WS j 34, 68/4: Gul! 72. » . Bulletin No, 72 queen April 5, 1923. CO:RiONWEaALTH OF PENNSYLIVANTA oe ee ee DEPAR?MEN? OF INTERNAL AFPPATIRS James F, Woodward, Secretary eee BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George H. Ashley, State Geologist | FLAGSTONE INDUSTRY IN NORTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA By R. W. Stone Introcuction. Quarrying flagstone for sidewalks once was a flourishing industry in northeastern Pennsylvania but portland cement has virtually cornered the market in sicewalk material. Where once the flagstone quarries employed nearly 1000 men there are now less than 50 quarrymen and most of these are coins a very small ane cesultory business. In the summer of 1922 the writer mace a rapid reconnaisance throush northern Pennsylvania and visitec several of the quarries that are still beins worked, An idea that the flagstone industry has some chance of recoverins part of its lost business promnts this paper. Definition, FPlarstone is variously described as "a rock that splits readily ints slabs suitable for flarsing;" "a sancstone naturally separating into layers of suitable thiclmess for flarrsing; usually the layers are parallel to the bedcing or stratification of the rock; but there are cases in which the lamination of the material available for flageing is the result of cleavage or jointine;" "a flat rock used in paving, or any rock which will split ints such stones." Plagstone produced in southeastern New York anc northeastern Pennsvivania is also imown as bluestone. Bluestone is the commercial name tor a dark bluish-eray felcspathic sandstone or arkose. ‘The color is due to the presence sf fine black and darz-freen minerals, Chiefly hornblende and chlorite. The touvhness of the rock, due to i vat} EIA ees sha tify yl ole Hy ACPA 8 { \ ‘ ek) NV Ae she ye rae’ NOI ae Rely > ) f ° V} ih ve 4 a I ‘ Ben Hi ayy i Wy iy \ » Vy yt ‘st ¥ i shes eemal Sa auth NWO CUT oe UNS TR ke hk ay ray, led WIRY Hoon atee Graney ANd I naan aay ms mytisih aula th ACA ie Nena ‘} : y He A Vy eae ; ‘ é f ’ i ( 4 wt wa SAT aN ‘ ' ffi ] j \ * ayers! NaN y y mall e 1 m RCRD TPRSIPMT UA Vel mays SU Dias, pt wae PON ARI Peabo a eR Or art ns a wh" ; Lia PU SIS Na kk Fy i | Wee loa Dat Rit ME A Ge Wy i ‘ 4 if y q I + { ih \ } ") nif \ Nit A \\A a J 4 ‘ u ye 1X “4 i \9 ‘ ’ { ‘ \ A " { ‘ bids y +46 ’ 4 uf ‘ ee " Pi ¥ vo) Mey i ‘a } , ZMK eh a ts Poets ahs RM i H RUST it tay rim BNI aR) By PARAM ahr Mme ads aha Ae ty ‘mt 1 5 as * ¢ Hah aes { Pan” Wis Acs ’ Oy 4p Bs Maa , '< ' we ares i i { ve Mano, a if i ‘ ¥ ‘i ‘ : HAMA Ni MES \ ; ei EWA Ube SB et WN i Ra Ne A ‘ if ' i Paine ty WeAh AVA ite Slicht metamorphism, and the ease with which it may be split into thin slabs especially adapt it for use as flagstone. Uses. Bluestone is used as reneral building stone, for-flagging-and curbing, and as trimming for buildings, such as sills, lintels, steps, ana base courses. Concrete is used extensively as a substitute for stone for these purposes. The use of erushed bluestone for railroad ballast is increasing. This paper deals only with the use of bluestone as flageing and curbing, and kinédreé uses, such as burial vaults, cistern, cess pool, and well covers. By far the largest use of flagging is for sidewalks. Flagstones vary greatly in size; the commonest size is about four feet square and two inches thick. ‘he largest stone seen by the Writer last summer is at 514 Church Street, Honesdale, and measures Be’ 3o" by 7711" by 4". Several flagstones 10° by 15* by 4" have been quarried ih Pike County for use in New York City, and one flag 25' by 15’ by 8" was quarried across Delaware xiver from Shohola. Age and location. The flagstones of northeastern Pennsylvania are of Devonian ave. The Devonian rocks for the most part lie nearly horizontal anc the main exposures are alone the bluffs of the main streams. The flagr- stone quarries are at various horizons in the lower part of the Catszill and upper part of the Chemung formations. These horizons are exposed in a belt from Lehifh River northeast across Carbon, Monroe, and Pike counties to the Delaware near Willrift and up the Delaware along the boundary of Pike and Wayne counties. The same horizons are exposed also alone the Susnuehanna near Lanesboro close to the New Yor: boundary, and on the same river in Wyomine County above ‘ieshoppen. i i i i ee ee Some of the Devonian sandstones where lonp exposet to rain and frost split easily along bedding planes into slabs from 2 to 8 inches thick and in lengths ranging from 2 to 20 feet, according to the space between natural joints. This feature was early recognized by the settlers and the stone was cuarried for buildings, walks, and fences. The date when flagstones were first raised in Pennsylvania probably could not be determined but doubtless flag walks were 1l2id in some of the settlements nt least 75 and perhnros 100 years rgo.e For many yeors quarrying was done only by farmers in their spare time, but eventurily it become a regular industry for certain individuals, At the penk of development about £00 different cunrrieS were in operntion, 50 of them in Wayne, 40 in Susquehannn, 2nd 35 in Pike counties. Wyoming and Lycoming counties had about 25 quarries each, { rae) t ™ e - ~~ 4 ub Veo tate he : ‘ P a Vs ae o? aa) wa | ¢ in a Ly A } te | ’ ‘a a 4 { } i 4 f . \ wie WM . 45 ‘ { “y 3 dé ‘ ‘ @ t . 4 eh ae wile wea f py ine ve. 2 VER Oe ad ; gry abe 4 ae vy Aly vs Ig \ * ( N Cat ‘ ‘ ‘ de a rive aa i J Ps 4 \ a ~ a : © * ao en . ea Ay { ¥ s ” ‘ te | “ « ‘ ‘ x rs “i r) \ : " aA * oy ‘ . yh my ” ‘i as H J, 's\ eet 4 ‘, yr , ioe Sy itd gr nt: ou ~~ oe + : 4 s . { ’ sak) Wie nahh iy wwe, * aM at Met . Xx ‘ tt ms ay ‘ tt he AC We at Oe - { Be i ; 4 i : \ ra 4 i, . s Bi ie) ag heer: BE bse Rieheee iy 4d ne oa a i? ar) a ae ; A ‘ en i as en Pe . 3 Os ABH Satan as ee 2 ye AP Ge a i. 1 Ore oe ‘t bie Weta : Pe Mead Sort ‘¢ t t 2 ey . ‘ + yay ‘y ‘ wh eae a : f ve la ? ie ee a SRP AINE A i iM a oh, a . ee ‘s ee yy ? : - m ' - “ * i a ve ss i hy 1 nt a > i ie | ru .: 4 A , ‘ i. he EN iW : 4 ve At 4a . Prarie ae ; ; COP Gs ) Ue Bry ’ oan “ye ‘ £4 , ae bh e " ‘ Wa i ~ oe &% ys + ’ Pane, “at ay Lipids bes ay pes eC Res " ae. racy Nee _ o Ae EA Se Tot oe : ., ei aay meg MEE f bie Sa Li en Oh aN ey ¥ kel r » W a4 ie y ~ Ao iay a i? is vy vo oe 3M ay bade ae # y ‘ a Pan, Onevr -” er fiw ay, . oN ; YoY ab i : } asa ay } ‘a wt : oe) Te op ot, ae ia 42 ghee : e" : nt Te aN f y aM ano * at oe, ch Cony iy ® ie § 4 S le tr fae ANE te i bak ie “ pa wi ” : | 2 . . ‘i ade a ; ‘ “s Ma ‘ , 1 ay Dowie 5 mA : ‘ ws, : . Ado tee sf < ie hae Loa wm (dhe att AP ee hw ha? ‘e be Da ’ ar oe a ed / { fh Gee t ? 7 ‘ ws pt gat ea i Oy ems la Oe 8, ‘eee ; oe ‘ biti . a ’ ee pee’ * yy: ee bares wt yey ‘ : na ) ag wi : “f OK fr b ; { \ , * iw Va 6 sath PGP ee w: : i wi ‘ 4 F 1 e y ‘ omy M ‘ ; ae yi whi " 5; t ; Rea $y rth fb vy ' v e . : . ae ‘ \ y a j i i J é * rf “ { A § a its 4 ia , i q “2 ; YE PRI BS x, ( “5 MT ots hehe oe OA : y a) ¢ ? ‘ ‘ ‘ f ou t e h w X an ‘ ; a i ‘ ! i fac ta 4, i : 4 . . Pi 4 fo 4% bia ' 4 (hwy by ¥ my y MOT hate f a he wt > ia ak ae P| say y AN re i OE, erry rr Cn, We ine SS: GUNS ‘ i te Has x ’ fic spicy |” adisioonhre i t a 4 { a t "y i Se x et ! vipa a en a ‘a : an | N's a Cs 7 2h x inh bal Se ae an 4 ‘ i 4 F a ee ‘, ere Wa, ad alr peccot eet AA, . : f | | pit pon p mene yet aS oe 6 a MON pre nr PE, if We Wah ede 2!) ‘ a ; Radiat i : eee } j ) , - ‘a hex es ae oat a : mst te oy ait aR das 4 t . n itt Me ey f vA A , sk ak \ \ i \ EN NR Aaa ah ith inne * ay 4! 49 As the principal use for flagstone is for sidewnlks, the demand increased 2s the population of the northesstern counties grew. The production of curbing was a somewhat later develooment and utilized Some of the thicker flags. The climax of the PLaZsine ane. curbing industry was in 1906 when the value of the outnut exceeded 3435,000. Prom that year production decreasec almost vegulerly to about we", 000 in 1918, The decline of the industry is ascribed by the quarrymen to the increasing use of portland cement for moking concrete walks. The 2brupt decline from 1916 to 1918 may be xssigned in part to high freight rates and to high wages, The value of the annual output is shown in the following table Which has been compiled from Mineral Resources of the United States, published by the United States Geological Survey. Value of flagrine and curbing produced in Pennsylvanis ees oe a me ne ts ee akeeemmeaen a ee nr ne kph eR ei: na necesita oth mE A tenn Am Year flagging Curbing Total Value ala : . 1902 92 5469 69.556 Loe s0ED 1903 To LOL L265 ‘593 300 ; 294 1904 Bio ool 149 491 365 ;742 1905 216 435 157, 391 a1 On 826 1906 265 481 LO 4.53 , 584 1907 ae a as eel 128 ;740 282 2603 1908 217-690 big te Soo. Boe 1909 Vit dad cada) 83° 538 279-063 e220 LO? ; 846 96 b5aq 206 ; ; 404 a gt A 87-769 78; 106 165. 75 1912 Co Res 116 ;647 Slaw 870 eS 95,198 94,625 Bs VA “823 1914 48 : 5239 prog 115-869 215 57; 455 54:923 12.8 57.8 LOLG6 41.789 485,415 90; 144 Soy Bo. oul 26 ;408 Baie 1918 LY S097 9 ;894 BO COS. 1919 38.912 Laas eS , 050 1920 20,145 31,199 51, 344 ® 2,264,589 * 1,658,112 & 3 922,701 ee a = eee a a ee nn enn a ee ee ae oe a a on eS a A total value of $4,000;000 for a local mineral product in 20 years, or an average of §200,000 ner year, has been a mitericl financial benefit to this corner of the State, sy tere +k) “« mia 4 . 4 AY ‘ y + 4 . ee AMA tos | ty - ’ \ V we iad ¥ "% , . of a ey r) _ ote ¢ pty ‘ Crh ag. , he ve een ORI ) i we rear sb P eS oP, i _, e\e he x pes : , . Le om me i ‘is f ty i , aan ds ‘ j ¥ ‘ ‘ ) : & j : ‘ : ’ i ? ‘ é t sa : ‘ athe “gl 4 a % bidding re ’ \ ) ‘ ? ‘ pity is « § eri ‘ i 4 Se BN by 1 Cpe Rll len | a ei 1 } se ¥ ¢ iat ea Ky an’: “e a, aes t oy ee are Pras, ne 4 4 ia ioe \ 4 Ne SOLS if Py? tee bit e = es SER? ase ng Fj Oe on bONd rd ne 1 + ¢ ’ BR TOMn YUP nee See ty waliieg Sees og ‘9 seh O-98., LA b ne Ais % he wWitcac fo sar aA * a et): 4 ~ a or re +) hy * co = Hae Et He ve See reese ook Ba vie Pn Oe 5 MRC ED a ‘s ; j Pr |) eee yf oe eee ae sie ee) ne ft ra rah eee . » 2 * oe» Vas . | ‘ , 7. 35 ' bee MO chet tJ Gey ' aks age 8 Slam) hal as y Neh os: , : a Y) fh ee Ah can © BP) Fire IC ean | ¢ t a Ls rs i ' bir y t it | SAO ; f » ‘ Vig tee a i oe ay ‘ 7 . ‘ - pe Yoh “ an Me } 5 fi ’ a ry 2 fa a2 7) A i wy * peo 4 . el ow anv 10 ns etl wpe eT et Seen aaa i e “ rons : ’ wt ry : - &* ‘) Pe bal ©, i “% r $ t ; Ne f By o t f F ‘ a i ® Fed f) 1 ‘ - “yp 1 re 2 ; mn 4 5 See . J ’ ‘ ae ee 4 ’ f " 5 tar Ct aes 2 ane At Pde oil Wo iy Py Sa $e ne eal Se 4 ‘ hy the ba ere / b 4 Ke ya ‘ , a “ ia % \ re e. * }y . 4 i ’ A) oF 5 } S / ; ‘4 4 AY Sab Ud 4 A ~~ » a ; s ih 8 A i run } mile southwest of the Lackcwaxen Station. Plagstones now at the Delaware hotel, Lackawaxen, mexzsuring 5 x le and 7 x 11 feet are from the neardy Kilgore quarry. Abutments of the Delaware & Hudson canal aqueduct at Leckawaxen were built of loc2l building stone. ‘The canal was completed in 1828 and abandoned in 1899. Chiseled watec gauze marxs on these stones are plainly visible 90 years later, which is good evidence of urability. Pond Eddy, Maxwell & Harding were reported to he employing 12 to 20 men ang 1a getiing out 2 considerable quantity of stone at Pond Eddy, This place was difficult of access from the writer's route and was not visited, Pond Edéy has beén one of the large producers of flagzing and has found its principsl market in New York, Brooklyn, and Newsrk, Kimbles. A. H. Woodward & Son, of Newark, N. J. operate a Uae eae yt >" Qohaee » a A " fs H CRT yy 1 i J ‘ v ‘ ¥ ‘ iv , : ‘ j ys ’ ih ait! ¢ f y “ } ° €, 1 ts i 1 ‘ id oe ib ‘ i; A / 7 uo 7 t ep S 5 , ce ee F + rf Pay ie ek Re i Y CS hey BAC an Bria ee rae AN oa Wh anh ae ee “ 4 ¥ # et { : eh” te 4 t 4 , ; he ’ ih! P *? : et j " A : ‘ ‘ ; " Pr « ye ‘ e ; Mae i : Pah he =, ; ‘ | { ; ‘ y 4 , ‘ i AN ; lo ey Le | ‘ i ‘ ‘5k \ : rw A) “W 5 , A wie : if ar | 1 ‘ f \ ‘ ‘1 a * ,! , ‘ é Pay e PMA Se ; te i i ‘ bt ae a i ’ , Ga H rls >a ay z ie Mini ne dy ae ao Ld eee Vine A . ° es " : ’ - veg Abs i ® roy We a ¢ Gk } Se é MOT ‘ i te P ei | ; ‘ ; Ree ten eA Bt Gy te my, epee Whe ick x ’ ‘ 4 . 7 M, 4 ia sy, itd iv quirry 23 miles erst of Ximbles nertr the top of 2 ridge and 450 feet higher than the railrozd. The quarry face is about 350 feet long and 25-30 feet high. Horizontal bec@ine and practically no cover facilitate quarrying. Most of the output at present is curbing for New York City. Paving flags also are produced, Jackhammer drills oper rated. by compressed air ere used, A gas engine drives the conm- pressor but the Ccerricks are operated by horse whims. ‘The quarry employs 7 men. The Standard Binestone quarry on top of the opposite hill was idle. Wayne County. _ Aldenville, John H. Bowen quarries flagstone on his farm l Mile South of Aldenville. The stone lies flat, raises in thin lifts, is gray in color, and is marketed in Honesdale, Mr, Bowen works alone « Susaquehanns County. Stevens Point, Several bluestone cuarries have been opened on the ridges near Stevens Point. Richird Bailey is quarrying 2bout 26 miles north of Stevens Point, mda Pronk Baker is opernting near Baker. Both of those Operators are producing a small quantity of fiogs ond curbs for shipment by rail. Lanesboro. A greenish-gray sendstone quarried in a hill nenrby was used for building the high stone arch vinduct of the Erie Reil- road across Starrucca valley at Lanesboro, The rock is fairly hard and its curability is evident from the present condition of the bradge., Messrs. Walters end Call cre operating aon old quarry up 2 hollow at the east end of town. Five men are employed getting out urbing and flagging, which is shipned to Binghampton, Seranton, and Philadeiphi:. The stone lies almost perfectly flet, and the bed Meeme Worked raises in heavy lifts, 6 to 8 inches thick. The color is light bluish-gray, south Montrose, Wynans Brothers of South Montrose are working & quorry on the 3. F. Jones farm. The bedé@ing is flat a 25 feet of Worthless stone must be memed.to get at a bed of stone 143 feet thick which is suitable sor flagging:ana curbing, Drilling is done by heavy-duty steam tripod drills, the quarry is kept dry by a steam- Operated pump, and the derrick is operated by 2 gasolene hoist, The procuct goes mostly to Seranton, Wilkes-Barre, and Pittston, Wyoming County. Meshoppen,. 5o far as the writer observed, the flagstone indus- try is more nctive in the northwest corner of Wyoming County than elsewhere. At Meshcppen the stone cutting plant of B. Ridgway & Son, Philadeiphi2, is handling the output of several quarries, Mr. John Gaul, superintendent oi the plant, s.vs that a shortoge of stone cutters greatly curtails the out tpute Stone from the quarries near =a 5 = Tiere a’ .’ i ¥ é ee ‘ . ’ ‘ ' fe tg - 4 4 P P xt A LA “4 we ; 2s athe ~ agi ie any i ’ . ‘i a \ ” i i} / i + ~1 PR GIES oe he OF eee i? * he ‘al \ ‘ pl eh wth es ‘ : pi yieter | } Gidk i AiR NE ae ‘ \ ; phe ‘ P ‘ a f i Fy ' Pe aut iy WE RRC: RRA ah ge mn : ‘ Wty , (ai bins . We uf oN ® ti Ls Rie Sy vada H ' ¢ t » e oe auth A A a] y ph j ‘7 i Uk Vist AU HA wa bY. ‘ ‘ } Pa er N ', ‘fa ; < r q a 4 Pr. o- Ls . ‘ Poo g | " a" ‘ Pe ("5 i , , ] i j fb HD Why Pe Nt a ' - ” ‘ / | ‘ a a iv he a) . 5 j i | ’, oF i f Ay et AN as ry how had Nid ' - ' { " f PP ae an! i 2 j ‘ 4 ’ , e mit » vs eines It 4 ! he ye? ‘ ‘ i ne fia SubAlt A uit) iy ; Py ' ‘ f Be dhs | ri / ‘ iv ‘ W » ied y ’ ieee iy oe iis Whi Pra NE ee | Rega . is ; ; ‘ ie PA a Wi tag ty f oH Wi SA ig t we \ aw ee v Watt ' iy V4, Ae (a nt nae he Wie U : J ate f { “ r] . bal Pye : iy ‘ wiht, ant iva ‘ We y Ty, \ yi aS ‘ in \ Vs P 4 iy ; : med uae Me al wei yy ¥ 1 ait Pui ye aM { yy p ‘ A \ i y af fi Pf ve ay Pare | Meshoppen is greenish gray, gray, blhish, and reddish. Ridgway and son have furnished flagging for the floors in the newer ond larger buildings of various eastern colleges, and the difference in color of the flags is utilized to make geometrical designs and &nhance the beauty of these floors, Stones are cut to predetermined irregular Shapes to break up the monotony of rectangular flags. There has long been a demand for sawed and planed surfices but recently the rough natural surfice is favored more and more, Laceyville. Hive quarries on a ridge west of Tuscorora Creek and north of Laceyville were being operated in 1922, Champloin Bros., Johnson Clapper, Cash Co., Holden & Champlain, cand John Woodrurt were reported to be the operntors. The Cole quarry 1 3/4 miles west of Locéyville was employing five men raising flagstone from 4 thin hedded flat-lying stratum, Some of the other quarries in the neighborhood were one or two men operations. Horace Ruger is employing severnl men in quarries nexr Standing Rock and Skinners Eddy and shipping flags and curds by rail. At Black Walnut is an abandoned bluestone quarry with a face about 900 feet long and 40 feet high. This is the largest quarry the writer saw in northeast Pennsylvania. Future development. fo the writer it seems warronted to assume that the production of flagstone in northeastern Pennsylvania can be developed into a very considerable industry in comparison with its present condition. twenty years 2g0, hundreds of men were engaged in quarrying. The Stone remains in the hills but the demand now is light and few men tind employment at the quarries. The development of the industry may require or be advanced by the organization and cooperation of the producers, and by an advertising campaign conducted and financed by the organization. Where flagstone can compete with concrete in price, the more attractive quality of the flagstone should give it preference, Furthermore, when cement pavements become "heaved," they are cifficult to level, Flagstones are easily leveled, and single stones, if broken, can be matched in color and replaced without injury to the rest of the paving. Aesthetic rather than practical consideration may build up the flagstone industry. There are many people who cxsre more for the beautiful than for cost; who want their walks pretty rather than prim. This desire should be fostered by the qunrryinen. Some college builcings recentiy completed have been floored with flegstone rather than with marble or concrete. Irregularly cut flagstones of different colors laid in patterns make a floor that both wears well and pleases the eye, The stone yard at Meshnoppen:has furnished such flagstone foe for college buildings at Brown, Cornell, Princeton, and Ann Poor, tllustrations in current monthly journals, like Country Life and Fouse and Garden, show flagstones used for walks and pavement of os? Ghee a) na ye \ u ¥ ' va eee kyr WAN ib Bb ay canbe te bniesip soi CRE RASS oe m i ; i oo We Sra oe ae ae Ose, Pe Lames h ‘ay set ia n\n . AL pote e te Ny el) ee Seas ew Fe | APNE S : bat We 1 Syetrs ial, ie Sie Set f ‘ ) 7 ae pour Spi eas etal s a oan ye Adit aene ae Sass See aaa eee Owe ee PN Yee ~ eA & as e efick 4. ery ae ‘if j gig ha ye we t GAY a i my RE if *Y os \ wry ve Part Ts gins e, ; +: Sh Ua Laie a ut “ ‘ Aly 4 atl 6 ae Al nm et Mi - \ ees te nt Pe * - »'y ‘ » and ‘ 1 1 4 pi yy ‘ hal 1 rath ae f) ei at i y Vii ay ret ne aN nih 2 ‘ine ae ‘. -* - * t . 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As i) +“ - 4 uo ul 3 ! ) 7 ‘ ay ied 5 Led Bux ' yee eter fe Ce he i ‘ ob “4 ‘ 4 7" oN nent oy - nen Z vf iy io + Nt ee f £ : f fy ‘ Lz Hig i 3 it ae “abet Rina Doe % ud ’ we VPs ’ : ‘ Mar a ear Bet si a hc Vaupes ets ‘RR P Vy ’ rie , Le ee da ar ei eM é 5 Th I eb y . aye Pes ae i. are i raneee we a ‘0 4 « , » nt bic eee B. if sae ‘ it { ry yee cy’. 2’ 4 it tras sasiitl bie yas sf j ‘ < me eee ; F ; Aw F i 4 ‘ Vil Ve hg | K i eh 7 , os 4 i” . rt eas ae “ rey UE ay ts try I a or ed mB te re eee OU BL cera ao - Ae eh eg eae ghsthent. ‘a Bod Tite! - ¥ em j ae re us ‘ae om { v4 a t , on i) 7 a ae ey 4S bar 5 at ea ok piv ® tr peer & ee . f f 7 ; ? , Via A é > y Sule it wv M cartel ea 1 ‘ i* de } 4.4 terr2ces or uncovered porches in private srounds. The stones are cut in irreguler shipes so as to give . less formal effcct thon rectanguls Slabs, anc .re purposely lcid detachcd so thit grass may grow between them. The demand for such purposes may never be large but should be worth catering to. The old-fashioned flag walk may again be in demand in the region Contiguous to the quarries. The writer has recently seen broken concrete paving torn up to be replaced with flagstone, and believes that many town and city properties now building would use flagstones in preference to concrete for sidewalks if they could be purchased as Casily and at nearly the same cost. The market for flagstone will always be limited geographically tO a circle of small radius centering at the ocuarries, for flagstones are expensive to ship and difficult to handle in comparison with sand and gravel and sacks of cement. However, if the market within reasonable shipping distance is cultivated by attractive advertising, the demand for flagstone should be much increaseé, Producers. The following producers reported their output of flagging and curbing for 1922 to the United States Geological Survey. Name and address County J. Van Zant Hood, Dinginans Ferry Pike Olivo Sartori,