THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR THE GROWTH OF CHICKS by Nollie B. Guerrant, M. S. SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Uy; GVADWATE SCHOOL. 0/4: Gr) ). “Og. of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 1925 CONTENTS Page Introduction: 2a ee oes ee 3 ELISt Oli Ca ee eee TS EAg hia Vacs a WS Ae 2a o Expernmental 2705 2 no eae ee 2 Experimental Chicks (ait. eee: cc eeee eee ee Ss Otlarters i. fob settee ei Ree nee ee ee 5 Rationg (ek inks ase ee a Nomenclature. 3.27 kc dee ne ek, er 6 Photographie: 2045.21. owc.2 20 ye gape ta eee es / Arrangemént 101) Dataiy woul a We eee ee ee i mynthetic: WRaLions Mice le Wee Sees ore age! cena s eee ee nay Additiongom Natural’ hoods tuiis 2.55 eee i Pua ee hs, Addition of Fractions of Natural Food Stuffs..........2......... gS Discussion and) Sinmary es oer eee eee eee eee 34 Bibliography? 2222s Vie, Sand ee eine! eee ee fe ee 41 A ppendix—=Description ol ations an ae ee 43 The Adequacy of Synthetic Rations for the Growth of Chicks The attention of nutritional physiologists has been directed for many years to the identification of the nutrients that are required for the animal body. Considerable study has been devoted to the various quantitative adjustments, but the problem of qualitative demands is still one of major interest. HISTORICAL Several excellent summaries™ of the literature have been published by other workers in this field thus making extended comment unneces- sary. We shall therefore note especially studies conducted with baby chicks that were fed synthetic diets, and so strictly comparable to ours. The earlier attempts at studying the nutritional requirements of chickens were uniformly unsuccessful. Such studies meant that the birds must be reared in confinement, and the first investigators failed to accomplish this satisfactorily with any ration tried. Apparently Osborne and Mendel? were the first to attain any real degree of success in this type of investigation. Their chicks suffered from leg weakness but made gains in weight, one weighing 1278 and another 1267 grams at the end of 178 days. These authors attributed their success, in large measure, to the use of a considerable quantity of roughage. Hart, Halpin, and Steenbock? confirmed the statements of Osborne and Mendel that chicks require indigestible ballast in their rations. In their most successful feeding trial the ration consisted of casein 18, dextrin 37, butter fat 15, dried yeast 15, salts 5, and paper 10. All of the chicks were weighed and the weights varied from 480 to 710 grams at the end of 15 weeks. The rate of growth was subnormal, and the best specimens obtained had distinctly ruffled feathers at 9 to 13 weeks. Achicken photographed at 16 weeks was apparently normal in appearance. Sugiura and Benedict! have recently stated that the pigeon does not require vitamin A, and have drawn the general conclusion that this vitamin is dispensable in avian nutrition. Hoet also published data indi- cating that vitamin A is not required by the pigeon. As a result of his observations® over a longer feeding period however he reversed his po- sition, and stated that though the requirement for this vitamin is low, still vitamin A is not dispensable. *This refers to corresponding number in bibliography. 64156 Emmett and Peacock® established beyond question that chicks do require vitamin A. They obtained practically normal growth on a syn- thetic ration, and if any of the chicks were abnormal in any respects the fact was not noted. There is some doubt in our minds as to whether their ration would have been equally successful if begun with baby chicks. A considerable advance in avian nutrition was made when Hart, Halpin, and Steenbock’? announced that leg weakness can be pre- vented by the administration of cod liver oil, and that its symptoms are in some respects characteristic of rickets. Not long afterwards Hughes® in a popular article described obser- vations which led him to believe that leg weakness of chicks is in reality rickets, and that it is prevented by exposure to direct sunlight. The ob- servations of Hughes have been abundantly confirmed by Hart, Steen- bock, Lepkovsky, and Halpin.’ In their most recent paper, the Wiscon- sin Group” reopened the question of the chicks’ requirement for vitamin A, and again all evidence indicated that they cannot dispense with this vitamin. In some of their feeding trials synthetic diets were used, with a considerable degree of success. Even in the most favorable cases however growth was subnormal. The ration consisted of casein 18, salts 5, agar 2, yeast 15, dextrin 60, plus the unsaponified residue of 5 parts of cod liver oil. ; It is clearly established we believe that vitamin C is not required by the chick." At present then it is generally agreed that in addition to a proper adjustment of the supply of protein, salts, and energy, chickens require three vitamins, A, B, and D (antirachitic), unless the birds are exposed to ultra violet rays. In this case the antirachitic vitamin is dispensable. EXPERIMENTAL The object of this investigation is to determine the adequacy of synthetic rations for the growth of chicks. This means that the chickens must be grown in confinement, and that rations of known compo- sition must be fed. It also involves special precautions to prevent the birds from receiving any food, insects and etc., other than that provided for experimental use. Experimental Chicks.—We have consistently used single-comb White Leghorns in our investigations. In our earlier experiments, chicks were obtained from the Poultry Department of the Univer- sity of Missouri. Later they were purchased from a local hatchery. The chicks were taken from the incubator on the day of hatching, weighed, and placed in the experiment immediately. Quarters.— After weighing, the chicks were transferred to brooders, located in a substantial stone building. The room is fairly well lighted by two east windows, but direct rays of the sun do not reach the chicks. The quarters are satisfactory, except in cold weather the temperature may be lower than desirable. The building is heated with steam and the brooders themselves are heated with electric hot plates. When the chicks are 6 to 8 weeks old, they are transferred to wire cages in the same room. These cages are two feet square, and give practically no opportunity for exercise. We believe our experience abundantly establishes the fact that gzood growth can be obtained in severely restricted quarters. In our earlier experiments, creek sand was used as a litter in both brooders and cages, but later this was replaced by pine shavings. The brooders and cages were cleaned once a week and supplied with new litter. Rations.—The exact compostition of the rations and some addi- tional description will be given in the appendix. Suffice it for the present to say that in some cases “‘synthetic’’ rations were used entirely, while in others some natural foodstuffs were incorporated in the synthetic rations. The synthetic rations were composed of relatively pure con- stituents, as protein, carbohydrates, fat, and mineral mixtures. Vitamin B was supplied in the form of dried yeast or a commercial concentrate. There is always a question as to the freedom of nutrients from un- desirable contamination, so we are including a brief description of the more questionable products, also of the salt mixtures. Casein:—A commercial product obtained from Lister Bros., New York City. In previous feeding trials with rats, this product was found to be practically free from both vitamin A and vitamin B. In some cases the casein was used as purchased, and in others which will be desig- 6 Missouri Acr. Exp. STA. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 nated, it was used only after it had been extracted continuously for one week with dilute acetic acid by the well known procedure of McCollum. Corn Starch:—Buffalo Brand, purchased on the local market. Butter Fat:—Fresh butter was obtained from the University Dairy, melted and filtered. Cod Liver Oil:—Squibb preparation. 7 Dried Yeast:—Obtained from the Harris Laboratories, Tuckahoe, New York. Vitamin B Concentrate:—Obtained from the Harris Laboratories, in both powder and tablet form. The tablets commonly used contained 50 mgm. of the vitamin concentrate and 50 mg. of starch. Salt Mixture:—Mixtures of Chemically Pure salts in the following ratio: SaLtt Mrxture No. 14 Cai lictatenj: (hh de. ra. einen ee ees eee eee 48.90% KSHPOL3HDO Gea. ue ae ee ee 29.30% Na Glisc ie’ oh as Ranma Bev ue tat) 2) E0775 Na citrate, 2NasCgHs50O7, JF as C2 Mt teach iage eth aise ans AMIRI Fe citrate, Feo(CgHsO7)s, 6H2O Re AP WR at A be eae ee by fms nt 2.44G MiSOa7HeOdiis Sela a ee 3.32% Nalin” fog SUS nisl et terete ee cee 0.11% SaLtt Mixture No. 14A Our number for Osborne and Mendel’s* mixture. Satt Mixture No. 14B Osborne:and Mendel’stmixtires 2 226s oe ee 99.50% Soditine Silicate: te 30 ae eee ee oe 0.50% Salt mixture No. 14 was used in all rations not designated other- . wise. The rations were made up at weekly intervals in order to prevent a decrease in the vitamin potency of the cod liver oil. The chicks were supplied at all times with fresh water from the University well, and a frequent supply of grit was furnished as crushed limestone and oyster shells. The various lots of chicks are designated by the number of the ration which they received. For example, the lot receiving ration 167 is designated as Lot 167. Weights.—The chicks were weighed when transferred to the brood- er, and at weekly intervals thereafter. Our normal growth curve is taken from data published by Buckner, Wilkins, and Kastle. They have compiled two sets of weights, one of chicks grown in confinement (as were ours), and one of chicks running at large with a hen. The chicks *J. Biol. Chem. XXXIV, 309, 1918 THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 7 in confinement grew more slowly than the others, and we have used them as our “normal”, as we are not certain that the maximum rate of growth can be attained under such conditions. Photographs.—For the purpose of comparing the various lots, and the individual chicks at different stages of growth, representative speci- mens from each group were usually photographed at the age of 40 days and again at the end of 101 days. Other photographs were taken at such times as it was believed they would be helpful in interpreting data. ARRANGEMENT OF DATA For the purpose of discussion, we have grouped the various lots of chicks into three groups. The first group is composed of those lots receiving the synthetic rations, the second of those receiving some natur- al food stuffs incorporated in the synthetic ration, and the third of those receiving various fractions of those natural food stuffs incorpo- rated in the synthetic ration. SYNTHETIC RATIONS Our basal synthetic ration was composed of casein, salt mixture, cod liver oil, Crisco, starch, cellulose, and yeast, but during the course of the investigation, a number of changes were made in the proportions of its constituents. In order to compare agar with cellulose as a source of roughage, the cellulose was replaced by agar in the rations which were fed to three lots of chicks. To determine the adequacy of casein as a source of protein for growing chicks, a portion of the casein in one ration was replaced by an equal amount of meat protein. On July 11, 1924, three lots of seven chicks each were placed on “‘syn- thetic” rations. Two lots received identical rations, containing cellulose as a source of roughage. Their treatment differed in that one was ex- posed to direct sunlight for two hours daily on all clear days except Sundays. The purpose of this variation was to determine the adequacy of the fat-soluble vitamins in the rations. The third lot was placed on a similar ration in which agar was the source of roughage. In less than two weeks some of the chicks developed “leg weakness.” Plimmer and Rosedale" have previously shown that the chick has a very high requirement for vitamin B, and that a deficiency of this factor pro- duces leg weakness. The symptoms in a few of our cases indicated poly- neuritis, but inasmuch as the same ration had been previously used with no indication of neuritic symptoms, we were slow to believe this d:fh- culty was due to a deficiency of vitamin B. The symptoms were so sug- gestive, however, that we tried feeding additional yeast. Two chicks on the basal ration began in the second week to show symptoms of leg weakness, and on the thirteenth day they were badly affected. A small quantity of dried yeast (not weighed) was made into a thin paste and 8 Missouri Acer. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 each affected chick was given | cc. of the yeast emulsion daily for three successive days. Both had then recovered. As soon as it was reasonably certain that the additional yeast had improved the condition of these chicks, all rations in use at this time were changed (July 26) by increasing the yeast from 6 to 8 per cent, and decreasing the carbohydrates correspondingly. | Fle LS Pt ET tT Tt te TE Pie tengo 0 FP AS 1200 Baap aE) CL fl AA ef Ly eae VAAL th, we Aen PAA sas eae oe a a eo acm amt Fig. 1.—This group received ration 167 for the first seventeen days, but was then changed to Ration 241. Ration 167 was composed of casein 20, starch 52, yeast 6, Crisco 10, cod liver oil 5, salts 4, and cellulose 3. Ration 241 was similar in composition, but contained 8 per cent of yeast and 50 per cent starch. The form of the curve does not indicate that increasing the yeast had any effect on the rate of growth. \S One chick from the lot described in Fig. 1, died on Aug. 18 without showing special symptoms, but when found dead it was outstretched in a manner suggesting polyneuritis. A second specimen died Sept. 6. It had been very thrifty previously, and on autopsy it was found to have a perforated crop, and sand had escaped into the abdominal cavity. As shown in Fig. 2, there was no value in exposing chicks receiv- ing this ration to direct sunlight. The history of this group was very similar to that of the lot receiving the basal ration alone, and three of the group ultimately died. The third lot which was started at this time received the agar ration. The results obtained from this lot were very unsatisfactory, six of the birds having died, apparently from leg weakness, before the tenth week. On Sept. 20, the seventh chick became very weak. Since the symptoms seemed to suggest a deficiency of vitamin B, it was given an additional Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 9 quantity of yeast. There was a definite response to this addition, as may be observed in Fig. 3. AE ee ee Cee Ie Bea Sl a Fe AE Pees Sh ces Fea ae a Fig. 2.—This group received the same ration as the one indicated in Fig. 1. When the weather permitted however the chicks were exposed to direct sunlight for two hours daily. The results indicate that the well-being of these chicks could not be improved by sunshine. pL Tt dt isn ne 1A Sa eA UPTO TAL A ee DEE ee NAL Sia EN eT Fig. 3.—This group received the same ration as the one indicated in Fig. 1, except the cel- lulose was replaced by agar. Growth was very unsatisfactory and only one chick was alive when the feeding trial terminated. Chick 1943 appeared very nervous and unable to stand on Sept. 20. The yeast in the ration was increased to 10 per cent and there appeared to be a defi- nite response to this addition as the chick regained its activity, and made marked gains in weight during the two weeks that followed. 10 Missourt Aar. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 Several cases of leg weakness had developed, due to a lack of vita- min B, so it seemed possible that this vitamin deficiency may have been the cause of the poor growth rate observed. In order to test that point another lot of 10 chicks, Sept. 15, 1924, was started on basal ration No. 241. Five chicks of this lot received however additional vitamin B in the form of the commercial concentrate. It will be recalled that Ration 241 contained 8 per cent of dried yeast, but other chicks under obser- vation at this time, also receiving rations containing 8 per cent yeast, developed leg weakness. For that reason the ration for all ten of the chicks was changed by increasing the yeast to 10 per cent. The five mentioned however received additional vitamin B concentrate, but in- spection of Fig. 4 indicates that the addition did not improve the ration in any way. The rate of growth was subnormal :n all cases, and the chicks were very similar in appearance to those previously receiving this ration. Chick 3769 died on Dec. 5, and post mortem examination revealed the liver to be greatly enlarged and covered with numerous white spots. Se es eat ek aa P| fe | ls etechdaged sina PP ae RS ol a ; Ris 's | eS | O ho 1S ©. SSE BE NN AN a fd mi vi am AS Zi “iy os A KK fe Fig. 4.—All chicks were started on the basal diet, No. 241, but Nos. 3787, 3785, 3789, 3776, and 3781, were each supplied in addition 40 mgm. of the Harris-Vitamin powder daily, in the form of the tablet preparation. This addition did not however have any perceptible effect. The yeast component was increased on the sixteenth day from 8 to 10 per cent of the ration, but we do not believe the change affected the rate of growth. At the termination of the feeding trial proper three of the chicks, Nos. 3787, 3789, and 3785 were changed to Ration 259, in which polished rice was substituted for the corn starch of the basal diet. It is evident that the retarded growth earlier in life was due to a defective diet. In order to determine the permanency of the retarded growth among this lot, three chicks, 3785, 3787, and 3789 were placed on Ration 259 THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuiIcks 11 on Dec. 10. This ration contained polished rice, and was proving very satisfactory in another trial under way at this time. This change was followed by a marked increase in the rate of growth of these chicks during the few weeks in which the feeding trial was continued. The feeding trial we have just described was initiated in order to determine whether or not our basal ration was deficient in vitamin B. At the same time another possibility was suggested, the amino acid con- tent of the casein may have been partially inadequate. For that reason another group was placed on a ration very similar to the basal diet, except 5 per cent of the casein had been replaced by meat protein. Pelkey Cake oes 5 dae 4 os Se ean Riad | yt i ae [iy Ba i be Be he u@* 4 Fig. 5.—This group received Ration 247, which was composed of casein 15, meat protein 5, starch 50, cod liver oil 5, Crisco 10, yeast 8, salts 4, and cellulose 3. On the sixteenth day the yeast was in- creased to 10 per cent. In some cases the rate of growth seemed improved by substituting 5 per cent meat protein for an equal quantity of casein. We are not certain however that the difference is sig- nificant. Nos. 1998 and 2000 had definite attacks of leg weakness. Three chicks, Nos. 1999, 1992, and 1997 were kept under observation somewhat longer than the others, and the ration changed by substituting meat protein for all of the casein. Apparently the amino acid mixture of the ration was not improved by the change. The meat protein used in this investigation was obtained from pork muscle. The lean pork was ground in a meat chopper, and dried in a current of air. When dry it was thoroughly extracted with each of the following solvents, ether, 95 per cent alcohol, 70 per cent alcohol, and hot water. It was then dried, reground and incorporated in the ration as desired. A few cases of leg weakness appeared among the lot receiving this ration, and the yeast was increased from 8 to 10 per cent. This increase was not sufficient however to entirely relieve the symptoms of leg weak- 12 Missouri Acar, Exp. STA. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 ness, and growth was considerably below normal. We are convinced that the unsatisfactory growth obtained with our basal ration was not due to inadequacy of the protein. Fig. 6.—This group received ration 226, which was composed of washed casein 20, yeast 10, Crisco 10, starch 53, cellulose 3, and the unsaponifiable residue from 5 parts of cod liver oil. The yeast was increased to 15 per cent on the twenty-fourth day due to the appearance of leg weakness among the lot. The change appeared to have no beneficial effect, as nine of the chicks had died before the end of the seventh week. On Novy. 10 a lot of ten chicks was placed upon a modified form of our synthetic ration, because of the success of Hart and collaborators with one of similar composition. In this diet the fat-soluble vitamins were supplied as the unsaponifiable residue of cod liver oil, equivalent to 5 per cent of the original product. Due to the appearance of leg weak- ness, the amount of yeast was increased to'15 per cent on Dec. 4, but despite the change, growth proved very unsatisfactory. In fact only one chick was alive at the end of the seventh week, when it weighed 115 grams. Post mortem examination of eight of the nine chicks which died, revealed the following: Crop filled with cellulose, heart covered with a whitish film, kidneys with spots on the surface, urethas distended, and the intestines blood-shot. A second lot of ten chicks (Fig. 7) was started Nov. 10, on a ration similar to the one just described, but with agar substituted for cellulose as a source of roughage. The fat-soluble vitamins were in this case also, supplied as the unsaponifiable residue of cod liver oil, and the yeast was increased to 15 per cent on Dec. 4. The history of the two lots Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuIcks 13 receiving the unsaponifiable residue was practically identical, and in each case there was only one chick alive at the end of the seventh week. The post mortem findings were the same in both lots, and as yet we have no adequate explanation for the results noted. Reh | | ake . we >: fa Fig. 7.—This group received the same rations as the group in Fig. 6, except the cellulose had been replaced by agar. The substitution apparently had no beneficial effect as only one chick was alive at the end of the seventh week. Since our second group of chicks, receiving roughage in the form of agar, had met with complete failure, we decided to repeat the feeding trial withaslightly different ration. A lot of ten chicks (Fig. 8) was placed on such aration (292),on Feb. 24, 1925. The vitamin B was supplied daily in the form of Harris tablets, and each chick received one daily until the eighteenth day when the number was increased to three, due to the appearance of leg weakness among the lot. On March 16, the supply of tablets was temporarily exhausted, and we incorporated 15 per cent of dried yeast in the diet as the source of vitamin B. The chicks continued on this diet until March 24, when they were transferred to ration 309. This was similar to ration 292, except 6 per cent of starch had been re- placed by an equal amount of yeast, and salt mixture No. 14 B had been substituted for No. 14 A. In addition, each chick received two vitamin tablets daily until the feeding trial terminated. Though growth among this lot was unsatisfactory, it was our most successful feeding trial with an agar ration. Seven chicks were alive at the end of the eighth week 14 Missouri Aacr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 Sue Soci LP Sige pet tes EH gh ape at 9 i ahs, Gaerurs_aae F = fal Ht ST te Sens Ne Bae po ees ee G | , RS all a a ad: aa 7? : oT Neue te : nu “Sa id 7 On) ch he = ie eo x oie * » — he a a | ae ee is ; - “ey - C ae. ; 7 7 Tuer ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuIcks 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) McCollum, E. V. 1922. The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition. Ed.. 2. Revised, Chicago, MacMillan Co. Funk, Casimir. 1922. The Vitamines. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Co. Sherman, H. C., and Smith, S. L. 1922. The Vitamines. New York, The Chemical Catalog Co. Eddy, Walter H. 1921. The Vitamine Manual. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Co. (2) Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B. 1918. The Growth of Chickens in Confinement. Jour. Biol. Chem. XX XIII, 433. (eeiiatim me be cialping |. Gand ssteenbock,-H, 1920; "Use of Synthetic Diets in the Growth of Baby Chicks. Jour. Biol. Chem., XLII 421. | (4) Sugiura, K., and Benedict, S. R. 1923. 4 Study of the Adequacy of Certain Synthetic Diets for the Nutrition of Pigeons. Jour. Biol. Chem. LV, 33. (S) Hoet, J. 1924. Note Relative a la Deficience en Vitamines a Chez Le Pigeon. Biochem. Jour., XVIII, 412. (6) Emmett, A. D., and Peacock, G. 1923. Does the Chick Requtre the Fat-Soluble Vitamines? Jour. Biol. Chem., LVI, 679. fymeuliattiesl bs Talpine |-\s-dnd oteenvock, H. 1922. The Nuiri- tional Requirements of Baby Chicks. Jour. Biol. Chem., LIT, S59) (8) Hughes, J.-S. 1923. Weekly Kansas City Star; Wed. June 27, p 3. (9) Hart, E. B., Steenbock, H., Lepkovsky, S., and Halpin, J. G. 1924. The Nutritional Requirements of Baby Chicks. Jour. Biol. Chem tev LE es33: mOmenart, 1. Be) Steenbock, H:>{Lepkovsky, S.,-and Halpin, J..G. 1924. The Nutritional Requirements of Baby Chicks. Jour. Biol. Chem., LX, 341. (11) Mitchell, H. ElPelWendalle ten cand Cardia 1993 he tia- min Requirements of Growing Chickens. Poultry Science IV, i ig: Plimmer, R. H. A., and Rosedale, J. L. 1923. C-Vitamin Require- ments of Chickens and other Birds. Biochem. Jour. XVII, 787. (12) Buckner, G. D., Wilkins, R. H., and Kastle, J. H. 1918. Normal Growth of White Leghorn Chickens. Am. Jour. Physiol., XLVII, RURE 44 Missouri Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 (13) Plimmer, R. H. A., and Rosedale, J. L. 1922. The Rearing of Chickens on the Intensive System. Part 1. The Vitamin Re- quirements. Biochem. Jour. XVI, 11. 1923. Comparative B-Vitamin Requirements of Pigeons, Chickens and Other Birds. Biochem. Jour. XVII, 794. (14) Palmer, L. S., and Kempster, H. L. 1919. Relation of Plant Carotinoids to Growth, Fecundity, and Reproduction of Fowls. Jour. Biol. Chem., XXXIX, 299. ACKNOWLDGEMENT With the completion of this dissertation the author wishes to express his indebtedness. and thanks to the various members of the Agricultural Chemistry Staff, to the Poultry Department, and especially to Dr. A. G. Hogan, under whose direction and guidance this work was com- pleted. Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING Cuicks 45 APPENDIX Composition of Rations Pige.seande Number_________- AR Gerke ee Logae Pe. ) ee a teh ee A eave ae 241 Reage iia oe a eaerea ees ete pica to) ZS OM Sk Abe eae a: oe pele thd 2 20.0 ay hee ee ee OE AVN anes ie, ere ae FAO HEMT er re te ae a A Saree 50.0 Pees, 2s Rie SE oe Ld re CaO ie tera rene aN ah He dh oe, sb Fy 8.0 or gicts[ei © On| men | me ORs ae eee a LOS bee che tien eee eee AEs 10.0 Caniiiiwer Olmak se Oe Ae ae ey Pest oe ee cs ah ae Sata Im ree Gee ee ORE gal! ot A Oe ee ee Pe a ee ae oll te 4.0 Celio cemeeae enela Se ee ee Ce OP CIC aie eed RM ae hag eel A BO I1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. , Fig. 3 Pero eh rat ety ee ee se eb 1 Game ep e Fak Oy Lae hh B san) ee 242 gti See eee ee ie UE (pee Sie te PEE yt fear av ene 20.0 BRR ele ene eo a oS ee PQA U bel ONS 5 Lay tek eer Ue a dee een el ey GEC egies ph ele ere ary 0 Ge earner oe eae ai LOR ee rr ae are ee ne ete Al 4) YI eS BRN ccs ee ey nd et io BAT 0 ever Se at 1 MN ya aD lai gaphaes bia 8) Pocetiver (il tees... pant AM tata tues Fy AUS Giese eS eee EA SAreeViIxtiree ee ae a ee BEG OU 5 ante | telat ani HEM od BNO ok os A BPR 4.0 PEE eae UR 28 We Ae oo 8 0D ey A He aie aah ares oe ee 3.0 2This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. Fig. 4 liderdetely oe, ieee oe ee ee eee Oe ee 7 Sh Ee kee Maen C2 SNe RRs ee aie! 259 Le Oe, et Se ee PIUPLUE cd, Soke eee ees PILE toe hae ee eee See 16.0 rare ee ee ee ne eee et Shy Laem peeatoretes TOe ne PG aie ai ag Mg 9 A 0.0 Polignedunices. so) o uel ee, MEL AE Ns See eet Teett sO ota en $220 Si jee ey eC Seer eo ie) BEE ae oe eee LU Of eee Me NR 5 Ss 10.0 Gry crete Ait (a) Ee aS eer ee eT 10) Ocha See eke eas 1 Cee ee Be Lae 10.0 GocelivernOilss oo. beh eg Seats vere arn) Pa OS Oia eames capri ek lays y vo 5.0 SA POE CUE sical oe ioe AS (rime beetles. = AVS Seat ti Cet AO oe 4.0 Re OSC ete se ays ot ty | Wy oes Shi ek a Se oS cy Ouse Oe Ai he gm 320 1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. Fig. 5 PITS meres gh a eel 24 eee, eee Ce 2A VSM Reet eR BE 257 asic 2a eee 1550 ieee ee | fs Omens bed a) ovis 0.0 Ment Proteinne 2.0. oe oe ek Ss ae age eo! ON (cree ett (eae Re 20.0 Sy eh be ke aa el AQ LS cies See eee ee fA Ca a lee ys RR Chat 8 48 .0 Vents 12) SLC te ae Hk 0 Sin eee Clas aR Pe aed 10 0 ee eee 10.0 Dive Eh yels) >. habe See gt ee Ae ee LOS OE err a es res LO) 30) Seats Sees op BG 10.0 Wada treo. 2. @2.. ek itd hep ES ee a ged AEE ous Se tag pAb weeeeree 5.0 SAIL tCeee es sek Be QO ee eh o AS Mab dpe Serene, See ae 4.0 Calliigseane eee 2 oo SSO ren a Oe ee SLU MEN EN Sih are Bye 3.0 1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. *These numbers refer to the charts in the text, that indicate the growth rate of ‘chicks on the ration described. Pees s enacts 46 Missourr Aor. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 Fig. 6 Nombere i. oc a oat ON ce oe eee EO Pe te, Ve Ee a ee 249 Washed Casein s2.00. 20 eee eee oy! 5 | Cee aye msde + NON cea Rt OS (ee 20.0 Starch lao ee ey 2 ene 6 PY Ue ee etek Viera oe CWS G 48.0 Y asthe e Rae ee eee eee LOO eee eS ee ne 15.0 Criscoy, OS Ale ha. Ae ee TO. ok ee en 10.0 eal t- Mintires uh od eee se eee ee hy OV a crew of w sales Us, ergot lies od 4.0 Cope aie Oe Oe eae ee ee Ons es ee eee ee 3.0 Unsaponified residue equivalent to 5% Cod Liver Oil. 1'This ration was fed until December 4, 1924. Fig. 7 INUDIDET. fee wee et ieee toa el eed ae Peo eS Gee ag SEW eee ee 254 Washed ‘Gasem cos ug beer a eee MG aid Oe ei ait) en ee 20.0 Reig rea a et i) hes ed PR ane ee GS. Deas 5 oie eh ee Pe 48.0 bgt PUR Santee Inet WP MRE ee es) | {2 As Mee peacoat e Rib rns A EE PALS Of 15.0 COBO. Seta MSs elie Pies eee ee ee HD, Och ce Ue ee ee ee ee 10.0 ae Mire firtes ho ae eh Bee Ee B02 5 oT a Ue See 4.0 tp 1 gine Mere CSereleiaits Wnty ina em ey Uae Xt AN ced ed ae ACE = seta Unsaponified residue equivalent to 5% Cod Liver Oil. This ration was fed until December 4, 1924. Fig. 8 Nim bere.) iors ee ety ee ee > J RE ERE NG eS) AL)? 309 Wrawherk Cera oo ee NE os ee DO Ora oe 9 shes SUE Re eee ee 20.0 CPE te i IN a lle 5 ee eo nk 10.0 Oa Laven Onl 2 ee ee Bs GR ar eee ee es §.0 Salt Mixture. _____ SUA Ae PP) Sone ae we (14. Bu vg eae 4.0 Pees aie 2 it, ek Bie Mt A mee peo aS ENS Fe 3.0 POUR Nee iin gis sas ae ee re tly i one ae SB OT as os Le sola rk lathe anette eee 52.0 Vitamin ‘Tablets daily: ......2.2.25222 WeRs a bdo eee eae 2 Vitabbols te Sei ele Bene Ue cena hae i) Sn nn rier | ae 6.0 'This ration was fed until March 16, 1925. At that time the supply of tablets was exhausted and 15 per cent of yeast was incorporated in the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet was changed to Ration 309. Fig. 9 Divatis berets) a a ee Ae ee ey DORE tp hops td ee Se Cee 310 Weshed. Casdinsco ae Cee ROSEY pee eters Su Sly NS a ee 20.0 CEE Oe Sia, i Sie Ae Oe a EO Ce eee Bie a ee 10.0 Coed, Fiver: Cou 2 ke oie eo een 5 Oe eee ah. re eee 5.0 saele Mixture. 2a (it Big oe ees #0 Cia Bee 2 oe ee 4.0 CelNHOSE Ee Giotule. Geta t euler 3 Ob ene ool Ge er 3.0 iavnas a UN! 27 ek oes | a MRE A lage Wii Ry 52.0 Vitamin Tablets daily___.___________- | Es SUS a ee aA, Ee ps a 2 Y Cas tag as eer eee AS Ane ee Oe Ge Cee ag es. teh ee 6.0 1This ration was fed until March 24. On March 16, the supply of tablets was exhausted and 15 | per cent of yeast was incorporated jn the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet was changed to Ration 310, id Tue ApEquacy OF SyntTHeTic Rations ror GrowinGe Cuicks 47 Fig. 10 Re Nae EO ae a oe eld ed DOSER es Whe te eek oe ele en ees 8 244 ST pe Ye ot et Oa) 8 ds 6 ee Dae i ee Ve Pl ee RL Ae ere an test 16.8 os gaat CSS Ee ath Sanaa ten eare of epee ae Poe Ta aie (EO BRN ay eee 50.0 he et eR, SRS Pe eee eee A PE Se Pay RR, WG Ae 9 Se 8.0 CUS A gg BA eh ied to eet S's a Be pre aD Se WEAR Ce Peet Ne aed pp CE IVITR COTE wc ul ee Neo ie hs LA EIA ROT UALR it PT Bgl Me ae 4.0 AA EIN er te Cg AD RRO ne ee RD Tee Me red, Wye hres ee, Me a obs ig na pe 3.0 eel tae Dh bert oe @ 1 bo, ee MO Ag RS ee ee | A LESS Se ey ee ae eee 5.0 DipiereHoeay le ds ere ee DOS we a rein. leben Ato 10.0 !1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. Hig. 11 PRET OR ee ut Bot Ce Be et Cf EES ER Se ney LE REE GO, ere ee NO 240 OnE La te UP PSS gan ERE St PURE a a Itt Ao PIG Sie Pe a, ae ARTE Si ai aA oo Pe 16.0 LTS Or OID ee Cae Ag i oA i oS ANTS SN Mae REECE AG PEMLE htt 54.0 TAR Ce erie th ik ee re ate) ste ee POMC) Senge dta cane lat eles 5 Mat ete eet 10.0 ss CTE ae a I aa ta mee a NES ae BNE SRO ATE RE SOM RRS em DAD 8.0 Crpe Lanter Oi i Sua oe a kl SEA DR ER AG sia, ian: (Aras leeey ha ew ar ade aa era 5.0 Saerruvlaxeates Je Wels eon leh ee ONE a RL MOT a Ny eh Pr Grae Ly Turkey @ 4.0 POPLSe eters et Sts per we ean ee a7, Ad a | AR Sa RO Sta Obes bee ae ele’ Blaha dt 3.0 1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. Fig. 12 PCT le Be eee eal teak to he BN Ree ein eee ae y HEI PERETTI ian eles Ae Ae By eee tbat dey 1 CP a 1 Shy» ROSE sae RR Sa ok ape 20.0 SECs fa ek to LY en SAN ATCO aS I aa Ee URIS, Tee Ng a 48 .0 URGE he we el No oe oe eel lin deb 10 ER Iie. < oe MN ha vidas 10.0 Geretcoudel ble gE Ss Ste eG chp Ee | 280? Pea ee he Da he, BRINE SNE et 10.0 Bera diver Cit cect eee bY Wi Pg oh ee ieee Danie UA EER Lape Gh na i ait “4 5.0 mate WVLIXTUTe. Go. oh. eee so AZ: Ne § EA Ayes Meese Ta ee A 4.0 ETS EF] ET ee Re As Bee SIRS 2 ood ROSS is RT Re 5. BPS 6 GINS AE ag ARS 3.0 riper jOlKr re ue a PCO eee ea a BO AD Oe el eee tale 0.0 1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 2This ration was fed until December 1, 1924. Hig. 13 ee rte ead eee le te ON Se UL a Ge ek a Meee 230 eer ie ee nee sc a er Le eg 15.0 ete teenie oe ees rk kOe ee eee kee us ee 6.0 Oar ce a eee ce a i he oe i ON ek ek de ae mete 47.0 ners eee aR ee er ea age Se ete lo ee 8 og Goes eet 10.0 on FS a ee Re ee ae eee lee yh oe 8 da oes 4g aha: 10.0 ay rd OA ae MME) a Des Wl abe) I) Stags Lb ie Ces ik oe, 4.0 ere Pe Str me eRe ore Ci Cah 1 rere atte airy say SN ay Kon ve yea es torpor nce 5.0 SURO PA CES Ae aS Oa em nee erage: eee eee gE CEIa EPC (UPR ee MICRO een 3.0 48 _. Missourr Acer. Exp, Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 Fig. 14 Ninn beri Ba ee een A ee eee 196 ee eee Pe Pe |e, 245 Casein, tue cee ec ee ee eee eee LGLGSo. 228 ce eee eee eee 16.8 Staren sy Oh eos eee eae eee S22 ee ah) ie ae eee 50.0 Weasti oc es ae ee ee ee 620. ies oe eb ele ey ee 8.0 CristOeck 622 ee ee eee 10; Oy eS po i i NS ee eee 10.0 paleiMixtures S232 Js ot eee eee AO Ely Ss Bee eee 4.0 Comiiver Oily yao ae oe ee ee ee 54.08 2256 a oe ee Oe ee 5.0 Gelluloseloon nie ie oe ee ee eee S10 bene oases ee a Lok Proteing. 0-0. oo eee eee i is RO OPES re PM eed 32 iThis ration was fed until July 28, 1924. Fig. 15 Niarim beret 2. rs ee LOTR o Oise ee Oe ee 246 @asein: aby Pe ee ee ee ee 2030 3 cpee eo ib Bes Se ees eee 20.0 Starchisus chee eee ee eee ee ee 528 Oa ea kt See ain, cee ae 50.0 Yeast. 2 soi eee a yi if a Le ae G20) oepe bs sid, e oe aa e 8.0 Grist is. cs hs SE ee ee BD hs ne ae tt, Set Se re ae SaltiMixturetwewe ss were ee ee ee or ee BQ erik Pee es a be 4.0 Celluloses 22) soe < tse Puen ee Cie (RED eee eeu Ree ET ie ee 5 a2 Codeliiver Oilsa5-se ee ee oh ee ne eer Ura eS 5.0 Yolk Bipings-f)00 756 Sse see G8. one Dee as de et ee 6.8 1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. Fig. 16 IN Um Deraiss Ooo eee eae 245 he See ee ae oe 218? 2 ee ee php’ Caper hy aie is eee ee le 16. 83 ee ee 163720. 2.5233) eee 16.8 Starch soe rinks 9} SOs eee ee 50°02 alee ees AS. Oo one ie 6 eee 48.0 ORS Cet ee te wih eae a et aga Si 32 nee, Weeaeesogors 10:02 ee Fae 10.0 GESCO Mie (Phas Sky coe te Dee LU URN. et oe LOE0S es see nie a5) Coduaver Wieo seed te ene SQ pies oie re a ee 55 Oe Aa ae SG SaleMixtuire se yo 5 ee ee A: Opis Use aie twee 4.0323 eee 4.0 Cellier S05 vite as oe ee ee ee BO S20) en ee a 3:0 sco2 126 ur ee 3.0 Voki Protein ts - 4 i et Ager Od A Ae vi 3y 2) a eee Rey LaveriLipins sss 22 aie eee LO 6 Pei rte: Sc ae O20 nae sda ee 6.8 1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. Fig. 17 Num berie: 2222 ee eee 2AG\ 2. 2 Bee 21926 res) cog} hee 256 Casein ete et. a oe ee 20 (50 er oe DOTS tora, = 20 ee ee 16.8 StNP Cir ce ee a ee SOU ae aa eee aoe Ol wel 52s ee ee 48.0 Ved sti cicada 2 ie EE oe SO Sele eee 1 Oe ot a 10.0 Sale Mixtures aa ee ee Ahr (A Ee ee ee ri | ee ee Pk 4.0 Grisco sete Ce aan ee) eee G2 ee ee eee Salts St ieee sae @ellnloses Vee et eee ee ee 4 Ge A Boe OB rad be PY I 3 Oe le aes God (iiverOil eect. si ee 5 Ob a sl eee SO eo es eee 5.0 Volk Fipinssi seer ee oe ee O38 ae ae eae aes ae 6, Bale at) ae 6.8 Laver Proteins 22 eee Ov08 228 See e O° Obs See eee a ’ °1This ration was fed until Oct. 1, 1924. . *This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. THe ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 49 Fig. 18 Number-_ --__.- et ee Uae age a tea late MARRS UD ee ee Baars Rie 223 2S a 2 SSI L6G. Beye Bee ee NAb deg 1 TR te Ot Ae By 20.0 ys vial b>, a elie 0 ape eee BO) Mane ree ck oe a ASO) Meee acini, tee 48 .0 Yo) BLES 160 ee ee i eee AA pd SAEs A ge Gd POCO Pa waAnen o's 10.0 Og ale a eee ae Ee eae B 2a ee wate SRN BAY Pe ke ee 10.0 be IMIXtlire. 5 he eee 4 UE ee oe ot ue AO) Wks soul bg Avera 4.0 Mou ciiVer i) ee ee eet cH WUE Vol. aie ge Nee Ld ak Oeektee em ree 5.0 REPU OSGe 2s re oe Se a ee, So IAN es Ue ae ee See et kd eee ed S20 MorkeProteins). 25. Bote Spee OMe Eel SER sake 3 eee ee alee 0.0 Malis titisieus see eete sei te Gees ae el ee Gio nN ie: fet oa av ea A 0.0 1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 2This ration was fed until Dec. 10, 1924. i Fig. 19 IN rere ee eee Se ee a OS, 2S Ee hae yee te OP kc PU P= soa fe Me Nh eae 258 eS ts leg ee ee ee 16: eee ee ae yh Te a ae 16.0 Polished Rice (Extracted)____-__- DO Seen eee Soe CAM Ue © Ct aS Man 51.0 filers terme ta eee ee Pe Oo LLG AS ne ee eae EOS Oats ieee bate. 1/8 10.0 riscG ee ae as ee Be Pe ee TO OS ets omy er Wh eeanaes LOL OSE ee Sie os 10.0 SALEM LIx CULe Ses oe ee oe AO) psp es ees ee, he Lt ee A any A 4.0 WOceLi Vets Oile e ee e Se oe ey Us Cede am FG? ba Ae Sheen ee crs Ca ee 5y..0 Werlulgsee es oe inten. Oe Dey! a0) bo eS) ee 2 ee Berg cee AOR WE 3.0 Riccelixtracte ss bo. od Set oee C02 eevee Se ee CV tear ie tee eB? Me 1.0 1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. Fig 20 UES et eee ere a annie a ls Ae Ce ee ee, eT ee ee ete 250 NVASIIeClEC aS ao ee ee ee es be ods leecgilg Wye Se. ee ol a ge a PE 16.8 ha Ud ed § ge om 5 ly Me ae a MR A Int ee tA) ee ren 2 eae Po tae tn TZ 43.0 PETS COMETS) uen niet bo cee SS ee Le a Ee a Ue Ba ATA ce! PC ete Ne Ker Nees tere eee Oe tN so ar 1 (ona) Weer Wee ee ee ON Ree 3 eS ss. 15.0 rE VELS CUTE ese ele ey oe h ey sob. ces oA Eke once 1 aN Ss Oe 4.0 ReclLoce seek oe 0S bee OR SISO), 2S ON OR AO le Cork mS ar 9 eee 3:0 RVIPAIBE TOtEIN “ote lee