alle NIDULARIACEAE OR SBIR SNES? EUNGI~ ILLUSTRATED WITH TEN PLATES AND TWENTY FIGURES By eG. LLOYD oe CINCINNATI, OHIO, U. S. A. DECEMBER, 1906. Ly ReEUEAS MIS Who first made a thorough study of the Nidulariaceae, and wrote the first monograph on the subject, and whose careful, accurate work will always remain as the highest authority. NIDULARIACEAE. The Nidulariaceae are well known as the “Bird’s-nest fungi,’ so called because the little cups filled with little “eggs” are likened to miniature bird-nests. In mycology they are classed as Gastromycetes, but to me they seem to have very little in common with other Gastro- mycetes. ‘They are found all over the world, and there is probably no country that does not have several species. We have been particularly interested in these little bird’s-nest fungi for several years, and have persistently importuned our corre- spondents, especially those in the tropics, to send us specimens. ‘That our appeals have not been in vain the two hundred and more collec- tions, as acknowledged in detail in this pamphlet, are in evidence. We wish to thank each individual who has aided by sending speci- mens. The work on this pamphlet was done in the museum of crypto- gamic botany at Paris, France. We had, however, previously made studies of the material at Kew, and most of the historic specimens in this family are preserved either at Paris or Kew. DEFINITION OF TERMS. PERIDIUM.—The cups are called peridia. In most genera they are cup or bell-shaped, the mouth covered when young with a thin membrane, known as the epiphrgem. In one genus (Nidularia) the peridium is globose, and has no epiphragm he peridium walls are tough and composed (usually) of three layers. The external layer is always more or less hairy or tomentose, and I have found that the general nature of the cups and of this external ‘surface usually characterizes species. Cups vary much in the same species as to size and shape. EPIPHRAGM.—The thin membrane, covering the mouth of the peridium when young, is called an epiphragm. It consists of two layers, the outer hairy or tomentose, of the same nature asthe outer layer of the cup. In the genera Crucibulum and Nidula, these two layers persist until the epiphragm is broken.~ In Cyathus the outer, hairy layer is detersive, and early falls away, leaving the inner, thin, white layer stretched across the mouth of the cup like the head of a drum. When the peridium reaches its full growth, the epiphragm breaks away and disappears, exposing the peridioles or “eggs” of the cup. Numerous illus- trations of cups having epiphragms will be found in our plates, particularly No. 104 (Crucibulum vulgare) and No. 106 (Cyathus striatus). PERIDIOLES.—The little “eggs” that are found in the interior of the cups we call peridioles. Usually they are called sporangioles, but I like the term peridiole better. They are always lenticular in shape, usually one or two (rarely three) millimeters in diameter. ‘The color of the peridioles is char- acteristic of the genera. Cyathus has black peridioles; Nidularia (with one anomalous exception) Nidula and Sphaerobolus have brown_peridioles; Cruci- bulum has black peridioles, but covered with a thick, white tunica, so that they appear white. The peridioles contain the spores ‘of the plant which are microscopic in size. 1 Several centuries ago some of the old botanists thought that the peridioles were the seeds of the plants and wrote learned articles on the subject. Tulasne gives a full history of these ancient views, which were recently re-dished up in full by Miss White. I do not feel that the subject should take so much space for I think that for a hundred years no one, except perhaps somé children, has thought that sporangioles are the seeds, 3 >i 8ont THE FUNICULUS.—In the genera Cyathus and Crucibulum the peridioles are attached to the cups by elastic cords called funiculi. When dry they are — brittle, but when wet they are elastic and capable of long extension. It is easy to stretch them five or six inches, and when extended they appear like threads of cob-web. Our figure (1) shows a peridiole (enlarged) with the funiculus attached. The microscopic structure of the funiculus is very com- J plex, and Tulasne has explained it at f length. It is more simple in the genus Crucibulum than in Cyathts. The struc- ture consists of hyaline filaments which \ are nodular at intervals. Our figure (2), Fig. 1. Fig. 2. taken from Tulasne, will illustrate the ordinary appearance of these threads under the microscope. Genera are based on the presence or absence of funiculi. Thus Cyathus? and Crucibulum have funiculi; Nidula, Nidularia and Sphaero- bolus have none. THE TUNICA—Surrounding the peridioles of most species is a thin, white membrane, called the tunica. In most species the tunica is so thin that when dry it is seen with difficulty, but it swells and is more evident when the peridiole is soaked in water. Crucibulum vulgare is the only species with a relatively thick and evident tunica. In our cross section of a section of the peridiole of Fig. 4. Crucibulum vulgare (Fig. 3 enlarged) the tunica is readily seen surrounding the (black) peridiole wall. In figure 4 (peridioles of Crucibulum vulgare, enlarged) a broken tunica is evident on one of the peridioles. In the genus Cyathus the tunica is often an uncertain factor, for it is so thin it is often difficult to de- cide whether it exists or not. Where it exists it is always more evident when the peridiole is soaked in water. In some species (notably the common Cy- athus stercoreus) I am satisfied there is no tunica whatever. Cyathus striatus (the European form, not the American form) has the most evident tunica in the genus Cyathus. THE WALLS OF THE PERIDIOLES.—The outer wall of the peridiole is of a hard, horny nature, and must be soaked (about twelve hours) in water before it is practicable to section it. Two very different structures are foun] 2We have rarely seen collections of Cyathus stercoreus where the upper peridioles in the cups are not attached by funiculi, We have considered it only as a kind of Zagsus for in the same collec- tion we find cups with all the peridioles attached and otherwise the plants have all the characters of the species. It was Miss White, in reality who first discovered that Cyathus stercoreus does not al- ways have funiculi (Cfr. her article ‘‘Cyathia ? Sp.’’), but she was so unfamiliar with the character of the species that she was unable to correctly interpret her discovery. It is a feature of inexperience that anything out of the ordinary can only be explained by the theory of a ‘‘ new species.” 4 (in different species) which character we have used in arranging the species in groups.. In one section (of which the common Cyathus stercoreus. is a fanmiliar example) the peridiole wall consists of two layers with coarse, deeply colored filaments intervening. If a peridiole is slightly soaked, these filaments seem to be placed between the layers, but after a prolonged soaking in water, four or five days, the outer layer swells, and a section then shows that the filaments are imbedded in the tissue of the outer layer.” Our figure 5 (an enlarged section of a peridiole of Cyathus stercoreus) plainly shows this outer layer partially detached. Tulasne applied the term “tunica” to this layer in the species when he noted it, but to us this is a misappli- cation of the term, as the nature is very different from a tunica, and we feel the term should only be applied in the sense we have indicated under the previous heading. Usu- ally these colored filaments are simple, unbranched or slightly branched and form (apparently) a kind of woven tissue. In Nidula emodensis they are peculiar, having ; many short, sharp-pointed branches, a structure we have Fig. 5. noted in no other species. I think the structure of the walls of the peridioles of all species of Nidulariaceae are of the same general nature, but many species do not have these coarse, deeply colored fibrils. They are, on the other hand, much thinner, pale-colored or sub-hyaline, so that the sec- tions appear quite different, and the character can be readily used in classification. THE INNER STRUCTURE OF THE PERIDIOLE.—A section of the peridiole of any species, shows the interior filled with a white or sub-transparent, hard, horny substance. This is always in two lay- ers, clearly differentiated by a distinct line as shown in figure 6 (a section of the peridiole of Cyathus pallidus, strongly enlarged). ‘The tissue under the microscope is composed of irregular, angular granules, somewhat elon- gated and very irregular in shape. I do not Seg feel that the word “filament” should be applied iP to this tissue, for it has led to a very erroneous statement of facts." The outer layer of tissue is mostly (if not entirely) sterile. The spores are imbedded in the tissue of the inner layer. SPORES.—The spores of all Niduiariaceae are /yaline. Usually — ellipti- cal, they are sometimes subglobose, and vary much in general size in different species. ‘Thus, there are species with large spores (30-50 mic), species with small spores (4-8 mic.) and species with medium spores (12-25 mic). The general size and shape of spores characterize species, but the particular size is of no value whatever, and much latitude must be given to all spore measure- .ments. Spores not only vary in size in the same collection, but in the same peridiole, and I have noted two spores side by side differing more than ten nic. in length. One finds the spores very abundant in the peridioles of the small-spored species. On the contrary, they are usually scanty (or often wanting) in most of the large-spored species. If, in examining for spores, one has trouble in finding them, it is safe to assume that the plant belongs to a large-spored species. The spores of Nidulariaceae are said to be borne on 3 Reminding me of the fibres one notes in the pith of the stem of the corn stalk. 4 When De Toni compiled the Nidulariacez in the seventh volume of Saccardo he disting uished the genus Cyathus from Crucibulum, the former having ‘‘spore filamentis immixte,’’ the latter ‘“spore’nullis filamentis immixte.’”” Miss White has copied apparently the same error in her paper. It originated, I think, in a misreading of what Tulasne states on the subject, for while this inference might be drawn from Tulasne’s work, I do not believe he ever intended to convey such an idea. The internal structure of the peridioles of all genera of Nidulariacee is practically the same, and affords no generic differences and none of them have any threads mixed with the spores. 5 basidia, but in the mature specimens no evidence of the attachment can be noted such as is usually very noticeable on basidia-spores. They have more the general appearance of asci-spores.° HISTORY.—tThe early history of Nidulariaceae, as of all fungi, is vague, owing to the multiplication of names by the early mycologists. There are only three common species in Europe, but Tulasne has shown that they were il- lustrated and described under more than twenty different specific names, and double that number of different combinations. But one real origina] mono- graph of the subject was ever written, viz: by Tulasne in 1844. When Tulasne took hold of the subject all was confusion. He made a careful and thorough study of the structure, established the genera, and selected the best names for the species as they appeared to him. Since this monograph appeared, my.- cologists in general have shown their appreciation of his work by using his names. We have done so in every instance without any juggling whatever. When Tulasne wrote his monograph, excepting the three common species of Europe, he had but scanty material, only seventeen collections from foreign lands, which he referred to thirteen species. We have studied all of this material (and many times as much more), and we think that Tulasne’s species are prac- tically all “good.” Since Tulasne’s day, sixty years ago, very little additional, systematic work has been done. The usual number of “new species” has been added, some very good, and some, in our opinion, very bad. Miss Violet S. White, a young lady of New York, has recently published (Bull. of the Torrey Club, May, 1902), an account of the American species. It was a good paper (barring the name juggling’) and brought out a number of new facts, the most important being the genus Nidula. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.—The species of Nidulariaceae of the temperate world are relatively few, and there are but three common species in Europe, viz: Cyathus striatus, Cyathus vernicosus and Crucibulum vul- gare. In the United States, in addition to these three, we have another common species, Cyathus stercoreus, which is rare in Europe. In Australia, Cyathus verni- cosus, Cyathus stercoreus and Crucibulim vulgare are common, but Cyathus striatus (as far as I know) appears to be wanting. In addition to these common species there are, to my knowledge, only five rare species in Europe and Amer- ica, viz: Nidularia pisiformis, Nidularia Heribaudii, Nidula candida, Nidula microsperma and Cyathus pygmaeus. We do not include in the above summary (the anomalous genus) Sphaerobolus stellatus, which is fairly common in Europe and America. and probably also in Australia. The species of the re- mainder of the world are relatively scantily known. In the tropics the species appear more numerous, and all different. from the temperate region species. From the relatively few collections that are known more species probably have been made than will be maintained when the plants are well known. It is the experience, I think, of every one that the more material he has the fewer “species” he finds. 5 I would not have it thought that I question the accuracy of Tulasne’s statements on the spores of the Nidulariacez being basidia-spores, for I am not inclined to question Tulasne on subjects con- cerning which I know nothing. I would only state that they do not appear the same as ordinary basidia- spores. 6 As a striking example of how easy it is to juggle botanical names, Miss White takes the syn onyms in Tulasne’s monograph, and with a date dictionary shuffles up a “‘ new combination”’ for every known yaaite of Nidulariacee she considers. ‘Tulasne, who did @// the work, does not have a single name left. If this juggling was not done with Tulasne’s synonyms it could have been in fifteen min- utes’ time, but it seems to have been so done for questions of ‘‘ priority ’’ not explained by Tulasne are not considered in her paper. I do not question but that Miss White acted conscientiously and to the best of the limited light under which she worked. She was young, inexperienced, under bad advisers who ought to know better, and she could not realize at what a low standard such work is generally held in the mycological world. Since her paper appeared two publications considering the Nidulari- acez have been issued. Saccardo takes recognition of her new genus Nidula, which is really meritor- ious, but completely ignores her other names. Dr. Hollés, who is quite expert himself when it comes to concocting “‘new combinations’’ for the purpose of adding ‘‘ Hollés” to them, sees no merit in such work when done by another. He turns down every one of Miss White’s juggled names. 6 Pore GeNE RA OF THE eNIDULPARIACE AY. There are only five known genera of Nidulariaceae, and excepting the genus Cyathus, each embraces a very few species. The genera are distinguished by the following characters: Peridium cup shaped, with walls of three layers. Peridioles attached Pemectictlime bunicarthin vor Waitin Oem tt ere gee Cyathus. Peridium cup shaped, of a single layer. Peridioles with funicull. Me ibcirtichc camer! sey epi me eniar eta tens ad. silt, Crucibulum. Peridium cup shaped, of one (or two) layers. Peridioles without 1 Abn a WNDU ec I lead a eee a ec AA id een ee eet Nidula. Peridium globose, friable, of a single layer. Peridioles without funi- OUUWY foo) Be sees hee Sete RS oe a me Ae a a ee a rary SEN Nidularia. All the above have numerous peridioles, while the following genus has peso oepemGiolesiii-cach Cup. sim ees a ee ait: Sphaerobolus. THE GENUS NIDULARIA. Peridium globose, of a single layer, without an epiphragm, de- hiscing by the regular breaking away of the walls or sometimes by a circumscissile opening. Peridioles numerous, filling the cavity, and imbedded in a mucilaginous substance (when moist). Not attached by funiculi. The genus Nidularia (in my opinion) embraces one rare, but widely distributed species, Nidularia pisiformis, three other species, each known from a single collection, N. australis (Chile), N. Duriaeana (Mauritius) and N. fusispora (Australia), also one anomalous species, N. Heribaudi (France). All are very different from the other Nid- uariaceae in not having cup-shaped peridia. ‘The peridia are globose, with brittle, fragile walls, which often break away entirely, leaving a pile of naked peridioles. The peridioles of all (excepting Heribaudii) are brown. NIDULARIA PISIFORMIS (Plate 102).—Peridium globose, filled with small brown peridioles. Walls of the peridium of a single layer, breaking irregularly or (sometimes, I think) in a circumscissile manner. Sometimes the peridium breaks away entirely, leaving a pile of naked peridioles. Surface of the peridium, particularly when young (see Plate 102, Fig. 6), cinnamon brown, flocculent, pulverulent’, becoming lighter color and smoother when old. Usually the peridium is tubercular from pressure on the peridioles. Peridioles small, 1 to 7 The distinction between Cyathus and Crucibulum is not one marked difference that can be used as a key character, but rather the sum of a number of slight differences, which, taken together, make a good genus. Thus, they do not have exactly the same peridia, epiphragms, tunicae, or funiculi. 8 The name of the American plant Nidularia pulvinata means ‘‘ cushion shape,’’ and does not refer to the pulverulent surface as I have always (through a confusion of the two words) supposed, 7 1% mm., brown, imbedded (when moist) in a mucilaginous substance, and have no funiculi. When dry they are rugulose, but when moist are smooth. Spores broadly elliptical, 5-6 x 6-8, sometimes relatively a little broader, 6-7 x 8. HISTORY.—This species seems to be widely distributed, but rare. We have it from Europe, United States and Brazil. It grows on rotten wood. It appears to me that whenever one of the old botanists about the begin- ming of the last century found this rare plant, he gave a picture of it and called it something new. We have looked up all these old pictures,® and there is nothing to indicate they are not the same plant.” We have neither re- ceived from our correspondents in America or Europe, nor-have we seen in any of the museums at Paris or London similar specimens of the genus Nidularia that we can distinguish as more than one species. We feel then there is but one widely spread species of this genus, and that it occurs Very rarely in Europe, United States, Brazil, and probably other countries. SYNONYMS.—If the above position proves to be true, and all the evi- dence we have points to it, the following names will form its synonymy. We have studied authentic specimens of those followed with a star, or they are ‘based on figures we have seen, and there is little question as to them in our mind. Cyathus farcta,* Nidularia farcta,* Nidularia radicata, Nidularia farcta var. radicata, Nidularia confluens,* Cyathus corrugatus, Nidularia corrugata, Cyathus globosus,* Nidularia globosa,* Nidularia denudata, Cyathus denudatus, Nidularia pulvinata,* Cyathus pulvinatus,* Nidularia Berkeleyi,* Nidularia pisi- formis var Broomei.* Miss White states that Nidularia Alabamensis is a synonym for Nidularia pulvinata, and the “description” certainly would so in- dicate. “Granularia pulvinata” is a juggled name.” RESUME.—While we do not assert that all the foregoing are demonstrated to be the same plant, we are unable to learn what real differences exist between them, if any, and it is our opinion that they will all prove to be the same species. In all the specimens we have seen we shave noted only the following differences, but whether they are specific or merely due to condi- tions, we are not prepared to state. Any one who finds these rare plants will perform a real service if they will carefully note the following points : First, Color and Surface. Two forms are found in our specimens, smooth, whitish plants and pulverulent, brownish specimens. The latter, which is the condition usually found in my specimens from America, is no more evident in the American form than it is in many collections of Europe. I have thought that it may be the natural character of all, and that the smooth, pale collec- tions may be due to age or wet weather conditions. Second, Dehiscence. I note two types of dehiscence. Most plants we have seen and most descriptions and plates seem to show that the peridia break irregularly, falling away and leaving sometimes a pile of naked peridioles. Specimens that we have from Dr. Herbst (Fig. 7, enlarged four times) clearly show a circumscissile dehiscence. Sometimes we note indications of both these types in the same collection, but we would be glad to learn, from those who have an opportunity to observe the a plant growing, what are its natural methods Fig. 7. of dehiscence. No final conclusions can be reached as to whether one or ‘two species are involved until these questions are settled. As to spores and peridtoles, all are practically the same. Notes 9, 10, 11, see next page. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Germany, Otto Jaap. Ee MREN Rev, J. Lint. Canada, A. J. Hill. United States, Pennsylvania, Dr. Wm. Herbst; Minnesota, Dr. J. EK. Crewe; Louisiana, Rev. A. B. Langlois. Brasil, Rev. J. Rick. NIDGIVARIA AUSTRALIS (His. 8, “enlarged four times) -—— Peridium cinnamon brown, subpulverulent, subglobose, dehiscing’® in a circumscissile manner. Peridioles small, about I mm., brown, rugulose when dry. Spores 10-11x4% (Tu- lasne’s measurement). But one collection of this species is known, made in Chile by Gay, and preserved in Tulasne’s herbarium. It grows on rotten wood, and in many of its features strongly reminds us of the previous species. The spores, ac- cording to Tulasne’s measurements, are relatively longer and the de- hiscence (of the only specimen that shows it) is more regularly - circumscissile. Fig. 8. NIDULARIA DURIAEANA (Fig. 9, enlarged 4 times ).—Peri- dium globose, brown, friable, scarcely exceeding I mm. in diameter. Peridioles small, brown, about ¥%mm. Spores 64-7x 44-5 (Tulasne’s measurement). This unique little species is only known from a single col- lection, made by Durieu in Mauritius and now preserved in Montagne’s herbarium. It is characterized by its very small size, the largest peridia meas- uring less than 14% mm. in di- Fig. 9. ameter. It grew on the naked ground in a little moss. From Tulasne’s figure it would appear to grow on a piece of wood, but that iseaiiserror, 9Viz: Roth. Catal, Bot... 7). 25 EKhrb, Sylv. f. 3; Roth. Ust. Ann. Bot. T. r, f. x. 10 Excepting Holmsk. Beata Rur. T. 4, f. 2, which we think is.a Nidula, not a Nidularia. 11 Neither Roth who proposed the name Granularia, nor Miss White who juggled Tulasne’ genus Nidularia under Roth’s name seem to have had a very clear generic idea of Tulasne’s genus, Both of them refer here Micheli’s figure T. 102, f. 4, which clearly shows an epiphragm, and Micheli states the peridioles have funiculi.and indicates them in his ‘figure. The genus Nidularia has neither an epiphragm nor a funiculus. 12 The only specimen that clearly shows this character. £ NIDULARIA FUSISPORA.—The only specimen of the genus Nidularia that ever reached Europe from Australasia was collected by Rodway in Tasmania, and is now preserved at Kew. It is only a little fragment of naked peridioles, but they present characters differ- ent from those of the European species. In size they are only about half as large, barely measuring 4% mm. The spores present the most marked difference, being narrower than those of other species. The largest of them, according to my measurements, are 5 x 12 mic. NIDULARIA HERIBAUDII (Figs. 10 and 11).—Peridium sub- globose. light color, friable, containing a few large, black peridioles. Fig. 10. Fige the Peridioles varying in size, the largest 3 mm. in diameter, black, smooth. Tunica thin. Spores broadly ovate, 6x8. This species of Nidularia differs entirely from all others in the large, black peridioles that are more of the nature of the peridioles of Cyathus, excepting that they do not have funiculi. The peridioles seem closely packed in the cup and are irregular in shape and size. ‘The peridiole that we show enlarged ‘Fig. I1) appears to have'a scar as though it had been attached by a funiculus, but we have carefully examined all the peridioles of the specimen, and are assured of the complete absence of funiculi. The type specimen (Fig. Io, enlarged four times) is very scanty and was collected in the central part of France on pine branches. It is now in the museum at Paris. We think that Nidularia rudis, which was described from scanty material from California (under the name Granularia rudis) will prove to be the same plant, and it is an earlier name. We have seen no specimens, but should we examine them and find them the same as those at Paris, will adopt the name (specific, not the juggled, generic name). Our figure (10) is the type specimen, all that exists at Paris (enlarged 4 diameters). Fig. 11, a peridiole enlarged 10 diameters, but few are as regular as this one. THES GENUSSNI DUE Peridium cup-shaped, opening by a thin epiphragm. ‘The walls of the peridium consist of two layers, the inner thin, which is continuous with the layer that forms the epiphragm. In young specimens the outer (thick) layer is readily peeled away from the inner (thin) layer, but in old cups it is difficult to differentiate them. Peridioles free, imbedded when moist in a mucilaginous substance and not attached by funiculi. The genus Nidula is an excellent genus, recently pro- posed by Miss White. It has the cup and epiphragm of a Crucibulum 10@) Issued by C. G. LLOYD PNG eo ee Fig. 1, natural size. Fig. 2, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 3, enlarged ro times. Fig. 4, peridioles enlarged 10 times. All froin Rev. J. Lind, Denmark. NIDULARIA PISIFORMIS. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 5, natural size. Fig. 6, a young specimen, enlarged ro times. Fig. 5, enlarged 4 times. All from Rev. J. Rick, Brazil. NIDULARIA PISIFORMIS. Fig. 7, same as and the peridioles of a Nidularia. ‘The genus was overlooked by both Berkeley and Peck, who had previously worked. with it. Tulasne never saw a specimen in his life.17 The genus Nidula seems to be of a northern range. It reaches me abundantly from one correspondent (Albert J. Hill) New Westminister, Canada, and from Northwestern United States. I have it scantily from Japan and Australia, and Berke- ley had an ample collection from the Himalayas, India. It does not seem to occur in warm countries, or over the greater portion of the United States or Europe.™ NIDULA CANDIDA (Plate 103).—Peridium cup-shaped, with a spreading mouth, 1 to 1% cm. high. Outer surface shaggy-tomentose, the tomentum tufted. Peridioles 11%4-2 mm., broad, light brown, smooth (not wrinkled), with a thin tunica. Spores 4-6 x 8-10, ellip- tical, smooth, with granular contents. This plant reaches me only from Albert J. Hill, New Westminster, B. C.; Canada. It grows in damp places in the woods, usually on rotten sticks, twigs. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Canada, A. J. Hill (3 collections). ! NIDULA MICROCARPA (Plate 103).—Peridium cup-shaped, with a straight or slightly spreading mouth. About % cm. high. Outer surface appressed-tomentose. Peridioles %-1 mm. broad, red- dish brown, rugulose when dry. Spores 5-6 x 7-8, elliptical, smooth. This plant is very close to the preceding and grows in similar local- ities. I was at first disposed to think it was only a variety. The peridia are smaller and smoother, peridioles smaller and darker color, and the spores are relatively broader. The cups of young specimens have a general resemblance to those of Crucibulum vulgare, but the plants can be easily distinguished as this has brown peridioles, and Cruci- bulum white peridioles. = SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Canada, Albert J. Hill (2 collections) ; Washington, T. C. Frye, C. V. Piper (2 collections). A FORM FROM AUSTRALIA.—I have received from F. M. Reader, collected in the County of Follett, a rather scanty collection, which for the present I refer to Nidula microcarpa. It has the same cups, but the peridioles are smaller (about 12 mm.), and the spores are slightly longer, 5-6x 8-10. It is the only collection of the genus Nidula known from Australia. We have also a single cup of a Nidula from Japan, but the material is so scanty we would not wish to say anything, other than to record the genus in Japan. 12 It might appear that the section Scutula “ Peridium regulariter apice dehiscens’’ of Tulasne’s genus Nidularia is the same as Nidula. The only specimen of this section Tulasne saw was Nidula- ria australis, which is a true Nidularia as to its cup, and has no epiphragm. 13] have never seen a specimen from Europe, but I am satisfied the old figure of Ho'mskjold (Beata Rur. T. 4, f. 2) represents this genus. Teh SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Australia, F. M. Reader. Japan, T. Yoshinaga. A LARGE FORM FROM WASHINGTON (Fig. 12). We have from T. C. Frye what we consider a large form of Nidula microspora, although the cups are more than twice as large as the usual form, and some spores are consider- ably larger, measuring 6x12. We hardly feel that the form is worthy of a name even as a form, as the size of the cups is a much varying factor in most species of Nidulariaceae. Fig. 12. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Washington, 'T. C. Frye. NIDULA EMODENSIS (Plate 103).—Peridium cup-shaped, with a somewhat spreading mouth, white, shaggy-tomentose. Peridioles about I mm. in diameter, reddish brown, wrinkled when dry. Outer peridiole wall thick, of rigid, woven, colored fibrils, which have many short, spiny branches. (We have not met this structure in any other species of Nidulariaceae.) Spores ovate, 4x 8. There is an abundant collection of this species from Sikkim, in the Himalayas, India, in Hooker’s herbarium at Kew. It has a close, general resemblance to Nidula candida of Canada, but differs from all species known to me, in the peculiar, spiny, branched fibrils of the outer peridiole wall. It was described as Cyathus emodensis, and while the discovery of the “new species” was of interest, it would have been of more general interest had the author discovered that he had a “new genus,” very different in the nature of the peridioles from the genus Cyathus in which it was placed. NIDULA GRANULIFERA.—While we have never seen a specimen of the genus Nidula from Europe, we feel confident that the plant illustrated in Holmskjold’s Beata Rur. (T. 4, f. 2), about a hundred years ago, was drawn for a Nidula. As to species, of course, the plate tells nothing, and it will probably prove to be one of the species recently described from America. THE GENUS CRUCIBULUM. Peridium cup-shaped, composed of a single, thick, uniform layer, lined on the inner side with a very thin, often silvery lining, which ~ Is said to be the “remnant of the mucilaginous matter that fills the cup,’ but appears to me to be a distinct, but very thin membrane. When young the mouth is covered with an epiphragm, yellow tomen- tose on the surface. Peridioles numerous, filling the cup, attached to the cup by a simple funiculus, which can be extended at length when moist. ‘Tunica, a loosely woven, thick,'* easily ruptured mem- brane. Peridioles (deprived of tunica) black. The walls of the peridiole are 90-100 mm. thick, closely woven, black externally, but the inner portion subtransparent. The interior of the peridiole is hyaline, 14 Compared to the tunica of all other Nidulariacez. hi Issued by C. G. LLOYD. PIP Mliissie Fig. 1. Pig. 2. Fig. 1, plants natural size. Fig. 2, a young specimen, section enlarged to times. Fig. 3, a specimen enlarged 4 times. All from Albert J. Hill, Canada. .NIDULA CANDIDA. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 4, specimens from Albert J. Hill, Canada. Fig. 5, young specimens from C. V. Piper, Washington. Fig. 6, specimens enlarged four times. NIDULA MICROCARPA. Fig. ila Fig. 7, type specimens (enlarged 4 times) at Kew. NIDULA EMODENSIS. about 200 mm. thick at the broadest part, consisting of innumerable el- liptical, hyaline spores, imbedded in irregularly shaped, hyaline tissue. The genus Crucibulum consists of a single known species,’® very common in Europe, America and Australia, ‘and reported from North Africa, Mauritius and other countries. I have never seen specimens from the tropics proper. CRUCIBULUM VULGARE, (Plate 104).—Peridium bell-shaped, usually about 8 mm. high and broad at the mouth. When young with a yellowish velvety tomentum externally, but soon becoming smooth sees and brown, when very old often bleach- eat! ing white. Even without and within. The mouth covered when young with an epiphragm, which is a continuation of the walls of the peridium. It 1s cov- ered with a yellowish tomentum on the upper surface, consisting under the mi- croscope of peculiar hairs with numer- ous short, sharp branches. (Fig. 13, taken from Tulasne.) The normal pe- ridioles measure about 2 mm. in diam- eter. They vary in size, and peridioles s- Measuring 174 to 244 mm. are some- 2 times found in the same cup. The tunica is light colored, usually white in old specimens,** and consists of a loosely woven membrane which frequently rup- tures. The peridiole (deprived of this tunica) is black. The funiculus is a simple, elastic, thin cord, capable of long extension when wet. It is attached to a little nipple-like protuberance on the peridiole. The spores are very numerous, and fill the interior of the peridiole, imbedded in an irregular, angular tissue. They are hyaline, elliptical, and measure 4-6x 8-10 mic. Crucibulum vulgare is probably the most common and widely spread bird’s nest fungus that grows. It occurs over Europe, America and Australia, and probably other coun- tries. It grows on twigs, chips, old mats and debris of various kinds, and sometimes on dry manure cakes. It rarely (if ever) occurs grow- ing on the earth or on large logs. Very often the cups grow inside of old cups of the same species, as shown in figs. 2 and 4, plate 104, and this is the only “bird’s nest fungus” I have ever noticed with this habit. A very small form (Plate 104, fig. 3) is often met, particularly in Australia, frequently on dry cakes of manure, which has cups 3-4 mm. broad and proportionately small peridioles. Fig. 13. 15 Two other species have been ‘‘described’’ but they are both errors. Miss White has examined Crucibulum juglandicolum and states its synonymy with Crucibulum vulgare. I can state the same as to Crucibulum simile. The latter was need on supposedly smaller spores, but my measurements how them to be exactly the same as the normal plant. 16 And by this character Crucibulum vulgare can be readily recognized as it is the only ‘‘ bird’s iest-fungi’’ known with white ‘‘eggs.”’ 13 SYNONYMS.—Tulasne, who straightened out the subject, gives the following synonyms: Cyathus crucibuliformis, Nidularia Crucibulum, Nid- ularia leucosperma, Cyathus ericetorum, Cyathus cylindricus, Nidularia levis, Cyathus Crucibulum, Peziza crucibuliformis, Peziza lentifera, Peziza Pyxis, Peziza levis. These were mostly based on the vagaries of the old botanists who seemed to think every time they considered the plant they had to give it a new name. In addition (see Note 15, page 13), Nidularia juglandicola, Crucibulum juglandicolum, Crucibulum simile, Cyathus fimetarius, Cyathus fimicola, Cy- athus pezizoides and Cyathus pusio are all synonyms. The latter three from Australia are all the same plant, small specimens of Crucibulum vulgare. And then, as if this poor, little plant did not have enough burdens to bear in the way of useless names, Miss White recently added another to the load, Cruci- bulum crucibuliforme, pure name-jugglery. SPECIMENS IN Our CQgLLECTION. Canada, J. Macoun. Minnesota, Dr. Mary S. Whetstone, Dr. J. E. Crewe; Wisconsin, Chas. E. Brown; New Hampshire, C. E. Montgomery; Massachusetts, G. E. Morris, Clara E. Cummings, R. B. Mackintosh; Pennsylvania, Dr. Wm. Herbst, Charles Mcllvaine, Mrs. Dallas; Washington, D. C., A. Hrdlicha; Jilinois, H. C. Beards- lee; Ohio, Walter H. Aiken, Thomas Bell, C. G. Lloyd; Kentucky, C. G. Lloyd; Maryland, W. T. Lakin; Georgia, H. N. Starnes; North Carolina, Miss Mary Fitzgerald; Missouri, P. Spaulding; Colorado, Ernest Knaebel; California, Hdwiek. Ely: Ireland, Greenwood Pim; Scotland, Mary lL. Miles; England, C. Crossland, Mrs. A. Montague, FE. W. Swanton. France, N. Patouillard, G. Renaudet, Capt. Pyat Felix, L. Rolland, Rev. H. Bourdot, Dr. X. Gillot. Spain, T. de Aranzadi. Belgium, Madame Rousseau. . Germany, Otto Jaap, Wm. Kriiger, C. Engelke, Prof. Plottner, Dr. O. Pazschke, Madame Schultze-Wege. Bohemia, F. Bubak, A. Weidmann. witzerland, Denis Cruchet. Denmark, J. Lind, Rev. A. Breitung. Sweden, I, Romell, L. Neger, C. G. Lloyd. Russia, A. Jaczewski. Australia, Melbourne, F. Reader. (Nore—There are at Kew several collections of this species from Aus- 40a lia) THE GENUS CYATHUS. Peridium cup-shaped, composed of three distinct layers. When young the mouth is covered with a thin, white, smooth epiphragm.'* Peridioles, usually filling only about one-half.the cup, always black, attached to the cup by funiculi. Tunica usually very thin, on some species none, white, but so thin it hardly masks the black color of the peridiole wall. Spores hyaline, varying much in size (from 6 to 40 mic.) in the different species, imbedded in irregular, angular, hyaline _ i8The epiphragm of Cyathus, in some species at least, when very young is covered with loose hairs, which early fall away leaving the usual epiphragm a very thin, white membrane, stretched tensely over the mouth of the cup like the head of a drum. 14 Issued by C. G. LLOYD DieAtlitE 104 Fig. 1, growing on an old mat. (Most of these have the epiphragms unbroken.) CRUCIBULUM VULGARE. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 2, growing on pine cone. Fig. 3, a small form on manure. Specimens from C. E. Montgomery, New Hampshire. Fig. 4, growing on a stick. Fig. 5, peridioles enlarged (10) showing the broken tunica. Fig. 6, same, (under side) showing the “nipple.” Fig. 7, section of peridiole enlarged (15). Fig. 8, a very young specimen enlarged (Io). CRUCIBULUM VULGARE. tissue. The genus Cyathus includes more species than all the other genera of Nidulariaceae combined. But two common species occur in Europe (Cyathus striatus and Cyathus vernicosus) and in America in addition to these two, we have another common species (Cyathus stercoreus). Most of the species are of warm countries, and very different from the above three. The genus Cyathus is readily divided into two sections :1° EUCYATHUS.—Cups striate inside. OLLA.—Cups even and smooth inside. The greatest difference that is found in the species of Cyathus is the size of the spores. Some species have very large spores, others very small spores, and most of the species have medium-sized spores. We would divide the genus into five sections according to the general nature of the cups and peridioles. Section 1.—Eucyathus—Cups striate. | Tunica none or very thin. Outer peridiole wall thick, of coarse, colored fibrils. Section 2.—Eucyathus—Cups striate. Tunica none, or a thin membrane. Outer peridiole wall not strongly different from the inner. Section 3—Olla—Cups even, with strigose, shaggy hairs. Tunica none. Outer peridiole wall with coarse-colored fibrils. _ Section 4.—Olla—Cups even, with hirsute, hispid, coarse hairs. Tunica a thin, soft membrane. Outer peridiole wall not strongly different from the inner. Section 5.—Olla—Cups even, rigid, comparatively smooth, with fine subap- pressed hairs. Outer peridiole wal! not strongly different from the inner. SEC LLON Sr: CYATHUS POEPPIGII (Plate 105).—Cups conic, bell-shaped, 8-10 x 5-6 mm., dark brown, strigose, hirsute, striate within and strongly striate externally. Peridioles black, 1%4-2 mm. in diameter, with a thick, fibrous, outer peridiole wall. ‘Tunica none. Spores very large, varying much in size, even in the same peridiole,*° but always large. Usually 24-28 x 30-42 mic. We have noted them as large as oe Oa Inic: This is a frequent species in warm countries, and probably occurs throughout the warm regions of the earth. We have it from four widely distant localities, and have seen many others at Paris and Lon- don. It seems to replace Cyathus striatus of temperate regions, and to have very much the same habits. In Samoa we found it growing densely caespitose on a piece of rotten cloth. 19 We include in ‘‘ Eucyathus”’ only those species that are distinctly, strongly striate. Some of the species placed in ‘‘ Olla”’ when old have faint striae, but we feel they are better placed in “ Olla”’ than “ Eucyathus.” 20 We give the measurements of six spores, all averaging small, from the same peridiole of a amoan Specimen: 10 x 925012)x 26 912) x 20 2 & LO. 12) 34.5014) X 40% 2 15 SYNONYMS.—Poeppig distributed it from Cuba as Cyathus plicatulus, which name was changed by Tulasne when he published it. Fries claims that Cyathus plicatus, “published” by him “priorly” is the same plant.” SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Mauritius, Chas. A. O’Connor. German East Africa, Dr. K. Braun. Australia, Brisbane, J. H. Simmonds. Samoa, Cie. Lloyd. Berlin Botanical Garden, Dr. Hennings (adventitious). CYATHUS LIMBATUS (Plate 105).—Peridium 7-10 mm. high, conic, bell-shaped, dark brown, strigose, hirsute, often becoming smooth in old specimens. Striate within, but the external striae are hidden by the hirsute covering when young. Old specimens where this external hirsute layer has fallen away are strongly striate exter- nally. Peridioles black, 114-2 mm. in diameter, with a thick, outer wall. Spores elliptical, 8-lox 16 mic. (in type). I refer here, how- ever, specimens having spores 10-12 x 16-22. This seems to be a frequent species in the West Indies, growing usually on the bare ground. Mr. W. Harris sends it to me in quan- tity from Hope Gardens, Jamaica. It often develops a brown mycelium at base, as many species do.*? Old specimens lose the external, hirsute covering, and become smooth and striate, hardly appearing like the same plant. (Cfr., Plate 105, figs. 9 and 10.) ‘Tulasne compares it to Cyathus Poeppigii as to cups. The cups are not so strongly striate as Poeppigii, and the striae are coarser. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Jamaica, W. Harris (in quantity), Wm. Cradwick. NOTE.—We have received from A. Thibou, Antigua, _a related plant, which we do not publish on account of the paucity of material (4 cups). It is apparently distinct, however, in its narrow spores, 6x20 mic. We hope for additional material. CYATHUS GAYANUS (Plate 105).—Peridium about 1%4 cm. high, 5-6 mm. broad, narrow, conic, dark brown, striate within and faintly without, strigose, hirsute. Peridioles black, large, 3 mm., with thick outer wall. Spores subglobose, large, varying from 20 to e2emis 21 After Tulasne had published his magnificent monograph, showing how the species of Nidula- iraceae can be distinguished. Fries came out with the claim that Cyathus Poeppigii was Nidularia plicata. Wedonot know whether it is true or not, and to our mindit isimmaterial. If it is true, Tulasne gave the characters by which the plant can be recognized, and Fries gave not a single char- acter by which it can be distinguished from any similar species. When a boy I used to pjay a game where the chief argument was ‘‘ That is mine, I saw it first,’’ and I think the argument is equal y childish as applied to nomenclature. No man should attempt to displace careful, accurate, thorough work that can be correctly interpreted, solely on the strength of vague, indefinite work on the same subject, done at a previous date. Authors should realize that they have obligations to mycology other than ‘‘seeing new species first,’’ and that they should not only ‘‘see’’ them, but should describe them, and partic- ularly should z//ustrate them so accurately that others can ‘‘see’”’ them. ‘Then only should a man have the assumption to claim recognition for his ‘‘new species’’ on the ground of priority. I have great respect for the pJrzority of good work. 22On this account, perhaps, Mr. Harris’ specimens have been determined as Cyathus byssise- dus, described by Junghuhn from Java. I do not feel that any one is justified in deciding a plant to be Cyathus byestsedile on either the description or figure. Certainly not this plant which differs in habits from those shown by Junghuhn. 23 Tulasne gives the measurement ‘‘ 15-17 x 20-22 mic.”” In the type I find some as large as 32 mic. 16 Issued by C. G. LLOYD. Eo) Pes aad Gl Be 105. Fig. 1, type specimen, Herbarium Tulasne, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 2, speci- . mens from Chas. A. O’Connor, Mauritius. Fig. 3, from Dr. K. Braun, German East Africa. Fig. 5, C. G. Lloyd, Samoa (on old mat). Fig. 4, section peridiole enlarged 15 times. SSONINSAORS IODC OE: rig. 6. Fig. 6, type specimens, Herbarium Tulasne, enlarged 4 times. CYATHUS GAYANUS. Fig. 11. Fig. 7, specimens from William Harris, Jamaica. Fig. 8, type in Herbarium Montagne (enlarged 4 times). Fig. 9, a young hirsute specimen (enlarged 4 times). Fig. 10, old striate specimens (enlarged 4 times). Fig. 11, section peridiole (enlarged 15 times). CYATHUS LIMBATUS. But one collection is known from Chile by Gay, which is now in Tulasne’s herbarium. It was said to grow on horse manure, but it appears to me as though it grew on rich earth. Its large, subglobose spores and habitat (if true) would ally it to Cyathus stercoreus, but it - belongs in a different section on account of its striate cup. SECTION 2. CYATHUS STRIATUS (Plate 106).—Peridium obconic, cup- shaped, dark brown (in some forms much darker than others), hirsute, _strigose, with coarse, shaggy hairs, which are disposed to bend down- ward. Externally the cups are even; internally they are regularly and strongly striate. Epiphragm a thin, white membrane, at first strigose, but the hairs soon fall away, leaving the epiphragm smooth. ‘The epi- phragm soon breaks around the edges and falls away. Peridioles about 2 mic. in diameter, with a soft, pale tunica, which is thin on the margin and top of the peridioles, thicker below, where it usually re- mains attached, forming a kind of pad (when wet and swollen). The tunica rarely ruptures in the typical form of Cyathus striatus, but is generally seen entirely surrounding the ripe peridiole. Spores ellip- tical-ovoid, rounded at the ends, but slightly more narrow at one end than the other, 8-10 x 18-20 mic. The type form of this plant is very common, but occurs only as far as I know in Europe. The American form is quite different, par- ticularly in its tunica characters. I have seen no form from Australia.?4 SYNONYMS.—This plant, like all common plants, has received a great many names through the vagaries of the old botanists. ‘Tulasne has given the following synonyms: Peziza cyathiformis, Peziza striata, Peziza hirsuta, Nidularia striata, Nidularia hirsuta. The latest juggled name for it is Cyathia hirsuta. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Sweden, L. Romell, C. G. Lloyd. England, Chas. Crossland, Mrs. A. Montague. Ireland, Greenwood Pim. Switzerland, Denis Cruchet. Belgium, Madme Rousseau, Dr. O. Pazschke. Germany, W. Krueger, Fritz Noack, Prof. Plottner, Otto Jaap, Dr. O. Pazschke, C. Engelke. Austria, A. Weidmann. France, J. Lagarde, Rev. H. Bourdot, Ll. Rolland. Portugal, Rev. C. Torrend. Italy. Dr. C. Massalongo. CYATHUS SCHWEINITZII (Plate 106).—I think that this plant should he considered as Tulasne has it, a variety of Cyathus striatus of Europe, al- iough many “species” are made on much less differences. Most American stanists who were probably not aware that it differs from the European plant, ave called it Cyathus striatus without distinction. Peridium pale brown, 24 Which is somewhat surprising to me as the other three, common species of *‘ bird’s-nest-fungi ” of Europe and America are frequent in Australia also, 17 rarely dark as the European. Externally strigose, hirsute, but not so coarse as the European. Generally growing on twigs and branches to which it 1s attached by a brown, mycelial pad. Rarely in the ground. Sometimes I have found it on brush heaps far above the surface of the ground, (The Euro- pean plant usually grows in the soil unattached to wood, sometimes on buried or half-buried wood, but never, I think, truly epixylous. ‘Tunica very thin, early rupturing and mostly disappearing from the ripe peridiole. (The strong- est point of difference between the American and the European plants is the nature of the tunica). Spores 6-8x 18-20, averaging slightly smaller than the European form. ‘The form “Schweinitzii,’ which was pointed out by Tul- asne is the common form that I have always found in America. All that have reached me from American correspondents, with one exception, grew on wood. L. L. Perrine, North Dakota, sends me a collection that grew in the ground, but which agrees with the usual American form in the thin tunica. At T'rexlertown, Pennsylvania, I made a collection, dark like the usual European form, but otherwise as the American. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Canada, J. Dearness, T. N. Willing. North Dakota, L. L. Perrine; Wisconsin, C. E. Brown; Minnesota, Dr. J. E. Crewe, Dr. M. S. Whetstone; Massachusetts, Clara E. Cummings; New York, W. H. Long, Jr.; Pennsylvania, Dr. Wm. Herbst, Miss E. Hodges, C. G. Lloyd; West Virginia, C. G. Lloyd; Ohio, David L. James, C. G. Lloyd; Ken- tucky, C. G. Lloyd; North Carolina, Mrs. M. A. Noble; Missouri, Dr. N. M. Glatfelter; Jowa, R. E. Buchanan, J. F. Clarke; Washington, C. V. Piper. CYATHUS MONTAGNEI (Plate 107).—Peridium obconic, cup- shaped, 8-10 mm. high, 8 mm. broad at mouth, internally striate, ex- ternally woolly, hirsute, tawny, ferruginous color, attached to the matrix by a pad of tawny mycelium. Peridioles about 2 mm. in diam- eter, black with a thin tunica. Spores about 12 x 20, elliptical in the type. (In specimens from Rev. Rick they are rather ovate.) This species is only known from Brazil, and is marked in color and habitat, growing scattered on rough bark,?® to which it is attached by a pad of mycelium. We have plants from Rev. Rick that correspond to the type, excepting the spores are more ovate.*®° The external striae are not so marked as in most species of this section, but are evident in the type specimen, and very distinct in one collection I have from Rev. Rick. CYATHUS NIGRO-ALBUS (Plate 107).—Peridium conic, cup- shaped, 6-7 mm. high, 4-5 mm. broad at mouth, externally strigose, hirsute, even, dark brown, almost black color. Internally silvery white (hence the name), faintly striate. Peridioles 1% mm. in diameter, with a thin tunica. Spores elliptical, 12 x 16-22. I collected this species in Samoa on rotten wood. It grew densely caespitose, and is strongly marked by its dark (almost black) color. In a general way it is related to Cyathus Montagnei. The spores vary 25 The specimen, fig. 1, plate 107, grew ona stick, but the original collection, as well as most we have received from Rev. Rick, grew on the rough, tree bark. : } 26 We are unable to confirm Tulasne’s note that there is no line of division of the spore-bearing tissue. The line in the type peridiole seems as distinct to measin the other species. If we were guess- ing, we would judge from the figure that this plant is Cyathus byssisedus as illustrated by Junghuhn, from Java. 18 Issued by C. G. LLOYD a IPAs HOO: Fig. 5. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 1, plants from L. Romell, Sweden. Fig. 2, from J. Lagarde, France. Figs. 3 and 4, from Rev. C. Torrend, Spain. Fig. 5, cup enlarged 4 times. Fig. 6, external hairs enlarged 10 times. Figs. 7, 8, and 9, peridioles enlarged tIo times, the latter soaked in water to swell the tunica. CVA LH US SL RUA ES, Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Figs. 10 and I1, specimens at Cincinnati. Fig. 12, cup enlarged 4 times. Fig. 13, external hairs enlarged to times. Fig. 14, enlarged, half the outer cup removed to show the peridioles in the inner cup at base. CYATHUS SCHWEINITZII. | a much in length in same peridiole, some measuring 12x 16, others 12x22. It is a rare plant in Samoa, and I saw it but once. CYATHUS NOVAE-ZEELANDIAE (Fig. 14, enlarged 4 times, from the type).—Peridium 8-10 mm. high, cylindrical, cup-shaped, dark, almost black, striate, appressed tomentose. Peridioles 2-2% mm., black, with thin tunica. Spores 6x12 mic., el- liptical. The type specimens grew caespitose on rough bark, and were collected by Raoul in New Zealand. The cups are darker, smoother, more cylindrical than others of this section. We have seen only the type specimens that we feel sure should be referred here. We have a very similar plant from K. Miyabe, Japan, but the material is so scanty we would prefer not to decide. Gyese ee isa OM LGU) Se bose 5 This species is known from very scanty type material. The cups are of the same general nature as those of Cyathus limbatus, but the outer peridiole walls are not formed of coarse fibrils, hence it is put in another section. It differs from all the section in its very large spores, stated by Tulasne to be 33 x 22 mic. We have not found any spores in such perid- ioles as we have examined. Fig 15 from the type, enlarged four times. This species was evidently doubtful to Tulasne, as its name indicates. It is also very dubious to us. Fig. 15. CYATHUS BERKELEYANUS (Plate 107).—Peridium 6-8 mm., high, strongly striate externally, strigose hirsute. Peridioles 112-2 mm. in diameter, black with thin tunica. Spores very small, 4-5 x 6-8 mic. (In Mr. Millen’s specimens, which we refer here, they are almost globose. ) No material is now to be found in the Tulasne herbarium, but the types are at Kew. They were collected at Rio Janeiro, Brazil, by Chas. Darwin. They are strongly striate and resemble small specimens of limbatus. The plant differs from all other species in the striate sec- tions in its very small spores. It was called by Tulasne Cyathus micro- sporus var. Berkeleyanus, and while it has the peridiole and spores of Cyathus microsporus, the cups are quite different, and I think Miss White was perfectly correct in holding it as a distinct species. We have an abundant and fine collection from H. Millen, ‘Tobago, which, however, has spores more globose than the type. 19 SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Tobago, H. Millen. SECTION 3 CYATHUS STERCOREUS (Plate 108).—Cups varying from cylindrical, bell-shaped, to more or less infundibuliform, sessile or stalked at the base, light brown in color,** covered with shaggy, woolly, matted hairs. Old specimens become smoother, and the matted hairs are not so marked. Within the cups are even and not striate. Tunica none. Peridioles black, about 2 mm. in diameter, with a thick, rigid, outer wall, consisting largely of rigid, deeply colored fibrils. The peridioles are usually attached to the cups by funiculi, but rarely specimens occur that have only a few of the /ower peridioles attached, those in the upper part of the cup being destitute of funiculi. Spores large, subglobose, varying much in size, even in the same peridiole. In the United States the average size is 30 to 40 mic. In Jamaica and India they run from 26 to 30 mic., and in Japan they are still smaller, from 16 to 24 mic. This is probably the most common species that grows in the United States. It is a manure-loving plant, and is found sometimes on dry cakes of manure. Usually it grows in such manured places as lawns, gardens, soil in hot houses, rubbish, etc. I have seen the manured soil under currant bushes literally covered with the little cups, ex- tending yards in extent. It is of wide distribution in the world, and probably occurs in every country where manure occurs. It is common in Japan and Australia. I have seen it from Mexico, Madagascar, Jamaica, Africa, Antigua, India and South America. It occurs in Europe, but strange to say, is a very rare plant in Europe.?®. While there is no real resemblance between this plant and Cyathus vernicosus, it is often confused with vernicosus.*® However, there are no good reasons whatever for confusion with vernicosus if attention is paid to the spores. : FORMS.—It is very constant in its leading characters, viz: the nature of the shaggy coat of the cup, the thick, peculiar, outer peridiole wall, the large, subglobose spores. It varies so much as to size and shape of the cups that scarcely two collections are the same. ‘The form, with a stalked cup, slender and infundibuliform, was called by Tulasne Cyathus Lesueurii. Taking our idea of this form from Tulasne’s specimens, we would consider the other extreme form, which grows on cakes of manure and is unstalked, short and 27 The specimens I received from G. A. Gammie, Poona, India, were of so light a color that I did not recognize them at first. 28 I have it from but three of my correspondents in Europe. At Kew there is but a single collec- tion made in Europe, and at Paris not one. 29 Thus Ravenel’s herbarium has many collections of Cyathus stercoreus labeled Cyathus ver- nicosus. It was twice distributed thus misnamed by Ravenel and twice by Ellis. Miss Marshall’s il- lustration of vernicosus is evidently stercoreus. The photogravure that we sent out (No. 7) many years ago as Crucibulum vulgare was made from Cyathus stercoreus. (See correction, p. 88, Myc. Notes.) 20 Issued by C. G. LLOYD. Sead is Geb... Figs -1. 1 By. Fig. I, specimens from Rev. J. Rick, Brazil. Fig. 2, type specimen (enlarged 4 times) in Herbarium Montagne. Fig. 3, section peridiole (enlarged 15 times) CYATHUS MONTAGNEI. Fig. 4. Fig. .5. Fig. 4, specimens collected in Samoa. Fig. 5, enlarged 4 times. CYATHUS NIGRO-ALBUS. Fig. 6, specimens from H. Millen, Tobago. Fig. 7, type at Kew (enlarged 4 times). Fig. 8, a specimen from H. Millen (enlarged 4 times). CYATHUS BERKELEYANUS. subcylindrical as the type form of Cyathus stercoreus. So many intermediate forms occur, however, that the larger part of the collections we receive we would not know whether to call stercoreus or Le- sueurii. There are many small forms which Tulasne called “var. minor,” but there is no such thing as separating the various collections. Plants from the extreme South, from Florida and Texas, are usually the small form. SYNONYMS.—The following we consider syn- onyms: Cyathus melanosperma (Nidularia mela- nosperma, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4-253), based on specimens where the spores average large.” Cyathus affnis (Madagascar) based on specimens where the spores average small and not so globose as usual. Cyathus Wrightii (Grev. 2-34) based on sterile™ specimens (Fig. 16, type X 4), Cyathus rufipes (Bull. Torr. 97-125), based on specimens with spores aver- aging rather small, and with slight development of brown mycelium at base.” Cyathus Baileyi (Grev. 21-3).” Cyathus Puiggarii, one of Spegazzini’s pro- ductions from South America, we have not seen, but the description and habitat is exactly that of Fig 16. Cyathus stercoreus, and we have Cyathus stercoreus from the same section. FORMS OF CYATHUS STERCOREUS. CYATHUS LESUEURII (Plate 108).—As we have previously stated this form (typically) differs from Cyathus stercoreus in its shape, but so many intermediate forms occur that it is not practicable in naming specimens to keep it distinct. In our plate we give photographs of the type material, which is abundantly preserved at Paris. CYATHUS RUFIPES (Plate 108).—The type specimens of Cyathus rufipes have the brown mycelium at the base hardly developed out of the ordinary,* and were this the only collection we had seen with this character, we would not con- sider it with a separate name. We have received specimens from C. E. Pleas, Florida, with such a strong development of this mycelium that it forms a large ball at the base of the plant, and as it is the same idea (in an intensified form) that Ellis had when he named the Kansas specimen, we use the name. ‘The plants are stalked, more slender than the form Lesueurii and each at its base has a large ball of reddish brown mycelium, 44 cm. in diameter. The spores are imma- ture, but from the nature of the cup and the structure of the peridiole, I do not hesitate to refer it to a form of stercoreus. ‘Two species have been pre- viously named from the habit that Cyathi have of developing a pad of brown mycelium at the base! Cyathus byssisedus from Java, and Cyathus subiculosus, 30 We can note no difference in the general size of spores from type material of Cyathus stercoreus and Cyathus melanosperma. While in the latter there are many large spores there are also small ones and some we note measure not over 20 mic. 31 We have examined two peridioles from the type specimens and found them both sterile. Pro- fessor Farlow, at our request, has kindly made an examination of the co-types in the Curtis collec- tion and finds them all sterile. We are unable to explain the spore measurements, ro x 15 mic. as given, but think it is an error, for with the same cups, peridioles and peculiar outer peridiole walls of Les- ueurii we bave no doubt of its identity. In addition peridioles of the Zavge spored Cyathi are /re- quently sterile, while it is a character of ad// smad/ spored species that the spores are always abundant. Miss White has given a really comical drawing of Cyathus Wrightii. Compare fig. 16, photograph of the type specimen with her figure. . 82 All species of Cyathus, I think without exception, if they grow on a hard matrix, such asa piece of wood, straw, etc., develop brown mycelium at the base. Growing on the earth this is not usu- ally developed. Taken alone the brown mycelium at the base of a Cyathus is no character whatever. 831 found no specimens so labeled at Kew. The only collection from ‘ Bailey, on manure,”’ is dabeled Cyathus fimetarius and is Cyathus stercoreus. 34 See note 32 above. P| which was adventitious in the Botanical Garden at Bruxelles, on some earth from Mexico. In the former plant the development of mycelium, I judge from the picture, was not out of the ordinary, but in the latter plant the mycelium forms a large ball about twice the diameter of the little, subglobose cup that. is seated upon it. Neither is accompanied by any spore or other characters from which any idea can be obtained of the relationship of the plants. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Canada, 'T. N. Willing. Vermont, E. A. Burt; New Hampshire, C. EK. Montgomery; Connecticut, De WP Ios Weta Preston: Minnesota, Dr. M. E. Whetstone; Massachusetts, Ae) ara Cummings: New York, W. N. Clute; Pennsylvania, C. H. Baker; New ‘Tersey, H. A. Bird, F. K. Vreeland; Washington, D. C.. Flora L. Pat- terson, F. J. Braendle; Ohio, A. P. Morgan, Mrs. A. J. Wolfert, Frank Hunts- man, W. C. Dawson, C. G. Lloyd; Kentucky, C. G. Lloyd; South Dakota, L- W. Carter; North Dakota, J. F. Brenckle; Nebraska, Rev. J. M. Bates; Kansas, E, Bartholomew (type of Cyathus rufipes) ; North Carolina, Miss Mary Fitz- gerald; Florida, Mrs. M. A. Noble, Theo. L. Mead, Mrs. Sams, C. E. Pleas (Cyathus rufipes, see Plate-XXX).> J exus, (We Hae Long. jr. af W. Stiles; California, S. B. Parish. Italy, M. Bezzi, Dr. C. Massalongo. France, Capt. Pyat Felix. Japan, 'T. Ichimura, Toji Nishida, J. Yoshinaga (2 collections), K. Miyabe (2 collections), S. Kusano (3 collections). South America, Argentine, Theo. Stuckert. Jamaica, W. Jekyll (3 collections). Antigua, A. Thibou. Madagascar, Ex. Herb, N. Patouillard (type of Cyathus affinis). Africa, Zambesi Falls, from Professor Massee. Australia (While I have received no specimens, there are a number at Kew). British India, G. A. Gammie. SECTION 4. This section only occurs in the tropics. The plants are very much alike as to cups, having pale-colored cups with spreading, hispid hairs. The difference is chiefly in the spores, and while this difference is very marked in the few collections we have, it will probably prove that when abundant material is re- ceived the spore sizes and shapes run into each other, so that it is not practi- cable to maintain “species” on spore characters alone. At the same time we would not feel justified in throwing them together from the collections that we have. CYATHUS PALLIDUS (Plate 109).—Peridium pale-colored, cam- panulate, 6-7 mm. high, 5-6 mm. broad at mouth, blotched with spread- ing hairs at first dense, but at length becoming thinner and scattered. Cups even within and without.*® Peridioles about 2 mm. in diameter with very thin tunica and thin, single walls. Spores small, elliptical, largest about 7x 10 mic., smallest about 5 x 8 mic.*® Originally described from Cuba (Wright, 684), we have the plant also from Jamaica and Antigua. Miss Barrett’s specimens (Plate 109, figs. 3 and 4) from Jamaica, have notably smaller, more urn- shaped 35 The panes I have from Jamaica are perfectly even within, The type specimens appear very slightly striate, but the plant belongs in the section ‘ Olla,’’ not in Eucyathus as found in Sac- cardo. : 36 The spores are described as ‘‘ subglobose, 1o mic,”’ but my examination of the type which agrees with Miss White’s measurements of the co-types shows them rather elliptical. PRPS Issued by C. G. LLOYI]). PAVE 108. Figos Fig. 1, from Cincinnati. Fig. 2, from C. E. Montgomery, New Hampshire. Fig. 3, from W. C. Dawson, Ohio. Fig. 4 (enlarged 4 times), from M. Bezzi, Italy. Fig. 5 (enlarged 4 times), from Cincinnati. Fig. 6, section peridiole (enlarged 15 times). CYATHUS STERCOREUS. Pe Fig. 7. Fig. 9. Fig. 7, type (enlarged 4 times) from E. Bartholomew, Kansas. Fig. 8, speci- imens from C. E. Pleas, Florida. Fig. 9, same, young, (enlarged 4 times) to show mycelial pad at base. CYATHUS RUFIPES. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 10, types in Herbarium Tulasne. Fig. 11 same (enlarged 4 times). CYATHUS LESUEURITI. and more hispid cups than usual, but we do not, feel like separating them under a distinct name. Cyathus pallidus, while well named, would be better named if it were called hispidus, for the strong char- acter is the rigid, spreading, hispid hairs. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Jamaica, H. C. Cox, Miss Barrett, Wm. Harris. (I find a few cups of this species mixed with a very abundant collection of Cyathus limbatus, sent by Mr. Harris.) Antigua, A. Thibou. CYATHUS INTERMEDIUS (Plate 109).—Peridium broad, campanulate, 5-6 mm. high and broad at the mouth, even within and without. (Sometimes faintly striate within.) Pale fawn color, cov- ered when young with appressed, tomentum, collected in nodules. ‘This character largely disappears from old specimens. Peridioles thin, about 2 mm. in diameter, with a thin tunica. Spores in the type col- lection, elliptical, Io x 16 mic.*" The type specimens are found in Montagne’s herbarium, and were collected in Cuba, and called by Montagne Nidularia intermedia. It is a peculiar species, well characterized by the pale, nodular tomentum when young. When old the cups resemble Cyathus pallidus, from which it is readily distinguished by its larger spores. ‘Tulasne placed the species in the section “FEucyathus,” but the striae are absent in most specimens, and when present are so faint that I think the plant should gon, Olia:’ SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Bahamas, \,. J. K. Brace. Cuba, F. S. Earle (“on dirt and sides of an old seed box”). CYATHUS TRIPLEX (Plate 109).—Cups 5-6x5, even within and without, with connivent, spreading, somewhat scabrous hairs. In- ner surface even, silvery white. Peridiole 2 mm., with a very thin, adnate tunica. On soaking in water the tunica swells and becomes white and loosens up. Cortex thick, evidently double, but subhonio- geneous and the fibrils slender. Spores elliptical, 12-14 x 16-22. These specimens are from Mauritius, and grew caespitose attac to twigs and roots. It is a doubtful species to me, being too clu, to both the preceding. ‘The cups are those of pallidus, but darker 6d the hairs more scabrous. The spores are close to intermedius, though larger, but the tomentum of the young cups is quite different. SPECIMENS IN OuR COLLECTION. Mauritius, Chas. A. O’Connor. CYATHUS SPHAEROSPORUS (Plate 109.)—Cups small urn-shaped, 5x 4 mm., contracted at the base, and attached to the _ ,87 Specimens received from L. J. K. Brace agree with the type both as to cups and spores. specimens from F. S. Earle have typically the same peculiar cups, but the spores vary much. Most of hem are elliptical, 8-1o x 18 mic. but many occur much shorter and some subglobose about g x 10 mic. 23 matrix with a pad of pale-colored mycelium. Externally even, pale, and clothed with somewhat matted hairs. Even within. Peridioles 2 mm., with thin tunica.! Cortex single. Spores subglobose, 15 x 16 mic. Some more elliptical. This plant resembles the small form of Cyathus pallidus so closely it can hardly be distinguished by the cups, save the hairs are not so rigid and hispid. It has much larger, more globose spores. In the first peridioles I examined I found all the spores subglobose, but in exaininations since, from same cups, I have found other spores de- cidedly elliptical. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Jamaica, W. Jekyll. SECTION 5 CYATHUS VERNICOSUS (Plate 110).—Cups broad, campan- ulate, 10-15 x 8-10, often flaring at the mouth, thick, rigid. Externally even, smooth, gray fawn color, with fine appressed hairs. Within smooth, even. Peridioles large, 2%-3% mm., with a thin, uniform, closely adnate tunica. Cortex thin, a single layer. Spores ovate, 6-8 x 10-14. In Europe this is the most common species. In the United States it is frequent, but not so common as stercoreus. It occurs also in Aus- tralia, South Africa, South America, and doubtless many other coun- tries. It generally grows on the ground, sometimes on chips, etc., but it is the only species likely to be found in temperate regions in un- manured ground. It is easily recognized by its smooth, even, rigid cups and large peridioles. “= 7NONYMS.—The old botanists illustrated the plant many times, each ust ily giving it a new name. Tulasne has collected these together, and cites the owing synonyms. Peziza tertia, Peziza lentifera, Peziza cyathiformis, Peziza ricea, Peziza olla, Cyathus laevis, Nidularia vernicosa, Nidularia campanulata, ‘yathus olla, Nidularia plumbea, Nidularia olla, Cyathus campanulatus. ‘These _ references in extenso were copied in a recent monograph, but I do not think they are worth rehearsing in detail. They should have died and been forgotten after Tu- lasne had pointed them out. Since Tulasne’s monograph, mycologists have mostly quit discovering that it was a new species, and have generally taken Tulasne’s name, Cyathus vernicosus. Every now and then some one gets out his little date dictionary and calls the plant Cyathus olla, Cyathus campanulatus or Cyathus laevis, according to the degree of a priorist he happens to be. Having passed the “new species” era, the plant is just entering the name-juggling era. The latest in that line is Cyathia lentifera. Miss White states that Schweinitz’s species Nidularia fascicularis (Cyathus fascicularis) is a synonym. I have seen only a very poor specimen, but the peridioles have the same structure and spores as C. vernicosus, and I do not question the correctness of it. Cyathus similis was said by the ‘author to be very close. It seems so to me, so close l can note no difference. 24 Issued by C. G. LLOYD. =O Ani. |Oos Fig. 4 ime, PX, Figo: Fig. 1, specimens from A. Thibou, Antigua. Fig. 2, same, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 3, a small form from Miss Barrett, Jamaica. Fig. 4, same, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 5, section peridiole, enlarged 15 times. SYATHUSSPALEIDUS. Fig vs Fig. 6, specimens from W. Jekyll, Jamaica. Fig. 7, same, enlarged 4 times. CYATHUS SPHAEROSPORUS. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. ‘ig, 8, specimens from F. S. Earle, Cuba. Fig. 9, type specimen (X 4) from Mon- s Herbarium. Fig. 10, specimen from F. S. Earle, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 11, a ss y larged to times. CYATHUS INTERMEDIUS. Fig. 12. Fig. 14. Fic -ctruens fro “harles A. O’Connor, Mauritius. Fig. 13, 4 peridiole en- largeu Io times, Sue, unica. Fig. 14, section (X is). LATHUS ‘TRIPLEX. FORMS OF CYATHUS VERNICOSUS. The plant is quite variable in the size and shape of the cups and to a degree the color. Tulasne distinguishes four varieties which I have not found practicable to distinguish. From England I have a collection with cups very much like Cyathus stercoreus in general appearance, which is the only collec- tion I have seen that could well be confused with that species. From Rev. H. mae France, I have a collection whiter in color and with softer hairs than usual. CYATHUS DASYPUS.—Nees von Esenbeck illustrates a plant from South Africa under the above name, which seems both from his description and figure to be the ordinary form of Cyathus vernicosus. Tulasne has applied the name to a plant from Chile, agreeing with Cyathus vernicosus, excepting it hg more irregular peridioles. T hardly think it merits a name even as a variet. but if it does I see no harm in applying Cyathus dasypus to it in the sense of Tulasne, though there is nothing in the original to indicate that the peridioles are irregular. wn CYATHUS ANGLICUS (Rig. 17, en- larged 4 times).—At Kew I noted several collections of Cyathus vernicosus, made in England, with large, sulcate cups. While the cups might well be described as striate, they have no relation to the section Eu- cyathus. I think this form is solely Eng- lish, for I have seen no specimens from any other locality. The plant Miss White illustrates from Colorado under’” Cyathus dura seems to me ve: same nature. SPECIMENS IN Our COoLLEc’ Minnesota, M. S. W’ Chas. E. Brown; Michi, New Hampshire, HES . WW oN Cites W.-H: ase Fig. 17. vania, Dr. Win. Herbst; W* C. L. Shear; Maryland, Wri. te C. G. Lloyd; North Dakota, Lura L. Perrine; Colorado, E. B. oterlis PSB: Kennedy; California, ‘Edw. M. Ehrhorn, Miss Rose H. La yaks Denmark, Rev. A. Breitung, Rev. J. Lind. Treland, ‘Greenwood Pim. England, Chas. Crossland, Unknown donor * Belgium, Chas. van Bambeke, Paul Nijpels. Switzerland, Denis Cruchet. Germany, Otto Jaap, C. Engelke, Prof. Plottner. Austria, A. Weidmann. France, G. Renaudet, EF. Boudier, N. Patouillard, ° »)%I. Bourdot, a. Acloque. Spain, Rev. L.. Navas, Prof. T. de Aranzadi. Italy, Dr. G. Scalia, Dr. C. Massalongo. New Zealand, Miss Jessie Dunn. _ Australia, Adelaide, A. Zietz. (Mr. Zietz ---4s me seven abundant collectiu..- rely the most common hi “sg in the vicinity of Adelaiée. ) 25 gs CYATHUS COLENSOI (Plate 110).—Cups broad, campanulate, 5-6 x 6-7, even, smooth, with appressed, fine hairs. Even within. Peridioles about 2 mic., black with thin tunica (?). Cortex thick, a single layer. Spores varying much as to size and more as to shape. Many elliptical, 8-10x 10-12 mic. Many subglobose, 9-12 mic. in diameter. This species has much the same cups as vernicosus, but smaller peridioles and more globose spores. I saw a number of collections . from Australia at Kew, and have received it once. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Australia, F. M. Reader. CYATHUS MINIMUS (Fig. 18, enlarged 4 times).— Cups very small, 4-5 x 4 mm., even, smooth. Clothed with subappressed hairs. Even within. Sporangioles small, about I mm., with thin tunica. Cortex thick, 50 mic., but apparently a single layer. Spores elliptical, 10-12 x 18-20 mics This little species is known only from.the original col- lection, made in China. SPECIMENS IN.OUR COLLECTION. | “ype from Herbarium. Professor Patouillard. 11IUS PYGMAEUS (Plate 110).—Cups small, 4-414 x 3%4-4 _’sh brown, even, smooth, rigid, clothed with appressed 1 within. Peridioles small, about I mm., with thin tunica. TeX *> layer, about 30 mic., thicker on the lower side of the r “x 6-8 mm., dark, blac. *h brown. Externally even, scabrous, with . ¢t tomentum. Internally. smooth or faintly striate (but having \0 affinities with the section Encyathus), white, contrasting with the cark exterior. Peridioles covered on the upper side with a silvery, thin tunica, Cortex thick, double, the outer thin, composed of small fibrils" Spores elliptical or slightly oval-elliptical, 12 x 24-32 mic. This species in its shape and rigid cups is related to vernicosus, liffering much in color and spores. We have received two collections, ec from Cuba, the other from Hawaii. They are the same other- 26 i , Issued by C. GALOYD. Fig. I, specimens from Cincinnati. of perdieie enlarged Io times. Fig. 5, sp times. PHAGE 110: Fig. 2, upper side, and 1ig. 3, 2ower ». .e Fig. 4, cup enlarged 4 times. - cQXATHUS VERNICOSUS. pen. * ox 1ronl hy af Reduer, Australia. ote a ee _CYATHUS COLENSOI,. Fig. 6, same enlarged 4 Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 7, specimens from C. V. Piper, Washington. Fig. 8, ame enlarged 4 times. ‘ CYATHUS PYGMALBG Fig. 9, specimens from F. S. Earle, Cuba. Fig. 10, same enlarged 4 times. CYATHUS EARLEL Fis. If. EFigiebas f Fig. 11, specim«... rrom L. Lewto1. ~arbados. Fig. 12, sa e enlarged 4 times. ; : ? CYATF A wise, but do not accord exactly in spores. ‘The Hawaiian specimens have narrow, elliptical spores, mostly 12x 32, some 12x28. The Cuban spores are elliptical-oval, mostly 12 x 24, few 12x 28. We do not think it practical to separate them. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Cuba, tS. Earlex Hawaii, F. W. Terry. CYATHUS CANNA (Plate 110).—Cups campanulate, rigid, 7-8 x 6-8 mm., dark brown. [Externally even, scabrous with short to- mentum. Internally smooth, even, white as if covered with a thin layer of whitewash. Peridioles covered on the upper side with @ silvery, thin tunica. Cortex double, the outer, thin, composed of small fibrils. Spores small, globose, 7-9 mic. This plant grew in the earth, and is very similar to the preceding in its cups, differing in its spores. It is close to microsporum, except- ing habitat and the shape.of the spores. SPECIMENS IN OurR COLLECTION. Barbados, \,. Lewton-Brain. CYATHUS MICROSPORUS (Fig. 19).—Cups 7-8 x 6-7, even, dark brown. Externally even with appressed hairs. Internally not striate, even. (It surely does not belong in the section Fucyathus. ) Peridioles 114-2 mm., with a'thin tunica. Spores elliptical, very small, AL Sey The type specimens (Fig. 19, enlarged four times) were collected on the Island of St. Domingue by Mr. Poiteau and grew caespitose on rotten wood. ‘They are now in Tulasne’s herbarium at Paris. Fran 19: Fig. > SYNONYM —Tulasne called tt athus microsporus ve domin- gensis to disting. sh it from plants v pores which he receivea ©“ om Berkeley, which he called Cyathus microsporus var. Berkeleyanus. The two col- lections have entirely different cups, and in our opinion should be treated as species. It. is an evidence of the stress that Tulasne placed on spore characters more than on the grosser characters of the plants, but we are inclined to place stress just the contrary. CYATHUS HOOKERI (Fig. 20).—Cups thin, obconic, strongly tapering to the base, where they are attached by a small pad of my- celium. Light in color, with a matted tomentum. Spores 6x8. I know this plant only imperfectly from the types at Kew (Fig. 20, en- larged 4 times) which are pressed flat. It grew on dead wood, on moss and lichen, covered with sawdust at Khasa, India, and was col- lected by Dr. Hooker. It was placed in Eucyathus, but I can note no striations. It was described as “striate or all even.” I think it should go in “Olla.” It seems to me close to microsporus, but larger spores and different cup. THE GENUS SPHAEFROBOLUS: This genus is very different from all that precede, and by several authors is not included in the Nidulariaceae. The plants are little, globose, sub-fleshy cups, each including a single peridiole. The struc- ture of the peridiole is very similar to that of others of the family, and to my mind the genus should be classed as a one-peridioled Nidular- iaceae. ‘The appearance of the plants, however, is quite different from others we have considered, and would not in the popular mind, at least, be associated with bird’s-nest fungi. SPHAEKROBOLUS. STELLATUS (Plate 111).—Peridium fleshy, globose, about 114-2 mm. in diameter. When fresh, yellow, becoming pale or white when dried, each containing a single peridiole. The walls of the peridium are said to be double, the inner separating and inverting suddenly, projecting the peridiole to some distance.** Peridioles in dried specimens about I mm. in diameter, reddish brown.*® Their structure, while so analogous to that of other Nidulariaceae as to leave no doubt in our mind as to their classification, is different in many respects. The peridiole wall is not hard and horny, but rather fleshy, and not fibrillose in structure. Ina secti: it appears yellowish. The interior is one homogeneous mass of spoi. ‘ssue, not separated 38 This at least is the usual explanation of the dehiscence of this plant. It is thus shown by Micheli, two hundred years ago, but whether the popular idea is taken from this old picture, or is based on observations of the fresh plant, Ido not know. I never saw fresh specimens but once, and then did not observe them as closely as I would now if I had the opportunity. I made a short note, as follows: ‘‘ These plants are globose about 2 mm, dis. eter, and look like little yellow eggs. When ripe the peridium splits at the top in a stellate ; d eject: the single yellow peridiole.’’ I can not detect on the photograph I made from these wens (Plate rrr, fig. 1) any evidence of the ‘“‘inverted inner layer,’ nor do I find any on - r vecimens that I have. That the peridiole is eyected, however, in some manner, I think ished. I have seen somewhere where a French author states that he placed some * a dish and covered it with a pane of glass at some distance (two or three inches) les were ejected with such force that they adhered to the glass. 389 My note from fresh specimens gives.their color as 28 Issued by C. G. LLOYD. | DAN lkls ] 1 (be Fig. 1, fresh specin ‘ , Romell, Sweden. Fig. 2, dried specimens from Otto Jaap, German. SPH4S +BOLUS STELLATUS. ~ =p Fig. 3, specimens enlarged 6 times, from Otto Jaap, Germany. en on manure, from Rev. Langlois, Louisiana. SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS. Fig. 4, dried _~ ws into an outer, sterile portion as in all other genera. The spores are very numerous, appearing to compose the greater part of the tissue. They are elliptical or broadly ovate, irregular in size, and vary from ScOeto.0 X TO!mMic, FORMS.—There are a number of forms (or may be species) that seem to differ chiefly in habits and habitat. The type form grows on rotten wood, scattered or caespitose, spread over the surface and attached with a little pad of white (yellow when fresh) mycelium. ‘This is the most common form that reaches me.. ‘There is another form that grows more scattered and deeply immersed in the wood. ‘This is called Sphaerobolus tubulosus. Another form in which the mycelium forms a dense matrix in which the little peridia are densely seated. It forms over damp, mossy ground in woods. Another form on manure (Sphaerobolus stercoreus) usually partially immersed. Another form on bare ground, forming very little mycelium (Sphaerobolus epigaeus). Whether these forms are “species” or only conditions due to various habitats, J can not state. They all appear very much the same from dried specimens. HISTORY.—Micheli first illustrated the plant about two hundred years ago under the generic name Carpobolus, which should have been retained, but has been lost, due chiefly to bad work on the part of Linnaeus, who placed the plant in the genus Lycoperdon (sic), and called it Lycoperdon Carpobolus. The plant is now often called Sphaerobolus Carpobolus, sometimes Carpo- bolus stellatus, but more generally Sphaerobolus stellatus.° The following are also synonyms Professor Patouillard tells me: Sphaerobolus cyclophorus (Carpobolus cyclophorus). The following are given as synonyms in Saccardo: Carpobolus albicans, Carpobolus stellatus, Sphaerobolus impatiens. (The latter is given by Dr. Hoilos as Sphaerobolus impaticus. I have not looked it up.) Sphaerobolus dentatus is the climax of a series of errors. When the name- jugglers get to work, I presume they will call the plant Carpobolus Carpobolus or something else equally absurd. : SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. Louisiana, Rev. Langlois (on cow manure). Sweden, L, Romell. Belgium, Madame Rousseau. France, Capt. Pyat Felix, Rev. H. Bourdot. Germany, Otto Jaap (4 collections), Dr. O. Pazschke, C. Engelke. Bohemia, F. Bubak. New Zealand, Robt. Brown (S. epigaeus). EXCLUDED GENERA. There are a number of genera given in Saccardo that are said to not be- long to the Nidulariaceae. I know nothing about them. ‘Thelebolus is said to be an Ascomyces; Dacryobolus to belong to the Hydnaceae; Polyangium to be a Myxobacteraceae (whatever that may be); Atractobolus, “ist ganz unklar,” etc. 40 “‘According to the principles of priority the name of this genus is Carpobolus (Mich. 1729), but the name Sphaerobolus (Tode 1790) is so well established and so widely spread in literature, that I defer to general usage and retain the name Sphaerobolus.’’—Ho.tés. Good logic, Doctor! If you had always followed as good judgment, Mr. McGinty would have had nothing to say. 41 Started by Withering more than a hundred years ago, it has kept on growing through several] authors, each adding a little to it and making it worse, until finally it was served up in its complete: form recently to the readers of the English Journal of Botany. 29 ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT We have strongly opposed the prevailing custom of adding per- » sonal names to the names of plants, owing to the amount of inferior work to which it leads. We think that a binomial name alone should indicate a plant and should have a specific meaning, and that in select- ing names authors should be influenced by no other consideration than the proper classification and the specific designation under which the plant is best known. Under this system we believe that in a reasonable time botanical nomenclature would become definite, as all other languages have become by a similar process. Under the present system each author is mainly interested, not in using the names ‘used before, but in getting up new ones to which to add his own. It is as easy to shuffle names, both specific and generic, as to move about the men on a checker board. ‘The result is an ever-changing lan- guage, and almost every one who writes on the subject uses largely his own names. In the Nidulariaceae, the man who brought system out of chaos was Tulasne, sixty years ago. Since his monograph, I feel that his names should be adopted so long as his genera are accepted, which will probably be always. Most botanists, even if they get their in- formation from Tulasne and follow him, feel it incumbent to add a personal name taken from Tulasne. To these we indicate the proper name to add to the species in this pamphlet. Tulasne to Crucibulum vulgare, Cyathus ambiguus, Berkeleyanus, Gayanus, intermedius, limbatus, microsporus, Montagnei, novae-zee- landiae, Poeppigii, Lesueurii, Schweinitzii, Nidularia australis and Duriaeana ; Berkeley to Colensoi, Hookeri, pallidus, Nidula emodensis; + Patouillard to minimus and Nidularia Heribaudii; Schweinitg to ster- coreus; Ellis to rufipes; Hudson to striatus; Nees to dasypus; Peck to Nidula candida and microcarpa; Massee to Nidularia fusispora; Roth to Nidularia pisiformis and Tode to, Spl ierobolus stellatus. For the remainder it does not matter | ee ao noone’ THE LLOYD LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. This institution, while nominally an incorporated organization, is ih. reality dependent upon the support of two brothers, C. G. and J. U. Lloyd, who provide the funds for its maintenance, each for his own department; the former Botany and especially Mycology, the latter Materia Medica and Pharmacy. The institution is located at No. 224 West Court St., Cincinnati, Ohio, and is a four story building erected by Mr. C. G. Lloyd for this purpose in 1902. THE LIBRARY. This isin charge of Captain William Holden, Librarian. It is devoted exclusively to the afore- mentioned subjects, and although of compara- tively recent growth, it compares favorably, in number of volumes at least, with such old estab- lished libraries as are to be found at Kew. In monetary value, or in practical working value to the systematic botanist, the Lloyd Library does not compare with Kew, for the latter is aselected library of years of growth, devoted specially to the wants of the systematic botanist. The Lloyd Library aims eventually to embrace all books re- lating to botany,pharmacy ,materia medica and allied sciences. With this object such subjects as physiological botany, elementary text books, technical botany, phurimacopoeis, etc., which would not be considered as in the scope of Kew are systematically collected in the Lloyd Library. THE HERBARIUM. This consists of about thirty thousand speci- mens (estimated) which were mostly obtained through exchange by C. G. Lloyd during the ear- lier years of his life. When Mr. Lloyd became interested in Mycology, some ten years ago, this ‘feature was practically abandoned. Prof. W.H. Aiken has recently taken charge of this depart- ment and it is expected that from this time on the herbarium will have renewed life and activity. Lloyd Library and Museum. THE MUSEUM. One floor of the building is devoted to a museum of fungi and there have ac- cumulated many thousand specimens. During recent years Mr. C. G. Lloyd has devoted himself exclusively to the study of Gastromycetes, popularly known as the puff ball family. With the cooperation of a large number of correspondents from every country in the world, more specimens of these plants have found their way ~ #0 this museum than can be found in all other museums in the world combined. Hach specimen is named, and labeled with the name of the collector and locality, and is preserved in the museum, no matter how well the same species may be rep- resented. Some common species, such as Lycoperdon gemmatum, are represented RY over three hundred different collections. ITS DESTINY. This institutiofi will neve’ beso.*orh tenup. When the life works of its builders are finished, funds». -1 be prov?” cits continuance under the care of some institution or university, best calc’ ‘rve science. The entire collection of books and specimens is pledged by es. _! 3 to be donated intact to Science. a _ y ~ e* LN INDEX. (Those that are starred and indented are better called forms.) — PAGE | Cruerbulum vulgare.>...... a3) Cyathus ambiguus ........ 19 “~~ Berkeleyanus ..... 19 o Cannas ~. Sea & 27 COMRUEEP Yt. oat aes 26 Fee ee es ee 26 S GasANUS Rigo ci ss 16 | “ait ed 88S 28 initermeditis: 72s +e 23 | ge lioibatus . .. aca... 16 | caees’ HTICTOSPOTlSs ae eee af | WUNNUS Stee ne 26 = Montatnei “25 sea 18 nigro-albus ....... 18 | novae-zeelandiae 19 palledus’ (ate e 22 2 POCDDICI Mee ae 15 MARAT O95 9 7 ee a 26 ‘*_ sphaerosporous 23 ae 32 { A } i! PAG) Cyathus ‘stercoreusS 4mm «aes 20 a4 Lesuewrtiy ag. -.%2t Siew sige r. rufipes 7. ..3. 8: POT e oa “ — Striatus ee: 17 a Schweimitzit ....*17 “~". trighesaaaeeeeene sea se 23 i vermicgsus <.2.... 24 < dasypusies. i. #25 4 angen cet.