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LATIN LESSONS
BY
Mo OMIT H
HIGH SCHOOL, GALESBURG, ILLINOIS
Omne tulit functum qui miscutt utile dulci. — HORACE
ALLYN AND BACON
Boston and Chicago
COPYRIGHT, 1913,
BY M. L. SMITH.
TDO
Nortooon jBress
J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co,
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
ET PREFACE
Tur author has had four chief aims in the preparation of
this book: to make the Latin language seem alive; to make
the first year's study of value for general eulture; to minimize
the diffieulties of beginning Latin; to prepare thoroughly for
the second year's work.
I. To make Latin seem alive :—
Every lesson contains familiar quotations and special work
on derivatives to show how much Latin still lives in our
own language.
A host of familiar Latin phrases and sayings are introduced.
Each chapter begins with a quotation.
A special appendix emphasizes the value of Latin in science,
mathematies, and especially in English.
V9 IL. No effort has been spared to make the book of value
for general culture to those who go no farther than
the first year, as well as for those who continue the
study of Latin.
The commonest Latin quotations are given and fully ex-
plained.
Interesting stories of Rome bring out ideals of old Roman
mL virtue.
Over sixty illustrations, and a number of descriptions, give
an idea of the life of the people and cf the City of Rome.
b. ;
- IIL To minimize the difficulties of the first year:
The number of constructions is small, but there are a great
many sentences for drill.
3892744
n
at
iv PREFACE
The vocabularies of the lessons contain a total of only 569
words— an average of only eight words to a lesson.
The principles of English grammar are restated and referred
to constantly in direct connection with the Latin rules.
Specific directions for translating are given in connection
with the exercises.
The accent is marked in the vocabularies and paradigms.
Each rule is simply worded and is illustrated by English
sentences followed by the Latin.
Not only the forms, but the rules of syntax, are summarized
in the appendix.
IV. To prepare thoroughly for the second year the fol-
lowing features have been made prominent:
Practically all the words occur in Caesar.
Phrases used by Caesar are given for oral work.
Sentences from Caesar are frequent, and their number in-
creases toward the end of the book. |
The most interesting parts of the Gallic War are given in
the appendix, together with notes and a map.
The learning of forms is a prominent feature of each chapter.
The Subjunctive is introduced gradually and with great care.
Reviews — fifteen in all—contain Derivative Work, Word
Drill, Form Drill, Syntax Drill, Review Sentences, and
Roman Stories for sight reading.
In the selection of vocabulary and syntax, Tad oes s “ Word
List" and Byrne's “Syntax of High School Latin” have
been closely followed. |
The entire book is the outgrowth of classroom work. It has
been thoroughly tested for several years in the author's
classes.
M. L. SMITH.
GALESBURG, ILLINOIS,
April, 1013.
CONTENTS
PAGE
List oF ILLUSTRATIONS .. : : : . A : OX
INTRODUCTION. : : A ; ; Í : : AIME
LESSON
I. THe Latin LANGUAGE ; : : om . 1
II. First DECLENSION ; - : ; : ; ; 3
III. PRESENT INDICATIVE . : : : ; ^ : D
IV. Srconp DECLENSION . : : : : : : 8
V. Srconp DECLENSION, NEUTER. ADJECTIVES . SU 5:
VI. Principat Parts OF VERBS. INDIRECT OBJECT . 16
VII. Apgectives (Continued). ABLATIVE OF MEANS. 21
VIII. ‘Perrect TENSES. EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE . vu gD
IX. ReEvIEw. ; J ; : : : i ; 245790
X. TuHiRD DECLENSION ; ; : : : : 521509
XI. Turrp DECLENSION. ABLATIVE OF ÁCCOMPANIMENT 35
XII. Tuinp DEcLENSION. SECOND CONJUGATION . 30S
XIII. Turrp DEcLENSION. I-sTEMS . : ; : cua
XIV. REVIEW. j 2 : t : : : ; NIE Yi
XV. PassrvkE Voice. ABLATIVE OF AGENT . i een act
XVI. Tuinp DECLENSION ADJECTIVES ; : r 0004
XVII. Turrp DECLENSION ADJECTIVES (Continued) . toe
XVIII. Stconp ConysuGATION, PASSIVE . : : LOUP Hen Ent
XIX. REvriEw : , ; : ; i : : JD
XX. Possum. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE . : «04
XXI. THuinp CoNJUGATION. APPOSITION . : : e 800
XXII. Tuirp CoNJUGATION. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE . LIU
V
LESSON
XXIII.
XXIV.
AV Yn
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XAT VS
XXXV.
DO WIL
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
AXTJAT
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
CONTENTS
THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE . : ‘
REVIEW
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN -er AND -lis
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
REVIEW
FourtTH DECLENSION. GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE
FirrH DrEcLENSION. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
FouRTH CONJUGATION .
FourtTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE .
ADJECTIVES OF PECULIAR DECLENSION
REVIEW
INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Duo AND Trés.
TurRD CoNJUGATION VERBS IN -i0
NUMERALS
PREPOSITIONS .
REVIEW
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE .
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (Continued)
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
DEPONENT VERBS
SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT
“REVIEW
RELATIVE PRONOUN
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS .
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Ferd AND ITS COMPOUNDS
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS .
DouBLE QUESTIONS 6 : ; i
PAGE
72
75
77
80
85
86
89
91
94
97
100
102
105
108
112
115
ELA
119
121
124
127
130
193
136
139
141
144
147
150
153
155
158
CONTENTS
LESSON
LV. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
LVI. REvIEwW
LVII. PARTICIPLES
LVIII. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
LIX. SuBJUNCTIVE WITH cum
LX. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES .
-LXI. Review
LXII. IMPERATIVES. COMMANDS
LXIII. Volo, nolo, malo. Dative or PuRPOSE
LXIV. SEMI-DEPONENTS. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR
LXV. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE
LXVI. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS
LXVII. IwPERSONAL VERBS
LXVIII. Rervrew or Casks
LXIX. Review or Cases (Continued)
LXX. ReEvIEw or SUBJUNCTIVES
LXXI. Inprrect Discourse. GENERAL RULES
APPENDIX
ENGLISH AND LATIN
An English-Latin Letter
Latin in Science
State Mottoes . :
Latin Words in the AE NER
Latin Phrases . :
Abbreviations from Latin Words
Latin Quotations . 3 ; à -
SoNas
Flevit uy Parvulus .. : i :
Dies Festus Hodie! .
Domine Salvam Fac
Gaudeamus Igitur . . . :
Integer Vitae . . . . . . .
viii | CONTENTS
INFLECTIONS . : ; : : ;
RuLEs or SYNTAX : " : : Y
ENGLISH GRAMMAR AS AN AID TO THE STUDY OF LATIN
SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY .
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY . : . ° :
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . .
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Appian Way
A Roman Trumpet
Roman Writing Materials. |
Roman Manuscripts .
Legatus
Storming a Town
Via Appia.
The Appian Way M P. im e
Wall and Ditch. ; ;
Roman Standards and ed Bearers .
Roman Sword and Javelin
. The Colosseum seen through the Arch of Titus
. A Roman Candelabrum
. A Roman Street Scene — (Barber Shop of Licinius)
. Imperator .
. Caesar
Soldiers of the fen
The Roman Arena at Verona
. A Roman Gate. :
. The Temple of Vesta at ES.
. A Roman Aqueduct in Southern France.
.. Roman Centurion
. A Roman Ship .
. A Roman Altar
. The Porta San Paolo
. A Street in Pompeii :
. Roman Bow, Arrow, and Javelin
. Roman Boxers .
. Roman Cavalry
. A Bridge near Rome
. A Roman Triumph
ix
Frontispiece
facing
facing
PAGE
ILLUSTRATIONS
. Caesar’s Famous Bridge across the Rhine
The Arch of Titus at Rome
. Light-armed Roman Soldier
. Cicero : : :
. Cornelia and Her Jewels . i
. The Central Court of a House in Pompeii
The Goddess Juno
. The Way of the Tombs, in Pome:
. The Forum. in Ancient Rome . ..
. A Roman in the Toga
. A Roman Altar
. The Tarpeian Rock at Rome
. Augustus Caesar
. The Roman Forum To- sai
. The Arch of Constantine at Rome
. The Forum at Pompeii i
. The Ruins of Trajan's Villa near Rome .
. A Roman Sword :
. A Roman Sword in its Sheath.
. Spring — an Ancient Festival
. The Roman Goddess Minerva .
. A German Bodyguard
. A Roman Urn .
. Roman Arms
A Roman Chariot Race
. The Colosseum :
Catiline
. The Court of a Roman House .
. The Temple of Apollo in Pompeii
. A Vestal Virgin.
. Julius Caesar. (From a Bust i in Nisies)
. The Tomb of Emperor Hadrian at Rome
. The Colosseum at Rome .
Map of Italy and Gaul
facing
103
104
106
107
OT
facing
facing
facing
. Cicero delivering the First of his PIQUE Orations against
facing
. following
123
125
128
135
138
143
146
146
152
157
159
160
163
166
174
179
181
194
197
202
204
206
262
INTRODUCTION
THE ALPHABET
The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except that
it has no j and no w. I is generally a consonant between
vowels, and at the beginning of a word before a vowel: eius,
iubeo.
(a) The vowels are a, e, i, 0, u, y.
(b) The diphthongs are ae, au, oe, ei, eu, ui.
(c) The double consonants are x (= cs or gs) and z (= ds).
PRONUNCIATION
VOWELS
The quantity of a vowel refers to the length of time given to
its pronunciation. A vowel is either long or short. Twice as
much time should be given to the pronunciation of a long vowel
as to a short one. A long vowel is marked ~. "The sounds are
as follows : |
LONG SHORT
a as in father: latus. a as in idea: ab.
e as in they: late. e as in net: et.
I as in machine: dico. i as in cigar: in.
6 as in old: mons. o as in wholly: rosa.
ti as in rude: mürus. u as in put: sub.
DIPHTHONGS
ae like ai in aisle: prae. ei like ei in reign: hei.
au like ow in how: laudo. eu like eu in feud: neuter.
oe like oi in oil: proelium. ui like we: cui (kwe).
£i.
xii INTRODUCTION
CONSONANTS
c like c in can: castra. ~
g like g in get: gerd.
s like s in yes: consul.
t like ¢in tin: tertia. (Never soft like sh.)
v like w in went: ventus.
z like dz in adze.
i (consonant) has the sound of y in yet: iubeo.
ch has the sound of £: pulcher.
bs and bt have the sound of ps and pt: urbs, obtineo.
QUANTITY OF VOWELS
The quantity of vowels should be learned by observation.
A few rules, however, are given:
(a) A vowel is long before nf, ns, nx, and nct; also when it is the
result of contraction.
(^) A vowel is short before another vowel or h, and before nd or nt.
SYLLABLES
There are as many syllables in Latin words as there are
vowels or diphthongs, mi'les, lau'dant, pu el'la, per sua'de.
In the division of words into syllables,
(a) A single consonant goes with the following vowel; as in fe'ró.
(5^) If two or more consonants are between two vowels, the division
is generally made before the last consonant, as ma gis'ter.
QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES
A syllable is long or short, according to the time required
in pronouncing it. |
(a) A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong.
(5) A syllable is generally long if it contains a short vowel followed
by two or more consonants or by z or z.
(c) Otherwise a syllable is short.
INTRODUCTION xlil
ACCENT
(a) Words of two syllables are always accented on the first, as
mén’sa.
(^) Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult
(the next to the last) if that is a long syllable, otherwise on
the antepenult (the one before the penult): RO mà nó'rum,
in'co lae.
GENDER !
The gender of the great majority of Latin nouns is deter-
mined by the ending of the nominative singular. The rules
for the gendereof such nouns are given with the various de-
clensions. The following general rules, however, may be a
help to pupils in determining gender:
(a) Names of males, rivers, winds, and months are masculine.
(^) Names of females, countries, towns, islands, and trees are femi-
nine.
(c) Indeclinable nouns, infinitives, phrases, and clauses used as nouns
are neuter.
1 Compare $ 667, a.
I IBENSSIBE SIS ONS
LESSON I
THE LATIN LANGUAGE
Labor omnia vincit.— Work wins everything.* |
1. Latin and English. — Latin was the language of the
people who inhabited ancient Latium. The chief city of
Latium was Rome. ‘The conquests of the Romans made
Latin the prineipal language not only of Italy but of all
Western Europe. The modern languages of Italy, France,
Spain, and Portugal are directly derived from Latin.
About half our English words have a Latin origin,
and many Latin terms are used in law, medicine, and the
sciences. Aside from these terms many other Latin
words come directly into English without any change of
‘form whatever, as labor and animal. But most come in-
directly into English; they are derived from the different
forms which Latin words assume in various constructions.
It is necessary to know these forms in order to read
Latin, and it is of great practical value in English to know
them, so that we may quickly recognize the spelling and
meaning of words by comparing them with their Latin
equivalents.
2. Latin nouns have six cases: the nominative, genitive,
dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. The table
* Literally: Labor conquers ali things. The motto of Oklahoma.
1
2 LATIN LESSONS
below shows their uses and their English equivalents.
Latin case Use in the sentence English case
Nominative | Subject Nominative
Genitive To denote possession | Possessive or the objective
and so on with of
Dative Indirect object The objective with to or for
Accusative Direct object Objective
Vocative Case of address Nominative independent
Ablative Adverbial phrases The objective with by, from,
in, on, with, etc.
3. Tell what case in Latin is wsed to express each noun
in the followinó sentences :
1. Work wins everything. 2. The boy’s books are on the
table. 3. Mark gave his pencil to his sister. 4. Caesar was
an enemy of the Gauls. 5. The girl gave her friend Julia a
gift. 6. Lucius, give your sister that book on the tablé.
4. Latin Forms. Declension. — In English the form of
a noun changes only in the possessive and the plural.’
The objective is like the nominative, and the same form is
used with a preposition to show other relations.
In Latin a noun usually changes its form not only for
the possessive and plural, but for the objective case as
well. And many uses which in English are indicated by
prepositions are shown in Latin by changing the form of
the noun. These changes in the form are made by add-
ing certain endings to a permanent part of the word
which we call the base. ‘To decline a noun is to give all
its different forms in their regular order, These forms
taken together are called the declension of a noun.
LESSON II
FIRST DECLENSION
Experientia docet. Experience is the best teacher.*
9. Nouns of the first declension end in -a in the nomina-
tive and in -ae in,the genitive. They are feminine, except
a few which are obviously masculine from their meaning ;
as agricola, farmer.
6. Tu'ba, fem., a trumpet. BASE, tub-
SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINA- TERMINA=
CASES TIONS TIONS
Nom. tu'ba, a trumpet a tubae, . trumpets ae
Gen. tu’bae, ofatrumpet ae | tuba'rum, of trumpets arum
Dat. tu'bae, toatrumpet ae | tu'bis, to trumpets is
Acc. tu'bam, a trumpet am | tu'bàs, trumpets as
Abl. tu'bà by orwith a à tu'bis, by or with is
trumpet : trumpets
(a) The vocative case is omitted in the paradigms, since it is generally
like the nominative.
(b) The base is obtained by dropping the termination of the genitive
singular: tubae, base tub-.
rg VOCABULARY
agri'cola, -ae,! m., farmer. K 4 pictü'ra, -ae, f., picture. —
a/qua, -ae, f., water. / ®&~ provin’cia, provin'ciae, f., prov-
Gallia, Gal’liae, f., (aul. 3 Puro
littera, -ae, f., letter (of the al-*1^ — ter'ra, -ae, f., earth, land. 3
phabet) ; pl., letter, epistle. tu’ba, -ae, f., trumpet. 3
* Literally: £Exeperience teaches.
1 In the vocabularies the genitive singular ending is placed after the nomi-
native to indicate the declension.
3
4 LATIN LESSONS
8. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
aquatic terrestrial literature agriculture
(a) Decline these nouns like tuba. Avoid accenting the last syllable.
EXERCISES
9. Pronounce, $ive case and number, and translate :!
1. Gallia. 2. Litteris (two ways) 3. Terra. 4. Pro-
vinciae (three ways). 5. Agricolarum. 6. Galliam. 7. Terra.
8. Tubarum. 9. Tubae (three ways). 10. Pictüràs.
10. Translate; mark all long vowels in written work:
1. With the farmers. 2. Of Gaul. 3. In the provinces.
4. The earth (acc.). 5. The farmers (acc.). 6. Of the water.
7. For the provinces. 8. With a trumpet. 9. By a letter.
10. Of the pictures.
1 There is no word in Latin for a, an, or £he. Translate tuba, trumpet,
M SE TA
a trumpet, the trumpet, according to the sense.
D >
| \
mn \
UAM “|
\
‘Yuba QU
vnu
Roman Writing Materials.
LESSON III
PRESENT INDICATIVE
Excelsior.— Onward and upward.*
11. The person of a Latin verb is shown by its ending,
which is called the personal ending. On account of these
personal endings, it is not necessary for a verb to have its
pronoun subject expressed.
The following are the regular personal endings of the
active voice:
SINGULAR PLURAL
First Person. -6or-m, I. -mus, we.
Second Person. -s, thou, you. -tis, you.
Third Person. +t, he, she, it. -nt, they.
12. Por’t6, J carry
Present Indicative Active
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. por'to, I carry. l. porta’mus, we carry.
2. por'tas, you carry. 2. porta'tis, you carry.
9. por'tat, he carries. 3. por'tant, they carry.
Note. — Latin has no progressive or emphatic forms. Porto means
I carry, I am carrying, I do carry.
13. VOCABULARY
fá'bula, -ae, f., story.
lin'gua, -ae, f., tongue, language. -
memo’ria, memo’riae, f., memory.
pa'tria, pa'triae, f., country, native land.
puella, -ae, f., girl.
sil'va, -ae, f., forest, woods.
(a) Decline each of these nouns like tuba.
(b) Conjugate each of the verbs like porto.
a'mo, I love.
lau'd6, J praise.
nàr'ro, I tell:
oc/cupa, 7 seize.
pa’r6, I prepare.
por'to, 7 carry.
pug'no, J fight.
* The motto of New York State and the title of a poem by Longfellow.
Literally: Higher.
5
6 LATIN LESSONS
14. What Latin words do the followin$ suggest?
fable linguist patriot silvan
laud narrate portable pugnacious
RULES
15. Subject.— The subject of a finite verb is in the
nominative case.
The girl loves. Puella amat.
The farmers are fighting. Agricolae pugnant.
16. Direct Object. — The direct object is in the accusa-
tive case.
I am telling a story. Fabulam narro.
We love our native land. Patriam amamus.
17. Agreement of Verb. — A verb agrees with its subject
in person and number.
The girls are telling the story. Puellae fabulam narrant.
The farmer is carrying the letters. Agricola litteras portat.
EXERCISES
18. Translate, and óive the construction? of each noun:
(a) 1. Agricola patriam amat. 2. Galliam occupat. 3. Lau-
damus. 4. Silvis. 5. Fabulas nàrrátis.:
(b) 1. Linguis. 2. Pugno. 3. Pietüram portat. 4. Pro-
vinciam occupatis. 5. Paramus litteràs.
19. Translate, marking all long vowels :
(a) 1. You (plural) fight. 2. They praise (their)? native
land. 3. Welove. 4. I am carrying the trumpets. 5. The
farmers carry water.
1 Notice that the regular Latin order is subject, object, verb.
2 By construction we mean the case and rule.
8 Words in parenthesis are not to be translated.
PRESENT INDICATIVE "i
(b) 1. Agirlistelling the story. 2. They seize the prov-
ince. 3. We are seizing Gaul. 4. She carries the pictures.
5. You (singular) are preparing a letter.
20. Latin Questions. — When asking a question which
may be answered either by yes or by no, append -ne to the
emphatie word, usually the first word.
The answer yes or no may be expressed by repeating
the sentence to express an affirmative answer, or by re-
peating it with the negative word nón, not, to express a
negative answer.
ORAL EXERCISE
21. Answer these questions im Latin, taking care to
chan$e the person of the verb when necessary :
1. Portàsne litterds? 2. Fabulasne nàrrat? 3. Amàsne
patriam? 4. Puellasne laudatis? 5. Portone litterds ?
^),
Lae Mia yin
It
“Ninny 11
I,
“Duly A
p
^,
ny, Lead CU
7j
es Nnivuinin —
tj, :
I HM ULM
"I, : un
p,
11777777972
Roman Manuscripts.
LESSON IV
SECOND DECLENSION
Errare humanum. est. —To err is human.
22. There are five declensions of Latin nouns. They
are distinguished by the ending of the genitive singular.
Nouns of the second declension end in -i in the genitive
singular. They are masculine if they end in -us, -er, or
-ir in the nominative singular.
23. Ami'cus, m., friend. Pu'er, m., boy. A'ger, m., field.
BASE, amic- BASE, puer- BASE, agr-
SINGULAR D tas
TIONS
Nom. | ami'eus pu'er ager us,—
Gen. ami'ci pu'eri a’ ori I
Dat. ami'co pu’erd a’ ord o
Ace. ami'cum pu'erum a'grum um
AU. ami'có pu'eró a'gró 5
PLURAL
Nom. | ami'ci pu'eri a/gri I
Gen. aniico'rum pueroó'rum agro'rum orum
Dat. ami'eis pu'eris a’ gris Is
Ace. ami'cos .pu'eros a/gros os
ABL. ami’cis pu'eris a'gris Is
(a) Nouns of the second declension ending in us like amicus have the
vocative singular in -e, as amice, O friend !
(b) Filius and proper nouns ending in -ius, form their vocative sin-
gular in -1 instead of -ie.
Nouns of the second declension ending in -ius and -ium regularly form
their genitive singular in -1 instead of -ii. "The accent rests on the penult.
8
SECOND DECLENSION 9
24. Conjugation of sum, Jam. An irregular verb.
Present Indicative Active
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. sum, Jam. sumus, we are.
2. es, thou art (you are). estis, you are.
9. est, he, she, it is. sunt, they are.
25. VOCABULARY
a'ger, a'gri, m., field. nün'tius, nün'ti, m., messenger.
ami’cus, -I, m., friend. . pu'er, -1, m., boy.
e'quus, e'qui, m., horse. vir, -1, m., man.
léga’tus, -, m., lieutenant, ambas- sum, J am.
sador. et, conjunction, and.
26. What Latin words do the followinó swóóest?
legate puerile amicable
equine virile : agrarian
RULES
27. Possession. — Possession is denoted by the genitive
Case.
The man’s horse. Equus viri.
A friend of the ambassador. Amicus légati.
28. Predicate Nominative. — A noun used in the pred-
icate after an intransitive verb is in the nominative
case. This is called the predicate nominative.! Adjec-
tives and pronouns are used in this construction the
same as nouns, and are called predicate adjectives and
predicate pronouns.
The boy is a messenger. Puer est nüntius.
The girl's friend is a lieutenant. Amicus puellae légatus est.
. 1 Compare the English, § 670.
10 LATIN LESSONS
EXERCISES
29. Read the Latin and translate:
(a) 1. Sumusamici. — 2. Nüntirsuntagrieolae. 3. Ami-
cus pueri est légatus. 4. Agricola et légatus amici sunt.!
5. Narras fabulas.
(b) 1. Viri sunt légati. 2. Amieus
puellae agricola est. 3. Légati pugnant
et Galliam occupant. 4. Légatus nüntium
laudat. 5. Puer litteras légati portat.
30. Translate, óivin$ special atten-
tion to noun and verb endings:
(a) 1.. You are farmers. 2., The hoy
and the girl are friends. 3. The farmer’s
native landis Gaul. 4. Iam a messenger.
5. We seize the provinces.
(b) 1. The boys carry trumpets.
2. The girl praises the boy's memory.
3. The farmers are carrying the lieuten-
ants’ letters. 4. The boy and the girl
praise the farmer's horses. 5. 'The messenger is the man's
friend.
Legatus,
ORAL EXERCISE
3l. Answer these questions in Latin, TRAE care to
change the person of the verb when necessary:
1. Estne vir légatus? 2. Amicine sumus? 3. Laudasne
equum amici? 4. Légatine estis? 5. Esne amicus viri?
1 Why plural? Compare § 701, a.
LESSON V
SECOND DECLENSION, NEUTER. ADJECTIVES
Multum in parvo.— Much in little.
32. Nouns of the second declension which end in -um
in the nominative singular are neuter.
33. Neuter nouns of all deciensions have the nominative
and accusative cases alike, and in the plural these cases
always end in -a.
34. Bel'lum, n., war. Bask, bell-
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. bellum um bel/la a
Gen. bel/li I bell6/rum orum
Dat. bello o bel/l1s 1s
Acc. bel'lum um bel'la a
Abl. — bel'lo 6 bel’ lis 1s
35. Latin Adjectives. — Latin adjectives are declined
like nouns and, in order to agree with their nouns in gen-
der, they have a masculine, a feminine, and a neuter
form.
36. Adjectives of the first and second declensions have
their feminine forms like nouns of the first declension,
and their masculine and neuter forms like masculine and
neuter nouns of the second declension.
Y
12
LATIN LESSONS
37. Mag'nus,! great, large.
SINGULAR
MASCULINE FEMININE
Nom. mag'nus mag'na
Gen. mag'ni mag'nae
Dat. magno magnae
Acc. mag/num mag/nam
Abl. mag'nd magna
PLURAL
Nom. mag!ni mag/nae
Gen. magnd/rum magna'rum
Dat. | mag'nis mag'nis
Acc. | mag'nos mag'nàs
Abl. | mag'nis magnis
BASE, magn-
NEUTER
mag/num
magni
mag'nó
mag'num
mag/no
mag/na
magnd/rum
mag’nis
mag'na
magnis
What is the vocative singular of magnus? See §§ 6, a,
and 28, a.
38.
al'bus, al'ba, al'bum, white.
bo'nus, bo/na, bo'num, good,
kind.
lon'gus, lon'ga, lon'gum, /ong,
tall.
mag/nus, mag/na,
great, large.
par'vus, par'va, par'vum, small,
little.
VOCABULARY
mul'tus, mul/ta, mul'tum, much ;
plural, many.
bel'lum, -1, n., war.
do'num, -1, n., gift, present.
frümen'tum, -1, n., grain.
mag/num, op'pidum, -I, n., town.
ro'sa, -ae, f., rose.
vi'a, vi'ae, f., way, road.
vo'co, I call.
39. What Latin words do the following suggest?
magnify
multiply donate
vocation
1 No other forms are used so constantly and in so many different ways
They should be learned so that they ‘‘say them-
as those in this section.
selves."'
ADJECTIVES 13
RULE
40. Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns. — An adjec-
tive agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case.
The boy is small. Puer parvus est.
The farmers are good. Agricolae boni sunt.
Notice that the adjective does not always end like the
noun. Agricolae, although of the first declension, is mas-
culine from its meaning, so boni is masculine, nominative,
plural, to agree with it.
ow
Light i y e pn Iri i
2d er
oM d 29)
TUA
j m
Storming a Town.
EXERCISES
41. Translate, giving the reason for the endinó of each
adjective:
(a) 1. Tuba magna est. 2. Multa bella longa sunt.
3. Multum frimentum portámus. 4. Memoria pueri bona est.
5. Puer parvus fábulàs multàs narrat.
1This is true whether the adjective is in the predicate or directly attached
to the noun.
14 LATIN LESSONS
(b) 1. Vir bonds litterás pueri parvi laudat. 2. Nüntius
pueros bonós vocat. 3. Puellae rosás albas amant. 4. Vir
agros agricolarum laudat. 5. Multa oppida magna sunt.
Via Appia.
49. Review carefully 88 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, and. 40, and
translate, marking all long vowels:
(a) 1. The gifts are large. 2. The men seize the town.
3. The man’s trumpet is large. 4. The good farmers are
preparing (their) fields. 5. You are a good friend.
(b) 1. The towns are large. 2. The messenger’s horse is
small 3. Gaul is large. . 4. The small boy is (my) friend.
5. The roses are white. 6. The lieutenant loves (his) country.
ORAL EXERCISE
43. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Equusne pueri magnus est? 2. Bellane longa sunt ?
ADJECTIVES 15
3. Bonine viri pugnant ? 4. Estne ager agricolae parvus ?
5. Legatine multa oppida occupant ?
Via Appia!
44. Pictiira est pulchra. Pictira Viae Appiae est. Via
Appia antiqua via est. Via Appia est longa et alba. Aquae-
ductus aquam non portat. Aquaeductus ruina est.
The Appian Way farther from Rome.
The paving blocks in the foreground were laid by the Romans twenty-two centuries ago
and are still in good condition.
Arbores sunt in agro. Sunt frimenta? in agris. Vir frü-
mentum in (to) oppidum portat. Via Appia pulchra est.
1 For new words refer to the general vocabulary at the back of the book.
2 Used in the plural to indicate standing grain.
LESSON VI
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS. INDIRECT OBJECT
Da dextram misero. — Lend a hand.*
45. The Principal Parts of a Latin verb are the Present
Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and Per-
fect Participle. ‘These are called principal parts because
when they are known all forms of the verb may readily
be found.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Part.
por'to porta’re porta’vi porta'tus
(a) Form the principal parts of amé, laudé, occupo,
paro, porto, narro.
46. Verb Stems. — The fixed parts of a verb, to which
the different endings are added, are called stems. Every
regular verb has three stems: present, perfect, and parti-
cipial, corresponding to its principal parts.
47. 'To find the present stem of a verb drop re from the
present infinitive active: portare; stem, porta-.
48. Verbs are said to be of the first conjugation when
the present infinitive ends in -are. The stem ends in 4-.
49. Each form of the present indicative is composed of
the present stem plus the proper personal ending.
Present Indicative
por'to, I carry. porta’mus, we carry.
por'tas, you carry. porta'tis, you carry.
por'tat, he carries. por'tant, they carry.
(a) Notice that 4 of the stem is dropped before -6 in the first person
singular and that 4 becomes short before -t and -nt.
* Virgil. Literally: Give the right hand to the unfortunate.
16
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS LT
50. The imperfect! indicative is formed by the present
stem plus the tense sign -ba- plus the personal endings.
Imperfect Indicative
porta/bam, J was carrying.
porta'bàs, you were carrying.
porta/bat, he was carrying.
portaba’mus, we were carrying.
portaba’tis, you were carrying.
orta/bant, they were carrying.
,
(a) The personal ending -m is always used for the first person sin-
gular of the imperfect tense in the active voice.
51. The future indicative is formed by the present stem
plus the tense sign -bi- plus the personal endings.
The i of
the tense sign is dropped before the personal ending -6 in
the first person singular, and appears as u before the end-
ing -nt in the third person plural.
Future Indicative
porta'bo, J shall carry.
porta’bis, you will carry.
porta’bit, he will carry.
porta/bimus, we shall carry.
porta/bitis, you will carry.
porta/bunt, they will carry.
52. VOCABULARY
diligen'tia, -ae, f., diligence, care.
fos'sa, -ae, f., ditch.
Gal/li, -o'rum, m., Gauls.
mü'rus, -1, m., wall.
ser'va, -ae, f., female servant,
slave.
ser'vus, -1, m., male servant, slave.
sig'num, -1, n., signal, standard.
altus, -a, -um, high, deep, tall.
sum, esse, fu/I, 7 am.
c6/l6, céla/re, célà'vi, céla’tus, -
I conceal.
do, da're, de/di, , da’tus,?
I give.
vul'neró, vulnerà/'re, vulne-
rà'vi, vulnera’tus, J wound.
in, prep. with abl., in, on:
sed, conjunction, but.
(a) Compare Gallia and Galli; serva and servus.
l'The imperfect indicative represents an act as going on in past time or as
repeated in past time.
2 This verb has short a in the present stem, except in the forms d&s. the
imperative Ga, and the participle dans.
18 . LATIN LESSONS
53. What Latin words do the following suggest?
mural vulnerable sign - dative
servant altitude diligent viaduct
Nhat
Wi
—
ju
Wall and Ditch.
DRILL ON VERB FORMS
94. Analyze! each form and translate:
(a) 1. Vulnerabam, vocábis, amatis. 2. Parat, portamus,
occupabunt. 3. Damus, laudabat, vocábunt. 4. Pugnabis,
narrabant, amamus. 5. Vulnerabit, occupabimus, dabunt.
(b) 1. Parabas, laudabatis, célabimus. 2. Occupant, vul-
nerabit, dabitis. 3. Porto, laudabit,amabunt. 4. Vulnera-
bamus, vulnerábitis, das. 5. Narrabam, celàbo, vulneráàtis.
509. Translate:
(a) 1. We are calling, he will call, I am calling. 2. They
will fight, I was fighting, we shall fight. 3. They are, they
are concealing, they were concealing. 4. You were praising,
1To analyze a verb form divide it into stem, tense sign, and personal
ending. Notice that the verb is translated from right to left.
porum bam | I was carrying.
carrying was I |
I shows the person and number, was the tense, and carrying the mean-
ing of the simple verb.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS 19
we shall praise, they praise. 5. I shall give, you (plur.) are
giving, they will give.
(b) 1. You (sing.) were telling, we shall tell, he tells.
2. We are, we are carrying, they will carry. 3. We shall
prepare, you are preparing, we were preparing. 4. I am, I
eall, I shall call. 5. We were seizing, they seize, he gives.
RULE
56. Indirect Object. — The indirect object is expressed
. by the dative case."
The farmer gives a horse to the boy. Agricola puero equum dat.
The lieutenant is giving the messenger a signal. Légatus nüntio
signum dat.
EXERCISES
57. Translate:
(a) 1. Vir servo signa dabit. 2. Légato fábulàs narratis.
3. Agricolae boni equis frimentum dabunt. 4. Viri amicis
dona dabant. 5. Viris fabulam longam narrabo.
(b) 1. Diligentia pueri est magna. 2. Sumus boni servi.
3. Mürus oppidi est altus. 4. Agricolae in silvis equos
célabant. 5. Galli in Gallia pugnabant.
Note. — The indirect object is generally placed before the direct object.
58. Translate:
(a) 1. The friends of the Gauls are many. .2. The wall is
high, but the ditch is small. 3. The wars in Gaul are long.
4. The boy will give a present to (his) friend. 5. The girls
were telling stories to the boys.
(6) 1. We shall seize the towns in the province. 2. The
man will praise the diligence of the boys and girls. 3. We
were wounding the Gauls. 4. The walls of many towns are
high. 5. The slaves conceal the standards.
1 Compare § 714, a.
20 LATIN LESSONS
ORAL EXERCISE
59. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Dabisne bono pueró ddnum? 2.’ Servusne equos célabit ?
3. Puerine in agro magné sunt? 4. Nüntiusne Gallis signum
dabat? 5. Galline in multis bellis pugnàbant ?
tls (d S NS
Ab RE,
Nie. 5 QR
yell uS E ha
Ay ae
yah 1
M \
[ Aw
(/ Z
LA
I A
PB
A t
|
LA
Up. L|
p; M
je /
‘Gey )
/ AN
TRU yg
Y ei UA
LD her sou az: =
Roman Standards and Standard Bearers.
LESSON VII
ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF MEANS
Alis volat propriis. —She flies with her own wings.*
60. Miser, wretched. BAsk, miser-
SINGULAR
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
Nom. mi'ser mi'sera | mi'serum
Gen. mi'serl mi'serae mi/seri
Dat. mi'serO e mi'serae mi'seró
Acc. mi'serum . mi'seram mi'serum
Abl. mi'seró mi'serà mi'seró
|
PLURAL
Nom. mi'seri mi'serae mi'sera
Gen. miser6/rum misera/rum miser6/rum
Dat. mi'seris mi'serlIs mi'seris
Acc. mi'seros mi/seras mi'sera
Abl. | mi'seris mi'seris mi'seris
61. Pulcher, beautiful. BaAsE, pulchr-
SINGULAR
Nom. pul'cher pul/chra pul'chrum
Gen. pul'chri pulchrae pul'chrt
Dat. pulchro pul/chrae pul'chro
Acc. pul'chrum pul'chram pul/chrum
Abl. pul'ehro pul'chra pul'echróo
i PLURAL
Nom. pul'chri pul'chrae pul/chra:
Gen. pulchró'rum pulchrá'rum pulchró'rum
Dat. pul'chris pul’chris pul’chris
Acc. pul'ehros pul/chras pul'chra
Abl. pulchris pul'ehris pul'chris
* The motto of Oregon. Used for to stand on one's own feet.
al te
DO LATIN LESSONS
62. Conjugation of sum, Jam. An irregular verb.
Imperfect
e/ram, J was. erà'mus, we were.
e/ras, you were. erá'tis, you were.
e/rat, he was. e/rant, they were.
Future
e r6, I shall be. e'rimus, we shall be.
e'ris, you will be. e/ritis, you will be.
erit, he will be. e/runt, they will be.
*
63. VOCABULARY
do'mina, -ae, f., mistress, lady. ca/rus, -a, -um, dear.
do/minus, -I, m., master, lord. fi/dus, -a, -um, faithful.
gla'dius, gla/di, m., sword. li/ber, -era, -erum, /ice.
li'ber, li'bri, m., book. ma'lus, -a, -um, bad.
magis'ter, -tri, m., teacher. mi'ser, -a, -um, wretched, unhappy.
Mar'cus, 3, m., Marcus. ni'ger, -gra, -grum, black.
nu'merus, -I, m., number. pul'cher,-chra,-chrum, beautiful.
pi'lum, -i, n., javelin. non, adverb, not.
non'ne, interrogative particle expecting the answer yes.
num, interrogative particle expecting the answer no.
(a) Compare domina and dominus; liber and liber.
64. What Latin words do the following suggest?
gladiator library liberty miserable
dominant numerous magistrate fidelity
RULE
65. Ablative of Means or Instrument. — Means or instru-
ment is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
They fight with javelins. Pilis pugnant.
The servant wounds the master with a sword. Servus gladio domi —
num vulnerat.
ADJECTIVES 98
EXERCISES
66. Translate, naming the case of each noun and $iv-
ing the reason for the use of that case:
—« (a) 1. Marcus gladiolongo pugnabit. 2. Galli tuba légato
signum dabunt. 3. Gladio Marcum vulnerábimus. 4. Li-
beri viri eràmus. — 5. Servi pilis et gladiis pugnabant.
Roman Sword and Javelin.
(6) 1. Malus dominus eris. 2. Equus niger viri in silva
est. 3. Libri magistri erant pulchri. — 4. Servi miseri domi-
nos malos non amant. 5. Servae fidae dominam caram
amabant.
67. Translate, marking all long vowels:
(a) 1. I shall be a faithful teacher. 2. Many Gauls are
free. 3. The black slaves were wretched. 4. The bad
master fights with a javelin. 5. With the trumpet we shall
give the signals to the men.
(6) 1. I shall conceal the black horse in the forest. 2. The
books were beautiful. 3. The faithful messenger was giving
the signal to the lieutenant. 4. You (plur.) will tell the
story to (your) friends. 5. (There) was a large number of
boys and girls in the town. ;
68. Interrogative Particles. — When a negative answer
is expected, the question is introduced by num; when an
affirmative answer is expected, the question is introduced
by nónne.! |
lIn Latin nOn in nonne, just as not in English, is used to show that an
affirmative answer is expected. Are not the slaves faithful? Nonne servi
fidi sunt?
24 LATIN LESSONS
ORAL EXERCISES
69. Answer these questions tn Latin.
1. Nonne légàti pilis pugnant? 2 Num servi miseri
erant? 3. Estne numerus Gallorum in oppido magnus?
4. Eratne pilum viri longum? 5. Nonne viri gladiis pugna-
bunt ?
The Colosseum seen through the Arch of Titus.
Compare this with the pictures on pages 82 and 206,
LESSON VIII
PERFECT TENSES.! EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE
E pluribus unum. — Out of many, one.*
70. To find the perfect stem, drop i from the perfect
indicative active — portavi; stem, portàv-.
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in-
dicative active are formed from the perfect stem.
71. The perfect tense, indicative in the active voice,
has characteristic personal endings.
SINGULAR PLURAL
First Person -I -imus
Second Person -isti -istis
Third Person | -it -érunt (-ére)
72. Perfect tense = perfect stem + the characteristic per-
sonal endings.
Pluperfect tense = perfect stem + tense sign era + regular
personal endings. ;
Future perfect tense = perfect stem J-tense sign eri-r
regular personal endings.
Perfect Indicative Active
793. | I have carried, I carried, I did carry?
(a) porta/vi porta/vimus
portavis/ti portavis'tis
porta'vit portavé/runt (-6/re)
* The motto of the United States.
1 Compare §§ 695-700.
2 The perfect indicative represents an act as completed at the time of
speaking (has carried), or merely as having occurred in past time (carried).
25
26 LATIN LESSONS
Pluperfect Indicative Active
I had carried
(6) porta/veram portavera’/mus
porta/veras portavera’tis
porta'verat porta'verant
Future Perfect Indicative Active
I shall have carried
(c) porta/vero portave'rimus
porta/veris portave'ritis »
porta/verit porta/verint
(d) Following the same laws, conjugate sum through
the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative
tenses, § 591.
EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS
74. Analyze each form:
(a) 1. Pugnaverat, pugnabunt, pugnavisti. 2. Paràábat,
parat, paraverint. 3. Occupavi, occupabam, occupaverit.
4. Dedimus, dant, dederas. 5. Célabit, célavisti, célavérunt.”
(b) 1. Vocabamus, vocaveritis, vocavistis. 2. Laudaverat,
laudamus, laudavero. 3. Eràmus, fuerint,fuérunt. 4. Fuisti,
fueràs, fuerit. 5. Parabant, dedere, vocabo.
75. Translate:
(a) 1..I have called, you were calling, you will call.
2. We shall have given, he gave, they had given. 3. You
had wounded, they will have wounded, we are wounding.
4. They have seized, we shall seize, he seizes. 5. They
will have prepared, I.shall prepare, we prepare.
(b) 1. You have told, I had told, they told. 2. They |
have been, he was, you will have been. 3. They had been,
we shall be, I have been. 4. You have been, he had been,
we shall have been. 5. You are, we had been, I am.
PERFECT TENSES rie
RULE
.16. Place. — In general, place is expressed as follows :
Place 2» or on which — in with the ablative case.
Place from which —à or ab with the ablative case.
Place out of which —é or ex with the ablative case.
Place into which — in with the accusative case.
Place to which — aa with the accusative case.
Note. — Ab and ex must be used before a vowel or h; before conso-
nants ab or a, ex or e may be used.
EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS
77. Translate:
1. Ad mürum. 2. In fossis. 3. In bellum. 4. Ex
oppido... 5. In agris. 6. Ab nmüntio. 7. In memoria.
8. Ad silvas. 9. In Gallia. 10. Ex provincia.
18. Translate, marking all long vowels:
1. Tothefeld. . 2. Inthetowns. 3. To Gaul 4. From
the town. 5. On land. . 6. From the fields. 7. Into the
diteh. 8. Outofthe woods. 9. From the walls. 10. Into Gaul.
19. |. VOCABULARY
cas'/tra, -6/rum, n., camp.
cÓ/pia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty; plural, forces.
fi/lia, -ae, f., daughter (-àbus in dat. and abl. plur.).
. fi/lius, fi'li, m., son.
con'/voco, -à're, -a/vi, -à'tus, call together, call.
hi'emo, -à're, -a/vi, -à'tus, pass the winter, winter.
ser/vo, -à/re, -a'vi, -à/tus, save, guard.
su'pero, -à're, -à'vi, -à'tus, surpass, conquer, defeat, overcome.
à or ab, prep. with abl., from.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward.
in, prep. with abl., in, on; with acc., into, against.
é or ex, prep. with abl., out of, from.
28 . LATIN LESSONS
80. What Latin words do the following suggest?
filial copious convoke conserve insuperable
A Roman Candelabrum.
PERFECT TENSES 29
EXERCISES
81. Translate and $ive the construction of each noun:
(a) 1. Fuerant castra in Galliaà. 2. Dominus servas à
provinciis convocáverit. 3. In castris viros servàveràs.
4. Galli ex oppido in castra copiam frümenti portaverant.
5. Vir filiis et filiábus copiam librorum dedit.
(b) 1. Copiàs Gallorum gladiis superdverint. — 2. In Gallia
hiemavimus. 3. In mürógladios et pilacélavistis. 4. Filia
agricolae ad magistrum libros multos et magnos portàvit.
5. Servus dominó cáró numerum magnum pilorum et gladio-
rum dederat.
82. Translate, marking all long vowels:
(a) 1. The free men passed the winter in Gaul. 2. The
faithful messenger calls the boys out of the field into the
forest. 3. The Gauls gave beautiful presents to (their) sons
and daughters. 4. The forces will have carried grain from
the small town to the camp. 5. The black slave was con-
cealing the grain in the forest.
(b) 1. Marcus had not been a friend of the Gauls. 2. The
good farmer’s sons and daughters had concealed (their) books.
3. The signal of the messenger saved the men. 4. You had
wounded (your) friends with javelins. 5. You will give a
‘book to (your) daughter, but a sword to (your) son.
ORAL EXERCISE
83. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Puerine! ex agró equum vocáverunt? 2. Nonne in
Gallia hiemabatis? 3. Portàveràsne frümentum ad castra?
4. Nonne servus est miser? 5. Num filia puella mala fuit ?
. - € -
1Pronounce and think of the words in groups: Puerine ex agro
picem.
equum vocaverunt?
LESSON IX
REVIEW
Festina lente. — Make haste slowly.*
84. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you can,
that seem to be derived from the following :
aqua porto pugno terra
magnus longus multus donum
voc6 liber 3 signum dominus
fidus malus numerus filius
85. Word Drill. — Give the nominative and genitive
singular and the gender of the. Latin words for the fol-
lowing :
mistress javelin Gaul heutenant
master - sword signal native land
book war oift friend
farmer number letter man
son rose grain story .
daughter diligence horse messenger .
forest ditch '" town language.
teacher trumpet field boy .
86. Form Drill. — 1. Decline agricola, légatus, signum,
bonus, liber. 2. Name the principal parts of a verb.
3. Name the six tenses in order. 4. Give the formula
for making each. 5. Conjugate sum through the indica-
tive. 6. Give the principal parts of do and conjugate it
through the indicative.
* A saying of Emperor Augustus, as quoted by the Latin author Suetonius.
30
'eueog JOOS u?ulo» V
REVIEW ol
87. Questions. — 1l. What cases are alike in the neuter
gender? What is the ending of these cases in the plural?
2. What case denotes possession? the indirect object?
the direct object? means or instrument? 3. What case
and what preposition are used to express place in which,
into which, to which, from which, out of which? 4. How
is the present stem of a verb found? the perfect stem?
5. What tenses are formed from the present stem? from
the perfect stem? 6. In what three ways may the present
tense dat be translated ?
88. EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING
1. Es amicus nüntiorum. 2. Puellae donum dabis. 3. Viri
diligentiam servárum laudabunt. 4. Müri oppidi alti erunt et
fossa longa erit. 5. Equus albus est in agro agricolae.
. 6. Diligentia servae fidae magna erat. 7. Erimus boni amici
magistri. 8. Numerus servorum in Gallià magnus erat.
9. Vir malus in silva equum domini celábat. —10..Légàtià
müro coplàs vocaverunt.
CAROLUS ET Poma!
89. Carolus agricolae filius erat et bonus puer sed malos
amicos habebat. Agricola filio calathum pomorum magnorum
plénum dedit. In ealatho erant multa et bona poma sed pauca
vitiata.
Puer poma célavit sed vitiata poma maculavérunt bona, et
mox nülla bona erant. Tum agricola filium monuit: * Pauca
vitiáta poma maculant multa bona. Sic mali amici bonós pueros
vitiabunt.”
1 Refer to the general vocabulary for new words.
LESSON X
THIRD DECLENSION
Ad astra per aspera. — '' To the stars through bolts and bars.’’ *
90. The third declension consists of all words whose
genitive singular ends in -is. They may be masculine,
feminine, or neuter.
91. Many nouns of the third declension have their
nominative just like the base, except in the quantity of
the last vowel. Note that masculines and feminines are
declined alike.
Consul, m., consul Soror, f., sister
BasE, cónsul- BASE, sor6r-
SINGULAR TERMINA-
TIONS
Nom. con'sul Nom. so'ror —
Gen. con'sulis Gen. sororis is
Dat. | con'suli Dat. soro!ri I
Acc. con'sulem Acc. soro'rem em
Abl. con'sule Abl. soro're e
PLURAL
Nom. cou'sulés Nom. soró'rés és
Gen. con'sulum Gen. sord/rum um
Dat. consu'libus Dat. soroó!'ribus ibus
Acc. | con'sules Acc. Ssoro'rés és
Abl. | consu'libus Abl. soro'ribus ibus
*'The motto of Kansas and an appropriate one for school classes.
Literally: To the stars through difficulties.
32
THIRD DECLENSION 33
Note. — Compare the following case endings :
Declension II III
Accusative singular : -am -um -em
Genitive plural : -arum -orum -um
Accusative plural : -as -68 -68
92. VOCABULARY
ar’bor, -oris, f., tree. li/ber6, -à're, -à'vi, -á'tus, set
cón'sul, -ulis, m., consul. free.
explorà'tor, -6/ris, m., scout. mons'tro, -àa/re, -à'vi, -a’tus,
fé/mina, -ae, f., woman. show.
imperaà'tor, -6/ris, m., commander-
in-chief, general.
merca’tor, -6/ris, m., merchant.
so/ror, -O'ris, f., sister.
ti/mor, -O'ris, m., fear, dread.
" victor, -6/ris, m., victor.
victó'ria, -ae, f., victory.
aedi'fico, -a're, -à'vi,
build. —
-a/tus,
nün'tio, -à're, -à'vi, -a'tus, an-
nounce.
vàs'to, -a/re, -à'vi, -a'tus, lay
waste.
1a/tus, -a, -um, broad, wide.
ubi, interrogative adverb, where ;
relative adverb, where, when.
quis, interrogative pronoun,
who ?
93. What Latin words do the following suggest?
arbor feminine explorer timorous
sorority edifice demonstrate devastate
RULE
94. Parsing. — To parse a noun give (1) declension,
(2) nominative and
genitive
singular, (8) gender,
(4) number, (5) case, (6) rule.
In 95, 1, mürum would be parsed as follows : mürum : second declen-
sion, mürus, mürl; masculine gender; singular number; accusative
case, direct object of the verb aedificabunt.
EXERCISES
95. Translate, parsing the nouns :
(a) 1. Vietorés mürum altum aedificabunt.
3. Amici mereátorum agros multos
plorátoris magnus est.
2. Timor ex-
94 LATIN LESSONS
etlàtos vastabant. 4. Magister soróri parvae pulehrum librum
monstravit.. 5. Imperator tubà consuli vietoriam magnam
nüntiat.
(b) 1. Es filia cira. 2. Ad féminam bonam dona pulchra
portaveramus. 3. Dominus bonus servos fidos liberáverat.
4. Fuerunt in silva multae et magnae
arbores. 5. Exploratores ex oppido in
castra legatos convocavérunt.
96. Translate, marking long vowels:
(a) 1. The merchant’s fear was great.
2. The scout’s sister had been in the vic-
tors field. 3. The faithful consul has’
set free many slaves in (his) native land.
4. The woman will praise (her) son’s
victory. 5. The lieutenants have not
conquered the Gauls.
(b) 1. The victors gave many large
gifts to (their) sons, but will not give the
boys swords. 2. You are a good man,
Imperator. but you are not free. . 3. The comman-
der-in-chief will announce the victory to
the faithful consul. 4. The man called (his) sons and
daughters out of the forest into the town. 5. We had shown
the beautiful trees to (our) friends.
97. Questions. — Questions which cannot be answered
by yes or no are introduced by an interrogative pronoun
or adverb. In such questions ne is not used.
ORAL EXERCISE
98. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Ubi soror pueri erat? 2. Quises? 3. Nonne magna
victoria fuit? 4. Esne amicus imperatoris? 5. Aedifica-
vitne altum mürum ?
THIRD DECLENSION. ABLATIVE OF
ACCOMPANIMENT
Cum $rano salis.— With a grain of salt.*
LESSON XI
99. In many nouns of the third declension the nomina-
tive differs very little from the base.
Miles, m., soldier
BASE, mi'lit-
Nom. mi'les
Gen. militis
Dat. miht
Acc. mi'litem
Abl. milite
Nom. mi‘lités
Gen. mi'litum
Dat. mili’tibus
Acc. milites
Abl. mili'tibus
100.
Cae'sar, -aris, m., Caesar.
dux, du'cis, m., leader.
fra’ter, -tris, m., brother.
iü'dex, -icis, m., judge.
la'pis, -idis, m., stone.
de'cimus, -a, -um, tenth.
* This expression is used to imply an exaggeration.
Iü'dex, m., judge
BASE, iü'dic-
SINGULAR
iu'dex
iu’dicis
ju'dici
1u'dicem
iu’dice
PLURAL
iu’dicés
iu/dicum
iüdi'cibus
1u'dicés
1udi'cibus
VOCABULARY
le'gio, -o'nis, f., legion.
Fra’ter, m., brother
BASE, fra'tr-
fra’ter
fra’ tris
fra’ tri
fra'trem
fra'tre
fra’trés
fra'trum
fra'tribus
fra’trés
fra'tribus
li'beri, -6/rum, m., children.
ma’ter, -tris, f., mother.
mi'les, -itis, m., soldier.
pa'ter, -tris, m., father.
te'lum, -I, n., weapon.
oppug'no, -a’re, -à'vi, -à'tus, attack, storm.
cir'cum, preposition with accusative, around.
cum, preposition with ablative, with.
95
36 LATIN LESSONS
(a) Note carefully :
liber6, -àre, -avi, -àtus, to set free. Compare the
liber, -era, -erum, free. English
liberi, -Grum, Jreeborn children. liberate, liberty.
liber, libri, book. library.
101. What Latin words do the following suggest?
fraternity decimal judicial paternal
RULE
102. Ablative of Accompaniment. — Accompaniment (in
company with or in conflict with) is expressed by the ab-
lative with cum.
The boy is with his father. Puer cum patre est.
Caesar fought with the Gauls. Caesar cum Gallis pugnavit.
EXERCISES
103. Translate, and Sive construction of each noun:
(a) 1. Dux cum fratre erat. 2. Liberi cum iüdice erunt.
3. Galli eum Caesare pugnabant. 4. Pater cum filiàbus est.
5. Caesar cum decimà legione oppidum Gallorum oppugnavit.
(b) 1. Caesar tuba decimae legioni vietoriam mnüntiàvit.
2. Malus vir lapide militem vulnerdaverit. 3. Lata fossa
circum mürum fuerat. 4. Liberi iüdieis patri tela 1nonstrà-
bunt. 5. Duces cum multis militibus oppida magna oppugna-
verant.
104. Translate:
(a) 1. The leader fought with the tenth legion. 2. The
men saved the town of (their) fathers. 3. They will storm
the wall around the camp. 4. The girl was with (her)
brother in the native land of the Gauls. 5. Caesar gives a
signal to (his) faithful legions.
(b) 1. The general and (his) children are good friends.
THIRD DECLENSION 9T
2. The judge's mother and siier were unhappy. 3. The
messenger carried a letter from the merchant to the farmer.
4. The lieutenants have announced the victories of the sol
diers. 5. The leader's forces passed the winter in camp and
(there) was great fear.
ORAL EXERCISES
105. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Quis itidex erit? 2. Pugnàvistine telis? 3. Quis
eum Gallis pugnàbat? 4. Militesne oppidum oppugnavér-
unt? 5. Ubi erant boni liberi?
Caesar.
LESSON XII
THIRD DECLENSION. SECOND CONJUGATION
Mens sana in corpore sano.—A sound mind vn a sound body.*
106. The terminations of neuters of the third declension
differ from masculines and feminines in the nominative
and accusative, singular and plural.
Ca'put, n., head Flümen, n., river Cor'pus, n., body
BASE, ca/pit- Bask, flü'/min- BAsk, cor’por-
SINGULAR TERMINA-
TIONS
Nom. ca!put flu'men cor'pus —
Gen. capitis flu’ minis cor’ poris is
Dat. ca'piti flumini cor’ pori I
Acc. ca!put flu'men cor'pus —
Abl. calpite flu'mine cor'pore e
PLURAL
Nom. ca'pita flu'mina cor'pora a
Gen. ca/pitum flu minum cor'porum um
Dat. capi'tibus flumi'nibus corpo/ribus ibus
Acc. ca'pita flu'mina cor'pora a
Abl. capi'tibus flumi'nibus corpo/ribus ibus
107. The Four Conjugations. — There are four regular
conjugations of verbs. ‘They are distinguished by the
vowel before -re in the present infinitive active. Their
stems are all found in the same way as those of porto.
See $8 47 and 70.
* Juvenal.
38
F Mw
SECOND CONJUGATION 39
Tire Id Ww Press If:
lst por’td portà're
2d mo/ned moné’re
3d | dü'co dü'cere
4th au'dio audi're
Stem
Perf. Ind. Perf. Part. Vowel
porta/vi porta’tus a
mo/nui mo/nitus é
dü'xi duc'tus e
audi'vi audi'tus I
108. The Second Conjugation. — The same rules as to
stem, tense sign, and personal ending are followed for’
forming the various indieative tenses in the second con-
jugation as in the first.
perfect stem, monu-.
The present stem is moné-; the
In the first person singular of the present tense e of the
stem is retained before the personal ending -o, moneo.
109. Conjugation of mo'neo, J advise, warn.
Indicative Active
PRESENT
I advise, warn
mo/neó mone/mus
mo/nés mone'tis
mo/net 1 mo/nent
IMPERFECT
I was advising, warning
mone/bam moneba’mus
mone/bàs monebà'tis
mone/bat mone'/bant
FUTURE
I shall advise, warn
mone/bo mone'/bimus
moné’bis mone’bitis
mone'bit mone'/bunt
PERFECT
I have advised, warned
mo/nui monuimus
monuis'/ti monuis'tis
mo'nuit monué'/runt (-é're)
PLUPERFECT
I had advised, warned
monu'eram monuerà/mus
monu/eras monuera’tis
monu'erat monu'erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have advised, warned
nionu'ero monue'rimus
monu/eris monue'ritis
monu/erit monu'erint
! Note that the quantity of e corresponds to that of & in the first conjuga-
tion. See § 49, a.
40 LATIN LESSONS
110. VOCABULARY
caput, ca/pitis, n., head. ha'beo, -é/re, -ui, -itus, have,
clamor, clàmo'/ris, m., shout, consider, hold.
noise. mo/ne6, -é/re, -ui, -itus, advise,
co/mes, co'mitis, m. and f. warn.
companion. mo/veo, -é/re, m6/vi, moó'tus,
cor/pus, cor'poris, n., body. move, break up (with castra).
flü^/men, flü'/minis, n., river. te/ne6O, -é’re., -ui, , hold.
ho/mó, ho'minis, m. and f., man, — ti'meO, -é/re, -ul, , fear, be
human being. afraid of.
p6s, pe'dis, m., foot. vi'deo, -é/re, vi'd1, vi'sus, see.
réx, ré/gis, m., king. quid, interrog. pron., what?
lll. What Latin words do the followin suggest?
capital admonish regal homicide
pedestal corporal tenacious timid
EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS
112. Analyze each form:
(a) 1. Habébam, habuit, habebunt, habueratis. , 2. Vide-
mus,! vidimus, videt, vidit. 3. Timeébo, timuérunt, timu-
erint, timuit. 4. Movébunt, móvimus, movent, moverátis.
5. Tenébant, tenuisti, tenuit, tenuerint.
(b) 1. Portat, laudavi, timui, nüntiavit. 2. Parávistis,
vidistis, dedistis, monstrábàmus. 3. "Times, tenuero, habebat,
vidérunt. 4. Vidébant, vàstas, monet, movit. 65. Porta-
vit, monuit, dedit, fuit. |
113. Translate, markinó long vowels:
(a) 1. We were moving, they had moved, he will: move.
2. I shall warn, you had warned. 3. We have feared, they
have seen, I shall have. 4. You have stormed, we were
having. 5. They gave, they had been, they were seeing.
(b) 1. He warned, he gave, he saw. 2. He will have
1 Compare videmus, vidimus; videt, vidit.
SECOND CONJUGATION 41
seen, he had held, you (plur.) are fearing. 3. You (sing.)
were seeing, I had moved, you will have held. 4. They
warn, we seized, he carries. 5. They had called, I am see-
ing, you moved.
RULE
114. Ablative of Manner. — Manner is expressed by the
ablative with a limiting adjective or cum, or both.
He writes with great care. Magna cum diligentia scribit.
Magna diligentia scribit.
He writes with care. Cum diligentià scribit.
EXERCISES
115. Translate, and give principal parts of each verb:
(a) 1. Homo cum clàmore comitem vocabat. 2. Milites
cum diligentià oppidum serva-
vérunt. 3. Magistri magnis
cum claméribus equos vocavé-
runt. 4. Caesar magnà cum
diligentià decimam legionem in
eastris tenuerit. 5. Arbores
silvae vidémus.
(D) 1. Filius regis bonos
comites habebit. 2. Homines
decimam legionem timuerant.
3. Rexmagnum flümen in silvà
vidit. 4. Homines castra mo-
verint. 5. Niger equus corpus
magnum sed caput parvum
habet.
7
We 7
NV LIP
: —3 i E s
$
SIDA
116. Translate, marking
Lonó vowels : E^
(a) 1. The good teacher will
advise the brother and sister. 2. With many shouts the
Soldiers of the Legion.
49 LATIN LESSONS
soldiers seized the town. 3. The children feared the man’s
companion. 4. We fought with bad men, but were not
victors. 5. The woman's fear was great.
(b) 1. The men wounded the horse's head with large
stones. 2. Gaul had many large rivers. 3. The judge and
the king had been in the small town. 4. The Gauls have
walls around (their) towns. 5. With great fear the mer-
chants had seen the soldiers.
The Roman Arena at Verona
Compare this with the Colosseum on page 206.
ORAL EXERCISE
117. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Quid vidisti? 2. Suntne magni lapidés in flümine?
3. Timesne clàmorem hominum? 4. Num ducés castra
moverunt? 5. Quis habet magnum eaput ?
LESSON XIII
THIRD DECLENSION. I-STEMS
Ars longa, vita brevis. —'' Art is long and time is fleeting.”’ *
118. Some third declension nouns have i before, or
in place of, the vowel of certain endings. These are
called i-Stems.
(a) In the first declension we noticed that a seemed the predominant
vowel; in the second, o. So we speak of them as the a-declension and
the o-declension and we say their stems end in à and o. Similarly we
speak of the third declension as the consonant or i-declension, because
its stems end in a consonant or ini. In the consonant stems which we
have been studying so far the stem is just like the base. We are now to
study i-stems. Their stem is made by adding i to the base.
«€
: 119. The following nouns regularly have i-stems :
I. Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -és and -is,
not increasing ! in the genitive; nouns ending in -ns, -rs,
and monosyllables in -s or -x following a consonant.
These all end in -Y or -e in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive
plural, and -1s or -és in the accusative plural.?
* Literally: Art is long, life short.
l'The expression ‘‘not increasing in the genitive" is used to distinguish
nouns like hostis, whose genitive has the same number of syllables as the
nominative, from nouns like miles, militis, whose genitive has more syllables
than the nominative.
2 Originally the accusative singular ended in -im, the ablative singular in
-i, and the accusative plural in -is; but these endings have been largely dis-
placed by -em, -e, and -es.
48
44 LATIN LESSONS
2. Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al, or -ar.
These end in à in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural,
and in -ia in the nominative and accusative plural.
190.
Ig'nis, m., fire. Hos/tis, m., enemy. Ma’re, n., sea.
BASE, ign- BASE, host- BASE, mar-
STEM, igni- STEM, hosti- STEM, mari-
TERMINATIONS
SINGULAR M. and F. Neut.
Nom. ig'nis hos'tis ma/re is e
Gen. ig'nis hos'tis ma/ris is is
Dat. ig/ni hos'ti ma/ri I I
Acc. ig'nem hos/tem ma/re em (im) e
Abl. ig'nriore hos'te ma'ri e(t) 1
PLURAL
Nom. ig'nés hos'tés ma'ria és ia
Gen. ig'nium hos'tium ma/rium ium ium
Dat. ig'nibus hos’ tibus ma/ribus X ibus ibus
Acc. ig'nls, es hos'tis, és ma/ria 1s, és ia
Abl. ig'nibus hos'tibus ma/ribus — ibus ibus
131" VOCABULARY
a'nimal, -a/lis, (-ium‘), n. mons, mon'tis, (-ium), m., moun-
animal. tain.
cae/dés, -is, (-ium), f., slaugh- nox, noc'tis, (-ium), f., night.
ter. pars, par'tis, (-ium), f., part.
hos'tis, hos’tis; m., an enemy — por'ta, -ae, f., gate.
hos/tés, hos'tium, the enemy. — rl'pa, -ae, f., bank (of a river).
ig/nis, -is, (-ium), m., fire. urbs, ur/bis, (-ium), f., city.
ma're, -is, (-ium?), n., sea. sae/pe, adverb, often.
199. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
hostile ignite marine nocturnal
partial riparian portal urban
1 Genitive Plural. 2 The genitive plural is not used.
THIRD DECLENSION. I-STEMS 45
EXERCISES
123. Translate, and decline the nowns:
(a) 1. Multa animàlia fuerunt in mari. 2. In Gallià
noctés sunt longae. 9. Agros hostium igni vastabimus.
4. Caput pars corporis est. 5. Caesar cum hostibus saepe
pugnavit et caedes fuit magna.
(b) 1. Ripae flüminis altae erant. 2. Dux milites in
castris tenuit. 3. Agros ab urbe ad montem vastàvit.
4. Milites à portis urbis tela portàbunt. 5. Patres filios
magnà cum diligentia monuerant.
A Roman Gate.
194. Translate, marking long vowels:
(a) 1. Caesar had been victor. 2. (There) have been
many fires on the mountain. 3. The enemy will pass the
winter in the city. 4. (There) was a great slaughter of the
enemy on the bank of the river. 5. The general’s brother
and sister see the large rivers.
(b) 1. The stones in the river are often beautiful.
2. They broke camp and stormed the gates of the enemy's
eR
46 LATIN LESSONS
town. 3. The lieutenants had seen the fires of the enemy’s
camp from the city. 4. The men announced (their) victory
to Caesar with great shouts. 5. The little children had
feared the large animals.
The so-called Temple of Vesta at Rome.
125. State in Latin five facts. One pupil may state a
fact to another and he in turn tell it to the class in Eng-
lish.
LESSON XIV
REVIEW
Consensus facit legem.— General consent makes the law.
126. Derivatives.— Write all the English words you
can, that seem to be derived from the following:
arbor latus victoria fémina
dux frater pater miles
decimus caput corpus homo
pés moveo teneo video
hostis ignis pars urbs
127. Word Drill. — (a) Give the nominative and geni-
tive singular and the gender of the Latin nouns for the
following:
gate vietory foot mother
man slaughter head river
body tree brother father
mountain soldier sister enemy
city children sea legion
weapon fire night king
judge stone bank leader
(6) Give the principal parts of the Latin verbs for the
following :
advise lay waste show hold
set free have see storm
build announce give conquer
move fear seize warn
47
48 LATIN LESSONS
128. Form Drill. — 1. Decline iüdex, imperator, flümen,
hostis, mare. 2. Conjugate video through the indicative
active. 3. Give the genitive singular ending of nouns
of the first, second, and third declensions; also the accu-
sative singular, genitive plural, and accusative plural
endings. 4. Make a statement in Latin containing an
ablative of means and an ablative of accompaniment.
5. Make a statement in Latin containing an ablative of
manner.
129. Questions. — 1. Of what gender are nouns of the
first declension? of the second ? of the third? 2. What
are the nominative endings of masculine nouns of the
second declension? of neuter nouns of the second declen-
sion? 3. How do i-stems differ from consonant stems
in declension? 4. How are the conjugations of verbs
distinguished? | 5. How does the present stem of the
first conjugation always end? the present stem of the
second conjugation ?
EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING
130. 1. Puella féminae librum dedit. 2. Multaaquainagro ©
fuit. 3. Téla exploratoris multa et magna erant. 4. Iüdex
filiabus libros pulehros dedit sed filis pila. 5. Multi duces
magnam militum diligentiam laudant. 6. Viri malum eon-
sulem nón amaverant. 7. Comes régis urbes et flümina vide-
bit. 8. Homines decimam legionem timuerant. 9. Serva
à dominà ad màtrem dona pulchra portabat. 10. Multi mer-
catorés montes et mare videbunt.
Eqvuvus MARCI
131. Marcus puer sororem Iüliam habebat. Pater liberorum
multos equós in agro habebat. Liberi equum nigrum amà-
bant quem (which) pater Marco dederat.
REVIEW 49
Equus dominuin parvum circum agrum et in silvam saepe
portabat. Soror Marci magnos equos timébat sed Marcus ad
equum frümentum portavit et eI (to him) aquam dedit.
Mali pueri lapidibus animal pulehrum vulneráverant et
mater liberorum magna eum diligentia equum célabat.
A Roman Aqueduct in Southern France.
LESSON XV
PASSIVE VOICE. ABLATIVE OF AGENT
Tempora mutantur. — Times are changed,
132. The personal endings in the passive voice! are :
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st -r -mur
2d -ris (re) -mini
od -tur -ntur
133. The rules for forming the present, imperfect, and
future indicative are the same as in the active voice, the
passive personal endings taking the place of the active
ones.
134. PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL
Present Indicative
por'tor, 7 am carried. porta/mur, we are carried.
porta/ris (re), you are carried. porta'mini, you are carried.
porta/tur, he is carried. portan'tur, they are carried.
Imperfect Indicative
porta/bar, I was carried. portaba’mur, we were carried.
portaba’ris (-re), you were carried. portaba!mini, you were carried.
portaba'tur, he was carried. portaban'tur, they were carried.
1 Compare §§ 687 and 688.
50
PASSIVE VOICE 51
Future Indicative
porta’bor, J shall be carried. porta’bimur, we shall be carried.
porta/beris (-re), you will be carried. ^ portabi'mini, you will be carried.
porta/bitur, Ae will be carried. portabun'tur, they will be carried.
(a) Note the change in the vowel of the tense sign in the first and
second person singular and third person plural of the future passive.
(b) Compare carefully the English translation of the active and passive
of each tense.
135. Perfect Tenses. — The perfect stem is not used in
the passive voice. The participial stem is found by drop-
ping -us from the perfect passive participle (the last one
of the principal parts). The perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect tenses in the passive are made by combining the
participial stem, plus the endings seen in magnus, -a, -um,
to agree with the subject, with sum for the perfect, eram
for the pluperfect, and ero for the future perfect.
. THIRD SINGULAR THIRD PLURAL
portatus est, he has been carried. portati sunt, they — (mas.)
portata est, she has been carried. portatae sunt, they — (fem.)
portatum est, it has been carried. portata sunt, they — (neut.)
(a) According to the rule in $ 135 conjugate porto through the perfect,
pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in the passive voice. Compare with
§ 586.
EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS
136. Analyze each Latin form:
(a) 1. Laudabantur, laudati sumus, laudavi. 2. Porta-
beris, portátum erat, portor. 3. Pugnavimus, pugnabunt,
pugnaveramus. 4. Occupata sunt, occupáta est, occupatur.
5. Amabimini, amati erimus, amatae erant.
(b) 1. Vulneratus es, vulnerábàmini, vulneraberis. 2. Dan-
tur, dabuntur, dedimus. 3. Data erunt, célaberis, amabuntur.
4. Vocabaémur, vocavistis, vocatum erat. 5. Aedificavit,
nüntiàbitur, liberata est.
52 LATIN LESSONS
137. Translate, marking long vowels :
(a) 1. You will be wounded. 2. They had been con-
cealed. 3. I shall be praised. 4. It will be announced.
5. They (neut.) have been seized.
(b) 1. It had been carried. 2. They were conquered.
3. They have passed the winter. 4. We have been called
together. 5. It was saved.
138. VOCABULARY
centu'rio, -ó'nis, m., centurion. vir/'tüs, -ü'tis, f., virtue, valor,
Iü'lia, -ae, f., Julia. courage.
proe'lium, proe'li, n., battle. défes'sus, -a, -um, tired, weary.
stel/la, -ae, f., star. cul/po, -à'/re, -a/vi, -aà'tus, blame,
v1'cus, -1, m., village. censure.
sem/per, adv., always, ever. na'vigo, -a're, -a/vi, -à'tus, sail.
(a) Compare vicus, oppidum, urbs ; saepe and semper; bellum
and proelium.
139. What Latin words do the followin$ sw&gest ?
virtue culpable navigate constellation
RULE
140. Ablative of Agent. — The personal agent with a
passive verb is expressed by the ablative with a or ab.
The good boy is praised by his father. Puer bonus à patre laudatur.
The book was carried by the teacher. Liber à magistro portàbàtur.
EXERCISES
141. Translate, and give the rule for each noun in
the ablative case: |
(a) 1. Puer bonus à matre nón saepe culpabitur. 2. Do-
minus in mari nàvigàvit. 3. Liberi à Iülià amantur.
4. Agri à militibus vastabuntur. 5. Vici parvi hostium à
cópiis Caesaris occupati sunt,
PASSIVE VOICE 58
(b) 1. In Gallia proelia à fido centurione semper nüntiàta
erant. 2. Milites à portis tuba à defesso legato vocabuntur.
3. Corpus equi multis lapidibus vulnerabatur. 4. Agri Gal-
liae igni et gladio vastati erunt.
5. Centuriones urbes magnas cum vir-
tite oppugnaverant.
MN |
142. Translate: ’ i A
(a) 1. The number of stars is great. A oY Y
2. The teacher has been blamed by : » dad
the boy's friend. 3. The centurions 4 dA i
sailed with the soldiers. 4. Julia ; cn MA
MN
Y
L
and (her) companion will have been
loved by many friends. 5. The sig-
nals had always been given by the
leader with a trumpet.
(b) 1. The valor of the faithful *
soldiers will always be praised by the
leaders. 2. The sons and daughters Roman Centurion.
of the king are in the city with (their)
dearfriends. 3. Theleader breaks camp and the tired soldiers
are ealled into the village. 4. We see a part of the battle
from the bank of the river. 5. The soldiers attacked the
city with great valor.
ORAL EXERCISES
143. Answer these questions tn Latin:
1. Puerne à matre eulpábátur? 2. Quis fido militi telum
dedit? 3. Légatusne milites vocabit? 4. Frümentumne
in oppidum portatum est? 5. Quis amicus puerorum erit ?
LESSON XVI
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES
Jacta alea est. — The die is cast.*
144. Adjectives having the same endings as nouns of
the third declension are called adjectives of the third de-
clension. Almost all adjectives of the third declension,
except comparatives, follow the inflection of i-stems ; that
is, they have -1 in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive
plural, -is or -és in the accusative plural, masculine and
feminine, and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural
neuter.
(a) Adjectives of the third declension ending in -er have a different
form for each gender in the nominative singular and are called adjectives
of three endings: acer, Acris, Acre. Learn the declension of acer, § 570.
145. VOCABULARY
ae/stas, -ta’tis, f., summer. nau'ta, -ae, m., sailor.
an/nus, -I, m., year. na/vis, nà'vis, (-ium), f., ship.
celerlitas, -ta’tis, f., swiftness. a'cer, à'cris, à'cre, sharp, keen,
cl'vis, cl'vis, (-ium), m. and f., active.
citizen. celer, ce'leris, ce/lere, quick,
hó'ra, -ae, f., hour. swift.
mén'sa, -ae, f., table. ter'tius, -a, -um, third.
146. What Latin words do the followin$ suggest?
Civic nautical navy accelerate
* Said by Caesar when he crossed the Rubicon. Quoted by Suetonius.
54
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES a9
RULE
147. Ablative of Time. — Time when, or within which,
is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
They were fighting at the tenth hour. Decimà héra pugnabant.
Many towns were stormed in one year. Multa oppida ünó anno
oppugnata sunt.
! EXERCISES
148. Translate, and give the construction of each
noun :
(a) 1. Aestate milites Caesaris saepe pugnabant. 2. Dux
defessus nocte castra movet. 3. Tertia hora frümentum ex
A
A Roman Ship.
nàvibus in oppidum ab nautis portátum erat. 4. Centurio
cum decima legione anno tertio oppidum magna cum virtüte
occupavit. 5. Virtüs civium magna erat.
(6) 1. Nautae navibus navigant. 2. Hominés magna cum
celeritàte in vicum portati sunt. 3. Navés celeres ad Itliam
56 LATIN LESSONS
litteras portaverant. 4. Libri in méns& magna sunt.
5. Gladii à filiis 1üdieis portati erunt.
149. Translate:
(a) 1. The good king was loved by the faithful citizens.
2. In the third year of the war Caesar built many ships and
he was not blamed by the citizens. 3. Good sailors see the
stars, the sea, and ships. 4. The man’s companion was a
swift messenger. 5. At nine o'clock! the tired soldiers had
been overcome by the swiftness of the enemy.
(b) 1. A high wall has been built around the village.
2. (There) are always many battles in along war. 3. Weap-
ons will be shown to the active soldier by the good leader.
4. The consul’s native land had broad fields. 5. Many vil-
lages had been laid waste with fire and sword.
150. Composition. — State in Latin three facts about
the table or the things upon it. When one pupil has
stated a fact, another should translate it.
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
151. Commit to memory with the translation:
1. Aestate. 2. Tertià horà. 3. Magna cum celeritate.
4. Cum decimà legione. 5. Memoria tenere.
1 The third hour.
LESSON XVII
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES
Fortes fortuna juvat.— Fortune favors the brave.*
152. Adjectives of the third declension which end in
-is have the masculine and feminine alike in the nominative
singular and are called adjectives of two endings : fortis,
forte. Learn the declension of fortis, S 571.
153. VOCABULARY
peri'culum, -i, n., danger. le'vis, -e, light (in weight).
tem'pus, tem/poris, n., time. omnis, -e, all, every.
vigi'lia, -ae, f., watch (part of the — liben'ter, adv., gladly.
night). labO'/ro, -a're, -à'vi, -a'tus, labor,
bre'vis, -e, short. work.
for'tis, -e, brave. pro'pero, -a/re, à'vi, -à'tus,
gra'vis, -e, heavy, severe. hurry, hasten.
154. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
temporary ' brevity grave fortitude
levity omnibus peril vigil
EXERCISES
155. Translate:
(a) 1. Brevi tempore servi régis liberábuntur. 2. Pars
civium à forti nautà laudabatur. 3. Cives gravibus lapidibus
vulnerati erant. 4. Omnés nautae ex urbe in návés propera-
verunt et in mari nàvigábant. 5. Centurio levi gladio pug-
naverit.
* From the Roman dramatic poet, Terence.
57
58 LATIN LESSONS
(b) 1. Tertia vigilià noctis milités in magno periculo erant.
2. Viri in agris libenter laboràverant. 3. Milites fortes in
castris saepe hiemavérunt. 4. Decima legio à Gallis non
Saepe superàta erat.
5. Pietüràs multàs et
magnas in ménsa vi-
débamus.
156. Translate:
(a) 1. The nights
in the summer were
short. 2. The book
will be light, but the
stone will be heavy.
3. The good citizens
always love a good
king and do not fear
(him). 4. The brave
citizen had always
been praised by the
consul. 53. In the
third wateh of the
night part of the sol-
diers were in camp.
(b) 1. Good children are often glad to work (gladly work).
2. The tired citizens had often been censured by the brave
leader. 3. In the summer all the sailors hastened to the ships
with great swiftness. 4. A watch is a part of the night.
5. The boy had a heavy stone and wounded a large animal in
(his) father's field.
A Roman Altar.
Showing the sacrifice of a bull.
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
157. Commit to memory with the translations :
1. Brevi tempore. 2. Tertia vigilia. 9. Cum militibus
decimae legionis.
LESSON XVIII
SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE
Fas est et ab hoste doceri.—It is right to learn even from a foe.*
158. Adjectives of the third declension not ending in
-er or -is and not of the comparative degree have one
ending. Learn the declension of poténs, § 572.
159. The passive of the second conjugation is formed
according to the same rules as that of the first conjugation.
See Lesson XV.
(a) Conjugate moneé according to the rules before con-
sulting the book. Compare with § 587.
160. VOCABULARY
Ró'ma, -ae, f., Rome. prómo'veo, -é/re, -m6/vi, -mo'-
de'cem, adj., ten. tus, move forward.
po'téns, poten'tis, adj., powerful, reti'neo, -e're, -ui, reten'/tus,
mighty. restrain, detain, retain.
vé'lox, vélo'cis, adj., swift. dé'/le6, -e're, -é' vi, -e'tus, destroy.
161. What Latin words do the followinó suggest?
velocity potential promote retain
EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS
162. Translate and analyze each form:
(a) 1. Laborat, monémur, datur. 2. Visae sunt, vidérunt,
videntur. 3. Tenétur, tenébàtur, tenuerant. 4. Movi,
motus est, movébitur. 5. Habébit, vidébaris, culpaberis.
*Literally: To be taught even by a foe.
59
60 LATIN LESSONS
(b) 1. Délévit, properavit, dedit. | 2. Monueràmus, visi
eramus, tenuerint. 3. Délébantur, datum est, moniti sumus.
4. Vulnerati eratis, célabitur, vocáta eris. 5. Fuerant,
erátis, fuimus.
168. Translate, marking long vowels:
(a) 1. We had, you were seen, they have been restrained.
2. He had been, he had been wounded, I am seen. 3. They
will have been warned, it was given, we are. 4. They (neut.)
had been destroyed, we have destroyed, it is destroyed. 5. It
has been moved, they will be seen, I have seen.
(b) 1. He had held, he had been seen, he will be held.
2. You (sing.) will be warned, you will warn, he had been
warned. 3. You (plur.) hasten, you ( plur.) are seen, they
had given. 4. We shall have been blamed, you had moved,
they will be seen, it had been given. 5. We shall be de-
stroyed, they have been destroyed, you (sing.) will be destroyed.
EXERCISES
164. Translate, and conjugate each passive verb
through the tense in which it is used:
(a) 1. Cives mali ab imperátore bono culpati sunt. 2. De-
cem celerés nüntii ab hostibus videbantur. 3. Urbs magna
à duce forti deleta erat. 4. Roma erat urbs potens et viri
Romae Gallos multos superàverunt. 5. Légatus magnum
numerum návium velocium habuit.
(b) 1. Tertia horà noctis milites ex castris magnis cum
celeritate properabunt. 2. Decimà horà ab exploratore celeri
monéberis. 3. Defessae legiones in castris retinébantur.
4. Signa brevi tempore promota erunt. 5. Filii agrieolàrum
cum patribus in agris saepe libenter labéraverant.
165. Translate:
(a) 1. Many are wounded in a short time. 2. The brave
lieutenants have not been detained in camp. 3. Many large
SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE 61
-cities had been destroyed by the powerful general. 4. The
tenth legion had been moved forward with great swiftness.
5. Ten swift ships were destroyed by the enemy.
(b) 1. The signals were seen by the Gauls at the third
watch. 2. The lieutenant had been warned by all the scouts.
The Porta San Paolo.
One of the gates of modern Rome.
3. The mountains are high and the rivers are deep. 4. The
fires of the enemy’s camp were seen at night by the tired
soldiers. 5. (There) had been a great slaughter of the
enemy. |
ORAL EXERCISE
166. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Ubi castra Caesaris erant? 2. Pugnabisne libenter?
3. Nonne civés erunt potentés? 4. Num noctés brevés
sunt? 5. Quid in mensà est ?
LESSON XIX
REVIEW
Esse quam vidert. — To be rather than to seem to be.*
167. Derivatives. Write all the English words you
can that seem to be derived from the following:
culpo velox annus civis
hora nauta celer tempus
brevis fortis gravis omnis
168. Form Drill. — 1. Name the passive personal end-
ings. 2. Give the formula for making each tense in the
indicative mood, passive voice. 3. Conjugate do and
déleoó through the indicative mood, active and passive
voices. 4. Decline celer, brevis, v&lox.
169. Syntax Drill. — 1. Name three uses for the abla-
tive without a preposition. 2. Name two uses for the
ablative with a or ab. |. 9. How is an ablative of means
distinguished from an ablative of agent? 4. Into what
three classes are adjectives of the third declension divided?
5. How do we determine to which one of these classes an
adjective belongs ?
170. Composition. — Write in Latin five or more con-
nected sentences, telling something about the general and
his soldiers. (The best papers may be written on the
board and read at sight by the class.) ——
LI EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING
1. Erat magna caedés hostium. 2. Télum fido militi à
duce dabatur. 3. Aqua ad equos albos à servis portàta est.
* The motto of North Carolina.
62
REVIEW 63
4. Homines sunt miseri, sed non mali. 5. Multiet bonicivés
à Caesare amati erant. 6. Légati magna virtüte pugnabunt.
7. Pulchri libri liberis à matribus dati sunt. 8. Periculum
semper timuimus. 9. Imperator bonus cives malos culpavit.
10. Tertià vigilia dux oppidum hostium delevit.
A Street in Pompeii.
Showing ruts worn in the stone pavement by wagon wheels, and the stepping stones
by which pedestrians crossed the street.
CINCINNATUS
172. Cincinnatus agricola Rómànus erat et in agro laborabat.
Miles nón erat sed patriam amabat. Roma in magno periculo
erat et nüntii ad Cincinnàtum mittebantur. Nüntii bonum
virum in agró arantem (plowing) videbant. Cincinnato peri-
culum patriae nàrráverunt et eum (him) ad bellum vocavérunt.
Tum Cincinnatus erat dictator. Poténs imperator erat et brevi
tempore hostes superávit et victor ad agros properavit. Agri-
cola fortis ab omnibus amatus et laudatus est.
LESSON XX
POSSUM. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE
Possunt quia posse videntur.— They can because they think they
can.*
173. Conjugation of possum, / am able or [can (= potis,
able + sum, Zam). Principal parts: possum, posse, potur.
It has no passive voice.
(a) Possum — pot sum ; the t becomes s before those forms of the
verb sum which begin with s. The perfect stem tenses are formed
according to the formula given for those tenses. See § 72.
Conjugate the indicative mood of possum, according to the above.
Compare with § 591.
174. VOCABULARY
moe'/nia, -ium, n., fortifications ought, must (followed by infini-
(walls of a city). tive).
pa'lüs, -ü'dis, f., swamp, marsh. pos’sum, pos'se, po'tui, can, be
po'pulus, -i, m., people, nation. able (followed by infinitive).
cotidià'nus,! -a, -um, daily. com’pleG, -é're, -e'vi, -é’tus, fil,
Romaà'nus, -1, m., a Roman. cover.
Roómà'nus, -a, -um, Roman. fe're, adv., almost.
dé'beO, -é/re, -ui, -itus, owe; coti’dié,! adv., daily, every day.
175. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
possible complementary debit population
* Virgil. Literally: Because they seem to be able.
1 Spelled also with two t’s.
64
COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE 65
RULE
176. Complementary Infinitive. — Possum and some other
verbs require an infinitive to complete their meaning ; this
is called a complementary infinitive.
Caesar could fight. Caesar pugnare potuit.
We ought to love our country. Patriam amare débémus.
EXERCISES
177. Translate:
(a) 1. Urbés delere potuerant. 2. Potuistine monére libe-
ros? | 83. Omnés hostes superàáre potuimus. 4. Tempore
proeli perieulum timére nón débémus. 5. A palüde ad ripam
flüminis castra movére possumus.
(6) 1. Cum populo Romano laborare nón potuérunt.
2. Omnia moenia ab hostibus cotidie videbantur. 3. Mons
copiis hostium completus erat. 4. Tertià vigilià noctis
imperator magno eum clàmóre militibus signum dedit. 5. Ro-
màni eum hostibus feré cotidianis proeliis pugnavérunt.
178. Translate:
(a) 1. Caesar ought not to fear danger. 2. The Romans
cannot defeat all (their) enemies in the swamp. 3. We could
not overcome the Roman forces with swords and javelins.
4. The good soldiers were able to fight daily with great cour-
age. 5. The Roman people could not love the enemies of
(their) native land.
(b) 1. The banks of the broad river were high. 2. The
swords had been retained with care. 3. Ten powerful cities
have been seized by the enemy and filed with soldiers.
4. The boy's books are heavy, (his) sister's light. 5. Almost
all the fortifications of the enemy were attacked in the third
year of the war.
179. Composition. — Make five statements in Latin
' about things that are or have been possible.
LESSON XXI
THIRD CONJUGATION. APPOSITION
Montani semper liberi.— Mountaineers are always free.*
180. Verbs of the third conjugation end in -ere in the
present infinitive. Principal parts of düco, / lead: dü'co,
dü'cere, dü'xi, duc/tus. Present stem, düce-; perfect stem,
düx-; participial stem, duct-.
181. Present tense — present stem (with e changed to i)
+ personal endings. ‘The vowel of the ending in the first
person singular is simply o, in the third person plural u.
Imperfect tense = present stem (with e lengthened) +
tense sign ba + personal endings.
Future tense = present stem+ personal endings. The
vowel of the ending in the first person singular is a instead
of e, in the second person singular and the first and
second persons plural long &.
182. Present Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
I lead.
du’cd dü'cimus
du'cis dü'citis
du'cit du'cunt
Imperfect Indicative
I was leading.
duce'bam ducéba’mus
duce’ bas duüucebà'tis
ducebat diucé’bant
Future Indicative
I shall lead.
dü'/cam düce'mus
: du/cés duce'/tis
dü'cet du'cent
* The motto of West Virginia.
66
THIRD CONJUGATION 67
183. VOCABULARY
dii/co, -ere, dü'xi, duc’tus, /eud. Amit’td, -ere, àmi'si, Amis/sus,
6dü'co, -ere, édü'xi, éduc'tus, send away, lose.
lead out. remit/to, -ere, remi’si, remis'-
redüc/o, -ere, redü'xi, reduc'- sus, send back.
tus, lead back, withdraw. pó'n6, -ere, po'sui, po/situs, put,
mit'to, -ere, m1'si, mis'sus, send. place, (with castra) pitch.
184. What Latin words do the following suggest?
position mission reduce remit
EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS
185. Analyze each Latin form:
(a) 1. Edücent, edücébat, redicimus. 2. Mittés, mittétis,
mittunt. , 3. Ponéhant, ponimus, castra ponent. 4. Amittis,
amittitis, àmitto. 5. Amat, timet, dücam.
(b) 1. Mittébàs, ponebàmus, remitto. 2. Redücam, mittit,
amittent. 3. Dücet, dücit, dücés. 4. Prdmovet, édicéba-
tis, ponémus. 5. Redüces, redücimus, redücunt. \
186. Translate:
(a) 1. They were losing, you lose, you will lose. 2. You
will send back, you are sending back, you send back. 3. I
shall lead out, they will lead out, you will lead out. 4. We
shall fight, we shall move, we shallsend. 5. We are leading,
they were pitching camp.
(b) 1. He will lead out, we were placing, you are sending.
2. I lose, we shall place, we were leading. 3. They will
lead, we shall lose, I am sending. 4. He is sending away,
we place, they lead. 5. We were sending, I shall send, you
were leading.
RULES
187. Apposition. — A noun or pronoun in apposition
with another noun or pronoun agrees with it in case.
We saw the city of Rome. Vidimus urbem Rómam.
The boy loves his sister Julia. Puer sororem Iüliam amat.
68 LATIN LESSONS
188. Parsing. — To parse a verb, give:
(1) Conjugation, (2) principal parts, (8) voice, (4)
mood, (5) tense, (6) person, (7) number, (8) rule.
In § 189, a, 1, remittit would be parsed as follows: remittit: third
conjugation ; principal parts, remitto, remittere, remisi, remissus; active
voice; indicative mood ; present tense; third person; singular number ;
agreeing with the subject nauta. Rule: A verb agrees with its subject
in person and number.
EXERCISES
189. Translate, and parse each indicative verb form:
(a) 1. Nauta, potens vir, nàvés remittit. 2. Caesar, bonus
dux, eastra ponet. 3, Pater bonus ad filiam Iüliam multa
dona mittit. 4. Viri omnia tela amittent. 5. Caesar, im-
perator magnus, ad proelium milites Romanos saepe édicit.
Roman Bow, Arrow, and Javelin.
(b) 1. Animàlia in vieum redücere nón potuérunt. 2. Viri
frümento decem véloces navés compléverant. 3. Tertia
vigilia fidus civis ad oppidum nüntium mittet. 4. Dux cir-
cum mürum virós feré cotidie dücet et portas urbis vidébit.
5. Virl semper fortes fuerunt et patriam amáàvérunt. :
190. Translate:
(a) 1. Boys often lose (their) books. 2. The citizens will
place heavy stones on the wall. 3. The children are leading
the horses to the river and will give the animals water.
4. We had not been able to destroy the cities of the enemy.
5. In the summer of the third year of the war Caesar will
1 Pronounce the Latin words in groups and translate in groups.
THIRD CONJUGATION. APPOSITION 69
break camp and will send the soldiers back into the city of
Rome.
(b) 1. Many (persons) have been wounded with swords by
(their) companions. 2. We could not'piteh the camp in a
swamp. 3. We were glad to send (gladly sent) the women
and children back to the fortifications. 4. The Gauls ought
to send (their) weapons with great care. 5. The large ships
will have been seized by Caesar.
ORAL EXERCISE
191. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Quid nauta videt? 2. Estne nauta in mari? | 3. Ubi
Cesar eastra ponet? 4. Duxne viros édücit? -5. Laboràsne
cum diligentià cotidie?
Roman Boxers.
This is commonly called Dares and Entellus, from a famous encounter described
in Virgil's Aeneid, Book V, lines 362-484.
LESSON XXII
THIRD CONJUGATION. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE
Lux et veritas. — Light and truth-*
192. Following the rules in § 72 conjugate düco through
the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active. Compare
with § 588.
193. VOCABULARY:
auxi/lium, auxi/li, n., aid, help; | scri bo, scri'bere, scrip’si,
pl., auxiliary forces, troops. scrip'/tus, write.
finis, -is, (ium), m., end; pl, conscri'bo, -ere, -p'si, -p/tus,
territory. enroll, enlist, levy.
i'ter, iti'neris, n., journey, road, | cur'ro, cur/rere, cucur’ri,
march. cur/sus, run.
lux, lü'cis, f., light. relin'quo, relin'quere, reli/qui,
prin'ceps, -cipis, m., chief. relic/tus, leave.
primus, -a, -um, frst; prima _ trans, prep. with acc., across.
lüce, at daybreak. cür, interrog. adv., why ?
194. What Latin words do the following’ suggest?
scripture current primary relinquish
RULE
195. Ablative of Cause. — Cause may be expressed by
the ablative usually without a preposition.
The man ran from fear. Vir timore cucurrit.
Caesar praised the soldiers on account of their victories. Caesar
victoriis milites laudavit.
* The motto of Yale University.
70
THIRD CONJUGATION T1
EXERCISES
196. Translate, and explain the use of each ablative
and accusative :
(a) 1. Dux diligentià fidum militem laudàvit. 2. Liberi
perieulo cucurrérunt. 3. Princeps vietorià magna viros lau-
dabit. 4. Caesar auxilia trans flümen düxerit. 5. Réx
multàs et longas litterás ad centurionem scripsit.
(b) 1. Iter non longum erat. 2. Ad castra auxilia remittere
debemus. 3. In finibus Gallorum multos milites conscripserit.
4. Ex finibus hostium in urbem régis cucurristi. 5. Prima
lüce princeps in eastris auxilia reliquit.
197. Translate:
(a) 1. The end of the journey willbeinaswamp. 2. The
«Soldiers ran because of (their) great fear. 3. The Romans
cannot send back aid to the town on account of the great
danger. 4. The journey into the territory of thé enemy was
short. 5. The mothers will praise the children for (their)
diligence.
(b) 1. I shall write letters and send (them) to (my) friends.
2. In time of war the men leave the women and children in
the town. 3. The horse ran with great swiftness. 4. At
daybreak we had led the soldiers out of camp. 5. Ten
weary men left the battle and were blamed by the chief.
| ORAL EXERCISE
198. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Car dux laudabitur? 2. Ubi (place) prima legio fuerat ?
3. Cir potentes hostes superábantur? 4. Cur viri eurrunt ?
5. Quid rex seripsit ? ;
LESSON XXIII
THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE
Nec pluribus impar.—A match for many.*
199. Following the rules in Lesson XV, conjugate
dics through the indicative passive. Compare with § 588.
Note the only peculiarity in the passive.
200. VOCABULARY
cl'vitàs, -ta'tis, f., state. ob'ses, ob'sidis, m. and f., hos-
co'hors, cohor'tis, f., cohort (the tage, pledge, security.
tenth part of a legion). Orá'tio, -O'nis, f., speech, oration.
e'ques, e'quitis, m., horseman; pe’des, pe/ditis,.m., foot soldier,
pl., cavalry. pL, infantry.
léx, le'gis, f., law. vul'nus, vul'/neris, n., wound.
nó/men, -inis, n., name. par, (gen.) pa/ris, adj., equal.
201. What Latin words do the followinó suggest?
legal equestrian nominate pedestrian
EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS
202. Analyze each form:
1. Ductierant, misit, curram, conseripti sumus. 2. Videt,
dücet, visae erimus, edüxit. 9. Positum erat, relinquar,
scribétur, missa est. 4. Dtceris, düceris, àmittebantur, dabi-
tur. 5. Habébit, amaberis, remittentur, edücimini.
* The motto of Louis XIV. Literally: Not unequal to more.
12
THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE is
203. Transiate:
1. They have led out, we shall be sent. 2. The letter will
be written, had been written. 3. They had run, you (plur.)
will run, run. 4. We had been led back, it was placed, I
led. 5. It has been moved, we shall move, I was seeing.
RULE
204. Ablative of Specification.— The ablative of speci-
fication may be used with a verb, noun, or adjective to
define its application. It answers the question “In what
respect ?”
He was king in name. Réx nomine erat.
The boy was small in body. Puer corpore parvus erat.
He was not surpassed in courage. Virttite nOn superabatur.
EXERCISES
205. Translate, and parse all the nouns in the abla-
tive case:
(a) 1. Principés virtüte ab obsidibus superatisunt. 2. Equi
ducum celeritate pares erunt. 3. Leges civitatis bonae erant.
4. Equus eeleritáte superabatur. 5. Auxilia virtüte equites
superaverunt.
(b) 1. Oratid longa scribétur. 2. Centurio decimae
legidnis in castris relictus erat. 3. Nomina centuridnum
in libro seribuntur. 4. Par numerus peditum et auxiliorum
à Caesare conscribétur. 5. Dux fortis magna celeritate .
currit, et tertiam cohortem legionis reliquit.
!
206. Translate:
(a) 1. (There) was a city, Rome by name. 2. The cav-
alry and infantry will be equal in courage. 3. The state was
destroyed by bad citizens. 4. At daybreak the hostages
were sent into the city. 5. The chiefs friend has written
many orations.
T4 LATIN LESSONS
(b) 1. They blamed the king on account of the severe
laws. 2. Many cohorts had been enlisted aeross the river,
and Caesar pitched his camp in the territory of the enemy.
\\ n
Naty
NS
Me Fas |
j ea
y AM
Roman Cavalry.
3. The town has many gates, and in time of war many soldiers
are left on the wall. 4. They sent the horseman into camp
on account of his wounds. 5. In the first watch we can see
the camp of the Gauls.
ORAL EXERCISE
207. Answer these questions in Latin, using the passive
voice in 1,3,and 4:
1. Quis litteràs scribet ? 2. Ubi castra pdnébas ?
3. Ubi téla relinquébantur? 4. Quis orátiones scribit ?
5. Cür pedes cucurrit ?
LESSON XXIV
REVIEW
Justitia omnibus. — Justice for alt.*
208. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you
can, which seem to be derived from the following:
populus. debeo possum: compleo
düco mitto pono auxilium
finis iter lüx princeps
primus scribo curro relinquo
lex nomen orátio pedes
209. Form Drill. — 1. Name each of the three stes of
laudo, moveo, mittó. 2. In the third conjugation of what
tenses are the following the signs: e, i, ba, era, eri?
3. Conjugate possum through the indicative mood.
210. Syntax Drill. — 1. What is a complementary infint-
tive? 2. Give the rule for apposition, cause, specification,
and illustrate each with a Latin sentence. 3. Give
the principal parts and the stems of the following verbs:
dücó, pono, scribo, curro, relinquo.
211. EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING
1. Agricola bonus in agris equos multos et vélocés habébit.
2. Partem hostium superare potueramus. 3. Copiae Romanae
inripàflüminis castra ponebant. 4. Hostés ex oppido mittere
non possumus. 5. Equi tràns agrum in silvàs cucurrérunt.
6. Prima lice milites castra reliquerunt. 7. In Gallia im-
perator milites fortes conscripserat. 8. Victoria ducis civitati
nüntiábitur. 9. Obsidés in vicum parvum remittentur.
* The motto of the District of Columbia.
15
76 LATIN LESSONS
10. Litterae multae à rege scriptae sunt et trans flimen in
fines hostium missae sunt.
MAGNUS IMPERATOR
219. Caesar erat magnus imperator Romanus. Multos
milites habebat. Omnes milités fortes erant sed Caesar decimae
legionis milites laudabat. Erant multa et longa itinera et
milites defessi saepe erant. Tertia vigilia imperátor in ripà
flüminis hostes vidit et ex castris copiàs vocavit.
A Bridge near Rome.
Erat parva palüs inter copias Caesaris et Gallorum sed
virtüs legionum magna erat et milites pericula non timebant.
Brevi tempore Romani gladiis et pilis Gallos superavérunt.
Multos agros vastavérunt et multa et magna oppida hostium
délébantur. Signum tuba dabatur et milites ad imperatorem
vocabantur. Caesar militibus fortibus et-legatis dona magna
dabat.
LESSON XXV
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Magna est vis consuetudinis. — Great is the force of habit.
213. Adjectives expressing quality are compared,! in
Latin as in English, in three ways, regularly, irregularly,
and by the use of the Latin words for * more" and ** most."
214. Regular Comparisons. — ‘The comparative is formed
by adding -ior, neut., ius, and the superlative by adding
-issimus, -a, -um to the base of the positive.
Long, longus ; longer, longior; longest, longissimus.
Swift, velox; swifter, velocior; swiftest, velocissimus.
(a) The comparative may be translated swifter, more swift, too swift,
or rather swift ; the superlative, swiftest, most swift, or very swift.
215. Compare the following :
brevis fortis altus poténs
216. The comparative is declined like adjectives of the
third declension, two endings, the neuter ending in -ius.
They are not i-stems.
217. Longior, longer. Base, longior-
SINGULAR PLURAL
Mas. and Fem. NEUTER Mas. and FEM. NEUTER
Nom. lon'gior lon'gius longio'res longio/ra
Gen. longio'ris longio'ris longio'rum longio/'rum
Dat. longio/ri longio/ri longio'ribus longio'ribus
Acc. longio'rem lon'gius longio'res longio'ra
Abl. ]longio're longio're longio'ribus longio'ribus
1 Compare $$ 677 and 678.
£y
78 LATIN LESSONS
218. The superlative is declined like magnus, -a, -um.
219. VOCABULARY
altitü'do, altitü'dinis, f., height, pax, pà'cis, f., peace.
depth. pons, pon'tis, m., bridge.
Germà'nia, -ae, f., Germany. vis, —, —, vim, vi, f., force; pl.
Germà'nus, -1, m., a. German. vi/rés, vi/rium, etc., strength
Germà'nus, -a, -um, German. (usually bodily strength).
magnitü'do, magnitü'dinis, f, v6x, vO'cis, f. voice, word, ex-
greatness, size. pression.
multitü/do, multitü'dinis, f., quam, adv. than.
great number, multitude. aut, conj. or.
220. What Latin words do the following suggest?
multitude vim vocal magnitude
RULE
221. Ablative with the Comparative. — The comparative
is followed by the ablative! when quam (than) is omitted.
The boy is braver than his sister. Puer fortior est sorore.
The javelin is longer than the sword. Pilum longius gladio est.
EXERCISES
222. Translate, and decline each adjective:
(a) 1. Germàni fortiores fuerunt Gallis. 2. Iter brevius
erit. 3. Reges Germàni semper civibus potentióres erant.
4. Viriviribus feminàs superant. 5. Homines in pace saepe
fortiorés sunt quam in bello.
(b) 1. Multitüdo telorum gravissimorum in ponte relieta
est. 2. Cohors in finibus Germánorum cotidie cdnscripta
erat. 3. Imperator voce consulis vocabatur. .4. Altitüdo
müri est magna. 95. Patrés magnitüdine corporum filios
superabunt.
—
1 This ablative can be used only instead of the nominative or accusative.
i
a.
E
ES
E
E
d
E
o
[aA
«
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 19
223. Translate:
(a) 1. Seas are deeper and wider than rivers. 2. Nights
are very short in summer. 3. The infantry are often braver
than the cavalry. 4. The consul’s speeches are longer than
(those) of the citizens. 5. Caesar with his powerful cavalry
excelled the Germans in strength.
(6) 1. He was king of the Germans in name. 2. The
mountain surpassed the wall in height. 3. The bravest men
love peace. 4. The weary infantry could not pitch camp in
Germany. 5. The Roman cohorts surpassed the Gauls in
the great number of their men.
ORAL EXERCISE
224. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Eratne Caesar fortior Marco? 2. Ubi homines fortis-
simi sunt? 3. Estneiterbreve? 4. Ctr liberi laudàbantur ?
5. Nonne decem cohortes in legione sunt ?
Caesar's Famous Bridge across the Rhine.
LESSON XXVI
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN -E£R AND -L/S
Similia similibus curantur.— Like cures like.*
225. Adjectives ending in -er form their superlatives
by adding -rimus, -a, -um, to the nominative singular
masculine of the positive.
mi'ser mise'rior miser'rimus
a'cer a/crior ! acer/rimus
/
226. Five adjectives in -lis form their superlatives by
adding -limus, -a, -um to the base of the positive.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
fa'cilis, easy facilior facil/limus
diffi/cilis, difficult difficillior difficil'limus
si'milis, like simi'lior simil/limus
dissi'milis, unlike dissimi'lior dissimil/limus
hu/milis, low humi'lior humil/limus
227. Compare the following :
celer pulcher liber facilis
228. | VOCABULARY
disci'pulus, -i, m., pupil. si'milis, -e, like, similar.
mos, mO'ris, m., custom; pl., char- ^ dissi'milis, -e, unlike, dissimilar.
acter, manners. . mni'hil (or nil) n., indeclinable
difficilis, -e, difficult. noun, nothing.
fa/cilis, -e, easy. privàá'/tus, -a, -um, private.
* Literally: Like things are cared for by like.
1The comparative is formed regularly, i.e. by adding -ior to the base of
the positive.
80
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 81
229. What Latin words do the following suggest?
disciple similar morals facility
RULE
230. Dative with Adjectives. — The dative is used to
complete the meaning of adjectives meaning like,! unlike,
. equal, unequal, and near.
A sword is not like a javelin. Gladius piló nón similis est.
The boys are not equal to their fathers in courage. Pueri virtüte
patribus non pares sunt.
EXERCISES
231. Translate:
(a) 1. Iter facillimum erit. 2. Bellum pàci dissimillimum
semper fuit. 3. Discipulus moribus patris similis erat.
4. Nihil bonis amicis par esse potest. 5. Itinera difficiliora
fuerunt.
(b) 1. Privàtus civis par viribus equiti erat. 2. Oppidum
pulehrius urbe visum erat. 3. Dux multa tela ad milites
misit. 4. Multa et pulcherrima animàlia in mari visa sunt.
5. Caesar in flümine Galliae pontem aedificavit.
232. Translate:
(a) 1. Thesoldiers were very active. 2. The book is not dif-
ficult, but very easy. 3. Javelins are unlikeswords. 4. Noth-
ing had been more difficult than a journey on the sea. 5. The
character of the Romans was very unlike that of the Germans.
(b) 1. The soldiers had been led out of the camp at day-
break. 2. Mareus had been more active than his brother.
3. The ditch around the wall was very deep and wide.
4. The river is rather long and very deep. 5. Many bridges
have been built aeross? very wide rivers.
1 With similis, use the genitive when the reference is to a person.
2 Across (on, as in this sentence), in with the ablative; across (on the other
side of ), trans with the accusative.
82 LATIN LESSONS
ORAL EXERCISE
233. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Estne liber difficilior ? 2. Nonne puer discipulus bonus
est? 3. Erantne servi pares dominis? 4. Quid potest
pulehrius esse rosa? 5. Estne urbs similis oppido ?
The Arch of Titus at Rome.
Compare this with the picture on page 24.
LESSON XXVII
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Salus populi suprema lex esto. — Let the safety of the people be the
highest law.*
234. The following adjectives are irregularly compared:
POSITIVE : COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bo/nus, good me'lior, better op/timus, best
ma'lus, bad pelior, worse pes'simus, worst
mag/nus, great maior, greater max/imus, greatest
par/vus, small mi'nor (minus), mi'nimus, smallest
: smaller
mul'tus, much plü'/rimus, most
mul'tum (neut.) plüs, more plü'rimum, most
mul'ti, many pli’rés, more plü'rimi, most
se'nex, old se'nior (ma/ior max/imus nati, oldest,
na'/tü!), older, elder eldest
iu'venis, young iü'nior (mi'nor mi/nimus nà'tü, youngest
nàá/tü), younger
235. Four adjectives with regular comparatives have
two irregular superlatives :
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ex'terus, exte’rior, extré/mus or ex'timus,
outward outer outermost, last
in'ferus, infe’rior, in/fimus or imus,
low lower lowest
pos'terus, poste'rior, postré/mus or pos/tumus,
following later last, next |
su'perus, supe’rior, supré/mus or sum/mus,
above T higher highest, last
* The motto of Missouri.
1 Natt, in age, is ablative of specification and does not change its form as
do maior, maximus, minor, and minimus to agree with their nouns.
83
84 LATIN LESSONS
236. The following adjectives have no positive, but are
formed from prepositions :
PREP. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
(cis, citra) x cite/rior, hither ci'timus, hithermost
(in, intra) — inte'rior, inner in'timus, innermost
(prae, pro) ue pri'or, former pri/mus, first
(prope) -—- pro’pior, nearer prox'imus, nearest, next
(ultra) ee ulte/rior, farther ul'timus, last
237. Adjectives which have a vowel before the ending
-us usually form the comparative and superlative by the
use of the adverbs magis, more and maxime, most; idó'neus,
magis idó'neus, maximé idó'neus.
238. VOCABULARY
cite'rior, cite/rius, hither. pos'terus, -a, -um, following.
ex'terus, -a, -um, outward. pro'/pior, pro'pius, nearer, nezt.
In'ferus, -a, -um, low. se/nex, gen., se'nis, old.
iu/venis, -e, young. su/perus, -a, -um, above.
ido'neus, -a, -um, fil, suitable. — ulte'rior, -ius, farther.
pri'or, pri'us, former. Helve'tii, -o'rum, m., Helvetians.
239. What Latin words do the following suggest?
exterior priority juvenile senior
EXERCISES
240. Translate, and compare all the adjectives :
(a) 1. Virtüs Helvetiorum maxima erat. 2. Vidimus
minus oppidum. 3. Puer maior nàtü est sorore. 4. Sum-
mus! mons ab hostibus visus est. 5. Sumus? in inferiore
parte flüminis.
(b) 1. Nihil melius est quam boni mores. 2. Caesar in
citeriore Gallia obsides retinuit. 3. Propidrés Romae quam
1 Top of the mountain. 2 Compare summus and sumus.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 85
eastris fueramus. 4. Proxima nocte in ulteridrem Galliam
cóplàs misimus. 5. Prima pars
libri facilior extremà habita est.
241. Translate :
(a) 1. Small animals are often
rather beautiful. 2. The boy's
companion can be very good.
3. Very many wars were very
long. 4. The youngest soldiers
are often the most active. 5. The
citizens are very bad.
(b) 1. Hither Gaul is nearer to
Rome than farther Gaul. 2. The
centurion’s wounds had been very
severe. 93. (There) are forests on
the top of the mountain. 4. The
smaller ships were better than the
larger (ones). 5. We are hasten-
ing into the territory of the enemy
and shall destroy the smaller towns. Light-armed Roman Soldier.
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
242. Commit to memory with the translations :
1. Jh citeriore Gallia. 2. In ulteriore Gallia. 3. Prox-
imà nocte. 4. Castra movit. 5. Castra posuit.
LESSON XXVIII
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Cedant arma togae.— '' Peace hath her victories no less renowned
=>
than war.’’*
243. Adverbs! are derived from adjectives. They are
formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions
by adding -é to the base: wide, latus; widely, late. From
adjectives of the third declension they are formed by add-
ing -ter or -iter to the base:? sharp, acer; sharply, acriter.
244. The comparison of adverbs is like that of the ad-
jectives from which they are derived, except that the
comparative ends in -ius, and the superlative in -&.
Adj. latus, wide latior, wider latissimus, widest
Adv. làte, widely latius, more widely — latissime, most widely
Adj. acer, sharp acrior, sharper acerrimus, sharpest
Adv. acriter, sharply acrius, more sharply acerrime, most sharply
245. VOCABULARY
Ci'cero, -d/nis, m., Cicero. — diligen'ter, carefully, diligently.
collis, -is, m., hill. fa'cile, easily.
ge/r6, ge/rere, ges/si, ges/tus, for'titer, bravely.
carry on; with bellum, wage pa/rum, adv., little.
war. quam, followed by the superla-
a'criter, sharply, fiercely. _tive, as possible.
cele/riter, quickly. quómo'do, interrog. adv., how.
di'ü, diü'tius, diütis'sime, long, — at'que, conj., and also, and.
for a long time. sex, indeclinable adj., six.
* Cicero. The motto of Wyoming. Literally: Let arms give way to the
toga.
1 Compare $$ 703-706.
? Except facile, easily. When the base ends in -nt (potent-), it drops the
t before adding -ter.
86
ADVERBS 87
246. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
facile celerity sextette acrid
RULE
247. Ablative of Degree of Difference. — Degree of
difference is expressed by the ablative without a preposi-
tion. |
Six feet higher. Sex pedibus altior. |
The boy is a year older than his sister. Puer annó senior est quam
SOIOI..
(a) The ablative annó denotes the degree of difference in age.
EXERCISES
248. Translate; compare each adjective and adverb :
(a) 1. Dia atque àeriter pugnadvérunt. 2. Pater multis
annis senior quam filius est. 95. Légati quam diligentissime
laboráverant. 4. Mons plürimis pedibus altior colle erat.
5. Cicero sex annis maior nati quam Caesar fuit.
(b) 1. Bella in extremis finibus Helvetiorum gesta sunt.
2. Fémina minus facile atque minus celeriter cucurrit quam
filia. 3. Romani cum Germanis bellum saepissime gerébant.
4. Roma citeridri Galliae quam ulteriori propior est. 5. Mil-
tes fortes magna oppida hostium facillime delere possunt.
Note. — An adverb generally stands before the word which it modifies.
249. Translate:
(a) 1. Peace is better than war. 2. The trees were six
feet higher than the wall. 3. The tired men could not fight
longer. 4. The farmer labored more diligently than the
sailor. 5. The enemy led out their forces as quickly as
possible. |
(b) 1. They will hasten by forced (very great) marches into
the farthest territory of the Gauls. 2. The ships were very
88 LATIN LESSONS
small. 3. The commander-in-chief will wage war as fiercely
as possible. 4. On the following night we seized the top of
the mountain. 5. The old Roman fought more fiercely than
his son.
Cicero.
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
250. Commit to memory with the translations:
1. Minus facile. 2. Diü atque àeriter. 3. Quam fortis.
sime. 4, Primàlüce. 5. Prima aestate.
LESSON XXIX
REVIEW
Nil sine numine. — Nothing without divine $uidance-
251. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you
can, that seem to be derived from the following :
pàx vis vox facilis
similis humilis senex iuvenis
prior superus diligenter celeriter
252. Form and Word Drill. — 1. How are adjectives
regularly compared? 2. How are adjectives ending in
-er compared? 3. Give the list of five adjectives in -lis
having peculiar superlatives. +4. How are comparatives
declined? Decline melior. 5. How are superlatives
declined ? Decline optimus. 6. Compare prior, facilis,
propior, senex, citerior, nobilis, superus, idoneus, inferus.
7. Compare the Latin adjectives for the following, and
form and compare the adverbs made from these adjectives:
sharp short good ! quick dear
difficult faithful brave heavy wide
Sree bad beautiful small? swift
253. Syntax Drill. — Review all the rules learned thus
far.
* The motto of Colorado. Literally: Nothing without divinity.
1 Ady. bene. 2 Ady. parum,
89
90 LATIN LESSONS
EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING
254. 1. Légés civitatis à civibus bonis laudátae sunt.
2. Obsides multi ad Caesarem à Germanis missi sunt.
3. Filius magnitüdine corporis patrem superat. 4. Galli et
Germáni dissimillimi erant. 5. Prima lice discipuli trans
Cornelia and Her Jewels.
habébat Tiberium et Gaium Gracchum.
maximam urbem, incolébant.
agrum cucurrérunt.
6. Milites Germàni
brevissimo itinere et
magna cum celeritàte
ad urbem properdaver-
ant et müros delever-
ant. 7. Consules régi-
bus meliorés saepe
sunt. 8. Obsides
trans mare nàvibus
portàti erant. 9. Iülia
iünior est quam frater
Marcus. 10. Ger-
mani fortius pugnavé-
runt quam pugnabunt.
B
CoRNELIAE ORNA-
MENTA
255. Cornelia fém-
ina Romana erat et op-
tima mater. Filios
Mater et filii Romam,
Diligentia Corneliae matris Graechi Graecàs litteras atque
bonós morés docébantur.
Campana fémina Corneliae sua ornàmenta, quae (which)
pulcherrima erant, monstrábat et laudabat. Cornéliae dixit,
«* Habésne nülla órnàmenta ? ?
Cornélia respondit, * Mei pueri oórnàmenta sunt mea."
LESSON XXX
FOURTH DECLENSION. GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE
Quorum magna pars fui.— In which I was a chief actor.*
256. 'lhe fourth declension consists of those nouns whose
genitive singular ends in -üs. Those ending in -us in the
nominative singular are masculine, with a few exceptions.
Those whose nominative ends in ü are neuter. :
257. Exer'citus, m., army. Bask, exercit-
SINGULAR TERMINA- PLURAL TERMINA-
TIONS TIONS
Nom. exer'citus us exer'citüs üs
Gen. exer'citüs üs exerci'tuum uum
Dat. exerci'tui ul exerci'tibus ibus
Acc. exer'citum um exer'eitüs üs
Abl. exer'citü ü exerci'tibus ibus
Cornü, n., horn. BaAsE, corn-
Nom. cor'nü ü cor'nua ua
Gen. cor'nüs üs cor/nuum uum
Dat. cor'nü ü cor'nibus ibus
Acc. cor'nü ü cor/nua ua
Abl. cor'nü ü cor'nibus ibus
Domus, f., house, home, sometimes has the endings of the second de-
clension in the genitive, dative, and ablative singular, and in the genitive
and accusative plural. Learn the declension of domus, $ 568.
* Virgil. Literally: Of which I was a large part.
91
92 LATIN LESSONS
258. VOCABULARY
cor/nü, -üs, n., horn, wing (of an dex'ter, -tra, trum, right, right:
army). hand.
do/mus, -üs, f., house, home. sinis/ter, -tra, -trum, left-hand.
exer/citus, -üs, m., army. | susti/neO, -é/re, -ui, -ten'tus,
impetus, -üs, m., attack. check, withstand.’
ma/nus, -üs, f. hand, band (of bene, adv., well.
soldiers). vél6/citer, adv., swiftly.
occa’/sus, tis, m., setting. inter, prep. with acc., between,
801, s6/lis, m., sun. among.
259. What Latin words do the followings suggest:
cornucopia manual : solar domestic
RULES
260. Genitive of the Whole. — The genitive denoting the
whole of which a part is taken, is called the Genitive of
the Whole.! .
Part of the soldiers. Pars militum.
The bravest of the men were in the army. Fortissimi virorum in
exercitü erant.
Note. — Virorum denotes the whole of which fortissimi is a part.
The ablative with de or ex is sometimes used instead of the genitive
of the whole, especially after cardinal numbers. One of the boys.
Unus ex pueris. Ten of the horses were seen in the field. Decem ex
equis in agró videbantur. :
EXERCISES
261. Translate, and parse all the verbs :
(a) 1. Fortissimus omnium Rómànorum erat Caesar.
2. Decem ex militibus quam fortissimi fuerant. 3. Multi
Helvetiorum vulneráti erant. 4. Pars manüs à dextro.
cornü? videbatur. 5. Solis occásü Caesar summo in colle
castra posuit.
1 Sometimes called the Partitive Genitive. 2 On the right wing.
FOURTH DECLENSION 93
(b) 1. Domus Caesaris pulcherrima erat. 2.: Imperator
sinistro cornt exereitüs propior quam dextro erat. 3. Milites
velocissimé cucurrerunt et bellum bene gessérunt. 4. Im-
petüs dextri cornis facile sustinebimus. 5. Multae et max-
imae arbores inter domum et flümen videbantur.
262. Translate:
(a) 1. We saw the houses of the enemy on the top of the
hill. 2. Nothing could be equal to Caesar's armies. 3. Six
of the attacks have been withstood very bravely. 4. War
was waged long and fiercely in the territory of the Gauls.
5. Part of the bands of the enemy withstood the Roman army
as well as possible.
(b) 1. At sunset the soldiers fought less easily. 2. Very
many attacks of the enemy have been withstood by Caesar's
forces. 3. Good laws are praised by the best citizens, but
not by bad men. 4. The left wing of Caesar’s army was not
like the right (wing). 5. The soldiers on the left wing
fought six hours longer than (those) on the right (wing).
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
263. Commit to memory with the translations :
1. Solis occasi. 2. A dextro cornü. 29. A Sinistró
eornü. 4. Ab summo colle. 5. Ab superiore parte.
LESSON XXXI
FIFTH DECLENSION. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
Carpe diem, — Seize the opportunity.*
264. The fifth declension consists of nouns whose geni-
tive singular ends in -éi.1 They are feminine, with a few
exceptions.
265. di/és,m.,day. BaAsE,di- rés, f-, thing. Basn, r-
SINGULAR TERMINA-
TIONS
Nom. di'és rés és
Gen. dié'i re/i él
Dat. di& re'i éi
Acc. di'em rem em
Abl. die ré é
PLURAL
om. dilé rés és
N di/és
Gen. dié'rum ré/rum érum
Dat. dié'bus ré'bus ébus
PUR 3 -
Acc. dilés rés és
Abl. dié/bus ré/bus ébus
266. Rés püb'iica and iüs iüran'dum are compound nouns.
(a) Rés ptiblica = res + fem. adj. püblica, meaning the public affair ;
that is, the state. Both parts of the word are declined.
(b) Its iürandum = iis + neuter gerundive iürandum. Iüs is a
neuter noun of the third declension, and iürandum is declined like the
neuter of magnus. Both parts of the word are declined.
* Horace. Literally: Grasp the day.
1 Genitive and dative singular end in -61 when a vowel precedes, in -ei when
a consonant precedes.
94
FIFTH DECLENSION 95
267. VOCABULARY
a/ciés, acié’I, f., line of battle. ius, iü'ris, n., right, law.
ami’cus, -a -um, friendly. lo'cus, -1, m. (pl., loca, n.), place,
inimi'cus, -a, -um, unfriendly. location.
iniml'cus, 1, m., a personal enemy. — x8s, re^, f., thing, affair.
(Compare hostis, a public rés pü'blica, re'I pü'blicae, f.,
enemy.) state, republic.
di'es, dié/I, m., day. pau'ci, -ae, -a, fcw.
iüs iüran'dum,iü'risiüran'di,n., ü'tilis, -e, useful.
oath. inü'tilis, -e, useless.
268. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
location utility republic paucity
RULE
969. Dative with Adjectives. — Adjectives meaning dear,
faithful, friendly, suitable, useful, and their opposites take
the dative.
The place is suitable for a camp. Locus castris idoneus est.
The slaves are faithful to their masters. Servi dominis fidi sunt.
EXERCISES
270. Translate, and compare the adjectives and ad-
verbs :
(a) 1. Liberi matricarissimierant. 2. Boni civés rei püb-
lieae fidi semper fuérunt. 3. Romani locum idóneum castris
viderunt. 4. Téla militibus sunt ütilissima. 5. Its iüran-
dum duci 4 militibus datum est.
(b) 1. Aestate dies noctibus longidrés sunt. 2. Pauci ami-
corum militum ad collem missi erunt. 93. Hostés primam
aciem fortiter oppugnabant. 4. Iüre belli obsides victori
dabuntur. 5. Locus castris idoneus fuit, sed acier inütilis.
271. Translate:
(a) 1. Part of the army was unfriendly to the general.
2. A faithful son can be useful to his old father. 3. We are
96 LATIN LESSONS
friendly to our friends and faithful to our chief. 4. The
hostages will be held by an oath. 5. A few places suitable
for a line of battle have been seen.
The Central Court of a House in Pompeii.
(b) 1. The attack at sunset was useless. 2. At the lower
part of the river (there) had been a bridge, 3. The day was
a few hours longer than the night. 4. The house had been
on the right bank of the river. 5. The line of battle was
very long and had been seen on the top of the hill.
ORAL EXERCISES
272. Answer these questions tn Latin:
1, Quis rem püblieam amavit? 2. Quis eárus matri est?
3. Esne magistro amicus? 4. Ubiestparvapalis? 5. Quid
est in superiore parte müri?
LESSON XXXII
FOURTH CONJUGATION
Veni, vidi, vici. — I came, saw, conquered.*
273. Verbs of the fourth conjugation end in -ire in the
present infinitive: au'dio, audi're, audi'vi, audi'tus, hear.
The present stem is audi-, perfect stem audiv-, participial
stem audit-.
(a) Learn the indicative active of audio, § 589, noting the peculiarity
of the imperfect and the future.
274. VOCABULARY
au'dio, -ire, -I/vi, -l'tus, hear, oc’t6, eight.
hear of. mul'tó di'8, late in the day.
mü'nio, -i're, -1'vi, -i'tus, fortify. — pos'tero di’é, on the day follow-
ve'nio, -l're, vé'ni, ven'tus, come. ing.
incredi'bilis, -e, incredible. plüs pos'se, to be more powerful.
279. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
audience incredible convene octave
EXERCISES ON VERB FORMS
276. Analyze each form:
1. Audis, audivimus, audiverat, audiémus. 2. Veniébat,
venit, vénit, vénerimus, veniunt. 3. Müniébàmus, mür-
vérunt,münivi,müniam. 4. Mittet, müniet, dabit, laudaberis,
visa est. 5. Potuerat, fuerat, venerat, dederat, miserat.
* Caesar's famous message to the Roman Senate. Quoted by Suetonius.
97
98 LATIN LESSONS
277. Translate, marking long vowels:
1. We shall have heard, they will hear, we hear, I heard.
2. He comes, we shall come, they had come, you came.
3. They will fortify, he has fortified, I shall fortify. 4. We
shall seize, we shall destroy, we shall send, we shall come.
5. They saw, we lead, he can, it had been stormed.
RULE
278. Expressions of Place. Locative Case. —With names
of cities and towns, with domus, home, and with ris,
country, the preposition is not used in expressions of place.
These words express place at which by a case called the
Locative. Its form is like the genitive in the singular of
nouns of the first and second declensions, otherwise like
the ablative.
PLACE FROM WHICH
Jrom the city, ab urbe venit.
He comes 4 from Rome, Roma venit.
Jrom home, domo venit.
PLACE TO WHICH
to the city, ad urbem currit.
He runs {to Rome, Rómam currit.
home, domum currit.
PLACE AT WHICH
in the city, in urbe est.
He is {at Rome, Romae est.
at home, domi est.
S EXERCISES
279. Translate:
(a) 1. Féminae domi! erant. 2. Multo die légatus Romam
1 Locative.
FOURTH CONJUGATION 99
venit. 3. Reges plüs possunt quam civés. 4. Liberi domum
quam celerrimé venerant. 5. Postero die equites Roma in
castra quam velocissimée venient.
(b) 1. Bont civés reipüblieae inimici nón erunt. 2. Amicus
exploratoris multàs res audiet. 3. Octó ex oppidis à legioni-
bus fortibus oppugnáta erant. 4. Nautae ex nàvibus venerunt
sed in ripà tela reliquerunt. 5. Castra ex omnibus partibus!
latissima fossa et altissmó müró münivimus.
980. Translate:
(a) 1. On the next day we heard the signal at Rome.
2. The camp was fortified on all sides. 3. At sunset the
children eame home. 4. Cieero was very friendly to the
republic. 5. The infantry came to Rome with incredible
swiftness.
(b) 1. Courage is often more useful to a man than weapons.
2. The place was more suitable in all respects for a line of
battle than for a camp. 3. Eight of the legions could not
come to Rome in the early part of summer. 4. Late in the
day Caesar led his forces back into camp. 65. The soldiers
of the first legion carried on war less bravely than (those) of
the tenth.
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
281. Commit to memory with the translations:
1. Domi. 2. Magna cum celeritáte. 3. Multo die.
4. Postero die. 5. Omnibus rebus.
1 On all sides.
LESSON XXXIII
FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE
Dum spiro, spero.— While there is life there is hope.*
282. According to the rules in Lesson XV, conjugate
audio in the indicative passive. Compare S 589.
283. Mille, thousand, is an indeclinable adjective in the
singular. In the plural it is a substantive declined like
the plural of mare, and is followed by the genitive of the
objects enumerated. A thousand men, mille homines, but
eight thousand men, milia hominum octo.
(a) There is no single word in Latin for mile. A mile was one thou-
sand paces, mille passüs. Plural, milia passuum. A Roman pace was
the distance from where one foot touched the ground to where the same
foot touched again, that is, two of our paces or about five feet.
284. VOCABULARY
latitü'do, -inis, f., width. pa'teo, -é're, -ul, —, lie open,
longitü'do, -inis, f., length. extend.
mi'lia, milium, n., thousands. lon'ge, adv., far.
mil'le, adj., thousand. quam lon’gé, how far?
pas'sus, -üs, m., pace. quam di'ü, how long ?
ma'neO, -é're, màn'si, màn'sus, quin'que, num. adj., indeclinable,
remain. five.
285. What Latin words do the followin’ sw$$est?
latitude millennium remain quintette
* Part of the motto of South Carolina. Literally: While I breathe, I hope.
100 ,
oO
FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE 101
RULE
286. Duration of Time. Extent of Space. — Duration of
time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative.
They came six miles. Milia passuum sex vénérunt.
They fought five hours. Quinque h6ras pugnaverunt.
EXERCISES
287. Translate; parse all the nouns:
(a) 1. Quinque dies Romae mansit. 2. Octó horas quam
fortissime pugnáverant. 3. Flümen in làtitüdinem mille
passüs patuit. 4. Multos annos bellum gesserunt. 5. Equi
milia passuum quinque incredibili celeritate cucurrerunt.
(6) 1. Mürum decem pedes altum aedifieabit. 2. Multae
— res à principe et à paucis militum audiébantur. 3. Aestate ad
urbem Romam veniétis. 4. Agri Helvetiorum in longitüdi-
nem milia passuum multa patebant. 5. Multo die victoriam
Romanorum audivimus.
288. Translate:
(a) 1. We shall remain in the city eight days. 2. They
ran a few miles and came home late inthe day. 3. The bank
of the river was ten feet high. 4. The territory of the
Gauls extended many miles. 5. The attack was checked by
a thousand soldiers on the left wing.
(b) 1. The line of battle will be many feet long. 2. At
daybreak the general pitched camp at the top of the hill.
3. The tenth legion was faithful to Caesar in all respects.
4. The town had been fortified on all sides as carefully as
possible. 5. The chief was faithful to the army, and he was
loved by the brave soldiers.
ORAL EXERCISES
289. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Quam diü domi manébitis? 2. Quam longé oppidum
patébat? 3. Quam diü discipuli laborant? 4. Ubi domus
. Caesaris erat ? 5. Quis domi est?
LESSON XXXIV
ADJECTIVES OF PECULIAR DECLENSION
Audiatur et altera pars.— Let the other side be heard.:
290. The following adjectives of the first and second
declensions are regular in the plural, but have -tus! in the
genitive and -1 in the dative singular of all genders :
a/lius, other. u'ter, which (of two).
al’ter, the other (of two). neu'ter, neither (of two).
ül'lus, any. s6/lus, alone.
nül'lus, no, none. to/tus, whole.
ü'nus, one.
(a) Learn the declension of alius, ünus, § 574 ; of deus, § 568.
291. VOCABULARY
capti'vus, -i, m., captive. vi'ta, -ae, f., life.
de/a, -ae, f., goddess (-A4bus in vin'cO,-ere, vi'cI, vic/tus, con-
dat. and abl. pl.). quer.
de'us, -1, m., god. v1'vO, -ere, vi'xi, vic’tus,? live.
nül'lus, nülli'us, no, none. a/lius.. .a'lius, one... another.
Or'do, Gr/dinis, m., rank, order, a'lii... a/lii, some . . . others.
row. quot, iudecl. adj., how many.
292. What Latin words do the following suggest?
neuter invincible deity alternate
* Seneca. Literally: Also the other part.
1 Alter has Ius in the genitive.
2 Compare principal parts of video, vinco, vivo, venio.
102
ee
ADJECTIVES OF PECULIAR DECLENSION 108
EXERCISES
293. Translate :
(a) 1. Dei simillimi deàrum sunt. 2. Alia animalia in
mari, alia in silva vivunt. 3. Soror neutrius fratrum similis
fut. 4. Utra puellarum maior nati est? 5. Dei üni ex
hominibus longam vitam dederunt.
(b) 1. Alia puella alii fabulam narnabit. 2. Totum diem
The Goddess Juno.
captivi quam optime laborávérunt. 3. Nüllius Orátiones
quam Ciceronis meliores sunt. 4. Flümen milia passuum
quinque patebat. 5. Roómaànià nüllis hostibus victi sunt.
294. Translate:
(a) 1. One captive is a friend, another an enemy. 2. The
father of neither boy was at home. 36. We shall tell the
104 LATIN LESSONS
story to Marcus only. 4. The faithful Romans were loved
by the gods and goddesses. 5. The gods have given longer
life to some than to others.
(b) 1. One friend is better than none. 2. The whole army
had been conquered and the soldiers were living in fear every
The Way of the Tombs, in Pompeii.
day. 3. To which of the boys did the man give a beautiful
gift? 4. Thesoldiers liveincampinthesummer. 5. The
centurions of the first rank remained all day in line of battle.
ORAL EXERCISE
295. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Quot hóoràs hominés labérabunt? 2. Quam longe ve-
nisti? | 3. Quam diü vixit? 4. Laboràbàsne totum diem ?
5. Utra puella melior est ?
LESSON XXXV
REVIEW
Vox populi vox dei.— The voice of the people is the voice of God.
296. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you
can, that seem to be derived from the following:
cornü domus manus impetus
sol dexter bene deus
ütilis audio venió octo
mille alter solus captivus
ordo vita vincó vivo
297. Form Drill. — 1. Of what genders are the nouns
of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth declensions ?
Decline one noun of each declension. 2. In masculine
and feminine nouns what is always the last letter in
the accusative singular? the accusative plural? Give
the terminations of these cases for each declension.
3. What are always the last two letters of the genitive
plural? Give the terminations for each declension.
4. What cases are always alike in neuters? How do
these cases always end in the plural? 5. What is
peculiar about the declension of domus ? | :
298. Syntax Drill. — 1. Write one Latin sentence illus-
trating the genitive of the whole, degree of difference, and
ablative after a comparative. 2. What adjectives take
the dative? 3. Give the different ways of expressing
place in Latin. 4. How is duration of time expressed
; 105
106 LATIN LESSONS
in Latin? 5. What is a compound noun? Decline
one. 6. How do verbs of the fourth conjugation differ
from others in the imperfect indicative? 7. How does
the future indicative of the third and fourth conjugations
differ from that of the first and second? 8. Name the ,
nine adjectives of peculiar declension.
299. Phrase Drill — Give the following phrases in
Latin :
1. Howlong? 2. The first part of thesummer. 3. Long
and fiercely. 4. Less easily. 5. As bravely as possible.
6. How far? 7. On the top of the hill. 8. On the left
wing. 9. At home. 10. The next day. 11. At sunset.
12. Latein the day. 13. In all respects.
300. EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING
1. Omnis impetus hostium 4 militibus sustinébàtur.
2. Nihil exercitibus Caesaris par esse potuit. 3. Palüs erat
nón magna inter Caesaris atque hostium exereitüs. 4. Iter
ad flümen facilimum est. 5. Milites ad urbem incredibili
celeritate current. . 6. Oppidum altissimó müro müniemus.
7. Prima aestate principes Gallorum domi in Gallia fuerant. :
8. Solis occasü nüntius audiebátur. 9. Alia oppida münien-
tur, alia delebuntur. 10. Equi milia passuum quinque
cueurrerunt.
Forum ROMANUM
301. Forum Romanum erat inter Capitolium et Palatium.
Primo parvae tabernae utrimque erant. Post multos annos
consules et imperátores templa in Foro aedificaverunt.
In templum Concordiae senatorés conveniebant. In rostris
Cicer6 et alii orátores ad populum orationes habebant. Undique
altae columnae atque simulacra deorum et statuae virorum erant.
Togati Romani in Forum saepe conveniébant. Hine Via
The Forum in Ancient Rome.
REVIEW 107
Sacra legiones Romdanae ad bellum édücébantur. Via Sacra
legiones vietores magnis cum clàmoribus in Forum veniébant.
Nune in Foró ruinae undique videntur. Nihil manet nisi pauca
vestigia antiquae gloriae Rómànorum.
LESSON XXXVI
INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Vita sine litteris mors est. — Life without letters — books —is
death.
302. The table below shows the formation of infinitives
for all conjugations. . |
ACTIVE INFINITIVES
Present infinitive = Present stem +-re: portàre.
Perfect infinitive = Perfect stem + -isse: portàvisse.
Future infinitive = Participial stem + -ür + endings of
magnus + esse: portattrus esse.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES
Present infinitive = Present stem + -ri: portari (except
in the third conjugation, which makes its Present infini-
tive = Present stem with e changed to 1: düci).
Perfect infinitive = Participial stem + endings of magnus
+ esse: portatus esse.
Future infinitive = P articipial stem + -um + iri: portátum
iri. ;
(a) Following the above rules write all the infinitives of do, moneo,
dücoó, audio, sum, possum. Compare $8 586, 587, 588, 589, 591.
303. Indirect Quotation. — The words or thoughts of
a speaker may be stated directly or indirectly. *
- 4 nu
]
T - L
+ B b I
»t
" * . iJ S a L]
E &
s J )
ad +
Soe
i " i
R44 j "
* e» 4 y
D y i
" - "
vé “ - "
e LS 2 P :
No d à
" " -
k 2 a
A T2
* -
^;
ase
»
7
»
f
5
LESSON LII
FERO AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Qui transtulit sustinet.— He who has brought us across (the sea) sus-
tains us.*
423. Learn the conjugation of fero in the indicative, sub-
junctive, and infinitive, active and passive, § 593.
424. VOCABULARY
fe'ro, fer're, tu/li, 1a’/tus, bear, in'fero, infer're, in'tuli, illà'tus,
carry. bring in, upon, or against.
con/fero, confer're, cón'tuli, bellum infer'/re, to make war on.
colla’tus, bring together, col- — sig'na infer're, to advance.
lect, (with sé) betake one's expug'no, -à're, -a'vi, -à'tus,
self. take by storm.
dif'fero, differ/re, dis/'tuli, dilà' Rhé/nus, -i, m., Rhine.
tus, scatter, differ. que, conj., and (always appended
ef'fero, effer/re, ex'tuli, élà'tus, to another word which in con-
bring out, carry away. struction belongs after it).
425. What Latin words do the followin’ suggest ?
transfer conference infer differ
EXERCISES ON FORMS
426. Translate:
1. Fers, fertur, làtus erit, feram. 2. Distulit, differet,
differimus, distulero. 3. Intulisti, inferent, inferrent, intu-
lerat. 4. Collati erant, feruntur, fert, ferris. 5. Tulérunt,
Infert, tulisti, conferam.
* The motto of Connecticut.
1 Notice the way the accent of the principal parts of compounds of fero
swings back and forth like a pendulum.
153
154 LATIN LESSONS
427. Translate:
1. Let us differ, he will bring in. 2. They had carried
out, we collect, you (sing.) carry. 3. They will have col-
lected, he is carried. 4. They had differed, you ( plur.) have
earried. 5. We shall scatter, let them advance to the attack.
EXERCISES
428. Translate:
(a) 1. Seimus Caesarem Germànis bellum intulisse.
2. Inter sé lingua légibusque differunt. .3. Trans Rhenum
sé conferent ne à cOpiis Rómànis vinci possint. 4. Decima
legio signa infert et urbem expugnat. 5. Se suaque omnia
Caesari dediderunt.
(b) 1. Quis castris praeest? 2. Romani cum Germanis
bellum gesserunt. 3. Iniüriàs regis mali ferre non possumus.
4. Ne Galliae bellum inferàmus. 5. Nostri virtüte Gallis
praestiterunt et fortissimi visi sunt.
499. Translate:
(a) 1. They collected all their weapons into the towns.
2. Brutus made war on his enemies. 93. The infantry and
the cavalry differ from each other. 4. We marched many miles
that we might make war on the chiefs. 5. The leader ordered
the van to advance and kill the enemy or seatter (them).
(b) 1. The auxiliary troops were placed on the left wing.
2. The king had told that the hostage had been carried away.
3. We asked who he was and why he had come. 4. The
Gauls who dwelt across the Rhine surrendered themselves to
their conqueror. 95. They could not bring aid to their men.
ORAL EXERCISE
430. Answer these questions in Latin:
1. Habésne magnum timorem? 2. Nonne milites signa
inferent? 3. Centurione interfectus erat? | 4.. Cir animalia
omnes in.partes ferebantur? 5. Quibus Romáàni bellum
intulerunt ?
LESSON LIII
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Semper eadem.—Always the same.*
431. The demonstrative pronouns point out an object; .
they are used either substantively or adjectively. They
are:
hic, this (near the speaker). is, that (often used as the per-
iste, that (near you). sonal pronoun of the third
ille, that (remote from both person).
speaker and one addressed). Idem, (he same.
(a) The first three are often called demonstratives of the first, second,
and third persons.
432. ‘The intensive pronoun is ipse, se/f.
(a) Learn the declension of hic, iste, ille, is, idem, ipse, § 582.
433. VOCABULARY
hic, haec, hoc, this. tumul'tus, -üs, m., disturbance,
l'dem, eadem, idem, same. tumult.
il/le, illa, illud, that. sic, adv., so, in this way.
ip'se, ipsa, ipsum, se/f, himself. a’g6, a'gere, e'gi, ac/tus, do, act,
is, ea, id, that, he. drive.
is'te, ista, istud, that. iu/beo, iubé/re, ius'si, ius/sus,
Len'tulus, 3, m., Lentulus. order. It takes an infinitive
nà'tio, -d/nis, f., nation, tribe. with subject accusative.
434. What Latin words do the following suggest?
action identify jussive national
* The motto of Queen Elizabeth. Quoted also in the'maseuline and neuter
genders.
-
155
156 LATIN LESSONS
EXERCISES
435. Translate; tell which demonstrative pronouns
are wsed substantively and which adjectively :
| (a) 1. Huius viri hae feminae, huie centurioni, illorum
militum, illi puero, illis hominibus. 2. Hie est malus, ille
est peior. 3. Iste tuus amicus est sed eorum inimieus.
4. Ipsiin eorum finibus bellum gerunt. 5. Caesar amicum
suum vocavit et eius! virtütem laudavit. ;
(b) 1. Quis sim, scies ex eo amicó quem ad té misi. 2. Ille
dixit sé habere litteras à Lentulo. 3. Eaedem nàtiones
Romae? amieae non erant. 4. Haee omnia sie agentur ut
rés pübliea sine tumultü servétur. 5. Eodem tempore Caesar
suas legiones laudàári iussit.
436. Translate:
(a) 1. I myself came to your city. 2. These are our
friends; those are your enemies. 3. On the same day he
will set out with two legions. 4. Those men ordered? the
cavalry to drive the enemy from the city. 5. The nations of
the earth are often in a great tumult.
(6) 1. He will tell you that we have come. 2. We shall
order? auxiliary troops to attack the rear of the enemy.
3. Caesar very often made war upon his! enemies, and killed
their leaders. 4. These things will be done by Lentulus
himself as quickly as possible. 5. The brave troops bore
their standards to the bank of the Rhine and took the cities
of the enemy by storm.
lWhen his, her, their, etc., do not refer to the subject, use the genitive
of is.
Notice that suus refers to the subject of the sentence in which it stands.
When, however, it is used in a subordinate clause, it may refer to the subject
of the principal sentence.
2 $ 269.
3 Translate in two ways: (1) with iubeo and (2) with impero.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Loe
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
437. Commit to memory with the translations:
1. Patrum nostrorum memoria. 29.
-
"
-
-
^
~
re te "i
3 e 3 ‘
m DN e E
" " »^ : *
LESSON LX
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
5: monumentum. requiris, circumspice.—If you seek a monument;
look about you.*
478. A conditional sentence consists of two parts: (a)
the conditional clause and (4) the conclusion. For example,
in the sentence, /f you say this, you are wrong, the clause
introduced by if is the conditional clause, while you are
wrong is the conclusion.
In Latin the conditional clause is most frequently in-
troduced by si, 7f.
There are different kinds of conditional sentences.
479. Conditional Sentences of Fact.—— Sometimes the
eonditional clause assumes something to be true, and
the conclusion contains a statement of fact. In this
case the indicative is used both in the conditional clause
and in the conclusion.
If Caesar fights, he conquers. Si Caesar pugnat, vincit.
If the boy was good, he was praised. S1 puer bonus erat, laudà-
. batur.
480. Conditional Sentences of Doubt. — In this class the
conclusion states that something would take place if a
* Motto on the tomb of Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- *
don, of which Wren was the architeet. From this was adapted the motto of
Michigan: Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice. Jf you
seek a delightful peninsula, look about vou.
1 Notice how closely conditions in Latin resemble conditions in English.
175
176 LATIN LESSONS
certain condition should be fulfilled. This is the state-
ment not of a fact, as in the first class, but of an idea
depending upon something concerning which there is a
doubt. Both verbs are put in the subjunctive.
If Caesar should fight, he would conquer. Si Caesar pugnet, vincat.
If the boy should be good, he would be praised. S1 puer bonus
sit, laudetur.
481. TABLE OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
| =
CLASS | TIME | MOOD TENSE ILLUSTRATION
Pres- : 1. If Caesar fights, he conquers.
ent Present. Si Caesar pugnat, vin-
cit.
2. If Caesar was -fighting, he
| was conquering. : Si Cae-
raya Imperfect sar pugnabat, vincé-
Fact Past on or bat. If Caesar fought,
Perfect he conquered. Si Caesar
pugnavit, vicit.
: 3. If Caesar fights, he will
Fu- Future conquer. Si Caesar pug-
ture nabit, vincet.
7 If Caesar should fight, he would
Fu- |Sub- ; =
Doubt Seite ‘ Present conquer. Si Caesar pug-
ture | junctive oF net, vincat.
Pres: I eh l. If Caesar were fighting, he
ent| - hu would conquer. Si Cae-
. Contrary Sub- sar pugnaret, vinceret.
to Fact junetive 2. If Caesar had fought, he
Past Pluperfect would have ' conquered.
SI Caesar pugnavisset,
vicisset.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TT
482. Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact. — Both
conclusions and conditions that are contrary to fact are
expressed by the subjunctive. The use of the tenses
should be carefully noted. If the thing is contrary to
fact at the present time, the imperfect is used; if it is con
trary to fact in the past, the pluperfect is used.
If Caesar were fighting, he would conquer. (‘This implies that Caesar
is not fighting and so does not conquey. It is a condition in present
time contrary to fact.) Si Caesar pugnaret, vinceret.
If Caesar had fought, he would have conquered. (This implies the
same as the last sentence except that the time is past instead of
present.) Si Caesar pugnavisset, vicisset.
483. VOCABULARY
Ae'duus, -1, m., an Aeduan. defen'do, -ere, -fen'dI, -fen'sus,
Catili'na, -ae, m., Catiline. defend, guard.
défén/sor, -o/ris, m., defender. nü'do, -à/re, -à'vi, -a’tus, strip,
ho'nor, -6’ris, m., honor, esteem. leave unprotected.
tur’ris, -is (-ium), f., tower. — Si, conj. if.
ver/bum, -i, n. word; plural, ni'si, conj., if not, unless.
speech. e/tiam, adv., also, even.
484. What Latin words do the following swóóest?
honor defend nude turret
EXERCISES
485. Translate, first Giving the mood, tense, and conse-
quent time and class of each conditional sentence:
(a) 1. Si boni essémus, laudérémur. 2. Si periculum
célés, non timeamus. 3. Si réx bene réxisset, nón inter-
fectus esset. 4. Si pater tuus Romanus est, ti Romanus es.
5. Si perieulum cognéscas, nobis narrés.
— (b) 1. Si urbés bene défenderentur, capi nón possent.
2. Si urbs nüdàtur, defendi non potest. 3. Sir telis ati
178 LATIN LESSONS
potuissent, nón vieti essent. 4. SI pueri bonds comites
haberent, non pugnarent. 5. Si oppidum müniàátur, id eapere
nón possimus.
486. Translate, first noticing what time and thought
are expressed and what mood and tense are accordingly
required: |
(a) 1. If I were you, I would be better. 2. If you can
run, I ean follow you. $. If you had delayed longer, you
would have been blamed. 4. If we should make an end of
the battle, many would survive. 5. If the attack had been
made as quickly as possible, the forces would have fled.
(b) 1. If the king should return home, his friends would
receive him gladly. 2. If the Aeduans were brave, the town
would be taken by storm. 3. If Catiline had brought war
on us, we should have sent him from the state. 4. If you
have been good, you have been praised. 5. If the rest had
fled, we should have discovered their flight.
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES
487. Translate, first Giving mood, tense, ete. as in
$ 465:
(a2) 1. Si urbs à nobis défendatur, hostes eam nón capere
possint. 2. Sr illis verbis üsus esset, culpatus esset. 3. Si
oppidum défénsoribus nüdábàtur, impetum diü sustinere nón
poterat. 4. Si miles gravissimum vulnus accipiat, ex proelio
à suis comitibus ferátur. 5. Caesar honoris Aeduorum causa
sese eos in fidem receptürum esse dixit.
(b) 1. Sr turris ad mürum movérétur, in défénsdrés lapides
iacerémus. 2. Nülla causa est ctr te tam saepe defendam.
3. Dux eum repperit ubi hostes essent, celeriter proelium
commisit. 4. Si Catilina in urbe ad hune diem mansisset,
tantis periculis rem püblieam nón liberávissemus. 5. Senà-
tus haee iutellegit, consul videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit?
Etiam in senatum venit.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 179
488. Translate, first noticing the time, thought, etc., as
in § 486:
(a) 1. If a revolt had been made, the hostages would have
been killed. 2. lf your city should be stripped of defenders,
what would you do? 3. If the king rules well, the citizens
do that which he commands. 4. If the enemy's scouts
should set fire to our camp, we would try to defend it. 5. If
the guards had defended the place more diligently, the fortifi-
cations eould not have been taken by storm.
(b) 1. Unless the city had been deprived of defenders, the
army of the Aeduans would not have been conquered. 2. The
remaining Gauls will be invincible. 3. When we have sur-
rendered, we shall not attack the enemy. 4. When we had
found out that the tower could be moved, we hastened to move
it as quickly as possible. 5. If Cicero were living, he would
be held in esteem by the men of our state. -
Cicero delivering the First of his Famous Orations against Catiline.
LESSON LXI
REVIEW
Divide et impera.— Divide and govern.*
489. Derivatives. — Write all the English words you
can, which seem to be derived from the following :
fides invictus rego contineo
aedificium immortalis acclpio contendo
incend6 trado motus rümor
reliquus tràdüco committo causa
defendo honor turris verbum
490. Form Drill. — 1. How is each participle formed
and declined? 2. Of what three combinations may an
Ablative Absolute consist? 8. Give four possible trans-
lations of rümóre audito. 4. Translate, first by a clause
and then by an Ablative Absolute: (a) When Caesar
had brought the grain, they discovered a new danger. (b)
Since his soldiers were not brave, the leader surrendered.
491. Syntax Drill.— 1. Why is an Ablative Absolute
necessary? 2. What three kinds of clauses may be in-
troduced by cum? 3. When is the subjunctive used
and when the indicative in a causal clause? in a conces-
sive clause? 4. Give the law of Sequence of Tenses.
5. In Conditional Sentences what mood and tense are
used to express (a) a fact in present, past, future time ?
(6) a statement contrary to fact in present, past time ?
- (€) a doubt in future time ?
* Motto of Louis XI of France.
180
x hg ‘2,
Nr. c
'esnoH ueuloy eB jo umnoo eu
ition
Seti
REVIEW 181
EXERCISES FOR SIGHT READING
492. 1. Trés arborés in ordine stantés manent. 2. Régnum
in eivitàte nostra à fratre tuo tenébatur. 3. Postero dié nostra
aciés in equitàtum hostium signa intulit. 4. Armis traditis
sé défendere non possunt. 5. Decem legionibus conseriptis,
in Galliam eontendes. 6. Cum finem proeli nox fecisset,
nüntius ad légétum missus est. 7. heperiàmus magnitüdinem
silvae. 8. Cum fortiter impetum nostrorum militum sus-
tinérent, à sud duce vidébantur. 9. Liberorum nostrorum
causa né servi diütius simus. 10. Multae eivitàtes Gallorum,
quae à Romanis sub iugum missae erant, bellum intülérunt.
Domus ROMANA
493. Pictiram Romànae domüs videmus quae pulcherrima
est. Ante idnuam domüs Romanae erat vestibulum. Romaànis
mos erat ut in limine * Salve" scriberent.
Iànitor ad iànuam saepe stábat. Ibi canis ' saepe erat aut
in sol6 pietüra canis cum verbis * Càve canem " videri poterat.
Super iàánuam erat scriptum, “ Nihil intret mali.”
Interior domus in tres partes divisa est. Harum prima pars
appellata est atrium. Ibi in medio tecto apertum spatium
relictum est, ut lüx et àér intrarent. Pluvia per eundem
locum in impluvium descendit. In àátrio dominus suós amicés
accipiebat,
Pariés pietüris montium, flüminum, animalium atque viro-
rum et feminàrum pulchré ornátus est. Ea pars, quae àtrioó
proxima erat, appellata est tablinum. Ibi dominus tabulàs
familiàres et pecüniam servavit.
Tertia pars domüs et pulcherrima erat peristylium, in quó
pulehri flores et fontes columnis marmoreis inclüsi sunt. Inter
tablinum et peristylium velum erat.
Si domus fenestras habébat, in superiore parte parietis erant
et parvae.
LESSON LXII
IMPERATIVES. COMMANDS
Ne tentes aut perfice. — Either don’t attempt it or finish it.
494. Learn the imperative! active and passive of all the
conjugations, §§ 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591.
(a) The vocative is used as a case of address with the imperative.
Boys, be brave. Fortés, pueri, este.
Marcus, fight with the enemy. Pugna, Marce, cum hostibus.
495. Learn the conjugation of eo in full, § 594.
496. TABLE OF COMMANDS
lst person. Volitive Subjunctive.
Let us fight. Pugnémus.
2d person. Imperative.
Fight. Pugnate.
9d person. Volitive Subjunctive.
Let them fight. Pugnent.
AFFIRMATIVE.
lst person. Ne with subjunctive.
Let us not fight. N&é pugnémus.
NEGATIVE 2d person. WNO6li (plu.ndlite) with present infinitive.
(Prohibitions). Do not fight. Nolite pugnare.?
3d person. Né with subjunctive. —
Let them not fight. Né pugnent.
1 Compare § 692 and a.
? Ne pugnes, or Ne pugnate — old Latin.
182
IMPERATIVES. COMMANDS
497.
a/deó, -I're, it (-1v1), -itus, go fo,
approach, visit (followed by
the accusative).
cre'do, -ere, cré/didi, cre'ditus,
trust, believe.
e'o, I're, i/I (1'v1), itü/rus, go.
ex'eo, -I’re, -i'1 (-1'vi), itus, go
out, withdraw.
183
VOCABULARY
lo'quor, lo'qui, locü'tus sum,
speak, say.
pà'reó, -e're, pa/rui, —, obey.
pla'ceo, -é’re, -ul, -itus, please.
resi'sto, -ere, re/stiti, —, resist,
oppose.
ser'vio, -i/re, -i/vi, -i/tus, to be
slave to, serve.
498. What Latin words do the followin’ suggest?
credit loquacious resist
placid
RULE
499. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. — Many verbs
meaning to benefit or injure, please or displease, command!
or obey, serve or resist, believe or distrust, persuade, pardon,
envy, threaten, be angry, and the like, take the dative.
Believe me. Mihi créde.
He persuaded the soldiers. Militibus persuasit.
EXERCISES ON COMMANDS
500. Translate :
(a) i. L 2 Pàré mihi.
4. Noli putàre me tibi restitisse.
(b) 1. Credite mihi. 2. Resiste malis comitibus.
mihi litteràs. 4. Verbo amici, Cicero, crede.
mansissent, copiis hostium restitissent.
3. Servite, servi, dominis.
5. Domum eàmus.
9. Affer
5. Si
901. (a) 1. Girls, remain at home. 2. Let us speak about
the things which we hear. 3. Children, obey your mothers.
4. Soldiers, send hostages to the victor. 5. Friends, do not
surrender to the Germans.
1 Iubeo takes the accusative, as subject of a following infinitive.
184 LATIN LESSONS
(b) 1. Throw the heavy stones against the wall 2. Sol
diers, march to the nearest town and bring a supply of grain
quickly to the army. 3. Let us goto Rome. 4. Boys, for
the sake of your honor, resist evil companions. 95. My brave
friend, fear nothing, and do not run from danger.
EXERCISES
502. Translate, $ivinó the construction of each noun:
(a) 1. Ibimus Roma. 2. Nobis imperavit ut régi serviré-
mus. 3. Dixérunt facile esse, cum virtüte omnibus praesta-
rent, totius Galliae imperio potiri! 4. Militibus imperat ut
in proelium eant. 5. Omnibus vicis aedificiisque, quae adire
potuerant, incensis, castra posuérunt.
(6) 1. Rümoribus auditis, imperio regis restitimus.
2. Legio, cum in proelium fortiter isset, hostibus non dititissimé
restitit. 3. Maiori tamen parti plaeuit castra défendere.!
4. Si mihi imperávisset ne verbum loquerer, ei pàruissem.
5. Civitàti persudsit, ut dé finibus suis cum omnibus copiis
exirent.
503. Translate:
(a) 1. If they had trusted me, they would not have gone.
2. The defenders received many wounds while defending their
native land. 3. If the towers were higher, we could resist
the enemy better. 4. Although they believe us, they will
not obey us. 5. If you should go at daybreak, it would
please me.
(b) 1. Servants, obey your masters as well as possible.
2. We know that you have approached the bank of the river.
3. The general, having been warned of the danger, led his
forces into camp. 4. When he has seized the royal power,
he will send some men from the city, and others he will kill.
5. The left wing of the army approached the enemy’s line of
battle as bravely as possible.
1 Infinitive used as a substantive.
LESSON LXIII
VOLO, NOLO, MALO. DATIVE OF PURPOSE
Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt. — Men willingly
believe that which they wish.*
504. Learn the conjugation of volo, nolo, malo, § 592.
505. Syntax of volo, nolo, malo. — The infinitive with
subject accusative is used after volo, nolo, malo when
its subject is not the same as that of the governing verb.
When the subject of both verbs is the same, the comple-
mentary infinitive is used.!
I wish you to go. Volo té ire.
I wish to go. Volo ire.
506. VOCABULARY
difficul'tàs, -tà'tis, f., difficulty. n6/16, nol/le, n6/lui, be unwilling.
hi'ems, hi'emis, f., winter, stormy occi'd6, -ere, -ci'di, -ci’sus, kill,
weather. slay. "
re'/gio, -o'nis, f., region, boundary, pello, -ere, pe’puli, pul'sus,
district. | drive out, put to flight, defeat.
subsi'dium, subsi/di, n., aid. vo'lo, vel'le, vo'lui, be willing,
mà/16, màl'le, mà'lui, prefer. wish. h
507. What Latin words do the followin? suggest?
voluntary expel region volitive
* Caesar. 1 Compare § 694 and a.
185
186 LATIN LESSONS
RULE
508. Dative of Purpose. — A dative expressing purpose
is used with sum and a few other verbs.
The legion served as aid to Caesar. Legio auxilio Caesari fuit.
He sent men as aid, to the army. Viros subsidió exercitui misit.
(a) Here auxilió and subsidió are dative of purpose. ^ — "^
EXERCISES
909. Translate:
(a) 1. Vult hostes pellere. 2. Deo volente, Romae té
videbimus. 3. His diffieultátibus duae res erant subsidio.
4. Volo te tuo patri placitürum esse. 5. Malueràmus copias
vestras auxilio nobis et nostro exereitui ventiras 'esse. ^
(b) 1. Decima legio Caesari subsidio erat. _ 2. Caesar
noluit legiones auxilio Aeduis mittere. 3. His facile pulsis,
incrédibili celeritáte ad flümen cucurrérunt. ( 4. Caesar me-
morià tenebat consulem occisum exercitumque ius ab Helvétiis
pulsum et sub iugum missum. 95. Obsidibus cüstodes prae-
ponit, ut, quae agant, quibuscum ! loquantur, scire possit.
510. Translate:
(a) 1. We were willing to fight longer for our country.
2. Caesar had been unwilling to send the tenth legion as aid
for Galba. 3. If I had preferred to remain at home, I should
not have gone with you. 4. He thought it would not be dif-
ficult to slay the enemy. 5. Obey your leader, fight bravely.
(b) 1. Caesar could not engage in battle on account of the
stormy weather. 2. If I believed your words, I would not
delay my departure. 3. When we wished you to approach
the regions of the Germans, we could see no difficulty.
4. We wish to defend these regions with towers of such
height. 5. Caesar remained in camp ten days that the
remaining cavalry might come as aid to him.
1 Cum is often appended to a pronoun as an enclitic.
LESSON LXIV
SEMI-DEPONENTS. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR
Gaudeamus igitur iuvenes dum sumus.— Let us rejoice, then, while
we are young.
511. Semi-deponents are verbs which have the present
system in the active voice and the perfect system in the
passive voice, but both with the active meaning.
au'deo, -é/re, au/sus sum, dare.
gau'deO, -é're, gavi'sus sum, rejoice.
so/leo, -é/re, so/litus sum, be wont.
fi'do, fi'dere, fi/sus sum, trust.
512. VOCABULARY
au/deo, -é/re, au/sus sum, dare. — fi'o, fi'eri, fac'tus sum, become,
clas'sis, -is (-ium), f., a fleet. be made, happen. Learn the
c6/g5, -ere, coé'gi, coac’tus, conjugation, § 595.
collect, compel. trans’/e6, -I/re, J'vi (-il) -itus,
conve/nio, -i/re, -vé/ni, -ven’- go across.
tus, assemble. In/stru6, -ere, -strü'xl, -strüc'-
conven'tus, -üs, m., assembly, tus, draw up, construct.
meeting. progre/dior, -i, -gres/sus sum,
edo'ceO, -é/re, édo'cui, édoc'- advance.
tus, show, inform, instruct. Veneti, -6/rum, m., Veneti.
913. What Latin words do the followin’ suggest?
audacious transitive instruct progress
RULE
514. Dative of Possessor. — The dative is used with
sum to denote the possessor, the thing possessed being
the subject.
The boy has a book. Puero liber est.
Cicero’s name was Marcus Tullius. Cicer6ni nómen erat Marcus
Tullius.
187
188 LATIN LESSONS
EXERCISES
515. Translate:
(a) 1. Viro erat pulcherrima domus. 2. Nonne hieme in
mare ire ausus es? 3. Impetus in eos fit sed eis nüllus
timor est. 4. Fortis vir praeerat eis civitaétibus ex quibus
exercitum coégerat. 5. Brütum adulescentem classi nàvi-
busque, quàs convenire iusserat, praeficit et in Venetos eum
profieisei iubet.
(b) 1. Quaerit ex eo soló quae in conventü dixerit. 2. Mi-
litibus multa téla erant. 3. Huic magnis donis persuádet ut
ad hostes transeat, et quid fieri velit edocet. 4. Proximo die
Caesar 6 castris copiàs suas édüxit et paulum 4 castris progres-
sus, aclem instrüxit. 5. Nolite id velle quod fieri non potest.
516. Translate:
(a) 1. The manners of my pupils please me. much.
2. The Veneti had very many ships. 3. They informed the
Veneti that they wished to assemble near the shore. 4. They
went across the river and led the army among the enemy.
5. The leader dares to advance to the regions of the enemy
and is asking about the character of the people.
(b) 1. Caesar drew up a line of battle on the top of the
hill. 2. Other forces were sent as aid to Caesar. 3. They
had set out in the winter and two thousand of their men had
been slain. 4. Citizens, trust the defenders of your country.
5. The soldier had great courage and he became leader of the
enemy.
LESSON LXV
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE
Crescit eundo.— It órows as it $oes.*
917. The Gerund is a verbal noun. It is formed by the
present stem +nd (or end) 4- neuter endings of the second
declension. It is found in the genitive, dative, accusative,
ablative, singular only; portandi, portando, portandum,
portando.
518. The Gerundive is a verbal adjective.! It is formed
by the present stem + nd (or end) + endings of magnus ;
portandus, -a, -um.
519. Gerund and Gerundive Uses. — The gerund may
take a direct object. When it would have an object,
the gerundive is generally used instead, the object
taking the case of the gerund and the gerundive agree-
ing with the object as an adjective.
Desirous of seeking peace. | Cupidus pacem petendi (gerund).
Cupidus pacis petendae (gerundive construction).
We have hope of conquering the enemy. Habémus spem vincendi
hostés (gerund). Habémus spem vincendórum hostium (gerun-
dive construction).
* The motto of New Mexico. Literally: By going.
lAn easy way to distinguish gerund and gerundive is to think that ‘‘ the
gerundive is an adjective."
189
190
520.
adver’sus, -a, -um, turned toward,
facing, face to face.
commea’tus, -üs, m., supplies, |
provisions.
hiber'na, -ó'rum, n.
quarters.
por’tus, -iis, m., harbor, port.
praesi'dium, praesi/di, n., guard,
garrison, protection.
winter
LATIN LESSONS
VOCABULARY
sa/lüs, -ü'tis, f., safety.
effi/cio, -ere, -fé'c1, -fec'tus, ac-
complish, bring about.
clau'/dó6, -ere, clau’si, clau'sus,
shut, close.
Occur/ro, -ere, -cur/ri, -cur/sus,
meet.
prox'ime,
cently.
adv., next, most re-
521. What Latin words do the following suggest ?
hibernate adverse
occur efficient
RULE
522. The Expression of Purpose. — The most common
ways of expressing purpose are:
1. Subjunctive with ut. Vénérunt ut urbem vidérent.
to see the city.
2. Subjunctive with
viderent.
relative pronoun.
They came
Venerunt qui urbem
3. Gerundive construction with ad. VWénérunt ad urbem videndam.
4. Gerundive construction with causa.
causa.
Venérunt urbis videndae
(a) In Latin prose purpose can not be expressed by the infinitive.
EXERCISES
523. Ewpress the purpose in four ways:
1. They went to close the gates.
3. Soldiers go into battle to slay the enemy.
instruct us.
4. Caesar came to conquer Gaul.
the guard ?
524. Translate:
(a) 1. Milités pugnandi finem fécérunt.
3. Nautae in portum salitis
petendam cotidié vénérunt.
2. We have teachers to
5. Will you hasten to meet
2. Ad pácem
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 191
petendae causa contendunt. 4. Nüntios in omnés partés
dimiserunt. 5. Efficiébat ut commeattis ab Aeduis et reliquis
civitatibus sine pericul6 ad sé portàri possent.
(b) 1. Paucae res praesidio hibernis erunt. 2. Timuit
né in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret. 3. Ad
eos defendendos undique conveniunt. 4. Duae legiones, quae
proxime eonseriptae erant, totum agmen elaudébant praesididque
impedimentis erant. 5. Eodem tempore equités nostri, cum
sé in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant.
525. Translate:
(a) 1. Each advanced for the sake of crossing the river.
2. We were informed that the war ships had assembled, and
we went into winter quarters to seek safety. 5. The Romans
had very many captives. (Hapress im two ways.) 4. I was
unwilling to meet you. 5. The captives resisted the victors
very often.
(b) 1. We thought that Cicero, after calling the senate to-
gether, had dismissed it. 2. I asked him what he was doing.
3. The gates were closed, and a garrison being left at the
camp, we sent men in different directions to seek supplies.
4. The leaders will show how great a number of war ships has
been collected. 5. They met the cavalry half way up the
hill, but did not dare to advance to the attack.
PHRASES FROM CAESAR
526. Commit to memory with the translations :
1. Salütis causà. 2. Hoe proelio nüntiato. 35. His rébus
gestis. 4. Magno numero interfecto. 5. His nüntiis ac-
ceptis.
à LESSON LXVI
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS
Ad captandum vulsus.— To catch the erowd.*
527. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation denotes im-
pending action. It is formed by combining the future
active participle with forms of sum. The present of sum
is used for the present tense, the imperfect for the imper-
fect, the present infinitive for the present infinitive, etc.
The participle agrees with the subject in gender, number,
and case.
Caesar was about to announce the battle. Caesar proelium nüntià-
türus erat.
The Romans had intended to fight. R6mani pugnatiri fuerant.
We thought the enemy would come. Existimavimus hostés ven-
türos esse.
(a) Conjugate scribo through the Active Periphrastic.
528. The Passive Periphrastic denotes necessity or that
which ought to be done. It is formed by combining the
gerundive with forms of sum. The gerundive agrees with
the subject in gender, number, and case.
The soldiers must be sent. Milites mittendi sunt.
The signal must be given. Signum dandum est.
(a) Conjugate scribo through the Passive Periphrastic.
* Compare *'' to play to the gallery."
192
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 193
529. VOCABULARY
facul’tas, -ta/tis, f., opportunity, sta/tu6d, -ere, -ul, -ü'tus, deter-
ability. mine, decide.
tempes'tas, -ta'tis, f., storm, bad | magno'pere, (magis, maximé),
weather. adv., greatly.
ar'bitror, -a/ri, -à'tus sum, think. — prop'ter, prep. with acc., on ac-
cohor'tor, -à/ri, -à'tus sum, en- count of.
courage. statim, adv., immediately.
530. What Latin words do the following suggest?
tempest exhort arbitrate faculty
RULE
_531. Dative of Agent. — With the Passive Periphrastic
the dative is used to denote the agent or doer of the action.
You must give the signal. Signum tibi dandum est.!
Caesar must announce the battle, or The battie must be announced by
Caesar. Proelium Caesari nüntiandum est.
EXERCISES
532. Translate:
(a) 1. Statuit sibi Rhénum esse transeundum. 2. Caesari
omnia tno tempore erant agenda. 3. Magnopere tibi
plaeitüri fueramus. 4. Aciés instruenda et milites cohortandi
erant. 5. His rébus addueti-seivimus hiberna Gallorum
nóbis capienda esse.
(b) 1. Adverso exercitui occurrunt. 2. Pro ré publica
fortiter pugnátüri sumus. 3. Propter tempestates difficultas
nàvigandi maxima est. 4. Arbitráti sumus commeáatum
ad hiberna statim mittendum esse. 65. Defesso militi
eius loci, ubi fuerat, relinquendi et sui recipiendi facultàs
non dabatur.
1 Notice that all sentences in the active voice must be recast before they
can be expressed literally by the Passive Periphrastic.
194 LATIN LESSONS
533. Translate:
(a) 1. The gates must often be closed by us for the sake of
safety. 2. I had intended to give you a better opportunity
of seeing the beautiful buildings at Rome. 3. Private
citizens, be an aid to the king. 4. The general set out
late in the day to encourage the garrison. 5. Our forces
must be sent across the wide river, the town of the enemy
must be burned, and their children taken as hostages.
The Temple of~Apollo in Pompeii.
(b) 1. The Romans had no good ports. (Two ways.)
2. We did not dare to meet the Veneti on account of the
stormy weather, and took the opportunity of retreating into
port. 3. Having been greatly influenced by the reports
which he had heard, Caesar determined that he must leave
the winter quarters immediately. 4. Having advanced many
miles, we met the Veneti face to face. 5. They had been
informed that they must drive the enemy from their boundaries
immediately.
tia
La ncn CM
LESSON LXVII
IMPERSONAL VERBS
Nil desperandum.— Never despair.*
534. An Impersonal Verb! is one which has no personal
subject; it is used in the third person singular only:
Licet, -ére, licuit, ?£ 7s permitted. Pluit, it rains.
1. Verbs that have a clause or an infinitive as subject
are called impersonal verbs.
It happened that the night was long. | Accidit ut esset nox longa.
It is permitted the soldier to do that thing. Id militi facere licet.
2. Intransitive verbs may be used impersonally in the
passive.
Fighting is carried on. Pugnatur.
He (they, etc.) came, (literally) it was come. Ventum est.
535. VOCABULARY
ac'cidO, -ere, ac'cidi, fall, hap- ^ plé'nus, -a, -um, full.
pen, (impersonal) it happens. vel, conj., or; vel. . . vel, either
li'cet, -e're, -uit, (impers. with AC TOF,
dat.) it is permitted. provi'deo, -ére, -vi'dl, -vi'sus,
lü'na, -ae, f., moon. provide.
936. What Latin words do the followinó suggest?
lunatie accident plenipotentiary illieit
* Horace. Literally: Nothing ought to be despaired of.
1 Compare § 682.
195
196 LATIN LESSONS
EXERCISES
537. Translate, explaining the use of each infinitive
and subjunctive:
(a) 1. Ab hostibus pugnatum erat. 2. Licet nobis im-
perátorem bonum sequi. 3. Accidit ut lina pléna esset.
4. Num suós sécum servos sunt in urbem duetüri? 5. De
frümento reliquoque commeaàtü erat provisum.
(b) 1. Acriter in eo locd pugnàtum est. 2. Licet nobis
bellum eum Germànis gerere. . 3. Deditione facta, obsidibus-
que acceptis nihil de belló timendum esse _ existimavit.
4. Quemque domum reverti, optimum videtur. 5. Pugnàtum
ab hostibus ita acriter est, ut! à viris fortibus in extremà spe
salütis pugnàri debuit.
538. Translate:
(a) 1. It happens that we see a full moon. 2. Caesar
must not tell who has been conquered. 3. They had two
hundred buildings. (Hxpress two ways.) 4. Fighting will be
carried on long and fiercely. 5. It was permitted the gar-
rison to retreat into the town and close the gates.
(b) 1. To promise great things is easy. 2. I showed what
must be done that day. 3. The full moon could be seen.
4. It was permitted us to collect a fleet. 5. Caesar will
provide aid for the city.
VIRGINES VESTALES
539. Vesta dea erat ROoman6rum, quae igni focoque praeerat.
Romae fuit Vestae Templum, qué in templo sex virgines Vestalés
sacrum ignem continenter eüstodiébant.
Sex annos nàtae virgines hoc ministerio fungi incépérunt, à
Pontifice Maximo déléetae. "Trigintà annós officiis in templo
fünetae sunt, tum aut templum relinquere aut manére ibi eis
! As, see general vocabulary.
IMPERSONAL VERBS 197
lieuit. Virgines Vestalés maximo in honore à populo Romàno
habitae sunt.
Vestales sacrum ignem cüstodiverunt et cum periculum esset
eum ad locum tütum portaverunt. Nonnumquam Roma ignem
extulerunt, né in hostium manüs veniret.
homàni putàverunt Vestam in Italià primo esse ab Aenea
cultam, et eum primum virgines Vestales delegisse.
A Vestal Virgin.
LESSON LXVIII
REVIEW OF CASES!
Bis dat qui cito dat.— He gives twice who gives quickly.
540.
. . {| subject of a Finite Verb. § 15.
ayer | Predicate Noun. $28.
541. | Possession. $ 2T.
Genitive | Of the Whole. § 260.
; | Deseription or Quality. $441.
Definite Measurement. $441, a.
Indirect Object. $8560.
542. After adjectives meaning /ke, unlike, equal,
unequal, and near. § 230.
With Adjectives meaning dear, faithful,
With verbs ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob,
compounded post, prae, pro, sub, super,
Dative with | circum. § 419.
With Intransitive Verbs meaning benefit or
injure, please or displease, command or obey,
serve or resist, believe or distrust, persuade,
pardon, envy, threaten, be angry, and the
like. § 499.
Agent with Passive Periphrastie. § 581.
Possessor with sum. § 514.
Of Purpose. $508.
|
friendly, suitable, useful, ete. $269. ,
1 The forms may be reviewed as the teacher sees fit.
198
REVIEW OF CASES 199
EXERCISES
543. Translate, Siving the construction of each noun
and pronoun :* | |
(a) 1. Militibus Caesaris pugnandum est. 2. Maior soro-,
rum ab omnibus pulchrior habébatur. 3. Caesari id nüntià-
tum est. 4. Imperator militibus imperávit ut fortiter re-
sisterent. 5. In miro standi potestàs erat nülli.
(b) 1. Erat fossa ducentorum pedum in longitüdinem.
2. Belgis bellum intulerunt. 3. Hic amicus meus est; ille,
amicus tuus. 4. Equitàtui, quem auxilio Caesari Aedui
miserant, fortis vir praeerat. 5. His rébus cognitis, explora-
tores ecenturionesque praemittit, qui locum idoneum castris
deligant.
544. Translate:
(a) 1. The Germans did not have large horses. — (Two ways.)
2. The Belgians say that they are the bravestof all. 3. The
fleet was sent as a protection to the city. 4. We met the
girls in the road. 5. We must take the opportunity not only
of burning the buildings but also of destroying the grain.
(b) 1. They did not dare to resist the enemy. 2. For the
sake of safety they made a wall of ten feet in height. 35. Let
us persuade the enemy to surrender. 4. The men were like
their leader in character. 5. He will order the lieutenant to
send soldiers as aid to our men.
1 In these review lessons consult the general vocabulary for new words.
LESSON LXIX
REVIEW OF CASES
Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem.— With the sword she
545.
Accu-
sative
546.
Abla-
tive
seeks calm repose tn freedom.*
Adverbial. § 382.
Direct Object. § 16.
Duration of Time and Extent of Space. § 286.
Place into, to, toward, near which. § 76. |
Subject of an Infinitive. $ 3807.
With prepositions. § 333.
Absolute. § 463.
Accompaniment with cum. § 102.
After a Comparative with quam omitted. § 221.
Agent with a preposition. § 140.
Cause without a preposition. $ 195.
Degree of Difference. §§ 247, 383.
Manner with or without cum. § 114.
Means or instrument. §. 65.
Place in, from, out of which. § 16.
Quality. § 441.
Specification without a preposition. § 204.
Separation with or without a preposition. § 316.
Time when without a preposition. § 147.
With prepositions. § 332.
With verbs ator, fruor, etc. § 375.
* The motto of Massachusetts.
200
«
.
ee ee ee ee ee ee LS a
REVIEW OF CASES 201
547.
Loca- | Place in or at. which with names of cities and
tive | towns, domus, and ris. $ 278.
548. Vocative. — The vocative is used as the case of ad-
dress. S 494, a.
EXERCISES
549. Translate, Giving the construction of each noun
and pronoun :
.
(a) 1. Plürimum inter eos Romanos et virtüte et hominum
numero posse sciebant. 2. His verbis auditis, eum ab sé
dimittit. 3. Haec res latus ünum castrorum ripis flüminis
müniebat. 4. Galbam cum sex cohortibus praesidio legionibus
reliquit. 5. Ab his eastris vir, Galba nomine, magna cum
celeritate octo milia passuum it.
(b 1. Dux summa virtüte ad bellum à Caesare mittetur.
2. Medià nocte Caesar isdem ducibus üsus, qui nüntii venerant,
eos auxilio urbi misit, 3. Decem diébus ante Galba mürum
defensoribus nüdáverat. 4. Veneti multo potentiores hostibus
erant. 5. Manere Romae est facillimum.
550. Translate:
(a) 1. Friends, do not surrender to the Germans. 2. The
citizens at Rome wished to please their king. 3. The large
animals ran out of the woods at daybreak and remained near
the town all day. 4. Letus use our javelins and deprive the
city of its defenders. 5. If the leader orders you will set
out.
(b) 1. Marcus, surpass the enemy in courage. 2. Caesar
was informed that the top of the mountain was held by the
enemy. 3. Caesar with his brave men stormed the town
with great courage. 4. We followed the cavalry five miles
202 LATIN LESSONS
and fought much more bravely than they. 5. After the gates
had been closed, a message was sent to the general who was
attacking the town.
Julius Caesar.
From a bust in Naples.
LESSON LXX
REVIEW OF SUBJUNCTIVES
Palmam qui meruit ferat.— Let him who deserves it reap the
reward.*
991. Causal Clauses. § 471.
Circumstantial Clauses. § 470..
Concessive Clauses. § 472.
Subjunc- | Conditional Clauses. §§ 478-482.
tive Indirect Questions. § 402.
Purpose. § 353.
Result. $379.
LVolitive. § 348.
EXERCISES
552. Translate, explaining each subjunctive:
(a) 1. Nolite iüdieàre ne itidicémini. 2. Quid égeris scio.
3. Caesar, cum aciem instrüxisset, legionibus signum dedit.
4. Cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, senátum convocavi.
5. Sifacultàs militibus data esset, àcerrime pugnare ausi essent.
(b) 1. Cum à tertià hora ad solis occasum pugnátum esset,
tamen cópiae vietae sunt. — 2. Cum nobis liceat in portum ire,
quam véloeissime navigémus. 3. Tantis periculis occurrit
utsalütiscausafugiat. 4. Dux timet ut milites in hostes quam
plürima pilaiaciant. 5. Si milites cohortéris, fortius pugnent.
* The motto of Lord Nelson, the victor of Trafalgar. Literally: Let him
who merits bear the palm.
203
204. LATIN LESSONS
553. Translate:
(a) 1. He saw in how great peril the camp was. 2. They
surrender to Caesar, since he is very powerful. 3. When
Cicero saw the danger, he tried to save the state. 4. He sent
a man to enlist two legions. 5. Caesar commanded us to
bring the hostages back.
The Tomb of Emperor Hadrian at Rome.
(b) 1. Since their fleet had been taken, they could not defend
themselves. 2. Let us not send the Gauls under the yoke.
3. Although we do not understand the movements of the stars,
nevertheless it pleases us to see them. 4. If the enemy had
been braver, they would not have sought peace. 5. The army
was so powerful that it could not be taken.
C——"r———ÓP— €-— ——— —
LESSON
LXXI
REVIEW OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE
Finis coronat opus.— The end crowns the work.
554. In Indirect Discourse a statement is expressed by
the infinitive;
clauses, by the subjunctive.
questions, commands, and subordinate
If the verb introducing the Indirect Discourse is in a
principal tense, the subjunctives are generally in principal
tenses; if it is historical, the subjunctives are generally
historical. See § 364.
DIRECT
Statement: Labor was difficult.
Labor difficilis erat.
Question: Why do you come into
my domain ?
Cur in meas possessiones
venis ?
Command: Return to me.
|
x
Ad mé revertimini.
Subordinate clause; They went
because they had been sent.
Ivérunt quod missi erant.
INDIRECT
He said that labor had been difficult.
Dixit laborem difficilem fuisse.
Ariovistus responded to Caesar:
Why did he come into his do-
main. ! "
Ariovistus Caesari respondit:
Cir in suas possessiones
veniret.
He replied to the ambassadors that
they should return to him.
. Légatis respondit, ad sé rever-
terentur.
They said that they had gone be-
cause they had been sent.
Dixerunt sé isse quod missi
essent.
EXERCISES
. 9909. Translate, explaining the use of all subjunctives :
1. Légatis respondit, si quid vellent, ad sé reverterentur.
€)
2. Is ita cum Caesare egit: Si pàcem populus Romanus cum
Helvetiis faceret, in eam partem itüros (esse) atque ibi futüros
)
206 LATIN LESSONS
(esse) Helvétids, ubi Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset.
3. A quibus eum paucorum dierum iter abesset, legati ab his
venerunt, quorum haee fuit oràtio: Germanos neque priores
populo Romano bellum inferre neque tamen rectisare, si laces-
santur, quin armis contendant, quod Germanorum consuétidd
sit à maioribus tradita quicumque bellum inferant, resistere
neque déprecari. 4. Haee tamen dicere, venisse invitos, eiectos
dom6; si suam gràtiam Romani velint, posse iis ütiles esse
amicos; vel sibi agrós attribuant vel patiantur eds tenére, quós
armis posséderint; sésé ünis Suébis concédere, quibus ne dii
quidem immortalés pares esse possint.
The Colosseum at Rome.
While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand,
When falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall,
And when Rome falls — the World.
— Byron, Childe Harold.
Zar
h A
APPENDIX
ENGLISH AND LATIN
AN ENGLISH-LATIN LETTER
556. Few students realize how constantly Latin enters
into almost everything they do. The following was writ-
ten by a business man — a firm believer in Latin — to
illustrate this fact to a doubting pupil.
* Latin is a great help in everything we study. In Book-
keeping, it is much easier to understand debit and credit if we
know their derivation; in Algebra, it shows us without a rule
the difference between identity and equation ; in Geometry,
Q. E. D. (quod erat demonstrandum) is much easier to say than
which was to be proven. ln Botany, Agriculture, and nearly
all the Sciences, most of the names come from the Latin (or
Greek), while it is impossible to get so much out of History
and German without Latin, as with it.
“But in English — the most everyday. practical study of
all — Latin helps us most. We cannot get away from it. If
we know Latin, we never misspell separate, preparation, pre-
cedence, laudable, and so. on. Consciously or unconsciously we
use it all the time, not only indirectly in fully half the words
we speak or write, but directly as well. We see a football
poster :
High School versus Academy
Game called at 5 Pw.
Do we know the italicized words? In the game only bona
207
208 LATIN LESSONS
Jide students are allowed to play; others are unfit to repre-
sent our Alma Mater. We go to the game and pay our money
(which has e pluribus unum stamped on it) to the manager,
who is ex officio gate-keeper. Our team beats the other (or
vice versa) and the captain makes an ex tempore speech. We
pretend the other team is dead, and we hold a post mortem
celebration, parading the streets with a big banner with a fac-
simile of the rival school marked In Memoriam and Requiescat
in Pace.
“Tf the principal opposes athletics, we may argue pro
and con(tra), urging a referendum to the students. A single
lapsus linguae may spoil our case in toto. We may use an
effective a priori argument, or say there is prima facie evi-
dence that football is a good thing; but if we fail to make our
point, things remain in statu quo, the principal gives his ulti-
matum, and we make our ewit.
* And so I could go on ad infinitum by talking of fiat money,
ad valorem tariff duties, ex post facto laws, and ante bellum
days, when the per capita income of the country was less per
annum than it is now. But you ought to be studying your
Latin, instead of reading this about it, so I will stop.”
L4
LATIN IN SCIENCE
557. Below are given a few of the Latin words in sci-
ence and mathematies.
Agriculture : agriculture, horticulture, florieulture, arable,
cereal, biennial, perennial, stamen, corolla, calyx, fungus.
Biology : animal, quadruped, centipede, nares, pelvis, pec-
tus, vertebra, tibia, femur, digit, cuticle, antennae, pulmonary,
maxilla, mammal.
Mathematics : plus, minus, exponent, coefficient, transpose,
subtract, subtrahend, minuend, dividend, divisor, multiplicand,
multiplier, decimal, unit, radius, digit, radical.
|
|
APPENDIX 209
STATE MOTTOES
558. Many States have Latin mottoes some of which
have already appeared in the Lessons.
Ad astra per aspera . . . OCCUR ansds
Animis opibusque parati eee spiro spero . South Carolina
Codaut atupotogde re ruo ee Wyoming
Dres SUndON Eo ke cce i Ie New Mexico
DIOE ORTU siae Ae E ras eo ^" Mame
DiabDuus e P EN same ce rex C ARIZONA
E pluribus unum... , i. +s "United States
Ense petit placidam sub Gnas indien . Massachusetts
Hcabunr c Eee et er Pl tite Ww oP. fees New, York
Justitia omnibus . . . . . . . . District of Columbia
Montanisemperliberi : . . . . . . . West Virginia
Piameineniaininen DL Wu omues Ll X Colorado
Om manstuliesustmet. 10:7 227 s. Connecticut
Regnant ae Qon iue Span ee ee VAT Kansas
DAlvo S eos ater wcrNLdaho
Salus populi suprema E e ast M TdsOU TE
Seuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronasti nos. . Maryland
Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice. Michigan
BIG Semper, byralDIses-. de s V. 7o. "Virginia
LATIN WORDS IN THE CONSTITUTION
559. Note the large proportion of words derived from
the Latin.! :
Preamble to the Constitution
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro-
vide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, secure
1Selections from English Classics with which the student is familiar
may be treated in the same way.
210 LATIN LESSONS
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain
and establish this constitution for the United States of America.
LATIN PHRASES
560. Below is a partial list of familiar Latin phrases,
some of which have already appeared in the mottoes of .
the lessons.
Ad finem Excelsior |
Ad infinitum Exeunt |
Ad modum Exit |
Ad nauseam Ex officio :
Ad referendum Ex post facto |
Ad valorem Ex tempore |
Alias Ex voto |
Alibi Facsimile
Alma Mater Fiat
Alter ego Fiat lux
Ante bellum Gloria in excelsis .
Aqua vitae Habeas corpus
Bona fide In armis
Carthago delenda est In esse
Cave canem In extremis *
Ceteris paribus Infra dignitatem (infra dig.)
Corpus Christi In memoriam
De gustibus non disputan- In pace
dum In posse
De novo In situ
Deo, amicis, patriae In statu quo
Deo volente or Volente deo Inter nos
Deus vobiscum In toto
Dramatis personae Ipse dixit
Dux femina facti | Ipso facto
Ecce homo Ita lex scripta-est
E pluribus unum Labor omnia vincit
APPENDIX 2T
Lapsus linguae
Lapsus memoriae
Lares et Penates
Laus Deo
Lex non seripta
Lex terrae
Mea culpa
Mens sana in eorpore sano
Meum et tuum
Mirabile dictu
Modus operandi
Morituri salutamus
Multum in parvo
Ne plus ultra
Nolens volens
Non eompos mentis
Nulli secundus
Omnia ad Dei gloriam
Pater noster
Pater patriae
Pax vobiscum
Per annum
Per capita
Per diem
Per se
Post mortem
Prima facie
Pro bono publico
Pro et con
Pro rata
Pro tempore
Quid nunc
Requieseat in pace
hes gestae
Semper fidelis
Sine die
Sine dubio
Sine qua non
Sui generis
Summum bonum
Te Deum laudamus
Tempus fugit
Terra firma
Una voce
Ultimatum
Vade mecum
Veni, vidi, vici
Versus
Via
Vice versa
Vivat rex
Vivat res publica
Viva voce
Vox populi, vox Dei
561. ABBREVIATIONS FROM LATIN WORDS
A.D.— Anno Domini
Aet. — Aetàtis
A.M. — Ante meridiem ;
Artium Magister
- A. U.C. — Ab urbe condita
e.g. — exempli gratia
etc. — et cetera
l.e.— id est
I.H.S.— In hoc signo;
Iesus hominum salvator
I.N.R.I. — Iesus Nazarenus
hex Iüdaeorum
212 LATIN LESSONS
N.B. — Notà bene S.P.Q.R. — Senaàtus Popu-
P.M. — Post meridiem lusque Romanus
P.S. — Post scriptum VS. — versus.
LATIN QUOTATIONS
562. Quotations from the Latin are constantly met in
reading, and in the speech of many people. Below are
given some of the best known, many of which have
already appeared’ in the Lessons.
Alea jacta est. — Caesar at the Rubicon. The die is cast.
Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant. — Gladiators in the Arena.
Hail Caesar, those about to die salute thee.
Carpe diem. — Horace. Seize the opportunity.
Cui bono ? — Cicero. What's the good ? (See $ 508.)
Cum grano salis. — Pliny. With a grain of salt.
De mortuis nil nisi bonum (bene). — Diogenes Laertius. Of the
dead nothing but good (should be spoken or said).
Diem perdidi. — Titus. I have lost a day.
Dira necessitas. — Horace. Dire necessity.
. Disjecta membra. — Horace. Scattered members (parts).
Docendo discitur. — Seneca. We learn by teaching.
^ Eheu fugaces anni!— Horace. Alas, the fleeting years!
Errare humanum est. — Seneca. To err is human.
Factum fieri infectum non potest. — Terence. You can't undo
what's done.
Facilis descensus Averno.— Virgil. The descent to Avernus
is easy.
Festina lente. — Augustus in Suetonius. Make haste slowly.
Fortes fortuna adjuvat.— Terence. Fortune favors the brave.
Finis coronat opus. — Ovid. The end crowns the work.
Fortuna caeca est.— Cicero. Fortune is blind.
Hine illae laerimae. — Terence. Hence those tears.
In hoe signo vinces. — Constantine. In this sign (the cross)
thou wilt conquer.
APPENDIX 213
In medias res. — Horace. Into the midst of things.
Ipse dixit. — Cicero. He said it himself.
Labor omnia vincit. — Virgil. Work conquers everything.
Laudator temporis acti. — Horace. A praiser of times gone by.
Licentia poetica. — Seneca. Poetic license.
Lupus in fabula. — Terence. The wolf in the fable.
In medio tutissimus ibis. — Ovid. You will go safest in the
middle.
Mens sana in eorpore sano. — Juvenal. A sound mind in a
sound body.
Nec possum tecum vivere, nec sine te. —- Martial. I can’t live
with you, nor without you.
Nil homini certum est.— Ovid. Nothing is sure to man.
Nomen et omen. — Plautus. The name and the portent.
Non omnia possumus omnes.— Lucilius. We can’t all do
everything. f
Non omnis moriar.— Horace. I shall not wholly perish.
(Astra castra) Numen lumen. — Motto of Univ. of Wisconsin.
(The stars my camp) God my light.
Omnia mutantur. — Ovid. All things change.
O tempora! O mores!— Cicero. Oh the times! Oh the
customs !
Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur. — Cicero. Birds of
a feather flock together.
Per aspera ad astra. — Seneca. To the stars through bolts and
bars. (Compare § 558.)
Periculum in mora. — Livy. Danger in delay.
Potior est, qui prior est. — Terence. First come first served, or
The early bird catches the worm.
Quod erat demonstrandum. — Huclid. Which was to be
proved.
Quot homines, tot sententiae. — T'erence. As many opinions
as people.
Rara avis.— Horace. A rare bird.
Requiescat in pace. Let him rest in peace.
214 LATIN LESSONS
Roma aeterna. — Tibullus. Rome the eternal.
Semper idem. — Cicero. Always the same.
Summa summarum.— Plautus. The top of the tops (The
height of everything).
Suum cuique. — Cicero. To every one his own.
Tempus edax rerum.— Ovid. ‘Time, the devourer of (all)
things.
Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes.— Virgil. I fear the Greeks
even when bringing gifts.
Ultima Thule. — Virgil. The farthest land.
Vae victis. — Livy. Woe to the vanquished !
Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas. — Hcclesiastesi, 2. Vanity
of vanities, allis vanity.
Veni, vidi, viel. — Caesar. I came, saw, conquered.
Vires acquirit eundo. — Virgil. It gains strength as it goes.
Virginibus puerisque. — Horace. For girls and boys.
Vita brevis, ars longa.— Hippocrates. Life is short, art long.
215
FLEVIT LEPUS PARVULUS
16th Century Student Song
1. Fle-vit le -pus par-vu- lus cla-mans al - tis vo - ci - bus:
2. Ne-que in hor-to fu - i, ne-que o-]lus co- me- di.
3. Lon-gas au-res ha-be-o, bre-vem cau-dam te - ne - o.
a > -—
zi m. 5-2
PR
Ex [CE RS e
€- v
ca - ni - bus?
— m T rs
LEE]
MEET M EE 3
EGRE NEAR 1-1 2 es Ve iH
—
s. a com 2 zp2 a s.s
. oe oe oe ———. oo 5 ges aes
Quid fe - ci ho-mi- ni- bus, quod me se-quun-tur ca - ni- bus?
€——e——— 2 e —-—£
[ae we P —
4. Leves pedes habeo, magnum saltum facio. Quid etc.
5. Domus mea silva est, lectus meus durus est. Quid etc.
For new words in the songs on pages 215, 216 and 217, see General Vocabulary.
216
DIES FESTUS HODIE
C. M. Von WEBER, 1826
à — : a ee ee
co pee ee ee EeEERT ES
mee
I. Tem-pus hoc lae - ti - ti - ae! Di-es fes-tus ho- di - e!
2. Sti-lus nam,et ta- bu- lae. Fe-r a- les e - pu - lae,
3. Quic-quid a-gant a - li - i Iu- ve-nes a- me - mus
NUES dex pl cp Uti dede EE
- -—— w—---9 - —.-- -e —e [- -——L——
Euqpe—t0 stare [f + Ee RSS
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Ecrire Acre =
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«T ? <2 Ga See murs
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CHARLES GOUNOD
ji
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sb > m
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et ex-au- di nos in di-e quá in- vo-ca-ve-ri- mus te.
apt ioma vie
GAUDEAMUS
9
dd
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Student Song
=e ge E
zi e RECTUS LI = Ez
as v
I. Gau- de - a - mus 3 - nd :Ju- ve-nes dum su- mus;
2. U - bi sunt, qui an - te nos In mun-do fu - e - re?
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es 2e Adve ES ei) eat ES,
Soe oS See a eu
oo
ET E Are oc
aS x= gg eg rt
9———-9 = @ eo -
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Gau-de -a - mus i - gi-tur, Ju - ve-nes dum su-mus;
U - bi sunt, qui an - te nos In mun-do fu e re?
Vi - ta nos - tra bre - vis est Bre ervi 'fivs ni e - .tur,
c ER d IR] RE HII
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poor nro Lr
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Tran-se-as ad su-pe- ros, - be-as . ad in- fe - ros,
Ve - nit mors ve - lo- ci - ter, me pit nos a -tro - ci - ter,
| ^ | | | |
2 —a— ae os e g—9— —1
Wand ucc EE E:
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—— @—4—--.4=>4 g poe Ri - rer —
— * 2
Ee Brea Se qu ure
ES ATA s [: p [ A TAA
bit hu mus, Nos ha-be - bit hu mus.
vi de res Quos SSL vis?» ^v = de re.
par - ce tur, Ne- mi-ni par- Poe tur
E
—
4. Alma mater floreat,
Quae nos educavit,
Caros et commilitones,
Dissitas in regiones
Sparsos, congregavit.
CANI I ee
S. Vivat et re publica
Et qui illam regit,
Vivat nostra civitas,
Maecenatum caritas,
Qua nos hic protegit.
218
INTEGER VITAE
Horace, Ode xxii F. FLEMMING, 1810
ee I | = Se
| 4 Se ee 4 J- —|
Ss a @
ee Be er eee ee e s
LX Da te - ger vi te, sce-- le = ns-quew pu. --rue
2) 5r VO w= pers qoyrscvtes Dia ter. °° oS POOL 0 gsm eas,
3. Nam- que me sil - va lu - pus in Quit A "Obi —-- na,
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PUE Iq Um
— — — aes r —
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zm a eee m z 2 . E = m
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Si - ve fac- tu - rs per in-hos-pi - ta -lem Cau - ca-sum,
Dum me-am can- to La-la-gen, et ul- ee Dere= T sae num
——— L—— ee
= ] + a EE +
PA ae 3: a4
Za aa oe} Ez ena men be Sn, eae E—R E
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d 4 i 4 —— = o—
= -4.—9 «y oo -— -£ ULT EMT AC ITUR
pr^niiiing eu cn deg
na - tis gra-vi-da sa -gi - tis Fus - ce, pha-re - tra.
vel que lo -ca.fa-bu-lo - sus Lam-bit Hy- das - pes.
cu - rs va-gor ex-pe.- di- =) tis, " Fu- ELE in - er - mem.
Se
eee i x
ZS iE = Se
The pure in life and free from crime needs no Moorish darts nor bow,
nor, my Fuscus, a quiver laden with poisoned arrows, whether he means to
journey over the boiling Syrtes, or over the inhospitable Caucasus, or the
places laved by storied Hydaspes. For from me, whilst singing my Lalagé
in my Sabine wood, and roving beyond its bound with cares cast aside, there
fled a wolf, unarmed as I was.
Translated by WILLIAM CouTTs,
APPENDIX 219
INFLECTIONS
NOUNS
563. First DECLENSION
Tuba, f., trumpet.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. tuba tubae
Gen. tubae - tubarum
Dat. tubae - tubis
Ace. tubam tubas
ABI. tuba tubis
564. Second DEcLENSION
Amicus,m., Puer,m. Ager,m., Vir, m, Bellum, n.
friend. boy: field. man. war.
SINGULAR
Nom. amicus puer ager vir bellum
Gen. amici pueri agri viri belli
Dat. amico puero agro viró bello
Ace. amicum puerum agrum virum bellum
Abl. amico puero agro viró bello
PLURAL
Nom. amici pueri agri viri bella
' Gen. amicórum puerórum agrorum virórum bellorum
Dat. amicis pueris agris viris bellis
Acc. amicos pueros agros viros bella
Abl. amicis pueris agris viris bellis
965. Turgp DECLENSION
Cónsul, m., Miles, m., Fràter, nm. Flimen, n.
consul. soldier. brother. river.
SINGULAR
Nom. consul miles frater flamen
Gen. consulis militis fratris Huminis
Dat. consuli militi fratri flumini
Ace. consulem militem fratrem fiumen
ABL. consule milite fratre flumine
220
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
AM.
566.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
ADI.
consulés
consulum
consulibus
consulés
consulibus
Ignis, m.,
fire.
ignis
ignis
igni
ignem
igni, -e
ignés
ignium
ignibus
ignis, -és
ignibus
PLURAL
milités
militum
militibus
milités
militibus
Mare, n.,
sea.
SINGULAR
mare
maris
mari
mare
mari
PLURAL
maria
marium
maribus
maria
maribus
LATIN LESSONS
FourtH DECLENSION
Exercitus, m.,
army.
SINGULAR
exercitus
exercitüs
exercitui
exercitum
exercitü
PLURAL
exerceitüs
exercituum
exercitibus
exercitis
exercitibus
fratrés flumina
fratrum flaminum
fratribus fluminibus
fratres flumina
fratribus fluminibus
Hostis, m., f., Urbs, f.,
enemy. city.
hostis urbs
hostis urbis
hosti urbi
hostem urbem
hoste urbe
hostés urbés
hostium urbium
hostibus urbibus
hostis, -6s ^ urbis, -és
hostibus urbibus
Cornü, n.,
horn.
SINGULAR PLURAL
cornü cornua
cornüs cornuum
cornü cornibus
cornü cornua
cornü cornibus
567.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
568.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
ABI.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
969.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
ADI.
APPENDIX
221
FirtH DECLENSION
Diés, m., Res, f.,
day. thing.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
dies diés rés rés
diéi diérum rei rérum
diéi diébus rei rébus
diem diés rem rés
dié diébus ré rebus
IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS
Deus, m., Dea, f., Domus, f., Vis ot.
god. goddess. house. force, strength.
SINGULAR
deus dea domus vis
dei deae domis, -i
ded deae domui, -6
deum deam domum vim
deo dea dom6, -ü vi
PLURAL
dei, dii, di deae domüs virés
deorum, deum | dearum domuum,- -Oórum virium
deis, dijs, dis deabus domibus viribus
deos deàs domos, -üs viris, -és
deis, diis, dis — deabus domibus viribus
ADJECTIVES
First AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
Bonus, good.
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
bonus bona bonum
boni bonae boni
bond bonae bond
bonum bonam bonum
bond bona bons
Do LATIN LESSONS
PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. boni bonae bona
Gen. bonorum bonarum bonórum
Dat. bonis bonis bonis
Ace. bonos bonas bona
ADI. bonis bonIs bonis
570. THIRD DECLENSION — THREE ENDINGS
Acer, sharp.
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. acer acris acre acrés acrés acria
Gen. acris acris acris — acrium acrium Acrium
Dat. | acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Acc. ücrem acrem acre acris (6s) ^ acris (68) acria
Abl. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
571: 'Turgp. DECLENSION — Two ENDINGS
Fortis, brave.
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT.
Nom. fortis forte fortés fortia
Gen. fortis fortis fortium fortium
Dat. forti forti fortibus fortibus
tee fortem forte fortis (8s) fortia
ABI. forti forti fortibus fortibus
512. THIRD DECLENSION—ONE ENDING
Poténs, powerful.
SINGULAR
M. AND F. NBUT.
Nom. , potens ! potens
Gen. potentis potentis
Dat. potenti potenti
Acc. potentem potens
ADI. potenti, -e potenti, -e
APPENDIX 200
PLURAL
M. AND F. | NEUT.
Nom. potentes j potentia
Gen. potentium potentium
Dat. potentibus potentibus
Ace: potentés, -1s potentia
Abl. potentibus potentibus
573. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
Melior, better.
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT.
Nom. melior melius meliores meliora
Gen. melioris melioris meliorum meliorum.
Dat. meliori meliori melioribus melioribus
Acc. meliorem melius meliores (is) meliora
Abl. meliore meliore melioribus melioribus
514. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Alius, another. Unus, one.
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. alius alia aliud ünus üna unum
Gen. alius alius alius unius ünius unius
Dat. alii alii alii uni uni uni
Acc. alium aliam aliud ünum ünam ünum
Abl. alio alia alio uno una uno
The plural is regular, of the First and Second Declensions.
575. Duo, two. Trés, three.
MASC, FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. duo duae duo trés irés iria
Gen. duorum duarum duorum trium trium trium
Dat. duobus duabus duóbus tribus tribus tribus
Acc. duos, duo duas duo tris (trés) tris (trés) tria
Abl. dudbus duabus duobus _ tribus tribus tribus
224
576.
POSITIVE
fortis
velox
miser
acer
577.
POSITIVE
bonus, good
malus, bad
magnus, great
parvus, small
multus, much
multum, much
multi, many
senex, old
luvenis, young
idoneus, suitable
exterus, outer
inferus, low
posterus, hinder
superus, high
(cis, citra)
(in, intra)
(prae, pro)
(prope)
(ultra)
facilis
difficilis
similis
dissimilis
gracilis
humilis
LATIN LESSONS
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE
fortior
velocior
miserior
acrior
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE
melior
peior
maior
minor
plus
plures
senior (maior nati)
iunior (minor nati)
magis idoneus
exterior
inferior
posterior
superior
citerior, hither
interior, inner
prior, former
propior, nearer
ulterior, farther
facilior
difficilior
similior
dissimilior
gracilior
humilior
SUPERLATIVE
fortissimus
velocissimus |
miserrimus
acerrimus
SUPERLATIVE
optimus
pessimus
maximus
minimus
plurimus
plurimum
plurimi
maximus natü
minimus nati
maximé idoneus
extrémus or extimus
infimus or imus
postrémus or postumus
suprémus or summus
OO a
citimus
intimus
primus
proximus
ultimus
facillimus
difficillimus
simillimus
dissimillimus
gracillimus
humillimus
APPENDIX 225
578. CoMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
late (latus) latius latissimé
pulchré (pulcher) pulchrius pulcherrimé
miseré (miser) miserius miserrimé
fortiter (fortis) fortius fortissimé
acriter (acer) acrius acerrimé
facile (facilis) facilius facillimé
bene (bonus) melius optimé
male (malus) peius pessimé
magnopere (magnus) magis maximé
parum (parvus) minus minimé
diu diutius diutissime
219. NUMERALS
CARDINALS ORDINALS
‘1. anus, -a, -um primus, -a, -um
2. duo, duae, duo secundus
3. trés, tria tertius
4. quattuor quartus
5. quinque quintus
6. sex sextus
7. septem septimus
8. octo octavus
9. novem nonus
10. decem decimus
11. undecim undecimus
12. duodecim duodecimus
18. tredecim tertius decimus
14. quattuordecim quàrtus decimus
15. quindecim quintus decimus
16. sedecim sextus decimus
17. septendecim septimus decimus
18. duodeviginti duodevicesimus
19. undeviginti ündevicesimus
20. viginti vicesimus
21. viginti unus vicesimus primus
(ünus et viginti)
226 LATIN LESSONS
CARDINALS ORDIN ALS
29. undetrigintà üundetricesimus
30. triginta tricésimus
40. quadraginta quadrügesimus
50. quinquaginta quinquagesimus
60. sexaginta sexagesimus
70. septuaginta septuágesimus
80. octoginta octogesimus
90. nonaginta nonagesimus
100. centum centesimus
200. ducent, -ae, -a ducentésimus
300. trecenti trecentesimus
400. quadringenti quadringentesimus
500. quingenti quingentesimus
600. sescenti sescentesimus
700. septingenti septingentesimus
800. octingenti octingentesimus
900. nongenti nóngentesimus
1000. mille millesimus
2000. duo milia bis millésimus
PRONOUNS
580. . PERSONAL
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON
Ego, 7. Ta, you (thou). Is, he ; ea, she;
id, it.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL For declension
Nom. ego nos tu vos see § 582.
: nostruin : vestrum
Gen. mei |nosto tui ae
Dat. mihi nobis tibi vobis
Acc. me nos te vos
Abl. mé nobis te vobis
APPENDIX 227
§81. REFLEXIVE
FIRST PERSON | SECOND PERSON
Mei, of myself. — Tui, of yourself (thyself).
These are declined like the personal pronoun of the same person,
xcept that they have no nominative.
THIRD PERSON
Sui, of himself, herself, itself.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Gen. sui sul
Dat. sibi sibi
Acc. Se or sesé Se or sese
Aol. sé or sesé Se or sése
582. DEMONSTRATIVE
Hic, this.
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. PEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. hic haec hoe hi hae haee
Gen. huius huius huius horum harum horum
Dat. huic huic huic his his his
Ace. hune - hane hoe hos hàs haec
Abl. hac hàc hoe his his his
Ille, that.
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. ille illa illud ill illae illa
Gen. ilius illius illius ilorum illarum illorum
Dat: MT illi illi illis illis illis
Acc. ilum illam illud illos illas illa
Abl. illo illà illo illis illis illis
228
LATIN LESSONS :
Iste, that, that of yours.
Ipse, self.
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
fom. iste ista istud ipse ipsa ipsum
Gen. istius istius — istius ipsius ipsius ipsius
Dat. isü isti isti ipsi ipsi ipsi
Acc. istum istam istud ipsum ipsam ipsum
Abl. isto ista isto ipso ipsa ipso
The plural is regular.
Is, that, he.
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. is ea id ii (i), ei eae ea
Gen. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum
IBY ge ass ei ei lis (is), eis lis (is), eis iis (is), eis
Acc. eum eam id eos eas ea
Abl. eo ea eo lis (18), eis iis (is), eis iis (is), eis
Idem, same.
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
idem
Nom. idem eadem idem (üdem), eaedem eadem
eidem
Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
Dat. eidem ^ eidem . eidem isdem (iisdem), eisdem
Acc. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem
Abl. eodem eadem eddem isdem (iisdem), eisdem
583. RELATIVE
Qui, who, which, that.
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae
Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dat? Witoul eui cui quibus quibus quibus
Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae
Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
EE
APPENDIX. 229
984. INTERROGATIVE
Quis, who?
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. quis quid qui quae quae
Gen. cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dat. cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Ace. quem quid quos qu&s quae
Abl. quo quo quibus quibus quibus
Qui, what, is declined like the relative qui.
585. INDEFINITE
Aliquis, some one.
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. aliquis aliquid aliqui aliquae aliqua
Gen. alicuius alicuius aliquorum | aliquarum aliquorum
Dat. alicui alicui aliquibus — aliquibus aliquibus
Acc. aliquem aliquid aliquos aliquas aliqua
Abl. aliquo aliquo aliquibus — aliquibus — aliquibus
The adjective is aliqui, aliqua, aliquod.
VERBS
586. Errst CONJUGATION
PRINCIPAL PARTS: porto, portàre, portavi, portatus.
STEMS: porta-, portav-, portat-.
Active Voice Passive Voice
INDICATIVE
: PRESENT -
I carry, am carrying, etc. I am carried, etc.
porto portamus portor portamur
portas portatis portaris (-re) portamini
portat portant portatur portantur
230 LATIN LESSONS
Active Voice
I carried, was carrying, etc.
portabam . portábamus
portabas portabatis
portabat portabant
I shall carry, etc.
portabo portabimus
portabis portabitis
portabit portabunt
I have carried, I carried, etc.
Passive Voice
IMPERFECT
I was carried, etc.
portabar portabamur
portabaris (-re) portabamini
portabatur portabantur
FUTURE
I shall be carried, etc.
portabor portabimur
portaberis (-re) portabimini
portabitur portabuntur
PERFECT
I have been (was) carried, etc.
portavi portavimus pe ale m tate sumus
portavisti portavistis ( a, um) (ee a) estis
portavit portavérunt (-ére) est ; sunt
I had carried, etc.
portaveram portaveramus
portaveras portaveratis
portaverat portaverant
PLUPERFECT
I had been carried, etc.
A ram ... | eramus
portatus .. portàáti £2
ME -um) (-ae a) eratis
Nee erat 4 erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have carried, etc.
portaáveroó portaverimus
portáveris | portáaveritis
portáverit portaverint
portem portémus
portés portétis
portet portent
I shall have been carried, etc.
erimus
portatus portati X
(-a nm eris (-ae, -a) eritis
: | erit | erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE |
NM
PRESENT
porter portémur
portéris (-re) portémini
portétur portentur
ll ti i i
APPENDIX 231
Active Voice Passive Voice
IMPERFECT
portarem portarémus portarer portarémur
portarés portarétis portaréris (-re) portarémini
portaret portarent portarétur portarentur
PERFECT
portáverim portaverimus A i ue tati simus
Ines DTI L = or Ly
portáveris portaveritis ( AAA : 25/13) sitis
portaverit ^ portaverint : | sit : sint
PLUPERFECT
portávissem portavissémus tatus | essem tati essemus
REM E SAP orta 3 or UE
portávissés portavissétis ( um) esses Cas a) essetis
a oa -a, -um CY yes
portávisset portavissent j | esset ; essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
Carry thou, ete.
2d porta : portate
FUTURE
T'hou shalt carry.
2d portats
3d portato
portatote
portanto
INFINITIVE
PRES. portare, to carry.
PERF. portavisse, to have carried.
FUT.
to carry. ried.
PARTICIPLES
PRES. portans, -antis, carrying.
FUT. portattirus, -a, -um, about
to carry.
2d portare
Be thou carried, etc.
portamini
Thou shalt be carried.
2d portator
9d portator
portantor
portari, to be carried.
portatus esse, to have been carried.
portatirus esse, to be about portatum iri, to be about to be car-
PERF. portatus, -a, -um, having
been carried.
208 LATIN
Active Voice
GERUND
Gen. portandi, of carrying.
LESSONS
Passive Voice
GERUNDIVE
portandus, -a, -um, to be carried,
Dat. portando, for carrying. etc.
Acc. portandum, carrying.
Abl. portando, by carrying.
SuPINE
Acc. portatum, to carry.
Abl. portati, to carry.
587. SECOND CONJUGATION
PRINCIPAL PARTS: moneO, monére, monui, monitus.
STEMS: moné-, monu-, monit-.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I advise, warn, etc.
I am advised, warned, etc.
moneo monémus moneor monémur
monés monétis monéris (-re) monémini
monet monent monétur monentur
IMPERFECT
I advised, was advising, etc.
I was advised, etc.
monébam monébamus monébar monébamur
monébas monébatis monébaris (-re) monébamini
monébat monébant monébatur monébantur
FUTURE
I shall advise, etc.
I shall be advised, etc.
monébo monébimus monébor monébimur
monébis monébitis monéberis (-re) monébimini
monébit monébunt monébitur monébuntur
——
APPENDIX
Active Voice
PERFECT
I have advised, etc.
233
Passive Voice
I have been advised, ete.
monui monuimus L 5e. sumus
o AL AV monitus moniti
monuisti monuistis estis
: D^ S (-a, -um) (-ae, -a)
monuit monuérunt (-ére) est sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had advised, etc. I had been advised, etc.
monueram monueramus k RUN eramus
2s M monitus n moniti ;
monueras monueratis eratis
(-a, -um) (-ae, -a)
monuerat monuerant erat erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have advised, etc.
I shall have been advised, etc.
monueró monuerimus A eró ... [erimus
' ae) monitus j moniti
monueris monueritis eris eritis
: ) (-a, -um) t (-ae, -a)
monuerit monuerint erit erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
e
PRESENT
moneam moneamus monear moneamur
moneas moneatis monearis (-re) moneamini
moneat moneant moneatur moneantur
IMPERFECT
monérem monérémus monérer monérémur
monérés monérétis monéréris (-re) monérémini
monéret monérent monérétur monérentur
PERFECT
monuerim monuerimus E sim ... | Simus
Im monitus ze moniti m.
monueris monueritis (-a um) S (-ae ) sitis
“a, - í - -a »
monuerit monuerint 4 sit 4 sint
1234 LATIN LESSONS
Active Voice
monuissem monuissémus
monuissétis
monuissent
monuissés
monuisset
Advise thou, etc.
2d moné monéte
Thou shalt advise, etc.
2d monetoó
3d monét6
PRES. monére, to advise, etc.
PERF. monuisse, to have advised,
etc.
FUT. monitürus esse,
about to advise, etc.
PRES. monéns, -entis, advising,
etc.
monetote
monento
Passive Voice
PLUPERFECT
+t essem & ( essemus
monitus r moniti A
esses essetis
(-a, -um) ae, -a)
esset essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
Be thou advised, etc.
2d monére monémini
FUTURE
Thou shalt be advised, etc.
2d monétor
3d monétor monentor
INFINITIVE
monéri, to be advised, etc.
monitus esse, to have been ad-
vised, etc.
to be monitum iri, to be about to be ad-
vised, etc.
PARTICIPLES
PERF. monitus, -a, -um, having
been advised, etc.
FUT. monitürus, -a, -um, about to
advise, etc.
GERUND
Gen. monendi, of advising, etc.
GERUNDIVE
monendus, -a, -um, to be advised,
Dat. monendo, for advising, etc. etc.
Acc. monendum, advising, etc.
Abl. monendo, by advising, etc.
SUPINE
Acc. monitum, to advise, etc.
Abl. monitü, to advise, etc.
APPENDIX 288
588. THIRD CONJUGATION
PRINCIPAL PARTS: diic6, dücere, düxi, ductus.
STEMS: düce-, düx-, duct-.
Active Voice Passive Voice
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I lead, am leading, ete. I am led, etc.
dücó ducimus dücor dücimur
ducis ducitis duceris (-re) ^ ducimini
ducit ducunt ducitur ducuntur
IMPERFECT
I led, was leading, etc. I was led, was being led; etc.
ducébam ducébamus ducébar ducébamur
ducébas ducébatis ducébaris (-re) ducébamini
dücébat ducébant ducébatur düc&bantur
FUTURE
I shall lead, ete. I shall be led, etc.
ducam ducémus ducar dücémur
duces ducétis ducéris (-re) ducémini :
ducet ducent dicétur ducentur
PERFECT
I led, have led, etc. I was led, have been led, etc.
n i ur vam ductus [^um ducti Rava
üxis 1 uxis is s (-a, -um) es (-ae, -a) estis
duxit duxerunt (-ére) est sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had led, etc. - I had been led, etc.
prius tendente ances eem ducti Hea
uxeras uxeratis (-a, -um) eras (-ae, -a) eratis
duxerat düxerant rat erant
236
LATIN LESSONS
Active Voice
Passive Voice
FUTURE PERFECT
: I shall have led, etc.
I shall have been led, etc.
uxerd duxerimus ero - [erimus
du * = > p ductus à ducti LS
(seria pes ee (-a, um) eee (-ae, -a) | eritis
düxerit düxerint eri erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
dücam dücáàmus dücar ducamur
ducas ducatis ducaris (-re) ducamini
ducat ducant ducatur ducantur
IMPERFECT
dücerem dücerémus ducerer dücer&mur
düceres ducerétis duceréris (-re) ducerémini
duceret ducerent ducerétur ducerentur
PERFECT
i ü imus sim -. [simus
Mese daga s ductus ducti x
uxeris uxeritis sis sitis
2 E E 4 (-a, -um) : (-ae, -a) :
duxerit duxerint sint
PLUPERFECT
uxissem uxissémus essem . [esse
duxi E da eS: ductus 3 ducti NAT Mes
duxissés duxissétis essés essétis
e UE (-a; -um) (-ae, -a)
duxisset duxissent esset essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
Lead thou, etc. Be thou led, etc.
2d due (e) ducite 2d ducere ducimini
FUTURE
Thou shalt lead, etc.
2d düucito
3d ducité
Thou shalt be led, etc.
2d ducitor
9d ducitor
ducitote
dücunto ducuntor
APPENDIX 237
Active Voice Passive Voice
INFINITIVE
PRES. dücere, to lead. | diici, to be led.
PERF. duxisse, to have led. ductus esse, to have been led.
FUT. ductürus esse, to be about — ductum iri, to be about to be led.
to lead.
PARTICIPLES
PRES. dücéns, -entis, leading. PERF. ductus, -a, -um, having
FUT. ductürus, -a, -um, about been led.
to lead.
GERUND GERUNDIVE
Gen. dücendl, of leading. dücendus, -a, -um, to be led.
Dat. dücendo, for leading.
Acc. dücendum, leading.
Abl. dücendo, by leading.
SUPINE
Acc. ductum, to lead.
Abl. ductü, to lead.
589. FourtH ConsuGATION
PRINCIPAL PARTS: audi6, audire, audivi, auditus.
STEMS: audi-, audiv-, audit-.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I hear, am hearing, do hear, etc. I am heard, etc.
audio . audimus audior audimur
audis auditis audiris (-re) audimini
audit audiunt auditur audiuntur
938 LATIN LESSONS
Active Voice Passive Voice
IMPERFECT
I heard, was hearing, etc. I was heard, etc.
audiébam audiébamus audiébar audiébamur
audiébas audiébatis audiébaris (-re) audiébamini
audiébat audiébant audiébatur audiébantur
FUTURE
I shall hear, etc. I shall be heard, etc.
audiam audiémus audiar audiémur
audiés audiétis audiéris (-re) audiémini
audiet audient audiétur audientur
PERFECT
I have heard, I heard, etc. I have been (was) heard, ete.
audivi audivimus a sum -.- /sumus
xA kee ZA auditus | auditis x
audivisti audivistis es ! estis
M Lyn Es (-a, -um) (-ae, -a)
audivit audiverunt (ére) 1 sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had heard, etc. I had. been heard, etc.
audiveram audiveramus dt eram d eramus
* ie » ues auditus E auditi T
audiveras audiveratis eratis
x 3 -a, -um -ae, -a
audiverat audiverant (a, ) erat Cae, -a) erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc.
audiverd audiverimus x ero d ... (erimus
» : 'ü Bh auditus 3 auditi FU
audiveris audiveritis ) eris ( ) eritis
35 : E : -a, -um F -ae, -a
audiverit audiverint ( ; erit : erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
audiam audiamus audiar audiamur
audias audiatis audiaris (-re) audiamini
audiat audiant audiatur audiantur
——-—"—"' .--—".——vo—Pv Rerum ee Se
Ee a RES RRTR
APPENDIX 239
Active Voice Passive Voice
IMPERFECT
audirem audirémus audirer audirémur
audirés audirétis audireris (-re) audirémini
audiret audirent audirétur audirentur
PERFECT
audiverim audiverimus a sim diti simus
RET PNIS auditus |} - auditi iti
audiveris audiveritis 818 S1U1S
ak Ae es (-a, -um) |.. (-ae, -a) sint
audiverit audiverint sit
PLUPERFECT
audivi ivissé is essem ..- [essemus
AAR oes audivissémus enttn a P audits o
audivissés audivissétis (-a, um) essés aon essétis
- . - = "i 3x 1 ?
audivisset audivissent esset essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
Hear thou, etc.
2d audi . audite 2d audire
ap v i
FUTURE
Thou shalt hear, etc.
2d audito auditote 2d. auditor
9d audito audiunto 9d auditor
INFINITIVE
PRES. audire, to hear. audiri, to be heard.
PERF. audivisse, to have heard.
FUT. auditürus esse, to be about
to hear.
PARTICIPLES
PRES. audiéns, -entis, hearing. PERF.
FUT. auditürus, -a, -um, about
to hear.
Be thou heard, etc.
audimini
Thou shalt be heard, etc.
audiuntor
auditus esse, to have been heard.
auditum iri, to be about to be heard.
auditus, -a, -um, heard,
having been heard.
240 LATIN LESSONS
Active Voice Passive Voice
(XERUND GERUNDIVE
Gen. audiendi, of hearing. audiendus, -a, -um, /o be heard.
Dat. audiendo, for hearing.
Acc. audiendum, hearing.
Abl. audiendo, by hearing.
SUPINE
Acc. auditum, (o hear.
Abl. auditü, to hear.
590. THIRD CONJUGATION — VERBS IN JO
PRINCIPAL PARTS: capiO, capere, cépi, captus.
STEMS: cape-, cép-, capt-.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I take, am taking, do take, etc. I am taken, etc.
capio capimus capior capimur
capis capitis caperis (-re) capimini
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur
IMPERFECT
I took, was taking, etc. I was taken.
capiébam, etc. capiébar, etc.
FUTURE
I shall take, etc. I shall be taken, etc.
capiam capiémus . capiar capiémur
capies capiétis capiéris (-re) . capiémini
capiet capient capietur capientur
PERFECT
I have taken, took, etc. . I have been (was) taken, etc.
cépi, etc. captus sum, etc.
APPENDIX
Active Voice
PLUPERFECT
I had taken, etc.
ceperam, etc.
241
Passive Voice
I had been taken, etc.
captus eram, etc.
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have taken, etc.
cepero, etc.
I shall have been taken, etc.
captus ero, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam capiamus capiar capiamur
capias capiatis capiaris (-re) capiamini
capiat capiant . capiatur capiantur
IMPERFECT
caperem, etc. caperer, etc.
PERFECT
céperim, etc. captus sim, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cepissem captus essem, etc.
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
Take (thou), etc. Be (thou) taken, etc.
2d cape capite 2d capere capimini
FUTURE
Thou shalt take, etc. Thou shalt be taken, etc...
2d capito. capitóte 2d eapitor
9d capito capiunto 3d capitor capiuntor
INFINITIVE
PRES. capere, to take.
PERF. cepisse, to have taken.
FUT. captürus esse, to be about
to take.
capi, to be taken.
captus esse, fo have been taken.
captum iri, to be about to be taken.
242 LATIN LESSONS
Active Voice Passive Voice
PARTICIPLES
PRES. capiéns, -ientis, taking. PERF. captus, -a, -um, taken, hav:
FUT. captürus -a, -um, about to ing been taken.
take.
GERUND GERUNDIVE
Gen. capiendi, of taking. capiendus, -a, -um, to be taken.
Dat. capiendo, for taking.
Acc. capiendum, taking.
Abl. capiendo, by taking.
SUPINE
Acc. captum, to take.
Abl. captü, to take.
991. IRREGULAR VERBS
PRINCIPAL Panrs: PRINCIPAL PARTS:
sum, esse, ful. possum, posse, potul.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I am, etc. I am able, I can, etc.
sum sumus possum possumus
es estis potes potestis
est suBDti; 2: potest ^ possunt
IMPERFECT
I was, ete. I was able, I could, etc.
eram eramus poteram poteramus
eras eratis poteras . poteratis
erat erant poterat poterant
FUTURE
I shall be, etc. I shall be able, etc.
ero erimus potero poterimus
eris eritis poteris poteritis
erit erunt poterit poterunt
, APPENDIX
Sum Possum
PERFECT
I was, have been, etc.
fui fuimus potui
fuisti fuistis potuisti
fuit fuérunt (-6re) potuit
PLUPERFECT
I had been, etc.
fueram fueramus potueram
fueras fueratis potueras
fuerat fuerant potuerat
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have been, etc.
fuero fuerimus potuero
fueris . fueritis potueris
fuerit fuerint potuerit
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
sim simus possim
SIS -.- sitis possis
sit sint possit
IMPERFECT
essem essémus possem
esses essétis posses
esset essent posset
PERFECT
fuerim fuerimus potuerim
fueris fueritis potueris
fuerit fuerint potuerit
PLUPERFECT
fuissem fuissémus potuissem
fuisses fuissétis potuissés
fuisset fuissent potuisset
I have been able, I could, etc.
potuimus
| potuistis
potuerunt (-ére)
I had been able, etc.
potueramus
potueratis
potuerant
I shall have been able, etc.
potuerimus
potueritis
potuerint
possimus
possitis
possint
possémus
possétis
possent
potuerimus
potueritis
potuerint
potuissémus.
potuissétis
potuissent
244 LATIN LESSONS
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT | PRESENT
Be thou, ete.
2d es este
FUTURE FUTURE
Thou shalt be, etc.
2d esto estote
9d esto sunto
INFINITIVE
PRES. esse, (o be. posse, to be able.
PERF. fuisse, to have been. potuisse, to have been able
FUT. futürus esse,
to be about
Or
to be.
fore
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT PRESENT
—-— poténs, -entis (used as an adjec-
tive), powerful.
FUTURE
futürus, -a, -um, «about to be.
592. Principat Parts: volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish.
nolo, nólle, nolui, be unwilling.
malo, malle, malui, be more willing,
prefer.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
volo volumus nolo nolumus malo malumus
vis vultis non vis non vultis mavis mavultis
vult . volunt non vult nolunt mavult malunt
volébam
volam
volui
volueram
volueró
velimus
velitis
velint
velim
velis
velit
vellem
voluerim
voluissem
APPENDIX
IMPERFECT
nolébam
FUTURE
nolam
PERFECT
nolui
PLUPERFECT
nolueram
' FUTURE PERFECT
nolueró
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
nolimus
nolitis
nolint
nolim
nolis
nolit
IMPERFECT
nollem
PERFECT
noluerim
PLUPERFECT
nóluissem
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
9d nóli nolite
FUTURE
2d nolitoó nolitote
3d nólitó noluntó
malébam
malam
malueram
máàlueró
malimus
malitis
malint
malim
malis
malit
mallem
maluerim
maluissem
246 LATIN LESSONS
INFINITIVE
PRES. velle nolle malle
PERF. voluisse noluisse maluisse
PARTICIPLES
PRES. voléns noléns —-
593. Principat Parts: fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry.
r
INDICATIVE
Active Passive
PRESENT
fero ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertis ferris (-re) ferimini
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
IMPERFECT
ferébam ferébar
FUTURE
feram ferar
PERFECT
tuli latus sum
PLUPERFECT
tuleram latus eram
FUTURE PERFECT
tulero latus eró
SUBJUNCTIVE "
PRESENT
feram |. ferar
IMPERFECT
ferrem ferrer
PERFECT
tulerim latus sim
APPENDIX
Active
PLUPERFECT
tulissem
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2d fer ferte 2d ferre
FUTURE
2d ferto fertote 2d fertor
3d ferto feruntoó 3d fertor
INFINITIVE
PRES. ferre
PERF. tulisse
FUT. latürus esse
PARTICIPLES
PREs. ferens
PERF.
FUT. lattrus
GERUND
Gen. ferendi
Dat. ferendo
Acc. ferendum
Abl. ferendo
SUPINE
Acc. latum
Abl. latü
Passive
latus essem
ferimini
feruntor
ferri
latus esse
latum iri
latus
GERUNDIVE
ferendus
594. Principat Parts: eo, ire, ii (ivi), itürus, go.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
eo imus
is itis
it eunt
Active
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2d i ite
247
248
Active
IMPERFECT
Ibam
FUTURE
ibo
PERFECT
11
PLUPERFECT
ieram
FUTURE PERFECT
iero
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
eam
IMPERFECT
irem
PERFECT
ierim
PLUPERFECT
issem
LATIN LESSONS
Active
FUTURE
2d itd itote
3d itd euntó
INFINITIVE
PRES. Ire
PERF. Isse (iisse)
FUT. itürus esse
PARTICIPLES
PRES. iéns, euntis
FUT. itürus
GERUND
Gen. eundi
Dat. eundo
Acc. eundum
Abl. eundo
SUPINE
Acc. itum
Abl. itü
595. Principat Parts: fi6, fieri, factus sum, be made, become.
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
fio fimus
fis fitis
fit fiunt
IMPERFECT
fiébam
FUTURE
fiam
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2d fi fite
INFINITIVE
PRES. fieri
PERF. factus esse
FUT. factum iri
APPENDIX 249
Active Fassive
PERFECT PARTICIPLES
factus sum PRES.
PERF. factus
PLUPERFECT
factus eram GERUNDIVE
faciendus
FUTURE PERFECT
factus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT PERFECT
fiam factus sim
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT
fierem factus essem
RULES OF SYNTAX
For Reference and Review
The number following the rule designates the section in which it is
given.
NOMINATIVE CASE
596. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative. § 15.
597. A noun used in the predicate after an intransitive verb
is in the nominative and is called the predicate nominative.
$ 28.
| GENITIVE CASE
598. Possession is denoted by the genitive. § 27.
599. The genitive denotes the whole of which a part is
taken and is called the genitive of the whole. § 260.
600. The quality or description of a noun may be expressed
by the genitive with an adjective. § 441.
601. Definite measurement must be expressed by the gen-
itive. § 441, a.
250 LATIN LESSONS
DATIVE CASE
602. The indirect object is expressed by the dative. § 56.
603. The dative is used to limit adjectives meaning like,
unlike, equal, unequal, and near. § 230.
604. Adjectives meaning dear, faithful, friendly, suitable,
useful, etc., and their opposites, take the dative. § 269.
605. Many verbs meaning benefit or injure, please or displease,
command or obey, serve or resist, believe or distrust, persuade,
pardon, envy, threaten, be angry, and the like, take the dative.
§ 499.
606. The dative is used with many verbs compounded with
the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub,
super, and sometimes circum. § 419.
607. A dative expressing purpose is used with sum and a
few other verbs. § 508.
608. The dative is used with sum to denote the possessor,
the thing possessed being the subject. § 514.
609. With the passive periphrastic the dative is used to
denote the agent or doer of the action. § 531.
ACCUSATIVE CASE
610. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusa- |
Liven S10.
611. Place whither is expressed by the accusative with ad
orin. § 76. See § 278 for exceptions.
612. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by
the accusative. § 286.
613. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative. § 307.
614. The accusative is used with about thirty prepositions,
the most common of which are ad, ante, apud, circum, contra,
inter, per, trans. § 333.
615. The accusative is often used adverbially to express
degree or extent. § 382.
APPENDIX :951
ABLATIVE CASE
616. Means or instrument is expressed by the ablative with-
out a preposition. $ 65.
617. Place in which is expressed by the ablative with in;
place whence, by the ablative with à, ab, &, or ex. § 76. See
§ 278 for exceptions.
618. Accompaniment (in company with or in conflict with)
is expressed by the ablative with cum. § 102.
619. Manner is expressed by the ablative with a limiting
adjective or cum, or both. § 114.
620. The personal agent with a passive verb is expressed by
the ablative with à or ab. § 140.
621. Time when or within which is expressed by the abla-
tive without a preposition. $ 147.
622. Cause may be expressed by the ablative usually with-
out a preposition. $ 195.
623. The ablative of specification may be used with a verb,
noun, or adjective to define its application. It answers the
question “In what respect?" 8$ 204.
624. The comparative is followed by the ablative when quam
(than) is omitted. § 221.
. 625. Degree of difference is expressed by the ablative with-
out a preposition. § 247, 583.
626. The ablative with dé or ex is sometimes used instead
of the genitive of the whole, especially after cardinal numbers.
$ 260, Note.
627. Separation is expressed by the ablative either with or
without a preposition. § 316.
628. The ablative is always used with,
a or ab, dé,
cum, ex or e,
sine, pro, prae. § 332.
259 LATIN LESSONS
629. Two prepositions, in and sub, govern both the accusa-
tive and the ablative; with the accusative they denote motion
toward a place, and with the ablative, rest ?» a place. § 334.
630. The verbs ütor, fruor, fungor, potior, and véscor, and
their compounds, regularly govern the ablative. $375.
631. The quality or description of a noun is expressed by
the genitive or ablative with an adjective. § 441.
632. The ablative absolute consists of two words in the
ablative case grammatically independent of the rest of the
sentence. It expresses time, cause, condition, or concession.
§ 463.
VoCATIVE CASE
633. The vocative case is used as the case of address.
$82; 6,0; 28, a and 5b; 494, a.
LocATIVE CASE
634. With names of cities and towns, domus and rüs, place
at which is expressed by the locative, which is like the geni-
tive in the singular of the first and second declensions, other-
wise like the ablative. $278.
AGREEMENT
635. A noun or pronoun in apposition with another noun or
pronoun agrees with it in case. $187.
636. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
$17.
637. An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number
and ease. $40.
638. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in
gender, number, and person, but its case is determined by its
use in its own clause. § 395.
"i Am n
APPENDIX 2580
SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
639. The subjunctive may be used in independent sentences
to express something as willed. It is then called the volitive
subjunctive. § 548.
640. Purpose is expressed by the subjunctive introduced by
ut orné. § 353. After verbs of fearing ut is translated that
not; and ne that. 4131.
641. Result is expressed by the subjunctive introduced by
ut or ut non. § 379.
642. An indirect question follows a verb of knowing, ask-
ing, and the like, and is a subordinate clause introduced by an
interrogative word. It is expressed by the subjunctive. § 402.
643. A clause introduced by cum takes the subjunctive to
denote the circumstances under which an action took place.
This use is found only in the imperfect and pluperfect tenses.
8 470.
644. A clause introduced by cum and expressing cause is
regularly in the subjunctive. § 471.
645. A clause introduced by cum and expressing concession
is in the subjunctive. 472.
646. The present subjunctive is used in conditional sen-
tences expressing a doubt in future time. The conclusion states
that something would take place if a certain condition should
be fulfilled. § 480.
647. In a conditional sentence expressing a thought con-
trary to fact, the imperfect subjunctive is used for present
time, and the pluperfect subjunctive for past time. § 482.
INFINITIVE Moop
648. The time denoted by the infinitive is always relative,
depending on the principal verb. The future infinitive denotes
time after, the perfect time before, and the present the same
time as the principal verb. § 304.
251 LATIN LESSONS
649. Possum and a few other verbs require a complemen
tary infinitive to complete their meaning. $176.
650. A statement in indirect discourse is expressed by the
infinitive with its subject in the accusative. § 303.
651. An infinitive or clause used substantively is neuter
singular. $476.
InpIRECT DiscouRSsE
652. In indirect discourse, that is, when the thought of the
speaker is given without his exact words, a statement is ex-
pressed by the infinitive; questions, commands, and subordi-
nate clauses, by the subjunctive. §§ 554, 303.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
As an Aid to the Study of Latin
Nouns
653. A Noun is the name of some person or thing.
654. A Common Noun is the name of one of a class of
objeets: picture, story.
655. A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person or
object: Caesar, Rome.
656. A Collective Noun is one which, singular in form, may
apply to a group of objects: family, army.
657. A Verbal Noun is the name of an action. Walking is
good exercise.
658. An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality or condi-
tion: goodness, wealth.
PRONOUNS
659. A Pronoun (Latin pró, for, and nomen, name) is a word
used for a noun. I saw James as he was coming.
660. A Personal Pronoun shows by its form whether it re-
fers to the speaker (first person, J); the one spoken to (second
person, you); or the one spoken of (third person, he).
APPENDIX 255
661. A Relative Pronoun refers to a word in a preceding
clause called the antecedent.
(a) The relative connects the two clauses. The man whom I saw was
blind.
(b) The relative pronouns‘are who, which, what, and that.
662. An Interrogative Pronoun asks a question. Who are
you? The interrogative pronouns are who, which, what.
663. A Demonstrative Pronoun points out a particular per-
son or thing: this, these; that, those.
664. An Indefinite Pronoun does not refer to any definite
person or thing: some, any one.
665. A Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject. The
man praises himself.
666. Nouns and Pronouns have gender, person, number, and
case.
667. Gender distinguishes sex.
(a) Names of males are masculine ; names of ta sh feminine ; names
of things are neuter.
(In Latin the gender is often determined by the ending of
the noun.)
668. Number shows how many persons or things are re-
ferred to. Singular number denotes but one; plural number
denotes more than one.
669. Case shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the
other words of the sentence.
(a) There are three cases in English: Nominative, Possessive, Objective.
670. The Nominative Case is used as the subject of a sen-
tence or in the predicate after an intransitive or passive verb.
The boy ran home. You are a wise man. ‘The man was called
general.
671. The Possessive Case denotes possession. Caesa:'s sol-
diers were brave.
256 LATIN LESSONS
672. The Objective Case is used as the object of a verb or
preposition. Caesar sent the army to the city.
673. Inflection is the change in the form of a word to show
its relation to the other words of a sentence. The inflection of
a noun or pronoun is called Declension: Nom. who, Poss.
whose, Obj. whom. The inflection of a verb is called Conjuga-
tion.
ADJECTIVES
674. An Adjective is used to limit or describe a noun or its
equivalent. Five boys came. The soldiers were brave. To
err is human.
675. A, an, and the are called Articles. The is the definite
article; a and an are indefinite articles.
676. Adjectives denoting number are called Numeral Adjec-
tives. They are either Cardinals, denoting how many: three,
ten; or Ordinals, denoting which one in order: third, tenth.
677. Comparison of Adjectives is a change in form by which
degree of quality is expressed.
(a) The degrees of comparison are called positive, comparative, and
superlative. ;
(6) The Positive denotes the quality in the simple state: large, good.
(c) The Comparative denotes the quality in a greater or less degree :
larger, better, less beautiful.
(d) The Superlative denotes the quality in greatest or least degree :
largest, best, least beautiful.
678. Adjectives are compared regularly by adding to the
positive -er for the comparative, and -st or -est for the superla-
tive; irregularly; and by adding more and most, less and least
to the positive. Most adjectives of more than one syllable are
compared in this last way. Large, larger, largest ; good, better,
best ; beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful.
(For comparing adjectives regularly in Latin, see § 214.)
APPENDIX 251
VERBS
679. A Verbis a word used to assert action or state of be-
ing: to sing, to be.
680. A Transitive Verb is one which commonly requires an
object to complete its meaning. He killed his enemy.
(Transitive is from the Latin trans, across, and eO, go, be-
cause the action goes over from the subject to the object of the
verb.)
681. An /ntransitive Verb is one which does not require an
object to complete its meaning. They dwell in Gaul.
682. An Impersonal Verb 1s one which does not take a per-
sonal subject and is used only in the third person singular. Jt
rains.
683. An Auziliary Verb (Latin auxilium, aid) is one which
aids in the conjugation of other verbs. IJ was reading. Does
he read ?
684. Verbs have voice, mood, tense, person, and number.
685. The inflection of a verb is called Conjugation. The
Conjugation gives the forms of a verb in all voices, moods,
tenses, persons, and numbers. ;
686. The Synopsis of a verb gives its forms in any required
person and number through all moods and tenses.
VOICE
687. A verb is in the Active Voice when the subject per-
forms the action. Caesar has fought.
688. A verb is in the Passive Voice when the subject is
acted upon. The boys were punished.
Norte. — Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice.
Moop
689. By Mood (Latin modus. manner) we mean the manner
of making a statement.
258 | LATIN LESSONS
690. A verb is in the Indicative Mood when it states a fact
or asks whether something is a fact. Rome was a great city.
Did Caesar conquer the Gauls ?
691. The Subjunctive Mood states something as demanded,
wished for, possible, contingent, or contrary to fact.
He shall pay me. Heaven help us! If it should rain, they would not
go. lf we were better, we should be happier.
692. The Imperative Mood expresses a command. Soldiers,
draw your swords.
(a) With the imperative the subject is usually not expressed. The per-
son addressed is put in the Nominative Independent. (Vocative in
Latin.)
693. The Infinitive is a form of the verb not limited by per-
son and number. To forgive is divine.
(a) It may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
(b) It has the present and perfect tenses only.
(c) The Present Infinitive represents an action as taking place at the
time of the principal verb. He wishes (wished, will wish) to fight.
(d) The Perfect Infinitive represents an action as completed at the time of
the principal verb. The man is said (was said, will be said) to
have fought.
694. The Infinitive with subject in the objective (Latin
Accusative) case is used after verbs meaning wish, prefer, and
the like when its subject is not the same as that of the govern-
ing verb. I wish you to go.
(a) When the subject of both verbs is the same, the subject of the infini-
tive is not expressed. I wish £o go.
TENSE (INDICATIVE)
695. The Present Tense represents an action as taking place
at the present time (Latin Present). The soldiers fight.
696. The Past Tense represents something as having oc-
curred in the past. (Latin Imperfect and Perfect.) The
soldiers were fighting, fought.
APPENDIX 259
697. The Future Tense represents something that will occur
in the future. (Latin Future.) The soldiers will fight.
698. The Present Perfect represents an action as completed
at the present time. (Latin Perfect.) The soldiers have
Jought.
699. The Past Perfect represents an action as having been
completed before some past time. (Latin Pluperfect) The
soldiers had fought.
400. The Future Perfect represents an action as having
taken place before some definite time in the future. (Latin
Future Perfect.) The soldiers will have fought long before they
conquer.
PERSON AND NUMBER
701. A Verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
(a) A verb having two or more subjects connected by and must be in
the plural. The boy and the girl are my friends.
(b) A verb having two or more singular subjects separated by or or nor
must be in the singular. Neither the boy nor the girl 7s happy.
PARTICIPLES
702. A Participle is a Verbal Adjective. Like a verb it may
take an object and have adverbial modifiers. We saw the man
beating the horse severely.
Like an adjective, it may modify anoun. A babbling brook
flows through the meadow.
ADVERBS
703. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
He ran swiftly. Heis nearly blind. They fought very bravely.
704. An Adverb may express: Time, recently; Manner,
swiftly ; Place, here; Degree, very; Affirmation, yes; Nega-
tion, no, not.
705. An Interrogutive Adverb asks a question with reference
to time, place, manner, or reason. When shall we go? Where
shall we go? How shall we go? Why shall we go?
260 LATIN LESSONS -
706. A Conjunctive Adverb is used to introduce an adverbial
clause. While there is life, there is hope.
PREPOSITIONS
707. A Preposition (Latin prae, before, and pond, place) is
a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to
the rest of the sentence. He lived in Italy. He went to
Rome.
CONJUNCTIONS
708. A Conjunction (Latin con, together, and iungo, join) is
a word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses.
(a) A Coérdinate Conjunction connects elements of equal rank or im-
portance: and, but, nor.
(b) A Subordinate Conjunction connects elements of unequal rank or
importance: because, if.
INTERJECTIONS
709. An Iuterjection (Latin inter, between, and. iació, throw)
is a word thrown into a sentence to express surprise or emotion
and used independently of the rest of the sentence: ah, oh,
halloo.
RULES oF SYNTAX
710. The Subject of a verb is in the Nominative case. Rome
was a large city.
711. The Direct Object of a verb is in the Objective (Latin
Accusative) case. Virgil wrote poetry.
712. A noun or adjective used in the predicate after an
intransitive or passive verb agrees with the subject in ease and
is called the Predicate Noun or Predicate Adjective. They were
children. They were good. He was chosen king. He was
called wise.
(a) It may be stated thus: An Intransitive or Passive verb takes the
same case after it as before it.
ee
APPENDIX 261
713. Possession is denoted by the Possessive (Genitive) case
or of with an object. We read Horace’s poems. We read the
poems of Horace.
714. Some transitive verbs having the general meaning of
giving, telling, etc., take two objects, a direct and an indirect.
(a) The Direct Object receives the full effect of the action ; the Indirect
Object is that to or for which something is done or happens. We
gave (to) Caesar the letter. We told him the reason.
715. The Objective (Latin Accusative) case is used as the
subject of an infinitive. Caesar ordered him to fight.
C. IULII CAESARIS
DE BELLO GALLICO
SELECTIONS FROM Book I
Divisions of Gaul
Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum! ünam in-
colunt Belgae, aliam Aquitàni, tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua?
Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institütis,
legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitànis Garumna
flamen, à Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium
fortissimi sunt Belgae, proptereà quod à eultü atque hümaàni-
tate provinciae longissime absunt, proximique sunt Germanis;
qui trans Rhénum ineolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum
gerunt.
Quà dé causa Helvétii quoque reliquos Gallos virtüte*
praecedunt, quod feré cotidiànis proeliis > cum Germànis con-
tendunt, cum aut suis finibus? eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum
finibus bellum gerunt.
$9
The Helvetians decide to migrate
Undique loei nàtüra Helvetii continentur: ünà ex parte
flamine Rhéno làtissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium
à Germanis dividit, altera ex parte monte Iürà altissimo, qui
est inter Sequanos et Helvétios, tertia laci Lemanno et flümine
Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His
rébus fiebat, ut et minus laté vagàarentur et minus facile
finitimis? bellum inferre possent. Pro multitüdine autem
1 $ 599. ? $ 616. 3 § 603. 4 § 623. 5 § 619. 6 § 627.
7 The subject is ut . . . possent. 8 $ 606.
202
‘
GAUL
at the time of
CAESAR.
SCALE OF ROMAN MILES
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Longitude 4? West
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APPENDIX 263
hominum et pro gloria belli angustos sé finis habére arbitra-
bantur.
They prepare to depart
-Constituerunt ea, quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent, com-
parare, iümentorum et carrdrum quam maximum numerum
coémere, sémentés quam maximas facere, cum proximis civitati-
bus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas rés conficiendas!
biennium sibi satis esse düxérunt; in tertium annum pro-
fectionem lége confirmant.
Ubi iam sé ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida
sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, reliqua privata aedificia in-
.cendunt, frümentum omne, praeterquam quod secum portatiri
erant, combürunt.
Two ways to depart
Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire
possent;? ünum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter mon-
tem lüram et flümen Rhodanum, vix quà singuli earri düce-
rentur;? mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci
prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo
facilius, proptereà quod inter finés Helvétiorum et Allobrogum,
Rhodanus fluit, isque nónnüllis locis vado transitur. Ex-
trémum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum
finibus Genava. Ex eó oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet.
Omnibus rébus ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, quà
dié ad ripam Rhodani omnés conveniant.
Caesar learns their plans
Caesari eum id nüntiàtum esset, eds per provinciam nostram
iter facere cOnari, mátürat ab urbe proficisci et, quam maximis
potest itineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad
Genavam pervenit. Ubi dé eius adventü Helvetii certiores
1$ 522, 3. 2 Subjunetive of Characteristic.
y
gp
€
264 LATIN LESSONS
facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, qui
dicerent, sibi? esse in animo sine üllo maleficio iter per pro-
vinciam facere, proptereà quod aliud iter habérent nüllum.
Ut spatium intercedere posset, dum milites, quos imperaverat,
convenirent, legátis respondit, diem sé ad deliberandum sümp-
türum.
Intereà eà legione? quam sécum habébat, militibusque,? qui
ex provincia convenerant, à lacü Lemanno, qui in flümen
Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iüram, qui fines Sequanorum ab
Helvetiis dividit, mürum fossamque perdücit.
He thwarts their plans
Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat eum légatis, venit, et legati
ad eum reverterunt, negat se posse iter Ulli per provinciam dare
et, si vim facere conentur, prohibitürum * ostendit. Helvetii ea
spe deiecti, nàvibus iünetis ratibusque complüribus factis, alii
vadis Rhodani quà minima altitüdo flüminis erat, si perrumpere
possent,* conati, militum concurst® et telis repulsi hoe conátü ?
destiterunt.
SELECTIONS FROM Book II
The Belgians conspire against the Romans
Cum esset? Caesar in citeriore Gallia erebri ad eum rümores
afferébantur, litterisque item Labiéni certior fiebat, omnes
Belgàs? contra populum Rómànum ceoniüràre obsidesque inter
sé dare.
His nüntiis? litterisque commotus Caesar duàs legiones in
citeriore Gallia novàs conscripsit et inità aestáte,! in ulteriorem
Galliam qui ? dédüceret,? Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum
primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat
1§ 640. 2 $ 608. 3 $ 616. 4 Prohibitürum = se prohibiturum esse.
5 § 642. 6 § 616. 7 $ 697. 8 § 643. 9 § 613. 10 § 622.
11§ 632. 12§ 3061. 1380640, 14 8§ 643.
APPENDIX 265
negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis
erant, uti ea, quae apud eos gerantur, eognóseant! seque dé his
rébus certiorem faciant.! Hi eonstanter omnés nüntiàvérunt,
manüs? cogi? exercitum in ünum locum condici. Ré frümen-
tàrià comparàatà* castra movet diebusque? circiter quindecim
ad fines Belgarum pervenit.
The Remi declare their loyalty to Caesar
Eo eum venisset, Rémi ad eum legátos Iccium et Andecum-
borium, primos civitatis, miserunt, qui dicerent, se suaque
omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,
neque se eum reliquis Belgis consensisse neque contrà populum
Romanum conitirasse, parátosque esse et obsides dare et imperata
facere et oppidis recipere et friiment6 céterisque rebus iuvare ;
reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germànosque, qui cis
Rhénum incolant,® sese cum his coniünxisse.
Caesar finds out the strength of the enemy
Cum ab his quaereret, quae civitatés quantaeque in armis
essent? et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Bel-
gas? esse ortos ab Germanis Rhénumque antiquitus traductos
propter loci fertilitàtem ibi eonsedisse. Plirimum ® inter eds
Bellovaeos et virtüte? et auctoritàte et hominum numero
valere;? hos posse conficere armata milia centum; pollicitds
ex eo numero élécta sexàgintà, totiusque belli imperium sibi
postulàre. Suessidnés suos esse finitimos; làátissimos feracissi-
mosque agrés possidére. Apud eds fuisse régem nostra etiam
memoria Diviciacum, totius Galliae potentissimum ; nunc esse
regem Galbam: oppida habére numero xir, pollieeri milia
armáta quinquaginta; totidem Nervios; quindecim milia Atre-
batés, Ambiànos decem milia, Morinós xxv milia, Menapios vir
milia, Caletos x milia, Veliocassés et Viromanduos totidem,
1$ 640. 2 § 613. 8 § 650. 4 § 632. 5 § 621.
6 § 652. 7 § 642. 8 § G15. 9 § 623.
266 LATIN LESSONS
Aduatueos xrx milia; Condrüsos, Eburones, Caerosos, Cae.
manos, qui ünó nómine Germàni appellantur, arbitrári ad xr
milia.
Caesar gives directions to the Remi
Caesar Rémos cohortatus omnem senátum! ad sé convenire
principumque liberos obsides? ad sé addüei iussit. Quae
omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Divieiácum
Aeduum magnopere cohortatus docet, quanto opere rei pübli-
eae comminisque salütis? intersit^ manüs hostium distinéri.
Id fieri posse,? si suás copias Aedui in fines Bellovacorum
introdüxerint$ et eorum agros populàri eoeperint. His datis
mandatis eum à se dimittit.
Caesar crosses the river and fortifies his camp
Postquam omnés Belgàrum cópiàs ! ad sé venire vidit, lumen
Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum
trüádücere mattiravit atque ibi castra posuit. In eo flümine
pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in alterà parte flüminis
Q. Titürium Sabinum léegaàtum cum sex cohortibus relinquit.
Castra in altitüdinem pedum xir vallo? fossique duodeviginti
pedum münire iubet.
The Belgians attack Bibrax
Ab his eastris oppidum Remorum nomine? Bibrax aberat
milia passuum octo. Idexitinere Belgae oppugnare coeperunt.
Aegre eo die sustentàátum est. Belgarum oppugnatio est haec.
Ubi, cireumiectà'? multitüdine hominum tótis moenibus," undi-
que in mürum lapides iaci coepti sunt,” mürusque defensoribus '?
nidatus est, testüdine factà succedunt mürumque subruunt.
Quod tum facile fiebat. Nam cum tanta multitüdo lapides ac
1 $ 613. 2 $ 635. 3 Genitive after the impersonal verb intersit.
4 $ 642. 5 § 650. 6 $ 652. 7 § 601. 8 § 616. 9 $ 623.
10 § 632. 12 Passive voice when followed by a passive infinitive.
11 § 606. 13 § 627.
APPENDIX 267
tela conicerent, in muro consistendi! potestàs erat nülli.?
Cum finem oppugnandi nox fécisset, Iccius Rémus, qui tum
oppido? praefuerat, nüntium ad eum mittit: nisi subsidium
sibi submittàtur,! sese diütius sustinere nón posse.
Caesar sends relief to the town, and the Belgians march
against him
Eo dé media nocte Caesar isdem 5 ducibus? üsus, qui nüntii?
ab lecioó venerant, sagittarios et funditorés subsidio? oppidànis
mittit; quorum adventü hostibus? spes potiundi'? oppidi dis-
cessit. Paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum
dépopulati, omnibus vicis" aedificiisque, quos adire potuerant,
incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis ? contendérunt et ab
milibus passuum minus duóbus castra posuerunt; quae castra,
ut fümo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus passuum
octo in làtitüdinem patebant.
Caesar prepares for battle
Caesar primo et propter multitüdinem hostium et propter
eximiam opinionem virtütis proelio P supersedére statuit ; cotidie
tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis virtüte posset “ et quid
nostri audérent, periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferi-
ores intellexit, ab utroque latere eius collis trànsversam fossam
obdüxit circiter passuum, cp et ad extrémas fossàs castella
constituit ibique tormenta eollocávit, né hostes ab lateribus
pugnantés suds circumvenire possent. Hoc facto, duabus
legionibus, quàs proximé conscripserat, in castris relictis, ut
subsidid ® düei possent, reliqués sex legiones pro castris in
acie constituit. Hostés item suas cdpias ex castris éductas
mstrüxerant.
1 § 517. 28608. ^ 3 § 606. 4 $ 652. 5 § 650.
6 § 630. 7 § 635. 8 § 607. ? § 627. 10 § 519.
11 § 632. 12 $ 618. 18 § 627. 14 § 642. 15 $ 607.
268 LATIN LESSONS
The Belgians attempt to cut off Caesar’s supplies
Palüs erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exerci-
tum. Ubi neutri tráànseundi initium faciunt Caesar suds in
castra redüxit. Hostes ex eo loco ad flimen Axonam conten-
derunt. Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum cóplàrum tradicere
conati sunt, eo consilio! ut, si possent,? castellum, cui? praeerat
Q. Titürius légatus, expugnarent* pontemque interscinderent,
Si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur,’ qui magno
nobis üsui? ad bellum gerendum erant, commedatique’ nostros
prohiberent.
The Belgians are defeated and disperse
Caesar certior factus ab Titürio omnem equitatum et fundi-
torés sagittaridsque pontem tràdücit atque ad eds contendit.
Acriter in ed loco pugnatum est. Hostés impeditos nostri? in
flimine aggressi magnum eórum numerum occiderunt. Hostes
ubi et de expugnando oppido? et dé flimine trànseundo spem
se fefellisse intelléxérunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorem
progredi pugnandi causa vidérunt, atque ipsos rés frimentaria
deficere coepit, consilio convocáto, constituerunt optimum esse,
domum P? suam quemque reverti, quod Aeduos finibus Bellova-
corum appropinquare eognóverant.
Ea re constitütà ? secundà vigilia ^ magno cum strepiti ac
tumultü eastris" egressi nülló certo ordine neque imperio, eüm
sibi quisque primum itineris locum peteret!$ et domum per-
venire properàret, fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae!" profectio
vidérétur.®
They are pursued by the Roman army, and many are slain
Hac ré statim Caesar per speculatorés cognita, Insidias veri-
tus, quod, quà dé causa discederent,? nondum perspexerat,
1§ 622. 2 Subjunctive by attraction. 3 § 606. 4 § 640.
5 § 607. 6 § 522, 3. 7 § 627. 8 § 534, 2. 9 § 4202,
10 § 519. 11 § 473, 1. 12 § 278. 18 § 632. 14 $ 621.
15 § 619. le $ 644. AT § 603. 18 $ 641. 19 § 642.
APPENDIX 269
exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima lice! cón-
firmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitétum, qui novis-
simum agmen morarétur,? praemisit. His? Q. Pedium et L.
Auruneuleium Cottam legatos praefecit. T. Labienum legatum
cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi novissimos adorti et
multa milia passuum proseeüti magnam multitüdinem eórum
fugientium concidérunt. Sub oecásum solis sequi destiterunt
séque in castra, ut erat imperátum, recépérunt.
Caesar attacks the Suessiones, and their chief town, Noviodunum,
surrenders
Caesar, in finés Suessionum, qui proximi Rémis erant, exer-
citum düxit et magno itinere^ ad oppidum Noviodünum con-
tendit. Id ex itinere oppugnàre conatus, quod vacuum ab
defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitüdinem fossae mürique
altitüdinem, paucis défendentibus,? expugnáre non potuit. Cas-
tris münitis, vineàs agere coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessi-
onum multitüdo in oppidum proximà nocte convenit. Celeriter
vineis * ad oppidum àetis, aggere 1acto turribusque constitütis,
magnitüdine" operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque
audierant, et celeritate’ Romànorum permoti legátos ad Caesa-
rem de deditione mittunt et, petentibus Rémis, ut cónservà-
rentur, impetrant.
The Bellovaci come and seek peace
Caesar, obsidibus acceptis primis? civitatis atque ipsius
Galbae régis duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis,
in deditionem Suessióones accépit exercitumque in Bellovacos
dücit. Quicum sé suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium
contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exereitü circiter
milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores nati ? ex oppido
1$ 621. 2 $ 640. 3 $ 606. 4 Supply confecto. 5 $ 463, 4.
6 $ 632. 7 $ 622. 8 $ 635. 9 $ 623.
270 LATIN LESSONS
égressI mantis ad Caesarem tendere et voce significáre! coepé
runt, sésé? in eius fidem ac potestaétem venire neque contra
populum Rómànum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum
accessisset? castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulierésque ex müró
passis manibus suo more?’ pacem ab Romanis petiérunt.
Diviacus pleads for the Bellovact
Pro his Diviciacus facit verba: Bellovacds omni tempore in
fide atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulsos à suis
prineipibus et ab Aeduis défécisse et popula Romano bellum
intulisse. Qui? eius consilii principés fuissent, quod intelle-
gerent quantam calamitatem civitàti? intulissent,?in Britanniam
profügisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his
Aeduos, ut sua clementia? àe mànsuetüdine in eos ütàtur.
Caesar accepts the surrender
Caesar honoris Diviciaci atque Aeduorum causa sésé eos in
fidem receptürum et conservatürum dixit; quod erat civitas
magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitüdine
praestabat, sescentos obsides poposcit. His traditis omni-
busque armis ex oppido collatis, ab eo locó in fines Ambiàno-
rum pervenit, qui sé suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt.
SELECTIONS FROM Book IV
Caesar plans an expedition to Britain
Caesar in Britanniam profieisei contendit. Neque praeter
mercatores illo! adit quisquam, neque his ipsis quicquam
praeter dram maritimam atque eàs regiones, quae sunt contra
Galliás, notum est. Itaque vocatis ad se undique mercatori-
1 $ 649. 2 $ 613. 3 $ 643. 4 $ 632. 5 § 619.
6 Supply eos as subject of profügisse and antecedent of qui.
? $ 606. 8 $ 642. 3 $ 630. 10 Adverb.
abel x
APPENDIX 2L
bus, neque quanta esset! insulae magnitüdo, neque quae aut
? 3
quantae natidnés incolerent! neque qui essent! ad maiorum
navium multitüdinem idonei portüs, reperire poterat.
He finds out all he can about the island
Ad haee cognoscenda, 1idóneum esse arbitrátus C. Volusénum
cum navi longà praemittit. Huic mandat, ut ad sé quam
primum revertatur. Interim consilio eius cognit6 et per mer-
catorés perlaàto ad Britannos, à compliribus insulae civitàátibus
ad eum legati veniunt, qui pollieeantur? obsides dare atque
imperio populi Romani obtemperàre. Quibus auditis, eds
domum remittit, et cum iis Commium, cuius et virtütem et
consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem esse arbitrabatur,
mittit. Huic imperat, quàs possit? adeat civitatés seque cele-
riter eo ventürum nüntiet.
He crosses, and on landing is attacked by the Britons
Hora diei circiter quarté cum primis navibus Britanniam
attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositàs hostium cópiàs
armátàs conspexit. Cuius loei haee erat nàtüra, atque ita mon-
tibus angusté mare continébatur, uti ex loeis superioribus in
litus télum adigi posset. Interim légatis convocatis et quae ex
Voluséno cognovisset, et quae fieri vellet,! ostendit.
At barbari, consilio Románorum cognito, praemisso equitata
reliquis copiis* subsecüti nostros nàvibus egredi prohibebant.
Erat ob has ecausàs summa diffieultàs, quod nàvés propter mag-
nitüdinem nisi in alto constitui nón poterant, militibus * autem
ignotis locis, magno et gravi onere armorum pressis,® simul et
de nàvibus désiliendum ? et in flüctibus cénsistendum’ et cum
hostibus erat pugnandum, cum illi aut ex àridó aut paulum in
aquam progressi omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis
audacter téla conicerent. |
1$ 642. 2 $ 640. 3 Subjunctive by attraction. 5 $ 618.
5 $ 609, 6 Agrees with militibus. 7 $ 534.
i LATIN LESSONS
The standard bearer of the tenth legion sets an example of
bravery
Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maximé propter alti-
tüdinem maris, quidecimae legionis aquilam ferebat, “ Desilite,"
inquit, «commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere:
ego certé meum rei püblieae atque imperatori officium prae-
stitero." Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, sé ex navi proiécit
atque in hostés aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostri cohortati
inter sé ex navi désiluérunt.
After a bitter struggle the Britons are forced to flee
Pugnatum est ab utrisque aeriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque
Ordinés serváre neque signa subsequi poterant, magnopere per-
turbabantur; hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore
aliquos singulàrés ex navi egredientes conspexerant, plüres
paueós circumsistébant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar,
his subsidia submittébat. Nostri, simul in àrido constiterunt,
in hostes impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt.
They make peace
Hostés proelio superati, simul atque sé ex fuga receperunt,
statim ad Caesarem légátos dé pàce miserunt; obsides datüros,
quaeque imperasset faectüros sese pollieiti sunt. Caesar quod
bellum sine eausa intulissent obsides imperàvit; quorum illi
partem statim dedérunt, partem paucis diebus sésé datüros
dixerunt.
SELECTIONS FROM Book VI
The two classes of Gallic nobility ; the Knights and the
Druids
In omni Gallià eorum hominum, qui, aliquó sunt numero
atque honore, genera sunt duo. Dé his duobus generibus
alterum est druidum, alterum equitum.’ Illi rebus divinis
1 Genitive after est, meaning composed of.
APPENDIX 273
intersunt, ad eds magnus aduléscentium numerus disciplinae
causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eds honore. Fere dé
omnibus eontroversiis püblieis privatisque constituunt. His
autem omnibus druidibus! praeest ünus, qui summam inter eos
habet auctoritàtem. Hüe omnes undique, qui contréversias
habent, coriveniunt eorumque décrétis iddiciisque parent.
Privileges of the Druids
Druidés à bell6 abesse cénsuérunt neque tribüta ünà cum
reliquis pendunt. Tantis excitàti praemiis multi in disciplinam
conveniunt et à parentibus mittuntur. Multa dé sideribus
atque eorum moti, de terrarum magnitüdine, de rerum nàtürà,
dé deorum immortàlium vi ae potestate disputant.
The gods of the Gauls and their attributes
Deorum? maxime Mereurium colunt: huius sunt plürima
simulàera; hune omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc
vidrum atque itinerum ducem, hune ad quaestüs pecüniae mer-
catirdsque habére vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hune
Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam. Dé his eandem
feré, quam reliquae gentés, habent opinionem: Apollinem
morbos dépellere, Minervam operum atque artificidrum initia
tradere, Iovem imperium caelestium tenére, Martem bella regere.
Huie, cum proelio dimieáre constituerunt, ea, quae belló cépe-
rint, plérumque dévovent: cum superavérunt, animalia capta
immolant, reliquas res in ünum locum cénferunt. Multis in
civitatibus harum rerum tumulos cdnspicari licet; neque saepe
accidit, ut quispiam aut capta apud sé occultare aut posita tol-
lere audéret, gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciati
constitütum est.
1 $ 606. 2 $ 599, depending on maxime.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
A
à, ab, prep. (with abl.), from, by.
ab, adv., off.
absum, -esse, àfui, to be away,
absent, to be exempt. ;
ac, conj., and, and also.
accédó, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, ap-
proach.
accido, -ere, accidi, —, happen.
accipio, -ere, -cépi, -ceptus, re-
ceive, accept.
acer, Acris, acre, adj., sharp,
active.
acies, -ei, f., line of battle.
acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely.
ad, prep. (with acc.), to, near,
toward, for, about (with words
of number), according to.
addiic6, -ere, -düxi, -ductus,
lead to, influence.
adeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus, go to, ap-
proach, visit (followed by acc.).
adig6, -ere, égi, -actus, drive.
adorior, -iri, -ortus sum, attack.
Aduatuci, -orum, m., Aduatuci,
a people of Gaul.
aduléscéns, -centis, m., a youth.
adventus, -üs, m., arrival, ap-
proach.
adversus, -a, -um, adj., turned
toward, facing, face to face.
aedificium, -i, n., building.
aedifico, -are, -àvi, -átus, build.
! Aeduus, -1, m., Aeduan.
aegre, adv., with difficulty.
Aenéas, -ae, m., Aeneas.
| aequus, -a, -um, equal, serene.
aér, aéris; m., air.
aestàs, -tàtis, f., summer.
aetàs, -tàtis, f., age.
affero, -ferre, attuli,
bring.
ager, agri, m., field.
agger, aggeris, m., rampart.
aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
approach, attack.
agmen, -minis, n., army (on the
march); novissimum agmen,
rear; primum agmen, van.
ago, agere, egi, actus, do,
drive, treat ; move forward.
agricola, -ae, m., farmer.
ala, -ae, f., wing.
albus, -a, -um, adj., white.
alea, -ae, f., a die.
alias, adv., at another time.
alibi, adv., at another place.
alii. . . alii, some. . . others.
aliquis, aliquid, some one, some-
thing.
alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius (often
alterius), adj., another, other.
alius. . . alius, one. . . another.
Allobroges, -um, m., Allobroges.
almus, -a, -um, adj., nourishing.
alter, altera, alterum, the other.
alter. . . alter, the one... the other.
allatus,
act,
275
276
altitüdo, -inis, f., height, depth.
altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep, tall.
Ambiàni, -órum, m., Ambiani.
ambul6, -àre, -àvi, -atus, walk.
America, -ae, f., America.
amicitia, -ae, f., friendship.
amicus, -a, -um, adj., friendly.
amicus, -i, m., friend.
amitt6, -ere, àmisi,
send. away, lose.
amo, -are, -àvi, -àtus, love.
amoenus, -a, -um, pleasant, delight-
ful.
amplius, adv., more.
an, conj., or.
Andecomborius, -i, m., à promi-
nent man among the Remi.
angustus, -a, -um, narrow.
anguste, adv., closely.
animadverto, -ere,
notice.
animal, -àlis, n., animal.
animus, -1, m., mind, heart, spirit;
esse in animo, £o intend.
annon, or not.
annus, -1, m., year.
ante, adv., before, ago.
ante, prep. (with acc.), before.
antepono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
place before, prefer. .
antiquitus, adv., in ancient times.
antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. ,
anulus, -i, m., finger-ring.
apertus, -a, -um, uncovered.
Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo.
appello, -àre, -àvi, -atus, address,
call, name. s
Appius, -a, -um, Appian.
appropinquo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, ap-
proach.
apud, prep., among.
amissus,
-ti, -sus,
LATIN LESSONS
aqua, -ae, f., water.
aquaeductus, -üs, m., aqueduct.
aquila, -ae, f., eagle, standard.
Aquitania, -ae, f., Aquitania.
Aquitànus, -i, m., an Aquitanian.
ara, -ae, f., altar. |
arbitror, -àri, -àtus sum, think.
arbor, -oris, f., tree.
arduum, -1, n., difficulty.
aridum, -i, n., dry land.
aridus, -a, -um, dry.
arma, -oórum, n.,
ments of war.
armatus, -a, -um, armed.
armilla, -ae, f., armlet, bracelet.
aro, -are, -àvi, -atus, plow.
ars, artis, f., art, skill.
artificium, -i, n., art, trade.
aspera, -orum, n., difficulties.
astrum, -i, n., star.
atque, conj. (same as ac), and
also.
Atrebàs, -atis, m., an Atrebatian;
pl. Atrebatians.
atrium, -i, n., atriwm (the princi-
pat apartment of a Roman
house).
atrociter, adv., fiercely, cruelly.
atting6, -ere, attigi, attactus,
touch, border on.
attribuo, -uere, -ui, -ütus, assign.
auctor, -oris, m., author.
auctoritas, -tatis, f.,
influence. |
audacter, adv., boldly.
audeo, -ére, ausus sum, dare.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear, hear
of.
aureus, -a, -um, golden.
auris, -is, f., ear.
Aurunculéius, -i, m., Auruncu-
arms, imple-
authority,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 2T
leius Cotta, a lieutenant of
Caesar.
aut, conj., or; aut... aut, either
SOROP
autem, conj., but, moreover.
auxilium, -i, n., aid, help; pl.,
auxiliary forces, troops.
aveó, -ére, —, —, in the impera-
ative, ave, hail.
Axona, -ae, f., the Aisne (river).
B
barbari, -órum, m., foreigners.
Belgae, -àarum, m., Belgians.
Bellovaci, -órum, m., Bellovaci.
bellum, -i, n., war.
bene, adv., well.
Bibrax, -actis, f., Bibraz, a town
of the Remi.
biennium, -i, n., period of two
years.
bis, num. adj., twice.
bonus, -a, -um (comp., melior;
sup., optimus), adj., good.
Bratuspantium, -i, n., a strong-
hold of the Bellovaci.
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief.
Britanni, -orum, m., Britons.
Britannia, -ae, f., Britain.
Brütus, -1, m., Brutus.
C
C., abbreviation for Gaius, -i, m.,
(Eng.) Caius.
caedes, -is, f., slaughter.
caelestes, -ium, m., gods.
Caemani, -órum, m., a small state
in Belgie Gaul.
Caerósi, -drum, m., a people in
Belgie Gaul.
Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar.
calamitàs, -tatis, f., calamity.
calathus, -1, m., basket.
Caleti, -drum, m., a tribe living
near the mouth of the Sequana.
Campanus, -a, -um, of Campania.
canis, -is, m. and f., dog.
cantilena, -ae, f., old song.
capio, -ere, -cépi, -captus, take,
seize, capture.
Capitolium, -i, n., Capitoline hill.
captivus, -i, m., captive.
captivus, -a, -um, adj., captive.
capto, -are, -àvi, -àtus, catch.
caput, -itis, n., head.
caritas, -àtis, f., esteem.
carmen, -minis, n., song, poem.
Carolus, -i, m., Charles.
carpo, -ere, -si, -tus, grasp.
carrus, -1, m., cart, wagon.
Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage (a
city in Africa).
carus, -a, -um, adj., dear.
Cassius, -i, m., Cassius.
castellum, -i, n., stronghold.
castra, -Orum, n., camp.
Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline.
Cato, -onis, m., Caio.
cauda, -ae, f., tail.
causa, -ae, f., cause, reason.
causà (with gen.), for the sake
of.
caveo, -ére, càvi, cautus, beware.
cedo, -ere, «essi, cessürus, yield.
celebró, are, -avi, -atus, practice,
engage in; celebrate.
celer, celeris, celere, adj., quick,
swift.
celeritàs, -tàtis, f., swiftness.
celeriter, adv., quickly.
celo, -are, -àvi, -atus, conceal.
Celtae, -àrum, m., Celts.
278
centum, indecl. num., one hun-
dred.
centuri6, -ónis, m., centurion.
certé, adv., certainly.
certus, -a, -um, adj., certain;
certiorem facere, inform.
céterus, -a, -um, adj., the other.
Christus, -1, m., Christ.
Cicero, -ónis, m., Cicero.
Cincinnatus, -i, m., Cincinnatus.
circiter, adv., about.
circum, prep. (with acc.), around,
about; adv., about, around.
circumicio, -ere, -iéci, -iectus,
place around.
circumsisto, -ere, -steti, —, stand
around.
circumspicio, -ere, -exi, -ectus,
look around.
circumvenio, -ire, -véni, -ventus,
come around.
cis, prep. (with aee.), on this side
of.
citerior, -ius, ad]., hither.
cito, adv., quickly.
civis, -is, m. and f., citizen.
civitàs, -tàtis, f., state.
clàmo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, call, cry out.
clàmor, -óris, m., shout, noise.
clarus, -a, -um, clear, honorable.
classis, -is, f., a fleet.
claudó, -ere, clausi,
shut, close.
clementia, -ae, f., clemency.
coémo, -emere, -émi, -émptus,
buy.
coepi, -isse (def., found mainly
in perfect stem tenses), began.
cogito, -are, -àvi, -atus, consider.
cognóscó, -ere, -nóvi, -nitus, be-
come acquainted. with, learn.
clausus,
LATIN LESSONS
COgO, -ere, coegi, coactus, collect,
compel.
cohors, cohortis, f., cohort (the
tenth part of a legion).
cohortor, -àri, -atus sum,
courage.
collis, -is, m., hill.
colloco, -are, -àvi, -àtus, place
together, arrange.
colo, colere, colui, cultus, culti-
vate, worship.
columna, -ae, f., column, pillar.
combüro, -ere, -ussi, -üstus,
burn.
comedo, -ere, -edi, -ésus, eat up.
comes, -itis, m. and f., companion,
associate.
commeatus, -üs, m., supplies.
commilito, -oónis, m., fellow
soldier, comrade.
committo, -ere, -misi, -missus,
join; committere proelium,
join battle, begin an engagement.
Commius, -i, m., Commius.
commoveo, -ére, -movi, -motus,
disturb, alarm.
communis, -e, adj., common.
comparo, -are, -àvi, -atus, pre-
pare.
compleo, -ére,
cover, complete.
compluirés, -a, adj., several, very
many.
compos, -otis, adj., having control.
conatus, -üs, m., attempt.
concedo, -ere, -cessi,
yield.
concido, -ere, cidi, —, fall, be slain.
concordia, -ae, f., concord.
concurr6o, -ere, -cucurri, -cursus,
run together.
e€n-
-évi, -étus, fill,
-cessus,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 279
concursus, -üs, m., onset.
condo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, form,
found, establish.
Condrüsi, -órum, m., a Belgic
tribe.
condücoó, -ere, -düxi, -ductus,
bring together.
confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatus,
bring together, collect; (with
sé), to betake one's self.
conficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, do
thoroughly, accomplish, furnish.
confirmo, -are, -àvi, -àtus, de-
clare, arrange for, strengthen,
assert.
confligo, -ere, -flixi, -flictus, fight,
contend.
congrego, -are, -avi, -atus, gather,
collect.
conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, hurl
together, hurl.
coniungo, -ere, -iünxi, -iünctus,
join together, unite.
coniüro, -are, -àvi, -àtus, con-
spire.
conor, -ari, -atus sum, (ry, .at-
tempt.
conscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptus,
enroll, enlist, levy.
consensus, -üs, m., agreement.
consentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus,
agree, conspire.
conservo, -are, -àvi, -atus, spare,
preserve.
consido, -ere, sédi, —, encamp,
settle.
consilium,
counsel.
consimilis, -e, adj., very like.
consisto, -sistere, -stiti, J
stand, make a stand.
-i, n., plan, advice,
conspectus, -üs, m., sight, view,
presence.
conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
observe.
conspicor, -àri, -atus sum, see.
constanter, adv., uniformly.
constat (impers.), i£ is evident.
constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitütus,
determine, found, station, draw
up in line, erect, settle; of ships,
moor.
constitütio, -dnis, f., constitution.
consuéscóo, -ere, -évi, -étus, be
accustomed.
consuétüdo, -inis, f., habit, cus-
tom.
consul, -ulis, m., consul. M
contendo, -ere, -di, -tentus, has-
ten, contend.
continenter, adv., constantly.
contineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus, hold
together, hem in, keep in.
contrà, adv., against, opposite.
controversia, -ae, f., dispute.
convenio, -ire, -véni, -ventus,
assemble.
conventus, -üs, m., assembly, meet-
ing.
convoco, -are, -àvi,
together, summon.
copia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty,
supply; pl., forces.
Cornelia, -ae, f., Cornelia.
cornü, -üs, n., horn; wing (of an
army).
coróno, -are, -avi, -atus, crown.
corpus, -oris, n., body.
cotidiànus, -a, -um, adj., daily.
cotidie, adv., daily.
Cotta, -ae, see Aurunculéius.
Crassus, -1, m., Crassus.
-atus, call
280
créber, -bra, -brum, adj., frequent,
numerous.
créd6, -ere, -didi, -ditus, trust,
believe.
crésco, -ere,
crease.
cruciátus, -üs, m., torture.
culp6, -àre, -àvi, -atus, blame,
censure.
cultus, -üs, m., civilization.
cum, prep. (with abl.), with ; conj.,
when, since, although.
cum primum, as soon as.
cunctans, -ntis, adj., hesitating,
delaying.
cur, adv., why? wherefore ?
curo, -are, -avi, -atus, cure.
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus,
run.
cüstódio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, watch.
cüstos, -ddis, m., guard, watch,
keeper.
crévi, crétus, in-
D
dé, prep. (with abl.), about, con-
cerning, from.
dea, -ae, f., goddess.
debeo, -ére, -ui, -itus, ought,
must, (followed by infin.).
decem, num. adj. (indecl.), £en.
decimus, -a, -um, num. adj.,
tenth.
decipio, -ere, -cépi, -ceptus, de-
ceive.
decorus, -a, -um, fitting, seemly.
decretum, -i, n., decree, decision.
deditio, -onis, f., surrender.
dedo, -ere, didi, -ditus, give up,
surrender. )
dedüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, lead
down, conduct.
LATIN LESSONS
defendo, -ere,
defend, guard.
defensio, -ónis, f., defense.
defensor, -oris, m., defender.
defessus, -a, -um, adj. tired,
weary, worn out.
déficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, fail,
desert.
déicio, -icere, -iéci, -iectus, throw
down, disappoint.
déled, -ére, -évi, -étus, destroy.
déliber6, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, con-
sult.
deligó, -ere, -légi, -léctus, choose
from, gather, select.
démonstro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, point
out, explain.
depello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive
away, ward off.
dépopulor, -àri, -àtus sum, lay
waste, plunder.
déprecor, -àri, -àtus sum, beg to
escape, ask for quarter.
descendo, -ere, -di, -sus, descend.
désertus, -a, -um, adj. deserted.
desilio, -ire, -ui, -ultus, leap down.
desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, leave
off, cease.
déspéroó, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, despair.
deus, -1, m., god.
devoveo, -ére, -vóvi, -vótus, vow,
consecrate.
dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right,
right hand.
dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, say, speak.
dictator, -6ris, m., dictator.
dictit6, -are, -àvi, -atus, say re-
peatedly.
diés, -éi, m. and f., day; multo
die, late in the day; postero die,
the following day.
-fendi, -fénsus,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatus,
scatter, differ.
difficilis, -e, adj., difficult.
difficultas, -tatis, f., difficulty.
diligenter, adv., carefully, dili-
gently.
diligentia, -ae, f., diligence, care.
dimico, -àre, -àvi, -atus, fight.
dimittó, -ere, -misi, -missus, send
in different directions, dismiss,
lose.
discéd6, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus,
go apart, scatter, depart, leave.
disciplina, -ae, f., instruction.
discipulus, -1, m., pupil. -
disputo, -are, -àvi, -atus, discuss.
dissimilis, -e, adj., unlike.
dissitus, -a, -um, ad]., remote.
distineo, -ére, -tinui, -tentus,
keep apart, separate.
diü, diütius, diütissime, adv.,
long, for a long time; quam diü,
. how long.
divido, -ere, -visi, -visus, divide.
divinus, -a, -um, divine, sacred.
Diviciacus, -i, Diviciácus, an Aed-
uan of great influence.
do, -are, dedi, datus, give; in
fugam dare, to put to flight.
doceo, -ére, -ui, doctus, teach,
show.
domesticus, -a, -um, domestic.
domina, -ae, f., mistress, matron.
dominus, -i, m., master, lord.
domus, -üs, f. (locative, domi),
house, home.
donum, -1, n., gift, present.
dràma, -atis, n., drama, play.
Druidés, -um, m., Druids.
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful.
ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred.
281
düco, -ere, düxi, ductus, lead, con-
sider.
dulcis, -e, adj., pleasant, sweet.
dum, conj., while, until.
duo, duae, duo, adj., two.
duodecim, twelve.
duodeviginti, eighteen.
dürus, -a, -um, hard.
dux, ducis, m., leader, guide.
E
é or ex, prep. (with abl.), out of,
from, on account of.
Eburónés, -um, m.,
tribe.
ecce, adv., behold.
edoceo, -ére, -cul,
form, instruct.
éduco, -are, -àvi,
educate.
édüco, -ere, édtixi,
out.
effero, -ferre, extuli, élatus, bring
out, carry away, produce.
efficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, accom-
plish, bring about.
ego, mei, pers. pron., /.
egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
go out, disembark.
eició, eicere, eieci, eiectus, cast
out, expel.
éléctus, -a, -um, chosen, picked.
emptor, -oris, m., buyer.
Ennius, -i, m., Ennius.
ensis, -is, m., sword.
eó, ire, ii (ivi), itürus, go.
ed, adv., there.
epistula, -ae, f., a letter, an epistle.
epulae, àrum, pl., feast, banquet.
eques, -itis, m., horseman, knight ;
pl., cavalry.
a Belgie
-doctus, in-
-atus, train,
éductus, lead
282
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., of
cavalry.
equitatus, -üs, m., cavalry.
equus, -i, m., horse.
erro, -are, -avi, -atus, err.
et, conj., and, also; et.
DOL ean:
etiam, adv., also, even.
exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear.
excelsus, -a, -um, adj.,
lofty.
excit6, -are, -àvi, -atus, rowse.
exemplum, -i, n., example.
exeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus, go owt,
withdraw.
exercitus, -üs, m., army.
eximius, -a, -um, distinguished,
excellent.
existimo, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, think,
reckon.
expeditus,
bered.
expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive
out.
experientia, -ae, f., experience.
explorator, -dris, m., scout, spy.
expóno, -ere, -posul, positus, set
out, array.
expugno, -are, -àvi, -atus, take
by storm.
exterus, -a, -um, adj., outer, last;
ad extremum, at the end,
finally.
extra, prep., outside, beyond.
. et,
high,
-a, -um, wnincum-
F
fabula, -ae, f., story.
fac, imperative of facio.
facies, -é1, f., appearance, sight.
facile, adv., easily.
facilis, -e, adj., easy.
LATIN LESSONS
facio, -ere, feci, factus, make,
do, accomplish ; with iter, march.
factum, -i, n., deed.
facultas, -tatis, f.,
ability.
fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsus, disap-
point, deceive.
familiaris, -e, adj., belonging to
the family.
fas, indecl. n., right, justice.
femina, -ae, f., woman.
fenestra, -ae, f., window.
feràx, -àcis, adj., fertile, produc-
live.
fere, adv., almost, quite.
ferialis, -e, adj., festival.
fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry,
report, say.
fertilitàs, -atis, f., fertility.
festino, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, make
haste.
festus, -a, -um, adj. festive, joyous,
(of a) holiday.
fidelis, -e, adj., faithful, loyal.
fides, -ei, f., faith, pledge, con-
fidence.
fidus, -a, -um, faithful, reliable.
filia, -ae, f., daughter.
filius, -1, m., son.
fini6, -ire, -ivi, itus, limit, stop, put
an end to.
finis, -is, m., end; pl., territory.
finitimi, -drum, m., neighbors.
finitimus, -a, -um, adj., neigh-
boring.
fio, fieri, factus sum, become, be
made, happen.
firmus, -a, -um, adj., firm, solid.
fleo, flere, flevi, flétus,. weep,
lament.
floreóo, -ére, ul,—, flourish, prosper.
opportunity,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
flos, floris, m., flower.
fluctus, -üs, m., wave, billow.
flümen, -inis, n., river.
fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow.
focus, -1, m., hearth.
fons, fontis, m., fountain.
formo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, form.
fortis, -e, adj., brave.
fortiter, adv., bravely.
fortüna, -ae, f., fortune.
forum, fori, m., forum.
fossa, -ae, f., ditch, trench.
frater, -tris, m., brother.
frümentàrius, -a, -um, adj. of
grain; with res, supply of grain.
frümentum, -1, n., grain.
fruor, frui, früctus sum, enjoy.
früstrà, adv., in vain.
fuga, -ae, f., flight.
fugio, -ere, fügi, —, flee.
fümus, -1, m., smoke.
funditor, -oris, m., slinger.
fungor, fungi, fünctus sum, per-
form. ;
G
Gaius, -i, m., Gaius.
Galba, -ae, m., Galba.
Galli, -6rum, m., Gauls.
Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic, of
Gaul.
Garumna, -ae, f., the Garonne
(river).
gaudeo, -ére, gavisus sum, re-
joíce.
Genava, -ae, f., Geneva.
generalis, -e, adj., general.
gens, gentis, f., family, nation.
genus, -eris, n., kind, class.
Germania, -ae, f., Germany.
283
Germanus, -a, -um, adj. Ger-
man.
Germanus, -i, m., a German.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, carry on,
wear; with bellum, wage war.
gladius, -1, m., sword.
glória, -ae, f., glory.
Gracchus, -i, m., Gracchus.
Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek.
granum, -1, n., grain.
gratia, -ae, f., influence, favor;
abl., for-the sake of.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, severe.
H
habeo, -ére, habui, -itus, have,
hold, consider; with oratio,
deliver.
Helvetii, -orum, m., Helvetians.
Helvétius, -a, -um, adj., Helvetian.
hiberna, orum, n., winter quarters.
hic, adv., here.
hic, haec, hoc, gen., huius, dem.
pron., this.
hiemo, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, pass (he
winler, winter.
hiems, hiemis, f., winter, stormy
weather.
hinc, adv., from this place.
hodie, adj., today.
homo, -inis, m. and f., human
being, man.
honor, -oris, m., honor, esteem,
glory.
hora, -ae, f., hour.
hortus, -1, m., garden.
hostis, -is, m., enemy; pl., the
enemy.
hic, adv., hither.
hümaànitas, -atis, f., refinement,
humanity.
284
himanus, -a, -um, adj., human.
humus, -i, f., earth, soil; grave.
I
iació, -ere, iéci,
throw up, banish.
iam, adv., already.
ianitor, -oris, m.,
porter.
ianua, -ae, f., door.
ibi, adv., there, in that place.
Iccius, -i, m., a leader of the Remi.
idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.,
same.
idóneus, -a, -um (comp., magis
idoneus; sup., maxime ido-
neus), adj., fit, suitable.
Iesus, -1, m., Jesus.
igitur, conj., therefore.
ignis, -is, m., fire.
ignótus, -a, -um, adj., unknown.
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that.
illo, adv., to that place.
immolo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, sacrifice.
immortàlis, -e, adj., 4mmortal.
impáàr, -paris, adj., unequal.
impedimentum, -i, n., hindrance;
pl., heavy baggage.
impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hinder.
impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, urge
on, incite.
impendeo, -ére, —, —, hang over.
imperator, -6ris, m., commander-
in-chief, general, emperor.
imperáàtum, -i, n. command,
order.
imperium, -i, n., command, con-
trol, military authority, empire.
imper6, -are, -àvi, -atus, order
(governs dat., followed by ut
with the subjunctive). x
iactus, throw,
doorkeeper,
LATIN LESSONS
impetro, -are, -àvi, -àtus, obtain
by request.
impetus, -üs, m., attack.
impluvium, -i n. impluvium
(the square basin in which the
rain water was received).
impudens, -ntis, adj., impudent.
impüne, adv., without punishment.
in, prep. (with abl.), in, on, upon,
across, over; (with ace.), into,
against, upon.
incendo, -ere, -cendi, -cénsus, set
on fire, burn.
incipio, -ere, -cépi, -ceptus, begin,
undertake. ;
inclüdo, -ere, -si, -sus, keep in.
incola, -ae, f., inhabitant.
incol6, -ere, -ui, —, (intrans.), live,
dwell; (trans.), inhabit, dwell in.
incrédibilis, -e, adj., incredible.
ineo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus, enter,
begin.
Infero, -ferre, intuli, illatus,
bring in, upon, or against;
bellum inferre, make war on;
signa inferre, advance (to the
attack).
inferus, -1, m., inhabitant of the
lower world.
inferus, -a, -um (comp., inferior;
sup., infimus or imus), adj.,
low.
infinitum, -1, n., that which is
boundless, infinity.
influo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxus, flow
into.
inimicus, -a, -um, adj., unfriendly.
inimicus, -1, m., a personal enemy.
iniquus, -a, -um, uneven, unfavor-
able.
initium, -1, n., beginning.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 285
iniüria, -ae, f., injury, wrong.
inopia, -ae, f., want, scarcity.
inquam, inquis, inquit, say.
insidiae, -àrum, f., ambush.
insidior, -ari, -àtus sum, lie in
wait.
institütum, -1, n., anstitution, cus-
tom.
instruo, -ere, -strüxi, -strüctus,
draw up, construct, furnish.
insula, -ae, f., island.
intellegó, -ere, -éxi, -léctus, wn-
derstand.
inter, prep. (with acc.), between,
among.
intercéd6, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus,
intervene.
intereà, adv., in the meantime,
. meanwhile.
interest, impers., if concerns.
interficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, kill.
interim, adv., in the meantime.
interior, -ius (sup., intimus), adj.,
inner.
interscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus,
cut down, destroy. —
intersum, -esse, -fui, take part
in.
intro, -are, -àvi, -atus, enter.
introdüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus,
lead into. ’
inttilis, -e, adj., useless.
inventor, -Oris, m., inventor.
invictus, -a, -um, adj., wncon-
querable, invincible.
invitus, -a, -um, adj., wnwilling.
invoco, -are, -àvi, -atus, call upon,
invoke.
iocus, -i, m., joke.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen., ipsius,
dem. pron., self, himself, etc.
is, ea, id, gen., eius, dem. pron.,
that, he.
iste, ista, istud, gen., istius, dem.
pron., that, that of yours.
ita, adv., so (manner).
Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
itaque, adv., and so.
item, adv., in like manner.
iter, itineris, n., journey, march.
iubeo, -ére, iussi, iussus, order,
command.
iücundus, -a, -um, adj., joyful.
Iüdaei, -oórum, m., Jews.
iüdex, -icis, m., judge.
iüdicium, -1, n., decision.
iüdico, -are, -àvi, -àátus, judge.
iugum, -i, n., yoke, (of mountains)
ridge, summit.
Tilia, -ae, f., Julia.
iümentum, -i, n., beast of burden.
iungó, -ere, iünxi, iünctus, join.
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter.
Iüra, -ae, m., Jura (a range of
mountains).
iüs, iüris, n., right, law.
ius iürandum, iüris iürandl, n.,
oath.
iüstitia, -ae, f., justice.
iuvenis, -e (comp., iünior; sup.,
minimus nati), adj., young.
iuventüs, -ütis, f., youth.
iuvó, -àre, iüvi, iütus, help, aid,
assist.
L
L. = Licius.
Labienus, -i, m., Titus Labienus,
Caesar's lieutenant.
labor, -óris, m., toil, labor.
laboro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, labor.
lacessó, -ere, -ivi, -itus, arouse,
provoke, harm.
286
lacus, -üs, m , lake.
laetitia, -ae, f., joy.
lapis, -idis, m., stone.
lapsus, -üs, m., a slip, error.
late, adv., widely.
latitudo, -inis, f., width.
latus, -eris, n., side.
latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide.
laudo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, praise.
laus, laudis, f., praise.
lectus, -1, m., couch, bed.
legatus, -1, m., lieutenant, am-
bassador.
legio, -dnis, f., legion.
lego, -ere, legi, léctus, read,
choose.
Lemannus, -i, m., Geneva.
lente, adv., slowly.
Lentulus, -i, m., Lentulus.
lepus, -oris, m., hare.
levis, -e, adj., light (in weight).
lex, legis, f., law.
libenter, adv., gladly.
liber, libri, m., book.
liber, -era, -erum, adj., free.
liberi, -órum, m., children.
libero, -are, -àvi, -àtus, set free.
libertàs, -atis, f., freedom, liberty. | mandatum, 1,
licet, -ére, -uit, impers. (with
dat.), it is permitted.
limen, -inis, n., threshold.
lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language.
littera, -ae, f., letter of the alphabet ;
pl., letter, an epistle, literature.
litus, -oris, n., shore (of the sea).
locus, -i, m., pl., loca, n., place,
location.
longé, adv., far, by far;
longé, how far.
longitüdo, -inis, f., length.
longus, -a, -um, adj., long, tall.
quam
LATIN LESSONS
loquor, loqui, locütus sum, speak,
say.
lidus, -1, m., game, play.
lümen, -inis, n., light.
lana, -ae, f., moon.
lux, lücis, f., light.
M
maculo, -are, -àvi,
spoil.
Maecenas, -atis, m., Maecenas,
a famous Roman patron of let-
ters, hence any patron of letters.
magister, -tri, m., teacher.
magnitüdo, -inis, f., greatness, size.
magnopere (comp., magis; sup.,
maxime), adv., greatly.
magnus, -a, -um (maior, maxi-
mus), adj., large, great.
maiorés, -um, m. pl., forefathers.
ancestors.
maleficium, -i, n., harm.
mal6, malle, màlui (magis and
volo), prefer.
malum, -i, n., evil.
malus, -a, -um, (comp., peior;
sup., pessimus), adj., bad.
-atus, spot,
n., commission,
order.
mando, -are, -àvi, -atus, com-
mand.
maneo, -ére, mansi, mansus,
remaan.
mànsueétüdo, -inis, f., compassion.
manus, -üs, f., hand, band.
Marcus, -1, m., Marcus.
mare, -is, n., sea.
marmoreus, -a, -um, adj., made oj
marble.
Mars, Martis, m., Mars.
mater, -tris, f., mother.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 287
Matrona, -ae, f., Marne (river).
mátüro, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, make
haste, hasten.
maximé, see magnopere.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle;
media nocte, midnight; medio
colle, halfway up the hill.
mei (gen.), reflex. pron.,
myself.
membrum, -i, n., limb.
memoria, -ae, f., memory.
Menapii, -drum, m., a Belgie
people. a“
méns, mentis, f., mind, purpose.
mensa, -ae, f., table. (
mercator, -oris, m., merchant.
mercàtüra, -ae, f., trade.
Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury.
mereoó, -ére, -ul, -itus, deserve.
meridies, -ei, m., midday, noon.
meus, -a, -um, poss. pron., my,
mine.
miles, -itis, m., soldier.
milia, -ium, n., thousands.
mille, adj., indecl., a thousand.
Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva.
ministro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, attend.
ministerium, -i, n., office, service.
minor, less; see parvus.
minus, adv., less, not.
mirabilis, -e, adj., wonderful.
miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched.
mitto, -ere, misi, missus, send.
modus, -i, m., manner.
moenia, -ium, n., fortifications,
walls of a city.
molestus, -a, -um, adj., írouble-
some, irksome.
moneo, -ére, -ui, -itus, advise,
warn.
mons, montis, m., mountain.
of
monstro, -àre, -àvi, -àtus; show.
montanus, -1, m., mountaineer.
monumentum, -i, n., monument.
mora, -ae, f., delay.
morbus, -i, m., disease, sickness.
Morini, -6rum, m., a Belgie
people.
morior, mori, mortuus sum, die.
moror, -àri, -atus sum, delay.
mors, mortis, f., death.
mos, moris, m., custom;
character, manners, habits.
motus, -üs, m., movement, revolt.
moveo, -ére, movi, motus, move;
with castra, break up.
mox, adv., soon.
mulier, -eris, f., woma: -
multitüdo, -inis, f., great number,
multitude.
multus, -a, -um, much; pl., many.
mundus, -1, m., world.
muünio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, fortify.
muünitio, -onis, f., fortification.
mürus, -i, m., wall.
müto, -are, -àvi, -àtus, change.
pl.,
N
nam, conj., for.
narro, -àre, -àvi, -atus, tell.
náscor, nasci, natus sum, be born.
Nasica, -ae, m., Nasica.
Naso, onis, m., Naso, P. Ovidius
Naso, the Roman poet, Ovid.
natid, -dnis, f., nation.
natura, -ae, f., nature.
nauta, -ae, m., sailor.
navig6, -are, -àvi, -atus, sail.
navis, -is, f., ship.
Nazarénus, -a, -um, of Nazareth.
né, conj., that not, lest; ne, in-
terrog. particle (enclitic); né
288
. . . quidem, not. . . even, the
emphatie word standing be-
tween né and quidem.
nec, conj., and not.
nego, -are, -àvi, -àtus, deny, say
not.
negotium, -i, n., business, trouble.
nemo, —, dat., némini, m., no one.
neque, conj., neither; neque...
neque, neither . . . nor.
Nervii, -orum, m., the Nervi, a
warlike Belgie people.
neuter, -tra, -trum, gen.,
trius, adj., neither.
niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black.
nihil, also nil, indecl., n., nothing.
nisi, conj., if not, unless, except.
nobilis, -e, adj., noble, high rank.
noceo, -ére, -ui, —, do harm, in-
jure.
nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling.
nomen, -inis, n., name.
non, adv., not.
nondum, adv., not yet.
nonne, interrog. particle,
pecting the answer “‘ yes.”
nonnillus, -a, -um, adj., some.
nónnumquam, adv., sometimes.
non solum, . . . sed etiam, adv.,
not only, . . . but also.
nos, nostrum, pron., we.
nosco, -ere, novi, notus, learn,
know.
noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
our, ours.
noto, -are,
note.
notus, -a, -um, adj. familiar.
novem, num. adj., indecl., nine.
Noviodünum, -i, n., a town of the
Suessiones.
neu-
ex-
-avi, -àtus, mark,
LATIN LESSONS
novissimi, -drum, m., those in the
rear.
novus, -a, -um, adj., new; novus
miles, recruit.
nox, noctis, f., night.
nubila, -órum, n., clouds.
nüdo, -àre, -àvi, -atus,
leave unprotected.
nüllus, -a, -um, gen., nüllius, adj.,
no, none, no one.
num, interrog. particle, expect-
ing the answer **no" ; whether.
nümen, -inis, n., divinity.
numerus, -i, m., number, account.
numquam, adv., never.
nunc, adv., now.
nüntio, -are, -àvi,
nounce, report.
nüntius, -1, m., messenger, message.
strip,
-atus, an-
O
ob, prep. with ace., on account
of.
obdüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, ez-
tend.
obses, -idis, m. and f., hostage,
pledge, security.
obtempero, -àre, -àvi, -atus, obey.
occasus, -üs, m., setting.
occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus,
slay.
occulto, -are, -àvi, -atus, hide.
occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, seize,
take possession of.
occurr6, -ere, -curri,
meet.
octo, num. adj., indecl., eight.
officium, -i, n., office, official em-
ployment, duty.
olus, -eris, n., vegetables, greens.
omen, -inis, n., omen.
kill,
-cursus,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 289
omnino, adv., in all.
omnis, -e, adj., all, every.
onus, -eris, n., burden, weight.
opera, -ae, f., work.
operor, -àri, -àtus sum, work.
opinio, -onis, f., belief, reputation,
expectation.
- oppidani, -orum, m., townspeople.
oppidum, -1, n., town.
opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus,
weigh down.
oppugnáàtio, -onis, f., assault, be-
sieging.
oppugno, -are, -àvi, -atus, storm,
attack, besiege.
optimus, excellent; see bonus.
opus, operis, n., work, labor.
ora, -ae, f., coast; Ora maritima,
sea coast.
6ratid, -dnis, f., speech, oration.
ordino, -are, -àvi, -àtus, appoint,
settle.
ordo, -inis, m., rank, order, row.
orior, oririj ortus sum, spring
from, rise.
ornàmentum, -i, n., ornament,
jewel.
orno, -are, -àvi, -atus, adorn.
ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus,
show.
ostium, -i,n., door, entrance.
P
pabulum, -i, n., fodder.
paco, -are, -àvi, -atus, pacify, sub-
due.
paene, adv., almost, nearly.
pagina, -ae, f., page.
Palatium, -i, n., Palatine hill.
palma, -ae, f., palm, reward.
palüs, -üdis, f., swamp, marsh.
pando, -ere, pandi,
stretch out.
parco, ere, peperci, parsus, to spare.
par, paris, adj., equal.
paréns, -entis, m. and f., parent.
pared, -ére, -ui, —, obey.
pariés, -etis, m., wall (of a house).
paro, -are, -àvi, -atus, prepare.
pars, partis, f., part, side, direc-
tion.
parum (comp., minus; sup. min-
ime), adv., little, too little.
parvulus, -a, -um, tiny.
parvus, -a, -um (comp., minor;
sup., minimus), adj., small.
passus, -üs, m., pace; mille
passus, a mile.
pated, -ére, -ui, —, lie open, ex-
tend.
pater, -tris, m., father.
patior, pati, passus sum, suffer,
permit.
patria, -ae, f., native land.
pauci, -ae, -a, adj., few.
paulisper, adv., for a short time.
paulo, adv., by a little, a little.
paulum, adv., a little, somewhat.
pax, pacis, f., peace.
pecünia, -ae, f., riches, wealth.
pedes, -itis, m., foot soldier; pl.,
infantry.
Pedius, -i, m., Quintus Pedius.
peior, peius, worse; see malus.
pello, -ere, pepulit, pulsus, drive
out, put to flight, defeat.
pendo, -ere, pependi, pénsus, pay.
peninsula, -ae, f., peninsula.
per, prep. (with ace.), through, by,
on account of.
perdüco, -ere, -düxi,
lead through, construct.
passus,
-ductus,
290
perfectus, -a, -um, adj., perfect.
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, report.
perficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, finish.
periclitor, -àri, -àtus sum, prove,
make trial of.
periculum, -i, n., danger, peril.
peristylium, -i, n., peristyle.
permitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
intrust, commit.
permoveo, -ére, -movi, -motus,
alarm, influence.
perpauci, -ae, -a, adj., very few.
perrumpo, -ere, -rüpi, -ruptus,
break through.
persona, -ae, f., character.
perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
look, observe.
persuaded, -ére, -suasi, -suásus,
persuade, governs the dat. fol-
lowed by ut with the sub-
junctive.
pertineo, -ére, -ui, —, extend.
perturbo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, dis-
turb greatly.
pervenio, -ire,
arrive (at).
pés, pedis, m., foot.
peto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, seek,
ask ; takes aec. of the thing and
abl. of the person.
Phoebus, -i, m., Phoebus.
pictüra, -ae, f., picture.
pilum, -i, n., javelin.
placeo, -ére, -ui, -itus, please;
used impersonally, placet, it
seems good.
placidus, -a, -um, adj., calm.
Plancus, -1, m., Plancus.
plenus, -a, -um, adj., full.
plerique, -órumque, m., the ma-
jority, most.
-véni, -ventus,
LATIN LESSONS
plerumque, adv., generally.
plüres, -ium, adj., more, several.
plürimus, see multus.
plüs posse, to be more powerful;
plürimum posse, ío be most
powerful, have great influence.
pluvia, -ae, f., rain.
poéta, -ae, m., poet.
polliceor, -éri, -itus sum, promise
(with fut. infin.).
Pompéius, -1, m., Pompey.
pomum, -i, n., fruit, apple.
pono, -ere, posui, positus, put,
place; (with castra), pitch.
pons, pontis, m., bridge.
pontifex, -icis, m., pontifex (a
Roman high priest).
populor, -àri, -atus sum,
waste, devastate.
populus, -i, m., people, nation.
porta, -ae, f., gate.
porto, -are, -avi, -atus, carry.
portus, -üs, m., harbor, port.
poscó, -ere, poposci, — demand.
possideo, -ére, -sédi, -sessus,
occupy, possess.
possum, posse, potui, can, able.
post, adv., afterwards, after.
post, prep. (with ace.) (of place),
behind ; (of time), after.
posteritàs, -atis, f., posterity.
posterus, -a, -um (comp., pos-
terior; sup., postremus), ad].,
following, last.
postquam, conj.,
that.
postulo, -are, -àvi, -atus, claim,
demand.
potens, potentis, adj., powerful.
potestas, -tatis, f., power, op-
portunity.
lay
after, after
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
potior, -iri, -itus sum, get posses-
sion of.
praeambulo,
walk before.
praecédo, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus,
surpass.
praeficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus,
place over or in command of.
praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
send. ahead.
praemium, -i, n., reward.
praepóno, -ere, -posul,
place in command. of.
praesidium, -i, n., guard, garrison.
praest6, -are, -stiti, -stitus, excel;
to be responsible for; impers.,
praestat, it is better; officium
praestare, to do one’s duty.
praesum, -esse, -fui, have com-
mand of, be at the head of.
praeter, prep. (with acc.), except.
praeterquam, adv., besides, other
than.
premó, -ere, pressi, pressus, press;
pass., be weighed down.
primus, -a, -um, adj., first, chief;
prima lice, at daybreak; quam
primum, as soon as possible;
primo, at first.
princeps, -cipis, m., chief.
prior, -ius, ad]., former.
privatus, -a, -um, adj., private.
pro, prep. (with abl.), in front of,
in proportion to.
instead of.
in defense of.
in behalf of.
probo, -àre, -àvi, àtus, approve.
prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, surrender.
proelium, -i, n., batile.
profectio, -dnis, f., departure.
-are, -àvi, -atus,
-itus,
for,
291
próficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus, go
forward.
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus
sum, set out.
profugio, -fugere, -fügi, —, flee.
progredior, -1, -gressus sum, ad-
vance.
prohibeo, -ére, -ui, -itus, keep off,
hinder, prohibit.
proicio, -icere, -iéci, -iectus, throw
forward; sé proicere, leap down.
promo, -ere, -prompsi, promptus,
bring forth, produce, render.
promoveo, -ére, -movi, -motus,
move forward, promote.
prope, adv., near, nearly, almost.
propero, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, hurry,
hasten.
propior, -ius, (sup., proximus),
adj., nearer; proximà nocte, on
the following night.
proprius, -a, -um, adj., one's own.
propter (with acc.), on account of.
propterea quod, because.
prosequor, -sequi, -secütus sum,
follow, pursue.
protego, -ere, -texi, -tectus, protect.
provided, -ére, -vidi, -visus, pro-
vide.
provincia, -ae, f., province.
proxime, adv., next, most recently.
proximus, -a, -um, nerí; see
propior.
psallo, -ere, -i, —, play the harp;
rejoice.
püblicus, -a, -um, public.
puella, -ae, f., girl.
puer, pueri, m., boy.
pugno, -àre, -àvi, -atus, fight.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beau-
tiful.
292
pulchre, adv., beautifully.
puto, -are, -avi, -àtus, think, be-
lieve.
Q
Q. = Quintus.
quà, adv., where.
quadringenti, -ae, -a, four hundred.
quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situs, ask,
seek; takes the ace. of the
thing and the abl. of the per-
son with e, ex, à, ab, or de.
quaestus, -üs, m., getting
money, gain.
quam, adv. and conj., than, as;
with superlatives, as much as
possible; how.
quamobrem, adv., why.
quanto opere, how much.
quantus, -a, -um, adj., how great,
how much. ;
quartus, -a, -um, fourth.
quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four.
que (an enclitic), and.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
which, that.
quia, conj., because.
quicquid (quisquis), n., whatever.
quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque, indef. pron., whoever.
quidam, quaedam, quiddam, in-
def. pron., a certain one.
quiés, -étis, f., repose.
quin, conj., that not, but that.
quindecim, indecl, num. adj.,
fifteen.
quinquaginta, num. adj. indecl.,
fifty.
quinque, num. adj., indecl., five.
quintus, -a, -um, fifth.
quis, quid, interrog. pron., who?
of
LATIN LESSONS
what? qui, quae, quod, used
adjectively.
quispiam, —, quidpiam, indef.
pron., any one, anything.
quisquam, —, quicquam, indef.
pron., any one, anything.
quisque, quidque, each one, every
one.
quo, adv., where.
quod, conj., because; that.
quomodo, interrog. adv., how?
quoque, conj., also.
quot, adj., indecl., how many?
5?
rapio, -ere, -ui, raptus, seize, carry
off.
ratis, -is, f., raft.
ratus, -a, -um, reckoned, fixed by
calculation.
recipio, -ere, -cépi, receptus, take
back, receive; with sé, retreat,
recover.
recüso, -are, -àvi, -àtus, refuse.
redüco, -ere, redüxi, reductus,
lead back, withdraw.
refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus,
bring back, report, reconsider.
regina, -ae, f., queen.
regio, -onis, f., region, boundary.
régno, -àre, -àvi, -atus, rule.
regnum, -i, n., royal power, king-
dom.
rego, -ere,
manage.
reicio, -ere, reiéci, reiectus, throw
back, repulse.
relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictus,
leave.
reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, the
rest.
rexi, réctus, rule,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Rémus, -i, m., one of the Remi.
remitt6, -ere, -misi, -missus,
send back.
repell6, -ere, reppuli, repulsus,
repulse.
reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus,
find, discover.
requiésco, -ere, requiévi, requié-
tus, rest, repose.
requiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitus,
require.
rés, rei, f., thing, affair.
resisto, -ere, restiti, —, resist,
oppose.
respondeo, -ére, -di, responsus,
answer, reply, respond.
res püblica, rei püblicae, f., state,
republic.
retineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus, restrain,
detain, retain.
revertó, -ere, -ti, -sus, and re-
vertor, -i, reversus sum, turn
back, return; the perfect stem
tenses are from the active
forms, the others from the
deponent.
réx, régis, m., king.
Rhénus, -i, m., Rhine.
Rhodanus, -i, m., Rhone.
ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a river).
rogo, -are, -àvi, -atus, ask.
Roma, -ae, f., Rome.
Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman;
as a subst., Rómànus, -i, m., a
Roman.
rosa, -ae, f., rose.
rostrum, -i, n., beak; pl., rostra.
ruina, -ae, f., ruin.
rümor, -Ooris, m.,
port.
rürsus, adv., again, anew.
rumor, re-
293
S
Sabini, -órum, m., Sabines.
Sabinus, -i, m., Sabinus.
sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., sacred.
saepe, adv., often.
sagittarius, -1, m., archer, bowman.
sal, -is, m., salt.
saltus, -üs, m., leap, bound.
salüs, -ütis, f., safety.
salütó, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, salute.
salvator, -oris, m., savior.
salveo, -ére, —, —, to be well;
salve (imperative), welcome.
salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe; salvam.
fac, keep, preserve, save.
sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, sane.
sapiens, -entis, m., a wise person.
sapienter, adv., wisely.
satis, (also sat), adv., enough,
sufficient.
scientia, -ae,f., knowledge.
Scio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, know.
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptus,
write.
scutum, -i, n., shield.
secundus, -a, -um, second, follow-
ing.
sécürus, -a, -um, adj., safe, secure.
sed, conj., but.
sémentis, -is, f., sowing.
semper, adv., always, ever.
senator, -oris, m., senator.
senectus, -ttis, f., old age.
senatus, -üs, m., senate.
senex, -is, (comp., senior; sup.,
maximus natt), adj., old.
Senonés, -um, m., a people of
Gaul.
septem, num. adj., indecl., seven.
Séquana, -ae, f., the Seine.
Séquanus, -i, m., a Sequanian.
294
sequor, sequi, secütus sum, fol-
low.
serva, -ae, f., slave (female).
servio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, be slave to,
serve.
servitüs, -ütis, f., slavery.
servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save, pro-
tect, maintain, keep.
servus, -1, m., slave, servant.
sescenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., six
hundred.
sex, num. adj., indecl., six.
sexágintà, num. adj., indecl.,
sixty.
Si, conj., ?f.
sic, adv., so (manner), in this way.
sidus, -eris, n., constellation; pl.,
heavenly bodies.
significo, -àre, -àvi, -atus, show,
indicate.
signum, -i, n., signal, standard.
silva, -ae, f., forest, woods.
similis, -e, adj., like, similar.
simul, adv., at once, as soon as.
simulacrum, -i, n., ?mage, statue.
simulàns, -antis, adj., pretending.
sine, prep. (with abl.), without.
singuli, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj.,
one by one.
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left.
Siquis, siqua, siquid, if any one or
thing.
situs, -üs, m., situalion.
sol, solis, m., sun; solis occásü,
at sunset.
solum, -i, n., ground, floor.
solus, -a, -um, gen., solius, only,
alone.
soror, -Oris, f., sister.
spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsus, scatter.
Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta.
LATIN LESSONS
Spartànus, -a, -um, adj., Spartan.
spatium, -i, n., space, time.
speculator, -oóris, m., scout.
spéro, -áre, -àvi, -atus, hope.
spés, spei, f., hope.
spiro, -are, -àvi, -atus, breathe.
stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, make
firm, establish.:
statim, adv., immediately.
statua, -ae, f., statue. -
statuo, -ere, -ui, -ütus, determine.
status, -üs, m., state, condition.
stella, -ae, f., star.
stilus, -1, m., stilus; pen.
sto, -are, steti, status, stand.
strepitus, -üs, m., noise, uproar.
studium, -1, n., pursuit.
sub, prep. (with ace. after verbs
of motion), under; (with abl.
to denote place at which), at
the foot of, under; (with words
denoting time), about, to-
wards.
submitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
send. secretly.
subruo, -ere, -rui, -rutus, wnder-
mine.
subsequor, -sequi, -secütus sum,
follow close upon.
subsidium, -i, n., aid, support.
succédo, -ere, -cessi, -cessürus,
approach.
Suébi, -órum, m., Swabians.
Suessiónés, -um, m., Suessiones.
sui, (gen.), reflex. pron., of him-
self, herself, itself, themselves.
sum, esse, fui, be.
summus, see superus.
sümo, -ere, sümpsi,
take, assume, put on.
super, prep., over, above.
sümptus,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
supero, -are, -àvi, -atus, surpass,
conquer, overcome, excel.
superseded, -ére, -sédi, -sessus,
_ refrain from.
supersum, -esse, -fui, be left over,
survive.
superus, -i, m.,
upper world.
superus, -a, -um, (comp., supe-
rior; sup., suprémus or sum-
mus), high.
suppeto, -ere, -ivi, -itus, be at hand.
supplicium, -i, n., punishment.
suspicio, -onis, f., suspicion.
sustineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus, check,
withstand, sustain.
suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., his, her,
their, ete.
inhabitant of the
T.
T: Titus:
taberna, -ae, f., shop, booth.
tablinum, -i, n., tablinwm (apart-
ment of a Roman house where
the family reeords were kept).
tabula, -ae, f., tablet, document.
tam, adv. of degree, so.
tamen, conj., nevertheless, stull.
tantum, adv., only.
tantus, -a, dem so great, such.
Tarpeia, -ae, f., T'arpeia.
tectum, -i, n., roof.
telum, -i, n., dart, weapon.
tempestas, -tatis, f., storm, bad
weather.
templum, -i, n., temple.
tempus, -oris, n., (ime.
tendo, -ere, tetendi,
tensus, extend.
teneo, -ére, -ui, — , hold.
tento, -are, -àvi, -atus, attempt.
tentus or
terra, -ae, f., earth, land.
tertius, -a, -um, third.
testüdo, -inis, f., testudo.
Tiberius, -i, m., Tiberius.
timeo, -ére, -ui, —, fear.
timor, -6ris, m., fear, dread.
Titurius, -i, m., Quintus Titurius
Sabinus.
toga, -ae, f., toga.
togatus, -a, -um, wearing a
toga.
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus,
remove.
tormentum, -i, n., engine of war.
totidem, adj., just as many.
totus, -a, -um, gen., tótius, whole.
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus, give up,
surrender, impart, hand down,
teach.
trádüco, -ere, -düxi, -ductus, lead
across.
tranquillitas, -atis, f., tranquillity.
trans, prep. (with ace.), across
(on the farther side of).
transe6, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus, go
across, Cross.
transfero, -ferre,
carry across.
transversus, -a, -um, adj., cross-
wise, oblique.
tres, tres, tria, three.
tribütum, -i, n., (az, tribute.
trigintà, num. adj., indecl.,
tü, tui, pers. pron., you.
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet.
tui (gen.), reflex. pron., of your-
self.
tum, adv., then.
tumultus, -üs,
tumult.
tumulus, -i, m., mound,
-latus,
-tuli,
thirty.
m., disturbance,
296
turba, -ae, f., uproar, commotion;
crowd.
turris, -is, f., tower.
tütus, -a, -um, adj., safe.
tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., your,
yours.
tyrannus, -i, m., tyrant.
U
ubi, interrog. adv., where; rel.
adv., when, where.
ullus, -a, -um, gen., üllius, any.
ulterior, -ius, (sup., ultimus), adj.,
farther.
ultimus, -a, -um, last, extreme.
ünà, adv., along with.
undique, adv., on all sides.
unio, -ire, -ii, -Itus, unite.
üniversi, -órum, m., all together.
ünus, -a, -um, gen., ünius, one;
pl., only, alone.
urbs, urbis, f., city.
üsus, -üs, m., wse.
ut, conj., that, in order that,
as (when followed by indica-
tive).
uter, utra, utrum, gen.,
adj., which (of two).
uterque, -traque, -trumque, each,
every.
uti, see ut.
utilis, -e (comp., -ior; sup., -issi-
mus), adj., useful.
utinam, adv., would that, O that.
utor, Uti, sus sum, "se.
utrimque, adv., on both sides.
utrum, conj., not translated in
direct questions; in indirect
questions, whether.
utrius,
LATIN LESSONS
V
vacuus, -a, -um, adj.
vacuus ab, destitute of.
vadum, -i, n., shoal, ford.
vagor, -àri, -àtus sum, wander.
valeo, -ére, -ui, —, be powerful,
strong.
vallum, -i, n., rampart.
valor, -6ris, m., value.
vàsto, -are, -avi, -atus, lay waste.
vel, conj., or; vel. . . vel, either
Wc OT.
Veliocassés, -ium, m., the Velio-
casses.
velociter (comp., velocius; sup.,
velóocissime), adv., swiftly.
velox, velocis, adj., swift.
velum, -i, n., curíain.
venerátio, -dnis, f., worship.
Veneti, -orum, m., Veneti.
venio, -ire, véni, ventus, come.
ventus, -i, m., wind.
verbum, -i, n., word.
vereor, -éri, -itus sum, fear,
dread.
veró, adv., in truth, but.
véritas, -atis, f., truth.
vertó, -ere, verti, versus, turn.
vérus, -a, -um, adj., true.
Vesta, -ae, f., Vesta.
Vestalis, -e, adj., Vestal.
vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
your, yours.
vestibulum, -i, n., vestibule.
vestigium, -1, n., trace, vestige.
via, -ae, f., road, way, journey.
vice, f. (abl. of vicis, change), in
turn.
victor, -óris, m., victor, conqueror.
victoria, -ae, f., victory.
empty ;
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
vicus, -i, m., village.
vided, -ére, vidi, visus, see.
videor, -éri, visus sum,
appear.
vigilia, -ae, f., watch (part of the
night).
viginti, num. adj., indecl., twenty.
vincó, -ere, vici, victus, conquer,
defeat.
vinea, -ae, f., vinea.
vir, -1, m., man.
virgo, -inis, f., virgin, maiden.
Viromandui, -orum, m., Viro-
manda.
virtüs, -tütis, Íf.,: virtue, valor,
courage, bravery.
vis (gen. and dat. sing. wanting),
seem,
297
vim, vi, f., force; pl., virés, vi-
rium, ete., strength.
vita, -ae, f., life.
vitiatus, -a, -um, spoiled, tainted.
vitio, -are, -àvi, -atus, spoil, taint.
vivo, -ere, vixi, victus, live.
vix, adv., scarcely.
voco, -are, -àvi, -atus, call.
volo, velle, volai, —, be willing,
wish.
voló, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, fly.
Volusénus, -1, m., Volusenus.
votum, -1, n., vow, wish.
vox, vocis, f., voice; pl., words.
vulgus, -i, n., the crowd.
vulneró, -àre, -àvi, -àtus, wound.
vulnus, -eris, n., wound.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
A
ability, facultàs, -tatis, f.
able, possum, posse, potui, —.
about, dé, with abl.; ad, circum,
with ace.
abundance, copia, -ae, f.
accept, accipio, -ere, -cept, -ceptus.
accomplish, conficio, -ere, -féci,
-fectus; efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus.
across, írüns, with acc.; in, with
abl., see 232.?
act, ago, agere, egi, actus.
active, dcer, dcris, acre.
advance, progredior, -2, -gressus
sum; signa inferre.
advise, moneo, -ére, -ui, -itus.
affair, rés, rei, f.
after, post.
again, rürsus.
against, in, contra, with acc.
, ago, ante.
aid, auxilium, auxili, n.; subsi-
dium, subsidi, n.
all, omnis, -e.
allow, patior, pati, passus sum.
almost, prope, paene, ferc.
alone, sdlus, -a, -um.
already, tam.
although, cum.
always, semper.
ambassador, légdtus, -i, m.
Ambiani, A mbidni, orum, m.
among, inter, with ace.
and, et, ac, atque, -que.
anew, rürsus.
animal, animal, -dlis, n.
announce, nno, -dre, -awi, -atus.
another, alius, alia, aliud.
answer, respondeo, -ére, -di, re-
sponsus.
any, üllus, -a, -um.
approach, n., adventus, -üs, m.
approach, v., adeo, -ire, -iwi, -itus.
Aquitania, Aquitdnia, -ae, f.
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, -7, m.
arms, arma, -orum, n.
army, exercitus, -üs, m.
around, circum, with ace.
arrange, ordino, -üre, -àvi, -àtus.
arrival, adventus, -üs, m.
ag ci PEE
as soon as, cum primum.
ascertain, cognosco, -ere, -now,
-nitus; reperio, -we, repperi,
repertus.
ask, peto, -ere, -ii, -ttus; quaero,
-ere, -Stvi, -situs.
assemble, convenio,
-ventus.
assembly, conventus, -üs, m.
assert, confirmo, -àre, -àvi, -atus.
associate, comes, -itis, m. and f.
assume, sümo, -ere, sumpsi,
sumptus. J
at, abl. of time or place, locative.
-ire, -veni,
299
300
attack, n., impetus, -üs, m.
attack, v., oppugno, -are,
-ülus.
attempt, conor, -àri, -atus sum.
authority, auctoritas, -tdtis, f.
auxiliary forces, auxilia, -órum, n.
-Qvi,
B
bad, malus, -a, -um.
band, manus, -üs, f.
bank, ripa, -ae, f.
battle, proelium, proeli, n.
be, sum, esse, fut, —.
bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus.
beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
because, quod.
become, /f?0, fier?, factus sum.
before, ante, with ace.
begin, coepi, coepisse; incipio,
-ere, -cepi, -ceptus ; ned, -ire, -27,
-itus.
beginning, initium, initi, n.
behalf of, pro, with abl.
behind, post, with ace.
Belgians, Belgae, -àrum, m.
believe, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus.
Bellovaci, Bellovaci, -órum, m.
besides, praeterquam.
besiege, oppugno, -àre, -àvi, -dtus.
best, optimus, -a, -um.
better (it is), praestat.
better, melior, -ius.
between, inier, with ace.
black, niger, -gra, -grum.
blame, culpo, -àre, -àvi, -ütus.
body, corpus, -oris, n.
book, liber, libri, m.
born (be), nàscor, nàsci, ndtus sum.
both 451, "andre S2 set.
boundary, regio, -dnis, f.; finis,
-is, m.
LATIN LESSONS
boy, puer, -, m.
brave, fortis, -e.
bravely, fortiter. .
bravery, virtüs, -Lütis, f.
break (camp), moveo, -ére, movi,
motus.
bridge, pons, pontis, m.
brief, brevis, -e.
bring, fero, ferre, tul, latus;
affero, -ferre, attuli, allatus.
bring back, redüco, -ere, -düxi,
-ductus; refero, -ferre, rettuli,
relatus.
bring in or upon, infero, -ferre,
intuli, allatus.
bring out, effero, -ferre, extulit,
elatus.
bring together, confero, -ferre,
-tuli, collatus.
bring (war on), fero, -ferre,
-tuli, illatus.
broad, ldtus, -a, -um.
brother, frater, -tris, m.
Brutus, Brütus, -1, m.
build, wedificd, -àre, -dvi, -dtus.
building, aedificium, aedifici, n.
burn, 2ncendo, -ere, -cendi, -census.
but, sed.
by, à, ab, with abl.
C
Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m.
call, voco, -àre, -àwi, -dtus.
call together, convocó, -dre, -àwi,
-atus.
camp, castra, -orum, n.
can, possum, posse, poluit, —.
captive, captivus, -7, m.
capture, capio, -ere, cepi, captus;
expugno, -are, -avi, -atus.
care, diligentia, -ae, f.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
carefully, diligenter.
carry, fero, ferre, tuli, latus; porto,
-üre, -avi, -dtus.
carry away, effero, -ferre, extulit,
elatus.
carry on war, bellum gero.
carry: out, effero, -ferre,
elatus.
Cassius, Cassius, -i, m.
Catiline, Catilina, -ae, m.
Cato, Cato, -dnis, m.
cause, causa, -ae, f.
cavalry, pl. of eques, -itis, m.;
equitdtus, -üs, m.
censure, culpo, -Gre, -àvi, -àtus.
centurion, centurio, -Onis, m.
certain, ad]., certus, -a, -wm.
certain one, pron., quzdam, quae-
dam, quiddam.
character, pl. of mds, moris, m.
check, suslineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus.
chief, princeps, -cipis, m.
children, /iber?, -orum, m.
choose, déligo, -ere, -légi, -léctus.
Cicero, C?cero, -Onis, m.
citizen, civis, -is, m. and f.
city, urbs, urbis, f.
close, claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus.
cohort, cohors, cohortis, f.
collect, confero, -ferre, -tult, col-
ldtus; cogo, -ere, coegi, codctus.
come, venio, -ire, veni, ventus.
command, n., imperium,
peri, n.
command, v., impero, -àre, -àvi,
-dtus; iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussus.
command of (be in), praesum,
-esse, -fui.
commander-in-chief,
-oris, m.
companion, comes, -itis, m. and f.
extuli,
im-
imperátor,
201
compel, cógo, -ere, coegi, coüctus.
conceal, celo, -dre, -dvi, -àtus.
concerning, dé, with abl.
confidence, fides, -ei, f.
conquer, supero, -üre, -àvi, -dlus;
vinco, -ere, vici, victus.
conqueror, victor, -dris, m.
consider, cogito, -dre, -àwi, -dtus;
habeo, -ére, -ui, -itus.
construct, itnstrud, -ere,
-structus.
consul, consul, -ulis, m.
contend, contendo, -ere, -d, -tentus.
control, imperitum, imperi, n.
country, patria, -ae, f.; finés,
-ium, m.
courage, virtis, -ütis, f.
cover, compleo, -ere, -évt, -etus.
Crassus, Crassus, -7, m.
cross, trdnseo, -ire, -iw (-77), -ttus.
custom, mos, moris, m.
-struai,
D
daily, adj., cotididnus, -a, -um.
daily, adv., cotidie.
danger, periculum, -i, n.
dare, audeo, -ére, ausus sum.
daughter, filia, -ae, f.
day, dies, diéi, m. and f.; late in
the day, multo die; following
day, postero die.
daybreak, at, prima lice.
dear, cürus, -a, -um.
death, mors, mortis, f.
deceive, fallo, -ere, fefellt, falsus.
decide, constituo, -ere, -stitwi,
-stitütus; statuo, -ere, -ui, -ütus.
declare, confirmo, -àre, -àvi, -atus.
deep, altus, -a, -wm.
defeat, supero, -dre, -àvi, -dtus;
vincd, -ere, vici, viclus.
302
defend, defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fén-
sus.
defender, defensor, -oris, m.
defense of, pro, with abl.
delay, n., mora, -ae, f.
delay, v., moror, -àri, -àlus sum.
deliver (a speech), habeo, -ére,
-ui, -itus.
deny, nego, -üre, -dv2, -dtus.
departure, profectio, -onis, f.
deprive, nüdo, -dre, -àvi, -atus.
destroy, déled, -ére, -ewi, -étus.
detain, retined, -ére, -ui, -tentus.
determine, constituo, -ere, -ui,
-utus; statuo, -ere, -ui, -ülus.
devastate, populor, -Gri, -àtus sum.
differ, di fferd,-ferre, distult, dildtus.
difficult, difficilis, -e.
difficulty, difficultas, -tdtis, f.
diligence, diligentia, -ae, f.
diligently, diligenter.
direction, pars, partis, f.
disappoint, fallo, -ere, fefelli, fal-
sus.
discover, reperio, -ire, repperi, re-
pertus. -
dismiss, dimitto, -ere,
-mAssus.
ditch, fossa, -ae, f.
do, ago, -ere, egt, dctus; facio, -ere,
feci, factus.
draw up, instrud, -ere, -sirüzi,
-structus.
dread, n., tamor, -dris, m.
dread, v., vereor, -éri, veritus sum.
drive, ago, -ere, egi, üctus; pello,
-ere, pepuli, pulsus.
-misi,
drive out, ezrpello, -ere, -puli,
-pulsus; pello, -ere, pepult,
pulsus.
dwell, zncold, -ere, -ui, —.
LATIN LESSONS
E
each, quisque, quidque.
early, primus, -a, -um
noun).
earth, terra, -ae., f.
easy, facilis, -e.
easily, facile.
eight, octo.
either . or, vel... vel, aut
SEQ Ob
encamp, cónsido, -ere, -sedi, —.
encourage, cohortor, -dri, -dtus
sum.
end, finis, -is, m.
enemy, hostis, -is, m. ; inimicus,
-i, m.
engage (in battle), committo, -ere,
-màisi, -Missus.
enjoy, fruor, frui, frictus sum.
enlist, conscribo, -ere, -pst, -ptus.
enroll, conscribo, -ere, -psi, -ptus.
enter, ineo, -Wre, -i7 (-w), -itus. .
epistle, epistula, -ae, f.
equal, pàr, paris.
esteem, honor, -oris, m.
every, ommnis,-e; every one, quis-
que, quidque.
evident (it is), constat.
evil, malus, -a, -um.
excel, supero, -Gre, -dvi, -dtus;
praesto, -àre, -stitt, -stitus.
excellent, optimus, -a, -um.
extend, pated, -ere, -ui, —.
(with
F
face to face, adversus, -a, -um.
facing, adversus, -a, -um.
fail, deficio, -ere, -féci, -fectus.
faith, fides, -ei, f.
faithful, fidus, -a, -um.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
far, longe.
farmer, agricola, -ae, m.
farther, ulterior, -ius.
father, pater, -tris, m.
fear, n., timor, -oóris, m.
fear, v., timed, -ére,
vereor, -eri, -itus sum.
few, pauci, -ae, -a.
field, ager, agri, m.
fiercely, acriter.
fight, pugno, -àre, -àvwi, -dtus.
fill, compleo, -ére, -evi, -étus.
find out, reperio, -ire, repperi, re-
pertus; cognosco, -ere, -nowi,
-nitus.
fire, ignis, -is, m.
first, primus, -a, -um.
fit, idoneus, -a, -um.
five, quinque.
flee, fugio, -ere, fügi, —.
fleet, classis, -is, f.
flight, fuga, -ae, f.
follow, sequor, sequi, secütus sum.
following, posterus, -a, -um.
foot (at), sub, with abl.
foot, pes, pedis, m.
foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, m.
for, pro, with abl.
force, vis (genitive wanting), f.
forces, copiae, -drum, f.
forest, silva, -ae, f.
former, prior, -ius.
fortifications, moenia, -iwm, n.;
muniti6, -onis, f.
fortify, münio, -ire, -Wi, -itus.
four, quattuor.
free, v., libero, -üre, -àvi, -dtus.
free, adj., liber, -era, -erum.
frequent, créber, -bra, -brum.
friend, amicus, -7, m.
friendly, amicus, -a, -wm.
me Seer:
DL
303
frighten, lerreo, -ere, -ui, -itus.
from, à, ab, e, ex, with abl.
front of, pro, with abl.
G
Galba, Galba, -ae, m.
garrison, praesidium, praesidi, n.
gate, porta, -ae, f.
gather, deligo, -ere, -légi, -léctus.
Gaul, Gallia, -ae, f.
Gauls, Galli, -órum, m.
general, imperdtor, -oris, m.
German, Germdnus, -i, m.
get possession of, potior, -iri, -itus
sum.
gift, dónum, -i, n.
girl, puella, -ae, f.
give, do, -dre, dedi, datus.
give up, dedo, -ere, -didi, -ditus;
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus.
gladly, libenter.
glory, gloria, -ae, f. ; honor, -oris,
m.
go, e0, tre, 1% (o1), dtürus.
go across, trdnseod, -ire, -ii (-wi),
-itus.
go out, exeo, -ire, -àv (-wwi), -itus.
go to, adeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itus.
god, deus, -?, m.
goddess, dea, -ae, f.
good, bonus, -a, -wm.
grain, frümentum, -i, n.
great, magnus, -a, -um; so great,
tantus, -a,-um ; how great, quan-
lus, -a, -um.
greatly, magnopere.
guard, n., cüstos, -ddis, m.; prae-
sidium, praesidi, n.
guard, v., defendo, -ere, -fendi,
-fensus.
guide, dux, ducis, m.
304
H
hand, manus, -üs, f.
happen, f0, fieri, factus sum.
harm, noced, -ére, -ui, —.
hasten, propero, -dre, -dvi, -dtus;
contendo, -ere, -di, -tentus.
have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus.
he, is; often not expressed.
head, caput, -itis, n.
hear, audio, -ire, -wi, -itus.
heavy, gravis, -e.
heavy baggage,
-orum, n.
height, altitiüdo, -inis, f.
help, auxilium, auzili, n.
Helvetians, Helvetii, -drum, m.
hem in, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus.
her,eius; swus,-a,-um (reflexive).
high, altus, -a, -um; superus, -a,
impedimenta,
-um.
hill, collis, -is, m.
himself, su: (reflexive); | ipse
(intensive).
hinder, prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus.
hindrance, impedimentum, -i, n.
his, eius; suus, -a, -um (reflexive).
hither, citerior, -ius.
hold, habeo, -ére, -ui, -itus; teneo,
-ere, -ul, —.
hold together, contineo, -ére, -ui,
-tentus.
home, domus, -üs, f.; at home,
domi.
honor, honor, -oris, m.
hope, spes, -ei, f.
horn, cornü, -üs, n.
horse, equus, equi, m.
horseman, eques, -itis, m.
hostage, obses, -idis, m. and f.
hour, hora, -ae, f.
LATIN LESSONS
house, domus, -üs, f.
how, quam, quomodo.
how great, quantus, -a, -wm.
how long, quam diü.
how many, quot.
how much, quantus, -a, -wm.
hurl, 2ac?0, -ere, 4éci, iactus.
hurl together, conicio, -ere, -iéci,
-iectus.
hurry, propero, -àre, -dvi, -dtus.
I, ego, me.
if, 51.
if not, nisi. .
immediately, statim.
immortal, immortalis, -e.
in, in, with abl.
incredible, zncrédibilis, -e.
infantry, pedités, -itum, m.
inferior, inferior, -ius.
influence, n., auctoritàs, -tàtis, f.
influence, v., addüco, -ere, -düzi,
-ductus.
inform, certiorem facere; edoceo,
-ére, -ui, -doctus.
inhabit, ?ncolo, -ere, -ui, —.
injure, noced, -ére, -ui, —.
injury, iniüria, -ae, f.
inner, interior, -ius.
instruct, edoceo, -ere, -ui, -doctus.
into, in, with aec.
invincible, invictus, -a, -um.
it, is, ea, id; often not expressed.
J
javelin, pilum, -i, n.
join, coniungo, -ere, -iünzi, -iünc-
tus; committod, -ere, -misi, -mis-
sus.
journey, iter, itineris, n.; via, -ae, f.
E
ENGLISH-CLATIN VOCABULARY
judge, itidex, -icis, m.
Julia, / lia, -ae, f.
Jura, Jura, -ae, m.
K
keep from, prohibeo, -ére, -ui, -itus.
keep in, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus.
keeper, custos, -ddis, m.
kill, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus;
occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus.
king, rez, regis, m.
know, scio, -ire, -wi, itus.
L
labor, n., labor, -oris, m.
labor, v., laboro, -àre, -àvi, -dtus.
land, terra, -ae, f.
language, lingua, -ae, f.
large, magnus, -a, -um.
last, extremus, -a, -um.
law, léx, legis, f.
lay waste, vàsto, -dre, -àvi, -dtus;
populor, -àri, -àtus sum.
lead, dco, -ere, dizi, ductus.
lead across, írüdüco, -ere, -düxi,
-ductus.
lead back,
-ductus.
lead out, édüco, -ere, -düxi, -duc-
tus.
lead to,
-ductus.
leader, duz, ducis, m.
learn, cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitus.
leave, relinquo, -ere, reliqui, re-
lictus.
left, sinister, -tra, -trum.
legion, legio, -dnis, f.
length, longitüdo, -inis, f.
Lentulus, Lentulus, -i, m.
less, minor, minus.
redüco, -ere, -düxi,
addüco, -ere, -düzi,
305
lest, né, with subjunctive.
letter, littera, -ae, f. ; epistula, -ae, f.
lie open, pated, -ére, -ui, —.
lieutenant, /egátus, -i, m.
life, vita, -ae, f.
light, n., liz, lücis, f.
light, adj., levis, -e.
like, similis, -e.
line of battle, acies, -é7, f.
line of march, agmen, -minis, n.
little, adv., paulum.
live, v2v0, -ere, vixi, victus.
live in, 2ncolo, -ere, -ui, —.
location, locus, -7, m.
long, adj., longus, -a, -um.
long, adv., div.
lord, dominus, -1, m.
lose, dmittd, -ere, -misi, -missus;
dimillo, -ere, -misi, -missus.
love, amo, -dre, -àvi, -atus.
low, inferus, -a, -um.
M
make, facio, -ere, feci, factus.
man, vir, -1, m. ; homo, -inis, m.
and f.
manage, rego, -ere, rexit, rectus.
manners, pl. of mos, moris, m.
many, multi, -ae, -a.
march, v., iter facere.
march, n., iter, itineris, n.
Marcus, Marcus, -i, m.
marsh, palüs, -üdis, f.
master, dominus, -i, m. ;
ter, -tr2, m.
me, see /.
meantime, intered.
meet, occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursus.
meeting, conventus, -üs, m.
memory, memoria, -ae, f.
merchant, mercdator, -oris, m.
magis-
306 LATIN
message, nuntius, nünti, m.
messenger, nuntius, nünti, m.
middle, medius, -a, -wm.
midnight, media nox.
mile, mille passüs.
mistress, domina, -ae, f.
mother, mdter, -tris, f.
mountain, mons, montis, m.
move, ?710v€0, -éere, movi, motus.
move forward, prdmoved, -ére,
-mowi, -motus.
movement, motus, -üs, m.
much, multus, -a, -um.
must, débeo, -ére, -ui, -ilus;
pass. periphrastie.
my, meus, -a, -um.
myself, mez.
or
N
name, nomen, -inis, n.
nation, nàtio, -onis, f.
native land, patria, -ae, f.
nature, natura, -ae, f.
near, ad, prope.
nearer, propior, -ius.
nearly, paene, prope.
neither, conj., neque.
neither, adj., neuter, -tra,
nevertheless, (amen.
new, novus, -a, -um.
next, proximus, -a, -um.
night, nox, noctis, f.
nine, novem.
no, nüllus, -a, -um.
no one, nullus, -a,
—, dat. nemini.
noise, clamor, -oris, m.
none, nüllus, -a, -um; nemo, —,
dat. nemini.
nor, neque.
not, nón.
-irum.
LESSONS
notonly . . . butalso, non solum
. sed eliam.
nothing, nihil, indecl., n.
number, numerus, -i, m.
numerous, créber, -bra, -brum.
O
oath, iüs iurandum, iüris iürandi,
n.
obey, pared, -ére, -ui, —.
of (concerning), de, with abl.
often, saepe.
old, senex, senis.
on, 2n, with abl.
on account of, abl. of cause, or ob
with ace.
on all sides, wndique.
one, unus, -a, -um.
one hundred, centum.
only, solus, -a, -wm. :
opportunity, /acultàs, -tàtis, f.;
potestas, -Lütis, f. |
oppose, res?sto, -ere, restitt, —.
or, aut, vel, an.
oration, orátio, -onis, f.
order, Zubeo, -ere, d$ussi, iussus
(with aec.) ; impero, -üre, -àwi,
-ütus (with dat.).
other, alius, -a, -ud.
ought, débeo, -ere, -ui, -itus.
our, noster, -tra, -trum.
out of, @, ez, with abl.
outer, exlerus, -a, -um.
over, in, with abl.
overcome, supero, -aàre, -àw, -àlus.
P
pace, passus, -üs, m.
pacify, pàco, -àre, -àvi, -dtus.
part, pars, partis, f.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
pass the winter, hiemo, -üre, -üvi,
-dtus.
peace, pax, pácis, f.
people, populus, -7, m.
peril, periculum, -i, n.
permit, licet, -ére, licuit;
pati, passus sum.
persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -si, -sus.
picture, pictüra, -ae, f.
pitch (camp), pono, -ere, posui,
positus.
place, n., locus, i, m.
place, v., pono, -ere, posui, positus.
place before, antepono, -ere,
-posui, -positus.
place ín command of, praeficio,
-ere, -feci, -fectus; praepono,
-ere, -posuit, -positus.
plan, consilium, consili, n.
please, placed, -ére, -ui, -itus.
pledge, fides, -ei, f.
plenty, copia, -ae, f.
Pompey, Pompeius, Pompei, m.
port, portus, -üs, m.
possession (get), potior, potiri,
potitus sum.
possible (as), quam with super-
lative.
power, potestas, -tàtis, f.
powerful, potens, potentis.
praise, laudo, -dre, -àvi, -átus.
prefer, malo, mdlle, malui; ante-
pono, -ere, -posut, -positus.
prepare, paro, -dre, -àvi, -atus.
presence, conspectus, -us, m.
present, donum, -i, n.
private, privatus, -a, -um.
prohibit, prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus.
promise, polliceor, -éri, -itus sum.
promote, promoveo, -éere, -movi,
-motus.
patior,
307
protection, praesidium, praesidi, n.
province, provincia, -ae, f.
pupil, discipulus, -%, m.
put, pond, -ere, posui, positus.
put to flight, pello, -ere, pepult,
pulsus.
Q
quick, celer, celeris, celere.
quickly, celeriter.
R
rank, ordo, -inis, m.
rather (comparative).
read, lego, -ere, legi, lectus.
rear, novissimum agmen.
receive, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus.
recently (most), proxime.
reckon, existimo, -dre, -àwi, -dtus.
recruit, novus miles.
region, regio, -onis, f.
remain, maneo, -ére, mànsi, màn-
sus.
remaining, reliquus, -a, -wm.
Remi, Rémi, -orum, m.
reply, respondeo, -ére,
-Sponsus.
report, n., rumor, -dris, m.
report, v., nünlio, -Gre, -àvi, -dtus;
refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus.
republic, res publica, ret ptb-
licae, f.
repulse, reició, -ere, -ieci, -iectus.
resist, resisto, -ere, restit?, —.
respects, in all, omnibus rebus.
respond, respondeo, -ére, -di, -sus.
rest, reliquus, -a, -wm.
restrain, retined, -ere, -ui, -tentus.
retain, retineo, -ére, -ui, -tentus.
retreat, recipio, -ere, -cept, -ceptus.
-di,
308
LATIN LESSONS
return, reverto, -ere, -li, -sus; re-| seize, capio, -ere, cepi, captus;
verlor, -4, reversus sum.
revolt, motus, -us, m.
revolution, rés viovae.
Rhine, Rhénws, -7, m.
Rhone, Rhodanus, -i, m.
ridge, iugum, -1, n.
right, dexter, -tra, -trum.
river, fliimen, -inis, n.
road, via, -ae, f.
Roman, n. Rémdnus, -i, m.
Roman, adj., Romanus, -a, -um.
Rome, Roma, -ae, f.
rose, rosa, -ae, f.
row, ordo, -inis, m.
royal power, regnum, -i, n.
rule, rego, -ere, réxi, rectus.
rumor, rumor, -oris, m.
run, curro, -ere, cucurrit, cursus.
S
Sabinus, Sabinus, -1, m.
safe, tutus, -a, -um.
safety, salüs, -ütis, f.
sail, nàvigo, -dre, -àvi, -atus.
sailor, nauta, -ae, m.
sake of, causa, with genitive.
same, idem, eadem, idem.
save, servo, -àre, -àvi, -atus.
say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictus; loquor,
loqui, locütus sum.
scarcity, inopia, -ae, f.
scatter, differo, -ferre, distuli, dila-
tus.
scout, explordtor, -dris, m.
sea, mare, -is, n.
seashore, litus, -oris, n.
see, video, -ére, vidi, visus.
seek, peto, -ere, -ii (-iv7), -itus.
seem, videor, -ér7, visus sum.
occupo, -üre, -àvi, -adtus.
select, déligo, -ere, -legi, -léctus.
senate, senatus, -üs, m.
senator, sendtor, -dris, m.
send, mitto, -ere, mist, missus.
send ahead, praemilto, -ere, -misi,
-mssus.
send away, amitio, -ere, amasi,
ümássus.
send back, remitto, -ere, -misi,
-missus.
send in different directions, di-
mitto, -ere, -màsti, -missus.
Sequanian, Séquanus, -i, m.
servant, servus, -i, m.; ' serva,
-ae, f.
set fire to, incendo,
-CENSUS.
set free, libero, -àre,
set out, proficiscor,
sum.
setting, occüsus, -üs, m.
settle, consido, -ere, -sedi, —.
seven, septem.
several, complüres, -a.
severe, gravis, -e.
sharp, dcer, dcris, acre.
sharply, dcriter.
ship, ndvis, -is, f.
shore, litus, -oris, n.
short, brevis, -e.
shout, clümor, -dris, m.
show, doceo, -ére, -ui, doctus;
monstro, -are, -àwi, -atus.
shut, claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus.
side, pars, partis, f.; latus, -eris,
n.
sight, conspectus, -üs, m.
signal, signum, -i, n.
since, cum.
-ere, -cendi,
-üvi, -dlus.
-7, profectus
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
sister, soror, -dris, f.
Six, sex.
six hundred, sescenti, -ae, -a.
size, magnitüdo, -inis, f.
slaughter, caedes, -is, f.
slave, servus, -7, m.
slavery, servitüs, -ütis, f.
slay, occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus; in-
terficid, -ere, -féct, -fectus.
small, barvus, -a, -wm.
so, ita (manner); tam (degree).
so great, tantus, -a, -wm.
soldier, miles, -itis, m.
some one, aliquis, aliquid.
some . . . others, aliz .
somewhat, paulum.
son, filius, fili, m.
speak, loquor, loqui, locütus
speech, oràtio, -onis, f.
speed, celeritàs, -tatis, f.
spend winter, hiemo, -üre,
-ütus.
Spy, explorator, -oris, m.
stand, std, -àre, steti, status.
standard, signum, -i, n.
star, stella, -ae, f.
state, civitüs, -tàtis, f. ;
lica, rei püblicae, f.
stone, lapis, -idis, m.
storm, v., oppugno,
-atus. |
storm, n., tempestds, -tàtis, f.
stormy weather, hiems, hiemis, f.
story, fabula, -ae, f.
strength, vires, virium, f.
strengthen, confirmo, -àre, -àwi,
-ütus.
strip, nüdo, -üre, -àvi, -dtus.
subdue, pàco, -àre, -dvi, -dtus.
such, tantus, -a, -um.
Suessiones, Swessidnés, -um, m.
. alii.
Sun.
-üW,
rés
-are, -avi,
309
suffer, patior, pati, passus sum.
suitable, idoneus, -a, -um.
summer, aestds, -tdtis, f.
summon, convoco, -àre, -àwi, -dtus.
sun, sol, sols, m.
sunset at, solis occdadst.
superior, superior, -ius.
supplies, commeatus, -üs, m.
supply, copia, -ae, f.
surpass, supero, -are, -àw, -àtus;
praesto, -àre, -stt, -stitus.
surrender, n., deditio, -dnis, f.
surrender, v., dedo, -ere, -didi,
-ditus; trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus.
survive, supersum, -esse, -fui.
suspicion, suspicio, -dnis, f.
swamp, palüs, -üdis, f.
swift, celer, celeris, celere; veloz,
velocis.
swiftly, celeriter.
swiftness, celeritàs, -tàtis, f.
sword, gladius, gladi, m.
T
table, ménsa, -ae, f.
take, capio, -ere, cepi, captus;
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus.
take back, recipio, -ere, -cépi,
-ceptus.
take by storm, expugno, -àre, -àvi,
-atus.
tall, altus, -a, -um; longus, -a,
-um.
teach, doceo, -ére, -ui, doctus.
teacher, magister, -iri, m.
tell, nàrró, -dre, -àwi, -átus.
ten, decem.
tenth, decimus, -a, -um.
territory, pl. of finis, -is, m.
than, quam.
510
LATIN LESSONS
that, conj., wit; not expressed after | two, duo, duae, duo.
verbs of saying, thinking, and
the like.
that, demon. pron., is, ea, id; ille,
illa, illud.
that of yours, iste, ista, istud.
that; ^ rel; prote gui sauce,
quod.
theirs, gen. pl. of s; suus, -a, -um,
(reflexive).
there, 251.
thing, res, rei, f.
think, puto, -dre, -àvi, -àtus; ar-
bitror, -àrv, -Gtus sum; existimo,
-üre, -avi, -atus.
third, tertiws, -a, -um.
this, hic, haec, hoc.
thousand, mille.
three, (res, (ria.
through, per, with acc.
throw, iacio, -ere, 4eci, iactus.
throw back, reicio, -ere, -ieci,
-iectus.
time, lempus, -oris, n.
tired, defessus, -a, -um.
to, ad, with aee.
toil, labor, -dris, m.
tongue, lingua, -ae, f.
top, summus, -a, -um.
torture, crucidtus, -üs, m.
toward, ad, with ace.
tower, turris, -is, f.
town, oppidum, -, n.
tree, arbor, -oris, f.
trench, fossa, -ae, f.
troops, cópiae, -àrum, f.
trumpet, tuba, -ae, f.
trust, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus.
try, cónor, -Gri, -dtus sum.
tumult, twmultus, -üs, m.
twenty-five, viginti quinque.
two hundred, ducenti, -ae, -a.
U
unconquerable, invictus, -a, -wm.
under, sub, see 335.
understand, inlellego, -ere, -é27,
-lectus.
undertake, incipio, -ere;
-ceptus. -
unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um.
unite, coniungo, -ere, -iünzi, -iünc-
tus.
unless, nisi.
unlike, dissimilis, -e.
unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui.
upon, zn (with ace. or abl.).
upper, superior, -ius.
us, pl. of ego.
use, uwlor, uli, üsus sum.
useful, utilis, -e.
useless, inütilis, -e.
-cépi,
V
vain (in), früstra.
valor, vir(üs, -ütis, f.
van, primum agmen.
Veneti, Veneti, -drum, m.
very (superlative).
victor, victor, -oóris, m.
victory, victoria, -ae, f.
view, conspectus, -üs, m.
village, vicus, -?, m.
violence, vis, (genitive wanting), f.
virtue, virtts, -ütis, f.
visit, adeo, -ire, -iwi, -itus.
voice, vox, vocis, f.
W
wage, gero, -ere, gessi, gestus.
wall, mürus, -1, m.
ENGLISH-LATIN
want, inopia, -ae, f.
war, bellum, -i, n.
warn, moneo, -ére, -ui, -itus.
war-ship, navis longa.
watch, vigilia, -ae,
-0dis, m.
water, aqua, -ae, f.
way, via, -ae, f.
we, nos.
weapon, (celum, -i, n.
weary, défessus, -a, -um.
weather (stormy), hiems, hiemis,
f.; tempestas, -tatis, f.
well, bene.
what, quis, quid (substantive);
qui, quae, quod. (adjective).
when, cum, ubi.
where, ubi.
wherefore, cür.
whether, utrum, num.
which, qui, quae, quod.
which of two, uter, utra, utrum.
white, albus, -a, -wm.
who, qui, quae, quod (relative) ;
quis, quid (interrog.).
whole, (totus, -a, -wm.
why, cür, quamobrem.
wide, làtus, -a, -wm.
width, latitüdo, -inis, f.
willing, volo, velle, volui.
wind, ventus, -1, m.
wing (of an army), cornü, -üs, n.
winter, n., hiems, hiemis, f.
winter quarters, hiberna, -drum,
n.
I
custos,
VOCABULARY oll
wisely, sapienter.
wish, volo, velle, volui.
with, cum, with abl.
withdraw, ereo, -ire, -i (-wi),
-itus; redüco, -ere, -düxi, -duc-
tus.
without, sine, with abl.
withstand, swstined,
-tentus.
woman, femina, -ae, f.
woods, silva, -ae, f.
word, verbum, -7, n.
work, n., opera, -ae, f.
work, v., laboro, -àre, -àvi, -àtus.
worn out, defessus, -a, -wm.
worse, peior, petus.
would that, utinam.
wound, n., vulnus, -eris, n.
-ere, -ui,
wound, v., vulnero, -àre, -àw,
-atus.
wretched, miser, -era, -erum.
write, scribd, -ere, |scripsi,
scriptus.
wrong, iniüria, -ae, f.
hu
year, annus, -i, m.
yet, (amen.
yoke, iugum, -7, n.
you, (à, tut.
young, iuvenis, -e.
young man, adulescens, -centis, m.
your, (uus, -a, -um; vester, -tra,
-irum.
yourself, (ui (reflexive).
INDEX
References are to sections
A
à or ab with ablative of agent,
. 140, 620;
place whence, 76, 617 ;
place in which, 76, 617.
abbreviations, 561.
ablative case, .
absolute, 463, 464, 632 ;
adverbially, 383 ;
of accompaniment, 102, 618;
after a comparative, 221, 624 ;
of agent, 140, 620;
of cause, 195, 622;
of degree of difference, 247,
25950,1025;
of manner, 114, 619;
of means, 65, 616;
of quality, 441, 631;
of separation, 316, 627 ;
of specification, 204, 623 ;
of time, 147, 621;
with ator, ete., 375, 630;
with prepositions, 332, 628 ;
with dé or ex instead of the
genitive of the whole, 260,
626 ;
with quaeró and peto, 400, 439.
accent, see Introduction.
accompaniment, 102, 618.
accusative case,
adverbially, 382, 615;
of direct object, 16, 610;
duration of time, 286, 612;
extent of space, 286, 612;
place whither, 76, 278, 611;
subject of infinitive, 307, 613;
with prepositions, 333, 614.
acer, declension, 570;
comparison, 576.
acriter, comparison, 578.
ad, with accusative, place to
which, 76, 611.
adjectives, 674, 678;
agreement of, 40, 637 ;
kinds of, 36, 144;
of first and second declen-
sions, 36;
of third declension, one termi-
nation, 158; two termina-
tions, 152; three termina-
tions, 144, a;
of peculiar declension, 290;
comparison, regular, 214, 678,
irregular, 225, 226, 234, 235,
236, 237, 577; with magis
and mazime, 237.
meaning of comparatives, 214,
a:
meaning of superlatives, 214, a;
declension of comparatives,
PATE SY 13 i
declension of superlatives, 218 ;
ending in er, 225;
five ending in lis, 226;
with dative, 230, 269, 603, 604;
numerals, 326, 579, 676.
313
314
INDEX
References are to sections
adverbs, 703-706;
243 ;
formation, 243;
comparison, 244 ;
adverbial accusative,
615.
agent, expressed by ablative with
à or ab, 140, 620;
expressed by dative with pas-
sive periphrastic, 531, 609.
ager, declension, 564.
agreement of adjectives, 40, 637 ;
of appositives, 187, 635;
of possessive pronouns, 415, a,
418;
of relative pronouns, 395, 638;
of verb with subject, 17, 636.
aliquis, declension, 585.
alius, declension, 574.
alphabet, see Introduction.
amicus, declension, 564.
answers, 20, 68, 97.
article, see Introduction.
audio, 589.
382,
B
base, 6, b.
bellum, declension, 564.
bene, comparison, 578.
bonus, declension, 569.
comparison, 577.
C
Caesar Phrases, 151, 175, 242,
250, 281, 331, 339, 437, 462,
526.
capio, conjugation, 590.
caput, declension, 106.
cardinals, 676; list of, 326, 579;
indeclinable, 326, a.
derivation, | cases, names and uses, 2, 669-
672.
causal clauses, 471; 473,2; 644.
cause, expressed by ablative, 195,
622.
circumstantial clauses, 470, 643.
citerior, comparison, 236, 577.
commands, 496.
comparative, declension, 216, 217,
573; followed by ablative,
221, 624; meaning, 214, a.
comparison of adjectives,
regular, 214;
irregular, 225, 226,
200, 297, 0045
positive wanting, 236;
ending in er, 225;
six ending in lis, 226;
of adverbs, 243, 578.
complementary infinitive,
649.
composition, 150, 179.
compound nouns, 266, a, b.
compound verbs, 419.
concessive clauses, 472, 645.
conditional sentences, 478-482,
646, 647.
conjugations, 107 ;
how distinguished, 107 ;
porto, 586 ;
moneo, 587 ;
düco, 588;
audio, 589;
capio, 590;
sum, possum, 591;
volo, nolo, malo, 592;
fero, 593;
eo, 594 ;
fio, 595.
conjunctions, 708.
234, 235,
176,
INDEX
915
References are to sections
consonants, how pronounced, see
Introduetion.
consul, declension, 565.
cornt, declension, 566.
corpus, declension, 106.
cum clauses, 469.
D
dative case,
of agent, 531, 609;
with adjectives, 230, 269, 603,
604 ;
with compound verbs,
606 ;
of indirect object, 56, 602 ;
with intransitive verbs, 499,
605 ;
of possessor, 514, 608 ;
of purpose, 508, 607.
dé or ex, with ablative instead of
genitive of the whole, 260,
626.
dea, declension, 568.
declensions, how distinguished,
22.
firsts 5; 5037
second, 22, 32, 564;
third, 90, 91, 99, 106, 118, 119,
565;
fourth, 256, 566;
fifth, 264, 567.
definite measurements,
601.
demonstrative
582.
deponent verbs, 370.
descriptive, ablative, or genitive,
441, 600, 631.
deus, declension, 568.
diés, declension, 265, 567.
419,
441, a,
pronouns, 431,
difficilis, comparison, 226.
diphthongs, pronunciation,
Introduction.
direct object, 16, 610.
diü, comparison, 578.
domus, declension, 568 ;
in expressions of place, 278,
634.
double questions, 438.
düco, conjugation, 588.
duo, declension, 575.
see
E
e or ex, place out of which, 76,
617.
ego, deelension, 580.
English Grammar, 653-715.
English-Latin Letter, 556.
eó, conjugation, 594.
esse, often omitted, 447 ?.
ex with ablative instead of geni-
tive of the whole, 260, 626.
exercitus, declension, 506.
extent of space, 286, 612.
exterus, comparison, 577.
F
facile, comparison, 578.
facilis, comparison, 576.
fearing, verbs of, 353!.
feminine gender, see Introduc-
tion.
fer6, conjugation, 593.
filius, vocative, 23, b.
fid, conjugation, 595.
flamen, declension, 565.
fortis, declension, 571 ;
comparison, 576.
fortiter, comparison, 578.
frater, declension, 565.
316 INDEX
References are to sections
fruor, followed by ablative, 375, I
630. i, takes place of j, Introduction.
future tense, formation, 51,|i-stems, 118, i19.
181. idem, declension, 582.
future perfect, formation, 72, 135. | idoneus, comparison, 577.
ignis, declension, 565.
G ille, declension, 582.
gender, 667; rules for, see Intro- | imperative, 494, 692.
duction ; imperfect, distinguished from
in first declension, 5; perfect, 501, 732.
in second declension, 22, 32; |imper6, governs dative and sub-
in third declension, 90; junctive, 361.
in fourth declension, 256; impersonal verbs, 534.
in fifth declension, 264. in, with accusative and ablative,
genitive case, 334.
of description or quality, 441, , indefinite pronouns, 444.
600 ; indirect discourse, 303, 304, 402,
of definite measurement, 441, a, 554, 652.
601; indirect object, 56, 602.
of the whole, 260, 599;
of possession, 27, 598.
gerund, 517.
gerundive, 518.
indirect question, 402, 642.
inferus, comparison, 577.
infinitives, 693, 694;
formation, 302 ;
gerundive construction, 519;
takes dative of agent, 531, 609;
used with ad to express pur-
pose, 5223;
used with causa to express
purpose, 5221;
used with sum to form pas-.
sive periphrastie, 528;
complementary, 176, 649;
used as subject, 476!;
in indirect discourse, 303, 554,
652;
takes accusative as subject,
B025.018^
time denoted by, 304, 648;
in eompounds esse omitted,
with sum implies duty or 447?;
necessity, 528. not used to express purpose,
353.
Hs inflection, 673, 685.
hic, declension, 582. inimicus, distinguished from hos-
historical tenses, 363. tis, 267.
hostis, declension, 565; instrumental ablative, 65, 616.
distinguished from inimicus, | intensive pronoun, 432.
267. interior, comparison, 577.
INDEX
317
References are to sections
interjections, 709.
interrogative pronouns, 399.
id verbs of the third conjugation,
320, 590.
ipse, declension, 582.
irregular adjectives, comparison,
2252920:9284:9253230 2 237;
Docs
irregular verbs, sum, 591.
possum, eo, fero, fio, volo, nolo,
malo, 591—595.
is, deleension, 582;
used as pronoun, 406.
iste, declension, 582.
iubeo, governs jnfinitive, 433.
iüdex, declension, 99.
iuvenis, comparison, 577.
J
j, supplied by i, see Introduction.
L
làte, comparison, 578.
Latin Phrases, 560.
Latin in Science, 557.
Latin words in the Constitution,
559.
Latin Quotations, 562.
Latin Songs, pages 215-218.
length of syllables, Introduction.
length of vowels, Introduction.
US. | English derivatives, 100.
libero
locative case, 278.
locus, gender, 267.
long vowels, see Introduetion.
longior, declension, 217.
M
magis, used in comparison, 237.
magnopere, comparison, 578.
magnus, comparison, 577 ;
declension, 37.
male, comparison, 578.
malo, conjugation, 592.
malus, comparison, 577.
manner, ablative of, 114, 619.
mare, declension, 565.
masculine gender, see Introduc-
tion.
means, ablative of, 65, 616.
melior, declension;573. -
meus, 415.
mile, how expressed, 283, a.
miles, declension, 565.
mille, how used, 283.
miser, declension, 60;
comparison, 576.
miseré, comparison, 578.
moneo, 587.
multus, comparison, 577.
N
né, introducing negative clause
of purpose, 353 ;
introducing negative
mands, 348, 496;
after verbs of fearing, 353!.
ne, enclitic, 20.
neuter gender, see Introduction.
nolo, conjugation, 592.
nominative case, 670;
subjeet of finite verb, 15, 596;
of pronouns expressed only
for emphasis, 4121;
predieate nominative, 28, 597,
ARE ORY:
nonne, 68.
nós, declension, 580.
noster, formation and declen-
sion, 415, a.
com-
318
INDEX
References are to sections
nouns, 653-658;
first declension, 5, 563;
second declension, 22, 32, 564;
passive, compound forms, 135.
penult, when accented, see In-
troduction.
third declension, 90, 99, 106,| perfect, distinguished from im-
115.505,
fourth declension, 256, 566;
fifth declension, 264, 567 ;
compound nouns, 266 ;
parsing, 94.
num, 68.
number, 668.
numerals, list of, 579;
indeclinable, 326, a.
O
object, direct, 16, 610, 672, 711;
indirect, 56, 602.
Oral Exercises, 21, 31, 59, 69,
S398, 10a L7 0125; 143)
166, 191, 198, 207, 224, 233,
272, 289, 295, 312, 319, 325,
351, 358, 369, 378, 386, 398,
405, 414, 422, 430.
ordinals, list of, 579.
D
páreó, governs dative, 499.
parsing, nouns, 94 ;
verbs, 188.
participles, 455, 702;
agreement, 456;
declension, 456;
time denoted, 457 ;
how translated, 456, a;
future, with sum to form active
periphrastie, 527 ;
in deponent verbs, 370, a.
partitive genitive, 260 !.
parum, comparison, 578.
parvus, comparison, 577.
À
perfect, 50!, 732.
periphrastic conjugations,
528.
personal endings, 11, 71, 132.
personal pronouns, 406, 660;
supplied by £s, 406.
peto, governs accusative and ab-
lative, 439.
phrases, Latin, 560.
place, whence, where, whither,
76;
with names of towns, eto.,
278.
porto, conjugation, 586.
possession, genitive of, 27, 598.
possessive pronouns, 415.
possessor, dative of, 514, 608.
possum, composition, 173 ;
conjugation, 591.
posterus, comparison, 577.
postquam, in temporal clauses, .
473}.
poténs, declension, 572.
potior, governs ablative,
630.
predicate nominative, 28, 597,
712.
prepositions, 707; govern accu-
sative, 333, 614; govern ab-
lative, 332, 628.
principal parts of verbs, 45;
why so called, 45.
principal tenses, 363.
prior, comparison, 577.
pronouns, personal, 406, 660;
order, 412!;
527,
375,
INDEX
319
References are to sections
pronouns, reflexive, 407, 665;
possessive, 415;
agreement, 415, a;
gender, 418; used substan-
tively, 4202; demonstrative,
431, 663 ; intensive, 432; in-
terrogative, 399, 662; rela-
tive; 392; -395,-, 66E; &rin-
definite, 444, 664.
pronunciation, see Introduction.
propior, comparison, 577.
puer, declension, 564.
pulcher, declension, 61.
pulchré, comparison, 578.
purpose, clauses of,
subjunctive with wt or ne, 353 ;
22805222 0-640:
subjunctive with qui, 3961,
2302 50
gerundive construction with
dd, 522; 3;
gerundive construction with
causa, 522, 4;
expressed by the dative, 508-
607 ;
not expressed by infinitive, 353.
Q
quaero, governs accusative and
ablative, 400.
quality, genitive, 441, 600; abla-
tive, 441, 631.
quam, omitted after comparative,
221, 624;
when used, 221 !.
quamquam, with indicative, 473,
21
quantity, vowels and syllables,
see Introduction.
questions, direct, 20; indirect,
402; double, 438.
qui, declension, 583.
qui, equivalent to wt and personal
pronoun, 396 !.
quis, declension, 584.
quod, in causal clauses, 473, 2.
quoniam, in eausal clauses, 473, 2.
quotations, Latin, 562.
R
Readings:
Via Appia, 44;
Carolus et Poma, 89;
Equus Marci, 131;
Cincinnatus, 172;
Magnus Imperator, 212;
Cornelia et Ornamenta, 255;
Forum Romanum, 301 ;
Tarpeia, 346 ;
Nasica et Ennius, 391;
Fabulae Faciles, 454;
Domus Romana, 493 ;
Virgines Vestales, 539; iV
Caesar, pages 262-273.
reflexive pronouns, 407, 665.
relative pronouns, 392, 661.
res, declension, 567.
result, clauses of, 379, 641.
review, Lessons 9, 14, 19, 24, 29,
35, 41, 47, 56, 61, 68, 69,
On C
of eases, Lessons 68, 69.
of subjunctives, Lesson 70.
S
semi-deponent verbs, 511.
senex, comparison, 577.
separation, ablative of, 316, 627.
sequence of tenses, 364.
320 .
INDEX
References are to sections
. Si, introducing conditions, 478.
Sight Reading, 88, 130, 171, 211,
254, 263, 300, 345, 390, 453,
492.
similis, governing dative, 230;
governing genitive, 230!.
Songs, pages 215-218.
soror, declension, 91.
space, extent of, 286, 612.
specification, ablative of, 204,
623.
State Mottoes, 558.
stem, of nouns, 118, a; of verbs,
46.
sub with accusative and ablative,
334.
subject, of finite verb, 15, 596;
agreement of verb, 17, 636;
of infinitive, 307, 613;
not expressed, 11.
subjunctive, translation, 347, a;
in causal clauses, 471, 644;
in circumstantial clauses, 470,
643 ;
in concessive clauses, 492,
645 ;
in conditional clauses, 480,
482, 646, 647;
in purpose clauses, 353, 640;
in result clauses, 379, 641;
in temporal clauses, 470 ! ;
in indirect discourse, 554, 652;
in indirect questions, 402
642 ;
volitive, 348, 639.
sui, declension, 581.
sum, conjugation, 591.
superus, comparison, 577.
suus, formation and declension,
415.
syllables, how many, how di-
vided, quantity, see Intro-
duction.
synopsis, 686.
T
temporal clauses, 470}.
tenses, 695-700; principal and
historical, 363;
sequence of, 364.
time, when, 147, 621;
duration of, 286, 612.
towns, construction with names
of, 278, 634.
trés, declension, 575.
ti, declension, 580.
tuba, declension, 563.
tuus, formation and declension,
415.
U
ubi, in temporal clauses, 473, 1.
ulterior, comparison, 577.
ünus, declension, 574.
urbs, declension, 565.
ut, introducing clauses of pur-
pose, 353, 641; of result, 379,
642; of negative result (ut
non), 379, 642;
with verbs of fearing, 3531,
641; translated ‘‘ as ’’ when
followed by the indicative,
see Vocabulary.
ütor, governs ablative, 375, 630.
utrum ... an, 438.
v
vélóx, comparison, 576.
verbs, 679-702; agreement with
subject, 17, 636;
INDEX $21
References are to sections
verbs, personal endings, 11, 71,
132;
first conjugation, 586;
second conjugation, 587 ;
third conjugation, 588;
fourth conjugation, 589;
conjugations distinguished, 107;
stems, how found, 47, 70, 135; |
deponents, 370;
why so ealled, 3701;
how distinguished, 370;
compounded with preps., 419,
606 ;
impersonal, 534, 682;
parsing, 188;
irregular, see swm, possum, ed,
fero, fo, volo, nolo, malo.
vester, formation and declension,
415.
vir, declension, 564.
vis, declension, 568.
Vocabularies, Latin-English, page
295 ;
English-Latin, page 299.
vocative case, 2, 6, a, 633; form
of, 23, a and b.
volitive subjunctive, 348, 639.
volo, conjugation, 592.
vowels, quantity, long, short, see
Introduction.
"un
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Debes
t
LATIN
New Latin Composition
By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. I2mo,
cloth, 286 pages.. Price, $1.00. Bound separately:
Part I, 12mo, cloth, 144 pages. Price, 60 cents.
Parts II-III, 12mo, cloth, 176 pages. Price, 60 cents.
HIS book is intended to furnish enough material for all the
work in Latin Composition in the secondary school. The
author's conviction is that the primary function of Latin Compo
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Each lesson contains first grammatical principles, with refer.
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The book is arranged in three parts, as follows : —
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Part II has the same plan, but is based on Cicero.
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Latin Composition
By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University, 16mo
cloth, 172 pages. Price, 80 cents.
N scope and plan the Composition is the same as the Latir
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23
LATIN
A Junior Latin Book
With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary, by Professors JOHN C. ROLFE,
University of Pennsylvania, and WALTER DENNISON, Swarthmore
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HIS book will appeal to teachers who believe in reading a
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Three Pages of Fables.
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Viri Ronize — The Lives of Casar, Cicero, and Augustus.
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Epaminondas, Hamilcar, Hannibal, and Cato.
Ceesar’s Gallic War, Books I and II. E
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Gradatim
An Easy Latin Translation Book for Beginners. By H. R. HEATLEY
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the Albany Academy. 16mo, cloth, 230 pages. Price, 50 cents.
RADATIM offers an excellent selection of easy reading-
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32
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