[Boo Adomd ce ‘day Apeig OO GCTEIAUVATO *STRIOL 39 yi} “3 J pu’ LT uaamjaq [VoD ponunusg—suo2, quoys ur ‘ajbunapongd haunpynscund aYy}2 Ut Sartosay 190i). #9 1 049 °ST #9 vl 0S9 ‘ZI w9 iT OTS ‘ZT ad iL 060 ‘ZT w9 iL 018 °TT w? iL OOL ‘TL Sa ae UA 0S¢°SI w9 iL OFS‘ LT #9 iL OOF‘ FI a9 iL 0z9‘ TT w9 iL 063 ‘8 w9 iL 080‘9 #9 iV O19‘ bet ian nag ree 002, ‘8T w9 il 006 #9 il 006 #9 il 003 #9 iI 089 #9 1 09S #9 iT 088 ~-—<<-=---: —— = 006 Oat 086‘FT Oak O86‘ FL met 068 ST #9 iL 068 *ST iat 066 ‘CT it OLL*6L Saas ae OSC aL u9 iL OFT ‘FI il OSF ‘SI ssouyoryy edBIOAY (ojsuUBIpend Uz) gn BI10B 1840.1 Sspeq [BOO sdiysuMo,y, a COAL RESERVES 127 Summary Table. Total by townships Reserves Available coal : Coal between Counties 1’ and 2 thick Coal over 2’ thick Townships Total Total Net tonnage tonnage tonnage (100 tons to acre-foot) Jefferson County (part) NicCaAlmont. twp.) CDaru eee ee eee eee 4,950, 000 9,340, 000 5,200,000 (WouRns twp (Dart): see: oe ee ee 51,300, 000: 85, 500, 000 47,500,000 REGUL iat BCD ce eA Ne ces iE US ra ee ee oe 66,600,000 122,400,000 68, 000, 000 Gaskell: Gwe + Sek SO eee Re cae Re EO ees eet 50, 850’, 000 72,000, 000 40.100, 000 Henderson twp. (part), ——-._---...- este eee 32,580, 000 46,350, 000 25,750, 000 TEGO GaiS sie ae eee 8 pee eh ee ee eee De Sve, 206, 280 , 000: 335,590,000 186,550,000 Indiana County (part) ESE TU LS SH CWDS ree tle rae Ne eee ee 62, 100, 000 136,800,000 78,000,000 WAMOCRUVD we cee eee os re LE eee 129,600, 000 106, 200,000 59,000,000 New Mahoning twa DALL)n eases =o ee eee 13,500, 000 9,540,000 5,300, C00 He Mah onin es twp ye (aT b) kee ee ee Se es 3,510, 000: 4,644,000 2,582,560 GLANG EWE CD allstar re Se ey oes 75,600,000 71,550,000 39,750,000 Monteromery: twin, (Dari 2-2-2 oe ee eee 102), 600, 000 126, 450, 000 70,250,000 TINO EELS aes wee eae ee es, Geen 2 ME BT 386,910,000 455,184,000 254,882,509 Clearfield County (part) SHC mettre CDG TU eters meee ee eee wee ae 4,120,000 5,580,000 3,100,000 SYST Teygay CST RH aD) eee Us dedi Bae hee eee 67,500,000 96 300), 000 53,500,000 BELEN SI Gomes CDN ING neers a ie Be ee 102,600, 000 63,900, 000 35,500,000 Ghia Sa eee ne om ee ts oe ee ee ae ee 174,220,000 165,780,000 92,100,000 RGHSenrO Teele CLP AIL OLE | ae kes here a wi ye el 767,410,000 956 , 554,000: 583,532,500 1,723,964 ,000 Summary of coal by thickness, in short tons. Thickness Quantity Percentage eR LCC hie cols one) iota era's «seh ears 767,410,000 43 Between 2 and 3 feet .......-... ' 360,970,000 20) Between 3 and 4 feet ... Seg eeES Pike 437,184,000 25 Between 4 and 5 feet ........ igen 122,760,000 1 Ovemmnear tiile ow se cid we eae 35,640,000 2 Total Sie) ¢ @ 0 © @ @¢ #6 © 1,723,964,000 128 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE ~ HISTORY OF MINING. When this area was first examined by the Second Geological Survey no railroads entered or crossed the quadrangle, and no coal was shipped. A number of country banks providing -coal for local use were scattered here and there, notably north and northwest of Punxsutawney. When Jefferson County was reexamined in 1881, the area was still without railroads or commercial mining. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway was built and commercial mining began around Punxsutawney in 1882 and 1883. This route and the Pennsylvania Division of the New York Central Lines have given the coal of the Punxsutawney quadrangle access to the market in central and western New York State and in New Kngland. A division of the Pennsylvania Railroad also carries the coal to New York City and New England. See Figure 26. a ROCHESTER gs 44 YOR [ Wp re SS) NE sn “BUFFALO OY Geneva Titer ea OAM? ova Y O ih | pi aN { W ; g yah ie : « s Py t ‘ ; 4 i eit ET ss ) ! é EES SI hae, Sy TR gS Os Pipe lite SOREN ph 10 ame oT ae one > y | va Q ay \ a We 4 \ v4 re) 4 é i ae ; S > < “k pers O Jersey Shore / | \ QF Clearfield sox ae i y) | *Punxstitawney eo 76 aoe ? . We DER ANE ONS SOY) Li iM A rN AY ae i EES PITTSBURG * Auth Se | ne TARY \ RAM Ora ‘ r é HARRISBURG \ | NO PHILADELPHIA 2h. rs | \ Nase Ae TED BG Els PIRES ae 2 SL ce NRT L ji : Ven FIGURE 26. Sketch map showing railroad transportation from the Punxsutawney district. In 1889, according to the State Mine Inspector’s report for that year, there were in operation at Punxsutawney the Walston mines Nos. 1, 2 and 3, Adrian mines Nos. 1, 2 and 3, and Eleanora mine No. 1, the last lying a little north of the quadrangle. The Walston No. 1 was even then approaching exhaustion. In addition to these, the report of 1891 mentions five mines near Glen Campbell: the Penn of Riekert Brothers; Glenwood Nos. 3 and 4, of the Glenwood Coal Company; and Urey Nos. 1 and 2, of Passmore & Company. Dur- HISTORY OF MINING eee ing the 10 years from 1890 to 1900 mining continued in the districts already noted, a number of new mines were opened, and mining began at Rossiter (in 1900), at Horton Run, Burnside, and Arcadia. Since then mining has been started on Clover Run and near Rich- mond. The mines near Punxsutawney have been large producers. For a number of years the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company’s group of mines north and northwest of Punxsutawney yielded over 3,000,000 tons of coal a year. By 1905 the Canoe Ridge mines were yielding nearly 1,000,000 tons yearly. The output of all of these large mines fell off steadily during the decade from 1905 to 1915. In 1918, however, Adrian No. 1 was still producing almost 500,000 tons, the Eleanora shaft over 600,000 tons, the Florence mines nearly 500,000 tons, and the Helvetia-Stanley mine, just west of the quadrangle over 500,000 tons, while the Canoe Ridge mines produced nearly 650,000 tons. The Arcadia mines, the same year, produced nearly 400,000 tons. At that time the Walston mines were nearly exhausted. The mines north of Punxsutawney were connected so that Florence, Scholler, Adrian, and Walston No. 3 all drained to the Elk Run shaft, where the water was lifted by large Jeans- ville pumps. 7 3 By 1921 the Adrian and Elk Run mines were down to less than 200,000 tons, Eleanora less than 100,000 tons, and the Walston mines had practically finished production. The Rossiter group of mines was still producing over 300,000 tons of coal a year, Victors Nos. 11 and 14 were producing over 100,000 tons. Of the other mines the following produced over 40,000 tons during either 1921 or 1922; Ad- ‘rian No. 5, Juneau No. 1, Frances mines, Onondago shaft, Big Run mines, Bowersville, Williams Run mines, McClure and Tyson, Super- ior mines, Banks mines. As 1921 and 1922 were years of small pro- du¢tions it is probable that in other years many other mines would show a production in excess of 40,000 tons per year. The following table originally consisted of the mines operating at the time the field work for this report was done. This was later supplemented by observations during several trips across the area. As now presented it contains in addition, the names of many mines opened since the field was personally visited by the writer. This data was furnished by Mr. T. J. Lewis, State mine inspector for the twelfth bituminous district. The mines on which data was so supplied are indicated by an asterisk. In several instances the correlation of coal beds has been changed. When so changed a question mark follows. It is probable that some of the mines listed, which were active 20 years: ago, have since been abandoned, or appear under a different name. 9b 130 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE us List of commercial mines in the Pe Quadrangle. Operating Company Altoona Coal Co. Banks Coal Co. Bear Run Coal & Coke Co. Becearia Coal Co. (McGee) Beech Creek Coal & Coke Co. See Penna. Coal & Coke Co. Bellefonte Coal Co. See Hudson Coal Mining Oo. Bowers Bros. (see next) Bowersville Coal Mining Co. Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal Co. See Onondago Coal Mining Co. Carrick Coal Company, Chestnut Ridge Coal Co. (Gypsy Coal Co. Patchin Mining Co.) Clark Bros. Coal Co. See Susquehanna Fuel Co. Clark, H. E. (Indiana Coal Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp. (formerly Canoe Ridge mines) Clover Run Coal Mining Co. Oushake Coal Mining Co. Electrie Coal Co. Ellsworth-Durham Coal Co. Glenwood Coal Co. Hammock Coal Co. (See Sawyer Coal Co.) Hess Coal Co. Hillsdale Coal & Coke Co. Hudson Coal Mining Co. Jacobs & Delaney Coal Co. Juneau Coal Mining Co. Kanma Coal Mining Co. Keystone Fuel Co. Kuntz and Rinn Locust Colliery Co. Lost Run Coal Mining Co. Madeira-Hill Coal Mining Co. Ve. aos | @ q Name of mine | an | Se a | <3 eee eaes ‘ols =p AL Heras Banks,.No. 1) o2.- 3 | ew? Babks:. NOt giewee- sce Ea Banks NOM ogens.=ee= aid Bankse NOW 422 De v_. | Bear pRumyN Gos lueeos| cee Bear Buh Now 2) 22225)" hae Brana SFandardsN Onesie =) ae planed le eg Penna. NOSC2 ose o-. ae See ae bas Auillman eee eee ele Od a> Ue | BoWwersvillegNosen = hiaetyty or sae Carrick) NO wes oa aa ee ee oe | Indiana, .NO.*6s22.-. | Oes7 aed (See Patchin No. 4) | 00.) | indianay None eees= Ee 9 | Indiana Now 2p ossss= De 10 y ndianaweNo- wows see De 9 Indiana SNOy 4, sees De 25 ingdanawNo.s Suse sso= De 16 Indtanay NOy s5ne.see= Cf 6 Rossiter NO vel see see Be 5 ROSSILEE ING. 203-2222 Be 9 Rossiter No. 3 _----- Be 6 hossiter No. 4 2-22 Be 10 Rossiter NOW sce =| eee eee 5 Arthuranot, tenes seen rer sOush ake sate eo see ee Ee ae Electric NO. 47,2 -s_ Ee 16 eee eetlectrigeNOe oO 1ssssee Ee 15 VICLOLeNO tig se ees Dt 3 eho kVAPLOLBING slide ce ae Dt 4 aie Glenwood No. 3 _._-_ | Ke 1 Glenwood No. 4 ----| De 4 Glenwood No. 5 ----| pe 5 Glenwood No. 6 --.-| pe 3 Glenwood No. 6% --.| De Glenwood) Not 40: 22a see Glenwood No. 94 ___| Ke 2 Glenwood No. 10 ___| Ee Glenwood No. 11 ---| Dd 11 Glenwood No. 12 --_| Dd 23 Glenwood No. 14 -_.| Ee 18 view Cherry Grove et] Ce 3 banat et ‘b. AUER) a Je 28 Cis = oe ae PNR NG borg Oe Me HaSdalesN On tas. 2 De 11 Pesala eR INO sit ee 2p eee ees Hillsdale No. 3 -_--_ De 7 Hillsdale No. 4-7___- Ce 14 Soa WinsloWweeeeeeea se (ie Der a oo ie ACOWSMNO MEI Ret 22-5) Rio ee ie SSS) SUNDER UNO t ees Be 1 ee a Emlou No. 1 ----.-..| Ee See Key SCONCHINO lee snot Uy ss geal 8 Dewe Vist sscaeeeee este Aa 23. Ee cea) LOCUST IN Oseelaseeenan Ad il eee Maha teyere. eee a |) 2-S2—5—- ==) |) 2Clovers Run NO wel We ED) 7 Clover Run No. 2__| Fb 6 Clover Run No. 3__| Fb 21 Clover Run No. 4__] Fb 22 Clover Run No. 5__| Fb 18 Clover Run No. 6__| Fb 20 Clover Run No. 7__}| Fb 17 Clover Run No. 8__| Fb 19 Clover Run No. 9__] Fb 14 Clover Run No. 10_--| Fb 16 Clover Run No. 12__| Fb 13 Thickness 3/4"-15/ 6"-4 oa" —4'10" | 4/s UA 5/ 3/9” 1/467 V4" 3Y 6” —4/ 5/ eae a ie? = 3/6"-4/ 4/34/10" 4’4” ==-==-— =} wee ae ee oven oe ot oo lel HISTORY OF MINES 131 List of commercial mines in the Punasutawney Quadrangle — Ny , Continued. | : a ae s g Rees: = og = bine Operating Company. . Name of mine. aH =e 3 x 3 2b) foe ; = (a | os AS) © ita 2 =e a ea ~ ia Maderia-Hill Coal Mining Co. -. | Clover Run No. 14-. | WH 12 |_____.__ Die ee 1,999 ‘+ Clover Run No. 16__ oO gyn date ene tie oe ie sD oak nl eee es es 1,980 Mc@lhure Mining’ Co. -22..2. 2.22 MeGlure 22 ore Dac6 cole eee E* org | 1384 McClure & Tyson Coal Co. __-_- Bist Ue Oi ae Da 5 7-15 E. Bay | 1.500 Bi se RUDeIN Ono eee | IGE at | ee fee | biece se RRs ee Big Rune NOckore2e= i BIGT ere Meek eee, Pd ch dei ee te [Pe oars HVingereem Oa leCO:, (=. 2224 see MCG Ce ae See See he ge Peed eel a A 4! te ee See Becearia Coa] Co. Meleavey, John & Co. —-.-2.22 Conr a dieesee soe Aa LO Ie 4 E A'6" Sen Se ; Shollenie sees, ete ae eee” ole Se In ae D AIGTEGION le.2 oes > Mount Arie. Coal..Co.,. e054 MG eA 1eeN Of oleic oes =, dlp bilan 1k, cela, a he 3/0/ 1,470 Qnondago;Coal Mining ‘Co. 2. | Onomdago —---.-___-_ Cas 7-8 E 4! | 1,013 Hantell Coal OO 22s ar a eee ante) toes see EG ol teens ® | 2/6” | 1,464 Patchin Coal Mining -Go. _2-1_ | Patchin No. 2 ____.-- Fe oe Res + pill, na 5 peered (No. 4—old Indiana No. 6) Patchin: Nowe 2 ekarahr 7-60 | E 3/9” | 1,765 ; PatehnineN Om teseecss Cleats eae es * 5/ 1,600 Penna. Coal & Coke Corp. -.. | Pardee No. 40 2-___- Dersl Gulb ese ate E 2/6” 1,496 (Formerly Beech Creek Coal & | Pardee No. 41 ___-_- Dipos ck eee E 3/2"—-4/2" | 1,445 Goke Co. with Arcadia, mines). }h Pardee No.9 42 222 pied eS E 3 plus | 1,485 Parde@yino, 40 12-2224 Drs 749 |E gy 4 1,680 Pardee No. 44) 22.2. - Cet 12 ier48 Fr 4’6" sega Arcadia No. 5 ~-.--- Ge (13 il %61.8) EF 4! 1,740? Penn Fuel Company __-_--- on Eee POTN Og) LRT Sey 2 eee clit ie ileus als Iie el 1,760 Tate OOUlLs GOne eee eae ee PAVGQNG 2°25 2 ons Wem. Ie E* | 4 1,700 Punxsutawney Coal Mining Co. HramGes Now ls seas e Be eh ieee ee E 8/2"—-4! 1,406 BTAanNcessN Owe sss CEs aS ee E 4! 1,604 Frances: No. 8) 2222-2 COSA AS soos E 5 Hiaerality Purage: @oal Conpetsso.s-2--o a. Pineda Ole les == Cee ee ee ie AL 1,566 Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & | TE One CO cue oor ne ee ENCE TIN Oe arene Area roa, G72 wT) Ate 1,301 Elenor Run Shaft --; Ca 1 +75 | D 10’ 1,055 Elk Run Shaft —---_- Ab 2 9-71 | D (8! 1,071 | WalstoneNos 2225222 Narr Rabies. se D Oak galedesy = AS WR Saad WalstonNo.gs o22-2s Nae os 9-70) D BA SE ial oh pear RiNM Se RAs Oni sun. 2 2s ke INGuiglhay INO vs, Bees RONG we atalino a Toyah aoe 5 NE he hey oe ie A Cri ee Oy aoe eek a Sel ee D 5/ 1,460 Walston No. b-.--_ | Aa 94 |- 9-60. | D C51 hi eae Sav ale OO mie Owe = 2. vue ce te Sen VicileN O;mepes ese Ae 1640 7288" : 1,450? Sawyer Coal Co. (Hammock) __| Sawyer _-----_--____- BAC eee deca ike E 3/4” 1,600 South Branch Coal’Goe 2.222 Sha dyvsidewm sco uC Ai ee ea B 3/4!" 1,679 miperiOLwC@Oal OO. 22.8 22-3. 2 SUPEMIO“ NO pe see Dd’ 2 13-154 | A 4) 4_—5f 1,624 SUpehi Ore N Ory eee ern een eran Ne enn as 1301S Susquehanna Fuel Co. ______---- MalcOneNG ibm oes ae Tar OIE care fea RA Sy ter ees ke Va COME Om One De ae Pate Nee! Py eter ae alee k EUAIC ORIN Oceee aie eens ¥ ere deen ty 4 E? 4! 1,354 MalcOnmiNO mao. ee ee he gle eas Dey ye 1,314 ‘rerio CoaleMmines Co. 22... |) RrojameNo.. Jeena Gem Oh lie ere De Bes ea ee cee PTO Ja NO eee ae Dis 2O ee ee Tee line 1,400 Wreya idee, Oonl Co. 2cscls so 2-5 UREY UN On Le aa Ed &| 9-94 D 4’ 1,654 Urey NG oh ae oe Fd 9 9-96: D 8/8” 1,562 UreyeNno. 3.28 ee eee Bieri ees 2 D 4’ 1,440? Reeve NO: ter aoe meee eee aera Ll PPE ee jekh ees ineyaNO!).. 5 ee eee Ke 3 993 | D 4'6"—4'10" |e ese 3 : LiraveN Os G22. eee Neon oe Sali Be Le eee By 1,650 HCL OME OO RMEOOM la: =s.\ 2 Fae mn pures Gas oe eee ee Lie? Se ee ee D ye 1,351 (See Glenwood Coal Co.) | | -*Mines not visited by writer, data furnished by Mine Inspector T. J. Lewis. > sae 132 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE WATER RESOURCES. In this chapter will be discussed first, precipitation in the area with reference to growth of crops and as a source of water supply; second, surface waters, their quantity, quality and seasonable vari- ation; third, the ground waters; fourth, present sources of private and public water supplies; fifth, water power. The topography and drainage have already been discussed and are shown on the map. PRECIPITATION The following table shows fairly well the average and seasonal precipitation in this area. The figures are not of equal value, for those from Punxsutawney cover only parts of three years and those from Grampian cover 45 years. The area is so small that the rain- fall probably varies but little within its limits. Even if more figures were at hand they might not differ materially from those for Gramp- ian. These figures indicate a well-watered area with a mean annual precipitation of nearly 45 inches. Rainfall has been as low as 26 inches and as high as 57 inches in this part of the State. The follow- ing table was compiled from the U. 8. Weather Bureau “Climatol- ogical Data.” Average monthly rainfall in inches at four stations. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.) Apr.| May |June | July |Aug. |Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. Gram pian oe eo LS 3.56 | 3.40 | 3.98 | 3.41) 4.29 | 4.19.) 4.93 | 4:00 | 3.20) 2.79 | 3.06 3.61 Punxsutawney_ ----. PER TAOS aioe LS Pro. 00 al ro. Ole a8) 4.77 | 4.04 | 5.98 | 2.93 | 5.44 | 2.59 3.31 Gleqrilel gue weeks ses ae 3.84) 2.69") 3.574) S40 47S ) 6.06 14.00 | b.14 | 3.784 28h e tage 3.09 Brookvillépeee = eee 3.08 | 2.47 | 8.15 | 2.96 | 8.59 | 4.07 | 4.66 | 4.21 | 3.40 | 2.80 | 3.05 2.95 (a) Period represented is shown below. Annual rainfall. Low High Mean Grampian, 1864-1909, ---..-...-_--- SS eae ene tn Be 32.46 57.50 44.37 IPUDXSULAWRHEY:, LOTS-TOLO™ hoo 2 22s Si cee a ene erect ene eae Fe ee ge hs | ee 48.97 CHEATTICIOS 41905-19247 ey Suc Ss FOE ee eee ee. 33.23 60.88 45.525 = IBTOOK Ville jyqgicub so se oe re Ae TS ea ee eC 26.23 55.48 41.06 *Records for 1913-1916 incomplete, for 1917-1919 complete. +Records for years not complete except for 1914-1923. According to the table, the highest precipitation is in June and August and the lowest in February and November. To show the variation in the monthly precipitation from year to year the records for Grampian by months for a number of years are given. WATER RESOURCES 133 Monthly rainfall from 1895 to 1904 at Grampian, Pa., in inches. Year | Jan.| Feb.| Mar.) Apr.| May | June | July | Aug.|Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Annual J 2 5.19 | 0.96 | 1.90 | 3.81 | 2.388 | 2.87 | 2.85./ 3.08 | 2.20 | 1.26 | 2.57 | 3.48 32.55 SO a 1.22 | 3.57 40D OU ee 20 eos ZO or Go a oN9S | 4.40) eto I o.200}0 1. 82 44.13 US) 6a 2.15 | 278) | 42h a ea oon) SLA f09-11o.40, jee LO .68 | 6.04 | 4.57 44.94 es) ae 3.81 | 2.06 | 8.40 | 2.30 128.380 | 5.08) 3.41) 4.12 | 1.54) 5.21 | 3.55 | 3.56 46.29 LSE EN sala 3.12 | 3.03 | 4.42) 1.67 1.5.34 | 3.00 1/3284) 1-38.54 | 3.00) 1.56) | 2.319) 3.96 38.79 TOU) ieee ae 3.2L 13.63 WS GL Melneoer2crd Wa. Lomuiel Sal tae Gl ant SD lrowocn| aati 2:5 4-0) 40.86 THEO 5 ee ae ee -2.03:| 1.98 | 1.887) 5.22 | 3.51) | 4.13.) 5.28 |4.22 | 2.95.) 26 |.3.74 | 3.30 38.40 (RU 6 2.42 184 | 2e8io Sil eeieiet Lo ue elem os7 Ol Boole soto cos saeleocoO 38.94 Ie » i. tee ee 2.89 | 4.64 | 4.89 | 3.72 | 2.51 | 4.98 | 5.15 | 4.94 | 1.98 | 4.55 | 8.74 | 3.30 47.29 Li 5.75 |.3,09 biGsOG Wake) cede eee nme ee ate eerste ee eee Nat aL WCE. eae ana 3.18 | 2:76 °| 4.23°193,15 | 8.26 14.13) 0.18) 3.76) 2.75) 2.43) 3.74 |. 8.380 41.36 (a) No record. The storm of May 30 and June 1, 1889 when rainfall in 32 hours at Grampian amounted to 8.6 inches, was very exceptional. That storm caused the high water which culminated in the Johnstown flood. RUN-OFF Part of the rainfall runs from the surface without sinking into the ground, part sinks into the ground but ultimately reaches the streams, and part evaporates, either directly from the surface or in the pro- cess of respiration by plants. There are no gaging stations in this area; two were established in October, 1913, just east of this area, for which records for one year are available. One of these stations is at Bower on Susquehanna River and the other at St. Lu on Chest Creek. Figures in the following table are quoted from the annual report of the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania for 1914, which report should be seen for the complete figures. The drainage area above Bower is estimated at 320 square miles. . 154 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE Monthly discharge of the West Branch of Susquehanna River at Bower, Clearfield County, Pa. Discharge in second-feet Run-off Month Second-feet, Maximum | Minimum Mean per square| Depth in mile | inches ® | 1913 | Pie oe ey SAD, 2 | 2,300 66 488 1.525 | 1.700 Neoweniber ! 2.. 224222 i eee ee 4,440 155 784 2.450 VAN Ba4 DeCemIDer S.22f Eee Eanes ernie Beet 1,140: 163 358 1:108- | 1.272 1914a } | UNV reas = 2 ee ee | DA, OJOS =e sees 5b3 1.728 1.992 ROUT. costs Le ee Se ee oe Dit 200s ee eee 888 RTD 2.890 Wuieneleerte ssa) =U Se Siku 2h. yee ee alee bb 550 |S seeee ees 1,240 3.875 4.468 ANS UTEUI, . 5 alk SRS SEED ES eee ees TEE 3 (20: 466 1,259 3.906 | 4.358 NERY oh. ee oe kt SS ae 3,900 79 | 658 2.056 2.370 CBC meme a we. oe es ee 797 60 178 0.556 | 0.621 RIC ymenenee Sree se Sek ee ee 236 60 109 0.341 9.397 ANOAIRKE | AdS ANOS SE Eas eee ot a eS ©, 150 48 | 70 0,219 0.253 Sepeemioermer ete: te oti. 2 Pe as eee 71 40 47 0.147 0.164 (a) River frozen Jan. 13-28 inclusive and Feb. 8 to Mar. 16 inclusive and discharge during frozen period including March 17 and.18 estimated from climatological records and Bald Hagle Creek at Beech Creek. (b) Estimated. This record shows that the minimum discharge in a month varies from 40 second feet to more than ten times that, or 466 second feet, and the maximum from 71 second feet to 5,550 second feet. The total run-off was 26.3 inches out of a total rainfall of probably 40 inches, or over 60 per cent. It should be recognized that these figures cover a very short period and therefore should not be given too much weight. Discharge measurements are not given for the station at St. Lu, as not enough measurements had been made to serve as a basis for the preparation of a discharge table. The drainage from an area of 110 square miles above St. Lu is from 4% to 4% of the dis- charge of the Susquehanna at Bower on the same day. Until more data are available the discharge may be assumed as roughly pro- portional to the areas of the drainage basins. Other gaging stations were also established at the same time at Clearfield on Susquehanna River and at Dimeling, on Clearfield Creek. 3 To check the figures given for Bower, discharge measurements made at Williamsport for 9 months of 1914 and for a number of previous years are given. The figures show the variation in run-off from year to year. WATHR RESOURCES 155 Discharge of West Branch of Susquehanna River at Williamsport, Pa. ——$— oS} i Discharge in second-feet Run-off Year Second-feet * ‘ Maximum | Minimum Mean (per square) Depth in mile inches TSS Sa SEs a eS 58,900: 410 Gs zecar 1.10 2.60 Lise 32223025 See See em uk 76,500 970. 8,681 | 15S 20.89 RCO), co: Se a ee eee Seana bee ee 53, 000: 600 8,299 1.47 19.99 ‘ USOS) 2 jsee Sees Se ee eee mers Ee |e ue 162,600 1120 9,885 AN SEAS 23 .82 et men eee AS se ee Sa 68, 800 690 7,971 1.41 19.19 or numneeere eet oT! Oe wo a eee 110, 100 710 7,591 ilar) 18.05 eee ee eo Le eee ee 1501, 900 1,120 10,605 1.88 25.63 Lies . dhs eae OR cen 164,100: 830 10,714 1.89 25.92 OCS: at Re SE eR ee PS ANS Do ol 8) 110,700 1,280 11,715 ALU 27.98 SMe so eS ee eee 135,100 830 9,450 1.68 22.83 La: eile Se ee Be Be A Se eT 111,100 1,610 12,000 2.00 20.77 TRICE fee ee ee ee eee 48 , 000) 1,120 7,310 1.30 17.61 Bree ould. Se eee eee eee 96, 600 630 8,830 1.57 21.40 OU, ee 2S A ae ns We i Se es 1038, G00! 495 9, 660: nye 23.84 ONO set 22 Jt ee ee ee oe ee 141,090 as & Se 8, 040 1.44 19.34 BOTO. oi eat er OR oe Oy tee 97,600 495 7,060 1.25 16.97 ROME We 258" 3 BOS Dia as Pie, Be eee. Meee 87,600 2,310 12, 300 2.18 29.50 Ds a eee erg ON OG Rep hat PONS tee 108 ,000: 259: 9,659 abaya 23.31 POA eS wot MS eee ie Peed Pek eet Po 119,000 588 10,000: bd abe cate ees. =. SS $s eens *To October. These figures show variations by years of nearly 100 per cent, the run-off for 1911, for example, being nearly double that for 1895. To illustrate further how the run-off varies from month to month there is given another table showing the mean monthly run-off at Williamsport for a few years. Monthly discharge of West Branch of Susquehanna River at Williamsport, Pa., for the year's 1896-1901, in second-feet. Months 1896 1807 1898 1899 1900 1901 Pate Oy) eee ee ce be 5,705 4,955 15,799 12,005 13,984 5,182 PPIGD TULA wae ees oa ok a 10,861 9,495 12,211 9,303 14,095 3,010 iar ieee eee = 2a 13 ,809 25,589 31,357 27 ,500 15, 689 20,920 AQU GI WO RES ee ae ee eos 20,118 18,869 12,900: 15,693 13,992 27 ,583 SW sue cae o) Sls Ae eee 3, 808 14, 294 10,536 7,484 | 4,923 15,403 Ubhays)’ 20 ye Se es Net 7,454 3,046 4,289 2,724 4,043 12,311 Aol bre 2 et > a 6,276 3,406 2,056 1,748 2,046 2,911 ARGUE US 2 ae SE py 6,382 8,712 4,467 1,335 15311 “ie Septentber meme, ~ ee 1,560 1,706 179 1,845 931 6,296 OCtODSE Re are eee eT dS stor, 1,286 eae 1,098 1,821 2,122 INO WET Derge \umeeneetenee ol. 8,770 6,716 8,513 5,744 9,328 4,266 Decentbere we! see ey Sas 6, 245: 11,475 7,590: 9,258 8,562' | 20,276 Annual amenn gm. e8s.o 8,681 8,295 9,885 7,971 7,501 10,606 » . As indicated by the table, the maximum run-off is usually in March or April, though not always. The run-off through December to April inclusive is usually above the average and, for the rest of the months, below the average. December, January, and February 136 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE may, however, all run under the average, especially when the river has remained frozen; occasionally May or June or some other month may run above the average. The summer and fall months, while generally below the average, are variable from year to year; thus the October run-off in 1896 was more than 12 times that in 1899. GROUND WATER The ground water is that which has sunk into the ground. After- wards it is returned to the surface, where it evaporates, runs out aS springs, is taken up by plants, or is raised from wells for household or other uses. On first entering the ground it descends, following passages or pores in rocks until it reaches either an impervious stratum or the level of saturation, or water table as it is called. The impervious strata encountered in this area are most commonly the beds of clay that underlie the coal beds. Reaching such a layer, the water may follow it down the dip to its line of outcrop, where the water escapes in the form of springs or boggy ground. If, on the other hand, it first reaches the water table, it tends temporarily to raise the level of that table, causing increased outflow in the valleys where the water table reaches the surface. As the surface of the ground in this quadrangle, in its broader features, slopes in general in the same direction as the dip of the underlying rocks, the under- ground waters have the same direction of movement as the surface waters. In like manner, the water table follows the topography of the surface, though it is less rugged in shape. As a rule, it is near the surface in the valleys, where it coincides with the surface of streams, ponds and lakes, and is farther from the surface on the hills, where its distance from the surface is indicated by the water level in wells. This depth varies with the character of the surface, the character of the underlying rock, and the season. It will be nearer the surface in the broad flat areas than near sharp declivities where the water may drain away readily. It will be nearer the sur- face that is underlain by fine-grained rocks, such as shales, than that underlain by coarse-grained rocks like sandstone. The surface of the water table rises rapidly after heavy rains and then gradually sinks again as the water drains away. In this area a large percentage of sandy strata, sandstones and sandy shales, permit a large absorption of the rainfall. This storage capacity equalizes to some extent the stream flow in summer. Dur- ing rainy weather and for a time afterwards the streams carry more or less water that has flowed down the surface without entering the ground. During the drier seasons, practically all of the stream run- off has, for a greater or less time, been circulating underground. WATER RESOURCES TP Lat Domestic supplies. Domestic supplies in this area, aside from public supplies, are derived from wells and springs. The wells are either dug or driven, mainly dug. As far as noted, all of the wells of the region are shal- low, the dug wells ranging, as a rule, from 10 to 30 feet deep. The driven wells in a few instances are nearly or quite 100 feet deep. The springs generally have a small flow though a few large springs were noted, some of the latter being used for town supplies. The spring and well water of this region is soft and healthful except where pulluted. A large proportion of the springs come from coal beds and may contain a high percentage of sulphur and iron. In a few instances, where springs are at sufficient elevation above the houses, the water is piped into the houses and, if the flow war- rants, modern plumbing is installed. .In a few places windmills and elevated tanks have been installed for household water supply. So far as was learned, the supply of water is abundant at all seasons. Town supplies. Most of the smaller towns depend exclusively on private wells and springs. Thus, Adrian is supplied by 17 wells, mostly dug, which range in depth from 14 to 47 feet. The wells at Burnside average 21 feet deep. Locally, as for example at Anita, a private well or spring has been made to serve the public, the owner being compensated for its upkeep by a remission of road taxes, or in some other way. The water supplies of the larger towns are briefly described as follows: Punxsutawney: The supply for Punxsutawney is drawn from the east branch of Mahoning Creek, 814 miles from town, from Clover Run 10 miles from town, and from one well 15534 feet deep at the filter plant at the mouth of the east branch of Clover Run. The reservoirs have an impounding capacity of 45 million gallons. From the reservoirs the water is sent through a horizontal pressure filter. The elevation is sufficient to give the necessary pressure in town. In addition to the public supply, about 150 private wells are also used in town. Glen Campbell: The supply is obtained from Brady Run about one- half mile east of town. The water is pumped from the reservoir of 50,000 gallons capacity to a pressure reservoir, from which it is dis- tributed. A few private wells are also used. Deep and artesian wells. Artesian water should be found in the valleys in the axes of the synclines in this area. Such water should be looked for in the sand- stones that outcrop above drainage on the anticlines and underlie 138 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE the valleys. Artesian wells have been obtained at Lumber City, near Clearfield, and one just west of Osceola Mills. The water in such wells is likely to be mineralized, as Shown by a well sunk in the Curwensville syncline near Clearfield. That well struck a weak brine between 400 and 500 feet below the surface and a strong brine between 700 and 800 feet. A gallon of water weighed 834 pounds and contained two-thirds of a pound of salt, 84 gallons being re- quired to furnish a bushel of salt. An analysis by Geo. H. Cook, of New Jersey, as given in the Second Geological Survey of Pennsyl- vania report H-7, page 140, is as follows: Analysis of brine from Clearfield “oil” well. COMMON «Salt ee cas, Meneses eee ee 69.010 Gitoride of Bittern, .calcium. (as ses en ner 25.090 (hioride;: of Magnesian: S1Gteri 2.6 mee fee 5.900 100.000 VARALO TEEN cotta oe. aise ie iere Alaeeane ony aia a 88.952 STUB ION. Biss 5 Siesta no aor Pain ee Seo flies S38 ly Ne Took TMLOITCR UC ALCHUINS i2.?, a a\e ne ae eek a oe ee ee PETE CCM dem Mao NEST rs 27556). +. seh ht ae eee .655 Na ig Ea COD oA seeks hte sn. acPoe ces anette een 007 SULT CAM AITO RME TEI) Ws tat arcicye hn Gro tninr meaning Serene 028 100.000 WATER POWER AND WATER STORAGE Power Ad, the present time this area holds out little inducement for water power projects of any size. A few places may prove worthy of study in the future, particularly in connection with any scheme of water storage. Present interest will probably be in the possible utilization of some of the small streams of the region in the production of small quantities of power for local domestic use. In many sections of the countdy small streams are being used for generating electricity for lighting individual houses or groups of houses and for run- ning machines on the farm and in the house. In many parts of this area the streams rise on the upland and flow from one to several miles before descending sharply to the main valley. Such streams have very small flow at most times and may go dry but, as the fall may amount to 100 or 200 feet in a quar- ter of a mile, it would seem that such streams might well be utilized by those through whose land they flow. To illustrate: according to WATER POWER AND WATER STORAGE 139 the topographic map, Rock Run, south of Glen Campbell, drains an area of 3 square miles and has a fall of 80 feet in the quarter of a mile just above its mouth. Assuming 80 per cent efficiency for a power installation, there is the equivalent of a little over 2 horse- power for each one-tenth inch run-off per square mile. This might be counted on to yield 10 horsepower through most of the year with- out storage. Whether such a project, or any other in this area, would be financially feasible, would depend upon the conditions at the pow- er site as affecting the cost of installation and maintenance, and the quantity of power used. Where the power is needed only a part of the day, the use of storage batteries or small water storage may allow the maintenance of a much larger output during dry weather than would be supplied by the unconserved run-off. In any discussions of water power it must be recognized that in any region situated as this is, in the heart of the coal field, cheap coal everywhere available, water power cannot compete with the coal because of the high cost of installation except where conditions are especially favorable. There are no waterfalls in the area but sever; al streams, rising on the upland, descend sharply by a series of low cascades to their outlet valleys at a much lower level. To take advantage of such conditions always involves the building and maintenance of a flume of some length and of a penstock which, in most instances, will be expensive. The matter is presented here only as a suggestion. Storage In addition to the many possible small developments, a few larger developments may be feasible in the future. Most, if not all, of these projects involve dams of considerable length, usually at least 1,000 feet long on top (for a height of 60 to 100 feet). As such a dam would yield only a very limited amount of power, the largest present interest in such places must be as possible sites for impounding water for the benefit of stream navigation, larger power plants far- ther down the rivers, or for flood prevention. Among places of special interest in this connection are: Little Mahoning Valley near Enterprise; top of dam 100 feet high, probably not over 1,000 feet long; or 180-foot dam, but length would be from 2,000 to 8,000 feet; area drained 36 square miles. Bear Run, just above McGees Mills. Ugly Run, above Rossiter Junction. : Possibly East Branch of Mahoning Creek near mouth of Clover Run. i 140 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE None of the places mentioned were specifically examined for dam sites, and the suggestions are made mainly from recollections of the conditions at those points, supplemented by data from the maps and from photographs. At the present time, there are a few water power developments of very minor importance, such as that on Ugly Run above Rossiter Junction. INDEX A coal, 47, 93, 98, 106 A’ coal, 47, 88, 93, 94 Adrian, coal at, 73, 76 coke ovens at, 75 Adrian mine, 75, 76 Allegheny group, coals of, 26, 71, 86, 90, 104, 112, 116 Alluvial clay, 51 Altitudes, 17 Ames limestone, 21, 22, 24, 56, 71, 76, 78, 80 Analyses of coal mine samples, 12, 48, 49 of iron ore, 68 of limestone, 60, 61 Anita, coal at; 73, 76 Arcadia, coal mines at, 115, 117 coal at, 118 sandstone at, 112 Artesian wells, 137 Bakerstown coal, 21, 25, 75, 77, 78, 80, 99;- 117,120 Banks No. 1 mine, 102 Barton coal, 22, 24, 118 B coal, 45, 88, 93, 98, 106, 120 Bear Run, sandstone outcrop, 61 Bear Run. mine, 102 Beatty, Jim, coal opening, 95 Beccaria Coal Company, 101 Beech Run, sandstone at, 92 Bellnap, coal] at, 119 shale at, 117 Bells Mills, coal at, 838 Bell township, limestone in, 23 Bennett bank, 115 Berea sand, 64 Big Injun sandstone, 31, 78 Big Run, coal at, 72, 76, 83, 84, 98 Bolivar flint clay, 28, 53 Bowdertown, sandstone at, 63 coal at, 23, 118 Bowers mine, 88 | Boye, M. H., work of, 13 Brookville or A coal, 47, 98, 98, 106 Grown, Frank P., bank, 84 Brown, Joe, coal opening, 95 Brown, J. W., mine, 76 Brush Creek coal, 21, 22,,24, 70, 75, 77, 79, 84, 96 | Brush Creek limestone, 21, 56, 117 Brush Valley syncline, 35, 36 Buchannon bank, 113 Buffalo & Susquehanna No. 3 mine, 84 Buffalo formation, 24, 78, 82 Buffalo sandstone, 22, 23, 25 77, 78, 80, 84, 90, 93 Buhrstone ore, 29, 68 Rurgoon sandstone, 78 Burnside, coal at, 117, 118, 119 sandstone at, 117 Burnside district, 115 C coal, 45, 88, 98, 119 C’ coal, 45, 88, 93, 106 Cambridge limestone, 21, 22, 25 Cannel coal, 45, 95 Canoe Creek, coal at, 76, 78, 79, 83 sandstone at, 19 Carnahan bank, 113 Cessna mine, 105, 109 Chance, H. M., work of, 14 Chemical character of coals, 48 Cherry Grove mine, 85 Chestnut Ridge anticline, 35, 104, 112 Clarion (A’) coal, 47, 88, 93 Clarion flint clay, 101, 113 Clarion sandstone, 29, 47, 62, 81, 89, 91, 94, 101, 102, 103, 107 Clay, 49, 51, 56 Clayville, coke ovens at, 75 Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., 89 Cloe, coal at, 78, 84 sandstone at, 63 Clover Run, coal at, 84 gas well at, 66 Coal, analyses, 12, 48, 49 production of, 11, 75 names of beds, 37 reserves, 120, 124-7. (141) 142 Coal, resources, distribution of by dis- tricts Burnside district, 118,-120 Gipsy district, 112-115 Glen Campbell district, Locust district, 79-81 Newtonburg district, 98-103 Punxsutawney district, 73-77 Richmond district, 98-96 Rossiter district, 88, 89 Winslow district, 83-85 Coke ovens, 12, 75 Coking coal, 12 Commercial mines, table, 130-131 Conemaugh group, stratigraphy of, 22, fos, 11s Connoquenessing sandstone, 30, 31, 101 Conrad mine, 76 Curwensville, sandstone at, 30 shale at, 31 Cush Creek, coal on, 110 Cush Creek Junction, coal at, 109 Cushake Coal Mining Company, measure- ment furnished by, 109 106-111 D coal, 44, 73, 88, 93, 98, 105 Deckers Point, 92, 93, 95 Deemer, F. C., gas well of, 66 Dewey mine, 75 Dixonville syncline, 35 Doty Roundtop, coal near, 94 Dowler Junction, coal at, 119 Dubendorf bank, 114 Pe rcoal 4052) SU.481,° Sid, 2s, LOD East Branch, coal at, 76 Hast Run, coal at, 112, 114 gas wells near, 65 Eleanora shaft, 72, 76 Elk Run, coal at, 72, 76 Elk Run mine, 76 Elk Run, shaft, 73, 75 Enterprise, coal near, 88, 89, 93 sandstone at, 63, 89 Ewing limestone, 21 Fagen, H. J., Fifth sand, 64 Finley Mills, coal at, 78 Flinns, coal mine at, 103 Flint clay, 50, 54, 55, 56, 81, 95, 101, 118 Flora, coal near, 88, 106 work of, 13 Florence mines, 76 Frantzer bank, coal at, 100 Freeport, coal at, 72 Freeport sandstone, 63 Gallitzin coal, 24 Gardner bank, 119 Gas, 64 Gas sand, 64 Gas wells, 66 Geology by districts Burnside district 115-119 Gipsy district 111-115 Glen Campbell district 103-111 Locust distriet 77-81 Newtonburg district 96-103 Punxsutawney district 70-77 Richmond district 89-96 Rossiter district 85-89 Winslow district 81-85 Gipsy, coal near, 113 gas wells near, 65 Gipsy district; 111 Glen Campbell district, coal near, 103, 106 sandstone near, 63 mines at, 119 Gorman, Alexander, coal bank, 113 Gorman, James, coal bank, 113 Graham Run, coal mines on, 110 Ground water, 136 Liagg, F. S., coal opening, 75 Hamrock Coal Company, 85 Harlem coal, 21, 75, 78, 80, 118, 120 Harmony, coal at, 72 Henderson township, limestone in, 23 Hess mine, 81 > Hess Run, coal at, 81 Hillman, coal at, 83, 88 Hillman mine, 85 Hillsboro mines, 113 Hillsdale, coal at, 112, 115 sandstone at, 63, 118 Hillsdale sandstone, 112 History of mining, 128 Hoffman bank, 113 Homewood sandstone, 14, 30, 61, 97, 101, 102 Hooverhurst, eoal at, 115 Hoover place, coal on, 100 Horatio, coal at, 77 Horton Run, coal on, 110 Hudson, coal at, 82 we battle 143 Tron, 67, GS Iron ore, 74 Irwin, Alexander coal] bank, 115 Jeffries, Aaron, coal mine, 95 Johnsonburg, coal near, 106 © “ gas wells near, 65 Juneau, Berea sand near, 64 coal near, 88 gas near, 64, 78 limestone near, 80 sandstone at, 25, 63 shale near, SO Juneau Coal Mining Company, 80 Kanaar, H. M. Company, 89 Kanma Coal Mining Company, 103 Kinter Hill, coal at, 92, 95 limestone at, 95 KKinter Hill anticline, 35, 65 Leasure Run, coals at, 81 Lesley, J. P., work by, 138 Limestone, analyses, 56, 60, 61 horizons, 56, 57 Limonite, 68 Lindsey, limestone near, 67, 74 iron ore at, 74 sandstone at, 74, 77, 79 shale at..22, 25, 79 Lines, E. F., work of, 14 Little Clarksburg coal, 21, 22, 23 Locust Colliery Company, 89 Locust district, 77 Locust Lane, coal near, 79, 81, 89 shale at, 22, 25 Logan, coal at, 113 Lower Freeport (D) coal, 44, 78, 75, 88, 93, 98, 105 Lower Freeport limestone, 28 Lower Kittanning clay, 51 Lower Kittanning (B) coal, 45, 88, 93, 98, 106, 120 Lower Mahoning sandstone, 42, 76 Lowry, S. L., and Bash, S. J. coal bank, Soe © McClure, Andy and McConne Dean, coal bank, 84 McClure Mining Company, 99 pe McGees Mills, coal at, 47, 98, 101, 102 118, 120 sandstone at, 12, 29, 68, 97, 107 sandstone outcrop, 61, 62 Madeira Hill Mining Company, 100 Mahaffey, coal near, 98 iron ore near, 68 Mahoning clay, 76 Mahoning coal, 15, 21, 71, 75 Mahoning limestone, 21, 22, 56, 67, 74, 76 Mahoning sandstone, 14, 96, 109, 117 Martin coal bank, 113 Mauch Chunk shale, 14 Mercer coals, 30, 47, 101, 102, 104 Mercer limestone, 30 Mercer shales, 30 ; Middle Kittanning or C coal, 45, 88, 98, 119 Mining, history of, 128, 129 Morgantown formation, coal in, 23 sandstone in, 2+ Morgantown sandstone, 22, 23, 118 Mount Airie mine, 119 Murrysville sand, 78 Nashville, coal at, 92, 114 Newtonburg district, 96 e coal in, 47, 98-1038 Newtonburg, sandstone at, 1%, 63 eoal at, 9° gas wells near,- 65 Numann, J. 'A., coal bank, 114. Oil, 64 Jrd, coal at, 94 sandstone at, 94 Painter Run, coal at, 77, 78 Patchin, John, coal bank, 119 Patchinville, coal at, 117 Peck, F. B., work of, 14 measurements by, 108, 109, 110, 111 Phillips, T. W., Gas & Oil Company, 65 Summary of gas wells by, 66, 67 Pifer place, coal on, 81 Pifer, W. P., limestone quarry section, 24 Pine Creek limestone, 78, 80 Platt, Franklin, work of, 13 Platt, W. G., work of, 14 Pottsville sandstone, 14, 61 # 144 Pottsville series, 380, 87, 91, 116 coals of, 31 Punxsutawney Coal Company, 88 Punxsutawney, coal at, 75 gas at or near, 36, 64 iron ore near. 68 sandsii¢e at. 25 shale .., 22 Punxsutawney (Clayville) limestone analysis, 68 Punxsutawney district, 70 Punxsutawney synecline, 35, 36 Pyrite, 74 Kaintall, 132, 133 Reserves of coal, 120, 124-7 Richardson, George, coal mine, 93 Richmond, coal at, 79, 81, 91 limestone at, 12, 57, 93 sandstone at, 29, 61-63, 92 Richmond anticline,,.3o, 2 Richmond district, ‘89 Robertsville, coal near, 113 Rogers, H. D., work of 18 4 Robey, Comelin: ‘coal opening, 94 tomely, John, coal opening, 95 a foal néar, B84! eee oe iron ore near, 68 mines at, 89 sandstone at, 25, 63 Rossiter district, 85 Rossiter Junction, coal at, 85 Run-off, 133 Rossiter, & Salt sand, 64 Saltsburg sandstone, 22, 23, 112, 118 Sanders, R. H., work of, 13 Sandstone, 61 Savan, coal near, 92, 93 limestone at, 81, 94 sandstone at, 25, 63 Sawmill Run, coal at, 72, 74, 75 coke ovens at, 75 Schlimmer, G., farm, iron ore on, 68 Schlimmer place, coal on, 100 Shadyside mine, 101 Shale, 56 Sidney, coal at, 102, 103 coal mines near, 107 section at, 102 Sigers, Miles, coal bank, 89 Sliding Rock Bend, iron ore at, 74 Smith, B., coal bank, 115 Smith, J. R., coal bank, 1138 Smith, J. C., coal mine, 88 Smithport, coal near, 106, 107, 110 gas wells at, 65 limestone at, 60 South Branch Coal Company, 102 Speechley sand, 64 Spicher’s, Mrs., coal bank, 114 Standard No. 1 mine, 101 Staley, David, mine, 76 State, A.; coal mine, 89 Stratigraphy by districts Burnside district 115-118 Gipsy district 111, 112 Glen. Campbell district 104 Locust district 77, 78 Newtonburg district 96, 9T Punxsutawney district 7%, ei Richmond district 90-92 Rossiter district 86, 87 Winslow district 82, 83 Stony Run, coal at, 84 Structure, 34. Burnside district 118 Gipsy district 112 Glen Campbell district 104 Locust district 79 Newtonburg district 97 Punxsutawney district 7i Richmond district 92 Rossiter district 87 Winslow district 83 a aylor, mh: Ci cited ais Tiona sand, 64 Ugly Run, coal at, 80, 84 Underclay, 49 Upper Freeport clay, 51 Upper Freeport coal, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 40, 67 (See also under E coal) Upper Freeport limestone, 61, 81, 82, 84, 89, 90, 91, 95 Upper Kittanning or C’ coal, 45 (see also under OC’ coal) Upper Mahoning sandstone, 22, 23, 74, 79, 88, 84, 85, 100 Upper Mercer coal, 102 Urey, coal near, 108 145 Vanport limestone, 18, 29, 57, 61, 68, Williams station, clay at, 76 93, 104 limestone near, 67, 76 section at, 25 Walston, coal at, 72, 74, 75 Windfall Run, limestone at, 76 Water power and water storage, 138-140 Winslow district, 81, 85 Water resources, 132 . Weber mine, 76 Wehrum flint clay, 54 Wells coal bank, 114 Winslow, coal at, 84 sandstone at, 19, 68, 84 Work’s place, limestone burned on, 95 Woods Run limestone, 56 White, Eliza, mine, 119 * White, I. C., cited, 24 Wilgus, coal at, 114, 115 Young, C. A., work of, 13 gas wells near, 65 Young, Joe, coal bank, 89 THE LBRARY OF THE OCT 25 1996 oe on UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 3 0112 02692255 on “Tiga