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 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 \ GEOLOGICAL 
 
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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS 
 
 R. Y. STUART, SECRETARY 
 
 TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY 
 GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Wernersyille 
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 7615° 
 
 (Quaryvilla) 
 
 
 
 Base from U. S. Geological! Survey topographic 
 map of New Holland quadrangle, Pennsylvania 
 Surveyed in 1905-6 
 
 MAP OF THE NEW HOLLAND QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Showing Areal and Economic Geology 
 
 . ote 
 Scale 62500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC 
 
 ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 SHEET 178, NEW HOLLAND AREA, PLATE II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Honevbrook ) 
 
 1) 
 ANY 
 
 fy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _4& Miles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 3 ° 1 2 sl 
 a a = ee = Sy = ———— 
 L t o L 3 4 5 Klometers 
 Ss ser —— SSS a — 
 Contour interval 20 feet 
 Datum ts mean sea level 
 
 1925 
 
 Geology by Anna |, Jonas 
 Penn. Top. & Geol, Survey 
 and George W. Stose 
 U.S Geological Survey 
 Surveyed in 1920-1924. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 Red one Dera a 
 ba 
 
 Elbrook limestone,with basal sandstone 
 
 EQUIVALENT TO 
 TOMSTOWN DOLOMITE 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 AREAL GEOLOGY 
 
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 
 
 
 
 Red and gray conglomerate 
 with cobbles 
 
 
 
 zB 
 
 Soft red shale and sandstone, 
 baked in coutact with diabase 
 
 
 
 SS 
 
 nd hard red sandstone, 
 ed in contact with diabase 
 i 
 
 Arkosie sandstone 
 
 UNCON FORMITY 
 
 
 
 Conestoga limestone 
 
 CHAZYAN 
 
 UNCONFORMITY 
 
 T/A 
 
 Cocalico shale 
 (conformable on Beekmantown) 
 
 IN PART EQUIVALENT 
 
 ey) 
 CANADIAN 
 
 Beekmantown limestone 
 
 
 
 Conococheague limestone 
 
 ht 
 UPPER 
 
 
 
 in northern part 
 
 Nee ey) 
 MIDDLE 
 
 ie 
 
 Ledger dolomite 
 
 
 
 Kinzers formation 
 
 
 
 G Vintage dolomite 
 
 
 
 Antietam quartz schist 
 
 vr 
 LOWER 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNCON FORMITY 
 
 Graphitic gneiss 
 (Probably equivalent to Baltimore gneiss) 
 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS 
 
 
 
 hy 
 ane 
 Granite and hornblende gabbro 
 
 Faults 
 
 
 
 ECONOMIC FEATURES 
 
 28 pm Quarry in operation 
 xX Abandoned quarry 
 
 LIMESTONE 
 
 . Harry Millard 
 
 . R.M. Hertzog 
 
 . W. Cocalico Twp. 
 “ “ 
 
 a 
 
 . Clay Twp. 
 
 . Kurtz Bros. 
 
 . J. C. Showalter 
 11. Henry Martin 
 12. D. Burkholder 
 13. W. R. Good 
 14. W.R. Good 
 15. Ferris Martin 
 16. C.S. Martin 
 17. Zeimer Estate 
 18. J.C. Showalter 
 19. Eli Shreiner 
 20. Levi Zook 
 21. Clayton Groff 
 22. Elmer Meyers 
 23. A. Good & Bros. 
 24. J. W. Brubaker 
 26. A.B. King 
 27, J. H. Denninger 
 23“ 
 
 29. Soudersburg 
 30. Aaron Beiler 
 31. John Landis 
 32. R. Z, Stelfus 
 33. John Martin 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 4. 
 
 5. S. B. Keller 
 6. 
 
 7A 
 10 
 
 SHALE 
 8. United Clay Brick Co. 
 
 SAND 
 
 9, W. B. Espenshield 
 25. Welsh Mt. 
 
 TRIASSIC 
 
 ORDOVICIAN 
 
 t 
 
 ~ 
 CAMBRIAN 
 
 
 
 Rae Seay) 
 PRE-CAMBRIAN 
 
 ei TRIASSIC 
 -CAMBRIAN 
 

 
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 * JOEOCEYSHIC Fa 
 
 Mi eee 
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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS 
 
 R. Y. STUART, SECRETARY 
 
 TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY 
 GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST 
 
 TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC 
 ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Za a edd anville 
 
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 SHEET 178, NEW HOLLAND AREA, PLATE I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a SS 
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 ASchoal (1 
 
 3393 
 \ adem| rove Scboo 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Honeybrook) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yr 3 ~AMa lesrove )\ 
 a / sana 
 
 LA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Quarryville) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Base from U. S. Geological Survey topographic 
 map of New Holland quadrangle, Pennsylvania 
 Surveyed in 1905-6 
 
 MAP OF THE NEW HOLLAND QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA “"""™ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Showing Topography 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 Scale 6250 
 1 3 ° 1 2 3 & Miles 
 = = I—E = = = — _ ss 
 : 2 3 ae 5 Kilometers 
 5 ey 
 i— = —s = St ————— —— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contour interval 20 feet. 
 
 Datum is mean sea level. 
 
 1925 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PENNSYLVANIA 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 FOURTH SERIES 
 
 TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC 
 
 ATLAS 
 of 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 NO. 178 
 NEW HOLLAND QUADRANGLE 
 
 GEOLOGY AND. .MINERAL RESOURCES 
 
 By 
 
 ANNA I: JONAS 
 PENNSYLVANIA TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY 
 
 and 
 
 GEORGE W. STOSE 
 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 
 
 
 
 UANERSHY Ut HLUMUHS Lindy 
 Description by Anna I. Jonas , 3 Sec 
 AUG 20 fr 
 
 Department of Forests and Waters 
 R. Y. Stuart, Secretary 
 
 Topographic and Geologic Survey 
 G. H. Ashley, State Geologist 
 

 
 COPYRIGHTED 1926 
 By R. Y. Stuart 
 Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters 
 for the 
 
 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 
 

 
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 INEM OCG CLO Hinata cate so ceed cos seene Ate Cee ree 
 AGO CALIO TERING SAT Ear ee nt te itn chia e eo) «, whats! 
 
 Ceol 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Préyious: geologic work scien. ees Saba LAS a eae eet a 
 
 TREGENE SCOIOZICAWOPK ects <a kos sarod. soe on 
 SULLA cer ater aed TAIN ASE fon. se elect weve ove siene 
 
 Contours hnes mes io sick ae PE ee ene ae SPE, oni 
 
 Eorainace sea cs phos phe Bi Rear eden Sa RPS ue 
 
 TARE Na GSW Br ilar enol otro etal et OMA Ie ere ae Pree 
 General character of surface ........ re! 
 
 sie TOCK es (2 se iA oie a ght as a era 
 GERGPAISEREOTMOEN fot sare oor eke omelet ed eee 
 Girarecter: Of. thEeOULCEODS esi) 43.0 a=. 968 pe 
 Pre-Cambeian system sei) sg Ss Soe 
 
 San odawh wer Sus 92) ToC Bee ae ae ie a A a 
 
 CoPAMItG: AHO? SADDTO wie. he. eae sole es 
 
 Hellam conglomerate ...........086. 
 
 = WO wer eM DPIAM. “SOLI@Sa2.e) ce ales oS oes Sucocn 
 o 
 ©) 
 
 GCA CS eG WATE SIL E ee acs, omelet ee ehs tale wee 
 Harnersapiryllites tea tas eee ee eee eee 
 
 Antietam quartzite and quartz schist 
 Vintage dolomite ...... PG eons Sn aa 
 HSIVOGSerOPMLA LOT mien co cicte oct Co sees 
 
 Metre eT VOLONAT Out. eis thn bons tubs Gus fe a ene 
 
 es Middle Cambrian series ..... OR ah 
 oa 
 
 ALD POO mnt CStOl Gunter eiall s ocls sos cians 
 
 CPZ Mere SVS COTM tieoy geeree tore), e. bcse samen 8s Se 
 
 oe 
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 ee ee 
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 oe we cee 
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 SAS b, 9t Owe, (be oe 
 aie 8 0 «ee 
 
 OnOCOCh EA ZUG JMESLOME. 2. Fok be ae eee es bal. A ae tye 
 
 Ordovician system ...... Sah vate jokes ke 
 
 Peek Nia NL Wil IMMER OUCte sails ee ts eee oe Pon eg fae 
 
 PROIEST OS Add INOS ONGi porns tele oe Stee mc os 
 BET OR UCAS VSL OU aac." c.c0c avs: Pungo SR AES SEINE ONO eae eee ona ets eae 
 
 To 
 
 S Gculicorrennle, caw pre iacatele Heise ca 
 -. 
 
 S 
 
 YN 
 ™- 
 —_—. 
 
 - 
 =, = 
 
 Fee 
 
 = 
 
 aa 
 
 3 26 
 
 5 A 
 
 4 
 fa 
 
 Diabasew aioe cae: Seria ait (Seas elena fk 
 
 o! 1ei"9) (e+ te 
 
 MEER AIVOL SOURS. top la-0) Sugita’, aie RRR a SALE Ce ae a na PMO eared Re meta Ae Rear 
 BRACES OT (1p eee a OR ag AP aks phage hey CO et cat ee reir 
 Voi MeNvPOln aime anbichine i". fo. Se AeA cus oe bola kee 
 
 Mphrata synclineg-...... 2. CE Pe se TO Nmee SE eka rate OM ste Gen RRO, TESS 0 
 
 Minor folds ........ Are aces ea oe hear vown at 
 
 PCAN MGIC Re Reads Sania 3 eS So ek aa . 
 NITITEMATRT RES OUTROS ee.) tic. otttetenlaet Cine lin. 
 
 28 (© 9 2 © 8. 614 0, © 
 
 PTET ORUCCL OLR amie sete Sista tgs Kock Cir seni ake ec pea a nae 
 
 UES hel a, Ae ae eo oe ne are ae AN A ee ey ee ore ae 
 
 LESSEN Pa elie cael PE ORE Ea ee a 
 
 CSP Eee OWAClIVel sco et else eens 
 
 Clays and-slalé.-. >. 3. SRLS. OREO OEE CRE ae oe ae ae 
 
 SSH AG le bee RIN eee ta Se WN Ses eae Tee Bor 
 
 Da cetitee SUE Or 1 hea es Re edie ee) crak Bie? 0 RING fo By oh “a 
 
 Wikiisreaiicc sh cms. Me re Woes 
 
 ale @ '6 0! @ 
 
 WAAR A ESS SED yal ak: Bd b Slee Pe ae a id eee ee 
 
 6 es 8 oe 
 coer eee . 
 ee O0 16 . 
 eee oe 
 esterase: 0) lene . 
 @- je,i@: (6 010) 9) 6.6 © 
 a). @) 0c. a8 Je) [0 ° 
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 Se 6 6 ye, 63856 
 Siero eerie. 10./e: 6 
 oe e- 
 wig .6) 8: Rela) ceiion Te 
 eite, o Xer epee! 6): "6 
 20: ef-s, & 10! ee -j0 ae 
 cee e ee 
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 cee ad 
 Cac Oat Te COIN 
 Shes Ome 6 -6Lee 6 xe 
 cee . . 
 PS Det ps CRO bth OM 
 of ere ie tel & ere) sie 
 Sr @: 1a) Job eel eh eileaye 
 Oty 66) Cees ao 
 CLM Ce Ce i er 
 64 oe ce) | OMe et el 0. 
 Se, wise: 7b] e'Ne Shee 
 ac el sie er ee One. 
 Wivelsah,o. 6. 9) (8 jhe. 16) 1s, 
 6 eure. ce, 6, 6.07 6 Re 
 eteitecje enjoy ewe jae 
 Of oe vejtavre tars ‘at leo e 
 eee, tO On 
 ais! of ies SI-S) elt arenre 
 peice xe 16hKe) 6) Ces. fe 
 Pett Ome CeO a 
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Af 
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 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 PLATE Page 
 I. Topographic map of the New Holland quadrangle ............. In pocket 
 II. Geologie map of the.New Holland quadrangle ........t...2... In pocket 
 
 Ill. <A. Conestoga Creek near Martinsdale. Burkholder crushed limestone 
 bin in foreground; B. Millard limestone quarry, Denver ........ Ze 
 
 IV. A. Kurtz Bros. limestone quarry, Ephrata; B. Shreiner limestone 
 (uarry,. BDEOWNStOWN sa ic mtn so are tee ee ne ete eet eae eee cee ee ee 26 
 
 Vv. A. Clay pit of United Clay Brick Co., Ephrata; B. Sand pit in de- 
 composed. Triassic sandstone, wiurrell 2 onc... es se cae oeeateea neceeeee an 
 
 VI. A. Dam on Conestoga Creek, Brownstown; B. Dam on Mill Creek 
 BEM ASCO tiara csel ars een, evare ae a SIE Eaca oeasl hoe Site tosh =o cena ae acai wane es 
 
 VII. A. Dam on Mill Creek at Fertility and site of Denninger limestone 
 quarry; B. Water power on Muddy Run one-half mile north of 
 Leacdek Gharehs fect Soe a ee a ae eS a ; 35 
 
~~ i 
 
 “GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES 
 
 OF THE NEW HOLLAND QUADRANGLE, 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 By ANNA [. JONAS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 Location and area. 
 
 The New Holland quadrangle is in southeastern Pennsylvania 
 and covers parts of Lancaster and Berks counties. It comprises an 
 area of 234 square miles between parallels 40° and 40° 15’ and 
 meridians 76° and 76° 15’. The greater part of the area les in 
 Lancaster County, only the extreme northeast corner belonging to 
 Berks County. There are no large towns in the quadrangle. Eph 
 rata with a population of 37385 inhabitants is larger than New Hol- 
 land, the town from which the quadrangle is named. 
 
 The Philadelphia Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which 
 is a portion of the main line between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, 
 crosses the southwestern part of the area and the central part is 
 crossed from east to southwest by the New Holland Branch of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, which extends from Lancaster to Honey- 
 brook. The Columbia Division of the Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad passes through Ephrata and Denver and connects them 
 with Columbia, Lancaster, and Reading. An extensive trolley sys- 
 tem operated by the Conestoga Traction Company radiates from 
 Lancaster on the southwestern border of this quadrangle, and one 
 branch of this system terminates in the area at Terre Hill. This 
 is a branch of the electric railway to Ephrata and Adamstown, 
 where there is a connection with a Reading line. The third trolley 
 line follows the old Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike, now the 
 Lincoln Highway, southeastward and terminates at Coatesville 15 
 miles to the southeast of the New Holland quadrangle. 
 
 Previous Geologic Work. 
 
 The first work in the region was done by Rogers for the First Geo- 
 logical Survey of Pennsylvania.’ He describes the lower Cambrian 
 quartzite series as Primal sandstone and the overlying limestones 
 as “Auroral”, being equivalent to the Black River-Chazy limestone 
 of New York. The area was resurveyed by the Second Geological 
 Survey of Pennsylvania, and the results are shown on the map of 
 
 JRogers, Henry D., Third Annual Report on the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania: pp. 11-17, 
 839. 
 
 ~ 
 
 2) 
 
 Form No. 178. 
 
6 
 
 Lancaster County for 1880,* published with the County report. The 
 Second Pennsylvania Survey separated Eozoic gneisses, Cambrian 
 quartzite and slates and argillites, and Cambro-Silurian limestone, 
 overlain by Mesozoic sandstone and shale with intrusive trap. In 
 1893 Walcott’ undertook a reconnaissance of the Cambrian rocks be- 
 tween the Susquehanna and Delaware rivers and from studies of 
 the area south and southwest of the New Holland quadrangle es- 
 tablished the lower part of the limestone series as Lower Cambrian 
 and the underlying Scolithus-bearing quarzite series also as Lower 
 Cambrian and not Potsdam or Upper Cambrian as they had been 
 called by Lesley in 1880. 
 
 Recent Geologic Work. 
 
 No further work was done in this area until the present survey 
 was begun by the writer, in cooperation with George W. Stose, of 
 the United States Geological Survey in 1921. The detailed mapping 
 of the New Holland quadrangle was completed by them during parts 
 of the field seasons of 1922 and 192: 
 
 The names and a brief aeacrhntien of the formations were pub- 
 lished in 1922 in a preliminary report* based on the work of G. W. 
 Stose and the writer in the New Holland quadrangle and in adjoin- 
 ing areas to the east, west and southwest, and of EK. B. Knopf and 
 the writer in the Quarryville and McCalls Ferry quadrangles which 
 He south of the New Holland quadrangle. This article was followed 
 a year later by a description’ of overlap of the Ordovician Conestoga 
 limestone on older Paleozoic sediments. The relations of the pre- 
 Cambrian crystallines and Paleozoic rocks of Welsh Mountain and 
 vicinity were described in the same year in a discussion of the 
 crystalline schists of Pennsylvania and Marvyland?. 
 
 The photographs for the illustrations in this report were made 
 by R. W. Stone, assistant State Geologist, in April, 1925. Mr. Stone 
 furnished considerable data for the descriptions of quarries, and 
 wrote the paragraphs on water supply, wells, and water power. 
 
 SURFACE RELIEF AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 Contour Lines. 
 
 The area is mostly rolling valley country, with hilly country in 
 the north and north-central part. A spur of Welsh Mountains is 
 in the eastern-central part. These divisions are shown on the topo- 
 graphic map by the relations of the contour lines, printed in brown, 
 
 . ?F ‘yazer, Persifor, Jr., Geology of. Lancaster County: Second Geol. Survey of Pa., vol. CCC, 
 1880. 
 
 3Waleott, C. D., Cambrian, rocks of Pennsylyania: U. §. Geol. Survey Bull. 134, 1896. 
 
 - 4Stase, Ge W. and Jonas, A. I., The Lower Paleozoic section of southeastern Pennsy lvania: 
 Wash. Acad. Sci. SOUE SV VOl Lo a0. mo, seni Oo a2. 
 
 5Stose, G. W., and Jonas, A. ie Ordovician ov erlap in the Piedmont Province of Pennsylvania 
 and -Maryland. Geol. Soe. ‘Am. Bull., vol. 84, pp. 507-524, September, 1923. 
 
 Si<nopt, Hh. Ba and Jonas, Anai., Stratigraphy of the erystalline schists of Pennsylvan‘a and 
 Maryland: Amer. Jour.. Sci., ‘vol. ee pp. 40-61, January, 1923. 
 
 
 
which are closest together in the hilly areas mentioned, where the 
 slopes are steepest and the differences in heights are greatest, and 
 farthest apart in the more nearly level valley country. Each of the 
 spaces between adjacent lines represents a difference in altitude of 
 20 feet and every fifth line or hundred-foot line is drawn heavier and 
 numbered. The contour lines indicate both heights above sea level 
 and steepness of slope. They show also the shapes of the hills and 
 valleys. The topography was surveyed in 1905 and 1906 by the U.S. 
 Geological Survey in cooperation with the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 The area is drained by Conestoga and Pequea creeks and their 
 branches. Both these creeks are tributaries of Susquehanna River 
 into which they flow about 12 miles southwest of the New Holland 
 area. Conestoga Creek and its tributary Cocalico Creek, Pequea 
 Creek, and Mill Creek are the principal streams. The drainage is 
 roughly from northeast to southwest. The Brecknock Hills of the 
 northern part of the New Holland area and Welsh Mountain form 
 part of the highland dividing Susquehanna drainage from the Schuyl- 
 kill drainage. The size of the creeks is shown in Plates III A, VI 
 and VII. 
 
 Altitude. 
 
 The highest point in the area is the top of Welsh Mountain 1100 
 feet above sea level. This mountain is a spur of the main ridge 
 which extends 10 miles eastward, north of Honeybrook. It is 1,000 
 to 1,100 feet high and rises 600 feet above the nearby valley. The 
 hills in the northern part of the area, which may be called the Breck- 
 nock Hills from the township of that name, attain an elevation of 
 900 feet in Berks County. They are lower southwestward toward 
 Ephrata and Akron where they are 780 and 500 feet high respec- 
 tively. The hills in the southern part of the area are lower. Pequea 
 Creek has cut down its valley to 320 feet and Conestoga Creek. at 
 the western border of the area is 280 feet above sea level. 
 
 General Character of Surface. 
 
 The New Holland quadrangle is part of the physiographic division 
 of the eastern United States known as the Piedmont province. The 
 topography of the province falls into two types—a _ well-dissected 
 upland with wide flat hill summits and a gently-rolling lowland 
 broken by occasional long low hills trending somewhat north of east. 
 The New Holland quadrangle contains both these types of topography. 
 
 The Brecknock Hills and Welsh Mountain belong to the well-dis- 
 sected" upland type. They have some flat tops and rise 400 to 600 
 feet above the lower and more level surface of the larger part of the 
 
8 
 
 quadrangle. This lower level is part of the Lancaster Valley region, 
 which is gently-rolling with long flat-topped hills rising slightly 
 above it. The upland summits are for the most part wooded and are 
 a pleasing contrast to the fertile farming lands that occupy the wide 
 areas of comparatively slight relief. 
 
 THE ROCKS. 
 
 General Statement. 
 
 The area contains both sedimentary and igneous rocks. The sedi-. 
 
 mentary rocks were deposited in or by water and consisted of con- 
 glomerates, sandstones, shales and limestones. Some of these rocks 
 have been hardened by heat, pressure, and the addition of material 
 and recrystallized into quartzites, slates, phyllites, and crystalline 
 limestones. Rocks of this type belong to the pre-Cambrian and 
 Paleozoic eras, and underlie nine-tenths of the surface. The Paleozoic 
 rocks are mostly limestones and form the chief economic interest 
 of the region. The younger, Triassic sediments of the northern one- 
 tenth part of the area are little altered since their formation, and 
 consist of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. 
 
 The igneous rocks are represented by gabbro and granite of pre- 
 Cambrian age and by Triassic diabase which is the youngest rock 
 of the area. The igneous rocks which were once molten rock were 
 forced up into the sediments and solidified when they were deeply 
 buried in the earth. Subsequent erosion and removal of the overlying 
 rocks has exposed them at the surface as we now see them. 
 
 Character of the Outcrops. 
 
 The sedimentary rocks were originally in nearly horizontal beds 
 when deposited in the sea, but at the present time none of the sedi- 
 ments lie in this position. The least disturbed are the Triassic rocks, 
 which have been tilted gently northwestward; the older rocks of the 
 area are in most places steeply inclined and folded into long, wide 
 troughs or synclines and narrower arches or anticlines which trend 
 somewhat southwestward. In the softer rocks the pressure which 
 produced the folding has given rise to a secondary structure called 
 cleavage. The cleavage planes are parallel, closely spaced, usually 
 inclined at an angle to and obscure the bedding. Besides being folded, 
 the rocks have been broken by faults which have dislocated them 
 from their normal position, so that outcrops of the beds are repeated 
 at some places and concealed or removed at others. 
 
 After being folded and broken the rocks were worn down by pro- 
 cesses of atmospheric decay and erosion. The harder rocks, quartz- 
 ites, slates, conglomerates, and sandstones, are exposed in the higher 
 regions because of their resistance to erosion while the softer and 
 
 ‘ee 
 
9 { 
 
 more soluble limestones underlie the valleys. These valley areas 
 underlain by limestone are covered by a deep and fertile soil and 
 natural outcrops occur chiefly along streams or on the steeper slopes. 
 of hills. The harder rocks produce thinner soil and thei outcrops 
 are more numerous on the steeper hill slopes. Even on these hill 
 slopes, which are usually wooded, natural outcrops are few and the 
 best rock exposures are artificial, as in road cuts, quarries, and rail- 
 road cuts. The deepest railroad cuts are along the Philadelphia 
 Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad where fresh rock sections 20 
 feet deep occur for the most part southeast of Leaman Place. 
 PRE-CAMBRIAN SYSTEM. 
 Graphitic Gneiss. 
 
 The oldest rock in the region is a graphitic gneiss which occurs in 
 a small area south of Welsh Mountain and near Pleasant View 
 School. The rock, a gneiss of sedimentary origin, is composed of 
 feldspar, quartz, biotite, and in many places graphite, and it is 
 interbedded with hornblende schists. It is a part of a larger area of 
 eneiss which is exposed in the Honeybrook upland east of the Plea- 
 sant View School area where it contains valuable deposits of graph- 
 ite, and is believed to be equivalent to the Baltimore gneiss. 
 
 Granite and Gabbro. 
 
 The graphitic gneiss has been intruded by granite and gabbro 
 which occur in an area south of Mount Airy. The granite is a light- 
 colored rock of granular texture composed of the minerals quartz, 
 feldspar, and dark-colored minerals, biotite and hornblende, and 
 epidote. Gabbro, also a granular rock but dark green in color, is 
 made up of a soda-lime feldspar and dark mineral pyroxene or horn- 
 blende. These rocks were intruded into the pre-Cambrian sediments 
 before the Paleozoic rocks were deposited. 
 
 LOWHR CAMBRIAN SERIES. 
 
 The Lower Cambrian series which unconformably overlies the pre- 
 Cambrian rocks of Welsh Mountain is composed of the Chickies 
 quartzite with the Hellam conglomerate member at the base, the 
 Harpers phyllite, and Antietam quartzite and quartz schist. The 
 Antietam calcareous quartzite grades upward into and is overlain 
 by the Vintage dolomite which, together with the Kinzers formation 
 and Ledger dolomite, compose the equivalent of the Lower Cambrian 
 Tomstown dolomite of Cumberland Valley. 
 
 Hellam Conglomerate 
 
 The Hellam conglomerate forms the base of the Cambrian and is 
 exposed in this area north of the pre-Cambrian rocks along the north- 
 
10 
 
 ern flank of the Welsh Mountain ridge. The rock is a granular 
 quartzite and pebbly conglomerate with clear blue quartz grains 
 and pink feldspar fragments, and interbedded with thin sericitic 
 quartzite. The thickness of the Hellam conglomerate on Welsh Moun- 
 tain has been estimated at 150 feet. 
 
 Chickies Quartzite. 
 
 The Chickies quartzite overlies the Hellam conglomerate basal 
 member and because of its resistance to erosion forms the summit of 
 Welsh Mountain. It occurs also in two small areas north and south 
 of the main body of quartzite. It is thick-bedded, light colored, 
 vitreous quartzite in which the quartz grains are clear white or blue. 
 The upper part of the quartzite is thin bedded and disintegrates 
 into a fine, white, siliceous clay which is extensively quarried east 
 of this area. The formation is about 400 feet thick and it contains 
 Scolithus tubes. These tubes are casts of worm borings in the ori- 
 ginal deposit, which have been filled with sand and hardened. They 
 are extending at right angles to the bedding. Cross sections of these 
 tubes when seen on weathered surfaces of the bedding stand out as 
 little round knobs. 
 
 Harpers Phyllite. 
 
 The Harpers phyllite occurs in three areas on the northern and 
 western flanks of Welsh Mountain where it overlies the Chickies 
 quartzite. It occurs also in the hill north of Geist in the western part 
 of the area. It is a grayish-green quartzose phyllite and slate with 
 some biotite. Its thickness is estimated at 1,000 feet. 
 
 Antietam Quartzite and Quartz Schist. 
 
 The Harpers phyllite grades upward into the Antietam quartzite 
 which forms the top member of the Lower Cambrian arenaceous 
 series. The Antietam is exposed in two long, low ridges extending 
 west from Welsh Mountain. Laurel Hill is in the northern area and 
 the southern extends from south of Red Well School to Leacock 
 Church. The Antietam quartzite underlies a round hill east of Green 
 Bank School and forms a narrow band north of Geist and south of 
 Mechanicsburg. It also forms a hill south of Ledger, north of Vin- 
 tage, and three small hills 2 miles east of Vintage. The Antietam 
 quartzite is a light-gray, biotite quartzite with calcareous, vitreous 
 quartzite beds at the top. The calcareous beds weather to a dark- 
 red, ferruginous soil containing fragments of porous, rusty banded 
 white quartzite. These fragments show on the bedding surface iron- 
 covered molds of Obolella and trilobite fragments. This red soil band 
 with characteristic quartzite fragments is an excellant horizon marker 
 for the top of the arenaceous Lower Cambrian series. In many places 
 
ats 
 
 where the iron content from these beds has been concentrated, chiefly 
 along fault zones, the formation has been extensively mined for limo- 
 nite ore. A small opening for limonite occurs at the top of the An- 
 tietam east of Geist. 
 
 In the area south of Ledger the Antietam and underlying Harpers 
 formation have been altered to a quartzose biotite-albite schist but 
 even in the altered rock the upper ferruginous beds are still re- 
 cognizable. The thickness of the Antietam in this area is about 150 
 feet. 
 
 Vintage Dolomite. 
 
 The calcareous quartzite of the Antietam grades upward through 
 a white micaceous dolomite into the overlying. Vintage dolomite, 
 which forms the base of the Paleozoic limestones. The Vintage dolo- 
 mite occurs in six areas in the New Holland quadrangle. In places it 
 occupies valleys between ridges of Antietam quartzite and of the 
 overlying Kinzers formation. The Vintage dolomite forms a deep 
 dark-red soil; outcrops are rare. It occurs near Vintage in the 
 southeastern part of the quadrangle, and in narrow areas south of 
 Ledger and Salisbury, on the flanks of Hollow School and Laurel 
 Hill ridges and south of Geist. 
 
 The Vintage dolomite is at the base, cream-white, impure dolomite 
 containing white mica on the bedding planes. It is overlain by 
 heavy-bedded gray dolomite which weathers to a whitish chalky 
 surface, and a knotty dark-blue dolomite with argillaceous beds and 
 partings. Some of the beds are sparkling gray to blue, mottled with 
 siliceous and calcareous blebs that stand out in relief on weathered 
 surfaces. The best exposures of the Vintage dolomite occur in the 
 cuts of the Pennsylvania Railroad west of Vintage whence the form- 
 ation was named. 
 
 Its thickness near Vintage is estimated at 600 feet. It has not 
 yielded fossils in this area but contains fossils, chiefly trilobites and 
 brachiopods, in western Lancaster and York counties. The lower 
 Cambrian age of these fossils was pointed out by Walcott’ in 1896, 
 after a reconnaissance of the area south and west of the New Hol- 
 land quadrangle. 
 
 Kinzers Formation 
 
 The Kinzers formation overlies the Vintage dolomite and is ex- 
 posed in the southern part of the New Holland quadrangle, where 
 it forms narrow ridges separating the valleys underlain by Vintage 
 dolomite from the valley areas of Ledger dolomite. The most con- 
 spicious ridges extend northeast of Weavertown, south of Ledger, 
 and from Leaman Place to Buyerstown and eastward. The Kinzers 
 formation occurs also in small anticlinal hills surrounded by Ledger 
 
 tWalceott, C. D., Cambrian rocks of Pennsylvania: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 134, p. 19, 1896 
 
12 
 
 dolomite. The exposures from which it was named are in the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad cuts between Vintage and Kinzers, partly within 
 and partly south of the New Holland area. 
 
 At the base of the Kinzers formation, overlying Vintage dolomite, 
 there are thin beds of impure dolomite that weather to an earthy 
 tripoli and contain at many localities remains of Salterella, brachio- 
 pods and trilobites. Hackly blue shale overlies the dolomite and is 
 followed by dark-banded argillaceous dolomite and beds which are 
 a mixture of nodular white marble and blue dolomite. 
 
 In the Lancaster area to the west the Kinzers formation is largely 
 a blue shale carrying abundant trilobites, which are chiefly Olenellus. 
 The Kinzers formation is well developed in the southern part of 
 the New Holland area, where it is about 130 feet thick, but it thins 
 rapidly northeastward and has not been identified north of Laurel 
 Hill or in the Honeybrook quadrangle to the east. 
 
 Ledger Dolomite. 
 
 The Ledger dolomite is the upper member of the Lower Cambrian 
 calcareous series and takes its name from Ledger in the southeast- 
 ern part of this area. It occupies wide valleys in the southern half 
 of the quadrangle, south of Goodville, New Holland, and Mechanics- 
 burg. It is granular, sparkling, gray to white dolomite, generally 
 thick bedded with few bedding planes. Its upper part is massive, 
 glistening, dark-blue dolomite, sometimes mottled. It weathers to 
 a dark, rough surface, and forms a deep-red, granular, clay soil which 
 contains rough ferruginous chert derived from impure layers. 
 
 Its thickness has been estimated at 1,000 feet. No fossils have 
 been found in it in this area and it is placed in the Lower Cambrian 
 because of the presence of a lower Cambrian brachiopod, Nasusieé 
 festinata Billings, found in it by Stose and Jonas in the Hanover 
 Valley. 
 
 MIDDLE CAMBRIAN SERIES. 
 
 Elbrook Limestone. 
 
 The Elbrook limestone occurs in two areas surrounded by the 
 Ledger dolomite, extending from the western edge of the quadrangle 
 nearly to Red Well School, and in an area north of the Ledger dolo- 
 mite from Mechanicsburg east through Bareville, New Holland and 
 Goodville. The Elbrook limestone of these areas forms low ridges 
 which rise above the valley country underlain by adjoining Ledger 
 dolomite and Conococheague limestone. 
 
 The Elbrook limestone has at the base a thin cherty sandstone 
 bed which is overlain by fine-grained, thin-bedded, dove, gray or blue 
 raagnesian limestone with some argillaceous layers. It contains 
 also beds of cream-colored marble with sericitic partings. The El- 
 
15 
 
 brook weathers to a buff, sandy soil much lighter in color than the 
 red clay derived from the Ledger dolomite. The exposures of Elbrook 
 limestone are poor and no continuous section was obtained. Its 
 thickness therefore can only be estimated; 500 feet is assumed. No 
 fossils have been found in the Elbrook limestone in this area but it 
 resembles the Elbrook limestone of Cumberland County, and is cor- 
 related with it. The Waynesboro formation which underlies the El- 
 brook limestone in the Cumberland Valley is absent here unless it 
 be imperfectly represented by the few feet of sandstone which forms 
 the base of the Elbrook in the New Holland quadrangle. 
 
 OZARKIAN SYSTEM. 
 Conococheague Limestone. 
 
 The Conococheague limestone overlies the Elbrook limestone with- 
 out observable unconformity. It occurs in a small area surrounded 
 by the Elbrook limestone on the western edge of the quadrangle 
 south of Hunsecker, and in a band 2 to 3 miles wide which extends 
 across the central part of the quadrangle. Another area lies north 
 of the Ephrata-Akron hills and passes northward under Beekman- 
 town limestone as does the central area. The Conococheague lime- 
 stone is made up of a series of impure thick-bedded, glistening, dark- 
 blue limestones and dolomites, black chert bands, and marbles. The 
 dolomite beds weather rough and knotty and the argillaceous lime- 
 stones weather to a mud rock in which siliceous bands stand out 
 in a network. A banded sandstone and chert occurs at the base of 
 the formation and gives rise to residual fragments in the soil at this 
 horizon. The formation contains thick-bedded, light-gray marbles 
 derived from cryptozoon reefs. These beds are well exposed near 
 Lindengrove and Crossroads School. The cryptozoon forms are large 
 concentrically laminated masses in reeflike aggregations thought 
 to be formed by calcareous algae. These reefs are about 10 feet 
 thick and are separated by dark-blue, banded dolomite and _ silic- 
 eous oolitic layers. The formation contains also thin-bedded, wavy 
 limestones of related origin. 
 
 This limestone is called the Conococheague because it is litho- 
 logically like the Conococheague limestone of Cumberland Valley and 
 because it contains also the cryptozoon reefs typical of the Conoco- 
 heague in Cumberland Valley and in Maryland. Its thickness in 
 the New Holland area is estimated at 1,000 feet. 
 
 ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM. 
 Beekmantown Limestone. 
 
 The Beekmantown limestone overlies the Conococheague and 
 occurs in three main areas,—one south of Spring Grove, another 
 
14 
 
 larger one southwest from Hahnstown to Brownstown and _ the 
 third, southwest of Denver. It is the youngest of the Paleozoic 
 limestone series of the region and is overlain by Ordovician Co- 
 calico shale. 
 
 In the main, the formation is a finely laminated, light-blue, pure 
 limestone with dark-blue magnesian beds much broken and the 
 cracks recemented by white calcite. It also contains beds of white 
 marble. The blue limestone, which is a lighter blue than the Cono- 
 cocheague limestone, weathers to a pale blue to gray surface which 
 shows the finely laminated character of the rock. The limestone 
 underlies a country of little relief, produces deep soil, and has few 
 natural outcrops. Its thickness in the New Holland quadrangle is 
 estimated at 2,000 feet. The formation contains poorly preserved 
 gastropod remains, among which Ophileta and Turrifoma can be 
 identitied, as well as fragments of crinoids. These fossils establish 
 the Canadian age of the formation. 
 
 Cocalico Shale. 
 
 The Cocalico shale overlies the Beekmantown limestone and oc- 
 curs in small areas in the northern half of the New Holland quad- 
 rangle. It forms hills west and south of Akron, and southwest of 
 Ephrata, narrow ridges near Fairmount and Martindale and from 
 Denver westward to the edge of the quadrangle. 
 
 The shale is a blue, green, or purple, thin, fissile shale, containing 
 beds of green arkosic sandstone with glassy quartz grains. These 
 sandstone beds are helpful in determining bedding in the adjoining 
 shale, in which cleavage is well developed. The shale discolors on 
 weathering and forms abundant, fine, buff slivers in a thin soil. 
 Outcrops of fresh rock are rare. At the base there is a dark-blue, 
 crinoidal limestone which is well exposed west of Brownstown on 
 Cocalico Creek. The shale was hnamed* from this locality where it 
 and the basal crinoidal limestone bed are well exposed overlying the 
 Beekmantown limestone. 
 
 The shale contains poorly preserved graptolites at a few places 
 where cleavage has not obliterated them. These graptolites are evi- 
 dence of the Chazyan age of the shale. The upper boundary of the 
 shale is an erosion surface, and any thickness of the Cocalico is but an 
 estimate. 
 
 Conestoga Limestone 
 
 In the southern part of the area there is another formation of 
 Ordovician age, the Conestoga limestone. It outcrops as far north 
 as Smoketown and extends southeastward to Leaman Place. It has 
 a. wide distribution southeast and southwest of this area. 
 
 .%Stose, G. W., and Jonas, A. I., Lower Paleozoic section of southeastern Pennsylvania: Wash.) 
 AChd. sSCiowed OUn. Vol, d25sn0y- td, pae64. 11922. 
 
15 
 
 The Conestoga limestone is made up of coarse limestone conglo- 
 merates or breccias of blue limestone and white marble in a dark 
 caleareous or argillaceous matrix, thin-bedded, dark-blue,. argil- 
 laceous limestone, thick-bedded blue limestone and dark graphitic 
 slate. The limestone conglomerates occur for the most part at or 
 near the base of the formation in beds up to 10 feet thick, inter- 
 bedded with slaty blue limestone. North of Leaman Place the Con- 
 estoga lies on Ledger dolomite, east of it on the Kinzers formation 
 and south of it on Vintage dolomite. The basal conglomerate beds 
 of the Conestoga are well exposed in the Bellmont quarries only 
 half a mile south of Vintage. This overlap has been described in 
 detail by Stose and Jonas.” The overlapping relation of the Con- 
 estoga limestone to the underlying formations had been observed be- 
 fore fossils were found in it. It was known to be younger than the 
 Lower Cambrian Ledger dolomite on which it rests uneonformably. 
 As has been seen, the Ledger dolomite in this area is overlain by the 
 Klbrook, Conococheague, and Beekmantown limestones without a 
 structural break in the sequence. 
 
 The Conestoga does not resemble these formations lithologically 
 and it was considered as probably post-Beekmantown in age. In 
 1922 fossils were collected in the Conestoga limestone east of York"? 
 and the one determinable species, Strophomena stosei, is regarded 
 by Bassler as probably Chazy. The Cocalico shale of the north and 
 the Conestoga limestone of the south, therefore, are approximately 
 of the same age. The Conestoga limestone was deposited in the 
 scuth on the bevelled edges of older Cambrian formations after an 
 erosion period which followed the Beekmantown. The limestone 
 conglomerates were formed from waste of the eroded underlying 
 formations. The more argillaceous material which was being de- 
 posited at the same time in the northern part of the quadrangle 
 formed the Cocalico shale. 
 
 The Conestoga limestone and Cocalico shale are the youngest 
 Paleozoic rocks preserved in this area. The region was profoundly 
 folded and eroded before the deposition of the Triassic sediments 
 which unconformably overlie the Paleozoic rocks. 
 
 TRIASSIC SYSTEM. 
 
 In the northern part of the New Holland quadrangle Paleozoic 
 rocks are overlain unconformably by Triassic sandstones, conglo- 
 merates, and shales. These rocks belong to a belt of Triassic rocks 
 which enters Pennsylvania from New Jersey, and, crossing Pennsyl- 
 
 *Stose, G. W. and Jonas, A. I., Ordovician overlap in the Piedmont province of Pennsylvania 
 and Maryland: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., vol. 34, pp. 510-519, 1923. 
 
 toStose, GW and, Jonas, Ax Ls) op cit 
 
16 
 
 vania from east to southwest, extends southward into Maryland 
 and Virginia. This belt of rocks, which has a maximum width of 
 25-30 miles at the Delaware River, is only 3 miles wide between 
 Denver and South Mountain, Lebanon County, to the north of the 
 New Holland quadrangle. North of Terre Hill the Triassic rocks 
 are 10 miles wide, 7 miles of which le in the New Holland area. 
 West of Reamstown and Hahnstown a narrow belt extends to Eph- 
 rata and Akron. It is separated from the narrow Triassic band west 
 of Denver on the northern edge of the quadrangle by 5 miles of 
 Paleozoic rocks. South of Terre Hill the Triassic rests on Conococh- 
 eague and Beekmantown limestone and Cocalico shale; in the rest 
 of the area it overlies Beekmantown limestone and Cocalico shale, 
 which was not separated from the Triassic rocks by the Second 
 Pennsylvania Geological Survey.1t The Triassic sediments in this 
 quadrangle are divided into three formations. The basal member, 
 called the lower arkosic sandstone and conglomerate member, ex- 
 tends from Akron eastward through Terre Hl] to the eastern edge 
 of the quadrangle. It is repeated by faulting in the northern part 
 of the quadrangle in a narrow band west of Adamstown. The 
 southern edge of these Triassic sediments is the resultant of erosion 
 of the Triassic rocks unconformably overlying older Paleozoic rocks 
 and dipping northwestward 10° to 45°. The lower member may be 
 divided into an arkosic red sandstone with scattered pebbles, and an 
 overlying quartz conglomerate which is a ridge maker. It forms 
 the hill east of Ephrata 800 feet high, called Ephrata Mountain, and 
 the ridges north of Terre Hill, as well as a connecting ridge running 
 from Ephrata Mountain to the Terre Hill area. This conglomerate 
 underlies the ridge which extends west from Adamstown to Denver. 
 
 The basal beds are a fine arkosic brown sandstone with glassy 
 quartz pebbles and pink kaolinized feldspar fragments. The pebbly 
 sandstone is interbedded with brown, soft, micaceous sandstone also 
 arkosic which breaks to slivers and a gray arkosic sandstone which 
 weathers to yellow sand. South of Terre Hill thin carbonaceous 
 scams overlie the arkosic sandstone near the base of the formation. 
 These seams, not more than one-sixteenth of an inch thick, contain 
 plant remains too imperfect for identification. 
 
 The harder ridge-making conglomerate member is thick-bedded 
 and contains large quartz pebbles. It weathers to boulders up to 
 six feet square. It is interbedded with arkosic sandstone and vitreous 
 white sandstone. 
 
 The second and middle member of the Triassic lies north of Muddy 
 Creek and Red Run and extends northward to Adamstown. It also 
 forms a small area northwest of Adamstown Hill. It is correlated 
 
 17Map of Lancaster County, Penna. Second Geol. Survey, Rept. CC 
 
il 
 
 with the Gettysburg shale of southern Pennsylvania and is composed 
 of soft, red, shaly sandstones with hard, gray, pebbly sandstone beds, 
 and contains beds of thick red sandstone with scattered pebbles of 
 different size. It is made up of less shale and more sandstone than 
 in the type area. 
 
 This member is overlain by a coarse conglomerate interbedded 
 with red sandstone, which appears only in the extreme northeast 
 corner of the quadrangle. This conglomerate is gray and contains 
 cobbles 6 to 10 inches in diameter which form a coarse gravel wash 
 over most of the surface underlain by the conglomerate. From a 
 study of the geologic map it is evident that the irregular distribu- 
 tion and repetition of members of the Triassic is caused by faulting, 
 which has broken and moved these rocks. This faulting will be dis- 
 cussed later. 
 
 Faulting which these rocks have sutfered makes it difficult to get. 
 a complete section or to measure the thickness of the members. South 
 of Terre Hill the basal arkosic sandstone is thin but its average 
 thickness is estimated at 500 feet. It is overlain by 1,000 feet of 
 conglomerate, giving a total thickness of 1500+ feet for the lower 
 sandstone and conglomerate member. The thickness of the Gettys- 
 burg shale is about 1,000 feet. No estimate is warranted for the 
 thickness of the upper conglomerate member because of lack of data. 
 
 Diabase 
 
 The Triassic rocks are penetrated by intrusive diabase, the largest 
 area of which is exposed in the northeastern part of the quadrangle. 
 The outcrop extends along the Berks-Lancaster county line for 
 several miles and from Adamstown to Chestnut School. The diabase 
 is intrusive in the Gettysburg shale, which it has baked and harden- 
 ed for an eighth of a mile at the contact. Baking turned the red 
 color of the sediments to gray blue. A small area of diabase north- 
 west of Terre Hill shows also a rim of baked sediments. Along the 
 narrower diabase dike which rung south from Goodville eight miles, 
 no baking of the country rock is apparent. This dike is paralleled 
 by a short dike south of Ledger. <A diabase dike occurs north of 
 Schoeneck, also south and southwest of that hamlet. Two narrow 
 dikes have been mapped near Martindale, and one at Spring Grove. 
 The country rock shows no baking in the vicinity of any of these 
 small dikes. 
 
 Because of its hardness and resistance to weathering, diabase of 
 the main area gives rise to hilly country. For the most part this 
 area is thickly covered with large round diabase boulders, the pre- 
 sence of which makes the land unfit for cultivation. As a result it 
 is usually left in forest. 
 
18 
 
 The diabase of the main mass is a light-gray, medium to coarse 
 grained erystalline rock. Where quite coarse grained it is locally 
 called granite. On the edges of the main mass and in the smaller 
 dikes the diabase is dense, fine-grained, and greenish black. The 
 constituents of both varieties are the same, feldspar and augite 
 Leing the only minerals discernible in the hand specimen. Fetdspar 
 predominates in the coarse-grained rock. It is for the most part 
 doubly twinned plagioclase with the composition of acid labradorite. 
 Augite is the usual green-brown variety and occupies angular spaces 
 between the interlocking lath-shaped feldspars. Magnetite is pre- 
 sent in small amount. 
 
 Diabase makes excellent road metal because of its hardness and 
 binding qualities but no quarries are being operated in it in this 
 quadrangle. There is enough diabase in stone fences half a mile 
 northwest of Terre Hill to feed a crusher for several weeks. 
 
 STRUCTURE. 
 
 The New Holland quadrangle lies in a belt of folded rocks, the 
 folds having been produced by lateral compression of sedimentary 
 beds that were originally horizontal. The rocks in general strike east 
 and dip in various directions. The dip is the angle at which a bed 
 is inclined to the horizontal, and the strike is the course which its 
 intersection with a horizontal surface would take. 
 
 In outcrops such as are seen in roads, streams, railroad cuts, and 
 quarries only the smaller folds may be seen but the larger features 
 of the structure can be recognized by the manner in which the for- 
 mations curve around the ends of the folds. These folds are both 
 up-folds or anticlines and down-folds or synclines. The main axis 
 of a fold has the same direction as the trend of the folds and may be 
 horizontal or inclined. The inclination of an axis is called the pitch. 
 
 Folds. 
 
 In this area the anticlines bring up the older arenaceous rocks in 
 the center of the larger folds and around the pitching ends of some 
 of the other folds. These older rocks form long ridges that rise above 
 the softer limestones of the adjoining synclines. The Ordovician 
 Cocalico shale also forms hills where it is preserved in synclines. 
 
 This folding is restricted 'to the Paleozoic and pre-Cambrian rocks 
 and has not affected the Triassic rocks, which are only gently tilted 
 northward. 
 
 The essential structural features of the quadrangle are the Welsh 
 Mountain anticline of the south-central part of the area, and the 
 Ephrata syncline in the northern part. Close folding of the north. 
 ern flank of Mine Ridge anticline, which lies south of this quad- 
 
AM, 
 
 rangle, occurs in the southern part of the area and also in part of the 
 syncline which lies between the Welsh Mountain and Mine Ridge 
 anticlines. 
 
 Welsh Mount in anticline—Welsh Mountain anticline is the west- 
 ern part of a larger anticlinorium which terminates in this area in 
 two narrow plunging folds of Laurel Hill and Hollow School hill. 
 These long slender folds extend a little south of west beyond the 
 center of the area where the harder Lower Cambrian rocks, Harpers 
 and Antietam schists, plunge southwestward under the limestones. 
 These arenaceous Lower Cambrian rocks are brought up again in an 
 anticline west of Mechanicsburg, which is offset a little from the 
 northern fold of Welsh Mountain. The Antietam quartz schist is 
 brought up in a series of small anticlinal folds south of Welsh 
 Mountain. 
 
 Ephrata syncline—The main syncline of the area extends through 
 Ephrata and Akron and is occupied by Cocalico shale and remnants 
 of overlying Triassic sandstones with Beekmantown and Cambrian 
 limestones on the flanks. The Triassic rocks west of Denver lie on the 
 south limb of a synclinal fold of Cocalico shale, north of the Ephrata 
 syncline. 
 
 Minor folds —South of the Ephrata syncline the succession of rock 
 formations may be followed downward across the gently-folded lime- 
 stone of the Brownstown Valley to the more steeply-dipping rocks on 
 the flank of Welsh Mountain. Between the two anticlinal forks of 
 Welsh Mountain fold the Conococheague limestone is preserved in a 
 syncline lying west of Heller Church. 
 
 The Conestoga limestone of the southwestern part of the area is 
 closely folded in a syncline which extends westward south of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 Faults. 
 
 The folded rocks are much broken by normal strike faults which 
 trend south of west to southwest more or less parallel to the trend 
 of the folds, and also by cross faults which trend northwest, and 
 which are especially numerous in the area of the Welsh Mountain 
 anticline and Ephrata syncline. These cross faults and strike faults 
 break the earth’s crust into small blocks. ; 
 
 The most important fault of the area lies south of Welsh Moun- 
 tain and brings pre-Cambrian rocks in contact with the Ledger dolo- 
 mite. The throw or displacement is at least 3,500 feet. This fault 
 crosses the quadrangle, diminishing in throw westward. It is 
 paralleled on the south by a fault south of Ledger and Gordonville 
 with the downthrow also on the south side. 
 
 The Hollow School anticlinal spur is limited on the south by the 
 Welsh Mountain fault and is broken on the north by a nearly parallel 
 
20 
 
 fault which drops down the rocks on the north side. Laurel Will 
 anticline is likewise bounded by faults. These structures have been 
 recently described by Stose as anticlinal horsts.1* A horst is a tract 
 of the earth’s crust separated by faults from, and relatively elevated 
 above, the surrounding tracts. 
 
 The anticlines which were formed by compressive forces during 
 the Paleozoic or at its close, were later uplifted by Triassic block 
 faulting and tilted northward and have persisted as rising areas. 
 The anticlinal faulted block west of Mechanicsburg lying between 
 valley limestones may be similarly explained. Block faulting, which 
 in the Welsh Mountain anticlines has produced anticlinal horsts, 
 has in reversed manner produced a graben*® or sunken fault block 
 in the Ephrata syncline. This is a Paleozoic fold in which the young- 
 est Paleozoic rocks of the quadrangle are preserved, together with a 
 band of Triassic sandstone three miles long. The area in general 
 was faulted, the blocks were tilted northward, and the syncline be- 
 came a graben. It is cut from northwest to southeast by a cross 
 fault which has uplifted the western block, so that erosion has left 
 only a small area of the Triassic rocks lying on Cocalico shale. 
 Kast of the fault there is a wide area underlain by Triassic rocks. 
 
 The block faulting of the region is considered to be of Triassic 
 age because Triassic rocks are involved in the faulting in the Eph- 
 rata syncline. The fault south of Welsh Mountain also has been 
 traced into Triassic rocks 20 miles east near Phoenixville. Faulting 
 of the same type which occurs throughout the quadrangle is con- 
 sidered to be of Triassic age even when confined to Paleozoic rocks 
 whose Triassic cover has been removed. 
 
 The movement along these faults was largely vertical and was 
 accompanied by brecciation or shattering of the rocks. Quartz breccia 
 occurs along the fault of South Mountain and south of Hunsecker 
 and limestone breccia along cross faults near Martindale and THinkle- 
 town. : 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 Introduction. 
 
 The mineral resources of the New Holland quadrangle are lime. 
 stone, sand, and clay. Limestone is of chief importance because of 
 its distribution, occupying as it does about three-fourths of the area. 
 The shale, sandstone, and quartzite from which clay and sand are 
 obtained occupy one-fourth of the area. A large mass of diabase 
 in the northeastern part of the area is a potential source of stone 
 for building blocks and road metal but no quarries are operating 
 in it at present. 
 
 
 
 
 
 12Stose, G. W., 
 1924, pp. 472-73. 
 
 18Stose, G. W., op. cit., pp. 469-71. 
 
 New type of structure in the Appalachians: Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. vol. 35, 
 
21 
 Limestone. 
 
 The chemical composition of pure limestone is calcium carbon. 
 ate, but few limestones are pure. Besides calcium carbonate, lime- 
 stone also commonly contains magnesia, silica, iron, and alumina. 
 Dolomite is lime carbonate with over 21 per cent of magnesium 
 carbonate. Slaty limestone contains considerable argillaceous mat- 
 ter. Limestone ranges in color from black to white, but is usually 
 blue or dove gray, depending on crystallinity and composition. Some 
 are soft others are compact and hard. The limestones of the New 
 Holland area are crystalline limestone and dolomites, for the most 
 part hard and dense. The older limestones, Vintage and Ledger of 
 Lower Cambrian age, are largely dolomite. The Conococheague and 
 Beekmantown formations contain some magnesian limestone but are 
 for the most part crystalline limestone, as the Elbrook limestone. 
 The limestones of the Beekmantown are those most widely quarried 
 in this quadrangle. 
 
 Analyses. Of the analyses in the following table, Nos. 1-5 are 
 from a report on the Limestones of Pennsylvania by B. L. Miller™ 
 and Nos. 6-10 were kindly furnished by I. C. Eckel of Washington, 
 DzC. 
 
 Analyses of limestone in New Holland quadrangle. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 sv coll aera oes nd tga aa 5 6 7 | 8 9 Ww 
 wees one 51.03 | 97.25 | 65.95 | 81.48 es 67.08 | a i By 2 yh a Rae sen oe 
 ae | = i = = 
 MgCOs __-.- 37.62 | 1.49] 3.91 | Pr eite OCHO TESORO. oT Dba ti tee ks im ed) Ra ae ; 
 Bile secs cee retake 0. 6 ier | 8.68 ao oe | 0.85 | 18.80 | 18.02 |-__---- 3.68 ee 
 Ais shee ee te eeraLeeet Se Oe ae an : ae 2.13 es SEALS 0 = 1 . 
 3.74 | 0.58 | 6.45 | 3.20] 0.28] 1.00 | 0.46 |__-___. ha ee je S| ae Ne 
 FesOa. 225 jc SE NOPE BRN Conte Be a A 0.63 | 0.66 |______- 0.26 | 0.33 
 ae Sk ida Rate ghee eae a dha GaN ae Ae Ta ess eas 44.59 | 35.42 | 42 a 51 ie an 
 ae POSS TEs See tee tee eee Ue eS St Re ee | 2.14 | 9.90] 9.18] 1 a 2 ws 
 on SLi . ae Shs poe eee ee yh ; Sabet 36.46 | vA prea oe hal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. Outerop, south of Ephrata road, 1% miles FB. of Landis Valley and about % 
 mile west of the New Holland quadrangle near Oregon. Conococheague lime= 
 stone. 
 
 Outcrop on Weidler farm near right bank of Coealico Creek, 1 mile east of 
 Oregon. Beekmantown limestone. 
 
 oe 
 
 14Miller, B. L., Limestones of Pennsylvania: Penna. Top. & Geol. Survey, Bull. M7, p. 91, 19205. 
 
22 
 
 - 
 4 
 
 Limestone from farm of Alvin Wenger, 1 mile west of Brownstown. It was 
 planned to use No. 3c for the manufacture of Portland cement. Beekman- 
 town limestone. 
 
 4. Outcrop on Minnich farm near abandoned railroad cut, 1 mile north of 
 
 i) 
 
 Brownstown. Beekmantown limestone, 
 
 5. Quarry near left bank of Conestoga Creek 1 mile northwest of Farmersv'lle. 
 Beekmantown limestone. 
 
 6. Old quarry east of Oregon on highway east of creek. Was used for road 
 metal. Conococheague limestone, 
 
 7. Stock pile from large road metal quarry at Brownstown on north branch of 
 Conestoga Creek. Beekmantown limestone. 
 8. Center Square, at dividing line between Conococheague and DBeekmantown 
 
 limestones. Field sample. 
 
 9. Quarry on south side of Conestoga Creek 1 mile north of Farmersville. Beek- 
 mantown limestone. 
 
 10. Small quarry 1 mile south of Fairmount, near Shaeffer School. Sample from 
 face of quarry. Beekmantown limestone. 
 
 The following analyses from the report of Richard K. Meade, dated April 17, 
 1906, on the property of the Conestoga Portland Cement Company, show the 
 variation in composition of the limestone in successive beds, as determined by 
 sample taken every three feet in drill holes at the junction of Conestoga and Cocalico 
 creeks. The drilling was begun in Beekmantown, limestone near the boundary with 
 the underlying Conococheague limestone, into which the drilling probably extended. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eole Nox eL - - Hole No. +7 Hole No. 9 
 
 Depth Pe 5 =) x S ) S cd | 5 } 
 
 feat S pipe) rm er S aa a y je) aS z % 
 
 3) kd | O a wD Ry 6) a wD ea = 
 ose yeas 19,58: B82. 7848 |B bl] (681° 9222 81620 | es0U: | osenes et eet eee eee eeeaas 
 S706. i ee SWPLOMS 1S e229 81 84; Ad see OR (a eee" ide | AN GOL esl ee te ee ae eee 
 Goa O eee oi SS N=) COA” SSG Ale 1h 09> | SOs RBZ eh oral ny Rens (aS er Gia|eeeee 5 eee wean | eee em 
 Deak 2! aes A221 O96 |, 93.16" | al) 10) 98 oEE5: OF ele COR OO ems. SG eee renee rae er 7 
 TEES 5 ae ee Le ZS O42 a eG SOC OEGSe BO S2 1p Oe OG dd eo) -lleeecrs (Nua fete ean |e aise aie tes Re eee oe 
 Loe lS Cee 1.42 | 0.46. | 97.84 | 0.94 1 42.52 | 10.64 |-20083 | 3.31 122 - abo he oe ee ee 
 AS 21 Pee We OBS: | cOT4S OV Sa teed ST Oa tl AB Od Be OG eM Te eee GD fete ea | eee | eee ee ae 
 ks, DA tee dee 1,665) G6 341-23 586: 88 46e) S19 W580 Ne A Oe ee ae eee Fen 
 PANS IIE, es ay eA 1 eh 0,62 WOO. 7 Ogle Led. Sid GA eaeee ye ety ad lt 6 SS a fae ee fe ea re it 
 ie sS0 Stee 3.294 | 0.64 | 94.43 | 1.88 | 30.62] 7.64 | 57.86 | 3.27 |___--_- eM Neh Oa Nios ae 
 cS = | pe 3:33 1° -O%5 | 94:07 | 1973} 18.56.) 8.28 | 76.240 > SOR as oes (RGIS fann) 2 es 
 Bp tos pines 2c | §.00 | 1.08 | 34.43 | 1.56 | 12.24 | 3.06 | 78.94 | 4.85 | 29.62 | 9.88 | 55.7 3.76 
 a * SEs ae 1.14 fies 1-:62.| 14.89 | 3.72 | 75.83 | 4.6% | 15.24 | 5.08 ee 3.96 
 BOE AD Se aL 1.3 0.44 70 : 18.46 | 4.60 | 72.60 | 4.28 | 15.94 | 5.12 | 75.35 3.54 
 AQTIIG aeaaess 5 1.30 | 0.30 | 97.70 nae 32.18 | 12.96 | 49.41 | 4.1% | 9.84 | 3.26 | 82.70 are 
 ADA S ee ee 1.44 | 0.38 | 97.34 | 1.21 | 33.00 | 12.02 | 49.78 | 3.18 | 10.06 | 5.12 | 83.05 8.44 
 48-51  ._____|. 1.82 | 0.42 | 97.65 | 1.12 | 34.29 | 13.68 | 46.72 | 3.02 | 12.22 | 4.00 | 80.47 3.12 
 ped eee | 1.42] 0.36 | 97.65 | 1.16 | 39.02 | 15.16 | 39.88 | 3.299 | 11.52 | 3.76 | 81.37 3.18 
 54-57 __-___| 1.36 | 0.48 | 97.65 | 1.18 | 30.62 | 12.44 | 51.93 | 2.50 | 4,54 | 1.48 | 92.¢¢8 2.16 
 EGO? 2 oe 1.44 | 0.40 | 97.7C | 1.10 | 38.56 | 13.00 | 44.85 | 1.95 | 4.50] 1.86 | 91.85 2.54 
 COM GG eee 0.62 | 018 | 98.43 | 1.01 | 86.66 | 13.06 | 45.892 | 2.16) 7.42 | 2.48 | 87.19 2.98 
 6366. tase 0.48 | 0.20 | £2.61 | 0.96 | 39.02 | 14.0€ | 40.9% | 2.75 | 9.12 | 3.23 | 83.69 2.85 
 G62 GO hae 1.10 | 0.32 | 97.88 | 1.02 | 39.98 |.14.56 | 37.20 | 3.60 | 8.38 | 7.62 | 86.47 2.62 
 692. 2a 1.60 | 0.54 | 94.70)| 1.32 | 42.16 | 18.98 | 31.80 | 3.88] 9.64] 38.22 | 82.34 3.06 
 (PE ue 4.38 | 0.66 | 92.62 | &.72 | 47.20 | 13.82 | 26.06 | 4.98 | 18.63 | 4.32 | 77.50 3.43 
 51S en 3.42 | 0.66 | 93.52 | 2.61 | 94.62 | 12.18 | 54.08] 4.98 | 11.64 | 3.88 | 79.29 3.12 
 To RI sees 4.83 | 1.€6 | 91.42 | 2.81 | 30.68 | 12.36 | 50.67 |. 4.82 | 4.80 | 1.58 | 91.14 2.58 
 Si-st een 5.12 | 2.76 | 80.46 | 2.85 | 37.26 | 12.50 | 42.05} 4.12 | 6.36 | 2.12 | 33.62 2.62 
 BS ie eee 5.62 | 3.02 | 88.74] 2.84 | 37.62 | 12.22 | 49.95 | 4.18 | 5,42 | 1.60 | 90.60 2.54 
 Se Open eee 5.82 | 3.04 88.57.-| (2-92) 87-65:) 18.82) 4655101 52194) - 2-78 | 1.02 \94.18 2.18 
 90- 98 _.----| 5.94 | 3.18 | 88.39 | 2.96 | 37.16 | 13.54 | 46.69 | 4.10 | 0.62 | 0.58 97.93 1.12 
 OS >s GO rarer eae 4.74 | 2.74 | 89.81 | 9.96 | 99.30 | 9.70} 50.41 | 8.87 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 99.01 0.54 
 TNs OG) "ah ay Sie <P sore ad eg ers | ed an eae 39.04 | 14.00.| 34.82 | 4.18 | 2.18] 0.76 | 95.26 2.02 
 O6100) A ETO NPB BIS 90 SS OL ee ee ee a teal oe See et oe ea eee ca! 
 GOCTOD SA OE) Sn a oS Bae ee eee 28.98 | 14.44 | 35.22 | 4.00 | 1.82] 0.90 | $4.90 2.0 
 ODT Op peers UG ae oe gle ee ee ee eaiee |b ce meee AES AE ERE a es Bwdil. Ihavaes || GEG 3.16 
 
 
 
Uses of limestone——Limestone is extensively employed for build- 
 ing stone, crushed stone for road metal and concrete and railroad 
 ballast, ime and cement, and in its pure form for metallurgical pur- 
 poses. The limestones of this area are largely quarried for crushed 
 stone to be used as road metal, ballast, and for concrete work. The 
 rock is crushed at the quarries and transported by auto truck as 
 well as by railroad. In some quarries the rock is pulverized to 
 ground limestone and used as a substitute for burnt lime for “sweet- 
 ening” of souls. At present lime is not burned in the New Holland 
 area. Old stone kilns are still standing near many quarries and 
 were formerly used to supply a neighborhood demand. They oper- 
 ated with great waste of fuel and their use has ceased with rise in 
 price of fuel and labor and greater availability of the commercial 
 agricultural lime. The greatest part of the crushed limestone is used 
 for road metal, with and without a cement or bituminous binder, 
 and for electric railway ballast. It has a fair cementing power but 
 only a moderate resistance to wear, hence when used without a 
 binder is satisfactory only for secondary roads where automobile 
 travel is not heavy. When used with cementor tar binder the lower 
 coefficient of wear as compared with trap and harder road metals 
 is offset by greater cheapness of quarrying and crushing of the softer 
 limestone. Because of the above fact and availability of the supply, 
 limestone has been used for the excellent State highways which 
 cross the New Holland quadrangle. These include the Lincoln High- 
 way which passes through Paradise and Vintage, the Conestoga 
 turnpike which crosses the central part of the area, the intersect- 
 ing Harrisburg-Downingtown Highway which passes southeast 
 through Ephrata, and the northward connecting road between the 
 Lincoln Highway at Lancaster and the Harrisburg-Downingtown 
 road at Ephrata. This connecting road extends northeast of Ephrata 
 to Adamstown and thence to Reading. 
 
 The main highways of this area are constructed for the most part 
 with a bituminous concrete surface laid upon a prepared base. This 
 base is usually coarse broken stone bound with asphalt. Concrete 
 foundations or concrete-surface roads are not used in this section, 
 probably because of the greater initial cost, although their cheaper 
 maintenance and length of life make them superior to any other 
 type of base and road pavement. Secondary roads are paved with 
 water-bound macadam or with bituminous macadam surface com- 
 posed of broken and finely crushed stone with a bituminous binder 
 poured on. 
 
 There is a growing demand for ground limestone and fine crushed 
 limestone for use in making concrete foundations of houses and 
 other buildings. The finely crushed stone is mixed with cement to 
 make concrete which is poured into forms and makes a monolithic 
 
24 
 
 wall. This form of foundation is cheaper than stone or cement 
 blocks. Another increasing use of ground limestone is for making 
 concrete building blocks, pipes, and other concrete products. Both 
 the New Holland Concrete Works and the Kurtz Bros. Concrete 
 Products Company of Ephrata are large manufacturers of these pro- 
 ducts. The considerable building activity in Lancaster and its vi- 
 cinity and in the New Holland area near the larger towns is absorb- 
 ing the local production of concrete blocks and of crushed stone 
 for concrete work and new quarries will be opened to supply these 
 needs. 
 
 The Conestoga Portland Cement Company was formed about 1906 
 to make Portland cement from limestone at the junction of Conestoga 
 and Cocalico creeks near Brownstown. Under the direction of R. K. 
 Meade (then of Nazareth, Pa., now Baltimore, Md.) three drilling 
 machines tested the ground for several months. About 50 holes 
 were drilled averaging 100 feet deep. Samples were taken in the 
 drill holes every three feet to determine the quality of the rock. 
 Only the high grade limestone was to be used, mixed with shale from 
 a locality about two-thirds of a mile northeast. The quality of the 
 material was reported to be favorable. Because a proposed railroad 
 was not built and financial backing was insufficient, the plant was 
 not built. 
 
 Limestone quarries now active-—The location of the active and 
 inactive limestone quarries in the New Holland quadrangle is shown 
 on the geologic map which accompanies this report. The older quar- 
 ries now abandoned or only occasionally worked are indicated on 
 the map by a prospect symbol. They were used for obtaining build- 
 ing stone, lime for burning, and crushed stone. The active quarries, 
 marked on the map by crossed hammers, will be described in numer- 
 ical order. 
 
 The largest quarry of the area is the Harry Millard (No. 1) 
 quarry northeast of Denver. It is cut 400 feet eastward into the 
 hill, is 100 feet wide with an 80-foot back face capped by 20 feet 
 of Triassic sandstone (Plate III B). The north wall exposes light 
 gray dolomite which dips N. 60°. At the east end the beds dip 
 only 25° and rest on black slaty limestone which is an infold of the 
 base of the Cocalico shale. The quarry is equipped with cable tram, 
 two crushers (Champion Nos. 4 and 5), screens, and bins, and is 
 operated by electric power. Stripping and loading are done by steam 
 shovel: -Churn drill ‘holes 6 inches in diameter and 80 feet deep are 
 sunk for blasting. The product is road metal. 
 
PLATE II! 
 
 
 
 A. Conestoga Creek near Martinsdale. 
 Burkholder crushed limestone bin in foreground. 
 
 
 
 B. Millard limestone quarry, Denver. 
 
 OF BLLInGis L1Bha® 
 
 
 

 
 26 
 
 PLATE IV 
 
 
 
 A. Kurtz Bros. limestone quarry, Ephrata. 
 
 
 
 B. Shreiner limestone quarry, Brownstown. 
 
Ze 
 
 The R. M. Hertzog quarry (No. 2) is one mile southeast of Denver 
 and north of Stony Run. It is 100 feet in diameter with a 20-foot 
 face in blue dolomitic limestone. Little stripping is required. The 
 quarry, which produces broken stone, is equipped with cable tram 
 from quarry to the plant, which consists of a Champion No, 4/4 
 crusher, a smaller New Holland jaw crusher, screens, elevator, and 
 bins. The machinery is driven by electric power. Drilling is done 
 with a jackhammer operated by compressed air. 
 
 West Cocalico Township operates two quarries (Nos. 3 and 4) for 
 road material as needed. These quarries lie one mile south of Gock- 
 ley and two miles south of Schoeneck respectively. The rock is thin 
 blue limestone and blue dolomite. 
 
 The S. B. Keller quarry (No. 5) les just south of the Harrisburg- 
 Ephrata highway near Clay School. It has a crusher, elevator, 
 screen, and bins and operates in. thin-bedded blue limestone for 
 crushed stone. 
 
 Clay Township operates a small quarry (No. 6) on Middle Creek 
 for crushed stone to be used as road material. A portable crusher 
 is used. : | 
 
 Just west of Ephrata on the bank of Cocalico Creek is the H. E. 
 Kurtz quarry (No. 7) operated for the Kurtz Bros. Concrete Pro- 
 duct Company, whose plant is on the Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad at its intersection with the Lancaster-Ephrata State road 
 one-eighth of a mile south of the quarry. The quarry, which has a 
 40-foot face and is 200 feet in diameter, is in blue, thick-bedded 
 dolomite (Plate IV A). The primary Champion crusher is driven 
 by steam engine and the secondary crusher, a Champion combined 
 jaw and rolls, is driven by electric motor. The track layout in the 
 quarry is radiating. The crushed stone is used in the nearby plant 
 which is a large producer of concrete building blocks, conduits, and 
 other products. 
 
 J.C. Showalter operated a quarry (No. 10) on the Downingtown 
 road half a mile west of Conestoga Creek. It is about 100 feet long, 
 50 wide, and 20 deep. Practically no stripping is required. A 
 Champion No. 4 crusher and bins are the only equipment at the 
 quarry during idle periods. The land is owned by Mary Weaver. 
 The product is crushed stone. 
 
 Henry Martin operates a quarry (No. 11) between Hinkletown 
 and Hahnstown. The rock is thin, dark-blue limestone and is quar- 
 ried for road material for Ephrata township. Two small idle quar- 
 ries le to the east of this quarry. 
 
28 
 
 A quarry (No. 12) operated by David Burkholder, is half a mile 
 west of Martindale on the north bank of Conestoga Creek. The 
 rock is a straight-bedded, thinly laminated, blue limestone, which 
 is crushed for road material. The quarry on the south side of the 
 road has been discontinued and another opened on the north side. 
 The new quarry is 50 by 30 feet, and 15 feet deep. Electric power 
 drives a Champion No. 4% crusher, New Holland rolls, and screen. 
 Three sizes of crushed stone are stored in bins. This straight-bed- 
 ded limestone has been used considerably for houses and fences in 
 that vicinity. 
 
 The quarry of Wiliam R. Good (No. 138) is just south of the 
 Harrisburg-Downingtown road along a small tributary to Conestoga 
 Creek near the east end of Hinkletown. The rock is hard blue dolo- 
 mite crossed by a fault zone, in which the shattered limestone is 
 stained red by infiltrations from the Triassic rocks. The equipment 
 consists of a tram, cable, crusher, screens, elevator, and bins, used 
 for the production of crushed stone. Just half a mile along the 
 strike is the Musselman quarry (No. 14) in the same kind of lime- 
 stone, formerly operated by the New Holland Concrete Works. It 
 is now idle and owned by W. R. Good. 
 
 A quarry (No. 15) in the Conococheague limestone on the south 
 bank of Conestoga Creek at Weaverland is on the property of Frank 
 Weaver. The quarry is being operated by Ferris Martin, who is 
 installing new machinery. The rock, a blue, well-bedded limestone, 
 is crushed for use as road material and for ballast for the Conestoga 
 Traction Company along whose line it is situated. 
 
 A quarry (No. 16) in the Beekmantown limestone south of Terre 
 Hill is operated by C. 8. Martin for crushed stone. It is equipped 
 with a crusher, screen, and bins. 
 
 The Beekmantown limestone is widely quarried both north and 
 south of Ephrata. A large quarry (No. 17) at Spring Grove former- 
 ly owned by the Zeimer estate and operated for crushed stone, is 
 at present idle. The rock is dark blue limestone streaked with eal- 
 cite and was quarried in a face 30 to 40 feet deep. 
 
 At Blue Ball, J. C. Showalter, of Ephrata, operates a quarry (No. 
 18) owned by George B. Rutt. The quarry, which has a 20-foot face 
 and is 200 feet wide along the strike, is in blue to gray folded lime- 
 stone and white marble. Crushed stone is produced with an Acme 
 No. 4% jaw crusher and rotary screen. Four sizes of stone are pro- 
 duced, mostly for road metal and concrete aggregate. 
 
 Eli Shreiner, of Manheim, operates a quarry (No. 19) for crushed 
 stone on the north side of Conestoga Creek at Brownstown. The 
 
29 
 
 quarry is cut northward into the hill with a 50-foot face and is 250 
 feet long. The rock is a dense blue limestone with siliceous beds. 
 Gentle folding and some overthrusting of the strata is noticeable 
 (Plate IV, B). 
 
 Four quarries are operated in the Elbrook limestone along the 
 Bareville-New Holland Ridge. The Levi Zook quarry (No. 20) is on 
 the north side of the State highway at Bareville. It is about 150 
 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 50 feet deep. The rock is a thin-bedded, 
 blue limestone with platy partings and lenses. Electric power is 
 used for running the crusher, screens, air compressor, and hoist. 
 Drilling is done with a jackhammer. The quarry is equipped with a 
 New Holland crusher and the crushed stone is used on State high- 
 ways, in local concrete construction, and at the Bareville Concrete 
 Works in making cement building blocks and conduits. South of the 
 Levi Zook quarry is a small quarry (No. 21) operated by Clayton 
 Groff. The equipment consists of crusher and bins, and the product 
 is crushed stone. 
 
 By the school house on the State highway one mile west of New 
 Holland is the Elmer Meyers quarry (No. 22) in the same formation 
 the Elbrook. It is worked occasionally for foundation stones, and 
 stone from this quarry was used in the Mennonite church of New 
 Holand. The rock is a well-bedded, cream-white marble occurring in 
 two-foot beds and overlain by blue magnesian limestone. The quarry 
 has no equipment and the slabs are broken out by hand when needed. 
 
 The Aaron Good & Bros. quarry (No. 23) is half a mile south 
 of New Holland. The rock exposed in the quarry dips 45° north- 
 west. The quarry is 100 by 200 feet and 50 feet deep. The lower 
 beds comprise 60 feet of sparkling, dark-blue, hackly dolomite which 
 breaks readily, overlain by 30 feet of thicker bedded, light-blue dolo- 
 mite, followed by 20 feet of banded, light-blue dolomite. The equip- 
 ment includes an [Ebersole crusher, screens and large bins, an air 
 compressor and jackhammer drill. Electric power is used for all 
 purposes. The coarser stone is used for road material and the pul- 
 verized rock for fertilizer. 
 
 A quarry (No. 24) in blue mottled sparkling dolomite is operated 
 on the place of James W. Brubaker, two miles south of New Holland. 
 It is only a small quarry, worked intermittently. The rock is 
 crushed for road material for use on the Earl Township roads. 
 
 The A. B. King quarry (No. 26) is 1% miles northwest of Inter- 
 course, on the south bank of Muddy Run. The limestone is thin 
 and thick bedded, mottled blue. It dips 70° north. The quarry is 
 opened along the strike and stone is crushed for road material. The 
 quarry is small and a portable crusher is brought when it is oper- 
 ated. An adjacent quarry (No. 27) is operated by J. H. Denninger. 
 The opening is about 75 by 100 feet across and 30 feet deep in dark 
 
3) 
 
 blue glistening dolomite mottled with zigzag black lines. A Champ- 
 ion No. 4% crusher is driven by a steam tractor. A small roll pul- 
 verizer and rotary screen complete the mechanical equipment for 
 making fine ground limestone. These quarries and an idle one near- 
 by are in the limestone beds of the Kinzers formation. 
 
 In the southern part of the New Holland area there are three quar- 
 ries active and recently active in the Conestoga limestone, as well 
 as many old quarries no longer worked. At Fertility, on the north 
 bank of Mill Creek, J. H. Denninger stripped a ledge preparatory to 
 opening a new quarry (No. 28) and erected a Champion No. 4% 
 crusher in 1924 on the land of Jacob Shaffer. Before April 1925 
 about 75 holes had been drilled in the ledge but no blasting had been 
 done. The rock is thin-bedded, blue, crystalline limestone and will 
 be crushed for highway use. (See Plate VII A.). 
 
 A quarry well worthy of mention is south of the Lincoln Highway 
 at Soudersburg (No. 29). The limestone here is well bedded and 
 formerly was quarried for building blocks used in houses, barns, 
 fences and bridges of the vicinity. 
 
 A mile north of Leaman Place there is an inactive quarry (No. 30) 
 on the land of the Aaron Beiler family. I't was formerly worked for 
 building stone and crushed stone. 
 
 John Landis is operating a quarry (No. 31) at Leaman Place 
 just west of a branch of Pequea Creek. The rock is thin-bedded, blue 
 limestone with mottled marble beds 4 to 6 feet thick. The present 
 quarry face is about 30 feet high in beds dipping N. 30°. The stone 
 breaks readily and is of good quality. It is crushed and pulverized 
 for use in concrete, for road material, and for fertilizer. The equip- 
 ment consists of two crushers, the larger, an old Aultman jaw, and 
 the smaller, an Ebersole crusher equipped with a dise pulverizer ; 
 also screens and bins. Two 20 horse power electric motors operate 
 this machinery and a new Schram compressor for the air drill. 
 
 Several quarries have been opened in the Ledger dolomite in the 
 southeastern part of the quadrangle. Three miles east of Intercourse 
 on the north side of the old State road is a quarry (No. 32) once 
 operated by R. Z. Stelfuss for ground limestone. The pit is small, 
 and the stone was crushed by portable machinery, which has been 
 removed in 1925, Mr. Stelfuss operated a quarry one mile west of 
 the present quarry in a white thick-bedded dolomite used to small 
 extent in Lancaster for building stone. The John Martin quarry 
 (No. 33) is north of the road between Buyerstown and Millwood 
 School. The rock is fine white dolomite and hard knotty dolomite. 
 The equipment includes an Ebersole crusher which pulverizes at the 
 
 same “operation ds cashing. The machine is made by the Ebersole 
 Machine Company of Blue Ball and is in use at other quarries in 
 this region, including the Aaron Good & Bros. quarry (No. 23), and 
 the John Landis (No. 31). 
 
PLATE V 
 
 
 
 A. Clay pit of United Clay Brick Co., Ephrata. 
 
 
 
PLATE VI 
 
 
 
 A. Dam on Conestoga Creek, Brownstown. 
 
 
 
 B. Dam on Mill Creek at Mascot. 
 
» 
 vo 
 
 Clay and Shale. 
 
 The Cocalico shale, which occurs in two belts in the northern part 
 of the area, is not quarried for stone but clay residual from the for- 
 mation is utilized for the manufacture of bricks. The clay pits 
 (No. 31) of the United Clay Brick Company, of Ephrata, are located 
 on the western outskirts of Ephrata on the north side of the shale 
 hill (Plate V, A). The opening is 100 feet wide, 140 feet long into 
 the hill with a 35-foot face of clay. Blue-white marble is exposed 
 at the base of the face. A steam shovel is used for digging in the 
 pit, and a rotary scoop drawn by a Fordson tractor for surface 
 stripping. The plant includes the usual brick-making machinery, a 
 hot-air drying tunnel with exhaust fan, three circular kilns (two 
 of 60,000 and one of 80,000 capacity), and a storage shed. Electric 
 power is used and the old steam engine and boilers are available 
 when needed. The product is common red brick. 
 
 If shale should be needed for the manufacture of Portland cement 
 from limestone in this quadrangle, it is available in abundance. E. 
 ©. Eckel, of Washington, D. C., furnished the following analysis of 
 Martinsburg shale from an outlier near Brownstown: SiO, 58.96, 
 Al,O, 25.48, FeO, 4.29, CaO 0.98, MgO 3.38, CO, 6.66. 
 
 Sand. 
 
 Two formations in this quadrangle are sources of sand,—the 
 Chickies quartzite and the Triassic basal sandstone. Sand is obtain- 
 ed from small pits in the Chickies quartzite on Welsh Mountain 
 north of Mount Airy (No. 32) and elsewhere. Sand is dug from these 
 pits only occasionally and by no regular producer. This is a fairly 
 pure, white sand used for building sand. Although no large openings 
 have been made in the Chickies quartzite in the New Holland area 
 the sand and pure white clay horizons of the Chickies are extensively 
 worked two miles east of this quadrangle near Narvon. These 
 quarries are favorably situated because of their proximity to the 
 New Holland branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. North of Narvon 
 the hard white quartzite where pure, is quarried for use as sand 
 for firebricks and other refractories. This industry has not been 
 developed in the New Holland area, although quartzite suitable for 
 such a use occurs within two miles of Cedar Lane Station. 
 
 The soft arkosic sandstone at the base of the Triassic disintegrates 
 readily and when screened produces a good building sand. The W. 
 B. Espensheid sand pit (No. 33) at Murrell, south of Ephrata, sup- 
 plies local trade. The pit is 150 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 30 feet 
 deep (Plate V, B). The sand is dug by hand, with light blasting, 
 and moved by 1-horse scraper to a small portable crusher and screen 
 operated by gasoline engine. The product, a yellow building sand, 
 is delivered by truck. Half a mile east of this opening there are 
 several idle pits in the same sand horizon. 
 
 , 
 
9 
 ie) 
 
 Water Supply. 
 
 The mean annual precipitation in the New Holland quadrangle is 
 40) to 45 inches. Streams are numerous and well distributed. No 
 place in the area is more than a mile or two from running water. 
 Conestoga Creek, the largest stream, drains the north half of the 
 quadrangle. Its size is illustrated by the accompanying picture of 
 the creek and dam at Brownstown (Plate VI, A). 
 
 The domestic water supply is derived very largely from shallow 
 wells. The villages that have water systems are Akron, Blue Ball, 
 Denver, Ephrata, and New Holland. Details of these systems as 
 they were in 1914 are given in Water Resources Inventory Report, 
 Part VI, Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania, 1920. The 
 following notes concerning the village systems are gleaned from 
 that report. 
 
 Akron. The municipal water works of Akron has three sources 
 of supply, (1) three 8-inch drilled wells 111 to 157 feet deep; (2) a 
 dug well 16 feet in diameter and 74 feet deep; (3) a spring 250 feet 
 from the pumping station. Water is pumped to an 85,000 gallon 
 
 equalizing standpipe and distributed through 4-to 8-inch mains. 
 
 Blue Ball. A private system installed in 1908 has an 8-inch 
 drilled well 250 feet deep from which water is pumped to a 10,000 
 gallon tank and distributed by gravity through small pipes. 
 
 Denver. A municipal system installed in 1900 utilizes three springs 
 one to two miles north of the borough. These discharge through a 
 4-inch gravity line to a 250,000 gallon reservoir. Distribution in the 
 village is by gravity through an 8-inch pipe. 
 
 Ephrata... The municipal water works were purchased in 1906 
 from the Ephrata. Water Company. Several springs, some of which 
 were obtained by tunneling 300 feet into the hill, feed to reservoirs. 
 From August to December this supply is augmented by pumping 
 four drilled wells $1 to 189 feet deep and 8 inches in diameter. The 
 water is distributed from three reservoirs in 4-and 6-inch mains. 
 
 New Holland. The New Holland Water Company takes water 
 from Schupps springs on Welsh Mountain and pipes it through 8- 
 and 10-inch mains. The springs are 140 feet above the borough. 
 
 Sage Wells. 
 
 In the smaller villages and hamlets and in the country, the main 
 source of domestic water is shallow dug wells. Adamstown, Bare- 
 ville, Birdinhand, Paradise, Terre Hill, and other small settlements 
 have no other source except cisterns provided for holding rain water 
 caught on roofs. According to those of whom inquiry was made, dug 
 wells are rarely more than 25 feet deep.- Drilled wells are not so. 
 common and are shallow. In many places wells strike water at less 
 
PLATE VII 
 
 
 
 A. Dam on Mill Creek at Fertility and site of Denninger limestone quarry 
 
 
 
 a} 
 
 B. Water power on Muddy Run one-half mile north of Leacock Church. 
 
36 
 
 than 15 feet and some wells are not more than 7 or 8 feet deep. In 
 much of the quadrangle the water is hard because the bedrock is ime- 
 stone. Water in the Triassic sandstone and shale areas is much 
 softer. In some places, as at Reamstown, where there is a definite : 
 line between sandstone and limestone areas, wells on one side of a 
 community yield hard water and on the other side soft water. 
 
 An artesian well at Leaman Place may be the deepest well in the 
 area. It is a few rods from a limestone quarry on the north side of 
 Lincoln Highway. This hole was drilled by a stock company in 
 search for oil in 1920 because oil was found in a 14-foot dug well at 
 the residence of John Welsh 200 feet away. No oil was obtained in 
 the hole, which is reported to be more than one thousand feet deep. 
 Water rose to the top of the casing and continues to flow. The well 
 discharge about fills a 14-inch pipe. As the hole is in limestone the 
 water is hard. 
 
 Water Power. 
 
 Fifty to one hundred years ago many mills were built in Lancaster 
 ‘County to grind grain. These were located on streams where a low 
 dam would provide water power. Although electric power is now 
 available in the same area, the old waterpower grist mills are still 
 running. Most grist mill dams are 4 to 6 feet high, of stone, with a 
 plank apron. Such dams are on Conestoga Creek at Brownstown 
 -and Spring Grove, and on Mill Creek at Fertility and Mascot (Plates 
 Witand2V Li eA)y: 
 
 At some farms water power has been developed to run a churn or 
 ‘washing machine. Loose stone dumped in Muddy Creek just above 
 the covered bridge 1$ miles west of Martindale raise that stream 
 about two feet and divert water to a small wheel which provides 
 power in the nearby farm house. This shows how a little labor on 
 man’s part may provide a constant labor-saving device for the women 
 on a farm. 
 
 Still smaller water power developments are those installed for 
 pumping water. On Muddy Run half a mile north of Leacock Church 
 -a concrete dam about 8 feet long gives a fall of 18 inches. A 30-inch 
 undershot wheel is connected through bell-cranks and wire to pumps 
 in farm houses 150-200 yards away. This inexpensive, home-made, 
 ‘labor-saving device, shown in Plate VII, B, furnishes running water 
 ‘in house and barn. Many opportunities to develop small water 
 “powers sucha 
 
 She edit aku al unused. 
 
 Perce e's 
 
 
 
 SRN ET he, ott > _- 
 CSE ee, 
 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 Adamstown, 5, 16, 17, 23, 34 
 Akron, 7, 14, 16, 19, 34 
 Algae, 13 
 
 Alumina, 21 
 
 Antietam quartz schist, 19 
 Antietam quartzite, 9, 10, 
 Argillites, 6 
 
 Arkosie sandstone, 16, 17, 
 Augite, 18 
 
 Auroral limestone, 5 
 
 18 
 
 Bareville, 12, 29, 34 
 
 Bareville Conerete Works, 29 
 
 Bareville-New Holland Ridge, 29 
 
 Beekmantown 13, 14-16, 1°, 
 
 21, 28 
 
 Beiler, Aaron, 30 
 
 Bellmont quarries, 15 
 
 Biotite, 9, 10 
 
 Birdinhand, 34 
 
 Black River-Chazy limestone, 5 
 
 Blue Ball, 28, 34 
 
 Brachiopods, 11, 12 
 
 Brecknock Hills, 7 
 
 Brick. oo 
 
 Brownstown, 14, 24, 28, 34, 36 
 analyses of limestone near, 
 
 Brownstown Valley, 19 
 
 Brubaker, James W., 29 
 
 Burkholder, David, quarry, 28 
 
 Buyerstown, 11, 30 
 
 limestone, 
 
 oy)! 
 On, 
 
 Calcite, 14, 28 
 Calcium carbonate, 21 
 Cambrian limestone, 19 
 Cambrian quartzite, 5, 6 
 Cambro-Silurian limestone, 6 
 Canadian age, 14 
 Cedar Lane Station, 33 
 Chazyan age, 14, 15 
 Ghert) 12. 13 
 Chestnut School, 17 
 Chiekies quartzite, 9, 10, 33 
 Clay, 10, 20, 33 
 Clay School, 27 
 Coatesville, 5 
 Coealico Creek, 7, 14, 24, 27 
 Cocalico shale, 14-16, 18-20, 24, 33 
 Columbia, 5 
 Conglomerate, 8, 16, 17 
 Hellam, 9, 10 
 Triassic, 15 
 
 3 
 
 Conestoga Creek, 7, 24, 27, 28, 34, 36 
 
 Conestoga limestone, 14, 15, 30 
 
 Conestoga Portland Cement Company, 24 
 
 Conestoga Traction Company, 5, 28 
 
 Conocochergue limestone, 12, 13, 15, 16, 
 195-2128 
 
 Crinoids, 14 
 
 Crossroads School, 13 
 
 Crystallines, 6 
 
 Delaware River, 6, 16 
 Denninger, J. H., quarry, 29, 30 
 description of, 30 
 Denver, 5, 14, 16, 19, 24, 
 
 Diabase, 17, 18, 20 
 as road metal, 18, 20 
 Triassic, 8 
 Dolomite, 11-18, 21,'.24, 27-30 
 chemical composition of, 21 
 Ledger?:9. 11" 12215)" 19. 21: 30 
 thickness of, 12 
 Tomstown, 9 
 Mintages23, ti 2 1h 27 
 thickness of, 11 
 
 OT 34 
 
 Eckel, EX. C., analyses from, 21 
 EIlbrook limestone, 12, 13, 15, 21, 29 
 thickness of, 13 
 Hozoic gneisses, 6 
 Ephrata, 5, 7,14, 16, 23, 24, 
 34 
 syncline, 18-20 
 Ephrata-Akron hills, 13 
 Ephrata Mountain, 16 
 Ephrata Water Company, 34 
 Epidote, 9 
 Espensheid, W. B., sand pit, 33 
 Tairmount, 14 
 Feldspar, 9, 10, 16, 18 
 Fertility, 30, 36 
 Frazer, Persifor, Jr., cited, 6 
 
 Zig 28; 738, 
 
 Gabbro, 8, 9 
 
 rastropod, 14 
 
 Geist, 10, 11 
 
 xettysburg shale, 17 
 thickness of, 17 
 
 Gneiss, 9 
 
 Bl] aBigoie, 6 
 
 graphitic, 9 
 x0ckley 27 
 Good, Aaron & Bros., quarry, 29, 30 
 
 lad 
 
38 
 Good, William R., quarry, 28 Limestone, cont'd. i 
 Good wlle, eek Le Cambrian, 19 
 Gordonville, 19 Cambro-Silurian, 6 
 Graben, 20 chemical composition of, 21 
 Graphite, 9 color of, 21 
 Graphitie gneiss, 9 Conestoga, 14, 15, 30 
 Granite, 8, 9, 18 Conococheague, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 
 Graptolites, 14 2s 
 Green Bank School, 10 crystalline, 8 
 Groff, Clayton, quarry, 29 Elbrook, 12,°13,°15, °21, 29 
 
 thickness of, 13 
 Lower Cambrian, 6 
 magnesian, 12, 14, 29 
 
 Hahnstown, 14, 16, 27 
 
 Harpers formation, 11 
 
 Ilarpers phyllite, 9, 10 
 
 Hellam conglomerate, 9, 19 
 thickness of, 10 
 
 Heller Church, 19 
 
 Hertzog, R. M., quarry, 27 
 
 Hinkletown, 27, 28 
 
 Hollow Sehool ridge, 11, 19 
 
 Honeybrook, 5, 7, 9 
 
 quarries, 24 
 
 uses, of 523; (24 
 Limonite, 11 
 Lindengrove, 13 
 Lower Cambrian limestone, 6 
 Lower Cambrian rocks, 19 
 Lower Cambrian series, 9, 10, 12 
 
 
 
 Hornblende schists, 9 Magnesia, 21 
 Horst, 20 Magnesian limestone, 12, 14, 29 
 Hunsecker, 138 Magnetite, 18 
 
 : Manheim, 28 
 Intercourse, 29, 30 Marble, 12-15, 28, 29, 33 
 poner Martin, C. S., 28 
 Jonas, A. ic cited, 15 Martin, Ferris, 28 
 
 lod 
 
 Martin, Henry, quarry, 27 
 
 Keller, S. B., quarry, 27 Martin, John, quarry, 30 
 King, A. B., quarry, 29 Martindale; 14, 17, 28, 36 
 Kinzers 12 Martinsburg shale, 33 
 Kinzers formation, 9, 11, 12, 15, 30 analyses of, 33 
 thickness of, 12 Mascot, 36 
 
 Knopf, E. B., cited, 6 Meade, R. K., 24 
 Kurtz Bros. Conerete Products Com- Mechanicsburg, 10, 12, 19, 20 
 
 pany, 24, 27 Mesozoie sandstone, 6 
 Kurtz, H. I., quarry, 27 Meyers, Elmer, quarry, 29 
 
 ; Mica, 11 
 Labradorite, 18 pie oe 
 Lancaster, 5 Po DAC) Middle Creek, 27 
 
 < Santer, Uy, mts mt, e 3 
 Landis, John, 30 Millard, Harry, quarry, 24 
 Lit icine ee? 
 
 . sue 2 a 
 Laurel Hill, 10-12, 19, 20 ME ASN ye” 
 
 5 es an Milter, 25. 3. .cited, 21 
 Leacock Churel, 10, 36 
 
 ] y 5 9 
 Leaman Place, 9, 11, 14, 15, 30, 35 Peo School, 30 
 Tcdbee 10st 19 Mineral resources, 20 
 Auedstl, 1tUvta, Af, : i 
 Ledger dolomite, 9, 11, 12, 15, 19, 21, 30 Mine tee peo 18, 19 
 thickness of, 12 Heat Bike a S. | 
 5 Ga Esa - Mudd reek, 16, 29° 36 
 Limestone, 9; 18-15;°20, 21, 23, 24,0272." 4-3 ‘ 
 20. 26 Muddy Run, 56 
 2 7 a 99 
 analyses of, 21, 22 Murrell, 38 
 Auroral, 6 
 
 Musselman quarry, 28 
 Beekmantown, 13-16, 19, 21, 28 Narvon, 33 
 
 Black River-Chazy, 6 Nasusia festinata Billings, 12 
 
 
 

 
 + oe 
 
 13 J 
 
 New Holland, 5, 7, 12, 29, 34 
 New Holland Concrete Works, 24, 28 
 New Holland Water Company, 34 
 
 Obolella, 10 
 Olenellus, 12 
 Ophileta, 14: 
 
 Paleozoic rocks, 8, 11, 14-16, 18, 20 
 Paradise, 28, 54 
 Pequea Creek, 7, 30 
 Phoenixville, 20 
 Phyllite, 8, 10 
 
 Harpers, 10 
 
 thickness of, 10 
 
 quartzose, 10 
 Piedmont province, 7 
 Plagioclase, 18 
 Pleasant View School, 9 
 Portland cement, 24, 33 
 Potsdam quartzite, 6 
 Pre-Cambrian rocks, 8, 18, 19 
 Primal sandstone, 5 
 Pyroxene, 9 
 
 Quartz, 9,. 14, 16 
 conglomerate, 16 
 
 Quartzite,8,. 10,-11,; 20, 3: 
 Antietam, 9, 410; 1) 
 Cambrian, 5, 6 
 Chickies, 9, 10, 33 
 Potsdam, 6 
 Scolithus-bearing, 6 
 sericitic, 10 
 
 Quartz schist, 9, 10 
 Antietam, 19 
 
 NS) 
 NW. 
 
 Reading, 5, 23 
 Reamstown, 16, 
 Red Run, 16 
 Red Well School, 10, 12 
 Rocks, 8 
 igneous, 8S 
 Paleozoic, 8,11, 14-16, 18, 20 
 pre-Cambrian, 8, 18, 19 
 sedimentary, 8 
 character of, 8 
 Triassic, 8, 15-17, 19, 20, 28 
 Rogers, Henry D., cited, 5 
 
 Rutt, George B., 28 
 Salisbury, 11 
 Salterella, 12 
 
 Sand, 16, 20, 33 
 
 39 Sn en 
 
 Sandstone, 8, 12-14, 16, 17, 20, 36 
 arkosic, 16, 17, 338 
 thickness of, 17 
 Mesozoie, 6 
 Primal, 5 
 Triassic, 15, 19,. 24, 33, 36 
 Schoeneck, 17, 27 
 Sechupps springs, 34 
 Scolithus tubes, 10 
 Shaffer, Jacob, 30 
 Shale, 6, 8, 14, 20, 33, 36 
 Cocalico, 14-16, 18-20, 24, 33 
 Gettysburg, 17 
 thickness of, 17 
 Martinsburg, 33 
 analyses of, 33 
 Triassic, 15 
 Showalter, J. C., quarry, 27, 28 
 Shriener, Eli, quarry, 28 
 Silica, 21 
 Slate 16.062 10,15 
 Smoketown, 14 
 Soudersburg, 30 
 South Mountain, 16 
 Spring Grove, 13, 17, 28, 36 
 Stelfuss;, R. Z., quarry, 30 
 Stones RR. W.,- data by, 6 
 Stony Run, 27 
 stose;. GoW .4 cited..6,-14.- 15, 20 
 Strophomena siosei, 15 
 
 lewd 
 
 Susquehanna River, 6, 7 
 
 Terre Hill, 5, 16-18" 28, 34 
 Tomstown dolomite, 9 
 Trap, 6 
 Triassic conglomerates, 15 
 Triassic diabase, 8 
 Triassic rocks, 8, 15-17, 19, 20, 28 
 Triassic sandstones, 15, 19, 24, 33, 36 
 Triassic sediments, 15, 16 
 Triassic shales, 15 
 Tribolite, 10-12 
 APIO lise We 
 Turritoma, 14 
 United Clay Brick Company, 33 
 Vintage, 10-12, 15, 23 
 dolomite: «9,0 Liv A L221 jo 
 thickness of, 11 } 
 
 Walcott C.D: scited. 6... 14 
 
 Water power, 56 on 
 - 
 
 Water Supply, 34 
 
 ee — 
 ay 
 
4 
 
 ay = 40 
 
 Waynesboro formation, 15 Welsh Mountain, 6, 7, 9, 10, 19, 29, 33. } \ 
 Weaver, Frank, 28 34 aa 
 
 Weaver, Mary, 27 anticline, 18, 19 
 Weaverland, 28 elevation of, 7 
 Weavertown, 11 York, 15 
 
 Wells, 34 Zeimer estate, 28 
 Welsh, John, 36 Zook, Levi, quarry, 29 
 
 VERSTY OF 00008 LEBRABY 
 AUG 20 1926