 Managers i tac cyiettee ¢ aie¥ ecu «pis, optetatnstaerne) auaneca a siete ans 104 Report by, GaR Keiley @iaapscetrsrocbia stony. 754-759 Exposition. Fence’ tenn cance sein siete ls ereieeiniieabe cies: arhaties 101 Fxpositiona| Viakers@ Way rimieietrats tect -tleini ara ecient 325 Eixposition? Scope) sas alin = ave cctelessuare sie eekern's ounwsieletetomiers ts 38 F Fairbanks, Mrs. Charles W. at Jamestown..............- 65 Farewell Dinner to National and State Officials.......... 330 FinancialisPlanweyceteccnkiomberttec ters chert srcimeccicrayrrainime ces 8 First) Assembly, Day trerastncrat eta sissies es cisielaaci= « ey Petey, 77532) Farst (Bond Testieeisernce fe nis eens rondo nto cos eieees ISS 136 Farst emelisny CourchimeA meni ca-atpariere tem ictheietstae etter: Up First) EnelishelVinister ine Americasetisstarcistststerietetete veleitee 22 First Jury surialcineAmericasi raster iinet rtchaetetere teen 10 First? Legislative Assemblysayee 13 4- ta stateniel acento 17, 18 Firsts Populareilection sing Virginia seria ele tereet tle teal el 1 First Recorded Marriage in America...............45- i Fitzhugh) Liee™ Day ioc tee slate sl holnleldere's onset aerate cre 329, 330 Florida State Troops, Second Infantry, Company “A”’...215 Flowers Carnivale eis. erika ee errs mane Hie 21 Foodsieroducts) building ars taken eie 119, 650 Food Products: Dayacrmoricmiisieniatlac ice yee eee 273 Foods, and, Accessories: essences ane eee ae 650-659 Foreign Embassies and Legations Opening Day...... 166, 167 Fork Union) Military) Academy aie sete 181 Fort: Charles sass ait: i :cperovese cite seve eter rete eee ee eae 16 Fort: Henry” cesscgstsctdis.a'¢ aca iags ae soneitrche soe eee eee 16 Fort® Raleigh» apie surasieu ects cme eran en enna 6 Free School) Dayirutseanciisteciocin Poe ce eee 518° 319 Frobisher, Martins? angen es ene ote. eee ee Fuel ‘and|-Alcchol Day 27) tisnis cents ae ee eee 317 Gates,e'Sir: Thomas. «of Jetse ss siete lee ec ete 14, 16 General Federation of Women’s Clubs of America........ 186, 187, 188 Georgia, Day’ i cicc.c0 suture e eis aloe Sant seen ene en eee 193-198 Georgia oe Military? Reagant--eie ieee 197, 198 Georgia National Guard, Fifth Infantry................. 192 Georgia National Guard, First Infantry, Company “ H,” German, Volunteersi.-e secs ste ic mires erste icone ene tere 22a Georgia National Guard, Second Infantry, Company “ M” 225 Georgia: Naval Reserve's jce.j:1cae +» ine ere cic eee 6 Georgia's) Participation selec oss yee eee 342, 343, 344 German-American Day seems celeritete 239, 240 German War*! Vesselsos.. ccs oc..tela sealant eis ee nee 153 Gilberts -SirsElumphrey.. o> - caer ecisicteei teeters 3 % God ‘Speed “Ship.© ays stesieistoreiccke ett eeu ete ee eee 8 Gosnold») Bartholomew rise ae ct eieleie eet niente 6, 8 Goyerning) Bodies Gomparediinsenicicieinene terete 85, 86 Government) Participation’). eset arse ene 391-449 Government Ter-Centennial Commission ............ 391-394 Government. Piers-\.03.23ss.¢:0/s 0is/e's clemieers eracke eee eres 112, 122, 139, 140, 141, 278, 279, 402, 444- a Governor and Company of Merchants of London... .. 4: Grand Camp Confederate Veterans of Virginia.......... 317 Grand €hapter# sigma Chise see eee eee eae 239 Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows of Virginia and North Caro- lina ere. PEN a earnest atone a ne eee ee 178 Grand, Royal “Arch) Chapters of Virginia q.ceerieeeree 297 Graphies Arts) Duildingsee eee eet eee 127, 129 Great. Council of Redi(Ment cern «mei icteric ieee Ae Greater WNorfolk®Dayerime irda ri ota SHISY, SHG, 2i/7/ Grenville Richard *; 5. Jou onen cae e ace nce 4 Grounds and Buildings ' Activity, Unders | jas arte ceteris 140 Committée!on> 560: da neenisientis « eto ceucys eis otto nee een 47 Completed Werk ® sire simi ee aeons ee 240 Militarys surgeons Dayaanretia aac cnie eel 199-201 National Funeral Directors’ Association................. 294 National Elaymakers) Association\). «scils. sect: sor Geo eae 5I Inspects) Necro. Buildingaen cee aceite treet 198 Issues. Proclamations e,.7 < ascent: @ otc a ere 75 Messages) ton Congress) eerie ee aia 71, 108, 109 Opensi News Yorke Building: nee eee eee 198 Visits Exxpositiony 3400 dec: slnticion oat 153-193 5 Sandys; © Sirs Eedwitiss as ='erers cistern to's ts ager pee meee enn 17 Savannah? Day itu sviejis.)- ts the scone Geechee eae 202 Schmelz: Resolution css;257 ot stile erereie elo eee 68 Scope. of + E:xpositionii... se snc cays sccte ie ote nee eee 38 * Sea Venture, Ships o.<.s.5205 Sate sm cacy «shee eee 14 Second Centennial of Virginia’s Birthday............. 25926 Second Deed) of ST ristacthansnce cooler eee 135 Secretary's “Office 4): scien t sates ate ine eae eee 778 Service. Building: cvs aa, sce ee cede helene ae ene 127 Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity—Ball..................-- 332 Signers of the Declaration of Independence—Descendants 223, 310 Site sof - Exposition 4a ci ones cave cf sie = ctamiare ake meena 101, 102 Smithy) Capt; John andshiss E:xploitsiyesiertetitet ee teen 8-15 SMUNTICLIBER? G ogcaabansanaceess Lins o,feehct aetna ee S ye SocialisEconomysburlding see heli nete 127, 139, 546 Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities....26, 27 Society, of Indian (Wars. % She Snae ste cael eee reer 27 Society of Neurology and Psychiology.................. 212 Society of the Colonial Dames of America.............. 27 Society. of the! Colonial) Wars) 32. se seme eee 290 Somers, Sir- George). soo ctaeaai ete echo aie aree renee Fhe, lie! ‘Song of the Adventurers” Poem................ 187, 188 South(GarolinatDay. encase ater aac eee eee 219, 220 South Carolina, First Regiment National Guard.......... 232 South Carolina Military Academy Officers and Cadets... .215 South Carolina Second Infantry National Guard......... 218 South Atlantic Association of the Amateur Athletic Union.211 Southhamptons) Earlitot aan celcae ee ieeraneettteeeeereee 17 Southern) Iaublishers! Association) erie as) tena yeiret eee 18] Southwest Varginian) ayicqsrerst terete trea eet tn eee 313 Souvenir «Certificates Wiajvaaet ee ta eee eee 108 Special #Participation sane tase stil eee aie 381-389 Standing: Committees’ = detinetccicihi-lele) tee ete ere 47 StrAndrewsaxotherhood ie emratcte sister site tenet pena 291 State and National Food and Dairy Association.......... 228 States Appropriation 41ers eileen: ett eee 76-80 States Buildings) Beginning ota ter tet ictal ite 23 State Commissioners’ Association ...........s0seeeeeeee 379 State Officials Present on Opening Day................ 168 State Participation ese arg-r etre er setae nears 335-379 States Fixhibit. Day ves amen tcc ereaeatteia ten teretctee trere PAV Fi StatespExhibityiealace seametisr inter t 118, 128, 621, 622 Stauntony, Day ih itera os ct a seals eres ne iea: ernment teens 290 Staunton Military Academy Cadet Corps..............-. 182 Structural Building Trades Alliance of America......... 178 Subseriptions: Oolicitec meri steteiisee hci tenets ten eer ene 40 SifholkeD ay ieee cerita ce tecte ee tee toes ie et otette eden eoeseene cate 327 Sunday SchoolDay sacetnccmine ers caabtee tortie irene trees 230 Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill Amendment gee atahinr: ote Perce naenharec teeter ta encrer 212-214 Before (Gongress a4.,445 eerie ee eee ei eae 71-75 Contents) aegis at eis isua ects py seereierene Phen ie eoee 7\| Flouses Committee euscre aeeter erceta-h eckson ae elcrie Rerete 52-62 Supply System ere re iicrn tee eink einer te pectcr erent 125 Supreme Assembly, Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias. ..190 Supreme Circle, Brotherhood of America............... 311 Supreme Grand Commandery, Ancient and Illustrious Gite CO INIEVLER oa omiedo odecon duh ao gnocouda de 304 Surgical and Gynecological Society................--++- 212 “> Susan Copstan tes eo nip mates cen eericie varies terete ate cee orotate 8 Swanson, Mrs. Claude S., Laying Cornerstone of Virginia Building I Swedish Cruiser, “ Fylgia” Swimming Championships of the A. A. A. U.....233, 234 General Index. ola Virginia Conference of Charities and Corrections......... 323 Virginia Convention of the Christian Endeavor Society. ..310 Sem PETANGEs LAUT fi asta ate ermine terNs heraine. His, Saysle. oy 230 Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution.......... 97 cLHANKSOVVIN g's LAY sete snare ecient eater ieee casts aera elie 330-35 Zi VITGINIAM AVI ere Cok ele crotite « cisracsth wie ene nica iss 205-210 mplhenVision lof Raleighsloem.aciceet. sce ceen: . 205-208 Virginia Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association............ 223, 310 86-388 ‘Tidewater ‘(Commercial League <2 50 ce. cers costs notes ey | NoteID AO tey WM Caw Us When. c oudtecano coon a Ree 230 sludewaters Virginia Days nec. ne raste te oe cals 8s [905 1919S Virginia Firemen s) Association. 22. a.s5+ss ese uses se 327 Tidewater Virginia—Historical .................5. LO7S 10Siea Virginians listoricalacocietyae enc enmiimeinr ecient 26 Tobacco, the Currency of the Jamestown Colony........ (ie VarginiasVinlitarys Colleges Gorpsimmey tetera teeters for 184 Mi yYansportation Arrangementsivcsh sano eeeee reo. 91-94 Virginia Military Institute Cadets <...-.....5..5+2.---- 192 Transportation Interests’ Subscription ................ 6955/0 Virginiag OripmmofmNamesr mts sri eect cis ties ice 4 Transportation, Report of E. W. Ligon............. 7202772) eee Vorginiayy © Oem merit tel estate te? era 29 ake eaaiave lahee oye 187, 188 Travelers’ Protective Association Building.............. 388 Virginia Polytechnic Institute Cadets............... 184, 185 Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of Wirginia stresses: A ssoctation mr imn men iar ic elmira cn iceiee te 205 Eondonwete: (rents chine ete nt ing a ret oren noe ne cals if Virginia Retail Furniture Dealers’ Association....... 247-248 Wireasureneu Clic eden aac caisas orice crest erretinetn er. Vike: CONCEDES IIo ago omaioar on De OOM OA COLO 8 iurentonsochoollofeindustrial Artsoe aie eee |. BE Wargantty NAMING cos ocdocnudeacorsomonteenuase 201, 202 Tri-State Medical Association of the Carolinas and Vir- Mirsinjaen Lcarticlpationses eeieerieittaere itaeie tone 336- sat ginras.Viects -atathes Exposition= acces tae eee eer 1S5aeeaVirpinia sil erritory.« extentwot ease eeniern ee emits: “True Relation of Virginia” by Capt. J. Smith.......... Le eeVasionvofs Raleigh——lroem seit ta fectcirar cite eee 205- 208 Tucker, Hon. Harry St. George Elected President. of Exposition:.................-+:. 81 European) rip wept. Geer ofa oe cron ea 81, 82 W ily leruGoven|-sbloge, le raclamation seca ina cttieer cieinne ce 28 Warkeldn Cori uum faving Comentoneunt tiiaryland Buildingutsd. gree ac ge oie culate s Ruleniefae ee inion s sate 121 wi War Vessels of Foreign Nations on Opening Day....... 442 War Vessels Present at Opening Day.................. 153 Wnitornmenank se \nightsiofs leythias anette: 190% tWiatersSuppl yen seein eee tat cise oe sein ne 97, 98 Wnited’Gommercialayliravelers y-.- + ores coin eerie: ZO mee ay mouth GeorgessPixplorenaearie eee iets aes 6 United Daughters of the Confederacy.................. 327. Ways and Means United States Army Commissary Department........ 425-427 An iExecutives Bureaus 1) asarcete acts: < cievsict sim)» eyo sia ecgs 83 United States Army Officers and Troops, List........... 424 Gommitteein top rereerctere heise enn oats eisai ake 31, 47 United States Army Transportation Department...... 427-429 Problems ee screrr teat tie hare rte ciate eve orsnst severe S 90-98 United States Army Participation ................. 424-438 ReportrofebartoneVlverssemre erat er 700-713 Wimtedmotates: Campi Chaplaings ata ener ae 437-45 Gum W esti omt) Cadelsy cee rimerionnc cartasitcte see eckeere: 188-190 United States Government Board ................. 169, 394 West, Thomas, Governor of Virginia.................. 14 United States Government Board on Opening Day....... 169 West Virginia Coal Column Dedication................ IRR United States Navy, Board of Officers..............05 AS GREEN esta Virginiag avast wen oe tapas clears sonst aa can 221-223 United States Navy Regulations ...................0: 439 GeeNW estar cinia # Nationall Guardieemeieerie: ere en eelere 221 United States Navy Participation ................. 438-444 eV estavircinials iarticipation meee tet icteric ae 377 United States Navy Vessels Present on Opening Day.439-441 | Winchester Day .............- 0c eee eee eee eee eee eee 225 United States Soldiery Arriving at Exposition........... 134. Wingfield, Edward Maria, First President of Jamestown United States Third Field Artillery................ 431-433 Settlementapeteses wae acco reer catheter els, oe 10 Whritedmotatcsmuweltthe @ayalryaane erro ni ae 431-433 Williamsburg, Capital of Virginia SSA rns ob aoe Cre 21 United States Twenty-Third Infantry .............. 430-43 |e Willamsburgs Committee meee eeiet ae ete ici cei ie eee 28 (Wniversitysare Viissouris Gadetsume mimic acters nit 210 Wise, Henry A., Governor of Virginia................ 26 UTA MMIDER 24 tol atiths Severs cou ie eD Get ree a eee eee 3()3 99504 meV omeniseoullding i edication uci tactetete teil -tete- teas steaetstal 234 Women’s National Press Association.................-. 191 WrorkingpBureaw Created. screws = ous ts i ayer iets 82 V Works, Division of, Report of W. M. Dixon........ 730-750 NTermont De 281 Wreck of the “ Minnesota's” Launch Rs SB Mon or ic: 203-205 Vermont Peciipadon 2000000200 ICTIIEITLE Gag Watt: Thomas, Governor of Virgins < 002000 8 Veterans of the Blue and the Grey.................... 228 Veterans of the Mexican War ................... 254, 255 WY Mirginiais# Appropriation | se seman erence ce ene 90 Wirointap bankers aA sociationen neni ein niacin 213, 214 Yeardley, Sir George, Governor of Virginia........... 16, 19 Mirginiage are ssoclationimmar een terete. < 234-737 Yorktown Dayaaecicc ce com sone atttor tps Mataaye ke oree- 310-311 Warginiase il lmoishiphtas reel sacieierria re tec ee 20, 25 Young Women’s Christian Association and Travelers’ Aid Viiroinianc company a lnems men aeumccin vets te eerie 7 Society secre emer e re conte Sate cee eten artic om eretetetonere-ate 555 B—AWARDS A Allen) arse Betticnnn, echt. 6 nce 510 American Rutile Company........... 498 Allen, Claraipkiose cit aioe tts efacletates 510 American Seamen’s Friend Society. . .466 A. E. S., Dominican Republic....... 490 Allen, Brig-Gen. James, U. S. A.....500 American Sugar Refining Co......... 490 ‘Abbess Draalirumansreicericcccne. AO7 SA lense Johnna Werte nace ttsc nm oer 469 American Tea Growing Company... .491 Accomack County Rural Schools..... 465a Allens aWir Foveenc cites nite teenie 484 American Turpentine and Tar Com- PXckermanga | Luthey ses seiis eo serie 492 Allis-Chalmers Company....... 475850 Sem PADYAR-poracne ta chattde oc on Starter ts 494 Acme Leather Goods.........-..... 466 Alma Furniture Company........... 473 American Wooden Ware Mfg. Com- Acme Staple Company, Ltd......... 469 Almacenes De Artilleria. .. .471, 476, 477 PANY 2... esse ee eee eee eee eee Acme White Lead Company........ A7lmeAlonsomNatcisoss cei sneer 472,478 American Woolen Company..... 466, 506 Actiengesellschaft fiir Spiritusbe- Alpha Portland Cement Company....498 Amesquita, M....... eee e een e wees ee} Jeuchitin gs Mectacteps a avsec taricNe coasters ke 469.2 lphine Bros-rantetironsint eect e 487 Amsterdam Gem Cutting Company. . .467 JRC SE MED SES rls 6 A cna choice Bs Pree 482 Aluminum Company of America..... 496 Anderson Box and Basket Company..494 Ndlern@yrus trey terecarge ee eee BOA lvas belixe cont. «iets tus clelecauntetes 490 Anderson Spark-Plug Company...... 477 goes Pump & Compressor Com- American Asbestos Company........ AO 7 mrAndrewse [ee baeetecrsretieiie mates). 485 sich ee Ae ee eee 476 American Baptist Home Mission So- Andrews, R. P., Paper Company... .472 esol andelViechanical \Gollegent 509 mum ciely wane inr ere cr i tarels teria: 509 eee Reed & Loom Harness Com- Agricultural and Normal University. .508 American Bible Society............. AP atbke pasvarctdducck wposugon oone 468 ANGVELE IE SSE oe SOM meee cn omnes 490 American Cement Company......... 497 aca Bi Gash a smtiretystewecane soto aets 478 Aikenhead | tres seneite sceacvere. ust nagaur 484 American Federation of Labor....... 465 Appel, Conrad.................+-- 482 Paitchesonse bs an Vlasmetetacverie eke dase 500 American Gem and Pearl Company Appomattox Shirt & Overalls Com- PN utagawar lpn ehenet a a canvan ote anyece 47\ 497,504 = pany ...-- eee eee eee eee eee eee 74 Alabama White Marble Company....497 American Hemp Company...... ASD RAGS MAT Cher) AMCs op dten ye ate ia rbeneterene sea siel 510 AlabastinesGompanyveen cs eae. o> 2 ne 471 American Humane Society.......... 465 Arehart, M. rae Shek Ses cewensnoeeas 483 Albemarle County, Va...... 465, 483,487 American Institute of Mining Engi- Arguto Oilless Bearing Company... .475 Albemarle County Schools........... 465 TESTS. Mharier sevens eG eset etree 496 Arista Mills Nos. | and 2........... 70 Albemarle Orchard Company........ 489 American Lava Company..........- 504 Arizona Turquoise Mines Company. .498 Alberene Soapstone Company........ 498 American Locomotive Company. .477, ne Arlington Coal and Coke Company. .498 Alberts Ga cl Companys eeieenniee: 469 vAmerican oktile-aaemetcielees = o) JNantdivonts 166 (Cc8 once oco oun Hooo or 501 Albertii& Companys oe. 4.00.62 n-- 480 American Monorail Company........ 47 Armstrong Manual Training School. . .509 Alcohol Utilities Company.......... 504 American Museum of Natural History 500 Arnold, D. A.....-...-.0-205 5200s 488 Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical American Mutoscope & Biograph Com PANSY ey Lt corre avs, suensast tals) octet al nade noi Ts 492 College eats. scre tenet tertnsats:« ek ite soses Moro enodpaeo sap w adds 500 Arondack Spring Company.......... 490 Alexander & McDonald............ 490 American Naval Stores Company. ...495 Artificer’s School Navya yard snares 500 Alexandria Country Schools......... 465 American Olive Company.........-- 49] Artillery Corpsye rise selene te 500 Alleshanye Companyenstrdetircins- 497 American Peace Society.......-.--- A65) Asahi Companyeus «ae tecte omar 471 Allegheny County School Board..... 465 American Peat Society..........--- 497 Asbury Park Board of Education... .465 789 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Asheville Public School............. 509 = Berry, Bross baints sermon a eit 471 Bronson, Rear-Adm. Willard H...... 500 Ashida;\Sysceutes cere oerat eects 475 Bertha Mineral Company........... 497, Brookhart, Sh Ante ent ee eee 486 Associated Peanut Companies of Vir- Berthrong,” "Pit ad. conde eee 501 Brookline Public School............ 503 AMA. sh gratheielomaaye are one Secret 480 Best Chair Company............... 473 Brooklyn Cooperage Company....... 494 Aston Milling Company............ 492 Bhumgara Company........... 46757506) Brooks, "6 Warsaoneiece eee 472 Aston, Win Fle ait tele renee cae 483 Bido, Agustin Franco.............- ony Brown, blanche eee ene aera 510 Athens Acid .t tee erase ation eine 485) Bindery, Divisions. seater anne ae Brown; |G. Gs 28 e en ee eee 485 Atlantic City Public Schools......... 465 Biograph and Stereopticon Exhibits. SOL Brown, .. Ev. cee eee 485, 501 Atlantic Coast Line Railway........ Birdsey, Somers Company........... A0/@ Brown, Edgara-re cmd ae 501 481584583 50408,) 4957049 bishop Gal onset a an een near A90) Brown, Pranks Gee ee eee eee 474 Atlantic Coast Lumber Company..... 494 Bissell’s Carpet Sweeper............ 474 Brown, Geo..O. 2 sacs eee 510 Atlantic Equipment Company........ 477s) Bitza: (Albertina ee eee 492° Browns Herbert... 442 oe eee 504 Atlantic Fleet Model, Exhibit of ct Sots 590 Black ee Cuckoo Clock Company. 469 Brown F. H. MPSA API tas Mo 6 498 AtlaspEmgines Works smite eaten csi 476" Black, Ja leacy. peor eee ne 483. Brown, |p Kis-ccier cee ee eta 478 Atlas Feed Products and Milling Com- Blackman: Esp Vase ee pee. 488. Brown, J.-M. .-7 ose. 3. eee eee 487 eh i cee Ae IE EIS hy rN Oo 481 Blackstone Female Institute..........464 Brown, Mattie J. .................510 mice Publiegschoolsemeeer ia 509 Blackwood Coal & Coke Company. oe Brown 185. J Mis aca ees 510 Augusta County School Board...... 465° Blake: Chass Goa ae are etiae Brown, — Mrs. J. Stanger veer seein 474 Augusta Milling & Mercantile Com- Blanchard, Ga Jc aceite eran aren 301 Brown, W. A. Tobacco Company. . .480 PANY Wels Saersuates cuss ver chaleteneaversy ston 491 Blanchard, J. Newton.............. 485 Brown, W. McColloch ............ 485 Acustings ig strgorap ne erary desecrate 4/6 493 478 Contractors’ Supply and Equipment Dex Gastro) bree cist cit wien sees 493 Chance Vin © rasan tines ee ce cee 500. gy Companys emis tanner ae 476 De Dilectis, M. & Company........ 469 Ghandlermlrs [RAs Gnesi sh ce 502s GontreracandsHispinale een oat AQ Deskiord s @ompanyauee ee ce iis tele 467 Chapple Publishing Company........ Aj 2m Converse. iLhoss teat ake Sete 497 mDellartmi:loracewiy ama ciate ote 501 Charleston Chamber of Commerce... .473 Converse, Thos. P. Company ...... 506 De Laval Steam Turbine Company. ae Charlottesville Public School......... AGdiCookuLJohnige smarine a steers kuin 484 Der Marchenasele Butte test os eee. Ghaseuks Commer iota rltrren cries < AGS mi Cookwml\Viisss1V lp Se ereetei re eiaer arene SO) Der Mossre|iencmnreate set 479, 482, 485 @hathambe inshtutemm cer tee rere etter 464 -\Goopers& Bailey, saiscacsse eee 503m Der henas Domincor Aussies skin 495 Chatham Mfg. Company............ 468m Coopers |e Wits cess rca ree oe ASG. Deshieldsam) asm tas he creeita a te sce 510 aaa es Implement & Mfg. Com- Cooper, DAs Mets oe ek cers oe ieee: 50 /meDeadmlketterC@ollectionssmecr = ar 500 itech Re SLC CS eRe eee ASO Coopers MrselViarthal ne cae hee LO sean lVirsy am Wiener neide cepa < 4/4, Ghetienoee Flows Company slitd se479)Copes Col Ea Desa sone ene seein 500* Decoray Mise Angel (sto. «ses ect 501 Chattanooga Wagon Company....... 480 Copper Marble Works.............. 472 Deep River Public Schools... ..464, 465 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company Gorbett. 6) 4 Goat eerte Greene 50 Decrem ta Companyane nee acre tretetee 478 477, 480, 482, 494, 497, 505, 506 Cordelay & Hayes................. 480 Deere & Mansur Company.......... 478 Chesapeake Launch & Motor Company Gorey | sk Wisieters is tein Aepietene cir eree 500 Deere, John, Plow Company........ Aime Gorktany en Neen yt eal mu we 485 477, 478, 505 Chester Board of Trade............ AN ey, (Creyonitelie: Jib: INOS eye oesertse 510 Dejardin, Mme. Adeline........... 47| Chesterfield) Countysasmctenis «ccc vie « A83)Gornette: Vissi Doras. asec acre ie oe 474 Del Corzo, Lieut. Angel............ 502 @hewaecall'ynewne tna iene cc aen : 487 Corno Mills Company.............. 478 Delaware State Building............ es @heyney | ohnukeree cnc eee 496 Cortelyou, Hon. Geo. B............. 499), Denbyne Charles syemereine ee ocr Chicago Belting Company........... 476 Coston Signal Company, Inc......... 477 Denney, Col Frank L., U. S. M. C.. 300 Chicago’ Juvenile Gourts:........... 466 Costumes of Prominent People Con- Dennissel Vie: Weeme cme mis aecuer 487 Chicago Kindergarten College........ 464 cerned in Settlement of U.S....... 502 Denver Juvenile Court.:........... 466 Chick Springs Company............ 492m Cottrell, s Weyl premier ayarete ete ees crews HOZimDerache ws eeinete cre de eerie rskoe ns 474 Chillicothe Public School............ S12) [Grayitabdorny, MAINES I veMoanmancict co ace 485 Derring, Milliken & Co............. 470 GChisholmswAce Risers aan nese tats 504 Council of Jewish Women.......... AGdieestises binancescOmmnn er ine. 47| Chopardiibreresiapeneritas acre etree 469 Country Children’s Home........... 486 Detective Publishing Company....... 465 Christian’s Natural Food Company...492 Couper, William ................. 507 Detrick & Harvey Machine Company .475 Christian Science Pub. Society....... 472 Cove Lawn Orchard Company...... 480M Deutsche: Ceramicercc: aces secs. 469 @bhorchmanae |e seo. AVG) ARB TGOMS PNINNE cooanan GAndoe podeae 478 Devoe, F. W. & Raynolds, C. T., Cilkey Veneer Company............ 473 Cowles, Rear-Adm. William S....... 500 Mee Company. tarccr eee alin e casts ales 464 GlalinguWniversity cae. simone SOB eGo Wistar tea wetter ASO Dewey, pliyster Ml-ecten sass ccae asta 501 Clara De Hirsch Trade Training Gox,) Mrse aime Rutine eee eee 503m Dickies! |amesanpatmicncs cea ointe crore 487 Schoolers ste cme wets e bela ate 466% Goyye Lid Witte ncanetias cere et sions 501 Dickson, Maj. Tracy C., U. S. A... .500 Clarks ACEI artnet ieee cits ek 50a Coyner Ds Gwyn ani ee eee A9 2am Dietrick Wis osetia Meme esteletere aielets 488 Clarkes ee Wik aase nee aie Giana 504 Craddock-Terry Company...... AG OGae Dragan Gon a Wht evics a1, cccra. taints -1se2 + Aoja Grawford.= Win Ga cheese re eesre UCM Dillon Brothersmeetee ante ee ete 499 Glayst Cecil ae een tee atom. 500 mCrawfordyawerka tees eee AG6m Dinwiddie brossmee es one mice oe 487 Glave Comelias rasa eee «ce clues 500 Creamery Package Mfg. Company...489 Dinwiddie County Schools ......... 465 GlavaCounty. serie ao cn ieee 498 Creef, Fitigeaantineu ccs seme & 496 Dinwiddie County Exhibit ......... 483 G@leary,) Captain’ Henry2.e.e + oie 500 Crescent City Moss Ginnery........ AOA MD iquiniys [nc een eee. oe eet reels 480 SlemsonyCollege: seks fetes es 464 Crescent Silicate Works ........... 498 Division of Manuscripts ............ 502 Cleveland Lawn Weeder Company...478 Crew Mfg. Company............... 470 Division of Maps and Charts........ 502 Climax Ice Machine Supply & Pump Grocker, G@Wic Elia aee cores tee a ate ee AO) IDieoern Ge IMGT en coc odd nomen ane 502 Company tots aoctetees occ terse lateness 489 Crocker Wheeler Electric Company..476 Division of Periodicals ............. 502 GlimaxmiVifos Gompany-e.n acme AT] 2 Grockett AW pomracted rice raat 488 Division of Printed Books ......... 502 Clinch Valley Barytes Company..... A9GM Groft. Georges Vianna en cee an AORm Divisionsots lorintsmee mere cela ce 502 Clinchfield Coal ee BTR ea as O89 Gromwellia|:, Risaacerie.- ee ae see AST eWixi Mrs: Jas Asean ss son ost es 474 ElinamansylViressousiesnsiacs schon sce: 510m Crosby @ Dycke | cairo eer nee cic es AGOm Dixon \Vliss, uucy ares eeie lente sere 474 Clingman Nursery Company......... AB5 q: Grossi Eve eee cede ie. aetna tees ABS SDixony \VmsstteGiece, siete eerie 507 Clinkscales, Mrs. Fannie........... 5SiORGrosse Llerbertapesre serie eee OSM Dodd &ostruthers nee i. Miller, .B. F - daceee eeeeee 488 Lewis, Captain Fy W., UsS 7A... 500 -MahanWeiGi7,. fee fee 488 = Miller John) Deer see eee eee 500 [sewis;, Joseph) Diz aon ase ees 470" Mahoney) 4 60 Lise eerie einteerre 491 Miller; sH.* Pecan ance cipnteene ieee 482 Lewis, Mrs. Sadie Price............ Dili \Viailealeransportation senate 500 Miller;#Hi Wiccan. eee eee 488 Lewis. Pi. Dit ce eee eee 489 Majestic Manufacturing Company...:467 Miller, Kelly ..................4:- 509 Tews, Virgil OA ceva artene stare teeta tates 50509 Miakinow 1st ete eie ners 475 Miller Manual Labor School........ 464 [exin stone Vials tersrter atten ciate sree eren 475% NialloryauVlaya Johny oeee senior 502, Miller, sNVlisssAdawV sae 474 ibraryot @ongress.y erie: 502 Manaclareilaciendase eae 492° Miller; Ws Gureaienteeeeeeeeee 482 Juied|> Christian, Gao soy tn ea cine 483 Manassas Public School............ 509) Millers Wilham:-- 40 eee 486 Wight-Elouses boardigee eerie sila: 501 Manganese Steel Safe Company...... 496 Mills, .\Wmi G...225(: 0 See eee 503 Light-House Establishment, Exhibits of Mangus.) Canis 6.5 5D a ae eee 481 Mine Smelter & Supply Company... .498 501 Manhattan Trade School for Girls....466 Mines and Minerals................ 498 Tancoln) Publics schooleeuen sare cel: 509 Mann, B banc ece nein eet tne 488 Minneapolis Public Schools.......... 464 [sindorySalomoninesce resort ene ene 493' Manns Geow kin eee nee eres aie 479 Minneola Mfg. Company............ 468 Jeindsay se kirankiser oe eters alere te eek 4703 Manny Sab row nee cee ceren eee 487 Minnesota Manufacturers’ Association. 476 [eiptony oir mel homass | saete ete eitreren 506 Manning, Warren H...............- 506) Minnick: 6ooArehartacncnreeitelieeenrete 483 Little Neck Clam Company......... 595 Manterola, Lieut.-Col. José.......... 502. Mirabeaus By iin atee cere ee ree 493 Livingston Seed Company..........- 486 Manuscripts Illustrative of Early His- Missourij Exhibit). ane preeeerentert 506 Logan Brick Manufacturing Company 504 tory of Jamestown and Virginia. . oe Missoun, State 2... oer Logan Clay Products Company...... 504 Marchena Y Del Guidice.......... 493 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 507 Domer Ets Hs eee ee 490 Marcou, N. Bentbergson............ 469 Missouri State Building ............ 507 [eongworthy Parke: L\ cure rimpaaebsnerns yee 489 Mariner & La Beaume.............. 507, Mitchell Brossn-ys cetera 494 [Goole Gon leincolnam ese eee AWA la Whole NY Cid ee ae he So asanae Snob AG7 Mitchells Maju | ilianeee eerie 480 Toose; Sigs xc wears etre el ebes eas 485 Marks Adjustable Chair Company...470 Mitchell Invalid Bed Company...... 470 [opezi, Jacinto, a eerie pers ert exerts 502 Marks, Samuel H................-. 500. Moffett, Ri W.. .2 ee eee eee 483 Topeziand) Dukatessercispss's ie 'srer-lopels ant 49) ee MViarrawae VirsseAnnanG@s eee eee 510 Molahon Mfg. Company............ 470 JEorays Cotton Vill steerer rere AZ, Marsteller: 4). ie seein eet 499° Moline’ Muills!...7 ee eee 468 Los Angeles and San Diego Counties Martin, “A. Gant eee 488 Moline Wagon Company........... 479 4795-506) sMiartine A lvah ell eee eee eee 502 Mondragon, General M....471, 476, 477 Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. .488 Martin, George H................-. 503° Monetta) Mills. Se pisrie pst 468 Ios Angeles Gountys- teeter are 488 Martin, Hon. Thomas Staples....... 502 Montclair Board of Education....... 465 Los Angeles Olive Growers’ Associa- Martinez gorag Vinca eier ren eee 483 Montgomery, Maj. George, U. S. A..500 Hon ice estuarine seas Semetoccees Martinsville Locust Pin Company....495 Montgomery County, Randolph, Prof. Los Angeles Soap Company......... 409 mMartves eau am reser ene 469. LisSe en ee eee 498 Los Nietos Ranchito Walnut Growers’ Marvyins. Cy Fiscetic eee eae 501 Montgomery, William P............ 502 ANsSOClatlon™ Rise todos cists tries ot eseeeroe 4885 Marye, shornton-een se eeeenioer 507 Monticello Wine Company.......... 490 Loucks, «George's. n:nat eae oe merone 486 Maryland Agricultural College....... 464 Monumental Bronze Company....... 470 Louisiana State Crop Pest Commission Maryland Experiment Station........ 484: \Moody, Kae e2. i.e ene 511 481 Maryland Geological Survey......... 496 Moody, ao H..cis os aenatiateretsteere 500 Louisiana Distillery Co., Ltd........ 490 Maryland Shell Fish Commission..... 495. Moore, Es Be.) -naae eee eee 501 Louisiana Oyster Commission.......- 495 Maryland School for the Blind...... 463 Moore, J. R osha is Seis ete eas seleueieteretet ete 487 Louisiana Rice Irrigation and Milling Marylandwotate aera 463-507 sMooress tye ete eee eee 511 Gompanyacrioerh sore etter 79 Maryland State Building ........... 507 Moores Mis5.5 Wace eee 505 [komisianapotate miter eann ere 479 Maryland State Commission.....484, 490 Moore, Paul V..................-- 505 Louisiana State Board of Health..... 466 Mason, Rear-Adm. Newton E....... 500° Moore, RS... ...5 sce oe ee eee Louisiana State Building ........... 508: Masons, 2h les ue sere atte wae a eee 501-Moore, 155 Wee eee ener 488, 505 Louisiana State Museum ........... Massachusetts Agricultural College... .503 Moore, Warner ................00- 98 463, 468, 479, 485, 494 Massachusetts Board of Commissioners Moore, Wallis’ Evans ieee 501 Louisiana State University Station ...479 463 Morales, Ceferino..............+--- 483 Louisiana Sugar Experiment Station...471 Massachusetts Board of Jamestown Moran Flexible Steam Joint Company .476 Low Moore Iron Company.......... 498 Exposition Managers......... 464, 466 ‘Morehead, Js) Meco sene eee eee 483 Lowell Normal School.............. 503 Massachusetts Library Commission....503 Morgan & Wright................ 478 owells Public ochoolseerscrettiyitert: 503 Massachusetts Nautical School........ 503 -Morifmikhcin tiresteco ents @ eee eae 472 Lowell Textile School.............. 503 Massachusetts State Building Ae ee re 507° Morita, «Sicscsce crete ievccalevarte iene eee 469 Jgowndes,sr. Chatles ans: reenr oii 485 Massachusetts State Department of Morris;: Ts, Cis".:. ae ee ce eae 486 Lowney, Walter, Company..... 489, 506 cation. <4. eee ee 503 Morrison, George.............- 482, 484 [eucasse Milles lihpe ll erreererrem reste ierate “ey IWMI ER lh soonnecanomoasoannn 487, Morse Silas: Rig cece snmeeeeeine 504 Iouce) (Glarencesen sere tensions SOS aiMathews iy S40. ee eee eee 479) (Moseley) Mrs. Katies.) 510 Duchessiyés) Ferrandinie sas: eter 493 Mathieson Alkali Works............ AG7. aMoses W. Bi Sa Sonsane eee eee 470 [uchting,) Vrs) Emest-eeernmaeeicite 504 Mattaponi Pickling Company........ 492. Moss, Isaac. so. whe cee eee 484 Tudlows Walters We reer cer eens 499 (Matthews; Fo. Ei. 2 cee eee 485 Mt. Vernon Public School.......... 509 Tiudwigi |nojaseeerct- eee eee 495 Maupin, Mrs. James F:.......-....- 503~ Moulie, Eugene js. e oe ee 481 Lugo, Capt. Manuel Garcia......... 202m Maxwelle bros aeee eee eee 484 Mountain Lake Land Company...... 499 Lupton’s, David, Sons Company...... 470 MMaxwellaiGola es eee. eee 479 Mouton; Alexander): e4es ee nee 49] Lynchburg Lounge Mfg. Company....473 May, D. W..............-.000000- 501 Muckenfuss Mfg. Company......... 473 Lynchburg Pipe Foundry............ 47 Nlaynard Gs Gree ene eee 502 Muir) FJ dr. rseieincnaeeh teeters 504 Lynchburg Public School ...... 464, 508 Maynard, Hon. Harry L............ 502) Munn! &@ompany sma ee eens 467 Meadows, W. C. & Son............ 479 Munson, Mn. KWecee ose. teat eee 485 M Mebellus, Asean oie canoe eae 493 )Murao; | Kangosn.e- ee eee 472 Meckens, Mrs. Marcelia............ 510 Murray, Brig.-Gen. Arthur, U. S. A..500 MeAllisten 6c Bellivevs. erence eet 491 Mecklenburg County .............. 498 Murray; Ne Fisn2% nck seentreeieeete 485 McArthurs blo Gaon eiiceeetieetiierar 499 Mecklenburg Mineral Springs Com- Museo De Artilleria................ 476 McCaskey Register Company........ 467-2 pany s eke ee oe 491 Musical Compilations Illustrative of MeC@aul evan |emiclayesiyvantrs a taeier 485 Meehan, Thomas & Sons, Inc....... 480 listorymofy Music terrae 502 McConnell, E. W. and Austin E. T.475 Meekins, Theodore S............... 486 Myers, Albert Cook..............5- 503 McCorklete aa linae erreee erin: 473 Melchers & Company............... AS?) Myers.= Dartonmeent csr ty tre 502 McCormick, Alexander ............ 484 Melrose Knitting Mills.............. 471 Myles Salt Company, Ltd........... 497 McGormick) WW El-eeeene re 504u Melvin; tAS Date ee oniee Sete 501 MeGormicky Mys) [53 dicanameirieeen 487 Menendez, Manuel................. 469 N McCormick Historical Collection ....463 Meriden Public Schools............. 464 McCormick & Company ....... 489, 506 Merriam, G. & C. Company......... A64 .Nance, Macs El Sseens eee eee 482 Mic Gwenn Vise laa Gr SOT errno 487 Metcalf, Victor H............. 409. 500) eNantucket) Millsee sn sere pierre 47| McCollock, Miss Mary..........--- SOE) IN eae Win Dh ce cosnerbocooanen 495 Narcisse, Papailler (Pharmacien).....493 Partie Bros. Pitless Scale Com- Wlexicol,. betyrn entra Nen tryin cn ne 505, 506 National Association for the Study and ANY. Pee sevel o cesterelane thes eee aera 476 Mexico—Departmento de Detall..... 486 Prevention of Tuberculosis. . .466, 506 MeDonald. DeRs &.Sonsiceicce eee 491 Mexico—Estado Mayor............. 468 National Cash Register Co. 466, 467, 506 IMeDonaldakennethweneiiie sents 507 Meyer ay, Gio & ere eny as Pires 500 National Casket Company ..... 467, 506 McRarland,) Miss: ay Visser steerer 5. Meyer; John arereeee pact mnie 485 National Child Labor Committee..... 466 McGee Mfg. Company............. 468 Meyers, Edward .................- 500 National Electric Supply Company. . .473 McGeheesm | urrissester eerie 479: “Michand). Hee ae ee eee 495 National Marble Company.......... 498 NcGeorsenl-laroldaeeeee re nies 505 Michell, Henry F., Company........ 481 National Meter Company........... 475 McGinnis, rail Weenie: 481 Michigan Cut Glass Company....... A7 ll National Viuseum) sneer rere 501 Metlhennyisi cout caren nner 490 Michigan, State .......... 479, 491, 497 National Rice Milling Company..... 479 MieMianuss brank seers aera 495 Michigan State Building ........... 508 National Society Daughters of Ameri- MeMillante Fae lei ence ee 480 Michigan State Commission ......... 492 can JRevolution £2 2s os cenee ois 4 MeNeil}. Chas.ie ance aie ane 511 Michigan Wheel Company.......... 477 National Society Colonial Dames of IMecNorton,, Anna i.e scare ee 510 Middletown Public Schools..... 464, 465 America: «2. 05\o-fe aetoeie sai ote ateteeteere 463 MacBeth) Aw livieenc een cee ere 510 Middletown Machine Company...... 476 National Starch Company..........- 489 Awards. Natural Food Company..... 466, 490,506 North Ontario Packing Company.....491 Peabody, Robert S................. 506 avigazione Generale Italiana....... 478 Northampton County Schools......... AGDUeake Werle es woes eee ener 487 Nazou,S Eougened be crcinn fonts seins 480 Norton, Lieut.-Com. A. L., U. S. N..500 Peanut Growers’ Association......... 480 Negro buildingoaac excite eee is 508s Norton) Company, auas.cese as ies A Gmizeeblesse| ohn Koutras wea tee: 506 Neifer: Ella Wacstew 2 tkrecatte se hos os 492 Nottoway County Schools........... 465 Peerless Machine Works............ 474 NelsonsArtbunel4cs.e sesh. bees oe 486 Nova Scotia, Government of Province Pegierom | oseru misc eae ee oe 483 Nelsonw Nate wera trrsecncee: tenements 511 Japeiamont Mills ae See cat.) te eons 470 Nelsons hts tee Seite oe A470» Nozaika, Sadatoshi....,ecseseen. one 475 Pelican Lake Oyster Company....... 496 Nelson County School.............. 465 Nutriline Feed and Oil Company....481 Pelzer Manufacturing Company..... 470 New Britain Public High and Normal Nye Lithia Springs Company........ 493 Pendleton, Charlotte .............. 470 Schoolsmmn eae ee ace tee. HO4 PAOD NY CamIVATS ae CeO Larsen eens rane AjAaRenick & Ford: itd). coe eee 49] News Century, Gates a saci. e sc an A/OENyeNirsaWs Ba... een ase 474 Peninsula Paper Company.......... 47] New Hampshire State Building. ..... 508 Benne Schoolkmmr tami et nae urn ae 508 New Haven Normal School......... 465 O Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society New Haven Public and Normal tonmthes Blind wae eae a. 463 Schoola wate ox Mears
511 INorfollcs County. Vase one. 487 Pacific Coast Syrup Company....... Aoi ollock Ow Llsteerppriers. «creek ee 488 Norfolk County Public School...464, 508 Page, Mrs. Hugh Nelson........... 503 Pomona Terra Cotta Company...... 498 Norfolk Mission College............ DOD es Ragen oe, Misa ete ae oes eracre ates AS eel oolim George sia esse cece sa 507 Norfolk & Southern Railway........ agen, Wey Mine saeterc orator ci iere teers 511 Pope-Gosser China Company........ 468 482, 489, 490, 491, 495, 496, 506 Pallan, Fotografia ................. me Op ewe Virsam Eliza bethieee eee 511 Norfolk & Western Railway Company Palmersn gran ics See tay ge eeeockae cree 473 Port Huron Salt Company......... 498 468, 478, 483, 494, 497, 506 Pan-Presbyterian Exbibit .......... 505 Porto Rican-American Tobacco Com- North Adams Public School......... Bieler Ge De WdGecsasagawo lo sennieet 504 PONY Wawa cant eierere case cusel sper chevaveveler eens 484 North Carolina Department of Agri- arkers Geom Wits apc eit eee: 473 Porto Rican Benevolent Society..... 472 CULE a ee ey neice tases AO7 = Parkers: [alle tee oe on eee ee BO Omi ortom icone eee ieer eie 506 North Carolina Exhibit ............ 506 Parker & Thomas and D. H. Thomas, Porto Rico Department of Pecoaton 464 North Carolina Geological and Eco- [reer gag oac. See 507 Portraits of Prominent Persons, Series MOMICM ULV EV et acres su peic octane 497 Parsons, Henry Griscom............ 504 of; and Historical Paintings and North Carolina Granite Corporation. .497 Parsons, i Greets Bein stevie cnt ASD meme ictires ma temic es cron ak 502 North Carolina Historical Commission 463 Parsons, Mrs. Henry............... 466 Portsmouth Public Schools..... 465, 509 North Carolina Pine Association, Inc.471 Parsons, Mrs. Ida................-. 5 LOM Rostm@ ficou Viodelean amine ner 500 North Carolina School for the Blind Partridge, sh.ran cane ee create ere 500 Postage Stamp Collection........... 500 Anda Ded Gar, aoe ees 463, 509 Partridge, Wm. Ordway............ 5 (\7aebostlem Waynes Guat Seimei chic ior 483 North» Garolinaotatene 7) 404, 505, 507 Pate, MecGall reno. seseeeiocie: © 500 Potter, Major Charles L............ 501 North Carolina State Board of Agri- Patenb@ tices etre cca riacierntne SON PEC AEE Goootsone daadeoncde 493 UNS Gogedoet op aashaaor ede 481, 495 Paterson Public Schools............ AOS ous STess ellerano-ane yey tierce 480 North Carolina State Building ...... SUZ Pattersonm Virsa eustela ani rere: ASS Powell le Avy EAs ceric stave Gemma are 486 North Carolina State Museum ...... Patterson; Mrs. lindsay... 3)... =. : 50S mr owellye lon baer Meee eee 511 gaia 486, 494, 497 Patterson, R. A. Tobacco Company. .481 Power, Arthur E...............-.. 474 North Carolina Tale and Mining Paul Elorencesiaacce-ors cet cten ce 510 Prang Educational Company........ 464 Company Weieietiec- oars Se ihoss tes 04 Sauls Mrenikice inn sc rantecerr semaine Sililimeerattss Gs Julrane emcee ta corte se a North Dakota State Building ....... 508 Paul Manufacturing Company....... A7/omiaratte Lamese Dupe ericteneimars fer 504 North Louisiana Experiment Station..481 Payne, R. L., M. D..............-- 502) Pratt) Joseph Flydes s,s... ones 496, 502 795 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Fratt.éc) Worthington eerie 494 Robichaux, Edgar & Son........... 479 Scranton Board of Trade........... 466 Prescott. Georges once teeter 478 Rochester Board of Education....... 464. Scurlock;-Al Now, oe pete eee 510 Pressoir,W elbys Catts nmi iser tee 477 Rockstroh & Schneider Nache, A. G..467 Seaboard Air Line Railway ........ Preston,. RobertsE<.. corre 500 Rock Island Arsenal............... 500 468, 480, 483, 489, 494, 499, 506 Primera Photo Specialty Company...473 Rockefeller, E.................... 485 Seaboard Air Line Free Traveling Li- Primos Chemical Company......... A496) (Roddenber Wb. eee eee 490 brary: System.5.0 davon eee 464 Princess Ann Academy............ 509'T Rodes. ie Wigs sere eae on eee 487, 505 Seaboard Refining Company......... 49] Prometheus Electric Company....... A7T3© Roe GoW bie ane eer meee ke 484 Seagull Specialty Company.......... 492 Prophetesbrenora oe eee 493 Roeding Fig Packing Company...... 490 Secretary, Office of the............. 499 Prudential Life Insurance Company of Roeding;.George Gina. a) cee teen 488 Secretary of War, Office of the..... 500. (Americas sede ae ae: peice 466, 506 Roeding Olive Compary............ 491° Seeley, Av Sees coer ete 487 PrudhommeniGens |e Asse etomteete ee 479 Roehrs, Julius, Company............ 481 Seibel His]= Jtia. oc 5 aoe eee 499 Pugh; sMrste) QW etictad tse 485 Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Com- Seileér,: Guss..cm am ace ee eee 485 Pulaski-Anthracite: GoalCompany ee 49 2a pan Yareeeree air ek ee eee 496", Sellman;” Fo) Scarborough.) Geovslus: were terete 496 Somers, T. F. Company...........- 473 Richmond | @ollegemmnesrry arr A63, Schaeferss John’) Ameen ran eee 500 Somerville High School............. 503 Richmond Department of Instruction..464 Scheibner, John .................. 473 Somerville Public School............ 503 Richmond Forgings Corporation...... 476 Schenck, Miss Rebecca............- 503 Sonnech, Oscar George Theodore... .502 Richmond Public School ...... 465, 509 Schieren, Chas. A. & Company...... A75 “Sonoda, Saburocanse see eee ee 475 Riley, Mrs. Matilda F.............. 503 Schlichten, William G......... 468,479 sSonore;, K igen.) eae ee 472 Risdon Iron & Locomotive Works....498 Schneider, Geo. A..........-..---- 501 South Atlantic Cigar Company...... 483 Riichiess: Mrs Las cae oe eee te ae 506 Schneider Sisters Company.......... 470 South Carolina Cotton Manufacturing Rivers? Brose eek shee eee A88.a ochockleyss Weichert mace cece 484 Association: nccc te cee ee eee Rixey, Rear-Adm. Presley M........ DOOM Scho firme Wiltredis El sereacteecte eet went 503 South Carolina Crushers’ Association.. a ; Roanoke City Schools..:........... 465 School of Submarine Defences....... 500 South Carolina Exhibit ............ Roanoke Cotton Mills.............. AVAL Sydotierelaas Jkyistoyt, bheins annus ea aoe 477 South Carolina, State .....463, 464, 480 Roanoken@cunty see ener eer eee AS3eSchulerjn Coles Charlesnee eee eer 479 South Webster Brick Company...... 504 Roanoke County Public Schools..... AG> sachuy kill rsenal., emer eee 500 Southern Chair Company............ 474 Robbins; (Joc Hae tee eee ee 482, 486 Schwarzchild & Sulzberger Co....... 490 Southern Concrete Machinery Co... ..476 Robbins®, Wis beers es See 486 Scientific American Compiling Depart- Southerns Cotton’ Oili Cosmet Robbins); Wisconsin ces ate 501 MENU! s chets aise Spare Ces olen nea eae 67 467, 471, 480, 490, 506 Robbins Belt Conveyor Company....476 Scofield, John C.............-..--- 500 Southern Gypsum Company.......-. ao7 Robinson) k1 4a smear nn eee 5O5ia Scotts; Charles srs ever eaters toa eerscets 479 Southern Manufacturing Company... .492 Robinson): Reser eee eet parecer 500 ScottGu Sh wep eee aa eee 488 Southern Ohio Vault Company...... 499 Robinson, Wm. & Son, Company....496 Scott, Col. Hugh L., U. S. A....... 500 Southern Produce Exchange......... 487 Roberts, David Ellsworth........... 502 mocotts County ochools sane eer 465 Southern Railway Company......... Roberts, FIA Bae. ae eee rie AIA | Scott,’-) Goss tance ctercterss step eben ameter 485 480, 483, 489, 494, 497, 498, 506 Roberts; » Wn Haat oo aie eta oii eins A81_ Scott, Joseph Francois......«a..-2+2-2 495 Southern Stock & Farming Company .489 Robertson. J Hi: wacker errors A877 Scottie Virginiauesn oceitos etter 510 Southern Vineyard Company.......- 486 Awards. SLUT PRAT en SAORI. Culyeeioe 502 rr United Cement Machinery Company. .475 Southgate, T. S. & Co., Inc... ..490, 506 United Electric Mfg. Company...... 470 Sparger Orchard Company.......... 456" Lait; ion.) Williams bl meer te 499 United States Hame Company ...... 477 DSPALTOW AG GIAVEL Yaa erareten re: ote cece ASO walraked a Ween cdesteteerni tue ae whedon ies 469 United Shoe Machinery Company... .467 Spencer Jed Fl. ck stn etaekve awit heures 501) Talcum Puff Company.......4...-- 504 United States Roofing Tile Company. 497 Spencers William! Kian esses oc carte « DING Ralladega (Collegessaise a aeeeern oer 509 United States Spruce Lumber Co... .494 Spillman, iJ cbasye 8 seatelsfensts a, antiaraia avg 501 Talladega Marble Company ......... 470 United States Tobacco Company ....479 Spray WoaleniMille Mill Nowhay 400 #Tashirdr lo 4c, .. cP, athe ets oh 475 University of North Carolina, School Spray Textile Association........... 468 Tate Furniture Company............ A] Am moss Mineste cronmn asin teter: ctl cn 497 Speck ery: Gay LD stteeiers c.cke cy-usie i esieas She SO De Vavlors Ace Cuecmnr. 3, vase eee re) 511 U.S. Life Saving Service.......... 499 Springueld Armory cs<2.0t, + leas e's DOOM aylora Ha Gira san cacoen eee sate DOZMUCIR Oo Vintiren centr ee are ene eee 499 Springfield Evening School ......... 0s “Alevalon, IBAENS cododbus pocenedse at 499 U.S. Revenue Cutter Service....... 499 Springfield Public School .......... D0 2mlaylovae|seknox. sey ae 506 MD 0/mO Sam larines Corpsasme ise ee 500 Springfield Technical School ....... DUZme Day lor iaulul:, eee ee ena etiee eee 500 U.S. Marine Signal Company...... 475 Spyehyuntiny Weehyty les aera de doce ae A990 as Wav lorie Lom Jae ee ee 488 U.S. Military Academy ........... 500 Springsteine Vill sie stars stave aia oamyeratress 470 Taylor Iron and Steel Company..... 478 U.S. Treasury Department ........ 499 BS PLOULMDW OW srapetrenyniels, haraite sneln eeloreate G@harlesm lea rek emia erste 00 lind Wreck Oe ee ele 463 Stone Printing and Manufacturing Trenton Department of Public Instruc- Virginia Shoe Corporation .......... 506 Gonipany wise ee ne ee JAS tations eu oe nn eee ee re one 465 Virginia Slate Company ........... 498 Stonega Coke and Coal Company 494, 497 Trenton Good Roads Department....466 Virginia, State ............... 463, 507 Stonewall Jackson Institute.......... 471 Trenton Normal and Model Schools..465 Virginia State Building ............ 507 Stony Gree ee ee ek 480 Trenton Public Schools ............ 465 Virginia State Commission ......... Stover Manufacturing Company...... A7 Om Urimble a Grav eae cw ceeeretit & 481 480, 486, 487, 496 Strauss Elon mOscaras sneer nee SO mbrpletiGeos Bane seen ener eee 481 Virginia Trunk & Bag Company..... 474 Strich & Ziedler Piano Company..... 50491 rice DreAe Green. Sec 501 Virginia Union University .......... 508 StricklerpRweAn ry ere ine eee AGB) Uhre, Ike, Reha? Ishs ces soedendooc 501 Virginia University ................ 463 Stuarts Draft Milling Company...... 492 Truscott Boat & Auto Supply Com- Vogt, Henry, Machine Company... .476 Stubbs, Elizabeth Saunde~s Blair... .. AJA MeTPANyeceh chee hie es ice ee eee AT eon oltas DS urease tai ere 463 Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Company..... 477 Truscott Boat Manufacturing Co FA77~Vrie, cargeon J? FU) S.No en 500 Sitzman tL) ae eae eee ee A407 milisuchiva whys wear eee oe lees 475 Suffolk Packing Company........... A935 Usukamato.w |eersectarcie rite toe 475 W Sugar Experiment Station........... yW Ko Je MENTO} al © renee. Ais, nice e ae Aiea ae a 472 Sullivan hosts) edhe se ae mas Meas HOOmuucks GeO ce Companyeeeae er erie 480 Wadsworth Stone & Paving Company 497 Sulphur Mining & Railroad Company. Tucker, Harry St. George........... 502 Wagner Electric Company ......... 476 8 Tulane University of Louisiana...... AGZMNagnerin Jt Digested error tio! ise 488 Supenors bine Company 07s nee - A74e Lurner Go A eee ee eee 510s Wacner, Martin &Go.saaes. -- nee oe 492 Superintendent of Building and dnrner en Virse lstheraseee ene ere 510 Wagner Water Still Company....... 492 Groundsm@fhcenot. pessoas ete ce 502 Turner, Day & Woolworth Handle Wiakefiel dig ae Atos ween veces 502 Supervising Architect, Office of...... AQ9s Gompanyytan site co fe.etreeyettes okra: 494 Wakelee’s Camelline .............. 468 Surber Mom bre sire cele cete ve AG 7melucsing sate aee entree 486 Wakeman, Jeremiah ............... 483 Giiee< (Gani? st gecopeneeneeee 483 Tussing, CU ieee armen aa on ASGie Weaker: lit blotetstsctierten tes cicieretans 483 SHUG AWALIFEY 5.5 85 i oe eee a 511; el ussing, Judson’ Reve: eee. 505 Walborn & Riker Company......... 477 Swansons Elon ClauderAy. sacceec.). BO 2mehussing wlVirs aloe) ec ae toe oe 55m Walcotthe Ga Dstere a. aes oan clever. + 501 wartleys Ds Dia wen ott ope 8 rare 488 Tuthill Screen Company............ A733 Walkers Wits soca tonic os os 489 Swaseya Aim DrOsewemerhe stat eaieue oa: 502 Wall RiGioB sien deol: sisters 505 Siting, Gis AGEs fae. Se Reo ee 502 @ WallmaWalliammlse toetire oe octane 473 Sweetibnar College seas. cee sei 464 Wallace & Moncure.. <2 .0.7. 5.52. 493 Sy dno, Ga eine aa eee et ere 487 “ Umberger: Ew Wises ence nantes “VAL, MENG I erathe coobienaasnepabopaune: 498 Sylva Mica Mining Company........ 504 Under Feed Stoker Company of Wallerstein Produce Company. .483, 493 Sylvain Wee ee ee ec ie ee ees oe AOS CMCATIENICR, nities «2 oreo tN Ee 476 Wallin Leather Company........... 474 Sylvester L. M...... Shane cle hele, See 487 Wnderwood.elda sear tite atl aree iter: sO) AWAAR I WO os restos boner 500 Symons) Brossug.aec.cee crease ieee: 492 Underwood Typewriter Co. .467, 506 Walsh Window Tent Company...... 466 Symons ws obert isa arose 485 Union Bleaching and Finishing Co...468 Waltham Watch Company .468, 500, 506 Symons pl ws seach ne ets aie 595 Union Furniture Company ......... ZEN ANUAL ION, (oe {pec otirie uci oD OBO DONE 499 Simonse Viren leno, eiapireyn reicteter tes, 505 Union Sulphur Company .......... 498 Walworth Mfg. Company.......... 475 797 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. War Department, Mexico. .476, 477, vs White Oak Cotton Mills........... 468% Wood, Os Ma). ecaeincivarete ae War Eagle Fuel Company.......... 9 White, S. S., Dental Mfg. Company.496 Wood, R. D. & Company Wiard,s Virscn t-l-1Gocctcetes tumiiere hearer rs White Star Mills See eitie, Gin cam Pinracecrs a 493% Wood, otubbs 6c Gos eee eee Warner; !Viespasianoy aan eons ar ae 501 Whited and Wheless Company, Ltd..494 Wood-Mosaic Flooring & Lumber Co. 468 Warner, William R., Company..... 468. Whiting: 5: Ea. soceerrenace seers: 502 Warren; Edward Feesmeede neni: 500. aW hitingsD ros mere ae eee ieee: 486 Woodoleum Company Warck, Meta eVauxs1e ene eer 508) Whitman Ralphe soccer 500 Woodruff, S. D. & Sons Warrick: Misi Eheeenasee & oe eeee 5 TP eWihitneys Ee) Eicttm toe citer rrere ae 473. Woods) Samuelibie a eee eee Washers al hen GOO Seeman erie tae 470) Whitney Draw Miltonenaeeeieeieler: 501 Woods, S. A., Machine Company... Washington Geuntye pre-set 495 i Whitted ali Gace joe eter 486, Woodward, We Rivweeeeee eee 470 Washington Heralditiscm) eee 473 Whitted Graded School ............ 509 Woodward Lumber Company Watanabe, 19% we satiate ton 4/72, Whittleseys) Wine Taner cis artes 500" Wool; sl heodores |e eee eee Waterman, L. E., Company... .468, 506 Wiggins, Frank ................... 505 Worcester Counter Company Watertown Arsenal ....... ......- 500 Wilberforce University ............ 509 Worcester Pressed Steel Company... . Watervliet Arsenal ............... SOO Mm Wialbournys.SaeVieetret serie tereare ies 478 Worcester Public School 50 Watson, Bf] ia ee eee es 48)] 2 Wilcox Ea Vien seta an eee 501 Worthington,e)) Veet WEEE ans IRE LEA Wee Cli bt aoe codkhece 481 Wilcox, (EIR Reeet eine eee ese 488> Wrenn; A. & Sonssse eee eee Watsona lanl vysmecnrtreiac roma Somers 481 = Wilkinsons);s As feneenccn tees oot 4945 Wright, Krank acess Wayland «Roaster cece: 487 Williams & Mary College........... 464) Wright, Mrs. -]5, eee eae etre WreathersBureaul «ce ci eee SO Walhamss 5 ros seamen seein ner 487 Wright, Reginald eae eee Weatherwax, W. HoH? 225.) 2208: 502, WalliamsselSs5 tat eee ee ae ae 478 Wright; ‘Sale ocen eee WeaverhEn-Sc acme ease eet 482 Williams, Miss Bert M............. 499 Wrightson, Sydney Lloyd Webber &> Sons: npc een 484 Williams, Mrs. Eliza .............. 5 103 Wyman;) Waltersss ce eee ere Welch Grape Juice Company....... 491 Williams Patent Crusher and Pulver- Wellersailiramyoonsae tanner 478. izer Companyee acne elie eocr are 476 xX Weller Pottery Company........... 47s Williamson Benji aseeeiet eee 480 Wells & Richardson Company....... 468 Williamson, McIver ............... 480) Xenia Public :Schoole-- nee Welsbach Light Company.......... 496 sWilltamsonye Wa Geo Lasers 487 Wendell, Mrs. Barrett............. 503 Willhamson Vise Company.......... 475 we Wenger: sMiltons neers .--476 Willimantic Normal School.......... 465 Werner: Williamyt-laneee eee aoe 5O4 BNW illing pl Viisse Fuente erteteeeerer specie 484. Yamada; i Kc 2.2 ect en Wertenbaker, Dr., U. S. P. H. and WaillisteA Sh Dore aoe tare eee ee AG) Yiamajin\/astljiro ny. seer eee MeHoSii castes eee: 502 Wilmington Cotton Mills............ 471° Yamane,’ Mit hese eee West) Johnt2lcaer ann cis cee 513.) Wilsons Charlesm losseer ect eee 505: Yanes,. Fe Joc cies ee eee West Point Veneer Company see ates 495 Wilson Saw & Manufacturing Co....476 Yeager, T. D...................... West Virginia Colored Institute ..... 509 BWilsonyeL roy | wuleee alert eee 509° Yeates. Wm.'S:... 402 West Virginia Pulp and Paper Com- Wilson, /James ceaaemis cence irae ten: 501 Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Associa- PANY’ vss cee kot qaee same oes wisi a eee 94 Wilson, aan Peis eys easirenacohe teen ere UES 501 ton. ~tdsieg ies cleo eee West Virginia, State ..... 46354655488) Wilsong Flay Maenteen eee 501. Yoeckel, J. Lc. c eee West Virginia State Building ....... 5082 Wilsonss. Mie Vinertanierc oeshe ae cheersisiets 470 York Safe & Lock Company Western Wniversitya mens ceite anette. 509 Wilsonk Sool avid wera tnier erent 473° Yoshida,» Cie. coca eee Westfield Normal School........... 503 Wingo, Ellett & Crump shoe’ Gow.) 408) Youngs, Euler eee Westinghouse Machine Company..... 476: Wintersinger, (G._R.. acces eeentrien A89 . Young, Drs) Wma Elen eee Westland) arm; sneer ecrareierect 484 Winthrop, Boeakman ......... 499, 500 Yuji Onuma Fish Culture Company .496 Whately, m\\caltermertete sir eiereiete te 487. Wirshcine) Grube seer Crete 487 Wheat, PeAte | crecramh tia eon Mire rietere eee: 481 Wise County Schools............... 465 i WheelertAcOWVi tee eect eee 502 Wissotzkys WW 6160 Coie esl eee 491 WUncling Wher, WWE ooo uoonecc on 502 Witt, Geo. D., Shoe Company...... 468 Zephir, Mlle. Francine Whitcher, Frank W. & Co.......... 470m Wolts Gompanyancu ere eitoe rere 75: Ziegler’: We Bx coast. eee White Danaye | riceicemtct lene 499 Woman's Auxiliary of the Civil Sery- Zimmerman, Mrs. Amy B Whitesshig Pines nian ieee aie 478 1C@: |ueague sys. ciee are ccs he oka ere 466° Zimmerman, It Sass eee White; Zirkle; Luther Ata. cece eee G—ILLUS TRATIONS A Aston, We «Fide neccit. ors heite o.0.0 05 so Oe Asstor,. Col. John) Jacobrie yess cere cei ce aera eee Abbeys i Ws Sevcrctore x .acaie sottsvave cueeak oa tavenimiev cheptis ceepskanete. Se eaten 233: Atkinson, ‘Gol? J~ Wilders..ae seen oe eee Acme leeathens Company. Exhibitor ecient it nttttets 579 + Atkinson) Ex-Goval (Ga Wana .-2 on sees, eee Adams, Georgey Fu ane cues se cksietes aie pateimrety incre ttcer 48... Atkinson; John’ Boas) oun oes Seco eee 349 Adams, NiO Y-cA. Gea moacchict «22 siktiren 265 Atlantic Equipment Company, Exhibit................. Aeronautics buldingt <2. s.r areata? ere ee eee ae 763~ Atlantic ‘Goastalcme.-E:xhibitese enon eee eee 645 “\cronauhic oulldingw interior elena eee ee 763... sAuditorium's 4.5 cco: bibsrtates i ts etc Oe ee Aeronautic Committee sageste scr cisrnc hier penetrate 762 And Wings’. ao c.sniic nin sciecns oat a nee nee ae Akoun Merdinand tgs ct rronte pratt ities sore ots ieee 684 AtUNight Siac: osc) tase Saree eee Akouns Gastonttvteter 2 atiyosecererr rein titties oe ene eas 684 Eiast:; Wing ise dene tuceedeG eee Alot Seco ee Alderman, sEsdwiniA\s euler ace eee ere ne eee 545 Thluminated io 243,72 202 seat ie ee eee 8, 125 AllenjéMirs Guye Rs C. oteertsretintaisa 30 ete See eer 187 Roof ‘View Wissen tke, uaese tees ae oe ee ae Allen}* 1.:A. BASS Goiee es pesarte ataegtis cask eveee cue aetna 20>) Austin! Organ—Auditoriumms one teeta Alling#'Charlest ¢)tscs. are see eeeiotescaet civic ae te eraneae & eekerecs 239. Ayers; ‘Gent Rufus (Ai! 2) sean. oe eee ee Allis-Ghalmers) Gompanyya eux bibitie cpr techs eistetetessteteniers alee 591 Ambler wiReyvsPirancis a \Willis tet: fee cisne tee ere terror ae 246 B American Federation of Labor—Auditorium ............ 326 American Federation of Labor, Exhibit ............ 559,560" “Babb, Eid Boj. os techn welt eis Ook eter oe American Locomotive Company, Exhibit................ 604: Babbitt) Mrs Juliettes Vine, cry-ar ore tee American Medico-Psychological Association ............ 73.) Babcock: & Wilcox {Gompany,. E:xhibitasee eee American, MissnSadien secinty- eerste nicer este 324 Babcock Printing Press Company, Exhibit.............. American Pomological § Societys. aise elie ei ele 28975 Babys Incubatorerxhibiteseret eee ee it een ean American Republics International Bureau................ 449 Bachelder; Nathan “Ta @isoen oo eeee American) sLuberculosiss -:xhibitionmae ack eerie ene atic 5615) Bacon; Iv AS AMCR ienenciatt seh Ricoto treet American Woolen Company, Exhibit................... 5/7 **Bagby;, Lieuts.-P5 H-asnie sation oe eee nee eee Anderson... Col. Clifford playa ee taen erie cera eee 192%) Bailey), Fisshisckaoctacin Gh co eee eee Cee Andersonie WW illiame (leet ce pee ee econ 315... Bailey;; N&eY wAG Cl... ae ae eee Oe eee Andrews; Jia Warrenitt.c «qe. -)ertie vac ycpteiers Mtoe oot ole dabete 769 ainjd HH.” McRinete avec cere eee nee cereale Annapolis: Cadets icc Gis che clase atatsiertig detent Venere -zcrcitete feet 1927) Bakers Missi Blanche sceee ean eee ee eee Ansell Gove Martina a cetecttertiee ieee ee eee Pero oe 219", Baker, Capt; Wa Wire ete sect ec cara eter iA oki.) Viscountno1uzorn., sysicnrcke ier ic eee eee eee ree ee 169: Baker, Hii Ee? faces eee ae eee 218 Appleton; Gena ranciss:lenry-cmisie tetera eels 357% » Baker? Hons Wise Wietacteere ao ceiitenn Gere cere Arch, Stairway-icstanci esas oseiacienss contac tetera ore 446 Baker, Walter, Chocolate Company, Building Ach,’ View asctiacc sata crorcusle aa icine ee Rien aioe 445 Baker, Walter, Chocolate Company, Exhibit Archer tlh AC AS Corti tera cctas einen hci re ey ieee oe 265° Baldwin; Chas... Eic#e acces Oke nie ne ee eee Arion&Singing Society east. ste a- biccistie ictnonin sPasteisiene ore 256 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Building ................. Armfield a Brigv- Gene) osephminnenin anita eerrer 244 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Electric Car .............- Army and Navy Officers Club House............... 447,449 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Exhibit ................... Arts: and) Crafts: Sectionaen ee eehicn seo ear eee 108.=: Baldwin} Robert tls) soto keene ct nists cree eee Askew; E.iStephensonsaee aera’. 1 cale de Sateen etc atrs 290] Ballard) & Ballards Exhibitee.c oc cee eect * Aspern,” I. and R. Austro-Hungarian Cruiser......... 165) © Baltimore: Buildinguaaeeeeer eae reine ieee eee Association of Military Surgeons...............000000, 3012 “Balzhiser,. Edward 2G. Sarre sera saree arerie. eerste testa Illustrations. Bancrott: Dra Charles, Ptr ecuni aeeetnce tere sue dec eee 8 173 Banks, es Ocucess Gace evo. Mictteea tere am isis Sere lee tal 662 Baptist Building AE ie Sis RIMERRCOL ons DOE Re trict err 384 bBarbecue: sion Kentucky: Dayaewss eae toile icicles etersicie'e 226 Barkers ree Wis Gate eer chin hig We shad ephicsalce saree ote 48 Barksdalert Picea cence secrete eile ootsay octecscn ett 389 Hames el) aC ca, ices Orie inne ae hei dele’ 368 Barnes, Supreme Com. Charles A...........--eeeereees 190 Barmettpicomt ls onemer nnn get crite ale Perce sins ce, breimuars 49 Barirm [ames Veet coe ckuetersis inter ve oiren ad eeaiereamersliteis 144, 264 Barrethw tion) olinitncck. cceitecitna seca aii ore tererals 420 Barrett lVirsekKate. Waller. cec ec coe ote deldaee 554 DD ALrettwen WV oe Lyre rate ciate ee tena eres aie ears eich 5S Eearror fell ce ree oes ace a SEs a ee 191 Baskervillenu Charles bh. siieracins aie sete tarnicntelsterciain 454 Batchelor lone Cron eee ameivetena eae ctete wines cubtee eerie anole 375 Batchelorm wl) :atrcstot cttw ben ccs vi an tanoe ataLne er sanas 56 Batesse Ea wie ee rotey aise weiner creer nn Se ete neta 287 Battenberg Race Finish, “ Argyll” Winning............. 443 Baughman Coles. Wines cea serie te ee eae ce oe 354 Baulehva Wautam een cca eee nese co weet cake 49 Beachy’, IEincolnaeAtrships nine ie ste eh rts ete 249 Beamanm Lionas Nathaniel ate seer nent nt citrer i eriaice rire 55 Beanwaiarletoneriofimanenere tatatoe oe ciate 454 Beardsleyae Lions) Flas lesen nes ecreyetec sors cioicele caters eras 260 Beauyolr smite oer hak ane acre ae oon aoe: 386 Bedou, A. P., Photograph Exhibition................... 678 Beeler, Col. Betis |S ea Birch engame cS sire NEI hao eG re 254 Belding Bros. & Company, Exhibit.................... BD BelleA lex? Grahame: sarin cn tor ae eee ene 762 BML, (Ey, ee ve o Qh matte Remo crak cree CICIato Ae MERE naa 646 Bellarsas NSny AeA Cot Sih ed ore Arne ocr hg ch eek 265 Benjaminel View heD. oc. eee elas meen eee eee 454 Benton amese Md pico lath fee io icon a Sa 349 Berkley, Miss Adelaide Williams.................++2- 312 CLLVMAN Rem EN Gee wedemiciaeicitre,s acisssiaeG ccs sie cle aks ee 217 Birkin bine) ohng Acme eee cee ec ni 454 Bimremlerent?-Colahacsaae terse ae rand ucts os 454 Bisphamwe David mame eireriac ieee eens cL 767 Blackwood ae Sa @okelGompany,w exhibit wer icsiiesieeiee 666 Blalocke UNpD ae tees ae ee oe ee ORE ea Nokes 368 Blanchard, on Newton Crainve ot: eer cee cus oes 350 Blodgetieb tomy an leet cee a eee ites een mays s sire 375 SECM ran RUpertpe Pe ote ee eee he Siac oe eae 750 Boardsots Designs epi ae er teehee bs athe te oak 66 Bogasmbrig Genmidwinw laa meen chee nose ater: 378 Bolintu arte egmerene rd tera ey aie eae ends ales 370 Bolton, Capt. John T Bia eye. so boNlat 8 Jed) ishjeliatie Sesie! vles: ¥)/ej'ereaee' Ns. eee 51 Bonaparte midony Gharless)Josephivesemiernes sa sicans see ek 392 Bonesst jon ocott. Gomer eraiana . dass arf ieee ane: 203 Bonhagwla Ace As Gio chim cscs © Neo or OY Ok rie nee atic Se 265 Bonhamperc wing bent temmeneer eee a eae. cae: 622 Bonners Miss#oarah brances sa coe eiee ecie son cen BAZ Boushee lem Viallory serie eee tects Aca netalnesince 747 Bowiem @arterg see cent acces dee noe er tas eee 353 Bowman ColaeArm Vi sees eee ce Ne we Rtt, ce ey cn 337 Bowser, S. F. & Company, Exhibit....................- 596 Boyd Same aarti aerate Sein. some ei. 235 BraxtonweAllens Caperton: ese aevecien ace one neers - 235 Breckenridge Clarence baw ee nee hi eee ene 366 Brogan lent Colt Ag Lu nonin cco patience 302 Brille Ga Companys ixhibitaee eae ernie ieee oe 599 Brimleyael lel meer teas agree Seen oe etn han 454 Ey rinsmace wa Note ame cee eee ees Sine oy eR, ET 265 Bristolm Companvam xhibitaaae tener tenn eer es 592 Bromilowse le pAme Nee Catan irnd ne hone peace ened ace 265 Bronson NiissilVinnies sient i ie aoe es ee 515 Brooke mm cms lament st rcs ne os 8 etm ye aie ok 5] Brooke lVirealVamiesedrickes ase enim eee ak 225 Brownie lor Geet: ce pera tener Ais ised fot ae ce Os 262 Brownsell arent ees tea a cere 4 233 Brown mae) Beem roots rece sae ie see ae eee hence 49 Brown Shoe Concany Exhibit Saree ce reeete oe tates) tere 575 Brunnerae Arnold m William ree ee titten aren cies ieee 455 Bryansiion:) osepiiase sect ates ate eeamice. | tere 53 ryan Lion on) se Ate inners: se. ote te eee 183 Bryan, Hon. W. Ve Greeting iWeteransy tose ri ae eet 183 Bryant louse Wo) sao peaking musa ette noen tice orci: 182 tyrant cole louise l emer mecca te mmyes crater erence 366 Brycemiats Lions Jamese. tcjcss Sane onic as cep sere ie eee 176 Buttalogiiuntsibys bia, Kon bush- Brownie rnnei seat 124 puttaloesstromel Ol @ianch a +a jamie terete be ae racine ee 688 Bunldingers entrails Groups aera sie aie hilar aneen ee 698 Bulle Gomeliuswl ieee chek no Meese dase aes 94,95 Bureau of Animal Industry, Exhibit..................-- 412 Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Exhibit ............. 397 Buyeausotebisherresixhibitswem se iste she eeeiereere ites 416 Bureaucote Vintemesxmibitas wes seria. cians cece nisin cree 398 Bureauvotecoie mec xhibiteans . sccate cae eiare erent 413 Bureaus of Education and Indian Affairs, Exhibit....... 412 Burlingame; al lone ae bse cstiatstat cree sete mii tasstate ol ane 375 Burnett, ae Kxyanciss lesecen, scucncctentuce ae eating 291 Burrowse [ae sere dee ote acer c ccc yn coe saheiee 49 Bursch, N. y. TL Oe oe Ata op Eee OO eco OF RTE 265 Bush-Brown, H. K., Buffalo Hunt..................-- 124 Subister cancel 1gepmmreere ete eit aie che tass ere stoteveis iste hatepere das 575 Butler iA tre meron; dita shae ch te ren oe 769 CG Gaboue Miss: Blanche} Esc aneaaen |. ees rae Sos rsnetsrrsys 370 Caceres, Ramon, President Dominican Republic.......... 424 799 Caine Dre) amesg ww cole ata eheisan &ciae cldite’s Oahehten eres 217 CaldwellPelughe warmer et are. cot sereecsiite re seine 217 Cahitormiam states txhibitus.,. Cog tee cs ee eee oe eee 233 Dieges: Charles® | aacaos cher oa eeioe een ais eros 233 Discovery Weandingomithis |b acing: teri eestor neater 148 Dixons Mrrsand|: Mirsoereter ays sey te een ena ee ee 276 Disonse Will) M areas asissdecics a otr etree erica 730 Dockerys sil" Gates aain dicos care ol «ean SEC on ee Races 368 Dodgen CharlesmRichards erst cesar caliente acer tee 456 Dodson, er William’ Roca tec ore tetas eee cielenameer ies 351 Dodson: (RAS serase rastetstecitatam oc oie iter eterno rane 353 Dominican Republic Building: a.8 so wingers Set ee 423 DonahuestRes Revi RS eek oe iene eee 242 Donohoes Si Ras qeiconia sch ecto eterna it PE RaE Tene erent 48 Dorkinssbrancesio4 exhibitor etree ioe ite ene 678 Dorsey, James A tenn ce tere ag lesan iinet pie eine 661 Drakes, SirjFrancisi sr wyacse na Srcaeie ite persed eee erate 5 Dry Dock, Floatingwoteel | Modeler. cri sie einer 408 Diteer Mrs ct se te are ricer DeLee 276 Dil ean DW Noyes Sh We IG beaten oo pusheaceosob nace WAL AVE Duncan ie] Fethiacs teaches cere eect cre tee 274 Dunn) “Chomas: Bivy..ag cot oes ee eee lege ee eee 363 Dunne FlonS Bix Fitegeyas sobotetcs oats serete actus cadre emecaetets 284 Dwinnell-Wright Company, Exhibit.................... 651 e) Eddy, aGClarences cata © nclsto rele Serials eh icaeieee eeiete 769 Eidwardiwvil aekcangvotengland seni tiers seiiereren 82 Edward Vl wingsor england) Cups adieena een eee 274 Edwards} Honea Iitkd.cevon acrrocecn tine slots eee eee 393 Eiooleston, rn tdwardijeura sratgereye serine pectin te ee 269 Egg-O-See Cereal Company, Illuminated Exhibit........ 653 Eimerséh Amend ki xhibit seach: eee tcnene ae iene rite 672 Electric’ Foun taingesseecvae cntetne mers tenor ee deerieree ete 699 Electtics Kitchendtssc.toeracecree ao clerocte a ace ee teenie 681 Elkins Uso gen ators foes sae sence et cetera ner tera 378 Ecler Ts cA Ag sGis. Rees. ate eice cet See rores Coenee 265 Ellersrific 1 Jose 2a tes celts. tes <22) 2 aie eee ee egos acs 262, 265 Ellis-Ghalmers (Gompany,) Exhibit eeaecie ee eee ae 578 Fllis;.Dra Sidney Agsiaiincw «oncom env odeiyrumeiae caries 256 Ellysonyy lone) fal ay lor a, sarsctists ere eaeacicl are inter parte 69 Ellyson; lon.) Js Laylor, and Curators it.) ieee or 518 Ellyson, VirsaJ\on Lay loraeer tape te eerie erie ee 27 Episcopal Church Esxbibite css seater merece ree eit eta 528 Exminger:, Miss: Willie e\Won- aeors eeee aoeeeer ee 210 Eisquimaux -Vallageg mcnih «coma «eae eee een 686 Essary, . esses F tusscusananemearntae tae On ce nae eer 759 Estes, Miss Toilliantetacnas ava siete seni oierev ska ice ee eee eer 210 » Etruria als RUNS ase s 2 cceteree Bea oe eee 172 European, @ommissioners -).)1gre ven eee ieee een nee 105 E:vans;, MrsaSarah Accs cemaseccee cote enc ee eee 187 Evans, Rear-Adm. Robley D. .......... 159, 163, 197, 439 Evans, Rear-Adm. Robley D. and Staff ............... 163 Evans, Rear-Adm. Robley D. and Maj.-Gen. Frederick Dent: Grant : oaecscaitd te he see ame ie oe ee eee Everhart, Mrs and Mrs.@ Aven ese ee eee 378 Eiverhart;, Little) Flenryizot .-scrtel ciate eee ie eens 78 Exhibit Buildings—View from Pennsylvania Building... .. 450 Eixhibitslpalacess at. Nighteme on sree ctesters earn teen 511 Expanded Metal and Corrugated Bar Company, Exhibit. . ExposiTION sah) Beginning Commonwealth Avenue................-.-- 77 Boush Creek: aj.nd cise atic pte ttce een eee eee 63 Canoe. Trail! . 2... sider uturesccto av oy etctece Ger oe ee 44 Company's) Fleadquarters s.r el eee eee 40 Fence. Soedicsic ca aoe ee aie ab eee ee a oe eee 90, 91 Fire: Department: ).1.,ccce to cote ae nis Oe tenia See 748 First ‘Garload Deliveries. - 4-2... 7 see reine teen 93 Government Buildings—View from Pennsylvania Building 450 Grounds, Main Entrance ime cranes teers 380 Grounds—View from Massachusetts Building........... 123 Iandscape. Development) .eseio-)-2 eee ee 83 Looking East from Warpath: 2). Scs.5 2 ae eee 35 Looking’ fromm: overs; Lancet) eee eer 151 Looking East from Pennsylvania Building............. 143 > Tuovers’ Lane (05 ne. s cena Oa ne Oe eee 151 Moving’ Tree 23:3 cst. 2. dev sind ahuchess parent eee 97 Natural ‘Beauty sic. .< connote tena. ace Eee 84, 85 Norfolk Councils) Committees ....eis cee eee 94 Old ‘Farm’ House: $20 35:3. 25. sods aoe ee 77 Placing sills) for Exhibit Palaces eee eee 100 Power, Fuel and Alcohol Building................... 607 Preparing , Water) System. .«,. -1o ote crete eee 73 Pump: House and Reservoirs... - .ccisi-teliteieeeeeen 603 Reservoir. 6.222 be os ec oe Soko ee 98 Site. ottenccls cisctom dle: dkevesettiere/etears, Staiece.s eae te a aera 37, 67 SUrveying “5. socs suavelsi classe cies solelevel ee Glee steleeaner oan 72 View from Auditorium Roofa-n. os cee eeien aieteeenee 130 View. of Grounds (oaidae. sects ce be lo meee ete 130 View: of Site: feshisiee 6 elec clecie slo cots Oe Emenee 67 Water: Front® 6:.5:s,ccs. exeowlare) op eva state ole Gee 24 Exton, Capt.: C. Wo: criti lelesios,<.o1sauels siete ae eee 189 F Fairbanks? Hons Wilson: Hiss .s es ee cee 357 Fairbanks, Mrs:jCharles\ Wires: cen creo el eet ee 65 Fairclough. G.cA fi yanis sites coos reves a ages seve ee eee 769 Fair Japan 7h .< 3% 5.0% Geo ot ansus yeracscelete kel oe ee ee eee 687 Faison,., Dr: John Minos eih-, cia io) oatereaicioie eee ee 368 Faleonio;, Monsignor’ Diomedes<. 55.5) ene eee 242 Farley, Most Rev. John sia. aj, si aWel's “alraretcesereltelcelsl/a fake e Reta meena ese ney 286 Farmer; James: yo. Sie, stn ot ace selec eicra eee 453 Farnum, Lieut’ Fi Hocce gu: on ec oe ee 189 Farquhar;{Allane...2¢ 0 5 «earliest ie ee eee 353 Farrar; Josephiy .i5.< Seva aeerrs dois seueretioe eae ae ene 177 Farrell, (Ni Yo AS Ge ie odd ee eee 265 Faunce, William) Hi. DDE. Dee 267 Fernstrom,* Elon] Ml ook oe rtd cc rei coats coe ec 251 Ferrari's) Wild, Animal Showse. = sense enneee eee 685 Fielding) NY. A.Ciiaes ea. osc ances roe em operas 265 Finch Charles" Etc 3cee sc ete se ee ee eee 50 Finley, Dr Mark: Foi Se eaecceest. alee ote on eee 270 Finney;...R;. Gordon’. x :; emits « seer seleteltstereintne coer 621 Fischer,«Carli))ro 2h sacs oo blew tae tro tee ne ie ae ee 456 Flanagan; lo AveAl Gig... jgige4 anes eevee ns senna 265 Fleming, Ex-Govys ABs .c.sanmoeeii eae eee ere 378 Fletcher), William “Hoc seed Sas © op nO eee 285 Floyd). Gov Charles: Mice trices ers tyeieeteteteieertel eter 261, 361 Floyd; Marcus’ Lticicie. care tere 5 Os oe ree 456 Folks ‘Gov, Josephs Wingate” 447... a.m Soe ieee cies 360 Folk, Gov. Joseph Wingate and Mrs. Folk............. 283 Follansby;- Elon. -H- Googie. ety ai aeiotecetet tenet het ome ttetenen et 362 Food sProductss building a aay. eet 118, 131, 650, 652 Court’ Entrance! £22 sues Arce tres ae see ene eae 656 Entranee: 34. oe anole eek eee ae de eI eee ero 133 From “Lee's Paradésma-ne ae rte ioe eit 650 Interior") sfaveccite cy avalos ci eranaa incase ie ences ero 141 Ford): Ga Biichs. hehe eee ee ieee 264 Ford; "Nia Ys An Gage act teen or ol Lier ee arene 265 Fort Union Military Academy Cadets.................. 181 Fort’ Wool! Ah con 5 ree rete toe oe toe olen eee eee 150 Fortress: Monroe” 2 eis tae ae ears ciel aie een eee 147 Fosburehy’ Eni Gin oem eee cee oles ceererarene eee reer 219 Foster, Reuben 724 cur cma aicte seeloteln Sin eee pareeeren Ceres 353 Fosters 9s Lich Syren cence ae oleie ore sone olnrsieasuone iste ilcnerste eterna 50 Fowlers Lhomas). lawton tie destin ove ite ares ae renters 287 Fox’ Charles ‘K¥.se fetter sole wetos ttiets cers ora Pec cee te 456 Frank: Tv; Al Gade rene tes oii crt tle Oe ener 265 Franklin Sugar Refining Company, Exhibit............... 653 Fraser,» Fon... Duncan Goan ct nctete State, cast ogee tat techarevenenaes 314 Freeman, Mrs<.Mae Whites. cnc... oc ate os aie spisieteiaie erate 225 Fulton: !UVick J tawiteneccsectneetien eric ors sioedaieince ieee ears 48 Illustrations. Bea anne Robert neces ae tee saline ents 287 Hunku Vise) lillies remit crerat cate atte aia se caretie ate ee 257 PUgiaqn Ames EAS ae ie Maen niet Co. cicrel arcane eots 349 So Vigra me Wealshe Cruiser emer sieiei orineste cca orale ct 251 G Garmetew lamest en. tarlert oncom etc tes stakt ctor es 456 iamet m Udgesihendorer so mawteee ce timtniinmerul teen as 54 Gas Engine, 235 Horse Power—Economy of Fuel, Exhibit Gasoline and Denatured Alcohol Engine, Exhibit......... 609 Gatewood fViussaVirpinia Serren crits erect eek ete iete cs 186 Gatling aeNa by pre eee date ai arate oe suerte te Biacaee aA Gaynoral lone alliant pac cee Secret hoes 304 GeucesmWillramtiViaeincen nit serecG cee ccin eal ie 312%) Gehrardt wick Grier oer e eran teenies otter a dati neni 264 Geiser Manufacturing Company, Exhibit................ 590 General Compressed Air and Vacuum Machinery Company, Exhibibremr ce pircin tate ee rans tne ce aren ae teks 593 General Electric Company, Exhibit....-.............05 592 General Federation of Women’s Clubs—Directors........ 187 Genessee Pure Food Company, Exhibit................. 655 Georgia Day, Gov. Joseph M. Terrell and His Staff........... 198 Fexhibiterpreeeerr tes trier eran deme ne ote cote uate stehenene 527 National Guard, First Infantry, Company “H”....... 225 National Guard, Second Infantry, Company “M”"’..... 225 NavalpReservemcmer. on tartans sino pclane os bai cen ms 216 States Surldingeeetsiare-ure seca oe oecacomhss ola 345 Statemicxnibibgerrm eters creme Swcuctor armen ooo e. anton 637 Germangkalmpw orkswelxhibitanceee weieme tee ce erie ee 648 @ibbonsa Cardinale) ames sane nie ieee eee On eee 193 GibsonwmRobert aneeisien ae as vise are elon eens Sia amie aie 179 Gioni lata Vlajey lemhesteteente sh cites stacks nee aaawiae 6 « 253 Gignilliate Comeslie Fleer acters wor mecict site oat cutie oe were 253 Gilbertwoirstlumphreysee acre cceeiee oat selecase ea © on 3 Gilbertaotreet ulsooking™ West mentite dees eee. : 780 Gillette, Martin & Company, Exhibit.................. 653 Gilmorenp | WACH cere ee tics eles, Seidrietee su ke heen as 248 Given, John Pio owlescatas OSCR een be CT eee 370 ee Glacier MORO M RT Oss aoe ace. 157 Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry Company, Exhibit......... 595 GlenkplobertWea ene e ote tioiee meen sbi cccute 351 Glenn Govan Robert brodnaxes car eee ie cieicisie s/< 249, 368 Glenn ohntG@ollinsaara- ecient tects aes a nice anlfoscanee 321 Gleonansmicevill Mere eeiceie Sees rear ae oie said tio sas eee 759 Goddard se Mrewand eVirs Edward) M.ceetincee tees secs: 376 ‘Godeta Eugene fre mee tice Fa tooo eile oie ustneie & are 764 Godoy cenore| one) oser ateme iets mmcine neck aecicae 280 Gompersalrionssamuelle meee aeris ane tints iy. ccc cle sete 259 Gonipers milous oamuel speaking wemerms ries oe cece 260 Goode, Hon. John, SLED) Be ere eas 6l BGooduL lope Lim Vis Somer ae prrsiiaccisteie cosets 164 Goodman elise A Sybian nite otters sche oss me ek bh eines 289 Goodridgewit a secerei etait sos ce tiniee nna cincraeein eve 95 (Corelain Iho Vhdadtdaupdeescoodee Sebo Bebe Oenhonke 233 ‘Goodwinta vin Dey easter me ee ne eae sok oan eee ae 233 GordonmMisseAnnavA mice so tees come eect cie alesis 230 Goulds Manufacturing Company, Exhibit................ 604 Government Buildingger Ammer mets screech crite cite sara cen atin sere ce 394 BirldingM marca ners cl tains < SiaeMne eer GP eR Re Ee 26 Japan Day—Japanese Officials and Party............... 291 Japanese: Bazaar oc crac ccenles cuties tetas ees eee 569 Japanese: Exhibit) occy2/.:smnteecse sleeuss someon Meteo 569 Jaquelints wand) Carey'ss Descendants quieres te err 246 Jarvis, Aemilius (.o52.2, coca eota ev etraeier eee tererer 274 Johnson? 1s Eo. gos. eaten ok eon beer nee eee 313 Johnston) Hon: Cy Brooks; ee... cae eee eee Ene se 69 Johnston; (J), Stoddard saitrcreisserustesl ohh eee ae Rees 349 Johnstons Majors Da. Ric dedensse nn tetera een tae 245 Johnston; Miss: sAnnies Ete, ca. ctomtae aaa tata eeree ne en eae ENV] Johnston, (Mrsa ‘Walliam Ace cece ceri eieieva ener tear 187 Johnston, Wims. (Fi pac coat ae 5 ie tee ere enact ere 359 Judson} 3. Bivens ds ottetncte are ereusnlenavebstetcrene tetera rene rare 289 Junkin, John ion testaciosines alertness erecice eet meh teten 199 K Kanawha. - Yiachtuc..is so sheers ae Iacono 289 Kear oNe Ys. (Ady Cutien tora om cheat anton eee. anette 265 Keating; . Wii Jsn aces svausneteagranties aleeene cele tbe, cacemmiia ctor cen herrea eer tee 552 Kinzel aiFired BAW Va igersm ny: oe secveent ers trees eee eye 347 Kirby se Jamies sot s 2 Sry tige cusenaeion ete cunt on aries eae ee 178 Kizer, LG Ct Cae iar roe troT sine MRE Orthos 6 Hid beans 50 wk leber:)) rench: Cruiserseey 2 eee eee ee eee 184 Kilines Hii Gi .retiece ck ack cracen nesta oko ee Rate eee Aa eae 244 Klondiketinrzcantns cits oraeittiee tae nett eee eee tee 686 Knight) Georgem Ws Ioh. Dynan eee Cine tartare: 370, 456 Knightsoh Columbus peer cere cee eee aieie reat ase 243 Knights cof Pythias eh. tieeseeenree Ce eerie eee 190 Koehler Gapts Hiv Jiccsess amecced tee ar cee Pee eee 189 Koemere Anton. Fe ann ee cee ee ee 240 Kohleaatys Charles W...6cuns. we a set acme eer cet ere 102 Koken Barber Suppiy Company, Exhibit................ 577 Kraft” Dre Franks a; ¢ttnn. ete eee oe ake eee 211 Krafts Joking [rience > iateco cere eae era a eee ree Pye) KiriseeA SB e we cicre roe see teneyete eta ion Rae aie eens 49 Kreiser;, Edward ian sc aerachctae caer einer eee eee 769 Kubeli#'Stepheng] osephigee arcmin cakctereria valerate eee 456 Kounz,5 George, pis pen). t9c.) et eee ee eee 457 Kuroki, Baron, Field-Marshal, Saluting ................ 174 Kuroki, Baron, Field-Marshal, and Maj.-Gen. Grant..... 174 Kurokissbneld=lViarshalpandasta tt alent ite taer rien tere 174 Is [Eabors Dayae lointe Gormitteess Groupie iter ner cniie etn 258 Lackawanna Manufacturing Company, Exhibit........... 593 [amby, Ese L hxc pac cae ero t aes aso ne ene eee 48, 95 Wambert,“ Col] ames: FIs cerret cretiee (ones ieee Ree 372 Lambert Pharmacal Company, Exhibit............-...-- 582 lkemtionstantenie, IANS Gogccoocduccscuance tours su0d 457 Wanghanjal ALA. \GSe eres ec ade beer ener eno 265 Lanston Monotype Machine Company, Exhibit........... 579 fanza;.-Gactano ae et racctiee ier cnn eirieriatere eRe ere: 457 Traraquelluouisipantietncogatehas iclceaste taka tomieramt atta crete 659 [carking Company wlcxbibit seach ater cee eee ere 585 Jarkina, Companyssintenorm oActae etapa hier ei 585 Lawrence. Jie Wiesner eric ern eho pe eee ee 233 Lay Figures Showing Uniforms for the Arctics ......... 401 Lay Figures Showing Uniforms for the Tropics ......... 402 Lay Figures Showing Uniforms of the Officers.......... 401 ea) Gove breston ancien eee neers ee oe 296, 342 Leach tA. Bins de eee ciac cnemhatcis cee nals Cee ie a are 366 [éahy;, (Cons toe tee pric ctr se ae Cee a ee eee 262 WeescArthur: Be. jtisetaees ue elton s aioe ea were econ ie 49 fees Gen. Fitzhugh ye cress tere tects le site Minera ene 46 Jeee* Walter fas.. faceep sete cos eee tr een 233 JZee's Parade; Hastisection ss, ner eee enn heroes 148 [Tiee’s Parade; On'Georgia Day amen ete pine ee eine 196 Leeds) Henry 7 Weecuiss sca: oe cee eee ee 366 Leinster, en =Coll (Re Le aaa oe eae 245 Le*Simple;: ‘Gharles.4.eric ctaas annie ae Rene eee 105 Jeesner; ¢Eions) John OAs sen cits ce ie eee eee ee 240 Jeewis,.-Flon: John). Paasche eee en eee 372 Liberal Arts Buildings: .o.-s> se eee eee 132 iberall Arts) Buildings Colonnade. = seat ein ene 140 Liberattt,A4 sacs ds cra atau eee ar eee ee 767 [Eibrary of Gongress,E:xh) bitectsen tenes te 414 Jzighttoote Virgen) oly) Eyecare tere ee oH) Ligon,” Eat Wc ing en odious Aa eee trae ae 770 Lindberg;* Captain 4.1. cats: fee Aen nee era 252 Linde; Mme. Rosas: <0 Acc ocean eee 767 Lindsay#9: McC33Ph Dic cenaeeee cee eee 324 Lindsay, . William 22:52 scanner nee cee eee 349 Lcipton’s: Sir Themas)‘Cup iyissieeic oo cee eee eee 274 Jeipton, lhoss J. .& Company, Exhibit wees e ene ae 651 Little? Albert’ Ez. cccccs onseeee ee okce e as ee 776 Little; Miss: Eidith } 23 (tse sat eee ie eee 366 Littleton; Martins Wize chien ues goer ee ee 288 Long, John’ Harper, Sc:Din.m «cee ene eee ene 457 Ieord;HoncArthur. «hie. accented aimee acre eee 357 Los Angeles and San Diego Counties, Cal., FE xhibiteeeet 638 Louisiana” Building’ {.4.05 --ee s.r oe oeeeee 350 Louisiana’ otate Exxhibit™, a... cee Gene 633, 634 Lowenberg, David) a6c:¢ Gerard arc tonto ote ee ee 58 [Suce,4 Clarence’ serie nie seer aera WR ho os 363 Laidlow; ‘Israel Js cd ecs cee eersse ca eee ee 764 Liudlow;) Ra Fulton: nas cases tara eese 286 Largo; Captain 2. ols (ore ess-cese cynic uae SCs onal ee 423 Lyons; Hi J ees ee adiaa aeecms oe ce se eee 233 Lyons, Neo YrAcC.naaka weak os.crdak cre oe eee 265 M Me@arricki"Capt) James: Wir cet ei ae ene ne 48 Mec@arthys: ion. Carlton anus seen 229 McClellan, J. J.25eacc cca nae «eee eee 769 MeCohan,) John Ei. uc: nae ere cee ie cere cee PAT MeConnell))/E:mmet W. utldingieairn. tei eeere eee aes 132; 136 Manufachires’ Palace, Entrance ieee eee 772 Marine: Restaurant)..%.. 3: 21tdedcjne, sees reer 679 Martin, -Hon. Alvahy Mite nceccn eee ee eee 5295 Martins, lon. 9) homasstaples rir ana eee eee 59 Martin, “Thomas. Gre occ a-1e -res ee ee ee eee 457 Maryland Agricultural \Gollege (Cadetsse pe) ee nee eee 184 Building | wade fdcvels aalelblesant a,avapeeles she: ekah needa ges See eee 122 Building. » Flomewood!i jen; ace aera ee 352 Building, Laying Cormerstone.eanra-erve tom re ee 121 “Crysanthemum) «Show wa. hee Monee eee eens 629 Jamestown Commission, Groupe-eras treet 353 National Guard, Fifth Regiment, Officers............. 231 National Guard, Fourth Infantry, Second Battalion, Off- GOrS 25. soaindane beteudvstere Gltease ake alse eye taiats PII eee 273 State? Exhibit sacrcsvetsre coeaeinenete ore mel Sele yee ere 628, 669 State’ Teacherss Associations sss alee ee iaieteetere tei 217 eithe: Fafthit’ iisghtemcccens. 0 aster cin erence aie eee 231 Mary Lowell Stone Memorial, Exhibit.................. 551 Mason, (Ge Once i crcicetebet often eet retperaseiia, eben 233 Mason Me Was ct Son acts nies eters hionaieis eleiote earn Seetelans 49 Massachusetts Board’ of (Gommissionersee aceite crite tarertettetietsieicteteele 357 Building) = Old Staten lousei sess ei-r terete tetera 356 Building View of Grounds) frome clatter ner rrr 123 Day; Gov, Curtis (Guild }rsand) Dattysecrr -eeeeeeae 245 Illustrations. Massachusetts— (Continued). EEXDIDIV Naat aterm tie ah cas Germ etem cueeivrcmie as archelerelers, vials 520 Navalibrigade on’ ees Frarades cir. ssi aie «se alee cle « 246 Volunteer’s Sixth Infantry, Company “F"............ 260 Matheson Alkali Works” lant em net aria oem nace cies 664 Matheison Alkali k.xhibitecnisicrnmte tarda aero ta ase & 664 Matthews, 950 WIKINS sa cs mci. «cise ela ec eisisie cere. oe 49 Mauping Misy James) biccn cemrtie:< aa cieicunin me ennsielets ie le)otere 518 Maybock, Lt. ty GP Secaecychorsrneneieteles sitet ste tans etm Fiz oiaicee = 189 Meyer WV ilo bale sim roeraeetiatalcicuncte ctr at Seneca steteh sens ot 200 Maynards: tional iarrys Ween nics isl trate nie 58 Mayor Des Planchesye Baroni.aacmion ance jtatectotert- isis 6 oc 168 Meadows, Wa Ge Sc oon. Esxbibitesrarcn nents miete ts oietocic 589 Mechanical ctokermr leat cniiewe. fase acclaim ommtent ae sn cake « 608 Neekinaslaviin ch tcencntic suse otereticitis seis nicer ae bnardienss 3B) Melville gRear-Adm. Go Wises ue pat eels sins Sotieieierre see 286 Menkel a William wee. semen acrante certainties 457 Merriam, C. & G., Company, Exhibit.................. 581 Merrimac and Monitor, Exterior View .............---+ 683 Merrimac and Monitor, Interior View ...............-- 683 Metcalfy tions Victor, Llowardecirsenins 769 Orient Beautiful and Streets of Cairo.............++--- 684 Orient Beautiful, Main Entrance ..............+.---->- 684 Ostrich Barmsses eit ei tees cteierers charvoet rerercialtelatetencrstass ats) s 687 Otto Gas Engine Works, Exhibit...............--++-->: 614 @usleys) Mirerand) irs. Gon Grates eyiedeiern viele mist slates areinini 349 OyGnty JE Wesodecucocnad uous 0070 ao Domgoont 353 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Pages. Drip Phomas; Nelson ae tee: eel ir se ee 206 Pager Ho Litt eyae ciao cer eit: Caer iets tio ern 50 Pajer;s Von;, Captain tances cutee eitae once atthe trate 165 Palace of ‘Commercesacamsrssiae tees aie seein ere 119 Panama «Canals Relief Map peescreneretaecenter 403 Pan-Presbyterian Building, Interior...................-. 385 aration Gavaliere BArtUrOn sree eee eee eee 192 Rarkerel-lonyeA ton ab rookss sls. pees ee eee 227 Parkers J... Hin cect eee oak ete oa cae eee 66 Parrett Wall Fuveatas eoteccnet: cre cee ware nuscnem yer rer sere aceite 200 Parsons, Elenry\Griscom men seette ey ine en eosin ee 552 Parsons, Misi Fenty mre ate toa retiree eee te 552 Patent and Pension Offices, Exhibit..................0- 411 Pattersony#Mrsq Lindsay, sane oe mnarecieae neta 518 Pattison,=t-lon., »)ohn aM siesismiets cists cherie netted 369 Patton, Jit Lat soe tien lao toe sre eye eee rete ae cette 48 Payne Ra 1s Mo Diss cate eee ae On oes eer 57 Peabody, N. VERA, dope Set pete ean eee 265 Peabody; Robert ¢Siarennce 2 cote ais oe earac renee roar 66 Peeblesi@John Ki. temcctecrr feign Foy eee 66 Pegram)) (William: sMiinae,. ain siee cero cies oe siete ie Pennewill, Hon. James aimravahane ale Valele-cyercevsseustineye wick: kare eRe 295 “Pennsylvania” and “ Chesapeake and Ohio” Officials. .325 Pennsylvania Bildingwaes Independence #i-lallueeee eee eee eee 371 Day, Gov. Stuart and His Staff—Group............. 292 Exxhibit "y2.c03 acral enact toot PrRers @ he ruched Rees ate ee SYM. Bye Homes I’eachingy Society aeeefectoc orice scenic irene 550 Museum) Eixhibittoact secre oer cine erat 539, 540 Railroadsoystemss E:xhibit maneiteet en eee nine 597 Whiversitys Exhibit. 7p pene einen Geer mere 536 Pennypackers Virs.ulpercy Vp eee ete einer ee 186 Pennypacker, Hon. Samuel Whitaker.................. 371 Pericolit, Gapt.= Ricardo eee ce oe ea eee ee 172 Perkins; (Mrssa Charles fA cea erceiee eee ctitoee eite meet 186 Peysery Ehas. eek Saerene us Oe eee ces See ee 49 Pfister, Isieut) Carloset sac ccats Sor onc ere he eons 169 Pfouts;: Earl (Jae ti. dae comatose te cetera eee ee eee 768 Philadelphia Museums Exhibit................. 539, 540, 558 Philippines Villages Esntrance-aeree eee eet 688 Phillips;@A3* ) ac So geen hoe icone ae heer ee 49 PhigViapbiraternity, © ficers serena: aint ere eee enn cone 210 Phinney? Firederickin =. nan once cca shoe ron een bere 967 Pickett Virsa lua eSalles Corbett sericea ener 205 Pigeons Flighte& a).2.ccnm phere o ace tee ee re eee 177 Pilchersa Mayjse James; En teeta e tore eet mcr 302 Pilgrim; Dra Chatles ma -aemorntscu sre teeter eee arene 173 Pilgrims NOY BA Gor es « ceeteitee se Beco hits ae) 265 Rine#Beach,? Pier. Sent ater eee ee eee 92 BioneersMairlifin' thes West:- sacenea sc eemrer et ene 405 Playground Association of America, Exhibit............. 557 Pocahontas Collieries Company, Exhibit................ 663 PocahontasHospital. 7.).cecem ee ore neta nerds serene 752 Pocahontas—=Pichire wireeaeee eerie tee ce nna eee 19 Pocahontas 2Spring aaa ome eee reine tere 103 Pocahontas Statue: (vtec cts spins mers em aie ane tee ere 17 Poéahontas* Street. eae hee tea ee eee 138, 149 Pogue, £Col..tJosephk Eni. atament sie Seem ene 368 Pollock Fiona lames.caro smi ee ee ee eee 372 Pomeroy; Robert Wéas.2 sm raeee eee eee ere 282 Prudential Insurance Company of America, Exhibit....... 559 Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, Exhibit... .. 399 Pulaski @ountyasLixbibitaeree eer ee eee tee ner 663 Pure hood: building mentrancesss nr yin titre at 133 Pyser,* Elias oes shoe ee oo crenata: «eee 49 Quaile, Rice k eaten cic ttemien aera eapore eee aon Lae 233 Quakers @atssCompany,ss Exhibits pe ee eee eee 653 Quartermaster's, Exhibita. sect ere eee eee ee 402 Queen) Mrsis ues fans onacarce voter Seria erator tet 276 Quinlan, D,. Bisa asc steees enctancain temetnied eta vaiene 294 Raleigh; Sir Walter’ © tas stern cose ers eee eee Raleigh) Square ect ccc aes aoe tie ee 88, 134, 139, 142 Raleigh Square and Government Pier—View............ 334 Raleigh? Squarevat: Nightimenmerjresrnereer terete 107 Raleigh Square Southeast) Corner. «1.4 2 eee eee eee 753 Randall;'Col.s Ja Riv, asco see oe ee 277 Randolph, Mrs3yNorman) Vee eee ee seater ieee 387 Randolph, Rt. Rev. Alfred Magill.................... 154 Ranson, Le Aisin feo ee dos oe Oe ee 179 Rapid fee Vehicle Company, Exhibit..... oo Riaeenenevonaaye 599 Read, Col?” Philips 32.28 sees sean ee 431 Reed, Thomas .K.....28 onccis ce non ene ee 366 Reinberg;Gapt.. Jo Ed. ct... cccce eee eee 587 Renfrow Briquette Machine Company, Exhibit........... 613 Renfrow Briquettes|\Viachinelssen rien 613 Remtrow: Briquettes,, Carloadiofjsae ie iene eee 613 Reo ‘Car No. 33 wis aekvcars otis sera ese eee 600 eos Viotor Car Companys Exhibit 600 Revenue) Cutter service) Exhibit.1ee sere erent 399 Reyburn; Hon; John Ev .css ee) asco eee eee 311 Rhode Island Building © ix ie.ets aiscistad oid ose) 218 perce ee 374 Building): Breaking Groundseree eee 120 Commission i jac. 0.4) el ste ccctahe ee oe ee eee ee 375 Day, Gov. James H. Higgins and Official Party....... 268 Rice,) Maj. B.. Ecc. 80 cael: inp oeevckoer ene 190, 760 Rich; -Ex-Goy. John “T., oexcicres s ereeiatetere eee 359 Richardson Scale Company, Exhibit.................... 590 ichmon Building’ aisis's «/\etsiens ot tore Mths ere cei rr eee ee 382 Cedar» Works: Exxhibrts\oeee ere eiie aie ieee 580 Howitzers 3. atari Satan 20 aoe ee eee eee 208 Light Infantry” Blues: ws0e./ae ee eee ae ee 207 Riddick, Hon.) James (Give ecclesia eee eee 317 Ridgely, Mrs:’ John’... /s.e% «20 onket nt ae 993 Riemer, «Carlo. 2)..02:6 ps's 5 0 «ote crore eee 233 Riley; Franklm° I, PhD. jee oe ee eee 458 Riley; Thomas Fii.s2 1.70. seieeeeie ace ne 2339762. Riley,. 1: As Ai G2. ib s.5.0cee aatacto teste eee 265 Risley}. A. As Cree. sis is bees eee eee 265 Rives, George: Liss. sis Sei.e4's 00 e/eeieke Ose 287 Rixey, Rear-Adm., Presley Nase eee 302 Roanoke Island, Old Fort Raleigh—Tablet............. 6 Roanoke: Island (Site!) 0.4.02 82 cleo cence ee eee 250 Robert Fulton’ Day E:xercisessa, ene 284 Robertson}, Wi) Hict 2c feces nace ae a eee 233 207, Robinson, William C. & Sons, Exhibit................. 595 Rodgers, N.Y. Awe C.Jc.aees ome toe ee een ee 265 Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Company, Exhibit...... 673 Rogers, Miss. Mary Ku. .20 00. pane ene eee 217 Rogers; Mrs.) Henry We. oc4 5-2 > | ere eee 353 Roosevelt) Elon. Lheodoxes.. 2. es ae eee 74, 197 Addresses National Editorial Association............. 198 And Mrs. Roosevelt's )5.. ast aseece nee 160 At* Discovery. Uanding..4. 95 oee ein eee eee 153 Cup)! acticin’ 5 als eet el ining Qrelerstee 6 slain aaa ee 274 Maj.-Gen. Grant and Read-Adm. Evans............. 197 Oni Way. to) Nesro) Binlding saa eee 196 Passing Wsiberal Arts: uildin gestern eee 166 Saluting 5.0...d.0.6 5:50 gece sy Otlalste oer oe eee 170 Speaking ion) Georgia Dayan eee ee eee 194, 195 Speakingjon) ©penings Day acento 152, 162 Root, | Eynests: Riciccrc tecescdsers htercsceterniahe eee eee ae 370 - Root. and Van Dervoort Engineering Company........ 588 Ropers’ John SLi. . 3 28.) Sailors laanding= for) arademciy eres sierra eee 197 Sale, Col. “Wie SWiee toe bie aresaacekoetyse ete ese ene 339 Sandles; “A; | Ppieic ccc onendone one eee EE eee 636 Sant iiranciscoss Destruction of sessile ee einer 685 “Sankt Georg” I. & R., Austro-Hungarian Cruiser. ..... 165 margeant, Ws, iii srrcicw stevhene scents eee eee 297 Sargent) Flerbert: Eee ans cede ee ener 359 Scenic, Ratlway.12s0..cc soa oe eae oe ee = ee ee 684 Schaffers.Nga YacAn Got ee ee eee 265 Scheiren, Charles A. & Company, Exhibit.............. 596 Schenckn Miss= Rebecca neva eric erie em aati eerie 518 Schley, Rear-Adm. Winfield Scott..................... 329 Schmelz,.,\George A.t.2 SP 25 seo ince ae ee eee 51 Schoff}) Mrs. Fisactac vie tencnetaushateietcl cotpae Sener 556 Stdatatetye, HN te Bron, Vp divloin co ocangancomocasceaocouas 618 Schreiter;’? Ea "Rs. gts Ue cite Oe snare aie in ee ee ee 283 Schuler!\Col!Charles?:etackh ec: tee Cee ee eee 351 Schurman,) Jacob) Gould) DiSc.9 Lula Dae eee eee 299 Schwartzchild and Sulzberger Company, Exhibit.......... 656 Schwarzkopf Az nooner 95 SA WAMNY all ace feos. momnreN Aen ees cmt tce, uiee att a eons Canc ae 658 Sheshans Elon el enmis miss ccsrte tases ceca niake ote ek ore lee a 375 pS neeh anew Hee (Cooma cclere Ne rercmre ele cinta ois awar cr scm Sem 264 ShetheldeltonWirvbeccd kde cris ce ear es ees 375 Shelby Steel Tube Company, Exhibit.................. 594 Dhepparaee igs Wicca cman Ae accra tae en ae ee 262, 265 Shepperd ss: Gas liirins carne een mice ee neers es oy Sheridan elite |isereten cyanate tastes oes Sear eras 262, 263, fee Sherman Virses| Ohne ickinson wera erei eelscieir teres ars ate 186 DHELWOO a Comm Sater tree deter irin keine ae een Sree 5 54 Sherwood a Vise) ennicwerniad sry. 353 (Uhomasie;-lonsa A rthu ry Lettre teeters eeaeteac yrs 304 hUhomass Elona...) Vigan coeireeeaete er rrr eer nate ea 372 Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, Exhibit......... 525 lihompsony Capt |ohne Vicansaanpeeeteeaeiielaee tire 217 “uhompsonyy Colt st] san cer etapy wen tonne ence ie eis sin cece ans « 218 Hhomsonye | amesig: Vien. werepeec eae ree tent cra eetron.jor 5 seine) chs 29 Whorpes; burtons | seeeemn eraser ee en ere ees ay ence 270 Blinclewaters Dayaeochooln bildrentereeit ts tet eer eral 191 MDilley;) Fis Mehran erect ter ier stats tain oisras techs he anaes 51 Limm-Adol phvweerancintiecteies ster ite ciortenieieie oom ore 240 PPOLrancesg Ws Come Pee caer ee per eaten ameter te area 518 Fl ower; Charles* haem ateeie otaoer apn ee tree Raise. oko, hens 274 ‘rain! Eaeutsadcotte sae ee ee teeta cin ites cee 163 Transportation, Norfolk & Western Railway—Exhibit. .. .598 Slinansportationi wi) cin cme eee tere ie 117, 131 BEA Cod Sor cierto oO bd GU ne onic on coe Meee Aare 115 (Wests Front aersusrctiees Taina ten Gh tiy te) ears orci a ncn ovsee 713 Interioraes mercer terete etree enters recess tae teusianatts 14] Travelers’ Protective Association Building............... 368 iliraversy @haplainulvevaa ap aren etc when renee, 189 TROOPS ttderys le erase sesame tos T Seas Sa eee foe Coeiaretw tos apaierara aes 161 Srubenbach-e Eset ll eae een sect tere ee eaonae crs token. 233 plirubenbachts Gat) Saree na eres fs eeeredn eect, 1s sets Se os ches 235 ‘Truscott Boat Manufacturing Company, Exhibit.......... 616 mee suikcuba War ee eee eee or kh orn IE cps. ae 172 iiucker wi) onteliannyeoteCscorce scien rrr 219, 252 Tucker, Hon. Harry St. George Speaking on Opening Day 155 Rurnerss LeeLee Verne mewn eno iay eet Brrr ere sia 270 Tita, ibs. Anh Wiles, INS Gh oponagcouccusucneecogune 276 ilsy ler One| el lace nie mar. he erased. ree pee Sih iee sep 28 ry sone Virsem | essemnpe retin, hover hore deh. cue ocirestererecsctere 353 U Wrderwood-wldas exhibit easier icae ce cine 678 Underwood Typewriter Company, Exhibit .............. 574 United Shoe Machinery Company, Exhbit............... 570 United States Customplouser©@ ficers mains soe mene ee 568 lataarsoeinitelins «Soon ocak ab bopotaosepoumtaomees 415 isheriest exhibit pceeter eset tee P tomes ocatege creas eiceons 416 Governmentsoard! © fficerse nis suerte eine 449 [ifemoavings Grewat) beracticemmamiyachimi settee ea: 401 Mifemoavinos Grew lrilling em cmieiiecraeeia eters terre 400 [fee Savings Otationmeaem ta ca.cetiecrcletitasteectes Geen 400 Marines cece: stay tese cause ocacciotacsteiarvecstena pic apavetesaveyetens! s 207 Marines |danding es. actecre a ccretsiers psioe ate sei eee nParvas 197 Marineston) trowhatan jolrectonerysierctetre re -teteete tree 162 Marines! haradingeeissckersti nites tree diet ereisite cons rspatstie 153 Military Academysn Viodelemaar ie arrests iieiterte tects 403 Naval Academy, Miniature Reproduction............. 409 The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. United States—(Continued). ‘Wamer,) Geo, FredsalMalibyamee eee eens 320, 359 Naval Academy, Officers Cadet Corps................ 202 Washington, sBooker: lieee.mija ae eee tee en eee mene 4| Navy Officers, Discovery Landing................... 160 Washington Newspaper Correspondents ............... 110 Third Field Artillery on Lee’s Parade........... 162,433. Watson; olimt [Birney go eee ele eee 51 Tobacco Company, Exhibit............... certs 580... Wattenbarger,i Je Meters. see Aer ns eee ee 361 (wenty-ihirdelntantrys © ficersm=meryirrn nie enter 43.1. Watts) Judges ech) Riemer crs ree iena re ee e eeee 4| Warships in) Elamptone hoads smemieniiier ete sienaenn neta 44> Ways) 5 Bowell’ Me Deets eee eee 185 Weadock, ‘Bi, Faia side csiox tac eee 283 V ‘Weatherwax\: W.. EUS. sneer ee 732 Webber dicut:; Ea Plaueses eee en ee eee 587 Vanderbilt}: Cornelius datsem ey eesrae tees eee eee eee 285”. Weeks, Bartow (S:4- ee, ei eee 233, 262, 264 Vaarnerig Fst tic ccteic ie tthe Cores eee 199° -. Weters IicA SA. Gace ncrs anche es oe ee 265 Maughan, Dr, Geo. sll Asst: ourg:- Gens eee ee 3020 ) Weinschenck)sMrs4_BarAr ican sn eee eee 767 Vaughn, Brig.-Gen. C. C., Jr. and Officers of the Virginia Wenck; Bo Ea. Jr ret sae aoe ee 233 Brigade (As. Cue rd coe Ne Uae A ee Wertenbaker,wDx) Charles Io-4- eee eine een ee 750 Weloz*Goiticoa,® Elon wr Nari rarctsey treatise ii tater erent 102 Westinghouse Company Exhibit.....................--- 612 Vermont West) Hon: Henry Le itnnce cae eee 203 Building for siccscoited sett coerce re Tae eee 376 pe West) Misses Binal Vitae te ose neni to citer ee aan 281 Day, Gov. Fletcher D. Proctor—Group............... 282." Westie. < Clifton peace auton seriolercgaielseunieisio cea 271 Maple Sugar Makers’ Association, Exhibit............. 657i West, Pomt) Cadets) ase eateries oe ee eee 189, 197 Exhibit: 24.328 teense nies hse hese a ee eee SIO» West, Point, Officers inna ener eee eee 189 States Exhibit # staf 28. ears tena soto ol eee ee ee 637. West Virginia Sugar Camp: at Maple Grove’ Farm...esee needa: 657 Building <3. sstaca S8sdack atic ae ores «eee eee 377 Vessels;aModels*(.a emer mes paint tae One nee 409 Coal xbibitseiemricieyrle tet teetereee ne 589 Woman's. Building: .ie.5 eis a5 He entars ceee ee ee eee 554 Wiaddill sient bs i@2a- ae aoe oe eee eee ene 6911 Wood)) Com’; Genee cy: soar io eee ee 619 Wahle, Otto eens kere oe ee ee ee 233 Wood, R. Di-& Company, JE xhibituns ee ee eee 613 Wakefield;3 John AW .03 106s tee eee ee eee 720). e\Woodrutt, Gov.) Follinu Sumemicee cient 305, 342 Wakelee’s Camelline, Exhibit..........--<