: AS SPOKEN IN THE KOSHKONONG SETTLEMENT, 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 _ OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF (LLIMOIS 
 
 BY 
 GEORGE T. FLOM 
 University of Illinois 
 
 Reprinted from AMERICAN SPEECH 
 Vol. I, No. 10, July, 1926 
 
Te 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 ie 
 
“a eo - 2s 
 
 Reprinted from Amprican SpHEcH 
 Vol. I, No. 10, July, 1926 
 
 ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 AS SPOKEN IN THE KOSHKONONG SETTLEMENT, 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 OSSIBLY the most interesting exam- 
 p ple of English-Norwegian speech 
 mixture in this country is that of 
 Koshkonong in the southern part of Dane 
 County, Wisconsin. Koshkonong is one 
 of the two oldest large Norwegian settle- 
 ments in America, being first visited by a 
 few immigrant Norwegians in 1839 and 
 definitely settled in 1840. It is without 
 doubt the best known settlement in Nor- 
 wegian American annals, and has, per- 
 haps, occupied the position of greatest 
 prominence and _ influence. Roughly 
 reckoned the settlement may be said to 
 extend from Lake Kegonsa on the west to 
 Lake Koshkonong on the east, from 
 which it takes its name. That is a dis- 
 tance east and west of about thirteen 
 miles. On the south are the villages of 
 Albion and Stoughton, and on the north, 
 fifteen miles away, that of Deerfield. 
 The region is noted for its beauty, and 
 the community is possibly the most 
 prosperous agricultural settlement in the 
 State. 
 
 The Norwegians that settled there came 
 mainly from Sogn, Telemarken, and 
 Numedal. There were some families from 
 Hardanger and Hedemarken, and of those 
 of more recent immigration there were a 
 few families from Oslo and the vicinity of 
 Trondhjem. I shall not here go further 
 into the history of the locality except to 
 add that the Norwegians were the first 
 atrivals in the settlement proper. Im- 
 mediately on the south, Albion Prairie 
 was being taken possession of at the same 
 
 541 
 
 time by Americans of English origin who 
 were moving in from Western New York, 
 and these two settlements grew up to- 
 gether, so to speak. In the villages that 
 were formed in, and on the borders of, 
 the Norwegian settlement there were 
 many Americans, and the post office, 
 Utica, was a point of intimate contact 
 between the two nationalities. The 
 language mixture that was the result 
 among the Norwegians is unusually ex- 
 tensive in all the dialects spoken. To 
 some slight extent Norwegian words were 
 used, now and then, by the Americans, 
 but the total number is not over about 
 half a dozen. There was only one 
 American, however, who learned to speak 
 Norwegian, namely the son of the post- 
 master; he later became the postmaster 
 and lived there until a few yearsago. The 
 Norwegians were, of course, all bilingual, 
 though many who were already old when 
 they came spoke English very imper- 
 fectly. 
 
 I purpose in the following pages to offer 
 as complete a list as possible of the 
 English words adopted into their own 
 speech by the Norwegian settlers and 
 their children. The list contains about 
 1025 words. Of these about 735 are 
 nouns, 235 are verbs, 43 are adjectives, 7 
 ate adverbs. There are 5 interjections 
 and one preposition; there are no con- 
 junctions or pronouns. Of the nouns 
 about 575 ate masculines, 56 are femi- 
 nines, and 80 are neuters; 4 may be either 
 masculine or feminine, and 11 either 
 
 R 94403 
 
542 
 
 masculine or neuter. A few are used only 
 in the plural or as collectives. Some 
 words are used only in one particular 
 combination; standing expressions are 
 sometimes adopted bodily; semantic in- 
 fluences are often met with; translation 
 words are relatively rare. A great many 
 words ate not changed much, for the 
 phonetic system of the Norwegian dialects 
 here concerned, and especially that of 
 Sogn, is not very far removed from that 
 of English. But many of the words are 
 altered considerably, and it is an in- 
 teresting thing to observe in connection 
 with these extensively changed words 
 that they are similarly, or very nearly 
 similarly, changed in other loanword 
 lists that I have, from Wisconsin, Iowa, 
 and Minnesota. The gender of the loan- 
 nouns also corresponds very closely; the 
 differences in this respect are few. 
 Some years ago I published in Dialect 
 Notes an article on this subject; the list 
 of loanwords as there given was about 
 zoo. The present list is intended to be as 
 complete as possible, with also more 
 exact indication of pronunciation. In the 
 Journal of Germanic Philology, Volume V, 
 1903-1905, pp. 1-31, I dealt with the 
 problem of the grammatical gender of the 
 nouns in the list as published in Dialect 
 Notes. While I should now interpret the 
 material a little differently, I can in the 
 main agree with it, and shall not here 
 take the space to discuss that problem. 
 In the article in Dialect Notes I considered 
 classes of words borrowed, and the dialec- 
 tal differences upon this point, to which 
 the reader may be referred in regard to 
 those matters. The history of the settle- 
 ment has been dealt with fully elsewhere.! 
 Here I shall now briefly consider the 
 
 1George T. Flom: A History of Norwegian Im- 
 migration to America down to 1848, published in 1909. 
 See especially chapters XVIII-XX and XXVIII-XXX, 
 and XXXVI-XXXVIL. 
 
 * AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 phonology of our word-list; but I can take 
 the space for only some of the more in- 
 teresting things. 
 
 An unstressed initial vowel is lost: 
 forda ‘‘to afford,’’ gria ‘‘to agree,” 
 griment “‘agreement,’’ kaunt ‘‘account,”’ 
 kaunta ‘‘to account,’’ kamedéta ‘“‘to ac- 
 commodate,’’ kamedétiy ‘‘accommodat- 
 ing,’’ kerdin‘‘accordeon,”’ laua‘‘toallow,”’ 
 as on an article given in exchange 
 for a new, Jauens ‘‘allowance,’’ Jlekta 
 ‘to elect,’’ Jlekfon ‘‘election,”’ Jlarm 
 “‘alarm,’’ maunta ‘‘to amount,’ mend- 
 mont ‘‘amendment,’’ pointa ‘‘to appoint,”’ 
 rittmetik “‘arithmetic,”’ sessa “‘to assess,”’ 
 sessar ‘‘assessor,’’ simbli ‘‘assembly,”’ 
 skver “‘esquite,’’ sorta ‘‘to assort,’’ and 
 tenfon ‘‘attention,’’ “‘tension.’’ The dis- 
 syllabic noun efekt ‘‘effect’’ is an excep- 
 tion, as also the word aperéfon (apréfen) 
 “‘operation.’’ It may be noted that the 
 verb is pronounced both aperé’ta and 
 a'pertta ‘‘to  operate.”’ The word 
 edzukéfan ‘‘education’’ also keeps the e-; 
 here the consonantal sound dz that would 
 result is hardly an admissible one ini- 
 tially in the dialect, and furthermore the 
 verb edzuké’ta ‘‘to educate,’’ also pro- 
 nounced e’dzukéta, and the past participle 
 edzuké'ta ‘‘educated,’’ would operate to 
 preserve the initial vowel in the noun. 
 
 The vowel in an unstressed initial 
 syllable is suppressed: spraisa “‘to sur- 
 prise,’’ spraisparti ‘‘surprise party,"’ sporta 
 ““‘support,’’ stiffiket ‘‘certificate,’’ and in 
 the name Bigit ‘‘Beloit.’’ In stiffiket from 
 “‘certificate,’” the intermediate stage is, 
 of course, satiffiket. In dzogrefi geo (d3io) 
 ““geography’’ has become dzg. 
 
 The vowel in an unstressed medial 
 syllable is suppressed: bzfflo ‘‘buffalo 
 tobe,” fektri ‘‘factory,’’ kalko ‘‘calico,"’ 
 lakris “‘licorice,’’ apréta ‘‘to operate,”’ 
 apréfen “‘‘operation,’’ probifen ‘‘prohibi- 
 tion,’’ and sépraitar ‘‘separator.”’ 
 
 Other loss of vowel sound: kalgforni 
 
LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 “California’’ and miskitbar ‘‘mosquito 
 bar.” 
 
 There are contractions in other words, 
 but these belong to the local pronuncia- 
 tion, or standard speech, as karmgl ‘‘cara- 
 mel,’’ painri ‘‘pinery,’’ and fivert’a ‘‘to 
 charivari.”’ - 
 
 There is loss of a consonant in the fol- 
 lowing words: baun ti ‘‘bound to,” 
 blains ‘‘blind, shutter,’’ dogkar ‘‘indif- 
 ferent, reckless, don’t care,’’ fél ‘‘field,’’ 
 fengmjlda ‘‘faning mill,’’ gemla ‘‘gamble,”’ 
 guvenér “‘governor,’’ kerna ‘‘corner,”’ paler 
 “parlor,’’ potret “portrait, photograph,”’ 
 patikkela ‘‘particular,’’ and the name Kem- 
 ris “‘Cambridge.’’ In the words blekbor 
 ““‘blackboard,”’ defbor ‘‘dashboard,’’ and 
 réffbor ‘‘toofboard,’’ the element -bor is 
 not the English word “‘board’’ but the 
 Norwegian bord (pronounced bér). In the 
 word infurig ‘“‘insurance’’ the syllable 
 -ance of the English ‘‘insurance’’ has been 
 changed to -iy, under the influence of the 
 large number of nouns in -y in the dia- 
 lects. The sound combination ns is rather 
 rare in the dialects; the pronunciation 
 infurans may now and then be heard. As 
 the list shows, the English sufhx -ing 
 maintains itself well, and naturally would, 
 for it is just as characteristic an end- 
 syllable in Norwegian; however, in one 
 word -ing has become -¢, namely in 
 fengmylda ‘‘faning mill.’’ Possibly the 
 first element in spirekrakk, ‘‘spearing-horse, 
 in which the lath is held as the plants 
 are being strung on,’’ is to be regarded as 
 from ‘‘spearing.”’ The 4 of hus, as the 
 second element of compounds, tends to 
 disappear: brikkus “‘brick house,’’ frémus 
 “frame house,”’ purus ‘‘poor-house,’’ varus 
 “‘warehouse.”’ It is sufficient to call 
 attention to frétrén ‘‘freight train;’’ the 
 pronunciation frétrén is also, of course, 
 the English pronunciation, except where 
 especially emphasized. The pronuncia- 
 tion in many other words (giyom ‘“‘ging- 
 
 ° oe + 
 
 (; ti os 
 
 543 
 ham,"’ Ayppaltri ‘‘whiffle-tree,’’ ellavétar 
 “elevator,’’ konsomfon ‘‘consumption,”’ 
 
 etc.) has its basis in the English pro- 
 nunciation. 
 
 An inorganic consonant appears in the 
 following words: hikril “‘hickory,’’ dyp- 
 pert ‘‘dipper,’’ gofart ‘‘gopher,’’ ZJpiorr 
 “‘lawyer,’’ rypert ‘‘reaper,”’ brand ‘‘bran,”’ 
 and sirk’l ‘‘sickle.”’ 
 
 Connecting vowels appear where there 
 is none in the English word: Norwegian 
 speech rhythm does not readily adapt 
 itself to such a compound as ‘“‘fence 
 stretcher’’ Cfenstretfer), so the dialects 
 changed this word to fensestretfar. Only 
 apparently so in “‘shoolma’am”’ to skule- 
 mamma, in which the first element is the 
 Norwegian word skole ‘‘school,’’ dialec- 
 tal and Landsmaal skule; the second 
 element also here is Norwegian, so that 
 we have in this case one of the rare 
 translation words. The added connecting 
 vowel also appears in skoykahol *‘skunk- 
 hole.”’ 
 
 wh becomes 4 in hyjppa ‘‘whip’’ and 
 hippltr2 *‘whiffle-tree,’’ but becomes »v 
 in veski ‘‘whiskey.”’ 
 
 rs becomes ss in hosspaur 
 power.” 
 
 th becomes ¢ in Jatt ‘‘lath,’’ and timoti 
 ‘‘timothy,’’ with shortening of the vowel 
 and lengthening of the ¢ in the former. 
 
 Final tf of an English word becomes s 
 in: rins ‘‘wrench,’’ but this is also pro- 
 nounced rintf. In the more recent loan 
 lontf “‘lunch”’ the ¢f is kept. 
 
 Final dz of an English word becomes 
 s in launs, from “‘lounge,’’ and in the 
 name Kemris ‘‘Cambridge.”’ 
 
 In the word salarides ‘‘saleratus’’ the 
 combination étas of the English word 
 “‘salaratus’’ has become Zdes. Inthe word 
 sigga (also sikka) ‘‘to sick,’’ we probably 
 do not have a case of the voicing of k 
 to g; rather the English ‘‘to sick’’ is 
 borrowed as sikka, while the English 
 
 *‘horse- 
 
 » 
 
544 
 
 sickem, which is usually sighem, siggem 
 or sig'm is borrowed as sigga. 
 
 Short consonants are lengthened in: 
 bill ‘‘bill,’’ blakk ‘‘block, square,’’ blakka 
 “to block,"’ bloff ‘‘bluff, precipitous rise 
 in the ground,’’ bogg ‘“‘bug,’’ bgkk’l 
 ‘buckle,’ dgkket ‘‘bucket,’’ dokkfinn 
 *“‘buckskin,’’ brikk ‘‘brick,’’ dakka “‘to 
 dock, dock off,’’ digga ‘‘to-dig,’’ dim- 
 mokrat ‘‘democrat,’’ ellavé’tar ‘‘elevator,”’ 
 figgra “‘to figure,”’ gitta ‘‘to get,’ gomm 
 ‘gum,’ gripp ‘‘Cla) grippe,’’ hérria ‘‘to 
 hurry,”’ jabb “‘job,”’ jigg ‘‘jig,’’ katta 
 “to cut, only used in regard to the cut- 
 ting of crops, as corn, tobacco, etc.,”’ 
 krapp ‘“‘crop,’’ krekka ‘“‘to crack,’’ lakket 
 ‘‘locket,’’ lemmen ‘‘lemon,’’ — likker 
 “‘liquor,’’ mabb ‘‘mob,’’ mapp ‘“‘mop,”’ 
 nigea “‘to nig (cheat in cards),’’ mikkel 
 “nickel (the material),’’ pekk “‘peck 
 (measurement),’’ pekka ‘‘to pack,’’ pikka 
 “to pick,’’ pinn “‘pin,’’ plattform ‘‘plat- 
 form,’’ press'nt “‘present,’’ pressa ‘‘to 
 press,’’ palli ‘‘pulley,’’ patta “‘to put,” 
 robba ‘“‘to rub,"’ reff “‘rough,’’ rpffal 
 “‘ruffle,’’ ronna *‘to run—used of a candi- 
 date running for office,’’ sig’gar ‘cigar, 
 (with change of stress),’’ spatt ‘‘spot,”’ 
 tappa ‘‘to top (tobacco plants),’’ tikka 
 “to tick, (of the clock’s ticking, not 
 said otherwise),’’ tippa ‘“‘to tip,’’ toff 
 “tough,’’ ¢ripp “‘trip, journey,’ and 
 some others. In many cases English 
 words spelled with double consonants, 
 but pronounced with a short consonant 
 have a short consonant in the loanword: 
 kamedéta ‘‘to accommodate,’’ kamen ‘‘com- 
 mon, ordinary,’’ mofflar ‘‘muffler,’’ gfis 
 “‘office,’’ rekgmenda ‘‘to recommend.’’ In 
 some English words with double con- 
 sonant pronounced short the loanword 
 exhibits a lengthened consonant: millet 
 ““millet,’’ winnis ‘‘minnow,'’ malasses 
 ““molasses.’’ See also above. 
 
 Hybrid compounds are fairly numerous: 
 babbslie ‘‘bob-sleigh,”’ ball’birfapp ‘*barber 
 
 ‘ AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 shop,’’ billbor ‘‘bill-board,’’ bisnesmann 
 ‘business man,’’ blekbor ‘‘blackboard,"’ 
 bokkfinn ‘‘buck-skin,’’ brikkhus ‘‘brick 
 house,’ frémhus ‘“‘frame house,’’ fold- 
 igdyr “‘folding door,”’ daniyrum ‘‘dining 
 room,’’ fa'ngmylda *‘faning mill,’’ hitfiy- 
 post “hitching post,’’ hgirek “‘hay-rack,”’ 
 hiskipiy ‘‘housekeeping,’’ jarrdstikka 
 “‘yard-stick,’’ mo’torbaut ‘‘motor boat,’’ 
 Stimbaut “‘steam-boat,’’ stgvpipa “‘stove 
 pipe,’’ treffomafina ‘‘threshing machine,”’ 
 pre'dihina ‘‘prairie hen,’’  spé’rekrakk 
 “‘spearing-horse, in which the lath is 
 held,” ba'drasam ‘‘troublesome,’’ trub- 
 blasam ‘‘troublesome,”’ etc. 
 
 The plural English form is used as the 
 singular: blains ‘“‘blind, shutter,’ dais 
 “dye,"’ diffis “dish, dishes,’’ fillers 
 ““filler,’’ fills ‘‘thill, shaft of a carriage,”’ 
 kars “‘car,’’ krekors ‘‘cracker,’’ rels “‘rail,”’ 
 teks “‘tack,’’ koffs ‘‘cuff.’’ This need not 
 seem surprising, but on the contrary was 
 a perfectly natural development. The 
 objects were almost always spoken of in 
 the plural; there were either two of them 
 or there was a large number (fils ‘‘thills,”’ 
 koffs “cuffs,’’ rels “rails,” kars “cars,” 
 teks ‘‘tacks’’); in some cases the plural is 
 collective, as bits ‘‘beets,’’ bins *‘bean, 
 beans,’” and the dialect has the loanword 
 only in the plural. The ending -s has, 
 of course, no plural associations what- 
 ever in the dialects in question; on the 
 other hand words with final s-sound are 
 of considerable frequency in our list of 
 loanwords. 
 
 I shall now give the list of loanwords. 
 They are given in the form of the dialect 
 of Sogn, specifically that of Aurland. 
 The following matters in the notation 
 are to be mentioned: g is used for the 
 open 0, qualitatively the ‘‘o’’ of “‘long;”’ 
 ¢ tepresents a vowel between @ and ¢; 
 a stands for a high ‘“‘u’’ tending toward 
 close, {to'); yf ostands “Mora awideewes 
 tending toward close é; y is used for the 
 
LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 dida, v., to deed. 
 
 digga, v., to dig. 
 
 dikri’sa, v., to decrease. 
 
 dik§onzri, m., dictionary. 
 
 dimokrat, m., democrat. 
 
 dimmokrat parti, ”., Democratic Party. 
 
 dinner, dynnor, m., dinner. 
 
 diploma, m., diploma. 
 
 dipo, m., depot. 
 
 dipper, dyppor, dypport, m., dipper. 
 
 dire’ktar, m., director. 
 
 disk, m., desk. 
 
 dissopgi’nta, v., disappoint. 
 
 disi’va, v., to deceive. 
 
 dispji’ta, v., to dispute, argue. 
 
 di’strikt, ., district. 
 
 dis6’rt, ., desert. 
 
 diS§, m., dish. 
 
 difSis, #., dish, dishes. 
 
 donker, adj., indifferent, 
 C‘don’t care’’). 
 
 draiguds, (7) Gm), dry goods. 
 
 dreft, m., draft, check. 
 
 dreft, m., draft Cof air). 
 
 dressa, vs., to dress. Dressa seg, to 
 dress up; ‘‘put on style.”’ 
 
 dressar, m., dresser, bureau. 
 
 dressmékar, m., dress maker. 
 
 drill, m., drill, seeder. 
 
 drilla, v., to drill, sow with a drill. 
 
 drogstor, v., drug-store. 
 
 dua op, v., to do up, wrap up. 
 
 dz{, m., dash-board. 
 
 dzSbor, n., do. 
 
 déstar, m., duster (the garment). 
 
 d36d3, m., judge. 
 
 d3dd3a, v., to judge. 
 
 dzoréniem, -om, m., geraneum. 
 
 dzogrofi, m., geography. 
 
 d3gist, m., joist. 
 
 d3iilri, ~., jewelry. Rare. 
 
 Edzuké’ta, v., to educate. 
 
 edzukéta, pptc pl., adj. educated. 
 
 edzukéSon, m., education. 
 
 efekt, m., effect. 
 
 egri’a, gria, v., to agree. 
 
 wreckless, 
 
 American Speech, Vol. 1, No. 10 
 
 547 
 
 ekta, v., to act. 
 
 eksaitmont, m., excitement. 
 
 eksk6r{on, m., excursion. 
 
 ekspress, m., express. 
 
 e’llovétar,4 m., elevator. 
 pronounced ¢éllavaitar. 
 
 férgraund, m., fair ground. 
 
 Fain, m., fine. 
 
 faina, v., to fine. 
 
 faira op, v., to fire up. 
 
 fair krakors, m., fite cracker. 
 
 fait, m., fight. Rarely used. 
 
 farm, m., farm. 
 
 farma, v., to farm. 
 
 farmar, m., farmer. 
 
 farmin, f., farming. 
 
 faundra, adj., foundered (of a horse). 
 
 faundri, #., foundry. 
 
 faunt’n pen, m., fountain pen. 
 
 Tele yias tela, 
 
 feltbits, pl., felt-boots. 
 
 fens, n., fence. 
 
 fensa, v., to fence. 
 
 fensestret\ar, m., fence stretcher. 
 
 fetstemm, m., wet stem (of leaf tobacco) 
 
 fid, m., feed. 
 
 fida, v., to feed. 
 
 figgra, v., to figure. 
 
 fiks, m., fix, predicament. 
 
 fiksa, v., to fix; to get even with, get the 
 better of. 
 
 fila, v., to feel. Itfe fila gott, not feel 
 well. 
 
 fillers, m., filler. The poorest grade of 
 tobacco leaf, used as a cigar filler. 
 
 fils, 2., thill; shaft of a carriage. 
 
 fiskepolo, m., fish-pole. 
 
 fitta, v., to fit. Not used much. Da 
 fittat{¢ gott, it did not fit well. 
 
 fleks, m., flax. 
 
 flévor, m., flavor. 
 
 florip, f., flooring. 
 
 flenl, m., n., flannel. 
 
 fleur, flour, m., flour. 
 
 Have heard it 
 
 4 Also accented on the third syllable. 
 
548 
 
 foldindyr, f., folding door. 
 
 foldinbedd, m., folding bed. 
 
 forda, v., to afford, be financially able to. 
 Used with kunna, as the English word 
 is with can, as eg kantfe forda da. 
 
 fOrk, m., fork, table-fork. In the sense 
 of pitch-fork the word is also Nor- 
 wegian. 
 
 forka, v., to fork. Forka ni ti, fork Cit) 
 down to. 
 
 forsa, v., to force, compel. 
 
 fraim, frém, m., frame (of a building). 
 
 frémhus, frémus, ”., frame house. 
 
 frét, m., freight. Senda me frét, send by 
 freight. 
 
 frét, m., freight train. 
 
 fréttrén, frétrén, w., freight train. 
 
 frisar, m., freezer, ice-cream freezer. 
 
 front, m., front of a house. Pog front’n, 
 on the front. 
 
 fronta, v., tofront. Frgnta po, to front on, 
 face. 
 
 frost, m., frost, frost damage to crops. 
 A semantic loan. Among some dialect 
 speakers (other than those from Sogn), 
 one may hear it pronounced frdst. 
 
 frostin, f., frosting Con cake). 
 
 fila, v., to fool Cone); be joking. 
 
 filin, f., joking, banter. 
 
 fyrti, m., forty, i.e. a forty acre piece 
 of land. 
 
 feektri, fektri, ., factory. 
 
 faen, m., fan. 
 
 feena, v., to fan. 
 
 feenemylda, f., faning mill. 
 
 fer, m., fair, exposition. 
 
 feSon, m., fashion. 
 
 foss, m., fuss, much ado; disturbance. 
 
 fossa, v., to make a fuss, make a great 
 ado (about anything). 
 
 for, n., m., fur. The r is usually pro- 
 nounced as the English r in this word. 
 
 galon, m., gallon. 
 
 galop, z., gallop. 
 
 galoppa, v., to gallop. 
 
 gatrd’n, m., garden. 
 
 AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 gem, m., game. 
 
 gembla, gemla, v., gamble. 
 
 gemblar, gemlar, m., gambler. 
 
 gemblin, f., gambling. 
 
 gen, m., gain. 
 
 géna, v., to gain. 
 
 géters, gétors, m., gaiter. 
 
 gidzp, interj., giddap. 
 
 gitta long, v., to get along. 
 
 gitta op, v., to get up (something), start. 
 
 gir, m., gear. Vara i gir, be in gear. 
 
 girin, f., gearing. 
 
 ginom, gijom, m., gingham. 
 
 glovs, m., coll. gloves. Rarely used. 
 One says hanske. 
 
 glu, m., glue. 
 
 glua, v., to glue. 
 
 gluin, f., gluing. 
 
 gofor, gofart, m., gopher. 
 
 gomm, f., gum. 
 
 grend stend or grend stend, m., grand 
 stand. 
 
 gréda, v., to grade (used of grading 
 tobacco leaves). 
 
 gréps, n., coll., grapes. 
 
 grévi, m., gravy. 
 
 gtia, v.,toagree. See egria. 
 
 grimont, m., agreement. 
 
 gtipp, m., Cla) grippe. 
 
 gro’soris, pl., groceries. 
 
 BTIS) 04.5) 2., Tease: 
 
 grisa, v., to grease. 
 
 grubba, v., to grub. 
 
 grad3zué’Jon, m., graduation. 
 
 gradzué’ta, v., to graduate. 
 
 gremor, m., grammar. 
 
 gron, grén, m., grain. 
 
 gronri, grénri, ”., granary. 
 
 guds, pl., goods. Not much used. 
 
 guvonyr, m., governor. 
 
 ges, m., gas. 
 
 gzsbill, m., gas bill. 
 
 gesolin, m., gasoline. 
 
 halbu§ol, ., half-bushel. 
 
 har, adj., hard, severe, in the expression 
 har pau, severe with. 
 
LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 hardpain, m., hard pine. 
 
 hardverstor, ”., hardware store. 
 
 harvist, m., harvest. 
 
 harvistar, m., harvester. 
 
 haska, v., to husk. 
 
 haskin, f., husking. 
 
 hélodar, m., hay loader. 
 
 hend ‘I, m., handle. 
 
 hendla, v., to handle. 
 
 het{ot, het\¢et, m., hatchet. 
 
 hikril, m., hickory. 
 
 hikrilngt, f., hickory nut. 
 
 hill, m., hill. Only used of the small 
 “hill’’ of earth that is hoed up around 
 a plant, or, especially, of such a hill 
 in which a plant is to be set. 
 
 hilla, v., to hill. 
 
 hillar, m., hilling machine. 
 
 hillin, f., hilling. 
 
 hit§a, v., hitch. 
 
 hit\instrep, m., hitching strap. 
 
 hitfinpgst, m., hitching post. 
 
 hoa, v., to hoe. 
 
 hogar, m., hoeing machine, team hoer. 
 
 hobb, m., hub. 
 
 hoirek, m., hay-rack. 
 
 hol, m., hallway, hall (building). 
 
 holtor, m., halter. 
 
 hombggg, m., n., humbug. 
 
 homstedd land, z., homestead land. 
 
 honta, v., to hunt. 
 
 hontar, m., hunter. 
 
 hontin, f., hunting. 
 
 hyppa, f., whip. 
 
 hosspaur, m., horse-power. 
 
 hiskipin, f., housekeeping. 
 
 hyppoltri, ”., whiffle-tree. 
 
 hem, m., ham. 
 
 hemok, m., hammock. 
 
 hendbeg, m., hand bag. 
 
 hendkars, hendkars, m., hand-car. 
 
 he, m., hash. 
 
 horri, m., hurry. 
 
 horria, v., to hurry. 
 
 horta, v., to hurt. 
 
 Impruva, v., to improve. 
 
 549 
 
 impruvmont, m., improvement. 
 
 indzaina, injaina, f., engine. 
 
 indzinyr, injinyr, m., engineer. 
 
 inlista, v., to enlist. 
 
 insista pao, v., to insist on. 
 
 insglta, v., to insult. Bli insolta, take 
 offense. ; 
 
 infura, v., to insure. 
 
 in§urin, f., insurance. 
 
 intorvju, m., interview. 
 
 invaita, v., to invite. 
 
 isbaks,® m., ice-box. 
 
 isi, adj., easy. 
 
 ivon, adj., even. 
 
 ivnat, m., evener. 
 
 Jabb, m., job. 
 
 failper.. jails 
 
 jarrd, m., yard. 
 
 jarrd, ~., yard GQneasurement). 
 
 jarrdstikka, f., yard-stick. 
 
 jekkot, m., jacket. 
 
 jelli, ., jelly. 
 
 jessOr, adv., yes sir. 
 
 jigg, m., jig 
 
 jigga, v., to jig. 
 
 jist, m., yeast. 
 
 jukor, m., euchre. 
 
 juri, m., jury. 
 
 jurimann, m., juryman. 
 
 Kadfisk, m., cod-fish. 
 
 kaled3, m., college. 
 
 kalko, m., calico. 
 
 ka’medéta, v., to accommodate. 
 
 ka’medétin, adj., accommodating. 
 
 kamen, kamon, adj., common, ordinary. 
 
 karmel, -ol, ., caramel. 
 
 karpet, karpot, m., carpet. 
 
 kars, m., Car. 
 
 kat’n, katt’n, m., cotton. 
 
 katta, v., to cut. Only used in regard to 
 the cutting of crops, as corn, tobacco, 
 etc: 
 
 kattar, m., cutter, cutting-knife, e.g., 
 for cutting tobacco plants. 
 5 The i is a half-diphthong, hence ‘isbaks (Norw. 
 
 #s + Eng. ‘box’). 
 
 Also jess6ri. 
 
“Diy 
 
 kattar, m., cutter (the vehicle). 
 
 katvGrm, katw6rm, m., cut-worm. 
 
 kaunt, m., account. Sometimes ekaunt. 
 
 kauntar, m., counter (desk). 
 
 kaunti, m., county. 
 
 kauntiklérk, m., county clerk. 
 
 kauketSar, m., cow catcher (of railway 
 engine). 
 
 kaut§, m., couch. 
 
 kék, m., cake. 
 
 kemp, kémp, m., camp. Usually kamp. 
 
 kempa, (kempa), v., to camp. 
 
 kempin, f., camping. 
 
 kempstul, (ka@mpstul), m., camp-stool. 
 
 kempinautfit, m., camping outfit. 
 
 kendi, m., candy. 
 
 kenvessa, kzenvessa, v., to Cafivass. 
 
 ket\a.. mento Catch: 
 
 ketSar, m., catcher. 
 
 kinlin, f., m., kinling. 
 
 kipa hus, v., to keep house. 
 
 kjiira, v., to cure (used of tobacco). 
 
 klaun, m., clown. 
 
 klaset, klasot, m., closet. 
 
 klém, m., claim. 
 
 kléna, klina, v., to clean. Used in the 
 ordinary sense, and also in reference to 
 a plow ‘‘cleaning.’’ Han kline gott, 
 “it cleans well’’; the soil turns over 
 nicely from the plow leaving the plow- 
 Slatemecioatl sa 
 
 kléma, v., to claim. 
 
 klir, adj., clear, usually only in the sense 
 Of: Cleat aor cept: 
 
 klira, v., to clear; meet an obligation; 
 make a (certain) profit. 
 
 klir prafit, m., clear profit. 
 
 klok, m., cloak. 
 
 klos, adj., stingy, ‘‘close.”’ 
 
 klosa, v., to close. Klosa op, close up. 
 
 klérk, m., clerk. 
 
 klérka, v., to clerk. 
 
 klévis, m., clevis. 
 
 kod’n, z., corn. 
 
 kod’n plantar, m., corn planter. 
 
 kodrill, m., quadrille. 
 
 AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 koffs, m., cuff. 
 
 kokos, m., caucus. 
 
 koksa, v., to coax. 
 
 kola Of, v., to call off the figures in a 
 dance. 
 
 kgla pao, v., to call on, visit. 
 
 kolekta, v., to collect. 
 
 kglek{on, m., collection. 
 
 koltor, m., coulter. 
 
 koltovéta, v., to cultivate (as the rows 
 of a tobacco or corn-field). 
 
 kgltovétar, koltivét, m., cultivator. 
 
 kglvort, m., culvert. 
 
 komit’ti, m., committee. Ordinarily the 
 Norwegian word komite’ is used. 
 
 komma ut, v., come out, fare,do. Komma 
 ut bihaind, come out behind. 
 
 komplament, m., compliment. 
 
 kondoktar, m., conductor. 
 
 kongress, m., congress. 
 
 kongressmann, m., congress man. 
 
 konsert, konsort, kons6rt, m., concert. 
 
 kgnsom{on, #., consumption. 
 
 kgntri, ”., country Gin contradistinction 
 to city). Ure i kgntrie, out in the 
 country. 
 
 konvenSon, kunvenSoan, 7., convention. 
 
 kopla, v., to couple, join together, as 
 parts of an implement. 
 
 k6rd, m., cord (of wood). 
 
 kordin, 2., accordeon. 
 
 kOrdvé, -vi, m., cord-wood. 
 
 k6rna, 2., corner. 
 
 kOrnis, m., cornice. 
 
 kornstart§, m., corn starch. 
 
 korset, ”., corset. 
 
 kGsa, v., to cause. Chiefly only in the 
 expression, kgsa trabb'l, to cause trouble. 
 
 kgstord, m., custard. 
 
 kgstardpai,® m., custard pie. 
 
 kot, ., coat. 
 
 kotip, f., coating (as of paint). 
 
 kovor, kovo6r, u., cover. 
 
 kovra, v., to cover. 
 
 § The ai of —pai is a long diphthong. 
 
LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 kovrin, f., covering. Mostly said of the 
 covering on the tobacco beds. 
 
 krapp, m., crop. 
 
 kraud, m., crowd. 
 
 krauda, v., to crowd. 
 
 kraudin, f., crowding. 
 
 krekka, kraekka, v., to crack. 
 
 kridd’l, m., cradle, hand-cradle for cut- 
 ting grain. The implement has long 
 since gone out of use. 
 
 kriddla, v., to cradle, use the hand-cradle. 
 
 krikk, m., creek. 
 
 krimeri, #., creamery. 
 
 krobar, m., crow-bar. 
 
 krakors, m., cracker. 
 
 krosin, f., m., crossing. 
 
 krossrod, m., cross-road. 
 
 kukombor, kjukgmbor, m., cucumber. 
 
 kumponi, kump6ni, 2., company. 
 Mainly in the expression kipa kumponi 
 me. 
 
 kelkoléta, v., to calculate. Also pro- 
 nounced kekgléta. 
 
 kvilt, m., quilt. 
 
 kvilta, v., to quilt. 
 
 kee§, m., cash. 
 
 kzeSa, v., to cash. 
 
 kz§ kaunt, m., cash account. 
 
 k6r’nts,’ p/., currents. 
 
 korv, m., curve. 
 
 Laibreri, m., library. 
 
 laik, m., lake. In proper names, how- 
 ever, the form /ek is used, as Lék 
 Kaskglay, or Lek Kaskgland, Lake Kosh- 
 konong. 
 
 laim, m., lime. 
 
 laisn, m., license. 
 
 laitninrad, m., lightning rod. 
 
 lakket, m., locket. 
 
 lakris, m., licorice. 
 
 larm, m., alarm. 
 
 larma, v., to be noisy. 
 
 latt, m., lath. 
 
 laua, v., to allow, as on an article given 
 in exchange for a new. 
 
 7 Two syllables, but hardly korants. 
 
 55% 
 
 lauons, m., allowance. 
 
 launs, Claunt§), m., lounge. 
 
 lédi, f., lady, fine lady. 
 
 lédilaik, adj., ladylike. 
 
 ledpensl, m., lead pencil. 
 
 lek§on, m., election. 
 
 lek{onira, v., to electioneer. 
 
 lektSor, m., n., lecture. 
 
 lekta, v., to elect. 
 
 lemmen, lemmon, m., lemon. 
 
 lemmenéd, lemmonéd, m., lemonade. 
 
 lés, n., (.), lace. 
 
 lésa, v., to lace. 
 
 ligislatur, m., legislature. 
 
 likker, m., liquor. 
 
 livri, m., livery. 
 
 livribarn, m., livery-barn. 
 
 livrihest, m., livery horse. 
 
 léda, v., to load. 
 
 lof, 2., loaf. 
 
 lofa, v., to load. 
 
 lofar, m., loafer. 
 
 logg, m., log. 
 
 loior, lgiart, m., lawyer. 
 
 lokost, m., locust. The wordwasalways 
 pronounced Jukkas by one from Hede- 
 marken. 
 
 loké{on, m., location. 
 
 loké’ta, v., to locate. 
 
 lokomo’tiv, 2., locomotive. 
 
 lon, f., m., lawn. 
 
 I6ndri, #., laundry; washing Cif to be 
 sent to, or has come from the laundry). 
 
 lonmoar, m., lawn mower. 
 
 Ignt§, #., lunch. 
 
 lont§, m., launch. 
 
 losut, m., lawsuit. 
 
 lumbor, #., lumber. 
 
 lumborjard, m., lumberyard. 
 
 Mabb, m., mob. 
 
 maind, m., mind. Used about only in 
 the expression méka op maind'n sin. 
 
 malaria, m., malaria. 
 
 malasses, -os, m., molasses. 
 
 mapp, #., mop. 
 
 maskera’do, m., maskerade. 
 
 maunta ti, v., amount to. 
 
Dyes 
 
 mék, m., make. Dialect speakers from 
 Eastern Norway would say mak (not 
 those from Telemarken and Numedal). 
 
 méka, v., to make. Rare. Chiefly in 
 mtka paiy, make money. 
 
 mél, m., mail. 
 
 méla, v., to mail. 
 
 mélbaks, m., mail-box. 
 
 mélmann, m., mail man. 
 
 mendment, mendmont, m., amendment. 
 
 mép’l, m., maple. 
 
 midlip, f., midlings. 
 
 miksa, v., to mix. 
 
 min, adj., mean, disagreeable. 
 
 millet, m., millet. 
 
 minnis, m., minnow. The plural was 
 pronounced minnies in the local speech 
 also. 
 
 miskit, m., mosquito. Miskit was also 
 the regular local pronunciation. 
 
 miskitbar, ”., mosquito bar. 
 
 misté’k, m., mistake. 
 
 misték’on, mi’staken, adj., mistaken. 
 
 mjul, m., mule. 
 
 moa, v., to mow. 
 
 moar, m., mower. 
 
 mofflor, m., muffler. 
 
 moldin, f., molding. 
 
 mogniordor, m., money order. 
 
 monkirins, #., monkey wrench. Among 
 the younger more often monkirintf. 
 
 morgid3, morgitS, m., mortgage. 
 
 morgid3a, morgit{a, v., to mortgage. 
 
 mortor, m., mortar. 
 
 mgstord, m., mustard. 
 
 mofon, m., motion. 
 
 motorbaut, m., motor boat. 
 
 mott’n, m., mutton. 
 
 mzfa, v., to court, to ‘“‘mash’’ (vul- 
 garism). 
 
 map, m., map. 
 
 Nakka au, v., to knock off, deduct. 
 
 namené’fon, m., nomination. 
 
 na’menéta, v., to nominate. 
 
 natmeg, natmig, m., nutmeg. 
 
 nekjog, nekjok, »., neck-yoke. 
 
 nektai, m., necktie. 
 
 AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 nigga, v., to nig (cheat in cards). 
 
 nikkel, m., nickel (the material). 
 
 nikkel, m., nickel (the coin). Usually 
 fem sent, however. 
 
 nit, adj., neat. 
 
 nossOr, adv., no sir! Also nossort. 
 
 not, f., note, bank-note. 
 
 no kaunt, adj., of no account. 
 
 notofaia, v., to notify. 
 
 notis, m., notice. 
 
 notisa, v., to notice. 
 
 nykgmmar, m., newcomer. 
 
 nors, f., nurse. The 6 is short. 
 
 Ofis, m., office. 
 
 Oistors, m., Oister. 
 
 ordor, ord6r, m., order. 
 
 ordra, ordra, v., to order. 
 
 orkestra, m., orchestra. 
 
 otmél, otmil, m., 2., oatmeal. 
 
 Qgvon, Qv6n, ov’n, m., oven. 
 
 ovargl, f., m., overall. 
 
 Pai, m., pie. The aé is not pronounced 
 like the usual Norwegian ai, but with 
 a long a followed by a short #, as in 
 the name Mai (the month) in the Sogn 
 and Telemarken dialects. Hence, 
 about as the English word ‘‘pie,’’ 
 but with a slightly longer a. 
 
 paik, m., pike. 
 
 pail, m., pail. Among the people from 
 Telemarken it is pronounced pes, and 
 among those from Numedal also in 
 the main; but pronounced pel by one 
 man from Hedemarken. 
 
 paila, v., to pile. 
 
 painri, ”., pinery. 
 
 paint, m., pint. 
 
 paioné’r, -ni’r, m., pioneer. 
 
 paioné’ra, -ni’ra, v., to pioneer. 
 
 pai plent, pie-plant. Used in the com- 
 pounds pieplantpai and paiplantsas. 
 
 paiplét, m., pie plate. 
 
 paket, m., pocket. Not used of the 
 pocket of a garment (for which lomma, 
 lomme, would be used), but of the 
 pocket in a machine, as the oil-pocket. 
 
 paler, palor, m., 2., parlor. 
 
 See haunt. 
 
LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 pappkodn, n., pop-corn. 
 
 park, m., park. 
 
 parti, #., party. 
 
 partnar, m., partner. 
 
 partnarskap, n., partnership. 
 
 paster, pastor, ”., pasture. 
 
 pastra, »., to pasture. 
 
 pedla, »., to peddle. 
 
 pedlar, m., peddler. 
 
 pedlin, f., pedling. 
 
 pekk, m., peck (measurement). 
 
 pekka, »., to pack. 
 
 penholdar, penoldar, m., pen-holder. 
 
 penn, m., pen, cattle-yard. 
 
 penni, m., penny. 
 
 pensl, pensal, m., pencil. 
 
 piggadn, pigadn, the usual call to the 
 pigs at feeding time. 
 
 piano, piana, f., m., piano. 
 
 pikka op, v., to pick up. 
 
 pikka, pau, v., to pick on, pester. 
 
 piknik, m., picnic. 
 
 pills, m., pill. 
 
 potikkelo, adj., particular. 
 
 potifon, m., petition. 
 
 pikril, m., pickerel. 
 
 pikstol, m., pistol. 
 
 pinn, m., pin. 
 
 pinku§on, m., pin cushion. 
 
 pir, m., pier. 
 
 pist’n, m., piston. 
 
 pist’nrad, m., piston rod. 
 
 pitmen, m., pitman (of a mower). 
 
 pitS, m., peach. 
 
 pit\a, #., to pitch. 
 
 pit§ar, m., pitcher (one who pitches). 
 
 pitfor, #., picture. 
 
 pit§or, #., m., pitcher (the utensil). 
 
 pitSfork, m., pitch-fork. 
 
 pjur, adj., pure. Not much used. 
 
 plattform, f., platform. 
 
 ple, m., play. 
 
 pléa, #., to play. 
 
 plén, a4j., plain. 
 
 plenta, f., plant. Very rare. 
 
 plenti, adj., plenty. 
 
 553 
 
 pless’nt, adj., pleasant. 
 
 plét, m., plate. 
 
 pléta, adj., plated. 
 
 pli, m., plea. 
 
 plida, v., to plead. 
 
 plisa, v., to please. 
 
 plommar, m., plumber. 
 
 plugtobbak, m., plug tobacco. 
 
 plen, m., plan. 
 
 plo§§, m., 2., plush. 
 
 pgint, m., point. 
 
 pginta, v., to point. 
 
 pQinta, v., to appoint. 
 
 pQintar, m., pointer. 
 
 pgisn, m., poison. 
 
 pgisna, v., to poison. 
 
 polait’, adj., polite. 
 
 polo, m., pole. 
 
 poltaks, -teks, m., pole-tax. 
 
 pokor, m., poker. 
 
 pokor, m., poker (the utensil). Now and 
 then pronounced pokar. 
 
 poni, m., pony. 
 
 ponki, panki, m., pumpkin. 
 
 portS, m., porch. 
 
 postofis, m., post-office. 
 
 potret, ”., portrait, photograph. 
 
 prafit, m., profit. 
 
 praia, op, v., to pry up. 
 
 press’nt, m., present. 
 
 pressa, v., to press. 
 
 printa, v., to print. 
 
 probi’§on, prosbi’Son, m., prohibition. 
 
 protek{on, m., protection. 
 
 prif, 2., Gm.), proof. 
 
 pruva, v., to prove. 
 
 predi, preri, m., prairie. 
 
 predihGna, preri-, f., prairie hen. 
 
 pudi, adv., quite, rather. 
 
 puddin, m., pudding. 
 
 pulis’, m., police. 
 
 pulis’mann, m., policeman. 
 
 pull, m., pull. 
 
 pulli, m., pulley. 
 
 pirhus, purus, ~., poor-house. 
 
 putta, v., to put. 
 
554 
 
 putta op me, v., to put up with. 
 
 porfjim, m., perfume. 
 
 port§, m., perch. 
 
 rabba, v., to rob. 
 
 ra’beri, raberi’ ”., robbery. 
 
 rad, m., tod. 
 
 raid, m., ride. Rare. 
 
 raitindesk, m., writing-desk. 
 
 reddi§, m., radish. Also pronounced 
 radis. 
 
 regnkot, m., raincoat. 
 
 rekord, m., record. 
 
 rekomenda, v., to recommend. 
 
 rekogmendéSan, m., recommendation. 
 
 rélin, f., railing. 
 
 rélrod, rillrod, m., railroad. 
 
 rels, #., tail: 
 
 relsefens, n., rail fence. 
 
 ICS, (i., face: 
 
 résa, v., to raise. 
 résa fedd'n imoro. 
 
 reska, v., to risk. 
 
 resta, v., to arrest. 
 
 res’torant, restrant, m., restaurant. 
 
 réstrekk, m., race-track. 
 
 ribbon, m., ribbon. 
 
 ridar, m., reader (the book). 
 
 ridzek’ta, v., to reject. 
 
 rifju’sa, v., to refuse. 
 
 ridgistréra, -ira, v., to register. 
 
 ril, m., reel. 
 
 rilestét, m., real estate. 
 
 rins, rint§, m., wrench. 
 
 ripa, v., to reap. 
 
 riper, riper, rypor, ryport, m., reaper. 
 May also be heard in the form rjpar. 
 
 ripi’ta, v., to repeat. 
 
 ripoblikanar, m., republican. 
 
 Ripgblikon Parti, Republican Party. 
 
 riportar, m., reporter. 
 
 riplaia, v., toreply. Rare. 
 
 risevgir, m., reservoir. 
 
 risk, resk, m., risk. 
 
 risit, m., receipt. 
 
 risiva, v., to receive. Rare. 
 
 ris'’nebl, adj., reasonable. 
 
 Résa litt paig, Mi ska 
 
 AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 risgl’ta, v., to result. Rare. 
 
 rit{on, m., def., reach. 
 
 ritmetik, m., arithmetic. 
 
 rivolvar, m., revolver. 
 
 rob, m., robe. 
 
 robba, v., to rub. 
 
 robber, m., rubber (the material). 
 
 robbors, m., rubber. 
 
 rod, m., road. 
 
 rOdkart, m., road-cart. 
 
 roff, adj., rough. 
 
 roffal, roff’l, m., ruffle (on garment). 
 
 rofin, m., roughian. 
 
 ronna, v., to run. Used of a candidate 
 running for office. 
 
 ronna né (ni), v., to run down, defame. 
 
 ryvor, ryvor, m., river. 
 
 ruffbor, n., roof-board. 
 
 rular, m., ruler, measuring stick. 
 
 rek, m., rack (tobacco-rack, hay-rack). 
 
 repper, m., wrapper (the best grade of 
 tobacco leaf. 
 
 ret’Isnék, m., rattlesnake. 
 
 retla, v., to rattle, bring out of com- 
 posure. 
 
 Sabaté’r, sabati’r, m., Sabbaterian. 
 
 sad, m., sod. 
 
 saida, v., to side, put siding on a house. 
 
 saida me, v., to side with, take someone's 
 part. 
 
 saidin, f., siding. 
 
 said{6, m., side show. 
 
 saidvok, m., side walk. 
 
 saiklon, m., cyclone. 
 
 sain, ., sign. 
 
 Saina, v., to sign. 
 
 Sainar, m., signer. 
 
 sakket, m., socket. 
 
 salari’des, m., saleratus. 
 
 salon’, m., saloon. 
 
 saisa, v., to size. Used of the sizing of 
 the tobacco leaves during assorting. 
 
 Sas, m., sauce. 
 
 sasdif§, m., sauce-dish. 
 
 sek{on, m., section (of land). 
 
 selebréSon, m., celebration. 
 
LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 senda au, #., to send off. 
 
 selebréta, v., to celebrate. 
 
 sent, m., cent. 
 
 sentortébl, m., center table. 
 
 sement, siment, m., cement. 
 
 seporétar, m., sOporaitar, sOpraitar, m., 
 separator. 
 
 sessment, sessment, m., assessment. 
 
 sessa, v., to assess. 
 
 sessar, m., assessor. 
 
 set§’l, m., satchel. 
 
 settla, v., to settle (as an account). 
 
 settla, v., to settle, locate. 
 
 settlar, m., settler. 
 
 settlame’nt, setlame’nt, ”., settlement. 
 
 settl’ment, 2., settlement, adjustment. 
 
 sove’ar, m., surveyor. 
 
 s€va, v., to save. 
 
 sid, ., seed. 
 
 sida, v., to seed. 
 
 sidar, m., seeder. 
 
 sigga, sikka, v., to sick. 
 
 sikjuroti, m., security. 
 
 sikk’1, sirkel, m., sickel. 
 
 sikreti’r, m., secretary. 
 
 siga’r, sig’gar, m., Cigar. 
 
 sigga’rholdor, m., cigar holder. 
 
 silin, f., ceiling. 
 
 simbli, m., assembly. 
 
 simblimann, m., assemblyman. 
 
 sink, m., sink. 
 
 sirop, m., sirup, table sirup. 
 
 sistern, m., cistern. 
 
 sit, m., seat. 
 
 sittinrum, #., sitting room. 
 
 skentlin, m., scantling. 
 
 skéta, v., to skate. 
 
 skéts, m., pl., skates. 
 
 skim, m., scheme. 
 
 skima, »., to scheme. 
 
 skimar, m., schemer. 
 
 skimma, v., to skim (milk). 
 
 skippa, v., to skip, escape, abscond. 
 
 skonk, m., skunk. 
 
 skonka, v., to ‘‘skunk’’ (one), shut one 
 out in a game. 
 
 555 
 
 skonkahgl, n., skunk-hole. 
 
 skrép, m., scrape, fix, predicament. 
 
 skrépa, v., to scrape. 
 
 skrépor, m., scraper (the implement). 
 
 skrin, skrins, ”., screen. In skrins the 
 is only half long. 
 
 skridraivar, m., screw-driver. 
 
 skilomamma, f., schoolma’m. 
 
 skvzr, m., square (the tool). 
 
 skvzr, adj., square, fair. 
 
 skerdans, m., square dance. 
 
 skvera seg, v., to have the marriage 
 ceremony performed by the justice. 
 
 slaida, v., to slide. 
 
 slippa, v., to slip. 
 
 slippers, m., slipper. 
 
 slua, f., slough, marsh. 
 
 smarrt, adj., smart, clever. 
 
 smaugron, #., smallgrain. 
 
 snap, m., snap, an easy thing. 
 
 soda, m., soda. 
 
 sodavatt’n, 2., soda water. 
 
 sofa, m., sofa. 
 
 sQpper, m., supper. 
 
 sorgum, m., sorghum. 
 
 sorta, v., to assort (tobacco). 
 
 sosai¢ti, m., society, club. 
 
 so§ob’l, adj., sociable, pleasant. 
 
 spaik, m., spike. 
 
 Spatt, m., spot. 
 
 spatta, v., to spot. 
 
 spatt¢to, adj., spotted. 
 
 spika, v., to ‘‘speak,’’ deliver a declama- 
 tion. 
 
 spikar, m., speaker. 
 
 spir, ., speer (fishing speer, tobacco 
 speer). 
 
 spira, v., to speer, string tobacco plants 
 on the lath. 
 
 spit§, m., speech. 
 
 spirekrakk, m., spearing-horse, in which 
 the lath is held as the plants are being 
 strung on. 
 
 splaisa, v., to splice. 
 
 splitta, v., to split. 
 
 spgila, v., to spoil. 
 
556 AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 spopk, m., n., spunk. stzb’l, m., stable. 
 sponki, adj., spunky. stxbla, v., to stable. 
 Sptaisa, see sorpraisa. steljen, m., stallion. 
 sporta, v., support. stzend, (stend), m., stand. 
 spri, #., spree. sit, m., suit (of clothes); (suit at law). 
 sprip, m., spring. siita, v., to suit. 
 sprij, m., spring (well). svindla, v., to swindle. 
 spripsit, m., spring-seat. solki, m., sulky. 
 sprinkla, v., to sprinkle. sOkra, v., to break the suckers off the 
 sprinklar, m., sprinkler. tobacco plant. 
 stail, m., style. sylindor, m., cylinder. 
 staili§, adj., stylish. sOpraitar. See seporétar. 
 start, m., start. ; sOrkolér, m., circular. 
 starta, v., to start. sOrkis, m., circus. 
 stoddin, f., m., studding. sOrkitkort, ., circuit court. 
 stemp, stemp, m., stamp. sOrprai’s, m., surprise. 
 stiffenin, f., stiffening. sOrprai’sa, sptaisa, v., to surprise. 
 stim, m., steam. sOrprais’parti, spraisparti, m., surprise 
 stifikét, m., certificate. party. 
 stima, v., to steam. §akk, m., shock (of grain). 
 stikkendi, m., stick candy. Also stikk Santi, n, shanty. 
 kendi. §app, 2., shop. 
 stimar, m., steamer. fed, m., shed. 
 stimbaut, m., steam-boat. §ém, interg., shame! 
 stodd, m., stud, studhorse. Sereff, #., sheriff. 
 stir, stér, m., steer. {éva, v., to shave. Rare. 
 stoppa jau, v., stop at the house of. fing’l, m., shingle. 
 stor, m., store. §ivoria, »., to charivari (locally pro- 
 storkipar, m., store keeper. nounced fiveri. 
 StQV, m., stove. §oa of, v., to show off. 
 stQvi, stoVv vi, m., stove wood. Suggorkén, m., sugar cane. 
 stovpipa, f., stove pipe. Sar, adv., surely. 
 straik, m., strike. §ippa, v., to ship. 
 straika, v., to strike. far, m., share. 
 
 strét, adj., straight, but mostly only in 6tta, v., to shut. 
 the transferred sense of honest, proper Taipraitar, m., typewriter. 
 
 in conduct. tait, m., tire. 
 
 strijya, v., to string (tobacco). tait, adj., tight. 
 
 strippa, v., to strip (tobacco plants). tait’l, m., title. 
 
 strippohus, ., stripping house, for to- tappa, v., to top (tobacco plants). 
 bacco. taul, ”., towel. 
 
 strit, m., street. taun, #., town, township. 
 
 stritkars, m., street car. - taunfipp, 2., do. 
 
 stritkarkondgktar, m., street car conduc- tavan, m., tavern, inn. 
 tor. téb’l, m., table. The word is used only 
 
 stip, m., stoop, porch. of the tables on which the tobacco 
 
LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 
 
 leaves are being assorted. The man 
 from Hedemarken pronounced it tab’l. 
 
 teks, m., tack. 
 
 tém, #., team. 
 
 temporns, m., temperance. 
 
 tenda, v., to tend, attend to. 
 
 ten{on, m., attention. 
 
 ten§on, m., tension. 
 
 teref, tzref, m., tariff. 
 
 test, m., test. 
 
 testefaia, v., to testify. 
 
 testimoni, m., n., testimony. 
 
 tikkit, m., ticket. 
 
 tikka, v., to tick Cof the clock’s ticking, 
 not said otherwise). The Norwegian 
 word tikka is not used in this way. 
 
 timoti, m., timothy. 
 
 tippa, v., to tip. 
 
 tipsi, adj., tipsy, slightly intoxicated. 
 
 tilegram, m., telegram. 
 
 tilefon, m., telephone. 
 
 tilegrafpolo, m., telegraph pole. 
 
 tilefona, v., to telephone. 
 
 tisa, v., to tease. 
 
 tit\a, v., to teach. 
 
 tit\ar, m., teacher. 
 
 tobb, m., tub. 
 
 tobbakbaks, m., tobacco box. Only used 
 of the large cases, holding 300 Ibs., in 
 which the tobacco is cased. 
 
 toff, adj., tough. 
 
 tong, f., tongue (of wagon). 
 
 togg, m., tug. 
 
 tométo, m., tomato. The plural is to- 
 metas, and this may also now and then 
 be heard as the singular form. 
 
 tost, m., toast, toasted bread. 
 
 tosta, v., to toast (bread). 
 
 traiel, m., trial (at court). 
 
 travla, v., to travel. 
 
 tréd, m., trade, business. 
 
 tréda, v., to trade. 
 
 tremp, (tremp), m., tramp. 
 
 trempa, v., to tramp. 
 
 trén n., train, railway train. 
 
 tréna, v., to train. 
 
 eg 
 
 trénin, f., training. 
 
 tre{fa, v., to thresh. 
 
 tre\foror, m., treasurer. 
 
 tre{fomafina, f., threshing machine. 
 
 trikk, n., m., trick. 
 
 trikki, adj., tricky. 
 
 trimma, v., to trim. 
 
 trimmip, f., trimming. 
 
 tripp, m., trip, journey. 
 
 trippa, v., to trip, stumble. 
 
 frity me tical: 
 
 trita;-¢.,/ to; treat, 
 
 tritin, f., treating. 
 
 troks, f., truck. 
 
 trola, v., to troll (at fishing). 
 
 tronk, m., trunk. 
 
 trubb/‘1, 2., m., trouble. 
 
 trubbla, v., to trouble. 
 
 trubblasam, adj., troublesome. 
 
 trep, m., trap. 
 
 tu bed, adv., too bad. 
 
 tills, tuls, 7., tool. 
 
 tuna Op, v., to tune up. 
 
 tenk, m., tank. 
 
 tacks, m., tax. 
 
 torkis, m., turkey. 
 
 torm, m., term. 
 
 tornifs, m., turnip. 
 
 torna, v., to turn. 
 
 torna ut, v., to turn out. 
 
 totfa, tot{s, v., to touch. 
 
 t{audor, m., chowder, soup of fish and 
 vegetables. 
 
 t\ekk, m., check. 
 
 t{éndj, m., change (money). 
 
 t{ens, m., chance. 
 
 tfess, m., chess. 
 
 t{6rs, m., chores. 
 
 t{insbogg, m., chinchbug. 
 
 tfissl, m., chisel. 
 
 Utoau, prep., out of (a thing). 
 
 Vera uto au, be out of. 
 
 vair, m., wire. 
 
 vaitfisk, m., white-fish. 
 
 va’Intir, m., volunteer. 
 
 valnti’ra, v., to volunteer. 
 
558 
 
 va’tnis, m., varnish. 
 
 va'rnissa, ¥., to varnish. 
 
 vasketobb, m., washtub. 
 
 vat\a, v., to watch. 
 
 vell au, adj., well off. 
 
 venteléta, v., to ventilate (as the tobacco 
 shed). 
 
 ventelétar, m., ventilator. 
 
 vest, ., vest. 
 
 véta pao, v., to wait on. 
 
 vil, m., veal. 
 
 vindmylda, f., wind-mill. 
 
 visit, m., visit. 
 
 vi/sita, v., to visit. 
 
 viski, m., whiskey. 
 
 vot, #., vote. 
 
 vota, v., to vote. 
 
 votin, f., voting. 
 
 velju, m., value. Not used much. 
 
 valv. m., valve. 
 
 verhus, verus, 2., warehouse. 
 
 vorri, wOrri, m., worty. 
 
 vorria, wOftia, v., worry. 
 
 Ebstrekt, m., abstract of title. 
 
 ada, v., to add. 
 
 zedi§’on, m., addition. 
 
 sedvortai’sa, v., to advertise. 
 
 zenti, f., aunt. 
 
 Ordja, y., to urge. Not much used. 
 
 I shall add a few words about the pro- 
 nunciation of proper names. The name 
 “Utica’’ is always pronounced with the 
 initial « as in English, hence Jutika. 
 “Stoughton’’ is pronounced Svdt’n by 
 people from Sogn, and usually also by 
 settlers from other parts, except those 
 from Telemarken who say Szgt’'n. “‘Cam- 
 bridge’’ is pronounced Kemris, ““Edger- 
 
 AMERICAN SPEECH 
 
 ton’’ Edzert’n, but among old people 
 from Sogn sometimes Aidgert’n. “‘Janes- 
 ville’’ becomes Jensvil,§ ‘‘Beloit,’’ Blgit, 
 ot Bilgit, “‘Whitewater,’’ Vaitvgter, ‘‘Mil- 
 waukee,’’ Milvgki, and ‘‘Chicago,’’ Sékago. 
 “Door Creek’’ is often pronounced Dorr 
 Krikk, sometimes Dor Krikk, ‘‘Sun Prairie’ 
 becomes San Pradi, and the region itself 
 came to be called, not ‘‘Kaskenan,’’ as 
 one might have expected, but Kaskeland, 
 in which an unfamiliar ending is given 
 an ending that is very common in Nor- 
 wegian names of places and regions. Of 
 other village and city names I shalladd 
 that ‘“‘Madison’’ is pronounced Madisn, 
 ‘‘Manitowoc’’ either Mantovek or Maun- 
 tovok, “Saint Louis’’ is Sante Luis,® as 
 “Saint Paul’ is Sante Pol (usually now 
 Sent Pol), ‘‘Minneapolis’’ = Minniaplis, 
 “Buffalo’’ = Buffalo (with three sylla- 
 bles), Rochester = Rat/fistar, Philadelphia = 
 Filadelfia, and ‘‘New York’’ always Nyork. 
 As in Madisn 4 became a, so in the names 
 of the states: Miffigan, Indiana, Kansas, 
 Nibraska, but among people from Nu- 
 medal and Telemarken the vowel was 
 just as often 2 (or ¢). The following 
 names of states may be noted: Vis- 
 kons'n, Aiovai, Sj Dakota, Kullarado, Mon- 
 tana, Kalleforni, Vassiyt'n and Qrrgan. 
 The city of “‘Seattle’’ was called Sett’] 
 by some of the older people from Sogn, 
 but by the others the name is spoken 
 about as in English. 
 
 GxrorGE T. Friom,! 
 University of Illinots. 
 
 8 J here=y of course. 
 9 Also Sant Luis. 
 
ia = 
 a. ie Br. S- 
 
 ig 
 on 
 
 Breas 
 he ee 
 rai, wave