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 39.65/94: “ 
 Bu. 57 
 
 “Bulletin No. 59 M . December 12, 1922. 
 . M. LEIGHTON 
 
 COMMON JEALTE OF PRUNSYLVANTA 
 
 er, 
 
 DEPART oie OP INTERNAL /PPAIRS 
 James FPF, Woodward, Secretary 
 
 
 
 
 
 BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 George H. Ashley, State Geologist 
 
 
 
 ee rene tL eeithanaeed 
 
 
 
 SS men amannae a 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 
 BOG-IRON ORE 
 By 
 
 J. Ross Corbin 
 
 ee ee 
 
 Great interest is being exhibited in bog ores 1n Pennsylvania. 
 The idea of receiving an additional income from a naturel resource 
 is appealing, and bog-ore deposits cost little to prospect and work. 
 The only tools usually required are such as most farmers possess 
 Bog-ore deposits are usually so different from the surrounding soils 
 
 as to immediately advertise their presence to even the most casual 
 passer-by. 
 
 This Survey has received many requests for information on 
 Warious phases of the industry an this bulletin has been prepared 
 for the use of persons interested in developing new deposits. 
 
 Where bog ore is found and how. ‘The name "bog ore™ o2 ‘Lecinated 
 from the occurrence of the ore in bogs, but deposits have been found 
 on nillsides and in bottom lands, in marshes, meadows, and woods, an 
 ell situations, in fact, except on tne tops of hills. The use of the 
 name has been extended in conmercial dealing so that now it includes 
 Bild Material of its type regardless or the Pikos where found. Most 
 of the deposits now mmown and all the larsee recent comercial 
 developments are in Mercer, Venango, Forest, Clarion, Elk, Jefferson, 
 and Clearfield counties, It is believed however that future develop- 
 ments will considerably increase the area or préduction, for many 
 deposits have been found outside these aoe tea: including the easter 
 part of the State, 
 
 Search for bose ore therefore is not restricted to any special 
 toposrarphic position. The principal point is to look for iron-red 
 earth, for iridescent scum on standing water, or for yellow slimy 
 deposits on vegetation and rocks in water Courses, Tne best place 
 to search is in or below a rock formation containing some forms of 
 
 iron-besring minerals scattered through it. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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Search may be ha mpered in summer by brambles and foliage con~ 
 cealing deposits, and in the fall and winter by leaves or snow on the 
 ground. In the spring before foliage is developed is a good season 
 for nunting bog-ore deposits but at that time of year the ground is 
 soft and wet in many places, 
 
 Character of ore. Bog ore is characteristically "iron-reda" in 
 color, Jhen formed in bodies of still water an iridescent scum is 
 usually a prominent feature. The red color of the ore is so differ 
 from the colors usually displayed by soils that it immediately 
 attracts attention either when exposed as a soil or when it stains 
 the clothing or shoes of hunters or others tramping over the deposit, 
 Bog ore may be so wet as to be like a soft mud, or it may become very 
 dry and nave an earthy consistency. <A forest fire or other con- 
 flagration may considerably alter the surface portions of the deposit, 
 and it is not unusual to find the colors ranging from yellows and 
 browns to reds and purples all in the same deposit, 
 
 411 bog ores have been precipitated from underground waters, 
 When first formed bog ore is a slimy, yellowish-red mass which goats 
 we rocks, trees, twigs, goil, etc,, upon which it is precipitated, 
 AS long as it remains wet and uncompacted it retains these character- 
 istics. As the deposit increases in size the additional weight may 
 compact the mass; or the spring which deposits it may fluctuate ‘from 
 month to month or year to year, permitting portions of the deposit 
 to drain or to become partially dry, Or, the deposit may build up 
 So that the course of the water is slightly changed, ° vhereupon the 
 same nb Ga eee Or drying action niay take place, The spring may become 
 Giverted to some new direction, or may even cease to flow, in which 
 case the bog ore will become well drained. 
 
 wize of Deposits: To persons accustomed to thinking of ore 
 deposits in millions of tons the size of bog-ore deposits in Pennsyl- 
 vania Will be disappointing. ‘Several of these deposits have been 
 ehh worked although the entire quantity shipved from each 
 teposit was only one or two railroad carloads, ‘The Ser eee aeposit 
 Baron the writer has seen in Pennsylvania probably originally con- 
 
 tained less than 500 carloads, The averase denosit probably contains 
 about a dozen carloszds of ore, 
 
 Value of Deposit: The vaiue of a deposit depends upon many 
 factors, Obviously, the larger the depos sit, the more valuable it is. 
 4 Small ceposit will not warrant the e::penditure of much money for 
 tools and eauipmnent, whereas a larger deposit (under the same circum-_ 
 stances) might permit considerable exnenditures for such items. 
 
 It must be remembered that when a deposit is worked out all 
 accounts must be balanced, for then that particular operation is 
 endec, 
 
 The nearness to railroa@ facilities has much to do with the 
 value of deposits. Under ordinary conditions the ore must be hauled 
 to the railroad by wagon, and the longer the haul the more it costs 
 to deliver the ore, Under prevailine conditions the limit of haul is 
 CconSiderably under ten ‘miles, and in most cases is probably not much 
 over five miles, 
 
 Od 
 
Uses: A Small quantity of bog ore is used in the manufacture 
 of paint pigments, but this is an unsatisfactory market for bog ores 
 both because it is small and erratic and because the requirements are 
 
 necessarily rigid. By far the larger and more satisfactory market is 
 that of the artificial gas industry, 
 
 Gas manufactured from coal contains much gasified sulphur, If 
 this were allowed to go through the distributing system the gas would 
 be inferior for domestic use because of its very disagreeable odor 
 when burned,’ By passing the gas through one or more layers of bog 
 ore, however, the sulphur is largely removed without affecting the 
 heating quality of the gas. Inasmuch as there are several other 
 methods by which the sulphur can be removed from the gas, and other 
 materials which can be used, it follows that any bog ore which is sold 
 for this purpose must meet the competition of the other methods and 
 products, These other products frequently exert a controlling 
 influence on the bog-ore market. 
 
 Method of Working: Bog-ore deposits are always on the surface. 
 Because they are of small extent no single deposit will justify a 
 large expenditure for #quipment. 
 
 The simplest equipment is all that is necessary to work most of 
 the deposits. Shovels, spading-forks, hoes, and rakes serve ‘to 
 loosen the material. To remove the stones, twigs, and roots, the ore 
 is thrown against an inclined screen like that used in screening sand. 
 The ore which passes through the screen is shipped. Wheelbarrows and 
 wagons serve to move the material from the screen to the railroad 
 cars. 
 
 During wet weather care should be taken that the ore does not 
 "bali" into large lumps which, failing to pass through the screen, ° 
 might be thrown away, Because of this tendency of the ore to ball, 
 and because of‘the general unpleasant conditions in a deposit in 
 stormy weather, it is practicable to work bog-ore deposits only for 
 about five months in the year. During the rest of the year users ol 
 bog ores must carry enough stock to supply them until the next season, 
 or else they must use material other than bog ore. 
 
 Before placing the bog ore in gas-purifying apparatus the ore is 
 mixed with wood chips, crushed limestone or other material to insure 
 the easy passage of the gas through the mass. This mizing is 
 occasionally done by the marketing agent but it is usually done by 
 the gas-plant operator. 
 
 Sampling: The methods of sampling ciffer with each operator. 
 In sampling a new depyosit it is obviously an exhibition of foresight 
 and economy to determine as accurately as vossible the tonnage, 
 extent, and the quality of material present, Almost invariably a 
 deposit will have irregular streaks either of very rich portions or 
 of sandy and undesirable portions. By determining these data before 
 operations are commenced it is possible to plan the methods o+ work- 
 ing in such a manner that the most profitable result can be had, 
 
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One method of doing this is to dig small pits 25 feet apart 
 over the entire deposit, forming squares. Examination ofthe material 
 coming from the pits will show its quality and uniformity, and the 
 measurements will indicate the tonnage present. Loose, screened bog 
 Ore weighs from 60 to 80 pounds per cubic foot, Ore in the ground 
 will weigh somewhat more than this, the weight varying with the com- 
 pactness and with the amount of moisture the ore contains, 
 
 During loading operations it is'a wise precaution to take "grab" 
 samples of each cartload of material, adding together those samples 
 from the carts which form each carload. Such a combined sample 
 (which may weigh several pounds) thus forms a permanent record of the 
 quality of material “hipped in a particular car, and may be referred 
 to in case any question arises. 
 
 Testing: In the matter of having standards by which the ores 
 can be classified, the industry is in a chaotic condition. Lach gas 
 plant has operating problems which differ from those of other plants; 
 consequently each purchasing agent must buy material which is best 
 Suited to his plant's particular needs. In order to secure at least 
 a semblance of uniformity various methods of analyzing and testing 
 have been proposed. Bog ores are sometimes purchased on a basis of 
 chemical analysis, although the usefulness of an ore for gas purifica- 
 tion purposes cannot be determined from such data. In other methods 
 of testing small portions of the ores are tried to determine how much 
 Sulphur they will absorb. ‘To do this it is customary to pass hydrogen 
 Sulphide (HeS) through the sample, or to use some of the gas as 
 actually made in the gas plant, 
 
 The U. S. Bureau of Mines is cooperating with the .imerican Gas 
 Association in an endeavor to systematize methods of testing bog ores. 
 The completion of such work will be of great benefit to all concerned. 
 
 Prices and Demand: Several years ago an urgent demand srose 
 for bog ore for gas purification purposes, and inexperienced operators 
 Shipped a considerable quantity of ore which was not properly screened 
 Or was otherwise unsuitable for immediate use. The industry as a 
 whole is still feeling the effects of this abuse, and purchasers are 
 Wary » 
 
 48 has been remarked, other materials may be used in place of bog 
 ores under favorable price conditions. For example, when steel scrap 
 (borings) is low-priced, (as was the case following the war}, it can 
 be bought, exposed to the weather and allowed to rust, and the rust 
 used for purifying gas. Again, a by-product in the refining of 
 aluminum ore (bauxite) is a chemical precipitate which may be used in 
 place of bog ore. External factors such as these influence the 
 Selling price of bog ore. 
 
 The freight rate on bog ores from the northwestern counties to 
 Atlantic Seaboard points is about $7 per ton, This is the largest 
 single item of expense, ane if reduced, would materially beneTit tne 
 industry. 
 
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The selling-price of good quality bog ore at Atlantic Seaboard 
 points during the past scason (1922) is reported to be $10-$15 per 
 ton; but the price received is always a matter of bargaining between 
 Seller and buyer. 
 
 Pennsylvania bog ore has‘ been shipped to Fondulac, Chicago, 
 Keokuk, Jashington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York,-‘and to many of 
 the plants in the smaller cities‘and towns of New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. The possible markets 
 smbrace those plants in the eastern part of the United States which 
 manufacture gas for domestic (household) use, 
 
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 a@ bogs-ore deposit woula like to market his ore but hesitates because 
 ef inexperience, lack of time, or for some other reason. There are 
 Several firmis and individuals who will purchase suitable ore deposits 
 Or who will work them under lease, In such circumstances the firms 
 OY individuals take all responsibility of working the deposit and of 
 finding market for the product, and pay the owner a stated royalty on 
 each ton taken out, 
 
 The royalty paid ner-ton varies, and depends upon the size of the 
 Geposit, its availability, market conditions, and upon the shrewdness 
 of the parties interested. Hoyalties reported to this Survey are from 
 10¢ to $1.00 or more per ton, but it does not follow that either the 
 highest or the’ lowcst of these figures represents the maximum profit 
 tO either the owner or the lessee, 
 
 The following is a list (perhaps incomplete) of individuals and 
 
 firms who are interested in developing suitable denosits. 
 Allegheny Ore & Manufacturing Co., Oakmont, Pa, 
 American Mineral Products & Color Co., ; Noblestown ; Pa. 
 American Oxide -& Chemical Cos, 402 Fulton Bldeg,, Pittsburgh, bot 
 B, F, Brundred,’ Trust Estate, ob at Bele bikes gee ye 
 C.F. Burkhardt, : Oil City; Ya. 
 Je We Landers & Company, Tionesta, Par 
 BP, 2. Lanson, Kennerdetl , Fa. 
 pphibyon.’.) Franklin, Pa. 
 WwW. S. Moore, : New Castle, Pa. 
 National Ore and Mineral Company, } DuBois, Pas — 
 Natural Oxide Corporation, 445 Hifth avenuc, Pittsburgh, £3. 
 Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company, Natrona, Pa,’ 
 Punchios Lumber Company, ’ Curwensville, Pa, 
 Standard Silicon Company, Ridgway, ‘Pa. 
 Je We. Whited & Company, Emlenton, Pa. 
 S. C. Wiant, Hawthorne, Fa, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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