~ Ocroser, 1850. No. a a eee a 
 
 PRATT“! ANSFITUTE 
 
 FOUNDER’S DAY NUMBER 
 
 PUBLISHED BY. 
 PRATT INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, N. Yy. 
 
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 PUBLISHED BY 
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 OCTOBER, 1890 
 
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 BOARD OF TRUSTEES. — 
 
 ' 13 et ty es ix 
 CHARLES PRATT, President. CHARLES M, 
 FREDERIC B. PRATT, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Fe, 
 
 oe RACULT Vag 
 
 FREDERIC B. PRATT, Chairman. 
 
 NorMAN P. HEFFLEY, Secretary, 
 Director of Department of Commerce. — 
 
 | WILLIAM O. PRATT, ae 
 Director of Teehnical High School Department. 
 
 WALTER S. PERRY, 
 | Director of Art Department. | 
 
 HARRIET S. SACKETT, 
 Director of Department of Domestic Science. 
 7 ‘ a \ ; \ + le 
 
 he 
 
 CHARLES R, RICHARDS, 
 
 - Director of Department of Mechanic Arts. 
 MARGARET HEALY, | 
 
 Director of Libraries, 
 
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BRAK SUN S bb T Oak. 
 
 BOUNDER SvADDRESS, OCTOBER (2, 1800. 
 
 | eas past year has gone rapidly, and my address, and the announce- 
 
 ment and catalogue of last year havé become a part of the history of 
 Pratt Institute. This morning I propose to add another page to that 
 history. 
 
 OUR FIRST CATALOGUE,—In preparing a systematized report of the 
 work of almost any other educational institution, it would be quite easy 
 to find a model for guidance; but in this case the work in the various 
 departments has been carried on in great part according to original 
 plans and methods, and it is for this reason chiefly that I desire to 
 emphasize the value of the work done, and to call your special attention 
 to the carefully classified information given in the announcement and 
 catalogue issued last June, in which the design and methods of instruction 
 in each department and branch of study in the Institute are set forth. 
 
 TECHNICAL HiGH ScHoo..—The first class of nine from this depart- 
 ment was graduated at the Commencement, on the roth of June last, 
 which was an occasion of great interest, not only to the students of the 
 Institute, but also to its patrons, and to many of the citizens of Brooklyn. 
 The Rey. Dr. Cuyler delivered an impressive address and the exercises 
 were highly creditable to both teachers and scholars. We regard this 
 department as one of importance, and one that will be of signal service to 
 all who may avail themselves of its opportunities. 
 
 The applicants for admission to the class this year were more than 
 we could accommodate. We believe in the value of co-education, and 
 are pleased to note the addition of more than twenty young women to 
 this entering class. 
 
 ART DEPARTMENT.—The course in Normal Art was opened two years 
 ago. Last June we graduated a class of twenty-three earnest women, who 
 went out as teachers, and there is great satisfaction in believing that their 
 
6 PRAL TANS LIL Lee 
 
 influence and work will be felt in many cities in different parts of our 
 country. The demand for competent teachers in this department is 
 constant, and'we have as yet been unable to satisfy it. 
 
 For the branch of clay-modeling we have engaged the services of a 
 competent and experienced person, thoroughly familiar with the art of 
 modeling and sculpture, and we anticipate a marked improvement in 
 stone and marble work under his instruction and management during the 
 year before us. 
 
 APPLIED ART.—The work of both teachers and scholars in this direc- 
 tion has been full of interest, and much progress has been made in every 
 branch, particularly in that of designing, wood-carving, and artistic needle- 
 work. 
 
 Returning from France a few weeks since, I met on the steamer 
 some ladies who had gone to Paris for no other purpose than to buy 
 trousseaus for some of their friends because they could not obtain as fine 
 a quality of needlework in this country. We wish to develop the skill 
 and cultivate the taste of Americans so that they may be able to do as good 
 work here as can be obtained in Paris. Many people are willing to pay 
 high prices for the best quality of work, and, I think, with time and 
 patience, the women trained at this Institute will secure the confidence 
 and patronage of the public for the products of their skill, and at prices 
 that will amply repay them. 
 
 Our work in dressmaking and millinery has received high commen- 
 dation. The specimens sent to the exhibition at the National Teachers’ 
 Convention, at St. Paul, called forth much praise, and we feel that we have 
 good reason to compliment the women in charge of this department for the 
 success which has attended their labors. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE.—One important design of this 
 department is to render it practicable for persons of very limited income 
 to secure and enjoy more comfort in their homes. ‘The man,who earns 
 ten dollars per week will have a more attractive and happy home with a 
 wife trained in household economy than the man who receives twice as 
 much whose wife has had no training in domestic economy and thrift. 
 In my opinion, the value of this practical part of a woman’s education, 
 in its influence and benefits to any community, cannot be overestimated, 
 and we believe that its importance will be realized more and more by 
 the people generally from year to year. 
 
 The many applications we have had for teachers in most of the depart- 
 ments of our work have led us to appreciate the need and importance of 
 establishing normal courses in many of the branches. Among these, we 
 have started a Normal Class in Cooking. 
 
~ 
 
 FOUNDER'S ADDRESS. Fi 
 
 We have been anxious to establish a course of training to qualify 
 servants for housework and the management of households, and it is 
 hoped that we shall be able to do something in this line during the com- 
 ing year. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MEcHANIC ARTS.—Decided progress has been made 
 in organizing and developing this department in its various branches. We 
 have added tinsmithing, and propose also to provide looms for giving 
 instruction in the art of weaving. We do this at the earnest request of 
 manufacturers who desire trained workers in this branch of mechanic art. 
 
 The Painters and Decorators’ Association visited the Institute last 
 year and urged that we should begin a class in painting and fresco work 
 in connection with our Trade School Department. The necessary facili- 
 _ ties for that purpose have been supplied, and evening classes have been 
 formed. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL EDuUCATION,—This is a comprehensive 
 term. We have found a number of institutions in Europe whose specific 
 aim is to train young men for commercial pursuits. In connection with 
 this work is a demand for first-class clerks who propose to make business 
 their profession. 
 
 For lack of room we are not able to carry out all our plans in regard 
 to this department. 
 
 Our work in phonography and typewriting has been very successful. 
 Many of the students have secured lucrative employment, and retained 
 their positions. 
 
 Music DEPARTMENT.—Finding that we had not room enough in the 
 Institute buildings, owing to the growing needs of this department, it 
 has been transferred to the Studio Building, No. 244 Vanderbilt Avenue. 
 This building, on account of the fire at the Adelphi Academy last Decem- 
 ber, it was found expedient to surrender to the Academy for the remainder 
 of the school year —they assuming the kindergarten work which we had 
 undertaken. We propose, however, to establish a Normal Class for train- 
 ing kindergarten teachers as soon as we can provide the facilities. 
 
 The Choral Society is doing good service in drawing the attention of 
 the people at large to the fact that they may not only enjoy music as 
 listeners, but also take part in its performance. 
 
 A two-year course for the training of teachers of music has been 
 established in response to a growing demand for such teachers. 
 
 THE Liprary.—-Probably no department of the Institute has been 
 more successfully carried on than the Library, perhaps because we have 
 not been hampered by any commitments as to the way we should conduct 
 it. We have selected the best books, and only those which would be of 
 
8 LA Tel SIN Ne Gl aie 
 
 real service and benefit. Special lists for the young have been made, and 
 special works on history and various other subjects have been selected 
 with great care. We believe this department has been making its influ- 
 ence widely felt for good. The circulation has steadily increased, having 
 reached nearly 100,000 volumes during the year ending July 1, as against 
 about go,ooo in the year preceding. The number of members, also, has 
 increased from 6,500 to 9,500. 
 
 The Astral Branch of the Library, in the Astral Building at Green- ~ 
 point, has also been largely patronized, and it has become an important 
 institution in that part of the city. 
 
 Turirt AssociaTion.—According to the announcement on last 
 Founder’s Day, the Thrift Association of Pratt Institute was formed, and 
 the result of the first year’s work is satisfactory. The business has been 
 allowed to develop naturally, and no special efforts have been made to 
 induce people to become investors. 
 
 For the first nine months from October to the end of our fiscal year, 
 July 1, we received $13,373.04. The whole amount has been loaned on 
 mortgages to people desiring to purchase homes. | 
 
 The number of subscribers was 22% 
 The number of shares subscribed for was . . 1,575 
 
 A large number of circulars of information, and 10,000 copies of the 
 Sayings of Benjamin Franklin have been distributed to aid in promoting 
 habits of economy and thrift among the young, and we believe this litera- 
 ture has been useful for this purpose. 
 
 We have found in our experience that many persons are unable to 
 save as much as $1.00 per month, and we have concluded to introduce the 
 stamp system which has been used in Europe and in some farts of this 
 country. For this purpose we have prepared a series of stamps of the 
 denominations of 5, 10, 25,and 50 cents, which are for sale, and can be 
 purchased at any time during the month, and can be returred at any time 
 and redeemed for cash. 
 
 Branches of The Thrift have been established in the Young Men’s 
 Christian Association, in the Young Women’s Christian Association, and 
 in the Astral Reading Room at Greenpoint. 
 
 The Loan Branch has also been quite successful; all the money 
 received having been loaned to persons buying homes, and it is being 
 returned monthly. Many people, we believe, are buying homes in this 
 way, who would otherwise be unable to do so. Weare hoping to enlarge ~ 
 the usefulness of the Thrift Association as time goes on. 
 
 Tue Facutty.— The Faculty of the Institute consists of seven mem- 
 bers, each of whom has charge of some special department. The respon- 
 
FOUNDER’ S- ADDRESS. 9 
 sibility thus thrown upon each has tended, we believe, to stimulate 
 individual attention to specific rather than general work, has prevented 
 any clashing or interference in the management, and the result has been 
 most gratifying. 
 
 INSTRUCTORS. —In addition to the Faculty there are ninety-one 
 instructors and assistants, who, with the Faculty, and with those who are 
 to enter upon the work this year, will make the number considerably over 
 one hundred. 
 
 Tue TRustees.—There are only three Trustees charged with the con- 
 trol and management of the Institute, and I need not repeat here that 
 there has been great harmony in the discharge of their responsible duties. 
 It is my judgment, both from observation and experience, that on account 
 of this small number, we have made more progress in our work from the 
 unobstructed freedom with which we have thus been able to carry it 
 forward. 
 
 NEw BUILDING.— The Institute is sadly in need of room in many of 
 its departments. In our last catalogue, we gave the outlines of a large 
 building which we were purposing to construct, but we thought it wise to 
 modify our plans, and the construction will therefore be somewhat delayed. 
 The architect is preparing plans, and we hope to begin the work of con- 
 struction at an early day. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS FROM PATRONS.— In May we issued a circular to the 
 patrons of the Institute, asking a number of questions, to learn if there 
 was not some way in which we could be of more benefit to the students, 
 and in the hope that we might reach some persons who could suggest 
 particular needs which it might be within our power to supply. The number 
 of replies received up to June 6 was 556, and these replies have given us 
 information of those who, from lack of funds, have been unable to join any 
 of our classes, of others who would be glad to attend summer classes, as 
 well as valuable information upon many other points by means of which 
 we hope to be able to extend the usefulness of the Institute. 
 
 Lectures.— Referring to lectures, we have had only a few during 
 the past year, but propose to have this valuable method of popular in- 
 struction fully represented at the Institute as soon as more ample facilities 
 can be provided for that purpose. 
 
 DORMITORIES AND BOARD.— Attention has been called to the possible 
 need of dormitories, or a place where teachers and scholars from out of 
 town could obtain board and lodging. We hope to be able to furnish 
 such accommodations as soon as we have time to give the matter proper 
 consideration. | 
 
 SUMMER SCHOOL.— We have requests from a large number of earnest 
 
me) PRATT (INSTI LOL, 
 
 teachers for opportunities to avail themselves of the facilities of the Insti- 
 tute to fit themselves to become teachers in the various lines of work 
 peculiarly connected with the Institute. 
 
 If we could arrange to provide teachers for this purpose we should be 
 glad to supply this important demand. ‘The strain on our regular teachers 
 at the Institute is such that they need the vacation for preparation of the 
 work of the new year. If any would like, however, to take advantage of 
 the classes, should any be formed, and will send in their names, we will 
 be glad to do anything we can to further their interests. 
 
 Added as a postscript to the circular of questions, it was suggested 
 that many people who were brought up in the city do not appreciate the 
 advantages coming to those who devote themselves to the cultivation of 
 the soil, and that the grand opportunity offered to American youth in 
 agriculture has not been well understood ; hence, this question was also 
 asked : 
 
 ‘‘In case we could interest farmers or persons connected with agri- 
 cultural pursuits in offering employment under favorable circumstances, 
 do you know any young man or woman who would like to make farming 
 a profession, or who desires to spend a few weeks or months in healthful 
 work on a farm? ‘The idea would be to try to secure for them employ- 
 ment which would give them general experience, at the same time expect- 
 ing that the value of their services would be, substantially, an equivalent 
 for their board.” 
 
 There were seven who referred to the farm work, resulting in four 
 young men from the Institute giving their time for a few months last 
 summer on the farm in return for their board. This would seem a small 
 return for the cheerful, patient work they gave, but they received some- 
 thing worth more than money in learning to work and care for themselves. 
 
 In view of this experience, we are considering the advisability of 
 establishing classes in some form of agriculture, such as gardening, flower 
 and tree culture ; making use of the vacant ground about the Institute. 
 We are now looking for a competent man to take up this work and make 
 it a part of our development. 
 
 I was struck while in Paris this summer mith the profusion and beauty 
 of the floral decorations, with the arrangement of bouquets and flowers 
 in the shops, and the number of people who seemed to be occupied in 
 that particular business. People with small plots of ground were raising 
 flowers and bringing them to market. 
 
 Now we have an abundance of cheap land in this country, and an ample 
 opportunity for thousands of our young people to lead happy and con- 
 tented lives in this branch of industry, which, in my estimation, has been 
 
FOUNDER’S ADDRESS. II 
 
 very much undervalued. In view of the progress which has been made 
 in the invention of machinery and the absorption of large capital by 
 manufacturing concerns, it seems to me doubly important that we should 
 open to American youth the broad and comprehensive field which is em- 
 braced within:the range of the garden, tree culture, and agriculture. 
 
 Our worK.— No record of our work has been so important as the 
 example which we believe it has set in the line of progressive education. 
 We are endeavoring to establish an institution as a pattern for other cities 
 and towns to follow, and we have had many encouraging reports, partic- 
 ularly regarding our exhibition at St. Paul during the past summer ; but 
 it requires a long time before a young institution like ours can become 
 widely known. 
 
 Finances.—lI have been asked many times why we did not publish 
 some statement of the finances of the Institute. Each year, as we have 
 come to Founder’s Day, I have had accounts made up and a statement 
 prepared at considerable cost of time, which I had thought to make pub- 
 lic, and have then put them one side, because I was in doubt as to the 
 wisdom of making any statement. 
 
 I have asked myself, over and over again, what good could result from 
 any statement we could make of the amount of money we have spent. 
 The quality and amount of service rendered by the Institute is the only 
 fair estimate of its real value. Our experience has been too limited to 
 justify us in attempting to give any estimate of what it costs to carry on 
 the various branches which we have undertaken. 
 
 Demands for money to meet the growing wants of each department 
 of the Institute have been constant, and while the receipts for tuition 
 were six times as large for the year 1889-1890 as they were for 1887-1888, 
 they were not one-quarter as much as the general expenses, such as sala- 
 ries of teachers, light, heat, supplies and’ equipment, to say nothing of any 
 interest on the cost of land or of buildings. 
 
 But this does not concern us; for the separate departments, when 
 once fully organized, we believe can be made to become largely self-sup- 
 porting, although the Library will be a constant expense, and can give us 
 no direct return. Ina word, we are trying to teach others to be thrifty. 
 We are struggling daily with the problem of our own financial condition. 
 We do not wish to spend a dollar if ninety cents will produce the same 
 result. On the other hand, we want nothing but the best quality of men 
 and women as managers and helpers, we want nothing but the best facili- 
 ties for our work, and if we should find the burden becoming too heavy, 
 we shall try to so modify our plans as to enable us to go on with the work 
 as we find the altered condition demands. 
 
12 PRAT LIINST IU LE, 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS.—Handwork.—Just a word, now, before closing, 
 on handwork : 
 
 Gobelin tapestry, which was made by the French Government for so 
 many years, and which represents, perhaps, the highest type of hand- 
 weaving, is stillin demand. We were this summer in Russia, where they 
 were cutting hard Siberian stones and fitting them into mosaics. This 
 was done with very great skill and with the utmost patience. This is 
 work which our American people would be glad to buy and pay high 
 prices for if they could get it, but it is done altogether for the govern- 
 ment, and so these products of skilled labor are not in the market. 
 
 I am satisfied that our American people have yet to learn what a large 
 field of profitable employment lies in the various kinds of artistic hand- — 
 work. Whether it be needlework, wood-carving, designing, sculpture, or 
 anything which represents the most skillful and patient labor, I am sure 
 that it will find a market when we. can produce such a quality as to 
 compete with the best work of the kind in Europe. And why not? 
 We have as bright minds and as skillful hands, but it requires superior 
 designs to work upon, and a combination of taste, skill, and patience to 
 succeed. 
 
 The importance of appreciating the value of handwork is also em- 
 bodied in the general idea of proprietorship. To illustrate what I mean : 
 In Paris, I saw at the Exhibition of Industry and Science some very 
 handsome enameled copper work. On securing the card of the manu- 
 facturer, we concluded to call upon him, and drove to his place in the 
 lower part of the city, a small, three-story house, and were shown in by 
 what appeared to be the wife of the manufacturer. We finally asked to 
 see the factory, and were taken through a series of rooms into the rear of 
 the house where the manufacturer, in a frock, was at work with two or 
 three other men painting and preparing the copper for the different’ proc- 
 esses.. [This manufacturer was proprietor of his own establishment, and 
 happy with his family in managing his own business. If it were possible 
 to produce these goods by machinery, the probabilities are that it would 
 be done in a large factory ; but the fact that it was the man’s individual 
 skill which made the work a success revealed the importance of endeav- 
 oring to develop any industry which would make the managers of it 
 independent proprietors. The different manufacturing industries of the 
 present day are conducted on such an extensive scale that it requires 
 the investment of enormous sums of money in expensive plants, and only 
 associated capital can become proprietors of these large businesses. Now — 
 it seems to me that small individual proprietorships of industries can 
 come through those branches which depend upon individual skill. 
 
FOUNDER'S ADDRESS. ims 
 
 In looking this summer at the civilization‘ of Denmark, Norway, 
 Sweden, Russia, Germany, and France, and reviewing the trip we made a 
 year ago, and my own experience of the past year, I am convinced that 
 the great problem which we are trying to solve is very much wrapped up 
 in the thought of educating the people to find happiness in a busy, active 
 life, and that the occupation of the hour is of more importance than the 
 wages received. . 
 
 In addition to educating the people to find happiness in their occupa- 
 tion, is the further step of educating them to appreciate the value of home. 
 To this end we have been doing what we could in circulating good litera- 
 ture, and in the endeavor to make people thrifty. Aside from the hope 
 that we might encourage people to buy homes for themselves, is the 
 higher element of happiness which comes from an appreciation of the 
 wisdom of finding contentment in one’s own family through a better 
 knowledge of domestic economy. 
 
 Home is the centre from which the life of the nation emanates, and 
 the highest product of modern civilization is a contented, happy home. 
 How can we help to secure such homes? By teaching the people that 
 happiness, to some extent at least, consists in having something to occupy 
 the head and hand, and in doing some useful work. 
 
 ConcLusion.— The world goes on, and Pratt Institute, if it fulfills the 
 hopes and expectations of its founder, must go on, and as the years pass, 
 the field of its influence should grow wider and wider. 
 
 As I said last Founder’s Day, the developing and enlarging power of 
 the Institute must be in itself. The giving which counts is the giving of 
 one’s self. The faithful teacher who gives his strength and life without 
 stint or hope of reward, other than the sense of fidelity to duty, gives 
 most, and so the record will stand when our books are closed at the day 
 of final accounting. 
 
 So to my sons and co-trustees, who will have this work to carry on 
 when I am gone, I wish to say: The world will overestimate your abil- 
 ity, and will underestimate the value of your work; will be exacting of 
 every promise made or implied; will be critical of your failings; will often 
 misjudge your motives and hold you to strict account for all your doings. 
 Many pupils will make demands and be forgetful of your service to them. 
 Ingratitude will often be your reward. When the way is dark and full of 
 discouragement and difficulty you will need to look on the other side of 
 the picture, which you will find full of hope and gladness. So I would 
 give you a word of encouragement and cheer, and possibly I cannot do 
 better than to impress upon you the wise counsel of an ancient sage from 
 another race, as follows: 
 
14 PRAL LLNS AL ISCrL 
 
 “You do not live for yourself. If you live for yourself you shall 
 come to nothing. Be brave, be just, be pure, be true in word and deed. 
 Care not for your enjoyment, care not for your life; care only for what 
 is right. So, and not otherwise, it shall be well with you. So the Maker 
 of you has ordered, whom you will disobey at your peril.” 
 
 My experience in business and in the active life I have lived has led 
 me to believe that any institution, or community of men, whose action is 
 based upon this principle will be a success. ‘The teacher and the taught 
 will catch the inspiration, and so long as we are true to these foundation 
 
 ideas all will be well. 
 
REPORT OR THESE @ RE TARY: 
 
 1 aes results of the past year’s work have shown more clearly than ever 
 before the value and wide-reaching effects of the instruction given 
 at the Institute. The classes have been better organized, the work more 
 systematized, and the pupils of a better grade than at any previous time. 
 While fewer new lines of instruction were organized during the year, each 
 department has broadened and developed many of its own branches. 
 
 At the beginning of the year the Kindergarten and Thrift Departments 
 were organized ; the former, to develop the various branches connected 
 with the training of children, and the latter, to afford a safe place where 
 small sums of money might be deposited or loaned for the purpose of 
 making persons independent. 
 
 On account of the fire at the Adelphi Academy during the winter, the 
 Kindergarten was given over to the Academy. 
 
 The Thrift Association has prospered during the year, and we believe 
 has been doing a helpful work. There have been 318 subscribers to the 
 Association, and as many more who have shown an active interest. A 
 detailed report of the year’s work will be published shortly. While we 
 have not endeavored to push the Association, it has had a steady and 
 sure growth. 
 
 Another very helpful step was taken during the spring when an annual 
 catalogue was issued, which contained, among other things, full courses 
 of study. This catalogue, together with an extensive exhibition of the 
 work of the Institute at the annual meeting of the National Educational 
 Association, at St. Paul, has done more than anything else to give the 
 public a definite idea of what we are doing. The first edition of the 
 catalogue, over 10,000 copies, has been exhausted, and a second edition is 
 now being printed. 
 
 We have endeavored to keep the public in touch with us by means of 
 frequent invitations and exhibitions of our work. Every assistance has 
 been given to all who showed the least interest in examining the Institute, 
 its methods, facilities, and scope. Over 10,000 visitors inspected the 
 buildings during the year. So impressed have people been, that in many 
 parts of the city organizations on a small scale have been started. This is 
 especially noticeable in the case of cooking, sewing, and millinery classes 
 
16 PRA LAIR SLI TOTS: 
 
 which have been undertaken, sometimes under our own management, but 
 oftener under that of others. . 
 
 We are striving to give the very highest. grade of work possible, 
 with the best trained teachers, and most modern facilities, and it is 
 not strange that others are coming to us for suggestions. 
 
 The real practical nature of our work is shown by the fact that more than 
 a hundred pupils of last year’s classes have obtained positions which are 
 making the possessors self-supporting. This fact leads me to say that it 
 seems only a matter of justice that these same pupils should repay to us, in 
 some form or other, the great expense which we have been under in giving 
 them this instruction. 
 
 Already there isa need for more room. With this in view, we have 
 been planning a building to contain the public features of the Institute 
 work, viz.: a large lecture hall, museum, library, and banquet rooms. It 
 is hoped that this may become a centre of influence in this part of the 
 city for all lines of social, industrial, and educational work. 
 
 The number of individual pupils for the year was 2,364, of whom 785 
 were male. ‘There were over fifty pupils graduated in June, the first to 
 finish the yearly courses. 
 
 There have been employed as active instructors 77 persons, and as a 
 total connected with the Institute in various capacities 107. This large 
 force requires a strong business organization, which is centered at the 
 General Office. In fact, all matters of finance, applications, requisitions, 
 employment, and the general development of the Institute, are transacted 
 through the General Office. 
 
 The assistance of the Faculty, as an organization, has been especially 
 helpful during the year, so that while the number of Trustees is small, the 
 suggestions given and thought exercised have been of great service. 
 
 We have made little effort to advertise the Institute except by general 
 announcements, preferring that the character of the work we are doing 
 should speak for itself. 
 
 The following reports of the departments have been written by the 
 several directors, and modified as circumstance required. 
 
Pee NICAL HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 a record for the year 1889-90 in the Technical High School De- 
 
 ! partment possesses especial interest from the fact that in September 
 of this year the department had for the first time its full quota of classes, 
 while the following June witnessed the first graduation exercises, and the 
 consequent appearance of alumni in the department’s history. 
 
 Starting, as it did, in a small and somewhat irregular way during 
 the year 1887-88, the department has grown steadily, and is now doing 
 its part toward solving the problem of combined mental and manual 
 training. In this solution certain elements are already well established. 
 Among the best educational thinkers and workers it is generally 
 
 agreed that the one-sided education of the past cannot become sym- 
 metrical unless there is introduced into it some feature unlike itself ; and 
 it is also admitted with almost equal unanimity that this necessary ele- 
 ment is manual work in some form or other. This much is sufficiently 
 well established to serve as a basis for future work ; but as to the par- 
 ticular nature of the manual element, the relative proportion of manual 
 and mental, the wisest methods of adapting the one to the other, these 
 and many other questions remain to be settled, and it is these in part 
 that the Technical High School is endeavoring to solve. 
 
 ‘The work of the past year has been done under more favorable con- 
 ditions than heretofore. Better and more ample accommodations and 
 more complete equipments have had their influence. Especially worthy 
 of notice in this connection is the fitting up of the physical and chemical 
 laboratories and physical lecture room. ‘The chemical laboratory became 
 a necessity last year, as chemistry, a senior study, was taught for the first 
 time. It occupies a room 60 by 18 feet, is abundantly ventilated, and 
 is provided with desk accommodations for forty students. These desks 
 have soapstone tops with pneumatic troughs in each, and are furnished 
 with all the appliances necessary for the best and most convenient work, 
 and it can safely be said that this laboratory will compare favorably in 
 convenience and completeness with any other of its size. Although 
 the physical laboratory has not yet been fully furnished, its present 
 equipment is sufficient for excellent work. The physical lecture room, 
 with seats arranged in tiers, has been found a great convenience both in 
 
18 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 connection with the sciences and elsewhere, when it was especially desir- 
 able that all members of a class should be able to overlook the instructor's 
 work. Not only have the rooms been fitted up as described, but a very 
 considerable quantity of apparatus for chemical and physical work was 
 purchased during the year. Special effort was made in selecting this to 
 adapt it, as far as possible, to the peculiar requirements of our students, 
 and the work of the year has proven that the choice was judiciously made. 
 
 In connection with the matter of equipment should be mentioned the 
 addition made to the library of the department. Although all instructors 
 and students have access to the general library of the Institute, and 
 make much use of it, yet it has been found wise to keep for permanent 
 use in the various class-rooms such books as are most intimately: related 
 to the studies therein pursued, and which should be at hand for ready 
 reference. In accordance with this principle, a good supply of standard 
 books upon literary, scientific, and mechanical subjects, as well as those 
 of special value for general reference, was placed in the class rooms, and 
 was found to be of much service. 
 
 The general work of the department has shown a marked advance 
 upon that of the previous year. Several factors have contributed to this: 
 better surroundings in the way of school accommodations and equip- 
 ments ; a firmer grasp on the part of instructors of the principles under- 
 lying the work to be done; aclass of students better prepared to take up 
 the required course; and finally, the existence of what may be called 
 a school atmosphere, which every new institution must create for itself. 
 This atmosphere, if its elements are honesty of purpose and earnestness, 
 does more to promote the welfare of a school than all purely physical 
 surroundings. 
 
 Mention has just been made of the better preparation of students now 
 entering the department. This is doubtless due in part to a more perfect 
 understanding of the requirements for admission, and to the fact that we 
 have insisted with greater firmness upon these requirements. Our stu- 
 dents the past year have come from many public and private schools in ~ 
 the city and elsewhere, and with varying degrees of excellence in their 
 preparation, but we may reasonably expect each year a class of pupils 
 better fitted than their predecessors to take up our work. 
 
 The course of instruction which was marked out some time since has 
 been followed with a few modifications. Although experience shows that 
 certain changes must in time be made in this course, yet the general 
 principle upon which it was formulated still holds, and in accordance 
 with this, five lines of work have been simultaneously pursued — mathe- 
 matics, English, natural science, drawing, manual work. 
 
TEGHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL: DEPARTMENT, 19 
 
 MaTHEMATICS.— The foundation principles of algebra, geometry, and 
 trigonometry were carefully taught, special effort being made to train 
 the student to mathematical modes of thinking. ‘To this end, as much 
 attention as possible was paid to original work, and with good results. 
 The limited time*allotted to trigonometry made it impossible to take up 
 practical surveying, but it is hoped that it will not be necessary hereafter 
 to neglect so important a subject. While mathematical studies are in 
 any school of prime importance, yet in an institution like our own they 
 take on additional value because of the close relation between the differ- 
 ent elements of our work, the mathematical principles learned in the 
 class room being directly applied in drawing and in manual work. Dur- 
 ing the last term, the Second Year Class received instruction in book- 
 keeping, and although comparatively little time was devoted to the study, 
 yet they showed in an unusual degree a comprehension of the principles 
 of the science and an ability to use them. 
 
 ENGLISH.— Without going into the details of the work, it may be said 
 that the two ends especially aimed at in the study of English are to 
 enable every student to write-and to speak his own language with ease 
 and correctness, and to cultivate a taste for the best reading as well as 
 ability to judge what is best. With this in view the work of the first year 
 has been devoted chiefly to acquiring facility in the use of correct En- 
 glish, and very good work has been accomplished. During this first year 
 a beginning is also made of the study of literature, as such, a critical 
 study of a few specimens of choice English being attempted. 
 
 The value of the second year’s work in general and English history is 
 hardly more in gaining a thorough knowlege of the text-books than in 
 using this knowledge as a basis for collateral reading, even though the 
 reading cannot be done until long after the pupil finishes his school 
 course. English literature, as in the case of all senior studies, was taught 
 for the first time the past year. The text-book used—Great English 
 Writers — served as an excellent basis for work. Throughout the study 
 the chief aim was to bring the student in contact with the lives and 
 thoughts of the best writers of English prose and poetry, and thus to in- 
 spire him with a love for the best in literature. In this study the library 
 of the Institute has been of the greatest service, and in this connection it 
 may be said that the efficiency of the department has, in numerous ways, 
 been promoted by the library, not only by the posting on the bulletin 
 boards of the monthly lists of new books added to the library, but by the 
 preparation of special lists of books bearing upon our work, and by the 
 constant and freest use of the library by teachers and pupils. | 
 
 The time given during the senior year to civil government and polit- 
 
20 PRADA LN SALT Ci hes 
 
 ical science is hardly sufficient to cover satisfactorily such important 
 studies, but every effort was made to give, in the time allowed, a clear and 
 reasonably complete view of the vital principles underlying these subjects, 
 and to encourage students to make practical application of them in judg- 
 ing the great questions of the day. The English worl of the last year 
 was supplemented by considerable attention to essay-writing, not only in 
 general directions, but in the preparation of orations for use at the closing 
 exercises. The experience of the past year has shown the necessity of 
 unifying the English work of the department, so that each year’s studies 
 may form an essential part of a complete whole. To accomplish this, the 
 work of the first year must be continued in the form of essay-writing, thus 
 connecting it more directly with the requirements of the third year, while 
 the suggestive work in literature should be supplemented by certain re- 
 quired reading during the second year. The plan to require a certain 
 amount of prescribed supplementary reading from all students will soon 
 be inaugurated. 
 
 Only a beginning of elocutionary training has yet been made, and this 
 principally in preparation for the graduation exercises of the Senior Class, 
 but it is now expected that hereafter such training will form a part of the 
 work of each class, and certainly its importance requires this. 
 
 The aims of the department would hardly justify the devotion of as 
 much time to the study of other languages than English as the needs of 
 many schools require. We have, however, given to the Second Year Class 
 a year of Latin as an optional with history, and expect to make it possible 
 to continue the study through the third year. The practical value of a 
 language connected as closely with modern languages as is the Latin, to 
 say nothing of the acknowledged benefit from the careful study of Ry 
 language, need hardly be discussed. 
 
 The work of the Senior Class in French was of such a nature as to 
 give them a fair reading knowledge of the language, based upon a sound, 
 grammatical basis. This knowledge was found not only helpful, but a 
 necessity to those who took examinations for admission to other schools. 
 
 SCIENCE.— When the High School course was being planned, much 
 thought was given to the demands of the scientific element, the claims of 
 the different sciences for representation in the course being carefully 
 weighed. It was decided to introduce only those which seemed absolute 
 requisites for general education, giving all the time possible to a few in- 
 stead of dividing it among a larger number, all of which might be desirable. 
 As yet there has appeared no sufficient reason for modifying the plan. 
 
 The entering class for the first half year pursued the study of physi- 
 ology, and gave abundant evidence that they were acquiring that practical 
 
TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT. 21 
 
 knowledge of the essentials of the science at which we especially aimed. 
 The use of charts and models, as well as of the skeleton, aided much in 
 securing this result. Great pains was taken throughout this study to see 
 that the theoretic knowledge acquired from text-books and from lectures 
 should be reduced to a personal, practical knowledge by each student, so 
 that all might have that understanding which is required for one’s own 
 physical well-being. This study gave way at the middle of the year to 
 physical geography, a study of especial value to our students, from the fact 
 that it includes the elements of several natural sciences which, on account 
 of the limits of our course, cannot be pursued further. Although the half 
 year devoted to it was hardly sufficient for the demands of the subject, yet 
 a good foundation was laid for that future study which pupils may be dis- 
 posed to do for themselves along any of the suggested lines. 
 
 Probably no part of the scientific work of the year was of more direct 
 use to the students than the physics of the middle class. This was due 
 not simply to the progress which the science itself is making and the in- 
 creasing number and importance of its applications, but to the intimate 
 relation between it and other branches of our work. The fitting up of the 
 physical laboratory made it possible to emphasize this relation as it could 
 not otherwise be done, for each student was thus given opportunity 
 to put to actual proof, by individual experiment, the principles learned, 
 and in many cases to apply these same principles in his manual work. 
 “The general subject of physics was treated under the main divisions of 
 mechanics, sound, electricity and magnetism, heat, light ; and in connec- 
 tion with each of these the students, in addition to the regular class-room 
 ‘recitations, performed their own experiments, upon which they made 
 notes, as they also did upon the lectures of the instructor. An idea of the 
 individual experiments may be gathered from mention of a few typical 
 subjects to which they gave attention: measurements and weighings, 
 friction, specific gravity, laws of sound vibrations, electrical machines and 
 measurements, use of batteries, etc., latent and specific heat, expansion, 
 polarization, spectra. 
 
 Chemistry ran through the entire senior year. Reference has already 
 been made to the excellently-equipped laboratory used this year for the 
 first time. The time of the class was divided about equally between rec- 
 itations or lectures and laboratory practice. ‘The class showed no little 
 interest in their work, and the practical tests given them from time to time 
 during the year were sufficient evidence of their grasp of the fundamental 
 principles of the science. The work in the laboratory consisted in the 
 production of the elementary gases, the manufacture and testing of all the 
 inorganic acids, and the qualitative analysis of the metals. The work has 
 
22 PRATT AMS LUA L. 
 
 been of such a character as to give the pupils a good practical working 
 knowledge, founded on a basis of theory sufficient for thorough under- 
 standing of the subject. _ 
 
 Music.— It has been found impossible to give more than a very brief 
 period weekly to instruction in music, and had it not been for enthusiastic 
 instruction and the use of the simple and natural system of Tonic Sol-fa, 
 little could have been accomplished. It is hoped that we may be able 
 some time to devote more attention to this branch, which is of such unde- 
 niable benefit to students. 
 
 DRAWING AND MANUAL WoRK.— The drawing and manual work of 
 the department is described elsewhere at considerable length. The year’s 
 work in these two lines has done something toward removing the common 
 misunderstanding of the nature and object of such work, and to show that, 
 it may rightfully claim a place in a general education. We have on all 
 sides met the popular idea that manual work is valuable to those only who 
 contemplate a mechanical pursuit, and that drawing is for those alone who 
 possess decided artistic ability or taste. It has been possible during the 
 year to see something of the value to all classes of students of both these 
 branches. Students who were supposed to possess neither taste nor 
 ability for such work have often developed both ; those having in mind a 
 business or professional pursuit have come to see the advantages of train- 
 ing their eyes and their hands. It can by no means be said that all stu- 
 dents do equally well in manual work. The same differences of ability and 
 power of adaptation show themselves here as in class-room work, but it 
 can be said that this work is of positive benefit to all, in that it awakens 
 faculties which would otherwise lie dormant, and develops others which 
 have been little used. Nor is this true of the shop courses for boys only ; 
 but in many ways the same broadening and developing power is seen to 
 exist in the special courses for girls — in the sewing, the cooking, the 
 wood-carving, and in other branches forming a part of their work. 
 
 The course of manual work for girls has been carefully elaborated 
 during the year, with a view to give that work which is of itself most 
 valuable, and in giving it to follow the natural and progressive order ; and 
 in this elaboration, as well as in the actual carrying out of the course, the 
 close relationship between the different elements composing the course for 
 girls has’been made more and more apparent. z 
 
 ATHLETICS.— It may not be out of place to mention the interest 
 taken by the students in the matter of athletics, an interest manifesting 
 itself in the formation of a flourishing athletic association and in partici- 
 pation in various forms of out-of-door sports. While it is doubtless true. 
 that students in many institutions devote altogether too much time to 
 
TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT. 23 
 
 -athletics, yet it is equally true that, within reasonable limits, the greatest 
 good may and does come from active interest in athletic sports. 
 
 The school year closed in June with the public exercises of gradua- 
 tion, when nine young men completed their course, each of them present- 
 ing at that time an oration or thesis. Of these students, four are expecting 
 to enter advanced schools for which our High School course has fitted 
 them, while the others will engage in mechanical or mercantile pursuits, 
 most of them choosing some occupation for which our training has es- 
 pecially prepared them. The future of this, our first class, is a matter of no 
 little importance to us, both because of the personal interest we should 
 naturally feel in our first graduates, and especially because it will indi- 
 cate to some degree the future of our later graduates and, consequently, 
 what training we should aim to give them. If our students are to enter 
 advanced institutions of learning, the reputation of the Institute will de- 
 pend largely upon the preparation we give, and in the same way we shall 
 also be judged by the ability of those whom we send into business or 
 mechanical pursuits. In any case, nothing but the most thorough train- 
 ing should satisfy us. 
 
 A report of the Technical High School Department for the year 
 1889-90 would be far from complete were no mention made of the 
 earnest, intelligent work of the instructors, who have given of their time, 
 their energy, and of themselves, most unselfishly. 
 
 ART DEPARTMENT. 
 
 GLENS to the greater facilities offered by the addition of six new rooms, 
 and by the increased number of students and teachers, many changes 
 and improvements have taken place in the Art Department during the 
 school year of 1889-90. The pupils who could attend three mornings 
 only were referred to the afternoon classes, and the morning classes 
 limited to five-day students who enter for regular courses of study of two to 
 four years, according to the work selected. The session was also length- 
 ened three-quarters of an hour, instruction being given from g to 12:45 
 o’clock. As a consequence of these changes the studios and class-rooms 
 have been filled with earnest students, who have devoted every morning to 
 study, and in many cases have worked the entire day throughout the year. 
 The added rooms have been used by classes in wood-carving, clay- 
 modeling, architectural, mechanical, and freehand drawing. The other 
 studios of the department have been occupied by classes in design, water 
 color and oil, and by the antique and life classes. 
 
24 PRA TP eNO LE, 
 
 Several teachers were added during the year, and as the number 
 increased, each was enabled to concentrate thought and effort upon one 
 special line of work, and in consequence to become more thorough and 
 systematic in instruction. 
 
 The courses for morning classes are planned to cover two or more 
 years, and, therefore, with but few exceptions, applicants were admitted 
 only at the beginning of the September term. Applicants were admitted 
 to the afternoon and to the evening classes in September and in January, 
 and also to the afternoon classes in April. 
 
 In April, art needlework became an added feature of the work of the 
 department, and the students of this class began a regular course in draw- 
 ing and design. 
 
 ENROLLMENT FOR THE YEAR: 
 
 Morning classes ; ; 218 
 Afternoon classes 154 
 Evening classes ; 298 
 Technical High School nee 76. 
 Domestic Science classes. , 199 
 Total ; 945 
 
 The work of the students in the various courses of study is explained 
 as follows : 
 
 REGULAR ART COURSE.— The pupils who entered the morning classes 
 in September began work at once in the studios, devoting their time to 
 elementary work from ornament in masses of light and shade and in 
 values. 
 
 Still life, combining light and shade and perspective, was taken after 
 cast drawing, together with lectures and practice upon elementary design 
 and the history and application of ornament. During the first term, lect- 
 ures and exercises were given in freehand perspective, followed each 
 week throughout the year by perspectas problems and problems in eit 
 and shade. 
 
 Much attention has been given to sketching, which has been taken in 
 connection with the subjects mentioned, and as the pupils attained requi- 
 site skill they were admitted to the Sketch Club of the advanced classes. 
 
 The Costume class has been a pleasant and profitable feature of the 
 work. During the first two terms the class met one afternoon each week, 
 one member posing in costume, while the others made sketches of the 
 model, using various mediums. ‘The third term the interest was so well 
 sustained that the class requested permission to devote a second afternoon 
 to this study. 
 
ART DEPARTMENT. | 25 
 
 The advanced classes have given especial attention to drawing from 
 the antique, and to work from the head from life, together with the study 
 of artistic anatomy, composition, and painting in either oil or water colors, 
 from flowers, still-life groups, etc. 
 
 As all three-day pupils were referred to the afternoon classes, these 
 were greatly re-enforced, and at the commencement numbered 87 pupils, 
 additions being made each term. Classes met for instruction on Monday 
 and Thursday, and others on Tuesday and Friday, Wednesday being a 
 common practice day for all. The classes were in three divisions : the 
 beginners’, the advanced, and the children’s classes. This last was quite a 
 feature of the afternoon work. The pupils were much interested, and pro- 
 duced some very creditable work in charcoal, pencil, and brown crayons. 
 The other divisions drew from casts and from groups of still-life objects. 
 Exercises were given in freehand perspective, and many sketches were 
 made in pencil, and pen and ink. During the third term the advanced 
 students began the study of water color, and painted simple still-life 
 groups with good results. 
 
 The pupils of the evening classes drew from casts and common objects 
 in Outline and in light and shade ; much work was also done in freehand 
 perspective, and sketching in pencil and red chalk. The advanced pupils 
 drew from the cast of the figure and gave much attention to sketching 
 with various mediums. 
 
 NORMAL CLass.— This has been one of the most earnest classes in 
 the department; thirty-five pupils have been enrolled, nineteen of 
 whom came from other states. A great deal of most satisfactory 
 work has been accomplished. 
 
 The class was in two divisions, the First Year Class, and the Advanced. 
 The pupils of the First Year Class closely followed the course of the corre- 
 sponding regular art class, but in addition received instruction in the 
 methods of teaching drawing as related to work in public schools. The 
 pupils of the Advanced Class were chiefly engaged in freehand drawing, 
 instrumental drawing and perspective, clay modeling, water color, and 
 methods of teaching drawing in grammar, high, and normal schools. 
 Some of the pupils also took an afternoon course in wood-carving. 
 
 The Normal Class was formed two years ago, and though several have 
 taken positions, the first graduation occurred in June, at which time nineteen 
 received certificates upon completion of the course of two years. In addi- 
 tion, quite a number have also given much time to the higher work of the 
 regular art course, and many will return to pursue a course fitting them 
 to become instructors in art schools. 
 
 TECHNICAL DESIGN.— Last September, the room devoted to design 
 
26 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 was fitted with screens, thus forming alcoves, so that specimens of oil 
 cloths, wall papers, textile fabrics, and miscellaneous designs could be 
 hung before the pupils for constant use and reference. 
 
 At first the pupils of the morning classes studied outline drawing and 
 pattern analysis, and from this advanced to the use of color, making orig- 
 inal designs for tiles, etc. Many of the designs were suggested by plant 
 forms, and others were based upon historic motives. ‘The advanced stu- 
 dents spent their time upon designs for wall paper, carpets, etc., and several 
 orders for designs were given unsolicited to the school by manufacturers. 
 
 Many of the students of the evening class were persons engaged dur- 
 ing the day in ornamental work in wood, stone, or metal, and the instruc- 
 tion required, therefore, was somewhat different in character from that of 
 the day classes. After much practice in freehand drawing and the funda- 
 mental principles of design, each pupil followed the special line of work 
 most helpful to him in his daily occupation. The class was well attended, 
 and much good work was done. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING.— A. better class of students has been in 
 attendance the past year ; the work in all classes has steadily advanced, 
 and the results have been very encouraging. Applicants were admitted 
 to the morning classes in September, and none were received after that 
 date, as the course of study is planned to cover two years. Students will 
 advance from one class to another, and new classes will be formed only at 
 the beginning of the fallterm. The students have been present with great 
 regularity, and have spent the greater part of every day in severe class work. 
 
 Large numbers of drawings have been produced, including plans, ele- 
 vations, framing plans, drawings and sections of the various details which 
 make up house construction. Much work has also been done in freehand 
 drawing, design, and pen and pencil sketching. ‘Text-book study has 
 been a required feature, recitations having occurred soil times each 
 week, and examinations each month. 
 
 Several young men secured positions as draughtsmen before complet- 
 img the course, while others have refused positions offered, preferring to 
 finish the full course of study. 
 
 Large numbers of students attended the evening classes and excep- 
 tionally good work was done; but on account of the limited time the 
 course for evening pupils was necessarily abridged. The elementary 
 students made drawings of plans and of various constructive details, and 
 the advanced pupils, in addition to the regular architectural drawing, | 
 began the study of instrumental perspective and also of freehand pencil 
 sketching. 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING.— The morning class in mechanical drawing 
 
ART DEPARTMENT, 27 
 
 has been small and, aside from the Technical High School classes, the 
 principal work has been carried on in the evening. A complete course of 
 study has been planned for the coming year, and special arrangements 
 made to develop this line of work. The evening classes were very large, 
 and were carried on in three divisions. Working drawings were made of 
 geometric and machine models, and much work done in plane geometry, 
 intersection of solids, and surface developments. Models to illustrate the 
 latter work were made by students. The work performed by the classes 
 Was most satisfactory, and the students were earnest and faithful in their 
 attendance. The pupils of the advanced classes received instruction 
 in draughting various engine details, with analysis of construction. 
 
 An evening class in mathematics was composed of students from the 
 mechanical and the architectural drawing classes. Though the formation 
 of this class was a new departure in evening work the pupils signified their 
 wish to become members as soon as the proposal to organize a class was 
 made. Instruction was given once a week to a class of thirty, and the results 
 of the experiment were so favorable that more advanced and systematic 
 work will be carried on another year. 
 
 Woop-CARVING.— Instruction in this branch was given to a class of 
 morning students, to the Technical High School pupils, and to the after- 
 _ noon and evening classes. Several of the morning students have spent 
 two years in study, and five received certificates at the close of the term 
 in June. 
 
 From simple surface patterns the pupils advanced to modeled orna- 
 ment in low and in high relief, and to the designing and carving of furni- 
 ture. A great deal of very satisfactory work was accomplished, and the 
 rapid progress and development of this subject is a matter of much inter- 
 est. The students have also taken a parallel course in freehand and 
 mechanical drawing, design and clay-modeling. 
 
 The pupils from the Technical High School, and those in the after- 
 noon and evening classes showed much enthusiasm for the work, and 
 produced some very creditable results. 
 
 The afternoon class was composed of pupils from the morning normal 
 class, and of persons who could not attend during the morning session. 
 The work was necessarily much simpler, and modeling in clay was not 
 attempted. The first class organized for evening work began in October, 
 ‘and increased in numbers throughout the winter. 
 
 CLAY-MODELING.—Morning instruction was given to normal and to 
 wood-carving students, and to the pupils of the Technical High School 
 
 Department, the classes meeting in several divisions. ‘The students mod- 
 eled from casts, from photographs of ornament, and from plant forms. 
 
28 RAL IOI gs bled LE 
 
 As the pupils advanced in work, time sketches were required, and also 
 original designs for simple ornament. 
 
 The evening classes were composed of pupils engaged during tha day. 
 in ornamental relief work. All new pupils were first admitted to the class 
 in design, and taught to make bold free drawings and original designs. 
 After this, modeling was taken, and considerable creditable work was 
 accomplished by the class; many of the modeled ornaments were cast in 
 plaster. Arrangements have been made for a much more complete and 
 systematic course of study for the coming year, and much is expected 
 from this subject, it being so directly helpful to many kinds of orna- 
 mental work. | 
 
 ART NEEDLEWORK.—In April, the classes in art needlework were 
 added to those of the Art Department. As no afternoon or evening 
 classes were held during the third term, reference here can only be made 
 to the morning classes. The work of the morning, afternoon, and even- 
 ing classes of the two preceding terms will be defined in the report of the 
 Domestic Science Department. 
 
 The pupils who entered in April were engaged upon white work, 
 further specified as drawn work, laid work, lace stitches, and Roman lace. 
 The advanced students embroidered in solid and half-solid Kensington 
 stitch, appliqué, Spanish laid-work, and stained-work, outlined with gold 
 thread. They also made several pieces in various stitches which showed 
 the effects of color in darned work.’ Many of the designs used by the 
 advanced class were original, instruction being given by the regular 
 teacher in design. Several of the pupils devoted a large part of their 
 time to drawing and design. 
 
 TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES.—This department sent five classes 
 of pupils to the Art Department. Four came daily, and the fifth, a class 
 of girls, came twice a week. Excellent work was done by all classes. 
 
 The two classes of First Year pupils spent half a term in the freehand 
 drawing, and half a term in instrumental drawing. They then entered 
 the studios, drew from casts in outline, and blocked in the masses of light 
 ' and shade. Freehand perspective, design as related to form, clay-model- 
 ing, lettering, surface developments and intersection of solids completed 
 the course for the year, much of which was time work. Besides the 
 course of drawing explained, the girls of the First Year Class took wood-. 
 
 carving twice a week for the entire, year. 
 | ‘The Second Year Class took freehand drawing in outline, and light 
 and shade, lettering, perspective, building and machine construction, and 
 after a series of lectures on the history of architecture and ornament, 
 handed in sheets illustrating the development of the subject. 
 
ART DEPARTMENT, 29 
 
 The Seniors were engaged on mechanical drawing the entire year, 
 covering in this time cams, gear teeth, engine details, slide-valve analysis, 
 and assembly drawings. | 
 
 DoMESTIC SCIENCE CLASSES.—Special afternoon classes were organ- 
 ized for pupils from the millinery and dressmaking classes of the Depart- 
 ment of Domestic Science. The course was planned for a limited time, 
 as each class gave but an hour and a half a week. The essentials of 
 simple outline drawing were covered, however, and the pupils learned to 
 sketch drapery, etc., freely and effectively, and to apply flat washes of 
 color. 
 
 _ EmpLoyMEntT.—FEarnest, faithful, hardworking students have been 
 aided in every way possible, and testimonials given when deserved. Many 
 have received employment for whole or part time. Several young men 
 have taken positions as draughtsmen. Several of the Normal Class have 
 received positions as teachers, others have private pupils, while quite a 
 large number of pupils from the different classes have been able to pay 
 their school expenses in whole, or in part, by various kinds of decorative 
 and illustrative work. 
 
 Die IN Tt Or DOMESTIC: SCLENCE 
 
 eg aim of the department, as set forth in the charter of the Institute, 
 
 has been more fully realized during the past year than it was dared 
 to hope; its growth has been shown by marked improvement in the quality 
 and practical results of the work, rather than by increase in the number 
 of pupils. More time has been devoted by pupils, both in class and out, 
 to every branch of work undertaken, and this has necessitated limiting 
 students to a single course at a time, unless they could devote their entire 
 attention to the work. This is a step in the right direction, as is evidenced 
 by their more thorough understanding of each subject. 
 
 The. opportunities afforded by this department have been largely 
 embraced by girls and women, many of whom wish to fit themselves to 
 make happy homes of their own, others to do professional work that they 
 may become self-supporting. There have been 944 individual pupils in 
 the department during the year ; of this number, as nearly as we can ascer- 
 tain, 766 have taken the courses to fit themselves for a more useful home 
 life, while 178 have endeavored to become skilled workwomen. Forty 
 of the pupils have come from other cities and towns. 
 
 One of the most encouraging features during the past year has been 
 the visibly increased earnestness of the pupils in their work, as well asa 
 
30 ERALT AN wy LT Lle OE Ee 
 
 growing appreciation of the advantages afforded them, not alone in the 
 
 specific instruction received, but in the training to habits of system and 
 order, and to keener observation and self-reliance. 
 
 An enthusiastic interest has been shown by the teachers in the devel- 
 opment of their work and the individual progress of their pupils. There 
 have been this year twenty-two faithful and efficient instructors in the 
 department. 
 
 In all branches except household economy and laundry, which have | 
 
 been lately added, there have been morning, afternoon, and evening 
 classes during the fall, winter, and spring terms, in all of which the attend- 
 ance has been uniformly good. The figures show a decided improvement 
 upon the attendance of last year, notwithstanding the fact that in dressmak- 
 ing and millinery the number of lessons per week was doubled. It is worthy 
 of mention that the average attendance in the evening classes has been 
 
 nearly equal to that of the day, though the number of lessons per week 
 
 was the same in both. During the entire year there have been classes in 
 dressmaking, millinery, and sewing, on Tuesday as well as Monday, 
 Wednesday, and Friday evenings. 
 
 The facilities of the department were much increased in September 
 by the addition of five new class-rooms, one for advanced dressmaking, 
 two for sewing, one for art-needlework, and one for hygiene, with another 
 aS a private study-room for teachers. These rooms were attractively fur- 
 nished with every equipment necessary. Some seventy pictures were 
 carefully selected and hung in the different rooms and hallways, affording 
 much pleasure and instruction to both teachers and pupils. 
 
 Schedules of fourteen courses of instruction have been revised, type- 
 written, and placed upon the bulletin board of each class-room, as well as 
 upon that in the office of the department, and type-written lists of advisory 
 reading in connection with each branch of work have also been placed in 
 the class-rooms. 
 
 A teachers’ meeting has been held from 4:15 to 5:30 p.m. on alternate 
 Mondays throughout the year, at which the work of the various classes 
 was discussed, and articles bearing upon similar work elsewhere were read 
 and commented upon. 
 
 A lecture was given in the Assembly Hall‘on April 16, by Mr. Edmund 
 
 Russell, on “Artistic dress,” and was listened to with interest by nearly two — 
 
 hundred pupils from the Art and Domestic Science Departments. The 
 
 lecture was illustrated with beautiful textile fabrics from the rooms of the — 
 
 Associated Artists of New York. Mr. Russell also spoke informally to 
 the art students on poses of the figure. 
 On May 7, Mrs. Annie Jenness-Miller spoke to an intensely interested 
 
DEAS MAN LT 2OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE. A 
 
 and enthusiastic audience of more than six hundred women, the greater 
 number being students of the Institute. Her subject was “ Healthful and 
 artistic dress,’ and was illustrated by appropriate costumes. So great an 
 interest was created that it seems wise to organize a course of such 
 lectures during the coming year. 
 
 Much time, thought, and strength have been expended by teachers and 
 pupils in preparing for the exhibition of the National Teachers’ Asso- 
 ciation at St. Paul—thirty-two hats and bonnets, numerous dresses, many 
 exquisite samples of sewing and dainty undergarments, also a doll’s entire 
 wardrobe, as well as all that could be shown of the cooking, hygiene, and 
 other branches of work, being prepared for this purpose. It is a satisfac- 
 tion to learn that the results of this untiring labor received much praise 
 from the many visitors at that exhibition. 
 
 Cookinc.— The regular course in cooking for the year 1889-90 has 
 comprised two systematically graded courses. The first course of six 
 months, which covers all the principles of cookery, has been entirely revised, 
 combining the first and second of the previous year, they being so closely 
 allied that neither was complete without the other. Many of the pupils, 
 however, were admitted for the first half of the course, as it was found 
 impracticable to require them to pledge themselves for six months; nev- 
 ertheless, of the one hundred and fifty-three enrolled in the fall, only 
 eighteen withdrew before the completion of the second term of three 
 months, and their withdrawal was unavoidable. The second course of 
 three months, which includes more complicated cooking, combining and 
 elaborating the principles taught in the first, was revised and extended, 
 and now seems complete. | 
 
 Twenty-two pupils have completed the course of nine months, having 
 satisfactorily passed two written examinations and numerous practical 
 tests, terminating by the cooking and serving of a dinner of five courses. 
 To these, certificates have been awarded, nine in December, nine in April, 
 four in June. : 
 
 A course of twelve lectures, treating of the chemistry of cooking, nutri- 
 tive properties of foods, marketing, serving of meals, etc., has been given 
 each term by the several teachers, These were repeated for the benefit of 
 the evening classes, but were so poorly attended that it was deemed best 
 
 to discontinue them during the winter term. ‘Two marketing lectures were 
 - given during the year in the Assembly Hall, practically illustrated by our 
 butcher, who brought sides of beef, mutton, and pork, and cut them ac- 
 cording to rule as the various points to be observed in judicious market- 
 ing were explained by the teacher. These lectures were free to pupils of 
 the cooking school, and were fully attended and highly appreciated. 
 
be PRADT INSTAPOTE. 
 
 INVALID COOKERY.—During last summer the course in invalid cookery 
 was entirely revised and extended from six to twelve lessons. Copies of 
 the new course were sent to several of the training schools for nurses and to 
 a few physicians, asking for criticism. We received only high commenda- 
 tions. Several classes, some of them composed of nurses from the Homeo- 
 pathic Hospital, and from the Brooklyn Training School for Nurses, have 
 completed the course during the year. The same instruction was also 
 given by one of our teachers to a class of nurses at the Seney Hospital. 
 
 Besides the regular classes in cooking, private lessons have been given 
 to ladies living out of town, to cooks, and to housekeepers who desired 
 special instruction. 
 
 A course of twenty lessons in the first course of cooking was given by 
 one of our regular teachers on Tuesday evenings during the fall and win- 
 ter terms at the Central Working Girls’ Club on Sands Street. 
 
 During the summer a third kitchen was fitted up, and opened for use 
 October 1. Under our supervision six marketing charts have been 
 painted by a pupil of the Art Department from sketches made in the 
 markets. These are valuable aids in the cooking school. 
 
 Much study has been given to arranging the work in the Normal 
 Course of cookery to be opened in the fall, for which a number of appli- 
 cations have already been received. 
 
 The attendance in cooking during the year 1889-90 was excellent, and 
 the average number of practice dishes made at home by each pupil was 
 nearly twice that of last year. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY.— A class of eleven, meeting once a week, was 
 organized January 2, 1890, in household economy. ‘This was the first 
 class to undertake the course, which consisted of twelve lectures or talks 
 on sanitation, ventilation, and heating of the home; the care of cellars, 
 yards, fuels, kitchens, oil stoves, and lamps; the laundry and the dining- 
 room; cleaning and care of drawing-rooms and sleeping apartments, 
 store-room and linen closet ; household courtesy and entertaining ; house- 
 hold accounts ; and the relations of mistress and maid. These were prac- 
 tically demonstrated as far as possible, and the pupils were expected to 
 take notes and to answer questions on the previous lecture, and were also 
 encouraged to ask questions relating to the subject under discussion. 
 
 The class was very enthusiastic, the attendance excellent, and many 
 cases were reported where the instruction received proved at once a prac- 
 tical aid. At the beginning of the spring term, another class was formed, 
 smaller than the first because of the lateness of the season, but no less 
 enthusiastic. 
 
 LAUNDRyY.—In April was formed our first laundry class, composed of 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE. 33 
 
 two young ladies who desired to be able to direct such work in their own 
 homes. They showed a very encouraging interest and a real desire to 
 
 . perfect themselves in both the scientific and the practical part of the work, 
 nor were they reluctant to do any part of the hard labor ordinarily per- 
 formed by laundresses. 
 
 The course comprised twelve lessons, with instruction in the simple 
 chemistry of cleansing clothing and household linen, and the practical ap- 
 plication of these principles in washing, removing stains, starching and 
 ironing. Pupils brought clothes to launder in class under the supervision 
 of the teacher, and were encouraged to practice as much as possible at 
 home. ‘The young ladies of this first class did some excellent work, and 
 at our annual exhibition in May, the dainty laces, embroidered muslin 
 dress, table linen, shirt; collars, etc., the work of their hands, attracted 
 much attention, and received high commendations. The lessons were 
 given by the teacher of household economy. It is to be hoped that many 
 will take advantage of this course during the coming year, both for home 
 and for professional use. 
 
 SEWING. — Two new class-rooms, fully equipped and devoted entirely 
 to sewing, were provided at the beginning of the year. The complete 
 course now includes three graded courses of three months each, two les- 
 sons a week. 
 
 During the past year much has been done to enlarge and improve the 
 work. Class methods have been introduced even in the second course, 
 which is devoted to machine sewing and making of simple garments and 
 cambric dresses. [The number of pupils in attendance during the year, 
 630, has been nearly double what it was a year ago. ‘The interest seems 
 to increase, and the idea that neat hand-sewing is the foundation of all 
 other kinds of needlework is becoming prevalent. The pupils were stimu- 
 lated to increased endeavor by the specimens of exquisitely neat sewing 
 done by the school girls of France and Germany, which, in the fall, were 
 placed on view in the class-rooms, where they were easily accessible to the 
 pupils. 
 
 At the beginning of the spring term a third course was added, in which 
 the pupils were perfected in fine hand-sewing and machine work, and 
 taught to cut and make all kinds of dainty undergarments and baby linen. 
 When a pupil shall have satisfactorily completed the three courses in sew- 
 ing, and made successfully a baby’s fine dress and a lady’s cambric sack, 
 without supervision, she will receive a certificate. 
 
 There were made in class, during the year, 573 garments, and 55 gar- 
 ments were made at home without assistance. 
 
 CHILDREN’S CLASSES. — Two classes for children, meeting on Saturday 
 
34 PRAT LOIN SEL TAS Pr, 
 
 mornings, have been full to overflowing throughout the year, averaging 
 twenty-seven in each class. The work done by many of the little girls 
 has been quite as exquisite as that of the older pupils. Various garments 
 for dolls have been made as neatly, and as deftly fitted by these little fin- 
 gers as the most conscientious workwoman could desire. 
 
 DRESSMAKING. —In September a second class-room for the more ad- 
 vanced work was furnished and added to the Dressmaking Department, 
 thus enabling two separate classes to work during the same hours. 
 
 When it is remembered that the number of lessons in each course has 
 been increased this year from twelve to twenty-four, and that a short 
 - course in drawing and water-color design has been offered the pupils in 
 connection with dressmaking, as well as with the millinery, a marked im- 
 provement will naturally be looked for in the result of this year’s work as 
 compared with that of last. Such a decided step forward is clearly shown 
 in the greater neatness and more workmanlike finish of the dresses, as 
 well as in the better selection of materials, designs, and colors. The 
 teachers have striven zealously to accomplish this, giving time to the study 
 of drawing and water-color, to reading, and attending lectures upon the 
 subject. The ideas thus gained they have imparted to their pupils in 
 talks on the various materials which may be used for gowns, on the pecul- 
 iar textures, shades of color; and the suitability of each for different uses 
 and individuals, also on form, including the most becoming manner of 
 making a dress, and the adaptation of the natural folds of materials to the 
 lines and character of the figure. These talks have been given in the first 
 course as well as in the second and third. 
 
 The system of cutting and fitting from measure was changed January 
 t. The new one, Brown’s Scientific System, has stood, most successfully, 
 the practical test of fitting 337 dresses for all varieties of figures, and is 
 one on which we can thoroughly rely, and which we can on 
 recommend as comparatively simple and clear. 
 
 At the beginning of the spring term, a class in the third course was | 
 organized from pupils who had satisfactorily completed the second. In 
 this, the cutting and making of tea-gowns and jackets was taught. The 
 work showed considerable skill in the light. tailor-finish used in making 
 jackets, as well as in the number of pretty house dresses completed. 
 
 Many of the pupils have been six months or a year in the sewing 
 classes, and give evidence of the thorough and practical training they have 
 gained in the ease with which they are able to overcome the difficulties of 
 dressmaking. Of the two hundred and five individual pupils who were 
 entered during the year, as far as we could ascertain, one hundred desired 
 to be able to do good work at home, eighty came hoping to become pro- 
 
¢ 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE, 35 
 
 fessional dressmakers. Many of them have already put their instruction 
 to practical use. Nearly all have without assistance made several dresses 
 at home for themselves or others. 256 dresses, besides 77 dress skirts 
 made and draped, and 58 children’s dresses, have been completed at their 
 own homes by the pupils. Most of this work was brought for the teachers’ 
 inspection, and was very satisfactory. 
 
 MILLINERY. — This year, for the first time, we were able to reserve one 
 large room for the exclusive use of the classes in millinery, and it has 
 proved of material benefit to the work. Nevertheless, on Tuesday and 
 Friday evenings during the spring term we have had two classes, separated 
 by screens, at work during the same hours. ‘This year, also, for the first 
 time, we have had two teachers who could devote their entire time and 
 attention to these classes and to improving and rearranging the course of 
 instruction. ‘They have been assisted by a third teacher, a former pupil. 
 
 The complete course this year has comprised three terms of three 
 months each, two lessons a week, being double the number of lessons 
 given a year ago. To this fact much of the improvement shown must be 
 attributed. The materials have been selected by the pupils with far bet- 
 ter taste, due principally to the talks on the suitability of material and 
 harmony of color, and to the short courses in drawing and water-color 
 introduced during the past year as a part of the instruction. 
 
 The making of hats and bonnets of black crape and silk was intro- 
 duced into the second course at the beginning of the winter term, and 
 after six months’ trial has proved the one thing needful to complete the 
 variety of work undertaken and to afford the pupils a kind of training 
 heretofore gained only by long experience in a regular work-room. The 
 exquisite finish of most of this work shown at our annual exhibition called 
 forth the praise of many milliners. | 
 
 Owing to this thorough training in the first and second courses in the 
 various principles employed in the making of all kinds of hats and bon- 
 nets, the work of the third course, in which nice materials exclusively are 
 used, shows this year more artistic ability, and more of the dainty and 
 skillful handling which characterize the light touch of the real milliner. 
 In order to gain a greater variety of material and more practical results 
 for the pupils of the third course classes, a new step has been taken in 
 the receiving of orders for the making of hats and bonnets at a nominal 
 price. ‘These orders have been executed in the class, and twenty hats and 
 bonnets have thus been made, and have given entire satisfaction. 
 
 Most of the pupils have been able to make practical use of the instruc- 
 tion in this department. Of the one hundred and fifty-two individual pu- 
 pils who received instruction during the year, seventy-three undertook the 
 
36 PRAT TAINSTLLULE. 
 
 course for home use, sixty-two to become practical milliners, if possible. 
 Nearly all have made numbers of hats for their friends.. Three pupils 
 take orders at home, and have thus made upward of seventy-five hats 
 and bonnets in less than a year. Seven of the pupils have come from out 
 of town to take the course. g8o hats or bonnets, most of which were ex- 
 amined by the teachers and pronounced satisfactory, were made at home 
 during the year by the pupils. : 
 
 Drawing: October 30, three classes, with a total of eighty pupils, 
 all of them members of the dressmaking and millinery classes, began 
 a course of freehand drawing and design, to help in training the eye to 
 appreciate good form and color, that it in turn might aid the hand in do- 
 ing more artistic work in both these branches. The classes met once a 
 week for an hour and a half, instruction being given by an assistant 
 teacher of the Art Department, and being free to the pupils of the dress- 
 making and millinery classes. January 2, there were three classes 
 in drawing, with a total of one hundred pupils, twenty-one of whom 
 advanced to second term work, drawing entire dresse$ and trimmed hats, 
 making original designs, and beginning to color them with water-color. 
 The work was of a better quality, and the attendance an improvement at 
 first, but toward the end of the term it fell off again when the necessity 
 for home work increased in the dressmaking and millinery classes. At the 
 beginning of the spring term, two elementary. classes of twenty-five pupils 
 each, and one advanced class of sixteen were organized. A great effort 
 was made to secure more regular attendance, but as the term wore on it 
 was seen to avail little. Nevertheless, some excellent work was done by 
 those who did attend regularly. A different plan will be adopted for the 
 coming year, and, it is to be hoped, will prove more successful. It is hard 
 to persuade the mass of our countrywomen that training in drawing and 
 water-color has any vital relation to the making of artistic hats and gowns, 
 though it is undoubtedly the secret of the power of Parisian modistes. 
 
 ART-NEEDLEWORK. —The course in art-needlework was extended and 
 revised before the beginning of the fall term so that there were two regular 
 courses, each occupying one year. The morning or advanced class met 
 every day excepting Saturday, from g to 12 o'clock, and undertook a 
 thorough study of design in its application to art-needlework used in in- | 
 terior decoration. No pupils under seventeen years of age were accepted, 
 and none who had not some knowledge of embroidery. 
 
 A class of six began the course October 1, and worked diligently 
 throughout the term. Considering that none of the pupils had ever be- 
 fore attempted to draw or design, the results were good. ‘The instruction 
 in drawing and design was under the direction of the Art Department. 
 
 f 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE. 37 
 
 An afternoon or elementary class of six pupils, and an evening class 
 of eight, each received two lessons a week. The course was similar to 
 that of the morning class,. greatly abridged, however, and open to all who 
 could sew neatly. In these classes some excellent work was done, and 
 many of the pupils became so interested that they joined the morning 
 class. At the beginning of the winter term, the number in the advanced 
 class was thus increased to nine, and the session extended to 12:45 o’clock. 
 The class attended lectures on design in the Art Department, and visited 
 the Metropolitan Museum in New York, our own museum, and others, to 
 study textiles and embroideries. 
 
 The new room, conveniently furnished, and embellished with casts of 
 ornament and with numerous pieces of embroidery brought from Europe, 
 exemplifying all kinds of art-needlework, was ready for use September 30, 
 and added greatly to the interest and efficiency of the course. A num- 
 ber of valuable books of design were also placed where pupils could 
 study them. In January a set of sixteen samplers from the Royal School 
 of Art-needlework in Berlin was arranged in the class-room for the use 
 of the pupils, and suggested many new ideas. 
 
 During the latter part of the winter term the quality of the work stead- 
 
 ily improved, and three new pupils entered. From September 30, to 
 March 27, ninety-three designs, fifty-five articles of embroidery, and 
 twenty samplers, all creditable work, were made by the pupils. At the 
 beginning of the spring term the Art-needlework became a branch of the 
 Art Department, it being evident that the course was more closely allied 
 to that department than to the department of Domestic Science. 
 _ HYGIENE AND HOME-NURSING.— There have been seven classes in 
 hygiene and home-nursing, numbering fifty-six individual pupils. Seven 
 pupils were so interested as to desire even a third course of three months, 
 and a class was formed January 1. The entire course now includes 
 three terms of twelve lessons each, the last term being devoted to the care 
 of infants and children, while the first and second comprise instruction in 
 caring for sudden illness or accident, and in performing intelligently the 
 duties of nurse where professional service is not employed. The lessons 
 in bedmaking, bandaging, poulticing, etc., have been given by a lady 
 teacher and practically demonstrated, and have been as interesting and 
 helpful as ever. 
 
 Several of the students from the Brooklyn Missionary Training School 
 have been members of the classes. Two lessons in home-nursing were 
 given to the Normal Physical Training Class of the Adelphi Academy, 
 who expressed themselves as much pleased and benefited. ‘These lessons 
 have been of practical value to all, and numerous cases have been reported 
 
38 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 of illness or accident in which the knowledge here gained has been most 
 helpful. 
 
 TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL CLaAssEs.— Eight girls, members of the Tae 
 Year Class of the Technical High School Department, received, during the 
 fall term, two lessons a week in sewing and one in cooking. At the 
 beginning of the winter term it was deemed wiser to defer all instruction 
 in cooking until their third year, when they will have studied physiology, 
 hygiene, and chemistry, all of which will aid them in cookery. Thus they 
 were able to devote three lessons a week to sewing during the winter 
 term, and made great improvement, nearly finishing the first and second 
 courses, which a few lessons in the spring term completed satisfactorily. 
 They also received two lessons a week during the spring term in hygiene 
 and home-nursing, completing the first and second courses. ‘Their work 
 in this branch was excellent, and their interest continued to the close. 
 
 The one girl of the Second Year Class received three lessons a week in 
 millinery, finishing the first course with credit during the fall term, and the 
 second course satisfactorily in the winter term. She joined the first year 
 class in hygiene and home-nursing in the spring term. 
 
 EMPLOYMENT.— Cooking : Many of our pupils in cooking have put to 
 professional use the instructions here gained. One who completed the 
 nine months’ course in the spring of 1889 took charge last fall of a class 
 at the Young Women’s Christian Association, and has received the highest 
 encomiums from the managers. Her class has grown so large that she has 
 been obliged to form a second. At the beginning of the winter term a 
 call was made from the Brooklyn Guild for a volunteer teacher to instruct 
 a class of mothers in economical cooking; one of our pupils who entered 
 in the fall was sent, and she has been most successful. Another who 
 commenced our course in the fall has a class of young girls at the Chil- 
 dren’s Aid Society. Four others have taken the six months’ course as a 
 part of their preparation for work in foreign mission fields. Eight of our 
 pupils were practical cooks, all of whom completed the six, and five the 
 nine months’ course ; they kept their interest to the end, and were greatly 
 gratified to find how much they had added in a short time to the knowl- 
 edge it had taken them years of hard experience to gain. 
 
 Dressmaking : Two pupils in dressmaking have already started estab- 
 lishments of their own, one employing girls to help her, while four other 
 pupils are getting work-room experience as assistants to dressmakers. Two — 
 young women who were seamstresses have taken the course, and now, not 
 being obliged to confine their engagements to the making of underwear or 
 the mere sewing of gowns, derive a larger income through their ability to un- 
 dertake the more complicated wofk of dressmaking. One young lady who 
 
DEPARTMENT OF PHONOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING. 39 
 
 was in our last year’s classes has been nine months with an experienced dress- 
 maker and has given satisfaction. A pupil of the first dressmaking class 
 formed at the Institute reports that she has all the orders she can undertake. 
 Sewing : Two former sewing pupils have had their time occupied by 
 teaching this branch at the Young Women’s Christian Association, and 
 one has lately taken the course in dressmaking that she may be able to 
 teach this also. Another has been teaching in a mission school of the city. 
 Millinery: One young lady who went through the millinery course 
 has been teaching this branch at the Young Women’s Christian Associa- 
 tion, while two others have been satisfactorily filling positions as makers 
 _in large millinery establishments. One pupil, a professional dressmaker, has 
 been using the millinery knowledge here gained in making hats and bonnets 
 to match the gowns of her customers, thus completing the entire costume. 
 She feels that in this way she has added valuable capital to her business. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHONOGRAPHY AND 
 TYPEWRITING. 
 
 yt ee the close of this year, ends the second year’s work of the De- 
 partment of Phonography and Typewriting. Instruction during the 
 first year was confined exclusively to the evening, but during the past year 
 it has been given to both day and evening classes, and the result of the 
 work, both in attendance and progress, has justified the change, and has 
 practically demonstrated that in this line of work, as in others, day in- 
 struction can be much more successfully accomplished. 
 
 The examination of applicants for admission to the classes of the first 
 term was held Friday evening, Sept. 19, and Wednesday evening, Sept. 
 25. Both day and evening classes began work Sept. 30, with 158 pupils 
 enrolled. The enrollment for the subsequent terms was 159 and 156, re- 
 spectively. 7 
 
 The wisdom of requiring applicants to pass an examination for en- 
 trance into this department has been satisfactorily proven during the past 
 two years. While the requirements for entrance, both as to age and quali- 
 fications, have been quite rigid, still it would be wise to make them even 
 more so in the future, especially as regards age of pupils. Our limit has 
 been seventeen years, but on several occasions we have accepted younger 
 pupils, and they invariably have been a hindrance to other students. The 
 courses,of study have been so planned as to come within the grasp only 
 of older persons who desired to get the benefit of them for business pur- 
 
 t 
 
40 PRATLIAINSS PIG [ie 
 
 poses, in the shortest time, and the examination undoubtedly has debarred 
 many from taking up the study who would certainly, on account of lack of 
 general fitness in its practical application, have met with disappointment 
 and failure in the end. As an instance, at the beginning of the second 
 term fifty-seven applicants were examined, and just one-third of the num- 
 ber were rejected. 
 
 While our special aim in the instruction of shorthand has been to train 
 competent amanuenses, yet on account of its great value as a time and 
 labor saving auxiliary to the professional, business, or literary man, it 
 might be well to prepare a special course of study so that students of the 
 public high schools and academies might be afforded an opportunity of 
 learning the art. The saving of time effected by phonography to any one 
 who has much writing to do is self-evident. For this reason, it would 
 seem that every one should learn it for his own personal usefulness, and 
 a course of lessons which would extend over, say, two years, so as not to 
 interfere too much with regular school studies, might be judiciously and 
 beneficially introduced. 
 
 Owing to the large number of students received for the shorthand 
 classes, and the limited number of rooms devoted to the work of the de- 
 partment, it was found necessary during the first term to give instruction 
 on Tuesday and Thursday evenings also, which necessitated having 
 classes on every evening in the week. During the second and third terms, 
 however, the classes were combined so as to give instruction on those 
 nights only when the Institute was regularly open—namely, Monday, 
 Wednesday, and Friday. 
 
 The evening work of the department was continued thionen the third 
 term —thus making nine months’ continuous work—=in order to accom- 
 modate those students who wished to come, and all classes took advantage 
 of this extension. No new pupils, however, were admitted in the phono- 
 graphic classes, but a few were accepted for the typewriting class. The 
 attendance was all that could be reasonably expected, and while it de- 
 creased somewhat during May and June, it bears a favorable comparison 
 with the second and third months of previous terms. In view of this, if 
 the question should arise as to the advisability of hereafter having evening 
 classes as a regular thing in this department, during the spring term, it 
 would seem wise to favor such a plan; but not, however, to admit new 
 students for this term, as it would only give them three months’ continu- 
 ous work, whereas they should be able to attend at least six months con- 
 tinuously, to derive any benefit. , 
 
 At the end of the first term one evening phonographic class of the pre- 
 vious year reached a speed of 115 words per minute on new, and 135 
 
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANIC ARTS. 41 
 
 words per minute on familiar matter. As our standard for graduation is 
 roo words per minute on new matter, with the ability to correctly tran- 
 scribe the same, this was termed the first graduating class. At the close 
 of the year, a day and an evening class were also graduated. 
 
 The work of the Typewriting Division was divided into three classes — 
 two day, and one evening. The average number in the day classes was 
 forty, and in the evening class, eighteen. The instruction in this branch, 
 as well as in the phonographic, has been greatly systematized during the 
 year. As the result of our experience is given in detail in the courses of 
 study in the catalogue, it will not be necessary to make further reference 
 to them here. 
 
 The number of individual pupils enrolled for the year was 230, and 
 the average attendance was 87 per cent. 
 
 The year’s work of both teachers and pupils has been of a very satis- 
 factory nature —the teachers’ work, on account of their earnestness and 
 devotion to the best interests of the Institute, and the pupils’ work, on ac- 
 count of their faithful attention to their duties. The most gratifying 
 feature, however, is the success which many of the graduates have met in 
 securing employment ; thus realizing not only their ambition, but one of 
 the hopes of the founder of the Institute in giving opportunities to per- 
 sons to become self-supporting members of the community. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANIC ARTS. 
 
 4 pe past year has seen a greatly increased efficiency in the work of 
 - the department, compared with that of the year previous. The 
 gain has come in part from the’ increased familiarity of the instructors 
 with their work, and in part from the greater completeness of the appa- 
 ratus of instruction, and, as a whole, has been of a nature that promises 
 similar improvement for many years to come. 
 
 TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL CLAssEs.——- The modifications and changes 
 in the Technical High School shopwork courses have made it possible to 
 accomplish a larger amount of work than before, and at the same time to 
 raise the standard considerably. 
 
 During the year, exact working drawings were made of each exercise 
 in the entire scheme of shopwork, and blue-print copies obtained from 
 these and mounted in various ways for individual use. The use of these 
 drawings has not only facilitated the work, but by placing an exact copy 
 before each boy, an incentive to greater accuracy is given, and fewer mis- 
 takes are made. 
 
42 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 Quite a little change has been made in the work of the first year, and | 
 has tended, in the benchwork, to reduce Somewhat the number of con- 
 structive pieces, and at the same time to elaborate the primary exercises, 
 with a view of securing a stronger foundation, and consequently a higher 
 standard for the advanced work. 
 
 The course in turning has been remodeled, and the pattern-making — 
 practically laid out anew. More time has been devoted to this latter 
 work, and its scope considerably increased. 
 
 Experiments have been carried on during the year with the view of 
 developing a course in the elements of metal spinning. ‘The results of 
 these trials were eminently satisfactory in solving many of the problems — 
 which stood in the way, and after the construction of the necessary tools 
 and an annealing furnace, a course of exercises involving various forms of 
 bowls, ewers, vases, etc., was successfully practiced and formed part of 
 the school exhibition at St. Paul. 
 
 The Second Year Class progressed most favorably in forging, and the 
 showing in the several extra projects undertaken by them has been most 
 creditable. 
 
 On May 13, this class started on the first work in tinsmithing. The 
 object of this course is to give a knowledge of the properties and of the 
 manufacture of the materials dealt with, and practice in the operations of 
 soldering and brazing and laying out of sheet metal work. ' This latter is 
 a direct application of principles previously learned in the drawing-room, 
 and is so related to that work as to form a continuation and expression of 
 it. Various forms of pans, cups, and pipe joints have been made from 
 sheet-tin, and simple forms of cylinders and spheres beaten out of copper. 
 
 The Third Year Class devoted the first term to the completion of the 
 course in forging, after which they entered upon the workin the machine 
 shop, and spent one term upon benchwork and one upon the machine 
 tools, completing in this time all the regular exercises. This class, by 
 leaving out large projects and concentrating upon the vital portions, 
 has been enabled to accomplish almost the complete course in shopwork 
 in a little over two years. Lectures on the various processes of making 
 iron and steel, touching upon the economic factors involved, have been 
 given during the year to this class, as have also lectures on the theory of 
 the steam engine. These latter have been coupled with the analysis of 
 the slide-valve action carried out in the drawing-room. 
 
 On the whole, the year’s shopwork of the Technical High School has 
 been highly satisfactory, and has made possible the completion of the 
 three-year course in all its essential details. 
 
 AFTERNOON CLASSES. — The afternoon classes of the year have con- 
 
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANIC ARTS. 43 
 
 tained many bright and promising pupils, and have done earnest, faithful 
 work; but the comparatively small results possible from these classes 
 make it evident, as has been before pointed out, that they must always be 
 of secondary importance, and chiefly. valuable as introductory to the 
 broader work of*the High School course. 
 
 TRADE SCHOOL. — The evening Trade School work of the past year 
 has made a very considerable advance upon that of the year previous. 
 
 Past experience has pointed-out the weak points of the work, and every 
 endeavor has been made to improve in these directions — first, in defining 
 the courses with greater exactness ; second, by using class methods of 
 instruction throughout; third, by presenting the scientific principles 
 bearing upon each subject in short lectures during the year. The 
 improvement along these different lines has been very decided, but much 
 still remains to be done. 
 
 - In carpentry a very successful course was accomplished. At first the 
 class took much the same elements as the High School course, after which 
 the details of house building were dealt with under conditions as near 
 those of actual practice as possible. Partitions were set and bridged 
 between the heavy yellow pine floor posts of the room, and upon this 
 basis sheathing, clapboarding, and shingling were practiced. Doors and 
 windows were made and hung in frames built in the same partitions, 
 which were lastly provided with cornices and trimmed inside. Newel 
 posts and stairs were also built during the course. 
 
 The year’s course in machine work was much the same as that pursued 
 the year previous, and the necessity then met with of forcing the student 
 in order to complete the course was again realized. There is no doubt 
 but that the successful completion of a thorough course in machine work 
 will require two years. 
 
 The class in bricklaying, by systematically pursuing a definite course, was 
 enabled to accomplish considerably more and better work than ever before. 
 
 The work in plastering has also been very encouraging, and extended 
 through practice in hard finishing to the running of simple cornices. 
 
 In plumbing, the grade work has improved very decidedly. The course 
 has been more definitely arranged, and lectures have been given each 
 Wednesday evening upon standard methods of construction, and upon the 
 scientific principles of drainage and ventilation. 
 
 These lectures have been very helpful, but lectures alone are not a 
 sufficient means of presenting these subjects. Opportunity must be given 
 for repeated and more leisurely study of the problems involved, and for 
 this purpose, a condensed summary of the points brought out in the lect- 
 ure must be in each student’s hands. 
 
44 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 The manager of the New York Trade Schools has kindly consented to 
 allow the manuals employed in those schools to be used in the trade 
 classes of the Institute, and they cannot fail to be very helpful in supply- 
 ing this want. 
 
 The present need in the problem of the Trade School is harmonious 
 co-operation between the trade organizations and the schools, in order that 
 the graduates of such schools may occupy a definitely recognized position 
 in the field of labor, and that the schools may receive the moral support 
 of such recognition. 
 
 The liberal and enthusiastic spirit evidenced by the Master Painters’ 
 Association of Brooklyn, in regard to establishing painting classes at the 
 Institute next fall, is a most encouraging sign in this direction. 
 
 The year has allowed another problem, that of developing the proper 
 means to meet the great demand for instruction in the principles of prac- 
 tical electrical construction, to be solved. ‘The pioneer work of the first 
 term was followed by a stronger and more complete course in the second, 
 and has established the course with well-defined methods in instruction, 
 and a fairly complete set of experimental apparatus, 
 
 MUSIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 | Pea report indicates considerable progress in the Music Department, 
 not so apparent in the number of students, as in the plan of the 
 work and in the progress made by the students. 
 
 The work of the past year has been far in advance of the first year. 
 The basis has been somewhat different, which renders it difficult to make 
 a just comparison. It is a satisfaction to note that the further the pupils 
 advance the more interested they become. 
 
 A steady growth of feeling in favor of Tonic Sol-fa, not only in this 
 city but in the country at large, has made itself manifest. 
 
 If any proof were needed as to the wisdom of establishing a Normal 
 Course such as has been recommended, it is found in the strongest possible 
 form in the applications received for Tonic Sol-fa teachers. Music has 
 always suffered because of the scarcity of trained teachers. Pratt Institute 
 can provide thoroughly-trained teachers, and thus supply a long-felt want. 
 
 The department has been much inconvenienced through lack of prop- 
 er accommodation, but it is pleasant to know that provision is to be made | 
 for the coming year. 
 
 The first lecture of the department was given by Mr. Daniel Batchel- 
 lor, of Philadelphia, on February 10, upon the subject of “The Rhythm of 
 
MUSIC DEPARTMENT. 45 
 
 Nature.” The lecture was a success, and favorable notices of it appeared 
 in several newspapers and journals. 
 
 The first concert of the Choral Society took place on April 14, in the 
 Assembly Hall of the Institute, before a large and appreciative audience. 
 About seventy of the members took part in the concert, which was well 
 and favorably noticed. 
 
 The evening Normal Class had the privilege of listening to a lecture 
 given by Mr. Allen, of the Technical High School Department, upon the 
 subject of ‘ Musical Acoustics,” which proved to be a valuable contribu- 
 tion to the work. 
 
 Suggestions for next season have already been laid before the Trustees. 
 The extension of the department next fall makes necessary the appoint- 
 ment of an assistant teacher for the permanent staff. We shall, in all 
 probability, need several other teachers, but they can be engaged as 
 occasion requires. 
 
 The Choral Society has undertaken Gaul’s “‘ Holy City” for perform- 
 ance next season, and judging from the spirit which pervades this grow- 
 ing body of singers, we may expect a good concert. 
 
 Mr. William Potts, of Brooklyn, has kindly consented to deliver the 
 opening lecture before the department, upon the subject of ‘“‘The Value 
 of Musical Education,” and from this lecture great results are hoped. 
 
 In response to the question proposed by the Trustees as to the wis- 
 dom of adding instrumental music to the Institute curriculum, it would 
 seem best to reply in the negative, for the reasons that instrumental in- 
 struction can be had anywhere and everywhere, and that the present 
 musical experiment should be thoroughly tested first, then instrumental 
 music can grow out of it. 
 
 It is of interest to know that the American Tonic Sol-fa Association 
 -and College of Music issued over one thousand certificates during the 
 past year, more than have ever been issued before in the United States. 
 It has college members in many states of the Union as far away as 
 Idaho, Washington, California, and Kansas, as well as in many states less 
 remote. 
 
 _ NUMBER OF CLASSES AND GRADES.— There have been seventeen BEERS: 
 including the Technical High School work, as follows : 
 
 Two Normal classes, 
 
 Two Third Grade classes, 
 
 Four Second Grade classes, 
 Seven First Grade classes, 
 
 One Staff Notation class, 
 
 One Choral Society. 
 
46 ; PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 NUMBER ‘OF PUPILS IN DAY CLASSES: 
 
 First Grades 3 nes 4 SERPS Be a 
 second: Grad ean k5'4 5 Oa Se aa te ee 
 Third Grade erie esa he IMD ts & ca lame" 8 ee 
 Normal. Gradeticn: :°t yo 70s Cans ape ie aeanh ehe 5 
 
 Total eerie Fe hn isnt he tele ee a 
 
 NUMBER OF PUPILS IN EVENING CLASSES: 
 
 Birst Gradee ee ete oo) ogee Tac ae a i i rr 
 Second Gradertca Bee a ia he) ae ee Se 
 Third:Grade ye oF ot sets 2) ere cit i ae 
 Staff, Notations Seat eerste wali ao ea een er 
 NormahGradey ese oe Mc ae a ee rr! 
 Chorak’Soctety. yy 2 bake eae ee ied se 
 
 Total oe ohne ee 220 
 
 There were also vente six associate rotinpers ot the Choral Society, 
 and seventy members of the Technical High School, making a total of 
 three hundred and eighty-two. 
 
 The Choral Society was in session eight months, and the two Normal 
 classes six months each, so that, calculating on the basis of three months, 
 as in the other departments, the number of pupils would be something 
 like six hundred and forty-two. 
 
 There have been in the neighborhood of three hundred and fitty 
 lessons, covering about five hundred hours. 
 
 Four hundred personal examinations have been given, practical and 
 theoretical, three hundred and eighty-two of which were successful. 
 
 TABLE OF CERTIFICATES. 
 PRACTICAL THEORETICAL 
 
 First Grade eee ond PM ee go 144 
 Second Grade Riga, wee ian 50 60 
 Third Grade PEN Coee ter, Fite 16 16 
 Fourth Grade ee eK Mee I 
 SLATEAIN ObATION Wane tenes uy <4 
 Harmony ae eile Lane I 
 Expression SRO OSA were I 
 
 160 220 
 
 SOU shay oirortes badlth, esse Zagho: peat eee aca a ano a 
 
 With two hundred and one certificates granted last year, the total 
 number granted to Pratt Institute students to date is five hundred and 
 eighty three. 
 
LTECHNICAL MUSEUM, 47 
 
 The results of the work during the past year are of an encouraging 
 character, and with a little more time and continued application the 
 Music Department of Pratt Institute will prove itself one of the important 
 features of the Institute course. 
 
 »TECEHNICAID MUSEUM. 
 
 | Pee museum has been opened to the public on Monday and Friday 
 evenings and Wednesday afternoons during the year. 
 The number of visitors has been as follows: 
 
 Monday, PROMtOZO 2 Ort. es 827, average 25 
 W ediiesday,»3700.t0 5:00 p:m. |. 1,573, 4 48 
 Friday, TIL Gr 2OspiiiG as ps ul fae, a 47 
 
 Total Eat es 3,789, « 42 
 
 In addition to this it is estimated that during the exhibitions fully 
 4,500 people have visited the collection, and the total number would there- 
 fore amount to 8,289 —about 4o0 less than last year. 
 
 In regard to accessions to the museum there are some things of interest 
 to be noted. 
 
 A large number of chemicals have been placed in the cases under the 
 heads of the various elements to which they belong. The’ object of this 
 collection is to impress upon the student the fact that they are connected 
 with their respective elements and should always be thought of in connec- 
 tion with them. These have been labeled with their common names, 
 scientific names, and chemical formule, and the uses to which they are 
 put, or the facts which they are designed to teach are added. In select- 
 ing these substances only such as have a more direct bearing on the oper- 
 ations of every-day life have been chosen. 
 
 Another collection which should be of great use is that of common 
 textile fabrics. Here areto be found all the common cloths, and with 
 each specimen there is a short description, telling its common and trade 
 name, quality, kind of weave, size, price, and country where it was manu- 
 factured. In addition to these labels, there will be others for each kind 
 of weave, on which the threads will be shown much enlarged, so that their 
 relations to each other can be seen at a glance. 
 
 The fact that the museum is shortly to be transferred to a new building 
 has had a great influence on its growth during the past year. There have 
 been hardly any new lines of work entered upon, but attention has been 
 
48 . PRALTMINSIITOLL, 
 
 chiefly directed toward filling up the spaces in the already existing sets 
 of specimens. 
 
 The textile fabrics have all been removed from their special room and 
 have been placed in cases in the main room of the museum, in order to 
 give the space that they occupied to the art embroidery classes. This 
 crowding together of the specimens in the main room has necessitated the 
 mixing up of the collections to some extent, and has in some cases almost 
 destroyed the arrangement and sequence which was to be especially | 
 brought out. | 
 
 Notwithstanding all these drawbacks there have been added to the 
 collection about 1,260 specimens, making the total number now in the 
 museum 6,600. Of these about 3,900 are classed under minerals and rocks, 
 and the remaining 2,700 belong to the technical collection proper. 
 
 It is to be hoped that as soon as the museum is transferred to its new 
 quarters, it will expand, especially in the direction of the artistic side. 
 For example, a large collection of wood carvings, ancient and modern, 
 showing as many styles and as many varieties of wood as possible, should be 
 added. In the same way, bronzes, marbles, etc., etc., should be shown, and 
 all the specimens should be the best of their kind. 
 
 DEB RAR. 
 
 [ee work accomplished in the library during its second year has 
 been characterized by a systematic development in its various 
 
 departments, looking toward a broadening influence and increasing 
 
 usefulness, 
 
 To this end numerous plans have been inaugurated which have in view 
 the future value and development of the library as well as its present effi- 
 ciency. The quick success which many of these plans have met, when 
 tested, has been a matter of encouragement and inspiration to continued 
 effort. 
 
 The importance of the free public library as a factor in the educa- 
 tion of the people, and as a means for the acquirement and dissemina- 
 tion of knowledge, is receiving more emphatic recognition from social 
 scientists and educators every day, and this recognition should serve as 
 an incentive to every library to push its influence and widen its scope of 
 usefulness. 
 
 The library of the present day is not a musty collection of unused 
 volumes of leisure, but a live community of hard-worked books, serving 
 
LIBRARY. 49 
 
 an end which no other educational institution is so well adapted to serve. 
 It furnishes books, and by books, ideas, to the practical mechanic, the 
 housekeeper, and the school-teacher, and in so doing it furnishes them 
 capital, by adding to their equipment for the performance of their duties 
 in life. | 
 
 REFERENCE DEPARTMENT.— No one who has not had experience in 
 some much-used library can realize the extent of the demand made upon 
 the reference department by its readers. The school-boy comes with a 
 subject for an essay that has been assigned him by his teacher; he wants 
 to read something that will help him in his task. The inventor is work- 
 ing up a patent, and wants to find if any one has anticipated his dis- 
 covery, and also to read on this or that feature of his invention. The 
 manufacturer is working out some new process or discovery, and wants to 
 look up a fact in chemistry. All require help, and all require more or less 
 personal attention. 
 
 In the case of the classes in the Institute where essays have been as- 
 signed, the teacher in charge has usually given a list of the subjects to the 
 reference librarian some time beforehand, and material bearing upon each 
 topic has been carefully selected, and a list of the references made out, 
 which is placed in the hands of the student as a guide in reading for his 
 essay. By thus having the subjects given in several days beforehand, 
 more complete and systematic lists can be prepared, and the result is more 
 satisfactory both to the library and to the students. 
 
 An index or subject catalogue is made by the reference librarian of 
 all the topics which come up in this department, so that as new material 
 is found from time to time, it has simply to be added to the list already 
 made out upon cards which are arranged in alphabetical order. By this 
 means, when a subject has once been looked up, the work done assumes 
 a permanent character, and at the same time becomes available for the use 
 of any member of the staff in assisting the public. This latter is an im- 
 portant consideration in this library, where every member of the staff is 
 more or less often called upon to answer questions and give help to 
 readers. 
 
 In addition to the regular work of looking up subjects and assisting 
 readers, considerable work of a bibliographical character has been done 
 in this department during the year. An extensive list of historical fiction 
 bearing upon United States history has been compiled, and is now under- 
 going revision ; a special list of books suitable for boys has been made 
 with great care, and a much more comprehensive one of the same char- 
 acter is being prepared. Visits have been made to the Boston Public and 
 other libraries for the purpose of collecting material for lists on domestic 
 
50 PRATIOINSTITUTE, 
 
 science and other topics, and many courtesies have been extended by the 
 Boston Public Library and by the Astor Library. 
 
 Special lists have been made on scores of questions of the day, and 
 every now and then those books in the library which contain material on 
 some matter that is agitating the public mind are placed in the delivery 
 room, where they can be handled freely by the public. It frequently 
 happens that nearly every volume so placed is drawn out by those who 
 are or who. become interested in the subject so presented. It is hoped 
 to make the Astral branch of the library of practical benefit to the large 
 number of factory employees in its vicinity, and to this end a great deal 
 of very careful and discriminating work is being put into a list of hooks 
 which will be suitable for this purpose. 
 
 Efforts are being made to complete the sets of English and Amer- 
 ican periodicals indexed in Poole, and these will form a valuable and 
 much needed addition to the equipment of the reference department. 
 Bound periodicals are placed in the reference room so as to be accessible 
 to the public. A number of French and German reference books have 
 been added to the shelves, such as° Larousse, Brockhaus, Ersch and 
 Gruber. 
 
 CaTALoGuInG.—The number of volumes catalogued during the year 
 was 5,342. The partial time of four persons has beén given to this work, 
 and it is thought that the amount accomplished is a very fair showing. 
 The title catalogue has been pushed as rapidly as the pressure of other 
 work would allow, and now contains about 8,100 cards. ‘The type-writ- 
 ten class lists form the subject catalogue. These lists, arranged by 
 topics, are type-written upon waxed paper and duplicated to the number 
 of fifty or sixty copies by the cyclostyle, so that fresh ones may be 
 on hand to replace those which have become soiled. They are put in 
 binders and placed upon the tables in the delivery room ‘for consul-— 
 tation. Monthly bulletins are made in the same way of: books added 
 each month. 
 
 RECLASSIFICATION.—It was decided at the beginning of ie year 
 to make some changes in the classification of the library, as it was 
 thought that the latter would be of more use, especially in those classes 
 of literature which related to the work of the various departments of 
 the Institute, if it adhered strictly in its classification, to the scheme 
 laid down by Mr. Dewey, instead of the modification of this scheme 
 then in ‘use. 
 
 ~ This ‘change involved a great deal of work, but it has been pushed 
 steadily, and so as to interfere as little as possible with the circulation of 
 the books, or with the other regular work of the library. - In the course of 
 
LIBRAR Y, 51 
 
 the year the revision of the classification in every class of the entire 
 library has been made. 
 
 READING-ROOM.—The number of periodicals and newspapers has 
 been increased, several foreign publications having been added to the 
 list. The current numbers of all magazines and papers are placed on 
 files and in racks where they are available without applying at the desk. 
 The magazines are in binders with a sample cover of each magazine 
 pasted on the face of its binder so that it may be readily recognized. 
 
 The patronage of the Reading-room has been very good throughout the 
 year. The number of visitors recorded is about 20,000; but these figures, 
 unfortunately, leave out the patronage which comes in the busiest time of 
 the day, as at such hours the attendant in charge of the room finds it im- 
 possible to attend to her extra duties and keep the record. For the 
 ensuing year a plan will be made by which this record may be kept, as it 
 is a matter of interest to know to what extent the Reading-room is being 
 used. The present figures, however, represent the attendance for all 
 hours except from about half-past three to five o’clock in the afternoon, 
 and for this time partially. 
 
 The number of volumes taken from the library for consultation in the 
 Reading-room was 2,558. This does not include works of the character 
 of reference books, as the entire reference library, as stated in the previous 
 report, is open to the public, who go directly to the shelves in consulting 
 these books. 
 
 AGE .timiT.—In pursuance of the suggestion made in the previous 
 report it has been decided to change the age limit from fourteen to ten 
 years. The plan is to allow children from ten to fourteen years of age 
 to draw books from the library, but only such books as shall be prescribed 
 by the library authorities. Each child who desires to become a member 
 will receive a card distinctive in color from the regular borrower’s card, 
 and at the same time he will be given a list of carefully chosen books 
 from which he must make his selections. 
 
 No card of the distinctive color will be honored ie presented un- 
 less accompanied by this list or by entries taken from it. The object of 
 this rule is to enable the library to exercise a directing influence in the 
 reading of the young, and to create in them a correct literary taste. Miss 
 Burt’s “Literary Landmarks” has been of assistance in compiling this list, 
 which does not comprise over a hundred and fifty volumes. In selecting 
 the books pains has been taken to secure attractive editions, and they 
 are shelved separate from the other books in the library. 
 
 REGISTRATION.—The number of borrowers registered during the 
 year was 3,026. Total number registered to date 9,515. 
 
52 
 
 PRATT INSTITOLTE£, 
 
 CIRCULATION.—The number of: volumes taken for home use dur- 
 
 ing the year was 98,909. 
 
 1889-90. 
 July | Aug.|Sept.| Oct. | Nov.; Dec.; Jan. | Feb.|March] April) May | June; Total | 
 Bibliography 18) AGP Sa Se SGlh OT Zl w22) aT As) aces 147| 108 8I 59 1,074 
 Philosophy . 31) 32) es Slo ees rm OGIa. Aenea aT 51 66} 62 51) 39 593 
 Religion . . AST. 381 >0 Bows OF) 1 Ole. OOM 73) tees 99| 62 81} 50) 732 - 
 Sociology. . 45} 238} cAI], 65). 93) Fol < 97) TIO}. “i12z)>. OS|\-) 123) ays eee 
 Philology. . 4 Sh NV TOPs shat TOl aT S| eseOl eee 25 ere 18| - 16)- e177 
 Science . ..| 1x8} 86] 122! 147} 184) 160) 224] 254) 323) 212) 208) 136) 2,174 
 Useful arts . 61| 104} 166} 228) 255) 232) 294} 2096) 329] 273] 230) 194! 2,662 
 Fine arts . .| roo} 81{| 88, 120) 163} 169} 200) 236; 256) 223) 198) 161| 1,995 
 Literature 162) 186} 204; 296) 343] 283) 342] 251; 406) 32090) 306] 214) 3,422 
 Fiction . . . |4,486)4,098/4,153/5,521/6,294/5,946)/6,953|6,189 7,081/7,302 7,638/6,288 71,949 
 Travels. ...'| 386} 330] 342] 503] 657) 617} 746) 684; 673) 574] 490) 424) 6,426 
 Biography 14t| 146) 176) 227) 270) 223) 292] 349| 327) 314) 262] 248) 2,975 
 History. . .| 158} 144) 174} 301) 377) 343} 418] 422) 489) 348) 343] 226) 3,743 
 Total. . . . |5,761/5,337'5,616)7,628 8,890/8, 285|9,855|9, 111/10, 342/9,920|/10,034/8,130 98,909 
 Daily average 230! 198' 225] 293/ 370! 331!’ 379] 387' 308 381 386} 325) 325 
 Total for year ending June 30, 1890 98,909 
 Total for year ending June 30, 1889 89,650 
 Advance on last year . 9,529 
 
 FRENCH AND GERMAN BOOKS.—The nucleus of a collection of French 
 and German books has been made by the purchase of several thousand 
 volumes, embracing the standard works in the literature of these lan- 
 These will be placed in circulation as soon as they shall have 
 been classified and catalogued. 
 
 BINDERY.—The number of volumes sent to the bindery during the 
 
 guages. 
 
 year was 1,425. 
 
 completed. The number of books mended in the library was 11,395. 
 FINDING List.—Arrangements have been made to print at once a 
 
 Current volumes of magazines are bound as_ they are 
 
 class list of English prose fiction, which lists will be sold to the public at 
 a reasonable price. The preparation and revision of this work is now 
 about finished, and the manuscript will soon be placed in the hands of 
 the printer. It is hoped that these lists will prove a convenience to the 
 borrowers, and will greatly facilitate the use of the library. The arrange- 
 ment will be a simple alphabetical one with author and title entries. 
 CLass IN CATALOGUING.—The first of June aclass in the study of 
 cataloguing was organized under the direction of the library. Frequent 
 calls had been made from outsiders for this kind of instruction, and it 
 was finally decided to undertake the work systematically and start a regu- 
 lar course of instruction. No public announcement of this enterprise 
 was made. The work was undertaken simply in response to a demand 
 
LIBRARY. , 53 
 
 which the library did not feel itself justified in meeting by either PONALS 
 or gratuitous instruction. 
 
 The course is to occupy ten months, divided into three terms. It is 
 extremely practical, and several of the pupils go from the class-room to 
 put into actual use in the libraries with which they are connected the in- 
 formation which they gain from lesson.to lesson. Instruction is given 
 for one hour in the morning, three times a week. The class meets in one 
 of the recitation rooms of the Technical High School, there being no 
 room connected with the library which is available for this purpose. It 
 numbers at present ten persons, all but three of whom are already con- 
 nected in some way with library work. | 
 
 TALKS TO STUDENTS.—In connection with their regular course of 
 study it has seemed advisable to give the students of the Technical High 
 School some instruction in the use of the library, particularly of reference 
 books. A series of talks has been planned which shall convey in the 
 simplest manner possible a little knowledge of the various works of. ref- 
 erence and the way to use them. This plan was put in operation before 
 the close of the school year. It embraces brief talks on, the subjects 
 arranged as follows: | 
 
 1. Encyclopzedias — English, French, and German. 
 
 Dictionaries — English. ’ 
 
 Biographical dictionaries. 
 
 Atlases and gazetteers. 
 
 Books of quotations, hand-books, ete, 
 
 Reference books in special classes. 
 
 Poole’s Index, and other allied works. | 
 
 . Use of various. appliances in the ubrarys Card eae lpeae, ete, 
 Explanation of classification. 
 
 9. Hunting down a subject. , 
 
 LITERATURE CLASS.—It is hoped that in the Fall it will be possible to 
 carry out the project of , inaugurating a class in literature under the 
 auspices of the library. The plan as contemplated embraces English and 
 comparative literature, and if undertaken will probably consist of a course 
 of instruction embodied in familiar talks conducted on;the seminar plan. 
 
 ASTRAL Brancu.—This branch library was first established solely for 
 the benefit of the residents of the Astral apartment house, but its privi-’ 
 leges were afterward extended to all residents of Greenpoint, and)it was 
 opened as a free public library. 
 
 About one thousand volumes were placed upon its shelves. at. that 
 time. These were classified and prepared for circulation at the main 
 library, and an author list of the books was also prepared at the same 
 
 SI ANE 
 
54 PRATT TV STI Las 
 
 time. Books are still delivered from the main library by messenger, as 
 the branch is not adequate to all the demands made upon it. About one 
 thousand more volumes are now on the work tables of the main library 
 and will soon be in readiness to be shelved at this branch. The number 
 of subscribers is 516. “The number of books given out for home use from 
 March 4, to July 1, lta Was 5,094. Visitors to the Reading-room ap- 
 proximate 15,000. . 
 GENERAL.— It seems a fitting place in a report of this kind to speak 
 of a matter which has called forth a vast amount of discussion in all fields 
 of labor, and upon which there are two widely differing opinions. This 
 is the question of specialization versus generalization. Mr. Dewey, the 
 director of the Library School, has been making a study of this question 
 recently in its bearing upon library work, and it will be interesting to a 
 the outcome of his investigations. ; ; 
 So far as this library is concerned, it has held it to be both more hu- 
 mane and more politic to follow the plan of introducing variety into the 
 work of those connected with it. ‘The narrower, or what we choose to es- 
 teem the narrower policy of specialization sees, perhaps, in its immediate 
 accomplishments more satisfactory results, but in the long run the gain 
 to the library in adopting the other plan seems to us undeniable. ‘The 
 whole tone of the service is improved and elevated ; the atmosphere of 
 the library becomes bracing, so to speak. Each member of the staff has 
 the opportunity of learning the work of the several departments, and con- 
 sequently is inspired with the spirit of progress. And not only is this. 
 true, but variety in work secures also greater freshness in its performance. 
 We are influenced by a very strong feeling that intelligence and con- 
 scientiousness are as indispensable qualifications in the discharge of du- 
 ties at the loan desk as they are in any other department of the library, 
 and in these duties the cataloguers, accession clerk, and other members of 
 the staff participate. It is believed that the work in the other depart- 
 ments does not suffer, but is benefited by this occasional change of occu- 
 pation, though it may be but for one hour a day or even less frequently. 
 ‘As recommendations are always in order, and as they have always met 
 with such hearty response, it is recommended that there be established in 
 connection with the library a book-bindery, in which shall be done the 
 ~work of the library in this line, and in which shall be conducted a course 
 of instruction in the art itself, thus adding another department to the 
 practical schools of the Institute. The advantages of having a bindery in 
 the building are numerous, a bindery of its own being an acquisition 
 which every large library regards as particularly desirable. With a bind- 
 ery in the building, books may be bound under the supervision of those 
 
LIBRAR Y. ; 55 
 
 interested in*securing the most durable and suitable binding for the 
 library ; the work may be done promptly, and books need not be laid 
 aside until a sufficient number has been accumulated to make it worth 
 while to the binder to take them into his shop, so that the length of time 
 necessary to keep a book out of circulation for rebinding would be very 
 much shortened. There is also through the year a large item of periodical 
 or magazine binding in every library which conducts its reading-room on 
 an extensive scale, and it is a serious question, considering this item in 
 connection with the regular rebinding of the books in the circulating de- 
 partment, whether there would not be a decided saving of expense fora 
 library to have its own equipment for doing this work. 
 - But a more important feature of the plan suggested would be the 
 course of instruction in book-binding. This is certainly a branch of 
 manual training which would be valuable to young men both as a train- 
 ing and as a basis for the acquirement of a substantial and desirable 
 trade. It is probable that sucha school, if established in Pratt Institute, 
 would be the first one of the kind ever started, but as long as binders 
 complain that they have extreme difficulty in finding men with suitable 
 training to do their work, there is no doubt but that such a school would 
 be a help to them. 
 
 The library has received during the year practical recognition of its 
 usefulness to outsiders in the shape of several donations of books from 
 friends and subscribers. 
 
v 
 
 wu 
 
 LAN 
 
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