BY Bert te FSIS 
 
 Bulletin No. 61. M. M. LEIGHTON Janusry 22 
 
 139 65 /y: COMMONWE.LLTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 Gut 6 —-— 
 
 DEPLRIMENT OF INTERUAL APPATRS 
 James FP, \ioodward, Setretary 
 
 
 
 
 
 ——— 
 
 - BURELU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 George H, Ashley, State Geolegiss 
 
 ee eee tarts) 
 er a a eS ee Se ee 
 
 ‘ | | MAGNETITE IN PENNSYLVANIA 
 BY 
 
 J, Ross Corbin 
 
 Importance 2S on ore: In Pennsylvania the yearly production of 
 magnetite is greater thzn that of 211 other iron ores combined, Each 
 year since 1912 magnetite hrs constituted over 90 per cent of all the 
 
 
 
 
 
 ae SECC RR aed 
 
 hae rf 
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 ee or 
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 4 eta so Seton =) 44: one eel 
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 . ‘S i eter, 
 Aaah a | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 year ee i 7 by ipa : | si 
 
 Pennsylvania iron Rtas Pivys) | 
 . 
 ff “A00,0064 | 
 ‘ 260, GOO aL hia SS aoe | 
 ie 200 ,000 - Ae | | 
 100,000 | 
 
 eee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ne 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other tron ores 
 
 
 
 
 SS % Kees ies. 
 7 WN Ry 
 fee Ar yay 
 
 WN 
 ret 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 aie te baork) of yearly production of magnetite to 
 tal yoarly pecercec ap of all iron ores in Penn- 
 vivaniae Hae a ee | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 PE vt 
 Nee! es it 
 vt / t 
 
 BE 
 
 laf y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; i 
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 aie 
 
 Npalaaars 
 yh Mi \ 
 
 
 
 At i She G were (DUMe Pieper du ro-th)) frud, 
 
iron ore mined in Pennsylvanic; ond since 1889 i 5 never been less 
 than 55 per cent. Macnetite prodrction his voried from less than 
 300,000 tons to more then 800,000 tons per yerr, sel ¥ on mirket 
 concitions. Details of these vnrintions 2re shown in the dingrans on 
 the preceding pege, the dain for which were taken from Mineral 
 Resources oz the Unitec state Ss ia OM thes Bureau of Statistics and 
 Intorm:tion, Department of Internal .ffairs, Comonweolth of Pennsyl- 
 
 Pens. nd fron Other sources. 
 
 seononic © Conditioc liany of the maenetite ore bodies are massive ‘ 
 and cont2in fron S100, DOG wio L000 OOO or more tone of ore, . Usunlly, 
 Pecessive Water 16 not’ encountered in mining overctions. Becruse of 
 the srect difference in specific crevity between magnetite and the 
 Beugue minerals, and of the peculicr m-gnetic proverties of eS Pees 
 am ore of poor quality can readily be beneficiated and a seperation 
 of megnetite fron other heavy minerrls ean be mde, Phosphorus, ue 
 present in ~ g.ugue mineral, ean be grectlr reduced and sometimes 
 eliminited. The sulphur can be slmost entirely removed by proper 
 Sintering, leavine * product which somewh=t resembles coke in 
 appesreance ind is hard, “tough, and porous. By »wroper control of the 
 processes virious grades of product c1n be made, For these rexsons 
 magnetite forms a very important class of Pennsylvania iron ores. 
 
 , 
 
 -Lthough minernrlogicrlly alike, the ore bodies can be Givided 
 
 into two srouvs or trnes br their difference in moce of oceurzence,s 
 meccing Hills tye: Georicphicslly, metnetite ore has been found 
 
 Biyarious places in the 7yurham ane %ec¢in= Sills, from Reading 
 northerstwird in serie, Lenigh, Northampton and Bucks counties to the 
 Delawnre, ‘The ain ois vor kings in this aren are those of the Abszlon 
 Beitler mine neor Predericksville, he mines at Rittenhouse ‘Gap, 
 
 (near 3iesholtaville) those just north st Vere Uruz Station, 2né 
 those near Durham Furnece (nesr Riecelsvil Lle}i Others of this eres 
 
 are at-Shimersville; 14 niles southeast of Bethlehem; near Spring 
 Valley, Barto, near Shanesville, and near Pricetown, 
 
 These occurrences resemble ech other in tnet the mognetite is 
 in the vre-Cambrian gneisses which form the hills. The mrgnetite is 
 both massive and disseminated. In some ensesS the massive forms end 
 abruptiy, as if faulted; in other places the ore becomes leaner by 
 greater cispersion of the magnetite as grains in the gneiss, Nort 
 infrequently parallel "veins" or "beds" are found, and some veins or 
 beds appear to branch. Becnuse of these resemblances the deposits 
 are grouped together and referred to 2s the Rending Hills type. 
 
 ALl of the rich ore of this type ‘exposed at the surface was 
 mined many years ago. With depth, mining beenme more difficult and 
 expensive, and finally the mines were sbandoned. Since the sbandon- 
 ment of these mines great progress has been made in the arts of 
 mining and concentration (ore-beneficistion) 2nd beeause of these 
 advances some deposits which fornmcrly were unprofitable are now 
 regarded 2S ore or possible orée 
 Cornwall Type: Deposits of another type occur -t Boyertown, Fritz 
 island, Pritztown, in southern Berks and northern Chester counties, 
 
 a hee 
 

 
 fy fi " Ru 
 
 x 7 
 mika 
 
 
 
(mined at St.’Peters) at Cornwall (Lebanon County), near Dillsburg 
 (York County), and near Coashtorm (Adams County). 
 trait of these deposits is the presence of limestone (or limey shale) 
 
 and dinbase (an igneous rock). 
 group is at Cornwall, 
 
 The distinguishing 
 
 Because the largest producer in this 
 these deposits are known 2s the Cormwall type. 
 
 Strangely, the neighboring states do not contnin sinilsr deposits, 
 
 Although deposits of the Cormwnoll type were formed under simil-r 
 
 geologic conditions, the ore-bodiss are not entirely similsr. 
 
 The 
 
 Ore May be firm, hard, and massive, it may be orystalline, or it may 
 
 be soft and earthy, 
 to the presence of pyrite, 
 
 The sulphur content of these ores is high, owing 
 This does not now form the obstacle it 
 
 once did, however, for such sulphur can ensily be removed by mechan- 
 
 ical devices and by sintering. 
 
 The small quantity of copper 
 
 “accompanying ores of the Cornwall type can be pirtislly recovered, 
 thus forming a valuable by-product. 
 
 The following analyses from Minera 
 states and from reports of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsyl- 
 vania show the composition of both types of these ores: 
 
 Iron 
 Manganese 
 Copper 
 Sulphur 
 Phosphorus 
 Alumina 
 Lime 
 Magnesia 
 Silica 
 
 Insoluble Residue 
 Titanic Acid 
 
 Se inaeebeneetl 
 
 Iron 
 Manganese 
 Copper 
 Sulphur 
 Phosphorus 
 «Lumina 
 Lime 
 Magnesi2 
 Silica 
 
 1. 
 
 4.77 025 
 
 0,06 
 2,80 
 1,40 
 2e8l 
 12.90 
 
 51,050 
 igo 
 0.295 
 i a 
 0,010 
 1.298 
 24040 
 63616 
 
 11,4560 
 
 analyses of magnetite in 
 
 ar 3, 
 2.750 42.700 
 0,936 7,997 
 0,040 Oia 
 Ge hou). SyOtn 
 0,090 0,040 
 0.400 1,502 
 DOOkw La, SOS 
 3,930 re 
 
 ow 9, 
 48,800 46,400 
 OS057 77 One o8 
 Leauy 0,050 
 0.018 0,923 
 27315 aa RS 
 AY 3S0)1 2.560 
 B.D Oe AM ES ts 
 12.940 18,040 
 
 Rae 
 
 Resources of the United 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ennsyivania. 
 A, Bi 
 64,900 57,050 
 0,158 0,064 
 0,005 0,447 
 OG, O7d 2068 31. 
 0,014 0,007 
 ip BRbe > dod. 
 O16!) BL 740 
 LLL yo ee2e 
 3,980 8,650 
 10. pl 
 41,900 42475 
 0,194 +=- 
 O09 -——- 
 0.428 0,59 
 0.019 0,02 
 4,970 ) 
 2,810 ) 11.45 
 Teer) 
 £20,910 ) 22,10 
 
 Oe 
 
 51,450 
 OIE 
 0.559 
 20459 
 O.O1O 
 1,080 
 2600 
 6.652 
 
 12,270 
 
 — <9 om 
 
 en 
 
 8,48 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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Tron 46.57. 89.60 ' 43.00. 38,05 45,40 34.55 
 Manganese ~=- 0.83 ae 0.42 0.01 Oued 
 Copper --- 0,12 0,59 0,56 0,Cl em h 
 Sulphur 1,38 1,94 0,53 rine! 0.43 1.64 
 Phosphorus 0,020 0,06 0,02 0,04 0,09 OS 
 -lunina ) ) ) ) ) 
 
 Lime ema Se 1 pLo,eo p> Lees) Le ydo »)' 22.58 
 Magnesin ) ) ) ) ) 
 
 Silie> er) se eeO TAO in Gul SoA 1S PL Bi, 
 
 ts Siesholtzville, Berks County, Mineral Resources of the United 
 States, 1886 
 
 ee Seitler's mine, Rocklnnd Two., Berks Co., Second Pennsylvanis 
 Geological Survey, MM p. 229 
 
 3, Clymer Iron Co's. ore on Cornmen's farn; 23 mi. NE of Pricetown, 
 second Pennsylvani2 Geological Survey, Mi p. 229 
 
 4. Cornwall, 115 pieces of Nigger-henrd ore from Middle hill 
 5, Cornwall, “No, 3 ore" from east face of Middle hill 
 
 6. Cornwall, fine or soft No. 3 ore from west cut, north side, 
 
 Middle hill 
 7, Cornwall, fine or soft No. 3 ore from west cut, south side, 
 Middle hill 
 
 8, Cornwall, "No, 1 ore" from east face of Middle hill 
 
 9. Cornwall; Fix or Wash ore, near engine house, base of Big hill; 
 sample, 25 pounds 
 
 10, Cornwall, "No, 1 light ore” from west cut, south face, Middle hill 
 
 Samples 4-10 were dried at 212° I'.+ before analysis. 
 (Analyses 4-10 from Second Penna, Survey, Ann. Rot. 1885, pp 552-533) 
 ti, iA, Uncerwood's mine, Dillsburg. 
 
 jz. Jones mine, Joanna, Berks County, Mineral Resources of the United 
 States, 1887 
 
 Raye u 17 " W W 1 1$ 
 
 14, ‘sheatfield mine, Berxs County 
 
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 Lwoteeue Mine, Herding, slope Noy 2, 
 16. 25 pounds from Isiend mine, Reading 
 
 17. Birck ore, 163 pieces, from \iarwick mine, Boyertown, Berks 
 County. 
 
 18, "“Slue ore," 20 pounds, from Phoenix mines, Boyertown, 
 
 (Analyses 11, 14-18 from Second Pennsylvanin Survey innu.l Revort 
 sees 9) D7) ¢ 
 
 Discoveries and Maenstic Instruments: Those bodies of magnetite 
 Which showed at the surf.ce were imown to‘the early settlers. ‘The 
 Cornwall deposits were kmovm in 1732 (snd, incidentally, these are the 
 Oldest mines which have been continuous sly worked in America). The 
 deposits 2t Boyertown were discovered in diggine the foundntion for a 
 house, 2nd by similar accidents other deposits were developed. The 
 use of the dip-needle was tried at various places with virving success. 
 To some deposits (such. as those nt Dillsburg) the dip-needle was 
 particularly suited, and several discoveries .re reported as being due 
 to its use. However, compared to instruments such as the magnetometer 
 which have been devised in recent years, the dip-needle is a erude and 
 unrelic sie instrument which exhibits many cppnrrent eceentricities, 
 
 The magnetometer and similar instruments are very sensitive to 
 Magnetic forces and have been used with morked success in many places, 
 moO Sensitive ore these instruments that they are perceptarbly arfectcd 
 by the electromagnetic storms on the sun, The correct use of these 
 instruments therefore demends simultaneous rerdings 2t "control" 
 Stations. 
 
 ‘It is belicved that many sauare miles in southenstern Pennsylvania 
 aiford f.vorable geological conditions for the formation of magnetite 
 deposits, Such 28s may exist hive nowt yet been discovered becuse they 
 do not outcrop or are not very close to the suz Tace, This. Survey has 
 coneeived the idea of making 2 detriled CAS Soe surrey of 
 Wronising arens for the purpose of de tornining as accurately 2s possible 
 the presence or absence of lnrgee magnetize ES ae The cooperation 
 Mewes U,. Oo. Corst and Ccodetiec Survey has been mssured in such work. 
 The U. 3. Const 2nd Geodetic Survey hrs estrzblished perniancnt strtions 
 which it would re-occupy durin? such *% survey. 
 
 The proposed investiesntion would brine results of creat value to 
 the’ State, to the industry, to the commwnitics near which cnd to the 
 owners of the land under which the deposits sce PUL 6 However, work alone 
 this line must be deferred for the present beenuse of Inek of funds, 
 
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