iemancsuties OOF | e of heodore Roosevelt Charles J. Finger "y 7 - Dom nies hie pl a Se ANE Boor F APEUE ST BRASS F a HALDEMAN-JULIUS COMPANY GIRARD, KANSAS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERIC.’ Copyright, 1924, : Ualdeman-Julius Company. | Ls LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT THEQDORE ROOSEVELT. ) LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT THE APPRENTICE There is a kind of misty enchantment about the figure of Theodore Roosevelt, due, in part, to the incense burned at his feet by worship- pers, and in part to a light smoke-screen that he made to hide his own operations when enemies threatened to hinder or circumvent him. The man himself is hard to see in clear- cut outline and in proper proportions and he, looms now gigantic, now diminutive, as you view him from this or that man’s standpoint. For this one would idealize him to the point of sanctification, that one would belittle him until he became the creature of the cartoonist, a kind of platitudinous Boanerges. Whereas he is neither to be worshipped nor hated, but rather to be considered as a man who learned the act of controlling men and pushing his own destinies, who lived in a time pregnant with grave problems, a kind of happy warrior, not always too scrupulous, and certainly giving no attentive ear to the aesthetic appeal. So to work. Theodore Roosevelt was born in the year 1858, on October 27th, at 28 Hast Twentieth Street, New York, and it was full forty years before he stepped into the vivid lhmelight, sharing it with no supers, and became the target for journalists, perhaps with his own connivance and consent. Or to be exact, he 6 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT © largely occupied the headlines, and the incense burners busied themselvés when he resigned | as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to take _ office as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Roush | Riders, although before that he was by no. means a retiring kind of man. Still, from 1898 — im { ’ : until his death on January 6th, 1919, he was a national figure and when he died, when the — evening papers gave the news to the world, — those who had been his friends and those who — had been his foes could hardly control their — emotion. For there had been a sense of cont tact with him somehow, a sort of seine and the sensation that possessed us when we knew that he had died, was a little like the feeling that possesses us when a bright light — is suddenly dimmed in a grubby, prosaic world. For we had not known, had not realized that he was so near death. The news DUE Ove kept that from us for some inscrutable reason. So in Cleveland, where I was at the time, when . the newsboys opened the bundles of papers that had been thrown down by a speeding care rier, and when they displayed the great head- line, ROOSEVELT DEAD, men jumped from | moving cars to get information, talked to one_ another excitedly as if some great Ee had fallen on the world, gathered in knots and © compared notes, and he. who could say that he had seen the national hero was for thes) moment. the center of attraction. He had stood forth prominently, I said, oe fore the retirement from the Navy, that is, be- fore the Rough Rider affair. He had held office and was an efficient public man, serving in many different capacities, but the national : j LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT q attention had not been focussed upon him. For having once conquered a kind of nervous- ness from which he suffered, he was by no means retiring. ‘“I put myself in the way of things happening; and they happened,” he said of himself. (That nervousness was the result of early weakness, for he suffered from asthma when a child, and was short-sighted, and disinclined .for rough sports, but presently he overcame all that and in his life’s meridian stood sturdy and stocky, though at the end he failed rapidly and as if, somehow, he had succeeded in gath- ering up all his forces into the compass of a few active years.: So he was just a normal kind of lad with a’*bent to natural history, fond of reading, fond of collecting things. Of that last much has been made by the hero worship- pers and good paper has been spoiled telling about the Roosevelt Museum in the nursery. But few and unhappy are the boys that have not had some kind of collecting mania, either bird’s eggs, or coins, or postage stamps, or arrow heads, so that’s no reason to dwell on that. Given opportunity and means, and every boy will be obsessed with the mania of owning things, and the Roosevelt people had the means. Then came travel in Europe, rather luxuriously, for Roosevelt never knew sordid want or hunger—roughing it in camps, yes, but that is another matter altogether. So at last we imagine the youth with side whiskers and something of a drawl, with hands that never knew hard toil, a Harvard student, teaching Sunday school, full of the idea that his country stood on the heights. and that the mission of 8 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT “America was to carry light to the world, and at last graduating in the year 1880. Then, on October of the same year he married Alice | : Hathaway Lee, who became the mother of Mrs. Longworth, and, two years later, his first \ book was published, “The Naval War of 1812.” — Then he engaged in politics. And naturally, because the air throbbed with political excite- ment. The memory of boss Tweed was in the minds of men, freshened up somewhat because — of the death of Tweed in jail, recently; the — Tweed of the Tammany ring who had been. convicted of embezzlement and sentenced to twelve years imprisonment; the same Tweed — who being on parole had made his escape and had been re-arrested at Vigo in September, 1876; the same Tweed who had disclosed the system of the Tammany frauds and so incrimi- nated many persons. Then there was O’Kelley, boss of New York, fast hastening to his tatt. Nationally considered, things were strangely simple then as compared to conditions today We rub our eyes with amaze when we read — that in 1879 the country had the largest grain crop for many years; that the public debt was only $2,027,202,542 in 1879 and by October of 1880 had been reduced to $1,912,594,813. And ¥ it reads strangely now, that note of- General Garfield’s written as a statement of his policy, | that “We legislate for the people of the United — States and not for the whole world,” (July 12, 1880). Well within the memory of middle ag ged 2 men, are those days, and yet there were no radios, no automobiles, no airplanes, no gen-. eral use of telephones, nor of electric light; no — statue of ae no obelisk at Mine uae te LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 9 and the chief worry that occupied the minds of men seems to have been a fear that the Chinese would overrun the country and seize the reins of government, while the ‘‘red” terror -was nowhere, if we except the Knights of Labor and the purely philosophical anarchists in Bos- ton with. the erudite Benjamin R. Tucker as their spokesman, and Keep in mind Henry George and his single-taxers who loomed very terrible in the eyes of land monopolists. So Theodore Roosevelt became a member of the New York State Assembly in the interest of the Republican party and served from 1882- 1884. It was a time when he stood inviting Fate, or, as he expressed it, when he put him- self “in the way of things happening and they happened.” “I worked on a very simple phi- losophy of government,” he tells us, ‘‘the phi- losophy that personal character and initiative are the prime requisites in political and social life.” - Certainly, something of the spirit that ani- mated Edmund Burke must have been his then, something of the spirit that made the English statesman, in his earlier years, write down his belief that for every absurdity: in religion that men showed him, he would disclose an hundred in political laws and institutions. And Theo- dore Roosevelt fought a fight for clean poli- tics and freedom from bosses, from ward heel- ers and public grafters; fought to prevent the nomination of James G. Blaine; fought against conditions which made it possible for ill venti- lated and foul rooms in tenement houses to be used as cigar making workshops. We pass swiftly over unimportant matters 10 LIFE OF THRODORE ROOSEVELT — such as the ranching life in ‘South Dakota. 4 There were two periods of that, the period | ing i 1883, and the period between 1884-1886, but an altogether unwarranted glow of romance. has been shed by hero worshippers. For in’ wild lands and in sparsely peopled places there -is not necessarily wild adventure and outlawry A little, yes. On the whole, Charles Darwin’ Ss remark hits the case very well. You will find the passage in chapter xxi of “The Voyage of the Beagle,” wherein he writes, referring to. travel in out-of-the-way places, that the would- be wanderer “may feel assured that he will meet with no difficulties or dangers excepting in rare cases, nearly so bad as he beforehand | anticipates,’—-an eminently sane opinion. Dan- ger exists nowhere as it does in the mean. streets of cities. | Skipping the story of his won on the Re- i publican convention which can interest only those who are interested in partisan politics, we come to 1886, and Roosevelt’s first big ex- citement when Abram S. Hewitt, son in law of Peter Cooper, the philanthropist, was can- didate tor Mayor of New York and the Repub- lican party nominated Roosevelt. It was a three-cornered fight with Henry *George run- ning on an independent ticket and there was considerable acrimony displayed, with the Re- publicans denouncing both Hewitt and George, and the Democrats declaring that a vote for Roosevelt was a vote for George. George, meanwhile, was vigorously and unjustly de- nounced as a “red” and Hewitt helped things along, indicating his belief that George and Roosevelt were hand in hand and that George LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT i was supported by “all the anarchists, nihilists, communists and socialists in the community.” Then came the day and the final official can- vass showed: “ak 35 7g oy pln, 2 Moe ingens AAR Da a aS 90,552 RECN T ED hin Rete Ne BUR po Ce ie eWay 68,110 PE OUSEV Clb cake wu secs nactdes adits oak 60,435 Then came Roosevelt’s marriage with Edith Kermit Carow, December 2nd, 1886, his first wife having died two years before, on February 14th, 1884, and following his marriage there were three years of literary activity, at the end of which he became United States Civil Service Commissioner (1889-1895) and then (1895- 1897) President of the Police Commission of the City of New York. . It would be easy to fill page after page with interesting but non-essential matter regarding the things that he did and said during his in- - cumbency of these offices, but after all, taking it all in all he did no more than any one of ten thousand equally good men might have done and should have done. Why praise a man for doing well that which he is paid ‘to do? What does count, and what seems to have been overlooked by his biographers is that the man was rapidly developing into an executive, “that he was tasting the wine of success, that he had an eye for further power and taller pinnacles of fame. And what concerns us most of all is that he was learning. what it means to have the stranglehold, to have the power to hire and fire, the power to reward and punish. Greatest of all is the fact that he was learning the secret known only to those who have held 12 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT positions of high place, the secret that the vast majority of men are quite willing, even eager, to efface themselves to contribute to the.glory © of those above them if it becomes their tem- porary self interest so to do. He was learning — that the man in power becomes more powerful because the majority of men are sycophantic to nauseousness in their conduct towards those — from whom favors are to be expected. He was > learning that the man in power always lives, and moves and has his being in an atmosphere | of vast deference and that there is only the difference that is outward between the forms — of flattery with which our own people render — obeisance to the man in power, and those with | which the ofientals give their salaams to lofty potentates. And certainly he was learning to — bring things to a focus, to concentrate in such way as to understand issues and direct men. — He was also learning to decide—and on that much hangs. For quick decision removes doubt in those who stand about the throne. Right or wrong though the decision be, there is the val- uable appearance of effectiveness, which counts for much, very much indeed. — So what with one thing and another, Theo- dore Roosevelt began to loom large in the pub- | lic eye and he became a target in a way. He ’ worked with ferocious energy, for he had fos- tered that alertness and industry common to > all successful executives. He was as fond of hard work, had as great a capacity for taking pains as that madman of the North, Charles XII, or as John Wesley, or as Charlemagne, or as Napoleon. In ease he was as restless as Alexander or Henry IV of France. As evidence i LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSLVELT 15 of that industry and methodical working, mark the titles of the books written up to the time we are dealing with: 1882 The Naval War of 1812. 1885 Hunting Trips of a Ranchman. 1887 Life of Thomas Hart Benton. 1888 Life of Gouverneur Morris. 1888 Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail. 1888 Essays in Practical Politics. 1889 Winning of the West. 1891 History of New York. 1895 The Wilderness Hunter. 1895 Hero Tales from American History. 1897 American Ideals. fips 14 LIFE Ol THEODORE ROOSEVELT THE EXECUTIVE _ The apprenticeship then may be said to be completed and somehow he became the target of journalists. Of course, every President be- | comes the target for the journalist, and the. reading public, ever agape for a new sensation, is regaled with tales of the personal idiosyn- — cracies of the chief officer, and his likes and dislikes, the manner in which he stands and — sits and walks and talks, an account of what he eats and drinks, and the narrow escape from death he has in his goings and comings. For of all people, your American is supposed, by the purveyors of news, to be a hero wor- shipper. Those who sit in the seats of the mighty in the newspaper world are, to be sure, lavish in that praise to the face which is open disgrace, but to judge by the matter flung in the face of their readers, they hold the intelli- gence of their patrons in low esteem. If it were otherwise, how account for the low tone of contemporary journalism? How account for the preposterous notions given publicity in the editorials? How account for the incredible inanities everywhere in the public press, the — statements made today and denied tomorrow, the emasculation of news, the propaganda, the ; - pernicious lies thrust on a confident public? But of all the Presidents, Theodore Roose- velt somehow became the mark of the journal- ists, so much so indeed as almost to become a legendary personage like King Arthur, or : Jack the Giant Killer, or Robin Hood. I have — known men living in foreign co. who had _ LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 15 gained so distorted an idea, that they could hardly be dissuaded from the notion that Theo- _dore Roosevelt went about with a club. I have heard others, Americans, tell strange tales of the riding of a spirited horse into the White House—of cross country hikes with fat army officers who were led by circuitous routes to little rivers on cold days, across which Roose- velt walked, waist deep, the officers following, to find, on the further side, a warm carriage waiting for T. R. into which he went, laughing at the wet and bedraggled victims of his sport —and so on, stories wild, improbable. For a figure was built up, as it were, built up to resemble a giant physically, intellectually, morally. The most incredible inanities and the most preposterous notions were written around him or attributed to him until he seemed from one viewpoint a monster of du- plicity full of strange notions and delusions and eccentricities, and, from another viewpoint a being all compounded of virtues and shining heroisms. So the truth was almost lost sight of that he was an ordinary man with some extraordinary qualities, a man of great energy and large ambition and acquired executive ability, one who lived a clean life, who was furious in his prejudices and whose reach was more than his grasp. But to present a mere man was distasteful to the journalists, and more distasteful to those employing them. So, commencing with the Rough Rider incident, the newspapermen began to endow him with strange attributes, wierd attributes, attributes enough to gratify any reasonable ambition, greatly to the benefit of the subscription and » 16 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT advertising accounts of the newspaper owners. | So there were mudslingers and whitewashers, gilders and destroyers, those who saw, or seemed to see in the man something akin to omniscience, and those who found in his every — act a triumph of ineptitude over ability. One day the Roosevelt star seemed in the ascendant and the day following, rapidly decadent. He was praised to the skies as the equal or the — superior of Darius or of Caesar, then in an- other damned and bestuck with the most eX: traordinary accusations. For instance, there is the tale of Kettle i or the Roosevelt share in the Cuban campaign. Today it is almost forgotten that it was due‘to that pernicious sensationalism of the modern journalist that the United States took part in Cuban affairs, but it is nevertheless true. To. briefly recapitulate, in February, of 1898, a pri- vate and personal letter written by de Lome, Spanish ambassador at Washington, was stolen from the mails and got into the hands of Wil- liam Randolph Hearst, who published it. The letter expressed mild contempt for the Presi- dent of the United States, but after all it was a private opinion. The breach of courtesy in the Hearst action was not seriously considered, — strangely enough. However, the ambassador was recalled and a breach was made. In the same month the battleship Maine was sent to Havana and there was blown up and.two offi- cers and two hundred and fifty-eight men went to their death. The cause of the disaster is still matter for argument {In similar manner the Dottrell met her doom in Magellan straits, and similarly other war vessels have met a LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 17 disaster. However, the cry arose of “Remem- ber the Maine” and the country went wild, so there was war. Taking the Beard ‘History of the United States” as guide, we find the salient events of the campaign thus set down: May ist, 1898. Dewey at Manila Bay destroyed he Spanish fleet. July 8rd. Cervera’s fleet destroyed: by Schley. July 17th. Santiago shelled and invested by Shafter. _July 25th. General Miles landed in Porto Rico. August 13th. General Merritt and Admiral Yewey carried Manila by storm and the war was ver. (see page 492 “History of the United States” — by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard. Mac- . Millan Company, 1921) Nor is there mention of the name of Theodore Roosevelt in this con- nection except for that in the 17-19th lines, “The navy, as a result in no small measure of the alertness of Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Department, was ready for the trial by battle.” But mark this. Go about, talk with men. who were in their prime in 1898 and hear their story of the Cuban war. You will find small mention of the names of Miles, or Dewey, or Schley, or Shafter. Those figures have some- how become dim and indistinct. But you will find much, very much told of Roosevelt and San Juan hill—so much indeed that it will seem that the whole war with Spain centered about Theodore Roosevelt, his Rough Riders and San Juan, the which is passed over with- out mention by the historian quoted. Or mark that piece of propaganda and hero worship put © 18 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT ~ out by some film company and shown broad- cast over the country—the film purporting to be the pictorial life of Roosevelt. What do you . find? San Juan and the Rough Riders and Roosevelt featured, other incidents and figures almost nowhere. Now turn to the newspapers and the illustrated papers at the time of Roose- velt’s candidature for the presidency, say about October, 1904, to find San Juan looming large, — very large indeed, and Roosevelt grown into the battling hero of the Cuban war. Then turn to some school histories to find pictures of Roosevelt charging up San Juan hillyat the © head of the Rough Riders and the event made — much of. Bearing that in mind, we come to the chal- lenge made in 1916, a challenge contained in the Public, a paper edited by a man of honor and integrity, who became, under President Wilson, Assistant Secretary of Labor. I refer to Mr. Louis F. Post, who was hardly the kind of man to allow a frankly untrue charge to appear in a periodical under his control. You will find the article in full on page 978, Vol. XIX of the Public, doubtless on file in any library making a pretence of fair completeness in its shelf of Economics. It is entitled “The Real Roosevelt” and the author is R. F. Petti- grew, afterwards Senator Pettigrew of South © Dakota and author of “The Course of Hmpire,” (Boni and Liveright). I am going to quote the salient part of the matter, tearing nothing from its context in a way to alter or modify what here appears, for the passage is too long to. quote in full. But I quote it, not in any en- — | LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 19 deavor to show the subject of this sketch in the light of pretender, but for another purpose altogether. This: If the Pettigrew accusation is well founded, then, judging from what fol- lowed, Theodore Roosevelt is lifted to a high place as an executive who knew how to seize upon popular love of the romantic and turn. it to advantage. For my task, self imposed, fs to reveal Roosevelt as an executive and not as a half god. To Pettigrew then: “When the battleship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor just previous to the war with Spain, Colonel Grigsby was at Fort Pierre, South Da- kota. Fort Pierre is on the west side of the Mis- -souri River ... Colonel Grigsby was a veteran of the Civil war, having seen four years service—a man of great courage and intelligence. From Fort Pierre he telegraphed President McKinley that the sinking of the Maine meant war, and that the best soldiers that could be secured on short notice for the war with Spain were the cowboys of the plains. He offered his services in. this connection. “Shortly afterwards Colonel Grigsby came _ to Washington and secured an amendment to the bill, which had already passed the House, authorizing the raising of volunteers for the Spanish war, which provided that 3,000 men of special fitness might be recruited independently, the officers to be ap- pointed by the President. “At this time Theodore Roosevelt was Assistant _ Secretary of the Navy, Leonard Wood was a con- tract surgeon in the Army of the United States : located at Washington, and detailed to attend Mrs. McKinley. He applied to be appointed one of the colonels of one of the Rough Rider regiments of ‘ cowboys and Theodore Roosevelt applied to be ap- pointed Lieutenant Colonel of the same regiment. These two _doughty soldiers, with no experience ex- cept Mr. Roosevelt’s experience as a cowboy one season on the Little Missouri river, and Wood's ex- rience as contract surgeon, received their re- 20 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT spective appointments. They raised a regiment of so-called cowboys in the eastern states and went to Florida. From Florida they embarked for Cuba, leaving their horses behind. They landed east of Santiago and started to the jungle for San Juan Hill, General Wood being the colonel of the regi- ment and Mr. Roosevelt acting as Lieutenant Colonel. f “About ten miles from San Juan they were ambushed by the Spaniards, and some of the Rough Riders were wounded in what was called the El Cano fight. They would have been eut to pieces, but General Caldwell, in command of some regi- ments of negro troops, rushed in two regiments of thesé colored regulars, and rescued Wood and his doughty colonel from the hands of the Spaniards. “The Rough Riders, all afoot—for they had left their horses back in ,Florida—then -proceeded to a field near the foot of Kettle hill, which blanketed San Juan hill, and remained there until General Caldwell and his colored troops took San Juan hill | from the Spaniards, After San Juan hill had been — captured, Colonel Wood and Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt charged up Kettle hill where there was nothing but an old kettle which had been used for - evaporating sugar cane juice. There were no forti- fications, or trenches, or block houses, or Spaniards dead or alive, on Kettle hill. Yet Roosevelt in his book, ‘History of the Spanish War,’ says that he charged up San Juan hill and found the trenches full of dead Spaniards, with little holes in their foreheads, and that two Spaniards jumped up and ran away, and that he missed one of them, but eat the other with a shot in the back from his | revolver,”’ Thus, then, the senator from South Dakota tells the tale of the Rough Riders and Colonel at San Juan and thus we come to understand a little how it comes to pass that there fs no mention of the activities of the Rough Riders in the Beard school of history. Perhaps the en- gagement was of so small importance that it cut no figure. : LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 21 But mark what follows, directly, when the Senator backs up his,statement by calling on the plain man to consult original sources, and mark also how a little carefully calculated glorification will tend to throw things out of perspective. To resume: ‘“T=refer to the records of the War Department, which will show that Roosevelt had nothing to do with the taking of San Juan hill. I refer, also, to a pamphlet issued by Colonel Bacon, of Brooklyn, where he says that he secured the affidavits of 100 soldiers and officers who were in the campaign to take Santiago, and that all of them testified that Roosevelt was not in the battle of San Juan hill, or, in fact, in any other battle except the ambush at El Caney. “Afterwards, when Roosevelt became President of the United States, he posed on horseback at Fort Meyer, and had his picture painted by a fa- mous German artist, charging up San Juan hill.” Was Roosevelt, the Roosevelt as soldier in Cuba, a kind of created figure elaborately con- _trived by ambitious journalists? Or was he a much maligned man? Or, applying common sense, aré we to conclude that he had an eye on the paramount issue, the grooming of him- self to the end that he might master men, using all means that came to hand? I think so. I ‘think that all leaders of men cultivate the com- pelling personality in one way or another, play a part, making themselves appear, as Lodge _ wrote of Webster, “the embodiment of wisdom, dignity, and strength, divinely eloquent even if ‘uttering nothing’ but heavy commonplaces.” It was so that Garibaldi came to enjoy the worship of his followers, and Napoleon, and De Lesseps, and Cortez and a hundred others. o £2 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT And Theodore Roosevelt was deliberate, cal- culating, never without ,an eye on that par- © amount issue, never,. never. He trained himself as a lad, and the training became a habit. © “Having been..arather. sickly and awkward boy,” he says, “I was as a young man at first. - both nervous and distrustful of my own prow- ess. I had to train myself painfully and labori- ously, not merely as regards my body, but as regards my soul and spirit.” And having achieved one horizon, he was free to look to another, which other was the highest place his country could offer. And for that place it behooved him to groom himself in such way that he could control men. So prestige through admiration was a way, and a most excellent way. \ Therefor there was what we who aim be sophistication may call, in blunt language, strutting and posing, and my reading of history and knowledge of the doings of men in office leads me to believe that all or nearly all men in the public eye do strut and pose. And, if there is not deliberate showing off, then as historical characters step into the pages of history, their bad spots are carefully spongea a out and they are made to appear as if pos- . sessing all the virtues and none of the vices common to man and his heirs. Thus, who would dare teach his history class the fact that Adams and John Hancock, glorified as very perfect knights, had made considerable fortunes out of smuggling? (Amer. Rev. Fisher, p. 225), that the famous Boston Massacre was nothing more than a common piece of hoodlumism pro- — ¥ LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 23 voked by a boxing match? (John Adams, Works Vol. II, 229), that Samuel Adams was unthrifty and careless and had no liking for any busi- ness but politics? (Hosmer’s Life of Adams, p 308). Instances might be multiplied, but enough. The crowd loves to be dazzled. The crowd is given to idealism. The crowd wants a saint and wants a prophet and he who knows well how to idealize the real will come within measureable distance of realizing his ideal. So, then, remembering that, we understand much. We understand that as the uniform is part of the war game, so are what we may cal! adventitious trappings part of the governing rame. It is advertising. It is more than that. It is a means of securing ascendency through admiration and, as McDougall holds in his Social Psychology, admiration results from a blending of wonder and subjection. Wonder draws the beholder towards the object, admira- tion humbles him before it. Consider that awhile, for it is the key to an understanding of much, very much. So, when President Coolidge took office, we had everything working at once and the world was flooded with stories framed to make the mob wonder and admire. There was the story of Coolidge and the shoemaker by way of awakening a fellow feeling between the new incumbent and the prosaic man of af- fairs. There was the wonderful tale of the new President’s father, an old farmer, administering the oath of office by the light of a coal oil lamp, and not one man out of a thousand stopped to wonder what kind of a man the son must have been when, earning a big salary, ® . 4 24 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT - in a day of home lighting plants, the father had no adequate illumination in the house. | So, applying common sense, we are forced to the opinion that Theodore Roosevelt, like many another who wrote his name large on the pages of history, was not above strutting and posing now and then. There was the picture of the San Juan hill incident then. There was also the picture of Mr. Roosevelt leaping his horse over a five barred gate. “A chance snap shot” the caption had it, but it was no chance picture at all. It was obviously an arranged exhibition, for photographers are not usually to ~ be found fully equipped and primed to take a picture in an out-of-the-way place of an im- promptu feat of horsemanship. Indeed, on the occasion in question, the horseman made five attempts before things came right and success in the leap synchronized with readiness on the part of the photographer. Then there was the affair near San Antonio when Mr. Roosevelt, taking a walk, “chanced” to come upon a rat- tlesnake and killed it. But the ubiquitous pho- tographer was there. So we must believe that it was an arranged spectacle for public con- — sumption. And Mr. Roosevelt knew, as well as hundreds of thousands of men who do not live in cities know, that there is nothing at all brave or rare or wonderful in the killing of a rattlesnake. Small boys have killed millions of | them with sticks and stones and with bare hands, and Theodore Roosevelt must have laughed in his sleeve seeing the picture and marking the fuss made about it. But the ma- | jority of men have not seen a rattlesnake — LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 25 except behind glass and it is a very monster of terror in their imagination, so there was awakened a kind of awe, and not only awe, but an unrealized gratitude—in other words, be- cause of it, there was personal ascendency again. Theodore Roosevelt, I say, most wonder- fully seized the unusual as opportunity. Therefore he was a humbug, you say? Noth- ing of the sort. He had trained himself to be an executive and as an executive, he was, first of all, interesting, just as Boulanger was inter- esting, and Parnell, and Bismarck, and the Kaiser, and Dowie, and Barnum, and Cromwell, and Danton, and Napoleon. Always the atti- tude of power was sought, and properly so. Let a man once become an idol and hero by popular acclaim, and he is bound to appear to - pose. There is no escape. The common man forces that kind of thing upon him. The com- mon man idealizes common clay. And why? This, in language plain and simple is the an- swer. Because the common man is a creature of hope, always looking for an escape from the dull grind and monotony of life and, therefore, always expecting a savior and a‘ redeemer, po- litical as well as spiritual. On the other hand, the leader and executive capitalizes that ez- . pectation of the masses and by means of it gains control. If you want to go into the mat- ter further, read Enoch Burton Gowen’s admir- able study of the psychology of the Executive. But to emphasize the salient points, your would- be master of men enlists the imagination among the causes or factors that work for him. He knows very well that he is looked upon as a e 26 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT hope for the dull plodder and a hope for better living conditions for the average man. There- fore, his appeal, coming down to foundations, is to the self-interest of his supporters. So it was that. Cortez won, and Pizarro won, and Magellan won. So also thus Caesar won be- cause of personal hopes aroused in the minds ° of his followers. What we call strutting and | posing, in plain words, are then tricks of the executive, and Roosevelt was an executive and a controller of men. Sebo Some strut one way, some strut another. The Wilson pose was that of the superior man, the quiet and strong man, the self-conscious man, the man accepting the applause of his in- feriors. It was exactly the professorial pose. The Roosevelt pose was that of the bold man, . the hero and fighter, the professional red blooded man. If he could win a popular ap- plause by posing for a photograph in company with a well known El Paso gambler, then with the gambler he would pose. Such of us who pride ourselves upon our wnconventionality would like him the better for it. But the day after, he would be every bit as willing to pose with a Methodist divine, whereupon the whole Methodist world would forget the gambler in- cident. And the unprejudiced in both non-con- ventional and orthodox camps would have nothing to say, would indeed dare say nothing, when, on the third day he invited Booker T: — Washington to tea. Pose, pose and pose. Roose- — velt was not alone in his posing, for men at the top have always posed, though the fact has — been lost sight of. Remember the Kaiser — oy LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 27 helmeted and cloaked, a picturesque modern knight; Gladstone with his ax, symbolic of the -man laying the roots of things bare; Mr. Taft, the genial, with professional smile; Thomas Carlyle with despondent brow; Barnum looking the cheerful entertainer to the life; William Jennings Bryan as an eye-flashing reformer; bishops and church dignitaries in cassocks; university professors in gowns; pugilists with fists ready clenched for action; professional strong men fisting their biceps into promi- nence; George Bernard Shaw with saturnine smile; pianists with long hair; poets with af- fected mincing ways; potentates of secret or- ganizations all hung with trinkets and baubles. It is authority prestige that is sought and if authority prestige cannot be gained one way, then it is gained another—so Boss Cox of ‘Cincinnati and Boss Croker of New York being unable to obtain the title of “great” gained their ends by getting the title of “good” and were hand in glove with Tom, Dick and Harry; organizing picnics, giving away turkeys, and beer, and loaves, and fishes. So also the Romans were offered pageants and circuses. Anything and everything to gain prestige— parades, posings, pictures, liveries, uniforms, costumes, ceremonies and blessed words. Above all, blessed words, for every executive knows the value of a phrase. The Big Stick—A Square -. Deal—The War to End War—Liberty, Equality and Fraternity— Remember the Maine — Duetschland uber alles—The Cross of Gold— Home Rule for Ireland—We Stand at Armaged- - don and We Battle for the Lord—The Ful} 628 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT — Dinner Pail—Back to Normalcy—anything for. hoi polloi, anything to shift the attention and ~ gain votes. It is the attraction of illusion, you see. And, if any one doubts that Theodore Roosevelt was aware of the fact’ that he was playing a bart and that all the world is a stage, he is referred to Chapter 111 of the Roosevelt biography, or to the Outlook of April 26th, 1912, pages 917 to 941. With something of that in mind then, we see that it does not really matter whether Roose- velt was the hero of San Juan or otherwise. What does matter is that he used the San Juan — story as a rung in his life’s ladder and used it well. The story of it became a kind of mega- phone by which he gained attention, just as Mark Twain’s humor was an attention attrac- — ter. By mass suggestion he was a hero, a lead- er, and a master of men. The incident gave him prestige and it was prestige that he want- ed, because he had other things in mind. Roosevelt at El Cano meant little or nothing. Roosevelt at San Juan meant much. For Roose- velt the master hand was not at all likely to confuse values. He was thoroughly convinced that what the mass worshipped was not ideals, but the appearance of success. We have his own words for that, written at the time of the Russo-Japanese Treaty signing. “It is enough to give anyone a sense of sardonic amusement to see the way in which the people generally, not only in my own country but elsewhere,. gauge the work purely by the fact that it succeeded. If I had not brought about peace I. should have been laughed at and condemned. LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 29 Now I am over praised.’ There is a ring of Hugo in that, the Hugo who said that for the herd, success has nearly the same profile as supremacy. You see the real Roosevelt in it too, the Roosevelt cool and calculating, not at all the kind of man to be inebriated by the license of easy gain or by popular applause. You see Roosevelt the cool headed winner, one not likely to confuse values. It is a kind or key-note that he strikes, and I see him as one not at all likely to make the mistake of the political manipulator told of by Jane Addams in her ‘Democracy and Social Ethics”. (p. 257- 8) who caused posters to be made representing on the one hand a fat and splendid alderman drinking champagne, while, seated at a well filled table on the other side, a bricklayer, ap- parently very honest and very poor. But, as Miss Addams says: ‘to the chagrin of the re- formers, however, it was gradually discovered that, in the popular mind, a man who laid bricks and wore overalls was not nearly so desirable for an alderman as the man who drank champagne and wore a diamond in his shirt front. The district wished its representa- tive to ‘stand up with the best of them’ and certainly some of the constituents would have been ashamed to have been represented by a bricklayer.” So I refuse to consider the megalo- mania theory, or the theory of pavonic display in the case of Mr. Roosevelt, but accept some- thing altogether different. In all the posing and flourishing is method, not madness. For the crowd is dazzled and lured by the gilding and 30 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT lays immense stress on appearances, as all the world should know, but does not know. _— Mr. Roosevelt was either a man who willed to gain place or he was not. If he willed his way then, as an executive, he would naturally use every legitimate means to accomplish his purpose and to gain prestige as means to his desired end. He knew that he who would be a leader must stand in the limelight and not in the shadow of the wings. But if he was not — one who willed his way, then he was something altogether different and he must have had in him all the sublime self-surrender of a Boehme; a creature all compounded of sweetness and meekness, a creature of extreme gentleness he must have been, one that had been dragged by Duty from a peaceful retirement. And the last does not seem reasonable. That being so, he was not what he was so often called by the sentimentalists, a Man of Destiny, a pawn in the hands of sporting rubezahls. Not being the latter, he must have been what he said that he was: an individual who put himself in the may of things happening. Indeed, very effecthally he did ae) ead when 1898 came, what with the spectacular picture of San Juan and the record that he had made as Police Commissioner, he was easily a win- ner in the battle for the Governorship of New York, in November, 1898, and, two years later, for nomination as Vice-President by the Re- publican party with President McKinley as chief.. So, when the twenty-fifth President was shot by a crazy fellow named Czolgosz, Theo- — dore Rocsevelt himself became chief citizen of — LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 3 the United States. His first act was a confirma- tion of the policies of his dead chief, and, at the funeral, a firm refusal to allow his person to be surrounded by detectives and soldiers. The last I mention as the thing to please the crowd. Again he stood as the hero in the eyes of the world defying the banded assassins of the nation, and the world applauded, forget- ting that it was as unlikely for a similar thing to happen twice as it was for lightning to strike twice in the same place. Again you see ascendency through admiration. “Say to your commander,” he said to Mr. Wilcox, “that I revoked your orders. You must not follow this carriage....The vice-president requires no protection from any military or semi-military body in the streets of an Ameri- can city.” In that, the man in the street saw a most promising beginning significant of better thin~s. The plain man was come to rule. As for those who had in mind domestic affairs, there was the assurance that all would go: well and the policies under way would be con- tinued. So both attitudes made for an assur- ance of order, Later it became told that na- tional business was being done in unostenta- tious ways, that the White House would be open to representatives of the press, that Theodore Roosevelt would be a business man and not a ruler; that there would be no junketing and voyaging and entertaining—so there was a kind of national love feast for a time with all opposing parties rejoicing, and the goose hung high. Of course, the Jeffersonian simplicity was 32 LIFE OF THRODORE ROOSEVELT goon abandoned. Looking ahead to bring things into focus, we find, in November of 1903, the executive guarded like a monarch when attend- © ing the funeral of a relative. The simple citi- zen of the republic had passed. But it is sig- nificant to notice that in spite of guards, a crazed fellow eluded the vigilance of the watch- men and handed the President some foolish letter. There is no moral except the moral that personal guards are no protection at all, and that President Roosevelt’s earlier stand was the more correct one, excepting of course that it was all a dramatic flourish made for public consumption, for it must be borne in mind that the great executive always makes prestige capi- tal out of everything. You will see that all through. You will see it in the other incident © when the lunatic shot at Roosevelt in Milwau- kee in 1912. “I do not care a rap for being shot,” he wrote. “It is a trade risk which every Lrominent public man ought to accept as a matter of course.” Something of the same expression was attributed to Emperor Frederick of Germany, to Alexander of Russia and to the late King Edward of England. It makes for a kind of modified sympathy with the ruler, who is supposed, in the public eye, to be going about — his business while under fire all the time. But there was another flourish made at the same time, a most gallant one with a hint of bravado — in it. I refer to the letter written to Lord Grey about the incident. It runs Mm part: | “IT can answer with. absolute certainty. Your. nerve would not have been affected in the least. — You would have made the speecr as a dayne ee o LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 33 course. Modern Civilization is undoubtedly soft, and the average political orator or party leader, the average broker or banker, or factory owier, ut least when he is past middle age, is apt to be soft —I mean both mentally and physically; and such aman accepts being shot as an unheard of calamity and feels very sorry for himself, and thinks only of himself and not of the work in which he is en- gaged ... But a good soldier or sailor, or a deep sea fisherman, or railway man, or cowboy, or lumber jack, or miner, would normally act as 1 acted without thinking anything about it.” You get there a ring of the cult of strenu- osity, the preaching of which gave Mr, Roose- velt a wealth of the sort of prestige he sought. Yet the man had the vitality he commends as well as the romantic attitude, though the deli- cately implied flattery of Lord Grey’s with regard to his robustness and disregard of ne ing bullets, reads oddly. But to reach back. After a few days in the White House the fun began. With the first presidential message came a plea for legisla- tion against the “deliberate demagogue” whicn has -fructified into all the present day anti-rea activity. Mr. Roosevelt’s favorite hate was “anarchy,” for the slayer of McKinley had de- clared himself to have been an anarchist, though he was merely a vulgar assassin ana a paranoiac like Guiteau or Booth, one full of a morbid egotism which took the direction of sentimentality. However, “anarchy” became the red flag at which the bull rushed and Mr. Roosevelt proposed to make an international crime of anarchy by treaties with European powers, though what the crime of anarchy was is not very clear. (Speaking of anarchy, 1 34 i, ig! ik Ok THRODORE ROOSEVELT. have in mind: the individualistic philosopny | such as that propounded by Thoreau, or by Au- beron Herbert, or by Kropotkine and not the murderous flourishes of a Ravachol, or a Gur teau, being of the opinion of the Adelphi sage that ‘he who slays a king and he who dies for one are alike idolators.’’) As far as legislation — against an opinion, as Louis F. Post pointed out at the time, federal laws against an un- identified crime might be drafted in such way that they might be enforced against those who opposed this, that or the other as enacted by © an administration in office. Or they might be enforced against labor union speakers and pa- pers. tion was the key-nodte of the speech and Mr. ; Other matters were dealt with. Centraliza- — Roosevelt recommended a new cabinet office — the function of which should be the zgovern- mentalization of American industries; also the enactment of anti-trust legislation with a con- stitutional amendment that would bring the business of the majority of corporations within federal jurisdiction, but with an especial eye to, the arrangement of matters so that the na- tion “might assume power of supervision and regulation over all corporations doing an inter-— state business.” Then came trouble as new — vistas opened up, and discussion waxed warm on many things into which we cannot go here _ —into far reaching questions of the concentra- — tion of wealth and income, of forces making for combination, of the corporation as an in- strument of concentration, of good trusts and 3 bad, of proposed corporation reform. Discus- — — = ee LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 35 sion rolled up like a storm cloud, growing year by year, until at last those most opposed to Theodore Roosevelt, those of the Socialist party for example, were quoting from his Special Mes- sage to Congress of January 31st, 1908. This for example: “There has been in the past grave wrong done innocent stockholders by over capitalization, stock watering, stock jobbing, stock manipulation....The man who makes an enormous fortune by corrupting legislatures and municipalities, and fleecing his stockhold- ers and the public, stands on the moral level with the creature who fattens on the blood- money of the gambling house and the saloon. ....The rebate taker, the franchise trafficker, the manipulator of securities, the purveyor and protector of vice, the blackmailing ward boss, the ballot box stuffer, the demagogue, the mob leader, the hired bully and man killer—all alike work at the same web of corruption, and all alike should be abhorred by honest men,” For that seemed to ring true to all as a de- nouncement of the System. There was'also a plea for ship subsidies and some mention was made of the Philippines, with the suggestion that the natives of those islands were to be gradually made fit for self government. As to that last, with focussing in mind, this is the place to say that we find, a little later, Mr. Roosevelt declaring that as to the Philippines “the “lag will stay put” and, later (see Every- body’s Magazine for January, 1915) an article written by Mr. Roosevelt stating that he favors Philippine indepenents “at an early moment’ not, mark you, bevause it is the right thing to 36 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT do, but because “the Philippines from a mili- tary standpoint are a source of weakness.” But that is matter for later discussion and does not concern us here. So, the first presidential message had hardly seen the light of nation-wide print before the love feast ceased and war was.on, with this side and that praising or blaming as the recom- mendations of the President made or did not make for the self interest of the parties con- cerned, and, according to the national custom, the president having been established in his place, one-half of the nation, more or less, began to lay plans to dethrone him. Acts are by no means immediate and well defined in their results and very much that Mr. Roosevelt did, by a kind of subtle trans- mission of effects, jolts us today. There is the matter of railroad rates, for example, a most peculiar chain of causes and effects. Looking | back, it would seem that Mr. Roosevelt had an idea that if all the railroads of the country were considered as a single property, then, by - taking into account the cost of capitalization and the value of the physical property at a given time, and also taking into account the cost of operation, it might be. possible to ar- rive at a just basis for rates to replace the haphazard and happy-go-lucky. method, witn rebates and discriminations and favoritisms, and the general plan of charging all that the traffic could or might be supposed to bear. So far so good. Soon the Interstate Commerce Commission, acting after due legislation, framed — a set of regulations which were issued to raii- LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 37 roads, the purpose of which was to gather in- formation relative to the valuation of railroad property. That, to be sure, seemed to be sim- ple. But it had results far reaching. What, for instance, would be the depreciation of a right of way? Or would it depreciate? Was the cost of construction to be taken as a criterion? And so on. A thousand and one questions arose, and while railroad accountants strove honestly in most cases to arrive at a decision, the decision was not arrived at, nor is yet. Then, too, the attempt to find a reasonable valuation meant the setting up of all kinds of new accounts, of a mountain of engineering work, of new offices and new expenses, and, soon, there was a raising of rates to meet the new expense engendered. With that came, as always, the rising cost of commodities. For, if you will but consider, it must be plain that a raise in rates on freight means several in- creases in final costs. That is, the raw material _ costs more, and so also the finished material, a double or treble charge often resuits. To exemplify. Say we have a wagon spoke fac- tory here in the hard wood district of Arkan- sas. Obviously the rough.material would cost more if the rate on post wood is raised. That is raise number one. The finished spokes being shipped from Arkansas to South Bend, Ind., would have to pay.a higher rate and the third charge for the finished wagon back to Arkan- sas would take the higher rate and thus the price of the wagon as sold to the farmer would have to include the aggregate of the increases, for it is human to pass the charge along. That 38 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT needs no argument or explanation. So, fie creased charges would very soon be felt, and > with the higher cost of living would come the higher demand for wages, and wages again would make for increased cost on commodi- ties. Consequently the railroad and other unions began to put on pressure and, after — bluff and threats and sulkings and national nervousness, got what they wanted. But the unorganized man got little or nothing. Then, confronted with the increased wage, the rail- t roads asked for a raise in freight rates. That again meant increased costs of living which meant again increased wages. And so things went, round and round like a squirrel in a cage, much fruitless activity and no net progress, much energy with no result. But all that did not mean improved conditions, for, as I have . said, the organized industries alone got a slice of the cake, the unorganized suffered more and gained nothing, or next to nothing. If you doubt that, the evidence is plain, and any one interested may take the annual reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission from the years of President Roosevelt down to today and, turning to the tables showing labor costs, easily verify. As for the increased cost of liv- ing, that needs no proof. But one thing more. With the increased freight costs engendered by thoughtless governmental action growth was stimulated, not caused, but stimulated, in a new direction. For an impetus was given to the improvement of the gas engine and the auto- mobile, and the auto truck appeared, so that merchants everywhere commenced to invest in a a LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 39 trucks and, where possible, to do their own hauling. So we have, today, a marked phase of evolution in transportation when private in- dividuals in heavy trucks operate along the highways, for the upkeep of which they pay comparatively little, and while so operating, compete with railroads whose trains move over private rights of way, on roadbeds whose main- tenance is a heavy cost. The consequence is that hundreds of miles of railroads have been abandoned and in some cases dismantled, and hundreds of miles more must follow suit.. Into all of this other features have entered. From the causes initiated at the instigation of Mr. Roosevelt vast results have grown, and condi- tions which would have come about anyway, were unduly hastened; evils were exacerbated. Still, there were evils and Mr, Roosevelt did not hesitate in attacking them. The trouble is that interdependence is not always considered when political moves are first mooted and law- makers are not given to dwell on the effect of elaborate co-ordination. As for the structure of modern industrial society, it seems rarely to be considered. Much, very much indeed grew out of that recommendation of President Roosevelt’s that matters should be so arranged that the nation “might assume power of super- vision and regulation over all corporations do- ing an interstate business.” International. relations were on a raw edge in those days. For blustering nations armed to the teeth, glaring at one another in hate, seek- ing expansion, jealous and greedy, are no new and modern thing. In 1902 England was at war ca 40 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOUSEVELD- with the Boers and Mr. Roosevelt played his — cards well. For there was no lack of Boer sympathisers in the country and the fact was — pressed home by them that there was, at New > Orleans, what was tantamount to a British army > supply station which had been there for al- most three years. The pro-Boers considered that, doubtlessly with. justice, a flagrant breach of neutrality laws. It was pointed out that, by the treaty of Washington between the United States and England, it had been decided that “a neutral government . . . is bound not to permit or to suffer either belligerent to make use of its ports or waters . . . for the pur- pose of the renewal or augmentation of military supplies.” : It may be seen that there was nothing very elaborate or complex about the question and the wording of the law was clear as. crystal. The presence of a British army supply station was a breach of neutrality and there was no mistake about it. Governor Heard of Louisiana ~ asked the authorities at Washington ‘whether the state could expel the British supply station without impinging upon Federal authority, and so the ticklish question was on the board. — Now for the purpose of my essay, the rights and wrongs have nothing to do with the case. Opinions differ according to sympathies. What does concern us is how Roosevelt, the ex- ecutive, gets out of the dilemma. Plainly he would not want to break with England. Plain- ly he would not wish to alienate his supporters who were pro-Boer. A weak man or poor ex- ecutive would have hesitated and played fast Se . LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 41 and loose with the game, but not so Mr. Roose- velt. He was a boss and a master, and an ex- ecutive who had the stranglehold, a skilful manipulator. So there was an understanding between statesmen, whatever that may imply. The President ordered an investigation into the law and the facts, and Colonel E. H. Crow- der of the American army, was designated to inquire into the case and went to New Orleans where he “exchanged notes” with Captain Fenner, the British officer who was in charge of, and directing, the loading of the British transports. So there were reports, and find- ings, and opinions and such time passed, durin which England had what she wanted to enable her to fight her war and the mouths of the objectors were effectively closed. Then when the storm had died down, President Roosevelt decided that the act was not a breach of neu- trality'and that Americans had a perfect right to sell munitions of war to either belligerent in the regular course of commerce, which last, doubtless satisfied the munition dealers. The point to emphasize is that your executive is not necessarily a man of exact justice. For Mr. Roosevelt seemed to have done something with which small fault could be found, but actually he evaded the real point at issue with great dexterity. And the real point was this, as you will see. It was a breach of neutrality for a British army depot to exist on neutral soil where munitions of war were stored and from which they were shipped; not, mark you, in commercial vessels, but upon war vessels, and directly to the seat of war. And certainly, the 42 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT — neutral country in this case did permit one of the belligerents to make use of its port “for the purpose of the renewal . . . of military supplies.” And yet there is another side to consider. I refer to the Roosevelt speech of May, 1915, in the case of the Worla War.. Thus: anata) i “The manufacturing and shipment of arms and ammunition to any belligerent is moral.or immoral. according to the use to which the arms and muni- tions are to be put. If they are to be used to pre- vent the redress of the hideous wrongs inflicted upon Belgium, then it is immoral to ship them, If they are to be used for the redress of these wrongs, — and the restoration of Belgium to her deeply wronged and unoffending, ,people, then ‘it is emi- nently moral to send them.”’ Here we must ponder a moment, There seems to be a peculiarity somewhere. Wither a nation is neutral or it is not. Rights and wrongs per se have nothing to do with the case. The words quoted seem to speak well of Mr. Roosevelt’s heart but poorly of his head, for clearly logic is thrown to the wind. Obviously, he would seem to wish to set up his private sympathies and ideas of right and wrong in place of international law, so that neutrality would mean nothing, Was it right to permit the shipment of arms while remaining techni- cally neutral? The answer would seem to de- pend upon the viewpoint of the chief executive, according to the passage quoted. The incident seems to throw a light upon the mental pro- cesses of Theodore Roosevelt which is a MAREE to be taken up later. There was another little storm that bid Pala % Se es eS LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 43 to grow into a furious tornado but was nar- rowly and skillfully averted so that public ad- verse sentiment was checkmated. For General Miles was publicly rebuked for having charac- terized as unduly severe, military conduct in the Philippine islands. That “severe” was a mild word to use seems now clear, according to the report of the Senate investigating com- mittee, or, if you read a more recent work, “The Course of Empire,” by R. F. Pettigrew {Boni & Liveright.) So severe, that I find the passage that follows in a loyal Republican pa- per, the Chicago Record Herald (issue of April 12th, 1902): ‘It is clearly exceeding its powers and rights as a branch of representative. government which is responsible to the American public whatever! the truth may be... It is Known beyond doubt that it has censored press dispatches to the perversion. of the truth, that it has concealed the facts con- cerning the outrageous mis-management of the fi- nances in the transport service, and lastly that its policy with regard to the stories of Weylerism in the Philippines has been one of persistent deceit ... the situation as we know it today brings shame upon us all. District after district burned, natives tortured, a population mercilessly cut down, and to crown all, editors imprisoned arbitrarily, not. for sedition, but for printing stories of corrupt prac- tices in American Administration. The liberty of the press, with accountability for its abuse, is ruthlessly violated by the military authorities in the Philippines in wanton defiance of the first principle of American law. Surely the indictment is one that demands something more than protesta- tions and excuses from Secretary Root.” That has reference to many things, to out- rages, to water cures, to torturings and to the t admission of General Smith that he had issued 44 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT orders to Major Waller to kill the natives and burn their homes; that he had issued orders ta make Samar a howling wilderness; that he had ordered all persons capable of bearing arms to be killed; and that he had ordered this ruthless killing specifically to include boys above ten years. In Other words, there were doings de- cidedly worse than those proven against the Germans in Belgium. Now this is not the place to shed tears over the horrors of war. For legalized murder is’ horrible and there is no curbing the tiger once roused. The point that concerns us is this. The investigating committee had met and talked and noted and examined, as is the way of such bodies, but the real truth seems to have been consistently suppressed, and when General Miles made his accusation, not only had a public rebuke been administered, but it had been denied that there was any severity. Yet we find, a little later, President Roosevelt writing to the Bishop of Massachusetts an open letter in which he says: “I hope it is unnecessary to say that no one in the com- munity can be more anxious than I am—save © perhaps Secretary Root—to discover and pun- ish every instance of barbarity by our troops -in the Philippines... . Long before any state- ment had been made public, and before any action had been taken by Congress, the war department had ordered a rigid investigation of certain of the charges, including the charges of Major Gardener, the orders of investigation os regards these particular charges having — gone out three months ago.” ~~. LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 45 There you see what the world calls diplo- macy. You see, also, evidence of that organi- zation of idolatry, as Shaw called it, which is the art of government. It is a case of my country (my government) right or wrong. And what is your philosopher or your perfectly honest man to do within the endless chain of cause and effect? Fraud and force are the cardinal virtues in war and in the aftermath of war, and the purely moral sphere is a sphere altogether removed from the sphere political. So why not admit it, not endeavoring idly to paint this man and that in public life as a saint unspotted from the world? As a good executive, Mr. Roosevelt knew that the publie has a short memory, knew as well as you know and I know that in the case of a controversy the easiest thing in the world is to draw a herring across the controversial trail. An exec- utive not knowing that is not worth his salt. So people reading the letter to the Bishop doubtless overlooked the fact that in the case of the Miles rebuke the statement that the war had been conducted with undue severity was not only denied, but it was asserted, without evidence to back the accusation, that the war had been conducted with marked humanity. But why go on? Not a man in ten millions of men can hold office and adhere to high prin- ciples of honor and justice at one and the same time. You simply can’t serve God and Mam- mon and power does, as Burke said it did, gradually extirpate human and gentle virtues. ~You cannot have a saint in power so there is no use in pretending that those in power are saints. A Dostoyeffsky with a primitive Christ AG LIFE. OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT in the depths of his heart would be but a puppet in the White House or in Buckingham | Palace. Perhaps it is because of that, because of a dim realization of a truth, that we insist upon keeping theorists out of power, There is. sound sense in the Dooley philosophy, indeed: “It is a good thing preachers don’t go to Con- gress. Whin they’re ca’am they’d wipe out all the laws, an’ whin they’re excited they’d wipe out all th’ popylation, They’re niver two jumps — from th’ thumbscrew.” So it comes about that so many not tinged with sentimentality refuse to see a halo about the head of the man. in office. And, indeed, there is scriptural hint — anent that, for men have been warned against putting their trust in princes and in the sons of men, there being no salvation in them. To be sure now and then a man of unbending ideals does get into office, but humanity looks to it that no one shall stand head and shoul- ders above the crowd. Witness Lincoln. The tall tree is always lopped to preserve the average. So Mr. Roosevelt, like theusanae befor and after him, had sometimes to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds to the end that he might well play his own game. For your exec- utive, when his elevation depends upon a majority, must often be the man in the middle of the teeter board. Remember, too, that they were days when the flag-waving and _ brass- lunged patriot was particularly busy talking about national destiny and new glories and all the rest of it. They were days in which the © dreams of Washington and Jefferson, so income patible with the new dreams Of eerie were re LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 47 largely forgotten. And a time-serving press was doing its work with the figure of Hearst looming large. Then, too, Theodore Roosevelt was not exactly president in his own right, but rather an accident, and he had to groom him- self to succeed himself. Hence much, if we examine closely, that had an appearance of playing fast and loose with principles. But we have to thank that fine executive ability for many things, if we accept the philo- sophic attitude of all being potential in the primal mist and therefore unescapable, and so relinquish the Wilfred Scaven Blunt view- point that imperialism and national extension is an error and that the task undertaken by a nation of ruling other nations against their will is the most certain step to national ruin. For there are many others besides Blunt, wise men and thoughtful, who hold that it is impossible to exercise tyrannical authority abroad and retain a proper respect for liberty at home. So Mr. Roosevelt, the executive, immovably obstinate in purpose, put through his Reclama- tion act, his Canal act, the Venezuelan affair, and settled the anthracite coal strike. Then, in quick succession came the Elkins Rebate act, the Alaskan boundary settlement and the incident of the Panama republic about each of which dozens of pages might be written, pages of idle argument. But everywhere you have the attitude of power, that and effective effort. He was never, apparently, hesitant and everywhere he overcame opposition. So the time came (November, 1904) when Theodore Roosevelt was able to say “I am glad to be President in my own right,’ when he was 48 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT ~— elected over Alton B. Parker, and there stands out during his administration the Forest Home- stead act, the famous Hepburn Rate bill, the Pure Food laws (so sadly disregarded during the world war and after) and the retirement in 1909 in favor of William Howard Taft. Swiit 2S a moving picture things seem to have been accomplished, approve or not as one may, ac- cording to his political lights. What does con- cern us is the fine way in which the man iurned things to his credit, cutting across lots, as it were, to accomplish his purpose, brushing aside non-essentials, pooh-poohing the solemn and absurd old fogies who would talk and talk and talk. Mark the lively ring in this, con-. cerning the Panama affair: ‘Panama declared itself independent and wanted to complete the Panama canal and opened negotiations with us. I had two courses open. I might have taken the matter under advisement and put it before the Senate, in which case we would have had a number of most able speeches on the sub- ject, and they would have been going on now, and the Panama canal would be in the dim future yet. We would have had a half century of discussion and perhaps the Panama canal. I preferred we should have the Panama canal first and the half century of discussion after- wards.” There is characteristic directness. And, too, the man had a wonderful talent for stirring up things. That, I think, is his evi- dence of his recognition of the fact that the successful executive succeeds in maintaining interest. Its opposite is apathy, and apathy means and invites opposition and therefore early defeat. ae aK LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 49 ROOSEVELT THE CITIZEN Hardly two weeks had passed when Theo- dore Roosevelt was on his way to Africa to collect specimens for the Smithsonian Insti- tute and therein lies a story which you may read for yourself in his ‘‘African Game Trails.” He is not in the executive field, so we have nothing to do with that period in his life, un- til he lands at. Cairo in March, 1910, and then things are as if a Gulliver had burst upon Lilliputians. For there was a speech made to the Mohammedan students which was as a firebrand flung in their faces and it was fol- lowed by an address in London at the Guildhall in which he said, as keynote: “Hither you (the British ruling classes) have the right to be in Egypt or you have not, either it is or it is not your duty to establish and keep order. . . Some nation must govern Egypt. I hope and believe that it is your duty to be that nation.” You get some idea of the stir that his speech made by referring to the newspapers of the day, or, more concentrated in the way of bitter hate, by the entry in the Blunt Diary of April 25th, 1910. “The Egyptian papers,” writes Blunt, “have been full of Roosevelt’s adventure at Cairo, and the speech he made to University students in praise of British rule. He is a buffoon of the lowest American type, and roused the fury of young Egypt to the boiling point, and it is probable that if he had not cleared straight out of the country there would have been mischief. From Egypt he went to 50 THEODORE ROOSEVELT. ’ f x LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 51 Rome and had a quarrel with the Pope and he is now at Paris airing his fooleries, and is to go to Berlin, a kind of mad dog roaming the world.” And again, June 2nd, 1910, in the Diaries: “That swine, Roosevelt, has made another speech, this time at the Mansion House, about. Egypt, worse than before.” Again, June 7th, “Homer Davenport, a Yankee friend of Roosevelt’s, and a breeder of Arab horses, was here today. He is an amusing fellow, came over with Roosevelt as . newspaper correspondent for the ‘New York World.’ He tells me that he has no very high opinion of Roosevelt’s intellect, and treats his pronouncement about Egypt and other things as an overflow of nonsense and high spirits rather than as anything more serious. Roose- velt, he says, is sure to be named President again, as he amuses the American people ... .” In other words Theodore Roosevelt had taken snap judgment. That must be borne in ‘Mind for it means much. It means a light shed on the man and his mental processes. It is a telltale straw which shows a marked tendency. As executive, snap judgment is in- terpreted as quick decision and errors are remedied by subordinates, or modified in the working out. As private citizen it is some- thing altogether different. But fuller consid- eration must wait awhile. Davenport’s prediction came true and Roose- velt did aim at the Presidency again. For - there was the Taft-Roosevelt imbroglio when 7 it was said, on the one hand, that Roosevelt 52 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT © rebelled at the Taft unprogressiveness, and, on the other, that Taft found Roosevelt guilty of javoritism in the matter of Trusts. Nor can it be denied that many passages in Roosevelt’s speeches revealed a position at variance with his former stand. There was the peculiar at- titude manifested in the Detroit speech of May, 1916, when he, being in full career in advocacy of governmental preparedness for war, yet at the same time denounced all and sundry who made profit from war—but also took stand against the government armor plate factory, thus seeming to stand foursquare for the pri- ’ vate manufacture of army material. Of con- trast the “fair deal’ rallying cry with his threatened action in the case of the striking coal miners (speech at Battle Creek, Mich., September 30th, 1916), when according to his own statement he had arranged with the Lieu- tenant General of the army, “to put the army in possession of the mines,’ and the officer named to be treated “as the receiver to run — the mines.” Yet, in the same speech fault was | found with President Wilson’s policy in the railroad dispute. But we must skip over much, including the admission that Mr. Roosevelt had pledged himself not to run as candidate for the Presidency again, skip over the affair of the merger of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company with the Steel Trust. “Qn February. 25th, 1912, Mr. Roosevelt an- nounced himself as candidate for the Republi- can nomination for the Presidency, and in June he was defeated at the National Convention. Then followed his nomination by the Pro- _ gressive Party and the spectacular business iat: abla ey POD ve ie * LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 53 standing at Armageddon and battling for the Lord, and the subsequent election of Woodrow ‘Wilson. But they were the days of amazing things—of members of the Ananias club—of epithets hurled—of a proposition for the recall of judicial decisions—of railing against bad trusts and praising good trusts—political hys- terics, of course, much sound and little sense on all sides. Plainly the Roosevelt of these days was not the cool headed Roosevelt of the pre-African trip, and there is reason for sus- picion that the jungle fever left him weak- ened. Yet that would not account for the curious appearance of what may be termed mild in- consistency, for such there was. The “good” and ‘‘bad” trusts for instance, and that peculiar viewpoint on neutrality, and the amazing propo- sition for the recall of judicial decisions, and the frequent breaking loose from the bonds of prescription, perhaps the hasty judgments and the too swift decisions. Sometimes he seemed to leap from one extreme to the other and George Sylvester Viereck has written a little book about the manner of man he was, from the Viereck standpoint, accusing Roosevelt of having made himself the mouthpiece of Old World Imperialism. Viereck holds that Roose- velt cannot be explained without the theory of “ambivalence” and finds him “a typical in- stance of bi-polarity,” this master of men who was at one and the same time a “faithful Patroclus and the treacherous Apache,” a “Sim- ple Simon and Machiavelli rolled into one.” But it seems to me that if it is necessary to tag the man, there need be no search for new ¢ 54. LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT terms, no “bi-polarities” or Freudianisms. Rather there should be common sense and plain language. Suppose we survey the names of great men for a moment, putting down those that occur to mind, haphazardly. Take any names that have stood the test of time so as to get a kind of standard or measuring stick. Take Emerson, Dr. Johnson, Aristotle, Euclid, Car- lyle, Spencer, Huxley, John Stuart Mill, Henry — George, Walt Whitman, Kant, Ruskin, Mon- taigne, Darwin, Thoreau, Matthew Arnold. Here we have men of ali times, men of all de- grees, men of many nations and of many call- ings and professions. Hundreds more might be included but these will be sufficient as representing the worlds of thought and action and feeling. Now of the names so chosen, set- down a few, putting against them what seems to be their chief characteristic. Thus we might say of Emerson that he has no reasoned and complete system of philosophy resting on a few axioms, and there springs to mind Hmer- son’s saying: “Your consistency explains noth- ing.’ Now take Thomas Carlyle. You see him at once as an uncompromising truth-teller with a profound belief in realities, building today on the foundations laid yesterday. Next ex- amine Walt Whitman and you will remember | his “You say I contradict myself? Well, then, I contradict myself.” For Matthew Arnold, especially regarding his “Literature and Dog- ma,” you will write that he sought to establish an undogmatic and rationalized religion. In John Stuart Mill you see a man of sincerity of mind with intellect of diamond-like clarity. LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 55 In Charles Darwin the patient investigator. So, one by one consider your men. Then ask yourself how this one or that would have got along with Theodore Roosevelt in argument. You have seen how Blunt clashed with him. Suppose then Theodore Roosevelt discussing, we will say, neutrality, with one or two of the men we have in mind. It is quite conceiv- able to me that he would have got along very well indeed with Emerson, and Emerson in turn would have got along very well with Roosevelt when Hmerson said, in a flash of inspiration, “The only right is what is after my constitu- tion; the only wrong what is against it.” For the sentiment expressed is akin to the senti- ment of Roosevelt. But would Mr. Roosevelt have been very happy in the company of the cold thinker who wrote ‘First Principles’? I think not. Nor would the author of “Progress and Poverty,” or the author of the “Critique of Pure Reason” have approved of that light flinging aside of what had been said before. For Kant, and George, and Darwin, ar] Spencer, and Matthew Arnold, and Mill were each of them men who built up an orderly and logical system, testing this and testing that before they took another step. Like Euclid or Aristotle they start from this point and pro- ceed to that. Stiff and remote from the world of men they applied the test of eternal princi- ples. What they had in mind was the coherent whole. Mark Arnold, building up his agnostic philosophy on that strange and interesting in- terpretation of tthe word ‘Eternal’ in one of the most splendid chapters in literature. Mark Darwin the patient observer, the first to enter 56 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT a new realm of thought, pointing out how varia- — tions in living things are made permanent in their descendants, and from that small be- ginning actually doing something that modi- fied the world’s philosophical views of life. With that for a start, a very little selection | is necessary. In fact, names seem almost to fall on this side and that; Darwin to stand with Euclid and Aristotle, and Copernicus, and Comte, and Hinstein, and Jefferson, and Mill, and Spencer, and Kant. But obviously the name of Emerson does not fit here. So we consider the mind type of an- other class and we find men in a respect more free in their mental activities, more keenly alive to fresh impressions, more sensitive to the doings and the thoughts of men, quick as a diamond to flash back a tinted ray of light— the humanists, in short. They seem to be of the mettle of the character of Shakespeare © whose heart was’ the bell and his tongue the clapper thereof. With them, anew idea is not brought to the test of anything already ac- cepted, and past conclusions are not consid- ered. Yet they, too, are most excellent men and without them the world would be dismally poor, for of their type was Byron, and Shelley, and Scott, and Milton, and Mahomet, and | Penn and a hundred thousand others. Dr. John- son too, in spite of all his prejudices, and — Emerson, and Whitman, and Ruskin, and Montaigne. And of that type was Theodore Roosevelt. It was the mind of a man who was - of his day, swaying and bending readily ac- cording to circumstances and changing condi- ticns, the mind of a man who would not re- wiFE OF THHODORE ROOSEVELT 57 press an impuise. In short, you incline either to Aristotle or to Plato, and to the latter Theo- dore Roosevelt inclined. Of the man’s life there is little more to be said in this place. Tens of thousands of us do not agree with him, differed from him in- -deed most heartily because of his conduct dur- ing the World War, but, after all, he ran true to form. For it was his belief that each na- tion had its peculiar mission to perform and the mission of America, he thought, was sim- ilar to the mission of England, as interpreted by the Imperialists. “We must play a great part in the world, and especially . . . per- form those deeds of blood, of valour, which above everything else bring national renown.” (The Strenuous Life.) You see there the ideal which is the ideal of England’s expansionists ~ who proclaim that the mission of England is “perhaps the loftiest ever assigned to a peo- ple, and it parallels the old German viewpoint too, the viewpoint expressed by the German Chancellor (February 15th, 1915) that ‘God has assigned to the German people a place in the _ world and a role in history which demand con- tinual sacrifices.’” And, of course, so long as nation after nation hugs such ideals to the heart, so long must there be war and blood- shed and mutual hate. And Roosevelt believed in the fighting nation. His words in that Mes- sage to Congress of December, 1906, has a ring like the words of Treitschke: ‘It must be remembered that even to be defeated in eaten be better than not to have fought at. ral,” Foy Roosevelt was impulsive and his ideal 58 LIFE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT = was an impulsive nation. The counsel of per- — fection that bids us turn the other cheek had no health in it for him. “It must be kept in mind,” he said in his 1906 message to Con- gress, “that war is not merely justifiable, but imperative, upon honorable men and upon an honorable nation when peace is only to be obtained by the sacrifice of conscientious con- — victions or of national welfare.” In short, he was heartily with Bernhardi in holding that between states. the only check on injustice is force. And Viereck is heartily right in saying © that neutrality was contrary to the Roosevelt nature. But the Roosevelt I like best, the Roosevelt we all like best, is the man with the son who — faced death, the man in whose heart was the ~ sting of bereavement. There is no flourish then, no idle word spoken, but a manly cry of — anguish. For Theodore Roosevelt speaks then for a million fathers less articulate but feeling no less strongly. ; “Only those are fit to live who do not fay to die ; and none are fit to die who have shrunk from the joy of life and the duty of life. Both life and death are part of the Great Adventure. Never yet was worthy adventure worthily carried through by the man who put his own personal safety first. Never yet was a country worth living in unless its sons and daughters were of that stern stuff which — bade them die for it at need; and never yet was ae a country worth dying for unless its sons and daughters thought of life not as something con- cerned only with the selfish evanescence of the in- dividual, but as a link in the great chain of crea- tion and causation, so that each person is seen in a true relation as an essential part of the whole.” LITTLE BLUE BOOK SERIES 59 Other Little Blue Books Biography 5 Life of Samuel Macaulay. 393 Life of Irederick the Great. Macaulay. 33 Brann: Smasher of Shams. Gunn. 812 Life and Works of Laurence : Sterne. Gunn. 429 Life and Works of Jonathan Swift. Gunn. §22 Life of Thomas Paine. Gunn, §23 Life of Benjamin Franklin. Gunn. 7 51 Bruno. His Life and Mar- Johnson, tyrdom. Turnbull. 69 Life of Mary, Queen of Scots. Jumas. ; 88 Vindication of Paine. Ingersoll. 123 Life of Madame du Barry. Tichenor. 183 Life of Jack London. Tichenor. 323 Life of Joan of Arc. Tichenor. 843 Life of Columbus. Tichenor. 128 Julius Caesar: Who He Was and What He Ac- complished. 139 Life of Dante. 141 Life of Napoleon. Yinger. 328 Joseph Addison and His Time. IY inger. 339 Thoreau: The Man Who Escaped From the Herd. Finger. 394 Boswell’s Life of Johnson. Finger. 395 Autobiography of Cellini. Finger. 412 Life of Mahomet. Finger. Life of Barnum: The Man Who Lured the Herd. : Finger. Maretan finger. and the Pacific. | 526 Life of Julius for Greek and 142 Bismarck and the German Empzce. Bowicke. 147 Crowell and His Times. 227 Keats: The Man, His Works, and His tvienas, 236 State and Heart Affairs of Henry VIII, 269-270-271-272 Contemporary Portraits. 4 Vols. — Harris. 824 Life of Lincoln, Bowers. 433 Life of Marat. Gottschalk. 438-439 Secret Memoirs of Madame de Pompadour. 2 Malad eee pone ar- range y Jules eaujoint. 490 Life of Michelangeto” (as Seen by Georg Brandes). Moritzen, °06 Life of Voltaire (as Seen by Georg Brandes), Moritzen. 525 Life of Goethe. (as Seen by Georg Brandes). Moritzen. Caesar (as Seem by- Georg Brandes). Moritzen. 518 The Life and Works of. Charles Dickens. Swasey. 521 Tafe of John Brown. Gold. 666-667 Sarah Bernhardt As I Knew Her. 2 Vols. Dorian. Drama (See ‘Literature ( Ancient)’ Roman Drama. See ‘Shakespeare’ for Shake- spearean Plays and Criticism. See “Oscar Wilde,’’ See “Wrench Literature’ for Mo- liere, Victor Hugo and Maeter- linck. See ‘‘Ibsen, Henrik.’’) 0 The Mikado. Gilbert. | 226 The Anti-Semites. ' Schnitzler. 308 She Stoops to Conquer. Goldsmith. 335 The Land of Heart’s De- sire. Yeats. 35° Pippa Passes. Browning. ah 49 oo fg A Go 3 Embers. ; The Pierrot of the Minute. . Everyman. LITTLE BLUE BOOK SERIES Empedocles on BHtna. Arnold. The Maid of Orleans. Samuels. The Creditor. Strindberg. Four One-Act Plays. Strindberg. Haldeman-Julius. Dowson. The God of Vengeance. Asch. Translated by Ysaac Goldberg. A Morality Play. None Beneath the King. Zorrilla. Trans. by Isaac Goldberg. The Beggar’s Opera. Gay. The Pot-Boiler. Sinclair. :erson, Ralph Waldo Essays on Compensation and iriendship. Gems from Emerson. 53. 4.94 425-426 Representative Men. 4 Vols. Essays on Power and Behavior. Essays on Experience and Politics. Essays on the Poet and Nature. Essays on. Character and Manners. ; Essays on Love, Heroism, and Prudence. Essays on Spiritual Laws and Circles. — Essays on History and Intellect. Essays on Nominalist and Realist, Gifts, and the Over-Soul. Bssays on Art and Self- Reliance. Hssays on Beauty and Worship. Wssays on Fate and Tlusions. Essays on Wealth and Culture. A Guide to the Philosophy of Emerson. Tichenor. Essays—-( Collections) (See ‘‘Emerson, Ralph Waldo.’’) 43 70 176 9385 278 448 Truth, and Other Essays. Bacon. : Charles Lamb’s Essays. Four Essays. Ellis. Essays. Chesterton. , Friendship, and Other essays. Thoreau. Essays on Montaigne, Pascd and Voltaire. Powys. Vssays on Rousseau, Balzac aad Hugo. Powys. Mssays on De Maupassant, ~ Anatole France and William Blake. Powys. ran Essays on Remy de Gour- — mont and Byron. Powys. Essays on Emily Bronte and Henry James. Powys. Essays on Joseph Conrad and Oscar Wilde. Powys. “fiscelianeous Essays. Haldeman-Julius. J.iterary Essays. Haldeman-Julius. Honey and Gall. e s _ Fiction Carmen. Merimee. Great Stories of the Sea. Cooper, Loti and Marryat. Dreams. Schreiner. Dreum-cf John Ball. Morris. : XTilth Century Prose Tales. Morris. 3 The House and the Brain. Lytton. A Christmas Carol. ~ Dickens. Powys. a 3 Tales from the Decameron. Beccaecio. The Color of Life. Tlaldeman-Julius. Sherlock Holmes Tales. Doyle. The Dream Woman. Collins. 5 Great Ghost Stories. & 'The Strength of the Strong. London. The Man Who Would ee: = RiGee IPH AE ( LITTLE BLUE BOOK SERIES 61 331 The Finest Story in the 332 'the Man Who Was, and Other Stories, Kipling. -833 Mulvaney Stories. Kipling. 336 o bale of the Beast. iplin 357 Bite of ‘the Dreadful Night.. Kipling 161 The country of the Blind. We lls. 182 Daisy Miller. James. 307 A Tillyloss Scandal. Barrie. 215 The Miraculous Revenge. Shaw. 932 The Three Strangers. Hard ardy. 277 The Man Without a © Country. Hale. 985 Euphorian in Texas. Moore. 855 Aucassin and Nicolete. Lang. 4 ' 863 Miggles and Other Stories. Harte. 397 Irish Fairy Tales. 420 ane Stories from the Spanish. 454 The Unworthy Coopers, etc. Haldeman-Julius. i 234 Caught and Other Stories. Haldeman-Julius. k 489 Great Yiddish Short Stories. Edited by Goldberg. 577 The Lifted Veil. Fliot. 583-584-585-586-587-588 The Jungle, 6 Vols. Singlair. 590-591-592 The Millennium. 8 Vols. Sinclair. 594 The Overman. Sinclair. 595 The Happy Hypocrite. Beerbohm. Fine Arts 476 A Handbook on the Gilbert and Sullivan Operas. Goldberg. 287 Whistler: .The Man and His Work.” 887 History of Painting. Sheehan, 403 History of Music. Sheehan. 466 A History of Sculpture. heehan 468 A History of Architecture. Sheehan, 413 The Need for Art in Life. Holborn. . 507 Richard Wagner: An Intro- duction. Goldberg. (Note: In the operatic titles listed below, Mr. Theo. M. R. von Keler gives short biograph- ical sketches, the story of the opera and helpful criticism of the music, illustrated by ex- cerpts from the score.) 410 Die Walkuere. Wagner. 440 Cavalleria Rusticana. Mascagni. 441 I Pagliacci. Leoncavallo. 455 Riehard Strauss’s Salome. 456 Carmen. Bizet. 457 Lohengrin. Wagner. 458 Tannhauser. Wagner. 459 Das Rheingold. Wagner. 494 Siegfried. Wagner. 495 Rigoletto. Verdi. 569 Gotterdammerung. Wagner, History 50 Paine’s Common Sense. 34 The Mystery of the Iron Mask. Von Keler. 67 Church History. Tichenor. 83 Marriage: Its. Past, Present and Future. Besani. 125 War Speeches of Woodrow Wilson. Edited by Smith. 126 History of Rome. Giles. 149 Historic Crimes and Crim- inals. Finger. 150 Lost. Civilizations. Finger. 169 Voices From the Past. Tichenor. | 174 Trial of William Penn, | 185 History of Printing. Disraeli. | 201 Satan and the Saints. Tichenor. ' 214 Speeches of Lincoln. _ 276 Speeches and Letters of George Washington. 286 When the Puritans Were in Power. ‘Tichenor, 469.The Egypt of Yesterday: A History of Exploring and Excavation. Moritzen. &W A History of Polar Explora- tion and Adventure. Van Yicklen. 62 LITTLE BLUE BOOK SERIES The Ancient Regime (France Before the Revolu- tion). Gottschalk. 515 The Fall of Louis XVI. Gottschalk. 8 Great Pirates. Finger, 5 Science of History, Froude. 6 A History of Modern Mexico. Parker. French Literature (In English) 15 The Atheist’s Mass, and. An Accursed House. Balzac. In the Time of Terror. and Other Stories. Balzac. Christ in Flanders, Other Stories. Balzac. 344 Don Juan, and. A Passion in the Desert. Balzac. 237 Poems in Prose. Baudelaire. Sarah Bernhardt’s Love Let- ters te Sardou, 314 Short Stories. Daudet. 6 Love, and Other Stories, Maupassant. The Tallow Ball (Boule de Suif). Maupassant, 292 Mademoiselle Fifi, Other Stories. 66 Crimes of the and and Maupassant, Borgias. Dumas. (Edited by H. M, Tichenor). 300 Terrorism in France. Dumas. 319 Comtesse de Saint-Geran. Dumas. 570 The Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitaller. Flaubert. 198 The Majesty of Justice. France. 219 The Human Tragedy. France. 178 One of Cleopatra’s Nights. Gautier 230 The Fleece of Gold | Gautier. 345 Clarimonde. Gauiton 877 A Night in the Luxembourg. Gourmont. 540 541 8h 18 20 166 231 Stories ip Yell Black, White, Biue,” a? “and Red, Gourmont.. Trans. by Isaac Goldberg. ; Stories in Green, Rose Purple. Lilac and Orange Gourmont. Trans. by Gold erg. Philosophie Nights ae Paris Neder es Trans. by Gold : berg, tg Last Days of a ‘Condemned wee Man, Hugo. . Ave oe Oration on Voltaire. ‘eee. Ne i Battle of Waterloo, Hugo. The King Enjoys Himself (Le Roi s’Amuse). Hugo. Tartuffe. Moliere. — The Misanthrope, | Moliere. Les Precieuses “Ridicules. f Moliere. ; The Nobody Who Apes No- bility (Le Bourgeois Gentil- homme)... Moliere. rae Love: an Essay. Montaigne. Pelleas and Melisande, ide Maeterlinck. ~ ts Women, and Other Essays. ede Maeterlinck. Nara a Life of Jesus, Renan (Con- — densed by H. M. iain syle Chapters from the Soci al Contract, Rousseau. — Essays on Chesterfield ane é) Rabelais. Sainte-Beuve. The Marquise. Sand. Volney’s: Ruins of Tanpites: (Condensed by John Mason). Eighteen Little Essays. Voltaire, Spey ate ee Toleration. Voltaire, Pocket Theology. Voltaira | The Ignorant Philosophe ts Voltaire ; The ‘Attack on the Min. Zola. Humor Idle Thoughts of an i Fellow. Jerome, Let’s Laugh. Nasby. | English as She Ap, Spoke. Twain. , Bight Sketcher Humorous ~ Twain. i ig