] i. i. . 7 ey Pe al ¥ > ee oe , ‘ — » yi ‘ ‘ a: rOX y ee if roe Doe teers eae ete es sai rebalance eae ace aN Hn ety rit ome" Ls a RABIN TUT EN RR Ca [-=-2 ei ‘THE 2 Al CULTIVATOR: Ss ALMANAC|| : Re oa ae AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE, : FoR THE YEAR BY WM. BUCKMINSTER. ‘BOSTON ; “PUBLISHED BY H. B. WILLIAMS. THE CULTIVATOR’S ALMANAC. AND CA BEN Ed OF AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE, FO} R Se Bs Yor Avrke =e ee Pitas Te Sty << S&S) - 56}]Home, Comfort of, - 40 Broadcast Sowing, - 58 | Hogs, - - - 52 Building, - - - 61] Hoed Crops, - - 54 Barn, Cellars, - 62| Haying, - - 83-85 Barn and Outhouses, Loon. Harvest, Corn, . 101 tion of, - : - 64] Horse, the, - - 114 Butter Making, - 72,73| Horse Manure, - 117 Borer, - - 79,80| Ice for Summer, - - A7 Cellars for Winter, - 44 | Insects, - - 87 Chronological Cycle,’ - 7| Indian Corn, - - 103 Cold Weather, - - 41 | Illinois Prairies, - 105 Corn and Grain Securing, 46-99 | January, - - - 37 Carding Cattle, - 47 | January Weather, - o7 Corn Lands of Virginia, - 53|JuNE, - - - 7% Compost-Manure, - 68|Juty, - - - 83 Cornfields, - - 69] Leaves of Trees, - 75 Canker Worms, Remedies Low Lands,_~ - 90, MN, 122 for - - - 78, 106 | Low Lands, bringing into Caterpillars, - - 8i English, - 92 Clover, - - 85 | Lake “Erie, - - 107 Corn Stalks, - - 98) Milk for Market, - - 48 Corn Harvest, - - 101 | Marcu, 53 Corn Harvest in Vitginia and Manuring for English Grain, 57 South, - - - 102] Mechanics Labor, - - 65 Corn, Indian, - - 103] May, - - 67 Cutting Timber, - - 118|Manures, 67, 68, 108, 117, 124 Calves, Raising, - 120 | Milking, - - 71, 109 Clearing Low Lands, - 122|Meadow Grasses, 85, 94, 95 . Drill Husbandry, - 59 | Meadow, Paring and Burning, 93 Dairy, the, - - 71 |Mathematical Learning, - “118 DEcEMBER, - - 117 | Morning and Evening Star’ 9 Eclipses . = - 9/Navigable Waters of llinois, 106 Early Sowing, . - 57] NovemBer, - - 108 FEBRUARY, = - . 45 | Neat Stock, - - iil February Weather, - 45 | November Ploughing, - 113 Farm Building, - 61 | Oats, . 54, 87 Farm House, ‘Location of, 63 Occultations, - - 9 Fruit Trees for Shade, -. 76| Octozer, - - 101 Fruits in July, = 88 | Ox Teams, - -. 115 Fall Seeding, = 97 | Ploughing for Spring Grains, 58 Fencing, - 102, 119 Protection of Buildings, 64 bag O Nee 4 CONTENTS. Page. Page. Planting, - - - 67| Statistics of Manufactures 34 Potatoes, : - 70,100| Sheep, - : 110 Peach Trees, Worms in, 81| Subsoil Ploughing, - 112 Paring and Burning, - 3| Tending Cattle, - 46 Peaches and Grapes, - 99|The Vacuum of the Ancients, 51 Priaries in [llinois, - 105} Thick Sowing, - - 69 Ploughing in November, 113} Transplanting Trees, - 60 Right of the Strongest, - 41) Tilting among Corn, - 7 Randolph’s, John, Plantation, 53|'The Borer, - - 79,80 mye, * - - 55, 104} Tilling, - 82 Rocks, Digging’ of, - 103] TurningMeadow to English 94,95 Reading for: Parnes and Me- chanics, - - 118 Raising Calves, - - 120 Rates of Postage. - 36 Signs of the Zodiac ee School Teachers, - Securing Corn and pea Ne 46, +1 Sown Crops, Spring Grain, Ploughing For, 53 Sowing thick, - 60 Seeds, on Sowing, - 96 SEPTEMBER, . - 97 Seeding in the Fall, ULE f Seeding Grass on Green Sward, OF Shocking the Whole Com, Stone Walls, . 103 Turnips, - 100 Tobacco Raising, - - 102 Thanksgiving, - - 109 The Horse, - - 114-117 Timber Cutting, - - 118 Trees by the Wayside, 122 Useful Birds, - - 77 Variation of the Seasons, - 56 Winter Evenings, - 39 Winter Schooling, - 42 Winter Butter, - 49 Wheat, - . 55, 104 Worms in Peach Trees, 81 Worms in Gardens, - 87 Winter Wheat and Rye, 104 Winter Calves, - - 121 ALMANAC FOR THE YEAR Is4l. BEING THE LATTER PART OF THE SIXTY FIFTH AND THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTY SIXTH YEAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE U. STATES. Calculated for Boston, in lat. 42° 21’; New York, in lat. 40° 45’, and Washington, in lat. 380 53’, and consequently for the Northern half of the United States. = Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1840, By H. B. WILLIAMS, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. Prentiss & Jones, Printers, No. 2, Water Street, Boston EXPLANATION OF THE CHARACTERS AND ABBREVI- ATIONS USED IN THIS ALMANAC. © The Sun. & Mars. 2 Ceres. © The Earth. Et Vesta. \. Jupiter. ©DO CcThe Moon. 6 Juno. hh Saturn. % Mercury. 2 Pallas. Hi Herschel, or Uranus. @ Venus. G Conjunction, or having the same Longitude, or Right Ascension. (1D Quadrature, or differing 90° in @ § Opposition, « “180° in a a Wie Q The ascending, ?§ the descending node. N. North; 8. South; 9 degrees ; ‘ minutes; ‘“ seconds of arc. h. hours; m. minutes; s. seconds of time. M.,m. Morning; A, a afternoon. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 1. ep Aries. 7. & Libra. ene 2.3 Taurus. prea ay 8. I Scorpio. gn: 3. I] Gemini. ape. 9. f Sagittarius. Summer § 4: Cancer. Winter § 19: ve Capricornus. sini 5. Q Leo. 11. «=, Aquarius. OTST: 6. yy Virgo. aii 12. # Pisces. S BEGINNING OF THE SEASONS. lis Me. Se Winter begins 1840, Dec. 21st, 0 4 56 Spring “1841, March 20th, 1 19 50 M. Time Summer * June 20th, 22 25 41 at Autumn ¢ soy mepe. 22d, 12 25 53 | Washington. Winter “* ~ Dee? 2st; 5 47 50 Length of Winter Signs : : . 89 1 14 54 r Spring . : : ; ¥ 92 21 5 51 J Summer . s ’ 4 93 14 0 12 sf Autumn ‘ 89 17 21 57 Sun north of Equator (Spring and Summer) {e0*lLb G3 “ south ‘¢ (Winter and Autumn) 178 18 36 51 Length of the tropical year, commencing at the winter solstice 1840, and termi- 365 5 42 54 nating at the winter solstice 1841, Mean or average length of the tropical year 305 5 48 48 CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES. Dominical Letter . : : ie Solar Cycle. : 2 Epact . Roman Indiction 15 Lunar Cycle, : or Golden Number 18 Julian Period . ; 6554 MOVABLE FESTIVALS OF ' OF THE CHURCH, IN 1841. Septuagesima Sunday, Feb. 7th | Rogation Sunday, May 16th Quing. or Shrove do. ‘“ 2Ist | Ascen. DayorHoly Th. “ 20th Ash Wed. Lent begins, “ 24th | Whitsund. or Pentecost, “ 30th Mid Lent Sunday, Mar. 21st | Trinity Sunday, ‘June 6th Palm “ April 4th | Corpus Christi Day,2 = & 40th Easter “ * 1th | Féte Dieu, Low “ ‘© 18th | Advent Sunday Nov. 28th ECLIPSES IN 1841. In the year 1841, there will be six eclipses; viz. four of the Sun and two of the Moon; the latter will be visible in the United States, as follows, viz. I. Friday, January 22d. A very small eclipse of the Sun. Be- ginning of the Eclipse_on the Earth at 11h. 47m. M. End of the eclipse on the Earth at Oh.45m.A. This eclipse will be visible only in a small part of the Southern Ocean, and will not touch any inhab- ited region. II. Friday, February 5th. A total eclipse of the Moon, visible throughout the United States as follows. Kclipse | Tot.eclip.| Tot.eclip. | Whole eclipse - begins. begins. ends. ends. h. m. h.m h.m h. m. Albany, -7 25.38A. | 8 22.7A.110 0.3A.|10 57.7A. Augusta, Me. 7 41.0 8 38.4 {10160 |11 13.4 Baltimore, 7 13.8 8 11.2 9 48.8 |10 46.2 Bangor, 7 45.1 842.5 {10201 (11175 Boston, 7 36.0 8 33.4. |11011.0 |11 84 Buffalo, N. Y. 7 AT 8 2,1 9 39.7. {10 37.1 Cincinnati, 6 42.5 7 39.9 9175 |10 14.9 Detroit, 6 48.4 7 45.8 9 23.4 |10 20.8 . Hartford, 7 29.6 8 27.0 |10 46 -|11 2.0 Lexington, Ky. 6 43.1 7 40.5 9°18.1 9 990 15.5 St. Louis, Mo. 6 21.9 7 196 8 56.9 9 54.3 New York, 7 24.2 8 23.6 9 59.2 | 10 56.6 Philadelphia, 7 19.6 8 17.0 9 54.6 |10 52.0 Pittsburg, 7 02 7 57.6 9 35.2 |10 32.6 Portland, Me. 7 38.9 8 36.3 |10 13.9 {11 11.3 Richmond, 7 10.5 87.9 9455 |10 42.9 Springfield, Ill. 6 22.1 7195 8 57.1 9 54.5 Springfield, Mass. | 7 29.9 8 27.3 110,49 |11 23 Washington, D.C.| 7 12.2 S 356 9 47.2 |10 44.6 Worcester, Mass. | 7 33.1 8-306 |2O eBay 12135 Mean Time of the respective places. Although on this occasion, and in the Eclipse of the 2d of August, the moon will be totally immersed in the shadow of the Earth for the space of about an hour and two-thirds, it is not probable she will entirely disappear, but will remain visible of the color of tarnished copper. Total eclipses have, however, (as it is said,) occurred, in which the Moon became quite invisible. Til. Sunday, February 21st. A small eclipse of the Sun. The Eclipse will be visible in the northeastern part of North Amer- ica, in Iceland, the North Atlantic Ocean and Greenland, and per- haps also in the northern part of Scotland. IV. Sunday, July 18th. 92 (4143 15 65 [5 58.6- |4 49 New Bedford, 319.8) 1425.9 [5 171-16 92 |4 57 New Haven, 3116 [416.7 (5 89-66-10 (|4 58 New York, 3.74 (4125 |5 4.7 5568 |5 O Philadelphia, ee, ene eae ee fo SOO. eS Pittsburg, 2434 (3485 |4 40.7 (5328 [5 1 Portland, Me. poae.L A 242. 415. 19.4596 1h 914.54 *Springfield, Il. epesiiio 104. Act Geiasay 5.4 Springfield, Mass. |3 13.1 |4182 [5104 [6 25 /4 57 Washington, D.C. |2554 |4 05 |4 52.7 [5448 (5 4 Worcester, Mass. 3163 {4214 [513.6 j6 5.7 [4 56 Mean Time of the respective places. The end of this Eclipse will take place 1h. 5.2m. after the end of the total Eclipse, (or after the Moon begins to emerge from the shadow of the Earth,) but it will not be visible in any part of the United States. indeed, the end of the total eclipse will be visible at those only of the places in the above table, which are marked with an asterisk. The remark made on the probable appearance of the Moon in the Eclipse of the 5th of February, may be also made on this Eclipse; viz. that the Moon, even when totally emersed in the shadow of the Earth, will not probably become quite invisible, but will assume the color and appearance of tarnished copper. VI. Monday, August 16th. A partial Eclipse of the Sun. This Eclipse will be visible only in the Great Southerm Ocean. The eastern part of New Holland will see it, as the western limit will pass over the following points; viz. _ Occultations. 'The most interesting Occultations in this country, in 1841, will be those of Venus on the mornings of March 26th and September 12th, and of the Pleiades on January 4th, February 27th, March 26th, June 17th, September 7th, October 4th, and November 27th ; but there will not, this year, be any Occultation of a star of the first or second magnitude, visible to us. MORNING AND EVENING STARS. The planet Venus will be Evening Star till May 14th, thence Morning Star through the year. Jupiter will be Morning Star till June 5th, thence Evening Star till December 23d, and then again Morning Star. Mars will also be Morning Star till April 17th, thence Evening Star to the end of the year. Saturn dikewise will be Morning Star till June 21st, thence Eve- ning Star till December 27th, when he will again be Morning Star. 10 January, First Month, begins on Friday. [18A4\1. Twiliight begins and ends. Mean time.. Ist day. 7th day. || 13th day. 19th aay. 25th day. Beg’s|Ends.||Beg’s| Ends. Beg’s| Ends.||Beg’s| Ends.)|Beg’s| Ends. h. m.{h. fa. ||h. m. |h. m.| hem. h. m. ||h.m. |h. m. h.m.{b. m. Boston, 548m/6 20a//548m/6 24a 548m/6 29al|[547m|6 85 a\|544m/6 42 a New York [546 |6 22 ||546 |6 26 faye 6 31 |[545 16 37 ||542 |6 44 Wasting n|543 |6 25 |/5 44 |6 29 |'544 |6 34 }/543 |6 39 ||541 16 45 = td Sun’s upper limb rises and sets. High water. isles) Ae > (Hey ole ag 5 = B/E |2ezg (p22? F243] 2 | s ala |. a8 ZLO OF = Z re rises | sets. \rises | sets. |rises | sets; .m.{h. m./h.m.|h.m.jh.m.|h.m.| h. m. h. m. LF. |7 304 387 2514 43)7 19/4 49, 4 45 a | 2 25a ais. | 30) 39] 25 44) 19| 501538 | 3 18 3\Su.|7 304 407 254 45'7 19/4 51] 6 55a) 4 35a 4\M 30, 41| 25 46) 19} 52) 8 21 6 1 5|Tu.| 30) 42) 25 47) 19) 53) 9 31 ri 6|W 30, 43) 25) 48 19} 54/10 S6 8 16 WTh.| 30) 44 25 49) 19) 55/11 30 9 10 | BEF 30). 45). 25) 50; 19 56 ree 10° 2 9S. 30, 46) 25) 51) 19) 57) O 22 m/{10 49 10, Su. |4 294 477 24/4 52'7 1914 58 1 Omill 35a 11\M 29| 48) 24)- 53; 18) 59) 1 55 Pan 12\Tu.| 29). 49) 24 54 185 O| 2 41 O 2im 13|}W 28; 50) 23) 55 18 1; 3 18 0 58 14/Th.| 28) 51) 23) 56) 17 21 3 58 1 38 15\F. 2h OO eel OO kd 3] 4 32 2 ite 16)S. elit OAL bite cake ay. Lica Oo same 17|Su. |7 26.4 557 215 O7 165 5 6 37m|417m 18M. | 26 i Si} 1 16} ) 6) 8 0° 1°5 46 19 6 2D HOB. t2Ole Bh nh Ohi Wie8 EG 6 56 20, W D459) al 9) ee8)) 1411810012 7 52 21Th.4 2515 0) 19) o 4.44 ee 10:68 8 38 22\F. Cob tA FOL 0. Ole bo). LOTT 36 9 16 23S. OA dOsicd gt W112) 12} 0 11 a} 9 24)Su./7 215 4/7 175 87 125 13) 0 45 a [10 25 m 25M. | 20; 5 16 9 Il} 14,114 {10 54 26/Tu.| 20; 6 15) 10) 10) 15) 1 46 {11 26 ZW.) 19 7 14 11} 10; 16) 2 20 0 Oa maces 18. 94 dS. 9) Oe 0 34 29\F 17) 10) 13) 14 8. 19) 3 27 i bear ae 30)S 16 ily 12} 15) 8 20;4 9 1 49 ao soe oS SO -O | a eS 1841. | January has Thirty-one Days. ll Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, 7th day, 9h.50.1m. M Last Quarter, 14th “© 7 29 M. New Moon, aa eS de a0 - M. M. First Quarter, 30th “ 5 521 Moon rises er sets. cS one 5 Be ui § pe Se < ae as Ebe 3 a2 Sunpays, &c. | £2 | 84 lee | FS sets. | sets sets. hema | Bem?) bom...) hom, 116387 a | 0 36m) 0 34m) O 33m/Earth nearest the Sun. 7S 285) P47 2) 143" 1 4 S.| 8 25m] 3 4m} 2 59 al 2 55ml2a Sun. after Christmas. 4.927 | 423 | 417 | 412 16% },h55 South, * p 28. 51034 | 539 | 532 | 5 26 |C.P.Bos. C.C.Cam. Ply. 6|11 41 | reses. | rises. | rises. \Bpiphany. i) he 449a\ 456a 5 Qa D Perigee. 8| 0 45m) 6 13 | 618 | 6 22 |Bat. New Orleans, 1815. 9145 | 734 | 738 | 7 40 S.| 239ml 8 50a) 8 53.al 8 54 altct Sun. af. Epiph.K D dQ 11} 328 10 3 |10 4 |10 4 12,415 j1113 {11.13 j11 12 13} 459.|... }]... |... . Steamer Lexington des. 1840, 14, 5 44 | O 20m! 019m) 0 16m\d)p 2. 15,629 | 127 | 124 | 120 16/ “16 |.283 4 229 02-23 S.| 8 5m| 3 37m! 3 32m) 3 26misd S. after Epiph. KD M- 18,855 | 437 | 431 | 424 Igpy. 119) 9 46 5 31 925 | 518 IsopDh. D Apogee. 2010 36 |618 |612 | 6 5 21/11 26 | sets. | sets. | sets. |d D %. Ind. acknowl. 1783. 290 134i 5 2a ow ba ds 12a 931059 |6 6 |610 | 614 [4thKD Sz. S.| 142m) 711 al 7 13a} 7 17 al4th Sun. after Epiph.k § Hi, 95} 224 |816 | 817 | 819 |Conv. of St.Paul. [23 1-28. 96) 3. 6 | 921 4 T2P4 9-21. | o6DeR,a) FZ, 271 348 }10 27 1026 |10 23 |x) x Ceti. 28| 433 |11 36 {11 33 {11 31 Bors 2b 1... |. tl) a. |S statonary. 30| 6 14 |0 47m) 0 43m) 0 39m S!}712a! 2 Im! 155m! 1 51m/5th S.af. Epip.c p Pleiades. ie et SRR ict Sb Nek 12 February, Second Month, begins on Monday. {1841 Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Ist day. 7th day. 13th day. | 19th day. | 25th day. Beg’s| Ends ||Beg’s| Ends.||Beg’s| Ends, Beg? s|Ends.\|Beg’s| Ends. h. m |h. m, h. m.|h. m. h. m.j|h. m. ih. m. .m. ||h. m.|h. m. Boston, 588m/6 50 a}|5 32m|6 56a/|526m/7 3alihb18m)|7 10a\|5 9m|7 17a New York,|537 |6 51 {1531 |6 57 ||[525 |7 4 5 18 {710 {510 |7 14 Washing’n.|536 |6 52 |/5 31 |6 58 5 25 |7 4 1/518 {710 |/510 17 16 = s Sun’s upper limb “idee and sets. High water. a1 8h dae ee oo 7H aes = = GA. 5 5 2 3 a 3 a oy o ‘Lah ea Sp ge >) bo SQ . S S:o 3 oa ° ° ° $202 i ES ea i) 5 mal oO BIE | Sees | FSS a8 8H a Bs a | 3 3 Oo & Aa oe ae) 8 45 oS co) 014 fa Zi ie) OFn oa Zz rises | sets,|ruses | sets. |rises | sets. h.m./h. m. h.m.{h.m.{h.m.|h.m.| h. m. h. m. IM. |7 145 14)7 10/5 18)7 6/5 22}6 22 a|4 Qa OTe.) Pils uaa 9; 19 5} 25] 7 bt 5 37 3iw.| 11} 16 8|~ 20 A) 24| 9 93 ope A/Th.| 10) 18 a 21 3} 2510 25 Soap SIF. 9) 19s TN] P22 2| 2611 B3 9°°3 6\S. 290; =| = 23 1) eat Pe ee WSu.lt 75 22/7 45 25/7 05 28 0 10m |10 32 a S|M. Diguee 3} 26/6 59} 29) O 52 17,12 9/Tu. 5| 25 Al el S| walt 1 BB 11 46 10;w. 4} 26 1) 29|.° 57) 32) 2-6 ee 11/Th. 2} 97/6 59} 30! 56) 33} 2 40 0 20m 12/F. 1} 29 58 3Sil- 55) 34) 3 138 0 53 13\S. Q} 30 | 33] D4) "B58 Bo 1 35 14/Su.|6 5815 316 555 34/6 535 36) 4 42 m| 2 22m 15|M. 57| 33) 54 35) 52: 38) 5-46 3 26 16/Tu.| 55} 34) 52) 36). 50) 397 9 4 49 17;w.| 54] 35) 51) 37 49) 40) 8 35 6 15 18/Th.} 52) 3 50| 38} 48 41) 9 45 1 25 19/F. 51; 38} 49) 39 47 4210 34 8 14 20\S. 50} 39) 48 41; 46) 43/11 25 8 55 21\Su.|6 4815 416 465 4216 445 45/11 50 m| 9 30m 22\M. 47| 42) 45) 43) 43 46| 0 20a |10 O 93/Tu.| 45} 43| 44). 44) 41) 47) O 49 10 29 24\W 44| 45) 42) 46| 40, 48) 1 20 11 O 25/Th 42; 46 41) 47 38 49) I 52 11 32 26\F 40| 47 39) 48] 37) 50)2 23 0 3a 2718 38} 48} 38 49) 35 51) 3 1 0 41 28|Su. (6 37\5 496 365 506 345 52 351 a/1 38la Bee Se February has Twenty-eight Days. Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, Sth day, Sh. 57.7m. A. Last Quarter, 13th “ 1 304 M. New Moon, iat et eer ge INL. First Quarter, 28th “ 2 549 A. i mes Moon rises or sets. a/ 868 : ; af 6 | 8.8 "oO | .3 =i a) ne sreet 1 4 CPt tees Sunpays, &c. ed hy Ore ee | ae ron) 08 ~ : ie mM a4 nm $ oo ar + 3 § a] ss ; Z, Cai > — | ————— | |S | | 411 25 | rises. | rises. | rises. Blea &. 5 lal 5 Gal 510 aKD1I8Q _ ?P totally eclipsed, 6} 0 2im!] 6 22 | 625 | 628 [visible in U.S. S.| 114m] 738 a} 740 a) 741 a Septuagesima Sunday. [1835 Sickit Gilead OF to OU. | Saunt chitin South. Gintea! 9) 250 110 2 10 O | 958 | Harrisonb.1773.[C.C.P.Cam 10,336 |1111 |11 8 |11 5 3d HO (1) hie 202) il eel eR --- gpg 12, 510 | 019m) 015m} 010m 13). 059) 4 125°) 120 | 114 —_—_| | _— F _ S. 6 49m 2 28m 9 22m = 15m Sexagesima Sunday. e ie 3 25 319 312 C. P. Springfield. 415.) 4 9 | 4°32 Apogee. 8.J.C.Ded Post] 27 eee | aa ee : 1810 9 | 5382 | 528 | 522 19110 55 6 0 5 BY 5 BO Op) i, a near approach. 20 11 39 sets. | sets. | sets. [invisible in U. S. S.| 022 a) 6 Tal 6 8aj 611 alShrove Sunday. © eclipsed, reba eT 1 T1213 Washington b.1732. C.P.Len. 148 | 819 | 818 | 818 |Mahomet.Y. 1257 beg.d $H 24, 232 | 928 | 925 | 924 |Ash Wednesday. St.Mathias. 25, 319 1038 {1034 |1031 6 ‘ 1152 {1147 {11 42 S.'6 4al 1 6m! 1 Om 054ml tst Sunday in Lent. 4 March, Third Month, begins on Monday. [1841. ‘Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Ist day. || 7th day. 13th day. | 19th day. 25th day. Beg’s| tinds.|| Beg’s; Ends.||Beg’s| Ends.||Beg’s| Ends.||Beg’s| Ends h.m.|h.m. |//h.m.}h.m. |Jh.m.}b.m. {{/h.m [h. m. {/h.m. |h. m. Boston, 5 8m|7 23 al|453m {7 29 a}/443m|737 al|/432m]7 45 420m}7 52 a N. York. [5 4 |792 ||454 |723 |[444 |735 |]434 |742 ||423 |7 49 Washing’n.|5 5 [721 |[455 |727 |[446 |734 |[436 |749 |]426 1746 a | od Sun’s upper limb rises and sets. High water. i) a] bs a rs Sarmes _ z\e |acdy |ged [eeee | 3 | 2 sis |gs0" Rees |f22 | 2g | o%8 2B (agsh | ses | sasa | g §|a | as ih BO" a | os Zi | rises | sets. (rises | sets. |rzses | sets. ih. m.{h. m. b. mh, m.{h.m.Jh.m.|} h. m. h. m. IM. 6 365 506 335 5116 33/5 53) 4 46 a | 2 26a 2'Tu @A) 2 Sh ceS3h.b3). oll sal: Ge ma o ol aW.| 33162) a2. 53), 30) gaa 750 5 30 4Th 3t| 54) 30). 55; - 23) .56)) 9 TS 6 53 BF. 99} 55! 28) 56] 27 S710 17 Ot 6'S. 981 56) 27 5%) 26| S811 8 8 48 TSu.\6 2615 50/6 26 5 596 2:15 5911 54 a] 9 34a 8, M. 95) SOP ESAS) Ol 256.40) Sere o 9Tu.| 236 O| 23 his 21 1/ 0 27m {10 45 {0O,W. QI Thue a Gly then 11 18 Bae iby ete Be) bd 3} £18 SI A Se th 51 12k. 17 Soha ie 41-16 A 9 1it ee: 13\S. 16 4) 16 5} 615 5| 2 45 0 25m idiSu.'6 146 616 146 616 136 6] 3 24m|/1 4m 15|M. 12 Ti" 12 vipat & Ti ta sco 1 49 16/Tu.| 10 8| 10 8 10 oy apes as, he 17 Ww. § 9 9 9 9 9| 6 30 4 10 12’Th. Wee 10h,” “Teele "| SI1Gi 754 5 34 19 F’. Sie | oily Sea igs 9 6 49 20s. | 3 121 3] 12) 312/10 8 [7 48 21 Su.6 20 146 26 136 26 1:10 45m} 8 25m 99M. | O| 156 O| 14, 1] 14/11 21 |9 1 23Tu.'5 59} 165 59) 156 0 15 11 59 9 30 24W.| 57 17] 58} 165 58 16/020 {10 0 95Th.| 55) 19} 56] 17| 56) 17) O 55 10 35 9G6F. | 53} 20] 54] 18] 55} 18] 130 {If 10 as. | Sal 21} 53! 19} 54| 19/2 9 {11 49 98\Su. 5 506 22/5 5216 205 5316 20) 2 51 =| 0 dl 29M. 48| 23) 50} 21] 51} 20) 3 44 1 24 30/Tu. 46) 24) 48) 22 49| 21) 4 44 2 24 a1lw.: 44! 25| 46] 23] 47| 22) 6 12 3 52 S41] | |D. ot Month. Moon Souths. Mean Time. March has Thirty-one Days. 15 Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, 7th day, Sh. 28.4m. M. Last Quarter, 14th “ 9 IL1 A. New Moon, Qde hte te ~eeiloes A. | First Quarter, 29th “ 9 504 A. | } | } Moon rises or sets. S § Fe) ae AS sO 3 | 3a Sunpays, &c. os ms g% Be 6a A |ea BS ve sets. | sets. Sets. h.m.| h.m. | h.m. 215m! 2 Sm) 2 YBm'St. David. [C, P. Were 818 | 310 | 3 4 |*)387QO. Dr. Olbers d. 1840. 410 | 4 4 | 359 | gat greatest E. elong. 18° &. 450 | 445 | 440 | Begin. 27th Con. ) Perigee. rises. | rises. | rises, |4th.2at gr. E. elong. 46° 19’. —_— |__| | pooh jen 6 24a) 6 25 al 6 25 ai2d Sunday in Lent. & p 91.Q 1(87-178F \°?35 ([Od© CP. Com: Taum 849 | 847 | 844 |*kpDyp C.C. Plym. 0 0 | 957 | 953 19 HI 5 {1059 » Be le he 2 Sih Brey 014m) 0 9m 0 2m)" 114m) 1 8m} 1 1m/3d Sunday in Lent.g p Y 2 Sh 2 2 155 |o)p Yy C. P. Sal. Greenfield. 253 | 247 | 240 |Bowditch d. 1838, a. 65.) Ap. 330 | 325 | 319 |st. Patrick. Boston ev. 7 401356 | 352 427 | 424 | 321 450 | 448 | 446 |Spring begins. WD UC US 0S WS LO ‘mF SD Or & CO > pry C9 09 1 — © = poet QOD Ed ES & Cr 3. CO. 29 oo | G9 9 0 mem Of ~t FO Or | 715a) 713 a) 712 |ORO -C.C. Wor. Taun. S1lm| 511m) 5 9m/4thSun.in Lent. [C.P.Nor. sets. Sets, sets. {Newton d.1727. Goethe,1832. 8 26 | 823 | 820 [the Year. 941 | 936 | 932 Lady Day. Old beginning of| 1056 |1050 |1045 *K%2 XX) Pleiades. 11 55 eS! | | SOC 11 |1 4 | 058m 0 1 wea, 1169 (158 2 48 | 243 | 238 |p Apogee. 16 April, Fourth Month, begins on Thursday. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. l (1841. st day. 7th day. |t 13th day. lyth day. |) 25th day. Beg?’s| Unds.|| Beg’s| Huds.|| Begs. | Ends. Beg’s.|Ends.||Beg’s| Ends. h.m.|/o.m. |/h. m.{h. m.|/h. m. |h. m.|i/h. m. |h. m. h.m. 1h; m. Boston, $ 7m}3 1al/355m/8 9al}3 43m]8 18 al/3 3im|8 27a /319ml8 37 New York.}/411 |7 57 [/359 |8 5 1/13 48 |8 14 |/3 37 18 992 \'3 26 8 89 Washing’n.|415 |7 53 |l4 4 |8 1 1/353 |8 9 [3 43 |3 17 |l393 |g 55 a - Sun’s upper limb rises and sets. High water. ce di RRS Nea Cag er a) ; a S/F | oASs |EME | 2bse 5 a s\s |Ge3 |Sbey |Bees) 2% | &. oie | @eoec | eSe™ | eee $ = ole |As's & | on 9 AS RB - © ala ec Zaid OF W za Z i rises | sets. |rises | sets. \rises | sets. h.m h.m.jh.m h.m./b.m.'h.m.| h, m. h. m. WTh.|5 436 265 4516 2415 466 23) 7 44 a|5 24a Qik. 42| 98) 44) 26) 45 24.9 4 6 44. 3iS. 40) 29| 42) 27) 43 2510 1 7 Ail “4 Su.|5 386 305 406 28'5 416 2610 47a | 8 27 a 5\M. 36) -SLS7S8) 2° 29).340)| > B7115005 9 5 6)Tu.! 84 S2ieeeGh “SO 230) wes tae 9 40 TW lt $2)! SSimsaly ST Ss) 29 Om 10 17 S/Ph:)' Sil 84) B8i982) e035) | 30) 0: 87 10 51 OF. O9\) 35) WoL resSies5o) bot 11 11 28 108. 271: 36) 29) 34.31) $24 48 mA 11/Su.|5 266 37/5 286 355 306 33°2 20m|0 Om 12|M. 0 0 1 1 2 24| 38) 26) 36) 28) 34) 2 59 0 39 13|\Tu.} 23} 40) 25) 38) 27 35) 3 14;W.| 21) 41; 23; 39; 26) 36) 4 15|Th.| 19) 42) 21) 40, 24 37 5 16)/F. 18} 43; 20) 41; 23) 38.4% 8 17S. 16} 44) 18} 42) 22) 39 18)Su.15 146 45'5 166 4315 206 40/9 17m! 6 57m 19M. | 13) 47| 15) 44! 19) 4110 oO % 40 20/Tu.| 11} 48, 13) 45) 17] 42/10 40 8 20 a11w.| 10) 49} 12 46} 16] 431116 | 8 56 22'Th.| 8 50} 10 47 14, 4411 52 | 9 32 a3ir. | 6! 51] 9 48| 13] 45) 0 31a {10 11 24S 5| 52] 8 49! 12] 46/115 |10 55 ‘Su.|5 36 535 66 505 106 46) 1 58 a |11 38m 26M. | 2} 54 5 51) 9 47246 1026 a 27Tu./5 1] 55} 4 52) 8 481840 .| 120 28,W./4 59] 56] 2 53) 6] 49) 4 438 | 2 23 B9Th.| 58) 58} 1) 54) <5) Op6 Bf) -8:46 30.F. 56 591 Ol 55lg pS) ane 24 |G 4 1841. ] April has Thirty Days. 17 Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, 5th day, 8h. 23.0 m. A. Last Quarter, 13th “ 4 56.7 A. New Moon, ist 3 WS Bai MM. First Quarter, 28th “ 3 49.3 M. r = 3 ee rises or sets. = Sime ee ye Je ee 5 $3 eo te ae Sunpays, &c. a\s5 | 8A [4zaa | BS ‘ sets. Sets, sets h. m.| h.m. | h. m. | h. m. 1) 8 52a) 3 24m) 3 20m) 3 1%m)K)18HQ. & stationary. 2|}941 | 351 | 348 | 347 IkD48Q. 31029 |415 | 414 | 413 S./11 16 a) rises. | rises. | rises. |Palm Sunday. 5 34k 6 28 al 6 27 a} 6 25 a)}} stationary. [Bos. and Bar. 6} 02m.| 739 | 736 | 733 |d QPleiades. GD g.C.P. 71050 | 849 | 845 | 8 40 |Venus most brill. as eve. star. 8| 139 | 957 | 952 | 9 46 IC.C. Len. 9) 230 |11 1 1055 |10 49 |Good Friday. 10} 3 22 |11 57 |11 St {1144 igpy i Alda 25 ee. Ae. (Baater Sum: \Jj stat! “Goer 12} 5 5 | 0 46m) 0 40m| 0 33m|p Apogee. C.P. Ply. 13) 555 | 126 | 121 | 115 |&p4yy. S. J.C. Low. Wor. 14,6 42 | 2 0/156 | 150 [and Gr. C. C. Sp. Br. | | Alay Oe 1 WE; 5 16} 811 | 252 | 250 | 247 |t7th, 9 8©. 1% 853 - 314 | 313 | 311 [gat greatest W.elong.27°21’ S.| 9 36m) 3 34m) 3 34m) 3 34m\Low Sunday. G ) HL. 1910 20 | 355 | 356 | 358 JB. of Lex.,& beg.of Am.Rev. 2011 7 | 418 | 421 | 423 1[1775.S8.J.C.N.&T.C.C.Ded- Z1\11 56 | sets. | sets. | sets. |Bat. St. Jacinto, Texas, 1836. 22) O 51 aj 8 39a) 8 34a| 8 29a [Q stat. 231 150 | 955 | 949 | 943 Ist. George. 24252 11 4 11057 |10 51 i S.| 355al... {11 55 a/l1 50a2dS. after East. p Perigee. Po tet | OW Si as eee ds 27,554 | 049 | 0 43m| 0 38m'8. J. ©. Ips. and Sp. 28 Seo 11k > | 1-2T Wate Be 29, mee.) 1 64..) 1 51 11 48 [1st President, 1789 30 825 {219 | 217 | 216 *K ) 65Q. Washington inaug *OD rd 1S May, Fifth Month, begins on Saturday. [18Al. Beg’s| iinds.||Beg’s| Ends. fee inds.||Beg’s| Ends. Beg’s Ends. h. m.{h. m. h. m. h.m. h.m.|h.m. |/h.m.|h. m. |/h. m./h. m. Boston, 3 7m/8 47a}/256m)8 57a 245m)9 7m}}235m]9 17 al]225m)9 Wa New York {314 |8 49 |[3 4 |8 49 254 |8 58 |1245 19 8 (1236 |9 10 Washing’n [322 |8 32 [313 |8 40 3 4 [8 48 jj255 |8 57 |l247 19 7 we “ Sun's upper limb rises and sets. | High water. MeO | ya oa ae > = SIF | -A85 |ga¢ |f8se 3 e 2/5 |$365 |FFeg g2g2| 2 | Hs |e (sede | Bia. | eae mebern| AQ B.S ioe eo ere wees Zz. “| Irises | sets. ees rises | sets | b.m.h.m.h.m.h.m.h.m,|h. m. h. m. h. m. 1S. |4 557 7 OA oF 596 565 25 52|8 85al6 15a “98u.l4 537 14576 575 116 53/9 81al/71la 3M. 52 §6©9) 56) 585 O| 5410 19 7 59 4\Pus 60 3} 546 5914 58} 5510 58 8 38 1 5W.| 49 4) 53:7. 0 71 56/11 37 917 6iTh.| 48 5) 52) 1] 56) 5a... 19 54 TF. AT 6 5l 2 58} 0 14 m/10 27 8S. 46 i oo “i 6 59) O 47 11 6 9 Su. (4457 84 497 4/4 Ol 1 26 mill 41 a 10M. 44 a 45. Fo V2 Ve reas LTS). 1 0p 4g 6 9-2, 84-4 alae 12,W.| 42 11; 46 7 So ir 0 57 13,Th. Ae V2" 40)” ira 4| 4 6 1 46 14F. 40} 13) 44 9 Bi ae 2 42 15S. Sor 4a Aol AG 6} 6 6 3 46 16 Su. 33/7 15\4-42;7 11/4 "| 7 15m| 4 55m 17M. 37. 16) 42) 12 7| 8 18 5 58 18 Tu. Hi. 40 .1e 819 9 6 49 19, W. 36, 18} 40) 14 91 9 52 ‘aoe 20'Th. 3d 19) “39; 15 10110 39 8 19 aK. oft 20) 30) 2116 10}11 28 9:28 22'S, Sal ed moO! kb 11}015a}9 55 93 Su. |4 3217 22/4 377 17/4 42'°7 12} 1 3 a |l0 43m 24\M. 32). 83 Sor HE, 42: wbSid oD 11 30 Q5\Tu.| Sh 24 36) 19) 41) 14) 2 42 O 22a 26|W. 3 2 35 20; 40) 153 39 1 10 eh. | 29" 3 34, 21} 40) 16) 4 37 Aa We | 98 FE’. 99| 27| 34) 22) 39! 16) 5 37 3.17 995. | 28, 28) 33] 23| 39) 17/6 43 | 4 23 30 Su. 4 277 28/4 32:7 23/4 8817 181 7 52 a] 5 32a IM, 26). 29" 31] | Ra eo Oo 6 33 j “STs Twilight begins and ends. Mean time.. Ist day. 7th day. || 13th day. 19th aay. 25th day. —_—__ SE — |) | SS 1841. | May has Thirty-one Days. 19 Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, 5th day, 8h. 57.3m. M Last Quarter, th “ 11,,13.0, M. New Moon, auth | 4. GR S5.7" Al First Quarter, wei, Le eal M. Moon risés or sets. S| aes — Si 2e | ws las | 82 . oe AB BO 2 Sunpays, &c. S| See tt pee | Pe ashise. g A) ss | 8a |azae] BS sets. sets. sets. Gta) Doma! De Miele hens 1} 911 aj 2 42m) 2 42m) 2 42m S.|9 57a} 3 4m) 3 5m} 3 Tm)3d Sunday after Easter. 3:10 43 | rises. | rises. | rises. |b) g. 411 31 | 6 33a} 6 30 a] 6 25 aS. J.C. Bar. 3} 8 TAL | 737 | 731 |La Place d. 1827. Bonaparte, 6| 0 2Im| 846 | 841 | 8 34 (1821. 4 ot 2.) 9.46 ce AO 9 3a 8 2 5 11039 1033 {10 26 S.! 2 5%mi11 22a/11 17 a/11 10 al4th Sun. after Easter. 10| 347 (1158 |11 54 |11 48 |p Apogee. 11) 435 (ee Pees en. iy. 12) 5 21 0 2m 0 24m 0 19m|C. C. Con. 13}6 4 | 052 | 050 | 046 Virginia settled, 1607, O. S. 14,647 |115 | 114 111 |inf. g gO. 151729 | 136 | 136 | 135 |g psa. Cuiver 4.1992, S.) 812m 4 56m! 1 57m} 1 58m/|Rogation Sunday. 171856 |218 | 221 | 299 18 9 44 242 1246 | 248 [C .C. Edg, 1910 37 | 310 | 315 | 819 |o?%. 9244 South of 9. 2011 34 aa sets, sets. Ascension Day. 211 03%a 47 al 8 49g) 8 8 Bi q|20th. Columbus d. 1506, O.5. we WA ; 52 | 945 ) Pergee. 7 R .| 2 46 aj10 44 a/10 38 a : _ a|Sun. after Ascen. & ) mT. 24,347 {11 24 (1119 |11 15 |Q. of Eng. b. 1819. C. P. Edg. 25, 443 {11 56 {1152 |11 50 [KD ness. Sup.d §©. [C.C, 26)33.55. |. ag TE. tos [P. Wor. 27| 6 24 | O 23m QO 2!m| 0 20m 28, 710 | 047 | 047 | 046 291755 11 9 |110 | LIL |¢ stationary. S.| 8 40 al 1 32m} 1 34m) Lt 37m] Whit. Sun. Pentecost. 311927 1157 120/27 lope. 20 June, Sizth Month, begins on Tuesday. [1841. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Ist day. 2nd day. Loin day. ivth day. 25th day. Bee s| Ends.|/Heg’s| Ends,||Beg’s| Ends,}|Beg’s| Ends. Begs Ends. 2 m.{h, m. h.m.{bh.m |{h. m.}h. m.|/h. m.{h. m. h. m./h. m. Boston, aime 9 37 a]\212m]9 44 a}/2 9m]9 50all2 8m]9 54a]/2 9m}9 55a New York.|229 |9 25 |/295 |9 31 |/293 |9 37 |/223 |9 40 |/223 |9 41 Washin’n. |241 9 13 |/237 {9 19 \[236 [9 24 }|235 |9 27 11236 [9 28 $ a4 Sun's upper limb rises and sets. High water. Ol as ee Ce a = ° o «o td ete — = = ro) SIF | 685 |3@8, Wee § “ 2.) > le aheae maeS |18.8305 8 3 Be | Sees | FEES 1 geen 3 2 -3 =) , fos - tpg SOF mM faa) sets. \raseés | sets. ° al = o CD sa et Z rises | sets-\rises h.m.jh.m./h.m.} h. m. h, m. 7 8 8 h.m.jh. m.-jh. m. Tu.|4 26)7 304 31 1 7 25!4 377 191 949 a giw.| 25) 31; 30); 26) 37 19/10 38 3/Th.| 25} 32) 30) 27) 36) 20/11 18 AIF’. 24, 32) 29) 27 36; 20/11 58 9 38 5|S. 24) 83) 29) 28). 86)+ 21) 3s. 10 13 6 Su. |4 23)7 33/4 29,7 284 357 211033 m |10 48 a "iM. | 23] 34| 28) 29) 35) 22/1 8 Lt 25 8iTu.| 22) 35) 28) 30) 35) 23) 1 43 11 57 gWw.| 22) 35) 28) 30) 34) 23) 217 hae 10/Th.| 22) 36) 28) 31} 34) 24 2 57 0 37m 11)/F. 22} 36| 28) 31} 34) 24) 340 1 20 12)S. 22) 37 28) 32) 34) 25) 4 27 | 13| Su. |4 22/7 37\4 28,7 32/4 347 25) 511m | 2 51m 14M. | 22) 38 28) 33) 34 26/6 5 3 45 15|Tu.| 22) 38) 28) 33 34) 26) 711 4 51 16;W.| 22) 38) 28) 43) 34) 26) 816 5 56 17\Th.| 22) 39} 28 34) 34 27 921 Rie: 18|F 22; 39) 28) 34 34 27/10 21 alae 19)S. 22; 39) 28 34) 34) 2710 14 8 54 20|Su.|4 22'7 39/4 254 34/4 347 27/0 Ta | 9 47m PIM. | 23) 39) 29) 34| 35) 28 056 10 36 22'Tu.| 23) 389) 29) 34! 35im® 28) 1 46 11 26 23\W.| 23] 40| 29| 35) 35) 28) 233 O13 a 24'Th.| 23) 40, 29] 35] 35] 28 3 24 14 O5\F 23) 40| 29) 35) 35] 29) 412 1 52 26|S 231 40| 29) 35) 35) 29) 456 2 36 97\Su.|4 24'7 404 304 36\4 357 2915 49a |3 29a 9siM. | 924) 40 30) 36| 35 29] 6 54 4 34 29\Tu.| 24; 40) 30 36| 35) 29) 814 5 54 30\W. 35 40| 31) 371 351 29) 9 25 4 5 1841. ] June has Thirty Days. 21 Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, _ 3d day, 10h. 33.9m. A Last Quarter, 12th “ 2 500 M. New Moon, Tote, tes 2 ya 8. Ging. i Deke First Quarter, 25th “ 5 28.7 A. 7) 3 if Moon rises or sets. lems | He lame. = ae AS [5° aa Sunpays, &c, else | Be |t Spa alse | aa |eaa| eS rises. | rises. | rises. The ihe: } EPS Be J Ela T ies by Ue 110 16 a) 5 3l aj 5 27a) 5 Qa Z1l 6 | 6 36 |.631 | 625 jm. 3)11 58 | 737 | 731 | 724 | stationary. go Dam. 4i 5's 831 | 825 | 818 |d DU. xKDpe. 5} 050 | 918 |} 913 19 6 Id Dh. PuO. dds. S.| 141m] 9 56a) 9 51 al 9 46 alTrinity Sunday. oe 7 230 |10 28 |10 24 |10 19 |p Ap.C.P. Nant. con. N.Bed. 8} 316 |1055 |10 52 |10 48 |C. C. North. and Green fi eld 94 O |1118 |11 16 |11 14 floth. oO. 6 gen. 10; 443 |11 39 |11 38 |11 37 ‘Corpus Christi. Féte Dieu. 11; 524 {11 58 |11 59 {11 59 PS a Se ae 6). S.| 5 48m| 0 18m] 0 2im| 0 22m|lst Sunday after Trinity. 14,733 | 041 | 045 | 047 |c-.P. Ips. Sp. and Wor. 15).8:22: |:1 99.4 144 FRE? icc: Wer. 16,.95:07 | 142 |. YAS SSL be 17110 17 | 219 | 226 | 232 [Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775. 18}11 21 sets. sets. Sets, |War with England, 1812. 19) 0 27 a| 8 32a) 8 26 a) 8 20 alQ most bril. as morn. star. — | ——————_————_ 28 29 132a\ 919a) 914a\ 9 9 al2dSun.af.Trin. >) %.) Per. 232 |955 |951 | 948 Sum.beg. 2 h©.C.C.P.Con. 3 28 |10 25 11022 11021 |xp18Q [C.P.Len.C. C. 419 {1050 |10 49 |10 49 [Sp. and Ded. 5 7 |11 13 |11 13 |11 14 jst. John Baptist. 5 53 {11 36 {11 38 111 40 O 5D} 0). oe ee. Oe 7 25a} O Om| 0 3m\ 0 Tmiza Sun. after Trin. SDS. S138 | 025 | 029 7085 9 3 | 054 | 059 | 1 5 |St. Peterand St.Paul. # stat 954)| 131°, 137 |} 143 |e. 30 22 July, Seventh Month, begins on Thursday. [1841. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Ist day. || 7th day, 13th day. 19th day. 25th day. Beg’s| Ends. Begs Ends.|/ Beg’s| Ends, ||Beg’s| tnds.|/Beg’s| Ends, -m.{h.m. |/h. m.}h.m. ||h m.}h. m. |/h. m.|h. m. |/h. m.|h. m. Boston, 212m/9 54a/|219m|9 49 a/i225m]9 44 |/235m/9 37al/244m]|9 28a New York./225 |9 40 |l232 |9 36 |l239 |9 31 i246 |9 25 |lo54 |9 18 Washing’n.|239 |9 97 |l244 |9 24 |l251-19 19 |la58 lo 14 IIs 5 lo 7 3 |g [_San's upper limb rises and sets. High water. mt aD) ‘ ' ea wn beste) - ie x ° ox ~ or) ra) ae Bye | cass eee £asg 2 = Se | S252 setae fas s a Pod is) ar eo 2 Su 5 o 1) n OR SS > eee Bere 5 ac) a) s| es | 5's & | ons SaPs S 2 == mq 5 ZO OF th 6 A, rises | sets.|rises | sets, |rises | sets. h.m./h.m |h. m.}h.m.|h.m.jh.m.| h, m, h. m. 1/Th. (4 25'7 40/4 3117 35/4 37/7 2910 17 a | 7 57 a oe 26) 40)" 39) Sola? t) ied ke 8 43 G25 —__. | ———— | | ————___ | 3/5. 27, 40} 32) 35) 38) 2911 45 5M. | 281 39! 33! 34! 39! 28 0 20m/10 32 6iTu.| 29 39} 34) 34) 40) 28/052 ill 5 “iw.| 29 39! 55} 34! 40) 281125 11 39 8iTh.| 30 38] 35! 33] 41} 271 1 59 et OF 31} 38 36] 33] 42) 27| 2 33 0 13 10/S 82] 38} 37| 33] 421 2713 8 0 48 11/Su. |4 33/7 37/4 88/7 32/4 43/7 26] 3 46m! 1 26m 12M. | 33! 37] 39] 32] 44} 26] 4 24 2 4 13/Tu.| 34) 36 39] 31) 45) 2515 7 2 47 14;w.| 35! 36] 40) 31] 45! 25) 6 17 3 57 Sa ee ee ee ee ee eee eee 18i\Su. |4 387 33/4 44|7 28/4 4917 2311 8m] 8 19M. | 39) 32) 44) 27) 50) 22/0 Oa/9 40 —— | ——-§ | ———————— — | S| | 25|Su.|4 457 27\4 49'7 22/4 54/7 17, 4 14 a| 1 54a 26|M. | 46; 26) 50) 22) 55) 175 2 2 42 Zulu.) 47) 25) 5) 21) 56) 16) Gad 3 49 28|W.| 48 24) 52) 20) 56] 15) 7 35 515 29\Th.| 49} 23) 53) 19} 57 14) 8 57 6 37 3O}F. | 50; 22) 54; 18) 58 14) 9 59 7 39 31)S. ol’ 21) 55) 17 59) 13)10 44 8 24 Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, od day, Lh. 20.3m. A. Last Quarter, Bs A hel paar 0B na New Moon, Toth SF Sau a.G, | Ms First Quarter, goth »*. Sie 12.88 » Mi s/| 33; Daeee Fes Suse | E 38 wi voll ey Sli@e | ge PeSSt Se Sunpays, &c. Reg | ES oe hee bs : oo SO 2 oe 4 aig 2 . C rises. | rises. | rises Bt sh Bone Horie oe ct 110 45 a} 6 27a} 6 21 a} 6G 14 a/Earth furthest from ©. OPS WIG: | 10. te Tia, (tor. Sage 757 | 752 | 746 [4th Indep. dec. 1776. S.| 0 26m) 8 31 a} 8 27a) 8 21 al4th Sun. after Trinity. Sh lori} 5 49.4 S56 |) 8 St 6} 158 | 923 | 921 | 918 |g. 3. c. Nan., C. P. Bos. 7 2.41 | 9-45 | 944°) 9 42 81322 f0 5 110 5 110 4 9 4 3 |10 24 |10 26 |10 26 {¢ stationary. g pH. 10) 444 1044 |10 47 |10 49 S.| 5 27mjll Tall 11 alll 14 aldth Sunday after Trinity, 12} 613 |11 34 |11 39 |L1 44 LS ie ad «ees beak Tdi ol Matationary. LC. Cl. Sak 14,759 | O 9m) 015m! 0 21m Hie eh. O oo ok oo Lie Os © ace 1Gtaae eS F152 ye 0 it 2 ae {711 10 sets, sets. sets, |18th. © eclipsed inv. in U.S S.| 0 14a) 750 al 7 45a) 7 42 alcth Sun. after Trin. D Per. 19} 113 | 824 | 821 | 818 20, 2 8 | 852 | 850 | 849 f 21), 259 | 916 | 916 | 916 221347 | 939 | 940 | 942 23} 434 |10 3 110 5 |10 8 24 521 10 28 1032 |10 36 Bi wa O8 i) 2 ee rl oe “obese [Inte d $6). a: 281841 | 011 | 018ml 0 25m 991933 |05%m| 1 5 | 112 301023 | 150 | 1 3111111 1251 |25 . August, Eighth Month, begins on Sunday. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. [1841. Ist day. 7th day. || 13th day. 19th day. 25th day. Beg’s| nds ||Beg’s| Ends.||Beg’s| Ends, Beg’s| Ends. Beg’s are .m {h.m. h. m.|b.m. ||h. m.{h. m. h. m.|h, m. |i/h. m.|h. Boston, 255m 9 17a1/3 5m/9 5aj/815m{8 58a\|\824m/8 42a 334m 8 30. New York, 34 19 8 |/314 18 56 |1323 18 45 ||322 |8 34 {|340 [8 24 Washing’n.|314 [3 56_||s22 [8 48/330 1s 38 lis33 js 28 |la43 [818 __ c= ad _ Sun's: upper limb rises and sets. High water. ele | .42, [288 Ueeeg | sg. | = a\s [seed |RZes |2Fa2 | 2 | Bg ele |8éoc | bees | gees 3 — Ala et ee FOSa 3 Z, fail rises | sets.|ruses | sets. |rises| sets. h.m.th. m.{b.m.{h.m. fe hsm, h. m. Su. |4 52/7 204 56)7 1615 07 1211 28a|/9 Ba 1 : aiTy.| 54] 18} 58) 14 1} 10:0 3m/10 14 Alw.| 55} 16/4 59) 12) 2 90 34 {10 45 5ITh.| 56] 15/6 O} 11 bee biel ae be ha: 11 12 6IF. 57, 14 Liweid A Ne Dae 11 44 "IS. 58} 13 halide 9 5) SOT Dea aes “elSu. |4 59/7 7115 37 75 67 42 36 0 16m OM. 5 O| 10 “Pe Ts 7 2| 3 10 0 50 10/Tu. 1 Qi ol b ak Aol aero 20 1 30 11/W. D) Bi Gl at Ae OFF Oh ad 2 21 12)Th. Se Sa ra oS SEO AG BDO! ho aa 3 29 13\F A BS) oS PCT) SG To 5 5 14\S. FD iio aad Cage ea deo pes sy 6 33 15\Su.l5 617 25 106 5815 146 5510 O m| 7 40m 16|M. “7 O| 11] 56) 14 53/10 58 8 38 17/Tu. 8i6 59| 12) 45) 15) 5211 47 9 27 18iw. 9} 57 13} 53) 16) 50) 0 32 a j10 12 19Th.| 10) 55) 144 52) 17 49) 1 11 10 51 20\F. 11) 54) 15) 50) 18 48) 1 47 11 27 21|S 12| 52) 16) 49) 19 46) 2 24 QO 4a 99\Su. (5 14/6 5115 176 48/5 206 45,3 Oa] 0 40a 23)M. 15| 50) 18 46} 21) 44) 3 42 1 22 24\Tu.| 16| 48) 19| 55) 21) 42) 4 28 Cae 25Iw.| 171 47) 20) 44) 32) 41) 5 35 3 15 %6'Th.| 18| 45} 21) 42) 23) 40,7 3 4 43 QUE. 19} 44) 22| 41} 24) 38) 8 31 6 11 28)\S. 90| 42) 23} 39) 25) 37 9 37 1 ied bd 90\Su.|5 2116 405 246 38\5 266 3610 24a|8 4a 30\M. 99| 39| 25) 37} 27 8411 6 8 46 31\Tu.! 23! 371 26! 35) 28) 33jl1 38 9 18 EP FLL BE ee a 1841. | August has Thirty-one Days. 25 Phases of the Moon. Full Moon, 2d day, 4h. 53.8m. M. Last Quarter, 10th “ 1 106 M. New Moon, 16th “..4 248 A. First Quarter, 23d “ 8 14 M. Full Moon, Bist] "| & ¥2.7 7) A: a 2 : Moo} rises or hoa S| e¢ wee || ne = hae =] Aw ars "Oo ES Sunpays, &c. 6 S S m+ ae ~ 3 q a\ss | 8A laze] BS rises, | rises. | rises h.m. | h. m.| h.m. } h. m. [Lammas day. 8.11 57a) 7 3aj 7 Oa) 6 55 asth Sun. af. Trin p 19yy 21 8 728 | 726 | 722 |@ tot. eclip. visible in U.S. 3} 040m) 750 | 749 | 747 Ic.P. Ply. 44122 |810 |} 810 | 8 9 5| 2 2 | 829 | 830 | 830 6} 243 | 849 | 851 | 852 |d )H.¥ and } stationary. W326 | DLIS) S146), 9 17 S.| 4 9m} 9 36a} 9 41 aj 9 45 al9th Sun. after Trinity. 9457 10 7 11013 |1018 |g py. C.P. Gr. and Ply. 10| 549 |1046 {1053 |10 59 11} 646 |11 36 |11 44 j11 51 ore at a) ot. Oe Ose 13} 850 | 039m) 047m) 0 54mjd DQ. . 14,954 }154 12 142 7 (|L5th. Sat gr. W. elon. 18°35’ — | | EES S.|10 54m) 35 15m} 3 21m) 3 26 [10th Sun. after Trin. ¢ p &. 16)11 51 | sets. | sets. | sets. |© eclipsed, invis. in U. 8. 17, 0 45a) 716a} 715 a) T15a 18, 135 | 740 | 740 | 742 19,.2 25 18 -5'| 8 6°1810 20; 313 | 830 | 833 | 8 37 alxy Pip 21,402 | SER) 9 2°)}9 0% S.| 4 52a) 9 29a) 935 a) 9 41 altith Sun. after Trin. 3 DP 23) 544 |10 8 1014 {10 22 24, 6 36 ;1053 j11 O {11 8 igyy 25) 728 |1145 71153)... SDh 26; 8 18 O Om 2719 7 | 043m| 050ml 057 —_—_| I EF S.|10 38 a} 247m) 251m} 2 57m\jo Sunaher Taw 30111 20 |.350 | 353 |358 lopwi 31 8 453 4 59 4 58 h stationary. Ts Wa et ae a 26 September, Ninth Month, begins on Wednesday. [1841. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Ist day. wth day. |) 13th day. jj) lyth day. jj 20th day, Beg? | Ends.) Beg’s| Huds.||Beg’s.| Ends,|| Begs. bnds,||Beg’s\ Ends, h.m /b.m. |/h. m.|/h. m.|}h. m. |h. m. h. m. |h.m.|/h.m.|h. m. Boston, 344m/3 16a/(35im|/8 4al/3 59m|7 524 ‘4 7m\7 40a 4 16m|7 28 New York./349 /8 11 |/356 |8 0 |/4 3 |7 49 |410 (737 |'418 |7 96 Washing’n.|354 {8 6 |/4 0 |7 56 ||4 7 |7 45 }14 14 |7 34 |'421 |7 93 = ~ Sun’s upper limb rises and sets. High water. se |es. (25S Cee ges pee r S| B| Sos | ese egea $ aa AlA\ "SS" |2eo “Fora. & © ‘i rises | sets. \rtses | sets. |rises | sets. h.m {h. m.|h. m.|h. m./b.m.'h.m.! h. m h. m. 1}W.15 2416 35'5 2716 33/5 296 31]. . 949 a 2\Ch.} 26) 33) 28 31) 30) 29'0 9m/|10 18 JF. 7| 32) 29| 30) 31| 28 0 38 10 44 A'S. 38; 30) 30) 28 32} 26,1 4 11 13 5) Su.|5 2916 23815 3116 265 336 24°71 33m 11 44 a GM. | 30| 26) 32] 24) 34 a3'2 4 |... “/Tu.| 31] 25 33) 23 35) 2119 41 |0 21m sw.| 32] 23 34 21! 35! 201399 |1 9 9'Th.| 33] 21] 35! 19] 36] 181422 |2 2 10\F. 35, 79} 36) 17 37 16) 5 40 3 220 11|S. % 17| ST 15) 2338).41 bao 4 59 12)Su.|5 37/6 155 386 145 396 13) 8 43 m/| 6 23 m 13\M. 38} 14) 39) 13) 40; 12) 9 49 i RO 14/Tu.| 39) 12) 40; 11; 41} 1010 44 8 24 15, W.| 40) 10) 40 9} 41 911 30 9 10 16,Th.} 41 8 41 Wd. 42)... 7:0 ..9 a 7] Boag 17\F. 42} 6) 42 5} 43 5| 0 46 10 26 18'S. 43 5| 43) “et «44 B18 10 58 19|Su.|5 446 35 446 25 446 21 52a |11 32m 20\M. 45 1) 456 O} 456 O| 2 31 Olla 21\Tu.| 4616 O| 46/5 59| 465 59] 3 12 0 52 2aW.| 4715 58) 47 58) 47) 57 3 58 1 38 23/Th.| 48} 56} 48) 56) 48 56) 4 58 2 38 241k 50} 55). 50) 55) 49) 54/6 24a/4 4 25|S 51} 53} 51} 53} 50) 53).7 46 5 26 26|Su.|5 52\5 51/5 526 51/5 51/5 51) 9 1a/!6 41 a 27M. 53] 491 53) 49)' 52):(49) 9954 7 34 28\Tu.| 54, 47 54) 47) 53) 48/10 34 S, 14 29'W.| 55) 46) 55) 46) 54, 46/11 7 8 47 30/Th.| 56} 44} 56} 44) 55) 45/11 38 9 18 1841. ] September has Thirty Days. 27 Phases of the Moon. Last Quarter, 8thday, 9h. 4.6m New Moon, th “ QO 54.2 .M M. First Quarter, 22d “ 0 23.6 M. Full Moon, 30th’ ** 11, 10.5°° M Moon rises or sets, 2] 43 2 g E Z E E Zs é r Sunpays, &c (sa | a |ea.| 42 re) aise | aa lees lee | i rises. | rises. | rises he otap bm.) 2. tea Om 1} 0 2m) 6 36 a} 6 37a] 6 37a 91043 |655 | 657 | 6 58 |d DH. Shale tel ee EEG) 42 8 7 42 TAT 7150 |8 ©? Intensity oflight,0.468 S.| 255m) 811 | 8 17a) 8 22 |13th Sunday after Trinity. 6| 345 | 8 46a) 853 | 8 59 [KD «op "| 439 | 930 | 938 | 944 Js Hd stationary.S.J. C. Len. 8| 5 37 {lJ 27 {10 35 |10 42 [Gr. C. C. Wor. Gr. G| 6 38 |11 35 |11 42 |L1 49 Sup. d 8O. 10) 740 |... |. «a. | ~~~ [Battle on Lake Erie, 1813. 11) §40 | 051m) 057m) 1 Smiyy o Bat. L. Champ. 1814. S.| 9 36m} 2 10m) 2 15m) 2 19m)14th Sunday after ‘Trinity. 113/10 30 | 330 | 3 34 | 3 36 [Battle of Quebec, 1759. p Per. 14/11 22 sets. sets. sets. |C.C.Con. [C.P.Low.Tau. 15} 012a|6 4a 6 5a 6 Va 16} 1 1 | 6 29 | 6 31 | 635 |Jewish Year 5662, begins. Piel.) 6-66.-6 7-0 LA T8232 42 | C27 al. 7 SS ay T38 S.| 334al 8 4a] 811 aj) 816 [15th Sun. after Trinity. 90| 4 27 | 847 | 854 | 9 1 [19th. ORO [C.C.Ded.Taun- 21} 520 | 9387 | 944 | 952 Iopt. W. Scott d. 1832. 22} 6 12 11034 |1040 1048 [gp 93nd oo) LEGA LAO I 4 © | Antuma begins. 24| 7 49 reer rela - + + |) Apogee. 25| 834 | 0 36m! 0 4im| 0 47m S.) 917 a} 139m) 1 43m) 1 47m 16th Sunday after Trinity. 271.9 59 | 2.42, 12 Ae 248 ic P. Edg. C. C. P. Wor. 98110 40 | rises. | rises. | rises. S. J.C. Wor. 2911 22 |5 lal 5 Sal 5 Bag ) HA St. Michael. 30, & | 523 | 526 | 528 | 28 October, Tenth Month, begins on Friday. [1841. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Ist day. 7th day. 13th day. 19th day. Q5th day. —————_— —-—_— | | | | | | Beg’s| Euds.|| Beg’s; Ends. || Beg’s srebige Beg’s| Ends.||Beg’s| Ends. h.m.|h. m. |}h.m.}h.m. |/h. m, [h. h.m }h.m. {/h.m. |h.m. Boston, 4 23m|7 1 aj}430m|7 6 a/}/437m 655. a 444m |6 46 450m|638 a N. York. {425 |715 [|432 |7 4 ||438 [654 ||444 [646 ||450 |6,38 Washing’n.|427 |713 |]433 |7 3 ||488 [654 |[444 1646 ||450 |638 i | Sun’s wyper limb rises and sets. High water. a v a Nan aI” TT Ne ee a ee ee a | o D = 2 Sunk eS ‘ 3 fo) ad os “oon, . se 23 |6He |ses3 | 3g ¢ Ge | Se OS | Bad q 8'3.2 = bm S a 1S x 283 [pass ¢ 3 n | wm Aur: BBS Cae = i gS pies) P| B = &0 oes aA Se % ® A|S daa i Benen dl 1-8 f rises \ sets. rises sets. \rises | sets. h: m.{h. m.|h.m.|h. m.|h.m.}h.m.|| h., m h. m F. 15 5715 42\5 5715 42)5 56/5 43 9 44a S. 15 58! 40) 58) 40) 57) 41/0 4m/]10 15 Su. |5 5915 3915 595 3915 5815 40| 0 35m/10 47 a M. 6 1 376 O| 375 59 38/1 7 (111 26 leo mazorenm col tom z : 36} 1| 366 O| 371 1 46 abe W. 34, 2} 34) 1] 351228 10 Sm Th. 32} 3 33i 2] 341317 1057 BE, 31; 4| 3i| . 3| 321414 |1 54 S. 291 5! 30; 4| 311535 | 315 10. Su.16 85 276 65 286 55 29/7 Om| 4 49m 11|M 9) 264 | 37; 6 28/827 |6 7% 12/Tu.| 10} 244 8] 25, 7 261933 1718 13,W. 99} 9 23, 8 251021 |8 1 14/Th.| 12] 21} 10| 29} 9) 23/11 4 | 8 44 15|F 19] 11} 20] 10} 22/11 42 | 9 92 16S 17] 12} 181 11] 20] 0 18a] 9 58 17|Su.|6 155 1516 135 1716 1215 19 0 53 a (10 33m 1¢M. 14] 15] 15) 13] 18] 131 (11 11 19 Tu. 12| 16] v4! 14] 16] 2 7 ‘11 47 20 W. 11] 17 13] 15) 15] 246 10 26a 91 Th. 91 18| 11] 16] 14] 332 |1 12 99 F, 8} 19) 10) 17 13] 4 21 2 <1 938 6} 20) 9 18] 111535 |3 15 04 Su. 6 235 56 215 76 195 10' 6 53 al 4 33a 95M. | Sis OR Ae Gl ZO} ~ Oi pS ened 5 41 96 Tu, 9) 24, 4) 211 819 5 16 45 27 W. 5 O| 25, 3] 22) 61946 | 7 26 98 Th. 459) 26 2) 23) 4511025 |8 5 99 F.| 7 57| 2715 o| 24 3/1059 | 8 39 30S. | 30} 55| 28/4 59] 25) 2111 35 | 9 15 31Su. 6 394 546 2914 5819 265 1 9 bla 458 |*KD€op.St.Sim. and St.Jude. 1841.] October has Thirty-one Days. ae Phases of the Moon. Last Quarter, 7th day, 4h. 3.3m. A. New Moon, lth, 11 nis. M: First Quarter, Odes °S FSe 6a.AN" MM: Full Moon, 30th, © "Ure 40500" ME: a a. Moen rises or sets cps Lee a ac : ae ais Bog 2a Sunpays, &c. ‘ $$ 29 2 ag 8 SI Se rises. | rises. | rises. be me | be or) tema) he me 11 0 6m} 5 46a) 5 51a) 5 54 aK 11H. 2; 052 | 6 14 | 6 20 | 6 24 S.| | 42m} 6 48a) 6 54a) 7 Oz/l7th Sun. af. Trin. &Gb, g, 4,235 | 731 | 733 | 745 |kp28.C. P. Nan. , 5} 332 | 823 | 831 8 38 |C.P. Bos. C. C. Spr. 6} 432 | 926 | 933 | 9 40 7 532 |10 37 |10 44 10 49 86 31 {11 53 |11 58 OF hore +). . kB ae 0 3m S.| 8 21m) 1 11 .} 1 14m) 1 18miisth sun. after Trinity. 11] 911 | 227 | 230 | 232 |g99.C.. Spr. -.J.C.Cam IZ10 1 | 3438 | 344 | 345 1310 50 | 458 | 458 | 457 |9OQ. Intens. of light,0.773. 14:11 39 | sets. sets. sets. 15) 0 29:| 5 Wal 5 25 al 5 30 16} 1 22 | 558 6 3 1.610 “117th. db fh. Bur. sur. 1777. S.) 215 a} 6 40a| 5 46 al 6 54 all9th Sun. after Trin. 3d Dam 18|' 3 9 728 |735 | 742 Id) U.19th Cornwallis sur. 19/4 2 | 822 | 829 | 836 |S.J.C. Ply. [1781. 20; 453 | 921 | 927 | 9 34 |America discov’d, 1492, N.S. 21) 542 |1023 10 28 110 34 22; 6 23 |11 26 |11.0 |11 35 |? Apogee. vas mer ey 24th. Q stationary. ~~ S. 7 54a 0 30m 0 33m} O 37m|20th S. after Trin. C. P. Len. 25,835 | 132 | 134 | 1 37 | oat gr. E. elong.23 deg.50 m. 26] 916 | 2 34 | 235 | 237 Is. J.C. Dea. 271959 | 336 |335 1336 |g8o. 28/10 45 | rises. | rises. | rises. 29/11 34 | 415 | 4 2:} 4940 30) 8 | 447 | 453 a) 5 40 al2ist Sun. after Trin. 30 November, Eleventh Month, begins on Monday. [ 1841. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Ist day. 2nd day. l3ih day. iYth day. 25th day. Beg sj Ends.|/Beg?s| Ends, Beg’s| Bnds Beg’s| Ends. Beg’s Ends. h. m.jh. m. |/h. m. {&. m. |/b. m.{h. m.{/h. m./h. m. |/h. m./h. m. Boston, 458m|6 30a//5 5m/6 23a//511m/6 18a//517m/6 14al/523m/6 lla New York.}457 |6 31 |/5 4 /6 24 |/510 |6 19 [1515 |6 16 ||521 |6 13 Washin’n, 457 |6 31 {15 3 {625 ||5 8 [6 21 |/513 {618 11519 [6 15 S |g | Sun's upper limb rises and sets. |__High water. 5 |e 683 |fee ae 2 2 e\s gees jezg. |2222 | 2 | Bs AIA | As Sie EOF mM ~ Z, rises | sets.\rises |sets. \rises | sets: h.m.{h. m.|h. m.|h.m.|h.m.|h.m.| h. m. hb. on. 1\M. |6 33/44 536 30/4 576 275 0) 012m |10 33 a 2\Tu.| 34 52) SI) 56) 284 59/0 58 11°16 3\'W.| 35) 51) 32) 55) 29) 58) 1 36 phe A\Th.| 36] 50) 33) 54) 380 57220 |0 Om SF. 38). 49). 34; 53) 31) 56) 3 12 0 52 6\S. 39. 47), 36) .Dikh 82) Hope 1 dl 7|Su.|6 40/4 4616 37/4 506 3314 54, 5 25m/13 5m 8iM. 42) 45) 38 491.235). Bei G43 433 9iTu.| 43) 44 39) 48 36) 52)7 56 5 36 10\W.| 44 43) 40) 47 37) 51) 859 6 39 11/Th.| 46} 42) 42) 46) 39) 50/9 52 7 32 12). 47| 41; 438) 45) 40) 49/10 36 8 16 13)S. 48} 40) 44, 44) 41] 4811 19 8 59 14|Su.|6 50/4 3916 46/4 436 424 4711 58m | 9 38m | 15|M. 51} 388 47 42) 43) 46|034a (10 14 16/Tu.| 52) 3 48; 41} 44 45) 111 10 51 17W.| 53} 36| 49} 41| 45) 44) 147 lige 18\Th.| 54) 35) 50} 40) 46) 44) 2 24 O 4a 19IF. 55} 34h opt. S39" 47 4BRS Ff QO 47 20'S 57| 34) 53). 39) 48) 42) 358 1 38 21\Su.\6 58\4 3316 54/4 386 494 42| 449a | 2 29m 22|M..|6 59 32) ba Sis SO) 41+ 5 47 be pd 23\Tu.|7 O}| 31) 56) 36) 51} 41) 6 46 4 26 24\W Di Sl DT soo 2). Aly '7G1 5 3l 25\Th. 3) 30; 58) 35}) 53) 40| 8 47 6 27 26\F. 4} 306 59} 35) 54) 40) 9 36 7 16 QS. 5 29/7 0} 34) 55 ca 25 8&5 29|M. 8 29 11 57 ered | 8\Su.\7 614 297 1\4 346 567 4011 9a |8 49 a | mor | ga 3 34) 58| 40 4) 33) 59| 39 1841. | November has Thirty Days. Phases of the Moon. Last Quarter, 5th day, 11h. 5.6m. A. New Moon, Ith? “0 2E5 A. First Quarter, 2Ist “ 1 216 M. Fall Moon,} Otay he) Pe 20 8 1 tks a +3 3 Moon rises or sets. E Ba fits aa =| =| ae ra me ee Sunpays, &c. a | Jeg ; ee = S82) ss Fae oe A) ss | aa as | Be rises. | rises. | rises. hjm.ik B2 nt) |. | hem: 1| 1 25m| 6 19 aj 6 27m] 6 33 ajAll Saints. C.C. P. Low. 21226 | 720 | 728 | 734 |AllSouls. S. J.C. Sal. 3,327 | 830 | 837 | 843 Bat. near Canton,China,1839. 5} 524 |11 1 fll 6 11 9 $% stationary. Gi Ge'é. | a4. Tears S.| 7 Tm) 0 16m) 0 20m) 0 2imigeqd s. af. Trin. &) 652. 8} 756 | 130 | 132 | 133 \c P. Greenfield. 9) 8 43 2 42 2 42 2 42 Ss. J. C. Bos. and N. Bed. 10} 9381 | 353 | 352 | 350 |o6 rag. Tht0 207 bo sD OT aor 5) 2 12\11 11 sets. | sets. | sets. 13|}0 4a 434 | 440a| 447 igps. S.| 0 58 5 19a} 5 26a) 5 33 ajgza Sun. after Trin. 3 Dam. 15,151 |611 | 618 | 6 25 16 244a\ 7 9 | 715 | 722 lod. Inf ¥O. rncas4 | Bll | 8 16 S22 ia yee tone ic O-138” i SG aie 19\5 6 |1016 |1019 |10 23 |D Apogee. 20; 5 48 |11 18 j11 20 {11 23 ¥ S31 j6:29 al ees 24th Sunday after Trinity. 22} 710 | 0 20m) 0 21m) 0 23m 23RD | 8238-st Beet 1:23 aD E- QA' 8 35 225 2 24 9 94 25th. N. York evac 1783. 25 9 22 | 332, 329 | 3 28 | stationary. 29610 14 | rises. | rises. | rises. 971110 | 319al 3 36al 3 31a ——S— || Fe _ SS & |4 Gal 418a\ 420 a Advent Sunday. 29 Ollm| 5 5 | 513 | 519 30.114 | 615 | 6 22 | 6 28 |St. Andrew. KD AD. 32 December, Twelfth Month, begins on Wednesday.{ 1841. Twilight begins and ends. Mean time. Beg’s) funds, ||Beg’s| Mnds.|| Beg’s| Ends. ||Beg’s | Ends. ||Beg’s| Kuds, Boston, [529m Jalleanmle gale4omle” Balsazulé 10al[s4om|6 14 a New York.]527 |6 1] |[533 (6 11 |[537 |6 11 [1541 |6 13 |]544 |6 16 Washing’n.|525 |6 13 |/530 |6 14 {1534 |6 14 1/5 38 |6 16 |[541 {6 19 s = Sun’s upper limb rises and sets. High water. 5 = ‘i = 2 2 pa ert: ap 3 ad Aad see ges : S e Ps § sae pees | 2888 gq bs alo | Sess |ephes | es ba BS A125) es ee Siro a Z eS) rises | sets |rises | sets. \rises | sets. h. m.|h.m. |h. m./h.m.)/h.m./h.m.| h. m h. m 1w.'7 104 28)7 54 33)7 O4 390 41 mill 8a 2'Th 11; 28 6| 33 1) 39} 1°28 lt O7 3\F. 12) 25 1). 3B Dy. Oa A'S. 13) 4725 3). 33 3)'G9) 3286 0 46 m BiSu.\¥ 144 287 9/4 33/7 4/4 58/4 6m] 1 46m 6\M. 15| 28} 10) 33 5} 38¢15 O 2 40 Wu 16} 28 11) 383 6 eae | aL! 8|W 17, 28) 12) 33 Gis 3b aieTe 4 49 9/Th 18).5238 <18) 33 Sis SE BATT DOT 1O/E 19): 28]: 14) 33 G c| 9 24 174 11\S 20} -28)..15) 33) 10 E110 20 8 O 12\Su. |7 2114 28/7 16/7 Scl7 11/7 388)11 4m| 8 44 m 13|M. 99 IS) AT) 33 13)” 8&1 -45 9.95 14\Tu.| 232s" 1e|} 33) 12) 38.022 a 1072 15iw,| 24 29 1°) 3 lE| 39] O 56 iO 36 1GiThacsee eo) 1S) Sd)? TA BS ese i1 12 17E DOr PO) aOb\ 484| 14)? 40) Bay 11 47 18)S OF 29 Gis 434! 4p) Ac] 2 UB 0°23: a 19|Su.|7 26/4 30/7 2114 554 12/4 411 3 if a| 0 58 a 20|/M. 96) 7.30).- 21) 35) 15| 41) 4° 5 1 45 91Tu.| 227). Sines, SG 15) 42) 4 44 2 24 29IW.| 27 Si me?! 3 1€). 42) 5 39 3 AZ 93/Th | 28) 32)° 2) 3%} 1€] 43) 6 32 4 12 Z4/F". De) 321-222 a 16) 43) -7°46 5 26 25)S De tol Po lao (1). 4 | Siz 6 37 96| Su. |4 2914 33/7 23/4 bc 14 1.17 444 ¥y. 8 al 7 38a 97\M. dl ala somoe | A 4510 53 8 33 OAT | 299) 34) 24 Bo) 18) BERS + es 9gIw.| 29! 35) 24) Al 18, 46 'O 14 24 41| 181 4710 34mi11 2 25, 42] 19| 48121 [11 48 a. ee Pen ERS 1841. ] December has Thirty-one Days. 33 Phases of the Moon. Last Quarter, 5th day, 7h. 7.9m. M. New Moon, 1th 420.4 A. First Quarter, 20th “ 9 405 = A. Full Moon, Vote ek ee a a 3 Moon rises or sets. 2 PRY io ged Bal a4 =] ae Ch tote eS. i Sunpays, &c. ph} ae -O yi hi Lape 3} 6a Sy |p aed B gi 7 om) oo ~~ Re} Aa, ss | maa laa E> rises. | rises. | rises h. m. | h. m. | h.m. | h.m. 1| 217 | 731 al 737 al 742 | D Perigee. C. C. North. 21317 | 849 | 854 | 858 3} 412 10 6 |1010 11012 | * gr. W. elong. 20° 30’. 4.5 4 11121 {1124 1/11 24 5th. Pres. Van Buren b. 1782 ier tenets bee ciate a ad Sunday in Advent. 6| 641 | 034m) 035m) 0 35m Beg. Ist ses. 27th Congress. 7/728 | 145 | 144 | 143 |[C. P. Ply. Wor. C. C. Gr. O° S816 £255") 2:53" (42.50 wD. Oe oe 4 O be 10,956 | 514 | 510 | 5 4 11/1049 | 621 | 616 | 610 S./11 42m] sets. sets. | sets. {3d Sunday in Adv. DH©O 13} 035a| 458 a) 5 4a) 512 |dp)1,h.-C.P. Cam. N.Bed. 14,127 | 559 | 6 5 | 612 | Washington d. 1799. 15) 215 ARE 7 6 712 |16th. Tea des. in Bost. 1773. ‘ 1663 0|8 4 | 8 8 | 813 |g) Q. Ge. fire in N. ¥.1835 Picoat |-9 6G |.9 9 | 912 [D Apogee. 181425 10 7 10 8 1011 ciate —————_ | ——— | um ___ ——— —— : s+ 2 |e ee | + + « IC. Ips. and Ded. 21} 6 27 | 010m) O 9m) 0 10m} winter begins St. Thomas. 2 59 | 22 218°) 215 jo99. Tanai 241852 | 330 | 396 | 309 anding at Plym. 1620. 25|.9 bI = |. 442 1 45 431 | Christmas day. K) 2x8. oe ———$—~ | qc — _—_—_—_—— S.|10 53 a} rises. | rises. | vises. |1st Sun. after Christmas. 271158 | 351 | 358a) 4 5 al2cth. St. Stephen. ; F : a 513 | 519 |Innocents. m| 6 2 633 | 637 dand s3. p Perigee. a1 | 749, | 758-\07 55 | ade oe! oc, 31; 257 | 9 7 | 910 | 91k Earth nearest the Sun. 34 STATISTICS. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES. GREAT BRITAIN. Cotton, (calicoes, cambric muslins, dimities, lace, guaze, velvets, shawls, etc.) consuming 280,000,000 Ibs. per annum, annual value $162,000,000, employing 800,000 people, and 80,000 power looms ; woollen, (cloth, kerseymere, baize, worsted, flannels, blanketing, car- peting, etc.) annual value about $96,000,000, employing 500,000 per- sons; the annual import of raw wool is about 30,000,000 Ibs ; metal- lic ware, annual value of produce $80,000,000, persons employed 350,000 ; linen, annual value $30,000,000, (lace, lawn, cambric, shirt- ings, sheetings, sail-cloth, etc ;) hides, tanned, etc., consuming 42,- 800,000 Ibs., of which about 33,500,000 were imported, annual value produced $68,000,000, employing 300,000 persons; malt liquor, 9,500,000 bbls., value $125,000,000; candles, 118,000,000 jlbs., value $16,000,000 ; soap, 120,000,000 Ibs., value $16,000,000 ; glass, paper, spirits, starch, etc. FRANCE. The annual value of the manufactures of France is estimated at about $300,000,000 ; silk, $25,000,000 ; woollen, consuming 100,000,- -000 Ibs. of which 10,000,000 are imported, value $46,000,000; linen, (iawns, cambric, lace, plain cloths, sail cloth, etc.) $26,000,000 ; cot- ton, consuming 75,000,000 lbs; leather, $30,000,000 ; trinkets, per- fumery, jewelry, furniture, etc. to the value of $20,000,000 per ann.; soap, $6,600,000 ; starch and hair powder, $10,000,000 ; crystal and glass, $4,000,000 ; porcelain and pottery ; $5,000,000, etc. Dupin makes the following estimate of the comparative commer- cial and manufacturing power of France and Great Britain. FRANCE. GREAT BRITAIN. Men Power. Men Power. Animate Force - - : - - 6,503,019 7,275,497 Millsand Hydraulic Engines — 1,500,000 1,200,000 Tanimate ) Windmills . - - 253 333 240,000 Force. Wind and Navigation - 3,000,000 12,000,000 Steam Engines - - - 480,000 6,400,000 11,536,352 27,115,497 Add Ireland —_1,002,667 Totals - - Total United Kingdom 28,118,164 Thus the total inanimate force applied to the arts in France, scarce- ly exceeds the fourth of that so applied in the United Kingdom; and the whole animate and inanimate power of the latter applied to manufac: — tures andcommerce is nearly treble the amount of that of the former. PRUSSIA. Woollen, consuming 25,000,000 Ibs. value produced, inclusive of raw material, $30,000,000 ; cotton, $15,000,000 ; linen, $9,500,000 ; silk, (8,500 looms, 35,000 operatives,) gross value $4,500,000; metal- lic ware, glass, porcelain, leather, trinkets, &c. , STATISTICS. 85 NETHERLANDS AND BELGIUM. Woollen, $15,500,000; cotton, $9,800,000; linen, $18,000,000 ; lace, $5,000,000 ; refined sugar, $2,700,000 ; spirits, $7,600,000 ; beer, $22,000,000 ; tobacco, $5,350,000 ; oil, 5,600,000 ; soap, $2,000,000 ; leather, $5,350,000 ; earthenware, $800,000; books, 3,000,000; pa- per, $1,600,000, &c. in all, $130,000,000. OTTOMAN EMPIRE, Manufacturing industry is more advanced in the Asiatic portion of this Empire than in the European: the Turkey leather cannot be rivalled in other parts of Europe, and in the dyeing of silk, cotton and woollen, the artisans of Turkey are not surpassed by any. Silks, cottons, linen, fire-arms, sword-blades, soap, glass, copper utensils, fine carpets, and camlets, &c. are produced. SWEDISH MONARCHY. The manufactures of Sweden are inconsiderable, and those of Norway are of even less importance ; and, although fostered by gov- ernment, they cannofsustain themselves against foreign competition. Pottery, glass, woollen, bar iron, some silk and linen, ships, leather, paper, spirits, &c., are the prominent articles. ‘ Even in the com- mon trades the work is lazily and ill performed, and charged at a high rate; and it is a curious fact, that some great merchants in the western towns send their linen to be washed in London.” RUSSIA. The manufactures of Russia, notwithstanding the efforts of gov- ernment, are in a rude state. The most national are coarse fabrics from hemp and flax, sail-cloth, duck, sheeting, sack-cloth, all of which are supplied of a better quality and at a cheaper rate by Rus- sia than they can be had elsewhere. The encouragement afforded to the distillation of rum from grain has succeeded to such a frightful degree, as not only to exclude foreign spirits, in a great measure, from home consumption, but to enable from 25,000 to 28,000 persons to destroy themselves annually by intemperance ; the annual value produced is estimated at $60,000,000. The patronage of government has also attracted foreign manufacturers, who have established ex- tensive manufactures of iron and arms, and some silk (16,000 looms) and cotton ‘70,000 looms) manufactories ; but these do not supply the internal demand. Coarse woollens, in great quantity, are made by the peasants for family use. CHINA. The industry and ingenuity of the Chinese in all that relates to the conveniences of life are remarkable ; the origin among them, of sev- eral arts of comparatively recent date in Europe, is lost in the night of time ; they have, from time immemorial, fabricated silks, porce- lains, and cottons of great beauty and excellence, worked with the 36 STATISTICS. precious metals, polished and cut precious stones, excelled in em- broidery, dyeing, carving ivory, and making musical instruments ; their filigree work, artificial flowers, paper-hangings, paper, lackered ware, &c., are also remarkable. UNITED STATES. Cotton, 795 mills, with 1,246,503 spindles and 33,500 looms, pro- ducing annually 200,500,000 yards, of the value of $26,000,000, con- suming 77,758,000 pounds, employing 62,000 persons, 40,000,000 yds. are printed ; woollen, annual value of manufacture, $40,000,000, employing 50,000 persons; glass, porcelain, &c., $3,000,000; paper, $7,000,000 ; chemical articles, $1,000,000; hats and caps, $11,000,000, employing 18,000 persons ; cabinet ware, $10,000,000 ; leather, glass, candles, soap, cutlery, fire-arms, sheet-iron, hardware, &c. RATES OF POSTAGE. On a Single Letter composed of one piece of paper. For any distance, notexceeding 30 miles, 6 cents. Over 30, and not exceeding 80 10 Over 80, and not exceeding 150 121-2 Over 150, and not exceeding 400 18 3-4 Over 400 miles 25 A Letter composed of two pieces of paper, is charged with double these rates; of three pieces, with triple; and of four pieces, with quadruple. ‘One or more pieces of paper, mailed as a letter, and weighing one ounce, shall be charged with quadruple postage ; and at the same rate, should the weight be greater.” Newspaper Postage. For each Newspaper, not carried out of the State, in which it is published, or, if carried out of the State, not carried over 100 miles, 1 cent. Over 100 miles, and out of the State in which it is pub- lished, 1 1-2 cents. Magazines and Pamphiets. If published periodically, dis. not exceeding 100 ms, 1 1-2 cts p. sheet. 2 Ditto do. dis. over LEB AR “ If not pub. periodically, dis. not exceeding “ “ 4 rs & Ditto do. dis. over Cont ae ik “ Every printed Pamphlet or Magazine which contains more than 24 pages, on a royal sheet, or any sheet of less dimensions, shall be charged by the sheet: and small pamphlets, printed on a half or quarter sheet, of royal or less size, shall be charged with half the * amount of postage charged on a full sheet. — The postage on Ship Letters, if delivered at the office where the vessel arrives, is 6 cents; if conveyed by post, 2 cents in addition to the ordinary postage. JANUARY. ANOTHER happy new year to all our friends—to our enemies we have nothing to say, for we know of none. We are happy to meet you again at the commencement of another year, after having experienced the bounties of a kind Providence through the year that is past. We have been blessed with general health, and we are under obligation to say that nothing but our own dissentions and other follies have occurred to check our progress in knowledge, in wealth, and in general improvement. Americans have much reason to rejoice that their lot has fallen in pleasant places—that they have a climate favorable to the pro- duction of every thing useful to man—and that a fortunate con- currence of circumstances has enabled them to establish a gov- ernment of their own choice, which secures more freedom to the great body of the population than any system has done, either in ancient or in modern times. We say a fortunate concurrence of circumstances has enabled them to do this, for if we look at the variety of conflicting opin- ions of the present day, we must be satisfied it would be ex- tremely difficult now to marshal and organize twentysix, or even thirteen “sovereign and independent States,” into one general sovereignty, that should regulate all their foreign relations and their intercourse with each other. If I am not much deceived, we should now find it extremely difficult to alter a single clause in the compact, which, at present, binds us together as a nation, although three-fourths only of the States are required to sanction such as a measure. We ought not, therefore, to think with complacency on any measures that shall have the least tendency to a dissolution of our union. If it be only “a rope of sand” that binds us together, the rogue that shall attempt to sever us may yet find that we have a strong- er one in reserve for him. JANUARY WEATHER. We expect our coldest weather during this month, and we sometimes find the thermometer down to twenty degrees below zero. In-Albany, whose latitude is nearly half a degree north 4 38 JANUARY. of us, we see that some of their thermometers indicate 28 or 30°. But we usually have a January thaw, and this sometimes lasts two or three weeks. It is generally thought that a deep covering of snow is benefi- cial to the soil, and asnow storm in May is called the poor man’s manure. But this enriching of the soil by a snow fall must be a fanciful idea, and cannot be entitled to much consideration by the husbandman. It is true that snow falls lighter than rain, and therefore does not beat down the earth to the injury of vegeta- tion, and it penetrates the soil more thoroughly than a sudden shower which often beats down one portion of the field, while it washes away the other. When deep snows fall early in winter, the earth often remains unfrozen during the season, but we are not sure we gain by this. Hard frosts change the relative position of the particles compos- ing the soil, and this sets the whole in a state of fermentation in the Spring, and operates in some degree asa ploughing or a harrowing. It may be partly owing to this circumstance that our most northern States are naturally more productive of grass than those which lie so far south as not to be disturbed by the frosts of winter. It is a remarkable fact that Providence has ordained the most rapid growth and the most bountiful supply of the principal arti- cle of sustenance for our cattle in our coldest States. And this is not the only advantage enjoyed by the inhabitants of a rigor- ous climate. The frosts of winter often render easier our means of travelling than any we possess in the warmest part of the season, and infinitely better than those enjoyed in a more south- ern latitude during winter. Our long winters are also more favorable to intellectual im- provement than are those climes where the business of the great body of the population may be pursued at a profit throughout the year. This may be one reason why Scotland is more intellectual than Spain—and Germany produces more scholars than Italy. Be this as it may, no district in the United States of equal extent has a more intelligent population than New England. Virginia has a territory nearly equal in extent; her climate is extremely favorable to vegetation. ‘There winters are mild and. of short duration. Cattle require not half the winter fodder that is needed in New England; yet there is no comparison between her population and her power and those of New England. Labor is not esteemed so honorable as in districts where all submit to it. But it is believed the climate is not so favorable to the growth of a vigorous population as that of a colder latitude ; and that should slavery be ever abolished and field labor be rendered fashionable to the whites, they will never become a match for their northern brethren. Virginia was settled about fourteen years earlier than Massa- JANUARY. 39 chusetts, her first permanent stand being in 1606; while the landing of our fathers on Plymouth rock was in December, 1620. It is generally understood that the first settlers were not so well qualified to contend with the obstacles that are always presented in the settlement of a new and distant country. ‘These emigrants were bred in London and its vicinity; many were wholly unac- quainted with.the use of the plough and the spade, and when they had partially learned it they chose rather to leave this drudgery to the slave, whom the mother country chose to encourage them to bring from Africa, than to be personally engaged init. On these dark sons of toil the reflection of the sun’s rays from the tilled field made less impression than did that of their abject condition on their untutored minds. WINTER EVENINGS. When our barns are well stored with the sustenance of beasts, and our granaries with their appropriate burthens, — when our houses are filled with the good things which our short summers enable us to bring to perfection, and our wood houses groan with the burthen of the forests ready prepared to raise the temperature of our rooms, how comfortably we draw up a chair to the evening fire ; and, while the good mother, seated on one side of the light stand is mending the coats and preparing the stockings and the leggings for another encounter with the cold and with the snow, we take out our glasses and read aloud either from the Bible — the Boston Cultivator — or the Cultivator’s Almanac. While the little ones in the corner let their prattle subside for awhile to listen to something not so old nor so good as what they have often heard from the first named book, they give profound attention to something that does not convey instruction in that formal and methodical tone to which they have been used at school—not dealing largely in abstract maxims and in aphorisms so profound as not to be understood—but treating of subjects tangible, and closely connected with the business of life. Thus old and young are often kept awake, amused, and sometimes instructed by a train of every day thoughts that have passed through anotheyr’s brain. We can readily agree with Solomon, that there is nothing really new under the-sun, though many old creations are contin- ually assuming new forms. Solomon utterred some capital old saws concerning money and suretyship—and the fair sex; and if his life had conformed to his maxims, he had been a better man. Even three thousand years ago it was found easier to preach than to practise, and this is one of the discoveries which will be longest remembered. 40 JANUARY. Some have doubted whether chronology has been faithful in regard to the writings of this old sinner; and truly from some of his remarks concerning money, we might be led to suppose he wrote since the era of the American Revolution. But we must account for his accuracy in describing modern transactions, and the properties of this important article, wealth or money, on his leading maxim, that there is nothing new under the sun. We have not the book before us, but as far as our recollection serves he said, three thousand years ago, “ Riches take to them- selves wings and fly away.” Now paper money was not know when he made use of this expression, and if it was true in his time, when nothing was called riches but real, intrinsic, tan- gible and weighty substances, how much more readily will the truth of the maxim be acknowledged, when we find the world abounding in money that not only “takes wings,” but is often made wholly of “wings.” Modern improvement has not been satisfied with letting money take wings to itself that it might cir- culate more freely, but wings, in many places, are its sole substance. Wings, and nothing but wings, constitute its es- sence. We need not wonder at the ease with which millions fly away with one single defaulter, but we may still admire the wisdom of Solomon, who gave so long ago such an accurate account of wealth. He sometimes called it “vanity.” Could he, if now living, have hit the mark nearer, when a thousand companies in one nation are authorised by law to manufacture modern wealth out of one of the lightest and cheapest substances that can be found? The winds of Heaven are too rude to blow upon it— verily all is vanity. COMFORTS OF HOME. With our children about us in our snug winter quarters, we hear the howling winds and battering storms around our premi- ses without dismay, provided we have not built our house “ too high.” We moralize on the rashness of those who, at this sea- son, have entrusted themselves to the great deep, and we listen to the sad tales of the coasting mariner, whose bark has proved unequal to the gale. We next compare our comforts and our security to those of the western pioneer, who encroaches on Indi- an rights and Indian hunting-grounds, until the vengeful savage, provoked to madness by the wrongs he suffers, attempts redress in his own mode, altogether careless of consequences, and re- gardless of the mighty array of “pale faces” who come upon him in wrath, and make great professions of a desire to teach the aboriginal good manners. | But the red men must remove in a body beyond the “ father JANUARY. 41 of waters,” and surrender to better cultivators the inheritance given them by their Creator. ‘These they may possibly be al- lowed to “occupy till we come”; and they may expect to enjoy their new home in peace until we want more land! When we have driven him to the ,western coast, whither shall he turn ? The big water, west, is all too wide to be crossed by his canoe, and he must either turn to the left and mix with the Mexican Spaniards, whose ancestors showed so much kindness to his race when they took care of all his gold on their first friendly landing in the country; or he must turn short to the right, and submit to that mighty emperor of the Artic Circle, whose hunting grounds are without stint, and whose game is the human race. Here he may find protection under this Northern Bear equal to that which has recently been granted to the Polish nation. THE RIGHT OF THE STRONGEST. Power, superior might, must still rule the christian as well as the savage world, and the time of equal justice has not yet come. But when the true spirit shall predominate, justice will be measured by a better standard than the superior length of the sword. We still gaze at the stars and wonder what destiny awaits us; we dread the appearance of the fiery comet, the pre- cursor of war! Oh foolish generation! Oh mad subjects of rulers, whom you sometimes call and treat as servants! How long will you ascribe your guilty wars to destiny? And while you own no master, shift off the responsibility of your maddest acts of legislation to a superior power—to destiny ? War can scarce come without your bidding. Britons—Amer- icans—you, above all men may control the sinews of war. You hold the questions of peace and war between your thumb and finger. And you have only to say tothe monster, as you marci to the ballot box, thus far shalt thou come and no farther. The stars and the fiery comets will not be in haste to make war when they find you unwilling. If comets have mystery about them, we begin to see through it, and we have the testimony of Astron- omers that some of their long-tail worships can be as easily seen through, as the conduct of a noisy politician who figures at an election. COLD WEATHER. We often find as the days begin to lengthen the cold begins to strengthen, and our coldest weather seldom comes before the middle ofthis month, when the days have long been increasing in length. Neat cattle in our latitude seldom suffer with cold. If ; 4e 42 JANUARY. they are sheltered from the rains and kept away from a current of air, the warmth of their bodies, retained by the thick and fur- red coat of winter, will be sufficient. In very cold nights if left loose, they will seek their beds in a spot contiguous to that now occupied by one that has earlier gone to repose, and although they never crowd so closely as swine, they we!l understand the advan- tage of sleeping with more than one in a bed. When cattle are tied up ina close barn, the air soon becomes foul and unfit for further use. It must be as unwholesome for them, as it is for human beings to breathe foul air. Some far- mers open a window occasionally behind their cattle, and this ad- mits a draft of air that is injurious, as it is only a partial current. Some make a hole near the roof to let the foul air escape, and this is preferable to the other mode; but the safest and best way is to let neat stock have the liberty of choosing their own bed. WINTER SCHOOLING. Parents and guardians who can attend to it ought to know how their children have been employed at school—if they seem to take no interest in it the children will be likely to think it of small importance. If the parent feels incapable of instructing he can hear a lesson read or at least can manifest that he feels a lively interest in the progress of education. Parents should endeavor, when the winter school has com- menced, that their children should not miss a single day, and that they should never go late to interrupt the school. People who have never taught can scarce conceive of the difference of progress in schools where these rules are observed. If the child is always allowed to stay from school when he or she does not feel quite right, they will soon feel little interest there compared with one who is constant. After a few forfeitures of place or of standing on account of absence or tardiness a boy will lose all ambition and will make no progress. ‘The school-house is not the place for him. He cannot figure there and his thoughts will wander from his studies. ‘Tardiness causes much trouble to the instructor and to the whole school, and parents who have ever taught, or who have ever been taught, well know the evils of this neglect, but yet they will not be particular to prevent it. The constancy and punctuality we speak of is meant for the term. We would not be understood as wishing to keep scholars at school through the year. They will often gain as much by going steadily half a year as when compelled to attend during the whole of it. So a vacation of a week or two has not the same ill effect on a school as the absence of a portion of its scholars. In case of a vacation all begin anew and on equal terms—no interest which has been acquired is now lost. JANUARY. 43 SCHOOL TEACHERS. There are comparatively few who are well qualified to teach a numerous school, The faculty of government is not always in- tuitive, and is never easily acquired. How can we expect young schoolmasters and mistresses to govern a large family well when they have never had any example of good government on even a small scale at home? Great patience is required, and patience is not a very popular virtue. Itis said by those who have tried it, to be extremely apt to tire one in the exercise.—A very small portion of mankind ever acquiring through a long life, a habit of self government. What then can we expect from young teach- ers? They generally fail in the art of—government. They attempt, like most legislators, to govern too much. They meddle where they may better let alone, and run into trouble that they might well avoid. In school it is not proper that every offence should be noticed — “It is not meet that very nice offence should bear its com- ment.” ‘The master may be much better employed than in spy- ing out offences. It was sarcastically said of one dignitary of this profession—he kept good order and that was all he did keep. It may not be proper to say the rod should never be used, but we have always remarked that those who use it least govern best. So many of us have suffered under the rod that it has be- come a very unpopular instrument of correction, and when it can be dispensed with we advise the teacher to do it. There are many modes of punishing that give less offence to parents and create less ill will in the scholar. He may be re- quired to tarry after school and take a private lecture—or he may have a public one if the first is not effectual—he may be put on the lazy seat—the whispering seat—the noisy seat—or he may be required to stand up by either of them and here are al ready six grades of punishment. A turbulent or refractory one may be shut in a dark closet, and every school house should have one for the purpose—and if we are obliged to repeat these often, it is easier than to use the rod, and is more effectual. We have seen masters who never could punish when they were not in a passion, therefore when the scholar was fortunate enough to escape the first ebullition of wrath he had nothing to fear. If the inkstand or the ruler or a book or a stick were not at hand for him to seize and smite, the offender often escaped, and some of the most knowing ones learned to dodge and escape the missile behind the seat. But the chief object of a school is instruction, and masters should direct the most of their attention to this object. They should endeavor by all means to gain the good will of the stu- dents and then the business is half accomplished. Emulation, zeal to please the instructor, are before compulsory means, and commendation properly bestowed will prove a most powerful in- centive to industry. 44 JANUARY. A faculty to instruct, to explain, to interest the student is not found in every teacher. Ignorance confines some to the very letter of the lesson and they know not how to explain. And in- dolence rules supreme over other masters. They will sit at their ease and hear lessons recited by the half hour—and they will even go so far as to ask the rehearser some questions,—but these are always the identical ones that are printed in the book —questions that require no thought in the asking, and nought but memory in the scholar who is prepared to answer. CELLARS FOR WINTER. Every family wants a good cellar both in winter and in sum- mer, and this room is almost as valuable as any in the house. In winter our vegetables must all be kept below the frost or ruin follows them. Potatoes may be stored in large piles, and if a portion of their native soil is stored up with them they are not injured for they have been Jong familiar with such company— but turnips of all kinds are more shy of burial in the earth—they have been used to air in their native beds and they must not be wholly deprived of it. Apples and most fruits must be kept from frost, but the cooler we can keep them the less liable are they to rot. cider should be kept in the coldest corner of the cellar and then it will require no vent—no raising and no depression, of its native vigor. Air admitted to it for any length of time ruins its spirit and its taste. GUARDING WINTER CELLARS. Well built cellars require in Massachusetts no artificial bank- ing, and thus by a little attention at first great trouble and ex- pense are saved. We now build with good underpinning stones, and if the proper kind of soil is banked up against these we need have no fears of frost. Sandy loam is better for this pur pose than either gravel or clay FEBRUARY. eee Tis is our short month, and we hail it as the month which gave birth to the immortal Washington. He was born on the twentysecond day, in the year 1732, and was forty three years old when he was appointed commander-in-chief of the American army. He was fiftyseven years old when he was elected Presi- dent of the United States, and died in his sixtyeigth year. _Few have conducted so nobly, and few have had the opportu- nity. FEBRUARY WEATHER. We often have a turn of very fine weather in February. If we have built our houses in proper places, where we can see and feel the sun in winter, and have placed all our evergreen trees on the cold side, so that they may break the force of the winter winds and not obstruct the rays of the sun which we wish for at this season, we can warm our rooms in a sunny day with half the expense which is required in a northerly exposure. The morning sun is pleasant at all seasons of the year, and we may contrive to enjoy it by setting our buildings in a proper manner on any farm in the country. Our bed chamber should be so placed that if the cock forgets to crow, we may be hailed by the rays of the sun that will negative the plea of ignorance, and warn us in due time that the day has commenced. As March approaches, we have high winds that give the new fallen snow no rest, and heaps are piled up in the narrow roads so high as to forbid the passage of any four footed beast. Then all hands to the shovel to clear a path for the patient ox that fears to take the lead through this new covering of the earth, and waits for his master to urge him to the task. The drift is at length beat down; the teams and the wood sled, well loaded with red cheeks, red noses, and watery eyes, are then directed to the hotel, and great care is taken to drive close to the door, and then round and round the door yard, to show the utmost good will to the landlord, on account of his important employment. He, good soul, mean time is busy with his spoon instead of a spade, and pleased with the appearance of the red cheeks, adds to them a still deeper glow before they are ready again to en- counter the cold white heaps that must again be passed. Now oe 46 FEBRUARY. the younkers are full of frolic, and if any escape without a plunge into this soft bed, it is through some lucky mistake. All are in- tended for equal honors, and a firm hold on the sled stake will not always save. The stake and all the hangers on are often found in a horizontal position, and he who rises last must replace this important portion of the vehicle that carries all. SECURING CORN MOE. GRAAL. Indian corn is better for being kept on the cob until it is want- ed for use, provided we can keep it from vermin. But this, in most cases is found difficult, and it is safest to thresh it and put it in casks or chests before spring returns, and let the cats have access to the granary, where they will do no mischief if the casks are covered. Some farmers set their corn barns on high stools of wood or stone, and place a projecting cap at the top, directly under the barn; they also take care to remove the steps of the door at every visitation to the corn barn. In this way, vermin may be kept out. But it is impossible to keep English grain from rats and mice, unless we thresh it in good season ; and when we have time, it is better to thresh it immediately after harvest than to delay it until winter. By threshing early, we can make use of the straw to mix with our corn stover. Oat straw, wheat, and barley straw mixed with husks, make good winter feed for cattle, and this is found better than a constant feed with hay. TENDING CATTLE. No kind of cattle should be suffered to stroll over the fields or in the roads in the winter season. They gain nothing by it but the ill will of neighbors and of travellers, who are often impeded on their journey by a drove of dumb loafers, sunning themselves in the strects. On the contrary, we lose immensely by suffering the manure to be scattered and frozen in winter. We should by all means confine them in the yard during the day and let them enrich the soil or muck that we had the prudence to throw into it in autumn, after it was cleared of the old manure. Water for cattle, in winter, should be furnished in a trough that stands in a pleasant place and out of the wind. Cattle will not drink half the usual allowance when obliged to stand in a cold wind. ‘They will seldom put themselves to much inconye- nience to procure drink more than once in a day, but when it is” handy they will drink several times. FEBRUARY. AT CARDING CATTLE. We notice that many writers speak highly of the practice of carding through the winter, but we cannot say that we have ever seen any advantages attending it. Some good ostlers will not permit a hair to be carded off in cold weather. They say their horses want their coats on in the winter season. The carding of neat cattle in winter sets them to itching and rubbing, and they seem more uneasy for the operation. We doubt whether we may not better let their hair remain until spring, when the warm weather will assist to disrobe them. od ICE FOR SUMMER. COMMERCE. It is but a few years since any systematic plan was pursued to secure ice through the summer, but now the article has become indispensable in our cities, and many farmers have a house built for the preservation of ice. Thisis the month in which it is usually cut from ponds or rivers, and vast quantities of it are taken to supply the home market. In add'tion to this, immense cargoes of it are shipped to Havana, in Cuba, and even to the East Indies, around the Cape of Good Hope. For these purposes very large wooden buildings are erected on the margins of ponds, and tools are used which cut the ice in such regular squares, that it is stowed away close in these buildings, and cov- ered over with straw or hay, either to keep the cold in or the heat out; and here the ice often remains till mid-summer, when it is taken into wagons ard put on hoard the ships. Mr Tudor, of Boston, has engaged, it is said, to supply the Havana market, and in consequence has obtained the sole right to do it. We understand that there is but a small per centage of waste in carrying it to Asia, and this has become a regular busi- ness. Much ice is cut out of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge, and of the ponds in West Cambridge. In February, farmers who have teams engage in this business, and are paid by the cord or ton for carrying it directly to Boston. AGRICULTURAL WRITINGS, ETC. During this month we have leisure to examine our agricultural papers and to determine whether we have received any new ideas from them that may possibly be of use to us in cultivation or otherwise. But we can scarce expect to get from any of them a system that shall be entirely applicable to our own farms. One farm ahounds in hilly lands more suitable for grazing than 48 FEBRUARY. for other purposes—this must be managed quite differently from one that has much easy tillage land and requires to be often shifted from grain to grass, and back again. One farm lies close to the city market, and from this the heaviest and the bul- kiest articles should be expected such as cannot conveniently be carried from a distance. Al] kinds of vegetables including pota- toes must be sought on such a farm whence the marketer takes his drive and is able to return to the city each day in season to prepare tomorrow’s load. MILK FOR MARKET, The milk man must live far enough from the city. markets to find pasture for his cows, but not so far as to be unable to take his daily rounds. By carrying his product too far he converts it to butter and interferes with another occupation quite distinct from his, though a branch of dairying. Milk should be agitated as little as possible if we would keep it nice and not convert it into butter—for the purpose of carrying it quietly the tin jars should be perfectly filled and then corked, for it has been discov- ered by philosophers that no space which is completely filled has any vacuum! and when there is no vacuum farmers have found there is less liability to agitation of the solid mass. When ancient theorists first caught this idea they applied it as oddly as we see some theoretical farmers who have in their heads or books one or two correct notions about agriculture— they built up systems that astonish or discourage the indolent scholars of modern days,—but .we forget; we left our milk in jars and were advising how to take care it—luckily we had nota pailful of it on our heads when we stopped to notice the ancients and we thus escaped the fate of the maiden. Milk, thus plugged close, should be kept so until opened for delivery, and it cannot pos- sibly be improved in quality by any intermixture on the way. Spirit is rendered more palatable by reduction—by adulteration —wine is thought to be improved by raising its powers.—But milk and cider are each of them incapable of improvement by foreign mixtures. They are nature’s beverages, pure and good—“to the pure all things should be pure ”—no impurities should be inter- mixed—and market men must learn that all attempts to improve the milk direct from the udder of the cow will assuredly fail fo. please their knowing customers. FARMS DISTANT FROM MARKET. Those farmers who live remote from towns must pursue a dif- ferent system from that followed by those who live nigh them, FEBRUARY. 49 and they cannot calculate upon supplying the thousand small items of the daily market. But if well managed such farms may be made quite profitable. In the first place the cost of such farms is far less; then we are farther removed from temptation to extra expenses, for there are fewer eyes to see us and fewer people to set bad examples. We may be troubled with shops full of tempting luxuries, even in remote corners, but we can better resist temptation, and the less number we have of se- ducing sellers the better. ee WINTER BUTTER. Those who live remote from large. towns and who find no mar- ket for milk may make butter through a part of the winter, or they may use the cream and give the pigs the slops. This is better policy than to let the cows go dry through a long winter and thus become so old maidish as to be unwilling to be handled in the spring. Two months is term enough for the cow to go dry; for though she needs better keeping when she gives milk, her habits become better and the milk will repay the extra expense. For this purpose roots of some kind should always be provided for them, and a very small patch of ground will yield enough for a dozen cows. There are different modes of making butter in winter, and a preference of one over the other may depend in some degree on situation; some who have large, warm, clean cellars prefer to let the milk be put there—they gather their cream and when they have collected enough for the churn they fill in and place the churn near the fire where it is often moved through the day and the cream gently agitated—at night the boys and girls take a turn and the butter is separated from the milk. Others prefer to let tue milk stand in-a dairy above ground and suffer it to freeze—the principal part of the cream will thus soon rise, and it is scraped off from the frozen cake of milk, put into the churn and treated like the last. Another mode still may be practised with success—heat the milk near to boiling as soon as it comes from the cow, and a great portion of the cream will soon rise and be ready for the churh. In each of these modes it is very proper that the milk pans should be washed before they receive a second supply of milk—we have known dairy women to be so particular as to use hot water for this pu:pose—and some set the pans by the fire to dry. In truth we must say that the sailor fashion of never ‘was ing a dish so long as they may recollect what it last con- tained, though it may have many powerful arguments in its favor, has not yet been publicly advocated by our dairy women. Winter butter made in either of these modes will serve well % 50 FEBRUARY. for family. use, but it will not bear a high price in market. That which is intended for the highest price, and which may be kept good through the year should be made in Autumn. September and October are the finest months for butter that is intended to be put down and kept long; and butter made properly and nice- ly packed, in these months will bring one third more money than that which is carelessly made and carried daily to city markets. Farmers therefore who live at a great distance may realize more profit on their butter than those do who sell as fast as they make it. Any one with very little attention can make butter that will taste sweet if eaten before it is cold. But butter thus made must be used like an indian bannock, or a buckwheat cake, or you encounter in it sour buttermilk enough to choke a rat. ‘The truth is we have yet discovered no mode for the preservation of buttermilk in the lump, and until this is effected our most prudent mode is to cast it out. By all means the butter that is intended to be kept sweet must be entirely free of that portion of the cream which is naturally inclined to part from it on churning. ee BUTTER TO BE KEPT. A majority of butter makers are opposed to washing their butter in water soon after it is churned, and fancy they would injure it by the operation; they, therefore endeavor to separate the butter milk by working the lump of butter, by repeatedly changing the position of the particles of matter so as to let it run off. Some beat pound lumps in their hands—others use lit- tle shovels and fear to let the butter come in contact with the warm -hand, for all melted particles are found to be injhrious. Salt is mixed in and much precaution is used to exclude this matter which is so liable to sudden putrefaction. But a far better mode of casting out this foul matter“is now practised by those who best understand how butter should be prepared to be kept The Dutch know it, and the Scotch have excelled in it, and butter has been so-put up that it has been for years kept sweet. It must be admitted by all who consider the subject, that as oil, or any thing oily will not unite with water, we need not fear that we can wash out any of the goodness of the article. We may use water enough to wash the butter away but we can wash no goodness out of it. When the butter is first gathered in the churn, the butter milk must be turned off and cool fresh water turned in, and then the butter should be dashed | again in order to get out all the particles of milk that remain in the little crevices or eyes of the butter. ‘This water may be then turned out and a fresh supply substituted for it. This must be dash- ed like the first, and you will find but little milky matter in it. ee > FEBRUARY. 51 ‘This dashing in two waters will be found sufficient, though more will not hurt the butter. Now, as this operation has taken place while the butter was soft, all parts of the butter have come in contact with this flood of water, and if any moist particles are still left in the crevices they will consist chiefly of water. Then salt the butter and this water becomes brine. You have brine, therefore, if any thing, as a substitute for that milky matter that soon grows putrid 1f left among the butter ;—-and brine, made well, is the best thing with which butter comes in contact. Yet, as this brine is not always perfectly free from the milk, if it can be wholly,ab- sorbed by any other substance we feel more sure our butter will keep sweet. We therefore make the salt as dry as possible. We let all the moisture evaporate from it, either while we place it in the sun or let it stand by the fire. This salt will then absorb all the remaining moisture in the butter, and leave us nothing but purity and sweetness. “> As the cream before churning may not have been well tended or stirred every day as it should be, or as some sour particles may adhere to our lump of butter, it is prudent to use a very lit- tle quantity of salt petre and of sugar in our salt. One teaspoon- ful of salt petre and two of loaf sugar will be sufficient-for a dozen pounds of butter, and these will tend to correct any acid or impurities that may have intruded. THE VACUUM OF THE ANCIENTS. In our last article on carrying milk to market, we alluded to the ancient notions of theorists on the subject of vacuums, or vaeancies—we are not speaking of vacancies to which modern politicians aspire—they create these, as some create an appetite, for their own enlargement. But the good old philoso- phers were men of mind, and cared little for eating and drinking. We do not recollect that their law givers ever forbade either, but these mental people set a good example in this way, and, before the discovery of ardent spirits, seldom drank any thing stronger than wine. The very mention of this subject makes one dizzy, and we came near losing our track. ‘The ancients treated largely on vacancy—on vacuum—and assumed the ground that there was no such thing in nature—that “nature abhors a vacuum”—and then, on this foundation—or rvther this want of foundation—this negative notion—they built up a structure that stood for ages. Babylon was a fool to it. The ancients were sometimes misled by first appearances—, they saw that water was inclined to favor the levelling principle —and though wine was often a great leveller, water was more 52 FEBRUARY. uniform in its operations when it obtained the power. Wine operated on mind—it was a tornado, raising and putting low by force of one and the same current. Water was longer in accom- plishing its purposes, but its tendency was more uniform and it usually succeeded by continued perseverance. Wind and water were both much inclined to fill up vacancies, and whenever an opportunity offered each was found to rush in and fill any space that was threatened with any such disaster. From some such indications as these, theoretical men rather has- tily came to the conclusion, that there was no such thing as vacant space—“ that nature abhorred a vacuum,’—and this doctrine was so plausible, so acceptable, it was not wholly abandoned until the last century! How hard to overcome positive dogmas that have been delivered by rhetorical flourishes. The.great Mr Locke, in the last century, was obliged to labor hard to satisfy the school men, that these dogmas were not well founded, and he demonstrated fully, that if nature had no vacuum nothing could move—that all created matter would be confined as fast as square blocks, fitted tight in a chest. This doctrine is so plain and self evident that our only wonder is how he should have found it necessary, in his day, to say so much in support of it. H'OGS. The distinguishing marks of a good breed are—a broad back, a small head, small legs and bones, in proportion to size, and a guiet disposition. ‘Che cut below is a fair sample of a cross of the Berkshire and the Mackay ; and when we find hogs of this shape and of the disposition above recommended, we need not trouble ourselves about names or pedigrees, for they avail but little. eR ss Re een ee sf SA WES SS << < MARCH. Tis is always along month, and most people are pleased with his exit. But in some of the Southern States the work of planting corn commences before he quits the stage. In Virgi- nia, however, the Indian corn is not often planted before the month of Apri, though the plough is put in motion in March. CORN, DANDSOF) VIRGINIA. It has not been generally customary with Virginia planters to put manure on theircorn lands. They have planted the same fields from year to year, as our fathers in Massachusetts have sown rye, until the harvest would not pay the expense of cultive- tion. ‘Those Virginia plains were easily tilled, and planters are the last men to change their course of operations. But our whole country is now waking up to better practices, and we hope to see the time when Virginians wil] be persuaded that they too have lands that want nothing but skilful manage- ment to make them profitable. The regular rotation of crops has not been fully introduced in Virginia, and some planters are still tilling large fields of Indian corn without applying to them one particle of manure, or giving them any relief by a change of burthen. JOHN RANDOLPH’S PLANTATION. This eccentric Congressional orator owned a large plantation in the county of Roanoke—a princely fortune, as Mr H. Clay termed it—and since his decease, within three or four years, six hundred acres of corn, in one field, were growing on that planta- tion. We much doubt whether any lands, in any state, will bear to be cropped for along course of years with corn, or rye, or wheat, without we take some measures to recruit the soil. We must use manures, or we must let the grasses take their turn in the rotation unless our lands are so situated that the flood- ing of rivers will leave an annual deposite on the surface. We are not able to say how much corn or how much profit was re- alized from Mr Randolph’s plantation, but we know it is no un- 5 54 MARCH. common practice in Virginia, to continue to plant the same field when it will bear no more than ten bushels of corn to the acre. The planters have even been obliged to be satisfied with five bushels ! Now we have lands in Massachusetts that would bear no more than five bushels of corn to the acre, but we seldom plant such. We never think we are paid for our labor unless we can get more than five times five bushels. But lands which will produce no more than five bushels of corn will produce fifteen bushels of buckwheat, and that is worth quite as much as corn. HOED CROPS. We should always consider that all hoed crops are attended with much labor and expense. The horse plough must pass many times between the rows and every hill must be numbered and attended to. And where this is practis:d, whether on corn and potatoes, or as in the drill husbandry in England, on the grain crop of wheat and rye, the soil must be made so rich that a large harvest is expected, otherwise there is no hope of remunera- tion. SOWN CROPS. But the case is quite different when we sow our grain broad east and let it take its chance.. We can here manage six acres with less expense than we could one in Indian corn, and if we can find a substitute for this article, it will be good policy to in- troduce it and raise less of that expensive article. If we fail of acrop we lose but little, and most farmers can plant or sow a variety, so that if one kind fails another may be a substitute. OATS. Oats are raised in all climes, and the harvest is - enerally con- sidered as certain as any; but critical farmers arelearning that cats impoverish the land, and must not be too often repeated. We have indeed known some farmers to raise oats on a clayey soil year after year without any apparent diminution of the har- vest; but these men were cautious to plough in the stubble as soon as the oats were off. We are inclined to think that neither oats nor potatoes do so much mischief on a clayey soil as on a sandy loam, and in such ease they may be profitable crops where there is good demand MARCH. 55 for them, but on light lands we must be careful not to run too much to oats unless we have plenty of manure. When this happens we may raise any thing. eee BARLEY. This grain is still much cultivated in Europe but not so exten- sively in Massachusetts as it formerly was. It is not a sure crop here, otherwise.as it yields more than oats and bears a much larger price, it would be the most profitable grain of the two. Nor do we find barley a greater exhauster of the soil, at least we get as large grass after barley as after oats. RYE. This grain is raised in all the states, and will grow on poor land, but when it has heen the constant crop for years, we find that the land will bear nothing else. But rye may take its turn in the rotation, and as it is better when mixed with Indian than wheat is, its cultivation should not be discouraged. WHEAT Is raised in great quantities in some of the Southern States, and mostof the States of the Union raise some of it; but of late, since cotton has borne a high price, planters who could raise that article have chosen to purchase most of their grain of all kinds from more northern States. Virginia and Maryland have never raised much cotton, and they have never given up the cultivation of this kind of grain. The planters in these States do not ave- rage more than eight bushels ef wheat to the acre, but as they obtain this without the use of manures, they realize something more than pay for the expense of labor. New York, Pennsylvania, and the Western States abound in wheat, and produce great quantities for «xportation. ‘The new lands enable the owners to raise many crops without manure, and as their lands are cheap, they afford to sell their grain low. ‘he prairies of the west will long be found better adapted to grain than to grass. 56 MARCH. EUCKWHEAT. The old States of the south as well as of the north, must re- cruit their lands before they can compete with the new States in the article of grain. Buckwheat is still raised to some extent in Virginia, and there seems no good reason why it should not be extensively cultivated there. In New York and Pennsylvania, much attention is paid to buckwheat. We cannot always ac- count for the prejudices of mankind—farmers will do this and that without attempting to give a reason for the doing—they fol- low on in a certain track as long as the steam lasts, and then re- sign all their prejudices to the heir—not presumptive, as the law- yers have it, but venerative—and old practices are continued with- out a reason. There is a strong prejudice in many parts of the country against raising buckwheat. We cannot learn that it is an uncer- tain crop, ora difficult crop, but many have an idea that if they let it spread over their lands it will be impossible to eradicate it. They fear it may spread and prove as pernicious as thistles on their farms. There is no foundation for this prejudice. We can no more keep buckwheat in mowed fields than we can keep corn orrye there. It is true that the seeds will come up in spite of us in tilled fields, and we must use much the same means to kill them that we use to kill weeds. But this is no argument against it; this only proves that the buckwheat abounds in seed. We have ever found this as certain as any of the common Eng- lish grains, and though it is not so sure as Indian corn, nor will it yield so much to the acre, yet on dry or sandy loams we can raise it much easier than we canraise corn, and it is worth quite as much for fattening. We have known farmers to burn all their buckwheat straw out in the field where it was threshed, lest the seed should become scattered over the farm. We have heard farmers object that nothing else would grow after it, and we have heard them say the straw was worth nothing for cattle, and that it could not even be converted into manure when used for litter under cattle. But all these objections were made by people who had never raised any. ‘Those who have tried it tell a differ- ent story. On the plains of Virginia and Maryland three bushels of buck- wheat may be raised with more ease than one bushel of corn, and when the buckwheat. field is properly managed, the land is not impoverished although no manure is used, and although a full harvest be annually taken off. And if it is desired to enrich the soil rapidly, this may be done by ploughing under three crops of buckwheat in one year. APRIL. or {n the latitude of Boston the frost is usually out of the ground by the first of April and farmers are driving the team afield, winter is past, and we expect no more serious snows before De- cember. Sometimes however we are delayed untill the middle of this month before we can use the plough. VARIATION IN THE SEASONS. We notice that although one Spring is ‘sometimes two weeks earlier than another so that our planting may be finished much sooner in some years than in others, yet before the middle of Ju- ly we find there is no perceptible difference in the forwardness of the crops—and backward seasons are usually quite as prolific as forward ones are. Fruits in late cr backward seasons are more likely to escape the Spring frosts than they are in forward sea- sons; and it is not a good sign to see the blossoms put forth early. EARLY SOWING. As soon as the ground has become dry enough to be ploughed we choose to prepare it immediately for those grains which we denominate English—such as wheat, rye, barley, oats—for they -come to us from a colder climate, or rather they have been culti- vated in a conntry where the summers are not so hot and in our climate they often suffer by the intense heat of summer. Therefore when we have the coldest summers these grains gen- erally suffer least ; and when we can bring these grains to matu- ‘rity before the hottest or most sultry weather comes on we suc- ceed better than when we sow more late. In sultry weather the growth of the stalk is so rapid it sometimes is found to be split open when all the juices are lost; they run down on the stalk and make it look rusty. MANURING FOR ENGLISH GRAIN. ‘We are cautious to use no green manure on Spring grains. They cause the very evil which we wish to avoid by early sowing. 58 APRIL. They become rotten and most effective at the critical time when the grain should grow most slowly—when the sap is forcing its way into the kernels of grain. Old, or rotten manure often operates better, and when properly applied it is not injurious to wheat—it aids to bring the grain forward more early than it otherwise would be and helps to avoid the dangerous crisis spoken of. We know of no other reason why coarse or green manure should not be used on Spring grain. PLUUGHING FOR SPRING GRAIN. We usually sow our spring grain on lands that were planted the preceeding season—and if they were thoroughly tilled very few weeds or grass would be seen on the surface. Such land may be ploughed two or three times to render it light, and ploughing such land has a better effect than harrowing as the harrow rather beats the under part of the soil more closely to- gether. So we are obliged to plough not less than twice rough and stoney lands, for otherwise we cannot stir up and render light the bed where the grain is to he. But some plain fields that are ea- sily ploughed are covered with grass and weeds of the preced- ing year. Corn stubs and stocks are also found in abundance. Such lands should not be turned up twice in the same Spring for when we do it we turn back all this litter and rubbish to the sur- face instead of keeping it below where it would rot and soon become food for the growth of the new crop. In such cases it is found better to use the harrow before the plough and thus tear in pieces the old stocks in such a manner that they may be completely covered with the plough. But when we take this conrse we should be careful that our furrows be quite narrow—only half the width of a common one, and in this way we may pulverize the soil as finely as by two coarser ploughings and at the same time keep beneath the surface most of the vegetable matter that would otherwise be a nuisance, but which now is converted to manure. Some farmers choose to go first with a small plough and split open the hills where the corn grew—some takea cultivator which operates as well as a harrow to tear apart the old roots—and ci- ther mode is better than to plough such plain lands twice when there is much surface matter to be buried up. BROAD-CAST SOWING. This phrase is used in contra-distinction to the drill husbandry method of sowing grain, much practised in England. Broad-cast APRIL. 59 sowing is almost universally practised in this country and re- quires less labor than the other. In the practise of this mode it is very necessary that the grain be thrown evenly over the sur- face, but this requires skill and care. Stakes should be set at each end of the field as a guide to the sower, and these he moves as he advances from breadth to breadth. Some sowers strike a small furrow across the field for a direc- tion for each bout in sowing—and some take narrow breadths and are governed only by the track they made in the preceding route. And some make a practice of taking wide breadths, sow- ing only half the seed at first, and then going over the field again in the other direction crossing the first. This last is at- tended with more labor but the grain is more likely to be even. DRILL -HUSBANDRY. _ Sowing grain in drills has been much practised in Europe. The farmers there use machines, sometimes called drill-barrows, for this operation; and some have been at great expense for un- wieldly machinery, calculated to sow many drills at a time. We have heard that a thousand dollars have been paid for one of these, and we think as good ones might be made here for ten’ dollars. The English have argued long in favor of the drill system for the grains that we strew broadcast: and have contended with much plausibility, that the small grains want tilling as well as’ root crops, or corn and beans; and there is no doubt that larger harvests may thus be realized—but the great question with Yan- kees, always is, “will it pay the extra expense P” We must bear in mind that land is two thirds lower here and labor two thirds higher than in England—both these facts oper- ate against the system of employing a great amount of labor on asingle acre. We find it easier to raise a hundred bushels of corn on two acres than on one, and then we have twice as much land prepared for other following harvests that yield more net profit than corn. It is thus with the 1aising of grain—we often have fields that we have been tilling and that we wish to lay to grass ;—we sow grain with the grass seed, not because we expect a profit from the grain, but because we dislike to sow grass seeds in the spring, without having some crop that will grow fast enough to keep down the weeds; thus, grain is often a secondary object. In England it never is, for wheat on the general average bears a price twice as great as in this country. Mes en) : St da 66 APRIL THICK SOWING... We sow a less quantity of grain to the acre than they sow 1 Europe, where grain is the great object of the farmer and proba- bly we might raise more by sowing thicker. Foreigners con- tend that wheat and rye, should be sown so thick, that each kernel should send up but one stalk instead of a dozen or more as they sometimes do. ‘They contend that the heads will be longer and that more grain is produced. They sow from two to three: bushels to the acre, while we seldom sow more than one and a half bushels in spring and one in autumn. But there is a limit to thick sowing, and if our seed should cost nothing, we may spoil our harvest by too thick a forest of of stalks: there must be room for light and air between them. We have yet another reason for thin sowing. We think our grass seed, which we sow with the grain; is not half so liable to be summer killed when the grain is reaped off in case of thin sow- ing as when we have sown thick. For we produce a less sudden and violent change from shade to sunshine. Where the grain has been sown thick and taken off in hot and dry weather, the young grass has been wholly ruined by the change. But this is not likely to happen in England, because of their moister and - cooler climate. Outs are often sown late in this country, and they sometimes pro- duce well in such cases; but they are believed to be a native of a cooler climate than ours and our hottest weather does not suit them. We obtain heavier oats by early than by late sowing, and the straw is also more valuable as it is not so liable to rust. ————e TRANSPLANTING TREES. April is the most suitable month for transplanting ; and, though some gardeners recommend Octover, we think their reasons are not sufficient, and we have been more fortunate in our April transplanting than in any other. Trees should ever be taken up with great care, so that the roots be not broken. If any happen to be broken they should be treated like the right hand and the right eye of scripture. It is no matter how early the young nursery tree is taken up, provided we can keep it in a cool place, until the earth, where it is to be set, has become warm, and this may not be before the last of this month. We sometimes bury the roots of the tree in a place where the sun is not powerful and let it stand until the starting leaf shows that the tree will remain no longer inactive. We then put it where it is permanently to remain. The ground has now become so mellow we place it about the roots and take care that they shall be spread out just as they were in the nursery. APRIL. 61 We never set trees deep, but to keep the roots sufficiently moist we lay on the surface about the tree, a forkful of hay, or litter, or coarse manure, and this checks the evaporation of mois- ture from the earth, to such a degree, that no water is needed about the roots in addition to what falls from the sky. This lit- ter should be trod down close, and, if need be, to keep it in place, some stones may be placed on it, and this will afford abundant support to a tree without any staking or tieing up, pro- vided we do not transplant any that are over large. Evergreen trees may be set out later, and some prefer the month of June. When taken from a good nursery there is not much danger of losing them: their fibrous roots are there so multiplied they soon find support in their new home. In the forests we find them with only two or three roots to a tree, these are not filled with fibre, and we must take particular care in transplanting them. ON BUILDING, When we have resolved to build we set our carpeuters to work as soon as April, for we know not how long we must keep them. They perform more work in a day in June, but if we delay too long we may be obliged to keep them in December. Some of them will make a small deduction from their wages when they work in that month; but their labor is not worth half somuch. Their fingers are cold and few can work so fast as to warm them when the labor is in the open air. ————e FARM BUILDINGS. Many rules have been given for building, and that which John Rogers gave, “build not your house too high,” should never be disregarded. A man who has great surplus wealth may as well make a display of it in this manner as in any other. He employs those who are glad to exchange their labor for his money, and his taste thus takes a better direction than the miser’s, who starves himself to “enrich an heir,” or the glutton’s, who shortens his days for the good of those who may succeed him. But the thrifty man, who has yet his fortune to make—who wants conveniences but cannot afford to indulge in luxuries, should be extremely cautious lest he build too large. His car- penter, if he has not another pressing job on hand, will some- times advise, “ build a good house while you are about it.” And his kind neighbors, who do not expect to foot the bills, will be liberal in their advice as to size and appearance. ‘The painters 6 62 APRIL. will say he needs a high house—the masons will tell him that Jow houses are apt to smoke—and the salesman, who has stores of nails and glass on hand, will be right eloquent in pointing out the advantages of a roomy house—while his wife and children will be so pleased with the idea of any description of a new house, that they wait until it is up before they become dictato- rial in regard to size or form. But, before the house is completed, the good man must alter his plan half a dozen times, and make twenty additions that he never contemplated, to satisfy all who are to occupy it. Anaddi- tional dairy here—a wash room there, to save the kitchen, which will answer well for a sitting room—a pump room that will save going out for water—a spacious wood house that may have apartments in it, to save the good rooms of the house, &c. &c. And after a capacious house is built it must be furnished ! How a large house looks without furniture! These rooms and chambers must all have something to fill them. All these rooms must be taxed ; the assessors appraise the house and they set its value almost as high as if they intended to be purchasers, and this is repeated from year to year, as long as the poor man lives —or rather as long as he is allowed to occupy it. In addition to these expenses of a first outlay and of taxes, the large building must be kept in repair. This amounts to a trifle the first year, but in five it must be painted anew if we would keep along with our neighbors. How often we see a man expending four thousand for a dwel- ling house when he might be amply furnished for two! Losing the interest on this extra capital and paying out annually in taxes, in repairs, and for labor to keep it swept and garnished, nearly enough surplus to keep a family in bread. We see this yearly but we take no warning; for the poor sufferer seldom complains of his folly abroad, and is not half so proud of show- ing the true cause of his embarrasment as the man who has snf- fered from another’s follies, or from wounds in the cause of his country. Every farmer should have a good dairy room and corn barn; he wants good sitting rooms, sleeping rooms, and a large cellar. These need not be very costly if he looks only to convenience. He wants a good barn for his cattle, but here he need not be extravagant. If he plans well he will make a small roof—the most expensive part of the barn—cover a great number of cattle and their winter food. CELLARS FOR BARNS- No barn in the country should be built without providing a cellar under the whole. A cellar forty feet square and stoned APRIL. 63 up on two of its sides, will cost a farmer but little; for it may all be made of his own otherwise useless materials, and by labor that is cheap compared with the mechanic’s labor. Such a barn may be made to hold twice as mnch hay as one without a cellar, and the unloading of the hay is attended with far less labor. It may be thrown down below the floor into one part of the cellar, and the cattle may be tied or allowed to run loose in the other part, where they will lie more warm and comforatable than in the upper loft. If the ground is sideling the cellar may be made the more easily, but if it is level, the ground may be so thrown up that teams will have a good chance to enter into the floor way, and there is no great gain in driving through a barn when the floor way is of a good width so as to admit of the cattle’s passing by the loaded cart. One roof covers the barn, cellar, and all; and when we can have double room in a five hundred dollar barn by an additional expense of fifty or sixty dollars for a cellar which is the most convenient part of it, we waste our means foolishly and lose advantages that were within our reach if we neglect to do it. LOCATION OF A FARM HOUSE. As convenience is the first thing to be consulted in building we should choose a house spot on land that is neither very high nor very low. Ifa house is set on the peak ofa hill every thing must be carried to it at a disadvantage. Wood, farm produce, &c. must be obtained at extra cost; and water, a most important item in a neat house, will not run up hill. On the other hand, a house should not be set in a valley. Some have set houses thus under a mistaken idea that it would be warmer than on higher ground. But it is well ascertained, that in cold nights the air in vallies is colder than that which is on the hills; hence it is, that vegetables in low Jand are soonest bitten with frost. 'The heaviest particles of air are coldest and sink below those that are warmer—so that we gain nothing in point of warmth for our cold climate by going into vallies. It is true we sometimes avoid the high winds when we conceal our- selves in shady vales, but we may contrive to break the force of these winds on higher grounds. But we cannot always choose our house spot. If our land is a plain and circumstances render it convenient for us to build here, we should be careful not to dig our cellars too deep. We are generally deceived here by first appearances, and almost every man wishes, when too late, he had set his house a foot or two higher. On a level piece of ground the cellar should not be dug more than two or three feet deep, and if the dirt thrown out 64 APRIL. is not a sufficient banking, it is better to bring some from a dis- tance than set the house lower. In setting a house we have other objects in view in addition to warmth of situation. We want air in summer as well as a quiet atmosphere in winter, and we should take care not to set a house where the breezes that are most agreeable and prevalent in sum- mer can be obstructed by woods or hills, or other buildings. All should be open to the southwest, from which point only we must expect air in the hottest days. AJ] obstructions to a free circu- lation of air should be on the north and west of the house, from which quarter we are generally willing that the winds should be less violent. LOCATION OF “BARN AND. OUT HOUSE s. The out buidings should be so placed as not to prove nuisances to the dwelling house. If the barn or the hog-pen is near the house and on the south west side of it the effluvia therefrom in a warm day will be too annoying to all who are not quite familiar with these receptacles of manure. All buildings of this kind may be differently placed and health and neatness may be pro- moted with very little care. Barns are often set on the opposite side of the road from the house obstructing completely a fine prospect. They are generally more convenient when placed on the same side with the house. We save crossing the muddy highway in bad weather, and we can easily make an artificial walk to them when no road intervenes. The hog-pen should be placed where it may readily be ap- proached with a cart to bring in litter and carry out manure, and when it is well tended there is not much to be feared from its effluvia. It should not be very distant from the other out houses as we have to feed the grunters principally from the offal of the house and dairy. PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS. We wish to guard our buildings from excessive cold, heat, rain, lightning, and decay from age. Cold is changed to heat by means of coal, peat, and wood, placed in the fire-place or stove, and trees guard the north west from cold winds—these trees must be evergreen or they will afford but little protection in win- ter when they are most needed. ''o guard against excessive heat, trees with thick leaves should shade the house on the south. ‘These trees should never be evergreens—we want trees here that do not hold their leaves in winter. To protect from rain, good shingling and clap-boarding are found best. And from lightning many procure iron rods to con- duct down the fluid, but tall trees near a house are a protection. If they run higher than the house the lightning is more likely to strike them than lower objects, and if they are no higher the lightning prefers green wood to that which is dry. To keep buildings from decay paint is used on the sides but it is not found useful on the roof that is shingled. —_— MECHANIC’S LABOR. Many mechanics charge nearly twice as much for their labor as farmers obtain. One argument in favor of it is their trade costs them something—another is the wear of the tools they furnish for the work, but, these items are not sufficient to justify so great a difference in price. A carpenter’s trade or a blacksmith’s or a chair maker’s costs but little in this country. A boy put out to one of these trades receives nothing at twenty-one excepting his clothes—a boy put out to a farmer receives one hundred dollars. The Mechanic’s trade then has cost him one hundred dollars only —and the use of a set of tools on the average would scarce amount to ten dollars a year. But we have known jouvrneymen who found no tools to charge nearly double the common farming price. It has been no uncom- mon thing for a journeyman to receive twenty dollars per month through the year, while a farmer of equal talent and merit has found it difficult to obtain twelve dollars through the year—and many have taken up with ten—board in addition in each case. But the mechanic urges strenuously that he can be employed only a part of the year on account of the weather in winter. How is the farmer in better condition? But the blacksmith, the chaise maker, and the cabinet maker cannot urge this plea—and all might have employment through the year if they did not set their compensation too high. Farmers cannot afford to pay such high prices and they must learn to do small mechanical jobs with their own tools in leisure seasons of the year. ‘They may mend their rakes, ploughs, hoes, and many other tools instead of going to a distance and paying great prices to boot. Every large farmer may have a coarse work bench where he may employ himself in a rainy day and do a score of little jobs that he must pay out cash for doing if he employs another to work in his stead, and he may in this way call into exercise the faculties of his boys and teach them all the use of tools. When the professed mechanic will put his labor at a reasonable price he may still be employed. A neighbor of ours not long since complained that it was hard to raise money by ep of butter from his farm. He stated 66 . APRIL. that some of the mechanics whom he employed would charge more for a job of work that could be finished while he was milk- ing a cow than the whole mess of milk would come to after he had been at the expense of making it into butter! It must be a good cow that will make one pound a day—one milking will give enough for half a pound—butter is often sold for sixpence the half pound. We are inclined to think a mechan- ic often charges sixpence for a job that will employ him no longer than the milking of a cow.—Now it should be remember- ed that butter making is called the most profitable business of the farm, but if the farmer can earn no more while milking than his neighbor who is merely wearing out tools during the same time, he gets very poor pay for keeping his cow summer and winter. ‘To put the farmer on a footing with his neighbor me- chanic, his cow should be giving continual streams of milk during the day—then her keeping and all the labor of making the milk into butter would stand against the cost of the mechanic’s tools and the wear of his tools—Very few cows give milk through the day ! ~- ‘“‘ April showers bring May flowers.” This has been a favorite observation of farmers, but we seldom suffer for want of rain in this month. May and June are the months in which we suffer most from want of rain. When these are wet enough we are seldom short in the hay harvest. We often deceive ourselves in regard to the weather which is most needed during the different months; and Providence regulates this matter better than we should if we took it into our own hands. Wet seasons, though vegetation looks green and beauti- ful, are not always productive of the most valuable harvests—we must have sun and heat to mature the growth or it is not valu- able. “a MAY, May hath thirtyone days. This we learned in rhyme many years ago, “Thirty days hath November, ‘ April, June and September— February, twentyeight alone, All the rest have thirtyone. Men of thirty, forty, and fifty, go to the Almanac to learn the number of days contained in a month. It would not require a great effort of the memory to treasure up this amount of knowl- edge, to be used as occasion requires. Apart from February, which is such an oddity that all remember it, there are four months only of the twelve that deviate fromm the highest number, thirtyone—and these four are alike. Yet how few remember these four months of thirty days—November, April, June, Sep- tember! Most people will recollect them better in rhyme than otherwise. Three minutes resolution would fix them in any one’s mind. eee PLANTING. May is the great planting month of New England and is next in importance to July. Labor during this month commands a high price, and all hands are busy with preparation and with seeding. Less corn and rye are now raised than formerly within thirty miles of Boston, and people are giving more attention to grass and to vegetables for the large markets. —— MANURES. Coarse manures are used principally for hoed crops, as they are not suitable for any kind of English grain. ‘Those kinds which are made from neat stock and from horses, are sometimes mixed, in the spring, with loam or peat, to warm these substances and tu keep the manures from heating too much. Some farmers prefer to haul their coarse manure directly on to the tillage land and there mix it by means of the plough. 68 MAY: APPLICATION OF MANURES. Farmers differ much in the mode of applying their manures to the fields. Some plough them in to a great depth—some lay them on the surface and partially bury them with the harrow— some put a large shovel full into each hill of corn or potatoes and there bury it with the seed. Some imagine that nothing is lost by placing manure on the surface of the fields, and contend that nothing evaporates or is blown away excepting watery particles, leaving all the valuable salts behind—and others contend that by laying it on the surface as well as by burying deep we lose a great portion of its goodness. One writer thinks the salts ef manure sometimes sink many feet beneath the surface, and he cites an instance of water ina well more than one hundred feet deep, that was impregnated by manures applied to the surface of the ground; but there is no end to the fancies of theorists, and we should be cautious of being led astray by those who have no practical acquaintance with the subject. As to the notion that any goodness of the manure can sink down deep in a cultivated field, we should consider that in our heaviest manuring we never cover the earth more than one fourth of an inch thick at any one time; then how is it possible that this can be washed down toany great depth. Suppose we should take a flour barrel, fill it full of loam, and then cover the surface one fourth of an inch thick with manure—we will next throw in water and make a leach of our barrel of loam and manure— would the water be colored any by the manure after leaching down through a foot of loam ? This experiment can be easily tried by any one. We think in this case, that the water would be without color and without strength—that all its richness would be lodged in the loam. We certainly would not give much for it to sprinkle on our grass or our garden. If any salts of manure were ever carried down three feet from the surface, in a cultivated field, it could never be by filtration through loam or any other soil—and we much doubt whether any would pass through a body of sand of the same thickness. ——— COMPOST MANURES. As it is not advisable to bury manures deep, and as we find they assist us more when we partially bury them and intermix them with the surface soil, it is well to make compost heaps whenever we conveniently can, and when we have thus partially decom- posed the manure, we can quite easily bury it deep enough with a common harrow, and thoroughly intermix it with the soil, even if we applied twice as much as we have named for a dressing. MAY. 69 When composts from heaps are applied thus to the surface, it is a good plan to let the heap be stirred so much that most of the seeds in the heap may vegetate before the crop seeds are planted or sown. In some cases the heaps may be so stirred; and insome cases, as in raising ruta baga or beets, we can spread on our manure and harrow it in on several days some distance apart. This will save much labor of hand weeding, and will so incorpo- rate the manure with the soil, that the seed of plants may take an immediate start and outrun the weeds. THE CORNFTEDD. Maize, or Indian corn, was not known in Europe until our an- cestors found it in this new world. The Indians furnished con- siderable quantities of it to the first voyagers, in the Mayflower, after their landing at the Plymouth rock, in December, 1620. The Indians had no mills by which they would grind the corn. nor storehouses in which they could lay it up: they often buried it in the earth to keep it safe in time of war. They sometimes pounded the kernels between a couple of stones and made meal enough for « cake. This was for compa- ny, or for extraordinary meals, but in general they cooked it by the process of parching, and with this cooked food in their wal- lets they could run or fight as long as one of Bonaparte’s soldiers with crackers made of fat ani flour. Indian corn is now, and ever has been a favorite and almost an indispensable grain in the United States. Itis probably the most certain to yield an average harvest of any species of food which is relied on in the country. With good tillage it will withstand the drouth beyond any of our loed crops, and with proper care we always secure a good harvest. Potatoes, which will grow in any soil, are often cut off with drouth, and turnips and grass suffer from the same cause. Eng- lish grain of all descriptions is liable to rust, to mildew, to blast, to worms and to flies. Beans are destroyed by excessive wet- ness, and other vegetable productions fail on account of the diffi- culty of procuring good seed. But corn, Indian corn, never fails us unless we first neglect to cultivate its favor. Forty bushels may be raised on a single acre in almost any season which we have known. Not more than two seasons in fifty have proved so cold, so wet, or so dry, but we could obtain forty bushels to the acre. Yet, to be sure of such a harvest, much care must be bestowed —the ground must be well tilled and well manured or we cannot expect so great a harvest. The field must be planted in hills or in drills, and the horse plough or harrow ought to pass among the 70 MAY. rows not less than three several times during the month of June and the first week in July. Yet corn is not our best crop in the neighborhood of cities and of great towns. It is an article that can be easily transported from a distance to such places, and as new lands require less manure, the owners and tillers compete successfully with those whose lands are more dear and require an annual expense for manure. But all our lands may be profitably employed in some produc- tion or other; hay in great quantities is wanted in cities; milk, butter, eggs, garden vegetables, fruits of all kinds, must be fur- nished by those who are not very distant from the market, and in addition to these we must add, a large proportion of the fresh meats consumed in cities is raised within a few miles of the market. Veal, pigs, and poultry are not brovght from a distance in summer, and the two first are always supplied by the farms in the vicinity of the markets. Strawberries, and raspberries, and native grapes are of recent introduction as fruits to be extensively cultivated; but strawber- ries are now cultivated by acres, and these must be raised near the market. The English cherry is now a common fruit and is extensively cultivated. ‘The black Mulberry may be easily rais- ed but we have seen only very few trees in the commonwealth. The fruit is more wholesome and nutritive than the cherry, and ought to receive more attention. POTATOES. Americans, as well as Irishmen, are now all fond of what is sometimes named the Murphy. If we would be very learned and establish our reputation as botanists, we should name the root Solanum tuberosum. This root was not known in Europe until the discovery of the New World, yet it now furnishes food for all classes in Europe, and for the poor, in some places, it is the principal article of diet. It is considered an indispensable com- panion of all the varieties of cooked meat, and with many it is a complete substitute for bread. The varieties of the potato are infinite, and though we usually propagate the several kinds by means ondtg tube or root, from which we expect, of course, the progeny of the identical spe- cies, yet, when we wish for new varieties,'we plant the balls that grow at the extremities of the vines, and from these we obtain them as various as we do from the seeds of the apple. From a single potato ball we may have early and late kinds,— large and small—mealy and watery—prolific and unfruitful, and thus we can suit ourselves when we become tired of our old acquaintance. It has been made a question whether the different kinds of potatoes are liable to be mixed when they are planted MAY. 71 near each other, but it should be considered that if we plant dif- ferent kinds so near that the pollen of one blossom may fall on another, this will not alter the product of that year, for the pota- toes are formed and almost grown before we see any seed-balls, and are half grown before we discover any blossoms. Potatoes were once supposed to be quite beneficial to the ground on which they were raised, but the public sentiment in this res- pect has undergone some change. We cannot find that greater crops follow this than the Indian corn, which has always been supposed a great exhauster. The wild potato was a poisonous root and it has not the power to sweeten every soil on which it is grown. ee THE DAIRY. With most of the farmers of New England the dairy is an object, and though many merely supply their own wants, yet it is important that the milk should be so kept as to yield the most valuable product. Butter and cheese, made for our own use, should be at least wholesome, and economy teaches that we should make them in the best manner, for we thus obtain a larger quantity. It has become customary for large farmers to build ice houses in which to place milk and other products of the dairy, but when a farmer has a good, deep cellar he may do well without an ice house. The first object with the dairy farmer should be to pro- vide an abundance of good feed for his cows; for, if they are not well supplied with food, he may look in vain for full pails. One or two acres of land ought to give pasturage to a cow through the summer, until the fall feed is ready to be cropped, and there is no difficulty in bringing pasture lands to this state of productiveness, without manuring, if the plough is properly and seasonably used. —— ae MILKING. The next point to be attended to is to see to the milking; for it is in vain that we keep good cows and keep them well unless we see that the milk is properly taken from them. Some farmers trust this business to children, and some to grown people who do not milk so well as children. The cows should be treated kindly and coaxed to a compliance, for in vain we may try to force them to part with their milk. It is sometimes necessary to punish a fractious cow, that has not been well bred, but we must not expect much milk from her at such times. If she kicks fp MAY. maliciously she should be instantly punished, that she may have no doubt why she is punished ; bunt in general they will show no disposition to kick while a friend is drawing the milk, unless the udder or the teats are sore, and in such case we should never punish for kicking. ‘The cow should be bowed up to a stan- chion, and one of her fore feet may be held up from the ground by means of aring as large as the runner on a stanchion, into which her knee may be bent, and it may be kept there by any small stick six inches long. When thus bowed up in the fore leg the cow finds it difficult to raise a hind foot for any purpose, as she wants as many as three to stand on. But we should not calculate on adopting this mode unless in extreme cases, for it will generally answer a better purpose to let the cow stand free and easy than to fetter her. Cows that have been properly treated when young, are pleased to have a good milker come to their side and relieve them of a burthen that they cannot carry long without pain, but they always seem to wish to have the job finished at once and are not willing that the milker should spend a long time at their side in telling stories. The milk should all be drawn from the bag, but we should avoid spending a great length of time in doing it, lest we get the cow in a lazy habit of giving out her strippings. There is a due medium to be observed. The milker should sit on a stool close to the cow; for if she attempts to kick she will now do less mischief than if he sat farther off; and his left arm must always bear gently against the cow’s thigh so that if she raise her heel against him she will only crowd him away instead of striking him forcibly. He never need to fear in a position directly one side of the leg,—neither before nor behind it,—for cattle cannot kick in that direction. BUTTER MAKING. Our calves are taken away from the cows in May or sooner ; and now, when the new grass gives succulent food to them, we begin in earnest to make butter for ourselves or for the market, and before the middle of June, there is so much competition, that our butter has become a drug and we hastily sell it at half price. Then we begin to think of making cheese that may keep longer and afford us more leisure for a sale. We resort to this—we who live near great markets—because we are not confident of our ability to lay up butter in June, that will be good in the following May, or even in the winter. If we can contrive to lay up our June butter in a perfect mode, so that it will keep one year without injury, we may be sure of realizing double the price which we obtain for it in June, MAY. 73 and th's may be done with very little attention and care. We premise that the milk dishes are washed clean, and that the milk is set in a good place and skimmed in due season;~in hot weather the cre'm must be daily stirred in the pots, and it ia well not to keep it longer than two days withont churning. It must have the right temperature at the time of its changing to butter, or it will not be so good. If it is too cold it will be too long in coming, and if it is too warm, it will come to butter too soon, and be so soft and pasty that it cannot be properly worked. es WORKING OUT THE BUTTERMILK. In February we enlarged upon the advantages «f making but- ter in snch a manner that it would continue sweet for a year, and we refer the reader to that month for our mode of getting out the buttermilk; but let us adopt what mode we please we must disenagage the whole of this sour matter, otherwise we cannot keep our butter sweet. TILLING AMONG CORN. A discovery has been recently made, that in tilling among corn and potatoes with a horse plough we cut off some of the roots and it is said we injure the corn! We have not heard that any patent has been claimed for this discovery, but we su-pect our ancesters knew something of the matter. In old times it was not thought injmious to cut off some of the roots, particu- larly as it was found difficult to stir the ground sufficiently with- out disturbing some of them; but corn may be more delicate than in former days, and we may be obliged tu treat it as differ- ently as females in some cases are treated. It may be necessary to keep it from the sun lest the leaves should curl and the corn turn green in June. It has actually been recommended by some writers not to use the plough in any stage of tillage, but to use the cultivator or little harrow, or the hand hoe, for fear some ef the corn roots should be injured. Now it seems to us quite as proper to advise us not to thresh our grain for fear we should crush some of it, or not to dig our potatoes lest we cut and spoil] some of them, as to warn us against cutting off corn roots. There are millions of them in every hill and cutting off the ends of some of them will cause them to shoot out with more vigor. The ground must be stirred and kept light until the roots are ready to extend through all parts of the soil, and in the fore part of the season we need 74 MAY. not fear to disturb the roots; when the corn has become large we should then be cautious of cutting off too many roots; but we have never discovered any injury to arise from too much cul- tivation between the rows. At the first hoeing we usually turn the furrow from the corn and from the potatoes ; at the second hoeing we turn the furrow back again towards the corn, &c.; and at the third hoeing, about the first of July, we run our furrows near the middle of the va- cancies between the rows, or we use a small harrow or a culti- vator that shall not penetrate deep, and in this way we have no fear of hurting the roots. In grass ground or green sward land we use the cultivator in preference to the plough to save tearing up the sward. JUNE. June, by common consent has 30 days, and is one of our finest months. The weather has now become more settled, and al- though the heat may sometimes oppress those who are not bred to business and have nothing but the weather and their own thoughts to trouble them, the husbandman rejoices in the power- ful influences of a nearly vertical sun to expand his family of vegetable growth, for which he made provision in the preceding month. LEAVES OF TREES. The leaf is nov spread out to its full extent. At first it cau- tiously peep.ed out by the side of the bolder bud which nature has forced to advance, as the progenitor of another family. But now, encouraged by genial warmth, and conscious of the duty of pro- tecting the embryo progeny in the early stages, it expands its wing, and not only protects the delicate mother from the rays that might be too intense, but performs the important office of cook of the family, daily gathering from the atmosphere, and nicely mixing its sweets with the ruder supplies which are drawn through the parent trunk from the bowels of the earth. Leaves are vitally important in vegetation, and any plant may be soon destroyed by their deprivation. In form and texture, they are infinitely variegated, and each form selects trom the air something which is peculiar to itself! How wonderful that such an infinite variety can find, in a substance which all created beings are obliged to inhale, food and medicine peculiar to each! How ignorant we still are of the wonderful properties of the at- mosphere! In the latitude of 42° we have the broad button-wood leaf, (the sycamore of holy writ,) the grape leaf, a native of many climes, and the protector of a plant that delights in umbrageous groves and sheltered seclusion, while its fruit seems to need the powers of a tropical sun to bring it to maturity. The Catalpa is nota native of 42° of latitude, and barely endures our long Januar weather ; but in summer it fearlessly expands a canopy in Sach leaf. The Horse-chestnut also, is not bashful in claiming elbow room, and allows no neighbors to encroach on its domicil. Its broad and numerous leaves deprive the domain on which. ** 76 JUNE. has settled of the influence of the sunbeams and the benefit of light. "The Rock, or Sugar Maple, has a smaller leaf, but is large compared with most others, and affords one of the cleanest and most beautiful shades in the country. Its leaves are exceedingly thick, and fill every limb. The tree grows strong and in beauti- ful form, and may be transplanted and propagated with as much facility as any forest tree in the State. It grows rapidly, and the timber is good. For fuel, there is none superior, burning like the walnut and kindling easily in its greenest state. er FRUIT TREES FOR SHADE. Since the introduction of the English cherry tree, it is much used as well for shade to the dwelling house as for its fruit. It is one of the very few fruit trees that branch out prop: rly and handsomely for ornament, and it ought to be planted by the side of every habitation. Its fruit is easily raised, and the tree is usually a constant bearer. Nursery men have been much in the practice of budding this tree in August, and introducing more early varieties of fruit than the common seedling bears; but lat- terly it is found that grafting is better than budding, and they split the Jimb in the month of March and insert a graft, as in the case of the apple. But where a shade near the house is the principal object, we have long been in the practice of suffering the seedling to shoot up his native branches and extend them as nature dictates. The tree thus forms a more handsome top, and grows three times as fast as when budded with some of the choice varieties A ma- jority of these seedling trees bear very good frnit without graft- ing, and when it is found that any, set for shade, bear no good fruit, itis easy to engraft them high on the limbs. Apple trees, pear trees, peach trees, &c., are quite unsuitable for shades about the door. ‘They branch out too broad, and their limbs are tov low anil shrubby for ornament, and they should be set by themselves in the garden and orchard. ‘The Siberian Crabb-apple tree, may be set more near the dwelling, for its branches run up at an acute angle, and are notin the way. ‘The crabb is a useful tree, and its fruit bears a good price in the market. It is not larger than many of our purple grapes of the woods, and as the cureulio fly has not yet found this small fruit, it is plucked off and used as a preserve, prepared in a similar way with the common apple, but without cutting—the fruit being used whole as cranberries are. _ Insetting fruit trees about a house, we should be cantious not to place them too near it. Weare apt to be deceived in this matter, as we are in setting in an orchard—we make not suffi- JUNE. 17 cient allowance for their growth. No tree that is expected to stand many years should be set within a dozen feet of the dwel- ling, for by shading a roof we contribute to the rotting of the shinvles and the timbers. USEFUL BIRDS. A variety and an abundance of trees about a house, induce birds to come and build their nests and propagate their several species. ‘The cherry tree is particularly inviting to a small bird called, from his living, the cherry bird. His only fault is, he sometimes takes more than his share when cherries are scarce. But the robin and the mavis, or mocking bird, come and give us their songs for their supper, and when the cherries are gone they aid us to destroy the canker worm, the catterpillar, and a host of other worms that would multiply too fast if entirely neglected. These birds have strony inducement to make their nests near the dwellings of man, for they have a still more dreaded enemy of their race, which preys upon their young when nursed in re- mote woods. ‘The hawk is ever ready to murder and to rob where he has full sway, and if men understood their best inter- ests they would not follow the example, but would invite the per- secuted birds to come and eat, and build, and sing about their own dwellings. The mavis appears at planting time, and though he is sus- pected of interested motives, he cheers the planter with a song more varied and musical than the psalmody of the early pilgrims, —Plant, plant, plant—cover it up, cover it up—stay, stay, stay— more corn, more corn—here it is, here it is—too deep, too deep, too deep—pshaw, pshaw, pshaw—liberal, liberal, liberal—good to eat, good to eat, good to eat. And so he runs on until the laborers have gone to dinner, and then not intending to interrupt their work, he acts as a close inspector, and examines their fore- noon’s labor. It should be a universal rule among farmers to encourage these birds; they all destroy small worms and insects, and these are their principal food—they sometimes imprudently take the seed corn away, and are impatient of the regular harvest; but they do more good than harm, and a little extra seed in the hill, ora small quantity of like kind strown on the surface of the planter’s field for their especial use, will protect the part intended to throw up the future plant. * 18 JUNE. CANKER WORMS. These are the most troublesome and the most fatal enemy which the apple tree has to contend with. His habits are well known, but it is found very troublesome to guard against his depredations. By the tenth of June, he leaves the tree, letting himself down by his silken thread, and burrowing to the depth of two or three inches under the surface of the ground. Here he is changed from his original form, and here they lie male and fe- male, until the latter part of autumn when in company they begin to climb up the body of the tree to find a secure-place'to: lay their eggs, where the young brood may have a plenty.of the young apple leaf as soon as they are old enough to open their mouths. The parents, a female grub and a male fly, continue: tovcrawl up the body of the tree in the mild days of winter, and in March and April, and when their progeny is sufficiently numerous they eat the young leaves as fast as tney put forth, and make the tree leok as red as if the flames had passed between all the limbs. The young are hatched just after it has become warm enough to force out the leaf of the tree, so that whether the season be*late or early, the young worm is ready at the precise time when the leaf is most tender and fit to nourish it, to deprive a wholetree of its foliage. Sometimes a late frost kills every worm that is hatched; but this must be so severe as to destroy also the fruit of the tree; so: that:there is no hope of the destruction of the one without the other. But it sometimes happens that too large a colony has: climbed upon one tree and the young in consequence are not sufficiently supplied, and if the food entirely fails t:em before they have arrived at their full growth they perish, and often the whole of them, so that. not one appears the next season. ‘his is what politicians might call over-doing or over-trading; which is likely to be followed by a failure. REMEDIES, FOR CANKER WORMS. The most usual method of preventing the ascension of the mil- 'erand the grub up the body of the tree, is to apply. tar to. the body, so that they cannot pass over. This tar is. daubed on in a breadth of three or four inches, and sometimes a piece of canvass is first nailed around the tree to, prevent the tar’s touching the body, under an idea that tar is injurious to the tree. A more modern mode is a leaden trough filled with cheap oil, and with this trough the tree is encircled, so that the grubs can- not pass without first dipping in the oil, which at once de- JUNE. 719° stroys them. This mode is less expensive than tarring, and when it.is well done proves effectual in stopping the ascent of the rubs. : Various other methods have been tried, but generally without success. Some have tie: straw about the body of the tree, some have strown lime on the ground, others dig or plough about the roots, and many let their hogs into the orchard and induce them by scattering grains under the tree, to hunt for the grain and the grubs at the sume time; and another class of orchardists have practiced with better success, using a syringe and squirting lime water or tobacco juice on the limbs of the tree. Small trees have been rid of the worm in May, after he was half grown by shaking the limbs and rapping them with poles. But tarring and lead gutters have proved most effectual of any methods that have yet been extensively tried. THE BORER. There is a very troublesome worm called the bcrer that enters the body of the apple tree near the roots, and works his way along upwards, feeding himself as he goes, eating the chips which he cuts, and continuing about three ycars to stretch his carcase be- fore he is ready to become a fly. It was formerly supposed that this worm, like most others, changed to a fly as most worms do during the season, or within a year of his hatching ; but it is now believed by many that he re- mains a worm notless than three years, doing all the mischief he is capable of in the tree before he is ready for a change. Other trees are also attacked in the samnie way—the yellow locust and white ash are supposed to suffer most by worms entering the body in this way, and the locust in particular is often so cut as to fall down. We have not yet fully ascertained all the habits of these worms, and until we do, we may not be able to counteract all their trespasses, or to anticipate their motions. It is ascertained that the mother of the apple tree borer is a fly, about as ‘arge as a wasp, with two longitudinal streaks down her back. She seeksa place in the tree to deposite her eggs, and she usually lays ten in 0000 2900 size of a pin’s head. The time of laying them is believed to be in June; she may commence as early as May, and she may lay them later than June. Her place of deposite on the tree is near the ground, where the bark is most tender, and where the young worm may more easily enter than he would in the dry bark of the tree; and she this position, each about the 80 JUNE. generally prefers for her eggs a tree that has grass, or something green growing about the roots, for this not only affords protection to the egg, but it keeps the bark more tender, and renders an en- trance more easy for the young worm into the body of the tree. It is believed that the young worms never enter beyond the bark during the first sammer, and that if they are watched and pursued soon after they are hatched, they may be easily destroyed. ————s REMEDIES FOR THE EVIL OF BORERS. Many farmers have been at the trouble of pursuing these in- dividual borers in the tree and digging them out; some have in this way cleared their orchards of them. Some use a wire which they run into the hole cut by the worm, and pursue him to the death; some have made use of a small gouge and followed the course of the worm, cutting from his track to the outside, and doing much injury to the tree—more, in some cases, than the worms would do. But the better mode of destruction is, “to remove the depos- ites,” made by the fly, before they are hatched, or, at farthest, before they have made any considerable entry into the tree. One of the best things to be done to keep off the fly, is to place something about the roots of the tree that shall not afford a pleasant harbor for the eggs. The wonderful instinct of the fly prompts it to seek a secure and a moist place, as we have alrea- dy noted. Now grass or any growing vevetable near the roots, keeps the bark of the tree moist through the largest part of the day. Any thing, therefore, that may keep this matter down, and render the roots of the tree as dry as any part of the body, will tend to prevent the entrance of the worm. It is true the fly sometimes lodges her nits four or five feet from the ground, but this is only when she finds there a more secure place for them than at the bottom. She may often find crevices under loose bark, that make a very convenient shelter for her young, and this is one good reason why we should scrape our trees and destroy all these shelters, by raking off clean all that is rough or shaggy. And it is noted by nurserymen, that where grass is suffered to ae high about their trees, there are to be found the nits of the orer. But we have still another remedy, and this is better than any we have tried; we wash our trees in June, and later if we find any eggs deposited, with a strong ley made of potash. One pound will make a gallon of wash, and this may be rubbed on to the tree with a brush or with any swab of cloth nailed or tied on toa handle. This ley, made strong, will destroy all vermin on the body of the tree, and all the moss that adheres to the bark, JUNE. 81 rendering the whole of it fresh and of a fine green, healthy color. Some put on lime but we prefer ley, for that never injures the tree. Some have put on lime in summer and soon after have dis- covered the young wornis under the bark by their staining the lime, and have thus been led to trace them out. But ley will answer all purposes, and it can hardly be put on too strong, so as to injure the bark of the tree. It will destroy all living ani- mals as well as their eggs, that may be lodged there. CATERPILLARS. These worms are not so formidable as our more secret enemies; the eggs of the mother fly—a species of the butterfly—are de- posited on the limbs of the apple and the cherry tree, and are hatched in May. They live in colonies, and build nests with so close a webb as to shed off the rain, and early in the morning as well as at noon, in a hot day, all the tenants will be found in the nests; these are the times to attack them, and all may be de- stroyed with but little trouble. ‘The nests may be wound by hand around them, and all should be swept clean from the tree and crushed by the foot. When the nests are on high limbs a pole may be used with a swab on the end of it. This swab may be dipped in old, strong soap suds, and all the worms will die that come in contact with the suds. Some use turpentine in- stead of suds—and some a piked brush, which they worm into the nest und tear it in pieces, but many of the animals escape. eee WORMS IN PEACH TREES. We find many white worms with yellow heads, eating under ground into the roots and the bodies of peach trees. They seldom work above the surface, but where they eat the wood they cause the . gum to issue, and they ruin the tree when numbers of them are suffered to work unmolested. Some gardeners have dug them out with the point of a knife, but, in doing this, they injure the tree and let out gum wherever they cut. It would be better policy to de- stroy the eggs or nits that are placed by the fly at the root of the tree. This is often done accidentally, when ashes, or lime, or coal dust are placed about the tree. It is well known that these substances, as well as tan-bark, or auy thing that destroys vege- tation about the tree, have a tendency to destroy the vermin that are there deposited in the egg. These worms are believed to be produced in a manner similar to that of the apple tree borer, and, as they turn to flies, it is not worth our while to dig for them 82 JUNE. while embedded in the roots of the tree. Their manners and habits require further examination, and we invite attention to the subjeet. TILLING. June is emphatically the tilage month, and most of the time of many farmers is employed with the horse plough, the cultiva- tor, and the hoe, in stirring the ground and destroying the weeds that claim fellowship with useful plants. It has been customary in New England to plough between the rows of corn, potatoes, and beans, three several times in the month, and to hoe by hand as often. The first hoeing is called weeding; the second half hilling; and the third hilling. And mould was drawn around the plants at each visit, so that by the time the hilling was fin- ished, all the loose dirt was gathered up in high piles or hills. A better practice is now prevalent of letting the roots choose their own depth in the soil, while we barely stir the ground and kill the weeds. We sometimes draw up a little earth to the hill at the first hoeing, because this is easier than to hoe away the weeds. If we first hoe away the soil we ought to supply its place again; but, by slightly covering the weeds in the hill, we kill them, and save the labor of one removal of earth. Weeds that are hoed up will often grow again, but weeds that are buried are smothered, and converted at once to manure for the growing plants. JULY. HAYING. We have now come to the busy month, the farmers hard month. ‘Toil, toil, toil, unceasing toil, until the hay and grain are secure. But though the labor is severe, the business is the neatest of any which the farmer engages in. More skill and management are required in a master hay maker than in a com- mon laborer. The scythe must be nicely hung and ground, and the whetstone must be handled as nicely as the feugler is re- quired to handle his arms; and, when the whole scythe is in good trim, it will perform nothing in unskilful hands—it must be nicely balanced and not allowed to cut up stones or capers of any kind. A master hay maker should be a tolerable weather-monger, and not mow two much just before a rain; and he must be able to decide at once when the hay is dry enough for the barn. He should know the time for cutting each field, and what should be put in heaps the first day. He should know how to labor and how to induce others to labor to the best advantage. The grass and hay crop of New England are of immense im- portance, and every facility for multiplying them should be sought with avidity. If by any means we can double the quantity of fodder for cattle we thereby have double means of increasing the manures in addition to the regular profits on the stock; anid when our lands are once rich enough we may raise grain on them at pleasure. But until we have made them more productive in hay and grass than they generally are, it is idle for us to attempt to raise large quantities of grain. Grass is most easily raised if we but adopt the proper methods, and grass and hay are the chief support of our stock. Grass properly cultivated will enrich our worn out soils, while large qantities of grain tend to impoverish them. While every farmer should endeavor to raise his own supplies of grain and vegeta- bles, as well as of meats and fuel, when he comes to this ques- tion—* What shall I raise to sell? What means shall I take to pay my help, and my interest, and my taxes ?”—we must con- sider whether it will answer his purpose to produce on his farm an article that will cost him more than he can obtain for it. 84 JULY. MODES OF MAKING HAY. We have yet a number of philosophical writers who recom- mend drying hay in heaps in preference to spreading it ont in the sun. They contend, that in this mode they save all the leaves and preserve the hay of a fresh green color, and that it is richer than that which is more exposed to the sun, but we cannot consider that they have offered any thing like proof in support of their theory. ‘They have never shown that they have tested the comparative value of this hay. They only fancy it must be bet- ter because they save more of tae leaves and because the hay looks greener. In regard to clover we sometimes loose a portion of the leaves in curing the stalk, but if we are careful not to move it much when it is nearly dry we loose but a very small part. Then we should consider that the leaf is not one tenth of the whole clo- ver, and any measures taken to secure this small part, compared with the main body of the plant, that shall prove injurious to this, ought to be adopted with caution. It is yet to be proved, that the greener the appearance of the hay the better the cattle will like it, and we find, on trial, that cattle will eat with a better relish hay that has been well sunned aud sweetened in the sun, than tiat which has been cured or partially cured in the shade. When cut in good season the stems of the clover will all be eaten clean, though dried .n the sun, and this is quite as good evidence as any we have heard of, in favor of that which has been otherwise dried. Wet weather is injurious to all kinds of hay, after it is parti- ally dried, and clover is the worst kind of hay to be kept in the field in heaps, for it cannot be so cocked up as to shed rain like long or straight hay, and, therefore, the sooner it is dried the less danger from bad weather. We have been advised to let c!over stand in the cock for four or five days in order to cure it. Now we stand more than an even chance of having rain on it in this time, whereas, if we spread it out, we need not expose it more than two days. The test of the pudding is in the eating, and we see not why this should not be the test of the goodness of hay. Cattle will not eat hay that is not well cured when they can have that which was well dried in the sun, and they must be considered the best judges of its goodness. It may seem to some unnecessary to dwell so long on asubject like this, but it must be known that wri- ters are every year urging the advantages of drying clover in heaps instead of spreading it out to the sun. JULY. 85 LATE CUTTING. Another notion, which most of us in New England must con- sider whimsical, is that which has been recommended in New York. It has often been repeated there, that herds grass should not be cut until the seeds were so ripe that they could be saved for sowing! We call this a Dutch whim, for on travelling through the Dutch country, more than thirty years ago, some Dutch landlords advised us to have their latest cut hay for our horse, and they wondered much at our predilection for early mown hay. In truth we could find none that had been early mown, and all their hay had the appearance of being dried while standing. Probably the reason why their horses did not let their masters know the difference was, that they had never known or tasted of any that had been cut in good season. THE PROPER TIME FOR CUTTING. We know of no better rule, after trying all methods, than to let the grass be full in the blossom before we cut it; then no matter how soon it is harvested. If we cut before this time we fail of getting the largest growth, and the largest weight. If we suffer it to stand until the seed is ripe our hay is much lighter and of poorer quality. We find this to be the case on actual trial, for we are often obliged to let our grass stand too long be- fore we cut it. CLOVER. The nothern red clover in rich ground, grows rank with large stems or butts, and this should be cut before it is fully grown, else the stems will be too coarse and tough for fodder, and it is liable to be lodged down and to have the lower parts rotten before mowing, unless we attend to itin season. On the other hand we have some grasses that seem not to be injured by long standing. The fowl meadow, first introduced by fowls into Dedham mea- ' dows, may be cut in September if we like, and it makes most excellent fodder for stock. It is a common practice to let this stand until the seed is ripe and it is expected that the future growth will be dependent on the seeds scattered this season. COMMON MEADOW GRASSES. _In regard to the best time for cutting these there is much diver- sity of opinion. Formerly, the middle of September was thought 8 86 JULY. soon enough to finish off the meadows, and those in Middlesex County who were ready to attend the Concord Court, which, time out of mind, has sat on the second Monday of September, were thought to be quite early in finishing their haying by that time. But in modern times we finish our haying earlier—some in July, and most farmers by the tenth of August. We have in this gone from one extreme to another, and those who have meadows to cut have no necessity for doing up their hardest work in a single month. While it is at least doubt- ful whether our meadow grasses are better for our early cutting, we may rest at least a short time between English and meadow haying, and suffer other seed grasses to spread in consequence of late cutting. And we fancy we can see a marked difference in the quality of those meadows which have been suffered to stand until the ripening of the better seeds. But boys and young people are fond of finishing off their hay- ing at once in order to be indulged in the accustomed holidays of that season; and meadows are now cut one month sooner than in the last age, without any satisfactory evidence that the hay is better. In truth, the common meadows are growing more coarse, and the fowl meadow erass is fast quitting our premises. rd SECURING GRAIN. Winter rye is ripe enough to be cut, in common seasons, by the middle of July; and the harvesting of this grain formerly in- terfered with the hay harvest. But as the quantity of English ‘hay, formerly cut in Massachusetts, bore no proportion to present harvests, the interference was not so great as might at first be supposed. Now we cultivate but little winter rye, and we raise ten fold more English hay than in the last age. Vast fields of rye were formerly harvested, year after year, on our easy plains; and, as long as they would bear the burthen, rye was sown annually, and no manure or green crop interve- ning, the ground was completely exhausted of all its geine, or vegetable matter, and many plains now lie—not monuments of mercy—but monuments of merciless cropping. Moss, thick moss, has taken the place of the grass crop, which always has a tendency to enrich, in consequence of its roots, which fill the ground and become food for other plants as soon as the plough is employed to turn the sod. It was the practice of our fathers to bind their rye in bundles, and stook or stock it in the field for a week or two, until a more leisure day permitted them to carry it to the barn, where it was immediately threshed, or stored until winter season. But, singe ~ we make more barn room, we are more in the habit of storing rye and other grain soon after it is cut. Spring rye, spring ° JULY. 87 wheat, and oats are ripe two weeks later than the winter rye, and those farmers, who finish their haying in July, are not obliged to quit haying in order to attend to these harvests. OATS. This grain has formerly been raised in large quantities in Massachusetts, and the demand for it has been constant. It is a pretty business to handle it, as it is easily threshed and bears no beards that are offensive to the reaper. Its straw also makes good fodder for cattle, and as no nice cultivation is required for raising it, the cultivation is popular. But many are now begin- ning to notice that oats too, as well as rye, tend to reduce the soils in which they grow ; and particularly the sandy loams. WORMS IN GARDENS. At this season we have not much time to attend to the worms that attack our garden vegetables. Many of them continue their depredations through the month. The cut worm, that eats off plants and young trees just above the surface, is one of the most formidable. He is an ash-colored worm, with a black stripe on his back, and he buries himself under the surface in the day time, but in the night he comes out, cuts off his little tree, or his cab- bage, at the root of which he lays in the day time, and en- deavors to drag the top down into his hole, but for want of time or of strength he usually leaves it on the surface and buries him- self again before the gardener comes. He is easily found, close to the root of his tree, and he should never be allowed to cut down more than one. Nothing is more effectual to guard against the depredations of this worm than to cut him in two or to crush him between two stones, for treading on him does not answer any good pur- pose. Bugs may be sometimes driven from vines by sprinkling daily a little lime, or plaster, or ashes on them, but nothing can be relied on as effectual without daily attention; this is the price of our garden comforts, and of most of the happi- ness which we enjoy. INSECTS. We often hear large stories of large insects as far south as New Orleans, and have no doubt they are troublesome compan- 88 JULY. ions, if their bills are half as large in proportion as those of our musquittoes ; but, one of the comforts of a northern clime con- sists in our exemption from such gentry for the most part of the year. A wag in New Orleans did not feel so angry at the bite of a musquitto as at his brageing so much about it. Horses and cattle feel the stings of insects so sensibly, that, when they have liberty, they take to flight, and often run into the bushes to sweep off the stinging herd. Insects are found to breed most plentifully in pools of stagnant water, and this should put us on our guard against building near pools that cannot be drained, and against suffering such pools to exist near our dwellings. They are always exceedingly un- wholesome in summer, and on that account also we should guard against them, drain them, or fill them up. PRI TSN FS OLY. The Enylish cherry begins to be ripe by the 20th of June, and the different varieties last through the month of July, and are quite an acquisition to our ancient list of fruits. ‘The blact- berry ripens in this month, and gives a-treat to children and to old people who have time to pick them. They grow spontane- ously about the walls and places where their vines can find sup- port and their roots rich pasture. The sweet whortleberry also makes its appearance in its black coat at this season, and is a universal favorite. It grows spon- taneously in neglected pastures, and is one of the most whole- some fruits of the season. Children could live many weeks on this food alone. The blueberry is akin to the last, and can hardly be distinguished from it when its outside coat is a little brushed. In taste and in appearance it seems the same berry. The high blueberry of the swamps is ripe in the last of this month, and the fruit and its appearance are much like the last. Currants of various kinds are in full splendor and use in this month, and remain good until September, though left on the bushes. Black mulberries are ripe also in July, and the fruit is rich and nourishing and wholesome. This tree is easily enough propagated, but we see but very few in the Commonwealth. We know of not more than three gardens in Framingham in which is a single mulberry tree. Button pears begin to look ripe in this month, and these and the Queen Catherine are sometimes plucked for market, but our best pears are later, and the St. Michael’s is not ripe until Octo- ber. Very few apples of northern growth are fit for eating be- fore August; but we have enumerated enough for one month. The labor of getting hay is so arduous and the weather so JULY. 89 warm, the good wife and the girls should gather these fruits as they ripen and furnish a part for the desert of the laborers. The currant should be sweetened with sugar or honey, and the cherry should be made into puddings—all the other fruits named may be eaten without cooking, and yet a blackberry pie and a whor- PSoeas pudding, will sustain the laborers longer than the raw ruit. It is a charming prospect, a sight worth seeing—a dozen hun- gry laborers, devouring with admirable appetite and assiduity, the repast prepared by feminine neatness and skill, for those who delight in the more arduous exercises of the hay field, and have a keen relish for all the fat things of the land. Females should not be visiting more than half the time in this month, and as they are not called now into the hay field, they should endeavor - lighten the trials of the males, by performing the chores about home. &* AUGUST. FARMERS’ WORK FOR AUGUST. WE finish our haying this month and have time besides to look about us and make improvements on our lands. If we have not labored too hard to secure our main harvest—the fodder for the winter—we become recruited in a few days after haying is over, and feel more able than ever to engage in active business. So true it is that regular labor renders us strong. The man who has lain idle through the winter months has but little strengh or resolution to engage in active business in the spring, and he would do better if employed at small profit through the winter, to keep his hand at it than to suspend. LOW LAND. Most farmers have lands that are low and wet for a large por- tion of the year. ‘hese may often be improved in August or in September to very good advantage. Some we prepare by burning the surface sods—some by digging and turning the soil topsy turvy, and carrying on, in the wheelbarrow, gravel or Joam and compost manures. And some we can subvert more easily by using the plough. We have strangely neglected our low lands in New England. Once they were the only lands that we relied on for grass; but this was of a coarse quality and grew up spontaneously in the newly cleared meadows, which we had rendered productive by flooding the growth of wood, and killing it in that manner, or by cutting it off while green. Many of these meadows, that have been thus cleared for one hundred and fifty years, now produce a good burthen of coarse grass; but these lie where the water annually overflows them, for no lands will continue to produce well so Jong, unless they are alded by some means or other. But within a few years we have greatly increased our harvests of good English grass upon the highlands, and we have in proportion neglected our mead- ows. AUGUST. 91 IMPROVEMENT OF LOW LANDS. Within twenty years we have found, that by proper processes we can introduce the best kinds of hay into meadows, that for a long time have been worthless. These meadows lie in general where the waters do not flow them sufficiently to produce the common meadow grasses, and the mosses, the cranberry vines, and the low blueberry bushes have been the chief productions. The hardhack and the skunk cabbage would often rear their heads when there was room for them, but these were not found to improve the quality of the burthen. Many of these meadows can be easily drained, and whenever that is the case, there is no great difficulty in subduing them, for a great proportion of such land can soon be made _ hard enough to bear a team. We have in Middlesex and Norfolk counties thousands of acres of such lands, which have good peat bottoms, and, when this is the case, they are worth as much for grass as any prairie lands of the Western States. Let us not be deceived in this matter; but a small proportion of the best Western lands will bear good English hay for any length of time without cultivation. The prairie lands of Illinois, though ex- cellent for corn and for grain, will not bear so large burthens of English hay as our Northern lands will, and the coarse fodder which they naturally produce, will not fatten animals better than much of our common meadow hay. Travellers tell us that the red clover has not been introduced there yet, and that the herds grass does not yield by far so large a harvest as in Massachusetts. And though large herds may now be kept, since there are no fences and they have a great range, and need not much care in winter, yet, when the farmer reckons by the acre, his grass crops are far less than in Massa- chusetts. When, therefore, the northern farmer takes into consideration our superior markets, and considers that hay will bring much more here than it can for forty years to come in Illinois, which can rival him only in the sale of grain, that one of the hardest modes of making money from a farm is by the grain crop, he may be inclined to look about him and determine whether he should not rather take up some of our best grass lands, that have been wholly neglected here, in preference to going a thousand miles for those that will never yield so great profits. - We have lands enough in New England to support four times the population which they now support. Farming lands are not held much higher than they were thirty years ago, and if money can be made any where by farming, it must be made where there are good markets near by. We must also count up all the cost of emigration—the sickness to which we always expose our- selves in new countries—the thousand points of untried being to 92 AUGUST. which we are exposed, and we shall hesitate long ere we take so long a leap in the dark as one thousand miles. Should we be asked whether we would have no emigration to the west, we say let no man make a desperate move; let pio- neers who are habituated to new countries make the forward move, and let our settlements, that. are left vacant be filled up gradually—let all changes be gradual. We are pushing onwards and into the woods too fast—we are building up cities faster than we can find people to fill them—we are hastily and unnecessarily driving out from before us the aboriginal settlers, and making them cross the big river to take up new lands, which we shall let them keep until we want them—and we are abandoning older settlements to which we have some claim of right. We would not encourage emigration, for we are persuaded there is already too much of it, and that our people ‘can live better here for fifty years to come than they can in the Western States. THE MOST IMPROVED MODES OF BRINGING LOW LANDS INTO ENGLISH GRASS. The first move is to drain off all the surplus waters, and these should be drawn down a foot or more below the surface of the meadow. If the meadow is quite wet it is sometimes necessary to cut what are called marginal ditches, in addition to the princi- pal centre ditch ; for we find that the largest springs often flow in from the sides of the meadow. ‘There is one inconvenience in cutting these side ditches, unless we leave a core or a bank uncut, that we may pass on to the meadow with a team; and this we may generally do without inconvenience, for these mead- ows are always so level, the water will flow either way and meet the cross ditches. Another rule worth observing, is to cut the principal, or all the ditches, nearly parallel with each other. This not only makes it more easy to mow and to rake the field, but we must bear in mind, that one branch of our improvements is to fix these peat meadows so that they may be ploughed once in a few years. All English mowing wants to be occasionally renovated. These low lands, with a little top dressing, will hold good as long as any ; but these will not always yield well without more attention. After they have been mown a number of years, the top dressings are not so useful as when the lands have lain but a short time. The salts cannot penetrate the soil so readily, and we loose more from evaporation than we do at the first top dressing. Ina few years too we find the sour and wild grasses will creep in, and we find it a good practice occasionally to turn the whole surface soil the other side up. AUGUST. 93 This serves to mix in the gravel and the loam that was first carried on, and brings up and exposes new matter to the sun, and in a situation where it can be mixed with the new compost or gravel, which we generally carry on when we plough anew. By this process also we turn under the whole rowen crop, wild grass, and all, and make it manure at once, and thus we should repeat the ploughings as often as may be necessary. When our ditches are thus dug, and we have drained off the water, we proceed to fit the soil for grass seed, and this we do in different modes, according to the quality, &c., of the surface inatter. PARING AND BURNING. We use this process when the meadow is of a dry nature and the surface consists of coarse roots and cranberry vines, that can be easily burned. When the meadow is hard enough to bear a team, we can use a paring plough on first subduing it. This plough merely cuts the turf, as a common share would, and slices it in the same way as a common coulter, or cutter, and does not turn the sod over but lets it lie precisely as it was found; for the paring plough has no mould board, and is intended to do nothing but to cut the sods. Its share is broader than that of a common plough, and it extends out right and left of the cutter, so as to take a breadth of thirteen or fourteen inches. When one of these paring ploughs is in good order one yoke of oxen will draw it with ease, so that hassocks, which cannot be turned with a common plough and six oxen, are readily cut and are turned over with the hoe. If the ground will not bear a team we turn over these turfs with sharp bog hoes, or hand hoes, and let them dry a few days, then set fire to them. We have sometimes known a field burnt in a very few days after it was turned up, and without piling up a single sod to be dried. When this can be done it is a very cheap mode of bring- ing a cranberry meadow into English grass, for we have nothing to do after burning but to sow our seed and to rake or harrow it in; we have not even the ashes to spread, for they lie already where they should, and we need no manure or top dressing, with gravel or loam, for two or three years; the ashes proving sufficient for that term. The soil of these meadows is now growing harder and harder as the English grass roots extend, and if we wish to carry on gra- vel or other matter from the side banks, we can often do it in August; but some carry on this matter in winter, when they can do nothing else, digging out of a pit that stands where it will freeze but little, and carting it over the frozen meadow. Some have carried on gravel enough to cover up all the growing grass 94 AUGUST. and vines, laying it five inches thick, but this is a great and un- necessary expense, and is never practised where we have pared and burned, or where we merely wish to renovate meadows that have been before brought into English grass. Another mode of burning the turfs after they have been pared and sliced up, is to pile them in heaps and leave a hollow in the heap for a kind of chimney through which the air may pass. Sometimes the sods will be half burned before we pile them, and by piling in the most careless manner we can reduce the whole toa heap of ashes. When we are hindered by bad weather and fear we shall not finish burning all the sods in season for sowing, we pile up in close and high heaps all that are unburned, spread the ashes that are made over the ground, sow our grass seed, and let the tall piles stand until another summer. ‘Then, after haying, touch fire to them in a dry day, and they will very frequently be turned to peat ashes, the best kind of manure for these meadows, in a few days. Spread these heaps of ashes evenly over the meadow, which has now a second dressing, and sow hay seed where the heaps stood and your whole meadow will now be a smooth and beauti- ful hay field, yielding more than any of your high lands that have been manured and tilled for fifty years past. TURNING MEADOW TO ENGLISH. Another mode of subduing peat bogs and cranberry meadaws, is to turn the sod over flat with a plough or with bog-hoes—cart on gravel or loam and spread evenly over the meadow—then spread on compost manures and sow the grass seeds. It will be perceived, that in this mode we are at all the expense of carting and spreading both gravel and manure, and in addition to the expense of the mode last described, we must count the cost of the manure which we did not need in the paring and burning process. When the gravel pit is nigh and the carting good, it is not expensive carrying on gravel enough to answer all purposes, for we would not allow any one to carry on gravel five inches thick if he would do it for us for nothing. A little gravel is excellent to mix with the peat muck, and is more warming than common loam, which some prefer, but on no account should the peat muck be buried deep by mere gravel, which in itself is not more nutri- cious than sand, We want a proper mixture, that is all. AUGUST. 95 ANOTHER MODE OF GETTING ENGLISH HAY FROM MEADOW. Many meadows which once produced large burthens in Mid- dlesex County, now bear but little, either because they have been managed improperly in regard to mowing too soon and thus was ‘esr a the going to seed of the best grasses—or, what is more ikely, draining the meadows of their natural waters and rendering them too dry for the purpose for which nature intended them ; for, as we have already observed, there are meadows now which yield bountifully, though they have been mowed for more than a hun- dred and fifty years, and have had no other dressing than that which they obtained from the common brooks. The meadows which have now ceased to yield as formerly, have been ditched, in some instances, in the hope of improving the quality, at least, if not the quantity of the grass; but this is an erroneous mode of improving meadows, and we never knew one to be benefited by this process. It makes neither English . nor meadow of them, but is likely to turn them to brush-groves. When these meadows or any other which produce none but poor grass, lie in such a situation that gravel or loam can be handily carried on to them, the cost is not great of making them into complete English mowing. We frequently find meadows of this description with a high bank of gravel, sand, or loam running parallel with them. This high bank is often barren, being too high and too dry for any kind of production, while the adjoining meadow is too low for English grass and too high for a good burthen of meadow grass. Such soils may be generally united to the mutual benefit of each; and, when the match is not a happy one, it may be because Prov- idence has otherwise determined. One question is, how is this union to be effected ? Another is, what is the cost ? When the meadow is not broad, and the knoll of gravel, &c. lies nigh, one man, with a yoke of oxen, or with a horse and cart, will carry on enough in one week in August, to cover up com- pletely all the grass on an acre. The cost of this does not ex- ceed twelve dollars. Thus we have made an acre of poor mead- ow into highland for a small sum. But what will it produce? This is an important question and shall be answered. If you will carry on halfas much manure as you put annually to an acre of corn, and spread it and harrow it in with the hay seed, you will have two tons of hay to the acre for several years in succes- sion; and when it degenerates, you may add a little manure mixed with gravel, &c., or you may now plough your meadow almost as well as you can upland—turn down the rowen grass, and turn up to the sun the rich meadow mud, on which you may put your com- post and seed anew. 96 AUGUST. In this process, it may be noted, we avoid mowing the meadow grass, on the summer of our first covering it with gravel, &c., and thus we need less gravel; and we readily convert to active manure the summer’s growth of meadow grass which we found on the land. We have tried this process and personally know the result. This is the second season of mowing a field which we have, in this manner, converted into English mowing, and we know the actual cost. We used from twelve to fifteen loads of fine manure to the acre only, and the grass is the best we have on fifty acres of highland mowing. ON SAVING SEEDS. We loose immensely by not taking care in season to save the best seeds for spring sowing. In the multitude of our cares we for- get, and need often to be reminded, of the proper times and modes of preserving what we have grown in our gardens and in our fields. We need a faithful sentinel, whose business it shall be, like the preacher’s, to remind us often of our duty; and if he tells noth- ing new—if he shows us nothing which we have not-seen before, —he may still be more useful than one who is always leading us into new schemes, and urging us to adopt his theories which he has reduced to practice. In general, peas, beans, and other vegetables, that grow in pods, should be preserved for seed in those pods until the time for sowing. Melons of all kinds—-pumpkins, squashes, cucum- bers, &c. should have their seeds taken from the shell and washed—then they should be laid up in a dry place secure from mice, &c. SEPTEMBER. —_———= T'a1s is a more leisure month for the farmer than he usually finds in the summer season in this country—and this leisure should be improved in making the farm better. August and September are the months when we can best work on low lands. They cannot be meddled with in spring, and if we attempt to seed them, we never lay them smooth as we may in the last of August. FALL SEEDING. In the last month we have shown the several modes which are practised to subdue peat and bog meadows, and bring them into English grass, and we wish in this month to remind the readers of our last year’s Almanac that the last week of August and the first week of September are found by experience to be the best season for the fall sowing of grass seeds. It has latterly become more customary to sow in Autumn, than when we raised more grain, but still the great majority of farmers sow their grass seeds in the Spring. ‘They usually find this the most convenient time, and they save labor by sowing it with their spring grain. On many fields this answers well where there is not much risk of the taking of the seed. But in a great propor- tion of onr light lands the old English rule of sowing all the grass seed in Spring is found not to answer a good purpose—it is often summer killed as soon as the grain which was sowed with it is reaped, and we are trying different methods for seeding our lands to grass. As grain is not the leading object in Massachusetts—as the hay harvest is more profitable, at least in our vicinity, than the grain harvest—as we have not, for years, been able to supply our own State with hay, but import the article by water—we are re- solving, if we buy either, to buy a part of our grain instead of buying hay—and in some cases, we entirely neglect tosow grain in the spring, when we have land that has been fitted for grass by previous tillage—we let it rest until August and then sow grass seed alone. On land that has been tilled, if we sow grass seed alone in the Spring, we have a crop of large weeds the first year, and their stubble and their stumps the second; but by sow- 98 SEPTEMBER. ing about the last of August, if the weeds come up with the grass they are soon killed by the frost, and leave the grass in possession of the whole soil. Thus we get better grass and spare our fields the exhaustion which a rye or oat crop would oc- casion. ———r SEEDING GRASS SEED ON GREEN SWARD. But we go farther to give a preference to the grass over the grain harvest. When our grass fields are run out and refuse to return us a handsome yield, we are in a way of ploughing them in Autumn and seeding down again directly without planting. Jn this way we save exhausting the land by grain raising, and we fertilize it by turning in a green crop in the last of August, when there is always something on the land to be turned in. By taking this course we are enabled to give each field manure, as it does not require half the quantity when managed in this way that it does when planted, and then sown with grain. And we are persuaded that this is the most economical mode of bringing our soil back again to its former fertility. We have raised grain on our easy lands from year to year until many will not now pay for tilling, and we are letting them lie barren. It is much better to keep them in grass. This mode of turning grass land again to grass land without planting, is particularly applicable to low grounds that are too wet for planting. These generally yield the largest crops of grass for the scythe when we pay proper attention to them, but we are not fond of touching them while we have more of easy tillage ground, and they have been allowed to lie half a cen- tury without producing enough to pay the fencing. We should plough such lands nicely and lay the furrows flat; then roll them, put on some rotted manure, and sow hay seed; first harrowing thoroughly lengthwise so as not to tear up the furrows. CORN STALKS. Writers have discussed the subject of corn stalk cutting very fully, and they are not yet quite agreed as to the best mode of proceeding. The old fashion of cutting stalks, or topping them from about. the first to the fifteenth of September is strongly con- demned, but some will still cut them early, so that the sun may ~ shed his influence more equally on the corn, and ripen it early ; while others insist it is better to let the top remain on and clabo- rate and perfect the juices that circulate through the arteries and veins. From some quite accurate experiments that have been made, SEPTEMBER. 99 there can be no doubt we injure corn materially by cutting the tops early. We stop the growth, and check the circulation of the sap which is needed to mature the plant, and it is not per- ceived that we hasten much the maturity of it. ———. SHOCKING THE WHOLE CORN. The most modern mode of harvesting corn has many admirers who are always pleased with something new, and we cannot say it is not the best practice; we have tried it on a large field, and our corn ripened well, quite as well as ever, and we are inclined to think the stalks and husks are more valuable when cured in the new way. The plan is to let the whole stalk stand until the corn is nearly ripe, or until it is feared a frost will take it; then cut the whole close tothe ground, and make pikes, somewhat like the pikes of the single stalks, by placing the stalks of about twenty hills around one that is left standing in the midst. Withes or stalks are used to tie the whole securely, and they are allowed to stand here two or three weeks. It is thought by many that the «orn gains considerably in this shock, and that it ripens faster tuan in the open rows. It is more secure from frosts as they operate not on a dry stalk, and all the outside stalks that are exposed to frost are soon dry, and thus escape, while the inside ones are protected by them. More experiments must be made before we can accurately determine whether the corn by this protecting system gains in weight. The labor is no greater, if we become used to this mode, than in the old way of topping the stalks before cutting the corn. GRAPES AN ee These fruits are in perfection in these months, and some of our native white grapes are quite ripe in August. The Isabella grape has been much lauded in the United States, but it has not that intrinsic value which it has been represented to have, nor can it be cultivated in open grounds, as we were taught to be- lieve, nor will it often ripen in our gardens, unless it is guarded in some niche, and protected from ‘the cold. In truth we have been greatly cheated by the introduction of it, and we must be more cautious of imposition in future. We have great varieties of native grapes in our woods, Sid they need only to be introduced, in order to command good prices. They need no protection, and only desire something to lean on when they are laden with fruit. There are the white or cream color grapes which have more sweetness than the Isabella, 100 SEPTEMBER. and which ripen one whole month sooner. Grapes are beyond question, the easiest fruits we raise, and we have only to select from our forests, and give them a corner in our gardens. POTATOES. People commence digging potatoes during this month, and early ones may al] be put up before the month is out; but there is danger of their heating, if they are packed in large piles in hot weather. Potatoes should be fully ripe before they are dug, and particularly, the Jong red and other late potatoes. We have known potatoes to heat so much when put in a cellar in Septem- ber, as to make it necessary to take them out again. Hoes, or pronged potato diggers are commonly used to get the potatoes out of the ground; but the labor is heavy, as the ground has commonly become hard at this season, and will not yield readily to the hoe. A plough of a new construction has lately been invented, which we are inclined to think will save much la- bor. It is somewhat in the form of a horse plough, but the cou!- ter is made so rounding that it will not cut the potatoes, and t» keep it in the ground and force it to run under the potatoes, the coulter inclines back at the top much more than a common coul- ter, and a double mould plate turns the potatoes out each way, or on each side of the plough. When the potatoes are thus turned up, it is an easy matter with the prong hoe to pull them from the dirt, and all the hard digging will come upon the horse. Potatoes are far more lia- ble to suffer with drought than corn is, and when they have been hilled up high, they turn off the rain instead of admitting it to their roots. We ought therefore, to plant them level with the surface, and hill up but little. TURNIPS. We now have a variety of these, and we cultivate and harvest them in different modes. We commonly sow the ruta baga, or yellow turnip in drills in June, and we let them stand in the ground until October. At that time, we either cnt the tops while the turnip remains in the ground, and give them to the cattle, or we pull them up, and sever the tops afterwards. We have found it easier to cut the tops while the turnips were in the ground—then with a dung fork dig the roots, and throw them in piles, whence they are tossed into the cart. OCTOBER. OcToBER is a busy month, for we can do but little of our har- vesting before it commences. Potatoes are generally better when lying in the ground until this month than when dug early. And corn stands safer in the field until the commencement of this month, than in the corn barn, provided always we have good fences. Corn and potatoes, both unknown in Europe, until Columbus made the discovery of the new world, are now among the most important harvests of New England. In the middle and western States, wheat is the leading article, and that has been grown in all climes from the earliest ages. oe CORN HARVEST. In Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas, corn has been a fa- vorite crop, but since the introduction of cotton, the Carolinas’ have turned attention more to that article, and on some planta- tions it is the practice to purchase most of their corn from places where cotton cannot be raised. The low price of cotton ‘will now induce these States to depend on their own fields for the staff of life. In some of the southern States, and in most of the western, it is common to let the cattle into the cornfields to fatten on the standing ears and husks, and to let the hogs come and pick up what the cattle have left on the ground; and where corn is not worth more than twentyfive cents per bushel, this may be the better mode of harvesting it; but we expect at the north, seventy to ninety cents per bushel, and we feed our cattle in the barn or in fields separate from the corn. In Virginia, and farther south, a tall kind of corn is raised, and the planters put the rows five feet asunder, leaving only two or three stalks in a row. One would suppose a more northern kind would produce better, and injure their lands less. It is certain we obtain larger harvests than they, but most of their planters have been in the habit of using but very little manure. g* 102 OCTOBER. MODE OF HARVESTING IN VIRGINIA, AND SOUTH OF HER. A very common practice is to gather the ears from the corn stalks, and to let them stand for the cattle to pluck. They thus get some fall and winter feed, but the standing stalks are a great nuisance in the field as they obstruct the plough in the following season. Besides, all these butts are wanted to be converted into manure, and when properly taken care of the butts are good fodder. If the planters of the southern states would bring back their paternal fields to their pristine fertility they should keep more stock through the winter— keep it shut up and let it increase their manures, and then they would see the value of their corn stalks. By letting this stock have half the plantation to graze on in summer the owner might hope to improve the remainder to much greater advantage than they now do the whole. And if in addition to this they would let one half of the plough fields lie one year without cropping, turning in with the plough two or three green crops in a season, they might hope to get something in their fields that should be worth harvesting. TOBACCO RATSING. A part of Virginia, ever since the first settlement of the coun- try, has been devoted to the culture of tobacco. This is a poi- sonous plant, and if no great exhauster of the soil, it never aids in the increase of manures, either directly by the litter and waste, or by feeding the stock of the plantation.. In this respect it is worse than cotton, for that is not poisonous, and the litter and waste may be made to count in the manure heap. This weed is therefore a nuisance on the farm, and in the cottage or palace, and probably has been as detrimental, since the discovery of it, as the potato has been useful. FENCING, In most of the southern States there is experienced a want of material for fencing the lands that le along the sea-coast. There are no rocks, and in many places timber has become scarce. The Virginians have been noted for their crooked, or worm fences, made of large rails interlocked, and without posts. Probably with a little care, live fences might be made to take the place of these rails, and trees might be set near enough together to be lopped, and form a fence. OCTOBER. 103 But a better mode would be to plant trees twelve feet apart in the line of the fence, and when they became large enough, let the rails be fastened to the trees, or interwoven in the branches and sprouts. ‘There are various kinds of trees of rapid growth, and among them the apple tree would not prove a nuisance in any respect, but in a few years would be sufficient to support the rails. ——— STONE WALLS. Where rocks are plenty, they are undoubtedly the best mate- rial for forming a fence, and after they have been dug from the ground, the expense of placing them in a single, or balance wall, is not great. This is the best kind of wall; it is easiest built, and will stand much longer than a double wall, and any farm well fenced with wall ought to be valued much higher than one that is fenced with other materials. ———— DIGGING ROCKS. In September and October we have sometimes leisure for dig- ging rocks from the pasture and mowing grounds. ‘Two men with bars will turn out many in a day, when the rocks are sizea- ble, but when large, more help is wanted.