Return this book on or before the 
 Latest Date stamped below. A 
 charge is made i all pyerdue 
 
 books. | 
 University of Illinois Library © 
 
 DEC 24 1945) DEC 06 2un0 
 
 | 
 pADPR his OUR 
 
 aau aR 4Q7e 
 NUV 29 id fo 
 
 Nov 22 19 
 
 M32—30715 
 
———— 
 
 YORKTOWN: 
 
 A ComPpENDIOUS ACCOUNT OF THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIED FRENCH 
 
 AND 
 AMERICAN FORCES, RESULTING IN THE SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS 
 AND THE CLOSE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION; THE SuC- 
 CEEDING EvENTS, TO THE TREATY OF PEACE; AND 
 ‘THE CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENNIAL 
 ANNIVERSARY OF THE SURREN- 
 DER AT YORKTOWN. 
 BY 
 PLEOB TARRIS PATTON, “Avo, 
 
 AUTHOR OF ‘‘A CONCISE HIsToRY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE;’’ “ RESOURCES OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES ;’ ‘‘ THE LAND WE LIVE IN,”’ ETC. 
 
 Kilustrated 
 
 With Portraits of Washington, Lafayette, Rochambeau, De Grasse, and Steuben; Maps of 
 
 the Peninsula and the Siege; and Drawings of the Commemorative 
 Franklin Medal and the Yorktown Monument. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 FORDS, POW A RD, Sc) Ee Be eB RB 
 1882. 
 
, ae COPYRIGHT, 1881, 
 _ BY FORDS, HOWARD, & HULBERT. 
 
 5. 
 
WN. 
 
 C.SP\EGLE ENG, 
 
 i 
 
 Engraved after Marshall’s steel engraving of Stuart's portrait in the Boston Atheneum. 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 —_—__#-@-@—_—_ 
 
 Or the celebrations of our ‘‘ centennial ‘* period, only two have been 
 really national—the one at Philadelphia in 1876, commemorative of the sign- 
 ing of the Declaration of Independence, and the one at Yorktown in 1881, 
 on the anniversary of the surrender of Cornwallis. 
 
 Herein is given an account of the latter celebration, including such facts 
 as seemed worth preservation, printed in connection with an account of 
 “The Campaign of the Allies,”’ distinctively so called because it was the 
 only instance during our Revolution in which there was perfect co-opera- 
 tion of the French navy and army with the American forces. The sketch 
 of the allied campaign and its attendant circumstances and results, was 
 published in the Magazine of American History for October, 1881; to it I 
 have added some interesting details concerning the Yorktown siege, and 
 the story of the two years immediately after the surrender of Cornwallis, 
 down to the treaty of peace and the disbandment of the army; together 
 with descriptions of the Franklin medal, the monument ordered by Con- 
 gress, and finally of the Centennial celebration, with excerpts showing the 
 tone of the addresses. 
 ite Yorktown celebration was peculiarly interesting because of the pres- 
 ence of representatives of those foreign friends who aided our fathers. and 
 were present at the surrender. The careers of Lafayette and Steuben receive 
 some appropriate attention, and, throughout, the design has been to combine 
 under the general title of ‘‘ Yorktown’’ such material as should contribute 
 to form a memorial of the two groups of events in 1781 and 1881. 
 
 ToER.P: 
 
 834047 
 
i 
 iY 
 ey 
 
CoO ME NS 
 
 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES. 
 
 Difficulties Surrounding Washington 
 Arrangements of the Patriot Troops 
 Affairs in the Carolinas 
 March of Cornwallis through Virginia 
 
 ritish Raids and Outrages. .. 2.2... cc eee ee) tee see cee plete sa diges 
 NE EO ANTICS se ka crema a ot oe ng ©. ethiangleishe ab oe oa a sim egy dn <i here ae 
 Seirench Kiectand Delays... 0.06... cee pee eee eee nee tent ceranenay 
 INSEE Er COV AETOTIT EMME EG) Mee serge tt ull o/c tL, 2's. ule afeie alah alone tracey abet aneieye oP g aed 
 ier GTA ETNICS © lia A ed Wee Sole ok Sales Dink eae da eames ate eta 
 MEPETEEY EC LAT Spee aya 2/40 a len) w e's iy ck. ins o vied + sharon slams ay Aile Miaue rela ale eaten 
 Robert Morris, the American 12 hatha 0} bt ORME Aca nate pon Oe AL oR I ERP eK, 
 Demonstrations against the City of New York.............- 200s eee e eee eee 
 SEEN ECO PTI S «oc. caldera versa doe « sais boa aeskts 18 DE SAL eR ns CR 
 ME EL CUNTIOMITANIG «6. ly fa cc ne vince ye ae 4 Sets ates he eas Saeed Se me Meee 
 Changed Plan of Campaign............ 6s. eee eee eee eee cet ene cees 
 ECE TETRA PIPES ee, Wale re ol cle et hel cbeoa alc 8 ay 44 Sod yey aneite hem apnea Sere aH REE 
 British Attempts at a Diversion...........0 00-5 e ee cece ee cece teen eee 
 Meera TR ETIE, COLMS ffs torn che clade ie leis oo, hee M's odo nee cal, wielatoya lw 9 steele 
 DT eat TIT Ola OL peered cabo Dede eorohd dghnlo la Rivne a dealers iy Willa one, alain al ae 
 uerGapitulation and Surrender iy... 62s ce ie eee Pa awn es sg isieny ote 
 Rejoicing and Thanksgiving............ 62. cece eet eee eect ee eee ences 
 FRENCH OFFICERS AT THE SIEGE OF YORK... 2... ccc ree eie ey wre eee s 
 DISPOSITION AND ORDER OF BATTLE OF THE ALLIED ARMIES.............-. 
 PURE tae e betes ae Pe VAIL IDA Eo... pi cValtiaieaiove Sis.8 208 ok ele 23 dN 6 Fe eens s bie e)aiMas.s 6 seem winnie 
 THE CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 EICEIn Ren SU TCL GIAy se ete cae e Gc lac bis ein ee acne Api niehe oer wins 4 mae galage 
 MTG SP ISC CITC Ee ear e aula Stance wieied pie uw syegeris Wiig sya bse ¥ pwn tha weet s 
 HeACEM a se ews ES REET MO NRT pet 9) MGs, Win tid a! Korie’ ec aac eh ye ane marae vhs nate aes - 
 
 6 oc 67s © ¢ 6's ® 6 6) 6: D6 & Bd) d 0 6 6 16 CC eS SO BLOTS ERS CCN & 
 
 ete te. 6 ste a) s, B86) de. tele eG a it € Fe SB) Ore (COLE le) Of Ee eae PES 1m 
 
 eval eg eb 2 @ oe eveiinle: ©. 6 ese a, a we Hi a) oe C6 ae: (eh y Meteo Le le years) See ee emg © CS) © 
 
 PAGE 
 
*y 
 
 vi CONTENTS. 
 PAGE 
 THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 
 Plans for Celebration yyo.6ic 4, sea wiv ee lc a ne eo 43 
 The ‘Anvitations os. 26 26 05. eee ae ae Re bees ear GE an 44 
 The Celebration. 
 Opetiing ‘ServiceSsss.i0 tice 09 crea ciste we ests ie siete: PR eens ot, out 45 
 The National: Ceremonies jc. ta. ica ee Gs ele ee ee eet wii gh pees 
 he Monument. 200 002. esha pe elnaiee b diecolae oa 0 Sey ened ee hue ie ce 46 
 Laying the Corner-Stone...... Dr red tiels, blo ha 8\.« (cc a eee nes ae 48 ? 
 PAGS AGOTESSES 3 bee ee ace rereee UTNE A ON nh cee 49 
 ie “Orabion oi Vere Cais eget ce ee! 2a Can, kat eee Fae ee SI 
 Thé, Warade, the Review, and Salutew.0 cs... 9.15" Ge gee a ee 54 
 An Englishman’s View of the Celebration................ A eee ae s 55 | 
 The@Wation’s’ Guests . oil sveeee hs ss vce wee eee a ee 56 
 LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN. 
 Datayetter fciiistcd vege tle lets ele Sue © & poaseny eo dusny tne ce tates ate IE eae 57 
 Mon Steuben. 20. pW aia te aiee ate ene ety word a: ees, i ope ete tee Rone get 60 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 _ 0 © e—— 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PORTRAIT OF GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON..... 00.0... Ronee Seite a Frontispiece 
 PORTRAIT OF MAJOR-GENERAL THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE........ cele! Ktatagsies 10 
 Poereair OF MAJOR-GENERAL BARON VON STEUBEN.... 2... 00.02.06 oes cane 13 
 Paeeite Or ADMIRAL THE.COUNT: DE GRASSE.. 2.0.5... (06. i aoe enccadedaews 16 
 PORTRAIT OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU.......... 26 
 RUT Steer OFS V.ORR TOWN. oa) oie site eS gelne. © 0:1 6 oie 2 6 deme sisrs $y aie dea aieeae 34 
 THE erin MEDIAL Foe oe oe I ET Oe REY PEE EE OERY oe 38 
 ny ORR TOWNGMONUMENT. oolcc chin ocalcunsesbus awdecewatielee sa er oer: PPP ice igh 
 
 SITE OF THE SIEGE, Diagram of Celebration......,sesseverrrereeeneneereness 47 
 
~ 
 
 feel 
 ary 
 
 “ar 
 
 A 
 hee 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 THE SURRENDER OF LORD CHARLES CORNWALLIS 
 
 E have little conception of the difficulties that surrounded Wash- 
 ington and his compatriots during the year and a half preceding 
 the capture of Cornwallis. The resources of the country were 
 
 _ well-nigh exhausted ; many had been drawn to the battle-field and there 
 perished, and so great a number still remained in the army that the 
 mechanical industries of the people were nearly ruined; villages were 
 more or less dilapidated, while innumerable farms were lying waste 
 for the want of cultivation. The influence of the war overshadowed 
 the whole land, blighting its progress, and interfering with the comfort. 
 and success of the people. The Continental money was next to worth- 
 less, and that issued by the separate States was even of less value. Dis- 
 trust of the ultimate success of the struggle discouraged many of the 
 people, yet there was a gleam of sunshine in the hearts of the hopeful 
 few; their zeal never flagged, and their intelligence prompted them to 
 male great personal sacrifices in the expectation of securing for Bar 
 country liberty and independence for all future time. 
 
 Another impediment to the success of the patriots was the multitudes 
 who sympathized with the royal cause, some no doubt from pure, and 
 some from sinister motives. Among these disloyalists were many who 
 were unwilling the Colonies should separate from England, which they 
 characterized by the endearing name of “Home.” They were proud of 
 her glories in literature and arms, and claimed them as part of their own 
 inheritance. Another class of the more unenlightened among the tories 
 were often disloyal from an indefinable reverence for the persons of the 
 royal family, and of their shadow, the aristocracy. These clung to the 
 cause of the king for the reason they were unable to comprehend the 
 vast importance to themselves and their children of being separated from 
 England and untrammeled by her restrictions and influence as a sovereign. 
 
IO THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 The limited means of movement at that time from one portion of the 
 country to another cannot be fully appreciated by the people of to-day, 
 who have so many facilities for easy and rapid communication with 
 each other. Sir Henry Clinton had his main army in New York City, 
 in whose harbor was also a large and effective British fleet; Corn- 
 wallis had an army in Virginia three or four hundred miles distant, 
 and other generals commanded troops stationed still further south 
 in the Carolinas and Georgia; between these points were no places 
 occupied by British troops. These armies were all accessible by sea 
 from Sir Henry’s headquarters in New York, while for the patriots the 
 only way was by land—a route long and tedious, with bad roads to be 
 passed over on horseback, on foot or by means of cumbersome wagons. 
 The advantage on the part of the British to transport soldiers and mili- 
 tary stores, was in comparison almost incalculable; -in addition they 
 were supplied with the most approved war material of the time, while 
 the army of the patriots was as indifferently accoutered as their oppo- 
 nents were well armed and drilled. The war vessels of the United 
 States consisted of only two frigates; the others had been either cap- 
 tured or destroyed. 
 
 ARRANGEMENTS OF THE PATRIOT TROOPS—In the winter of 1780-81, 
 and spring of the latter year, the troops under Washington were 
 camped so as to threaten New York City, while to repel a movement 
 from Canada, should one be made, a portion of the State forces were 
 stationed at Albany. At West Point and along the Hudson in the High- 
 lands, were troops from New England; at Pompton, New Jersey, were 
 the soldiers belonging to that State, and at Morristown was a portion of 
 the Pennsylvania contingent. The French army, for the most part, was — 
 wintering at Newport, Rhode Island, while one legion, that of the Duke 
 de Lauzun, was at Lebanon, Connecticut. Washington had his head- 
 quarters in a central position, at Windsor on the Hudson. In different 
 parts of the South were stationed American soldiers—militia and Con- 
 tinentals—under Lafayette, Gen. Greene and the Baron Steuben. * 
 
 The disposition of troops in the northern division was owing to the 
 fact that the main portion of the British army was located on Staten 
 Island, and in New York on Manhattan Island ; in the harbor was moored _ 
 their fleet—the right arm of their power. Yet thtey were confined closely 
 to the city, not daring even to make foraging raids very far into the 
 country, because they were liable to be roughly handled by the patriots, 
 who were on the lookout, and their arrangements were such that almost 
 
< 
 
 SRS 
 
 LAFAYETTE. 
 
 a 
 y) 
 
 Major-GEN. MARQUIS DE 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES | i) 
 
 on the appearance of the marauders, the whole country was immediately 
 roused to repelthem. Philadelphia, at that time, had the larger popula- 
 lation, but not being so accessible from the ocean as New York, the 
 British commander had his main army in the latter city, in whose harbor 
 he could have his fleet for the purpose of defence, and in readiness to 
 send aid wherever needed. 
 
 AFFAIRS IN THE CAROLINAS—When Cornwallis captured Charleston, 
 the capital of the Colony of South Carolina (May 12, 1780), he imagined 
 he had subdued the whole region. Thinking, perhaps, capital cities in 
 the Colonies bore the same relation to the surrounding country that they 
 did in Europe, we may judge his surprise when the numerous patriots 
 under Sumter, Marion and others were continually harrassing his 
 foraging parties whenever they ventured out from his main army. 
 There was, it was true, the quiet of a conquered land, but of one in 
 which the people were waiting only for a favorable opportunity to fly to 
 arms. Since the disastrous defeat of Gates at Camden (August 16, 1780), 
 Cornwallis had better reason to suppose the conflict in that section vir- 
 tually ended, but ina few months Gen. Nathanael Greene appeared as 
 Commander of the American forces; by his indefatigable exertions, and 
 skillful handling of his men, he kept his lordship busy in warding off 
 attacks, especially in unexpected quarters. __ 
 
 In the South the state of affairs was sad indeed; Whigs and Tories 
 were unrelenting foes; they ravaged in turn the whole region, destroying 
 private property and burning the houses of each other. There is no 
 sadder picture of the horrors of the Revolutionary struggle than the 
 fiendish animosity toward each other that seemed to pervade the souls 
 _of the Whigs and Tories of these States. Why it was is hard to define. 
 Under such repeated pillagings and raids, that whole section became 
 almost a desolation. The three States of North Carolina, South Caro- 
 lina and Georgia, were in the ordinary sense subdued, as their most 
 important points were occupied by the British. 
 
 Early in the year (January, 1781) was fought the battle of Cowpens, 
 in which Gen. Daniel Morgan defeated Col. Banastie Tarleton, the noted 
 British cavalry officer. Then commenced the pursuit of Morgan. by 
 Cornwallis with a superior and well equipped army; but after a forced 
 march of two hundred miles, the latter found himself completely baffled 
 and forced to fall back, to be in turn closely followed by Gen. Greene, 
 now incommand. At length a conflict took place near Guilford Court 
 House, N. C., from which place Greene fell back, after crippling his 
 
12 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 adversary so much that really the gain was on his own side; while Corn- 
 wallis marched northward, leaving the Carolinas to the care of Lord 
 Rawdon. About a month later (April 25), was*fought the battle of Hob- 
 kirk’s Hill, S. C-—a drawn battle, but the advantage, if any, was on the 
 side of the Americans. Soon after several fortified places fell into 
 the hands of the patriots, and Lord Rawdon retired to within a 
 short distance of Charleston. Both armies remained inactive during 
 the hot weather, except the skirmishing of foraging parties, till the battle 
 of Eutaw Springs (Sept. 8, 1781), which in the main resulted favorably 
 to the Americans, though in none of these engagements were they 
 equal to their enemies, either in numbers of regular soldiers or equip- 
 ments. In these various conflicts, and in the movements connected 
 with them, Greene displayed remarkable skill in deceiving his enemies, 
 and in striking where he was least expected. 
 
 Tue Marco OF CORNWALLIS TOWARD VircinrA—After the battle 
 of Guilford Court House, the army of Cornwallis was so much reduced 
 ‘1 number that he resolved to fall back by way of Wilmington, N. Cy 
 toward the North. He tarried in the vicinity of the former place some- 
 time, to refresh his troops and await reinforcements, intending as soon 
 as prepared to return southward to aid the royal cause in South Caro- 
 lina. Meantime he learned that Greene, who had been cautiously fol- 
 lowing him, attacking his foraging parties and cutting off his messen- 
 gers, had suddenly turned, and was far on his way toward Camden, S. C., © 
 where Lord Rawdon was in command. It was useless to attempt to 
 overtake Greene or to make an effort to aid Rawdon; the risk was 
 too great, for if he went in that direction he might be hemmed in by 
 the patriots and distressed for provisions, as that whole region had 
 been swept over more than once by the opposing forces. . His army 
 had been on the move for the greater part of a year, having, it was 
 estimated, marched and countermarched more than a thousand miles, 
 through a country in the main bitterly hostile, the roads being few 
 and very difficult to travel. These considerations induced him to 
 move northward from Wilmington to join Gen. Phillips by appoint- 
 ment at Petersburg, Virginia. He commenced his march about the Ist 
 of May, the distance being more than two, hundred miles. Phillips 
 had superseded the traitor Benedict Arnold, about one month before 
 (March 26, 1781), in the command in Virginia. 
 
 Previous to this time, Arnold had been marauding for some months 
 in that region, though closely watched, and sometimes attacked, by 
 
LIBRARY 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
uA) 
 
 yy, 
 
 e 
 
 . 
 
 N 
 
 GEN. BARON VON STEUBE 
 
 MAJOR- 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 13 
 
 Baron Steuben ; he was not prevented, however, from effectually pillag- 
 ing the country along the James and the lower portion of its tributaries, 
 but did not dare to venture far from navigable waters. Onone occasion — 
 he appeared before Richmond and offered to spare the place if permitted 
 to carry off the tobacco in store; this was refused by the Governor, 
 Thomas Jefferson, and he burned a portion of the village. This part of 
 the State was specially defenceless, as the slaves were numerous and 
 the planters few in comparison. Baron Steuben was in general com- 
 mand in Virginia; he had, however, a small force of only five or six 
 hundred militia, having sent all the men he could spare to aid Gen. 
 Greene in the Carolinas. 
 
 There had been a plan laid to capture: Arnold, and Washington in 
 the early spring sent Lafayette with troops and artillery to aid in the 
 enterprise. The French also sent, under the command of De Tilly, a_ 
 sixty-gun ship and two frigates to surprise the British vessels in the 
 
 hesapeake, but Arnold learned of the expedition, and withdrawing his 
 shipping up the Elizabeth river into shallow water, the French had to 
 content themselves in lying off in their large ships, while those of the 
 enemy were safely anchored twelve miles distant. Soon after, another 
 French naval force was sent from Newport to cooperate with that in the 
 Bay, and with the army expected under Lafayette, but they were pur- 
 sued by the British fleet. These fleets met off the Capes, and after a short 
 conflict, without definite result, they parted. The French were so dis- 
 abled that they returned to Newport, and the English entered Chesa- 
 peake Bay. This was the fourth time the French fleet had failed to co- 
 operate effectually with the American land forces. Arnold was now 
 reinforced by two thousand troops under Gen. Phillips, who, as has 
 been stated, assumed command. 
 
 We may imagine the disappointment of Lafayette and his wearied 
 soldiers, who had reached Annapolis, when they learned that the fleet 
 reported at anchor in the Roads was the British and not the French, as 
 they had reason to suppose. The object of the expedition was defeated. 
 After sorne. delay, caused by the blockade of the port by the British 
 vessels, the troops were withdrawn to the Head of Elk, and marched 
 early in April to Baltimore, where Lafayette refitted his men. Marching 
 them southward, he joined Steuben in Virginia, and took command of 
 the forces there. | 
 
 BRITISH RAIDS AND OUTRAGES—When Cornwallis joined his forces 
 with those in Virginia and assumed command, he resolved to crush 
 
Rye THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 Lafayette before he should receive the reinforcements said to be on their 
 march from the North, under the command of Gen. Anthony Wayne. 
 He was so confident of success that, in writing to Sir Henry Clinton, 
 he represented himself as having the Marquis within his grasp ; in con- 
 sequence the latter, in a dispatch to the home government, said: 
 “Lafayette, I think, cannot escape him.” When Cornwallis moved 
 from Petersburg to unite with the fresh troops sent from New York 
 under Gen. Leslie, Lafayette was at Richmond, but having an inferior 
 force, he retreated towards the north to meet Wayne, who was 
 approaching with a portion of the Pennsylvania line. Cornwallis 
 crossed the James below Richmond, and moved rapidly in pursuit, but 
 finding it impossible to prevent their junction, he fell back toward the 
 lower James. 
 
 There has been in the American mind a peculiar odium attached to 
 the traitor Arnold, because of his committing so many outrages in Vig- 
 ginia. As much disgrace should attach to the name of Cornwallis for 
 the ravages committed by his immediate command. His cavalry 
 speedily scoured the country, and seized all the horses they could reach; 
 these were considered at the time to be the finest in the colonies. 
 Gen. Greene, when passing through Virginia on his way to the Caro- 
 linas, urged the planters to remove these fine animals into the interior, 
 lest they should be captured to replenish the British cavalry. The 
 advice was disregarded, and ere long about six hundred of Tarleton’s 
 men were mounted on horses, great numbers of which had been 
 trained for the races, common in that State. Oftentimes the marauders 
 wantonly cut the throats of colts that were too young to be of service 
 forcavalry. Outrages,of this character were not perpetrated elsewhere 
 during the war. Tarleton ravaged the country, destroying stores of 
 provisions and crops; he attempted by a bold dash to capture the mem- 
 bers of the Legislature, then in session at Charlottesville, and came near 
 making a prisoner of the Governor himself, Thomas Jefferson, in his 
 home at Monticello. . For some reason he would not permit the 
 premises at Monticello to be injured; yet, “under the eye of Corn- 
 wallis,’ another farm of Jefferson was thoroughly plundered, the 
 growing crops destroyed, the horses carried off, and the throats of the 
 colts cut, while the barns and fences were burned. 
 
 INDECISIVE ConFLicts—Lafayette. and Wayne, having united their 
 forces, immediately moved, and by a rapid night march presented them- 
 selves in front of Cornwallis and, being joined by large numbers of the 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 15 
 
 militia, their force made so formidable show that the British general 
 thought it prudent to fall back to Richmond, and finally down to Wil- 
 liamsburg (June 25). Lafayette was now joined by Steuben, and his 
 entire army amounted to about 4,000 men, one-half of whom were reg- 
 ulars or Continentals. He sent detachments that interfered materially 
 with the foraging parties of the British army, meanwhile advancing ~ 
 with his main force toward Williamsburg. 
 
 About this time Sir Henry Clinton became much alarmed at the 
 demonstrations making against New York. He expected to be attacked 
 by twenty thousand men, and believed that De Grasse,* when he learned 
 that Cornwallis was out of reach, would sail to New York to assist 
 in an attempt on that city. This theory seems to have made him 
 afterward unable to give due weight to evidence coming to his knowl- 
 edge respecting the movement of Washington toward Virginia. He 
 now sent an urgent demand to Cornwallis for reinforcements. 
 
 To comply with this requisition, Cornwallis moved all his force 
 toward Portsmouth in order to embark the troops. Lafayette cautiously 
 followed, intending, if opportunity served, to attack the rear-guard of 
 the British army when the main portion had crossed the river, but 
 the wary Cornwallis, suspecting the design, laid plans to deceive 
 his pursuer. Accordingly on the 6th July he sent over his pack-horses 
 - and wagons to an island in the James, and of these he made a great 
 display. Meanwhile Tarleton deputed a dragoon—who pretended to 
 be a deserter—and a negro, to throw themselves in the way of the 
 Americans, and announce to them that the main portion of the army 
 had passed over, and only the rear-guard was waiting to cross. The 
 story seemed plausible, and Wayne was sent to make the attack; he 
 was to be supported by the main body. Wayne, moving rapidly for- 
 ward, apparently surprised a picket, which, in accordance with orders, 
 after a resistance lasting only a few minutes, retreated: Thus encour- 
 aged, Wayne dashed on, when presently he found himself confronted 
 with what seemed the whole British army. In a moment he divined 
 the stratagem by which he had been deceived; his fearless spirit sug- 
 gested his course. He at once sounded a charge, and his Pennsyl- 
 vanians, nine hundred strong, and three cannon in full play, with 
 shouts of victory, dashed against the enemy. This vigorous attack 
 continued for a few minutes, when, at his command, the men as speedily 
 fell back, losing, however, their cannon, the horses which drew them 
 being killed. . Cornwallis was in turn bewildered; the sudden and 
 
 * Commanding a French fleet in the West Indies. 
 
16 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 vigorous assault, as well as the rapidity with which the Americans 
 retreated, disconcerted him. He refused, as it was growing dark, to 
 permit his men td pursue, lest they should fall into an ambuscade. The 
 following day he passed over the river and proceeded to Portsmouth; 
 but, when in the act of sending a detachment on board the ships, he 
 received another message from Clinton, informing him that he had been 
 reinforced by three thousand Haus from Europe, and he should not 
 need more troops. 
 
 According to Stedman, Sir Henry Clinton at first favorably enter- 
 tained the idea of Cornwallis, when he had joined Phillips, making a 
 raid north, along the Chesapeake and up the valley of the Susquehannah. 
 He was led to think of such an expedition by the representations of 
 Tories, who assured him if a British army would make its appearance 
 _in that region, there would be an uprising of the loyalists. Cornwallis 
 was not so sanguine; he had little faith in promised uprisings of these 
 gentlemen, and in consequence he was opposed to the whole scheme. 
 Perhaps he also called to mind his experience in being harrassed when 
 marching through the thinly settled Carolinas, and reflected that on the 
 shores of the Chesapeake and up the Susquehannah the population was 
 
 much more numerous. He would only enter upon the movement when ° 
 
 ordered; and he intimated his willingness to return to Charleston and 
 take command there. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton also took occasion to inform Cornwallis of fie 
 rumors afloat that the Count de Grasse intended to visit the American 
 coast in order to co-operate with the allied forces. Sir Charles Rod- 
 ney, who was on the West India station with a British squadron, gave 
 it as his opinion that De Grasse would go to the Chesapeake. This 
 information seemed to allay the fears of Clinton, as a French fleet in the 
 bay: could not injure the forces under Cornwallis. It appears never to 
 have occurred to him that possibly Washington, by forced marches, 
 might lead his army from the Hudson to the Chesapeake, nor did he 
 avail himself of the suggestion of Rodney, to send a fleet to counteract 
 the plans of the Count. Cornwallis on his part felt equally safe, as he 
 wrote to Sir Henry Clinton he could spare him aye hundred men 
 to aid in defending New York. 
 
 The home government and Clinton were both unwilling to abandon 
 the control of Chesapeake Bay and Virginia; hence an order was sent 
 to Cornwallis to select some place accessible from the sea, and there 
 fortify himself. This order came with the message countermanding 
 the previous one to send a reinforcement of troops to New York. To 
 
ADMIRAL COMTE DE GRASSE, 
 
LIBRARY 
 OF THE 
 
 : 
 & 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES BA 
 
 comply with this command, on the 26th July, 1781, Cornwallis chose 
 Yorktown and Gloucester Point. These are on opposite sides of York 
 river, which here narrows to about one mile in width, and are accessible 
 from the bay, which is about fifteen miles distant. His army now 
 amounted to nearly eight thousand effective men. He began to throw 
 up strong entrenchments, while-a number of ships of war were moored 
 in the river, . 
 
 THE FRENCH FLEET, AND DELAys—It was long evident to Wash- 
 ington and Congress that if success was to be obtained, the superiority 
 of the British naval force must be overcome. This could be done 
 only by inducing the French government to send a sufficiently large 
 number of men-of-war to the American coast. Hitherto it had seemed 
 fated that the French fleet should fail to cooperate with the Ameri- 
 can land forces. Congress some time before had commissioned John 
 _Laurens of South Carolina, one of Washington’s Aids, to France for 
 the special purpose of inducing that government to send a strong 
 fleet and a large number of troops to the United States. Laurens 
 was remarkable for his pleasing manners no less than for his diplo- 
 matic ability; he succeeded in obtaining the promise of a large fleet 
 and a body of troops, and also a loan of money, which amounted to 
 more than a million dollars. In accordance with this promise, 
 Count de Grasse sailed (March, 1781) from Brest with twenty-five 
 sail of the line, on board of which were several thousand troops— 
 the greater portion of the latter, however, were designed for the West- 
 Indies. | 
 While the operations already referred to were going on in the south- 
 ern section of the country, nothing special was done in the northern 
 except to watch the enemy’s forces in New York, and make prepara- 
 
 tions to capture the city. To obtain that result was utterly impossible 
 _ without a sufficient naval force to overcome that of the British in the 
 harbor, and for this assistance Washington was waiting till it could be 
 sent by France, and also for the States, severally, to furnish more sol- 
 diers and supplies. 
 
 INSUBORDINATION—On the first day of this eventful year (1781) a 
 
 revolt of an alarming character had broken out among the Pennsylvania 
 troops at Morristown, New Jersey. Their sufferings were great, and 
 what they deemed the indifference gf Congress to their wants roused 
 their indignation, and led them to leave their camp and march in an 
 
18 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 orderly manner: direct to the doors of that body, then in session at 
 Philadelphia, and demand redress in person. These men, though guilty 
 of military insubordination, were every one of them true to their coun- 
 try’s cause, but were for the time exercising, in this irregular way, their 
 rights asfreemen to ask a redress of grievances. Says Gen. Wayne, 
 their commander, “ they were poorly clothed, badly fed, and worse paid ; 
 exposed to winter’s piercing cold, with no protection but old worn-out 
 coats, and but one blanket between three men.” They received relief 
 for the present, and marched back to their camp, after delivering up to 
 their officers the emissaries of the British commander, who had sent 
 them to seduce the mutineers from their duties as patriot soldiers. In 
 less than a month afterward, influenced by the success of the Pennsyl- 
 vanians, the same spirit was manifested among the Jersey troops sta- 
 tioned at Pompton; they, too, for the same reason, mutinied. Now 
 there was danger lest insubordination should spread throughout the 
 army, and the latter rebellion was put down with some severity. ' Yet 
 there was evidently great dissatisfaction in the army; the soldiers 
 were intelligent and understood for what purpose they were in arms, and 
 they had received the impression that Congress wasted much precious 
 time in wrangling over questions of minor importance, while some of 
 the States had apparently grown indifferent, and failed to furnish sup- 
 plies in food and clothing. The soldiers no doubt compared their 
 hard lot with the comfort enjoyed by other able-bodied men at their 
 well furnished homes. We must bear in mind, however, that Congress 
 had not full power to enforce its own decrees, which took more the 
 form of urgent advisory resolutions than of laws to be obeyed; the 
 weariness incident to a seven years’ war: the utter prostration of com- 
 merce and industry, except to provide the necessaries of life, had almost 
 paralyzed the energies of the people. It was only the hopeful, the 
 intelligent, the persevering, that bore up—meanwhile encouraging their 
 desponding neighbors—and performed as best they could their own 
 duty, to supply the wants of the soldiers. With this state of feeling in | 
 the army, we may imagine what would have been the ultimate issue had 
 it not been for the cheering prospect of help from France, both in fleet 
 and land forces. during this long and trying winter. 
 
 THE PosITIONS OF ARMIES—During the spring and summer of 1781 
 the British army held two important positions. The capture of either 
 would have a decisive effect upon .the contest. One was New: York, 
 in which was their main force, and from which reinforcements of men, 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 19 
 
 ships and war material were sent as required to other points, especially 
 to sustain operations in the South; the other position was that held by 
 the army of Cornwallis in Virginia, where rumor said it was preparing 
 to winter. It.was possible, under favorable circumstances, to capture 
 either of these before aid could come from the other. 
 
 It was thought best to make an attempt on New York, asthe French 
 army, which had been for nearly eleven months at Newport, was ready 
 to move in aid of theenterprise. Preparatory to making the attack, the 
 available roads leading to the city were repaired and new ones cut, while 
 its fortifications were carefully reconnoitered. Washington’s head- 
 quarters were at Windsor, a few miles from West Point; his entire 
 force did not amount to five thousand effective men, though he had 
 nominally nearly seven thousand. Owing to the defects of the militia 
 system then in force, the army had not been increased to the full num- . 
 ber authorized by Congress, which had resolved to have thirty-seven 
 thousand men under arms at the beginning of the year. But the reso- 
 lutions of Congress or of the State Legislatures were of little avail in 
 rousing the exhausted country. British marauding parties in force were 
 continually pillaging the country for miles around the city; they called 
 it foraging. The most effective of these depredators was a band of 
 Tories under Col. Delancy, whose place of rendezvous and stronghold 
 was in the vicinity of Morrisania, Westchester county. Up the country 
 from that place to near Washington’s lines, these marauders made the 
 whole region almost a desolation, driving from the farms the live 
 stock, and carrying off the grain when harvested. These worthies 
 were characterized Cow Boys by the inhabitants, because of their 
 _aptness in seizing the patriots’ cattle. 
 
 CAMPAIGN PLANS—In February word had been brought Washing- 
 ton that the Count de Barras had arrived at Boston to take command 
 of the naval force of the French then at Newport, Rhode Island. De 
 . Barras also brought the news that the Count de Grasse was soon to 
 sail with a large armament to the West Indies; but twelve of his ships 
 were to come to Newport, in order to relieve the French squadron 
 stationed there, and that these ships were to bring an additional number 
 of land forces. This reinforcement was expected to arrive in July or 
 August. 
 
 Count de Rochambeau received fresh instructions from his own gov- 
 ernment, and arrangements were made for an interview between Wash- 
 ington and the Count, at Weathersfield, Connecticut, on the 22d May, 
 
20 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 1781. Many plans were discussed; among others to send a land force to — 
 aid Greene in the Carolinas. These troops would be compelled to march 
 the entire distance, asthe French squadron, which might have carried 
 them, was closely blockaded in Newport harbor by a superior British 
 fleet. The main objections to this plan were the long march, the difh- 
 culties of transporting war material, and the season of the year being 
 summer, the heat of which in that climate was dreaded so much as to 
 become an obstruction almost insuperable. 
 
 It was therefore thought best to strike a blow at New York. The 
 time seemed propitious, as, owing to the large detachments which had 
 from time to time been sent to the South, the garrison was compara- 
 tively weak. To capture this stronghold, with its immense amount of 
 war material, appeared to Washington and the patriots as most import- 
 ant. Here was the British fleet, which had absolute control of the 
 harbor and all the waters accessible to it; its position was central. If 
 once taken, the outposts in the South would sticcumb, and the struggle, 
 it was thought, must virtually end. Accordingly, to carry out this 
 enterprise, arrangements were made at the council, and soon the 
 French troops were on their march from their quarters at Newport, 
 delighted to be relieved from the irksome monotony they had experi- 
 enced during the preceding eleven months, and with the hope of seeing 
 active service. Their march through the country was enlivened by the 
 manifestations of welcome made by the inhabitants, who cheered them 
 as friends. ; 
 
 In order to make the capture certain, Washington wrote to the Gov- 
 ernors of the New England States and New Jersey, calling upon them to 
 render assistance by filling up their quotas of men. With all these exer- 
 tions the American army was not materially increased, and his let- 
 ters written at the time show the mortification caused him. by this 
 deficiency. The only apology was the utter prostration of the country, 
 both in respect to its finances and the fewness of the men found 
 to enter thearmy. The Legislatures passed energetic resolutions, and ° 
 so did Congress, but neither had the power to enforce them. Mean- 
 while Rochambeau dispatched a vessel to inform De Grasse of the plan 
 ef operations, and urge his cooperation. 
 
 ROBERT MORRIS, THE AMERICAN FINANCIER— The efforts of one 
 patriot must here be mentioned. Robert Morris was a successful 
 merchant of Philadelphia, and one of the signers of the Declaration of 
 Independence. He grasped the idea of furnishing the “sinews of war,’ 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES ZI 
 
 by conducting the money matters of the government on a specie basis 
 (1780). Heretofore the management of the finances had been entrusted 
 to a committee of Congress, no two of whom seemed to have had the 
 same views on the subject. One man of true education knows more than 
 a multitude of the ignorant; and one common sense and thorough prac- 
 tical financier knows more than a regiment of theorists. Morris urged 
 Congress to establish a dank as an agent to'transact the finances of the 
 government. The Bank of North America—our First National bank— 
 was chartered for ten years, with a capital of $2,000,000. The fact that 
 it was pledged to redeem its notes in coin, inspired confidence in its suc- 
 cess. The public at once looked favorably upon the scheme, and those 
 who had the means invested in the bank, both as a profitable investment 
 and as a patriotic duty. The credit of Congress began at once to revive, 
 and finally attained a point never reached before. By this means Morris 
 was enabled to pay the soldiers to a certain amount, and furnish supplies 
 for the army. He accomplished this by sending as agents discreet men 
 to secure in the way of business, all the coin they could obtain, thus keep- 
 ing his vaults replenished, and when notes were presented they were 
 promptly redeemed. The result was that soon the notes of the bank were 
 received for all demands, and the Continental money passed out of use. 
 Morris was now of immense service in furnishing provisions for the army 
 on the Hudson. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST THE CITY OF NEw YORK—Now began a 
 series of reconnoiterings in the vicinity of the city. New roads were 
 cut through the woods and others repaired. It was known that a large 
 force of the British was absent foraging in New Jersey, and the oppor- 
 tunity was seized to make a sudden and vigorous attack upon New York 
 during their absence, and meanwhile fall on Delancy’s Tories who were 
 stationed at Morrisania. The latter attack was to be made by the French, 
 who were to march from Ridgebury, Connecticut, and Washington him- 
 *self was to throw his troops between the routed Tories and the upper 
 end of Manhattan Island, then to pass Harlem River, capture the posts 
 or stations near at hand, and work his way down some miles to the north 
 side of the city. But soon after the movement began it was ascertained the 
 British force had returned from Jersey, and their boats were in the Hud- 
 son. To surprise the forts was now out of the question, yet the expedi- 
 tion was successful in meeting and attacking a large foraging party of 
 fifteen hundred Tories and others which had set out the same morning 
 to ravage the lower end of Westchester county. The latter made haste 
 
22 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 to abandon their stronghold and retire over Harlem River to the island, 
 where they reported that they had been attacked by a large force. 
 
 TuE ALLIED ARMIES—To secure unity of action, Congress had con- 
 ferred full and perfect authority upon Washington in the northern and 
 southern departments, and France, for the same reason, had also placed 
 her troops under his command. The two armies were now encamped— 
 at Dobbs Ferry and on the Greenberg Hills—within striking distance of 
 New York, and were waiting for a French fleet to cooperate. Recruits 
 were coming in slowly, notwithstanding the urgency of the occasion, yet 
 there was no relaxation in reconnoitering and making preparations for 
 the grand attack. Count de Rochambeau sent a swift-sailing vessel to 
 inform De Grasse, who was in the West Indies or on his way thither, of 
 the intended effort to capture the city, and to urge his cooperation with 
 his fleet. Meanwhile (Aug. 14) there came a French frigate from him to 
 Newport, bearing dispatches, saying that he would sail on the 3d August 
 with a fleet of some twenty-five or thirty war vessels, having on board a 
 land force—not to New York, but to the Chesapeake. This announce- 
 ment necessarily changed the whole programme; the disappointment 
 was very great to Washington and his officers. . 
 
 THE OVERRULING Hanp—We at this day can see, in the influences 
 that led to this disappointment, the hand of an overruling Providence, 
 which Washington and the Christian patriots of that day so much 
 delighted to recognize. It is very doubtful if the combined forces could 
 have captured New York at all. The situation was such that only on 
 the north end of Manhattan Island could it be assailed by land forces, 
 and if a landing were made at this point, the city was still several miles 
 distant, every foot of which was capable of being defended, if not suc- 
 cessfully, at least sufficiently to cause a great loss of life to the assailants. 
 The Hudson could be patrolled by the British men-of-war, whose cannon 
 shot could easily sink the transports used in conveying troops across 
 below the Harlem River. The British had also control of the harbor, 
 and with the aid of the forts around its shores and on its islands, could 
 have repelled the French fleet if it attempted an entrance; but only the 
 smaller vessels could come in, the pilots giving it as their opinion 
 that the large men-of-war belonging to the French could not cross the 
 bar at Sandy Hook. In addition to this, both the British fleet and the 
 garrison had in the latter part of June been strongly reinforced. The 
 sacrifice of life on the part of the combined army would certainly have 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 23 
 
 been very great, and even if successful, much more than in the capture 
 of Cornwallis, while virtually the result in either case would have been 
 the same; the crippling of the British force in the Colonies to such an 
 extent as to lead ultimately to the acknowledgment of the independence 
 of the United States. Moreover, British military affairs had arrived at 
 such a crisis, that the capture of either New York in the North, or of Corn- 
 wallis in the South, would have brought about the end of the contest. 
 The English people were becoming inclined to give up the conflict, as 
 they became more conversant with the true state of the case. We can 
 now see how merciful to the Americans was the non-appearance of Count 
 de Grasse at New York with his fleet, for had he come the effort to take 
 the city would certainly have been made. 
 
 CHANGED PLAN OF CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES—The announcement 
 that De Grasse was about to sail for the Chesapeake led at once to the | 
 change of plans; there was no alternative. The attack must be made on 
 Cornwallis, and the army must march nearly four hundred miles to accom- 
 plish it. To secure success it must be far onits way befote Sir Henry 
 Clinton could discover or suspect the object of the march, and to “ mis- 
 guide and bewilder” him, reconnoissances were ostentatiously made on 
 the north of the city towards Kingsbridge, and on the opposite west 
 side of the Hudson, as if an attempt was to be made to throw a force 
 across that river. The British no doubt learned from spies of the boats 
 built at Albany and originally designed for this purpose. 
 
 These continued demonstrations convinced Sir Henry that an assault 
 was imminent, and when the plan to move against Cornwallis was con- 
 ceived and the necessary arrangements were making, he would not credit 
 the surmises of the British officers stationed nearer the American lines, 
 who began to suspect that a movement was about to be made other than 
 upon New York. These officers communicated their suspicions to Clin- 
 ton, but he seemed to be thoroughly impressed that the apparent change 
 of programme on the part of the patriots was purposely designed to mis- 
 lead him. One of the most earnest of these officers in persisting that the 
 prospective movement would be against Cornwallis and not New York, 
 was Von Wurmb, a Hessian officer, stationed at Kingsbridge. But Sir 
 Henry was stubbornly predisposed to believe all indications that seemed 
 to foreshadow an attack upon his own position. After it was decided to 
 march to Virginia, letters were written at Washington’s headquarters, as 
 if in relation to an impending attack upon the city. These letters were 
 
24 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 purposely sent.in such manner as to insure their interception, and when 
 brought to Sir Henry they confirmed him more than ever that he was 
 to be attacked without delay. Nor did this system of misleading end 
 here ; in addition, a space was marked out for a camp, as if for a large 
 army in New Jersey opposite Staten Island, and numerous ovens were 
 built and fuel provided for baking bread in immense quantities, while 
 numbers of row-boats were prepared and kept in sight as if to ferry 
 troops across the narrow channel to the island. Spies and Tories were 
 unmolested in conveying to the British headquarters accounts of these 
 preparations. | 
 
 « The wisdom of exercising great caution can be seen in the manifold 
 difficulties in the way of this long march in the heat of summer from the 
 Hudson River tothe York. These adverse contingencies were all taken 
 into consideration by the Commander-in-chief, and in no instance during 
 the war. did he display more sagacity than in the plan and execution of 
 this movement, and in his complete outgeneraling of Sir Henry Clinton. 
 The passage in ships from New York to the lower. Chesapeake could be 
 completed in 4 few days, while it took almost as many weeks for an 
 
 army to reach there by land. If Sir Henry, who was proverbial for his 
 
 tardiness, had been prompt, he might have interfered seriously with the 
 expedition, even after he was assured that the movement was against 
 Cornwallis. He could have sent a large number of ships of war, and 
 of men, and perhaps been able to land strong reinforcements at an avail- 
 able position. Keeping the secret so carefully required the greatest 
 caution; only one or two of the officers of the higher rank knew the des- 
 tination of the allied armies, much less the ordinary soldiers. The armies 
 commenced their march on the 1oth of August, and in little more than 
 a month they came in sight of the British works at Yorktown. 
 
 THE MARCH OF THE ALLIES—The movement covered by a final 
 demonstration against New York, the armies, in two divisions, set out on 
 their march toward Yorktown. Nota soldier was aware of their desti- 
 nation. When the American division was first put in motion as if to 
 march toward Kingsbridge over the Harlem River, they were un- 
 expectedly ordered to face about and move north along the east side of 
 the Hudson; the following day they began to cross the river at King’s 
 Ferry. Meanwhile the French army was moving from the vicinity of 
 White Plains toward the same river, heartily cheered by the grateful 
 _ people along their route; two days later they crossed at’ Stony Point, 
 both armies having with them their artillery and military stores. 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 25 
 
 Major-Gen. Heath was placed in command of the army left to watch 
 the enemy in New York, to guard the Highland passes, and as far as 
 possible to protect the surrounding country from marauders. The two 
 armies marched across the Jerseys (East and West as then known); the 
 French toward Trenton on the Delaware, and the Americans in the 
 same general direction. To facilitate the rapidity of the march, wagons 
 in great numbers were obtained from the farmers along the two routes, 
 to carry the heavy arms and knapsacks of the soldiers. Both armies 
 had reached the Delaware before Sir Henry became aware that a 
 march had been stolen upon him; to what extent he was still uncertain. 
 
 When the Americans found themselves at Philadelphia, they sus- 
 pected their destination to be Virginia, and demurred to marching 
 - south under the broiling sun. They were also dissatisfied with the lack 
 of pay, as the want of money debarred them from purchasing many,com- 
 forts, to do which they had now an opportunity. Providentially John | 
 Laurens had arrived a month before from France, bringing: with him a 
 large supply of clothing, of arms and munitions, and what was specially 
 needed, about half a million dollars. Robert Morris was at hand, and 
 with a portion of the money brought by Laurens, the amount raised by 
 himself, and twenty thousand dollars borrowed from De Rochambeau, 
 he was enabled to pay the soldiers a portion of the money due them, 
 and they promptly moved on in the line of duty. 
 
 The incidents on this hurried march were few. The American 
 division was the first to pass through Philadelphia, amid the cheers and 
 blessings of the better portion of the inhabitants, who appreciated the 
 labors, the privations, the dangers to which these patriotic men were 
 exposed. In their appearance the two armies were in striking contrast; © 
 the one wore coats having little uniformity of style, and showing the 
 effects of hard usage in being somewhat shabby. They were preceded 
 by the music only of the fife and drum, so common. On the following 
 day came the French, who had halted outside the city to burnish their 
 arms and carefully brush the dust off their beautiful uniforms of white 
 broadcloth with colored facings; they were preceded by a complete 
 band of music of many instruments, a novelty to the majority of the 
 spectators. They were admired for their orderly bearing and neat 
 appearance, and they too were warmly received and cheered as friends 
 and allies. 
 
 BRITISH ATTEMPTS AT A DIVERSION—The combined armies were 
 beyond the Delaware (Sept. 2d) before Sir Henry Clinton began 
 
26 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 seriously to suspect their destination. He had heard of movements in 
 the Jerseys, but not sufficiently definite, as he thought, to act upon; at 
 first he took for granted they were a mere ruse designed to draw him 
 from the city into the open country, where the superior numbers of the 
 American and French forces might be made available. The reports of 
 their rapid march, entirely across the Jerseys, he still hesitated to credit. 
 Evidently in accordance with this theory, he hastened to create a diver- 
 sion, which would compel a portion of the armies to be sent back for 
 the purpose of defending places in the vicinity of New York. He first 
 caused a rumor to be circulated that he intended to make an assault on 
 the posts in the Highlands; of course this was to divert the attention 
 of Gen. Heath, who was in command in that region, lest he should send 
 assistance to those whom Clinton really designed to attack; then Arnold 
 was sent to ravage a portion of Connecticut. The latter, in order to 
 avoid Heath, passed up on the south side of the Sound, and crossing 
 over from Long Island suddenly appeared before New London, the 
 fortifications of which were very imperfect, and after a heroic defence, 
 the main work, Fort Griswold, was taken, the town plundered, and many 
 outrages committed. At the fort fell Col. Ledyard, the cousin of the 
 celebrated American traveler, after he had surrendered his sword, which 
 was immediately plunged into his own breast. This was on the 6th Sep- 
 tember, and Clinton learned definitely on the 1oth that Washington had 
 crossed the Delaware. If he really believed at the time of his sending 
 Arnold, that the allied armies were on their march to Yorktown, he 
 never committed a greater blunder than to suppose detachments would 
 be sent back nearly two hundred miles to prevent a raid, which would 
 be ended and the marauders out of harm’s way long before the force 
 thus sent could reach the scene of action. It is evident that when 
 Clinton sent Arnold, he thought the movements in Jersey a ruse; in 
 this whole matter he seems to have been unaccountably deaf to 
 reason. 
 
 Gen. Washington and Count de Rochambeau hurried on in advance 
 of. the army, and arrived at Williamsburg on the 14th September, anda 
 few days later held a council with De Grasse on board of his ship, the 
 Ville de Paris, when arrangements were made to prosecute the siege of 
 Yorktown. Meanwhile the combined armies moved on till they arrived 
 at the Head of Elk river, now Elkton, about eighteen miles from the 
 bay (Sept. 6th). Here were found about eighty vessels of various 
 grades sent by Lafayette and De Grasse to transport the soldiers and 
 their war material to Virginia, while the horses were sent round by 
 
oH 
 
 ES 
 
 %; 
 
 oF 
 
 Lirut.-GEN. COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU. 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 27 
 
 land. The transports arrived at the harbor of Jamestown on the 22d. 
 A part of the forces were marched by land to Annapolis, where vessels 
 were in waiting to take them down the Chesapeake. 
 
 CoRNWALLIS IN THE ToILs—Cornwallis was entirely ignorant of the 
 toils that were quietly weaving around him; closing in from the South, 
 from the North, and from the ocean. His surprise may be imagined 
 when suddenly a powerful fleet of French men-of-war appeared 
 in the roads, and when he learned that Lafayette and Steuben were pre- 
 pared to cut off his retreat to the Carolinas, while an effective army, 
 composed of Americans and French, were on their way floating down 
 the Chesapeake. Though realizing that the plans concerted for his 
 capture were about to be successful, as became a brave commander 
 thrown upon his own resources, he began the more vigorously to fortify 
 his position with the determination to resist to the utmost. Sometime 
 before he had been so confident of maintaining himself, that he wrote 
 Clinton he could spare him twelve hundred men to aid in defending 
 New York. 
 
 The French fleet under Count de Barras sailed (Aug. 28) from New- 
 port for the Chesapeake to unite with that under De Grasse; the 
 latter expected De Barras'and was on the lookout for him, but when 
 Clinton learned that this squadron was to sail from Newport, he divined 
 ‘ts destination was the Chesapeake, perhaps to join another fleet from 
 the West Indies, of which rumors had reached him. He immediately 
 dispatched Admiral Graves with a naval force to intercept De Barras, 
 Graves was surprised to find De Grasse already anchored within the 
 Capes, and the latter equally surprised when he saw that the ships in - 
 the offing composed a British fleet instead of the one he expected. De 
 Grasse immediately took measures to decoy the British Admiral away 
 from the mouth of the Bay, by putting to sea in order that De Barras 
 might have an opportunity to slip in, as he knew from the time the 
 latter had probably left Newport that he must arrive shortly. There- 
 fore, avoiding a general engagement, De Grasse commenced to skirmish, 
 meantime slowly receding from the shore, and the Admiral followed 
 so far that De Barras passed in unmolested. This irregular fight lasted 
 about five days, most of the time being taken in manceuvering. When 
 De Grasse thought De Barras had had time to reach the Bay, he 
 returned within the Capes, and there found the latter safely anchored 
 (Sept. 10). Graves had been outmanceuvered and completely deceived 
 as to the motive of De Grasse—whom he perhaps took for De 
 
28 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 Barras—in not coming to a close engagement, meanwhile receding 
 from the Capes. He soon, however, learned the result of the strata- 
 gem, and was mortified to find both the French fleets within the 
 Capes. Their united strength was now much superior to his own. 
 The expedition had been a failure, and the Admiral returned to 
 New York, giving as a reason, according to Stedman, that he “ wished 
 to put his ships in harbor before the equinox.” In this singular action 
 the French lost in killed and wounded two hundred and twenty men; 
 the British ninety killed and two hundred and forty-six wounded, while 
 one of their men-of-war was so disabled as to be abandoned and burned. 
 When De Grasse first anchored in the Bay, Lafayette sent an officer 
 who gave him information in respect to the situation in Virginia, and 
 made arrangements for landing troops. The French Admiral at once 
 sent a sufficient number of ships of the line and frigates to blockade the 
 mouth of the York River, and by means of other war vessels took pos- 
 session of the James. When Cornwallis learned of these forces gathering 
 around him, he resolved to cut his way to the Carolinas, but on making 
 the attempt his progress was effectually checked by the foresight of 
 Washington. He found himself confronted by a force of three thou- 
 sand French troops, who, under the Marquis St. Simon, had already 
 passed up the James, and at a point some eight miles inthe rear of York- 
 town landed on the south side of the river; Wayne had also crossed to 
 the same side to unite with the French, and both were ready to. inter- 
 cept him. He reconnoitered Williamsburg, twelve miles from York- 
 town, where Lafayette had taken position, and was surprised to find it 
 fortified too strongly to be assaulted without great loss of life. He 
 was completely hemmed in; there was no alternative; he must 
 strengthen his defences as best he could, and meanwhile send expresses 
 to Sir Henry Clinton informing him of the situation and to ask for 
 aid. The entire British army went to work with determination, and 
 labored incessantly to strengthen their somewhat advanced works. 
 The hamlet of Yorktown is on the south side of York River; directly 
 opposite is a projection of land known as Gloucester Point. The river 
 between these places is about one mile wide, and sufficiently deep to 
 float ships of large burdens. Cornwallis took great pains, and his engi- 
 neers showed much skill in fortifying Yorktown. On the land side were 
 seven redoubts and six batteries; these were connected by intrench- 
 ments; in addition were lines of batteries along the river bank. The 
 town was situated between the mouths of creeks, whose beds were deep 
 ravines, and these natural advantages were also skillfully made available. 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 29 
 
 Gloucester Point was similarly fortified; in the river, out of range of 
 the French fleet, were stationed British ships of war, while the stream 
 below was obstructed by sunken vessels. Only about seven hundred 
 men, under Col. Dundas, composed the garrison of the small fort at 
 Gloucester Point; the main force, nearly seven thousand strong, was 
 within the fortifications of Yorktown. 
 
 THE INVESTMENT OF YORK—On the afternoon of September 28, 1781, 
 the French and American armies came insight, and encamped about two 
 miles from the British lines. They approached cautiously and made no 
 attack on the enemy’s outposts. In the evening of the same day came 
 to Cornwallis an express from Clinton, dated four days before, announc- 
 ing that sufficient naval and. land forces would be sent within twelve 
 days to relieve him. Induced by this assurance of aid, during the fol- 
 lowing night Cornwallis withdrew his troops within the fortifications 
 proper of the town, which, from their limited extent, could be more 
 effectively manned and defended. The outworks thus abandoned were 
 occupied the next morning by the besiegers, and the town was completely 
 invested. The Americans were stationed on the right; the French on 
 the left—each wing resting on York River—in a semicircle, at the dis- 
 tance of more thana mile from the British works. Gloucester Point 
 was also invested by the Duke de Lauzun’s Legion, aided by marines from | 
 the French Fleet and by Virginia militia. The whole besieging force 
 numbered about twelve thousand men besides the militia, which were » 
 drawn from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. The greater part of 
 the French squadron remained down the Bay at Lynn Haven, a conve- 
 nient point to intercept aid from the ocean, as it was expected Clinton 
 would send to the rescue a fleet from New York. 
 
 A large body of the besiegers during a dark night (Oct. 6), in silence, 
 but working with great energy, constructed their first parallel within 
 six hundred yards of the enemy’s works—this parallel was nearly two 
 miles in length. The English were astonished when daylight revealed 
 this formidable approach to their defences. The rapid manner in which 
 the Americans threw up intrenchments had oftentimes surprised the 
 British generals from Bunker Hill onward. The besieged immediately 
 opened with artillery upon the men at work, but, being cautious and 
 well protected, the latter continued their labor, and within a few days 
 placed their guns in position and were ready to open fire upon the 
 defences in front of the town. The cannonade began in the afternoon of 
 the 9th of October, Gen. Washington himself applying the match to the 
 
30 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 first gun; this was followed by a general discharge from cannon, mortars 
 and howitzers. The balls and shells even reached the vessels in York 
 River, and several transports, with the Charon, a forty-four gun ship, 
 were burned by exploding shells and red-hot balls thrown by the French 
 artillerists. Many of the British guns were dismounted ; the heavy ord- 
 nance brought by De Barras told tremendously on their defences. 
 
 When Cornwallis withdrew his men from the outworks, there still 
 remained in line two well-manned redoubts in an advanced position of 
 three hundred yards; these had withstood the cannonade for four days. 
 The British garrison labored unceasingly during the night to repair 
 breaches, and during the day kept up a spirited fire from what guns 
 they had, as many had been disabled, and a large number of the men 
 had been killed or wounded. 
 
 When the besiegers attempted to throw up a second parallel, three 
 hundred yards nearer the enemy’s defenses, these redoubts from their 
 position were able by a flanking fire to sweep the line of men when at 
 work. It was found necessary to capture these redoubts; one was 
 assigned to be taken by the French, the other by the Americans. This 
 enterprise was undertaken by both parties in a spirit of generous emu- 
 lation. The time chosen was eight o’clock, in the evening of the 14th 
 of October; both detachments were promptly ready for the assault, and 
 when the signal—a rocket sent up—was given, they rushed to the 
 attack; the Americans under Alexander Hamilton made short work of 
 the abattis, and scrambling over the parapet captured their redoubt 
 with the bayonet alone, losing nine men killed and thirty-three wounded ; 
 the French, under the Baron de Vioménil, made their attack in a more 
 formal manner, even waiting for the sappers to remove the abattis, and 
 when the soldiers rushed in they found the garrison prepared for them; 
 the struggle, though short and sharp, ended in the capture of the 
 redoubt, but at the expense of nearly one hundred men. Men were at 
 once put to work, and before daylight these captured redoubts were 
 also included within the line of the second parallel. Guns were 
 promptly brought forward, and a fire, heavier than before, was opened 
 upon the defences of the besieged. 
 
 Two days later the British commander, wishing to retard the | 
 approach of his enemy, ordered a sortie to be made. The attacking 
 force was nearly four hundred strong and in two divisions, one under 
 Col. Abercrombie and the other under Major Armstrong. The time 
 chosen was a little before daybreak, and by a spirited assault they car- 
 ried two redoubts in the French position, and hastily spiked eleven can- 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES Sf 
 
 non. The supporting troops in the trenches soon rallied, and as day- 
 light was approaching drove the assailants back to their own quarters. 
 Within twelve hours the spikes were drilled out, and the guns were 
 again doing effective service. The besiegers had now nearly one hun- 
 dred guns, large and small, to play on the fortifications of the English, 
 while the latter could scarcely show a dozen. 
 
 _ Driven to desperation, but not willing to relax an effort, Cornwallis 
 determined to abandon everything, even his sick and wounded, pass 
 over to Gloucester, overcome the besiegers of that place, seize their 
 horses, and cut his way toward the north. He certainly could not hope ~ 
 to reach New York and unite with Clinton, yet such was his horror of 
 surrendering that he fain would struggle to the last. Boats were col- 
 lected, and one division crossed over before the middle of the night fol- 
 lowing the repulse from the redoubts; the second was about to embark — 
 when suddenly a storm of wind and rain came on, which drove the boats 
 down the river. By the time they were again collected it was too late; 
 day was dawning, and an effort must be made to bring back the first 
 division, which, when returning, was subjected to a galling fire from the 
 besiegers’ batteries. 
 
 Cornwallis’ command was in a deplorable condition; scarcely could 
 he mount a gun; his works were shattered under an incessant shower 
 of cannon balls and shells; his force was reduced to less than four thou- 
 sand effective men; the remainder were either killed, wounded or sick; 
 all hope of aid from Clinton was at an end; indeed, some days before 
 he had written to him in a despairing tone, saying: “I cannot recom- 
 mend that the navy and army should run great risk in endeavoring to 
 save us.” To spare the effusion of blood in case of assault by an over- 
 _ whelming and exultant force, he sent a note to Washington on the 17th 
 of October (the anniversary of the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga), 
 asking an armistice of twenty-four hours, that terms of capitulation 
 might be agreed upon. As Clinton might arrive any hour with rein: 
 forcements both by sea and land, only two hours were given for his 
 Lordship to put his proposals in writing. These when presented were 
 not found to be satisfactory. Afterward Washington transmitted the 
 terms on which he would accept the surrender. 
 
 THE CAPITULATION AND SURRENDER.—The Commissioners on the 
 part of the allied forces to conduct the negotiations were Col. John Lau- 
 rens and the Viscount de Noailles, and on the part of the British, Major 
 Ross and Col. Dundas. The terms of capitulation were as follows: York- 
 
33 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 town and Gloucester Point, with their garrisons and all their war 
 material, to be surrendered to Gen. Washington, as Commander-in- 
 Chief of the combined army, and the ships of war and other vessels, 
 with the transports, to Count de Grasse—the land forces were to be 
 prisoners to Congress, and the seamen to France. The officers of the 
 higher rank were dismissed on their parole, and permitted to go to 
 Europe, or to any port in possession of British troops. The private 
 property of both officers and men was to be respected. One sloop-of- 
 war, the Bonetta, was allowed to depart unchallenged, with such 
 persons on board as Lord Cornwallis designated. .This was designed © 
 to give the most obnoxious tories an opportunity to leave the country. 
 The same expedient haa been adopted when Boston was evacuated— 
 a ship, unchallenged, sailed for Halifax, in which many tories took 
 passage; hence the almost forgotten proverb, “Gone to Halifax.” 
 The Bonetta was to return, and, with her crew and armament, given 
 up. The traders within the lines were not counted as prisoners; they 
 were granted a certain length of time to arrange their affairs and leave. 
 During the occupation of Virginia an immense amount of private 
 property had been taken from the inhabitants by British soldiers or 
 their marauding expeditions; this could be reclaimed by its owners. 
 The terms of capitulation were arranged and signed by eleven on 
 the morning of the 19th October; the British army was to march out . 
 at two o’clock the same day and lay down their arms. In the presence 
 of quiet, but rejoicing, thousands who had flocked from the region 
 round about, and of the allied armies, numbering sixteen thousand 
 men, drawn up in becoming silence as for a review, the garrison of 
 York marched to the place designated, and there laid down their arms. 
 Lord Cornwallis, on the plea of indisposition—whether physical or 
 moral is not definitely known—declined to be present, but sent Gen. 
 O’Hara as his deputy to make the surrender. At Charleston, when 
 Gen. Lincoln capitulated, the Americans were not permitted to march 
 out with their colors flying, as had been granted to Burgoyne, but with 
 colors cased. It was thought proper, therefore, on this occasion to 
 deny the courtesy granted at Saratoga, and the British soldiers were 
 directed to march out with their colors cased; and Gen. Lincoln was 
 deputed by Washington to receive the sword of Cornwallis. The 
 garrison of Gloucester was surrendered with similar formality. | 
 Yorktown was now a name to be honored, even beyond those of 
 Bunker Hill and Saratoga. How much was involved in that surrender! 
 The long struggle was virtually ended. It had been a contest, not for 
 
THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 33 
 
 power, not for aggrandizement, but for the establishment of a great prin- 
 ciple. Said Lafayette to Napoleon, when he sneered at the smallness of 
 the armies engaged in the American Revolution: “It was the grandest 
 of causes, won by the skirmishes of sentinels and outposts.” It is true, 
 the number who fell on the battle-fields of this war was comparatively 
 small. The names of but few of these have come down to us; they 
 were written only on the hearts of friends and relatives who mourned 
 their loss. Scarcely was there a family but had a precious record; the . 
 cherished memory of some one who had thus sacrified his life. 
 
 REJOICING AND THANKSGIVING.—The morning following the sur- 
 render, Washington, in General Orders, congratulated the combined 
 armies on the success their bravery achieved. He added: “ Divine 
 service will be performed to-morrow in the several brigades and divis- 
 ions,’ and recommended that the soldiers should attend, “ with that 
 seriousness of deportment and gratitude of heart which the recogni- 
 tion of such reiterated and astonishing interpositions of Providence 
 demand of us.” Such was the tone of feeling that pervaded the 
 whole land; it burst forth from the household, from the pulpit, 
 from the press. When Congress received the news, it proceeded in 
 a body to a church, and there publicly offered thanks to Almighty God 
 “for the special favor He had manifested to their struggling .country.” 
 They also appointed a day of National Thanksgiving and prayer, “in 
 acknowledgment of the signal interposition of Divine Providence.” 
 
 The Congress voted thanks to Washington and to Counts de Rocham- 
 beau and de Grasse and to the officers and soldiers of both armies. It 
 likewise passed resolutions to erect a monumental column at Yorktown 
 in commemoration of the union of the American and French armies, 
 and of the victory they had achieved. On the day of the surrender 
 the tardy Sir Henry Clinton left Sandy Hook. Arriving at the Capes 
 on the 24th October, he learned of the result, and found a French fleet 
 far outnumbering his own. After lingering four days off the Capes, as 
 nothing could now be done for the royal cause in Virginia, he returned 
 to New York. 
 
 Washington was anxious to prosecute the war in the South vigor- 
 ously and at once; especially to capture the two most important places 
 held by the British, Charleston and Savannah. To accomplish this, it 
 was necessary to have the cooperation of the French fleet, but Count 
 de Grasse declined to assist, pleading as a reason the orders of the 
 French Government, and that his presence with the fleet was essential 
 
34 THE CAMPAIGN OF THE ALLIES 
 
 ‘in the West Indies. Had this cooperation been attained, no doubt the 
 enemy would have been forced to surrender those strongholds; instead, 
 Washington could only send a detachment of two thousand Conti- 
 nentals or regulars to reinforce Gen. Greene. 
 
 A portion of the French troops, those under the Marquis St. Simon, 
 embarked for home, while with the remainder De Rochambeau went 
 into winter quarters at Williamsburg, in a central position, that, 1f 
 need be, he could Cooperate with Gen. Greene in the South or with the 
 army on the Hudson. Meanwhile the British prisoners, under escort, 
 were sent inland by regiments to Winchester in Virginia, to Frederick 
 in Maryland, and to Lancaster in Pennsylvania. They were supplied, 
 in respect to rations and comforts, in the same manner as the American 
 soldiers. 
 
 Washington returned north, lingering for some weeks in Phila- 
 delphia to concert measures with the committees of Congress relative 
 to the affairs of the army, and for the energetic prosecution of the next 
 campaign. Meanwhile the victorious patriots moved on to their old 
 quarters in Jersey and on the Hudson. 
 
 stg tix: S¥2N¢ Crh ky he vey pk SB ways) ee SA Rae Me Le SPrtcteNt We Ae “AN sate SEY Bes ran pagan tobe el fey Abate aap ey MOISE 
 
 én 
 
 oS 3 
 : BE IT REMEMBERED: § 
 2 "THAT on the t oth of O&ober, 1781, Lieutenant-General Eal § 
 
 yc ORNWALLIS, with above Five thoufand Britifh ‘Troops, fare Pa 
 
 & rendered themfelves Prifoners of War to His Excellency Gen.G EORGE FE 
 2 Ww ASHINGTON, Commander in Chief of the allied Forces of s 
 
 % France and, America. 
 
 : LAUS DE® 
 
 pecs Bhrmeffiren Some wetGowrr miso Brom Germs Gm fh mei mete metro treme mnie A eat Ta AAR . 
 
 CPG Se, 
 
 FROM LOUDON’S NEW YORK PACKET 
 (Printed at Fishkill, Nov, 1, 1783) 
 
 On the three pages following are given the names and military dis- 
 position of the allied forces engaged in the Yorktown campaign, as 
 arranged for the Magazine of American History (October, 1881), in which 
 they were published. 
 
| SBE. 
 ies 4, 
 eps THE b Af}. 
 Y ° . 
 WEIN MORSE yp OS pdr GO « LEGEND 
 My Pe Sry > \ - ‘ . 
 - j2 . - a = oar 9 x = 
 aw ae wee <s 6 cee ir ens SK EY) : \ 2 ES a4 esory he : y BRITISH, 
 4 j RSs yo | A, Evacuated %h Sept. 
 B.&C  Fvacunted 20th Sent. 
 | D. Stormed Americans lath Set. 
 
 E_ 3tormed vy French 14th Oct 
 XVIIL British Bhippine 
 
 XIX. Guadaloupe aunk 46th Oct 
 XI. Towey Frigute 
 
 XX. Bonnetn, sluap of war. 
 
 xxH British sopping sunk 4 cenerrtae beh 
 XXII. Charon diver kbip set on fire | py ShelladiGuadalouint & Ghar 
 by hot alot from Buttery ‘R 10th Our 5. Constructed, 14th hats : ; 
 XXIV, Lord Cornwallin’ Mead Quarters |p Constructed 34th Oct 
 U. Attacked by British Sally 16th Gt 
 Vo Athed Battery. tUth Ort 
 es xy COMPOSITION OF BATTERIES. 
 ALLIES - YORKTOWN | BRITISH- YORKTOWN 
 
 aT Guns 
 Bleak 
 meEAA 
 
 AV ose 3 : Oe " RSS 
 
 - 
 
 mare 
 
 4 h XX) “it 
 i t 
 4\t 
 GUA OALQUFE allt IN 
 Ban 
 
 DAH Aid, 
 SN : fT) ly = 
 
 rey 
 * Ya) 
 Wy 
 
 eas 
 \ 
 
 { 
 
 , 1S 
 
 1), ee 
 yt Tk 
 dui 
 
 PE 
 
 Gina oN. Dy Willen cere Noe ears: Ty 
 “te Gz, ae A Gee : 
 ! LULe- 
 
 = 
 Se ie Care tase ON 
 Vin, =f os Uy, cy We 
 Why aoe Mj OSes 
 
 A Wy N= Boke ; 
 aN \ Ot ye CRA Gy 
 
 UT 
 a res a ae ae 
 ee) ey LAND # PENNEY LY lytA 
 vwiR- 
 
 gh CTEUGENAA 
 
 / 
 
 2 
 Se. ** 
 ——SMOWTANT CEN > 
 Ue % 
 
 gv 
 
 TI cbaby ‘heh bsp (ety ta Nt LEN eS saere tL. 
 
 RAT ORY my , ue we Redan 2.19 
 9 = isa ' 
 = 
 
 49, RT-LZ 
 SRIGAN PARK ee ae 
 
 NA 
 a\\ 1 ay 
 
 heen {\\ 
 | Hd! 
 
 > 
 A 
 
 i 
 if 
 
 COMPILED FROM THE FADEN (LONDON, 1781) AND 
 
 ee weak 4 N. 1781 
 THE SIEGE OF VORKTOWN: 1721, | 
 (AMERICAN, 1781) MAPS, BY LIEUT. L. Vi) GAZIARC, 2d AR TIVUMRA era 
 
 aie oe 
 
 AMERICAN, 
 
 P,Q. Constructed Ist Ort. 
 
 ff. First parallel 6th Oct. 
 
 I K L. Constructed 9th Ocf. 
 
 M,. Second parallel, 14th Vet 
 
 N. Constructed 17th Ov. 
 
 O Under Construction Io -19th Oct 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 | Guns {Howl Mo | 
 
 Ine] 
 eet EEE 
 
 CAMURL ea? 
 MOORES wouse GLC 
 
 KZa> . 
 
 f, 
 
 pair ulee 
 
 THE RENAUIAn 
 
FRENCH OFFICERS AT THE SIEGE OF YORK 
 
 Arranged from original authorities 
 
 COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL, COMMANDING 
 
 GENERAL OFFICERS—Baron de Vioménil, Chevalier de Chastellux, Marquis de Saint-Simon, Cheva- 
 lier de Vioménil, Maréchaux-de-Camp ; M. de Choisy, Brigadier ; M. de Béville, Quarter- 
 master-General ; M. Blanchard, Commissary-General, 
 
 AIDES-DE-CAMP TO CoUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU—FIrRsT AID, Count de Fersen, Second Lieutenant i 
 Chevalier de Lameth (Charles), Colonel ; Count de Damas, Colonel, Count de Dumas, Colonel; 
 Baron de Closen, Captain; M. de Lauberdiére, Captain » Baron Cromot-du-bourg, Chevalier 
 de Beéville, Captain. To BARON. DE VIOMENIL—Chevalier d’Olonne, Second Lieutenant ; 
 Marquis de Vauban; To CHEVALIER DE CHASTELLUX—M. de Montesquieu. 
 
 GENERAL STAFF—AIDES MAJoR-GENERAL—M. de Ménonville, Ziewzt.-Colonel ; M. de Tarlé, Lieut. 
 Colonel ; M. de Bouchet, Captain ; AIDE-MAJOR oF INFANTRY—M, Lynch, Captain AIDE- 
 MAjor—M. de St. Félix, Captain » AIDE-MajoR OF ARTILLERY—Chevalier de Plessis- 
 Mauduit, Capttaine-en- Second , QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL’S AIDsS—M., Collot, ; M. 
 M. de Beville (Junior), Captain , Count de Chabannes ; Chevalier de Lameth (Alexandre), 
 
 - Captain » TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS—Alexander de Berthier, Captain ,; CAPTAIN OF THE 
 GUIDES—M., Mullens, Lieutenant, 
 
 FIELD OFFICERS OF ROCHAMBEAU’S ARMY 
 
 REGIMENT BouRBONNAIS—Marquis de Laval-Montmorenci, Colonel » Vicomte de Rochambeau, 
 Colonel-en-Second ; M. de Bressolles, Lieut.-Colonel , M. de Gambs, Major. 
 
 REGIMENT SOISSONNAIS—Count de Saint-Maime, Colonel; Vicomte de Noailles, Colonel-en-Second 5 
 M. d’Anselme, Lieut.-Colomel ; M. Despeyron, Major. 
 
 REGIMENT ROYAL DrEUXx-PonTs—Marquis Christian des Deux-Ponts, Comte de Forbach, Colonel; 
 Count Guillaume des Deux-Ponts, Colonel-en-Second » Count de Fersen, Mestre-de-Camp 
 
 REGIMENT SAINTONGE—Count de Custine, Colonel » Count de Charlus, Colonel-en-Second ; Cheva- 
 lier de la Vallette, Zieut.-Colonel » de Fleury, Aajor-. 
 
 Lauzun’s LEGIon—Duke de Lauzun, Brigadier Commanding ; M. Scheldon, Mestre-de-Camp of 
 fTussars. 
 
 REGIMENT DiLLon—Count Arthur de Dillon, Colonel, Barthelémy Dillon, Lieuwt.-Colonel » Jacques 
 O’Moran, 
 
 ™% 
 
 FIELD OFFICERS OF MARQUIS DE SAINT-SImMon’s ARMY 
 
 REGIMENT TOURAINE—Vicomte de Pondeux, Colonel, M. de Montlezun, Lieut.-Colonels M. de 
 Ménonville, Mypor ; Count de Flechin, Chevalier de. Mirabeau (brother of the famous Tribune), 
 Mestres-de-Camp, 
 
 REGIMENT AGENoIs—Count d’Audichamp, Colonel ; Chevalier de Cadinau, Liewt.-Colonel, M. de 
 Beauregard, Major. 
 
 REGIMENT GATINOIS (ROYAL AUVERGNE)—Marquis de Rostaing, Colonel, Vicomte de Bethisy, 
 Colonel-en- Second ; M. de l’Estrade, Lieut.-Colonel; M. Chapuy de Tourville, Major. 
 
 ROYAL ENGINEERS—M, de Querenet, Colonel; Cantel Danetville, AZajor, 
 
 ARTILLERY (REGIMENT AUXONNE), M, de Buzelet. 
 
DISPOSITION AND ORDER OF BATTLE OF THE ALLIED ARMIES 
 
 ON 
 
 THE 
 
 MARCH FROM WILLIAMSBURGH, TO THE SIEGE OF YORK 
 
 27TH SEPTEMBER 1781 
 Arranged by Asa Bird Gardner 
 
 His Excellency General Grorcze WaAsHINGTON, Commander-in-Chief 
 
 Ricut Wine ( rst line) 
 
 American forces 
 
 Lert WInG (jirst Line) 
 
 French Auxiliary Forces 
 
 RicHt WinG (American) 
 Major General BENJAMIN LINCOLN, U. S. A., of Massachusetts, Commanding 
 
 First oR RIGHT Division (right wing) 
 Major General the Marquis DE LAFAYETTE, U. S. A., Commanding 
 
 ADVANCE GUARD 
 
 1, Pennsylvania Volunteer Battalion Riflemen, Major WM. PARR of Pa., Commanding ~ 
 2. 4th Regiment Continental Light Dragoons, Colonel STEPHEN MOYLAN of Penn. 
 
 Second or Left Brigade (1st Division) 
 
 Colonel Mosrs HAzEN, Canadian Regiment, 
 Continental Infantry, Commanding Brigade, 
 WAZ: 
 
 Regiment of Light Infantry, composed of the 
 Light Infantry Companies of the Ist and 2d 
 New Hampshire Continental Infantry, of the 
 Canadian Regiment, and Ist and 2d New 
 Jersey Continental Infantry, under Colonel 
 ALEXANDER SCAMMELL, Ist New Hampshire 
 Continental Infantry, and Major NATHAN 
 Rice, A. D. C., of Mass. 
 
 2d Battalion of Light Infantry (4 Companies) 
 composed of the Light Companies Ist and 2d 
 New York Continental Infantry, and 2 Com- 
 panies of New York Levies, under Lieut. 
 Colonel ALEXANDER HAMILTON, of New 
 York, and Major NicHoLAs FisuH, 2d New 
 York Continental Infantry. 
 
 3d Canadian Continental Regiment, Infantry, 
 Lieut. Colonel EDWARD ANTILL, Command- 
 
 ing. 
 
 Kirst or Right Brigade (1st Division) — 
 
 Brig. General JOHN PETER GABRIEL MUHLEN- 
 BERG, U.S. A., of Pennsylvania, Commanding 
 Brigade, viz.: 
 
 Regiment of Light Infantry (8 Companies) com- 
 posed of the Light Infantry Companies of the 
 Ist, 2d, 3d, qth, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Regi- 
 ments, Massachusetts Continental Infantry, 
 under Colonel JosEPH Voss, 1st Massachu- 
 setts, and Major GALVAN, unattached. 
 
 Regiment of Light Infantry (8 Companies) com- 
 posed of the Light Infantry, Companies of 
 the gth and roth Massachusetts Continental 
 Infantry, Ist, 2d, 3d, qth and 5th Regiments, 
 Connecticut Continental Infantry, and Rhode 
 Island Regiment, Continental Infantry under 
 Lieut. Colonel J. GimatT, A. D. C., and 
 Major JOHN PALSGRAVE WYLLIS, 3d Con- 
 necticut, 
 
 SECOND OR CENTER Division (right wing) 
 Major General BARON DE STEUBEN, Inspector General U. S. A., Commanding 
 
 2d or Left Brigade (2d Division) 
 
 Brig. General ANTHONY Wayne, U. S. A., of 
 Pennsylvania, Commanding, viz.: . 
 
 1st Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry 
 composed of Ist and 2d Regiments consoli- 
 dated. Colonel DANIEL BRODHEAD, Com- 
 manding. 
 
 2d Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, 
 composed of 3d and 5th Regiments consolida- 
 ted. Colonel RICHARD BUTLER, Commanding. 
 
 3d Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, 
 composed of the 4th and 6th Regiments con- 
 solidated. Lieut. Colonel Wm. BUuTLER, 
 Commanding. 
 
 Ist Virginia Continental Infantry, Lieut. THos. 
 GAskIns, 3d Virginia Continental Infantry, 
 Commanding. 
 
 1st or Right Brigade (2d Division) 
 Brig. General MorDECAI Gist, U. S. A., of 
 Maryland, Commanding, viz.: 
 
 3d Maryland Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col- 
 onel PETER ADAMS, Commanding. 
 
 4th Maryland Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col- 
 onel THOMAS WOOLFORD, Commanding. 
 
 5th Maryland Continental Infantry, Major 
 ALEXANDER ROXBURGH, Commanding. 
 
 Baltimore Light Dragoons, Colonel NicHo.as 
 RUXTON Moore, 
 
 Frederick Light Dragoons, : 
 
THIRD or Lert Division (right wing) 
 
 Brigadier General JAMES CLINTON, U.S. A., of New York, Commanding 
 
 2d or Left Brigade (3d Division) ist or Right Brigade (3d Division) 
 
 Colonel ExtAs Dayton, 2d New Jersey Conti- | Colonel Goos— VAN ScHAICK, Ist Regiment 
 
 nental Infantry, Commanding, viz.: New York Continental Infantry, Command- 
 Ist Regiment New Jersey Continental Infantry, ing, viz.: 
 
 Colonel MATTHIAS OGDEN, Commanding. Ist Regiment New York Continental Infantry, 
 2d Regiment New Jersey Continental Infantry, Lieut. Colonel Cornettus Van Dyck, Com- 
 
 Lieut. Colonel FRANCIS BARBER, Command- manding. 
 
 ieee 2d Regiment New York Continental Infantry, 
 Rhode Island Regiment Continental Infantry, Colonel Puinip VAN CorTLANDT, Com- 
 
 Lieut. Colonel Comd’t JEREMIAH OLNEY, | Manding. 
 
 Commanding, 
 
 Lert WinG (French) 
 Lieut. General CounT DE ROCHAMBEAU, Commanding 
 
 The precise disposition of these French troops is not known. The composition of the army of 
 Rochambeau will be found on the next page. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE LINE 
 Left | Center Right 
 
 Ist Virginia State Regiment | Brig. General CHEVALIER LE Brig. General Henry KNox, 
 Infantry in Continental Ser- BEGUE DU PorTAIL, Chief of U. S. A., of the Artillery, 
 vice, Colonel GEORGE GIB- Engineers, U. S. A., Com- Commanding Park of Artil- 
 SON, Commanding, manding. lery, vizi: 
 
 Battalion of Sappers and Min- | 2d Regiment Continental Corps 
 ers, of Artillery, Colonel Joun 
 LAMB, of New York, Com- 
 manding, Lieut. Colonel Es- 
 ENEZER STEVENS, Major SE- 
 
 BASTIAN BAUMAN. 
 
 To this regiment was attached 
 temporarily Lieut. Colonel 
 EDWARD CARRINGTON, of 
 Virginia Artillery. 
 
 RESERVE OR SECOND LINE 
 
 His Excellency, THomAs NE.Lson, Governor of Virginia (ranking as Major General U. S. A.), 
 Commanding Division Virginia Militia 
 
 Left Brigade hight Brigade 
 Brigadier General EDWARD STEVENS, Virginia | Brigadier General RosBerT LAwson, Virginia 
 Militia (formerly Colonel roth Virginia Con- Militia (formerly Colonel 4th Virginia Conti- 
 tinentals), Commanding Brigade Virginia nentals), Commanding Brigade Virginia Mi- 
 Militia, litia, 
 
 REAR GUARD 
 
 Major JAMES R. ReErp, Canadian Continental Regiment Infantry, Commanding Rear Guard and 
 Camp Guard 
 
THE FRANKLIN MEDAL 
 
 ae medal (outlines of which are given below) struck in France by Benjamin Franklin, 
 then Minister of the United States to that court, originated in connection with the 
 project of erecting the memorial monument already mentioned, as shown in the following 
 extracts from correspondence between Dr, Franklin and Robert R. Livingston, Secretary 
 
 for Foreign Affairs: 
 Livingston to Franklin. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, December 16, 1781. 
 
 * T enclose a resolution of Congress for erect- 
 ing a pillar to commemorate the victory at 
 Yorktown. I must request your assistance in 
 enabling me to carry it into effect, so far as it 
 relates to me, by sending the sketch they re- 
 quire, with an estimate of the expense with 
 which it will be attended. . . .” 
 
 Franklin to Livingston. 
 
 Passy, March 4, 1782. 
 
 “JT will endeavor to procure a sketch of an em- 
 blem for the purpose you mention. This puts 
 me in mind of a medal I have had a mind to 
 strike since the last great event you gave me an 
 account of, representing the United States by 
 the figure of an infant Hercules in his cradle 
 strangling the two serpents, and France by that 
 of Minerva, sitting by as his nurse, with her 
 spear and helmet, and her robe specked with a 
 few fleurs de is, The extinguishment of two 
 entire armies in one war is what has rarely 
 
 Ke 4 SUM IZ76 5, 
 
 happened, and it gives a presage of the future 
 force of our growing empire.” 
 Franklin to Livingston. 
 PaAssy, April 15, 1783. 
 
 ‘*T have caused to be struck here the medal 
 which I formerly mentioned to you, the design 
 of which you seerned to approve. I enclose 
 one in silver for the President of Congress, and 
 one in copper for yourself. The impression in 
 copper is thought to appear best, and you will 
 soon receive a number for the members. I 
 have’ presented one to the King and another to 
 the Queen, both in gold, and one in silver to 
 each of the ministers, as a monumental ac- 
 knowledgment, which may go down to future 
 ages, of the obligations we are under to this 
 nation. It is mighty well received, and gives 
 general pleasure. If the Congress approve of 
 it, as I hope they will, I may add something 
 on the die (for those to be struck hereafter), 
 to show that it was done by their order, which 
 Icould not venture to do till I had authority 
 for it. B. FRANKLIN.” 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE MEDAL. 
 
 From Loubat's Medallic History of the United States. 
 Lipertas AMERICANA (American Liberty).—The head of a beautiful maiden facing the left, with dishevelled 
 hair floating in the wind; and with the rod of liberty, surmounted by the Phrygian cap, on her right shoulder. 
 
 Exergue, 4 Juil, 1776. On edge of bust, Dupré F. (fecit), Non Sinz Dis Animosus InFrans (The . courageous 
 child was aided by the gods).—The infant Hercules (America), in his cradle, is strangling two serpents, while 
 Minerva (France) stands by, helmeted and with spear in her right hand, ready to strike a leopard (England), whose 
 attacks she wards off with her shield, decked with the lilies of France. Exergue, {3—Oct. 1737 Dupre F. (fecit). 
 
THE CLOSE OF THE WAR 
 
 AFTER THE SURRENDER—For long and weary months now the 
 armies remained in their quarters, keeping a vigilant watch. Time 
 wore along, and the troops became demoralized and wearied by the 
 irksomeness of waiting while it was said that negotiations for peace 
 were in progress—negotiations in which they had no share, and whose 
 results they could not see. After the surrender a few skirmishes 
 occurred between the opposing forces inthe South. In one of these, in 
 the vicinity of Charleston, John Laurens, son of Henry Laurens, was 
 slain; a young man of great promise, and whose services in behalf 
 of his country were notable, he was universally lamented. The British, 
 soon after they learned of the disaster to Cornwallis, evacuated their 
 outposts in the South and concentrated their forces in Charleston and 
 Savannah ; in the North, New York was the only place in their posses- 
 sion. These three cities were thus held until peace was concluded. 
 
 It was two years after the surrender that the American troops re- 
 mained on the Hudson and in Jersey, chafing under the delay ; they 
 were restless because they wished to be disbanded and return to their 
 homes. They had received but little of their pay, and in consequence 
 they suffered great privations. Congress passed resolutions to relieve 
 the army, but it had no power to enforce them; the resources of the 
 people were well-nigh exhausted, and distress reigned throughout the 
 land. The soldiers of the army manifested their patriotism under these 
 trials by remaining faithful to their duties ; three years before, Congress | 
 had voted to give them half pay for life, but this promise could not be 
 fulfilled, and it was changed to full pay for five years, and an advance 
 of full pay for four months. Their patience was nearly exhausted. 
 Washington wrote urgent letters in their behalf to the Secretary of War, 
 and through him to Congress. He spoke of these patriotic men being 
 turned out on the world ‘‘ soured by penury, involved in debts, without 
 one farthing to carry them home.’’ It was not strange that discontent 
 prevailed among the men and officers ; they were sadly disappointed at 
 the delay of peace, while the diplomatists of France and England at 
 Paris were delaying negotiations in order, if possible, to overreach 7 
 other, and the American commissioners had only to wait. 
 
 At the same time rivalries and jealousies were increasing among the 
 States ; their condition was anomalous ; there was no nucleus around 
 which their hopes of success might crystallize, unless it was Congress, 
 
40 THE CLOSE OF THE WAR 
 
 which could not enforce its own decrees. The experiment of a republic 
 on a large scale had not been tried, and it was not clear how a number 
 of States could be welded into a government worthy of respect. | 
 
 To this general condition of discontent may be traced the origin of 
 the famous address known afterward to have been written by Captain 
 Armstrong, son of General Armstrong, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 This address, which was privately circulated in camp, embodied the 
 sentiments of a few officers ; but there was evidently a deep undertone 
 of feeling abroad among rei soldiers which thus found expression. It 
 called upon the officers to assemble and take measures themselves to 
 have their wrongs redressed, and compel Congress to pay their just 
 demands. The following morning in general orders Washington took 
 the opportunity to disapprove of the call as a violation of discipline ; he 
 also named a day for the officers to assemble to hear the report of their 
 committee, which had been sent to lay their grievances before Con- 
 gress. This forestalled the meeting to be held under the call of the ad- 
 dress, as four days later that of the officers was to take place. Meanwhile 
 another but much milder address was issued from the same source. 
 
 The meeting announced by the Commander-in-chief was held. Gen- 
 eral Gates, being second in command, was elected chairman. When it 
 was organized, Washington came in and made a forcible yet a soothing 
 speech, pointing out the evils that would result from the adoption of the 
 measures that were proposed in the addresses. He appealed to their 
 patriotism, and urged them to make one more effort for their country, 
 whose justice he hoped they would not distrust. He pledged his word 
 to exert all his influence with Congress to redress their grievances and 
 fulfil its own promises. The soldiers for the most part understood well 
 the difficulties under which the people labored in the exhausted condi- 
 tion of the whole land. The meeting, after Washington withdrew, 
 passed resolutions strongly condemning the spirit disclosed in the ad- 
 dresses. It shows the deep underlying sentiment of obedience to law, 
 and the integrity of the people, that a crisis so threatening was safely 
 passed through by these half-clad, half-fed, and less than half-paid soldiers. 
 
 The official news of the surrender was received in England (Nov. 
 25th, 1781) with great surprise ; for this result seems to have been un- 
 expected, as the impression was abroad that- Cornwallis was able to 
 take the aggressive whenever he chose. The king and his ministry and 
 the greater portion of the aristocracy—the war party—were thunder- 
 struck. Lord North, who had been Prime Minister for twelve years, 
 and encouraged the king in his prosecution of the war, it is said 
 
 aa 
 
THE OLOSE OF THE WAR 4I 
 
 ‘‘ paced his room, and throwing his arms wildly about kept exclaiming, 
 ‘O God! it is all over; it is all over.’ ’’ Public opinion compelled him 
 to resign. The king was still unwilling to give up the contest, but the 
 people had grown weary of the war and the expense, and were willing 
 to have peace even at the price of acknowledging the independence of 
 the rebellious Colonies. They were convinced that the Government 
 had been unreasonably harsh in its treatment of the Colonies ; yet the 
 war party seem to have been unable to appreciate this feeling among 
 the mass of the intelligent English people, who sympathized with the 
 Americans, struggling for that political freedom which had been for 
 generations the boast and heritage of Englishmen. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton was recalled, and in defending himself against 
 charges of inefficiency he endeavored to throw the blame of the great 
 failure on Cornwallis ; the latter retorted. by declaring that had he been | 
 permitted to carry out his own plans the result would have been differ- 
 ent. Cornwallis was afterward promoted and made Governor-General 
 of India. Sir Guy Carleton was sent to take command at New York 
 instead of Clinton. When Governor of Canada, Carleton had won the 
 respect of the Americans by his fair dealing. Almost the first order he 
 now issued was to forbid the Indians and Tories making marauding 
 incursions from Canada into New York State. Being authorized, he 
 made overtures for peace by addressing a letter to Washington. 
 
 PEACE—Congress thereupon appointed five commissioners to arrange 
 a treaty with Great Britain—John Adams, Doctor Benjamin Franklin, 
 Henry Laurens (who had been a prisoner confined in the Tower, but 
 now exchanged for Cornwallis), and John Jay. The two British com- 
 missioners met the Americans in Paris. The latter came prepared to 
 demand that Britain should retain the valley of the Ohio, and the 
 greater portion of what is now the State of Maine as belonging to Nova 
 Scotia ; and in their instructions they were authorized to treat with 
 “certain colonies.’’ The latter phrase was inserted, it seems, to 
 gratify the subbornness of the king. The American commissioners re- 
 fused to enter upon negotiations unless in the name of the United States 
 of. America, and as an independent nation. This was conceded on the 
 30th of November, 1782. A preliminary treaty was made and signed ; 
 this Congress ratified in April, 1783. Negotiations meanwhile con- 
 tinued, and the final treaty was not completed until the 3d of Sep- 
 tember, 1783. France and England also made a treaty of peace, and 
 the American commissioners concluded treaties of commerce with Hol- 
 
42 . THE CLOSE OF THE WAR 
 
 land and Spain, thus commencing the career of the new nation. 
 Before the treaty of peace had been signed and ratified, on the Igth 
 of April, 1783, the cessation of hostilities and a general peace were 
 proclaimed in the camp at Newburgh, on the Hudson. The date is a 
 notable one in American history. The 19th of April, 1783, was the anni- 
 versary of the battle of Lexington, eight years before, which inaugurated 
 the War of the Revolution ; and eighty-six years later, on the Ioth of 
 April, 1861, was shed in the streets of Baltimore the first blood in the 
 War of the Rebellion. The results of both wars established great prin- 
 ciples promoting the welfare of the American people for all time. 
 
 The soldiers of Burgoyne who had been captured at Saratoga (Octo- 
 ber 13th, 1777) had now been prisoners more than five years ; they were 
 encamped in log huts at Charlottesville, Va. Together with the men of 
 Cornwallis’ command they were now marched to New York, where a 
 general exchange of prisoners took place. Numbers of these British 
 soldiers, it is said, deserted on this march, and remained in the country. 
 The Tories of New York were mostly wealthy ; their lot was hard in- 
 deed, but they had little sympathy from the people, who had suffered 
 by their rapacity when they held office in the British Service. | hue 
 laws of the States enacted in respect to Tories were severe, and now at 
 the close of the contest thousands of them bade farewell to their native 
 country. Some went to Nova Scotia and Canada ; those in the South 
 emigrated principally to the West Indies. For some time evils came 
 home to the domestic hearth ; members of families were alienated ; some 
 had been Whigs and some Tories, and the rancor that so often prevails 
 in times of civil discord marred the happiness of many thousands. It 
 is pleasant to record, however, that some years later a spirit of forgive- 
 ness began to pervade the minds of the American people, and this led 
 to the repeal of the laws against the Tories ; in consequence great num- 
 bers of them returned to their native land, and became worthy citizens. 
 
 With what sacrifices independence was at last attained! The ruins 
 of towns attested the calamities of war, as well as a ravaged country 
 and prostrated industries, while in addition an enormous debt was con- 
 tracted by the States and by Congress. To estimate the amount of this | 
 debt and the difficulties in paying it, we must take into consideration 
 the limited resources of the United States in that day. But no sacrifice 
 can be too great to pay for such blessings as have followed in the train 
 of liberty on this grand continent. Happy as weré those who gained 
 that for which they suffered, they could not have imagined the glorious 
 results of their heroism. 
 
LIBRARY 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
~ 
 
 or —— 
 ‘all 
 
 1 ean 
 
 SER 
 
 3 NS He sy! 
 YF 
 
 Une. 
 
 SV OU,2 
 
 J, 3 cone 
 3 aS, (> We %e 
 Nk SERENE G5 tor agli 
 > PR nt AEN, ‘ 
 = Se C jan 
 
 > 
 ed: 
 = 1 < =< 
 wor? Nae ae 
 
 DESIGN FOR THE YORKTOWN MONUMENT. 
 
THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 1781-1881 
 
 HE importance of the surrender of Cornwallis made its centennial anni- 
 
 versary one of national interest, second only to that of the Declaration 
 of Independence on July 4th, 1776. All the other anniversaries of this cen- 
 tennial period had been more or less local ; the most important being that 
 of Saratoga. 
 
 PLANS FOR CELEBRATION— In October, 1879, the Governors of the original 
 Thirteen States, either personally or by their representatives, met in council 
 in Philadelphia to devise measures by which the people of the whole Union 
 could unite in celebrating this event, so influential in the nation’s history. 
 The interest in the subject increased from the time of the meeting of this 
 council, and nearly all the old Thirteen States, through the action of their 
 Legislatures and committees of prominent citizens, made arrangements to 
 take part in the ceremonies. 
 
 On the 3d of December, 1879, Mr. John Goode, of Virginia, introduced in 
 the House of Representatives a resolution which led to the appointment of 
 a select committee of that body, consisting of thirteen members, to act con- 
 jointly with a similar one of the same number to be appointed from the Sen- 
 ate. The duties of this joint committee were to inquire into the expediency 
 of erecting at Yorktown the memorial monument originally ordered by Con- 
 gress in 1781, but never accomplished, and ‘‘to make all the necessary 
 arrangements for such a celebration by the American people of the centen- 
 nial anniversary of the battle of Yorktown, on the 19th of October, 1881, as 
 shall befit the historical significance of that event and the present greatness 
 of the nation.’’ This bill, being concurred in by both Houses of Congress, 
 was approved by President Hayes June 7th, 1880o. 
 
 For the purpose of aiding the National Government in the celebration, The 
 Yorktown Centennial Association was organized under the laws of Virginia. 
 Its declared purpose was ‘‘to promote and secure a proper celebration.’’ 
 They resolved to purchase land, and ‘‘ to secure through the issue of stock 
 sufficient means to provide the proper accommodations for the people who 
 will desire to visit the historic ground ;’’ saying, “‘ the grounds will be free 
 to all Government and State officials, and the invited guests of the Federal 
 Commission.’’ The citizens were expected to pay a small charge for admis- 
 sion, to partly reimburse the few who advanced the funds to provide the 
 necessary accommodations. 
 
44 THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 Tue Invirations—A joint resolution of Congress authorized and requested 
 the President ‘‘ to extend to the Government and people of France, and the 
 family of General Lafayette, a cordial invitation to unite with the a 
 ment and people of the United States, on the 19th day of October, 1881, 
 
 a fit and appropriate observance of the centennial anniversary of the surren- 
 der of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown.’’ As this invitation included only the 
 official representatives of the French Republic and the family of Lafayette, it 
 was thought proper to extend the invitation to the descendants of other 
 French officers who did service in the cause. In accordance with this senti- 
 ment, at a conference held in the City of New York (May 3oth, 1881) by the 
 Yorktown Centennial Association, with the commissioners appointed by the 
 Governors of the original Thirteen States and the commissioner who repre- 
 sented Congress, it was resolved to invite personally ‘* the descendants bear- 
 ing the name of Count de Rochambeau, Admiral de Grasse, and Admiral 
 de Barras, to be present at the celebration and to become our guests during 
 its continuance ;’’ and also that the French Government be requested to 
 send a detachment of its fleet and army, and that ‘‘ while in American waters, 
 the fleet and army, its commanders and officers, be the guests of the nation.”’ 
 
 The Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, by direction of President Gar- 
 field, tendered through the American Minister, Andrew D. White, at Berlin, 
 ‘‘an invitation to the representatives of Baron Steuben* in Germany to 
 attend the celebration as guests of the Government of the United States ;”’ 
 saying also, ‘‘ Those who come as representatives of the Baron Steuben’s- 
 family will be assured, in this day of peace and prosperity, of as warm a wel- 
 come as was given to their illustrious kinsman in the dark days of adversity 
 and war.’ 
 
 The Legislature of Rhode Island (June 3d, 1881), after enumerating the 
 advantages the people of that State received from the French fleets when 
 moored in Narragansett Bay in 1778-80, and from their army encamped 
 at Newport, in protection from marauding excursions of the common enemy, 
 authorized the Governor ‘‘to invite the representatives of France who visit 
 the United States to participate in the celebration in October, to visit Rhode 
 Island.’’ A committee of citizens was estes by the Governor ‘‘to 
 assist him in entertaining the guests of the State.’’ Similar invitations were 
 extended from nearly all the old Thirteen States, the Governors of which 
 were authorized to extend the courtesies of their respectives States to the 
 delegation of the French Republic. In these States also, committees com- 
 posed of prominent citizens aided the authorities in entertaining the nation’s 
 guests. 
 
 * Pronounced in German, Séozben. 
 
THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY | 45 
 
 THE CELEBRATION 
 
 OPENING SERvICES—In accordance 
 with arrangements, religious services 
 were held, on Sunday, October 16th, 
 in the pavilion erected by the Cen- 
 tennial Association in the grounds to 
 the south of Yorktown. The attend- 
 ance was not as large as expected, the 
 crowd of visitors not arriving till the 
 following day. 
 
 The French and German guests 
 were still at Washington enjoying the 
 hospitalities of the capital. They 
 were first conducted to the State De- 
 partment by the French and German 
 Ministers, who introduced them to the 
 Secretary of State and the other mem- 
 bers of the Cabinet. Thence they were 
 taken in carriages to the Capitol, ina 
 procession formed to escort them, and 
 accompanied by the Cabinet. Along 
 Pennsylvania Avenue were displayed 
 the French and German flags blended 
 with the Stars and Stripes. On 
 reaching the Capitol they were form- 
 ally received in the Rotunda by the 
 President, the Senate having taken a 
 recess in order to be present at the 
 presentation. That body soon recon- 
 vened, and the guests were escorted to 
 the Senate Chamber, where they were 
 formally welcomed by a few appro- 
 priate words from Senator Bayard, of 
 Delaware. The guests were the re- 
 cipients of many courtesies while they 
 remained in WaShington. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CEREMONIES — On 
 Monday evening, the 17th, several 
 steamers left Washington laden with 
 
 those who were to take part in the 
 ceremonies on the following day. 
 They passed down the Potomac into 
 Chesapeake Bay, and up York River 
 to Yorktown. About daylight most 
 of the steamers from Washington ar- 
 rived. Hampton Roads presented a 
 brilliant appearance, with its men-of- 
 war, private yachts,and other steamers 
 and sailing craft from the Hudson 
 and the Chesapeake, from Richmond, 
 Norfolk, and Baltimore. Among the. 
 war-vessels were the French frigate 
 Magicienne and her consort, the ram 
 Dumont D’Orville. Here were seen 
 a long line of American war-vessels— 
 the Tennessee, the Franklin, the old 
 Constitution, the Kearsarge, which 
 sunk the Alabama, and nine or ten 
 other men-of-war. 
 
 The Marquis de Rochambeau, 
 Commandant Lichtenstein, the repre- 
 sentative of President Grévy, and 
 General Boulanger of the French 
 army, together with the French Min- | 
 ister, Outrey, and the German guests, 
 the Von Steubens, all came down on 
 the steamer City of Catskill. Mons. 
 Edmond de Lafayette, the expected 
 representative of the family of his 
 grandfather, the great Marquis, was 
 prevented by personalaffairs, and did 
 not come to the celebration ; but the 
 following great-grandchildren of La- 
 fayette were present: Octave de 
 Pacy, Chef de Bataillon du Génie, 
 Attaché au Ministére de la Guerre; 
 Comte Paul de Beaumont ; Sigismond 
 de Sahune, Lieut. zoth Dragons ; Gas- 
 
46 
 
 ton de Sahune, Sous Préfet de Toul; 
 and Francois de Corcelle, Sécrétaire 
 d’Embassade. The Secretary of State, 
 Mr. Blaine, had these guests and 
 numerous invited visitors under his 
 charge. The Magicienne was the first 
 to fire a salute in honor of the Marquis 
 de Rochambeau and the French offi- 
 cials who accompanied him. ‘‘ Now,’’ 
 said the Marquis, as he went on board 
 the frigate, ‘‘ we shall be in France 
 awhile.’’ The influence of the princi- 
 ples in defence of which the American 
 Revolution was fought out have more 
 power and have met fuller recogni- 
 tion in France than in any other 
 country in Europe. The soldiers 
 who served under De Rochambeau 
 and the Marquis St. Simon carried 
 home ideas of human rights as yet 
 unknown to the common people of 
 that country. These sentiments were 
 handed down from those soldiers to 
 their posterity. Said De Rocham- 
 beau, ‘‘] am half an American ; I was 
 nourished in my childhood on the mem- 
 ories of Washington and the American 
 Revolution.’’ He was a visitor at 
 the centennial celebration of 1876. 
 
 THE MonNuMENT —AS we have seen, 
 the first impulse of the Continental 
 Congress on the reception of the news 
 of the surrender of Cornwallis was to 
 go asa body to the Dutch Lutheran 
 Church in Philadelphia, in which city 
 it was in session, and there in a pub- 
 lic and formal manner render thanks 
 to Almighty God, and then pass reso- 
 lutions of thanks to the principal 
 actors in securing the great triumph. 
 It was further resolved (October 2gth, 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 ¢6¢ 
 
 1781), to have “‘ erected at Yorkin 
 Virginia, a marble column, adorned 
 with emblems of the alliance between 
 the United States and His Most 
 Christian Majesty, and inscribed with 
 a succinct narrative of the surrender 
 of Earl Cornwallis.’’ But this ap- 
 propriate resolution could not be car- 
 ried out, for want of means, and it 
 was postponed to a more convenient 
 season, which arrived only at the 
 close of one hundred years. On the 
 »th of June, 1880, Congress appropri- 
 ated the sum of $100,000, to be ex- 
 pended ‘‘ under the direction of the 
 Secretary of War, in erecting at York- 
 town, in Virginia, the monument’ 
 designated by the Congress of 1781. 
 
 The Secretary of War appointed a 
 commission of the following named 
 gentlemen: J..O. A. Ward angie 
 Hunt, of: New York, and Henry Van 
 Brunt, of Boston, to prepare a design 
 for the proposed monument. They 
 reported one which was adopted. 
 
 The monument is to be composed 
 of three principal parts. 
 
 (See Illustration.) The square Jase, 
 mounted on graded steps and finished at 
 the top with pediments to bear the super- 
 structure, is 37 feet high and 38 feet square. 
 Its four sides bear the following inscriptions : 
 
 North Side.—Erected in pursuance of a Resolution of 
 Congress adopted October 29, 1781, and an Act of Congress 
 approved June 7, 1880, to Commemorate the Victory by 
 which the Independence of the United States of America 
 was achieved. ast Side——The Provisional Articles of 
 Peace concluded November 30, 1782, and the Definitive 
 Treaty of Peace concluded September 3, 1783, between the 
 United States of America and George IIIJ., King of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, declare: His Britannic Majesty ac- 
 knowledges the said United States, viz.: New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Planta- 
 tions, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina, and Georgia, to be Free Sovereign and Indepen- 
 
MAAS PIF 
 — ee 
 SSS 
 
 = RZ Tago Tener me 
 VEE ens ee 
 SSS > 
 
 suliaiaems\ 
 Gay UA A f | 
 
 ¢ 
 
 © 
 
 lowe TM e2 
 
 LMCHES 
 
 tery 
 ©. CATeCe 
 
 CVE 
 Scale. 
 
 °"B” National C 
 
 Drown tr Winchell. 
 
 SITE OF THE SIEGE—DIAGRAM OF THE CELEBRATION. 
 
48 
 
 dent States. South Stde.—At York on October 19, 1781, 
 after a siege of nineteen days by 5500 American and _ 7000 
 French Troops of the Line, 3500 Virginia Militia under 
 command of General Thomas Nelson, and 36 French 
 Ships of War, Earl Cornwallis, Commander of the British 
 Force at York and Gloucester, surrendered his Army, 
 72st Officers and Men, 840 Seamen, 244 Cannon, and 24 
 Standards, to His Excellency George Washington, Com- 
 mander-in-chief of the combined Forces of America and 
 France, to His Excellency the Comte de Rochambeau, 
 commanding the auxiliary Troops of His Most Christian 
 Majesty in America, and to His Excellency the Comte de 
 Grasse, Commanding-in-chief the Naval Army of France 
 in Chesapeake. West Side.—'The Treaty concluded 
 February 6, 1778, between the United States of America 
 and Louis XVI., King of France, declares: the essential 
 and direct end-of the present defensive Alliance is to 
 maintain effectually the Liberty, Sovereignty, and In- 
 dependence, absolute and unlimited, of the said United 
 States, as well in matters of Government as of Commerce. 
 
 In the pediments surmounting these four 
 sides respectively are carved in relief, em- 
 blems of nationality, war, French and Ameri- 
 can alliance, and peace. 
 
 Above this base rises a Podzum, in the 
 form of a cylinder or drum, 25} feet high 
 and 13 feet in diameter, encircled by thirteen 
 typical female figures, hand in hand, en- 
 gaged in a solemn dance, symbolizing the 
 youthful group of States. Onaband beneath 
 their feet are carved the words, ‘‘ One Coun- 
 try, one Constitution, one Destiny.” 
 
 Upon this drum stands the main Column 
 or shaft, composed not of a single stone but 
 of three successive drums or circular courses 
 of masonry, the horizontal joints at once 
 masked and adorned with. bands of laurel 
 wreaths, and the vertical joints by a decora- 
 tion of stars symmetrically disposed, break- 
 ing the outline of the column. The shaft is 60 
 feet high and 74 feet in diameter at the base. 
 
 The monument is surmounted by a grace- 
 ful and dignified figure of Liberty. The site 
 of the monument is at the southern end of 
 the village. It stands on a bluff fifty or 
 sixty feet high, and can be seen for miles, 
 from both land and water. ! 
 
 LaviInc THE CoRNER-STONE — An 
 immense concourse of people had 
 already assembled, so that almost 
 
 TUE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 every section of the Union now had 
 representatives present. The various 
 orders, civil and military, met (Octo- 
 ber 18th) at Lafayette Hall in the 
 village, where Governor Holliday, of 
 Virginia, gave a formal reception to 
 the Governors of the other States who 
 were present, most of whom were 
 accompanied by their wives. The 
 ceremonies were opened with prayer 
 by the Rev. Robert Nelson, a grand- 
 son of the Virginia Governor Nel- 
 son, whose name is so identified 
 with the siege ; who not only called 
 out the Virginia militia, and com- 
 manded them in person during the 
 campaign, but who, when the can- 
 nonade of Yorktown was about to 
 commence, being asked where the at- 
 tack would be most effective, pointed 
 out a large, handsome house on a ris- 
 ing ground as the probable head- 
 quarters of the enemy. It was his. 
 own private residence. 
 
 An admirable and patriotic ad- 
 dress was made by Governor Holli- 
 day. He gave in the name on a 
 ginia a cordial welcome to the na- 
 tion’s foreign guests, and to the offi- 
 cials and others from. the States and 
 Territories. Governor Holliday’s 
 fine presence and clear, earnest deliv- 
 ery made his address effective, and 
 portions of it were enthusiastically. 
 applauded, especially his reference 
 to past discords and present harmony 
 between sections of the common coun- 
 try. He sata’. 
 
 ‘* A short time ago the country was torn by 
 discord, and civil war strode’ through the land 
 
 with a fierceness rarely equalled. When the 
 fight was over the sword was sheathed, the 
 
THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 battle-flag was furled, the wrecks of dismantled 
 and shattered homes were gathered up—some- 
 times with tears, sometimes with ‘ thoughts 
 too deep for tears,’ traditions and associations 
 that were interwoven through the governmental 
 and social fabric, and, though they had caused 
 dissensions on either side, were precious, were 
 rolled up like a scroll and laid away forever. 
 Together again, as a united people, under the 
 old ensign, flaming aloft and before us like a 
 
 star in the serene sky, we are marching to still. 
 
 gratier triumphs, bearing on our Atlantean 
 shoulders an enfranchised race to the blessing 
 of our own civilization. In the midst of the 
 fury of partisan strife, however bitter or how- 
 ever honest, it has always appeared that, as we 
 have loved our aims, we have loved our coun- 
 try more. 
 
 ‘‘ When the hand of the assassin struck our 
 President down, there was not a home or 
 heart, from sea to sea, from which earnest 
 prayers did not go up for his recovery. And 
 when death came there was not one that was 
 not draped in mourning and bowed in deepest 
 sorrow. He was to have been with us to-day 
 and have joined in these august ceremonies. 
 It has been otherwise ordained. But his hon- 
 ored successor is here, and his Cabinet, and 
 the Yorktown Congressional Commission, and 
 representatives of every department of the 
 United States Government, and the people of 
 the sister States and Territories, and citizens 
 of foreign nations, to participate in the pro- 
 ceedings of this historic day. Virginia gives 
 them cordial welcome! Providence decreed 
 that her soil should be the scene of the last 
 great act of the Revolution. Her citizens re- 
 joice that they can grant it to all the States, 
 and join them in building thereon a memorial 
 which they trust may be as lasting as the em- 
 blem it typifies, and that both may be im- 
 mortal.” 
 
 After the address a procession was 
 formed and moved to the site, where 
 the corner - stone of the monument 
 was laid in accordance with Masonic 
 forms. The gavel used in the cere- 
 mony was made from a portion of the 
 
 49 
 
 United States frigate Lawrence, flag- 
 ship of Commodore O. He Perry, 
 when he annihilated the British fleet 
 (September oth, 1813), on Lake 
 Erie ; the same gavel had been used 
 in laying the corner-stone of the 
 monument on the Monmouth battle- 
 field in New Jersey, (June, 3oth, 
 1878), and of the Egyptian Obelisk in 
 
 Central Park, New York City (Octo- 
 
 ber oth, 1880). The sash and apron 
 worn by the Grand Master were 
 worked by Madame Lafayette and 
 presented to Washington at Mount 
 Vernon. Some have thought that it 
 would have been more fitting if the 
 ceremony of laying a corner-stone for 
 a monument, designed as a memorial 
 of a national event of such impor- 
 tance, had been performed by the 
 President of the United States. 
 
 Tue AppReEssEsS—The interest in 
 the ceremonies culminated on the rgth, 
 the real anniversary of the surrender. 
 The throng present was immense, in- 
 cluding Governors of States, mayors 
 of cities, prominent public men, and 
 army officers. The same officials © 
 of the National Government and the 
 foreign guests that assisted at the lay- 
 ing of the corner-stone the day be- 
 fore were present, besides an increas- 
 ed number of other spectators. The 
 proceedings passed off without a jar, 
 and gave great satisfaction to the 
 vast assembly. 
 
 The ceremonies were opened with 
 prayer by Bishop Harris, of New 
 York ; this was followed by appropri- 
 ate music, and a Centennial Hymn 
 was sung. President Arthur made 
 
50 THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 the following brief address, admirable 
 in sentiment, and most felicitous in 
 taste and style: 
 
 ‘* Upon this soil one hundred years ago our 
 forefathers brought, to a successful issue their 
 heroic struggle for independence. Here and 
 then was established, and as we trust made 
 secure upon this continent for ages yet to 
 come, that principle of government which is 
 the very fiber of our political system, the sov- 
 ereignty of the people. The resentments which 
 attended and for a time survived the clash 
 of arms have long since ceased: to animate 
 our hearts. It is with no feeling of exultation 
 over a defeated foe that to-day we summon up 
 a remembrance of those events which have 
 made holy the ground whereon we tread. 
 Surely no such unworthy sentiment could find 
 harbor in our hearts, so profoundly thrilled 
 with expressions of sorrow and sympathy which 
 our national bereavement has evolved from the 
 people of England and their august sovereign ; 
 but it is altogether fitting that we should gather 
 here to refresh our souls with the contempla- 
 tion of the unfaltering patriotism, the steady 
 zeal and sublime faith, which achieved the re- 
 sults we now commemorate. 
 
 ““ For so, if we learn aright the lesson of the 
 hour, shall we be incited to transmit to the gen- 
 eration which shall follow, the precious legacy 
 which our fathers left to us, the love of liberty 
 protected by law. Of that historic scene which 
 we here celebrate, no feature is more promi- 
 nent and none more touching than the partici- 
 pation of our gallant allies from across the sea. 
 It was their presence which gave fresh and 
 vigorous impulse to the hopes of our coun- 
 trymen when well-nigh disheartened by along 
 series of disasters. It was that noble and 
 generous aid, extended in the darkest period 
 of the struggle, which sped the coming of our 
 triumph, and made the capitulation at York- 
 town possible a century ago. To their descend- 
 ants and representatives who are here present 
 as the honored guests of the nation it is my 
 glad duty to offer cordial welcome. You have 
 a right to share with us the associations which 
 cluster about the day when your fathers fought 
 
 side by side with our fathers in the cause which 
 was here crowned with success, and none of the 
 memories awakened by this anniversary are 
 more grateful to us all than the reflection that 
 the national friendships here so closely cement- 
 ed have outlasted the mutations of a changeful 
 century. God grant, my countrymen, that they 
 may ever remain unshaken, and that ever hence- 
 forth with ourselves and with all the nations of 
 the earth we may be at peace.’ . 
 
 The President’s address was listen- 
 ed to without demonstration on the 
 part of the audience, but at its close 
 its sentiments were enthusiastically 
 applauded. 
 
 Monsieur Max Outrey, the French 
 Minister, was then introduced by - 
 Secretary Blaine, and addressed the 
 audience in English. Speaking in 
 behalf of the French delegation, he 
 said : 
 
 ‘* Each and all of us are proud of having been 
 called to the honor of representing France on 
 this auspicious day. The monument which is 
 here to be erected will perpetuate the recollec- 
 tions of an ever-faithful alliance. . . . In 
 coming to this Yorktown Centennial we come 
 to celebrate the day which ended that long 
 and bitter struggle against a great nation, 
 now our mutual ally and friend, who, here as 
 under all skies where her flag has floated, has 
 left ineffaceable marks of her grand and civiliz- 
 ing spirit. . . . When, one hundred years ago, 
 as to-day, the French and the Americans grasped 
 each other’s hands at Yorktown, they realized 
 that they had helped to lay the corner-stone of 
 agreat edifice. . . France is proud of 
 having contributed to found this great Repub- 
 lic, and her wishes for your prosperity are deep 
 and sincere, The mutual friendship is founded 
 on many affinities of taste and aspirations which 
 time cannot destroy, and future generations, I 
 trust, wil] assist in this same place at the spec- 
 tacle, unprecedented in history,*of two great 
 nations renewing from century to century a 
 compact of fraternal and imperishable affec-’ 
 tion,”’ 
 
THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY SI 
 
 The Marquis de Rochambeau also 
 made a graceful response, in French. 
 Among other things, he said: 
 ‘What our fathers did in 1781, we, 
 their sons, would be willing to do to- 
 day to attest our constant friendship, 
 and to further show that we cherish 
 the same sentiments as our fathers in 
 that glorious day we celebrate.’”’ 
 
 Colonel von Steuben made an ap- 
 propriate but brief address in Ger- 
 man. 
 
 The Centennial Ode, composed by 
 Paul Hayne, of South Carolina, and 
 set to music by Joseph Mosenthal, of 
 New York, was then sung by the cho- 
 rus led by Professor Seigel, and ac- 
 companied by the Marine Band. This 
 was followed by a song commencing 
 with ‘‘ God save our President from 
 harm,’’ which was rendered admirably 
 by Harrison Millard, of New York. 
 After this came the event of the day, 
 the scholarly oration by the Hon. 
 Robert C. Winthrop, of Boston. 
 
 THE ORATION — This was one of. 
 
 the most thrilling and eloquent his- 
 torical orations of the period, and 
 was listened to with intense interest 
 by the large and unusually intelli- 
 gent audience. The orator presented 
 vividly the condition of the two united 
 armies at the time of the campaign, 
 many incidents of the siege, America’s 
 obligation to France, and her own 
 responsibility to preserve intact the 
 institutions inherited from the fathers. 
 
 His mention of Lafayette, in connection with 
 
 the French intervention in behalf of the Amer- 
 ican colonies, was most apt. Said he: 
 
 ‘* We may not forget, indeed, that our own Franklin, the 
 great Bostonian, had long been one of the American com- 
 
 missioners in Paris, and that the fame of his genius, the 
 skill and adroitness of his negotiations, and the magnet- 
 ism of his personal character and presence, were no sec- 
 ondary or subordinate elements in the results which were 
 accomplished. 
 
 ‘* But signal as his services were, Franklin cannot be 
 named as standing first in this connection. Nearly two 
 years before his treaties were negotiated and signed, a 
 step had been taken by another than Fsanklin, which 
 led, directly and indirectly, to all that followed. The 
 young Lafayette, then but nineteen years of age, a 
 captain of the French dragoons stationed at Metz, at a 
 dinner given by the commandant of the gariison to the 
 Duke of Gloucester, a brother of George III., happened 
 to hear the tidings of our Declaration of Independence, 
 which had reached the Duke that very morning from 
 London. It formed the subject of animated and excited 
 conversation, in which the enthusiastic young soldier took 
 part. And before he had left the table, an inextinguishable 
 spark had been struck and kindled in his breast, and his 
 whole heart was on fire in the cause of American liberty. 
 Regardle:s of the remonstrances of his friends, of the 
 Ministry, and of the King himself, in spite of every dis- 
 couragement and obstacle, he soon tears himself away 
 from a young and lovely wife, leaps on board a vessel 
 which he had provided for himself, braves the perils of a 
 voyage across the Atlantic, then swarming with cruisers, 
 reaches Philadelphia by way of Charleston, South Caro- 
 lina, and so wins at once the regard and confidence of the 
 Continental Congress, by this avowed. desire to risk his 
 life in our service, at his own expense, without pay or al- 
 lowance of any sort, that on the 31st of July, 1777, before 
 he was yet quite twenty years of age, he was commis- 
 sioned a Major-General of the Army of the United States. 
 It is hardly too much to say that, from that dinner at 
 Metz, and that.31st day of July in Philadelphia, may be 
 dated the train of influences and events which culminated, 
 four years afterward, in the surrender of Cornwallis to the 
 allied forces of America and France,”’ 
 
 The orator’s description of the surrender of 
 Cornwallis was a graphic and vivid picture : 
 
 ‘* Standing here on the very spot to-day, with the records 
 of history in our hands, we require no aid of art, or even 
 of imagination, to call back, in all its varied and most im= 
 pressive details, a scene which, as we dip our brush to 
 paint it now, at the end of a hundred years, seems almost 
 like a tale of fairy land. We see the grand French army 
 drawn up for upward of a mile in battle array, ten full 
 regiments, including a legion of cavalry with a corps of 
 Royal Engineers—Bourbonnais and Soissonnais, Royal« 
 Deux-Ponts, Saintonge, and Dillon, who have come from 
 Newport—with the Touraine, the Auxonne, the Agenois, 
 and the Gatinogs, soon to win back the name of the Royal 
 Auvergne, who’had just landed from the fleet. They are 
 allin their unsoiled uniforms of snowy white, with their 
 distinguishing collars and lapels of yellow, and violet, 
 and crimson, and green, and pink, with the fleurs de lis 
 proudly emblazoned on their white silk regimental. stand- 
 ards, with glittering stars and badges on their officers’ 
 
52 THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 breasts, and with dazzling gold and silver laced liveries on 
 their private servants—the timbrel, with its associations 
 and tones of triumph, then ‘a delightful novelty,’ lend- 
 ing unaccustomed brilliancy to the music of their bands! 
 
 ‘** Opposite, and face to face, to that splendid line, we see 
 our war-worn American army—the regulars, if we had 
 anything which could be called regulars, in front, clad in 
 the dear old Continental uniform, still ‘in passable condi- 
 tion;’ a New-York brigade; a Maryland brigade; the 
 Pennsylvania line; the light companies made up from 
 New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Massachusetts; a 
 Rhode Island and New Jersey battalion with two com- 
 panies from Delaware ; the Canadian volunteers ; a park 
 of artillery with sappers and miners; and with a large 
 mass of patriotic Virginian militia, collected and com- 
 manded by the admirable Governor Nelson. Not quite 
 all the colonies, perhaps, were represented in force, as they 
 had been at Germantown, but hardly any of them were 
 without some representation, individual if not collective — 
 many of them in simple homespun, every-day wear, many 
 of their dresses bearing witness to the long, hard service 
 they had seen—coats out at the elbow, shoes out at the 
 But the 
 Stars and Stripes, which had been raised first at Saratoga, 
 floated proudly above their heads, and no-color-blindness 
 on that day mistook ‘their tints, misinterpreted their 
 teachings, or failed to recognize the Union they betokened 
 and the glory they foreshadowed ! 
 
 ‘* Between these two lines of the allied forces, so striking- 
 ly and strangely contrasted, the British army, in their 
 rich scarlet coats, freshly distributed from supplies which 
 must otherwise have been delivered up as spoils to the 
 
 toe, and in some cases no coats, no shoes at all. 
 
 victors, and with their Anspach, and Hessian, and ‘ Von 
 Bose’ auxiliaries in blue, are now seen filing—their mus- 
 kets at shoulder, ‘their colors cased,’ and their drums 
 beating ‘a British or German march’—passing on to the 
 field assigned them for giving up their standards and 
 grounding their arms, and then filing back again to their 
 quarters. 
 
 ‘* We are here to revive no animosities resulting from the 
 War of the Revolution, or from any other war, remote or 
 recent; rather to: bury and drown thém all, deeper than 
 ever plummet sounded. For all that is grand and glori- 
 - ous in the career and example of Great Britain, certainly 
 we can entertain nothing but respect and admiration ; 
 while I hazard little in saying that for the continued life 
 and welfare of her illustrious sovereign, whom neither 
 Anne nor Elizabeth will outshine in history, the American 
 heart beats as warmly this day as if no Yorktown had ever 
 occurred, and no independence had ever separated us from 
 her imperial dominion. And we are ready to say, and do 
 say, ‘God save the Queen,’ as sincerely and earnestly as 
 she herself and her ministers and her people have said 
 ‘God save the President,’ in those recent hours of his 
 
 agony !” 
 gony ri 
 
 The tribute to Washington, following upon 
 mention of the various prominent officers serv- 
 ing in the campaign, was a noble passage, con- 
 taining in brief a vast amount of history : 
 
 ‘* There was another representative of the Old Dominion 
 here, greater than any one who could be named, present 
 or absent, living or dead. I do not forget that, while 
 America gave Washington to the world, Virginia gave 
 him to America, and that it is her unshared privilege to 
 recognize and claim, as her son, him whom the whole 
 country acknowledges and reveres as its father! Behold. 
 him here at the head of the American line, presiding, 
 with modest but majestic dignity, over this whole splen- 
 did scene of the surrender! He is now in his fiftieth 
 year, and has gone through anxieties and trials enough 
 of late to have filled out the full measure of three score 
 and ten. That winter at Valley Forge, those cabals of 
 Conway, that mutiny in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 
 the defection of Charles Lee, the treason of Benedict 
 Arnold—with all the distressing responsibilities in which 
 it involved him—the insufficiency of his supplies of men, 
 money, food, and clothing, must have left deep traces on 
 his countenance as well as in his heart. But he is the 
 same incomparable man as when, at only twenty-one, he 
 was sent as a commissioner from Governor Dinwiddie to 
 demand of the French forces their authority for invad- 
 ing the king’s dominions, or, as when, at twenty-three, 
 he was the only mounted officer who escaped the French 
 bullets at Braddock’s defeat. And here he stands fore- 
 most, among their dukes and marquises and counts and 
 barons, receiving the surrender of the standards under 
 which he had then fought against France, as a British 
 colonial officer. 
 
 ‘* From the siege of Boston, where he obtained his first 
 triumph, to his crowning siege of Yorktown—more than 
 six long years—he has been one and the same; bearing, 
 beyond all others, the burden and heat of our struggle 
 for independence ; advising, directing, commanding ; en- 
 during deprivations and even injustices without a mur- 
 mur, and witnessing the successes of others without jeal- 
 ousy—while no such signal victory had yet been vouch- 
 safed to his own immediate forces as could have satis- 
 fied a heart ambitious only for himself. But his ambi- 
 tion was only for his country, and le stands here at last, 
 with representatives of all the States around him, and 
 with representatives of almost all the great nations of 
 the world as witnesses, to receive, on the soil of his own 
 native and beloved Virginia, the surpassing reward of his 
 fortitude and patriotism. He has many great functions 
 still to fulfill—in presiding over the Convention to frame 
 the Constitution, and in giving practical interpretation 
 and construction to that Constitution by eight years of the 
 first Presidency. But with this event the first glorious 
 chapter of his career 1s closed, and he will soon be found 
 at Annapolis in the sublime attitude of voluntarily re- 
 signing to Congress the plenary commission he had re- 
 ceived from them, and retiring to private life. Virgin- 
 ians! you hold his dust as the most precious possession 
 of your soil,’and would not let it go even to the mas- 
 sive mausoleum prepared for it beneath the Capitol at 
 Washington, which no other dust can ever fill. Oh, let 
 his memory, his principles, his example, be ever as sacred- 
 ly and jealously guarded in your hearts! No second 
 Washington will ever be yours, or ever be ours. Of no 
 one but him could it have been justly said; 
 
THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 53 
 
 All discord ceases at his name, 
 All ranks contend to swell his fame.’’ 
 
 A glowing tribute to Lafayette, a hearty 
 acknowledgment of America’s debt to France, 
 and welcome to her representatives, were fol- 
 lowed by a consideration of the responsibilities 
 devolving upon the Americans of to-day : 
 
 “Tt is not what we have been, or what we have done, or 
 even what we are, that weighs on our thoughts at this 
 hour, even to the point of oppressiveness ; but what, 
 what are we to be? What is to be the character of a 
 second century of independence for America? What are 
 to be its issues for ourselves? What are to be its influ- 
 ences on mankind at large? And what can we do to secure 
 these glorious institutions of ours from decline and fall, 
 that other generations may enjoy what we now enjoy, and 
 that our liberty may indeed be ‘a liberty to that only 
 which is good, just and honest ’—a * liberty enlightening 
 the world’? . . . I must be pardoned as one of a past 
 generation, for dealing with old-fashioned counsels in old- 
 fashioned phrases. Profound dissertations on the nature 
 of government, metaphysical speculations on the true 
 theory of civil liberty, scientific dissections of the machin- 
 ery of our own political system—even were I capable of 
 them—would be as inappropriate as they would be worth- 
 less. Our reliance for the preservation of republican liber- 
 ty can only be on the commonplace principles and com- 
 mon-sense maxims which lie within the comprehension 
 of the children in our schools, or of the simplest and least 
 cultured man or woman who wields a hammer or who plies 
 a needle. 
 
 ‘The fear of the Lord must still and ever be the be- 
 ginning of our wisdom, and obedience to His command- 
 ments the rule of our lives. Crime must not go unpun- 
 ished, and vice must be stigmatized and rebuked as vice. 
 Human life must be held sacred, and lawless violence and 
 bloodshed cease to be regarded as a redress or remedy for 
 anything. . . . The rights of the humblest, as well as 
 of the highest, must be respected and enforced. Labor in 
 all its departments must be justly remunerated and elevat- 
 ed, and the true dignity of labor recognized. The poor 
 must be wisely visited and liberally cared for, so that men- 
 dicity shall not be tempted into mendacity, nor want ex- 
 asperated into crime. The great duties of individual 
 citizenship must be conscientiously discharged. Peace, or- 
 der, and the good old virtues of honesty, charity, temper- 
 ance, and industry, must be cultivated and reverenced. 
 The purity of private life must be cherished and guarded, 
 and luxury and extravagance discouraged. Polygamy 
 must cease to pollute our land. Profligate literature must 
 be scorned and left unpurchased. Public opinion must be 
 refined, purified, strengthened. and rendered prevailing 
 and imperative, by the best thoughts and best words which 
 the press, the platform, and the pulpit can pour forth. 
 The pen and the tongue alike must be exercised under a 
 sense of moral responsibility. Ina word, theless of govern- 
 ment we have by formal laws and statutes, the more we 
 need, and the more we must have of individual self-gov- 
 ernment. . . . 
 
 _ Dr. Sears, in 1879. 
 
 On the topic of Universal Education, the 
 orator was very pronounced and outspoken, 
 especially in regard to the necessity and duty 
 of providing for the elevation of the masses of 
 ignorant voters in the Southern States. He 
 said : 
 
 “But let me add at once that, with a view to all 
 these ends, and as the indispensable means of promoting 
 and securing them all, universal education, without dis- 
 tinction of race, must be encouraged, aided, and enforced. 
 The elective franchise can never be taken away from any 
 of those to whom it has once been granted, but we can 
 and must make education coextensive with the elective 
 franchise : and it must be done without delay, as a meas- 
 ure of self-defence, and with the general co-operation of 
 the authorities and of the people of the whole country. 
 One half of our country, during the last ten or fifteen 
 years, has been opened for the first time to the introduc- 
 tion and establishment of free common schools, and there 
 is not wealth enough at present in that region to provide 
 for this great necessity. ‘ Two millions of children with- 
 out the means of instruction,’ was the estimate of the late 
 Every year brings another instalment 
 of brutalignorance to the polls, to be the subject of cajole- 
 ment, deception, corruption, or intimidation. Here, here, 
 is our greatest danger for the future. The words of our 
 late lamented President, in his inaugural, come to us to- 
 day with redoubled emphasis from that unclosed grave on 
 the lake: ‘All the constitutional power of the nation 
 and of the States, and all the volunteer forces of the peo- 
 ple, should be summoned to meet this danger by the sav- 
 ing influence of universal education.”?.. . Slavery is 
 but half abolished, emancipation is but half completed, 
 while millions of freemen with votes in their hands are 
 left without education. Justice to them, the welfare of 
 the States in which they live, the safety of the whole Re- 
 public, the dignity of the elective franchise, alike demand 
 that the still remaining bonds of ignorance shall be un- 
 loosed and broken and the minds as well as the bodies: of 
 
 the emancipated go free! 
 * * * ® * * 
 
 ‘It is itself one of the great rights of a free people to 
 be educated and trained up from childhood to that ability 
 to govern themselves, which is the largest element in 
 republican self-government, and without which all self- 
 government must be a failure and a farce, here and every- 
 where! Free governments must stand or fall*with free 
 schools. Tell me not that I am indulging in truisms. I 
 know they are truisms; but they are better—a thousand- 
 fold better—than Nihilism or Communism or Fenianism, 
 or any of the other isms which are making such headway 
 in supplanting them. No advanced thought, no myStical 
 philosophy, no glittering abstractions, no swelling phrases 
 about freedém—not even science, with all its marvellous 
 inventions and discoveries—can help us much in sustain- 
 ing this Republic. Still less can any godless theories of 
 creation, or any infidel attempts to rule out the Redeemer 
 from his rightful supremacy in our hearts, afford us any 
 hope of security. That way lies despair! Commonplace 
 
° 
 
 54 
 
 truths, old familiar teachings, the Ten Commandments, the 
 Sermon on the Mount, the Farewell Address of Washing- 
 ton, honesty, virtue, patriotism, universal education, are 
 what the world most needs in these days, and our own part 
 of the world as muchas any other part. Without these we 
 are lost. With these, and with the blessing of God, which 
 is sure to follow them, a second century of our Republic 
 may be confidently looked forward to; and those who 
 shall gather on this field, a hundred years hence, shall 
 then exult, as we are now exulting, in the continued en- 
 joyment of the free institutions bequeathed to us by our 
 fathers, and in honoring the memories of those who have 
 sustained them.” 
 
 These and many other topics were illustrated 
 and enforced with rare eloquence. The final 
 appeal was for a union of sentiment and action 
 in upholding and advancing America’s free in- 
 stitutions : 
 
 ‘* We are one by the configuration of nature, and by the 
 strong impress of art—inextricably intertwined :by the lay 
 of our land, the run of our rivers, the chain of our lakes, 
 and the iron network of our crossing and recrossing and 
 ever-multiplying and still-advancing tracks of trade and 
 travel. Weare one by the memories of our fathers. We are 
 one by the hopes of our children. 
 tution and a Union which have not only survived the shock 
 of foreign and civil war, but have stood the abeyance of 
 almost all administration, while the whole people were 
 waiting breathless, in alternate hope and fear, for the is- 
 sues of an execrable crime. We are one—bound together 
 afresh—by the electric chords .of sympathy and sorrow, 
 vibrating and thrilling day by day of the livelong sum- 
 mer, through every one of our hearts, for our basely wound- 
 ed and bravely suffering President, bringing us all down 
 on our knees together in common supplications for his life, 
 and involving us all at last in acommon flood of grief at 
 his death. I dare not linger, amid scenes like these, on 
 
 ‘that great affliction, which has added indeed ‘ another 
 
 hallowed name to the historical inheritance of our Repub- 
 lic,’ but which has thrown a pall of deepest tragedy upon 
 the falling curtain of our first century. ‘Oh, let not its in- 
 fluences be lost upon us for the century to come, but let 
 us be one, henceforth and always, in mutual regard, con- 
 ciliation, and affection. . 
 
 ‘** Go on, hand in hand, O States, never to be disunited ! 
 Be.the praise and the heroic song of all posterity! Join 
 your invincible might to do worthy and godlike deeds! 
 And then—’ but I will not add as John Milton added, 
 in closing his inimitable appeal on reformation in Eng- 
 land, two centuries and a half ago—‘a cleaving curse be 
 his inherifance to all generations, who seeks to break 
 your Union!’ No anathemas shall escape my lips on 
 this auspicious day. Let me rather invoke, as I devoutly 
 and fervently do, the choicest and richest blessings of 
 Heaven on those who shall do most, in all time to come, 
 to preserve our beloved country in unity, peace, and con- 
 cord.’’* 
 
 * This noble address has been announced. for pub- 
 lication entire by Messrs, Little, Brown & Co., of Boston. 
 
 Weare one by a Consti-* 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 THE PARADE, THE REVIEW, AND. 
 SALUTE—On Thursday, the 2oth, was 
 a parade of the citizen soldiery, a con- 
 siderable detachment of regulars, and 
 regiments from different sections of the 
 old Thirteen States—the number of 
 men being nearly ten thousand. The 
 review was witnessed by the Presi- 
 dent and a portion of the Cabinet, 
 the French and. German guests, and 
 many distinguished men of the na- 
 tion. After Mr. Winthrop’s oration 
 the previous day, Secretary Blaine 
 read an order from President Arthur, 
 enjoining that the British flag be 
 saluted at the close of the ceremonies. 
 This announcement was enthusiasti- 
 cally cheered, and the order was after- 
 ward received with marked approba- 
 tion throughout the country ; it was 
 an evidence that the mother and 
 daughter, though long reconciled, 
 have now entered upon an era in 
 which they will be bound by ties of 
 affection still stronger. After the mil- 
 itary parade was held, a naval review 
 took place, at the close of which the 
 British flag was run up on the French 
 and American men-of-war and form- 
 ally saluted. This was the closing 
 act of a series of celebrations of a 
 most important event in our national 
 history. 
 
 No one could fail to notice the deep 
 religious tone that pervaded the pub- 
 lic exercises during these celebra- 
 tions; the influence of the recent 
 tragic loss of the nation’s: Chier 
 Magistrate had evidently softened 
 the minds of men and turned their 
 thoughts to an overruling Provi- 
 dence. | 
 
THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 55 
 
 An ENGLISHMAN’S VIEW OF THE 
 CELEBRATION — A_ dispatch in the 
 New York Z7ibune of October 2oth, 
 1881, gave the following admirable 
 account of the whole ‘‘ occasion,”’ 
 which both from its graphic depiction 
 of the scene and its complimentary 
 view of even the infelicities of this 
 American celebration, on the part of 
 an Englishman trained to observe 
 and describe events in all parts of the 
 world, will be interesting to read and 
 preserve : 
 
 YorKToWwN, Oct. 19.—After the ceremonies 
 of the day were over, the 777bune correspond- 
 ent asked Mr. Archibald Forbes, the distin- 
 guished English journalist, who had offered in 
 a spirit of friendly comradeship to help with 
 the work of writing, to give his impressions as 
 an Englishman of the exercises and the audi- 
 ence. He wrote a few pages, but with a pro- 
 test against having his name attached to them. 
 The liberty is taken of disregarding his modest 
 request. He was the only well-known subject 
 of Queen Victoria on the ground, and it is ob- 
 vious that the American public will be glad 
 to hear from him directly and immediately, in- 
 stead of later through the medium of the Lon- 
 
 don press. Mr. Forbes wrote: 
 
 ‘*To the outsider, it seemed that there were no pre-ar- 
 rangements at all, One conversant through dire experience 
 with the confusion and chaos that so commonly follows on 
 an absence of settled plan, could scarcely avoid the appre- 
 hension that mischief would come of the indefiniteness 
 that circumstances had brought about in the details of the 
 afrange nents ; but there was no mischief, not even the 
 hitch of amoment. The all-prevalent determination that 
 the occasion should be successful confused every obstacle. 
 Instead of crowding, jostling, and selfishness, the features 
 of the throng were orderliness, courtesy, and self-abnega- 
 tion. Simplicity reigned, but it was the simplicity of self- 
 respect and consideration for others; not the crudeness 
 which provokes a smile. In the massing of the crowd 
 around the rostrum from which the addresses were made, 
 there was absolutely no attempt whatever made in the di- 
 rection of assigning seats. The area of chairs was a free 
 country, There was no respect of persons, further than 
 that the foreign guests had places in the vicinity of the 
 President and the officials of state. Yet as the informal 
 procession from the Lafayette Hall tramped on through 
 
 the sand toward the auditorium, its head unmarshaled, its 
 track unguarded even by a single policeman, there was not 
 the faintest semblance of an‘ ugly mob.’ For ladies there 
 was the first thought; the next was for the guests. They 
 accommodated then every man in a quiet, business-like 
 fashion, and he did the beSt he could for himself as re- 
 gards finding a location. It was the most democratic of 
 assemblages and the best conducted, imperceptibly, with 
 no bustle, no thrusting, no snapping of advantages. The 
 great area became filled by adense mass of humanity. Of 
 ceremonial, in the old-world sense, there was nothing at all. 
 
 ‘ The President stepped into his place, helped on to the 
 platform by a quaint old Virginian farmer who happened to 
 be leaning against one of its supports. A little lady who had 
 quietly wriggled to the front affably leaned on the back of 
 the chair occupied by Colonel von Steuben and clapped 
 her hands at Mr. Winthrop’s good things in immediate 
 proximity to the gallant German’s ear. A corporal of 
 foot rubbed shoulders with the General of the Army; a 
 contented citizen in a blue suit appeared nowise discom- 
 posed to find himself incorporated bodily into the brilliant 
 staff of the Governor of Mainc. Perhaps the decorum of 
 the throng was equalled by its evident intelligence. To 
 the very end of Mr. Winthrop’s prolonged oration all 
 around the fringes of the audience were to be observed 
 people with their hands at their ears, jealous lest a word 
 should escape them. No point made by the speaker was 
 missed or failed to obtain its fullest meed of appreciation. 
 During Mr. Winthrop’s fervent and eloquent peroration 
 the intentness of attention on the orator’s words was so 
 close that you might have heard a pin drop. The peo- 
 ple had come to listen, and they listened with all their 
 force. Swiftly and inexorably falls the thunderbolt of 
 outraged public opinion on the one man in all the throng 
 who thought fit to misconduct himself. He stood on a 
 chair in the background, and he interjected interruptions 
 of a character at first irrelevant and presently insolent. 
 He was tolerated the first time and the second time. The 
 third time he got a stern warning, which he disregarded, 
 with the consequence that two strong men caught him up 
 and simply threw him away outside the bounds. 
 
 ‘* To speak of England on such a day was a matter of 
 no little delicacy. It was not that there was any danger 
 she should be hardly spoken of. That, never very likely 
 from American lips, was less likely than ever just now. 
 But there was some fear lest in such a connection expres- 
 sions of good-will with England might have a certain tone 
 of gaucherie. The man with a memory of defeats finds it 
 not easy to smile under the patronizing compliments of 
 the man self-complacent in the memory of success. But 
 to-day afforded a fresh proof that a warm heart is the 
 truest guide to good taste. It was impossible that there 
 should be any arrzére pensée for the Englishmen who 
 listened to the hearty and unaffected expressions of loving 
 good-will for ‘Old Mother England,’ as Mr. Winthrop 
 phrased it, that came warm from the lips of every speaker 
 to be caught up and responded to by the audience with a 
 fervor that was clearly genuine as it was stentorian. 
 President Arthur gave the keynote at the very commence- 
 ment of the singularly graceful and tactful observations 
 in which he inaugurated the proceedings. The French 
 
 i Sean, 
 gttar 
 
56 THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 
 
 representatives spoke of England with no less genial con- 
 sideration, and the President’s order commanding that 
 the British flag should be saluted at the close of the cere- 
 monial was not less kindly in its spirit than it was tender 
 and beautiful in its wording. 
 cents that were fervent with emotion, it it was indorsed 
 by the audience with a storm of enthusiasm that told how 
 welcome it was to their sympathies. It is to be regretted 
 that no official British person was present to convey to 
 Queen Victoria some idea of the warmth evoked by the 
 President’s graceful compliments, and especially by the 
 mention of Her Majesty’s own name.” 
 
 Tue Nation’s Guests—After the 
 close of the Yorktown celebration the 
 French and German guests were féted 
 and honored with special greetings, 
 entertainments, and _ rejoicing, in 
 various parts of the country. Wash 
 ington, Philadelphia, New York with 
 its West Point and Niagara, Rhode 
 Island to express its special gratitude 
 to the descendants of the French who 
 so long defended their waters and 
 their territory, Boston for Massachu- 
 setts, and, particularly for the German 
 guests, the great West—all held out 
 welcoming hands. The guests trav- 
 eled about, and on every side were 
 the recipients of cordial demonstra- 
 ‘tions of welcome, which they seemed 
 to appreciate and enjoy. 
 
 The names of the French descend- 
 ants of Lafayette who were present 
 have been given above. In respect to 
 some of the other French officers who 
 were with Washington at Yorktown, a 
 word may be said. Descendants of 
 De Grasse are to be found in several 
 New. York families at the present 
 day. The Marquis de St. Simon 
 has no male descendants, and the 
 family De Barras has become extinct. 
 
 As to the Germans, the Steuben 
 family are military in their tastes. 
 Colonel Arndt von Steuben, of the 
 
 Read by Mr. Blaine in ac- © 
 
 Prussian army, the senior member of 
 the German delegation to the York- 
 town celebration, is a grand-nephew 
 of Baron von Steuben. The Colonel’s 
 three sons—all lieutenants—and his 
 three cousins composed the remainder 
 of the delegation. These all hold 
 commissions in the Prussian army, 
 and had leave from their Govern- 
 ment to attend the Yorktown Cen- 
 tennial. 
 
 The German guests were féted 
 more extensively than the French, be- 
 cause so many hundreds of thousands . 
 of Germans and their descendants are 
 now in the United States, so that an 
 unusual interest was felt by these cit- 
 izens to entertain the representatives 
 from their Fatherland. As soon as 
 the exercises at Yorktown were closed, 
 they commenced to fulfil the many 
 engagements they had made in ac- 
 cepting invitations from both Ger- 
 mans and Americans in the great 
 cities of the West. Their numerous 
 countrymen living in that portion of 
 the Union were specially urgent, and 
 the Von Steubens visited these cities 
 in turn, everywhere receiving the 
 most cordial hospitalities. They ex- 
 pressed themselves much gratified by 
 the reception they received, and their 
 Surprise at the progress and thrift of 
 their countrymen who have found a 
 home among us. When about to re- 
 turn home the younger members of 
 the delegation paid a formal visit of 
 respect to the grave of the Baron their 
 ancestor. A committee of citizens of 
 Utica received them at that city, and 
 courteously escorted them on a spe- 
 cial train to the grave. 
 
LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN 
 
 The closing one of these centennial 
 festivities in honor of the nation’s 
 guests was under the auspices of the 
 State Reception Committee, given in 
 the city of New York on the evening 
 of November 7th. All the foreign 
 guests were present, the Governor of 
 
 YA 
 
 the State, Mr. Cornell, and the com- 
 mittee doing the honors of the occa- 
 sion. Other officials, State and mu- 
 nicipal, were present, and also a large 
 number of ladies and prominent citi- 
 zens of the State and city. 
 
 LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN 
 
 To no one of the generous foreigners who aided our fathers in their strug- 
 gle for independence have the hearts of the American people gone out with - 
 ' so much affection as to Lafayette ; and Steuben holds the next place in their 
 
 grateful estimation. 
 
 For this reason there is a propriety in noticing some- 
 
 what at length their characters and the motives which dictated their actions, 
 lest we of this day forget what they did for our fathers in those days of trial. 
 
 LAFAYETTE. 
 
 Most of the other French officers who 
 fought for American liberty came either as 
 roving soldiers in search of adventure and 
 temporary employment, or because they 
 were sent and merely obeyed orders; but 
 the Marquis de Lafayette came of his own 
 accord, and from a deep love of liberty and 
 sympathy with the struggling patriots ; 
 and through his influence, more than that 
 of any other public man, was the French 
 Government induced to aid the cause. 
 He was far in advance of other intelligent 
 Frenchmen in his appreciation of the ele- 
 ments of true political liberty. The senti- 
 ment was to him at first more the outgrowth 
 of a generous and enthusiastic nature than 
 the result of abstract study. Human lib- 
 erty was not a theme treated of in the books 
 or speeches of that day in France; he 
 seems, therefore, not to have been aware 
 of the principles actuating the colonists, 
 nor indeed of the contest then going on in 
 America, till it was unexpectedly brought to 
 his notice at the Mentz dinner to the Eng- 
 
 lish Duke of Gloucester (as related above in 
 the extract from Mr. Winthrop’s oration). 
 The Duke seems to have gone into the sub- 
 ject fully, explaining the grounds upon which 
 the colonists had justified themselves in 
 resisting the enforcement of certain acts of 
 Parliament, and making note of the fact that 
 they had had the audacity to strive for lib- 
 erty as a people, and gone so far, some six 
 months before, as to proclaim themselves 
 independent of England, and even called 
 upon the governments of Europe to rec- 
 ognize them as an independent nation. - He 
 explained in what manner these rebels were 
 aiming at a wider range of self-government 
 than had ever been known to Englishmen. 
 The story apparently made little impres- 
 sion upon the other officers, but the young 
 and enthusiastic Lafayette exclaimed, ‘‘ Now 
 I see a chance for usefulness which I had 
 not anticipated. I have money; I will 
 purchase a ship, which will convey to 
 America myself, my companions, and the 
 freight for Congress.’’ Though happy in 
 his married relations, he did not hesitate 
 
58 LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN 
 
 to leave home and expose his life in this 
 cause, so new in the world’s history. The 
 struggle in many respects was unique, and 
 Lafayette was soon able to appreciate what 
 was at stake, and the motives of the Amer- 
 ican patriots; hjs wife meanwhile sympa- 
 thized with him in his enthusiasm. 
 
 The French Government, in spite of its 
 sympathies, was not then prepared to take 
 an open stand on this subject; the author- 
 ‘ities hoped that the rebellious colonists 
 would succeed in maintaining their pro- 
 claimed independence, and thus humble 
 and cripple the great rival of France ; for it 
 was only about fifteen years since the dream 
 of a French empire in North America had 
 vanished, when the lilies of France were 
 supplanted by the banner of St. George, and 
 all Canada was given to England by the 
 Treaty of Paris (1763). 
 matic relations made any overt aid very 
 difficult, and they seemed even to oppose 
 Lafayette’s private enterprise. He found 
 difficulty in eluding his own government (it 
 issued orders for his arrest) and in deceiv- 
 ing the spies of England, who swarmed in 
 Paris. But he purchased a ship, which Mr. 
 Silas Deane, United States Commissioner 
 to France, managed to have laden with 
 needed supplies for Washington’s army. 
 Lafayette stepped aboard, and was soon 
 under way, accompanied by eleven officers, 
 among whom the most prominent for mili- 
 tary skill was the veteran Baron de Kalb, 
 who afterward laid down his life at the battle 
 of Camden (August 16th, 1780). 
 
 Lafayette landed on the coast of South 
 Carolina at Winyaw Bay, at the mouth of 
 the’ Pedee' (June 14th, 1777); ‘then found 
 his.way to Charleston, and thence to Phil- 
 adelphia, where Congress was in session. 
 He had come as a volunteer from love of 
 
 the cause, and refused all pay; his whole 
 
 life afterward was consistent with that dis- 
 interested sentiment. His candor and zeal 
 won all hearts. Congress commissioned 
 him a major-general, but without special 
 
 But their diplo- . 
 
 command (July 31st, 1777), and he then 
 joined Washington, who received him into 
 his military family. The story of his mil- 
 itary life during the remaining four years 
 of the Revolution is familiar, or ought to 
 be, to every American. We cannot go into 
 detail in this brief monograph. 
 
 Lafayette, near the close of 1779, ran the 
 gauntlet of British cruisers, and visited 
 France. There he negotiated for arms and 
 military supplies and clothing for our sol- 
 diers. . For months he was active and in- 
 defatigable in his efforts—"' instant in sea- 
 son and out of season’’ — besieging the 
 French king, his ministers, and all who 
 were in authority to take a stand, openly 
 espouse the American cause, and send 
 reinforcements to the struggling revolu- 
 tionists. At last his persevering efforts 
 were. successful, and hastening back to 
 America he arrived in March the following 
 year with the cheering news that a land 
 force was to be sent from France, and also 
 a fleet, which was expected to sail soon. 
 Their coming and the story of their doings 
 are matters not to be further entered’ upon 
 here, but they found their consummation in 
 that glorious ending of the war, the surren- 
 der of Cornwallis. 
 
 After that event, as there were no active 
 operations, nor likely to be, Lafayette for 
 the second time visited France and his fam- 
 ily. During this visit he was unwearied in 
 his efforts to promote the interests of the 
 United States. One year after the conclu- 
 sion of peace between England and her 
 lately rebellious colonies (1784), he returned 
 to America, “‘ once more,’’ as he termed it," 
 ““ to see his father’’—for thus he was wont 
 to speak of Washington. During this stay 
 he traveled somewhat through the country. 
 
 Five years afterward (1789) the French 
 Revolution burst upon Europe; this was 
 about three months after Washington’s first 
 inauguration as President of the United 
 States. Lafayette of course favored the 
 liberal cause. The people of Paris rose in 
 
LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN 59 
 
 their majesty and razed to its foundation 
 the Bastile, in whose dungeons the French 
 king was accustomed to immure political 
 prisoners and keep them for years without 
 redress. The key of the Bastile was handed 
 to Lafayette, who sent it to Washington, 
 dnd to-day it is among the relics at Mount 
 Vernon. Lafayette’s history during these 
 days of terror and of war is full of romance. 
 After a time the people of Paris, suspicious 
 of those who would not countenance their 
 excesses, forced him, their best friend, to 
 flee for his life. Intending to come to the 
 United States, he passed over into Luxem- 
 bourg, which was neutral territory, and 
 there he was seized, contrary to the laws of 
 nations, by an Austrian force, and handed 
 over to the King of Prussia, who confined 
 him in prison for a year ; then he was deliv- 
 ered to the Austrian Government, which 
 held him a prisoner for four years longer 
 in the dungeons of Olmutz. While he was 
 thus incarcerated, a bold but unsuccessful 
 attempt was made to release him by Fran- 
 cis K. Huger, a young man of South Caro- 
 lina whose father was the first to welcome 
 Lafayette at Charleston in 1777. When 
 Bonaparte came into power he demanded 
 from the Austrian Government, and ob- 
 tained, by the treaty of Campo Formio 
 (1797), the release of the distinguished pris- 
 oner. Lafayette never failed to aid his 
 country,to the best of his ability, but after 
 his release he was powerless for her good 
 during seventeen years ; then he was elected 
 and served as a member of the Assembly 
 that voted for the downfall of the empire 
 under Napoleon (1814). Afterward, at dif- 
 ferent times, he served in the Chamber of 
 Deputies for nine years, and was always the 
 friend of progress and of the people. 
 
 Just forty years after his visiting the 
 ‘country to see Washington, he returned to 
 the United States, the guest of the nation, 
 landing in New York August 15th, 1824. 
 He had been invited unanimously by a vote 
 of Congress ; however, he declined to come 
 
 in the national vessel proffered him, but took 
 passage on board a merchant ship. He was 
 accompanied by his son, George Washington 
 Lafayette, who when a youth spent three 
 years at Mount Vernon, the guest of his 
 godfather Washington. Lafayette’s recep- 
 tion was most cordial. No Roman consul’s 
 triumph, however magnificeht, compared 
 with the ovation which the now venerable 
 benefactor of this country received from 
 the people. How many public men have 
 died vainly hoping to beremembered! Yet 
 here, more than a generation had passed, 
 and it fell to the lot of Lafayette to receive ~ 
 in person expressions of gratitude offered 
 by a second generation. He had the best 
 evidence that he was remembered by pos- 
 terity. 
 
 The spontaneous outburst of a nation’s 
 affection that manifested itself was truly 
 marvelous. His name and what he had 
 done had been handed down by tradition, 
 and his memory was cherished in every 
 household. The authorities of each State, 
 with committees of its prominent citizens 
 meeting him at their own boundary, escorted 
 him to the adjoining one, to be received in 
 a manner equally imposing ; so that his tour 
 through the States was one continual pro- 
 cession ; sometimes the cavalcade was nearly 
 half a mile long. The writer, then a boy, 
 well remembers being taken by his father a 
 drive of several miles to see the passing of 
 Lafayette. It must be borne in mind that 
 in that day we had no railways, and travel- 
 ing was performed on horseback or in car- 
 riages ; the public conveyances were lum- 
 bering coaches, to accommodate the com- 
 paratively few who traveled for business, 
 and for pleasure scarcely any. The days 
 were named in advance on which Lafayette 
 would be at certain points, and there the 
 people would assemble from the country 
 round about; volunteer companies often 
 came fifteen or twenty miles to give hima 
 military salute ; within the States nearly 
 all the gentlemen, especially along the route, 
 
60 
 
 turned out on horseback to accompany him 
 through their respective counties, while the 
 State authorities and committee went with 
 him to the boundary. ‘This demonstration 
 was far more imposing than if he had been 
 borne through the land ona railway train of 
 the present time, for, in consequence of the 
 slower progress, a far greater number had 
 the privilege of paying him their respects. 
 Lafayette, his son, and one or two of the 
 committee, rode in a carriage beautifully 
 decorated, and drawn by six horses richly 
 caparisoned. 
 
 While here on this his last visit Lafayette 
 laid the corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monu- 
 ment; visited the battle-field of Yorktown 
 and the tomb of Washington; then the 
 aged patriot and philanthropist turned 
 toward home, when the President of the 
 United States — John Quincy Adams — 
 ordered a new frigate, about to sail on her 
 first voyage, to convey him to France 
 (1825). The President named the frigate 
 Brandywine—a delicate compliment, as on 
 the banks of that little stream Lafayette 
 had been wounded in the service of the 
 people who loved him so well. 
 
 Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert 
 du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, was de- 
 scended from a noble family, tracing its an- 
 cestry back to the fourteenth century. He 
 was born on September 6th, 1757, at Chava- 
 niac, Auvergne. Hehad three children— 
 two daughters and a son. The younger 
 daughter was named Virginie, in memory 
 of that American State in which he was for 
 atime in military command; and the son, 
 George Washington. Thelatter’s son, Ed- 
 mond, is now the only descendant in the male 
 line to represent the family ; he is unmarried, 
 and about sixty-four years of age. M. Ed- 
 mond was invited to attend the centennial 
 celebration at Yorktown, but for private 
 reasons was unable to accept the invita- 
 tion. He is Senator of Haute-Loire and 
 President of the Council-General of that de- 
 partment. 
 
 LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN 
 
 VON STEUBEN. 
 
 With the exception of Lafayette, no one of 
 those who aided our fathers in the Revolution 
 did personally as much service as the Baron 
 von Steuben. When he arrived at Valley 
 Forge in the winter of 1777-8, the American 
 army was in a sad condition in many re- 
 spects. At that time the soldiers had not 
 been scientifically drilled or disciplined. The 
 Baron introduced the system of drill used by 
 Frederick the Great, which, as far as he 
 was able, he taught the American soldiers. — 
 
 According to Kapp, in his life of Steuben, 
 the latter was induced to come to America 
 by the French Government. He was in 
 Paris on leave from the Prussian army, and 
 thought of paying a visit to England, when 
 he was sent for by Count St. Germain, the 
 Minister of War, who proposed that the 
 Baron should go to the United States. The 
 Count explained the great defects of military 
 discipline and scientific knowledge of the 
 subject in the American army, and some 
 remedy for these defects St. Germain deem- 
 ed very important to the cause of the colo- 
 nies, reminding the Baron that here was 
 a field of great. usefulness and of glory 
 for any one who could accomplish the de- 
 sired result of disciplining the American 
 army. Steuben, after much persuasion, 
 agreed to enter upon the cause, but only as 
 a volunteer, for he had heard, and St. Ger- 
 main confirmed the report, that the Ameri- 
 can officers disliked to serve under inefficient 
 foreigners placed in positions of responsi- 
 
 _bility.. St. Germain stated, in effect, that 
 
 many of the European officers in the Ameri- 
 can service were incompetent, and that they 
 only wanted promotion and pay, and there- 
 fore this prejudice had not grown up with- 
 out reason. Mr. Silas Deane, who was then 
 in France as Commissioner for the United 
 States, seems to have sent over nearly all 
 the officers that applied to him, without 
 reference to their qualifications. The French 
 Government virtually made itself responsible 
 for the Baron’s traveling and other ex- 
 
LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN 
 
 penses. Under these circumstances he was 
 induced to come, and when he had once en- 
 tered upon his duties he was untiring in 
 their performance to the close of the war. 
 His position was that of Inspector-General, 
 with the rank of major-general, according 
 to the assignment of Washington himself, 
 who accepted his services with marked cor- 
 diality. The value of his services was ad- 
 mirably set forth in Secretary Blaine’s letter 
 of invitation to Steuben's family represent- 
 atives to attend the Yorktown celebration : 
 
 ‘* A detailed history of his military career in 
 America would form an epitome of the Revo- 
 lutionary struggle. He had served in the Seven 
 Years’ War on the staff of the great Frederick, 
 and had acquired in the campaigns of that mas- 
 ter of military science the skill and the experi- 
 ence so much needed by the untrained soldiers 
 of the Continental Army. The drill and dis- 
 cipline and effective organization, which under 
 the commanding patronage of Washington 
 were at once imparted to the American Army 
 by the zeal and diligence of Steuben, trans- 
 formed the volunteers and raw levies into vet- 
 erans who successfully met the British regulars 
 in all the campaigns of the prolonged struggle. 
 The final surrender of the British army under 
 Lord Cornwallis occurred at Yorktown, Va., 
 on the 19th day of October, 1781. Baron Steu- 
 ben bore a most conspicuous part in the ardu- 
 ous campaign which ended so auspiciously for 
 the Continental Army, and it fell to his lot to 
 ‘receive the first official notification of the pro- 
 posed capitulation, and to bear it to the illus- 
 trious commander-in-chief.’’ 
 
 At the conclusion of peace and the dis- 
 bandment of the army, Baron von Steuben 
 cast in his lot with the American people,mak- 
 ing his home in the Stateof New York. He 
 planned the fortifications for New York 
 City, in consideration of which service the 
 State presented him, in 1786, with 16,000 
 acres of forest land in Oneida County, 
 known to-day as Steuben township ; this 
 district lies a score or more miles north of 
 the city of Utica. He took an ardent in- 
 terest in the welfare of his adopted country, 
 
 e 
 
 61 
 
 and is said to have been the first to suggest 
 the establishment of a military academy. 
 He was equally an advocate of general ed- 
 ucation, and as such was one of the origi- 
 nators of Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y. 
 
 Baron von Steuben retired from the city 
 in 1789, and built alog cabin upon. his land. 
 He was unmarried, and left no descendants. 
 With a few male servants he lived.at his 
 home in a comparative wilderness till his 
 death, which occurred November 28th, 1794. 
 A short time before that event he himself 
 marked out a favorite spot in the midst of 
 the primitive forest, where he directed in his 
 will that his remains should be buried, and 
 in the same instrument he forbade the forest 
 immediately around his grave ever being re- 
 moved. His wishes were complied with, 
 and there he lay in that lonely place, almost 
 forgotten, for more than three fourths of .a 
 
 ‘century. Meanwhile thousands upon thou- 
 
 sands of his countrymen had made this land 
 their home, and, as if by association with 
 them, the Baron’s memory was revived in 
 the place of his death, and Americans and 
 Germans joined heartily in doing him honor ; 
 so that now a fine granite monument marks 
 the spot where he lies, amid the clump of 
 trees which thus far have been sacredly 
 preserved. The corner-stone of the monu- 
 ment was laid (1870) with appropriate cere- 
 monies, while addresses were made doing 
 ample justice to the virtues of the hero. 
 The Baron has been remembered in many 
 instances, his name having been given to 
 counties and towns. The most important 
 of the latter is Steubenville, on the Ohio, a 
 village that has been for nearly half a cen- 
 tury the foremost in that part of the country 
 in promoting the education of young women. 
 
 It will be an appropriate close of this brief 
 memorial of men and events so important in 
 their relations to American history, to quote 
 a portion of the last official letter written 
 by General Washington as Commander-in- 
 chief of the army. It was written under 
 date of Annapolis, Dec. 23, 1783, and ad- 
 
62 LAFAYETTE AND STEUBEN 
 
 dressed to the Baron von Steuben. It was 
 honorable alike to its worthy recipient ‘and to 
 the great-souled chief, who, himself the main 
 source of success in the struggle for freedom, 
 was forward to acknowledge the debt he 
 owed to his efficient lieutenants and com- 
 panions-in-arms : 
 
 ‘‘ My DEAR Baron: Although I have taken 
 frequent opportunities, both in public and in 
 private, of acknowledging your great zeal, at- 
 tention, and abilities, in performing the duties 
 of your office, yet I wish to make use of this 
 
 last moment of my public life to signify, in the 
 strongest terms, my entire approbation of your 
 conduct, and to express my sense of the obliga- 
 tions the public is under to you, for your faith- 
 ful and meritorious services. This is the 
 last letter I shall write while I continue in the 
 service of my country. The hour of my resig- 
 nation is fixed at twelve to-day, after which I 
 shall become a private citizen on the banks of 
 the Potomac, where I shall be glad to em- 
 brace you and testify the great esteem and con- 
 sideration with which I am, my dear Baron, etc. 
 
 ‘*GEORGE WASHINGION,”’ 
 
Wie a 
 ae ave!" 
 Bie 
 . 
 he chal 
 
(ay” Below are given some critical opinions concerning Prof. Patton's United States History. 
 
 On the 4th page of cover the peculiar features of the book are set forth. 
 
 PACE LON:S 
 Concise History of the American People, 
 
 . cording. 
 
 *His WoRK MUST BE GIVEN THE HIGHEST PLACE AMONG SHORT HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES.”—Christian Union. 
 
 Comprehensive & Compact. 
 
 “This book is a marvel of con- 
 ciseness. From preface to index, 
 everything in the volume speaks of 
 systematic and laborious concentra- 
 tration. The facts of American his- 
 tory have been subjected, seemingly, 
 to some rare power of condensation, 
 and, as here presented, are truly a 
 sort of double extract of history. It 
 is brevity itself. All that is needed is 
 to be found in it and nothing super- 
 fiuous has been admitted. That 
 which meets the reader’s eye is the 
 sum of the whole matter.”—Boston 
 Post. 
 
 “An admirable condensation of 
 the leading events of American his- 
 tory. In one volume we have a 
 concise recapitulation of every prom- 
 inent occurrence which deserves re- 
 Important facts are not 
 lightly passed over, but abridgment 
 has been the author’s aim, and he 
 has succeeded we'l in writing a suffi- 
 ciently comprehensive review of our 
 country’s history. His style is ani- 
 mated and chaste.”—Boston Satur- 
 day Evening Gazette. 
 
 “A very satisfactory account of 
 the history of the country from its 
 first discovery ; not so full as to be 
 unmanageable from its numerous de- 
 tails, nor so short as to be merely a 
 dry detail of facts and dates.”— 
 Cleveland Herald. 
 
 “Our wonder is that so much of 
 American history could be comprised 
 in one octavo vclume; at the same 
 time, it is very graphically written, 
 in a clear unostentatious style ; our 
 frequent use of it convinces us of its 
 great accuracy.”—JV. Y. Odserver. 
 
 “The style is clear and simple, and 
 the author does not fail to be com- 
 prehensive and thorough in the 
 attempt to be succinct. Ii is an ex- 
 cellent history by which to form the 
 minds of youth to an intelligent ap- 
 preciation of liberty and an enlight- 
 ened patriotism.”—V.Y. IJndepen- 
 dent. 
 
 FORDS, HOWARD, & 
 
 ope 
 
 Of High Moral Worth. 
 
 “He takes more distinct cogni- 
 zance than is usual of the religious 
 opinions and ecclesiastical move- 
 ments which have always been a 
 
 most important and influential ele- - 
 
 ment in moulding the character and 
 directing the activity of the various 
 sestions and classes of the American 
 people.”—North American Review. 
 
 “The religious and Christian ele- 
 ments are more emphasized than in 
 many popular compends. The pro- 
 portion of the parts, too, is well 
 maintained. So far as we have ex- 
 amined, it seems to us to be a val- 
 uable work, and one which fills a 
 place hitherto left vacant.” —A meri- 
 can Theolcgical Review. 
 
 “The man’s heart is in his work, 
 and he has put his Christianity in it 
 as well, and these merits, combined 
 with its accuracy and succinctness, 
 will render this volume acceptable 
 to every student worthy of the 
 name.”— Toronto Globe. 
 
 Best of Its Kind. 
 
 * The work has received full com- 
 mendation from eminent scholars 
 and from the press, It is a work of 
 merit, adapted to the families of 
 America. ... . Narrative, descrip- 
 tion, biography and philosophy play 
 their several parts, while the great 
 features of history, political, religious 
 and educational, stand out with in- 
 viting distinctness.” —Vashville Ban- 
 ner of Peace. 
 
 Mr. Patton’s style is deserv- 
 ing of unqualified praise. It is pure, 
 simple, strong, free from mannerism, 
 and singularly easy and graceful. 
 
 We anticipate for the work a cordial 
 
 reception and extensive popularity 
 among those who know how to prize 
 the best books.”—North American 
 Review. 
 
 “As a convenient family history, 
 portable and easy of reference, Mr. 
 Patton’s work cannot fail to fall into 
 very general use.”—/V. Y. Herald. 
 
 “This history will be preferable 
 to any one yet published of our 
 country.”—Detroit Advertiser. 
 
 HULBERT, Publishers, 
 
 # 
 
 27 Park Place, New York. 
 GOOD AGENTS WANTED. | . 
 
 PIO “UDYSIAYI—, “CAHSITANd YAAA LSA AYAA AHL JO ANO SI ANOLSIP] SIH {UV IOHOS V SI NOLLVG ‘YW,, 
 
 “ Deserves high praise for compressing so much into so small a compass without omitting 
 the details that enliven and the colors that allure.’’—Puiapvetpuia NortH AMERICAN. 
 
A CONCISE HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 | AMERICAN PEOP 
 
 By JAcos Harris Patron, A.M. 
 Lllustrated with Portratts, Charts, Maps, etc., containing Marg inal Dates, 
 
 THE 
 
 References, and a ae A seeds as Lidex os: 
 
 Prof. Patton’s History of the Aelia People differs from ot 
 tories in some important particulars, the chief one being well set forth 
 Joun AusTIN STEVENS, Editor of the AZagazine of American ee a in a 
 
 of the work. He says: 
 
 ** The purpose of this admirable volume, which 1s too well 
 known to need any extended comment, is to hold a middle 
 line between the elaborate histories and the school com- 
 pends; and to trace the direct influences which have 
 molded the character and the institutions, moral and polit- 
 ical, of the Nation. Taking the facts as he found them 
 related by the best authorities, Mr. Patton has drawn from 
 them the lesson he seeks to convey. In a word, the plan is 
 that which was later adopted by John Richard Green in 
 his History, of the English People. 
 
 ** We invite special - attention to chapter XXIV., on the 
 characteristics of the colonists, as an excellent example of 
 this method of historical presentation. In a few pages 
 the moral ani religious traits which were the peculiar fiber 
 
 The special aims and characteristics of the work ny be summa 
 
 follows: 
 
 1. To present facts and conclusions without argument, relating ot 
 
 es, 
 
 of our revolutionary ancestors are proughe 
 and their influence upon the movement of t 
 shown, 
 
 ‘The chapters which treat of the late civ 
 the commendation they have received for 
 and impartiality. They bear the stamp of a ee 
 min ae 
 Here again in chapter LVII. we find a no 
 fluences which molded the characteristics of the 
 people North and South. _He who would unders 
 rapid revolution in national thought, now assimilat ng 
 irresistible force into a homogeneous whole the hithert 
 cordant elements. ofa common eonney “must ta 
 these catisesai’ 556 
 
 events, and their causes, as led to influential results. (The work te HOAY ever, “ 
 esting facts not to be found in more cxtended histories.) 3 ; ; 
 2. To do this concisely and tersely, but with sufficient fullness 
 interesting flow of narrative, and enable readers tu form just conceptions of the story as a whe 
 - insuring completeness by occasional informal summaries of less important but connecting v 
 3. To deduce from this a philosophy of causes which have made the An 
 people what they are; drawing careful pictures of the inner life and characteristics of the C 
 and the: people of the States, at different stages of development, with a concluding summa 
 striking results of six generations of the differing systems of Education as shown in the Cc 
 1860, culminating in the great Civil War. : » 
 4. ‘The War and its battles and consequences are treated with singular impartia t 
 clearness, much praise having been awarded the book on that account. 
 5. Industrial, Commercial, Political, and Moral developments 
 marked. and ample notice, a special (eens being the Author's conscientious tracing o 
 ence of the Bible, and the Christian religion in its opcaee: lines, on the character and cond 
 general growth of the people. Sets 
 G. Special facilities for Reference are found in the continuous Marginal 
 Cross-References from one part oe work to another, interesting siatietiea) Tables, an 
 full Analytical Index. 
 
 sae | 
 
 *,.* Sold by Subscription only. See inside Cover Page for endorsements of th 
 
 Send for circular, prices, etc., to 
 
 FORDS, HOWARD, & HULBERT, Fou ES 
 
 27 eps PLACE, NEW YORK.