Correspondence Schools — 
 
 SGRANTON, PA. 
 
 INSTRUCTION PAPER 
 
 WITH EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 
 
 oe Property af the Dap af 
 
 2g aS 
 
 Uist at if iis arse: 
 PIPES AND FITTINGS 
 
 744 
 
 INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY 
 SCRANTON, PA. 
 
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 INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE ScHOOLS. 
 
 Copyright, 1905, by INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY, Entered at Sta- 
 tioners’ Hall, London: All rights reserved. Printed in the United States. 
 
Property of the Den’t of 
 Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
 University of tlinois, 
 
 PIPES AND FITTINGS 
 
 PIPES 
 
 WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 1. In the erection of steam-heating apparatus, pipes and 
 various fittings having a shape suitable for the requirements 
 are used. The fittings are made of cast iron, brass, malle- 
 able iron, and steel castings, tapped or otherwise finished 
 to connect the pipes together. The pipes used in most of 
 the work are of wrought iron or steel. 
 
 2. For connecting pipes to the fittings, screw threads 
 are generally used. These threads have a standard number 
 of threads to the inch for different sizes of wrought-iron and 
 steel pipe, and the fittings are tapped with threads to suit 
 the thread of the pipe. The threads are made with a slight 
 taper, the thread in cutting starting with a small groove, 
 increasing in depth until a full thread is cut. They are 
 
 usually made right hand; that is, the pipe in screwing into 
 
 ‘\ the fitting is turned to the right. Left-hand threads are 
 “also used on pipe and in fittings; in buying pipe, the left- 
 hand thread must be specially ordered, as the regular pipe 
 on the market is threaded only right hand. 
 
 For notice of copyright, see page immediately following the title page. 
 
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§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 3 
 
 STANDARD WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 
 
 3. Standard wrought-iron pipe is made in the sizes 
 and weights shown in Table I. A large amount of steel 
 - pipe is made, and sometimes sold as wrought-iron pipe. Its 
 general appearance is the same as that of wrought-iron pipe, 
 but on close examination the grain of the metal will show a 
 finer fiber than wrought iron. Steel pipe can also be distin- 
 guished by threading it with the dies, as the closer grain and 
 tendency to unevenness in its composition cause the threads 
 to chip and break, while the wrought-iron pipe has a malle- 
 ability that allows perfect threading. The pipe is sold in 
 lengths averaging about 18 to 20 feet. The small sizes are 
 shipped in bundles convenient for handling. All pipe from 
 4 inch to 14 inches nominal diameter is butt-welded, and all 
 pipes 1$ inches in diameter and larger are lap-welded. The 
 standard weight pipe is tested by hydraulic pressure to 
 300 pounds per square inch for the butt-welded sizes, and 
 to 500 pounds pressure for the lap-welded sizes. The safe- 
 working pressure for standard -pipe is about 100 pounds per 
 square inch; this allows a fair margin of safety to provide 
 for deterioration of the structure of the metal, by expan- 
 sion and contraction, and for corrosion. 
 
 EXTRA-~STRONG WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 
 
 4, Extra-stronge wrought-iron pipe has the same 
 external dimensions as the standard pipe; the wall of the pipe 
 is made heavier, which reduces the size of the bore. This 
 should be taken into account where pipe of a stated size is 
 required. Extra-strong pipe is always shipped without 
 threads or couplings, unless otherwise ordered. This pipe 
 is used for high steam pressures and for heavy pressures in 
 hydraulic work. Its sizes and weights are given in Table II. 
 
 - DOUBLE EXTRA-STRONG WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 
 5. Double extra-strong wrought-iron pipe has a 
 thicker wall than extra-heavy tubing. Its external diam- 
 eter, however, is the same as that of standard wrought-iron 
 
PIPES AND FIPTINGs 
 
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6 _ PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 pipe. Double extra-strong pipe is always shipped without 
 threads and couplings unless otherwise ordered. Its sizes 
 and weights are given in Table III. 
 
 BOILER TUBES 
 
 6. Boiler tubes, sometimes called outside-diameter 
 pipes, are usually made of charcoal iron; they are lap-welded 
 and have a high tensile strength coupled with a ductility 
 that enables the ends of the tubes to be expanded into the 
 boiler plates, such as the crown sheets and tube sheets, and 
 beaded over. Steel boiler tubes are made to the same 
 dimensions; formerly the wrought-iron tubes gave better 
 results, as the average steel tube was liable to contain carbon 
 patches that soon rusted and thus caused the tubes to pit, 
 especially if vegetable oils were used for the lubrication of 
 engines whose water of condensation is used for feeding the 
 boiler. To-day, however, due to improved processes of 
 manufacture, solid-drawn seamless steel boiler tubes are 
 decidedly superior to wrought-iron boiler tubes, possessing 
 just as much ductility and having greater tensile strength. 
 The sizes of boiler tubes are given in Table IV. For loco- 
 motive work, boiler tubes are made one gauge heavier than 
 given in the table. 
 
 %. Lap-welded semisteel tubes are manufactured ex- 
 pressly for locomotive work, and hence need not be consid- 
 éred’ here. 
 
 GALVANIZED-IRON PIPE 
 
 8. The galvanized-iron pipe used in steam heating in 
 the smaller sizes is the regular standard wrought-iron pipe 
 coated inside and outside with a covering of zinc in an elec- 
 tric bath. It has the samé dimensions as standard black 
 pipe. Galvanized pipe is sometimes used in steam-fitting 
 work for exhaust and vapor pipes, drip pipes, etc. exposed 
 to the outer atmosphere. It is also used in underground 
 
PIPES AND FITTINGS 
 
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8 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 work where the ground is moist, the coating of zinc pre- 
 venting rapid rusting. The larger sizes, where but little 
 pressure ts carried, are made of a lighter and cheaper mate- 
 rial, such as galvanized sheet iron built in the form of pipe. 
 
 SPIRAL RIVETED PIPE 
 
 9. The spiral riveted pipe is made of sheets of black 
 wrought iron, of certain wire-gauge thickness, split up into 
 ribbons or narrow strips, and passed over a system of rollers 
 that roll it into the required shape, which is shown in Fig. 1. 
 
 Fic, 1 
 
 The edges lapping over each other are riveted together by 
 a riveting machine over a mandrel. The lengths must be 
 made to measure, and are fitted at the ends with cast-iron 
 flanges, drilled to suit other flanges, or a templet. The sec- 
 tions can thus be bolted together. The pipe is placed in an 
 electric bath, and a coating of zinc deposited over it, which 
 makes the riveted joint absolutely tight. The sizes are 
 given. in Table V. 
 
 The safe-working pressure of this pipe is considered to 
 be one-third of the bursting pressure. These pipes are 
 tested to a pressure of 150 pounds per square inch. They 
 are furnished in lengths to order up to 20 feet. 
 
 The thicknesses represented by the Birmingham wire- 
 gauge numbers appearing in Table V are as follows: 
 No. 20, ..035 inch; No. 18, .049 inch; No. 16, .065 inch; 
 No. 14, .083 inch; No. 12, .109 inch. 
 
§ 22 FIRED ORANDeE EN EINGSs 9 
 
 TABLE V 
 
 SPIRAL-RIVETED FLANGED PRESSURE PIPE, DOUBLE 
 
 GALVANIZED 
 
 Diameter Weight Bursting 
 
 Size. of main naes Bea Pressure 
 Flanges. BW, geet Per 
 
 Inches : Per Foot. | Square Inch. 
 Inches 
 
 Pounds Pounds 
 5 6 No. 20 24 900 
 + 7 No. 20 3 700 
 5 8 No. 20 4 550 
 6 9 No. 18 5 700 
 7 ine) No. 18 6 hoe 
 8 II No. 18 7 500 
 9 ne No. 18 8 450 
 Ic 14 No. 16 Il 500 
 Il 15 No. 16 12 A50 
 | 12 16 No. 16 4 400 
 13 17 No. 16 i | 380 
 14 18 No. 14 20 470 
 ES 19 No. 14 22 450 
 eas 21} Nios ra 24 400 
 18 234 No. 14 29 370 
 20 254 No. 14 34 325 
 22 284 No. 12 40 365 
 24 30 No. 12 50 335 
 
 FLANGED WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 
 
 10. Flanged wrought-iron pipe can be made with 
 forged flanges welded on, as shown by the end view and 
 section in Fig. 2. The lengths are made to suit conditions. 
 As screw joints cut into the pipe and thus reduce the 
 
10 PIPES AND FITTINGS $22 
 
 strength, the pipe with forged flanges will stand a greater 
 pressure and hence can be lighter in 
 weight for the same pressure than 
 ordinary pipe. By the use of these 
 welded flanges, a large amount of 
 the hand labor in erecting can be 
 saved. Table VI, known as the 
 Master Steam-Fitters’ Standard, is 
 adopted for these flanges. The 
 letters A, &,.C, DD; and & headme 
 the first five columns relate to the 
 dimensions shown by the same let- 
 ters in Fig. 2. 
 
 11. Pipe up to 16 inches can be 
 fitted with flanges screwed on, but 
 above 16 inches the flanges are usu- 
 ally fastened to the pipe by rivets 
 passing through a boss of the flange, 
 asin Fig. 1. Sometimes the flange is fastened by expand- 
 ing and peening the pipe into a recess formed in the flange. 
 
 FIG. 2 
 
 CAST-IRON PIPE 
 
 12. In some manufacturing plants it is advisable to use 
 cast iron instead of wrought iron for main steam pipes and 
 branches, especially where acids are used, or where the pipes 
 
 Fic. 3 
 
 must be placed unprotected in the ground. It is also good 
 _ practice to use cast iron for return mains where water is 
 used that contains sulphur or any other substance tending 
 to rapidly corrode wrought iron. A length of cast-iron pipe 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS | 11 
 
 TABLE VI 
 
 MASTER STEAM-FITTERS’ STANDARD FOR WELDED 
 
 FLANGES 
 
 Weight 
 
 Num-| Size | of Pair of 
 
 A B & D E ber of| of Flanges © 
 
 Bolts | Bolts| Finished. 
 
 Pounds 
 65 t 11 it ot g | § ie 
 Peete Tab the | ror 8 Tee 56 
 8 re 13 zs rit 8 5 58 
 on 2) 46 133 Sena es Gites 66 
 93 +5 15 1335 134 12 3 3 
 ome 3 153 If 134 12 - 78 
 10g 8 16 1] yee tes en cate 8s 
 12 g 18 tt 154 12 ‘ 98 
 ie 3 rg If 17 12 4 108 
 14 3 21 13 183 “ 1 148 
 z $ 224 13 20 i6 tre 162 
 tH 3 233 Ing | 214 16 $ 195 
 18 3 25 13% 222 16 r 207 
 oo a 27s 144 25 20 I 275 
 a 3 29% 1g 274 20 I 320 
 ae 16 32 2 20% 20. | Tk 400 
 26 16 344 2 312 24 ie 440 
 ae 16 365 24 34 28 14 510 
 he 15 382 24 36 28 14 560 
 
 is shown in Fig. 3. The usual method of connecting cast- 
 iron pipes is by flange joints having a fibrous packing 
 between the flanges. Flange joints should be fitted in such 
 a manner that the only stress the pipe is subjected to will 
 be the tensile stress due to the steam pressure. The 
 standard sizes are given in Table VII. 
 
12 PIPES AND FITTINGS 
 
 TABLE VII 
 
 § 22 
 
 SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF CAST-IRON FLANGED PIPE 
 
 Thickness of Metal in Inches 
 
 = CB CE 
 Inches 4 8 oF 8 4 8 8 4 
 Weight Per Foot in Pounds 
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 6 15.34 | 23:-47 | 31.91 |.40.65 | -492-701-50:00) 68. 72) 75300 cameo 
 W°417-79 | 27.15 1.365321 46.79.) (57.00) 67-65 | 76.54" | 60. pean 
 8 |}-20.25 | 30.83 | 41.72) 52.02: 64.43] 76.24) 88.36 tao; jou eae 
 Q ‘| 22.70} 34.52 | 46.63'/.59,06] 71.79] 84.837 98.10") FIL 33am 
 IO | 25.16] 38.20 | 51.54] 65.19 | 79.15] 93.42 | 107.99 | 122.87 | 138 
 TI*)| 27.61} 41.88 | 56,45] 70233 | 86.52) 102.01 1117.81 }133-920sae 
 I2 | 30.07 | 46.56 | 61..36 | 77.471. 93.'88| 110.60} 127 63.) 144.96) 162, 
 13 | 32.52] 49.24 | 66.27 | 83.60 | 101.24] 119.19 | 137.45 | 156.01 | 174. 
 147. 134.98 | 52.92: 71218 189.74 | 108.011.129.978 | 147/26 |, 160705" gargs 
 15 56.60 | 76.09 | 95.87 |115.97| 136.37 | 157.08 | 178.10 | Igg9. 
 
 BRASS AND COPPER PIPE 
 
 BRASS PIPE 
 
 .88 
 Bo 
 .16 
 .29 
 -43 
 .56 
 .'70 
 . 84 
 -97 
 
 24 
 52 
 
 -79 
 .06 
 
 33 
 60 
 
 87 
 15 
 42 
 
 13. For steam-heating work, brass pipe is made in all 
 standard iron-pipe sizes up to 6 inches in diameter. 
 a thickness nearly equal to that of standard wrought-iron 
 pipe, and hence is of sufficient thickness to be threaded the 
 
 same. 
 without threads. 
 
 {tehas 
 
 The regular standard lengths are 12 feet; they come 
 Brass pipe is used chiefly for boiler con- 
 
 nections where a pipe with more flexibility than iron is 
 
G22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 13 
 
 required, and for boiler feedpipes and blow-off pipes, as brass 
 is not so liable as iron to deteriorate under the high tem- 
 perature in the flue space and smoke chambers of a boiler. 
 Brass pipe is also used for steam coils in water tanks, or 
 water coils in steam tanks for heating feedwater for boilers, 
 etc. - Small sizes of brass pipe are used for oil connections 
 in machinery, as they can be easily and neatly bent, and 
 when polished make a neat appearance. The standard sizes 
 are given in the following table: 
 
 TABLE VIII 
 
 SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF IRON-PIPE SIZE OF BRASS 
 AND COPPER STEAM TUBES 
 
 Inside Outside Approximate Weight” 
 i i : Length. Per Foot 
 Size of Tube Diameter. Diameter. 
 Inches Inches Bee Brace Copper © 
 eri, fis st ro 43 12 30 3 
 #-inch....... na ts 12 -43 45 
 ete. yy oa. 49 aa 12 .58 61 
 4-inch, 7... “62 43 {2 .80 84 
 Stns! « eeeaes .82 7s 12 Try 1.23 
 Be 1TG Daria. 1.04 17s 12 1.67 core 
 14-inch... .. 1.38 12 12 2.42 2.54 
 ac ed 0 Baa 1.61 IZ 12 2.92 3.07 
 Res RGl ho) ss 2.06 23 12 4.17 4.38 
 Beet. 5 2he 4 2.46 24 12 5.00 5.25 
 Bethe ac". 3.06 34 ie 8.00 8.40 
 ge-INC a... s « 3.50 4 12 10.00 10.50 
 AmeINCH os, 3. 4.02 44 EQ 12.00 12.00 
 SaLAE 9 Vol be eae aeae 5.04 5.56 8 to Io 15.93 17.30 
 Geinehea. Ls 6.06 6.66 6 to 8 20.69 22.38 
 
 COPPER PIPE 
 
 14, Copper pipe can be had in the same dimensions as 
 the brass pipe referred to in Table VIII, but is generally 
 made only to order. The smaller sizes of copper pipe are 
 
14 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 used for the same purpose as brass pipe; that is, for feed- 
 water heaters, drip pipes, boiler connections, etc. 
 
 Seamless copper pipe of the iron-pipe sizes can be used 
 for spring bends for main steam lines; sizes less than 4 inch 
 can be bent cold. In steamship work, copper tubing for 
 connecting the boilers and engines is generally made from 
 sheet copper, with the seams dovetailed and’ then brazed. 
 The ends of such tubes are provided with flanges brazed and 
 riveted on; the sections are then bolted together in posi- 
 tion. As the beating of the copper sheet draws the copper 
 lighter in some parts than others, tubes thus made are not 
 so well adapted for very high pressures as the seamless tubes. 
 
 FLEXIBLE METALLIC TUBING 
 
 15. A peculiar form of tubing consists of a strip of 
 metal, formed by a special machine over a mandrel, with a 
 an edge on one side that laps into the curved edge of 
 the opposite side of the same strip, the spiral seam acting as 
 a wedge to press the two interlocking edges tightly on each 
 other. By the ingenious method in which the pipe is made, | 
 it becomes flexible and yet remains steam-tight. 
 
 16. Fig. 4 shows a flexible metallic tube a in section. It 
 is connected to a 
 coupling 6, which 
 may be screwed to 
 an ifOn: pipe; gene 
 connect the, tape 
 and coupling, the 
 coupling ring ¢ is 
 slipped over the end 
 of the tubing a, and 
 then the gland d is 
 screwed’ over the 
 | tubing. Next,some 
 asbestos-thread packing is wrapped around the tubing 
 
 Fic. 4 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 15 
 
 at e; the end of the tubing is then pushed into 0, as 
 shown, and the ring ¢ is screwed over @ until the pack- 
 ing at ¢ is tightly compressed. Care must be taken, 
 however, not to twist the tubing, as then it may leak. 
 A little clear space must be allowed at the end of 
 the tubing, as shown. 
 
 PIPE FITTINGS 
 
 ELBOWS 
 
 1%. Elbows are fittings that are used to change the 
 direction of a pipe. They are made with right-hand threads 
 and also with left-hand . 
 threads; also, with one 
 thread right hand and 
 the Other .thread ‘left 
 hand. The term ell is 
 a trade abbreviation for 
 elbow. The right- 
 angle elbow, also 
 called quarter elbow, 
 is used for making 
 right-angle, or 90°, turns in continuous lengths of piping. 
 .Fig. 5 shows, in section at (@) and in perspective at (d), 
 a common cast-iron quarter elbow. It will be observed 
 that the tapped openings are reenforced with an extra 
 amount of metal around the threads. This extra metal 
 is required to prevent the fitting from being split when 
 a pipe is being screwed into it. All cast-iron fittings are 
 provided with a reenforcement. 
 
 Fic. 5 
 
 18. Elbows with left-hand threads, commonly called 
 left-hand elbows, are used in places where fittings cannot 
 be turned, as occurs in connecting up the last fitting of 
 a loop. 
 
PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 6 shows a right-and-left-quarter elbow, 
 
 where, as a distinguishing mark, the left- 
 hand end has ribs cast on it, as shown 
 at a. Some manufacturers, however, 
 indicate the left-hand thread by the let- 
 ter £ marked on the fitting. 
 
 20. Reducing elbows, one of which 
 
 is shown in Fig. 7, are used for the same 
 
 ’ 
 
 purpose as straight elbows, which are 
 
 tapped the same size at both outlets; they differ from 
 
 straight elbows in that the outlet end is 
 tapped (threaded) for a smaller pipe. There 
 are no right-and-left threaded reducing 
 elbows manufactured; if required, they 
 must be made to order. In fact, all redu- 
 cing fittings are made with right-hand 
 threads. 
 
 21. Kighth, or 45°, elbows are intended to change the 
 direction in which the pipe runs 45°. Eighth elbows are at 
 
 Fig nie. 
 
 present only made with right-hand threads, 
 and are not made in reducing sizes. 
 should be used in preference to 90° elbows 
 when possible. A 45° elbow is shown in 
 
 They. 
 
 22. <A side-outlet elbow, or three- 
 way elbow, which has three outlets, is 
 
 shown in Fig. 9. It is seldom used, because it makes it 
 
 difficult to properly allow for expansion 
 and contraction of the pipes; but there are 
 some cases where it is necessary. For in- 
 stance, they may be used for a drip pipe to 
 drain the water of condensation from long 
 runs of pipe at a bend; sucha drip pipe or 
 relief should be fitted so that expansion and 
 contraction are provided for as fully as 
 
 possible. Side-outlet elbows, while listed in most catalogues, 
 
 are seldom kept in stock. 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 17 
 
 23. Street elbows are used in steam-fitting work only 
 in places where the connection must be made too close to use 
 the regular form of elbow and a short 
 piece of pipe. The name is derived 
 from the use to which they are put by 
 plumbers and gas-fitters, being used by 
 them to connect water and gas pipes to 
 openings tapped in the street mains. 
 They are sometimes used by boiler 
 makers in making a close right-angle connection to the shell 
 of a boiler or a tank, and by steam fitters in connecting feed- 
 pipes where space is limited between the boiler and brick- 
 work, etc. They are also called male and female elbows, 
 the female part 4, Fig. 10, having a thread into which a pipe 
 can be fitted and the male part being the outer threaded 
 end shown at a. Street elbows are usually made of malle- 
 able iron; nearly all malleable-iron fittings are reenforced 
 by a round bead, shown at 0. 
 
 Fic. 10 
 
 TEES 
 
 PURPOSE AND DESIGNATION 
 
 24. In tees, as the name implies, the three connec- 
 ting outlets forma T. ‘These fittings are made in various 
 forms and are used to take a branch 
 pipe from a line of pipe at right angles 
 without changing the direction of the 
 continuous pipe. Any number of 
 branches may be taken from a main 
 line, by screwing tees on. the line. 
 Tees are all made with. right-hand 
 
 Bic. 1 threads and can be had in many differ- 
 ent forms. The method of designating the size of a tee is 
 to first state the size of the run and then the size of the 
 branch. By run is meant a line of piping entering and 
 leaving a fitting in the same straight line. Thus, in Fig. 11, 
 
18 “PIPES ‘AND FITTINGS "$22 
 
 if all the openings were 1-inch, it would properly be called 
 a 1” x1" tee. It is known more commonly to the trade, 
 however, as a straight 1-inch tee. If thé openings are differ- 
 ent in size, it is necessary to be very careful in naming a tee. 
 Thus, Fig. 12 shows a run of 14-inch pipe reduced to a run 
 
 FIG. 12 
 
 of 11-inch pipe by a tee that has a l-inch branch. This is 
 known as a 14". x 14" x 1" tee. The largest size tapping on 
 the run is always noted first; then the other tapping on the 
 run; then the branch tapping. This simple rule, which is 
 universally adopted, should be remembered in ordering, to 
 prevent confusion. 
 
 25. When a tee is made so that the branch taken from 
 the main line is smaller than the run, as shown in Fig. 13, 
 
 the fitting is really a reducing tee, but it is not listed as 
 such in manufacturers’ catalogues. It is simply listed as a 
 
cP aa PIPES AND FITTINGS 19 
 
 tee with a reduced outlet. The tee shown in Fig. 13 is 
 designated as a 3” x 3” x 114" fee. In other words, it has a 
 3-inch run and a 14-inch outlet. 
 
 REDUCING, BULLHEAD, SIDE-OUTLET, AND ANGLE TEES 
 
 26. Reducing tees are tees that have the run reduced 
 in size, as shown in Fig. 12. A reducing tee may also have 
 a reducing side outlet. In designating reducing tees, the 
 largest opening does not take precedence. The side outlet 
 is always named last, even though it is larger than either of 
 the others. 
 
 2%. A bullhead tee is shown in is 14. It will be 
 observed that the run of the ie 
 pipe is smaller than the outlet. 
 It is used generally where the 
 larger pipe must have branches 
 both ways at an angle of 90° 
 to it. It can be made reducing 
 on the run, the same as is shown 
 in Fig. 12. 
 
 28. A side-outlet tee, 
 which is shown in Fig. 15, is a 
 fitting that is listed in manu- 
 
 facturers’ catalogues, but is | a fe 
 very seldom used, as it is diffi- Um 
 cult to provide for free expan- —_ 
 sion and contraction of the pipes 
 when it is employed. This fitting is usually. made to order, 
 and can be made to suit the conditions. 
 Fittings of this kind are designated by 
 first stating the sizes of the run and 
 | then the sizes of the side outlets. If 
 jj it is desired to have a reducing tee 
 made with side outlets, the fitting 
 should be shown by a sketch made, as 
 in Fig. 16, to indicate the positions of 
 
 Fic. 14 
 
20 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 the side outlets. The fitting shown in Fig. 16 (a) is designated 
 
 Fic. 16 
 
 asia 4° 20 <a eee 
 stde-outlet tee, opening 
 looking to right. ‘The 
 one shown in Fig. 16 (0) 
 is called a 4" & 24" & 2” 
 x 14” stde outlet tee, open- 
 mg looking to the left. 
 The. dotted ewele same 
 Fig. 16 (06) shows that 
 the side outlet is on the 
 left of the fitting, and 
 the manufacturers would 
 make it accordingly. 
 From the foregoing, it 
 will be seen that the 
 terms right and left are 
 applied to the side outlet 
 
 in accordance with the 
 
 side they are on when 
 looking at the fitting in 
 
 the direction of the run, and from the larger opening toward 
 
 the smaller one. 
 
 29. Anangle tee, or Y branch, 
 
 is a fitting having an outlet that 
 branches off at an angle of 45° to 
 the axis of the maim«rum it 1s 
 designated, or read, the same as 
 a tee, except that the kind of 
 outlet is designated by calling it 
 a Y. Thus, the fitting shown in 
 Bigs 17) iss callediae Seiad eo! 
 reducing Y branch. ‘These. fitting's 
 are’ kept in stock im ostrateht 
 sizes, that is, with all outlets the 
 same size; the reducing fittings 
 must be made to order to suit 
 
 the conditions. 
 
22 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 radiator above it. The arrows show the direction of the cur- 
 rents. This fitting is used principally on vertical runs of pipe. 
 
 32. Fig. 21 shows a distributing fitting similar to Fig 20. 
 It has a large body at the branch; the back of the fitting is 
 straight on the run and the deflector a is short. This fitting 
 is used in horizontal runs of pipe to favor the branch. 
 
 LONG-TURN FITTINGS AND CROSSES 
 
 33. Long-turn fittings are made similar to the stand- 
 ard steam fittings, but have a long bend, which allows an 
 easy flow of the liquid. In Fig. 22 is shown a long-turn 
 elbow in (a), a double-branch elbow in (0), a tee in (c), and 
 
 FIG. 22 
 
 across in(d@). The fitting in (4) is sometimes called a twin 
 elbow. ‘The standard makes of these fittings are all regular 
 straight sizes; the reducing sizes are special. The double- 
 branch elbow is similar to the bullhead tee and is very useful 
 for branching from a main; it makes a superior connection. 
 
 34. Crosses are fittings used where two branches oppo- 
 site each other are taken from a main 
 run at an angle of 90° with it, as shown 
 in Fig. 23. Although they are used 
 extensively, their use is objectionable, 
 as the flow from the main in two direc- 
 tions taken from the same point causes 
 the current to flow unevenly, unless the 
 branches are very well equalized. In 
 many cases, the branch currents cut off the flow in the 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 23 
 
 run by the sharp turn made by them. There is not so 
 much trouble in using crosses for water, as the velocity 
 is seldom as high as the velocity with which steam flows 
 through pipes, 
 
 NIPPLES 
 
 35. Nipples are short pieces of pipe, threaded on both 
 ends, that are used in connecting the fittings when short 
 connections are to be made. They are made in all sizes of 
 pipe, kept in stock in various lengths, and are classified as 
 close, shoulder, short, and long nipples. Nipples are made 
 with right-hand screw threads, left-hand screw threads, and 
 right-and-left screw threads. The left-hand nipples are very 
 seldom used, and are generally cut to suit peculiar conditions, 
 such as occur in coupling up two left-hand fittings, when it 
 is not possible to get others, or where it will occasion much 
 loss of time to get the proper fittings. 
 
 36. Fig. 24 shows a right-hand close nipple having a 
 right-hand. taper thread cut on each end. The nipple is 
 short enough to allow the fittings to come close together, 
 whence the name. 
 
 Fic. 24 FIG. 26 
 
 3%. Fig. 25 shows a right-hand shoulder nipple. The 
 threads are both right hand. The short piece of unthreaded 
 pipe in the center is called a shoulder. 
 
 38. Fig. 26 shows a right-and-left short nipple. The 
 end a is threaded left hand. 
 
 39. Long nipples differ from short nipples only in length. 
 Some people call them short pieces of pipe. There are no 
 specific lengths that define a long nipple. 
 
24 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 40. The right-hand nipple is used where it is possible to 
 extend connections by the turning of the fitting. The right- 
 and-left nipple is used where space will not permit the turn- 
 ing on of a fitting, as in connecting up to a radiator or main. 
 As the pipe wrench is used on such a nipple, it should be 
 made of extra-heavy pipe, to prevent its being flattened or 
 split by the wrench. Nipples up to 2 inches can be cut with 
 the ordinary hand tools, but the work is very slow and, 
 hence, expensive; nipples cut by machinery can be pur- 
 chased much cheaper than they can be made by hand. 
 
 41. A nipple with a hexagon center is shown in Fig. 27. 
 It is made of malleable iron cast in the form of a sleeve. As 
 it is used chiefly for connecting materials 
 that cannot be turned, it is threaded 
 right hand and left hand, as shown. It 
 is screwed up by means of a narrow 
 wrench, usually called a spanner, and 
 applied to the hexagon center. In these 
 nipples, both threads have the same 
 length. They are used chiefly for cone 
 necting up sections of radiators. 
 
 42. WLocknut nipples, or long screws, are used in some 
 cases for final connections, especially in gas work. In steam- 
 heating work, however, they are used only in places where 
 
 ae CES 
 
 FIG. 28 
 
 the connecting pipes will not permit springing in order to 
 make the connection. They consist of a short pipe a, 
 Fig. 28, with a taperthread 4 on one end sufficiently long 
 to make a tight screw joint in the fitting; the other end is 
 
S$ 22 Pon Der er NG. 20 
 
 threaded with a. straight thread somewhat longer than the 
 coupling c. A short locknut d, also called a follower, made 
 by cutting a coupling in two pieces in the lathe and turning 
 a cup-like recess in it, is fitted to the thread. This willserve 
 as a gland and will hold packing e when the follower is 
 screwed up tight against the coupling. After the nipple a 
 is screwed into the fitting and lined up for final connection, 
 the coupling ¢ is screwed up tight on the other pipe 7, A 
 lamp-wick or hemp gasket soaked in white lead is wound 
 around at ¢ and the follower is screwed up tight. 
 
 43. Although the long screw is shown and described 
 here, it is not recommended for steam-heating work. Right- 
 and-left fittings should be used imstead. ‘The ‘ong screw 
 may be used with impunity only where the temperature of 
 the pipes connected by it does not change much and where 
 there is no vibration or jarring of the pipe. — 
 
 44, WLocknuts are used, as previously described, to 
 make up joints on long screws, etc. They are also used on 
 the ends of pipes to serve as supports, 
 or to protect threads in shipping. A 
 locknut is shownin Fig. 29. The facea 
 screws against the gasket and is faced 
 and slightly countersunk. 
 
 COUPLINGS 
 
 45. Couplings are simply sleeves threaded inside. 
 They are used for connecting up con- 
 tinuous lengths of pipe. Each length of 
 standard pipe shipped by manufacturers 
 is fitted with a coupling on-.one end, 
 except extra-strong pipes. A common 
 wrought-iron or steel pipe coupling is 
 : eG) 00 shown in Fig. 30. It is tapped ‘right 
 hand at both ends with taper threads. 
 
26 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 46. A reducing coupling is shown in Fig. 31. This is 
 | usually made of cast iron in the larger sizes 
 and of malleable iron in the smaller sizes. 
 The coupling shown is made of cast iron. It 
 consists of a short sleeve with a large open- 
 ing and a small opening, each tapped to suit 
 the different sizes of pipes to be connected 
 together. An eccentric, or offset reducing 
 coupling, is shown in Fig. 32. It is used to facilitate the 
 draining of a horizontal pipe and to preserve 
 the bottom alinement. These fittings are 
 only made with right-hand threads. 
 
 4%. A right-and-left coupling is shown 
 in Fig. 33. It is used for coupling up pipe 
 lengths where final joints are to be made and 
 where the pipes cannot be turned. It con- 
 sists of a sleeve tapped with a right-hand thread in one end 
 and a left-hand thread in the other end. 
 Different makers have different kinds of 
 outside finish for these fittings to dis- 
 tinguish them from common couplings; 
 the illustration represents a good con- 
 struction... The bars, a,.2 are thesv7zg7 
 and /eft distinguishing marks, and the 
 beads 0, 6 are strengthening bands, very much required on 
 such a fitting. : 
 
 FIG. 32 
 
 Fic. 33 
 
 48. A solid flange is shown in Fig. 34. This is some- 
 times called a blind plate, or blind flange. It is made of 
 cast iron and is used principally for 
 closing the ends of flanged pipes, etc. 
 Holes are drilled to correspond with 
 the holes in the pipe flange, and the 
 solid flange is secured with bolts and a 
 gasket. Plain flat flanges are generally used up to 18 inches 
 in diameter. For larger sizes, ribbed solid flanges are used, 
 The ribs are cast on to strengthen the flat plate. 
 
Property of the Dep't of 
 Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
 so  - prves MalWersityof dulinois, 
 
 49, Fig. 35 shows a common flange threaded inside 
 to receive the pipe. The bolt holes 
 are not shown in the figure; these 
 are usually drilled to correspond .} 
 with the bolt holes of the apparatus 
 to which the flange is intended to 
 be bolted. Solid and common flanges 
 can be procured in stock sizes without. bolt holes. 
 
 BUSHINGS, PLUGS, AND CAPS 
 
 50. Bushings are fittings used to reduce an outlet ina 
 fitting or to connect a pipe to a larger outlet. They are 
 usually made with right-hand threads. Some of them are 
 made with a hexagon top, as shown in Fig. 36, for conve- 
 nience in screwing the bushing with a monkeywrench. 
 Others are made without the head, as shown in Fig. 37, 
 and are called faced bushings, or flush bushings. They 
 can be screwed into the opening to form a neat flush finish. 
 Some steam fitters call these bushings thimbles. 
 
 SS 
 
 Fic. 39 
 
 51. Plugs are fittings used to close tapped openings in 
 fittings when the openings.are not required. Fig. 38 shows 
 the common form of plug; it is provided with a projecting 
 square head for screwing up with a wrench, and is made of 
 cast iron. Fig. 39 shows a faced plug. It is made so that 
 there will be no projection, and has a square depression in 
 the face of the plug for screwing it in with a square bar or 
 key. These plugs are usually made right hand, but left- 
 hand plugs can be had to order, 
 
28 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 52. A cap is shown in Fig. 40. It is used to close the 
 end of a pipe, and consists of a hollow 
 casting threaded inside. -Some caps are 
 made witha square projection on the back; 
 others are plain, and others are hexagonal 
 on the body. The cap shown has short 
 
 FIG. 40 ribs to allow the pipe wrench to get a good 
 hold in screwing on the cap. 
 
 UNIONS 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF UNIONS 
 
 53. Unions are used for final connections in piping, and 
 consist of three parts, namely, two sleeves threaded to screw 
 on the ends of the pipes to be joined, and a threaded coup- 
 ling ring to draw them together. Unions for steam or hot- 
 water fitting work should have ground joints. Ordinary 
 faced unions with washers between the faces of the parts 
 often leak and cause trouble. It is considered the best 
 practice to dispense with unions on small sizes of pipe, and 
 use right and left threaded connections where possible. In 
 very close connections, however, unions with a ground brass 
 seat may be used, provided the pipes to be joined are not 
 sprung to make the connection. 
 
 54. A universal coupling, or union, has a ground 
 ball joint where the parts comé€ together. It allows pipes to 
 be connected at an angle. hi 
 
 55. Flange unions consist of cast plates having a 
 threaded hole for the pipe, and are faced on one side; they 
 are Clamped tightly together by bolts, the bolt holes being 
 either cored or drilled. Some flange unions have pockets 
 on the outside of one flange, as shown at a, Fig. 41, in order 
 to prevent the bolt from turning while the nut is being 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 29 
 
 screwed home. A projection, or boss, 6 gives sufficient 
 length to the thread that is tapped into the opening. Flange 
 joints are usually made steam- 
 tight by placing a gasket of some 
 fibrous packing between the flanges. 
 These fittings are used in making 
 final connections for pipe larger 
 than 2 inches in diameter, although 
 in some cases they are used for 
 smaller sized pipe. 
 
 {It 
 
 56. Shrink flanges are a special kind of flange that 
 are shrunk on the ends of pipes and riveted on instead of 
 being screwed. ‘They are used for large pipe connections. 
 The end of the pipe is turned to a smooth surface a distance 
 slightly greater than the thickness of the flange. Theflange 
 is then bored out, making the opening slightly smaller than 
 the turned end of the pipe. The flange is now expanded by 
 
 FIG. 42 
 
 being heated, and is driven over the end of the pipe; it is 
 then allowed to cool and thus contract, or shrink, into posi- 
 tion. Rivet holes are then drilled, and the flange is riveted 
 to the pipe, as shown at a, Fig. 42. To insure a steam-tight 
 connection, the end of the pipe is peened over a chamfer in 
 the flange, as at 6. The flanges are then bolted together 
 with a gasket of packing between them. 
 
$22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 21 
 
 DIVISION TEES 
 
 30. <A division tee is a special form of fitting used to 
 divide the current flowing through it, so that each current 
 will have a chance to flow without interference, or to insure 
 that the main current will not flow past a branch without 
 part of it being diverted into the branch. A plain partition 
 tee is shown in Fig. 18; it has a straight partition @ in the 
 
 Fic. 19 
 
 middle of the fitting. This tee is used when two pipes in the 
 same line connect to a pipe at an angle of 90°, the flow of - 
 liquid traveling toward the same branch pipe, as shown by the 
 arrows. Fig. 19 shows a suction tee. This has a conical 
 nozzle a extending beyond the direct line of the branch 4, 
 and is used to induce the branch current to flow into the rune. 
 
 Fic. 21 
 
 31. Fig. 20 shows the O § fitting. It is used to allow 
 the branch to be favored more than the run, as in riser pipes 
 in steam heating, when a better flow is required at the branch 
 to a radiator on one floor than is required to supply the 
 
OX 
 
 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22. 
 
 multiple are first named, as a ¢en-branch 14-inch tee by 2-inch 
 run, which means that there will be ten pipes 1} inches in 
 
 Fic. 46 
 
 diameter branching out from the mani- 
 fold, and the body of the manifold, or 
 tee, will have 2-inch tapped openings on 
 the end. If only one outlet is required’ 
 on the end, it should be ordered as fol- 
 lows: One end tapped 2 inches, the other 
 end blanked. Manifolds for coils can be 
 
 1 _ made to order to suit the work. Some- 
 
 times it is convenient to have the out- 
 let tapped in the side, but in all cases 
 where back or side outlets are required, 
 they must be ordered special. The tap- 
 ping is usually right hand, but other 
 tapping can be ordered. 
 
 SPECIAL FITTINGS 
 
 63. A cast-iron offset is shown in 
 
 Fig. 4%. It can be had inall sizes with an 
 
 offset of 4 inches, 6 inches, or 8 inches. 
 They are very handy fittings. The chief 
 trouble in using offsets, however, is that 
 they cannot be swung around when near 
 walls, and consequently must often be 
 
 connected up with right-and-left connec-_ 
 
 tions. This is the reason that many fit- 
 ters prefer using nipples and 45° elbows 
 instead, which are very unsightly, however. 
 
 64. Offset fittings can also be had in 
 the form of tees, crosses, couplings, ete. 
 
 Fig. 48 shows an eccentric: tee. The ~ 
 
 Fic. 47 
 
 object of this fitting is to prevent lodging places for water 
 in the main a, which is always the case where the ordinary 
 reducing fitting placed horizontally is used. 
 
§. 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 33 
 
 Fig. 49 shows an eccentric cross. It is used chiefly for 
 taking a supply both ways from either the top or bottom of 
 
 amain. Eccentric or offset fittings are usually made to order. 
 Sketches showing the branches must be sent with the order. 
 
 65. Flanged cast-iron fittings have faced flanges in 
 which the bolt holes are generally drilled to suit a standard 
 templet to insure interchangeability. The benefit derived 
 from using flanged fittings and pipe is that changes in, and 
 additions to, piping can easily be made. Flanged connec- 
 tions are objected to by*some people on account of the 
 joints requiring packing and being lable to leak, but if 
 proper provision is made for expansion, so that the piping is 
 not subjected to excessive bending and twisting stresses, and 
 if proper packing is used, the chances of leakage are small. 
 
 gem ; 
 
 Ln 
 
 66. Fig. 50 (a) shows a cast-iron flanged elbow con- 
 nected to two pipes; a reducing flanged tee is shown in 
 
J4 PIPES ANDEE UE TINGS § 22 
 
 Fig. 50 (4); Fig. 50 (c) shows aso-called base elbow, which 
 has a bracket @ with a wide base cast on it. This kind of 
 elbow is used at the bottom of a long run of vertical pipe, 
 the base being placed on a masonry pier, or similar suitable 
 foundation, in order to support the weight of the pipe above 
 it. Nearly all kinds of fittings can be bought with flanges 
 instead of tapped ends. 
 
 6%. Semisteel fittings are made special, and are usu- 
 ally made from special patterns, which conform somewhat 
 to the cast-iron flange fittings and to the long-sweep threaded 
 fittings. They are cast of a special metal having a high 
 tensile strength. 
 
 68. The malleable-iron fittings commonly used by 
 plumbers and gas-fitters are not adapted for use with iron 
 pipe for steam work; they will not stand the strains due to 
 expansion and contraction. For this purpose extra-heavy 
 patterns are made, which are used chiefly in connecting up 
 feedpipes and blow-off pipes in the fire-spaces of boilers. 
 
 69. There are two kinds of brass fittings, those made 
 similar in pattern to malleable-iron fittings and those made 
 similar in pattern to common cast-iron fittings. The latter 
 are preferable for steam work. They are used extensively 
 for feed and blow-off connections, also steam-gauge and 
 water-gauge connections, and in places where iron pipe and 
 fittings would rust out quickly. They are threaded for, and 
 used with, ‘‘iron-pipe size brass pipe.” These fittings can 
 be polished or otherwise finished as desired. 
 
 70. Railing fittings are made chiefly of malleable iron 
 and are used for fences, enclosures arcund machinery, etc. 
 They are made with right-hand threads, but can be made to 
 order with any thread desired. These fittings can also be 
 made with reducing outlets in various reductions of one or 
 two sizes. ‘They can also be had cast from brass, and either 
 in the rough (that is, as they come from the mold) or fin- 
 ished (that is, polished). The distinguishing feature of these 
 fittings is that the body is spherical in form and the outlets 
 have no beads for reenforcement. 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND PIVTINGs 3d 
 
 71. Ornamental fittings are made for ornamental fin- 
 ish, chiefly on coils. They are made expressly for this pur- 
 pose and can be obtained made of cast iron or of cast brass. 
 In ordering these fittings, they should be described fully and 
 the tapping specified, such as left-hand threads and right- 
 hand threads. With the exception of the ornamentation, 
 they are practically the same as other common fittings. 
 
 PIPE SUPPORTS 
 
 PLATES, STANDS, BRACKETS, AND SADDLES 
 
 472. Wook. plates are used to support heating pipes 
 where they are assembled 
 in the form of coils, or 
 other pipes that run par- 
 allel to one another. In 
 Fig. 51 (a), asingle hook 
 plate of the common pat- 
 tern is shown; a multi- 
 ple hook plate of the 
 same pattern is shown in 
 Fig. 51 (0); a single off- 
 set hook plate is shown 
 in Fig. 51 (c), and a mul- 
 tiple offSet hook plate 
 is shown in Fig, 51. (2). 
 iaesends (are. -ofiset. so 
 that the pipes will be held 
 clear of any small pro- 
 jections on the face of the 
 wall. Hook plates are 
 fastened to the walls with 
 screws or expansion bolts. 
 Care should be taken in 
 ordering hook plates to 
 state the size and number 
 of hooks, which latter are 
 
36 
 
 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 generally called branches; thus, ove ten-branch 14-inch 
 
 FIGs be 
 
 hook plate, or one single 
 11-inch hook plate. If 
 offset plates are to be 
 use ds state: Jone ien- 
 branch I1-inch hook 
 plate, offset ends, 
 14 inches (or as much as 
 required). Offset hook 
 plates are usually made 
 to order. Hook plates 
 similar to those shown 
 in Fig. }1 .can, be had 
 pressed out of sheet 
 steel. 
 
 FIG. 53 
 
 “43. Ring plates have a ring for the pipe, as shown in 
 
 475. There are 
 
 bent to form feet, 
 
 Fig. 52, instead of the hook shown in 
 Fig. 51. They are used in places where 
 pipes would fall out if hooks were used, 
 as at ceilings and on ships. 
 
 4. Expansion plates are similar 
 to hook plates, but instead of hooks the 
 brackets have a flat surface, as shown 
 in Fig. 53. They are used at the cor- 
 ners of long coils to allow the pipes 
 to. freely expand. and contractia iie 
 brackets are made longer than the 
 branches of hook plates. 
 
 numerous places 
 
 where cast-iron hook plates cannot be 
 used; for example,. 
 
 where pipe coils 
 
 stand away from a wall. In such cases 
 it is necessary to support the coils from 
 the floor with coil stands. In some 
 cases, they are made, as shown in 
 Fig. 54 (@), of flat iron with the ends 
 
 In other cases, a 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 37 
 
 cast-iron block is made and the iron bent around the coil 
 and bolted to the block, as shown in Fig. 54 (4). Each 
 stand should be provided with a support for each pair of 
 pipes or each separate pipe, so as to preserve the aline- 
 ment. Each support should preferably have a piece of 
 pipe, as a, slipped over the bolts to form a distance piece that 
 will prevent the sides J, c from 
 being bolted tightly against the 
 pipes. This will allow the pipes 
 to expand freely. 
 
 76. Side-wall, or ceiling, 
 brackets are used in many 
 cases to make a strong and ser- 
 viceable support for pipes and 
 coils. They are forged of iron 
 to the required shape. They 
 are particularly suitable for 
 supporting coils in skylights, 
 on ceilings, or on sloping walls, 
 where the cast-iron hook plate 
 
 will not give a secure support. 
 Fig. 55 shows such a bracket 
 secured to a brick wall by ex- 
 pansion bolts at a, a.- A forged 
 iron strap or bar J, offset at both 
 ends, is bolted to the bar c, the bolts forming the pipe supports. 
 
 %%. Pipe saddles are made of cast iron; they have 
 notches for the pipes, as shown in Fig. 56. The smaller sizes 
 
Sipe op x 
 
 38 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 are made with one hole at the center to admit a bolt for hang- 
 ing the pipes from the ceiling, as shown in the illustration. 
 Long saddles should have two bolts, one at each end, which 
 make a better support. In naming these fittings, they 
 should be designated, for example, thus, ove ten-pipe 11-inch 
 saddle, which is a saddle for ten 14-inch pipes. 
 
 48. Roller supports consist of rollers of cast iron haying 
 a hole for’a rod toslip through. | ‘The *rollers” are madenca 
 suit the size of pipe coil to 
 be used and are usually sold 
 separately. Fig. 57 shows a 
 roller support for four pipes 
 attached to theceiling. The 
 rod that passes through the 
 rollers is a piece of round 
 steel. It is threaded on the 
 ends and secured in place 
 FIG. 57 with locknuts. The hanger 
 shown is secured to the ceiling beams with lagscrews, and is 
 considered to be about 
 the best coil support 
 made. 
 
 PIPE HANGERS 
 
 COvorLbere war erin. 
 merous ways of hanging 
 steam pipes, of which 
 some are crude make- 
 shifts that should not 
 be found on good work. 
 No engineer who prides 
 himself on his work 
 will use them. A pipe 
 hanger should be easily 
 adjusted after the line ps ie 
 of pipe has been put up and alined, and should be so 
 constructed that sections of pipe can be readily taken down. 
 
 “(b) 
 
Property of the Dep't of 
 Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
 University of {linols, 
 
 § 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 39 
 
 80. Fig. 58 (a) shows the Ideal pipe hanger. This 
 is a strong, although light-looking, hanger made of flat 
 steel. The clamp a is sprung over the pipe and clamped 
 to the perforated bar 6, which in turn is clamped to a 
 steel socket ¢ enclosing a bolt or lagscrew. It can be 
 adjusted by the flat perforated bar 6, which is cut off 
 to suit. A beam clamp, as shown in Fig. 58 (6), is 
 used for clamping the hanger to iron and steel beams. 
 It is made entirely of steel; the adjusting bar a is 
 fitted with locknuts 6, 6 on each end for holding 
 the toes or hooks c, c around the beam and at the 
 same time obtain an easy sidewise adjustment. <A 
 fine vertical adjustment is obtained by means of the 
 bolt ad. 
 
 Fic. 59 
 
40 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 81. The Blake hanger, shown in Fig. 59 (a), is made 
 of malleable iron. Its construction somewhat resembles 
 that of the Ideal, with the exception that the clamp is in 
 two parts joined at the bottom with a tonguecr pin, as shown 
 at a. The clamp is bolted to a socket J that is tapped with 
 a pipe thread and into which a lagscrew c is screwed. The 
 lagscrew is used for connection to wooden beams. ‘The 
 Blake hanger for iron and steel beams, however, is provided 
 with a nipple that attaches the socket 0 to an adjustable 
 beam clamp. The beam clamp is made with a diagonal 
 slotted hole @ for a bolt, and allowing adjustment to the 
 iron beam. . 
 
 82. The Universal hanger is a cast-iron hanger, 
 with a ring made in halves and bolted at the bottom; 
 it has an oblong button end at the top, which con- 
 nects into a box-like casting. This casting is bolted to 
 the same style of socket and lagscrew as used in the 
 Blake hanger. A malleable-iron beam clamp and an 
 additional socket and nipple are used for connection to 
 iron beams. 
 
 83. The Hoey hanger has a cast-iron loop in the form 
 of a stirrup; this has a recessed top fitting over a bolthead 
 held in place by a cap that passes over the top of the 
 hanger. The pipe is supported on a roller made of iron 
 pipe placed over a bolt passing through each end of the 
 stirrup. 
 
 84. The ball-and-socket hanger is substantially the 
 same as the Blake, except that the base of the lagscrew, or 
 hanging bolt, is provided with a ball on the end. This is 
 enclosed in a socket, one-half of which is cast on the top of 
 each leg of the loop. The socket is held in position over the — 
 ball by a bolt and nut. One of the principal advantages of 
 the hanger is that the pipe can be lined up, by turning the 
 lagscrew or beam clamp hanging bolt, without uncoupling 
 the loop around the pipe. 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS At 
 
 FLOOR PLATES, CEILING PLATES, AND SLEEVES 
 
 85. Floor and ceiling plates, sometimes called es- 
 cutcheons, are used for making a neat finish around the 
 pipes where they pass 
 through partitions, 
 floors, or walls. The 
 styles shown are made 
 of cast iron or cast 
 brass::  Fig...60. (a) 
 shows a simple, plain 
 cast-iron floor plate 
 with a bead on the 
 outer edge and at the 
 opening through which 
 the pipe passes. Some- 
 times screw holes are 
 drilled in the plate, 
 as Shown, so that it can 
 be secured to the floor. 
 Fig. 60 (6) shows a sim- 
 ilar plate with a collar 
 ce) that passes around the 
 pipe. It is tapped for 
 a setscrew, which, when 
 screwed against the 
 pipe, prevents the plate 
 from falling down. 
 This is generally used 
 as. a cetling’ plate. 
 Fig. 60 (c) shows the 
 Rutzler floor plate, 
 for use where a one- 
 pipe riser accompanied 
 with a small air-vent 
 pipe passesthrough the 
 floor. Fig. 60 (@) shows the same floor plate for two-pipe 
 work, when the steam and return risers are accompanied 
 with a small air-vent pipe. In these styles of plates, the 
 
 4 
 
 iil 
 
42 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 small opening can be used to secure two plates, one on each 
 side of a partition, by means of nuts and a short piece of 
 small pipe, or an iron rod with nuts on each end. 
 
 86. If the plate shown in Fig. 60 (0) is used in connec- 
 tion with a combustible ceiling, it should have a projecting 
 collar around the pipe at the upper opening, to prevent the 
 pipe touching the woodwork. The plates shown in Fig. 60 (c) 
 and (@) can also be used as ceiling plates, and may be 
 secured in place by cleats of strap iron fastened to the bot- 
 tom. The projecting flange is long enough to reach through 
 the floor, and the straps are bent over at the floor above. 
 
 8%. Screw floor plates are cast-metal plates having a 
 recess in the bottom threaded with a regular pipe thread; 
 they are intended to screw on a short wrought-iron nipple 
 or tube...-They canine 
 used as floor and ceiling 
 plates, or for wails, parti- 
 tions, etc.,and are the most 
 serviceable plates and 
 make the neatest finish for 
 concrete or fireproof fl00i s, 
 etc. Screw floor plates are 
 made of iron or brass, and 
 can be obtained finished in 
 4 various ways. 
 
 88. Fig. 61 shows a 
 good screw floor plate, 
 known as the Hall thim- 
 ble. The three loose parts 
 are shown in Fig. 61 (a), 
 while Fig. 61 (4) shows the 
 thimble in position around a steam pipe passing through a 
 fireproof floor. The plates shown in Figs. 60 and 61 must 
 be put in place, or at least slipped over the pipes, before the 
 pipes are screwed up. 
 
 Fic. 61 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 43 
 
 89. Adjustable floor and ceiling plates are also made in 
 halves, so that they may be placed around the pipes after 
 the work is erected. They are secured together in various 
 ways, and when used as ceilin~ plates have some means of 
 clamping them to the pipes. 
 
 90. Fig. 62 (a) shows the Beaton adjustable floor 
 plate, while Fig. 62 (4) shows the corresponding ceiling 
 plate. They are each made of two hinged halves, which 
 when closed around the pipe are secured by a screw, as shown. 
 
 FIG. 62 FIG. 638 
 
 91. Stamped-metal floor plates are stamped from 
 sheet metal, and are lighter and lie closer to the floor, which 
 is a good point in their favor. The Russell plate, shown 
 in Fig. 63, belongs to this class. The parts are joined by a 
 metal tongue projecting through a band on the adjoining 
 half; a notch in the tongue secures the sections together. 
 There is enough spring in the prongs a to hold the plate in 
 place by their pressure against the pipe. One objection to 
 this plate is that it has no flange around the pipe to protect 
 the woodwork. 
 
 92. Floor and ceiling sleeves are made of tin or gal- 
 vanized iron, and are used in connection with floor and 
 
44 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 ceiling plates to insure protection against fire and to close 
 the opening where pipes pass 
 through floors or partitions. 
 
 93. A double-riser 
 sleeve is shown in Fig. 64. 
 It consists of two plates of 
 i the kind shown in Fig. 60(@), 
 | (| dl \ with galvanized-iron sleeves 
 | Lag —ug | a, a fastened to each plate. 
 | | | | A space is left between the 
 sleeves for taking connections 
 from the tees shown under 
 the floor. The sleeves can 
 be made longer if desired, so 
 that the pipes will be enclosed 
 completely, one sleeve tele- 
 scoping into the other. ‘The 
 method of securing these 
 plates is by two small iron rods 4, 6 with screw ends passing 
 through both plates and having nuts. : 
 
 94, Fig. 65 shows a sheet-metal telescopic sleeve for a 
 single pipe. It is composed of 
 two spun flanges, each attached 
 to a sleeve. The lower flange 
 is drawn up to the ceiling by 
 cleats a, a, which are bent over 
 and nailed to the floor, as shown. 
 The upper: flange and sleeve 
 are pushed down in place over 
 the lower sleeve, as shown; the 
 upper flange is wide enough to 
 conceal the cleats. An airspace 
 of 1 inch or more should exist between the sleeve and the 
 steam pipe. ; 
 
 FIG. 65 
 
 95. The Vasburge adjustable sleeve, shown in Fig. 66, 
 has a thread that allows the length to be adjusted and 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 4B 
 
 incidentally gives stiffness. Thisisa strong, durable sleeve, 
 much used for good work. 
 
 96. Different localities have dif- : il ) 
 Lida MZ 
 
 ferent laws governing the amount 
 of space which shall be provided 
 around the:steam pipes and return 
 pipes as a protection against possi- 
 ble charring of woodwork. A 
 1-inch air space all around the pipe 
 is generally considered a sufficient 
 fire-protection, and is reasonable 
 enough to admit of connections 
 being made without projecting 
 tne sirisers. etc. too far into ithe 
 room. 
 
 9%. In many buildings, it is advisable to place some 
 fireproof filling in the space between the pipe and the sleeve, 
 so that fire in oneapartment cannot pass through to the one 
 above or adjoining. Ordinary pipe covering will fit most of 
 the tubes where made 1 inch larger than the pipe, or the 
 space can be packed with loose asbestos in flakes, or with 
 mineral wool. 
 
 98. <A good fireproof finish can be obtained by using 
 the Nonpareil cork riser blocks, which consist of cork 
 pressed under a high pressure around iron-pipe sleeves. 
 They can be built into the walls by the masons as the build- 
 ing is erected. 
 
 VALVES 
 
 GLOBE VALVES 
 
 99. Valves are used to entirely shut off or partly check 
 the flow of steam or water in a heating system, so that the 
 apparatus can be properly controlled. They vary in design, 
 some being made to completely shut off the piping, while 
 
46 PIPES AND -FITTINGS § 22 
 
 others are made to partially shut off the piping so as to 
 reduce the steam pressure. 
 
 100. The most common type of valve is the globe 
 valve. It is made with a globe-shaped body so as to give 
 ample area for the passage of the fluid. Inside the valve is 
 a partition with an opening at right angles to the valve 
 stem. This opening has a seat either formed directly in the 
 partition or secured to it by a screw joint. Over this open- 
 ing is fitted a disk attached to a threaded spindle or stem; 
 this passes through a hub or bonnet having a chamber 
 around a part of the spindle to admit packing. A stuffing- 
 box and gland, which adjusts the packing by forcing it into 
 the stuffingbox, causing it to press tightly against the 
 spindle, is fitted over the hub. ‘The bonnet is placed in an 
 opening in the body of the valve, the joint being made in 
 some cases by a screw thread and in others by a packed 
 flange and bolts. ‘The disk is fitted carefully to the seat, so 
 that the valve seat and disk form a tight joint when the 
 spindle is screwed down. A wheel 
 handle is generally used to screw 
 the disk up and down. 
 
 101. Since the disk of a valve 
 becomes worn by the closing and 
 opening, and from other causes, 
 it is often necessary to regrind it 
 to prevent leakage. Regrinding 
 is a tedious operation, which is 
 done away with by using a re- 
 movable disk. Such disks con- 
 sist either of a metal casing filled 
 with vulcanized rubber, soft 
 metal, or hard metal, or they are 
 fiber washers. 
 
 102. Fig. 67 shows a valve 
 known to the trade as the Jen- 
 kins ‘*‘ Diamond ” valve. This 
 has a flat raised seat inside the body a of the valve and on 
 
 FIG. 67 
 
Sam. PIPES AND FITTINGS 4 
 
 the partition 6. The spindle c is fitted with a disk @, which 
 is free to rotate and is confined longitudinally by means of 
 a locking sleeve e. This disk @ has a recess into which is 
 inserted a composition ring / made of rubber and vulcanized 
 so as to stand a high temperature. It is secured in place 
 by a nut and washer. The disk 1s pliable; it fits the raised 
 seat and makes a tight joint. 
 
 103. The Fairbanks valve is somewhat similar in con- 
 struction to the Jenkins, except that a composition ring of 
 asbestos and vulcanite is pressed into the ‘recess of the disk; 
 when renewals are required, a complete new disk can be 
 readily inserted, as the spindle is made with a shoulder a, 
 Fig. 68 (a), fitting into a recess open on one side and on top 
 
 FIG. 68 
 
 of the disk, which is held in position by guides inserted in 
 the body of the valve. This is a guick-repairing valve, as 
 upon removing the hub @ the disk can be slipped off the 
 spindle and a new one slipped on, as shown in Fig. 68 (8) ; 
 hence, this valve is used Beene ely where repairs must be 
 made without undue loss of time. 
 
48 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 104, The O’Mera valve is made similar to the Fair- 
 banks, except that the disk has corrugations in the recess 
 where the composition ring is placed. 
 
 105. The Crane copper disk valve is constructed 
 similar to the Jenkins, with the exception that the disk is 
 fitted with a double-faced cop- 
 per ring a, Fig. 69, having an 
 outer rib rounded on its face, 
 which adjusts itself to the flat 
 seat and forms a tight joint. 
 The ring can be turned and 
 used with the other edge to- 
 ward the seat, should it become 
 marred by grit or other causes. 
 The holder is turned to form 
 a tight joint at the top edge 
 and sides of the copper disk. 
 Softer metals have been used 
 for disks of this kind, but 
 have not provedas satisfactory 
 as copper. 
 
 106. The Eastwood tee 
 valve is a type of screw-down 
 valve having a barrel-shaped 
 body with a partition similar 
 to that of the globe valve. The spindle and upper section 
 are similar in construction to that of the Jenkins valve, but 
 the seat is made conical; the disk is of bronze and is made 
 with a tapered and ground recess fitting over the beveled 
 ground edge of the seat, thus forming a tight joint. The 
 taper joint at the valve seat permits of a tighter contact 
 between the disk and its seat than can be obtained in an 
 ordinary flat-seated valve, assuming the same force to be 
 applied to the spindle in each case. 
 
 10%. Iron-body valves are made similar to brass-body 
 valves, with the exception that the seat is separate ; the 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 49 
 
 seat is made of brass or hard metal secured to the iron body 
 of the valve either by pressing it in or by a screw thread. 
 The seat is usually faced true in place. The spindle box or 
 hub is generally bolted to the body and packed with a gasket 
 to form a tight joint. The stuffingbox is usually fitted with 
 a gland having studs and nuts to compress the packing; a 
 yoke is used to support the thread of the spindle. 
 
 108. Fig. 70 shows, in section, an iron-body flanged 
 angle valve with a globe body. It is made with the outlet a 
 at right angles to the in- 
 let d. The seat c is placed 
 directly in the inlet of the 
 valve and offers less resist- 
 ance to the fluid than the 
 seat of the ordinary globe = = 
 Waive weltois) theretore: a ; 
 good valve to use when the 
 conditions will permit this; 
 besides, it saves an elbow 
 and sometimes a nipple, 
 because it takes the place 
 of an elbow. Owing to 
 the long spindle, the disk 
 is provided with a guide d 
 that moves in a hole drilled 
 through a spider ¢ cast in 
 one piece with the brass 
 seat. The hole in ¢ is con- 
 centric with the valve seat, 
 and the valve disk f is consequently guided straight to its 
 seat. The valve shown in Fig. 70 is intended for high- 
 pressure work, such as 250 pounds pressure or less, and is 
 
 I 
 GPXLAS 
 
 tested to 800 pounds pressure by the manufacturer. 
 
 109. The Y valve, shown in Fig. 71, is a form of valve 
 that is similar in many respects to the globe valve, but 
 offers less resistance to the flow of the liquid, as the seat @ 
 
f 1 pg an # : sy" 
 at Hil eee 
 
 50 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 is set at an angle of about 45° with the run of the valve. It 
 is really midway between a globe valve and a straightway 
 or gate valve. It is often 
 used as a blowoff valve. 
 This style of valve, the 
 same as globe and angle 
 \ valves, can be had with 
 the Fairbanks, Jenkins, 
 or other construction of 
 disk. 
 
 110. The packing- 
 less valve shown in 
 Fig. 72 is a type of valve 
 that has lately been 
 placed on the market. 
 It is made in the globe and angle patterns, either with a 
 renewable double disk or 
 with the Jenkins type of 
 disk with renewable ring. 
 A peculiar feature of this 
 valve is that the packing 
 around the valve stem is 
 dispensed with, and that the 
 valve disk does not turn. 
 
 % 
 | 
 Z| | 
 mt 
 ji 
 
 H 
 
 The valve stem a is confined 
 longitudinally by a collar 6 
 and. “a, tity cc eeese at is 
 formed within the hub d, and 
 a hard rubber washer ¢ is 
 fastened.to the lower end of 7 t — 
 the collar 6 by a locknut. 
 A brass collar f is grcund to Sa 
 
 the upper end of the collar ~ | 
 to form a tight joint, and is —— 
 prevented from turning by 
 two lugs entering corre- 
 sponding grooves in the hub. It is thus seen that while the 
 
 Fic. 72 
 
Property ef the Dep't of 
 Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
 University of llinsis, 
 
 § 22 POPES aN DVPIPT TINGS 51 
 
 valve stem is left free to turn, it is confined longitudinally, 
 anda steam-tight joint is made. The lower end of the valve 
 stem is threaded to fit the socket, which has the valve disk 
 at its lower end, the socket being movable longitudinally, 
 but prevented from turning by two opposite guides entering 
 corresponding slots in the upper collar of the socket. 
 
 Packingless valves are very good for air-pressure or 
 vacuum work, and are superior to the ordinary packed 
 valves, since in the latter the joint between the valve stem 
 and the hub is hard to make and keep air-tight. 
 
 111. All the valves shown in Figs. 67 to 72 are known 
 as compression, or screw-down, valves. | 
 
 GATE VALVES 
 
 112. Gate valves are straightway valves made either as 
 single-gate valves, which only bear pressure on one side, 
 and double-gate valves, which bear pressure on both 
 sides. Many forms of double-gate 
 valves are made, some of which 
 close the opening in the run of the 
 valve with a solid wedge; others 
 close with a box wedge, and others 
 with sectional gates having either 
 
 parallel or wedge-shaped seats. 
 
 113. The Jenkins gate valve, 
 shown in Fig. 73, has a wedge- 
 shaped body. An inclined guide 
 a@ at one end forces the gate, or 
 disit..0. to /its seat: c=when ‘the 
 spindle is screwed down tight. 
 The disk is loose on the spindle d, 
 being made with a recess; a re- 
 movable ring is secured to the 
 diskwathes same’ -as* is, doné in 
 globe and angle valves. This is 
 a single-gate valve, bearing pressure only on one side. 
 
 & OF ILE. Ls. 
 
52 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 
 
 114. The Ludlow gate valve is made with a solid 
 metal disk, and is a loose disk valve, the disk being forced 
 against the seat by a double wedge at the back of the disk. 
 As the disk is hung from the wedge, it is lifted away from 
 the seat on opening and hence does not slide upon the seat. 
 When it is closed, it fits against a seat on the valve, which 
 is at right angles to the flow of the liquid. 
 
 115. The Chapman valve, shown in Fig. 74, isa double- 
 gate valve with a solid or cored disk a made tapering, which 
 is machined flat on the sides and 
 S === WN WN is guided by a slot 0 in each side 
 i). of the disk fitting over a guide c 
 at each side of the valve body; the 
 disk seats against soft metallic 
 rings d@, d, firmly embedded at 
 each side of the opening in the © 
 run and faced off to the same 
 taper as the disk. The valve 
 shown is an iron-body flanged gate 
 valve. The lower end of the stem 
 is threaded, and the disk travels 
 on this thread, the stem being 
 prevented from rising by the 
 collar e. 
 
 116. The Walworth gate 
 valve is similar in construction 
 to the Ludlow valve, except that the seat in the body of 
 the valve is a screwed ring faced to match the face of the 
 disk. The Fairbanks, the Kennedy, and many other gate 
 valves are similar in shape and general mode of operation 
 to those described, differing only in minor details. 
 
 Fic. 74 
 
 11%. Gate valves are used where but little resistance to 
 the flow of the liquid is desired, and therefore are largely 
 used on water and exhaust-steam connections. When they 
 are used for steam, however, the seats should be made of 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 53 
 
 bronze to successfully stand the high temperatures. In all 
 gate valves, the disks rise into the upper part of the body 
 and bonnet to allow a straight passage for the liquid. The 
 large sizes of gate valves are usually made witha yoke and 
 outside screw, the spindle rising in a threaded hub at the 
 top of the yoke. The rise of the spindle in this form of 
 valve indicates whether the valve is open or closed. 
 
 .s 
 
 SPECIAL VALVES 
 
 118. The elbow valve shown in Fig. 75 is a new type 
 of valve used chiefly for blow-off connections from boilers, 
 but can be used for.other purposes. It 
 consists of.a screw-down valve with an in- 
 ternally curved plug a having a soft-metal 
 ring 6 aroundit. The spindle construc- 
 tion is similar to that of the ordinary 
 valve. The plug is guided in its travel 
 by guides, not shown; they prevent its 
 turning and keep the curved recess of | 
 the plug in line with the outlet. 
 
 119. Tee, or cross, valves are simi- 
 lar to globe valves and angle valves in 
 construction. The valve closes off one 
 port.in) the tee.) the seat being placed 
 in the inlet, like in the angle valve. 
 They are used in some cases for mains, 
 where a connection is brought into a 
 main line, or for the steam-pipe connections on boilers. 
 
 FIG. %5 
 
 RADIATOR VALVES 
 
 120. Radiator valves are constructed similar to globe, 
 angle, and gate valves. To suit special conditions, they are 
 made in different types, such as offset globe valves, offset angle 
 
d4 PIRES) ANDeETeTiInGs § 22 
 
 valves, corner valves, and corner offset valves. ‘The principal 
 distinguishing feature of radiator valves is that they are 
 usually nickel plated, and that wooden handles are used 
 instead of metal handles. The nickel-plated finish is applied 
 for the sake of appearance, because radiator valves are always 
 located in the rooms to be warmed. ‘The wooden wheel 
 handles are used to prevent the hands being burned in oper- 
 ating the valves. Radiator valves can also be had finished 
 in plain rough brass, or with nickel-plated trimmings, or 
 with finished and polished bodies. 
 
 121. The angle valve is most commonly used for a 
 radiator, because the steam pipe a, Fig. 76, usually comes 
 up through the floor 
 and connects to the 
 end of the radiator, | 
 as shown. ‘The con- 
 nection is usually 
 made with a ground 
 coupling having a 
 hexagon niteee 
 The coupling tail ¢ 
 is screwed into the 
 radiator tapping, 
 and the hexagon 
 nut screws on to the 
 valve. 
 
 122. The cor- 
 ner valve is made 
 similar to the globe 
 valve, except that the partition in the body is placed so as 
 to allow the outlet of the valve to be made at the side of the 
 globe body. Corner valves are used in places where direct 
 connections with ordinary valves cannot be made. The 
 offset globe valve is similar to the angle valve in general 
 constructions, except that the outlet is in a line parallel 
 with the inlet, but at a lower level. It is preferable to the 
 
 Fic. 76 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS D9 
 
 straightway globe valve in making radiator connections, 
 because it admits of draining the radiator when open, which 
 the ordinary globe valve will not do unless it is placed with 
 the spindle horizontal. 
 
 125. An offset corner valve is shown in Fig. 77. It 
 is the same in construction as the offset globe valve, except 
 that the inlet @ and outlet 0 are 
 at right angles. It is really an 
 offset angle valve with the outlet 
 at an angle of 90° to the axis of 
 the inlet seat at the lower level. 
 The construction of the working 
 
 parts is the same as that of any 
 globe valve. Offset corner valves 
 are made right hand or left hand 
 tOeectiie the connection in. the 
 radiator, and are listed by most 
 makers. The corner valve with 
 the inlet and outlet in the same 
 plane is not made by many 
 manufacturers. 
 
 124. All’ the valves men- 
 tioned in the previous articles can be obtained with special 
 key handles, and also with a shielded stem that protects the 
 square that the key fits, so that they cannot be moved with- 
 out the key. These valves are useful in schools, asylums, 
 etc., as unauthorized persons cannot meddle with them. 
 They are also made with a ground union joint for connect- 
 
 FIG. 77 
 
 ing to the radiator, as shown in Fig. 77, which makes it 
 easy to connect and disconnect the radiator without disturb- 
 ing the pipe connections. 
 
 125. The Universal radiator valve is a valve that has 
 lately been placed on the market; it is the ordinary type of 
 radiator valve of the angle pattern fitted with a ground 
 joint union a, Fig. 78, on the bottom and connected to a 
 sleeve 6, which allows adjustment to any angle in a hort- 
 
 zontal plane. The sleeve is made with a female thread at 
 
56 
 
 the opposite end t 
 
 Fic. 78 
 
 PIPES. AND FITTINGS 
 
 § 22 
 
 o which the piping is connected. A 
 
 disadvantage of this valve is that the 
 joint is on the pressure side, and, there- 
 fore, if the joint leaks the entire line 
 of piping will have to be shut off before 
 it can be reground. 
 
 126. The Collis circulating valve 
 is a valve by means of which a very 
 neat and sightly job can be made of the 
 radiator connections in a two-pipe sys- 
 tem, as the steam and return pipes will 
 be close together. The general con- 
 struction is similar to that of the offset 
 globe valve; the valve, as shown in 
 Fig. 79, has an inlet a for the steam 
 and an outlet 6 for the water of con- 
 
 densation; the nipple c is connected to the radiator. The 
 
 condensation is car- 
 ried off by a separate 
 pipe. By using this 
 valve, the necessity 
 ofS ha van ofetiwo 
 valves to a radiator 
 is done away with 
 in two-pipe steam- 
 heating systems, 
 and the circulation 
 in the heating sys- 
 tem is not interfered 
 with by closing the 
 valve, which simply 
 shuts off the steam 
 fromthe. radiator: 
 At the same time 
 the filling of the 
 radiator with water 
 from the return pipe 
 
 is obviated, which is likely to occur when a radiator with 
 
§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 57 
 
 separate steam and return valves is shut off by closing the 
 steam valve only. 
 
 12%. Radiator gate valves are similar to the gate valves 
 before described, except that they have wooden wheels. 
 The gate valve for connections to radiators. admits the 
 steam ina straight line without the resistance offered by 
 the other types of valves, allowing the water of condensa- 
 tion to drain freely when used with one-pipe connection to 
 the radiators, for which work it answers best when the con- 
 nections are carried over the floor. They are finished in 
 plain brass, or with nickeled trimmings, or nickeled all 
 over, and in some cases are fitted with ground joint union 
 connections. 
 
 CHECK-VALVES 
 
 128. Check-valves are valves that permit a fluid to 
 pass through them in only one direction; they are designed 
 so as to close automatically | 
 whenever the flow of the fluid is 
 reversed. Check-valves are made 
 in different forms, such as ver- 
 tical, horizontal, angle, and 
 straightway, or swinging, check- 
 valves. ‘The first is made with 
 a globe-shaped body to allow a 
 free passage for the fluid through 
 mie. opening daa wthe seat. The 
 partition has either a tapering or 
 a flat seat; the disk is fitted with 
 a stem that is supported by a 
 guide, so as to keep it in line 
 with the seat and prevent side Saal! 
 motion. In the large sizes hav- Fic. 80 
 ing an iron body, an opening giving access to the disk is 
 placed in the side of the body and closed with a blind flange, 
 shown at ain Fig. 80. The smaller sizes are made of brass 
 and can be taken apart like a union. The horizontal 
 
58 PIPES “ANDREIT TINGS § 22 
 
 check-valve has a body similar to that of a globe valve; the 
 
 top opening is closed by a hollow c 
 
 z | 
 
 ap forming a guide for 
 the short stem of the 
 valve disk, the disk 
 being ground to the 
 seat; sometimes the 
 disk is fitted with a 
 removable washer. 
 Fig. 81 shows the 
 Powell check-valve, 
 whose special feature 
 is the extension @ to 
 the guides 4, 6. Water 
 flows through the 
 check-valve’ 1n gtine 
 direction shown, but 
 cannot return ee 
 angle check is similar 
 
 in construction to Fig. 81, except that the body of the valve 
 is the same as that of the ordinary angle valve, and, like the 
 
 angle valve, it saves an elbow. 
 
 129. The swing check-valve is made different from 
 the globe check-valve; it has a more direct water passage, 
 
 and “is; easier to ‘Open, 
 Fig. 82 shows the Barn- 
 ham swing check- 
 valve. The disk @ is 
 carried bya lever 4 that 
 swings on a pivot ec. 
 ‘The? disk: fits ‘the déever 
 
 arm loosely and is thus | 
 
 allowed to rotate and 
 
 seat itself ontheangular } 
 
 partition of the valve. 
 An advantage of this 
 form of swing check is 
 
 lh 
 
 FIG. 82 
 
 that an ordinary mechanic can reseat the valve by unscrewing 
 
§ 22 PIPESVAND FITTINGS 59 
 
 the cap d@ and inserting a valve-facing tool. It also hasa 
 removable disk, as shown. 
 
 130. The lock cheeck-valve is a straightway valve that 
 is a combination check-valve and stop-valve. It hasa swing 
 check-valve that can be partially or entirely closed by a 
 threaded spindle carrying a hand wheel. From this it fol- 
 lows that the amount of fluid passing through the valve can 
 be regulated by means of the adjusting spindle. 
 
 131. Check-valves are very useful in steam-heating 
 work, as they prevent a return of steam or water, which 
 often happens when unequal pressures prevail in different 
 pipes. They form a proper seal without offering much 
 resistance. The best check-valves for return pipes are those 
 that are as nearly self-draining as possible. The horizontal 
 swing valves having a straightway passage should therefore 
 be used. ‘The lift check with the globe body is not suitable 
 for such work, because the partition in the body forms a 
 pocket or trap. Vertical check-valves are occasionally used 
 in making vertical connections to boilers, but are not rec- 
 ommended, as it is very difficult to remove them when so 
 placed. The horizontal swing checks can be used vertically, 
 although this practice is not recommended. 
 
PIRES: AND FITTINGS 
 
 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 
 
 (1) About what is the safe working pressure of standard 
 wrought-iron pipe ? 
 
 (2) For what class of work is extra-strong wrought-iron 
 pipe used ? 
 
 (3) Which class of boiler tubes do you consider best for 
 use in stationary boilers? Give reason. 
 
 (4) At what pressure is spiral riveted pipe tested ? 
 
 (5) (a) Where is it advisable to use cast-iron pipe for 
 steam work? (0) Also describe the usual method of con- 
 necting the pipe. 
 
 (6) Briefly describe the use of brass pipe in steam work. 
 
 (7) Describe the distinguishing characteristic of a right- 
 and-left elbow. 
 
 (8) Describe the purpose of a division tee. 
 
 (9) Describe the purpose of a manifold tee. 
 
 (10) For what is an eccentric cross used ? 
 
 (11) Explain the use of a floor and ceiling sleeve. 
 
 (12).. Describe the distinguishing features of a gate valve. 
 
 (13) State some of the advantages of the radiator valve 
 shown in Fig. 79. 
 
 (14) What class of check-valves is best adapted for use 
 
 on return pipes? Give reasons. 
 § 22 
 
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