ED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 181
Contribution from Office of Experiment Stations Fri
A. C. TRUE, Director AL (GEL MALL STAG
_ Washington, D.C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER April 12, 1916
A REPORT ON THE
“METHODS AND COST OF RECLAIMING
THE OVERFLOWED LANDS ALONG THE
_ BIG BLACK RIVER, MISSISSIPPI |
By
LEWIS A. JONES, Drainage Engineer
Assisted by W. J. SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and
C. E. RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer
CONTENTS
- Introduction ‘| Drainage Plans Considered
General Description of District . . . . Proposed Plan
Present Drainage Conditions Maintenance
The Survey Summary
The Drainage Problem Appendix I, Bench Marks
Appendix II, Floodway Data
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915
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Contribution from Office of Experiment Stations, A. C. True, Director.
Apmnil 12, 1915,
(PROFESSIONAL PAPER.)
A REPORT ON THE METHODS AND COST OF RECLAIMING
THE OVERFLOWED LANDS ALONG THE BIG BLACK RIVER,
MISSISSIPPI.
By Lewis A. Jonzs, Drainage Engineer, assisted by W. J. ScuticK, Drainage Engineer,
and C. EK. Ramssr, Assistant Drainage Engineer.
CONTENTS.
Page. Page.
PITCTOGUCLIONE Steet cee cas See kes ee 1 | Drainage plans considered.......-..-..-...:.-- 26
General description of district.............-... 2: | Proposed plant Yo. ico. 7. 15 2a¢ -. See 27
Present drainage conditions. .............--... bis |= Maintenance eekewes toa. ac aos 855 cee ee 35
PUIG SUV VA Maemo meee an esate Do aclac eae GoW SUIT ARY® BOC Sar den tes eels cco ae er 35
Siewert re proOpIeM [ie ooo. Sscethy ice a oae 7: | Appeddix lj Bench marks..32.1 sees mee eee 37
Pe EM ME retraite scat ass scene tecass cst chai 7 /\ Appendix IT, Floodway data... ..2222.. =2.426 38
INTRODUCTION.
With the cutting of the most valuable timber from the swamp and
overflowed areas of the South, it becomes evident that future returns
from these lands must be sought in agriculture. The first step
toward rendering such areas available for cultivation is drainage.
The conditions along the Big Black River m Mississippi are fairly
representative of conditions that exist in greater or less degree on
many southern streams.
In November, 1912, the attention of Drainage Investigations, Office
of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture,
was called to the conditions along the Big Black River and assistance
in devising a plan of reclamation was requested. MEMPHIS ss
adi Yop ikke Wied eels Nees |
are from 1 to 3 feet | % i en
above the general ef | [
elevation of the ad-
joining bottoms.
STREAMS.
In the upper part
of the area covered
by thesurvey the Big
Black River has a
channel varying
from 30 to 75 feet in
top width, from 20 to
50 feet in bottom
width, and from 5 to
15 feet in depth be-
low the general ele-
vation of the ground;
in the lower part the
channel varies from
150 to 250 feet in top
width, 75 to 100 feet -
‘In bottom width, and
is from 15 to 25 feet
deep. Throughout
its entire length the
channel is very
crooked and is filled ,
with driftand brush. F!¢-1.—Map of Mississippi, showing location of Big Black River
The length -of the Noah
river channel through the portion of the valley covered by this report
is 1.7 times that of a line drawn down the general course of the valley.
The banks are well defined and are covered with a dense growth of
cane and briars. The bottom of the river is asiltyloam or clay. At
one point near Hoffman and at one or two points in the vicinity of
Edwards there are traces of rock, but the formations are local and
occur where they will not affect the proposed work.
=
4 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. °
Numerous creeks and ravines drain into the river; these vary in
size from streams with watersheds of 150 square miles to those
draining but one or two square miles. Figure 2 (in pocket at end of
bulletin) shows the location and extent of each of these tributaries.
Their channels, though smaller, are similar to that of the river.
CLIMATE.
The climate is typical of that of the Gulf States. Frequently
during the summer the temperature reaches 95° I’. and maintains
that height for a considerable length of time. The winters are
usually mild, and it is very seldom that the temperature falls to zero.
The records of the United States Weather Bureau at the Yazoo City
station show a maximum temperature of 107° and a minimum of
—2°, with a mean annual temperature of 65°.
The mean annual precipitation during the past 12 years was 48.1
inches. The rainfall is well distributed throughout the year, the
least occurring during the cotton-picking season of September,
October, and November. A more extensive discussion of rainfall
will be found in the section of this report dealing with run-off (p. 7).
AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS.
Throughout the Big Black bottoms the soil is very uniform in
character, being composed of a silty loam underlain by clay. The type
is called ‘‘meadow’’ by the United States Bureau of Soils and is de-
scribed by the bureau as follows: #
The surface few inches of the material composing the meadow consists of a brown
or drab silt loam. This is underlain by a drab, gray, or bluish silt or silty clay. In
local areas and especially near streams there is considerable sand present in both
soil and subsoil. * * * The type is still in process of formation, each successive
flood bringing with it material that is left as a thin deposit over the bottoms. The
soil is very rich, and if cleared, ditched, and diked would be capable of producing
large yields. At present it is of value only for its timber and the pasture it affords,
The soil of the uplands is largely a brown or light brown loam,
underlain by a brown clay. It is considered fertile, but is very easily
eroded.
The bottoms, which are at present unsuitable for tillage, were
originally covered with a heavy growth of timber consisting of water
oak, black and sweet gum, sycamore, beech, and some cypress. The
greater part of the valuable timber has been cut, and asecond growth,
together with a heavy stand of cane, brush, and briars, now covers
the bottoms. With regard to lands bordering streams in Mississippi,
it is generally recognized that heavy growths of timber indicate
lasting productiveness of the soil, and that rank growths of under-
brush, cane, and vines, such as occur in these bottoms, are seldom
found on poor land.
1U.8. Dept. of Agr., Bureau of Soils, Soil Survey of Holmes County, Miss., 1909.
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPT. 5
As in most of the Southern States, cotton is the principal agricul-
tural product, its acreage exceeding that of all other crops combined.
_ Next to cotton, corn is the most important crop, although the pro-
duction scarcely meets the local demand. Oats, cowpeas, and sugar
cane are all grown to a limited extent, but are gradually increasing
in acreage. In the vicinity of Durant the trucking industry has been
developed to some extent, considerable quantities of strawberries,
cabbage, peas, beans, etc., being profitably grown. The planters are
becoming interested in live stock and small quantities of lespedeza
and alfalfa are being planted. The injurious effect of the boll weevil
on cotton has led more toward diversified cropping during the last
five years.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
Several railway lines traverse various portions of the district. At
each of the larger towns bordering the district and at one or two
other points public highways are maintained across the bottoms. In
all cases where any attempt is made to promote traffic during the
winter months the cost of maintenance is very great, and even then
many of the roads are impassable during the winter and spring sea-
sons. Drainage improvements will, to a large extent, remedy these
conditions.
PRESENT DRAINAGE CONDITIONS.
Under present conditions a heavy rainstorm, lasting from two to
three days and extending over the entire watershed of the Big Black
River, will cause a severe flood, covering from 75 to 100 per cent of
the bottom lands to a depth of from 3 to 8 feet. Unusually heavy
local rains, although extending over only a small part of the water-
shed, will often cause floods over the adjoining bottoms below the
area affected by the storm. Floods occur most frequently during
the winter and spring seasons, the water often covering the lowlands
fora month at atime. From May to November overflows are less
frequent, although several ruinous summer and fall floods have
occurred. Thus there is great risk in planting crops on the lower
land, and it is not entirely safe to plant on the more elevated por-
tions of the bottom. So often have losses been sustained that it is
now difficult to find anyone who will finance the working of the land.
Throughout the district the bottom lands of the streams tributary
to the river are overflowed at all seasons of the year to a depth of
from 1 to 3 feet. In the smaller creeks, from 1 mile to 8 or 10 miles
in length, the overflow usually starts a short time after a heavy rain
begins, and continues from four to five hours after the rain ceases.
On account of their more extensive watersheds the lowlands along
the larger tributaries, such as Bywy, Apookta, and Doaks Creeks, are
flooded from one to two days after each severe storm that lasts a day
or more.
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(4) The total run-off for the entire flood period.
(5) The probable run-off due to rains occurring after the maximum
stage is reached.
(6) The amount of run-off which would produce the maximum
stage as determined by deducting (5) from (4).
74745°—Bull. 181—15——2
18
BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
(7) The probable maximum rate of run-off as determined from a
hydrograph constructed according to (3) and. (6).
The time required for the Pearl River to rise is shown by the line
a b in figure 4, A and B, and was about six days in each case.
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velocity of flow in the channel a less time would be expected, and in
the computations this time will be taken as five days.
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN ‘MISSISSIPPT. 19
A study of the hydrographs of numerous streams tends to show that
when practically no storage exists and when no rains occur just before,
at, or after the maximum river stage, the time required for a stream
to rise is approximately equal to the time consumed in falling. Owing
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to the lack of definite knowledge as to the storage and rainfall condi-
tions on most streams, it is difficult to obtain accurate information
on this point, but it is believed that the table following shows in a
general way the truth of this statement.
20 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Time of rising and falling of streams under minimum storage conditions as indicated by
hydrographs resulting from practically continuous rains before but unaffected by rainfall
after maximum stage was reached,
Name of river. Observation station, | Pateofmaxi-| Time | Time | Maximum | Flood
mum stage. | rising. | falling. stage. | stage.
Days. | Days Feet Feet
a sg TR ane a Columbus, Miss...-..-. Apr. 20,1893 6 6 17.5 3
BBR 2 gk 105 Fe 99 epi Ws | Ove sole ot ee sleneee| OD. 12951908 3h 4 10 33
Do Jc hos ene teen eee eee ee DOs est). eaeweks Mar. 28,1908 7 64 21 33
D0; = bose ceestaewace aoe QOS oe eae are July 13,1910 53 5k. 19 33
DOF beech eo eee ne oe eee GOs col ibe See eee Apr. 24,1911 5 5 26 33
Ose eeee claret es Aberdeen, Miss. ..2;--.]-Dec.-.951912 54 64 25.5 33
DO Le he xhs Besse el Sees 6 Cerne ey sis Se I Apr. 11,1911 5 5 32 33
DOSt te eee ae ima Cochrane, AS oe ett Apr. 27,1911 43 5 31.5 41
Dols eer cee ee Fulton, Misg oct stc ot Apr. 19,1910 3 3 10 17
DOS Sab fee eee eee Demopolis, Bulg cles se Nov. 30,1899 7 7 16.5 35
DO ce eee horse ee 2 ete Met el Sie eC Oley ier = Ec. Suna pbe nats eb. 9,1907 8 10 45 35
BD Ys Pie eee SUS, SRI asiae St lB fe 8 AA es Soe Dec. 27,1908 33 4 25 35
DO 5.3 an tte od iw achs Dlencee COe paoset scree ote June 27,1909 5 54 42 35
dW I ere a yeP tees -aropsiye Se Se Opis ee here wre eeaciee July 22,1912 3 3 17.5 35
West Pearkeretce = oseeee PearbRiver,.a--se..- May 28,1910 6 6 12.8 12
Savantioh?; "oii b. obec e Augusta, Gal...-2-.-- July 15,1905 5 5 20.7 32
HUnt- 235. ss es Montezuma, Ga..-..--. Feb. 15,1905 54 54 20.7 20
POG arn oe eich eon en ot Penn CAIN. Saket pean Feb 16, 1905 8 9 2058 be ae
Total Os ee ae eae ee Pek eS Basins wipe | Lease ate a ater 96 LOU OS rare tesco
The above table indicates that the time of falling is slightly greater
than that consumed in rising, as may be seen by comparing the
total number of days in each case. However, in the method under
discussion, if the time of falling be taken equal to that of rising the
result will tend toward a run-off rate that is too large rather than
too small, and there will thus be introduced a factor of safety which
is especially desirable in planning levee systems. Therefore, in the
following computations the assumption is made that the time of
falling after the maximum rate of run-off is reached will be the
same as the time of rising, and that a uniform rate of rising and
falling is maintained, the latter assumption also being on the side
of safety.
If a hydrograph of the Pearl River for the storm period of 1902
be constructed, showing the river to perform in accordance with
the foregoing conditions, it would consist of a triangle whose base
represents 10 days, as shown by the line a u in figure 4, B. The
lower portion of the hydrograph would probably conform quite
closely to the curve un whose rate of falling is slightly greater than
that indicated by curves representing this stage of subsidence during
other periods. Thus the hydrograph afunr would represent the
performance of the stream from March 26 to May 12 under improved
drainage conditions, and assuming that no rainfall occurred which
affected its decline. |
The total run-off for the storm period of 1902 is represented by
the area maogs as shown on the actual hydrograph of the Pearl
River. An inspection of this hydrograph shows the decline of the
river to have been materially affected by rainfall after April 1, which
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. 21
inference is substantiated by reference to the rainfall records. Since
this rainfall would not affect the maximum stage of the assumed
hydrograph afunr, its run-off should be deducted from that of the
entire period. The run-off due to this rainfall can be approximately
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ascertained by applying the percentage of rainfall flowing off, as
heretofore computed, to the total amount of rainfall occurring
between March 30 and May 10. The average total rainfall at Jackson
and Louisville from April 5 to May 10 was 3.9 inches. ‘The portion
22 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
of the rainfall flowing off was, as previously calculated, 56 per cent
for this storm period. Fifty-six per cent of 3.9 inches is 2.18 inches,
or 15,950,000,000 cubic feet. The run-off which produced the
maximum rate is equal to the total run-off, represented by the area
maogs, minus the above computed amount and should be equivalent
to the area mafunrs under the hydrograph as constructed for improved
conditions. —
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Fig. 4.—Discharge hydrograph of Pearl River at Jackson, Miss.
It can be seen from the figure that the area maunrs is common to
each of the two distinct hydrographs for actual and improved con-
ditions. Therefore the run-off to be provided for by the triangle afu
must equal the run-off in the area aogrnu, minus the above amount
to be deducted for rainfall occurring subsequent to April 5. The
area dogrnu equals 16.76 square units, or 46,350,000,000 cubic feet,
which diminished by 15,950,000,000 equals 30,400,000,000 cubic
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. 23
feet of run-off to be provided for by the area included in the triangle
afu. Since the base of this triangle was shown to represent 10
days (864,000 seconds), and its area must equal 30,400,000,000
cubic feet of run-off, the altitude must be equal to
2x30, 400, 000, 000
864, 000
The maximum ordinate of the area maunrs-is 7,200 second-feet.
The maximum rate of run-off is measured by the ordinate from the
apex of the triangle to the horizontal axis of the figure and is equal
to the sum of 70,400 and 7,200 or 77,600 second-feet, which is equiva-
lent to 24.8 second-feet per square mile of watershed area. In view
of the fact that the upper portion of a discharge hydrograph is gen-
erally rounded off and therefore does not conform to the apex of a
triangle, the 0.8 second-feet is dropped. Thus 24 second-feet per
square mile is the probable maximum rate of run-off to be expected
from a drainage area of 3,120 square miles on the Pearl River under
improved conditions.
= 70,400 second feet.
RUN-OFF FROM SMALL AREAS,
In determining the probable maximum rate of run-off for areas on
the Big Black River that are smaller than the one just considered,
it was necessary to rely entirely upon the rainfall records, since no
satisfactory run-off data are available for comparison. This involves
consideration of the following three essential factors: (1) The time
required for water to flow from the most remote part of the water-
shed to the lower end or point of discharge; (2) the maximum rate
of rainfall of a duration equal to this time; and (8) the percentage
of rainfall flowing off.
The rainfall records of Kosciusko and Duck Hill, Miss., are appli-
cable to the upper end of the Big Black watershed, comprising an
area of 1,200 square miles. This area is about 85 miles long and has
an average width of 14 miles. The profile of the Big Black River
Valley (fig. 11) shows the average slope of this section to be approx-
imately 1.6 feet per mile. If it be assumed that a floodway with an
average depth of flow of 6 feet is to be constructed for 75 of the 85
miles, the velocity of flow computed by the Chezy formula, with n
equal to 0.040, would be 2.2 feet per second, or 14 miles per hour for
maximum flow. Since the depth of water in the floodway will in-
crease from a low to a high stage, the velocity will be less during the
earlier part of the storm, and it would therefore be reasonable to
reduce the above-computed velocity, say, to 14 miles per hour. Then
the time required to flow the 75 miles would be 2 days and 12 hours.
The water from the outer edge of the watershed must flow from the
hills to the bottoms. Considering the tortuous path the water must
24 BULLETIN 181, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
follow, a rough estimate of the distance would be 20 miles, and assum-
ing a velocity of 14 miles per hour, the time required for the water
to flow this distance would be about 16 hours. Hence the total
time required for the water to flow from the upper edge of the water-
shed to the lower end of the area under consideration would be 3 days
and 4 hours. According to factor (2) a rain of 3 days’ duration will
produce a maximum rate of flow from the total area.
In the consideration of drainage areas of about 100 square miles
the probable maximum rate of run-off from Apookta Creek was inves-
tigated in conjunction with the rainfall records at Kosciusko, this
rain-gauge station being in the neighborhood of Apookta Creek. The
drainage area for this creek is 102.5 square miles and is approximately
10 miles long and 10 miles wide. Employing the same method as
in the foregoing case, the time element was obtained by estimating
the distance at 30 miles and the velocity at 14 miles per hour, which
gives 24 hours as the time required for the water to traverse the
watershed.
As previously explained, the run-off from the Pearl River water-
shed for the two maximum storms was 55.6 and 56.1 percent. Actual
gaugings of the flow in Twenty-Mile Creek, near Baldwyn, Miss.,
were made by C. E. Ramser, who determined the run-off from the
drainage area of 80 square miles to have been 1.17 inches from a
storm of 1.88 inches in April, 1918. In that instance the run-off was
62.3 per cent. These data justify to a certain extent the assump-
tion here made that approximately 60 per cent of the total rainfall
will run off. Then, assuming as before that,for any flood the rising
and falling stages will be of equal duration and at a uniform rate,
it can be shown that the maximum daily rate of run-off will be 60
per cent of the average daily rainfall for the maximum storm of dura-
tion equal to the period of rising flood.
The rainfall records (fig. 3a to 31) show the greatest three-day
rain since 1903 on the 1,200 square miles at the upper end of the
Big Black River watershed to have occurred in May, 1909 (fig. 3h),
the average total precipitation for the two stations having been
5.85 inches, or 1.95 inches per 24 hours. If 60 per cent of the rain-
fall be assumed to flow off, then the probable maximum rate of run-
off would be 60 per cent of 1.95 inches, or 1.17 inches per 24 hours,
which is equivalent to 31.5 second-feet per square mile for the area
of 1,200 square miles. The maximum rainfall of one days’ duration
for Apookta Creek, as taken from the records at Kosciusko (fig. 3b),
was 5.8 inches, this rain having occurred February 6, 1903. Assum-
ing 60 per cent of the rainfall to flow off, the probable maximum
run-off for 24 hours will be 3.48 inches, which is equivalent to 93.7
second-feet per square mile.
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. 25
APPLICATION OF RUN-OFF RESULTS.
The following is a summary of the results obtained for the three
drainage areas discussed:
Probable
Drainage area. run-off,
Second-feet per
Square miles. square mile.
3, 120 24.0
1, 200 31.5
100 93.7
In order to utilize these results as a basis for determining run-off
from other areas, it is necessary to incorporate them into a formula
which will give the probable run-off from any desired drainage area.
A formula of the Murphy type seems best adapted to the use of the
above data.
The Murphy formula is
46790
= M+ 320
in which Q equals the discharge in second-feet from each square
mile, and M the watershed area in square miles. Adopting a general
formula of the above form, viz.,
+15
7%
Ba tee Vie
the values of X, Y,and Z were derived by substituting for Q and M
the following values obtained for the Big Black watershed:
Where M= 100, Q=95
Where M=1200, Q=32
Where M=3000, Q=24
Substituting the above values, and solving, the following formula
was obtained:
18700
=a 14d
For convenience in the use of this equation its curve has been
platted (fig. 5). It is believed that this curve represents the max-
imum rate of run-off that may be expected under improved condi-
tions, and the design of all levee improvements has been based upon
it, although no rate of run-off greater than 90 second-feet per square
mile has been used.
If a levee system be insufficient to care for the flood conditions,
great damage may be done to the land presumed to be protected
and to the levees themselves; great care should therefore be taken to
provide for maximum run-off conditions. On the other hand, if a
+18
26 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ditch be designed to care for only the ordinary floods, it prevents a
large number of overflows and aids materially in reducing the maxi-
mum floods. The cost of ditches designed on this basis will be much
less than that necessary to care for the maximum conditions, while the
land will be greatly benefited by the decrease in
the number, durations, and heights of the floods.
Investigations by C. E. Ramser, in Lee County,
Miss., where conditions are ‘quite similar to those
existing in the Big Black watershed, seem to show
that a ditch that has a capacity sufficient to care
for a run-off of 55 second-feet per square mile for
N an area of 25 square miles, and a capacity of 25
. second-feet per square mile for an area of 100
< 60 miles, is sufficient to handle a large number of the
~ floods such as formerly had occurred, and to re-
&., duce greatly the heights and durations of the
§ maximum floods. Believing that a design fulfill-
dy
ing these conditions is economical in this case, the
following formula of
the Murphy type has
been developed by the
use of the above values.
Dischar
&
The curve for this
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 . ¥
Drainage Area in Sg Miles equation has been plat-
Fic. 5.—Discharge curve used in design of levees, Big Black ted by substituting Va-
mee er rious values for M and
solving for Q; this curve (fig. 6) has been used in computing the sizes
of all ditches, except that no ditch had been designed for a greater
run-off than 70 second-feet per square mile.
DRAINAGE PLANS CONSIDERED.
Before the final plan, as hereafter discussed, was decided upon,
other possible methods of reclamation were carefully investigated
and compared. ‘These are very briefly discussed below.
IMPROVING PRESENT CHANNEL.
The plan of clearing the present river channel and making cut-offs
was first investigated. It was found that the channel, even if it were
straightened throughout and cleared of all drifts and brush, would
not have sufficient capacity to care for the run-off as indicated by the
curve for ditches (fig. 6), and that such improvements would not
reduce the flood height sufficiently to prevent the summer and fall
overflows, which are very injurious to the crops.
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. ot
RELIEF DITCH.
A relief ditch was then laid out in such a manner that two separate
channels could be maintained the entire length of the bottom below
Bywy Creek. Owing to construction limitations the maximum
section of this ditch was designed with a bottom width of 100 feet
and a depth of flow of 13 feet. With this ditch and with the river
channel cleared, the run-off, as computed by the ditch formula,
could be cared for above the mouth of Poplar Creek; but from this
point downstream it is believed that the relief obtamed would not
justify the expenditure. The estimated cost of this plan, including
the construction of the ditch and the clearmg of the old channel,
amounted to $27 per acre of land benefited.
LEVEE AND FLOODWAY PLAN.
Preliminary computations were then made on a system of protection
consisting of levees and floodways. The necessary widths of river
floodway and heights of levees were determined. Interior drainage
was provided for by ditches with outlets through floodgates to the
river channel. The results obtained show that while the cost of the
complete system will be high, considering present land values and
economic conditions in the district, yet portions of the valley can be
reclaimed at a reasonable cost even at the present time, and the
remainder can be reclaimed at a later date as conditions justify.
Plans and estimates were therefore made along the lines just de-
scribed; these are discussed in some detail in the following pages.
PROPOSED PLAN.
The general plan as proposed for the dramage of the Big Black
River bottoms consists of:
(1) The construction of a main ditch and of the necessary laterals
at the upper end of the valley.
(2) The construction of levees.
(3) The clearing of a floodway through the bottoms, inehaae
the present river channel.
(4) Provision for interior drainage by the construction of ditches
and the clearing of present channels.
The proximity of the river channel to the bluffs or higher land at
frequent intervals and the entrance of tributaries into the bottoms
divide the overflowed land into natural drainage units. From ‘the
Mathiston-Walthall Road to Cox Ferry 36 drainage districts have
been planned. These districts, as well as the drainage improvements
recommended, are clearly shown on the accompanying maps and
profiles (figs. 10-12, in pocket at end of bulletin).
1 For index map to figure 10, see figure 2.
28 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
METHODS OF COMPUTATION.
In computing the sizes of ditches and levees and the capacities
of the floodways, the Chezy formula, v=c-/rs, was used. In this
formula ¢ is a coefficient depending upon channel
conditions and determined by Kutter’s formula, in
which the coefficient of roughness, n, was taken at
0.030 for ditches, 0.035 for cleared channels, and
0.040 for floodways.
To provide a margin of safety, ditches were
given a depth of 1 foot greater than that computed
as necessary to handle the discharge. The tops
NE Pe | of the levees were taken at 3 feet above the high-
Sw water line as computed.
In determining the capacity of the floodway it
ANG was necessary to consider its cross section in two
ce doled parts, owing to the fact that in many of the bends
® of the channel the water will flow in a direction
eee opposite to that in the floodway. Such a condition
© z, is shown at ain figure 7. The friction existing be-
iS tween the two bodies of
a7 water flowing in oppo-
site directions is with-
out doubt less than that
between the water and
the ground surface in
the floodway; hence it
should be safe to com-
pute the discharge of
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Drainage Area in Sg Miles the floodway asi though
Fig. 6.—Discharge curve used in design of ditches, Big Black the channel did not
River, Miss. exist, adding thereto the
discharge of the channel to obtain the total capacity of the flood-
way. The capacity of
the section efgh (fig. 8)
was computed by using
the slope of the river
channel, and taking n
equal to 0.035; whereas
in determining the ca-
pacity of the section JGH,del.
abcd the slope used was Fic. 7.—Sketch showing directions of flow in floodway, Big
that of the valley, and Serene oy |
nm was taken as 0.040. By adding the two results the total capacity
of the floodway was obtained.
LEVEE
AMAAMALALAAAAAAAAAAABARADADAABAAAARARA
VUVUVUVEVEVTVVVYV UNV TVYVVVEVVVTV VY VY VT
WOVYTYYVTIVVYVVVVVVYV VV VVVOVVVOVVONVENY
LEVEE
AAAMAMAAAAADAAAAAAAARAARAAAAAAAADAAAAL
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. 29
In computing the capacities of the creek floodways, where the
ditches parallel the levees, the discharge of the section represented
by befghk (fig. 9) was computed by taking the line fghk as the wetted
perimeter for the area, and n equal to 0.030. The discharges of the
areas abkl and cdef were then computed, taking n equal to 0.040;
the sum of these three results gave the total capacity of the floodway.
CONSTRUCTION.
No attempt is made here to provide full specifications for the pro-
posed work. It is intended under this caption merely to point to
a Water Surface
a eee
WS
IZIIN ZW
= ANI ¥ U
i ¢ “ MANE Tie Gua
Deis NaI Si ANT!
D Za -
AN (Sy WF WW aMl Ze.
TN SE
J.G.H, ‘del.
Uf
VZTRINT us
pe" d= Keay
rz, = 3M AAA
Fig. 8.—Sketch acietine method of computing capacity of river floodway, Big] Black River, Miss.
some of the more important details that have governed the design
of the improvements and to emphasize those features of location and
construction which are vital to the success of the system.
DITCHES.
The minimum ditch planned has a bottom width of 6 feet, side
slopes of 1 to 1, and a depth of flow of 6 feet; such a ditch can be con-
structed economically with the same type of machine that builds the
a b Water Surface C a
Y
Wal VTS She
J.G.H.del
AN NZL
WANN
Ve =
Ze
SAN ASF
Fia. 9.—Sketch illustrating method of computing capacities of creek floodways, Big Black River, Miss.
levees. Ditch No. 4, in district No. 1, can be constructed econem-
ically by a floating dredge because its size is sufficient to justify
installing such a machine. The width of the berm is independent
of the width of the ditch, but varies with the depth of excavation.
For cuts of 10 feet or less a berm of 10 feet is planned; for cuts greater
than 10 feet a berm of 12 feet is recommended. ‘
In existing channels, where clearing is the only improvement
needed, all timber and underbrush should be cut, all débris removed,
and all stumps cut level with the ground. The widths of right-of-way
for ditches were computed by taking 34 times the width of the top,
plus the width of both berms.
30 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. |
LEVEES.
The ground should be carefully inspected to secure the best loca-
tion. The locations as shown on the map may be varied from when-
ever by so doing advantage can be taken of bigher or firmer ground.
In no case should a levee be located less than 200 feet from the bank
of the river, and care should be taken to protect the leveés against
washing or undermining at the sharp bends of the stream. Changes
in direction should be made by easy curves rather than by sharp
angles.
The base should be cleared of all vegetation and stumps, and the
large roots removed. For levees more than 10 feet high a muck
ditch about 3 feet deep and 6 feet wide should be dug along the
center line of the embankment. This ditch may be filled as is any
other portion of the levee. The surface of the ground on which the
levee is to be built should be broken with a plow, so that a bond will
be formed which will prevent seepage from following the surface
between the old and the new material.
The soil of which the levees are to be built is a heavy river silt or
clay and will form a strong and fairly impervious embankment. The
durations of the extreme high-water stages will be short, so that the
levees will not ordinarily be saturated for more than a few feet from
the ground surface. The estimates for the levees have therefore
been based on a top width of 4 feet, side slopes of 24 to 1 on water
side and 14 to 1 on land side for river floodway levees, and 3 to 1 on
water side and 2 to 1 on land side for the creek floodway levees.
This difference in slopes is recommended because of the fact that
the creek floodway levees will be subjected to a current of greater
velocity than will those of the river floodway.
The levees should be built of clean earth that is free from vegeta-
ble matter taken from the side of the levee next to the waterway.
The pits from which the earth is taken should have side slopes at
least as flat as 1 to 1; and if practicable should not be more than 6
feet deep. Along the river levees a berm or strip of land at least
10 feet wide, from which no earth has been taken, should be left
between the pit and the toe of the levee. For the creek floodway
levees the berm should be 50 feet wide and the borrow pit of the
shape specified. The widths of right of way for levees were com-
puted by adding to the width of base and berm, the width of borrow
pit, based upon a depth of 6 feet and side slopes 1 to 1.
The material can be most economically handled by a dry-land
excavator of some type that will take the material from the pit and
place it in the levee at one operation. When the required amount of
material is in place, the top and sides of the embankment should be
smoothed to an even surface and the whole planted in any grass
adapted to the soil and climate.
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. 81
FLOODWAYS.
In floodways all trees and underbrush should be cut and removed
and all drift disposed of; stumps should be cut level with the ground.
The heights of the levees have been computed upon a basis which
requires that everything that will seriously impede the flow of water
shall be removed from the floodway, the latter including the river
channel itself; the widths to be cleared are given in Appendix II.
It is recommended that a separate organization be formed to clear
the entire river floodway, since, to be effective, this must be cleared
through the length of the levee improvements. It is not believed
that the clearing can be advantageously handled by the separate
levee districts, working independently. To clear this floodway, the
entire valley between the lower end of district No. 1 and Cox Ferry
should be organized into one drainage district. The cost of the
work should be assessed, according to the benefits to result, to all of
the land that at present is subject to overflow, excepting that within
the floodway itself. The floodway should be cleared to a point 2
miles below Cox Ferry in order to prevent the increase of flood height
at the Ferry that otherwise would result from the more rapid dis-
charge of the upper river.
SEDIMENTATION AREAS,
The smaller streams and ravines which enter the valley from the
surrounding hills usually carry a large amount of sediment and
drift, which being deposited is continually filling up the lands where
the streams enter the bottoms. For this reason many of these
smaller streams have not established channels for themselves, but
have filled up and spread over the bottom. If ditches are con-—
structed to connect these small streams with the main drainage
channels, the same process of sedimentation will continue and the
ditches will soon become filled.
To overcome this difficulty in the ditches that are to be constructed,
it will be necessary to provide sedimentation areas, each bounded by a
levee on the lower or downstream side that will serve to impound the
water and decrease its velocity, thus causing the suspended matter
to be deposited. In this manner the excess sediment and drift can
be confined to a limited area and damage to ditches prevented.
When an area has become filled to such a height that storage is
no longer possible, a new levee can be constructed a little farther
upstream or downstream; thus a new sedimentation area is formed,
leaving the old one, filled with fertile soil, available for cultivation.
These areas are of the utmost importance in the reclamation of a
river valley of the character of that of the Big Black, and as they make
it possible for the farmer to retain the most fertile soil on his farm,
they should be constructed by him regardless of whether the larger
32 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
drainage work is carried out or not. As these sedimentation areas
will in most cases be outside the district boundaries, no estimates of
cost have been made for them.
The sediment carried by these tributaries originates for the most
part in the erosion of the surrounding hills. Too much stress can not
be laid on the importance of controlling this action by proper terracing
of slopes. It should be realized that it is the most fertile particles of
soil that are thus carried away, not only to the detriment of the land,
but to the great damage of the drainage channels in which the sedi-
ment is deposited.
COST OF IMPROVEMENTS.
In the estimates for the construction of ditches and levees the cost
of clearing right of way is provided tor in the price per cubic yard for
excavation. |
It is believed that the ditches can be excavated at an average cost
of 9 cents per cubic yard. Levees with berms of from 10 to 15 feet
are estimated at 13 cents per cubic yard, and those with berms of 50
feet at 18 cents per cubic yard; in both cases the earth is assumed to
be measured in excavation. The increased unit cost of the levee
work over that for the ditches is due to the greater cost of depositing
all of the earth on one side of the ditch or borrow pit, and to the cost
of leveling and smoothing the bank. Where a 50-foot berm is specified
a longer boom will be required than is necessary on the remainder
of the work. This requirement, together with the greater distance
which the earth must be moved, increases the fuel consumption as
well as the time of construction.
In estimating the cost of floodgates, rough designs are made for
three gates with capacities of 175, 525, and 1,400 second-feet, respec-
tively, and the cost of each was determined on the basis of 1 per cent
reinforced concrete construction, costing $25 per cubic yard in place.
The cost of all other gates were estimated by determining their re-
quired capacities, and interpolating between the three computed costs.
The cost of right of way for levees and ditches was estimated at $10
per acre, no allowance being made for right of way for ditches which
follow the present channels. The expense of clearing all brush, logs,
and stumps from present channels was estimated at $750 per mile.
It is not expected that it will be necessary for the organization to
purchase the land to be cleared for the river floodway. Therefore |
this item is not included in the estimate. The cost of clearing the
floodway is estimated at $20 per acre, with an additional $1 per acre
_ for incidental expenses. The timber cut should remain the property
of the landowner.
An addition of 10 per cent on the estimated cost of the improve-
ments is made to cover legal, engineering, and other incidental
expenses. A detailed estimate of cost is given in the table on page 33.
33
RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI.
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BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
34
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RECLAIMING OVERFLOWED LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. 35
MAINTENANCE.
The most successful operation of any drainage system requires that it
be maintained in the highest possible degree of efficiency. Where levees
are involved, neglect may result not only in their destruction, but in
great damage to crops, stock, and other property, and even in loss of
human life. Hach levee district should maintain an organization for
systematic inspection and repairs. The levees should be periodically
inspected in order that minor defects may be discovered and repaired.
To facilitate examination the levees should, where practicable, be
kept in grass. Under no circumstances should their slopes be per-
mitted to become covered with rank growths of vegetation that might
obscure their weaknesses and the operations of burrowing animals.
Ordinarily, if minor defects be attended to promptly, levees will
not require a heavy expense for maintenance. Floodgates should
be examined after each heavy rain and great care taken to see that
they are always in perfect condition and are unobstructed by débris
or vegetation.
The maintenance of ditches consists largely in keeping them clear
of vegetation and débris, so that the full, unobstructed channel will
always be available. No bridges, fences, fish traps, or other struc-
tures should be permitted to interfere with the free flow of water.
The efficiency of the floodway will depend upon the degree to
which they are kept clear of vegetation. This is especially true of
the river floodway where the fall is slight. . Periodical clearing will be
necessary to prevent this waterway from reverting to its present
obstructed condition.
SUMMARY.
The lowlands along the Big Black River, Miss., represent a con-
dition that each year becomes more prominent in the South. For-
merly, heavy growths of valuable timber afforded a revenue from the
swamp and overflowed land; with the cutting of this timber, however,
the land becomes valueless unless drained and put under cultivation.
Under present conditions from 75 to 100 per cent of the Big Black
River bottoms are overflowed to a depth of from 3 to 8 feet by each
heavy rainstorm that lasts from 2 to 3 days and covers the entire
watershed. The problem is to restrict the area flooded and to
reduce the durations of the overflows by promoting a quick passage
of the flood water through the valley.
The plan for ultimate reclamation involves the excavation of
a main ditch and laterals in the upper portion of the valley, and the
construction of a leveed floodway throughout the remaining portion.
Provision for tributary streams and for interior drainage is also
made. To carry out this work, 36 drainage districts are planned,
having a total area of 96,088 acres. The estimated cost of. this
36 BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
work, exclusive of that of clearing the main floodway varies in the
different drainage districts from $15.72 to $44.36 per acre, the average
cost per acre for the entire 36 districts being $23.06. It is recom-
mended that the clearing of the main floodway be done by a separate
organization comprising all of the overflowed land below district
No. 1, exclusive of that of the floodway itself. On this basis the
cost of clearing would be $5.21 per acre benefited.
Especial attention is called to the necessity of providing sedimen-
tation areas at the lower extremities of the several tributaries of the
river, and of taking immediate steps to arrest the hillside erosion
now taking place within the watershed.
It is doubtful if conditions in the valley at this time justify the
expenditure necessary for the complete reclamation as outlined,
although at least one of the districts (No. 1) should be carried out
at once. A feature that contributes greatly to the high cost per acre
for the levee districts is the narrowness of the bottoms as compared
with the large amount of water that must be provided for. It has
seemed advisable, however, to prepare plans for the reclamation of
the entire part of the valley under consideration, as the increasing
demand for agricultural land will doubtless make the ultimate
reclamation of these lands desirable.
In weighing the advantages of drainage as against the cost, the
landowners should not lose sight of those benefits which may be
termed secondary as distinct from those to which a direct money
value can be assigned. First among benefits of this class should be
placed the improved health conditions that follow improvements
of this nature. Experience has also shown that the betterment of
roads, made possible by drainage, results not only in greatly decreased
cost of their maintenance, but also in the cheaper transportation of
produce and in generally are ted educational and social conditions
in the community.
APPENDIX I.
BENCH MARKS.
Each bench mark listed below consists of an iron pipe 34 feet long and 3 inches
in diameter, set in the ground to a depth of 3 feet. The top of pipe is covered witha
bronze cap on which is stamped ‘Office Experiment Stations, U. 8. Dept. Agr.
Drainage” with elevation of top of bench mark to the nearest foot. Elevations refer
to Gulf datum. A much greater number of bench marks were made by driving nails
in notches cut in roots of trees, and in other ways. The locations and elevations of
any of these may belearned by inquiry addressed to the Chief of Drainage Investi-
gations, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
List of department bench marks.
Eleva- :
Pisa: Location.
Feet. :
353.47 | At Stewart, 100 feet north of center line of Southern Railway depot in public square.
311.55 | At Kilmichael, west side Doris road, 4 mile south of railroad crossing at bend in road, 10 feet north
of 8-inch oak in northeast corner of pigpen.
345. 33 | At Vaiden, about 1,000 feet south of Illinois Central Railroad station and 100 feet south of railroad
section house on west edge of railroad right of way, 10 feet north of cattle guard.
290.77 | At West, 250 feet east of Illinois Central Railroad depot, in northwest corner of G. Millon’s yard.
248.79 | At Durant, 1,700 feet east of center line of Illinois Central Railroad, at foot of bluff on south side of
public highway running east from Park Hotel.
234.60 | At Goodman, 100 feet south of Illinois Central Railroad station, near west wall of brick store
owned by Tate & Co.
231.30 | At Pickens, 150 feet east of Illinois Central Railroad station, in northwest corner of hotel yard, 75
feet south of public highway crossing river bottom.
212.00 | At Vaughan, 150 feet northwest of Illinois Central Raiiroad station,in northeast corner of J. L.
Blakeman’s yard.
204.47 | At Hay, 150 feet northeast of Illinois Central Railroad station, in front of store owned by the
Powellestate, of Yazoo City.
178.56 | At Forlorn, 50 feet west of center line Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad and 40 feet north of
railroad water tank.
157.31 | At Cox Ferry, 12 feet north and 6 feet west of northeast corner of Cox’s house, in front yard
between two west posts of bell tower.
37
BULLETIN 181, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
38
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ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
30 CENTS PER COPY
Vv
co Ome :
<— (VICKSBURG
Lip = WATERSHED AREAS
Ao yl ULE, - LOCATION SQ. MILES .
Resear ly ee Say Mouth of Little Black River..._...... 1/40 >. OKTIBBEHA CO.
- tation MM j a . ° sae RN :
UM ; lp J a Mouth of Poplar Creek é : :
Mouth of Hays Creek :
Aberdeen Junction
Mouth of Doaks Creek___...---.-.--
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A.& V R.A. Briage
LEGEND
Station Numbers .=- Sms 82+
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SHEET |! of 8 Sheets
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUL.18! OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
S.H.MSCRORY. CHIEF | =
BIG BLACK RIVER VALLEY
MISSISSIPPI
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER
Assisted by WJ.SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and
C.E.RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer
1914
SCALE OF FEET
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
2000 1000
“
J
AM I2)
fs
82.3
(3769)
»G9L2 +:
sg gow pas!
AMZ 44
aa oases I Ss W :
“~ fr \
B*Banns / \ ye
=~ J \
< Ta Vy x
Will D. Nichols, del
CO
to Vaiden 7
y
\ J
i?
CN dete oX
“High Water Data f
SS eae average /ow overflow, SM pomwse 2” as
ear,
3098 early /882 NO antrne c ae e4
3/08 early /892 PE OS
2 pia
G
\ poo
Nae ene g 5
i 2S 6.
; ‘bleyton\ Road ~Ay_ hh) Magee
is Crape gt nr
. \ 2, \ TX ree ons imes) >
S : 2 y \ . ces
2 + ,
P J . pe?
Fig. 10 Xe . SC XK SAS,
SHEET 2 of 8 Sheets ie \ ay : ; a mE ee
. = Stewor} ere \ “Resa, : \ YY
> (A <
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. BUL. 18! OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS x ° 7 \ os 7BaOES
i i \ ode
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS va . an ies
S.H. MECRORY CHIEF - ~< He \
BIG BRACK RIVER VALLEY a: SX
MISSISSIPPI 4
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
EMD 28%
ae r
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the /
Overflowed Lands alor 8 the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER a
Assisted by W HLICK sinage Engineer, and
1914 LEGEND
_SCALE OF FEET
Cou rity iE ne
———— = —
2000 1000 0 2006 4000
Township Line
Section LATE.
Mink Wate n ; Width o nnels lop 40 Ne i
g VC / / WiaTh ¢ f e/ Bottom Le, \
a — —— — —_ = = = -—————— =—_ - m “ = \ Will D Nichols, del
Fig. 10
SHEET 3 of 8 Sheets
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUL. 181
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
H MCCRORY Cu, —— ——
— a. a
—— oo —— = SS =! (ae
B jb ess 1) yg AD Vg jp I R y
© is AN . VE VALLEY IR
. <
MiSs SS STPPI ae
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the 2>
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER ~ 2
Assisted by WJ.SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and at:
C.E.RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer ~
1914 “6
SCALE OF FEET Bh
2000 ©1000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 jose
x
= (G
2
/ A
ES
/ y
\
\ \
AK ya aN
) ‘ PA
<< /
ee o*
)
4
ee
va
a ss
; Ss 3) < 4
2553
9/242 8
LEGEND
eee See As County Line r Net
| . ~ Township Line aS
| tte
| ates ~ Section Line__ ite nt
| | é Hill Line-- nie aes
| =
| ABC/2 Timber Line 22 [OPO
| 5 B2+ Public Roads 7 C=
coring. === Surface Elevations (Gulf Datum) ___ 3697
0 BM G24 Bottom Elevetions 1629)
je at L Top )
H.W Width of Channels Bava 48
ack
:
.
BM F49 ee
So assF SO
AEE ~
fa
Fy BMF
fae
(2 88. ye
2a55
A 283,522
2866 #2811
2857
(3804) SO
26
4
BMG6I49
y
x
CATO AMA24 1.2815 X l
yy \
f2829
Ee
- To “2964
rm te
= NIN
LSS
OPO RBI PVA
4 ned "2966 X
Ka
pe ea
Will D Nichols, de/
TaN Rea:
RI
Rk aN
ee
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUL.181
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
2
Fig. 10
SHEET 4 of 8 Sheets
.
F
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
vehi GAURY, Crier
BIG BUABK RIVER VALLEY
mS LS SIPPI
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER
Assisted by WJ.SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and
CE RAMSER. Assistant Drainage Engineer
1914
SCALE OF FEET
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
3 39.2
Be eee
‘Z
16 Noxst emese
‘S
> 2562
(234.2)
| AMBIIC 26528
District Numbers
Proposed Levees =
Proposed Flood Gates
Proposed Ditches
Ditch Numbers
Station Numbers
Proposed Channe/ Clearing
Se
Jay
LEGEND
= 26 County Line
ial Township Line
ree Section Line
ABCI2 Timber Line
_ 50+ 82+ Public Roads
SS Sur v
2esr7g
LC/EVOMIONS
HW Width of Channels
~2607
+
Fig. 10 :
SHEET 4 of 8 Sheets JAYS
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUL. 181 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS rs AMo
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS A Pe
. i i ar \ : :
ne i iE MESCRORY CHIFF ai ae + lc
BIG BLACK RIVER VALLEY
¥ Y | )
MISSISSIPPI a :
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
"ZA,
. Ge
Prepared To accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the e ae 4
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi = ‘ os a
é \ =
=VV) | ahr 5 . ve . / 4 E 5 7 \ =
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER % y, Se ae , ee PES 8
Assisted by WJSCHLICK, Drain ise Engineer, and BS a eo Hoff S : 2 fa
C.E RAMSER. Assistant Dr ainage Engineer » if ox 25 : ye ge 4 P
rea
191A » A > 4
EMES) yy
\ VE nt
Ye S cay PU ples
oO / oo eae
SCALE OF FEET : aS. ; 7
SCALE OF Fe if =
7000 100 6 2000 4000 oo0d 4000 10000 2000 . \
ae ye 7)
y
Oo vA ve y,
oye :
SW Ret ne a, fo
GX =o vi
oY —y/ es :
* DURANTZ
\
92978
S/S
——Namarna 2652” \ ee oe
LEGEND
District Numbers_------------ 2 COMI ENE aa eee, ee ere
Proposed Levees.=___-_-_-- iin Township Line..-~-.--___.- —----—
Proposed Flood Gates-..-.-..-- -- SECTOR TAGE eae ee ++
Proposed Ditch a UME IT = ee ie Senn
Ditch Numbers (_-------- Timber Line
Surface Elevations ( Coir Datum) — 3697,
2igae LG Bottom Elevations. ____ _~ _ (36
s
(2030) fo va
y Sg 4 fle 2146/
= 2099 4 lh is ee)
=e (2089) 8 ee
amr /o Be,
120 ata
Z Sbaf ate, FES) # 9 (2ra7) My
~ VAM &
Be LEYBY SS "2188
AGamnie : y
oy ae
~~ gh gE
¥ FPO 5220) aE
Ee) ok Des namr/a XK Be \ \
wae ie gle * mS
Pa aly ah \ 2,
A +
a 20 ;
808 xy x
"188.6
BMWS
(897
[925
a
hte
USBM.
Cae
=F4S) 8 =
(856) 538
1914=
"1976
(193.0)
Eig
1968
(/955)
A (7534) 8
(7)
MMTE (973,
O Fig. 10
w SHEET 5 of 8 Sheets
WN U.S. DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE, BUL. 181 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
O DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
S.H.MSCRORY. CHIEF
BIG BLACK RIVER VALLEY
MISSISSIPPI
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
a Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEGEND , LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER
DisteeE Numbers s.. Dif ony ieee ee a ee Assisted byW.J.SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and
Eo howet Pareca — nee. Vowrahio Line. 2.1. oac: ee C.E.RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer
Proposed Flood Gates...-.---~- TTR en oe oe eee j~—__+ 1914
Proposed Ditches_.------- ——— Wid) LIC a2 aedea weeaew se ees a ILS
Ditch Numbers _.--------- ABCL2 ON DUA ee Oe ROTA, SCALE OF FEET
Stotion Numbers___-_---- ' Bz TUN OUD Ss an 2 ere 2000 1000S 000 GUS ata Sov eae eon ne GRRE I ee
Proposed Channel Clearing--.==SZ Surface Elevations (Gu/f Datum) __- 3697
Bench Marks....-------- 3} 8M624 Bottom Elevations.___________- (3629
High Water eee Ay Width of Channels___ [item = eget!
|
RY
SE a GP RIE NRO IE BEANO NILE TEM Til
<< \
3 12
s FURY 4
2G #8 /
Xo b
See \
a oe Zone ss
aS.
Pe
PN
ae
os
ida CTV in |
A,
O
=}
LEGEND
District Numbers __------- 26 Coun Line.....------- —_—-—-
Proposed Levees = Township Line a _——— =
Proposed Flood Gates ..._.- = Section Line z Se +
Proposed Ditches — —_———— Hill Line
Ditch Numbers fa nn AIO He Timber Line
Station Numbers Ba 2 SOS 82> Public Roads : ed
Fraposed Channe/ Clearing... ==> Surface Elevations (Gulf Datum) 3697
Bench Marks Sone ee AMA Se Bottom Elevations S ..|(2629
9 Sy a WI ih, Sige ae,
High Water H.W. Width of Channels.__ ph -- a6
»)
AG §3460) 8
amPreh (S259 28 o
4
78 (2ta7)
Fig. 10
SHEET 5 of 8 Sheets
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUL. 18! OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
S.H.MSCRORY. CHIEF
BIG BLACK RIVER VALLEY
MISSISSIPPI
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER
Assisted by WJ SCHLICK Drainage Engineer, and
C.E RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer
1914
SCALE OF FEET
2000 = 1090 ( 2000 4000 2=~*~*~*~*~«SD 8000 0000 2000
aan eae Pe Fe
= .
PY ZF
Q
/ ‘ ~ i7oa (*; et
| tage aes pee,
SONS BMS440. 1733 ¥
t : bie698
K = A / =
ae wf \ 5 < Vi
' ye Sry SZ
| S< a . °W Se fe ee
yon \ SBSH ja.
i ( fia % ‘
H YE e f JE \ Via \ \
| a = \ Xe
: Vie ier) DN AMC/43 PA \
* eA p SB #B J
x =e Ti
7 A
/ aa
Xx SS p
\ y \ oy,
: a. By ila
\ 1726" \ Witte,
aes <4 es
an
\
. rz X
a» < |
Lo ~ :
> \
ay, BX 4
_ Va eS a ‘ \ < 796 | }
We & Ty ; : 2 4 SSecenaniats errary
Seah \ ¥. of IS Eg /
‘Si \ WN hes: in \
\ ~ \
: \ fia x
S << i
Vy “ Pia Buedsna \74
: : < ne
4 XK vA.
S A
D Sa S
Ig |
6 x
LEGEND S A
County Line ee 0 . Ne
Township Line... _ . aS eS O Nc
Section Line .__- eee + NV ; SS
posed Ditches Bese PONE ESTER oa aoe me nen ene aoe
Ditch Numbers _.ABCh2 Timber Line.__.___~_ - — OO,
Station Numbers_____ ee B2+ Public Roads____ ray
Froposed Channe/ Clearing. ==FF Surtace Elevations (Gulf Datum) ___ 3697
Bench Marks Sere U BMG 24 Bottom Elevations (3623)
High Water HW Width of Channels op 49
g Bottom 10
: Eo /
is
> 7
| —— = = = = = = = = Ti Will D. Nichols, def.
Je (ae EE eee es = =< ee ‘ a
4
.
x
7
ELAS ros lg $42 ff
Re 1662 a aes Mes
g
a Z
Z
: ae ” O
aw me ee
1696, » we YK co “9
Ai NK Tae ar ee,
= SS
! SBS 8
‘6h ay
ag
5
ia
eo
LEGEND S
Lysivier NUMDETS ...- -- enue 26 County Line____....._._-_- —=- —-
Proposed pings page Township Line___- —--—---
Froposed Flood Gates__.------- -- Section Line____-- + +
Proposed Ditches tee. PTT FOB oe ss —-————
Ditch Numbers ..-_----~-- AB.CL2 Timber Line.__-~ ~~~ - ~~ — P°7P%,
Station Numbers___._-_-- 50+ 82 Public Roads _- -@ —
Proposed Channe/ Clearing. ==S=S2 Surface Elevations (Gulf Datum) 3697
Benth MOPKG5 oo ee DAM G24 Bottom Elevations (3629
High Water Bang tis Width of Channels en a A
wy
re
Fig. 10
SHEET 6 of 8 Sheets F}
U.S. DEPT
OF AGRICULTURE, BUL.18! OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
DRAINAG E INVESTIGATIONS
S.H. MSCRORY. CHIEF
BIG BLACK RIVER VALDES
MISSISSIPPI
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER i
Assisted by WJ SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and
C.E.RAMSER. Assistant Drainage Engineer
1914
SCALE OF FEET
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
PEN.
aMP4in CaN
~~ a
—_ \ Se 4836
WN Wny53/ ;
ES,
\ qpeganaiaris ree
me C om
Sia
/916*
= ___ Will D Nichols, del.
SELD HALL STACKS
=a
4
eA OP Satara
Fig. 10
} SHEET 7 of 8 Sheets
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUL.181 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
CR CHIEF
— | BIG BLACK RIVER VALLEY
MIS SissiPPl
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
Cc
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER
Assisted by WJ.SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and
C.E.RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer
1914
SCALE OF FEET
SSS Sos ee = = ————— =
2000 1000 0 2000 4000 6000 go000 yoo00 12000
1500 iid aadnad
es
ieee
—AW/70)
pale xi nD) hake :
eC
.
[22 Perris,
LUPIN b24
Gent Hate ~ _— ie
72) ~ 20 Ci we
ie WD B/G * 2D) as
440, 3 s Tr
C2) J 360 cattipsiy /422
; Per 6S \ A \ 38
a (425
135.0) :
2 M51 NX
} 5 (Ze . ONey Ss 7/412) sag |
y re, yy = (1400, a)
~~ Cox FERRY | ae E T1421 gS)
4
& ae ~
($3.5)
\ Usa °|
er
Im y, (390)
145 Cee 2 7)
«/467
Vics
Dx = oe - BMMI0D /
| o = :
N 2
7 BMG177
T Y \ ders) set NY
aS y; SRS
Raat ten ‘ ~ oS 4
ie ay AF, Se ~ ro) lar)
D SAY ee ee
C84 _ 16 Me
e SE SFY
ui ae
: 2
>
LEGEND y
District Numbers ______ County Line a a (6;
Frocosed Leveesoa Township Line..._--.- ee O U
Proposed Flood Gates ___- Section Line ___.. +++ N T Y
Proposed Ditches. - “# Ts SLI el eee ee SS Sesecc
Ditch Numbers Timber Line._____ PTE,
Station Mumbers_________ 82 Public Fe
Proposed Channel Clearing. ===] Surface Elevations (Gulf Datum) 3697
Bench Marks.__ __ E Domo 24 Bottom Elevation (3623)
High Water H.W Width of Channels Top. ae
Bottom 70
— Se WH Nichols, de!
ee
=
he
ce
E
&
-
a
rf
‘
Fig. 10
SHEET 7 of 8 Sheets
U.S. DEPT, ae OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
‘DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
\ 3)
BIG BLACK RIVER VAI
MiS SLs SlLPPs
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi -
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER
Assisted by WJ.SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and ;
CE RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer
1914
SCALE OF FEET
2000 1000 ° 2000 4000 000 8000 000 12009
Vet e : — (ike SR, : ;
3 . aw t44s , -
Cs) és Z ty “ais i Dp) B ICR = , eW\ies0) a a a7 ed ; S$
ST Mi aN eae tia 96 cate fede. af XN (ia > ‘ oy ioe
we wa } va-({ 4 Bm ynni eae oie ; as ¢ F S 7
b : " Mela ee
E4P\
ek
wes My 2m as
MO rece
SAP
Saas
Fig. 10 |
SHEET 8 of 8 Sheets
U.S, DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, BUL. 18! )FFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS |
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
S.H. MSCRORY. CHIEF
BIG BLACK RIVER VALLEY |
MIS SiS steel |
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the
: Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER
Assisted by WJ SCHLICK. Dr ainage Engineer, and
C.E RAMSER, Assistant Drainage
Engineer
1914 |
SCALE OF FEET
— ea a ——————
2000 1900 ° 2000 4006 600 ; 000 20
es 5 Will D Nichols, del
-
10
180
Mis an Ground ue. zee
160
W.O._N.
Bedi
i
ENGRAVED AND PRINTED BY THE U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
1S THY GTN
E
—
; Fig. I . Profile of Ditch No.4, District No.|
yy
i r 440 lS
j U.S. DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE, BUL 181 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS BS $ s :
i * | BS
| DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS = an = §
: 420 S SN
: S.H.MSCRORY. CHIEF E ys 8
: TR : aS
: S ys : ile: > 400
BIG BLACK RIVER VALLEY a 3 ys Te 208
> < N ht ST
5 3. § s lad
S y oul A 2
MISSISSIPPI 3e0 8 hips 285
¢ 9 48 ofp pes
S g a=
= 8
SHOWING PROPOSED PLAN OF FLOOD CONTROL & Sui =r Ground
360 s So er mi ed DIC
Prepared to accompany a Report upon the Reclamation of the x “ae g ite tto f Profit
Overflowed Lands along the Big Black River, Mississippi oe sie
s 5 3/6 ftp mil 340
LEWIS A. JONES, DRAINAGE ENGINEER 340 33° —Fall
Assisted by W.J.SCHLICK, Drainage Engineer, and Fall 16612 per mile 0 =
C-E.RAMSER, Assistant Drainage Engineer eo 76 Bot 30 25 Bot SSH SL S + - 60'| Bottom 46'|Bottom ---- 45Bottom| ---++-- 32'|Bottom --+25 Bottom ~/8 Bott/6 Bor a
320 Seve LTS ATIONS 0
500 400 300 200 100 STATI
1914 1000 900 800 700
Elevations refer to Gulf Datum
wilw
ajo
xl
“ S
s 2 iS
GS LS hs)
—E ————EEE = — = S SiS).
. : f - gy = ei
Profile along General Course of Proposed Levees J . a3 g ¢ 88 seo
ie 8 $ Blyae wills Ralss yeas 9 3
Serie dl | é € hk Ge oe se. FS opprovesed Lee — SS
S oa Som Co S ie ace
> 8 g : NES |_§\—yw Crit Se
ae S & s—— ° SO - amano 1G = = te
4 a ~ xX
=o RN : : $ pile Reet
N s =) <—J Sy f g 9 Fall-2St_ per —
fo a oe : s a8. Safe : a seo
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#29 ‘ eS SS 2 Q cle
Siig Ss x S wile ==
Ss iS z 500 STATIONS 0
= eal Le | 300
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Rs SES isle & iE 8. = |
S19 hes RNS Pals ar €
i500 SS Fall_1.69 tt.
24/0 [ ike lm a =
Ao ARS eee : :
ee ee | | | : i iezeee :
a rs oe : E
| - : ———S SS “ 4 — rf
260 bo a 050 . Ss = ia S S S ze
ae | ate i L ae | | g I 3 § zo |
~ ~ 3 RIE 7
cal th sf § z\z 3 = Top of Proposed Levees _
240 —___—_—_|—— —T- Bie ~ 4 aS + = $ Fi S E < Ground Surface
{ / per 7//€ ——
T | i SS] z|z i 8 dion 3700 bea ta/90.ft pee
a S y 5/8 ele alo syation 2410_f0 Stati aK z| | a
i oe 3 + : ———s—— 38 267 sii 5 1
SS e 5 S| zlz Bains | =
aN ae : {_ S - 2500
———— ra x S
8 ily N 3_| 1 = —_—___ 220
4 i —— Zz —uilwi SS 3000
ol— Nim
: oa 3 =
8
Sit SS | == es 4+— es 200
200 ele a | 3500
| | T | ne |
— — 4 + + +
180 al + 4000 i 5 7
| sip +————~ = + st + +—
7500 | \s
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| | |__| — an to i ae a .
S z\z =
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a - +} =F — = a a T ee (eas + =a [ oe SS — —{ 120
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