HS P3e2to Y10.65 Bop ) TMENT OF FORESTS A PENNSYLVANIA De ruARe SECRETARY ND WATERS TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNEY AREA, PLATE I (Du Bois} 4 7 a wa 7 MT) ss SS cies i WW Auitetes, A Tr we ¥ ge fo, (3 WAG rian Pel nceey} ip O Hix ar’ Ay | LINE BOUNDARY is s h cate: sores rl) opera Amma Winslow JEFFERSON TRDIANA COX: } fee “3 Rossiter {Vobn¥onburg (Curwensville/ f Run. CZ a ld ,/ a . Smith port — FHoytons FO i j++ 4 Bro! Ve 34 : Roberts Pte Ss \ Ss Fe “ vet OY, : 3 lig - Nashville Ord RO] ARFIE LD CLE ae OY =prrerh tna | Howde srtowh S L ekers aac Porat. 7 settys buy; 5 ns } is Hillsdz slo ae ehhsl) pL 1644 mil bs (Barnesboro) Sih aap tnarangle, Pennsylvania ™? MAP OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA ea Surveyed in peration with the State of Pennsylvania in 1902-1904 Showing Topography 1 Seale 62560 2 3 * Miles a “s 5 Kilometers % ada? : gue. PEE RAE 2 F. a= ewe fee cpt diy 204 ye Rs ‘a 25 i 4 : ae ann ot ee i“ teum! U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR JEFFERSON C¢ FX DIANA CO. Lacust: Larip¢ cH tho ~ — < PotyRou ndtop Base from U. S. Geological Survey topographic map of Punxsutawney quadrangle, Pennsylvania Surveyed in cooperation with the State of Pennsylvania in 1902-1904. PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS R. Y. STUART, SECREDARY TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST —a Bois) TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF PENNSYLVANIA f SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNEY AREA PLATE II (Dru EXPLANATION SEDIMENTARY ROCKS > wy J Alluyvium (in flood plains of present streams) a | Conemaugh group (shale, thin limestone, sume red shale, thin coal beds locally workable, and coarse thick-bedded sandstones ; containing Salts- burg, Csb, and Upper Mahoning, Cum, members) Allegheny group (chiefly light and aark gray clay shale with variable beds of coarse gray sand- stone and several valuable coal beds. Upper Freeport coal on top, Brookville coal at base; containing faire Cel, aul other sandstone members) Pottsville series (thick-bedded sandstone with shale in the middle carrying thin coal, locally workable) [Yaa orth, Sumy { Johnson! ppb ed (Curwensville; 7 ? ey =" : S fmoenid gy AO f # ~ | Ei Se; AMOENACO BALTIMORE MAP OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA Showing Areal Geology * Geology by Geo. H. Ashley, F. B. Peck, anaes _ Lines, 1905-1907 forthe U.S. Geological. Survey, in Cooperation with ae TopogrePr': and Geological Survey + ik . Commission of Pennsylvania, ia F Scale 62500 h 1 2 4 Miles ee —— $< 3 E 5 Kilometers = == = — SS —— —————— Contour interval 20 feet. Datum is mean s@@ level. 1926 Frat 20 AGUA HL Auvyel TAL UNIVERSITY oF TLUNOIS LiBRARy PENNSYLV STS AND WATERS U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY oe » SECRETAR ATLAS OF : EORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTO TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY PENNSYLVANIA GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Dl R foam SHEET 65, PUNXSUTAWNyY AREA PLATE II GEORGE H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST (Du EXPLANATION | Alluvium (in flood plains of streams.) Area underlain by Upper Freeport or £ coal and clay and by the rocks above E coal. Contains the Saltsburg, Csb, and Upper Mahoning, Cum, sandstones, CONEMAUGH Upper Freeport or E coal Outcrops of rocks between the Upper Freeport or E coal and clay at the top and the Lower Freeport or D coal, Lower Freeport or D coal Outcrop of rocks between the Lower Freeport or D coal and clay at the to, and the Lower Kitianning or B coat. The Freeport coals have been eroded JSrom this area, ALLEGHENY | Lower Kittanning or B coal Outerop of rocks between the Lower Kittanning or B coal and clay at the top and the Brookville or A coal. Con- tains the Clarion sandstone, Ccl, The Freeport and Kittanning coals have been eroded from this area. Brookville or A coal Outerop of rocks below the Brookville or A coul. POTTSVILLE COAL CLAY AND LIMESTONE —Harlem coal —Ames limestone 20383 {Ossi ; —Bakerstown coal —Brush Creek on —Mahoning cont —Upper Freeport or E —Lower Freeport or D —Upper Kittanning or O —Lower Kittanning or B —Vanport limestone — Brookville coal SYMBOLS Ss Sandstone quarry *® Commercial coal mine x Small coal mine or prospect 4 Coal outcrop or bloom ci® Commercial clay mine cix Clay prospect clA Clay outcrop fla Flint clay outcrop isa Limestone outerop %£ Gas well % Show of gas Dry hole SANDSTONE Outcrop of massive sandstone suitable Sor foundations, bridge abutments, and general building. Cum—Upper Mahoning sandstone Csb —Saltsburg sandstone Ccl —Olarion sandstone Ve Structure contours a on Upper Freeport or E coal. Contour interval 50 feet Ce NS: AS 5 2: al rT ey IE ~ = 4 >, = « ee Oe — 7B, my “ty ] V =a B . . ait: Cc farnesboro D E Anornscounsment Geology by Geo. H. Ashley, F. B. Peck, of Punseutawney quadingie Foray! MAP OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE, PENNSYLVANIA Ce ie eerie US. of Punxsutawney quadrangle, Pennsylvania the Topographic and Geological Survey Surveyed in cooperation with the . . . State of Pennsylvania in 1902-1904. Showing Mineral Resources and Structure Commission of Pennsylvania. 1 Scale 62500 ; ° = = —_—— 3 Mil - SS SS Se ———— = = —F @ Miles = = = 3 3 1 2 3 r SS = = ee —— _5 Kilometers Contour interval 20 feet. Datum is mean sea love] 1926 a n i aie . ie GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOURTH SERIES THE LBRARY OF rye OCT 2 5 1098. TOPOGRAPHIC AND Guivensiry OF 1: 'NOIS ATLAS of PENNSYLVANIA NO. 65 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE. a, ~ GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES By GEorGE H. ASHLEY . Prepared in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey 4 : Department of Forests and Waters — | R. Y. Stuart, Secretary Topographic and Geologic Survey G. H. Ashley State Geologist an Ay pts ‘ 1 —_ sk, { COPYRIGHTED, 1926 , By R. Y. STUART . Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters for the = s Commonwealth of Pennsylvania og ers 4 FA EF MO.65 S926 AO, a py ‘a ’ CO OA - wy ea. 4 bor Of ra) a “¥ . LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. R. Y. Stuart, Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters. Sir: I have the honor to submit for printing my report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of the Punxsutawney Quadrangle. The field work for this report was done principally in 1905 under a cooperative agreement by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey Commission. The field work was done by the writer, assisted by Frederick B. Peck, professor of geology at Lafayette College, and Edwin F. Lines of the U. 8. Geologi- cal Survey. It was not completed in 1905 owing to the early recall of Professor Peck and the demands of other work upon the writer, who at that time had general supervision of all the Federal geologic work going on in the eastern coal fields of the United States. The writer made a number of subsequent trips to the field, closing up gaps in the original field work. Increase of administrative duties and later his removal to Tennessee as State Geologist delayed the completion of the report. The text, however, was completed in 1917 but has awaited funds for publication since that time. In its present form advantage has been taken of some additional information obtained through coal mine inspectors of the Department of Mines of Penn- sylvania. The Punxsutawney region has long been one of the active coal mining centers of the coal fields of Pennsylvania. Because of its loca- tion it has been a large source of supply to New York and New Eng- land States. At the time it was examined some of the largest mines of the State were in this area. Since 'the original field work was completed there has been a large development in this field, but many areas containing coal of good thickness still He undeveloped. Respectfully submitted, State Geologist. May 10, 1925. (3) PREFACE. The Topographic and Geologic Atlas of Pennsylvania presents the results of the Survey’s “thorough and extended survey of the State for the purpose of elucidating the geology and topography of the State.” (Act of June 7, 1919, establishing Survey. ) The Act further provides: “The Survey shall disclose such chem- ical analysis and location of ores, coals, oils, clays, soils, fertilizing and other useful minerals, and of waters, as shall be necessary to afford the agricultural, mining, metallurgical, and other interests of the State, a clear insight into the character of its resources. The Survey shall also disclose the location: and character of such rock formation as may be useful in the construction of highways or for any other purpose.” d The results of the surveys may, in accordance with the pro- visions of the Act, be presented in the form of several series of publications as follows: 1. Topographic Atlas Sheets 16 x 20 inches: The surveys for these sheets are made by the State in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, each paying half the costs. The engraving, printing and distributing of these sheets is done by the U. S. Geological Survey at Washington, D. C. bo The Topographic and Geologic Atlas: Maps and texts show- ing and describing the topography, geology and mineral re- sources of the State by quadrangles. This series continues and supplements all “folios” and “economic bulletins” of Pennsylvania already published by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the State. Each quadrangle is an area about 1744 miles long from north to south and about 131% miles wide from east to west and is represented by a single map or Sheet. The quadrangles are numbered from west to east and from north to south. Sheet No. 65 is in the seventh row from the western edge, and ‘the fifth sheet from, the northern boundary of the State. The reports constituting the atlas will bear the same numbers. The following figure shows the geographic position of the Punxsutawney Quadrangle, Sheet 65, and the areas described in geologic folios and bulletins of the United States. Geological Survey. (The numbers on folios and bulletins of the U. S. Geological Survey do not follow this system. ) County Reports: As the Atlas Sheets and reports are highly detailed and somewhat technical, a series of County Reports will present the general facts in more popular language, and Co (4) a ae Al on maps without topography. These reports will also review the broader aspects of the subject, and in particular will pre- sent the detailed Soil Maps and Soil Reports. 4. Mineral Resources: These reports are confined to describing and showing the location of a single mineral resource over the State, with studies of the technology, including the min- ing, preparation and marketing of the minerals. ». Underground Water Resources: In general, water resources will be discussed in the County Reports or in the Topo- graphic and Geologic Atlas, but general studies on under- ground water supplies will follow in a fifth series of reports. 6. Soil Reports: In general, Soil Maps and Reports will ac- company the County Reports, but general maps or discussions on soil conditions will fall in this series. Saas eae ie = | 4 oe ie 64 474 yea ' -——— ey aa ya t+ NEW CASTLE” CLEARFIE LAWRENCE 5 FG CLEARP Se Ueia Le Ci R ee ee ) a | BUTLER ' | \ | BEAVEIR lie (26 ' 10, BEAVER Lah a ; F134 | FlI76 ‘ 1 | B286 oe 1 ) Pe wv \ L “225 ND H a aN 17 pats | 177 '} B31I8 |\B456 “ek || WASHINGTON | C28. Ss WASHINGTON ES | F180 7 F144 cee “'| B3I8 | B300 USGS. FOLIOS BY NUMBER (F) USGS. BULLETINS BY NUMBER ‘B) FIGURE 1. The loeation of the Punxsu- tawney quadrangle is indicated by the darker ruling (No. 65). Index map of western Pennsylvania. ~ CONTENTS | Page Introduction O32 oi ek oe 84 ca ake wee ee en ONO... ee vel Locationjand area i202... es. bone ee, 11 Number) and kind: of»mineral resources ages eles ee... ee 12 Previous geologic! work, ic 3. scias.c «3 + seen as... 13 Recent, Work 405 jie co sos iemniate ce vats fe ess er. | aa 4 14 Sunface’ relief and drainage... 200... - aes, ok. ee 16 Contour [Wes Missle 5 alleles lenis el cts et eS, Se » 16 Drainage wt eee ge wt ha g, Aa On ee 2, ae re aly Aeititude: of region". . Guid i wewls oy oh ss le, ee... ‘ Li General -character: of surface .. Av cs). Few. vss le els... cae AZ [eich Coa RO SNe eS | 18 General statement... .iew «sistas vtec wie beens a A ie 18 General character of ‘outcrops )Gsc il. 4meeeea sb oe: cRat ae 18 Rocks: GUuteropping’ x. ses.) ars we ole oe Peed eis wid ley ob 0 a ek ae 19 Conemaugh » £ToUp er i046 625 ee eo a ee FU oy te ae Morgantown. formation ss ices a ok re ee le bse. etek cue 20 Saltsburg i fOTMIAtlON ce. vpsieok se syns 6H oe alee a oe «os a ele «ne 23 Buffalo’ formation! \s0 8.0088 62s er as gia to ee ea oe 24 Mahoning formation: s.3.20' viieleccus! «oats sMalviecd tes. wile x © sl sete one nnn 20 Allegheny 2roup yaGs Psy ose ele le tee net ele eh ehs 6 eae 26 Distance :between,.coal beds ©. 5422.54). 5 wins ee oO een eles ae eee 2t Mreeport LOrmation sss 2.) sniate. ua) clays cation eae ae eee ee 28 Kittanning: formation ys... 5 2% 2 cadets ee ele a eee ote ee 28 Clarion “formation. 2a ewies wa ate SR (GLEE nc CRE ORES co One, ar os ere 29 Pottsville «(KRanawhs) -serids . .7. . wiecactemei ete deere hii. cso 0 ne 30 Mauch Chunk: series (ve +. Sat Ats.c vc ase aera a ot Stee eas Sos ae ne 31 PO@ONO | SOTIES. gene F's Sess HEEL ae aig» enc Rae ase ede one om Say ip ea 31 Devonian. system 2": v5. ike mite © od ek le oe teehee eh etn bode bo ee 32 DPUPHCCULE aii cs os oleh okie os va ect cae Je Quadasathete atateia? 23) aoe os ae 34 Meaning of> term) aso sidipt egies o wlote abe tans ty gen ots ice ae 34 ‘Representation ‘of etrietiare (S05 ahi ode es eee em rma oni et oo ale 34 Deseription of» structure py) oo sce ae Wee eae tees a tree ee ree, Wie noc ae 35 Chestnut-Ridgve anticline (i fo cee ee eters ee rs ae ees teeta ce vee Minter. Hill santicling i. ore eee a tea hee ors) at sean ee ee 35 | Punxsutawney SVielinen ss\s ec ae nea eh see eta ae keen rede ee 36 Brush . Valley Symelimes s ioc ccs he a beta aeks Fis (evahe ahs ene ah cn 36 Gerieral etonomic geology’. «4 s s.c.. s esr ck vibielele.e obey dic use ea are ee 36 AMOUR ele so a ov be avers el beta Meetererete ara Lace’y nhey elloteoe rn, Pitas alates ee ano mates Wek Swumber and names” of beds2.0)-4..% ecale cnt wie Pee ene eee eee 37 Mopers reeport oF H) ‘coal. i... s28.as alte alam, ieee tae a ee rere eae ee oe 40 oweretireeport: or D. coal (54) 0s «se 5 Oat een RS RE ot aati er eee sag 49 Kinds of; clay Ss (etieetttieta ete dea) » «tn oie A aM ates netessety te cat ye a) eeenane! othe 1a 49 Underclay* ere, A's: <<... UL ei hanno. ett ot. ae 49 . Flint: clay), sc cpl eae. ss AE Sete Sere ee a are, sc 50 Alluvial. clay * Teele Sb) cs 2 ee eke, oe 51 (6) Bointribution. Gum wene : 6 cee. ete Mecleccs cele cece’ + oe 0 4 es. 51 Hale |... Gam OOP se etuele sas a ot ss evs ialek Sc) ee eanieiere clle 56 UTELCSTOTLC : « Seummreeuatet yg lees = Gi cietie) Soak gts ciao. aire: «: » 'nyn' thay Ogee 56 LAMESt One ME eee ata ieys oss 6 ccgncteceetedee Pio’s.clle.o «cts nie Gtaltn EE cre 56 AT Al yses | HMMM MEAT Cree. e ec 5.05.8 oi Miya retest eves 0.0 0's! o, al Rg eee ne 60 SAMUStONG. (Same Me ReeCM REE, '« Siakeicicees quatein ss of ool b casera PE a ee 61 Oilband gas Pees eh cis oo cuatate Ware Asa tce o/0 1 teehee et en eee E 64 Deore’) Wee. 2 Sethe tes aie he Pao, oad CA, ea taal She seat oie Aiea ase ee 67 metailed georogy bY dIStPIClS... wax «.c, cow kee» cuets Shanice ieee Nee pera ae 69 Pounxsutawaey districts sae tepr is ac eee + cert ies ere eee 70 Introductory statement 32), A eeu si is gee on ae i ee 70 Stratigraphy if... es sees Ge tee grew deere cee eee oan a aa 70 Conemaugh grouped, wes eae viele A oeea-e ooae ae calc arl S ee ena ee nei meen 70 Ballegheny’. group Maceleea akon. se ebew web eo iene vane alee o atic ch eae een renee rar DEPUCTUILG i oo. eco Mee ea tla F-ae Roe UNG wa Ege Ran rc, 0 71 STOR DOGS: .. sss saie et are tee a toeaae sae stants ihala State a eptoLalG ay sal amare aM 72 FRRCOAL «ecg Sa Baar eis cad taateralens otal el Ramee tae oe oe neem ale eS 72 LY CORD” Sea cciee dR Fis ogee ee coat oe tate Riad cals ae he ed ee 13 Distribution! Gf: xresOUTCess ver weeds Soe Fie le ele We hae Meee ee ee 73 BFOCUSE Gistriet grcats ay 6 ak eae onthe os ores OR aea he oes aed eo T7 Int¥oductoryietarementuest ss se ees Pears SOY Ogata ae Seo eae ee is Stratizraphy-of euteroppine TOCKS we ee cies: Bars Sea e sca Mee eee Thee Stratigraphy: of roekmi nor exposed. ocd oni: aa s.s os 6 sie ew oe aoe ie tees 18 PO LEUCEUY CEN ce eek PeRTERS a ghey c's otis ales eleielt c'se ca ‘ug e 6 heme CRT eee enene 79 DPSU CURIE Ole SOUT COS men cra a a oy eet are cade, wejls, bia» enkndua eovcvets Meanege ake ne 79 LWW ET's LONG MRI M ETC Ute meen Mere rte) ct che, wie aia la/sfdle ao a. 6 a) 4G se won Hee Sune aly UNE $1 TVD Ree UG LEAT CLO War ccs a choca sole er aca. see el wigs ole 0. os; sehen’ Shore heeena ei Re tanRrCnene 81 PSU Tr ay eT ea 9 8 eet Gia Gitiin, iN oS 4" 3, 0 su io,.0 "0 die @ 0. 6) of el epsaee eae eens 82 ye eeer LY CHRON eas, Sig, Scale niece gecesi ecb e wc oa cies oh vere Waihi» 5 ohne 83 A) eee OII SCL eC OS OU COS PEs Ger a3 cs gree nie see arb 4 a0 oebtSla. ale w bck) gi shosa Bevan ere 83 ecto MEISE DICE te Pe ee oe Stace hoes So Ddoese vl os ae 8 aid SES Cas a ee ee 85 EMCEE VERS OT CINCTIU re coeds is Sits ad sud cl diol ate sac ietleie F oh delete a ots Ree 85 PPP tN Dy PET Picea Acie sores kd SO ai eid GREY diets e'a a0 0 0-4.8.4 8 4 ohio gate ale 86 DoT reeel Ie STUNT eta hs ene ia aye cc Ae clad d 8 <8 t's sIkIe aver(oahee ov Bio 86 ee eee var Cg eet ae twos da ihe f.5 2S afdis Wo ded bie ae 6 eto de OU at ws ale we 86 ee Es Pe eee US i roy cate a-s-u e's a) ele aliave ave & fide Bie Wales 87 See ce ett eT Se PEN A BPN he a wicl Ais ces FOG Od ae LEW ERA ee awed 87 eeu RE fe ee ee ee a gist ny d Dae Tate, pe adh ayelisle lee aw teide eel be 87 ne Fer ne NE Mer ARM, te Yh dei cae oanl Dbarg: Riareie Gia otelels @ widle eee ewe b 6 6 wa yee er Sey er eee |, Sd Beg GUN ciate Pid hg ics vG Ds ecshctetw eeu 88 TCE OL ET OROULE COR gin) se ss hie ode oi aH a Whe el Vodielalwls ale Piven Gale's le oa eee 88 mT Ce 0 ic gia gs vig ag dye ele idle tah arse tae 12 Alege Gian vysiel) else @ ie a aes 89 EEC ALOTUON GI 0. oc ois) a) aos sn le Wiebe aia eieiene weet athi'slewil eos 4s 89 a ee ae so oo bie idan wal ete obs Meidiejest lewis ale sss ose 90 EMRE ie acs apc a Ghul o tai mia tatare ale sue ead siete MIG) » os, oh og 90 Gel ee OME ANAWHA):“SCLICS «Nica were cee in eb ho ee Sines ele wed hen os 9A, eer I ee oso a BPR Gch als) sass ube val-ale' seg sual@ ale ween 5 wees 92 EE eS fk 5 5 oo dun we Soo Wahine ed, 0000, Oona 92 eT ES do. so MMM sae oso oa bo dinigh elisa bieveikr ets Aaa 92 a eS ec ARMM MRE ious 0 s+ eae oe ele one el cba eign a 93 NE eT see. oc so Ge I ovis os ew egies eelad a Reed 93 Beoal’a. 06) 0 Crees Le Je A and A’ coals ... Distribution of resources Newtonburg district ..... Introductory statement Stratigraphy SCRGCUUTE | eetdca sce eee OGalp beds. ic. cence: apr: BOC COAL et heen ace D coal ... C coal Bo COdL oe oaicel eee A coal Distribution of resources Glen Campbell district Introductory statement Stratigraphy Allegheny group .... Structure Coal beds TGCORL UE. ateiee tet D coal C’ coal TS COO See ae A coal Distribution of resources tipsy district Sica 18, MtelAe! tev le ale, one 1s Se, .8) By 6 one V0! 16 Ke. a0; outer? 26) 6 1670 o;.8 48 ese ore ee owt re Introductory statement Strati grap ve 2k aw tens SETUCCOLE I, i.e ce mae iets Distribution of resources Burnside vaistrich., + + > ho Introductory statement Stratigraphy ... Allegheny group ... Conemaugh group . Structure . (ee PENOUS hc. ca se eset eee Coal reserves ... Method of computing ee 06 € eo © ee Table of coal reserves ... History -oormipine i... ss «5 List of -eoalemines >... .. Water resources Precipitation Run-off oer ee ee err eae Ground “water: ac sae Domestie supplies ..... Town supplies. .-o sponte Deep and artesian wells oe ee eeere BO e 4) 18.09, 161g 0) 0 919 e @ © 6 © @ one) 6) @.8 8.) 4) 9 0 6 Ve, jo 1b bie eee ebb y fo, GP ete ewe beee de ole eel e 6 © ord es se vite ie eee eee eee 0, ce "08 fel 6. ¥ Hole elle! m 18) ve: she eee ee we SMe) 616 0 OMS eile, ous (6) el eee . . see ee * aie, sie Je 8 Seve meee oe eo 6's « @,.0 eb k same ve i eS le, . © 3 feo esate. lene e Glee 2 16 © (s8.6 an ts (om m) #18) Oia) Le te lense.) 6 ety ‘el oe) 6, erie. « Cary . eee ee ewe ee «@ we 8 . cee ee seis e. 8 Cte ae, 6. © eee oe . eee oecee ee ee we we . . oe ee eee ee . oe ee we owe see ee © (e “0 @ @ . 2 0 eo C6 © 48) @ of 80 4 e 68) O18 Oe ce ee & 6 ee . eee ee © ww . © 6 8 ele, 9 tel te 15, ©: GRU © Welles 0 0.6 0 . eee eee . oe 6 =), ON aie, we Oe Bie a Oleh e, Suen sae re 608 € © wh ee 8 © 8 © . eee oe eee Sy .e: 410" @ e610 Ci a ot eet ant ar let Sart} . . abel 6) 0 [eee oF €, « felks is eee ee ee Ope) ee ye. wh 0. ie. @)) (ey On ot Ke'eGulre) 16 . . . © 4 wwe) eye. 6,0 . . . . . oe dip 6 ye) +) Ole Oi 6. . . . oe o- . . . . oy <¢, OS, wo Gi-2. 9) Oe oe. 6 6.\6, (6 9) oee oe ee ewe o's E10) se) 6 ew nelle . - eee a Pee, oe ©) ere 70n26.,'0..'6 0) 2 410 Le! 6) a @: ¥®. 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In pocket III Mineral resources map of Punxsutawney quadrangle ....In pocket IV Columnar sections in the Punxsutawney quadrangle ....... 20 V Map showing distribution and thickness of Upper Freeport or EK ecoal, and outcrop of Lower Kittanning or B COBUES Bae ks. eet ge ee ore oll Roce are ee en 40 VI Map showing distribution and thickness of Lower Freeport Or” Deo ale ae iso hah sale uct re cee alae ee 44 w1GURH 1. Index map ofewWestern Pennsylvania... <2 8 eee dD 2. Sections of lower part of Conemaugh group to show horizontal variation of rocks* from place to: places av-ue se ee ee pal _3. Overthrust fault of sandstone on shale near McGees ........ 28 4, Sections of seven deep wells in central Pennsylvania, showing character of | rocks’ below, surface” .. 84... ee eee 33 Oa upkelecome section. Of Coal sDedS.,. .7:6 0's <5 2s oa oe ak eee uae rene 38 6. Selected sections of coal beds by districts ............-+.c6- 39 7; Selected sections of Upper Freeport or HB coal .............. 41 8. Selected section of Upper Freeport or E coal .............. ve 42 9. Selected sections of Lower Freeport or D coal .......... ..... 43 10. Selected sections of Upper Kittanning or C’ coal. ............-- 45 11. Selected sections of Middle Kittanning or © ¢oal. +... ..... ra ae 12. Selected sections of Lower Kittanning or B coal ............ 46 13. Selected sections of Clarion or Brookville (A’ and A) coal .. 47 eS CCLION Sr Ole NV LETCOL™ CODLS Ma ost ciske ocho ae S80 svg ales a als, Sus de 47 15. Sketch map showing distribution of Upper Freeport and Lower PAR A ATR OREN OR eas ceed OLA «Eh ee a A A 50 16. Sections of Upper Freeport clay, 1-22, and Lower Freeport clay ipa Cin EoD x oN Ae eh Oe ao ey Ae NRA ea | re RR tar Prat a am ar 52 17. Sections of Upper and Middle Kittanning clays .............. 53 18. Sections of Lower Kittanning clay (41-54) and of Clarion or ibrourviller Clay loo te G1) ) catia. aes gees vec dw sien ee 54 19. Sketch map showing location of outcrops of flint clay ...... 55 20. Sketch map showing approximate location of limestone sections, and of other points where limestone was noted........... 57 21. Sections of limestone beds of Conemaugh group .............. 5S Pome sections. of Upper Freeport “limestone 2... ac. cee oe eens 59 ee seceone- of Vanport. limestone «.. os. e-n ee wesns few ences tec ees 60 24. Sketch map showing areas of outcrop of massive sandstone .... vs 25. Sketch map showing districts used in description ............ 69 26. Sketch showing railroad transportation from the Punxsutawney BOOTIES: cuo.icis 5) REN te nl cin 2S simian RA Sie eiate ace + 0 scare 128 (9) Geology and Mineral Resources of the Punxsutawney Quadrangle, Pennsylvania. By GEORGE H. ASHLEY Assisted in the field by Frederick B. Peck and Edwin F. Lines. INTRODUCTION. One of the most active coal mining centers in Pennsylvania has been for many years between Punxsutawney and Reynoldsville, a little west of the central part of the State. In 1905 more than 5,000,000 tons of coal were mined in this field. A few miles southeast of this area is the Glen Campbell field, a much smaller coal development, which, in 1905, produced nearly 1,000,000 tons of coal, and between the two are the Rossiter and Clover Run fields, the former of which produced around 750,000 tons for many years. Surrounding these developed areas are large areas of undeveloped coal. The present report de- scribes the local or detailed stratigraphy, structure, and mineral resources of a quadrangular region including part of the Punxsu- tawney-Reynoldsville field, the Glen Campbell and other developed fields, and a large area of undeveloped territory lying adjacent to these fields. The report forms Part 65 (Punxsutawney quadrangle) of the Topographic and Geologic Atlas of Pennsylvania. Location and area. In accordance with a settled policy of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey and the United States Geological Survey, the region covered by this detailed report consists of a quadrangular area bounded by parallels and meridians. This quadrangle is known as the Punxsu- tawney quadrangle, from the town of that name in its northwestern part. The quadrangle lies a little west of the center of the State, in western! Clearfield County, southeastern Jefferson County, and northeastern Indiana County. It lies between parallels 40° 45’ and 41° 00%, amd meridians 78° 45’ and 79° 00’. (See fig. 1). It hasa length from north to south of about 1744 miles, and a width from east to west of labout 1314 miles, with an area of 225.90 square miles. It includes) the towns of Punxsutawney, Big Run, Glen Campbell, Ross- \ (11) f 12 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE iter, Clayville, Lindséy, Adrian, Walston, Anita, Crawfordtown, Rich- mond (Rochester Mills post office), Burnside, McGees Mills, Arcadia, Gipsy, Smithport (Horton post office), Gettysburg (Hillsdale post office), Deckers Point, Wilgus, Urey, and Harmony, besides some thirty smaller hamlets and post offices. Many of these are mining towns and therefore of a more or less transient character. Punxsu- tawney, the principal town, had a population in 1920 of 10,511. Its business importance is increased by its serving as headquarters for most of the mining operations of the nearby towns. Number and kind of mineral resources. At the present time coal is preeminently the principal mineral resource of the area. This large development is due to the high grade of the coal which has good minable thickness. The coal mined north of Punxsutawney and extensively coked is one of the purest coking coals in the State. Mining in the Punxsutawney field has been on a large scale, some of the mines there having produced more than 1,000,000 tons a year. Coking operations have likewise ranked among the largest in the State. At Walston there are, or were, 657 ovens in a single bank nearly 114 miles long, and at Adrian are 516 Ovens in two banks. The coals are of high grade, averaging about 65 per cent fixed car- bon; 25 per cent volatile matter; 3 per cent moisture before air dry- - ing; 4 to 9 per cent ash; 0.6 to 2.5 per cent sulphur, but averaging nearer the lower figure. Chemicaliy, where the sulphur content is low, the coals agree closely with the best grade of coking coal. The position of this field, well to the northeast of the Pittsburgh, Ohio and West Virginia fields, is very advantageous for serving New York City and State and the New [England States, and it is to this market that this coal mainly goes. , In addition to the coal, deposits of clay, shale, sandstone, and lime- stone, and some natural gas occur in this quadrangle. Clay and shale have been developed, on a small scale only, at P\nxsutawney and elsewhere. Sandstone for building and concrete has been quarried at McGees, and a little at other points, and a small quan ity of lime- stone has been dug near Richmond and elsewhere. Although no de- posits of these materials of great promise were found, ¢nough was seen to suggest a possibility of a greatly increased produttion in all the lines. Flint fire clay of poor quality was found at a( number of places; its presence and abundance suggest the possibility jof valuable commercial deposits. Gas has been found in small quantity south of Punxsutawney. INTRODUCTION 13 The area is well supplied with railroads. The main line of the Buifalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad crosses the northwest part of the quadrangle, and its Indiana branch, leaving the main line at Williams, follows the west side of the quadrangle to Richmond. The Pennsylvania & Northwestern Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad enters the quadrangle near McGees Mills and crosses to the north- west corner, where it taps the Punxsutawney-Reynoldsville coal field. It also sends a branch southwestward from McGees Mills up Susquehanna River and Cush Creek, well into the Glen Campbell field. The Pennsylvania Division of the New York Central Lines crosses the southeast corner of the quadrangle, following Susque- lianna River, with a branch up Cush Creek, and a detached branch running from Rossiter Junction to Rossiter. Lumber roads extend from Gipsy in the Glen Campbell field, over into the valley of Mahon- ing Creek. The Buffalo & Susquehanna Railroad has completed a branch, start- ing from Juneau and running westward to the Plum Creek mines. Previous geologic work. Probably one of the first notices of the geology of this immediate region appeared in Featherstonehaugh’s monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural History for April, 18382, in an article on a “Section of the Allegheny Mountains and the Moshannon Valley in Centre County, Pennsylvania,” by R. C. Taylor. During the first offi- cial geological survey of Pennsylvania, under H. D. Rogers, this region was reached by M. H. Boye, who examined the third and fourth bi- tuminous basins south of Mahoning Creek in 1841, and during the same year J. P. Lesley made a topographic and geologic reconnais- sance from the northeast down as far as Punxsutawney. In Rogers’ final report, published in 1858, references to this area appear in book TX, division II, subdivision 1, chapters III and IV, and subdivision 3, chapters IX, X, XX, and XXI. On the organization of the Second Geological Survey of Penn- sylvania, in 1874, one of the limited number of districts to be survey- ed that first year was the bituminous coal region of Clearfield and Jetferson counties. The work was in charge of Franklin Platt, assist- ed by R. H. Sanders, H. J. Fagen, and C. A. Young. July and August were spent in Clearfield and Centre counties, and September and October in Jefferson and Clarion counties. In accordance with the plan of work adopted by the Second Survey a stadia line was run by the aids, while Mr. Platt devoted himself to the geology, mines, etc. From the large area covered it is evident that the work could be little better than a reconnaissance, and while a great number of facts were recorded, naturally many mistakes of correlation were made. 14 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE For this reason in 1880 W. G. Platt made a detailed survey of Jeffer- son County, and in 1883, H. M. Chance revised the geology of Clear- field County. These three reports were designated H, H*®, and H’, respectively. Indiana County was surveyed in 1878 by W. G. Platt, and the report is contained in volume H* of the Second Geological Survey. At the time of these surveys there were no railroads in the area of this quadrangle, and as a consequence no commercial mines, nor had any diamond or churn drill holes been made. Outside of the areas at present being developed the conditions as regards informa- tion about the geology were, in the time of the Second Survey, much as they are today. The reports of the Second Geological Survey were accompanied by maps, showing on a scale of 2 miles—1l inch the area of outcrop of the different formations. Comparing these with recent maps, it would appear that the Upper Freeport coal, the top of which marks the bottom of the Conemaugh group, has a considerably greater ex- tent than was then believed. Again, in the valleys of the West Branch of Susquehanna River what was then mapped as Pottsville sandstone proves to be the upper division of the Mahoning sandstone. A minute search failed to find the red Mauch Chunk shale reported as out- cropping on Little Creek above Richmond. The correlation of the coals, aS given in this report, differs in many points from that former- ly given. In calling attention to these revisions no criticism of earlier work is intended. On the contrary, in many ways our own conclu- sions during the first field season were closely in accord with the earlier results, and it was only after discrepancies had developed in plotting the results in the office, and the matter had been reviewed with great care in the field, that our final conclusions were reached. Recent work. The present report and map are the result of a cooperative agree- ment between the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey and the Topographic and Geologic Survey Commission of Pennsylvania. The U. S. Geological Survey did the work and both organizations shared equally in the cost. The field work for this report was done by Frederick B. Peck and the writer, assisted’ by E. F. Lines, all of the U.S. Geological Survey, in August and September, 1905. As the office work appeared to indicate that field correlations of the coal beds and rocks were not entirely in accord, additional field work was done by the writer in September, 1906, and August, 1907. The trouble appears to have been due to the assumption, in common with all the earlier geologists, that two massive sandstones occurring apparently above and below the coal-bearing formation, were the Mahoning and Home- wood sandstones, respectively. Further work has convinced the writer i INTRODUCTION 15 that the base of the upper sandstone is about 70 feet above the Upper Freeport coal, and that the coal at its base is the Mahoning coal, and not the Upper Freeport, and that the lower sandstone is of Clarion age. A glance at the map shows at once where data with reference to coal were abundant and where scarce, except for the drillings, which as a rule were confined to the immediate vicinity of the mining reg- iens. As a whole the geologic and surface conditions in this quad- rangle are fairly favorable for determining the geologic structure, but much less so for determining the stratigraphy and coal resources. Aside from the railroad cuts there are hardly any bold exposures of the rocks either in cliffs or steep hillsides. The uplands are gently rolling, and though often strewn with weathered fragments of sand- stone, seldom give exposures of the rock in place. Most hill slopes are rather heavily mantled with soil or weathered talus, and most stream valleys are deeply buried in debris that has worked down the hill slopes into them. In a few areas, sandstones which may not actually show in place may yet so weather out as to leave large fragments or blocks on the surface, and by following the upper limit of these frag- ments around the slope or along the crests of the hills, the approxi- mate position of the sandstone may be judged with considerable ac- curacy. It thus happens that no small part of the structure of the quadrangle has been worked out by following the outcrops of sand- stones which in most areas were seen in place but seldom, and in some areas not atall. In addition to structural work done by tracing sand- stone fragments, a large amount of data was obtained by observing the exposures of weathered rock in the roadside drains. These usual- ly are meager and consist of coal blooms, clay streaks, flint clay frag- ments, and rounded limestone bowlders. Over a large part of the quadrangle the two sources of information just given are practically the only ones available. Information on the coal was obtained from the coal outcrops or “blooms,” from coal prospects or country banks, and from mines and Grill holes. As shown by the map, these data are abundant in the limited areas north of Punxsutawney, south and east of Rossiter, between Urey and East Run, and in the Glen Campbell field. It will be noted, however, that nearly all of the mine and other openings are upon the upper, or Freeport, coals, and it is also true that most of the drilling has been done for the purpose of determining the work- ability of the coal beds already being mined or which it was proposed to mine, so that relatively few of the drill holes have gone below the Lower Freeport coal. This fact, together with the further fact that the lower coals are below drainage in much the larger part of the quadrangle, has rendered knowledge of their character and economic 16 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE value very scanty. In parts of the quadrangle the individual coals are quite persistent, holding their thickness and details of section over many square miles. This is true of the Upper Freeport coal from East Run to Glen Campbell and in the Rossiter field, and of the Lower Freeport coal in the field north of Punxsutawney. In the last named area the Upper Freeport coal is extremely variable, ranging from 4 feet to 0, with great irregularity, and the same is true of Lower Freeport coal in the two fields previously mentioned, where that bed anges from 16 feet down to 0. Apparently similar conditions of vari- ability and irregularity exist in the undeveloped parts of the area, rendering it very difficult to correlate the coal beds. Outside of the fields under actual development, the determination of the structure and correlation of the different members has depended almost entirely on the tracing of sandstone debris and the identification of the sec- tions exposed in the roads, and is therefore given with less confidence than might be desired. SURFACE RELIEF AND DRAINAGE. Contour lines. An examination of the topographic map (Plate I) shows a close series of brown lines covering all parts except small areas along the streams. As the meaning of these lines may be unfamiliar to those not accustomed to such maps, a word of explanation may not be out of place. 3 It will be noted that the lines in general are somewhat parallel, and every fifth line is heavier than the others. The brown contour lines, as they are called are intended to show the position of lines of equal elevation above sea level; for example, if the ocean were to rise 1500 feet higher than its prsent level it would fill up all of the lower valleys as far as the heavy brown line marked 1500. Were it to rise another hundred feet it would extend up to the line marked 1600, and go on. Where the lines are close together they show the slope to be steep, and where they are far apart they show the slope to be gentle. In general it may be assumed that the slope is uniform between any two of these lines. It will be noted there is one line for each 20 feet of elevation. very fifth line representing the 100-foot contours, is em- phasized by being made heavier. This method of representing the surface configuration of the ground is not as pictorial as some other methods, but it has the great advantage of representing the surface with more or less nearly mathematical accuracy. In other words, if a house, or a mine, or other object, lies between contour lines 1800 and 1820 it is assumed that its elevation above sea-level is between 1800 and 1820 feet, and in general it may be assumed that its eleva- tion is nearer one or the other of those figures in proportion ass it is nearer one or the other of the lines. In this way it is possible from SURFAGE RELIEF AND DRAINAGE Li a & y the map to estimate the elevation of any point within perhaps 5 or 10 feet, and thus compare the elevation of any number of points. Drainage. The drainage of a region of this character has a special economic hearing in that the railroads follow the streams. The divide between the drainage flowing to the Atlantic Ocean and that going westward to Mississippi River crosses this quadrangle from the middle of the south edge to a point a little south of the northeast corner. It passes through Hillsdale, thence west of Wilgus and Gipsy to Smithport, northward to Johnsonburg, past North Summit Station on the Penn- sylvania and Northwestern Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, west of Newtonburg, and northeastward to the eastern edge of the map. To the east of that line all the streams are tributary to the West Branch of Susquehanna River. This river gives the railroads a low erade to the east. The crooked course of the river increases greatly the length of haul. West of the divide described, all the drainage tiows to Allegheny River by way of Mahoning and Little Mahoning Creek. The divide between the two creeks is an irregular east and west line across the middle of the western half of the quadrangle. The two Mahoning creeks and the West Branch of Susquehanna River have bottom-lands suitable for town sites and mining plants. Altitude of region. This area is in the Allegheny Mountain region, though in itself it would hardly pass as mountainous. The land lies between 1200 feet and 2250 feet above sea-level. The West Branch of the Susque- hanna has an elevation of 1300 feet at the eastern edge and about 1350 at the south edge of the quadrangle. Mahoning Creek has an eleva- tion of 1300 feet where it enters on the north side of the quadrangle. Little Mahoning Creek has an elevation of 1250 feet at Savan, and 1530 near Deckers Point. The main divide ranges in elevation from about 1740 at Hillsdale to 2250 north of Newtonburg. The other divides have intermediate elevations. South of Richmond, Kinter Hill rises to an elevation of 2068 feet. General character of surface. In general the surface of the quadrangle is hilly, the valley bottoms being 200 to 700 feet below the adjoining uplands. Where the rocks are shale or shaly the divides are lower, 200 to 400 feet above drain- age, and the valley sides are of moderate slope and commonly capable of being cultivated or used for pasturage. Where the resistant sand- 2b 18 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE stones outcrop, the valleys as a rule are Jig with steep’ sides 400 to 700 feet high, covered with timber and sandstone blocks. The divides that are closely underlain by sandstone are commonly flat- topped and broad-shouldered. ROCKS. General statement. The hard rocks of this quadrangle consist of shale, sandstone, conglomerate or “pudding stones,” coal, clay, and limestone. Thin beds of iron ore are found locally. All the rocks in this quadrangle were laid down as sediments in water, except possibly the coal, which probably accumulated in swamp. They all occur in beds which or- iginally lay more or less nearly horizontal, but which have since then. been raised into broad folds, so that a rock at one point may be sever- al hundred feet higher than the same bed of rock a few miles distant. The rocks exposed at the surface have a thickness of 950 feet. In addition, some 2,000 feet of the underlying rocks have been pierced by the drill in search of oil and gas. All the rocks exposed belong in the Carboniferous or “age of coal,” and all belong in what is known as the Pennsylvanian system of rocks, or ‘Coal Measures,” as it was formerly called. In considering the succession of rocks it will be convenient to describe first the rocks that outcrop, and then those that are wholly below the surface and known here only from drill records. General character of outcrops. Taken as a whole, the rocks of the quadrangle are very poorly ex- posed, and they have all the variations characteristic of coal measure rocks in general. _Sandstones which at one point are resistant, mas- Sive, coarse-grained, and even conglomeritic, may be fine-grained and shaly a quarter or a half of a mile away, or may grade into shale a little farther on. One of the chief difficultiés in deciphering the geology of this area, as compared with many others, is the lack of any rock horizon having distinguishing characteristics which can be traced with certainty over a large part of the area. — nd : 7 a * $a, a Fo A “EP = 4 Giw “Ts Peg ty ne ogee ee ty ar ay 3 Cte ee’ oa fe LIBRARY hoe rey ; = ee its aa u ! a” Pass 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 6 C South West South North ‘paec; South ; i inet Walston Elk Run Bells Mills Big Run ea of Newtonburg of of Rossiter of sehr me Richmond _ of "Burnside Arcadia EastRun. Hillsdale 0 p Big Run Cloe Punxsutawney GlenCampbell “""” * District Glen Campbell 9a Sa. . Gipsy District Gipsy District Berton coal | | | ; Grafton 4 Formation Grafton sanastone ul ! te = i | { i es eT: Oo === 2 Harlem coal —— 53 Ames irmestone — he == = | Oo = j Saltsburg — | Formation 9 Saltsburg sandstone — Z | | | | | | | ' | Lower red shale | | WoodsF un limestone al p Bakerstown coal | { \ atts ns | ! ; Buffalo sandstone Sntamciee | | Buf falo Site j Formation 1So- | | ' ' r ! { > Brush Creek coal we _| 3 2| = UpperManoning sandstone > | re w _ | Mahoning Mahoning coai& limestone ie) | Formation 50h | ) Wehrum flintclay - | | ! ie Pate | ol iid i. Uffington shale S 2, Freeport Upoer or E coal Ys iva) { | Free portUpper clay (Re | i Freeoort Upper Iimestone ze Ti | Bolivar flint clay 4 me : : Var | Bunter sandstone ee : Sas aeaere ss oS a a H | | eos a 2 4 uf | so | | Freeport JFreeportLoner or Deal == Zz | | For mation FreeportLower clay <{ reeport Lower Limestone 2 ra | | | ; Freeport sandstone "257 SS P ae ! Cee Ly | > jAitlanningUpperor C coal § oe b2) i | Gain Z 1S | g ( ‘ 3 ee la i ee | Kittannin 1s0- j . Farmation | ; Kittanning tdidale orCooal i ie 175— i | wl ' x | | Mf hitt n Bcoal oo W ittanning Lower or Bcoa J Vasnerhimentane mee wa ee (OO See ee J One | < Ciarionor A coal 22% Clarion Formotion Clarion sandstone oe : ies ie yl yeee BroohulleorA coal Homewood | Homewood sandstone Limestone Flint clay Sandy shale Sandstone Form ation Mercer Formation Mercer coals = UPPER KANAWHA POTTSVIELE (KANAWHA) SERIES PLATH IV. Generalized columnar sections for the Punxsutawney quadrangle. ROCKS 21 oe | | wears) : peek ae [" —_ =| ee Ee Bi ceemcen ; eee ra raed pe i 2 : ers Been a -——— a ie pn ‘ 1 = a 4 eS — Ses = Sees ae ; arom = re irae | eat se STEED | ee [ { ae ants = Sppne Soars =: Sa fees ae a yt feeestest er + —— ie} PSs] pS = ee 1 sated ——— Neen aan ene poner = ——— p= eae, Gone Pabed popeue Spaiiee pet3 ee = Rape Maw =o eae pee E = = = i" Ree aoe ee eeaad eae - | ee ee ah a Brie ei fs Saal oe Pa Ee Se ee te 4 —s [2,ega oat eels tail oes : eeeera ae ae Hae ceed A Ee ae mieten Seal { = — £5 ES Sfeokai age a Ly ue nH . a eS (eee == pemeseseat) Wes eaeemees = Ss re pn a —— ‘ : aes, 4 aed eal ig eel ce = a ert ? oF 1 = = rf | ; L— | —— a4 ; ——— | a rae a Ri ganee Ss ean sere 4 ee ee = SES 8 9 2 6 9 rm We ee G7. 8 8 0 FIGURE 2. Sections through the lower part of the Conemaugh group to show the variable thickness and extent of the rocks. The figures between the sections give the distance between the drill holes in miles and tenths of a mile. In preparing the tvpe section and the district sections every ob- served limestone outcrop was noted, with its apparent distance above or below the Upper Freeport coal. It was soon obvious that the lime- stones above the Upper Freeport coal fall at four horizons approx- imately 60, 120, 225, and 350 feet, respectively, above that coal. At several places red shale occurs close to the limestone 120 and 225 feet above the Upper Freeport coal, and coals occur in each instance close above or below the limestones. These four limestones are assumed to be at the horizons of the Mahoning, Brush Creek, Cambridge, and Ewing or Ames limestones, respectively, and the accompanying coals were treated as the possible equivalents of the Mahoning, Brush Creek, Bakerstown, and Harlem of other parts of the State. Another coal still higher was considered a possible equivalent of the Little Clarksburg coal. Then all the prominent sandstones above the Upper Freeport coal were plotted and the vertical distance from the top (massive portion) down to the Upper Freeport coal was noted. Most of the sandstones that weather in large blocks or that have been quar- 22 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE vied, were found to have their tops about 100, 190, and 300 feet above the Upper Freeport. All of these sandstones were found to be lenses of limited extent, but they were classed as approximating the positions of the Upper Mahoning, the Buffalo, and the Saltsburg sandstones. A still higher sandstone was correlated with the Morgantown sand- stone. It should be distinctly understood that no claim is made that these sandstones are parts of the same beds to which those names were originally applied or that they occur at exactly the same hori- zons. The rest of each section was then plotted as shale on the definite basis of the road sections. Thus, although sandstone occurs in places immediately above the Upper Freeport coal, both road sections and records of drill holes show a preponderance of shale between ‘the Mahoning limestone and the Upper Freeport coal. Above the Upper Mahoning sandstone is the thick body of shale found prominently exposed in railroad cuts around Punxsutawney, Lindsey, and Locust Lane, and equally prominent in many of the road se¢tions. It is un- doubtedly true that every foot of the section above the Upper Free- port coal is locally occupied by sandstone and elsewhere by shale, and the interval from the Upper Freeport coal up to the several lime- stones, coals, and clays varies considerably. The attempt to represent all this would result in valueless jumble. The section given is there- fore a type section which, it is believed,. will more nearly describe the section at any part of the quadrangle than other sections that might be drawn. The same general principal has been used in drawing the district sections, except that the data used have been restricted to the district. , CONEMAUGH GROUP. The Conemaugh group takes its name from its exposure in the valley of Conemaugh River. It extends upward from the top of the Upper Freeport coal to the base of the Pittsburgh coal. In the Pitts- burgh area the group has a thickness of about 600 feet. To the east- ward the thickness increases and may have been originally 700 feet or more in this area. At the present time the greatest thickness left uneroded in this quadrangle is about 450 feet. From that figure the thickness decreases to a feather edge at the outcrop of the Upper Free- port coal. For convenience of detailed descriptions the part of the group found in this quadrangle has been divided into four formations, each of which contains, at least locally, a resistant sandstone and a coal bed at the top, and one or more beds of limestone. The four coal beds are at such intervals above the Upper Freeport coal that “they may be equivalent to the Brush Creek, Bakerstown, Barton, and Little Clarksburg coal beds. The limestones seem to be at the hori- zons of the Mahoning, Brush Creek, Cambridge, and Ames limestones. ROCKS 23 The sandstones appeai to be only local lenses, but if the naming of the coal beds be approximately correct, then the sandstones are at the positions within which, in other regions of the State, occur the Upper Mahoning, Buffalo, Saltsburg, and Morgantown sandstones. For that reason these names are given to the formations in which these sandstones occur. As previously stated, and as shown by the section in figure 2, the rocks of this group are extremely variable. The shales, which pre- dominate slightly, are all sandy, many of them so sandy that itis a matter of judgment whether they be called sandy shales or shaly sand- stones. The shales are commonly characterized by a light olive green color seldom found in the underlying Allegheny group. The sand- stones range from soft, greenish, and shaly through thick-bedded, hard, resistant, and coarse-grained to conglomeritic and cross-bedded. The general section, as worked out and described in a preceding para- eraph, indicates a sort of rhythm in the deposits of this group, each formation beginning with shale deposited in deep quiet water, follow- ed by sandstone, laid down in strong currents, and that by limestone, clay, and coal. The vegetation from which the coal was derived probably accumulated on land. Whether the sandstones were laid down on an irregularly eroded surface, as generally elsewhere, is uncertain here for lack of exposures. Morgantown formation. The Morgantown formation, so far as seen, is composed of shale below thin-bedded sandstone, with one or more coal beds, none more than a few inches thick. One of these beds may represent the Little Clarksburg coal. The formation is confined to a few hilltops in the Punxsutawney and Brush Valley synclines. Saltsburg formation. In general, the lower part of this formation consists of shale which is to be seen in many areas just above the Bakerstown coal. At the top of this shale are locally red shale, clay, and coal. The lower coal, correlated as the Bakerstown, was noticed in a few places only, as in the tops of the hills in the northeast corner of Morgantown Town- ship. This position appeared to be about 225 feet above the Upper Freeport coal. The upper coal bed outcrops in many places on the hills south of Punxsutawney and between Cush Creek and Susque- hanna River. Where seen this bed is less than one foot thick but it has been mined half a mile south of Bowdertown. It lies about 315 feet above the Upper Freeport coal. The limestone associated with this coal is found in Henderson and northern Bell townships of 24 PUNXSUTAWNEY QUADRANGLE Jefferson County, where it has been quarried a little for burning. The relation of the coal and limestone and the character of the lime- stone may be seen at the W. P. Pifer quarry (I a1 on Plate ITT) where the section is as follows Section of limestone at the W. P. Pifer quarry. Pts Noll: 72. Se ote Cone Cee Sed 2 oy sec eee, (eae oe Coa] asain soe Ee Gan. 520. yee ees GELY Seeing haste dh foes + ace ear: 16. 5 a", eee Et 1 Clay; ‘brownish. :2oe oe. . os ett anne eee 3 LAM ESTOTIG Wyn ios coe cee IR ye)