GEN. FRANCISCO pE PAULA SANTANDER 
 
 ILLUSTRIOUS PATRIOT AND HERO OF COLOMBIA 
 
 IN 
 
 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION 
 
 THURSDAY, JANUARY 4, 1923 
 
 THE LEGATION OF COLOMBIA 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
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FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER. ‘ 
 
 This bust, the gift of the Colombian Government to the Pan American Union, was unveiled in the Hall 
 of Heroes, January 4, 1923, 
 
* 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 On the evening of Thursday, January 4, the Hall of Heroes of the 
 Pan American Union was the scene of an inspiring ceremony at 
 which the Minister of Colombia, speaking on behalf of his country, 
 
 presented to the Pan American Union the bust of Gen. Francisco de 
 
 Paula Santander. The address of presentation of the Minister, 
 together with the remarks of the Secretary of State in accepting the 
 bust, and an appreciation by the Director General, Dr. L. S. Rowe, 
 are herewith printed. 
 
 The presentation of the bust was followed by a reception, which 
 was one of the most brilliant in the long series of receptions held at 
 the Pan American Union. The program of ceremonies incident to 
 the unveiling of the bust was as follows: 
 
 1. Colombian National Anthem and other popular airs by the 
 orchestra. Ray 
 
 2. Presentation of the bust of General Santander to the Pan 
 American Union by the Minister of Colombia, His Excel- 
 lency Sr. Dr. Enrique Olaya. 
 
 3. Unveiling of the bust by Sefiorita Lucia and Sefiorita Maria 
 Olaya, assisted by Madame Olaya. 
 
 4. Placing of wreath at the bust of General Santander by his 
 granddaughter, Mrs. Fred Page Tibbits. 
 
 5. Acceptance of bust on behalf of the governing board of the 
 Pan American Union by the Secretary of State of the United 
 States, the Hon. Charles E. Hughes. 
 
 6. National Anthem of the United States. 
 
 30304—23 (1) 
 
ADDRESS OF HIS EXCELLENCY, SR. DR. ENRIQUE OLAYA, 
 THE MINISTER OF COLOMBIA. 
 
 Mr. SECRETARY, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: In the name of the 
 Republic of Colombia, I have the honor to present the bust of Gen. 
 Francisco de Paula Santander, destined to occupy a place in the Hall 
 of Heroes of the American Continent. The busts of the heroes in 
 this hall symbolize the gratitude of the nations to whom they belong 
 and to whose greatness and liberty they consecrated their lives. 
 A group of Colombian citizens, desiring to render tribute to the 
 glorious founders of the Republic as well as to those who rendered 
 outstanding service to the Americas, offered to my Government the 
 bust of Santander. A sculptor of the Spanish mother country has 
 graven in marble the features of the hero of the Colombian struggle 
 for independence, to whom we bring on this occasion the homage 
 which every people renders to its great patriots. This occasion, 
 therefore, has a twofold significance: It is the tribute of the com- 
 patriots of Santander interpreted by an artist of their own race. 
 It is a happy coincidence that the bust of the Colombian statesman, 
 Francisco de Paula Santander, the very incarnation of respect for 
 justice and loyalty to the law, should be received by you, Mr. Secre- 
 tary, whose great decisions as Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States represent the application of the spirit of justice through 
 laws representing the national will. 
 
 Santander belonged to that privileged generation which entered 
 into the political life of Spanish America at the beginning of the 
 nineteenth century and whose constant and unswerving purpose was 
 to struggle in defense of the highest principles and ideals. For 
 Santander this struggle began during his student days, and from the 
 very first hour of the struggle his efforts were devoted to the service 
 of those ideals of liberty which represented his highest aspirations. 
 He was educated in the College of San Bartolomé, within whose walls 
 many of the intellectual leaders of the great emancipation movement 
 were trained. The masses of the people moved with unerring instinct 
 toward the great purpose of national independence which they had 
 in view, and in order to secure this independence they placed in 
 positions of authority heroic leaders who have inscribed admirable 
 pages in the history of the nation, deeds which even to-day arouse the 
 admiration and applause of the historians of that great epoch. 
 
 We find in this struggle one outstanding feature which is peculiarly 
 characteristic of the statesman in whose honor we are to-day assem- 
 
 (3) 
 
4, 
 
 bled. It was the contribution which the younger men, just emerging 
 from university life, made to the glorious movement for independence. 
 They defended by word and pen the rights of the masses of the people 
 and offered their lives as a supreme sacrifice in the furtherance of this 
 oreat cause. They sowed the seed of that great and new ideal which 
 finally emerged victorious on the battle fields of independence, and 
 they constantly gave evidence of those virile virtues which showed 
 them to be worthy sons of the race to which they belonged. 
 
 When the moment of action arrived, when they were called upon 
 to advance to the battle field in defense of their ideals, they did 
 not hesitate a moment to answer the call of duty. Santander was 
 constantly in the vanguard, never granting to himself a moment of 
 rest. He fought at the side of those indefatigable soldiers during 
 two decades of unremitting struggle. During the long nights on the 
 battle field he stood at the front beside the indomitable warriors of 
 the Colombian plains. He took an active part in those epic cavalry 
 charges which commanded the admiration of the enemy, and it must 
 be remembered that it was an enemy whose leaders had won renown 
 in the great struggles of the Napoleonic wars. He felt the deep 
 emotion that comes to the warrior when he finds himself placed in 
 a position of danger while struggling for the cause which commands 
 the loyalty of his spirit and the warm approval of his heart. With 
 imperturbable calm he faced reverses and with equal serenity he 
 envisaged the moments of triumph. With Bolivar—the great genius 
 of South American emancipation—he prepared the war plans which 
 culminated in the great Battle of Boyacd, the first chapter in a series 
 of victories by the republican armies and the initial page in that 
 series of events which transformed the destinies of the New World. 
 Santander, to synthesize his eulogy in a single phrase, deserves as a 
 warrior the great bronze statue raised to his memory by the National 
 Legislature of his country, as well as the marble bust which here, 
 in this Pan American celebration, we are about to unveil as a new 
 consecration of his glory. 
 
 Great as is this aspect of his noble service, it is not the only one 
 to be considered in presenting his example to the admiration of 
 posterity. His military successes opened a splendid horizon to the 
 armed struggle for independence. Bolivar made use of his service 
 while gathering laurels in his triumphal campaign over the territory 
 of five Republics. The work of organizing civil government, how- 
 ever, was placed in the hands of Santander. Although his services 
 in forming victorious legions, in disciplining soldiers, in raising funds, 
 and in organizing those splendid regiments which continued their 
 victorious march to Ayacucho and Junin were admirable, as is 
 demonstrated by the most casual reading of those historical docu- 
 ments which describe this splendid epoch of his life, there were in 
 
4) 
 
 addition to his efforts in this gigantic enterprise others hardly less 
 important that had to be performed. The nations that suddenly 
 found themselves intrusted with the great responsibility of self- 
 government had to be prepared to assume the heavy obligations 
 which this privilege implies. A financial system had to be organized, 
 a foreign policy developed, the bases laid for popular education and 
 material progress, and the administration of justice built upon repub- 
 lican principles. These and much more were the tasks confronting 
 the newly born nation. On all of these Santander left the impress 
 of his thought and vigorous action. He was then but 25 years of 
 age but, as if in confirmation of the principle that each historic epoch 
 produces men capable of meeting new conditions and circumstances, 
 Santander showed himself from the beginning fully equipped to be 
 the constructive leader of his people. From the earliest period he 
 displayed the qualities of a great administrator and accomplished 
 statesman. He was a great administrator because he knew how to 
 direct national ideals along the paths of concrete realization; a great 
 administrator because he knew how to combine the concept of civil 
 liberty with that of discipline and order, which are the two concepts 
 essential to the life of a democracy. Prince Peter Bonaparte, who 
 fought with him and who knew him in moments of triumph as well 
 as in periods of adversity, said: ‘‘I have met many governmental 
 heads and monarchs, but I have known none to whom nature has 
 given the qualities of leadership to quite the same degree as to General 
 Santander.” 
 
 He served the people without attempting to flatter them. He was 
 a disinterested servant of democracy, but his temperament and his 
 character were such as to preserve him at all times from any inclina- 
 tion toward demagogy. His intellectual make-up was such that in 
 time of peace as well as in time of war, he showed the same austere 
 integrity. His messages are state papers, animated by that enthusi- 
 asm which is an expression of deep and sincere conviction, but also 
 dominated by the clear reasoning and analysis upon which he based 
 his action as well as his advice to his people. He possessed the 
 dignity of the leader who represents the majesty of the national 
 will, and at the same time he showed the modesty of the citizen 
 placed in high office who knows that he is the servant of his people 
 in their struggle toward liberty. He never lost sight of his great 
 responsibilities to posterity, and in the most critical conflicts he 
 always showed the courage to assume any responsibility no matter 
 how great. He did not permit himself to be swerved from the course 
 which he believed to be right by criticism dictated by prejudice and 
 passion, nor did he allow flattery to modify his course of action. 
 
 Directing the destinies of the Republic for a long period, he was 
 ever faithful to the fulfillment of the laws passed by the representa- 
 
6 
 
 tives of the people, and this trait marks the moral standard of his 
 entire life. Bolivar characterized him as ‘‘the man of law,” a 
 designation which has justly been conferred upon him by posterity. 
 This spirit of loyalty manifests itself not only in his public papers 
 but also throughout his personal and political correspondence. It 
 was this fine trait which led him to perform acts and write pages 
 which, like those of the other great founders of republican institutions, 
 deserve to be perpetuated in marble. 
 
 In 1821, while serving as executive head of the Government, he 
 said: ‘You have achieved your independence through force of arms; 
 liberty will be given to you through your laws.” On another occa- 
 sion, during a period of unhappy conflict, he exclaimed: “I am by 
 conviction a friend of law and I will sustain the law as a citizen; 
 I am commander in chief and it is my duty to sustain the law in that 
 capacity as well; I am the First Magistrate of the Republic, and it is 
 my duty, if necessary, to die, sustaining the constitutional régime.” 
 
 He unsheathed his sword to defend his people, but on more than 
 one solemn occasion he gave evidence of his unswerving loyalty to 
 that principle of liberty and wisdom which the people of the United 
 States have inscribed to their illustrious martyrs on the memorial 
 amphitheater at Arlington: When we assumed the soldier we did not 
 lay aside the citizen. 
 
 This respect for the law was a great example and penetrated to 
 the very soul of the nation which possesses the honor of counting 
 Santander amongst its illustrious sons. This trait alone would be 
 sufficient to earn for him the gratitude of endless generations of 
 Colombians. The concept of law, inflexible as a shield to liberty 
 and justice, Santander proclaimed during the infancy of the Republic 
 with a firmness that never swerved, and he thus left his impress on 
 the spiritual constitution of his people. On this solid foundation 
 has been built the structure upon which all the sons of Colombia 
 now stand. With each day the seeds sown by him are bearing new 
 fruit. And as these achievements are perpetuated in national red- 
 letter days of conciliation and peace, the countrymen of Santander 
 incline their hearts in reverence before the great figures of the fathers 
 of the Republic, beside whom may be seen, illuminated by the 
 grateful acknowledgment of an entire people, the profiles of those 
 other nameless heroes, those unknown soldiers whose unrecorded 
 sacrifices and whose voluntary immolation have quickened and made 
 fruitful the life of the nation. It was virtues such as theirs which 
 brought into victorious being the spiritual constitution of the nation . 
 and stamped it with the seal of a noble unselfishness which looked 
 solely toward the future destiny of the people for whose emancipation 
 they had struggled and endured, to whose liberty they had conse- 
 
7 
 
 crated their lives, counting their own martyrdom not too heavy a 
 price for the future glory of their country. 
 
 Mr. Secretary of State, ladies, and gentlemen, the walls of this 
 splendid edifice which were raised in obedience to the highest aspira- 
 tions and ideals of friendship between the nations of the New World, 
 have been, and will forever be, eloquent witnesses to great initiatives 
 in the interest of international justice and service. Near this spot, 
 within our field of vision are the monuments to Washington and 
 Lincoln, perpetual reminders of the immortal achievements of those 
 choice spirits for the good of mankind. No spot could. be more 
 appropriate than this in which to assemble the great and good who 
 have wrought the history of America. So Colombia, with joy and 
 pride, intrusts this bust which perpetuates in marble the serene 
 features of that great patriot who honored his country in the austere 
 virtues of its chief magistracy, who served his people with abnega- 
 tion and unswerving faithfulness, who uplifted them by his never- 
 failing devotion. and integrity. Never were his forces weakened by 
 uncertainty, nor the beat of his stout heart disturbed by despair. In 
 his hours of conflict in the field, as in his hours of thought and med- 
 itation, his faith in the future of Colombia never faltered. And 
 when came the hour when that great mind, buffeted by the winds 
 of so many tempests, might at last find eternal repose, still might be 
 found indelibly engraved in his heart those high ideals which were 
 the luminous goal of his life and upon which the fraternity of the 
 American nations must be constructed. 
 
ADDRESS OF THE HONORABLE CHARLES E. HUGHES, 
 SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Mr. Minister, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN: It is a high privilege to 
 be permitted to accept, on behalf of the governing board of the Pan 
 American Union, the bust of your great national hero, Gen. Fran- 
 cisco de Paula Santander, which thus finds a fitting place among the 
 memorials commemorating the most distinguished services and an 
 undying fame. The homage of peoples is paid to these heroes not 
 simply because of gratitude, deep as that may be, but because of 
 the sound instinct which links the hope of the future and the pros- 
 perity and greatness of the nation to the preservation of the ideals 
 exemplified in these lives of valor, of sacrifice, and of patriotic 
 devotion. It is in the achievements of these strong men of noble 
 purpose that the nation finds its proudest memories and its happiest 
 inspiration. 
 
 The gift of this bust of Santander is especially significant because 
 he embodied in such large measure the qualification upon which the 
 democratic development of the Republics of this continent must rest. 
 He was a great soldier but in his thought arms only prepared the way 
 for the establishment of the institutions of peace. He had preemi- 
 nently the gift of organization. So remarkable was the display of 
 his constructive power in the difficult days of war, so extraordinary 
 was the success of his efforts in the preparation of armies, that he 
 was called ‘‘The organizer of victory.” It was Santander who 
 trained in the eastern plains the army with which Bolivar undertook 
 the campaign which was to give independence to five Republics 
 beginning with New Granada. But to Santander victory was not 
 an end in itself; it opened the avenue of opportunity for constitutional 
 government. His greatest service to American constitutional de- 
 velopment lies in the fact that we owe to him the civil organization 
 of your great country. By precept and example he impressed upon 
 his fellow citizens the importance of respect for law. 
 
 You have referred, Mr. Minister, to his memorable words, “ You 
 have won your independence by your arms; you will keep liberty by 
 your laws.’’ This profound sentiment should be inscribed on the 
 portals of all capitols and written in the hearts of all who love their 
 country. Santander did not refer to the mere observance of legal 
 forms but to the fundamental truth that liberty can not live in dis- 
 order and anarchy; that it must have its institutions, its principles, 
 
 (8) 
 
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9 
 
 its rules of action expressed in law; and that it is the intelligent 
 support of a government of law which distinguishes the true lovers 
 of liberty. 
 
 At a time when the processes of republican government were still 
 in a formative stage, Santander impressed upon his people the im- 
 portance of forming a government of laws and not of men, and it 
 was through his indefatigable labors that the foundations were laid — 
 for those guaranties of personal liberty in the institutions of justice 
 upon which the greatness of your country must inevitably depend. 
 The lesson that he taught is still the lesson that the world needs. It 
 is because he not only thus thought, but because he devoted his life 
 to the establishment of the essential principles of liberty that we 
 give high honor to this name and share your pride in his achievements. 
 
 Mr. Minister, in accepting for the Pan American Union this bust 
 of Santander I assure you that the name and fame of your national 
 hero is enshrined in our hearts as of one who was a most eminent 
 exponent of liberty under law. 
 
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 GENERAL FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER: 
 AN APPRECIATION. 
 
 By Hon. L. 8. Rows, 
 
 Director General of the Pan American Union. 
 
 T has been the privilege of the Republics of the American Continent 
 to give to the world a group of statesmen and warriors different 
 from the outstanding figures of European history, both in their 
 intellectual make-up and in their attitude toward public questions. 
 
 The exceptional environment in which these leaders developed 
 their activities, the fact that all of them were in close touch with the 
 masses of the people and shared the hardships incident to long years 
 of struggle, gave to their thought and action a democratic trend of 
 popular welfare and popular government. 
 
 One of the outstanding figures of this great epoch is Francisco de 
 Paula Santander, who combined to a rare degree the qualities of the 
 statesman, the civil administrator, and the warrior. The study of 
 his life and activities impresses one profoundly with his greatest and, 
 for his time, most unusual characteristic—namely, a deep respect 
 for law, combined with a strong desire and unswerving purpose to 
 assure the orderly development of civil institutions. It is astonishing 
 to find in that early and troublous period a man who saw with clear 
 vision that the progress and prosperity of the nascent democracies of 
 America were dependent on the development in the masses of the 
 people of a profound respect for law, a willingness to submit to the will 
 of the majority, and a readiness to subordinate personal desires and 
 ambitions to public welfare. 
 
 For these contributions to national life, not only Colombia but the 
 American Continent owes him a debt of gratitude. 
 
 Santander was born in the small town of Rosario de Cicuta in that 
 most significant year 1792, a year when the thrones of Europe were 
 rudely shaken to their foundations, when ancient overlordships and 
 traditional mandates were dissolving in the cleansing fire of the 
 French revolution, and when men, everywhere, were absorbing the 
 sentiments of liberty and justice, and dreaming not only of independ- 
 ence but of self-government. 
 
 While Santander was still a mere boy beginning his studies in the 
 College of San Bartolomé, in Bogota, the Colombian patriot Antonio 
 Narifio had published his notable translation of ‘‘The Rights of Man,” 
 
 (10) 
 
11 
 
 and the imperishable doctrines of that great human document became 
 the daily pabulum not only of young Santander, but of that group 
 of high-spirited young intellectuals who, with him, were to leave their 
 impress on the history of Colombia. 
 
 Between 1803, which marks the appointment of the last Spanish 
 viceroy and the breaking out of the revolution in July, 1810, political 
 events in Colombia moved with incredible swiftness toward their 
 predestined goal. In New Granada a group of notables demanded 
 adequate representation in the Cortes; in Bogota, the municipality 
 clamored not only for representation but for the right to organize the 
 defense of the country; in Casanare two patriots had already paid 
 with their lives an attempt to depose the governor; in Pamplona the 
 Corregidor was actually deposed; and in Socorro blood was shed in a 
 similar effort. And it was at this critical moment in 1809 that Santan- 
 der, having successfully obtained his degree in jurisprudence, left the 
 university behind him to become, within a scant year, sublieutenant 
 of a handful of patriots in the Province of Mariquita, and to begin that 
 practical study of military tactics and of men which was to be crowned 
 on the field of Boyacé. In 1810, the revolution having assumed 
 definite form, Santander took part in the ill-fated Narifio expedition, 
 in which he was wounded and imprisoned for a short time by the 
 enemy. In Angostura, Lérmapelada, San Faustino, and in scores of 
 smaller engagements in the Cticuta valleys, Santander, now colonel, 
 added new luster to the patriots’ cause. 
 
 In 1815 Santander was appointed commander in chief of the 
 remains of that army which Bolivar had led to the heroic city of 
 Cartagena. Larly in 1816, Santander began the almost superhuman 
 task of raising and disciplining on the broad plains of Casanare an 
 army which would enable Bolivar to crush once and for all the power 
 of Spain in Colombia. It was a task for a superman, for a heroic 
 and dauntless spirit such as Santander’s—a task which was prolonged 
 through three long years of almost inconceivable suffering and 
 sacrifice, but which was gloriously crowned not only on the field of 
 Boyacé, but also at Ayacucho and Junin. 
 
 Santander, however, was not only a great military genius, but a 
 creat civilian whose ability in establishing law and order had been 
 amply demonstrated during his consummately able administration 
 as vice president of the new Republic from 1821 to 1826. Elected 
 in 1837 to the National Congress, to which he was reelected in 1839, 
 Santander’s voice and eloquence were consistently heard in the par- 
 liamentary tribune on the side of law and order. Indeed, it may 
 be said of him that practically his entire adult life was’spent either 
 in the field or in the tribune, for it was in the latter that he became 
 
12 
 
 conscious of the first symptoms of the mortal disease which, while 
 still in his prime, carried him to the grave on May 5, 1840, plunging 
 the entire nation into the deepest grief and mourning. 
 
 As this illustrious patriot takes his place in the Hall of Heroes of 
 the Pan American Union, we can but repeat the moving words of 
 his funeral eulogy: 
 
 Rest, illustrious Granadino, general and citizen, rest! Thy life 
 was as the swift lightning; not so thy fame, which shall endure 
 down the ages and teach generations to come of the dauntless sol- 
 dier, the wise governor, the profound statesman, the great man of 
 New Granada, which was Santander. 
 
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