CTSA ea LLIN G Ore ey NN tn Patti Feet net eas erage ‘ty ‘ PG nian Hee iy eth One PALMA) : ‘ . : Gant * Otte Ca ae ut Vale Bay et ye are Ce a? Pe LMS ft, Oe stem apne wage’ eHthy t h en fey, Hinges Fe eh t a 4 a ee i Ce it a PO tits oe AE ze a te ae : } ry » % 22 ~d — S.-- House-- Committee on ways and : a i | iw SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION 1920 PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Under direction of the Clerk of the Committee WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS. SIXTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. JOSHPH W. Forpney, Michigan, Chairman. WILLIAM R,. Green, Iowa. NicHOLAS LONGWORTH, Ohio. WILLIS C. HAwLeEy, Oregon. ALLEN T. TREADWAY, Massachusetts, IrA C. CoPuey, Illinois. LUTHER W. Mort, New York. Grorce M. Younec, North Dakota, JAMES A. FRmAR, Wisconsin. JOHN Q. Tiuson, Connecticut. ISAAC BACHARACH, New Jersey. LINDLEY H. HADLEY, Washington. Henry W. WATSON, Pennsylvania. CHARLES B, TIMBERLAKE, Co:orado. Grorcre M. Bowers, West Virginia. CLaupe Kircuin, North Carolina. Henry T.. RaAinny, Illinois. CorDELL Huu, Tennessee. JOHN N. GARNDR, Texas. JAMES W. COLLIER, Mississippi. CLEMENT C, DICKINSON, Missouri, WILLIAM A, OLDFIELD, Arkansas. CHARLES R. CRISP, Georgia. JOHN F. CArnw, New York. WHITMELL P, MARTIN, Louisiana, ERNust W. Camp, Clerk. 2 enw ae a ee sir ak NU 33" Unrels FOREWORD. HIS SumMMaAry is a comprehensive recapitulation of available tariff T information, and was prepared for the use of the Committee on Ways and Means in anticipation of a general revision of the tariff act of October 3, 1913, and amendments thereto. The subject matter was furnished by the United States Tariff Com- mission from its records and reflects available data in the possession of the Government on world commerce and industrial development. Mr. H. L. Barrick, detailed to the Ways and Means Committee by the Customs Division of the Treasury Department, collaborated with Mr. Charles E. McNabb, of the Legal Division of the Tariff Commis- sion, in preparing the résumé of decisions made prior to December 17, 1919, by United States courts, the Board of General Appraisers, and the Treasury Department, found under the heading “ Interpretation and comments.” Import and export figures, in some instances, are not stated in annual sequence, the serious disturbance to ocean shipping following the outbreak of the World War preventing the movement of many eommodities. The statements of production are based on reports for calendar years; import and export figures are for fiscal years. A volume entitled “ Statistics of Imports and Duties,’ compiled by the Tariff Commission, contains detailed import information for the years 1909 to 1918, inclusive, and is designed to supplement the necessarily brief and candensed statistical statements in the SUMMARY. Acknowledgments are made to the Library of Congress, the Treas- ury Department, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Commerce, the Bureau of Standards, the United States Appraiser’s Staff of New York, the Comparative Value Reports Bureau, and other Government boards and agencies for assistance rendered and courtesies extended. ‘The SumMARY was edited by Mr. Frank A. Kidd, detailed to the committee from the Government Printing Office. ERNEST W. CAmpP, Clerk. JANUARY, 1920. 3 56654. mm + iis tidied et Adee ait ic} swat +f Bd 48 To) Soe Gay SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1920. ENACTING CLAUSE, ACT OF 1909. AN ACT To provide revenue, equalize duties and encourage the industries of the United States, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress as- sembled, That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, except as otherwise specially provided for in the second section of this Act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles when imported from any foreign country into the United States or into any of its pos- sessions (except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila) the rates of duty which are by the schedules and paragraphs of the duti- able list of this section prescribed, namely : ACT OF 19138. AN ACT To reduce tariff duties and to provide revenue for the Govern- ment, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress as- sembled, That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, ‘except._as otherwise specially provided for in this Act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles when imported from any foreign coun- try into the United States or into any of its possessions (except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila) the rates of duty which are by the schedules and para- graphs of the dutiable list of this section prescribed, namely: INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The tariff act of 1913 was designed to be a complete revision of the tariff laws of the country, and its wording clearly shows that it was intended as a substitute for all prior tariff legislation not saved by the act itself. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 343, of 1916.) ‘‘ When im- ported” should be read as meaning. “ which are imported.” (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37978, 37980, of 1919.) INSULAR POSSESSIONS, The Panama Canal Zone is not a possession of the United States but is a place subject to its jurisdiction for maintenance of the canal. (27 Op. Atty. Gen., 594, of 1909.) Shipments between the United States and the Canal Zone are treated in al! respects as shipments to and from foreign countries. (Act of Mar. 2, 1905; 216 U. S8S., 610, of 1910.) The customs administration of said Zone is under the jurisdic- tion of the War Department. (Art. 201, Cust. Regs. of 1915.) The tariff status of the Philippine Islands has been fixed by law. Duties are collected upon importations into Guam and Tutuila under a tariff administered by the Navy Department, and goods not products of those islands when brought thence into the United States are subjected to duties at the rates imposed by the tariff act of 1913. Under existing laws merchandise can not be shipped to those islands for drawback of duties nor be withdrawn from bonded warehouses for shipment thereto without payment of duties. (Art. 200, Cust. Regs. of 1915.) 5 6 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. The Virgin Islands——The act of March 8, 1917 (chap. 171), pro- vides as follows: Src. 8. On- and after the passage of this act there shall be levied, collected, and paid, upon all articles coming into the United States or its possessions, from the West Indian Islands ceded to the United States by Denmark, the rates of duty and internal-revenue taxes which are required to be levied, collected, and paid upon like articles imported from foreign countries: Provided, That all articles, the growth or product of, or manufactured in such islands from materials the growth or product of such islands or of the United States, or of both, or which do not contain foreign materials to the value of more than 20 per centum of their total value, upon which no drawback of customs duties has been allowed therein, coming into the United States from such islands shall hereafter be admitted free of duty. Sec. 4. That until Congress shall otherwise provide all laws now imposing taxes in the said West Indian Islands, including the customs laws and regulations, shall, in so far as compatible with the changed sovereignty and not otherwise herein provided, continue in force and effect, except that articles the growth, product, or manufacture of the United States shall be admitted there free of duty: Provided, That upon exportation of sugar to-any foreign country, or the shipment thereof to the United States or any of its possessions, there shall be levied, collected, and paid thereon an export duty of $8 per ton of two theusand pounds irrespective of polariscope test, in lieu of any export tax now required by law. “UNITED STATES’ DEFINED. The following definition of “United States” suggested by the Tariff Commission in its report upon the Revision of the Customs. Administrative Laws concerns all of those possessions : The term ‘“ United States’ means the United States and any Ter- ritory, or other place subject to the jurisdiction thereof, except the Philippine Islands, Guam, Tutuila [the Virgin Islands], and the Isth- mian Canal Zone, which for the purposes of this aet, except as other- wise therein provided or as ordered by the President, shall be treated as foreign countries. DUTIABLE LIST. . SCHEDULE A. CHEMICALS, OILS, AND PAINTS. PARAGRAPH 1. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19153. is” = +. “Boracic Acid, soe conus per pound; citric acid, 7 cents per pound; lactic acid, containing not over 40 per centum by weight of actual lactic acid, 2 cents per pound; containing over 40 per centum by weight of actual lactic acid, 3 cents per pound; oxalic acid, 2 cents per pound; Salicylic acid, 5 cents per pound 3 * * * tannic. acid. or tannin, 35 cents per pound; gallic acid, 8 cents per pound; tartaric acid, 5 cents per pound; all other acids not specially provided for in this section, | 25 per centum ad valorem. cially provided for 1. Acids: Boracie acid, % cent per pound ; citric acid, 5 cents per pound; formic acid, 14 cents per pound; gallic acid, 6 cents per pound; lactic acid, 14 cents per pound; oxalic acid, % cents per pound; pyrogailic acid, 12 cents per pound; salicylic acid,* 24 cents per pound; tannic acid and tannin, 5 cents per pound; tartaric acid, 8 cents per pound; all other acids and acid anhydrides not spe- in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem.? | 1 Repealed by war revenue act of Sept. 8, 1916, and 24 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem imposed. 2 See war revenue act (infra) as to coal-tar products, SUMMARY OF TARIFE INFORMATION, pit a | GENERAL INFORMATION. BORIC OR BORACIC ACID. Description.—Boracic acid is an obsolete name for a substance usually called boric acid in commercial and scientific usage. Borax refined, or borate of soda, closely allied to boric acid, is dutiable at one-eighth cent per pound under paragraph 67. Crude borax and crude borate minerals from which boric acid and refined borax are made are on the free list, paragraph 429. Uses.—The principal uses of boric acid’and borax are: (a) In making enamels for iron and steel (kitchen ware, sanitary ware, equipment for chemical factories, watch dials, ete.). (b) AS an in- gredient for glazes on earthenware and pottery. (c) In the manufac- ture of some varieties of glass, especially lamp chimneys and chemical laboratory ware. (d) As a flux for welding and brazing metals. (e) As an ingredient for some varieties of soap, principally laundry soap for use with hard water. (f) In the tanning of some varieties of leather. ({g) AS an antiseptic in eye lotions, cosmetics, and washes for wounds. (A) It is used extensively in Europe as a food preserva- tive, especially in dairy products, dried and smoked meat, and sau- sages. In the United States this use is prevented by the food and drugs act, except on products intended for export. Production.—Boric acid and borax are made from crude borate minerals which are mined commercially in California and Nevada, and Chile, Italy, Turkey, and Germany. The United States produces about one-half of the world’s total supply and Chile about one-third. The domestic production of these minerals has grown from 50,609 tons in 1914 to 108,875. tons in 1917. The manufacture of refined boric acid and borax is on a small scale in California but on a large scale in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and [llinois.. Production in the United States in 1914 was 4,295 tons, valued at $588,981, and in 1917 was 5,888 tons, valued at $1,383,783. Imports have been less than 5 per cent of the American produc- tion. No statistics of exports are available, but exports were probably negligible before the war. An important export trade has developed since 1914.” CITRIC ACID AND CITRATE OF LIME. Description and uses.—Citric acid is a white crystalline substance obtained as a by-product of the lemon industry. Its principal use is in the manufacture of beverages and pharmaceutical preparations. Citrate of lime (dutiable at 1 cent per pound, par. 41) is the inter- mediary step in the manufacture of citric acid from lemon juice. Citrate of lime is used exclusively for the manufacture of citric acid. Domestic production.—The largest proportion manufactured in the United States is from the citrate of lime imported from Sicily; a small portion is made from lemon and lime juice imported from the West Indies, which is exempt from duty under paragraph 532; and the remainder is obtained as a by-product of the lemon industry in California. Citric acid is made from “ cull” lemons (inferior or damaged), not salable as fresh fruit. Another by-product obtained at the same time 1See Tariff Commission report, “ Acids of Paragraph 1 and Related Mate- rials in the Tariff Act of 1913,” for detailed import and export information. 8 SUMMARY. OF ‘TARIFF INFORMATION. is essential oil of lemon, which is dutiable at 10 per cent under para- graph 46. The cultural methods in California are so much superior to those commonly used in Sicily that a smaller proportion of the crop is converted into by-products. There is a large acreage of young, nonbearing lemon trees in California, and a substantial increase in ‘the crop may be expected in the near future. In spite of this large - increase in total output of lemons, the American demand for citric acid can not be met from domestic sources unless overproduction forces lemons of good grade into by-products. In addition to the California producers, a group of manufacturers located near Atlantic ports make citric acid, principally from im- ported citrate of lime. These firms ‘are concerned chiefly with the margin of duty between citrate of lime and citric acid. The produc- tion of citric acid in the United States has grown from 2,729,943 pounds in 1914 to 4,032,897 pounds in 1917. Imports in 1913 were only 8,677 pounds, valued at $2,916, on which a revenue of $607 was collected. After the passage of the act of 1913 imports of citric acid increased greatly, although remaining small in comparison with imports of citrate of lime. In 1915 imports were 722,434 pounds, valued at $447,181, which yielded a revenue of $386,121. This increase was not due entirely to the change in the tariff, but in part to the erection of critic-acid factories in Italy. FORMIC ACID. Description and uses.—Concentrated formic acid is a corrosive, fuming, colorless liquid with a characteristic and irritating odor. It | mixes with water in all proportions and appears in commerce in strengths varying from 50 per cent to almost 100 per cent. It is stronger than acetic acid, which it resembles closely, and has anti- septic properties. It is useful in the dyeing and tanning industries, but other competing acids have, as a rule, been cheaper, and its use has therefore been restricted to a few cases for which it has peculiar advantages. Formic acid forms esters with various alcohols which are used in perfumes and solvents. Recent technical advances in its domestic manufacture and commercial development indicate that under normal conditions it may be put on the market at a lower price. These new discoveries will probably indirectly have a marked in- fluence on the manufacture of oxalic acid. Production.—Formic acid is made by two processes. One process, developed in Germany and controlled by German patents before the war, but since developed in the United States, depends on heating caustic soda with carbon monoxide under pressure, yielding sodium formate, from which either formic acid or oxalic acid may be made by subsequent treatment. The other process, an American invention developed during the war, depends on first making cyanide of soda from soda, coke, and air. The cyanide of soda is then decomposed by steam, yielding-ammonia and sodium formate. Both processes are in the infant stage of development in the United States. Imports.—The largest were in 1914 when 1,119,745 pounds of formic acid and 1,848,245 pounds of sodiwm formate were imported, almost entirely from Germany. Exports.— Formie acid is not recorded in the official export statis- tics. Exports are probably negligible. SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 9 GALLIC ACID. Description and uses.—Gallic acid is found in many plants and is made commercially directly from nutgalls by boiling tannic-acid solutions w:th sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, the yield being only about two-thirds of the tannic acid used. This acid appears in com- merce in two grades—a refined grade conforming to the specifications of the United States Pharmacopoeia and a less pure or technical grade. It is an intermediate for making several dyes, including gallocyanine blue, which has been much used for dyeing wool for use in Navy uni- forms; also in making ink, and in medicine, and as a raw material for the manufacture of pyrogallic acid. The output has increased greatly during the war, principally on account of the enlarged demand for dye making. It is made by four firms in the United States. Imports before the war (chiefly from Germany) averaged about 50,000 pounds per year. LACTIC ACID. Description.—Lactic acid, as its name implies, is the acid formed in milk when it becomes sour, although commercial supplies are obtained from other sources. Pure lactic acid is a colorless, odorless liquid which mixes with water in all proportions. It attacks iron and must therefore be shipped in wood or glass containers. It comes on the market in three grades of purity and several strengths. Tech- nical lactic acid contains impurities which give it a dark color and unpleasant odor. It is customarily sold either in 22, 44, or 66 per cent strengths, and is graded according to whether it is “light” or “dark” in color. Edible lactic acid is free from impurities which give an objectionable odor and flavor, is nearly colorless, and is usu- ally about 50 per cent in strength. Lactic acid (United States Phar- macopeeia) is a refined article of not less than 85 per cent of acid and only traces of impurities. . Uses.—Technical lactic acid is used principally in tanning for the “pbating”’ and “ plumping ” of hides and also in dyeing and printing of textiles. Edible lactic acid has been on the market in considerable amounts only since the summer of 1918. A large market will probably develop for this product in beverages, especially in nonalcoholic imita- tion beers and soft drinks. Another use which may develop is that of bread making. It has been found that the addition of this acid to dough improves the quality of bread. Lactic acid and several of its salts are used in medicine. Production.—The acid is made from corn or other starchy mate- rial or from vegetable-ivory scrap from button factories. The raw material is heated with sulphuric acid to make glucose, fermented to lactic acid, then concentrated and refined. The industry began to develop in the United States in 1881 and has steadily grown. There were five manufacturers in 1917, with an output of over 1,900,000 pounds, calculated as 100 per cent lactic acid. The output of American factories increased rapidly during the war. In 1896 manufacture was begun in Germany, where the industry grew more rapidly than in the United States. No figures on production in Germany are available, but German exports before the war exceeded the total American pro- duction. The German acid is made from potatoes. Imports.—The largest during any one year (1912) were 335,355 pounds, valued at $25,267, yielding a revenue of $9,782. 10 SUMMARY ‘OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Exports.—Hxport statistics give no datu, but it is known that at least one American firm exported lactie acid before the war, and that exports have increased substantially. OXALIC ACID. Description and uses.—Oxalic acid is a white crystalline solid which occurs naturally in many plants, especially Owvalis acetoseila (wood sorrel), but commercial supplies are obtained by chemical processes instead of extraction from natural sources. It has a great variety of uses, the largest, probably, in commercial laundries as an acid to rinse out the last traces of alkali or soap and to remove iron stains. It is also used in the dyeing and printing of textiles; for bleaching leather, cork, wood, straw, and shellac; and as an ingredient in metal polishes. It is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories. Some of its salts are used in medicine and in photography. Production.—Before the war there was only one producer in the United States who used a process dependent on heating sawdust with caustic potash, followed by elaborate chemical treatment. This firm had severe competition from German producers, who had developed a newer and apparently cheaper process by heating caustic soda with carbon monoxide under pressure, forming sodium formate, which on further heating yields sodium oxalate, and this in turn is converted into oxalic acid. During the war several firms in the United States have undertaken the manufacture by the new method, ha are still in the infant-industry stage of development. Imports.—Prewar imports of oxalic acid, chiefly from Germany, but partly from Norway and Great Britain, varied from about seven to eight million pounds per year, despite a duty of 2 cents per pound. It is estimated that the imports were several times greater than Amer- ican production. Imports declined during the war, averaging less than 1,000,000 pounds per year. Exports.—No statistics are available, but exports are believed to be negligible. PYROGALLIC ACID. Description and uses.—Pyrogallic acid, or pyrogallol, is a white erystalline solid made by heating gallic acid. It is the oldest photo- graphic developer and is probably used more than any other. Pyro- gallic acid and several products made from it are used in medicine. Another use is the dyeing of fur and hair; also the manufacture of some dyes. It is an important reagent in the chemical! laboratory as an absorbent for oxygen gas in gas analysis. Production.—It is made by three firms in the United States, whose output has shown a substantial increase during the war. Imports have been larger in proportion to American production than in the case of the closely allied substances, tannic acid and gallie acid. SALICYLIC ACID. Salicylic acid is no longer dutiable under paragraph 1 of the act of 1913, but is now dutiable under Title V of the act of September 8, 1916, which provides for chemicals of coal-tar origin. | SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Ey TANNIC ACID AND TANNIN, Description and uses.—The term “ tannin” in scientific usage is a class name covering a large number of similar substances. The term as used in commerce and in the tariff means one member of this class, known to chemists as gallotannie acid. A highly purified grade con- forming to the specifications of the United States Pharmacopeeia, is known as “ tannic acid, U. S. P.,” and a less pure grade as “ technical tannic acid.” ' The technical grades of tannic acid and extracts of nutgalls are used as a mordant in the dyeing and printing of textiles, in the manu- facture of color lakes, in ink making, and for the manufacture of gallic acid. Other materials are both cheaper and better for tanning . leather... Tannic acid, U.S. P., is used for medicinal purposes and for the clarification of wines and fruit juices. Production.—Tannic acid is made from nutgalls, obtained almost entirely from China, Japan, and Asia Minor. In 1914 the domestic production by five firms was 853,830 pounds, valued at $287,142. For- eign statistics are not available, but before the war Germany was the largest producer, German exports exceeding the total American pro- duction. Imports under the tariff act of 1909, which imposed a duty of 35 cents per pound, were negligible, the maximum during any fiscal year being 8,071 pounds, valued at $3,864. The act of 1913, reducing the duty to 5 cents per pound, was followed by an increase in imports to 49,493 pounds, valued at $17,047, or about 6 per cent of the American production during 1914. Imports since 1915 have been negligible, probably due to the blockade of Germany. TARTARIC ACID. Description and uses.—Tartaric acid is present in grapes and is obtained commercially from wine lees, argols, or crude tartar, by- products of the wine and grape-juice industries. It is closely allied in origin, manufacture, and use to cream of tartar or potassium acid tartrate (par. 8). It is used in the manufacture of baking powder, in beverages, jellies and preserves, in pharmaceutical products, in the dyeing and printing of textiles, and in the manufacture of various salts of tartaric acid used in photography, medicine, silver plating, and chemical laboratories. Domestic production of crude tartar materials is very small. Hither the crude tartar materials or the refined tartaric acid and cream of tartar are imported to supply the demands. Imports during 1913 were: Argols, crude tartar, and wine Ices, 29,476,172 pounds, valued at $2,621,491, dutiable at 5 per cent, yield- ing a revenue of $131,074; tartaric acid, 78,942 pounds, valued at $15,747, yielding a revenue of $3,947; and cream of tartar, 66,718 pounds, valued at $11,797, dutiable at 5 cents per pound, yielding a revenue of $3,335. Under the tariff act of 1909 rates of duty on crude and refined tartar materials were so adjusted that imports were almost entirely of the crude material to be refined in the United States. The act of 1918 reduced the rate on tartaric acid to 3} cents and on cream of tartar to 23 cents, and was followed by a large in- crease in imports of the refined, although imports of crude materials continued to be many times greater. 12 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Imports during 1915 were: Argols, crude tartar, or wine lees, 28,814,878 pounds, valued at $3,122,317, dutiable at 5 per cent, yield- ing a revenue of $156,115; tartaric acid, 820,105 pounds, valued at $273,880, dutiable at 34 cents per pound, yielding a revenue of $28,703 ; cream of tartar, 764,868 pounds, valued at $166,922, dutiable at 23 cents per pound, yielding a revenue of $19,121. The crude tartar materials come chiefly from Italy and France, the refined tartar materials from France, Italy, and Germany. Exports.—Statistics on tartaric acid or cream of tartar are not available, but probably were not large. However, exports of baking powder containing these materials have been extensive. ALL OTHER ACIDS AND ACID ANHYDRIDES, Other acids and acid anhydrides, mentioned elsewhere, and there- fore not dutiable under this provision, include the following: Para- graph 2, acetic anhydride; paragraph 18, glycerophosphoric acid; paragraph 387, acetic or pyroligneous, arsenic or arsenious, carbolic, chromic, fluoric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric or muriatic, nitric, phos- phoric, phthalic, prussic, silicic, sulphuric or oil of vitriol, and vale- rianic; all acids of coal-tar origin, Title V, act of September 8, 1916. There are many other acids which, if imported, would be dutiable under the provision for “all other acids and acid anhydrides not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem.” The acids not specially provided for, but imported in the largest amounts,’ are oleic acid, stearic acid, and barbiturie acid. Oleic acid is made from vegetable oils, especially cottonseed oil. This is used in the textile industry in the dyeing and finishing of textiles, for the manufacture of soap, and in the manufacture of cos- metics, especially cold creams. Imports during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, amounted to 367,070 pounds, valued at $24,662. This is approximately 1 per cent of the production in the United States. Stearic acid is made from beef tallow or other fats and is used chiefly in the manufacture of candles. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 were 100,107 pounds, less than 1 per cent of American production. Barbiturie acid is a synthetic product used in the manufacture of certain drugs. Imports during 1914, entirely from Germany, amounted to 39,924 pounds, valued at $2,837. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Citric acid and the closely allied products of citrate of lime and lemon oil present two distinct tariff problems. First, duty free or a duty for revenue, or to encourage the recovery of by-products of the California lemon industry. Second, it is improbable that the output of by-products from California will be sufficient to supply the demand, and the deficiency must be made up by imports. Whether the im- ports will be in the form of the finished article (citric acid) or in the © form of citrate of lime, which will serve as the raw material for the manufacture of citric acid in the United States, will be determined largely by the difference between the rates on the two articles. Formic acid.—Consideration should be given to the advisability of adding sodium formate to paragraph 67, because any attempt to raise revenue on formic acid or to encourage its manufacture in the United SUMMARY OF TARIFF ENFORMATION. 13 States might be defeated through the importation of the sodium for- mate, which under the present law would be dutiable at 15 per cent under paragraph 5 as a salt not specially provided for. Lactic acid.—A uniform spécific rate of duty bears unevenly upon the different commercial grades and strengths of lactic acid. There were two rates in the act of 1909, with 40 per cent of actual acid as the dividing line. A distinction might be made between lactic acid suitable for edible and medicinal purposes and that not suitable for such purposes, with subdivision of the latter into (a) content of less than 25 per cent by weight of actual lactic acid (at the lowest rate of duty); (0) content of 25 per cent, or more, and less than 50 per cent by weight of actual lactic acid; and (c) content of 50 per cent, or more, by weight of actual lactic acid (at proportionate rates of duty). Tannic acid and tannin.—Nutgalls, sometimes called gallnuts or galls, a source of tannic acid, are exempt from duty under paragraph . 624 of the act of 1918 when used expressly for dyeing or tanning, whether or not advanced in value or condition, except when imported as extracts or decoctions, in which form they are dutiable under para- graph 380 at three-eighths cent per pound. In litigation under the act of 1897 aqueous extract of nutgalls was held by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit to be dutiable as nutgalls advanced in value and not dutiable either directly or by similitude as tannic acid or tannin. (145 Fed., 126, of 1906.) Specific provision was made in the act of 1909 for aqueous extract of nutgalls, but in the act of 1913 (par. 80) the word “aqueous” was omitted. Merchandise claimed to be extract of nutgalls, which on analysis showed 78.34 per cent of tannic acid, was held, on the record without evidence of the process of manufacture, to be dutiable as tannic acid. (G. A. 8291, T. D. 38151, of 1919.) An appeal is pending in the Court of Customs Appeals. This so-called nutgall extract had a higher tannin content than some of the commercial tannie acids. A Government witness who testified that the merchandise was tannic acid based his belief partly on the high tannin content and partly upon the fact that the extract was in powdered form. This indicates that nutgall extracts are either liquid or semiliquid. : *..* $1 per ton. 73. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, 3 of 1 cent per pound; nitrite of soda and yellow prussiate of soda, 2 cenfs per pound; sulphide of soda, contain- ing not more than 35 per centum of Sulphide of soda, and hyposulphite of soda, 2 of 1 cent per pound; sulphide of soda, concentrated, or containing more than 35 per centum of sulphide of soda, 3 of 1 cent per pound. 74. Sal soda, or soda erystals, not concentrated, 4 of 1 cent per pound, GENERAL INFORMATION. BENZOATE OF SODA. Description and uses.—Benzoate of soda or sodium benzoate is a coal-tar chemical, white, soluble in water, and has a sweetish taste. It is used as a food preservative and to some extent in medicine. Production is by treating benzoic acid with sodium carbonate (soda ash). It is one of the products of the new American coal-tar chemical industry, and has increased from 183,309 pounds, valued at $604,177, in 1917, to 255,667 pounds, valued at $658,879, in 1918, the latter output representing about 80 per cent of domestic consumption. Production was reported by 14 firms in 1917 and by 9 firms in 1918. Imports in 1914 were only 190 pounds. The maximum import was 80,754 pounds in 1917, which was 44 per cent of the domestic pro- 124 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. duction, decreasing to 1,369 pounds, valued at $4,752, during the fiscal year 1918. CHLORATE OF SODA, Description and uses.—Sodium chlorate is a colorless crystalline compound composed of sodium, chlorine, and oxygen, readily soluble in water. It is used as an oxidizing agent in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes, in dyeing and printing textiles, and in large quantities in the manufacture of matches and explosives. It was formerly be- lieved that only potassium chlorate could be used for matches, since sodium chlorate is hydroscopic, but the high price of potassium salts during the war led to methods permitting such use. Sodium chlorate has generally replaced the higher priced potassium salts. Production in 1917 was large, but statistics are not available. It is generally manufactured by subjecting a solution of sodium chloride (salt) to the action of a direct current of electricity. The apparatus for its manufacture electrolytically is quite expensive. It was for- merly made by treating milk of lime with chlorine gas and con- verting the calcium chlorate formed into’ sodium chlorate by treat- ment with sodium sulphate (salt cake). Imports since 1915 have been between 22,000 and 45,000 pounds a year, amounts proportionately negligible. NITRITE OF SODA. Description and uses.—Sodium nitrite is a chemical compound composed of sodium, nitrogen, and oxygen. It differs from nitrate of soda in that it contains one atom less of oxygen. When pure it is a white crystalline salt, containing commercially 96 to 98 per cent of sodium nitrite. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes, in the dyeing of textiles, and has minor laboratory and pharmaceu- tical uses. Production.—Sodium nitrite was usually prepared by the reduction of sodium enitrate (Chile saltpeter) “by means of lead; also from atmospherie oxygen. In the fixation of nitrogen by the are process — the oxides of nitrogen produced are absorbed in sodium carbonate (soda ash), forming sodium nitrite. Ammonia gas produced from by-product coke ovens or synthetically from atmospheric nitrogen can be oxidized to form a similar mixture of oxides of nitrogen which are converted into sodium nitrite as described above. The domestic production of sodium nitrite in 1917 was 1,722,000 pounds, valued at $480,145, and in 1918 increased to 3,402,000 pounds, valued at $609,779. Imports increased from 1,696,567 pounds in 1915 to 3,675,179 pounds in 1917, the imports in 1917 being more than twice the do- mestic production. The increase in imports was caused by the development of the American dye industry, now the largest consumer of sodium nitrite. BICARBONATE OF SODA, Description, and uses.—Bicarbonate of soda or acid sodium car- bonate, a white opaque powder soluble in water, is the mildest of the alkalies. In pure form it is the ordinary baking soda or saleratus. When sodium bicarbonate is treated with an acid it evolves carbon dioxide, a property which gives it a large use for industrial and household purposes. Sodium bicarbonate is the cheapest and most ; { : ; 4 | { SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 125 convenient form of storing carbon dioxide. It is used in the manu- facture of baking powders, Seidlitz powders, effervescing drinks, and in medicine as an antacid, A very pure product is demanded for household and medicinal uses; one of less purity for carbonating waters, charging fire extinguishers, and prevention of timber mold. Mixtures of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate are sold for cleaning purposes. Production.—Practically all of the bicarbonate of soda is produced by the “ ammonia-soda” process, the raw materials being salt in the form of brine, limestone, ammonia, and coal. The ammonia is used over and over. The limestone is burned at the plant so that the carbon dioxide evolved is available for use in the process, and the lime produced is used in the regeneration of the ammonia and in the making of caustic soda. (See infra.) The brine solution is saturated with ammonia gas and this ammoniacal brine subjected to the action of carbon dioxide in high towers, producing sodium bicarbonate. This crude product is converted by heating into sodium carbonate which is then dissolved in water and carbon dioxide passed through the solution, giving a refined bicarbonate of soda. A small quantity of sodium bicarbonate is made from the alkaline waters of Owens Lake, Calif. Production has increased from 90,169 short tons, valued at $1,439,014, in 1914, to 174,212 short tons, valued at $5.292,374, in 1917. In 1918 the production was 118,535 short tons, valued at $3,293,153. it is made by the “ ammonia-soda’” process at Syracuse, N. Y.3 Saltville, Va.; Detroit and Wyandotte, Mich.; and Hutchinson, Kans. Imports are small compared with the domestic production, the maximum since 1910 being 129,414 pounds, valued at $2,867, in 1916. Exports are not shown separately, There was exported in 1918 over $7,000,000 worth of “all other sodium salts,’ which undoubtedly includes sodium bicarbonate. HYDRATE OF SODA OR CAUSTIC SODA. Description and uses.—Sodium hydroxide, or caustic soda, in indus- trial importance ranks second only to soda ash. The term “ hydrate ” is not the correct one to apply to a hydroxide. The commercial prod- uct is a white opaque solid having strong caustic properties, sold by content of sodium oxide (Na.O0). The common grades are 60, 70, 74, and 76 per cent sodium oxide. The method of stating this content is, however, based on erroneous atomic weights. The so-called New York and Liverpool test, figured from the actual content, is used in the United States, The difference between the actual content and that calculated by this test is shown for the ordinary grades of caustic soda: Sodium oxide. Actual. New York and Liverpool test. Per cent. Per cent. 68.12 60 67,81 70 71.68 74 73.62 ‘ 76 126 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Caustie soda has a wide variety of uses in the manufacture of soap, wood pulp and paper, chemicals, dyes and drugs, in refining vege- table and mineral oils, in mercerizing cotton, for water softening, bottle washing, and in the preparation of cleaners. The largest single use is in the manufacture of soap. The war caused a large demand for caustie soda for phenol, the raw material of explosive picrie acid. Production.—It is made from salt or soda ash, the raw material depending on the method of manufacture. Soda ash is converted into eaustic soda by treatment with lime. Caustic soda is also made di- rectly from salt, a solution being subjected to the action of direct elee- trie current, Production has inereased from 180,917 short tons im 1913 to 488,056: short tons, valued at $29,402,689, in 1917, 27 per cent by the electrolysis of salt, the balance from soda ash. In 1917 there were 8 firms using the soda-ash method and 28 companies using the electrolysis of salt method. The output in 1918 increased to 518,368 short tons, valued at $31,854,470. Imports.—The largest. itberth teen was in 1911, 1,500 short tons, declining in 1918 to 50 short tons. Exports in 1918 were 67,365 short tons, valued at $8,629,086. Japan, Italy, Brazil, and Canada were the chief countries of destina- tion, PHOSPHATE OF SODA. Description and uses.—There are a number of sodium phosphates, the most important in commerce being disodium phosphate, also known as “neutral phosphate” and “secondary phosphate,” usually the product referred to when only sodium phosphate is specified. It is used in the textile industries (especially the silk industry in the weighting of the material in dyeing), in the preparation of enamels, in tinning and soldering, and pharmaceutically. The other sodium phosphates, monosodium and trisodium phosphate, are of minor im- portance. Production.—It is obtained from dicalcium phosphate by treat- ment with soda ash. It is also prepared from bone ash or phos- phorite, by digestion with sulphurie acid followed by treatment with soda ash and crystallization of the sodium phosphate from the clear solution. The production in 1914 was 15,397 short tons valued at $853,528, and in 1917, 13,805 short tons valued at $711,283, practically supplying domestic consumption. In 1918 the output increased to 15,620 short tons, valued at $1,427,947. Imports prior to the war were small and sporadic, the maximum in 1914, 1,864,767 pounds, declining to 112 pounds in 1918. HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA. Description and uses.—Hyposulphite of soda is a commercial term used incorrectly to designate the chemical compound sodium thiosulphate. Hyposulphite of soda in chemical terminology refers to a compound which is distinctly different from sodium thiosulphate, a white crystalline substance containing about 27 per cent of water of crystallization, soluble in water, and a strong reducing agent. It is used as a fixer in photography, when it is usually designated hypo; as an antichlor in bleaching to destroy the last traces of chlorine ~ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 127 Fos “Bie j bleach ; as a reducing agent in the chrome tanning of leather; and for iodine determinations in analytical work. Production in 1917 was 26,598 short tons, valued at $717,924, by three firms in Philadelphia, Cleveland, and St. Louis. In 1918 the output was 26,868 short tons, valued at $1,051,623. Sodium thio- sulphate is .produced by boiling a solution of sodium sulphite with sulphur. In Europe it is obtained as a by-product from the sulphide residues of the Le Blane soda process. Imports have increased from prewar imports of about 8,000 pounds per year to over 900,000 pounds in 1914 and 1,800,000 pounds in 1915. Imports in the following years declined to less than the prewar import. SULPHIDE OF SODA. Description and uses.—Sulphide of soda, or sodium sulphide, is composed of sodium and sulphur. There are two commercial articles, the “crystal” sulphide of soda, containing about 380 per cent of so- dium sulphide, and the “ fused” or ‘‘ concentrated,” containing about twice as much sodium sulphide as the crystal product. It is used chiefly in the manufacture and dyeing of sulphur colors and as a de- pilatory agent in leather manufacture. Production.—Sulphide of soda was formerly manufactured from sodium sulphate (salt cake). The war caused the establishment of a barium chemical industry from which practically all of the sodium sulphide now comes as a by-product. The domestic production has increased from 20,263 short tons in 1914 to 49,494 short tons, valued at $1,905,473 in 1917, due to the establishment of the American dye in- dustry, the largest consumer of sodium sulphide. In 1918 there was a slight decrease to 43,490 short tons, valued at $2,293,804. Domestic production supplies practically the entire consumption. Imports.—The maximum import of sodium sulphide was in 1914, . and was about 6 per cent of domestic production. SULPHITE OF SODA. Description and uses.—There are three sulphites of soda, the nor- mal sulphite, the bisulphite or acid sulphite, and the metabisulphite. These compounds are white erystalline salts more or less soluble in water. The sulphites are employed in various industries as antisep- tics, reducing agents, and sources of sulphur dioxide. Sulphite of soda is used industrially as an antichlor in bleaching processes, and as a bleaching agent for delicate fabrics, such as silk and wool. Both the normal and metabisulphite are used in the preparation of photographic developers. Bisulphite of soda is a more energetic antichlor and bleaching agent than the sulphite. It is also used as an antiseptic in steeping and preserving grain, and a strong solution is used for sterilizing brewer’s casks. Bisulphites of calcium and mag- nesium are formed during the manufacture of sulphite pulp for paper. Sodium hydrosulphite is another reducing agent which is even more energetic than other sulphites, used chiefly in dyeing and printing textiles. Production.—Bisulphite of soda is the starting point for the manu- facture of all of the sodium sulphites. It is produced by saturating a solution of soda ash with sulphur dioxide. The acid sulphite thus produced can be separated from the solution or an additional quan- 128 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. & 4 | a Fee. oe ‘ “ tity of soda ash can be added, thus forming the normal sulphite of soda, which crystallizes from the solution with seven molecules of water. Carbon dioxide is evolved in this process and in some cases it is purified and compressed in cylinders for sale. Sodium sulphite is also a by-product of the manufacture of phenol. g Sodium hydrosulphite is produced in textile mills (where it is consumed) by dissolving zinc in a solution of sodium bisulphite. Its commercial production has been developed during the war. : Domestic production by firms in Massachusetts and New York of sulphite, bisulphite, and meta-bisulphite of soda in 1917 was 138,707 short tons, valued at $300,668, and in 1918 the output was 16,362 short tons, valued at $478,482. Imports of sulphite of soda have not been large compared with the domestic production, being less than 1 per cent in 1917. Import of sodium hydrosulphite in 1914 was 505,232 pounds, valued at $116,- 197, coming from Germany; also 366,468 pounds of various prepara- tions of sodium hydrosulphite (decroline, hyraldite, and rougalite), valued at $111,864. CHROMATE AND DICHROMATE OF SODA, Description and uses.—Dichromate of soda or sodium dichro- mate is a red crystalline compound containing about 67 per cent of chromic acid (Cr.O;). It is about ten times as soluble as the corre- sponding potassium salt and is frequently preferred. The sodium salt is also much cheaper and has replaced potassium salt to a large extent. Chromate of soda or sodium chromate is a yellow crystalline compound containing only 29.2 per cent of chromic acid. The dichro- mate of soda is therefore generally preferred, owing to its greater richness in chromic acid, which is the active constituent. Chromates and dichromates are used for the chrome tanning of ‘leather; in textile dyeing and printing; in the manufacture of chrome colors and pigments, especially lead and barium chromates; for pickling brass; in the electro-engraving of copper plates; as laboratory reagents; and in the bleaching of oils and fats. Production.—All of the chromium salts are prepared from chrome iron ore or chromite. (See par. 448.) The ore is pulverized and mixed with lime and soda ash and roasted in a strong current of air. Calcium chromate, which is produced with sodium chromate, is con- verted into sodium chromate by means of more soda ash. Sodium chromate is usually converted directly in solution to sodium dichro- mate by treatment with sulphuric acid. Dichromate of soda when used in oxidation processes is reduced to chromium sulphate, which may be reconverted into sodium dichromate and used again. Domestic production of sodium dichromate and chromate has in- creased from 11,824 short tons, valued at $1,125,398 in 1914, to 22,446 short tons, valued at $9,045,188 in 1917, and to 28,334 short tons, valued at $9,868,118 in 1918. Imports of dichromate and chromate of soda have been insignifi- cant since 1910. _ YELLOW PRUSSIATE OF SODA. Description and uses.—Yellow prussiate of soda, or more correctly sodium ferrocyanide, is a lemon-yellow crystalline compound con- taining 10 molecules of water of crystallization. It is similar to the a SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 129 potassium salt and has largely replaced it on account of the high price of that compound. It is used in the manufacture of blue pig- ments, in calico printing and dyeing, for the case hardening of iron, for making sodium ferrocyanide, and as a chemical reagent. Production.—Sodium ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate of soda, was formerly made by fusing iron filings and nitrogenous animal waste materials of any kind (horn, blood, hair, wool waste, and leather scrap) with sodium carbonate. It is now prepared in this country as a by-product of the purification of coal gas; also from sodium eyanide by lixiviating with hot water in the presence of iron. In 1917 the production was 8,346,000 pounds, valued at $2,577,667; in 1918 it was 9,050,000 pounds, valued at $2,690,110. Imports prior to the war had reached about 1,900,000 pounds in 1918. In 1914 they increased to about 2,300,000 pounds, and steadily declined until 1918, when no imports appeared. BORATE OF SODA OR BORAX REFINED. Description and uses.—Crude borax and borate materials used in the manufacture of refined borax are free of duty in paragraph 429. Sodium borate, or borax refined, is the most important derivative of boric acid. It comes on the market in two forms, common or pris-. matic borax, which contains 10 molecules of water of crystallization, and octahedral borax, which contains only 5 molecules. The largest use of borax is in making. enamel coating for cast and wrought iron sanitary and kitchen ware. It is also used in the manufacture of glass and soap, for sizing paper, in the soaking and cleaning of hides in tanneries, in the textile industry as a mordant and for rendering certain cloths fireproof, and as a flux in welding and brazing. Production.—It is now made from colemanite, which is calcined, the calcium borate is separated mechanically from the minerals, and boiled with a solution of soda ash, forming sodium borate and insoluble calcium carbonate. Domestic production increased from 26,501 short tons, valued at $2,071,774, in 1914, to 28,3809 short tons, valued at $3,805,711, in 1917, In 1918 the output was 26,673 short tons, valued at $8,909,565. Imports have been less than 0.01 per cent of the doméstic produc- tion. The maximum import was 11,768 pounds, valued at $882, in 1913. Exports before the war were small and chiefly to the Orient. Dur- ing the war a substantial export trade to Europe was developed. CRYSTAL CARBONATE, SAL SODA, AND SODA CRYSTALS. Description and uses.—Soda crystals is an indefinite term applied to several crystalline sodium carbonates. These compounds may be sodium carbonate or a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, containing water of crystallization. The term “ crystal carbonate ” refers to erystals of completely hydrated sodium carbonate which contain 10 molecules of water (Na:CO;-10H20), also known as sal soda and washing soda. The correct designation of this product is hydrated sodium carbonate, sal soda, washing soda, or crystal car- bonate of soda. Monohydrate of soda, or monohydrated sodium car- bonate, is a crystalline compound of sodium carbonate containing one 184911°—20———_-9 130 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. molecule of water (NasCO;-H:O). Sesquicarbonate of soda is a mixture of chemically equivalent parts of sedium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate crystallized with two melecules of water (NazCO;-NaHCO:- 2H.O). Sodium carbonate or soda ash, which is the raw material used in the preparation of the above crystal carbonates, is free of duty under paragraph 605. Production.—Sal soda is prepared by dissolving soda ash (sodium carbonate) in hot water to form a solution of a definite specific grav- ity. On allowing this solution to cool, the sodium carbenate crys- tallizes out with 10 molecules of water. The addition of a little sedi- um sulphate to the solution is necessary te obtain the preper crystal form. This fact, however, is sometimes taken advantage ef to dilute the finished product with a cheaper inert material which has no clean- ing properties. Sodium sesquicarbonate is formed by. crystallization from a hot solution containing chemically equivalent quantities of sodium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate. For many purposes this product is preferred to the other soda crystals, Production in 1914 was 106,591 short tons of sal soda, imcluding monohydrate crystals. In 1917 the production of sal soda alone was 77,939 short tons, valued at $1,698,520, and in 1918, 82,215 short tons, valued at $2,014,021. The production of monehydrate and sesqui- carbonate decreased from 55,035 short tons, valued at $1,262,875, in 1917 to 22,678 short tens, valued at $482,958, in 1918. Imports.—The maximum imports of crystal carbonate, monehydrate, and sesquicarbonate were 854,609 pounds in 1912, which is less than 0.2 per cent of the domestic production. Imports declined te 60,000 and 70,000 pounds in 1917 and 1918, respectively. * Exports of sal soda in 1918 were 14,076,264 pounds, valued at $205,489, SULPHATE OF SODA CRYSTALLIZED, OR GLAUBER SALT. Description and uses.—Sulphate of soda crystallized was discoy- ered by a chemist named Glauber and is known commercially as Glauber salt. It is sodium sulphate crystallized with 10 molecules of water. It is used as an assistant in dyeing, for diluting dyes, and for the preparation of cooling mixtures. Ordinarily most sodium sul- phate is used in the anhydrous form (salt cake, par. 605) and only a small portion is converted into the crystallized Glauber salt. It is more economical to ship the anhydrous salt. Production.—Glauber salt is a by-product of the manufacture of hydrochloric acid. Domestic production was 46,471 short tons, valued at $512,464 in 1909. This decreased to 34,537 short tons, valued at $427,808, in 1914 and then increased to 47,757 short tons, valued at $732,403, in 1917 and to 50,233 short tons, valued at $1,027,581, in 1918. Imports have never been large and have disappeared from the reports. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The name “soda” was originally used to designate sodium oxide (Na:O), and is frequently applied indiscriminately to all compounds of sodium. It is better usage and prevents ambiguity to employ the term sodium, such as sodium chlorate. The true chemical name of the compound when not used exclusively in commerce might be ams SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 131 s plified with the commercial term, for example, “ sodium hydroxide, or eaustic soda.” Under the construction against implied repeal, sodium benzoate is dutiable under the specific provision in paragraph 67 rather than under the provision for coal-tar medicinals in the act of September ; 8, 1916. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; TI. D. 37978, 37980, of 1919; Dec. Treas. Dept. Oct. 5 and Nov. 7, 1916, published in report of Tariff Commission on Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals, pp. 65 and 66.) Hyposulphite of soda is a cemmercial term used incorrectly to designate the chemical compound sodium thiosulphate. It would seem advisable to designate this compound by the term “sodium thio- sulphate or ‘hypo.’” Hydrosulphite of soda has been held to be dutiable as a chemical compound under paragraph 5, rather than as hyposulphite of soda under this paragraph. (Abstract 42707, of 1918.) Calcined sodium sulphate in powdered form was also held properly dutiable as a chemical compound or mixture and not within the provision of this paragraph for sulphate of soda crystallized or Glauber salt. (G. A. 7864, T. D. 36192, of 1916.) The correct chemical name for “ yellow prussiate of soda” is sodium ferrocyanide. The wording “crystal carbonate of, monohydrate, and _ sesqui- earbonate of; sal soda, and soda crystals” describes three separate chemical and commercial articles. Soda crystals is an indefinite term which may be applied to all three substances. Crystal carbonate and sal soda designate the same substance, which is also known as hy- drated sodium carbonate, or washing soda. Monohydrate of soda is monohydrated sodium carbonate. These articles may be distinguished as follows: (1) Hydrated sodium carbonate, or sal soda, or washing “soda, or crystal carbonate of soda; (2) Monohydrated scdium car- bonate; and (3) Sodium sesquicarbonate. The advisability of adding to paragraph 67 certain sodium com- pounds which are important articles -of commerce might be con- sidered. Sodium formate, which is the raw material used in the manufacture of formic and oxalic acids (see par. 1), was imported in 1914 to the extent of 1,843,245 pounds, valued at $44,693. Over 99 per cent came from Germany, The above suggestions are summed up in the following proposed classification for paragraph 67: Sodium: Chlorate, [rate]; nitrite, [rate]; hydroxide, or caustic soda, [rate]; phosphate, [rate]; thiosulphate, or “hypo,” [rate]; chromate and bichromate, [rate]; sulphide, [rate]; sulphite, bisul- phite, and meta-bisulphite, [rate) ; ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate, [rate]; borate, or borax, refined [rate]; sulphate, crystallized, -or Glauber salt, [rate]; acid carbonate, or bicarbonate, or baking soda, or saleratus, and-other alkalies containing 50 per centum or more of bicarbonate of soda, [rate]; carbonate, hydrated, or sal soda, or wash- ing soda, or crystal carbonate, [rate]; carbonate, monohydrated, [rate] ; sesquicarbenate, [rate]; formate, [rate]. Sodium hydrosulphite is another important compound which has been discussed under “ Sulphite of soda.” Separate provision might be made for sodium hydrosulphite and similar preparations, in a para- graph following paragraph 67, in these words: ‘ Sodium hydresulphite, hydrosulphite compounds, sulphoxylate compounds, and all combina- _tions and mixtures thereof, [rate].” 132 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 68. ACT OF 19509. 79. Sponges, 20 per centum ad va- ACT OF 1913. 68. Sponges: Trimmed or un- lorem; manufactures of sponges, or | trimmed but not advanced in value by of which sponge is the component.| chemical processes, 10 per centum ad material of chief value, not specially | valorem ; bleached sponges and provided for in this section, 80 per | sponges advanced in value by proc- centum ad valorem, esses involving chemical operations, manufactures of sponges, or of which sponge is the component material of . chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Sponges are collected principally in the Mediterranean and Red Seas and waters of the West Indies, Florida, and Central America. The finest sponges are obtained from the Mediterranean, the next in quality from the Red -Sea. Crude sponges are prepared by maceration in cold water for several days and then beaten to break up and remove concretions contained in them. The better grades are treated with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid to remove remaining calcareous matter and then, if desired, are bleached by chemical means. Sponges are used for mechanical purposes only. Production.—Most of the crude sponges marketed in this country are from the Florida fisheries. The product of these fisheries in 1913 was valued at about $735,000, a little over $615,000 in 1914, and over $920,000 in 1917. In 1918 it was considerably less, about $623,000. This decrease was due partly to the high price of fish, which induced those engaged in sponge gathering to take up fish- ing. Tarpon Springs, Fla., is the center of American sponge produc- tion. New York is the principal distributing center. Imports of crude sponges have averaged a little more than half the domestic production since "1918, in that year valued at $289,642. The value for 1918 was $510,265. Imports of chemically treated or manufactured sponges have been much less, amounting to $38,300 in 1914, $58,797 in 1916, and $27,682 in 1918. Crude sponges come mostly from the British West Indies, Cuba, and Greece. Exports, 1910-1914, inclusive, averaged about 200,000 pounds, witha value of a little less than $200,000. Production dropped in 1917 to 116,181 pounds, valued at $129,063. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Sponges taken by vessels enrolled or licensed under the United States laws have been held exempt from duty as products of Ameri- can fisheries. (T. D. 26550, of 1905.) Rubber bath sponges are not within this provision, but dutiable as manufactures of india rubber. (149 Fed., 1022, of 1906.) Buntes would be placed logically in Schedule N (Sundzies) rather than in Schedule A, PARAGRAPH 69. French chalk 1 cent 69. Talcum, ground tale, steatite, and French chalk, cut, powdered, washed, or pulverized, 15 per centum ad valorem. iit * * * per pound. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. F233 GENERAL INFORMATION. The tariff act of 1918 also contains the provision, “‘ Taleum, steatite, and French chalk, crude and unground ”+(par. 621, free list), which is considered in connection with paragraph 69. Description and uses.—Tale is a natural magnesium hydrogen silicate. It has a greasy or soapy feel, and is one of the softest minerals known. The massive, compact variety is known as steatite or soapstone. Tale has a great variety of uses. As soapstone it is cut into slabs and used for table tops in hospitals, laboratories, etc., and made into vessels for storing acids, also into sinks and laundry tubs; as a heat resistant, it is used for griddles, foot warmers, and hearthstones; as an insulator, for electrical switchboards and floors of electrical plants. Ground or powdered tale is used as a filler in the manufacture of paper and paint and as a dressing for rubber, cloth, and leather. It is extensively employed in the manufacture of toilet powders; as a preservative coating on stonework and as a nonconductive material for covering steam pipes; also as an adulterant for soaps and other goods. French chalk is high-grade tale in its natural state cut to shape and size for marking cloth, metals, slate, ete. Tale is used in making tips for gas burners and some varieties are substituted for graphite in lubricants. Production.—The United States produces more tale than all other countries; Italy and France produce the finest varieties. Before the war France ranked second to the United States in total production. Virginia produces all the soapstone mined in this country, and New York produces most of the fibrous tale used in paper making. In 1915 the total production of tale and soapstone in the United States was 186,891 short tons and in 1917 it was 218,848 short tons. Imports.—Most of the tale, ground or prepared, imported before the war came from France and Italy, with smaller amounts from Canada and Austria-Hungary. Since 1914 the imports from France have fallen off, but those from Italy have increased. The total im- ports during 1914 were 29,690,092 pounds, and during 1917 were 34,288,429 pounds. The imports for 1918 were 27,550,409 pounds. In 1914 the imports of crude and unground talcum and French chalk amounted to 2,807,974 pounds and in 1918 to 4,721,980 pounds. INTERPRETATIGN AND COMMENTS. Tale and French chalk are not the same thing for tariff purposes. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls:, 92, of 1911; 3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 522, of 1913.) French chalk is a species of tale suitable for uses such as the mark- ing of cloth by tailors, for which other varieties of tale are not fitted. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 522, of 1913.) Powdered tale, to which a small quantity of boric acid has been added, for use as a toilet prepara- tion for application to the skin is not ground tale within this pro- vision, but dutiable under paragraph 48. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 89, of 1916) (See par. 15.) : Talcum, steatite, and French chalk might appropriately be trans- ferred to Schedule B. 134 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 70. AOT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 70. Vanillin, 10 cents per ounces vanilla beans, 30 cents per pound; tonka beans, 25 cents per pound. 83. Vanillin, 20 cents per ounce. 697. Tonquin, tonqua, er toenka : beans. (Free.) GENERAL IN¥FORMATIGN. VANILLIN. Description and uses.—Vanillin is the aldehyde of vanillic or methylpretecatechuic acid, which is present in vanilla beans. True - extract of vanilla beans contains vanillin, the chief aromatic con- stituent. Artificial vanillin is obtained by a chemical precess from oil of cloves; it is disseived in alechol and the solution colored with caramel in imitation of the true extract of vanilla beans. This arti- ficial extract is generally cheaper and is a strong competitor with the natural er genuine vanilla extract. An extract of tonka beans is sometimes sold as a substitute for vanilla extract. The genuine and artificial product are used as food flavors, in liqueurs, and in pharma- ceutical preparations. Production.—Vanilla extract is made from the vanilla beans by extracting the aromatic resins with aleohol. Artificial vanilla extract (vanilla essence, vanillin) is made chiefly from oil of cloves by a chemical process involving the use of acetic anhydride, potassium per- manganate, and sulphuric acid. In 1914, 120,619 pounds of vanillin, valued at $525,219, were produced in the United States. Vaniillin is also produced in foreign countries, including Switzerland and France. ; Imports for 1908-1915 have averaged 5,408 ounces, valued at $1,072, yielding a revenue of $909. ) VANILLA BEANS, Description and uses.—Vanilla beans are the fruit of a tropical plant and are used in the preparation of the alcoholic extract or “es- sence” ordinarily sold as vanilla, used in flavoring chocolate, confec- tionery, various foods, liquors, and in pharmaceutical preparations. Vanillin, which is the chief aromatic constituent of vanilla beans, is now prepared synthetically. (See Vanillin.) Production.—Vanilla beans are not produced commercially in the United States, the industry requiring tropical climatic conditions and specially trained cheap labor. The vanilla plant is native to cer- tain localities in Mexico, where it still occurs wild, although the vanilla beans of commerce are chiefly cultivated. "The cultivation of vanilla has been introduced in many tropical lecalities, but has reached commercial importance only in the French insular colonies; a few British possessions, notably the Seychelles and Mauritius; and in Java and other Dutch colonies. The quality of vanilla varies greatly with its geographical source, no doubt due both to climate and method of culture and curing. Mexican, Bourbon, Seychelles, and Tahiti vanilla beans rank in quality in the order named. Imports since 1910 have been between 800,000 and 1,150,000 pounds per year, valued at from $1,500,000 to $2,500,000. Imports. have shown no appreciable decline during the war. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 135 TONKA BEANS. Description and uses.—Tonka beans are seeds used in perfuming tobacco, especially snuff, to adulterate vanilla extract; and in the manufacture of perfumery. They have been used in the preparation of coumarin, but this product is now more extensively manufactured synthetically. Extracts of tonka beans are sometimes used in pharmacy to mask the odor of iodoform. The beans contain about 25 per cent of a fatty substance which is extracted as tonquin butter. Production.—Tonka beans are not produced in the United States or its possessions. The trees are native to South America, chiefly in the Guianas, northern Brazil, and Venezuela. The beans are prepared for market by soaking in rum or alcohol and drying in the sun. Imports for the years 1909 to 1914 have averaged 358,313 pounds, valued at $406,696. For the years 1915 to 1918, during which period the duty was 25 cents per pound, the average annual import was 224,863 pounds, valued at $137,026. SCHEDULE B. EARTHS, EARTHENWARE, AND GLASSWARE, PARAGRAPH 71. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 71. Fire brick, magnesite brick, chrome brick, and brick not specially 84, Wire-brick, weighing not more than ten pounds each, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, $1.25 per ton; glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated, 85 per centum ad valorem; weigh- ing more than ten pounds each and not specially provided for in this sec- tion, not. glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 30 per provided for in this section, not glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- mented, or decorated in any manner, 10 per centum ad valorem; if glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- mented, or decorated in any manner, and bath brick, 15 per centum ad valorem. . centum ad valorem; glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated, 35 per centum ad valorem; magnesite brick, ehrome brick, and brick other than fire-brick, not glazed, enameled, paint- ed, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 25 per centum ad va- lorem; if glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 35 per centum ad va- lorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. | Description and uses.—Building brick are classified into (1) com- mon brick and (2) ornamental brick, the latter including front brick having an attractive finish, enameled brick, and all kinds of fancy brick. Fire brick (refractory brick), composed of substances having a high melting point, are used in structures which must endure ex- posure to high temperatures, including glass-making and metallurgi- eal furnaces, coke ovens, and settings for boilers. Wor many special purposes brick composed of silica, magnesite, chromite, bauxite, dolomite, or carborundum are needed in order to withstand the chem- ical action of molten metals or slags. Vitrified brick are clay brick which have been made harder and less porous by fusion, of which paving brick is an example, 80 per cent of vitrified brick in 1917 being thus used. Bath brick is an abrasive used for scouring and polishing. 136 Production.—As clay, the raw material, is so widely distributed, the industry exists to some extent in every State. The production was valued in 1914 at $83,182,045; and in 1917 at $128,086,508, when the value of fire brick rose to $58,012,264, about $10,000,000 above common brick. Ornamental brick varied but little from 1913 to 1917, averag- ing about $10,000,000. Vitrified brick decreased from $12,500,866 in 1914 to $10,664,560 in 1917. Imports of all kinds of brick are unimportant, not exceeding $250,000 since 1908, fire brick constituting more than 50 per cent. Bath brick imports were valued at $5,355 in 1914 and $4,741 in 1918. Export statistics show “fire” and “building” brick. Prewar annual exports of fire brick averaged about $1,000,000, increasing to $4,770,842 in 1918. Export of building brick, almost entirely to Can- ada, is a negligible factor, amounting to $785,696 in 1913. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Articles made from clay ground up, mixed together, forced into molds, and then dried and baked in a high temperature, and used in the construction of coke ovens, were held to be fire bricks, although containing less impurities than American fire bricks. (Abstract 26306, T, D. 318138, of 1911; followed in Abstract 38338, of 1915, as to “ ab- sidianite ware” and in Abstract 438469, of 1919, as to brick made from the same clay from which fire brick is made and used in connection with furnaces, either in the lining or in other places of contact with heat.) PARAGRAPH 72. ACT OF 19909. 85. Tiles, plain, unglazed, one color, exceeding two square inches in size, 4 cents per square foot; glazed, en- caustic, ceramic mosaic, vitrified, semi- vitrified, flint, spar, embossed, enam- eled, ornamented, hand painted, gold decorated, and all other earthenware tiles and tiling, by whatever name known, except pill tiles and so-called quarries or quarry tiles, valued at not exceeding 40 cents per square foot, 8 cents per square foot; exceed- ing 40 cents per square foot, 10 cents per square foot and 25 per centum ad valorem; so-called quarries or quarry tiles, 45 per centum ad va- lorem; mantels, friezes, and articles of every description, composed wholly or in chief value of tiles or tiling, 60 ‘per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1913. 72. Tiles, plain unglazed, one color, exceeding two square inches in size, 14 cents per square foot; glazed, or- namented, hand-painted, enameled, vit- rified, semivitrified, decorated, encaus- tic, ceramic mosaic, flint, spar, em- bossed, gold decorated, grooved and corrugated, and all other earthenware tiles and tiling, except pill tiles and so-called quarries or quarry tiles, but including tiles wholly or in part of cement, 5 cents per square foot; so- called quarries or quarry tiles, 20 per centum ad _ valorem; mantels, friezes, and articles of every descrip- tion or parts thereof, composed wholly or in chief value of earthenware tiles or tiling, except pill tiles, 30 per centum ad valorem. ; % ’ GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Tiles, like bricks, are clay products. The chief uses are for roofing, flooring, and wall finishing. Roofing tiles, made from natural clays sometimes mixed with other minerals, are usually vitrified and may be self-finished or glazed. Flooring tiles are practically all vitrified and unglazed. The term ‘‘ quarry tiles” refers to square, unglazed, red flooring tiles made of natural clays. Ceramic mosaics are smaller and of better material than quarry tiles, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. T87 Wall tiles generally have a white body composition of clay and other minerals, such as feldspar and flint. -They- are seldom vitrified, but usually coated with glaze. Mantels are sometimes built of wall tile. “ Semivitrified ” is not a scientific term, but is used in the trade to describe articles ranging between porous and vitrified. Portland and Sorel cements, instead of clay, are also used in tile manufacture. Production of tiles (other than drain tile) was valued at $5,705,583 in 1914 and at $6,821,221 in 1917. Ohio reported over one- third the total output, with New Jersey second. Transportation costs alone limit distant competition to the best grade tiles or to special articles, such as Welsh red quarries. Imports in 1914 were valued at $111,566 and in 1918 at $58,808. Importers state that most of the quarry tile (over 50 per cent of the imports) and roofing tile come from England. Tile, glazed, orna- mented, etc., comes in larger quantities than plain tile. Imports of cement tile and articles of tiles or tiling are insignificant in value. Exports, classed as “tiles (except drain),” were valued at $561,869 in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Semivitrified as applied to tiles had the same meaning in trade as in ordinary speech in 1913 and applied to red ferrolite flooring tiles. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 77, of 1916.) Tiles composed of burnt flint, spar, and clay, with coloring matter, used for floor pavements, were held to be vitrified. (Abstract 35234, T. D. 34821, of 1914.) Tile designed to form a completed panel or picture representing a dairy farm, used as a wainscotting, was held properly classified at 80 per cent under this paragraph. (Abstract 39942, of 1916.) PARAGRAPH 3. ACT OF 1969. ACT OF 1918. 87. Lime, 5 cents per one hundred 73. Lime, 5 per centum ad valorem. pounds, including weight of barrel or package. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Lime is a white, infusible material made by calcining relatively pure limestone. Quicklime and hydrated lime are the two general classes of lime on the market. Pure quicklime is the oxide of calcium, but all commercial limes contain magnesia and other oxides, sometimes as much as 45 per cent. Hydrated lime, as its name implies, has been slaked or hydrated by the addition of water. In the chemical action between quicklime and water the calcium oxide is converted to calcium hydroxide. Hydrated lime possesses the advan- tages of keeping better and being more easily handled than quicklime. Its principal use, for building purposes, accounted for about 35 per cent of the total consumption in 1917. The chemical industry consumed 20 per cent and agriculture 13 per cent in 1917. Quicklime may be shipped in bulk, in wooden barrels of about 200 pounds capacity, or in iron casks holding 400 pounds. Hydrated lime is sold in 100-pound burlap sacks or in 40-pound paper sacks. Production in the United States is over 99.8 per cent of domestic consumption. It increased from 3,505,954 short tons, valued at 138 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, $14,088,039, in 1910 to 4,073,433 short tons, valued at $18,509,305, in 1916. increased to $23,807,877. In 1917 the quantity decreased to 3,786,364 tons, but the value Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia rank in order as producing States. Imports have not exceeded one-fifth of 1 per cent of the domestic ’ production. Of these imports, approximately 90 per cent has come from Canada and the remainder, a special grade of high-priced lime, from Hurope. Exports have been less than 1 per cent of production, 90 per cent going to Canada. This exchange of lime has caused severe compe- tition between producers in British Columbia and the State of Wash- ington. domestic production since 1911. Washington, however, has-furnished less than 1 per cent of (Yor the discussion of chloride, citrate, artificial sulphate, and borate of lime and lime nitrogen, see pars. 12, 41, 51, 429, and 499,) PARAGRAPH 74. ACT OF 199092. 86. * * * Cement, not otherwise specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. 88. Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, 380 cents per ton: if ground or eal- cined, $1.75 per ton; pearl hardening for paper makers’ use, 20 per centum , ad valorem; Keene’s cement, or other ACT OF 1915. 74, Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, ground or caicined, pearl hardening for paper makers’ use; white, non- staining Portland cement, Keene’s ce- ment, or other cement of which gyp- sum is the component material of chief value, and all other cements not spe- cially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem, cement of which gypsum is the com- ponent material of chief value, if valued at $10 per ton or less, $3.50 | per ton; if valued above $10 and not above $15 per ton, $5 per ton; if valued above $15 and not above $30 per ton, $10 per ton; if valued above $30 per ton, $14 per ton. . GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Plaster rock or gypsum is a naturally occurring form of calcium sulphate crystallized with two molecules of water. Gypsum when calcined at about 105° C. loses one molecule of water to form plaster of Paris; when heated further, it loses all of its water of crystallization and also its property of hardening when treated with water. It is then known as “dead” or “ over- burnt” plaster. Pearl hardening is the name applied to artificial or natural calcium sulphate used as a filler in writing paper; it is more commonly applied to artificial calcium sulphate, provided for in paragraph 51. About 500,000 tons of gypsum are sold annually without ealcining. The buik of this material is used as a retarder in Portland cement, White, nonstaining Portland cement is a white cement with a very low iron content. Minor quantities are used as a pigment base in making cold-water paints and crayons, as a filer for paper and cloth, as a base for insecticides, and as lan plaster or fertilizer. Car Keene’s cement is a hard-finish wall plaster. Essentially it is com- pletely calcined gypsum which has been heated with small quantities of alum or borax. It differs from ordinary gypsum wall plasters in the time required for setting and in superior hardness. 139 Production of crude gypsum, 1912-1915, was constant at about 2,500,000 short tons. In 1916 it increased te 2,757,730 tons; in 1917, to 2,696,226 tons. The value of both crude and ealcined gypsum, 1910-1915, varied from $6,500,000 to $7,000,000. In 1916 the value was $7,959,032, and in 1917, $10,495,348. New York, Iowa, and Michi- gan, in order, are the largest producers. Imports of gypsum and plaster of Paris have been valued at less than 1 per cent of domestic production, and therefore may be con- Sidered negligible. They are almost wholly from Neva Seotia and New Brunswick, and enter ports of New England and North Atlantie States. Large blocks of gypsum are occasionally received from England. : Exports of plastcr of Paris have been small; the maximum value was $28,144 in 1917. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, Pearl hardening for paper makers’ use is usually artificial sulphate of ealecium, although natural calcium sulphate is also used; if arti- ficial, there is a conflict with the provision in paragraph 51 for “ arti- ficial sulphate of lime”; if natural, it is covered by the provision for plaster rock or gypsum preceding it in paragraph 74. (See par. 444.) PARAGRAPH 75. ACT OF 1913. ACT OF 1909. 75. Pumice stone, unmanufactured, 5 per centum ad valorem; wholly or 89. Pumice stone, wholly or par- tially manufactured, 3 of 1 cent per pound ; unmanufactured, valued at $15 or less per ton, 80 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $15 per ton, 4 of 1 cent per pound; manufac- tures of pumice stone or of which pumice stone is the component mate- partially manufactured, 4 cent per pound ; manufactures of pumice stone, or of which pumice stone is the com- ponent material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem, rial of chief value not specially pro- vided for in this section, 85 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—Pumice is a form of volcanic glass used as an abrasive, chiefly in metal polishes, scouring soaps, and litho- graphic work. Production.—The domestic product prior to 1917 was principally a fine volcanic dust er ash, not properly called pumice. It is, for ordinary requirements, a satisfactory substitute for ground Italian pumice originating in the Lipari Islands as a massive, vesicular, glassy lava. The only domestic deposits of lump pumice approaching this product are located in California and Arizona. Difficulty of shipping from Mediterranean ports and an embargo on imports stimulated pro- duction of lump pumice in 1917. The 1918 output of lump pumice was about 15,000 tons, and of voleanic dust about 30,000 tons. Production of voleanic dust increased from 27,591 tons, valued at $59,172, in 1914, to 35,293 tons, valued at $84,814, in 1917. Nebraska led in production until 1916, when Kansas took the lead. Imports of unmanufactured pumice in 1913 were 5,558 tons, valued at $44,474, and in 1918, 3,900 tons, valued at $36,466. In 1913 imports of wholly or partially manufactured pumice were 3,845,326 pounds, 140 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. valued at $17,417; in 1917, 7,796,173 pounds; and in 1918, 3,238,776 pounds. Imports of manufactures of pumice have been small; in 1913, worth $12,231; in 1915, $115; and in 1918, $2,025. Exports of pumice stone are not given. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The provision includes pumice stone in wimps filed or rolled as par- tially manufactured pumice stone. Abstract 40422, of 1916. ) (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 59, of 1914; Scouring bricks, made of pumice stone, have been classified as manufactures of pumice stone rather than as pumice stone manufactured. (Abstract 25542, T. D. 31589, of 1911.) PARAGRAPH 76. ACT OF 1909. 90. Clays or earth, unwrought or unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this section, $1 per ton; wrought or manufactured, not specially pro- vided for in this section, $2 per ton; china clay, or kaolin, $2.50 per ton * * .*; fuller’s earth, unwrought and unmanufactured, $1.50 per ton; wrought or manufactured, $3 per ton; ACT OF 1913, 76, Clays or earths, unwrought or unmanufactured, not speciaHy provided for in this section, 50 cents per ton; wrought or manufactured, not spe- cially provided for in this section, $1 per ton; china clay or Kaolin, $1.25 per ton; fuller’s earth, unwrought and unmanufactured, 75 cents per ton}; wrought or manufactured, $1.50 per fiuorspar, $3 per ton, ton; fiuorspar, $1.50 per ton: Pro- vided, That the weight of the casks or other containers shall be included in the dutiable weight, GENERAL INFORMATION. : CLAYS, N.S. P. F. Uses.—Clays are used in all chinaware, earthenware goods, and other burnt-clay products, as fillers in paper, mineral paint, and lino- leum, in Portland cement, as bonding material in abrasive wheels, and for many other purposes. Production of all clay (except kaolin) was 2,175,669 tons, valued at $3,471,751 in 1914, and 3,081,959 tons, valued at $7,741,168 in 1917. Imports were 37,570 tons, valued at $210,574 in 1914, and 24,474 tons, valued at $144,666 in 1918. The largest imports were 386,465 tons in 1918. Imported clays are usually for special purposes. (See par, 450.) : Exports of clay in 1914 amounted to $306;916, going to Europe and Canada; in 1918 they were $499,673, chiefly to Canada. CHINA CLAY OR KAOLIN, Description and uses.—China clay or kaolin are white-burning clays of residual origin. These clays are largely used in the manu- facture of white earthenware and china pottery, in high-grade tile,’ and as filler in paper, paint, rubber, and oilcloth. Kaolin forms about 20 to 50 per cent of the body in china, with varying proportions of ball clay, flint or quartz, and feldspar. The clays give plasticity and . working properties and act as a bond during early stages of firing. Ball clay is the most plastic ingredient; kaolin, although less plastic, is used because of the whiteness it imparts. Much of the domestic paper clay and some of the ball clay have similar uses, though not called kaolin because of different geologic origin. ' SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 141 Production was 34,191 short tons of kaolin, valued at $284,817, and 116,328 short tons of paper clay, valued at $558,334 in 1914. In 1917 the output of kaolin was 31,885 tons, valued at $301,378, and of paper clay, 174,449 tons, valued at $962,421. Kaolin was produced in ten States and paper clay in four States, about 87 per cent of the former and 85 per cent of the latter coming from the South. Imports of kaolin, which include clays used in the paper, pottery, and other industries, were 241,985 short tons, valued at $1,590,054, in 1914, and 192,705 tons, valued at $1,803,668, in 1918. Of the china clay used in American potteries, 56 per cent is imported from Eng- land, because it has been considered necessary to produce the higher grade ware. FULLER’S EARTH. Description and uses.—Fuller’s earth is a clay having the power of absorbing greasy substances and of decolorizing fats and oils. Its variations in chemical composition and in physical properties deter- mine its value. It is used principally for bleaching, clarifying, or filtering fats, greases, and oils. Other uses are in pigments for print- ing wall paper, in detecting certain coloring matters in food products, and as a substitute for talcum powder. The domestic industry first assumed importance in 1895. Production in 1916 had multiplied about ten times over 1895, and 81 per cent of consumption in 1917 was of domestic production. Flor- ida produces nearly all the domestic output, but commercial quantities come also from Georgia, Arkansas, Massachusetts, Texas, and Cali- fornia. The total output sold here in 1916 was 67,822 short tons, valued at $706,951; in 1917, 72,567 short tons, valued at $772,087; and in 1918, 84,468 short tons, valued at $1,146,354. Imports are as follows: Unwrought or unmanufactured in 1918, . 1,597 short tons, valued at $10,359; in 1917, 975 short tons, valued at $7,846 ; in 1918, 1,848 short tons, valued at $14,552. Wrought or manu- factured have been greater, amounting in 1918 to 15,269 short tons, valued at $135,229; in 1917 to 15,077 short tons, valued at $159,071; and in 1918 to 13,485 short tons, valued at $177,102. Export figures are not available. FLUOR SPAR. Description and uses.—Fluor spar or fluorite, chemically calcium fluoride (CaF:), contains 48.9 per cent fluorine and 51.1 per cent cal- cium. It is translucent to transparent, and has about the same hard- ness as calcite. The general grades are lump, ground, and gravel spar. ‘The principal uses, in order of importance, are (1) metallur- gical work, (2) manufacture of opalescent glass and enameled ware, and (8) chemical manufactures, especially hydrofluoric acid. The bulk of domestic production and practically all of the imported supply appear as gravel spar, 80 per cent of the domestic production being used in the basic open-hearth steel furnaces. In metallurgy, fluorite makes extremely fluid slags with great sol- vent power for refractory substances., It has a comparatively low melting point and, at high temperatures, it has a higher quantitative efficiency as a flux than limestone. In the making of ferromanganese . and ferrosilicon, it gives great fluidity to the" slag without too high temperature and greatly reduces the amount ‘of phosphorus, sulphur, 142 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. and other impurities in the pig. The most important use is in basic open-hearth steel furnaces, where, with limestone, it is of value as a - desulphurizing agent. It makes the melt more fiuid and permits the use of greater quantities of lower grades and scrap. Very little lump is used for metallurgical purposes. Theoretically, gravel spar runs in size from one-half inch down, but, as a matter of fact, it may vary from egg size to fines. The highest grade is white or clear, pale-green or blue, and is the material used by glass, enameling, and chemical industries, including - the manufacture of hydrofiuorie acid, which accounts for the bulk of the consumption. Some sodium fluoride is made for use in the pres- ervation of wood. For most chemical uses a purity of 95 to 98 per cent is necessary. Miscellaneous uses for the mineral are as a binding agent in emery wheels and for carbon electrodes, in the extraction of potash from feldspar, and for increasing the volatilization’ of potassium in the re- covery of potash from Portland cement clinker. As an electrode bond, fluorite increases the lighting efficiency and decreases the current required. Production.—America is now the largest producer of fluor spar, over 90 per cent of which is mined near Rosiclare, Ill. The field extends across the Ohio River into the adjoining counties of Kentucky. It is also produced in New Hampshire, Arizona, and Colorado, Prior to 1905 the domestic output was less than 50,000 tons annually and fluctuated considerably. In 1909, its use for open-hearth steel being more generally recognized, the mining and milling facilities in the Illinois-Kentucky fields expanded greatly, and production in- creased rapidly until 1912. The 1917 production of 218,828 tons, valued at $2,287,722, represented a 40.5 per cent increase in amount and 148 per cent increase in value compared with 1916. Fluor spar is mined by the usual underground methods. On account of the comparatively low value of the product, extensive or costly treatment is not possible, and only those deposits which furnish suf- ficiently pure material with a minimum of preparation can be worked advantageously. Imports, until 1916, were from 100 to 300 tons of ground for spar from Germany. In recent years nearly all has been the medium- grade gravel spar, coming chiefly from England. The supply was derived largely from old mine ‘dumps, purchased at the docks in Liverpool for about $2 a ton, and brought over as ballast. The lowest average vaiuation of the material at the port of entry was $2.46 in 1911 (calendar year) and the highest, not including duty or freight, was $13.47 in 1918. : Imports in 1910 were 42,488 short tons, valued at $135,152; in 1914, 10,206 short tons, at $38,943; and in 1918, 12,572 short tons, at $169,364. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. ‘ The provision for clays in this paragraph has been construed as not intended to apply to articles manufactured from clay, but only to clay manufactured or unmanufactured. (G. A. 7820, T. D. 35915, of 1915.) Clay of a grayish tinge used in making pots for melting glass, and as blue as any used for that purpose, when packed in bags, comes within this provision as unwrought clay. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 333, of 1918.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 143 Volcanic earth, dried and ground and used for external application to the human body, is not a medicinal preparation nor a plaster, heal-~ ing or curative; but is dutiable as an earth, wrought or manufactured, under this paragraph. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 15 and 284, of 1913.) The duty on china clay is based on actual weight including ordinary moisture. (160 Fed., 272, of 1908. ) (See pars. 450 and 534.) PARAGRAPH 77. ACT OF 19809. 91. Mica, unmanufactured, or rough trimmed only, 5 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem; mica cut or trimmed, mica plates or buiit-up mica, and all manutactures of mica or of which mica is the component material of chief value, 10 cents per ACT OF 1913. 77. Mica, unmanufactured, valued at not above 15 cents per pound, 4 cents per pound; valued above 15 cents per pound, 25 per centum ad valorem; cut mica, mica splittings, built-up mica, and all manufactures of mica, or of which mica is the component material pound and 20 per centum ad valorem. | of chief value, 80 per centum ad valorem; ground mica, 15 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Mica is a mineral marketed in the form of cut or uncut sheets, splittings, and ground mica. Sheet mica, nonin- flammable and insulating, is essential in the manufacture of elec- trical machinery. Other uses, including windows for stoves, goggles, and lanterns, are dependent upon its transparency and resistance to heat and shock. It is used in phonograph diaphragms. Built-up mica, or mica board, an insulating material having various trade names, utilizes the splittings. Ground mica is used in patent roofing, in annealing steel, in lubrication, and in decoration. Production.—Although widely distributed, workable deposits are small, and high-quality mica is rare. Methods of mining and prep- aration are crude, and few mechanical devices have been success- fully applied, hence unfavorable labor conditions affect production adversely. Production for 1917 amounted to 1,276,533 pounds of sheet, valued at $753,874, and 3,429 short tons of scrap, valued at $52,908. This came from eight States—70 per cent from North Caro- lina and 23 per cent from New Hampshire. The 1917 production of sheet mica, the largest for four years, did not exceed the prewar average, and was about 51 per cent of the quantity output for 1919. India, the United States, and Canada supply about 98 per cent of the total estimated production of sheet mica. Domestic production, 1906-1910, averaged 57 per cent of the total mica and 24 per cent of the sheet mica of the world; 1911-1915, 68 per cent of ali mica and 19 per cent of the sheet mica. Domestic consumption averaged 72 per cent of all mica for both periods, most of the ground mica used being domestic. The ratio of domestic production to consumption of sheet mica averaged about 44 per cent for both periods. Imports of unmanufactured mica in 1913 were 2,339,587 pounds, valued at $819,902, an increase over previous years; but imports declined during the war’ period to about $500,000 annually. Cut ‘mica, mica splittings, and manufactures increased from $398,580 in 1914 to $1,002,821 in 1917. In 1917 wnmanufactured mica, except the ground variety, was valued at $453,978. Very little ground mica is imported. Imports of all kinds of mica are from India (directly and through England), Canada, Germany, and South America, 144 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Exports of unmanufactured mica declined from $25,962 in 1914 to about $4,000 in 1917, while exports of manufactures increased over 100 per cent to $84,755 in 1917. . INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Out mica includes mica not cut exactly true in geometrical form and not in standard sizes commonly quoted in trade journals. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 416, of 1918.) Mica split into layers from 0.0025 to 0.003 inch in thickness, and, after refinishing, graded in accordance with its size and clearness, was held to be mica splittings within this paragraph. 257, of 1911.) (Abstract 42046, of 1918.) in the act of 1909 implied a finished product. The term “ cut or trimmed ” (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., PARAGRAPH 78. ACT OF 1909. 92. Common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware, plain, embossed, or salt- glazed common stoneware, and earth- enware or stoneware crucibles, all the foregoing not decorated in any manner, 25 per centum ad valorem; yellow earthenware, plain or embossed, coated with white or transparant vitreous glaze but not otherwise orna- mented or decorated, and Rockingham earthenware, 40 per centum= ad valorem, ACT OF 1915. 78. Common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware made of natural un- washed and unmixed clay; plain or embossed, common salt-glazed stone- ware; stoneware and earthenware crucibles; all the foregoing, not orna- mented, incised, or decorated in any manner, 15 per centum ad valorem; if ornamented, incised, or decorated in any manner and manufactures wholly or in chief value of such ware, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 20 per centum ad valorem; Rock- ingham earthenware, 30 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. COMMON YELLOW, BROWN, OR GRAY EARTHENWARE, Description and uses.—Common earthenware, yellow, brown, or gray, includes kitchen and culinary utensils; convmon stoneware, crocks, butter jars, churns, fruit jars, water filters, etc.; red earthen- ware, flower pots, jardiniéres, vases, fern pots, window boxes, ete. Common stoneware is an opaque, highly fired, vitrified pottery, com- posed of plastic clay, the body being gray, buff, brown, or other color, due to iron and other impurities present, with the natural color of the crude clay after being burned in the kiln. Red earthenware, usually porous, is made from red-burning clays; yellow, brown, or gray earthenware is colored by the glaze applied, which may be either a dip or a salt glaze.. Production value in 1914 (including Rockingham ware) was $4,409,205, and in 1917, $4,931,010. In 1917 stoneware was made in 20 States, Ohio producing nearly one-half the output; red earthen- ware, in 81 States, Ohio the largest producer. Imports.—From 1908 to 1913 the average value of imports was $67,000, but decreased to $27,173 in 1918. ROCKINGHAM EARTHENWARE, Description and uses.—Rockingham ware imported from England is of cheap brown, yellow, or reddish clay, often elaborately decorated ; the domestic make is of yellow or buff clays. It is covered with a rich brown glaze which gives its distinctive name, manganese being SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 145 the chief célor ingredient. Except for its glaze, it is the same as other common ware made of domestic clays. It is used largely for teapots. Production.—The statistics of production include stoneware and yellow ware with Rockingham earthenware. Their joint value in 1913 was $3,683,567, of which Rockingham ware was much less than one-third. Import value in 1908-9 was $20,000; in 1911, $89,692; in 1913, $75,006 ; and in 1918, $50,049, INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The phrase, “ earthenware or stoneware crucibles,” in paragraph 92 of the act of 1909, was confined to such crucibles as are made of earthenware or stoneware, leaving all other crucibles to be classified under some appropriate provision of the law. Porcelain crucibles were held dutiable under paragraph 94 as porcelain. (G. A. 7204, T. D. 31493, of 1911.) Certain decorated teapots were held dutiable as decorated earthen- ware and not as Rockingham earthenware. The importers failed to prove commercial designation of the ware as Rockingham. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 420, of 1912.) Decorated Rockingham earthenware, how- eyer, was held dutiable as Rockingham earthenware under the unqualified provision therefor. (G. A. 6968, T. D. 30290, of 1910.) There is nothing in the body materials used in the manufacture of Rockingham ware that distinguishes it from the common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware made of natural unwashed and unmixed clay, Or common stoneware salt glazed which is dutiable at one-half the rate on Rockingham ware. PARAGRAPH 79. re ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 94.) *% 5)". *). Earthen, ..stone .and 79. Earthenware and crockery ware crockery ware, plain white, plain | composed of a nonvitrified absorbent brown, including clock cases with or | body, including white granite and without movements, pill tiles, plaques, | semiporcelain earthenware, and cream- ornaments, toys, charms, vases, statues, | colored ware, and stoneware, includ- statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and | ing clock cases with or without movye- lamps, all the foregoing wholly or in | ments, pill tiles, plaques, ornaments, chief value of such ware, not painted, | toys, charms, vases, statues, statuettes, colored, tinted, stained, enameled, | mugs, cups, steins, lamps, and all other gilded, printed, or ornamented or) articles composed wholly or in chief decorated in any manner; and manu-| value of such ware; if plain white, factures in chief value of such ware | plain yellow, plain brown, plain red, not specially provided for in this sec- | or plain black, not painted, colored, tion, 55 per centum ad valorem, tinted, stained, enameled, _ gilded, printed, ornamented or decorated in any manner, and manufactures in chief value of such ware not specially O3ey sa ws earthen, stone. and erockery ware, including clock cases with or without movements, pill tiles, provided for in this section, 35 per plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, centum ad valorem; if painted, vases, statues, statuettes, mugs, CUDS, | colored, tinted, stained, enameled, steins, and lamps, all the foregoing gilded, printed, or ornamented or wholly or in chief value of such ware; | gecorated in any manner, and manu- painted, colored, tinted, stained, | factures in chief value of such ware enameled, gilded, printed, or orna-| not specially provided for in this sec- mented or decorated in any Manner ; tion, 40 per centum ad valorem. and manufactures in chief value of such ware not specially provided for in this section, 60 per centum ad yalorem. 184911°—20 10 146 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, ; GENERAL INFORMATION, * Description.—Harthenware pottery, as described in this paragraph, includes toilet ware and other useful and ornamental articles when made of clays resulting in a nonvitrified white-ware body, or ware other than white (when made of mixed, washed, or prepared clays), such as cream-colored ware, fine yellow ware, red white-lined cooking ware, and jet-ware teapots. Fine stoneware, covered by this para- graph, differs from common stoneware only in the use of prepared clays. The raw materials are clay, quartz, and feldspar. Production.—In 1917-18 there were 55 potteries with a capacity of 473 kilns. Of the output, 65 per cent was made in Ohio, 26 per cent in West Virginia, and 15 per cent in seven other States. The annual value, 1911-1913, averaged $14,754,164; in 1917, the value was $20,920,469. Plates, cups, and saucers constitute 62 per cent of the total pottery output. Before the war, 56 per cent of the china clays and 77 per cent of the ball clays used were imported from England. A use of only 50 per cent English ball clay in 1917-18 resulted in deterioration of the ware. The flint and feldspar used are almost entirely domestic. Costs of production.—In 1913 an investigation of the cost of producing white earthenware, comparing six typical American potteries with six similar English potteries, showed the cost to be 38.43 per cent higher in the United States. The American cost was 53.65 per cent higher than the German for earthenware potteries, 30.25 per cent higher than the Austrian for china, and 69.15 per cent higher than the German for china. These foreign casts were increased by 53 per cent for earthenware and 68 to 75 per cent for Austrian and German china when the expenses of importation were taken into consideration. The American potteries showed labor costs, per unit of production, 81.8 per cent higher than for English earthenware, 75.9 per cent higher than for German earthenware, 62.9 per cent higher than for Austrian china, and 139 per cent higher than for German china. This investigation developed the fact, however, that American work- men were much more efficient in production, the American jigger- man making 2,700 seven-inch plates in a nine-hour day, while the Eng- lish jiggerman produced but 1,200 such plates. In the making of handled cups, the productive ability of the American workman was from 122 to 188 per cent greater than that of the English. The cost of white-ware material (body and glaze) was 122 per cent higher in American potteries than in the German earthenware potteries, 181 per cent higher than in the German china potteries, and 122 per cent higher than in the Austrian china potteries. Imports in 1918 were valued at $2,433,945. Prior to the act of 1913, import statistics of china and earthenware were combined. For the five years, 1909-1913, imports from Germany averaged $3,942,057; from Japan, $1,200,114; from Austria-Hungary, $735,625. These values are largely for cheap chinaware competitive with American earthen- ware. During the same period imports from England averaged $2,192,495, chiefly for earthenware. Shipments from Japan and from England haye increased since the elimination of German and Austrian — competition. In 1914 indications were that foreign ware brought higher prices than domestic ware, and that the difference between the cost to the domestic retailer and his selling price was 66 per cent on American SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 147 earthenware, 65 per cent on Austrian china, 7S per cent on German china, 89 per cent on French china, and 67 per cent on English earthen- ware. ‘INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Hotel ware.—The Treasury Department has held that earthenware, to be dutiable under the provision in paragraph 80 for “china and porcelain wares composed of a vitrified nonabsorbent body which when broken shows a vitrified or vitreous, or semivitrified or semi- vitreous fracture,” must not only be composed of a vitrified non- absorbent body, but be commercially known as china or porcelain. As the samples of hotel ware then before the department were found to be in a greater or less degree absorbent and were not commercially known as china or porcelain, customs officers were directed to assess duty thereon under paragraph 79. (T. D. 34332 of 1914.) Carmelite ware, described as a brown earthenware having a trans- parent glaze or enamel on the outside and a white glaze or enamel on the inside, was held to be “ enameled ” within paragraph 93 of the act of 1909. The words “ plain white, plain brown” in paragraph 94 were interpreted to mean that the ware must be all plain white or all plain brown, and all wares enumerated in paragraph 93 as painted, colored, tinted, stained, enameled, gilded, or printed were declared to be within the provision therefor whether or not the painting, tinting, etc., amounted to ornamentation or decoration. (G. A. 7009, T. D. 30543, of 1910.) In a later ease upon carmelite ware having a thin layer of white material covering the interior surface and laid upon the brown clay before going into the kiln, the clay forming the larger bulk of the article, the white layer being thin and comprising not more than one-tenth of the material of the vessel, and the entire surface, both inside and out, being also covered with a smooth, transparent, vitre- ous glaze, was likewise held to come within that paragraph of the act of 1909. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 85, of 1911.) But so-called ice tanks made of china or earthen ware, having a white glaze on the inside and a brown glaze on the outside, were held dutiable under paragraph 92 as “ yellow earthenware coated with white or transparent vitreous glaze.” (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 76, of 1914.) No claim was made in the prior cases for classification under paragraph 92. In a case shortly after the decision upon ice tanks, satsuma ware, composed of plain earthenware glazed, was held by the Board of General Appraisers properly classified as enameled earthenware under paragraph 93 and not dutiable as plain white or plain brown earthenware under para- graph 94. (Abstract 36240, T. D. 34677, of 1914.) In this decision as reported paragraph 92 is not mentioned, and G. A. 7009, T. D. 30548, and 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 85 (supra), were followed without citing 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 76. Decorated teapots were held dutiable as decorated and not as Rock- ingham ware. The importers failed to prove commercial designation of such ware as Rockingham. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 420, of 1912.) Earthenware molded in imitation of cameos was held dutiable under paragraph 79 of the act of 1913 as “earthenware * * #* ornamented or decorated in any manner, and manufactures in chief value of such ware not specially provided for,” and not under para- graph 357 as*imitation precious stones. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 434, of 1917.) 148 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Earthenware vases and plaques painted in mineral colors and fired, the original work of an artist, and having no utilitarian pur- pose, were held exempt from duty under paragraph 652 of the act of 1913 as paintings in mineral colors rather than under paragraph 79 as plaques and vases painted. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 125, of 1917.) The dutiable classification of toys involves paragraph 79 of the act of 1913. In a decision of the Supreme Court under the act of 1883, plates and mugs decorated with pictures and with the letters of the alphabet, intended for children and known in trade as “A B C” plates and mugs, were held dutiable as decorated earthenware and not as toys. (152 U. S., 368, of 1894.) In cases under the acts of 1897 and of 1909 china dolls and dolls’ heads were held dutiable under the provision for dolls and doll heads. (180 Fed., 1005, of 1910; T. D. 30091 of 1909 and Abstract 25662, T. D. 31624; Abstract 25796, T. D. 31675; Abstract 26065, T. D. 81757; and Abstract 26407, T. D. 31842, of 1911.) Harthenware siphon closets printed with the name and address of the importer or consignee, and also the badge “ Veribest,” are dutiable as printed earthenware under this paragraph. (Abstract 39624 of 41916.) Diminutive earthenware figures of birds, plants, houses, and people, designed to be exposed for amusement or ornament and not intended or suitable for any utilitarian purpose, are dutiable as earthenware ornaments or toys under this paragraph, and are not to be classified as earthenware articles under paragraph 78. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., , T. D. 87947, of 1919.) Vases of various shapes found to be composed of common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware, but not shown to be made of natural unwashed and unmixed clay, were held dutiable under this paragraph rather than paragraph 78. (Abstract 89625 of 1916.) Casseroles, plates, and dishes composed | of earthenware, colored and enameled, are dutiable as enameled earthenware under this paragraph (79) rather than as common earth- enware, decorated, under paragraph 78, or as earthenware not enam- eled or decorated in any manner, under paragraph 79. (Abstract 40367. of 1916.) The words vitrified, semivitrified, and semivitreous, as used in paragraphs 79 and 80, should not be construed to have a rigid or too literal meaning. ‘“ Semivitrified ” or “ semivitreous,” as thus used, does not mean chinaware or porcelain ware that is exactly one-half vitrified, but any ware of that character that is partially vitrified to an appreciable degree, whether more or less than half. (G. A. 8256, T. D. 88012, of 1919) ; affirmed by the Court of Customs Appeals (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38225, of 1919.) White earthenware saucers and plates embossed in the mold with small raised figures or designs, and cups with depressions in the handles, also made in the mold, assessed with duty as decorated under this paragraph, were held to be dutiable under the provision of the same paragraph for plain white, ete., not decorated. Whether or not an article is orna- mented or decorated within this provision is a question of fact to be determined with reference to the particular article. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 388202, of 1919.) (See pars. 78, 80, and 81.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 149 PARAGRAPH 80. ACT OF 1909. 94. China, porcelain, parian, bisque, * * #¥* ware, plain white, plain brown, including clock cases with or without movements, pill tiles, plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and lamps, all the foregoing wholly or in chief value of such ware, not painted, colored, tinted, stained, enameled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or decorated in any manner; and manu- factures in chief value of such ware not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 55 per centum ad valorem. : 93, China, porcelain, parian, bisque, * *° * ware, including clock cases with or without movements, pill tiles, plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, Statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and lamps, all the foregoing wholly or in chief value of such ware; ACT OF 1918. 80. China and porcelain wares com- posed of a yitrified nonabsorbent body which when broken shows a vitrified or vitreous, or semivitrified or semi- vitreous fracture, and all bisque and parian wares, including clock cases with or without movements, plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, lamps, and all other articles composed wholly -or in chief value of such ware, if plain white, or plain brown, not painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or decorated in any manner; and manu- factures in chief value of such ware not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 50 per centum ad valorem; if painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or decorated in any manner and man- ufactures in chief value of such ware painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or decorated in any manner; and man- ufactures in chief value of such ware not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 60 per centum ad valorem, not specially provided for in this gsec- tion, 55 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—China or porcelain is a fine, translucent ware hav- ing a white body. Domestic vitreous china, however, includes heavy, opaque hotel and club china of superior quality, besides a general line of translucent tableware rivaling the high-grade products of Europe in durability and beauty. High-grade bone china tableware is made in one domestic pottery and equals in beauty, texture, and artistic decoration the china of famous English potteries. China and porcelain wares include dinner sets, kitchen, toilet, and art wares, and electrical porcelain. Parian and bisque are unglazed porcelain. Production value of vitreous and bone chinaware in 1914 was $2,384,686, and in 1917, $4,805,906. There are in the United States eight vitreous china potteries having 74 kilns and one bone-china pot- tery. Vitreous china or porcelain is made from the same materials as earthenware by increasing the feldspar and decreasing the clay content; by firing to a higher temperature, the transition from white earthenware to vitreous china is made. Bone china contains from 40 to 50 per cent bone ash, 20 to 30 per cent Cornish stone, and 25 to 30 per cent clay, and is a typical English product. An investigation in 1913 showed that, per unit of product, the domestic cost of vitreous china, not decorated, was 129 per cent higher than in Austria and 197 per cent higher than in Germany; that ‘costs of foreign products imported were increased from 68 to 75 per cent, including duty, transportation, and other expenses. While the American labor cost per unit of production was 182 per cent higher than in Austrian potteries, the American wage rate was 275 150 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, per cent higher, showing a greater productive efficiency of American labor. : Import value in 1918 from the five principal countries was about $7,525,000—49 per cent from Germany, 22 per cent from France, 14 per cent from Japan, 8 per cent from Austria, and 7 per cent from England. Since the war the Japanese imports have more than doubled. : Exports of chinaware were valued at $166,685 in 1914 and at $345,838 in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. “Hnameled,” as used in paragraph 94 of the act of 1909, was de- clared to have the limited meaning given it in ceramics, viz, an opaque or colored semivitrified coating applied to the surface of pottery either as a decoration or for a utilitarian purpose. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 193, of 1912.) Porcelain or china sparkplugs with the word “ Rajah” printed thereon are, however, dutiable as printed. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 198, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 359, of 1913.) Porcelain and “ Marquardt-Masse” pyrometer tubes were held on the records to come within this provision in the act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 266, of 1913; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 393, of 1914.) White china plates having the trade-mark “ Cenco” so placed and printed as to be attractive in color and design, are printed or orna- mented or decorated within this paragraph. (4 Ct, Cust. Appls., 403, of 1913.) The phrase “ earthenware or stoneware crucibles,” in paragraph 92 of the act of 1909, was confined to such crucibles as are made of earth- enware or stoneware, leaving all other crucibles to be classified under some appropriate provision of the law. Poreelain crucibles were held dutiable under paragraph 94 as poreelain. (G. A. 7204, T. D. 31493, of 1911.) Porcelain and earthenware are distinguished in a case under the act of 1909. Porcelain was defined as a highly finished, translucent pot- tery, usually glazed, while earthenware is a cruder and inferior prod- uct. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 462, of 1913.) China elock cases, whether imported separately or containing clock movements, were held dutiable as clock cases under paragraph 93 of the act of 1909, and the metal movements or works as parts of clocks under paragraph 192. (G. A. 7126, T. D. 31086, of 1910.) Chinaware with a white body, having a superimposed brown color- ing on the outside, is dutiable as chinaware, colored or tinted, under this paragraph. (T. D. 35569, of 1915.) Small, plain white china knobs used by worsted and cotton yarn concerns are dutiable as man- ufactures of china under this paragraph, rather than as buttons under paragraph 339. (Abstract 39602, of 1916.) Decorated china cups and plain white china saucers are dutiable as entireties at 55 per cent under this paragraph (Abstract 38143, of 1915), but wooden stands imported with earthenware vases are dutiable separately (Abstract 37049, of 1914). Bath babies were held dutiable under paragraph 342 (providing for dolls) rather than under this paragraph. (Abstract 42518, of 1918.) (See par. 79.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 151 PARAGRAPH 81. ACT OF 1909. 95. Articles and wares composed wholly or in chief value of earthy or mineral substances, not specially pro- vided for in this section, whether susceptible of decoration or not, if not decorated in any manner, 85 per centum ad valorem; if decorated, 45 per centum ad valorem; carbon, not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem; electrodes, brushes, plates, and disks, all the fore- going composed wholly or in chief value of carbon, 30 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 19138. 81. Earthy or mineral substances wholly or partially manufactured and articles and wares composed wholly or in chief value of earthy or mineral substances, not specially provided for in this section, whether susceptible of decoration or not, if not decorated in any manner, 20 per centum ad yalo- rem; if decorated, 25 per centum ad valorem; unmanufactured carbon, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem; electrodes for electric furnaces, electrolytic and battery purposes, brushes, plates, and disks, all the foregoing composed wholly or in chief value of carbon, 25 per centum ad valorem; manufac- tures of carbon not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. EARTHY OR MINERAL SUBSTANCES AND MANUFACTURES. Imports of plain articles and wares were valued at $90,326 and of decorated articles and wares, at $22,089, in 1914. Imports in- creased in value during the war, amounting to $199,088 for earthy substances, $206,068 for plain ware, and $23,458 for decorated ware in 1918. * UNMANUFACTURED CARBON. Description and uses.—The principal substances included under this head are coal-gas retort carbon and petroleum coke, used in making electrodes and other manufactures of carbon. Production of retort carbon in 1917 was 29,512 tons, with sales of 23,311 tons, valued at $219,336. Imports have decreased since 1914, when they were valued at $8,916, to $1,134 in 1916 and $603 in 1918. ELECTRODES, BRUSHES, PLATES, DISKS. Description and uses.—The materials used in the manufacture of these articles are anthracite coal, coal-gas coke or petroleum coke, hard and soft pitch, coal tar, and petroleum. In some cases a part of the coke may be replaced by lampblack or graphite. For electrode purposes, copper powder is sometimes mixed with the carbon to in- crease the conductivity. The coke is ground, the ingredients mixed, pressed into the desired shape by hydraulic pressure, and then baked to drive off volatile products. Production figures are not given separately. The value of the production of-all carbons, including furnace and battery electrodes, brushes, electric light, and miscellaneous carbons in 1914, was $3,602,741. ; Imports of brushes, electrodes, disks, and plates in 1914 were valued at $147,771. The value was slightly lower in 1915, but has since increased steadily to $307,609 in 1918. 152 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Export of carbons in 1918 (first year shown) amounted to $1,525,128, about 50 per cent going to Canada. ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF CARBON. Imports.—In 1918 Germany contributed nearly 50 per cent of the total imports ($38,863) and in 1915, 87 per cent of the total ($57,830). Since 1915 the imports have been mostly from France, Japan, and Canada. The value in 1917 was $135,424, and in 1918, $152,602. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The provision for “ earthy or mineral substances wholly or partially manufactured and articles and wares composed wholly or in chief value of earthy or mineral substances n. s. p. f.”’ includes conduits, consisting of pipes or tubes and angles made of fire clay and car- borundum and used in the construction of ovens for baking chinaware (T. D. 36498, of 1916) ; brick rubble, ordinary clay burnt, ground, and passed through a screen, used for tennis courts (G. A. 7820, T. D. 35915, of 1915) ; carbosolite, a composition chiefly. of silicon and car- bon, with some alumina and a trace of iron (T. D. 34885, of 1914); granito, marble waste crushed and screened (6 ‘Ct. Cust. Appls., 512, of 1916) ; crushed limestone, stone crushed and screened (G. A. T779, T. D. 357238, of 1915, G. A. 7970, T. D. 36719, of 1916, Abstract 43180, of 1919, appeal pending in Court of Customs Appeals) ; Tam O’Shanter polishing stones (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 406, of 1912; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 188, of 1914); Hnglish blue and water of Ayr whetstones (Abstract 36338, T. D. 34742, of 1914, following 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1913) ; so-called roojsing felt coated (T. D. 36883, of 1916) ; transparent glass- like tubes, made from the product resulting from fusing or melting quartz rock by intense heat, whereby its crystalline property is de- stroyed (G. A. 7988, T. D. 86818, of 1916) ; ferroid-enamel composition and tenax cement composition, used principally upon iron girders and beams of the framework of steamships as a preliminary covering before the final coating of paint (T. D. 37674, of 1918) ; sapphire bear: ings for meters, the rule of ejusdem generis not excluding them (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 287, of 1918) ; sapphire points for cutting tools (Ab- stract 39341, of 1916; Abstract 41188, of 1917) ; scouring bricks, com- posed of clay and flint, ground and baked in a kiln, or composed of . silica, iron oxide, alumina, lime, and magnesium (Abstract 37653, of 1915; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 63, of 1914); and refuse sawn stone (T. DS 37932, of 1919.) Dressed lava stone, not a monumental or building stone, has also been held dutiable under this provision. (4 Ct. Cust. : Appls., 110, of 1918; Abstract 36890, of 1914.) Merchandise described as “ filieres diamant” was held dutiable as ’ bort under paragraph 357, rather than under this paragraph (Abstract 42946, of 1919). Modeling clay, a substance declared to be neither - ; earthy nor mineral, but saponifiable matter in percentage 31.12, was held dutiable as an unenumerated manufactured article under para- | graph 885 (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 246, of 1915; see, also, 3 Ct. Cust.‘ Appls., 220, of 1912) ; and molybdenite, a mineral substance imported in its natural state freed from rock or gangue, was held exempt from duty under paragraph 549 as a mineral not advanced in value. or condition, rather than dutiable as an earthy or mineral substance (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 1915). Stone or quartz, which upon chemi-. 153 cal analysis shows a content of 98 to 99 per cent of silicic acid and which has been put through a process of crushing to reduce it in size to pieces from one-half inch to 10 inches in diameter, is not within this paragraph, but is free of duty as silicic acid under para- graph 387. (G. A. 8104, T. D. 373896, of 1917.) Polishing sand and ground geyserite were also excluded and were held free of duty as sand under paragraph 614. (Abstracts 43278 of 1919 and 36371 of 1914.) Rotten-stone bricks are also free under paragraph 614, rather than dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 42319 of 1918.) Nikols, or nicol prisms, manufactured from carbonate of calcium, come Within this paragraph and not within paragraph 98 as articles of rock crystal. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 416, of 1914.) Carbon blocks in rectangular pieccs, devoted by further processing to the manufacture of brushes and plates for electrical machinery, are classable as manufactures of carbon n. s. p. f., and not as brushes or plates of carbon. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37948, of 1919.) The word “substances” in this paragraph includes the singular as well as the plural. ‘“ Compesed of” applies to one substance as well as to more than one. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 425, of 1912.) (See pars. 75 and 82.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, PARAGRAPH 82. ACT OF 1909. 96. Gas retorts, 20 per centum ad valorem; lava tips for burners, 10 cents per gross and 15 per centum ad valorem; carbons for electric lighting, wholly or partly finished, made en- tirely from petroleum coke, 85 cents per hundred feet; if composed chiefly of lampblack or retort carbon, 65 cents per hundred feet; filter tubes, 85 per centum ad valorem; porous carbon pots for electric bat- teries, without metallic connections, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 19158. 82. Gas retorts, 10 per centum ad valorem; lava tips for burners, 15 per centum ad valorem; carbons for electric lighting, wholly or partly fin- ished, made entirely from petroleum coke, 15 cents per hundred feet; if composed chiefly of lampblack or re- tort carbon, 40 cents per hundred feet; carbons for flaming are lamps, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, and filter tubes, 30 per centum ad valorem; porous carbon pots for electric batteries, 15 per centum ad valorem. ‘ GENERAL INFORMATION. GAS RETORTS. Description and use.—Gas retorts for use in the manufacture of coal gas are made usually of fire clay or silica. Production figures are not available, but most of the retorts used are of domestic manufacture. Imports have been small—in 1914, 455 retorts, valued at $17,627; in 1915, 152 retorts. LAVA TIPS FOR BURNERS. Description and uses.—Lava tips for burners are not made of lava, but of tale. Imports before the war were almost entirely from amounting in 1913 to 17,148 gross, valued at $9,759. gross were imported, and in 1915, 1,680 gross. separately since 1915. Germany, In 1914, 2,955 Imports are not shown 154 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ELECTRIC-LIGHT CARBONS, Description and uses.—An ordinary open-arc carbon, made of petroleum coke, is used for old-type locomotive headlights and in open-are lamps. A high-grade lampblack carbon, with homogeneous flaming-are ingredients, is used in inclosed flaming-are lamps. .Lamp- black shell with a fiaming core, the core of carbon, is used in the photographic arts. Cored inclosed are carbon, core and shell both lampblack, is used in connection with flaming-are carbons and in the photographic arts. Imports have been principally of carbon composed chiefly of lamp- black or retort carbon. These amounted in 19138 to 17,600,380 feet; in 1914, to 15,690,763 feet; in 1918, to 6,000 feet. Imports of carbons made entirely from petroleum coke amounted in 1913 to 642 feet; in 1914, to 51,950 feet. No imports are shown for 1918. Imports before the war were mostly from Germany. Imports of porous carbon pots for batteries were valued at less than $100 a year since 1914. FILTER TUBES. Description and uses.—Filter tubes are usually made of porous earthenware and are used for filtering drinking water and solutions in chemical works. Imports have varied in value from $7,482 in 1914, to $2,769 in 1916, and $3,185 in 1918. INTERPZETATION AND COMMENTS. The words “carbons for flaming-are lamps, not specially provided for,’ do not cover all carbons for flaming-arec lamps, but only those not made chiefly of lampblack or retort carbon or entirely of petroleum coke. Flaming-are lamp carbons in chief value of lamp- black or retort carbon, with or without a core impregnated with chemical salts, are dutiable under this paragraph at 40 cents per 100 feet, and not as carbons for flaming-are lamps at 80 per cent ad valorem. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 40, of 1916.) . Flaming-are carbons in chief value of materials mentioned in the provision for carbons for electric lighting, some of which are diffi- cult to distinguish without analysis from flaming-are carbons not chiefly of such materials, are subjected by the words “not specially provided for” to specific rather than ad valorem duties. PARAGRAPH 83. ACT OF 1909. 97. Plain green or colored, molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and covered or uncovered demijohns, and carboys, any of the foregoing, filled or unfilled, not otherwise specially provided for in this section, and whether their con- tents be dutiable or free (except such as contain merchandise subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof which shall be dutiable at the rate applicable to their contents), shall pay duty as ACT OF 1913. 83. Plain green or colored, molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and covered and uncovered demijohns, and carboys, any of the foregoing, filled or un- filled, not otherwise specially pro- vided for in this section, and whether their contents be dutiable or free (except such as contain merchandise subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof which shall be dutiable at the rate applicable to their contents), 80 per SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. follows: If holding more than one pint, 1 cent per pound ; if holding not more than one pint and not less than one-fourth of a pint, 13 cents per pound ; if holding less than one-fourth of a pint, 50 cents per gross: Pro- vided, That none of the above articles shall pay a less rate of duty than 40 per centum ad valorem: Provided further, That the terms bottles, vials, 155 ACT OF 1913—Continued, eentum ad valorem: Provided, Fhat the terms bottles, vials, jars, demi- johns, and carboys, as used herein, shall be restricted to such articles when suitable for use as and of the character ordinarily employed as con- tainers for the holding or transporta- tion of merchandise, and not as appli- ances or implements in chemical or other operations, jars, demijohns, and earboys, as used herein, shall be restricted to such ar- ticles when suitable for use as and of the character ordinarily employed as containers for the holding or transportation of merchandise, and not. as appliances or implements in chemical or other operations. GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—Molded, pressed, or other glass containers, which may be plain green or colored, include fruit jars, milk bottles, medicine bottles, and bottles for liquors, preserves, and other food- stuffs. Lime glass is used for ordinary large bottles; small vials are usually made of lead glass. The principal materials used are sand, soda ash, ground limestone, salt cake, lead oxide, and small amounts of arsenic, all of domestic origin. Production value in 1914 was $51,958,728. In 1918 there were 116 manufacturing companies with 142 factories in 19 States; 45 per cent of the output came from automatic machines, 35 per cent from semiautomatic machines, and about 20 per cent from hand _ labor. In 1914 the output was 4,893,416 gross druggist’s bottles, ete; 4,573,610 gross beer, soda, and mineral-water bottles; 2,689,022 gross liquor bottles and flasks; 1,198,952 gross fruit jars; 1,188,891 gross milk bottles; 1,384,689 gross patent-medicine bottles; 3,271,174 gross food-preserving and packer’s containers; 79,211 gross battery jars and ‘ electric goods; and 160,796 dozen demijohns and earboys. The value of. production increased 54.5 per cent for 1904-1914, this form of glass constituting 42 per cent in value of the total production. Imports, including filed and empty bottles, were valued at $1,185,015 in 1914 and at $302,052 in 1918. Exports in 1914 were valued at $711,353; in 1918, at $2,671,892. The wares went to Canada, Cuba, England, Argentina and other South American countries. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Plain green or colored flint, lime, or lead-glass bottles, suitable for use and of the character ordinarily employed as containers for the holding or transportation of merchandise, come within this para- graph rather than under paragraph 84. (T. D. 32728 of 1912.) Such bottles containing merchandise subject to an ad valorem rate of duty or to a duty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof are dutiable at the rate applicable to their contents, but in case of com- pound rates at the ad valorem rate only. (G. A. 4812, T. D. 22621, of 1900.) 156 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Nonrefillable bottles—The value of the nonrefillable device is included in determining the value of nonrefillable bottles. But the wooden tops, outer foil, insert corks, and labels used for the proper packing and protection of the bottles during transportation, and not needed for the proper use of the bottles as containers, were held to be parts of ncoither the bottles nor the nonrefillable device. (T. D. 35839, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 382, of 1918.) (See par. 84.) PARAGRAPH 84. ACT OF 1909. 98. Glass bottles, decanters, and all articles of every description composed wholly or in chief value of glass, ornamented or decorated in any man- ner, or cut, engraved, painted, deco- rated, ornamented, colored, stained, silvered, gilded, etched, sand blasted, frosted, or printed in any manner, or ground (except such grinding as is necessary for fitting stoppers or for purposes other than ornamentation), and all articles of every description, including bottles and bottle glassware, composed wholly or in chief value of glass blown either in a mold or other- wise; all of the foregoing, not spe- cially provided for in this section, filled or unfilled, and whether their contents be dutiable or free, 60 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That for the purposes of this Act, bottles with cut glass stoppers shall, with the stoppers, be deemed entireties. ACT OF 1915. 84. Glass bottles, decanters, and all articles of every description composed wholly or in chief value of glass, orna- mented or decorated in any manner, or cut, engraved, painted, decorated, or- namented, colored, stained, silvered, gilded, etched, sand blasted, frosted, or printed in any manner, or ground (except such grinding as is necessary for fitting stoppers or for purposes other than ornamentation), and all articles of every description, including bottles and bottle glassware, composed wholly or in chief value of glass blown either in a mold or otherwise; all of the foregoing, not specially pro- vided for in this section, filled or un- filled, and whether their contents be dutiable or free, 45 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That for the pur- poses of this Act, bottles with cut- glass stoppers shall, with the stoppers, be deemed entireties. GENERAL INFORMATION, Description.—The principal groups of blown and pressed glassware are pressed table and lighting glassware, blown tumblers, stem ware and bar goods, lamps and lamp chimneys, cut glass and decorated ware, pressed jellies, tumblers, and goblets. Production was valued at $30,279,290 in 1914, increasing in quan-_ tity 16 per cent and in value 87 per cent in 1917, with 113 companies operating 129 factories in 11 States and employing 8,282 skilled work- men. The raw materials used are sand, soda ash, lime, lead oxide (all of domestic origin), and carbonate of potash, nitrate of soda, manganese, antimony compounds, arsenic, and powdered blue (partly or wholly of foreign origin). Red lead, saltpeter, and barium ecar- bonate also are used in crystal and cut glassware. Lime glass is used for the cheapest pressed ware, but the better grades are made of lead glass. aad Imports were valued at $2,223,387 in 1914. Little pressed table- ware has been imported, while other pressed ware consisted largely of door knobs. Imports of fine grades of blown ware and decorated blown ware were considerable. Cut or ornamented glassware, valued at $1,151,875, was imported in 1914, 34.5 per cent from Austria, 28 per cent from Germany, 14 per cent from Belguim, 10 per cent from France, 9.6 per cent from England, and about 4 per cent from other, countries. The value of blown and pressed glass imported in 1918 was $649,346. Competition has been particularly felt in the fine grades of SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 157 blown ware and decorated blown ware, 34 per cent of these imports coming from Austria and 28 per cent from Germany. . _ Exports were valued at $2,671,164 in 1914 and at $5,411,995 in 1917. The increase, due to cessation of European production, was: to Canada, 41 per cent; to Cuba, 228 per cent; to South America, 372 per cent; to Asia, 556 per cent; and to Australia and other countries, 80 per cent. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Stemmed glassware.—Plain stemmed glassware with blown bowl and molded stem and foot has been held dutiable under the acts of 1909 and 1913 as a manufacture of glass upon proof that the part composed of blown glass was not of chief value. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 298, of 1914; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 185, of 1916.) Decorated glassware.—tTrays, the rims of which are of stained bamboo and the bottoms of two panes of common flat window glass, between which are natural butterflies with paper bodies, leaves, and silk threads so arranged as to give the effect of a decoration on glass, the decorations not being attached to either pane of glass, but held in position by the fastening of the glass to the rims of the trays, were held not classifiable under paragraph 84 of the act of 1913, as articles in chief value of glass “ornamented or decorated” or processed in any of the ways specified therein, but dutiable as manufactures in chief value of glass, not specially provided for, under paragraph 95. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37996, of 1919.) Thin glass bottles having figures of sprays of leaves and fruits molded into the glass in the manufacture of the bottles were held dutiable as glass bottles ornamented or decorated under paragraph 84, and not as plain green or colored, molded or pressed glass bottles under paragraph 83. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 256, of 1918.) Similar bottles with ornamentations in the form of roses or vines were likewise classified. (Abstracts 39494 and 40224, of 1916.) Certain glass bottles containing perfumery, classified as plain glass bottles subject to the same rate of duty as their contents at 60 per cent under paragraphs 48 and 83, were held dutiable as decorated bottles at 45 per cent under paragraph 84. (Abstracts 41682 and 41692, of 1918.) Ornamental glass bottles having a glass stopper elongated in a rod reaching nearly to the bottom of the bottle, used for holding perfumery, the purpose of the stopper being. to use a drop of the perfumery at a time, were likewise classified under para- graph 84. (Abstract 41520, of 1917.) Hat pins with blue steel shanks and heads of glass or paste, pear or globular shaped, classified as jewelry under paragraph 356, were found to be in chief value of cut glass, dutiable under this para- graph. As this claim was not made, the protest was overruled. (Ab- stract 39371, of 1916.) Bracelets of decorated glass are also dutiable under this paragraph as articles composed of decorated glass. (Ab- stract 42366, of 1918.) Chandeliers, electroliers, ceiling lights, and brackets, composed of metal and cut or blown glass, the latter chief value, the parts packed separately, sold in condition as imported, were held to be dutiable as entireties under the provision in this para- graph for articles in chief value of blown glass. (Abstract 40508, of 1916.) Glass signs made of cylinder glass, sand blasted and colored, _their edges ground, bearing the word “ Exit” stenciled by sand blast- 158 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ing or etched with acid and ready for use, are dutiable under this paragraph as glass articles, colored and sand blasted. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 445, of 1917.) Thermos bottles of blown glass were held dutiable under paragraph 98 of the act of 1909, being in a class by themselves (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 26, of 1913); so were so-called jars used by photographers as a bath for sensitized plates (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 389, of 1915). So-called glass rosettes for insulation purposes were held dutiable as articles of glass, colored (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 411, of 1912). Colored glass funnels, blown in a mold and ground, were likewise so classified (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 56, of 1914); as also, were prismoidal glass, colored or gilded (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 15, of 1915). (See pars. 88, 93, 89, and 90.) The words “or paste” might be added after the words “in chief value of glass,” as there is no clear-cut distinction between glass and paste and the two are treated alike in the provision of paragraph 95 for manufactures of glass and paste. PARAGRAPH 85. ACT OF 1909. 99. Unpolished, cylinder, crown, and common window glass, not exceeding one hundred and fifty square inches, valued at not more than 1% cents per pound, 134 cents per pound; valued at more than 13 cents per pound, 13 cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding three hundred and eighty- four square inches, valued at not more than 12 cents per pound, 13 cents per pound; valued at more than 1% cents per pound, 1Z cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding seven hundred and twenty square inches, valued at not more than 23 cents per pound, 24 cents per pound; valued at more than 24 cents per pound, 22 cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding eight hundred and sixty-four square inches, 22 cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding one thousand two hundred square inches, 34 cents per pound; above that and not ex- ceeding two thousand four hundred Square inches, 33 cents per pound; above that, 43 cents per pound: Pro- vided, That unpolished’ cylinder, crown, and common window glass, imported in boxes, shall contain fifty square feet, aS nearly as sizes will permit, and the duty shall be com- puted thereon according to the actual weight of glass, ACT OF 19158. 85. Unpolished, cylinder, crown, and common window glass, not ex- ceeding one hundred and fifty square inches, Zz of 1 cent per pound; above that, and not exceeding three hundred and eighty-four square inches, 1 cent per pound; above that, and not ex- ceeding seven hundred and twenty square. inches, 13 cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding one thousand two hundred square inches, + cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding two thousand four hun- dred square inches, 12 cents per pound ; above that, 2 cents per pound: Provided, That unpolished, cylinder, crown, and common window glass, im- ported in boxes, shall contain fifty square feet, as nearly as sizes will permit, and the duty shall be com- puted thereon according to the actual weight of glass, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—Common window glass is usually blown into cylin- der form, by hand or machine, and afterwards flattened into sheets, annealed, and cut to desired commercial sizes. A method of drawing the glass in a continuous flat sheet is still in an experimental stage in the United States, but is said to be successfully employed in Bel- _ gium. The materials used—silica sand, crushed limestone, carbonate SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 159 of soda or soda ash, ground carbon, sulphate of soda or salt cake, are all of domestic origin. Manganese dioxide or pyrolusite and white arsenie are used in relatively small amounts. The use of crown glass for glazing is practically obsolete, but there is still a limited production for special purposes. It is made by blowing a hollow ball, which is opened and then flattened to a disk by centrifugal force. Production.—Sixty per cent of the total of about 9,000,000 fifty- foot boxes of window glass of the blast of 1916-17 was made in 27 factories by the machine method, and the remaining 40 per cent was made in 55 factories by the hand method. The present machine fac- tories might readily produce all the window glass needed and elimi- nate the hand-blowing factories, but fear of a price war deters. Win- dow-glass production was 400,998,893 square feet, valued at $17,495,956 in 1914, an~inecrease over 1899 of 84.7 per cent in quantity and 60.8 per cent in value. During the war production greatly increased on account of reduced importation. Imports were a little over 34,073,429 pounds, valued at $1,259,497 in 1906, but decreased almost constantly until 1918, when they were only 20,458,970 pounds, valued at $804,731. They increased to 31,197,- 530 pounds, valued at $1,212,536, in 1914; since then they have been almost negligible. Of the imports each year, 1906-1914, from 80 to 95 per cent was of the small sizes, 8 by 16 to 16 by 24 inches, and mostly from Belgium. Exports, which in 1914 amounted to $311,339, increased notably during the war, production in Belgium and northern Franee having ceased and supplies from central Europe having failed. In 1915 the export trade was over $1,000,000 and in 1918, $3,401,120. Increases three inches wide, ground or polished | on one or both sides to a cylindrical or prismatic form, including those used in the construction of gauges, | and glass slides for magic lanterns, | 45 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Lenses of glass are fashioned from rough optical glass and used chiefly in the manufacture of scientific, pro- fessional, and optical instruments and goods. A pebble lens is a spectacle lens made of rock crystal, which is harder than glass. A plano lens is a flat plane of glass, while a coquille lens is a piece of glass of uniform thickness with concentric spherical surfaces. Production figures for the particular items of paragraphs 91, 92, 938, and 94 are not available, because part or parts of each are re- ported under “Instruments, professional and scientific, not including medical and surgical instruments,” and “ Optical goods,” In 1914 there were 197 establishments, capitalized at $12,977,000, with an output of $12,828.000 for the former; and 314, capitalized at $17,- 011,000, with output valued at $18,188,000 for the latter. (See “ In- terpretation and comments,” pars. 91, 92, 93, 94.) Imports totaled $169,951 in 1914, $120,297 in 1915, $54,483 in 1916, $40,971 in 1917, and $50,428 in 1918. The decrease followed the war, with a conseauent stimulation of domestic production. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Lenses to condense the light of a projection lens (Abstract 36926, T. D. 34938, of 1914), and Fresnel lenses or panels for buoy lamps composed of metal and glass, glass chief value, have been held to come within this provision (Abstract 38946, of 1915). The fact that plano-conver lenses contained bubbles was held not to exclude them from this provision. (Abstract 37672, of 1915.) (See par. 94.) PARAGRAPH 98. 108. Opera and field glasses, * * * 93. Opera and field glasses, optical and optical instruments, and frames | instruments and frames and mount- or mountings for the same; all the] ings for the same; all the foregoing foregoing not specially provided for in | not specially provided for in this sec- this section, 45 per centum ad valorem, | tion, 35 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Both opera and field glasses are binocu- lars designed to bring distant objects clearly within range of vision. Wield glasses have been brought to a high state of perfection and are indispensable in modern warfare. Production.—See notes on paragraph 92. Imports in 1914 were valued at $338,922, not including opera and field glasses and optical instruments, entered July 1 to October 3, 1913; in 1915, $186,592; in 1916, $118,720; in 1917, $101,116; in 1918, $72,045. Exports of optical instrwments in 1914 were valued at $865,074, of which England took 54 per cent, Canada 13 per cent, and South America 10 per cent. The 1915 figures show a value of $1,018,016; SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 00167 1916, $2,593,500; and 1917, $2,945,920. Of the 1918 total, $1,073,339, 28 per cent went to England, 14 per cent to Ganada, 17 per cent toe South America, and 15 per cent to Russia. Export figures for the greater part of the articles covered by paragraphs 91 and 94 are in- cluded above, no separate figures being available. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Mountings for opera glasses are within this paragraph, (9 Ct. Cust Appis., —; T. D. 37994, of 1919.) . eo. seer pees leew eee rout $2, 180 $41, 220 Barrels, casks, and hogsheads (containing mineral water).........--.--- 135 4 Barrels or boxes of foreign manufacture, containing fruit...-....--.----. 485,976 375, 222 Barrels or boxes of growth and manufacture of United States, contain- inpifratt..i cco gi. ok ek A ede PGE dic Mah chile t 2 oe tae ae 2; 7764.. Ses iyi 27. TRA, EL tec cee eae Oh ae eee = ed eee ier Cae 50,933 106, 559 Importations of barrels, casks, and hogsheads, as such (unused), are insignificant. Those imported as containers of fruit may be used again, and so add to the supply. It is impossible to say just how important this trade is, as the barrels are not segregated from the boxes. Imports of staves are increasing. Exports. 1914 1918 Fioponemds and turrels, Gmepty esa. Co Se tc cece ne dee ae eee eed $914,493 | $471, 280 Coupetagemnd shoes... Vise. les Ho OO ey, 2 is A @) 3, 278, 180 Staal tis: spt aclce eatehios cb aolon els gee eid 5, 852, 230 | 3, 724, 895 Pia Mags bersqaie pds 42 + eb iteikn Seiede ibd Teg em SED es aoe oe EE 332, 662 440, 525 1 Not segregated. Exports greatly exceed imports, indicating that in cooperage pro- duction the United States has a comparative advantage. The export trade in barrels is widely distributed, going to Argentina, Mexico, the Kast and West Indies, Canada, and Cuba. Exports of staves and ‘SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 979° A headings much exceed the value of completed barrels. This trade also is widely distributed, going to France, the United Kingdom, West Indies, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Germany (before the war), and Canada. SUGAB-BOX SHOOKS, PACKING BOXES, PACKING-BOX SHCOKS. Description and uses.—The term “shook” applies to a bundle of staves ready for assembling into cooperage or of boards shaped and ready for nailing into boxes, the object being convenience in shipment, Substitutes for wooden boxes and shooks are the fiber container and veneer package or box. It is estimated that the fiber box in 1914 replaced approximately 1,070,000,000 feet (board measure) of wood, and the veneer box replaced 750,000,000 feet suitable for box shooks. Production in 1914 was as follows: Hstablishments making wooden packing boxes, 1,174; wage earners, 38,548; capital, $66,693,856; wages, $18,206,067 ($482 per capita) ; value of products, $86,566,807 ; value added by manufacture, $33,727,160. States of most importance, producing about 56 per cent of the output, were Tllinois, New York, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Virginia. Imports of sugar-box shooks, empty packing boxes, and packing- box shooks in 1914 were valued at $36,165; in 1918, at $49,145. Exports of box shooks in 1914 numbered 1,270,477 and in 1915 were 2,511,223, mainly to Cuba, Mexico, United Kingdom, Canada, and Argentina. Records of exports of containers carrying merchandise, were they available, should be added to these figures. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Shooks for berry crates, because neither sugar-box shooks nor pack- ing-box shooks, are dutiable under paragraph 176 as manufactures of wood, rather than dutiable under this paragraph or free ef duty under paragraph 647. (Abstract 40908, of 1917.) Rough-sawed spruce boards one-half inch thick, 8 to 17 inches long, varying in width from 14 to 14 inches, eut from slabs and used for making circular tops and bot- toms of butter boxes, were, however, held free of duty as lumber not further manufactured than sawed, under paragraph 647, and not dutiable as box shooks under this paragraph. (Abstract 42558, of 1918.) PARAGRAPH 172. ACT OF 1399. 211. Boxes, barrels, or other articles containing oranges, JTemons, limes, grape fruit, shaddocks or pomelos, 30 | per centum ad yalorem: Provided, That the thin wood, so called, com- prising the sides, tops and bottoms of orange and lemon boxes of the growth and manufacture of the United States, exported as orange and lemon box shooks, may be reimported in com. pleted form, filled with oranges and lemons, by the payment of duty at one-half the rate imposed on similar boxes of entirely foreign growth and manufacture ; but proof of the identity of such regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, shooks shall be made under ACT OF 1913. 172. Boxes, barrels, or other articles containing oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, shaddocks, or pomelos, 15 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That the thin wood, so called, comprising the sides, tops and bottoms of fruit boxes of the growth and manufacture of the United States, exported as fruit box shooks, may be reimported in com- pleted form, filled with fruit, without the payment of duty; but proof of the identity of such shooks shall be made under regulations te be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 280 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. The first part of paragraph 172 merely extends the rate of duty imposed in paragraph 171 on certain containers, when imported empty, to the same containers imported filled with specified fruits. The pro- viso, however, is designed to encourage domestic production by ad- mitting fruit boxes duty free when the shooks comprising the sides, tops, and bottoms, previously exported, were of domestic origin. ; Production.—Previous to 1909 a considerable business had devel- oped, especially in Maine, of manufacturing wood fruit-box shooks (sides, tops, and bottoms) and exporting them in a knocked-down condition. They were assembled by foreign fruit merchants, the ends and the middle piece added, and then filled with fruit. Estimates of the manufacturers placed the business at about 3,000,000 bundles, which were valued at $150,000. This business has greatly declined in recent years. Imports in 1907 were valued at $109,088; in 1909, at $60,323; in 1913, at $15,815; in 1914, at $2,778. | INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Ordinary lemon boxes containing lemons are dutiable under this paragraph, notwithstanding they have little or no value after having discharged their function as containers of lemons, and are not salable, except for kindling or some other inferior use. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 297, of 1918.) If either the tops, bottoms, or sides of orange or lemon boxes are of foreign origin, the articles are excluded from the free proviso.of this paragraph. (G. A. 6270, T. D. 27052, of 1906.) In this paragraph, applying to the thin wood only (tops, bettoms, and sides), the wording is “ growth and manufacture.” In paragraph 404 of the free list, applying to shooks returned as boxes, the wording is “ growth, produce, or manufacture.” PARAGRAPH 173. ACT GF 1909. 212. Chair cane or reeds wrought or manufactured from rattans or reeds, 10 per centum ad valorem; osier or willow, including chip of and _ split willow, prepared for basket makers’ use, 25 per centum ad valorem ; manu- factures of osier or willow and willow furniture, 45 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1913. 173. Chair cane or reeds wrought or manufactured from rattans or reeds, 10 per centum ad valorem; osier or willow, including chip of and _ split willow, prepared for basket makers’ use, 10 per centum ad valorem ; manu- factures of osier or willow and willow furniture, 25 per centum ad valorem, e GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Rattan and willow may often be used for similar purposes, Rattan is the trade name for the long, slender, trailing stems of plants of the genus Calamus of the family Palmaces. These stems vary from the size of a goose quill to more than 8 inches in diameter. They sometimes grow to a length of over 200 feet, climbing the loftiest trees by means of recurved spines beneath the leaf stalks. The smaller sizes are called “rattans” in commerce; the larger, Malacca canes. The rattan flourishes in southern Asia and adjacent islands, some species in Australia and Africa. Its fibers are extraordinarily tough and strong. The surface of the stem is of a tawny yellow or SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 281 Peace 5 PERT ER se i brownish color, covered with a flinty deposit of silica capable of resisting acid, making it valuable for covering containers of sulphuric acid. When split into strips, it is used for caning chairs, couches, ete. The inner fibrous tissue, known as “reed,” is of a dull-gray or reddish white color. It may be split into strips of great tensile strength and elasticity, when it is used in basketry and braided work. Rattan is gathered from the forests by natives, cut into lengths of 12 or 16 feet, seasoned, doubled, and tied in bundles in lots of 100 canes, the unit of commerce. It finds domestic use in the manufac- ture of baskets for fruit dealers, gardeners, florists, hucksters, potters, and grocers; also for clothes and coal baskets, cars for balloons, rustic chairs, lattice work, door mats, brooms, and whips. When impreg- nated with caoutchoue, it is a substitute for whalebone in corsets. The larger canes are used for walking sticks, whip and umbrella handles, and light furniture. Willow.—There are some 200 species of willow, several of which, suitable for making baskets and furniture, are known as “ basket wil- low.” It is cultivated in this country to a considerable extent, espe- cially near Liverpool, N. Y., whence comes about 90 per cent of the willow clothes baskets. The holts or withes are reaped in the autumn and, for basket or furniture work, may be either “sap peeled” or “steam. peeled.” The former, of a beautiful, pure white color, are preferred for fine wares, while steam-peeled withes, of a dull reddish color, are cheaper and involve less hand labor. As the greater part of the American product is steam peeled, hand-peeled willow is im- ported in considerable quantities, though domestic rods of as good quality could be produced by equal care in peeling and sorting. Production in 1914.—Rattan and willow furniture: Factories, 85; persons engaged in industry, 2,559 (2,262 laborers) ; capital, $3,371,- 218; wages, $1,281,141 ($566 average per capita) ; value of products, $5,022,089; value added by manufacture, $3,008,310. Baskets and rattan and willow ware: Factories, 419; persons engaged in industry, 5,302 (4,574 laborers); capital, $4,590,515; wages, $1,922,965 ($421 average per capita); value of products, $6,578,468; value added by manufacture, $3,579,183. About one-third of the output is from New York. Other important States are Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, California, and Pennsylvania. Of the $6,578,468 given as the value of “baskets and rattan and willow ware,” it is estimated that approximately $3,000,000 is for “ splint” baskets and $1,500,000 for baskets of rattan and willow; the rest, for small wares. The factories are few, the manufacture of rattan and willow baskets being a “ household industry,” often carried on by “ putting out” on contract the material to be made into baskets. Machinery is little used; a jackknife and a scroll saw to fashion the wooden bottom are about all required. Because of the hand labor necessary and the general high wages, manufacturers find it difficult to compete with foreign makers. Before the war importations came chiefly from Germany, and in the United States the industry is largely carried on by families of German or other European descent. In the case of small fancy baskets, raffia, sweet grass, and some other substances may be regarded as substitutes for rattan and willow; at the other extreme, the cheap splint basket is a substitute. Each of these types, however, has its own field. As between willow and rattan, willow serves well when great strength is not required, as — 989 SUMMARY OF TARLEF INFORMATION. for the clothes basket. Fer coal baskets, the teugh fiber of the rattan is preferable. Rattan and willow furniture compete with each other and with furniture of other materials. Imports. 1914 | 1918 Rattans and reeds (unmanufactured)........------ EES EE aA. | $1,210, 390 \g1, 781, 239 Chair cane or reeds wrought from rattan or reeds. ...----------------- 450,813 | 202,585 Osier or willow: ' Prepared for ‘basket makers’ use. ......----..- 2-2 ee eee ee ene ee 95, 434 144, 629 Manufactures of, except furniture... ......-------------- eee eee ee 25,821) 10,836 Wiltow ferniitre io Ge. NOD CIS Bo BI eget weeeull 26,062 | 2, 844 i * Rattans and reeds are imported unmanufactured from the Kast Indies and split, cut, and prepared by factories, chiefly in Massa- chusetts, New Jersey, and New York, for the manufacture of baskets, furniture, and other wares in Massachusetts, New York, Chicago, ete. The split and otherwise prepared cane is also imported and comes in competition with the product of factories splitting and preparing the cane in the United States. Exports of the items mentioned in paragraph 173 are either not segregated or are negligible. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The provision for “chair reeds” in this paragraph is more specific than the provision for “reeds unmanufactured” of paragraph 648. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 204, of 1917.) Reeds made from ratian, used (sometimes after being further proc- essed and sometimes without such further treatment) in the manu- facture of furniture, chairs, baby carriages, brooms, ete., were held dutiable under this paragraph (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 142, of 1916); also selected and extra selected reeds (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 204, of 1917; and chair reeds manufactured from rattan, shown to have been used in the manufacture of chairs (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 1915; G. A. 8252, T. D. 37988, of 1919). Appeal is pending from this decision of the board. Rattan reeds or cores, 7 millimeters or over in diameter, are dutiable as chair reeds under this paragraph, as well as those under 7 millimeters in diameter. (T. D. 37681, of 1918.) Bundles of sticks of willow with the outer skin taken off are dutiable as willow for baskets within this paragraph. (Abstraet 31001, UT. D. 33325, of 1913.) Botiles covered with willow, wicker chief value, the willow so woven and attached to the bottles that it produces an article differing from what is commonly understood to be a plain green, ete., glass bottle, are dutiable under this paragraph as manufactures of willow. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 496, of 19138.) . The term “ willow” in this para- graph covers only the lighter or twig forms of willow, such as are commonly used for basket making and other kinds of wickerwork; cricket bats, the handles of which are made of cane and the blades of willow wood, the latter chief value, are not manufactures of willow within this paragraph, but are dutiable as manufactures of wood. (G. A. 7374, T. D. 32641, of 1912.) (See pars. 175 and 648.) ee - SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 283 Willow unpeeled is now used for baskets. possibly be held to be not “ prepared.” In that form it might PARAGRAPH 174, ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 213. Toothpicks of wood or other. vegetable substance, 2 cents per one thousand and 15 per centum ad valorem ; butchers’ and packers’ skew- ers of wood, 40 cents per thousand. 174. Toothpicks of wood or other vegetable substance, 25 per centum ad valorem; butchers’ and packers’ skew- ers of wood, 10 cents per thousand. GENERAL INFORMATION. Production.—Both wood toothpicks and skewers are manufactured in large quantities by comparatively few establishments making use of highly specialized machinery. The birthplace of the wood-toothpick industry is Dixfield, Me., and Maine is still the mest important pro- ducing State. There are also factories in Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, and some other States. The lumber annually consumed is estimated at 10,850,000 feet, of which 51.4 per cent is basswood, 32.9 per cent is paper birch, 11.1 per cent sugar maple, and 4.6 per cent yellow poplar. The annual production is estimated at 54,000,000,000. The principal skewer factories are located in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, and Tennessee. The best woods are hickory and oak, though other woods are used. Imports of toothpicks were valued at $4,551 in 1914, and at $3,421 in 1918; of skewers, at $20 in 1914 and $992 in 1918. Toothpicks come chiefly from Japan, Portugal, and Italy. Many of the imported tooth- picks are of orangewood, of a circular cross section, polished, and of a higher grade than the American product. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Pyroxylin toothpicks are not within the provision for “ toothpicks of wood or other vegetable substance” in this paragraph. (Abstract 32086, T. D. 338362, of 1913.) Quill toothpicks come within the provision in paragraph 368 for manufactures of quills. (G. A. 7033, T. D. 50685, of 1910.) PARAGRAPH i175. 214. Porch and window blinds, bas- kets, curtains, shades, or screens of 175. Blinds, curtains, shades, or screens any of the foregoing in chief bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions | of wood, not specially provided for in. centum ad- this section, 35 per valorem; if stained, dyed, painted, printed, polished, grained, or creo- soted, 40 per centum ad valorem. i like yalue of bamboo, wood, straw, or com- positions ef wood, not specially pro- vided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem; if stained, dyed, painted, printed, polished, grained, or creosoted, and baskets in chief value of material, 25 per centum ad valorem. . GENERAL INFORMATION. BLINDS, ETC. Description and uses.—Blinds, curtains, shades, and screens are made here in large quantities and in many forms. includes the well-known wooden blinds with rigid slats; The paragraph Persian blinds with movable slats which rotate to control the light and view; Venetian blinds, or flexible inside window screens, that may ‘ 284 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. be raised or lowered, having horizontal slats, fastened on a web- bing, that may be turned to admit or exclude light; wooden frames supporting screens of muslin, paper, ete., usually movable, so that they may be placed before a window, a fire, or an object which it is desired to conceal; porch screens constructed of parallel lengths of bamboo hung with small spaces between them, permitting a limited view from the porch, but not from the street; and other forms made from bamboo, wood, or straw, excluding view and light. Production.—Figures are not available for blinds, curtains, shades, and screens. Of varied types, and produced in connection with numerous other articles, their segregation would be difficult. Observa- tion, however, indicates that the annual production is very large and an element of much importance in the woodworking industries. Imports of porch and window blinds, curtains, shades or screens of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood in 1914 were valued at $548,500, and in 1918 at $29,320. BASKETS. Description and uses.—Baskets are made in many forms and for divers purposes, including wood baskets, coal baskets, market baskets, clothes baskets, and ladies’ work baskets. Various materials are used—willow, rattan, and ‘‘ splints” of ash, maple, oak, beech, birch, ete. They are classified in the trade as (1) fancy baskets, such as silk-lined sewing baskets, jewel cases, and baby bassinets; (2) “staple” baskets of willow or rattan; and (3) “splint” baskets made of a thin wood veneer and used as containers for fruit or as cheap market baskets. Production.—In the census for 1914, baskets and rattan and willow ware are united in a single classification. The total output is placed at $6,578,468, of which it is estimated about $3,000,000 represents splint baskets, $1,500,000 baskets of rattan and willow, and the re- mainder other articles of rattan or willow ware. Splint baskets are made, as a rule, by small factories, using ash, maple, oak, beech, birch, and gum. ‘The pieces are prepared and fitted and made ready to be nailed together near the wood supply, and, to save freight, are sent in ‘‘ knocked down” form to shops near the retail market. Splint baskets are a peculiarly American product, with little or no foreign competition. Canada is the only source from which they might be imported, and it is doubtful if manufacturers there possess any advantages over domestic makers. ‘The making of aillow and rattan baskets is largely a handicraft or household industry, few establishments properly being termed factories. Some of the work is done by “ putting out” material on _ contract, or in little shops in the rear of stores where sold; very little machinery is used. Willows equal to those imported are grown in America, but are usually not so thoroughly dried or so carefully sorted, and are steam peeled, which gives a brown color after a brief time. French willows are sap peeled, a process which is labori- ous but causes them to remain a brilliant white. The American man- ufacturer is therefore compelled to import the raw material for the better grades of baskets. Much handwork is required in weaving, and it is difficult to obtain American labor at wages permitting com- petition with foreign production. ee ge ee ae a? oe ae 2d “hee Cee errr oa er gS at tte ¢ { ® a pee oe) ee — SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 285 Success in the fancy-basket business depends chiefly upon style and novelty in design. The usual foreign fabrications fail to meet the taste of American consumers in these respects. Competition arises, however, from the ability of American importers to have baskets made abroad according to specifications. Imports of baskets of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood were valued at $853,409 in 1914 and at $479,803 in 1918. Ger- many was the chief manufacturing country. During the war Japan began to take the place of Germany. Imports come also from France, - Belgium, Austria, England, and China. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Difficulties in the classification of baskets composed in part of some form of wood did not end with the specific enumeration in the acts of 1909 and 19138. The Court of Customs Appeals declared that the purpose in enacting paragraph 214 of the act of 1909 was to consti- tute a new class for all baskets made of any kind of wood and to make all wooden baskets dutiable at the same rate. Market and other baskets and hampers made of willow were accordingly held to fall within the provision for baskets of wood, and not to be dutiable as manufactures of willow. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 15 and 17, of 1911.) Besides the foregoing material, wistaria, rattan (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 535, of 1911), chip (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 37, of 1911), cane and rafia (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 404, of 1918; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., ; T. D. 37940, of 1919) were held to be kinds of wood. The determination of the component material of chief value has also given trouble. The latest decision laying down a rule applicable to paragraph 175 was upon baskets made of rafia, wood, cane, and willow and lined with silk. The silk was greater in value than any one of the other component materials, but less than the value of all. Raffia, wood, cane, and wil- low were all regarded as wood in determining the value, and the baskets were held dutiable under this paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., ; T. D. 87940, of 1919.) Compare 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 419, of 1912, holding baskets of straw, willow, rattan, and wood, silk lined, silk chief value of raw material, but apparently not of the finished baskets, to be dutiable as baskets. Subsequently the court declared its understanding that silk was not the component of chief value, (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 496, 498, of 1913.) Baskets of shida, a part of a species of fern, are dutiable by simili- tude under this paragraph. (Abstract 26782, T. D. 31912, of 1911.) Among others also classified under this paragraph are Haster baskets containing artificial rabbits, ete. (G. A. 7790, T. D. 35796, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 156, of 1917) ; imitation wash baskets (T. D. 34118, of 1914; woven basket-work frames of stained bamboo or like material with tin bowls or buckets, and trays of same construction with glass bottoms, wood chief value (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 211, of 1917) ; and berry baskets (Abstract 36682, T. D. 34824, of 1914). Lamp shades in chief value of bamboo were held under the rule of ejusdem generis excluded from paragraph 175 and held dutiable under paragraph 176 as manufactures of wood. (G. A. 7804, T. D. 35848, of 1915.) Porch screens of natural color, but with colored threads werked in between the pieces of wood to give the effect of colored stripes in the 286 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. blinds, were held not to be stained, dyed, or painted within this para- graph. (Abstract 27601, T. D. 32161, of 1912.) Screens in chief value of wood, stained or painted, were held to come within this paragraph and not to be dutiable as house or cabinet furniture under paragraph 176. (Abstract 36968, T. D. 34969, of 1914. ) Wood strips, joined or sewed together with grass, with figures in imitation of painting stenciled thereon, used as splash mats before washstands were held to be curtains or screens within this paragraph. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 390, of 1912; Abstracts 40022, of 1916 and 438165, of 1919.) A wooden screen with panels polished and colored reddish brown, the other parts being colored or stained black, with imitation flowers, stems, and birds made of bone and other material affixed to each panel, was held dutiable under this paragraph as a screen and not as furniture under paragraph 176. (Abstract 42684, of 1918.) The meaning of the words “like material” in the phrase “ baskets in chief value of like material,” added in the act of 1913, is doubtful. The decision of the Court of Customs Appeals that raffia is “like material” to wood implies that the term has reference to material like, but not the same as, those enumerated, namely, bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 404, of 1918), but the effect of this decision was minimized by the ruling upon rehearing that raffia is wood (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37940, of 1919). Paragraph 175 has been construed to include baskets of wood not stained, dyed, painted, ete. (Abstract 48223 of 1919, following Ab- stracts 41829 and 41940, of 1918.) If the rate of duty on blinds, curtains, shades, screens, and baskets were made the same as in the act of 1909, the provision for baskets should be restored to the first clause. Litigation would furthermore be avoided by substituting the words ‘ wood of any kind” for the words “bamboo, wood.” The rate of duty being the same in the act of 1909 upon baskets of grass and manufactures of grass (par. 463) as on baskets of wood (par. 214), baskets of grass might be in- cluded with baskets of wood by adding the word “grass” after “straw.” Administrative difficulties furthermore suggest the advisa- bility of omitting the words “if stained, dyed, painted, printed, pol- ished, grained, or creosoted.” (For “curtains in chief value of beads,” see par. 333.) PARAGRAPH 176. ACT OF 1909, 215. House or cabinet furniture wholly or in chief value of wood, wholly or partly finished, and manu- factures of wood or bark, or of which | wood or bark is the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially providéd for in this section, 35 per eentum ad valorem, ACT OF 1913. 176. House or cabinet furniture wholly or in chief value of wood, wholly or partly finished, and manu- factures of wood, or bark, or of which wood or bark is the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem, f ‘ E SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 287 GENERAL INFORMATION. Production.—The furniture industry takes high rank among do- mestic manufactures. The following table segregates material and certain kinds of articles, such as metal, rattan, and willow, to show the relative importance of these ‘ substitutes.” Store and office fixtures and refrigerators are included, though not always classified as furniture. [Figures for 1914.] Classification. Ttems. Wood other} Rattan Storeand | poetic. than rattan and Metal. | office fix- i id Total. and willow.| willow. tunes.) Scevees- Establishments... ---- 2, 251 85 173 683 134 3,326 Persons in industry ... 108, 143 2, 559 14, 980 19, 945 6, 481 152, 108 Wageearners.......--- 98,417) 2, 262 12,560 16, 642 5,617 133, 498 Amountpaidin wages_| $51,674, 815/$1, 281, 141) $7, 955, 682/910, 904, 278] $3, 572,334] $75,388, 250 Average annual wage. $536 $567 $533 $655 $636 $565 Geeitet = TRL! -Lo. . $196, 819, 858/$3, 371, 218/$35, 231; 002/$32, 462, 705|$14, 511, 158|$282, 395, 941 Value of products. .. - -|$187, 926, 556, $5, 022, 089/834, 439, 037|$38, 318, 0311915, 051, 794/$280, 757, 557 Value added........... \$102, 483, 512'$3, 008, 310|$16, 403,098\$22, 324,347 $7, 708,402)$151,927, 669 The lumber consumed in the manufacture of furniture in 1916 was 944,677,807 board feet, oak being 45.6 per cent of the total. Other woods used were, in order of importance, red gum, maple, brich, yellow poplar, chestnut, basswood, and beech. In all, 71 different kinds are employed. The most important foreign woods were mahogany (1.7 per cent), lignum-vitz (0.06 per cent), satinwood, and rosewood (each representing less than 0.01 per cent of the total). Foreign woods, of considerable importance in the finest grades of furniture, are insig- nificant with respect to the industry as a whole. The producing States rank, with respect to value of furniture produced, New York, Tilinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio, Massa- chusetts; with respect to board feet of lumber consumed, North Caro- lina, Illinois, New York, Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wiscon- sin, Ohio. Imports fell in value from $1,017,201 in 1914 to $333,358 in 1918. The chief sources are Austria-Hungary (before the war), France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, Hongkong, and Japan. Formerly Austria-Hungary and Germany exported largely the cheapest grades, France and Italy the finest grades. Exports in 1914 were valued at $6,529,249; in 1915, at $2,923,203; in 1918, at $3,938,778. Exports fell off greatly during the war, reach- ing low ebb in 1915. The eountries of chief importance are Canada, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Brazil, Chile, the United Kingdom, British South Africa, Australia, France, and Italy., Foreign trade in furniture is small compared with the domestic trade, because (1) furniture is bulky and, rates being charged by space, expensive to transport; (2) in transshipment, in shifting cargo in rough weather, and in passing through hot and moist areas it is liable to breakage and deterioration, especially the finish; (3) most 288 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. countries have raw material and competent artisans; and (4) high- grade furniture is little used in other countries as compared with the United States. . INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The following articles have been held dutiable under paragraph 215 of the act of 1909 or paragraph 176 of the act of 1913: Barrel heads (Abstract 37310, of 1915) ; boards, planed, dovetailed, and glued together (T. D. 34198, of 1914); creosoted wood paving blocks (T. D. 35838, of 1915); Japanese white-oak flooring (T. D. 35238, of 1915); flooring, planed, tongued, grooved, and bored (Ab- stracts 37717, of 1915, and 40802, of 1916); pipe bowls, unfinished (G. A. 7771, T. D. 35697, of 1915, and Abstract 38991, of 1915) ; stair treads (Abstract 88594, of 1915); bolting boards (Abstract 34572, T. D. 34127, of 1914); intarsia, consisting of wooden articles inlaid with metal (Abstract 28522; T. D. 32529, of 1912); parts of chairs (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 68, of 1911); racing shells (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 526, of 1912); furniture, upholstered in wool tapestry, chief value of wood (Abstract 48319, of 1919); shooks for berry crates (Abstract 40908, of 1917) ; handkerchief boxes (Abstract 42387, of 1918) ; work boxes (Abstracts 41499, of 1917, and 41671, of 1918); candy boxes in the shape of dwelling houses (Abstracts 41519, of 1917, and 42363, of 1918) ; wooden birds attached to pointed sticks (Abstract 41518, of 1917) ; track shims (Abstract 426638, of 1918); picture frames, gilded, in chief value of wood (G,. A. 8108, T. D. 37409, of 1917); wooden staves, bottoms, and tops of tubs in knockdown condition (G. A. 8268, T. D. 38065, of 1919) ; small birch-bark canoes, stiffened with a species of dried grass and sewn together with cotton thread, and not essen- tially playthings for children as in Abstract 41556, of 1917 (Abstract 40865, of 1917); bamboo lamp shades (G,. A. 7804, T. D. 35848, of 1915; Abstracts 40341 and 40421, of 1916); lanterns and parasols, in chief value of wood (Abstracts 39867, 40204, and 40528, of 1916) ; sea- grass furniture, in chief value of wood (Abstracts 39130, 39338, and 40104, of 1916); spool holders (Abstract 42651, of 1918); tennis rackets (Abstracts 40580 and 406638, of 1917); stair rails, sash rails, ete. (T. D. 384178, of 1914); bamboo wall pockets and whisk-broom holders (Abstracts 40022, of 1916, and 40898, of 1917); wooden fish, for producing sounds resembling the trotting of a horse on a hard pavement (G. A. 8177, T. D. 37680, of 1918) ; furniture with artistic feature recently applied (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 146, of 1912); wooden sticks, with one end cut into strips to resemble a feather duster (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 330, of 1913); wooden spools, on which was wound artificial silk and artificial horsehair and which did not enter into the value of the merchandise (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 349, and 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 1918); and reilway baggage and mail car, in chief value of wood, used in domestic traffic only (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 234, of 1916), but foreign-built cars brought into the United States in the regular course of business and used for carrying either local or through shipments on their return trip to the foreign country are not subject to duty (T. D. 36581, of 1916). (See pars. 167, 378, and 656.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 289 SCHEDULE E. SUGAR, MOLASSES, AND MANUFAC- TURES OF. PARAGRAPH 177. ACT OF 15069. 216. Sugars not above number six- teen Dutch standard in color, tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice, melada, eoncentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the podlariscope not above seventy-five de- grees, > of 1 cent per pound, and for every additional degree shown by the polariseopic test, +33 of 1 cent per pound additional, and fractions of a degree in proportion; and on sugar above number sixteen Dutch standard in color, and on all sugar which has gone through a process of refining, 1.90 cents per pound; mo- lasses testing not above forty degrees, 20 per centum ad valorem; testing above forty degrees and not above fifty-six degrees, 3 cents per gallon; testing above fifty-six degrees, 6 cents per gallon; sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty as molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. ACT OF 19183. 177. Sugars, tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated mo- lasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-five degrees, 73; of 1 cent per pound, and for every addi- tional degree shown by the polari- scopic test, 725 of 1 cent per pound additional, and fractions of a degree in proportion; molasses testing not above forty degrees, 15 per centum ad valorem; testing above forty de- grees and not above fifty-six degrees, 2% cents per gallon; testing above fifty-six degrees, 4% cents per gal- lon; sugar drainings and sugar sweep- ings shall be subject to duty as mo- lasses or Sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test: Pro- vided, That the duties imposed in this paragraph shall be effective on and after the first day of March, nineteen hundred and fourteen, until which date the rates of duty provided by paragraph two hundred and sixteen of the tarif€ Act approved August fifth, nineeen hundred and nine, shall re- main in force: Provided, however, That so much of paragraph two hun- dred and sixteen of an Act to provide revenue, equalize duties, and encour- age the industries of the United States, and for other purposes, ap- proved August fifth, nineteen hundred and nine, aS relates to the color test denominated as Number Sixteen Dutch standard in color, shall be and is hereby repealed: Provided further, That on and after the first day of May, nineteen hundred and sixteen, the articles hereinbefore enumerated in this paragraph shall be admitted free of duty. GENERAL INFORMATION. The proviso to paragraph 177 admitting the articles therein named to free entry after May 1, 1916, was repealed by the act of April 27, 1916. (Chap. 93, sec. 1, 39 Stat., 56.) SUGAR. Description and uses.—Pure sugar (sucrose) is a definite chemical compound (Cz2H»2O;) derived from the juices of several plants, espe- cially the cane, beet, maple, and palm. Sucrose, in varying degrees of purity, is the sugar of commerce and the tariff. There are, how- ever, more than 100 substances known to chemical science as “sugars,” but differing from sucrose in composition and properties. 184911°—20 19 290 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Of these, the most important commercially are dextrose and levulose (CsHi20.), found in certain fruits and in honey. Dextrose is also manufactured from starch as a constituent of glucose and grape sugar. J'ank bottoms are the settlings of sugar and the impurities found in molasses tanks. Melada is another name for came sirup, and, like molasses, may be “ concentrated ” by boiling down to a thick, granu- lous mass, which hardens upon cooling. The United States consumes over 4,000,000 tons of sugar per year, (more than one-fifth ef the world’s consumption), 17 per cent of which is beet sugar. The per capita consumption in the United States, which has increased from 27.5 pounds in 1865 to 81.8 pounds in 1917, is exceeded slightly only by the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Australia. About three- fourths of the American consumption is used directiy in the house- hold; the remainder in various forms of manufacturing, e. g., soit drinks, condensed milk, baker’s preducts, canned fruits, and tobacco. Raw and refined sugar.—Nearly all the sugar preduced by the fac- tories in Cuba, Porto Rico, and Hawaii and about two-thirds of the preduct of the factories in Louisiana is raw sugar, that is, it still contains molasses and other impurities adhering to the crystals. A comparatively small portion finds its way to the retail market in this form ‘and is seld as “brown” sugar. The great bulk of the sugars imported from Cuba consists of raw centrifugal sugar, the polariscopic test of which ranges approximately from 92° to 97°. "The selling basis is 96°, with allowances up or down from the basic price, accord- ing to test. By far the greater portion is purchased by the refineries, fittered in bag and bone-char filters, and becomes “refined” sugar. Refined sugars as turned out by the large cane-sugar refineries consist of two general classes, hard refined sugars, such as granulated, powdered, cube, loaf, etc., the polariscopic test of which will approxi- mate 100°, and soft refined sugars ranging from about 80° to 90° in polariscopic test. The latter sugars vary in color from a light yellow to brown and have some of the sirup or molasses adhering to the crystals. The beet factories produce hard sugars only, and many of the cane-sugar factories in Louisiana produce grades of sugar higher than raw—some hardly to be distinguished from refined. Production.—Before the war the world production had reached 20,603,000 short tons, 11,169,600 tons of cane and 9,434,000 tons of beet sugar. The chief sources of supply were, in order, for cane sugar, Cuba, India, United States. (including insular possessions), Java, Japan, Argentina, Australia, Mauritius, Brazil, the West Indies; for beet sugar, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, the United States, {taly, and other (chiefly European) countries. War condi- tions caused a decrease in the production of beet sugar (9.4 to 4.8 million tons) and an increase of cane sugar (11:2 te 13:8 million tons). The United States derives about one-half its supply from domestic production and one-half from importation. Average annual produc- tion for the three-year peried, 1915-1917, was as follows (figures are in thousands of tons and percentage of total consumption) : Cane sugar, continental United States, 232.2 (5.6 per cent); Porto Rieo, 402.6 (9.6 per cent); Philippine Islands, 135.38 (3.2 per cent); Hawaiian Islands, 596.7 (14.5 per cent). Beet sugar, continental United States, 805.6 (19.3 per cent); total, 2,172.4 (52.2 per cent). Cane sugar in continental United States is produced almost exclusively ae oo ee eS a SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 991 in Louisiana and Texas; beet sugar in Califernia, Colorade, Utah, Idaho, Michigan, and 13 other States. Sugar production in continental United Siates (census of 1914). Continental | United Beet sugar. | Cane sugar. | Refining. States. Establishments -. 2. .-.-.-..----.. 259 €0 | _ 181 18 SS 22, 882 7,997 3,632 11, 253 0 lg $315, 677, 669 | $142, 181,326 | $32,996,524 | $140, 499, 819 i ha $15,990,957 | $6,606,204 | $1,561,376 | $7,823,377 Average annual wage.............. $670 $826 $430 $696 Value Ui products. ....-........... $373, 639,298 | $62,605,210 | $21,635,373 | $239,398,715 Waiwe eaded...0............-..... $52, 196,361 | $21,205,849 | $5,677,155 | $25,313,357 Tons of Sugar produced............ 4,341, 408 743,473 264, 801 3, 333,134 Value of sugar produced...........| $363,034, 123 | . $58,590,466 | $18,947,683 | $285, 495,974 Imports are of raw sugar only, over 95 per cent from Cuba. 1914, 1918. Bonss © oo} Value. Tons. Value. LS 1, 184 $70, 829 | @) $73 nme Ruger... 1...-.-..0-........- | 2,531,179 | 101,415,499] 2,449,139 236, 105, 886 U limports were four-tenths of 1 ton. Exports.—None of the domestic product (unless Philippine Island sugar is regarded as domestic) and no raw sugars are exported. A portion of the imported raws are refined for export, the refiners using the imported sugar rather than the domestic product in order to obtain the benefit of the drawback. This business, only 1 per cent of sugar receipts in normal times, became important during the war, rising to 12 per cent of the total receipts in the period 1915-1917. Exports of refined sugar in 1914 were 25,448 tons, valued at $1,839,988 ; in 1916, 815,075 tons, valued at $79,309,147; in 1918, 288,241 tons, valued at $38,761,686. In normal times the countries of chief importance in the export trade were the United Kingdom, Panama, Mexico, and Newfoundland. During the war several European countries which had previously relied upon domestic production or importation from the Central Powers and Russia, became important purchasers from American refineries. MOLASSES AND SIRUP. Description and uses.—Molasses is a by-product of the sugar in- dustry. It is what remains of the juice after the principal impurities have been removed, the juice boiled down, and the greater part of the sugar content crystallized and removed by centrifugation. Sirup is a direct product of the cane juice, containing all the sugar, but freed from impurities and boiled to the desired consistency. An exception to the description given is to be noted in the case of “fancy ” and “extra fancy ” molasses produced in Barbados, which is 292 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. . cane juice concentrated to a thick sirup after treatment which con- verts a portion of the sucrose content into invert sugar, but from which none of the sucrose has been extracted. The introduction of modern methods into the manufacture-of raw sugar and consequent reduction in the supply of edible molasses resulted in the above-men- tione@ “fancy” product which is known commercially as molasses, This product differs from sirup of cane juice in that the latter has been concentrated without any process of inversion and might profitably be converted into sugar by continuing the process of evaporation, while the former, by reason of the large percentage of invert sugar, would yield comparatively little crystallized sucrose. Molasses is produced from both the beet and cane, the former being unsuitable for human food. The latter and low-grade cane molasses, blackstrap, are used in the manufacture of rum and industrial alcohol and as a cattle feed. ‘ Production.—In 1914 more than 20,000,000 gallons of cane molasses, 2,000,000 gallons of cane sirup, and 26,000,000 gallons of beet molasses were produced as by-products in factories whose principal output was sugar. Sirup is also manufactured as a.major product in several of the Gulf States on farms and in small factories making no sugar. Including these establishments, the total output of cane sirup and molasses is estimated at 35,000,000 gallons. Imports have rapidly increased in recent years from 51,410,271 gallons in 1914, valued at $1,774,719, to 130,730,861 gallons in 1918, valued at nearly $9,177,838. Exports.—The most important countries of destination for molasses are the United Kingdom, Canada, and the West Indies. The United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands are the most important purchasers of American sirup. | 1914 7” 1938 Galions. | Value. Gallons. Value. Ng a NA ee Molasses 450s Rec. Cote meadeee 1,002,441 $175,498 3,811, 341 $847, 692 Sinan Sacra. se eee ee 11, 630, 528 1,491,639 7,689, 938 4,823, 912 INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Sugar.—In 19138 the polariscope was made the sole test of the duti- able classification of imported sugar. The administrative regulations respecting this test are binding upon the Government as well as upon the importers. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 228, of 1911.) So are regulations governing allowance for tare. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 69, of 1912.) “But actual tare must be taken when demanded by the importer, (G. A. 8147, T. D. 87572, of 1918.) | Cuban sugar is entitled to admission at a reduction of 20 per cent from the rates provided in this paragraph. (T. D. 34214, of 1914.) The determination by the Secretary of the Treasury of the rate of duty to be collected on imported sugar can not be reviewed in a mandamus suit against the Secretary of the Treasury. (234 U. S., 627, of 1914.) Molasses.—The quantity of molasses in. tank cars is to be deter- mined by volume rather than by weight, and upon 2381 cubie inches SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 293 to the gallon. (Abstract 41508, of 1917.) The duty upon molasses testing above 40° is specific, but upon molasses of a lower grade it is ad valorem The result is that the duty imposed upon two invoices of essentially the same character may be quite different. For exam- ple, an importation of waste molasses from Cuba polarizing at 39.2°, and valued at 7 cents per gallon, paid a duty of 15 per cent, or 1,45 cents per gallon, less 20 per cent, while another importation, polariz- ing at 41.6°, also valued at 7 cents per gallon, paid a duty of 24 cents per galion, less 20 per cent. On an importation of fancy molasses from Barbados, polarizing at 39.3°, and valued at 40 cents per gallon, a duty of 15 per cent, equivalent to 6 cents per gallon, was paid, while another importation having the same value, but polarizing at 41.1°, paid a duty of 24 cents per gallon. The polariscopic test is not the equitable basis for assessing a duty on molasses that it is on sugar, since a fancy molasses containing much invert sugar may test by the polariscope lower than a low- grade molasses of much less value but containing little or no invert sugar. The question arises whether the duties on molasses should not be wholly ad valorem. An objection lies in the fact that the manufacturers of industrial aleohol, who are the chief importers of low-grade molasses (blacksirap), claim that an ad valorem duty is a source of embarrassment. They are accustomed to purchase in advance at a fixed price the entire output of a Cuban plantation. This price may be much below the market vaiue at the time of ex- portation and would involve additional duties for undervaluation. Therefore they desire that the duty on blackstrap (if any is imposed) should be specific. Possibly specific duties according to percentage of sweetness would afford a solution. The dividing line between high- grade and low-grade molasses might be fixed at 55 per cent of sweetening matter. PARAGRAPH 178. ACT OF 1909. ‘217. Maple sugar and maple, sirup, 4 cents per pound; glucose or grape sugar, 14 cents per pound; sugar cane in its natural state, or unmanufac- tured, 20 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1918. 178. Maple sugar and maple sirup, 3 cents pers pound; glucose or grape sugar, 1% cents per pound; sugar cane in its natural state, or unmanufac- tured, 15 per cent ad valorem: Pro- vided, That on and after the first day of May, nineteen hundred and sixteen, the articles hereinbefore enumerated in this paragraph shall be admitted free of duty. GENERAL INFORMATION. The proviso to paragraph 178, admitting the articles therein named to free entry after May 1, 1916, was repealed by the act of April 27, 1916. (Chap. 93, sec. 2, 39 Stat., 57.) MAPLE SIRUP AND MAPLE SUGAR. Description and uses.—Maple sirup and maple sugar are derived from the sap of the maple tree and contain sucrose, identical with that in the juices of the cane or beet. Refined maple sugar is indis- tinguishable from cane sugar. It is prized, however, because of the impurities which give a characteristic flavor, hence is not refined. Besides its well-known uses as a confection and for table purposes, a 294. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. large part is used in the manufacture of tebacco products, it being claimed this industry consumed half the domestic crop in 1913. Production.—Maple sirup and maple sugar are produced chiefly in New England and in the North Atlantic and Lake States, New York, Ohio, and Vermont leading. The total output in 1910 was 4,100,000 gallons of sirup and 14,100,000 pounds of sugar, valued at $5,200,000 ; in 1918, 5,000,000 gallons of sirup and 13,000,000 pounds of sugar. In 1919, because of unfavorable weather conditions, there was a marked decline—3,900,000 gallons of sirup and 10,400,000 pounds of sugar. Imports or sirup and sugar in 1914, chiefly from Canada, were 2,095,983 pounds, valued at $163,047; in 1918, 5,049,474 pounds, valued at $909,412. GLUCOSE AND GRAPE SUGAR. . Description and uses.—Glucose and grape sugar are manufactured from starch and therefore are usually associated in the same establish- ments, some factories making starch the principal product, others mak- ing glucose and grape sugar only. In the United States the raw ma- terial is usually corn, though potatoes and wheat are used to some extent. In the process starch is boiled with hydrochlorie acid, break- ing up the starch molecules into dextrose, maltose, and dextrin. If the hydrolysis is checked at a certain stage the product is glucose, if it is continued further and the subsequent evaporation also pro- longed, the product is grape sugar. Glucose is a colorless or slightly amber-colored sirup, with about one-half the sweetening power of sugar. Mixed with cane sirup or maple sirup, it is a familiar article of table use. It is also known as corn sirup. It is extensively used by tanners, bakers, and brewers, and in the manufacture of jeliies and confectionery. Grape sugar is used in the manufacture of vinegar and in brewing; also, as a reducing agent in many industries, as in indigo dyeing and in Silvering on glass. Production of glucose in 1909 was 769,700,000 pounds, valued at $17,900,000, and of grape sugar, 159,100,000 pounds, valued at $3,600,-- 000. The industry flourishes chiefly in the corn belt—lIilinois, In- diana, Iowa, and Missouri. The most importarit factory is in Edge- water, N. J. Though less favorably located with respect to the domestie corn supply, this city is advantageously situated both with respect to imported Argentine corn, which is often cheaper than American and contains more -oil—corn oil being an important by- product of the industry—and also with respect to the markets atforded by the great eastern cities and Europe. This industry lends itself to the economies of large-scale produc- tion and has been subject to persistent attempts at monopoly. 2% woe ioe 979; 355 | Germany —. 2 te 85, T41 Braet LOUD) Cee ae 54° 468 | Russia: 2. OU eee eee 237, 406 TAC Ox ha Bhs pe te | are 49, 884 | British India__._.._- == 450, 000 AK Rn A Aaa IE a pe TSUN a 39, GS0.4, JADA Qo ci ee 93, 696 fl 9 pe Nn em cts Sl PRES Fe 68, 894 | Other countries less than Dutch Bast Indies_________ 182, 427 40,000,000 pounds _-____ 298, 748 Philippine Islands ________ 65, 219 oe Cuba (estimated )o<0 2. oo 42, 030 Total... = alte 2, 835, 740 The production of India and China is very great, but is consumed locally. In international trade the tobaccos of the United States, Cuba, the Dutch East Indies, .Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, the Philip- pines, and Brazil are of most significance. Tobacco culture is highly specialized in this country and several distinet types (for different uses) are grown in well-defined areas. Different types of foreign and domestic tobaceos are largely noncompetitive. In 1918 a erop of 1,340,019,000 pounds was produced on 1,549,000 acres, about 50 per cent in Kentucky and North Carolina, and 40 per cent in Virginia, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 299 Ohio, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee, Es- tablishments engaged in the manufacture in 1914 numbered 13,951, employing 178,872 wage earners, receiving wages ef $77,856,000; capi- tal, $303,840,000 ; cost of materials, $207,134,000; and value of products, $490,165,060. The number of retail tobacconists in 1918 was 823,000. in 1917 large cigars consumed 165,360,912 pounds; small cigars, 4,215,037 pounds; large cigarettes, 131,159 pounds; small cigarettes, 133,374,761 pounds; plug, 179,413,107 pounds; twist, 15,174,350 pounds; fine cut, 11,286,561 pounds; smoking, 243,586,164 pounds; and snuff, 33,516,802 pounds. Cigars weighing over 3 pounds to the thousand totaled 7,559,890,349, and weighing not more than 3 pounds to the thousand, 967,228,920; cigarettes weighing not more than 3 pounds to the thousand, 35,331,264,067, and weighing over 3 pounds to the thou- sand, 24,596,110. Imports exceeded $38,000,000 in 1918, about 70 per cent leaf tobacco, which normally averages about $25,000,000. Generally our imports are high-grade leaf tobacco used in making cigars and cigarettes, chiefly from Cuba (wrapper and filler), Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria (cigarette), the Dutch Hast Indies (wrapper), and the Philippines (cigars and cheroots). Manufactured imports consist:chiefly of high- priced cigars and cigarettes. Revenues from tobacco.—Manufactured tobacco is universally an important source of public revenue and in scme 15 countries (includ- ing France, Italy, Spain, Japan, Austria-Hungary, and Sweden) State monopolies have been founded for this purpose; ihe Government of Uruguay is now legislating to that end. Great gains in the revenue are said to be thus realized without adding to the consumer’s price. Distribution is concentrated in a single revenue ageucy, retaining the profits of wholesalers and retailers and saving the expenses incident to competition. In France ex-soldiers are preferred and given a fixed commission for the work of retail distribution in lieu of (or supplemental to) pensions. In 1918 our internal revenue from tobacco aggregated more than $155,000,000—over $66,000,000 from cigareties, $34,000,000 from cigars, and $47,000,000 from “ manufactured tobacco,” To offset the heavy internal taxes, compensatory duties are levied upon imports plus an additional percentage for protection. In 1918 these duties yielded $23,386,404, of which $21,019,953 was from un- manufactured tobacco. The ad valorem equivalents are sometimes over 180 per cent. Exports in 1918 were nearly $91,000,000, of which leaf tobacco con- stituted about $69,000,000 and cigarettes about $17,500,000. Leaf tobacco has been an important export since the settlement at James- town, averaging in recent years more than 400,000,000 pounds. The so-called “ dark fire-cured” and “bright” or “ flue-cured” types of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Carolinas constitute the greater portion of leaf exports. Its average valuation price is lower than the imported, but the volume of exports is much larger. Exports have been chiefly to England, France, Italy, Germany, PINEAPPLES PRESERVED IN THEIR OWN JUICE. Description and uses.—Pineapples preserved in their own juice are canned with a small percentage of cane sugar added, while the ordi- nary canned pineapple of commerce has water added to the juice and sugar. (See par. 222. Import values averaged $112,854 from 1909 to 1913; in 1914 they were $203,736, declining to $39,816 in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Currants ground to a pulp for use in making wine have thereby lost their identity as currants and are dutiable under this paragraph as “fruits, including berries, when dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 178, of 1916.) Prunes crushed are dutiable as “fruits * * * preserved * * #* in * * * their own juices” and not as jelly. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 247, of 1912.) Strawberry pulp is likewise classified. (Abstract 86955, of 1914.) Plums preserved in sugar, sirup, or their own juices, and packed in hermetically sealed cans, are within this provision rather than under the provision for plums. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1913.) The pulp and juice of the currant, invoiced as ‘ bar-le-due red currants ” was likewise classified. (5 Ct. Cust. Appis., 371, of 1914.) Dalmatian cherries, ripe but not dried, come within the provision for ripe cherries. Such cherries are allowed to remain on the tree until they become overripe and shrivel or shrink, but retain some of the natural juices. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 89, of 1914; followed in Abstract 42072, of 1918, relative to unpitted cherries.) Mdible sulphured cherries in water, salt being neglible, were held dutiable as edible fruit pre- pared and not exempt from duty as “fruits in brine.” (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1915.) Broken cherries consisting in the main of cher- ries, some with pits and some with stems, but no whole cherries, which were subjected to sulphur fumes and packed in a solution of salt and water which preserved them were likewise classified. (G. A. 8165, T. D. 37617, of 1918.) Incidental removal of pits and stems in sorting cherries is not a preparation within this paragraph, and whole cherries in brine and cherries which have become split by hanging on the trees or have been broken by birds and cracked open, known as “rejects,’ and are imported in brine, are exempt from duty as fruits in brine. (G. A. 8164, T. D. 37616, of 1918.) For other de- cisions, see paragraph 488. Ohinottt, or sour oranges, peeled and in brine, are within the provision for edible fruits prepared. (T. D. 37918, of 1919.) Whether steaming sugar cane and packing it with sugar and water in hermetically sealed tins advances sugar cane from ‘its natural state or unmanufactured ” and makes it a sweet- meat is not a matter within judicial knowledge; the collector’s classi- fication as sweetmeat was accordingly not disturbed. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37992, of 1919.) (See pars. 200, 201, 218, and 488.) Edible berries in their natural condition are dutiable at one-half cent per quart under this paragraph, while green berries are exempt from duty under paragraph 488. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 353 The omission from the act of 1913 of the words “ not having sugar, spirits, or molasses added thereto,” in paragraph 274 of the act of 1909, after the words “pineapples preserved in their own juice,” makes the provision in the act of 1913 for pineapples preserved in their own juice like that in the act of 1897 (par. 263), under which there was much litigation which resulted in the admission of many importations of pineapples as preserved in their own juice although having a sugar content as high as 334 per cent. PARAGRAPH 218. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 275. Figs, 23 cents per pound; 218. Figs, 2 cents per pound; plums, plums, prunes, and prunelles, 2 cents | prunes, and prunelles, 1 cent per per pound; raisins and other dried | pound; raisins and other dried grapes, grapes, 24 cents per pound; dates, 1] 2 cents per pound; dates, 1 cent per cent per pound; currants, Zante or | pound; currants, Zante or other, 1% other, 2 cents per pound; olives, in | cents per pound; olives, 15 cents per bottles, jars, kegs, tins, or other pack- | gallon. ages, containing less than five gallons each, 25 cents per gallon; otherwise, 15 cents per gallon. GENERAL INFORMATION. FIGS. Description and uses.—Two types of figs are grown—the Adriatic, chiefly in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and the Smyrna, in Cali- fornia. The Adriatic is also grown in California and is still a large proportion of the crop, but the Smyrna, planted only in recent years, is becoming increasingly important. Small quantities, commercially negligible, are also grown in Arizona. The humid climatic conditions of the South Atlantic and Gulf States produce a very perishable fruit, fermentation setting in within a few hours after picking, unless special precautions are taken. As it has been impracticable to ship it long distances except under effective refrigeration, the fresh fruit is used in the home or in near-by markets, large quantities being canned or otherwise preserved. In the States east of Texas there is little orchard planting, but almost every rural and urban home raises a family supply, some being canned locally. In the Gulf coast region of Texas there are many fig orchards, practically all of the fruit being canned. In California the crop is largely dried and packed for the trade. Production data are lacking. The output of dried figs in California ranged from 5,000 tons in 1913 to 9,900 tons in 1916. Imports for 1915-1918 averaged 12,103,184 pounds, valued at $612,482, considerably less than the prewar average. Most of these were dried jigs of the Smyrna type from Asiatic Turkey. PRUNES. Description and uses.—Prunes consist of certain varieties of the Domestica or European plums (par. 217), which can be dried without removing the pits or fermentation occurring—the horticultural distine- tion between a prune and a plum. Production.—Prunes for drying are grown chiefly in California and Oregon, and to a small extent in Washington. In California the fruit 184911 °—20——_23 354 SUMMARY. OF TARIFF INFORMATION. is largely sun-dried; in Oregon and Washington, wholly by artificial heat. The crop varies widely—in 1918 California produced about 70,000,000 pounds, Oregon 50,000,000, and Washington about 10,000,000 pounds. Import values of plums, prunes, and prunelles averaged about $50,000 from 1910 to 1914, declining to $8,948 in 1918. Exports ranged from 32,926,546 pounds in 1918 to 117,950,857 pounds in 1918. RAISINS. Description and uses.—Raisins are dried grapes of certain varieties of the vinifera or European type. While producible from many kinds of grapes, particular qualities are required for raisins of high grade, and few varieties possess these qualities in a sufficient degree. The raisins most prized are the Alexandria and the Sultanina. Production is confined, commercially, to California, where condi- tions are favorable to desirable raisin varieties and sun drying is feasible. Output has steadily increased for several years. The pack has ranged from 254,000,000 pounds in 1915 to 326,000,000 pounds in 1917. Production varied from 125,000,000 pounds in 1910 to 196,000,000 pounds in 1914. Imports in 1918 were only 949,285 pounds, valued at $157,486, with an average of about 3,500,000 pounds during 1910-1914. Normally the imports, mostly from Spain and Asiatic Turkey, are unimportant coinpared with production or exports. Exports in 1918 were 54,987,793 pounds, valued at $4,981,270. Inx- ports were rapidly increasing, reaching a maximum of 75,014,753 pounds in 1916, principally to Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australasia. DATES. Description and uses.—Dates are raised in the warm, dry, interior valleys of California and Arizona, important producing sections being the Coachella and Imperial Valleys-in California, and localities in the vicinity of Phoenix, ‘Ariz. This is an infant industry and develop- ment is relatively slow, due to the difficulty in securing offshoots from desirable varieties. Production does not justify shipments in carload lots. Statistics are not available. Imports during 1913-1917 averaged 28,066,867 pounds, but in 1918 declined to 3,551,886 pounds, valued at $162,279, due largely to failure of the supply from Asiatic Turkey, the principal source. DRIED CURRANTS, ZANTE OR OTHER. Description and uses.—The Zante or currants of commerce are in fact the dried product of certain varieties of European grapes, domes- tic production of which has been negligible. Recent experiments indi- cate that this type of grape can be grown commercially in California. The dried currant is used for culinary purposes. Production has been ineonsiderable, but small commercial plantings are being made and some wine-grape land in California may become available. Imports from 1907 to 1917 have ranged from about 30,000,000 pounds to 389,000,000 pounds—4,000,000 pounds in 1914, 10,250,000 pounds in 1917, and less than 2,000,000 in 1918. These imports came almost entirely from Greece. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 35:5. OLIVES, _ Description and uses.—The products of this industry are pickled olives (green or ripe) and olive oil (par. 45). Production.—This fruit is grown in a warm, dry elimate, free from frost, and requires skill and long experienee in eulture. The tree begins to bear commercially when 5 to 7 years old, and may be produe- tive for several centuries. ® Domestic olive culture is confined to California and small areas in Arizona, with a total acreage of about 1 per cent of the Spanish or Italian crep. Only recently has the industry been firmly placed, and its present status is due largely to improvements in growing and handling, especially in pickling the ripe olive, in which the United States has virtually a monopoly. Partly because of the olive fiy, which honeyconibs the ripe fruit, eompeting countries: have not pro- dueed ripe olives. Domestie producers have had. little success in pickling green olives. The ripe olive, a food, tends in competition. to displace the green: olive, which is a condiment. Spain, the principal source of our imported olives, grows chiefly piekling varieties, while the oil varieties predominate in Italy, whenee is derived mest of the olive oil. In the domestic imdustry, pickles and oil are largely joint products, the culls and injured ripe olives being processed for oi! and the better grades pickled. Oil varieties, usually grown without irrigation, are being abandoned for the more profitable ripe olives. ‘Fhe competition of foreign oils is. a strong trade faetor: (See par. 45.) In 1917 we had 36,040 acres im olives (twice the area of four years before), of which 18,977 acres were bearing and 17,063 nonbearing. About 60 per cent of the olives: were pickled and the balance erushed for oil, the pickled ripe olives being approximately 750,000 gallons. The output varies. with fluctuations: in yield and in the percentage suitable for pickling. Growers estimate the average value of present bearing lands, both good and bad, at $487 per acre (for 1915-1917), wid nonbearing lands at $435. Both the pickling and the oil processing are performed in specially equipped packing plants, sometimes br connection with olive groves. There were 43 ef these plants in 1917. As the packing season lasts: only three or four months, these establishments. usually engage in can-. ning other products. In the Mediterranean countries olives are generally grown and processed as a family enterprise, and brokers buy, assemble, and grade the product at gathering stations. The pickling process consists in first neutralizing with an alkali (usually lye). the tannic acid of the olive, when the product is aerated to “settle” the color and impart the characteristic black tinge. The lye is then washed off, the olives placed in brine solutions, and later canned. The priee varies with the size of the olives. Imports, principally from Spain, ranged between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000: gallons during 19t0O-1917, about five times the domestie crop. 'Fhey consisted of green olives, mostly “queens” or large-sized olives, the highest-priced product, and relatively little of the lower-priced Manzanilla or small olives. The shipments are largely in bulk, being bottled or packed bere. The bottling and packing, also pitting and stuffing, ef imported olives is a considerable industry. The revenue varied fron: $500,000: to $860,000 during 1910-1917. 356 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Black or ripe olives in brine are dutiable as olives under this para- graph. The actual quantity of olives in the importation having been ascertained by the gauger, no allowance should be made for brine. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 317, of 1911.) Olives pitted and stuffed with sweet red peppers are within the designation “olives” as that term is commonly dnd popularly used and understood. It was not shown that they are without that term commercially, and they are dutiable as olives under this paragraph and not as edible fruits under paragraph 217 or as unenumerated articles under paragraph 385. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 498, of 1917.) Broken pitted olives, while rejections from the operation of pitting and stuffing olives, are dutiable as olives under this paragraph, and not as waste, not spe- cially provided for. (Abstract 31634, T. D. 332638, of 1913.) In meas- uring olives for the purpose of assessing duty per gallon, the liquid or wine gallon and not the dry gallon should be used irrespective of whether the olives are dried or in brine. (146 Fed., 880, of 1906.) In importations of olives in olive oil, the olive and olive oil are separately dutiable. (Abstract 31641, T. D. 33268, of 1913; Abstract 36189, T. D. 34668, of 1914.) In a case of olives packed in olive oil, vinegar, and lemon juice, the entire importation was held dutiable as “ olives,” the quantity of liquids being unknown. (Abstract 31490, T. D. 83242, of 1913.) Figs in baskets, assessed as sweetmeats, were found to contain no added sugar and held dutiable under the provision for figs in para- graph 275 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 31845, T. D. 33304, of 1913.) Currants imported in an uncleaned condition are dutiable under the provision of this paragraph for currants without any deduction on account of the dirt or other impurities contained therein. (G. A. 5418, T. D. 24645, of 1908; following 120 Fed. 242, of 1903; writ of certiorari denied, 190 U. S., 560, of 1903.) Garden currants are dutiable as berries edible in their natural condition under paragraph 217 and not as other currants under this paragraph. The provision for ‘currants, * * * other” in this paragraph was intended to cover only dried currants of the grape species ejusdem generis with the other dried fruits named in the paragraph. (G. A. 4105, T. D. 191382, of 1898.) (See par. 217.) PARAGRAPH 219. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 276. Grapes in barrels or other pack- 219. Grapes in barrels or other pack- ages, 25 cents per cubic foot of ca- | ages, 25 cents per cubic foot of the ca- pacity of barrels or packages, pacity of the barrels or packages, GENERAL INFORMATION. . Description and uses.—The grdpes produced in the United Statés are of three types. (1) Native bunch grapes, the most widely dis- tributed; (2) the vinifera or European grapes, confined chiefly to California; (3) the muscadine grapes, principally from the South At- lantic and Gulf States. The latter is primarily a home industry with some commercial vineyards, maintained in the past for making wine. The regional distribution of these different types is determined by climatic adaptations. Production.—The native American bunch grapes are widely grown outside of California and the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 357 the other types are chiefly produced. There are commercial producing centers, such as the Hudson River Valley, the lake regions in central and western New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, southwestern Michigan, and smaller districts elsewhere. Home vine- yards are general. There are no adequate statistics of the native bunch grapes or the muscadine. The vinifera represent a large invest- ment in California. Data of acreage are difficult to secure, but the best estimates indicate about 50,000 acres of table grapes, 170,000 acres of raisin grapes, and 140,000 acres of wine grapes in California alone. Shipments of fresh grapes from California were about 6,360 ears in 1918 and more than 16,350 cars in 1918. Imports of grapes have averaged 1,048,815 cubic feet (packed in barrels), valued at $1,227,171 for 1914-1918. Imports have ranged from 2,237,730 pounds in 1908. to 556,530 pounds in 1918. These are largely, if not entirely, late-ripening, long-keeping, European varieties, mostly from Spain. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Almeria grapes imported in barrels were held to be dutiable on the basis of an average capacity of 1.98 cubic feet per barrel and 0.965 cubie foot per half barrel (G. A. 7030, T. D. 30664, of 1910); but a conventional gauge was thereafter established by the Treasury De- partment, making the capacity of barrels 1.95 cubic feet and half barrels 1.08 cubic feet within prescribed limitations, barrels outside the prescribed limitations to be measured and their actual holding capacity ascertained (T. D. 32601, of 1912). Allowance is made for decay in grapes, the court holding that subsection 22 of section 28 of the tariff act of 1909 was intended to provide for an allowance in the estimation and liquidation of duties upon fruit when by reason of decay, destruction, or injury during transportation a shortage occurs, resulting in fact in a nonimportation, the commercial value of a desig- nated and reasonably ascertainable quantity of the goods having been destroyed. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 265, of 1912; see also par. 220.) The port of delivery and not the port of original entry is the place of “landing” within said subsection for grapes forwarded in bond under the immediate transportation law. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 116, of 1913.) Allowance in duty for rot in grapes is not to be computed upon the percentage which the decayed grapes bear to the entire quantity of grapes in the container, but to the percentage which such decayed part bears to the cubical capacity of the containers. (G, A. 7684, T. D. 35133, of 1915.) : PARAGRAPH 220. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 277. Lemons, 13 cents per pound; 220. Lemons, limes, oranges, grape- ‘oranges, limes, grape fruit, shaddocks, | fruit, shaddocks, and pomelos in pack- lor pomelos, 1 cent per pound, ages of a capacity of one and one- fourth cubic feet or less, 18 cents per package; in packages of capacity ex- ceeding one and one-fourth cubic feet and not exceeding two and one-half cubic feet, 85 cents per package; in packages exceeding two and one-half and not exceeding five cubic feet, 70 cents per package; in packages exceed- ing five cubic feet or in bulk, 4 of 1 cent per pound, 358. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. LEMONS. Descripticn and uses.—The lemon, even more than the orange, requires a warm climate, relatively free from frost. Lemons are picked at a eertain size, varying from 24 to 24-inehes in diameter, and stored in curing rooms, sometimes two or three months, until a typical yellow color is aequired. Great care must be exercised in picking, packing, and marketing. Besides the familiar uses of the fresh fruit, there are important by-products, including citrate of time, and ettrie acid. Production.—Ccmmercial cultivation of the lemon is confined to California. Some preduction, chiefly for home use, oceurs in Florida. From 1910 to 1917 shipments varied from 850,000 to 2,500,000 boxes. Imports for 1913-1917 (mostly from Sicily) fluctuated from 100,000,000 to 175,000,000 pounds, with values from $2,062,030 to $5,981,635. Exports for 1914-1918 ranged from 70,000 to 175,000 boxes, valued at $308,707 to $728,791. LIMES. Description and uses.—Limes are a variety of citron, and are used for the same purposes as the lemon. They also yield citrate of lime and citiric aeid. The trade demands sizes from 14 to 14 inches in diameter. Production.—The tree, less hardy than the lemon tree, is commer- cially restricted to warm localities in Florida. California has suc- eessfully cultivated some home orchards. Production in Florida for 1914-1918 varied from about 15,000 to 54,000 boxes, with values from $53,160 to $98,214. Imports, largely from the West Indies, were valued at $112,031 in 1918. ORANGES. Description and uses.—The important orange-growing sections of this country are in California and Florida, with smaller areas in Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. The crop re quires a warm climate, relatively free from frost. The trees begin to bear the third year, but not in eommereial quantities until the fifth or sixth year; they bear profitably from 20 to 40 years. The industry is highly specialized. The fruit is picked very carefully, to avoid bruising, and assorted into several grades in packing houses. By means of mechanical sizers the fruits.of each grade are divided into the different commercial sizes. ‘There are by-products, including orange marmalade, candied orange peel, orange vinegar, ete. Production of oranges in recent years has varied from approxi- mately 10,000,000 to 24,000,000 boxes—7,000,000 to 17,000,000 boxes in California, 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 boxes in Florida; the remainder in Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. During this period the crop values ranged from $27,556,000 to $92,723,000. Imports of oranges for 1914-1917 varied from approximately $50,000 te $100,000. The heaviest shipments came from the West Indies and Japan. Exports for 1914-1918 ranged from 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 boxes, valued at $3,800,000 to $4,480,000, The larger shipments were to Canada. . SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 359 GRAPEFRUIT, SHADDOCKS, AND POMELOS. Description and uses.—Florida is the most important grapefruit producer. ‘This fruit is also raised commercially in California, but is of minor importance compared with orange and lemon holdings. It is grown commercially in Arizona, to a small extent, and is also found in home orchards in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ala- bama. Its important use is as a breakfast fruit. Production in Florida has increased from 1,000,000 boxes in 1909 to 2,000,000 boxes in 1918, the latter crop being valued at $3,809,660. Imports in 1918 were valued at $349,164. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Two boxes of oranges, each 7? by 104 by 54 inches, firmly tied together for safe transportation, and to facilitate marketing, this method of packing being an established custom in the trade, consti- tute one package within this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 401, of 1915.) Lemons and oranges imported in barrels of between 4 and 5 cubic feet capacity, are dutiable at 70 cents per package under the provi- sions of this paragraph, notwithstanding the fact that in some in- stances as high as 25 per cent of the fruit had decayed. (G. A. 7830, T. D. 36002, of 1915.) If decay in oranges Shipped in packages of a capacity between 14 and 24 cubic feet, dutiable at 35 cents per package under this paragraph, does not reduce the quantity of sound oranges below the minimum capacity of 14 cubic feet, no allowance in duty ean be made for the reason that the quantity imported still remains within the limits of the size of packages dutiable at 85 cents per package. (G. A. 8172, T. D. 87657, of 1918.) Regulations are con- tained in T. D. 34241, of 1914. (See par. 219.) PARAGRAPH 221. ACT OF 1905. ACT OF 1918. 278. Orange peel or Jemon peel, pre- served, candied, or dried, and cocoanut meat or copra desiccated, shredded, cut, or similarly prepared, 2 cents per pound ; citron or citron peel, preserved, candied, or dried, 4 cents per pound. 221. Orange peel or lemon peel, pre- served, candied, or dried, 1 cent per pound; coconut meat or copra desic- cated, shredded, cut, or similarly pre- pared, and citron’ or citron peel, pre- served, candied, or dried, 2 cents per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL. Description and uses.—Orange and lemon peels are used in a can- died or preserved state for confectionery and culinary purposes. The United States Pharmacopeeia recognizes two varieties of orange peel. (1) Bitter, the dried rind of a sour, inedible fruit, with large, irreg- ular, puffy fruit, deep orange in color, and with a thick and spongy rind. It is not grown here. The bitter orange peel is used for flavor- ing medicines. (2) Sweet, the outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit. When dried it resembles bitter orange peel and it is used principally as an aromatic and as a source of essential oils. Lemon peel is also from the fresh fruit; it is usually not dried, but is valued for its oils and for its flavoring properties. 360 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Production.—The domestic lemon and orange growing industries do not recover the by-products as extensively as in European practice; the peel is preserved to some extent in California and Florida, but statistics are not available. Imports of dried orange and lemon peel were 563,666 pounds, valued at $34,004 in 1914, and 181,164 pounds, valued at $19,667 in 1918. Imports of peel not dried or candied are approximately the same in volume. (See par. 568.) COCONUT MEAT OR COPRA, SHREDDED OR DESICCATED. Description and uses.—The coconut is the fruit of the coco palm, an important product of plantations and wild trees of the Tropics. It continues fresh for several months without treatment, and when made into copra (that is, meat of the nut dried in the sun, smoke- dried, or roasted) is preserved for years. The best grade is by sun drying, but this requires several days and a climate not adapted to coconut growing. Smoke drying or roasting only requires a few hours, but the product is stained and sometimes made rancid by this treatment. Coconut products are imported as whole nuts, copra, shredded coconut, and coconut oil. (See pars. 557 and 561.) — Production.—Domestic shredded coconut is manufactured from whole nuts imported from the West Indies. Imports reached a maximum in 1918, 20,579,973 pounds, valued at $2,396,104, over 18,000,000 pounds from Ceylon. CITRON OR CITRON PEEL, PRESERVED OR CANDIED. Description and uses.—The citron is a lemonlike fruit, the rind thick and tender, and is preserved or candied for confectionery and for culinary purposes. The term ‘citron” is also applied to a variety of melon, the rind of which is used for preserves. Production.—Citrons are grown in California and Florida, but more extensively in the West Indies and southern Europe. Most of the candied citron comes from Mediterranean countries. Imports of candied citron were 849,557 pounds, valued at $66,849 in 1914, and 467,574 pounds, valued at $89,583 in 1918. Several million pounds of citron in brine are also imported. (See par. 488.) INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Dried orange peel which has been sun-dried and not subjected to any artificial process of drying is dutiable under the provision of this paragraph for “orange peel * * * dried” and not free of duty under paragraph 563, which provides for “ orange and lemon peel, not * * * dried.” The method of drying is immaterial, since the stat- ute makes no distinction between orange peel dried by artificial heat and orange peel dried by natural heat. (G. A. 8028, T. D. 37006, of 1917; Abstract 40687, of 1917.) Orange and lemon peel in brine are not “preserved.” (150 Fed., 419, of 1906.) PARAGRAPH 222. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 279. Pineapples, in barrels and 222. Pirfeapples, in barrels. or other packages, 8 cents per cubic | other packages, 6 cents per cubic foot of the capacity of barrels or | foot of the capacity of the barrels or packages ; in bulk, $8 per thousand. packages ; in bulk, $5 per thousand. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 361 GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Pincapple is used as fresh fruit, as a canned product, and in several fruit drinks. _ Production commercially is along the east coast of Florida and to a limited extent on the west coast, near Punta Gorda. Formerly the industry was relatively important, but the cold weather of 1917-18 and a disease known as “pineapple wilt” greatly restricted the output, which decreased from 400,300 crates, valued at $499,118 in 1914, to 71,595 crates, valued at $116,170 in 1918. The planting of pineapple slips on virgin soil and better cultural methods may pos- sibly restore the industry. Since 1900 production in Hawaii has rap- idly increased. (See par. 217.) Beginning in 1901 with a canned out- put of 2,000 cases, it expanded to more than 2,000,000 cases in 1914 and attained a value of $8,394,307 in 1918. The value of the Porto Rico crop in 1918 (fresh fruit) was $617,496; in 1916 the value was about twice that amount. The next largest canning center is Singa- pore. The pineapple industry is important in the Philippine Islands, Siam, Formosa, the Bahama Islands, Guadeloupe, Porto Rico, Cuba, and other tropical regions. Import values of pineapple decreased from $1,220,571 in 1913 to $801,298 in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. In finding the capacity of packages containing pineapples for the assessment of duty under this paragraph, the computation should be based on the inside and not the outside dimensions of the packages. (G. A. 5102, T. D. 23603, of 1902.) The provision for “ pineapples * * * im bulk” is without reference to size or quality and small nubbins can not be counted two for one. (T. D. 19121, of 1898.) (See pars. 219 and 220 concerning decay.) PARAGRAPH 223. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 280. Almonds, not shelled, 4 cents 223. Almonds, not shelled, 3 cents per pound; clear almonds, shelled, 6 | per pound; almonds, shelled, 4 cents cents per pound; apricot and peach | per pound; apricot and peach kernels. kernels, 4 cents per pound. 3 cents per pound. — GENERAL INFORMATION. ALMONDS. Description and uses.—Almonds are of two kinds, the bitter and the sweet. Bitter almonds are cultivated to a limited extent in the Mediterranean region. The nuts are used in making flavoring ex- tracts and prussic acid (par. 46). That which enters most largely into commerce is the sweet or edible almond, native to Mediterranean countries and southwestern Asia. The nuts contain a bland, fixed oil of agreeable flavor (par. 45), and are used in confectionery (espe- cially in sweet chocolate), in desserts, and also in emulsion that forms a pleasant diluent drink. It is as edible nuts, however, either in the fresh state or as “salted almonds,” that they are chiefly used. Production of the almond for commerce is limited to California, which reports, for 1918, almond trees of bearing age, 34,972 acres; trees not of bearing age, 15,975 acres; 1918 crop, 5,168 tons; approxi- 362 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. mate valuation, $1,860,000. The acreage has increased largely in recent years. The present yield is low per acre, principally because many trees are just beginning to bear. Imports of shelled almonds in 1918 amounted to 18,586,657 pounds, valued at $4,764,740, yielding a revenue of $743,444. Imports in- creased from 12,655,057 pounds in 1913 to 13,896,621 pounds in 1914. The maximum of 19,160,258 pounds was reached in 1917. Imports of almonds not shelled amounted to 8,866,089 pounds with a value of $453,090 in 1918. Both varieties come mostly from Spain, Italy, and France. APRICOT AND PEACH KERNELS. Description and uses.—The principal use of these fruit kernels is in the production of apricot and peach kernel oil. (See par. 45.) In the preparation for drying, the fruit is split open and the pit removed. The pits are used quite extensively in California for fuel and, duri ing the war, in making charcoal for gas masks. Production.—The source of these kernels is primarily the canning factories and, in California, the apricot and peach drying yards. Imports were 250,075 pounds in 1917 and 231,465 pounds in 1918, compared with an average of 22,874 pounds for 1912-1916. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. A review of the history of tariff provisions relative to almonds makes it plain there was no intention on the part of Congress to de- part from an established usage of years by which almonds shelled bore a higher rate of duty than almonds unshelled, and by which almonds eo nomine were made to take a duty higher than the duty imposed on nuts generally “ of all kinds” n. s. p. f. The importations in question were held dutiable as clear almonds shelled, under the pro- visions of paragraph 269 of the tariff act of 1897 and paragraph 280 of the act of 1909. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 399, of 1912.) Clear almonds shelled remain almonds though containing broken kernels, dust, and shells, and they are not to be classified generally with “nuts of all kinds.” They were held dutiable as clear aimonds shelled under paragraph 280 of the act of 1909. Paragraph 283 of that act forbade any allowance for the weight of the dust and shells. (2 Ct, Cust. Appls., 444, 450, of 1912.) So-called Jordan and Valencia almonds sheiled, imported in boxes, were held dutiable under para- graph 280 of the act of 1909 as clear almonds shelled. (G, A. 7048, T. D. 30726, of 1910.) Almonds shelled pay 1 cent per pound more than the unshelled; filberts and walnuts of all kinds pay 2 cents per pound more shelled than unshelled (par. 224); all other nuts pay the same duty whether shelled or unshelled (par. 226). PARAGRAPH 224: ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 281. Filberts and walnuts of all 224. Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, 3 cents per pound; | kinds, not shelled, 2 cents per pound 3 shelled, 5 cents per pound. shelled, 4 cents per pound. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 363 GENERAL INFORMATION. FILBERTS. Description and uses.—Filberts are also known as hazelnuts and cobnuts. Native hazels are rather widely distributed, but the Euro- pean varieties are not cultivated to a great extent in the United States. Hazelnuts yield about 50 per cent of their weight in a bland, fixed oil, often called “ nut oil,” which has drying properties making it useful to painters; it is also a base for expensive perfumes. Production._—Some of the European varieties have been grown here experimentally but not commercially. Imports in 1918 of jfiberts, not shelled, were 14,533,396 pounds, vained at $1,680,534, yielding a revenue of $290,667; of shelled nuts, 2,923,782 pounds, valued at $574,644, yielding a revenue of $116,951. These came chiefiy from Spain, Italy supplying some of the filberts. Asiatie Turkey fermerly was an important source of shelled nuts. WALNUTS OF ALL KINDS. Description and uses.—The Persian walnut, commonly called the English walnut, is very popular as a table nut and much used in eakes and confections. Production.—-The Persian walnut is widely distributed in a very limited way, but its climatic requirements restrict profitable com- mercial production to Pacific Coast States. The California crop in 1918 amounted to 20,115 tons, with approximate valuation of $10,500,- 000. Statistics are wanting for Oregon and Washington. Imports of walnuts not shelled in 1918 were 11,453,447 pounds, valued at $1,832,188, with revenue of $229,068. The average for 1913- 1917 was 20,561,194 pounds. Imports of sheiled walnuts in 1918 were 9,794,608 pounds, valued at $8,651,589, with revenue of $391,784. The average for 19138-1917 was 14,029,644 pounds. Imports come prin- cipally from France, Italy, and Chile, and recently in increasing quantities from China. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Walnut soneat broken in parts less than halves is dutiable as “ wal- nuts of all kinds * * * shelled” under this paragraph. The attempt to establish a commercial designation must be deemed to have failed, though a preper view of the language of the paragraph would ex- elude in its eonstruction any evidence of trade designation; the words are essentially descriptive, not denominative. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 457, of 1912.) PARAGRAPH 225. ACT OF 19509. ACT OF 19158. 282. Peanuts or ground beans, un- 225. Peanuts or ground beans, un- shelled, 4 eof 14 cent per pound; | shelled, 3 of 1 cent per pound; shelled, 1 cent per pound. shelled, 3 of 1 cent per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The bulk of the pednwt crop is used in the manufacture of peanut oil (see par. 45), peanut butter, confectioner’s and baker’s goods, and as roasted and salted peanuts. In 1916 approximately 4,000,000 bushels went into peanut butter, and about 364 7,000,000 bushels were crushed into 50,000,000 pounds of oil. Cotton- seed oil mills manufacture peanut oil, using the same equipment. The meal left after extracting the oil serves as the basis for a high- grade cattle and dairy feed. The peanut is a soil improver, and gives a valuable hay crop. Where the boll weevil has interfered with the growing of cotton, the culture of peanuts has increased rapidly, and is possible on miliions of acres of southern soils adapted to this crop. Production.—From 1899 to 1918 the acreage in peanuts rose from 516,654 to 2,291,000 acres, the yield from 11,964,000 to 54,434,000 bushels, and farm values from $7,270,515 to $95,829,000. This increase was due chiefly to the growing demands, especially for peanut oil—the production of which increased enormously during the war—to the realization of the usefulness of the crop as a soil improver, and to handling of the crop by machinery. In Virginia and North Carolina peanuts are grown largely for confectionery purposes; farther South, for oil and for forage. The Gulf States have shown marked increase in production. Imports more than doubled, comparing 1913 ($782,697) with 1914 ($1,899,287), notwithstanding the great increase in domestic produc- tion. The increase of shelled peanuts coming from southern France, Spain, and Japan has been the more pronounced. Japan supplies about 90 per cent of the unshelled nuts, chiefly absorbed in the Pacific States, far distant from important domestic sources. Imports in 1918 were over three times those of 1914. Exports range between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 pounds and move chiefly to Canada. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 226. ACT OF 1909. 283. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this section, 1 cent per pound; but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. ACT OF 19138. 226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this section, 1 cent per pound; but no allowance shall be made for dirt or other impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. 635. Nuts: Brazil nuts, cream nuts, eh. oS ee (reed . GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—There are a number of such nuts entering quite largely into American trade, e. g., the pecan, Brazil nut, and chestnut. The pecan, widely distributed over what in general is the southeastern quarter of the United States, is the most important American nut. Formerly a large proportion of these were gathered wild; in northern Florida, southern Georgia, southern Alabama, and Mississippi extensive orchards of the better varieties are now culti- vated and may be expected in the coming years to produce an increas- ing quantity of thin-shelled nuts. The Brazil nut, almost entirely imported, is used largely on the table and in confections. Forest chestnuts are marketed in some localities in relatively large quanti- ties. They are also grown in Spain, Italy, and other southern Euro- pean regions. Imports of pecans were 846,489 pounds, valued at $75,093 in 1918, and 4,049,610 pounds, the maximum, in 1917. Imports of Brazil nuts were 28,140,595 pounds, valued at $1,319,595 in 1918, also a maximum. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 365 Imports of all other nuts, shelled or unshelled, amounted to 1,508,122 pounds, valued at $233,076 in 1918; 48,066 pounds of nuts valued at $2,475 came in free from the Philippines. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Betel nuts were held dutiable as nuts under this paragraph and not as crude drugs under paragraph 477 nor unenumerated articles under paragraph 385. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 454, of 1917.) Areca nuts were likewise classified by the Board of General Appraisers. (G. A. 77783, T. D. 35704, of 1915.) The omission of the word “nuts” from para- graphs 27 and 477 was declared to take such nuts out of those para- graphs. In a later decision in which claim was made under para- graph 557, the Board held areca nuts, sometimes called “ betel” nuts, to come within the provisions for “palm nuts” in that paragraph. (G. A. 8090, T. D. 87339, of 1917.) Cola nuts and kola nuts are dutiable under this paragraph. (Ab- stracts 38466 and 38619, of 1915.) ' Wood oil nuts claimed to be nonedible and used entirely for the extraction of the oil contained therein (Abstract 36711, T. D. 34845, of 1914), and illipe nuts not edible and used for the oil they contain (Abstract 32680, T. D. 33511, of 1913) are also duttable under the provision for “nuts of all kinds.” Nut oil n. s. p. f. is exempt from duty under paragraph 561. In an importation of Italian pine cones with the nuts attacheé thereto the nuts were held to be dutiable under the eo nomine pro- vision for nuts. The cones are not shells nor dirt nor other impuri- ties in the nuts and duties should be assessed upon the weight of the nuts alone. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 516, of 1915.) Olive kernels are dutiable as nuts n. s. p. f. under this paragraph. (Abstracts 39044 and 39722, of 1916.) “ Marrons baked” were classified by the collector as “ nuts” under this paragraph rather than as ‘‘marrons, crude” under paragraph 557, and the evidence before him being such that either conclusion may have been reached the presumption in favor of his classification must, therefore, be indulged. The term “crude” as frequently used in tariff legislation, including paragraph 557, is a relative one, its meaning depending upon its use in the context. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 304, of 1918.) (See par. 561.) PARAGRAPH 227. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 285. * * j%\ + #=\venison and other 227. Venison, and other game, 13 game, except birds, 134 cents per | cents per pound; game birds, dressed, pound. 30 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Venison and other game.—Various Federal and State statutes place certain limitations on the commerce in game, defining hunting sea- sons, providing for hunting licenses and bag limits, and conditioning the possession, sale, and export of game. 'The Criminal Code of March 4, 1909 (85 Stat., 1137), prohibits the importation or interstate trans- portation of certain injurious animals and birds and of animals and birds illegally imported or killed or shipped in violation of State laws. The act of May 25, 1900, subjects foreign game to State laws pro- 366 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. hibiting sale, ete, and paragraph 347 of the act of 1913 prohibits the importation of plumes, feathers, skins, ete., of wild birds, except for scientific or educational purposes. The ‘ migratory-bird treaty act” (July 3, 1918, 40 Stat., 755) prohibits the importation of any birds taken contrary to the laws of any Province of Canada. ‘These laws tend to restrict the commeree in game. ; Imports of venison reached the maximum of 294,315 pounds, valued at $46,739 in 1913, and 27,181 pounds in 1918; of all other game except birds, 448,570 pounds, valued at $31,763 in 19138. In 1918 only 49,671 pounds were reported. In 1915 imports of “ game birds, dressed,” were valued at $15,354. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Birds known as “ black game,” which are imported with their heads, feet, and feathers on, and undrawn, are not dutiable as ‘‘ game birds, dressed,” under this paragraph, but are dutiable under the provision for ‘“ venison, and other game,” in the first part of the same paragraph. (G. A. 7670, T. D. 35098, of 1915.) Other game birds, as well as black game in like eondition, were likewise classified as within the term “other game,” in the first part of this paragraph. (Abstract 37359, of 1915.) Game birds canned and which before cooking were dressed, were held dutiable under the. provision of this paragraph for “ game birds, dressed.” The fact that the bird was cooked after dressing does not prevent its classification as a dressed game bird. (Abstract 38262, of 1915.) In an unpublished decision of the Treasury Department, March 2, 1916, it was held that the term “ game” apples not only to raw or unprepared meat, but alse to prepared nmreat, and that game, such as rabbit or hare, cooked and in tins, is dutiable at 14 cents per pownd as game under this paragraph. It is also the praetice te assess rabbit meat in the form of sausage, ground or chopped, under this provision. PARAGRAPH 228. ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1913. it 287. Wxtraet of meat, not specially 228. Extract of meat, not specially provided for in this section, 35 cents | provided for in this section, 10 cents per pound; fluid extract of meat, 15 |} per pound; fluid extraet of meat, 5 cents per pound, but the dutiable | cents per pound, but the dutiable weight of the extract of meat and of | weight of the extract of meat and of the fluid extract of meat shall not in- | the fluid extract of meat shall not in- clude the weight of the packages in | clude the weight of the packages in which the same is imported. which the same is imported. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description anu uses.—J/eat extract is obtained by boiling meat with water and concentrating the evaporated portion after the removal of fats. ‘They are now largely by-products of packing houses. In cooking, canning, and soaking meats, the meat juices are dissolved to a eonsiderable extent in the water; by evaporating this water the meat extract is obtained. Fluid extract of meat is the same as meat extract, but less eoneentrated. A true meat extract contains only ingredients of meat soluble in hot water. A standard commercial variety shows 58.5 per cent organic matter, 21.5 per cent inorganic matter (salts), and 20 per eent water. Bouilton cubes, fluid, and semisolid extracts ef meat are sold under SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 367 various trade hames. Gelatin, blood, albumin, or meat fiber are added to some extracts of beef, and sometimes the albumin is more or less peptonized. True meat extract has very little if any food value and can not be regarded as concentrated meat, but possesses marked stimu- lative and restorative properties. Being rich in cooked meat sub- stances, it is used for flavoring soups. ; Imports in 1918 were 12 pounds of flwid and 1,401 pounds of all other meat extracts. Since 1912 imports have not exceeded 200,000 pounds. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Boutlion cubes having no substantial portion of meat extract, but consisting of vegetable extractive matter with flavoring ingredients were held dutiable as an unenumerated manufactured article and not by similitude as an extract of meat. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 129, of 1913.) Marmite, a commodity of vegetable origin, produced from yeast, is not similar in use to extract of meat, but is dutiable as an un- enumerated manufactured article. (G. A. 73802, T. D. 32030, of 1911.) An extract of meat which is a dark-red liquid of about the con- sistency of thick molasses and which will flow, while not freely, very readily from the receptacle in which it is contained, is dutiable under this paragraph as “ fluid extract of meat” and not under the same paragraph as “extract of meat, net specially provided for.” (G. A. §282, 'F. D. 38099, of 1919.) PARAGRAPH 229. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 289. Poultry, live, 3 cents per pound ; 229. Poultry, live, 1 cent per pound ; dead, 5 cents per pound. dead, or prepared in any manner, in- cluding the weight of the immediate coverings or containers, 2 cents per peund. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Most of the specialized poultry farms are in Atlantic and Pacific coast sections, near the great centers of popu- lation. Cold-storage facilities and rapid transit have greatly in- fluenced the poultry industry, equalizing prices and making possible the importation of foreign products. Production of poultry has greatly inereased in recent years. It is roughly estimated that 589,000,000 were raised in 1918—compared with 544,000,000 in 1914, and an average of 522,000,000 for 1910-1914. In 1910, 295,880,190 fowls on farms, valued at $154,663,220, were re- ported; 280,000,000 (94.7 per cent) were chickens, 4,000,000 geese, 35,000,000 turkeys, 2,000,000 ducks, and 2,000,000 pigeons. In 1910, 30 per cent of the fowls on farms were reported in the West Central and 24.3 per cent in the East North Central Division. Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Kansas had over 15,000,000 each. Imports of live poultry in 1918 were 1,655,973 pounds, valued at $290,111; of dressed poultry, 508,600 pounds, valued at $218,547. The bulk, both live and dressed, came from Canada. With the reduction of the duty on dressed poultry from 5 cents to 2 cents, and on live poultry from 3 cents to 1 cent, in 1914, imports of dressed. poultry inereased from 416,195 pounds in 1912 and 79,451 pounds in 19138 to 919,858 368 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. pounds in 1914. Of live poultry, 954,624 pounds entered in 1914, compared with 366,854 pounds in 19138. There were large increases during the war. The average during 1911-1914 for live poultry was 602,418 pounds, and for dressed, 419,940 pounds; for 1915-1918, 1,968,273 and 890,565 pounds, respectively. Exports of poultry and game (not segregated) amounted to 1,241,144 pounds in 1918—1,090,288 pounds going to the United Kingdom, 71,091 pounds to Panama, and 23,861 pounds to Canada. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Homing pigeons to be released for flight are dutiable as live poultry under this paragraph or free of duty under bond under paragraph 398. (T. D. 32026, of 1911.) Paté de foie gras.—The provision in this paragraph that relates to “poultry, * * * prepared in any manner” clearly appears to have been enacted in view of 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 16, and must be taken accordingly to enlarge the terms used so as to include the merchandise here as poultry prepared. Articles of food prepared or preserved do not necessarily retain their original form and separate identity. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 234, of 1915.) Dried duck’s feet and gizzards are also dutiable as ‘“ poultry, * * * prepared in any manner,’ under the provision in this para- graph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 241, of 1915.) Goose breasts wrapped in their own skins and packed in sealed tin containers with brine are dutiable under this paragraph upon the total weight of the goose breasts, the brine, and the tin containers. (Ab- stract 37092, T. D. 35020, of 1914.) Dead chickens packed in a wooden box with a parchment or oiled paper placed around the chickens inside the box, are dutiable on the weight of the poultry including the weight of the paper and excluding the weight of the wooden box. (Abstract 35593, T. D. 34459, of 1914.) Poultry wrapped in parchment paper, packed in ice and sawdust, then inclosed in an envelope of burlap and incased in a wooden pack- ing case, was held dutiable on the weight of the poultry and the paper wrappiug.. (Abstract 38189, of 1915.) Dressed poultry packed in boxes without other covering or con- tainers, is dutiable under this paragraph on the total weight including the weight of the boxes. (T. D. 37924, of 1919.) (See par. 545.) PARAGRAPH 230. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 291. Chicory root, raw, dried, or un- 230. Chicory root, raw, dried, or un- dried, but unground, 13 cents per | dried, but unground, 1 cent per pound; pound ; chicory root, burnt or roasted, | chicory root, burnt or roasted, ground ground or granulated, or in rolls, or | or granulated, or in rolls, or other- otherwise prepared, and not specially | wise prepared, and not specially pro- provided for in this section, 3 cents | vided for in this section, 2 cents per per pound, pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Chicory root somewhat resembles the pars- nip and forage beet, except that it ranges from 8 inches to 2 feet or more in length. It is used principally as an adulterant or sub- stitute for coffee, when it is dried, roasted, ground, and either mixed SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. with coffee or used alone. 369 The root is used occasionally for medici- nal purposes and the leaves as a salad. Production.—Chicory will grow in most soils suited to sugar beet, and at about the same expense per acre. The domestic crop in 1899 was 10,748 tons from 3,069 acres; in 1909, 9,642 tons from 1,589 acres. Michigan only has grown it extensively. Imports of chicory root, raw, dried or undried, but unground, in 1913 were 2,203,057 pounds, valued at $32,939, all from Belgium. In 1918 the imports amounted to only 4,557 pounds, and were from Eng- land and Canada. Imports of chicory root, burnt or roasted, ground or granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise prepared, n. s. p. f., in 1918 were 469,301 pounds, valued at $19,355 (95 per cent from Germany); in 1914, 765,056 pounds, valued at $31,988; in 1918, only 824 pounds. > PARAGRAPH 231. ACT OF 1909, 292. Chocolate and cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially pro- vided for in this section, valued at not over 15 cents per pound, 2% cents per pound ; valued above 15 and not above 24 cents per pound, 2% cents per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem; valued above 24 and not above 35 cents per pound, 5 cents per pound ACT OF 1918. 231, Unsweetened chocolate and co- coa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided for in this section, 8 per centum ad valorem. Sweetened chocolate and cocoa, prepared or man- ufactured, not specially provided for in this section, valued at 20 cents per pound or less, 2 cents per pound; val- ued at more than 20 cents per pound, 25 per centum ad valorem. The weight and the value of the immediate coverings, other than the outer pack- ing case or other covering, shall be in- cluded in the dutiable weight and the value of the merchandise, and 10 per centum ad valorem; valued above 35 cents per pound, 50 per centum ad valorem, The weight and value of all coverings, other than plain wooden, shall be included in the dutiable weight and value of the fore- going merchandise; powdered cocoa, unsweetened, 5 cents per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Chocolate and cocoa are derived from the cacao bean or crude cacao (par. 456). After being cleaned, sorted, _ blended, and roasted, the crude cacao is crushed into small fragments, termed “ chocolate nibs,’ from which the shells or husks (par. 456) are removed by a winnowing process. The nibs are then ground, resulting in a molasseslike product which hardens upon exposure to air. This is the unsweetened chocolate (“chocolate liquor” in the trade) of this paragraph. Confectioners and bakers take most of the marketed product, and a considerable proportion ig used as cooking chocolate. The great bulk of this liquor ig further elaborated for sweetened chocolate or cocoa powder and butter. The removal of all but about 20 per cent of the natural fat content, enabling the product to powder, ‘distinguishes cocoa from chocolate. There is much demand for this fat or cocoa butter (par. 232). The familiar sweet chocolate is prepared by milling or stirring the liquor and pouring the semifiluid mass into molds to harden or “ cake.” There is a growing market for Swiss or milk chocolate, which involves merely the addition of milk. In the manufacture of cocoa and cocoa butter the chocolate liquor is subjected to hydraulic pressure, a large 184911°—20+——_24 370 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. part of the oil or fat expressed, the pressed mass passed through a fine sieve, dried thoroughly, and canned or packed. Production.—The output of the cocoa and chocolate industry in- creased about tenfold from 1895 to 1918. In 1914, 36 factories (ex- clusive of confectioners) had a capital of $24,000,000 and a product valued at $36,000,000. The industry is localized in the Eastern States, four plants producing about half the domestic output. Auto- matic machinery is employed almost exclusively and raw materials constitute the principal item of cost. In 1917 the 29 largest factories reported the following production, which is substantially the total for this country: Pounds. Pounds, Gocoa powder. = 56, 241, 669 Cooking chocolate______ 13, 725, 617 Cocoa Dutter. oS 17, 348, 012 Chocolate lquor________ 16, 635, 892 Sweet chocolate_______ 68, 835, 847 Choeolate eoating______ TS, Sto, 002 Imports of chocolate (largely unsweetened) are chiefly from Swit- zerland. Values declined from $845,639 in 1907 to $379,876 in 1914, due to the sale of Swiss patents to an American concern and the erection of a branch factory here by a leading German manuiacturer to avoid import duties, : Import values of cocoa were $373,888 in 1907, $379,876 in 1914, and $483,740 in 1917. Holland is the principal competing country, with the product “ Dutch process” cocoa, designed for the high-grade trade, and falling almost entirely under the classification “ powdered, wn- sweetened,” Exports during 1910-1914 were valued at $300,000 to $500,000. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The phrase “ outer packing case or other covering” in this para- graph comprehends all of the cover around the outside of the con- tents of the package, whether one covering or more, aS where the wooden case is lined with tin or zine or is covered with burlap, and all other coverings, being inner, should be considered “ immediate ” and included in the weight and value. (T. D. 84111, of 1914.) Wooden boxes inclosing tin boxes and both packed in an outer packing case were held correctly included in the dutiable weight. (Abstract 38101, of 1915.) In a case of protest against additional duties on chocolate on the ground that the coverings are not subject to appraisement, it was held that under the terms of this paragraph under which the chocolate was assessed it becomes necessary to make the appraisal include the immediate coverings. (Abstract 40505, of 1916.) (See par. 180.) PARAGRAPH 232. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 293. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, 232. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, refined deodorized cocoanut oil, and | refined deodorized ceconut oil, and all - all substitutes for cocoa butter, 334 | substitutes for cocoa butter, 34 cents cents per pound, per pound, GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—Cocoa or cacao butter is a joint product with cocoa of the cacao bean, an alternative product being chocolate (par. 231). Crude cacao contains between 50 and 60 per cent of cacao SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 871 butter; in the manufacture of chocolate the entire content is retained, whereas cocoa powder contains about 20 per cent of butter, leaving a residue of approximately 35 to 40 pounds of commercial butter per 100 pounds of crude cacao. Confectioners are the largest users of cacao butter; it is also ex- tensively employed in the manufacture of edible chocolate in the cocoa-chocolate industry, in order to absorb the added sugar. Other uses are in the manufacture of-cosmetics and as a substitute for but- ter in cooking. Among possible substitutes for cacao butter, a most expensive vege- table fat, are tallow and lard, coconut and palm-nut oils, sesame, and some other vegetable oils. Chief among these is coconut oil, but its use for this purpose has greatly declined. Very little coconut oil is dutiable under this clause, the greater portion being imported unrefined and free of duty (par. 561). Production.—See paragraph 231. Import statistics group cacao butter with its substitutes, but it constitutes practically the entire amount. The maximum was 6,000,- 000 pounds, valued at over $1,500,000, in 1912; by 1914 they declined to 2,800,000 pounds, valued at nearly $800,000. Before the war the Netherlands supplied approximately two-thirds of the total, and Ger- many most of the remainder. PARAGRAPH 2383. ACT OF 1909. : ACT OF 1913. 294. Dandelion root, and acorns, 233, Dandelion root, and acorns pre- prepared, and articles used as coffee, f pared, and articles used as coffee, or or as substitutes for coffee not | as substitutes for coffee not specially specially provided for in this section, | provided for in this section, 2 cents 24 cents per pound, per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—Dandelion root and dried acorns, ground, are among the substitutes for or adulterants of coffee. Other sub- stitutes are chicory (par. 230), parsnips, carrots, beets, various cereals, and saccharin fruits, such as roasted figs, dates, and raisins. The regulations under the pure food and drugs act, requiring proper branding, discourage the use of such substitutes and adulterants. Imports of dandelion root and-acorns, prepared, used as substitutes for coffee, were 132,262 pounds, valued at $17,780 in 1913, and 162,487 pounds, valued at $15,481 in 1914. Practically all came from Germany and Austria. In 1918 imports were 4,759 pounds, valued at $749. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Coffee essence used as coffee or as a substitute therefor was held not to be coffee, but dutiable either directly or by similitude as an article used as coffee or as a substitute for coffee. (175 Fed., 967, of 1909.) An article labeled ‘compound of chicory and sugar rape” or “made only of figs,” as well as “coffee substitute,” represented to be and sold as a substance not alone for coloring coffee but as a sub- stitute for a portion of each drawing of coffee, adding, it being claimed, to the quality, purity and wholesomeness of the beverage as served, was held dutiable as a substitute for coffee. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 106, of 1910.) : 372 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 234. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 296. Starch, made from potatoes, 13 234. Starch, made from potatoes, 1 cents per pound; all other starch, in- | cent per pound; all other starch, in- cluding all preparations from what- | cluding all preparations from what- ayer substance produced, fit for use as | ever substance produced, fit for use starch, 1 cent per pound. as starch, 1 cent per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Starch occurs more or less abundantly in all forms of vegetable life, but commercially the most important sources are corn, potatoes, rice, wheat, and cassava. Starch is white, odorless, and tasteless, and is marketed in powdered, granular, or jump form. Cornstarch is by far the most important here; potato starch, the most important in Europe, ranks second in consumption. Of the domestic output in 1914, approximately 93 per cent was from corn, 3.8 per cent from potatoes, and the balance from wheat, rice, and cassava. Starch is used for edible purposes in various flours, and in pastries, puddings, confectionery, etc.; and for laundry and manufacturing purposes, e. g., Sizing of paper and cotton goods, thickening of colors and mordants used in textile printing, in making dextrin, soluble starch, and glucose. Its physical properties vary slightly with its sources, explaining some of its specific uses. In the textile industry and in the manufacture of dextrin, potato starch has certain advan- tages which give it a market even at a higher price. Means have been found to make varieties of cornstarch suitable for use in the tex- tile industry ; these are severely competitive with potato starch. Production of cornstarch amounted to 574,247,697 pounds, valued at $18,784,654 in 1914; of potato starch, 23,540,472 pounds, valued at $718,006. The production of cornstarch increased to 883,131,755 pounds in 1917. In 1914, 82 establishments made starch, about two- thirds located in Maine. Capital invested was $17,000,000; employees, 2,310; wages, $1,222,585; materials used, $10,297,937. Imports of starch for 1909-1913 averaged 138,730,665 pounds, valued at $375,767; for 1914-1918, they averaged 15,148,778 pounds, valued at $684,714, approximately 95 per cent being potato starch. Before the war Germany and the Netherlands supplied practically all; in the last two years great quantities came from Japan, viz, 18,008,666 pounds in 1917 and 21,806,975 pounds in 1918. Exports of starch for 1914-1918 averaged 122,848,429 pounds, valued at $3,913,104, practically all cornstarch. Over one-half goes to Eng- land and Scotland, while before the war the Netherlands and Belgium also took large quantities. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The phrase “preparations * * * fit for use as starch” has been declared by the United States-Supreme Court to refer to “ any preparation which is so far fit for use as starch as to be commonly used or known as such or as a substitute therefor.” (176 U. S. 156, ef 1900.) The provision has not been limited to starch used chiefly for laundry purposes; arrowroot starch for infants’ food has been included. (151 Fed. 16, of 1906.) The trend of the decisions is to subordinate the provision for preparations fit for use as starch to 373 eo nomine provisions for particular kinds of materials which may be used as starch. The leading case is 176 U. S., 156 (supra), hold- ing tapioca flour, claimed to be fit for use as starch. exempt from duty as “tapioca.” (See pars. 36, 193, 581, and 625.) PARAGRAPH 235. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909. 679. Spices: Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds; cinnamon and chips of; cloves and clove stems ; mace; nut- megs; pepper, black or white, and pimento; all the foregoing when un- ground ; ginger root, unground and not preserved or candied. (Free.) 298. Spices: Mustard, ground or prepared, in bottles or otherwise, 10 cents per pound; capsicum or red pep- per, or cayenne pepper, 2% cents per pound ; sage, 1 cent per pound; spices not specially provided for in this sec- ACT OF 1913. 235. Spices, unground: Cassia buds, cassia, and cassia vera; cinnamon and cinnamon chips; ginger root, unground and not preserved or candied; nut- megs; pepper, black or white; capsi- cum or red pepper, or cayenne pepper; and clove stems, 1 cent per pound; cloves, 2 cents per pound; pimento, # of 1 cent per pound; sage, 4 cent per pound ; mace, 8 cents per pound; Bom- bay or wild mace, 18 cents per pound ; ground spices, in each ease, the specific duty per pound enumerated in the foregoing part of this paragraph for tion, 38 cents per pound. unground spices, and in addition thereto a duty of 20 per centum ad valorem ; mustard, ground or prepared, in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per pound; all other spices not specially provided for in this section, including all herbs or herb leaves in glass or other small packages for culinary use, 20 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. CASSIA BUDS, UNGROUND AND GROUND. Description and uses.—Cassia buds are the dried, unripe fruit of the cultivated tree Cinnamomum cassia, and are used as a spice, the flavor differing slightly from cinnamon. It is of little commercial importance, Production.—This spice comes from Canton and Hongkong, with no probability of its production here. Imports of unground and ground cassia buds steadily declined from 638,979 pounds in 1908 to 23,3867 pounds in 1918. A maximum of 218,563 pounds of unground was imported in 1917 and 173,202 pounds in 1918. In 1915, 200 pounds of ground buds were imported, and in 1917, 139,224 pounds. CASSIA AND CASSIA VERA, ‘UNGROUND AND GROUND. Description and uses.—Cassia is the dried bark of the cultivated tree Cinnamomum cassia, and iS used as a spice, in.the preparation of incense, and for the production of the essential oil for flavoring material. Good cassia is sweet and aromatic, with a flavor resem- bling that of cinnamon. Production.—It is grown in China and Indo-China. Imports of unground and ground cassia increased from 3,692,300 pounds in 1908 to 7,151,605 pounds in 1913. of 1 cent per number per pound additional for every number in excess of number two hundred; table- laid yarns or threads, made by group- ing or twisting two or more grouped or twisted yarns or threads together, not colored, bleached, or dyed, # of 1 cent per number per pound; colored, bleached, or dyed, a of 1 cent per number per pound: Provided further, That said threads and yarns, colored, bleached, dyed, combed, advanced be- yond the condition of singles, and cable-laid yarns or threads, as herein- before provided, except those (other than cable-laid threads and yarns) finer than number one hundred and forty shall not pay a less rate of duty than 20 per centum ad valorem: And provided further, That all the fore- going threads and yarns as hereinbe- fore provided, when mercerized or sub- jected to any similar process, shall pay, in addition to the foregoing specific rates of duty, 4 of 1 cent per number per pound; cotton card laps, roping, sliver, or roving, 35 per centum ad valorem, Cotton waste and flocks, manufactured or other- wise advanced in value, 20 per centum ad valorem. hereinafter pro-_ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1913—Continued. ing number nineteen, 74 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number nine- teen and not exceeding number thirty- nine, 10 per centum ad valorem ; exceed- ing number thirty-nine and not exceed- ing number forty-nine, 15 per centum ad valorem ; exceeding number forty-nine and not exceeding number fifty-nine, 17% per centum ad valorem ; exceeding num- ber fifty-nine and not exceeding number seventy-nine, 20 per centum ad va- lorem ; exceeding number seventy-nine and not exceeding number ninety-nine, 22% per centum ad valorem; exceed- ing number ninety-nine, 25 per centum ad valorem, When combed, bleached, dyed, mercerized, or colored, they shall be subject to the following rates of duty: Numbers up to and in- cluding number nine, 74 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number nine and not exceeding number nineteen, 10 per centum ad valorem; exceeding num- ber nineteen and not exceeding num- ber thirty-nine, 12% per centum ad valorem; exceeding number thirty- nine and not exceeding number forty- nine, 174 per centum ad valorem}; ex- ceeding number forty-nine and not ex- ceeding number fifty-nine, 20 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number fifty-nine and not exceeding number seventy-nine, 224 per centum ad ya- lorem ; exceeding number seventy-nine and not exceeding number ninety-nine, 25 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number ninety-nine, 273 per centum ad valorem. Cotton waste and flocks, manufactured or othérwise advanced in value, cotton card laps, roping, sliver, or roving, 5 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. COTTON YARN, Description and uses.—Cotton yarn is spun from roving, and may be of upland, American staple, Egyptian, sea-island, or other cotton; it may be carded or combed, ring spun or mule spun, made with vary- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 389 ing degrees of twist from extra soft up to extra hard; it may be unbleached, bleached, printed, dyed, or colored; plain or finished (gassed, mercerized, prepared, polished) ; and it may be in the single or doubled or cabled. There are many varieties of cotton yarn, and. several modifying adjectives are required for the precise identifica- tion of any particular count. The relative values depend on various factors, but particularly on the material used and the count to which spun. Number or count of yarn means the number of 840-yard hanks required to weigh 1 pound. No. 1 cotton yarn measures 840 yards to the pound, and No. 100 cotton yarn measures 84,000 yards to the pound; the higher the count, the finer the yarn. Production.—In quantity the United States ranks first, followed by the United Kingdom, British India, Japan, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy. Of the 2,170,578,612 pounds domestic output in 1914, the makers consumed about 75 per cent. Of the 522,054,152 pounds, valued at $182,912,5138, offered for sale, the knitting industry was the largest purchaser. In domestic spinning the normal limit is about 100s warp and 120s filling; while 93 per cent of the output consists of coarse and medium counts not above 40s. The United Kingdom leads in number of spindles and supplies a major portion of the fine and special yarns used in international trade. Imports are less than 0.5 per cent of domestic consumption, the maximum being 10,564,304 pounds, valued at $9,885,889, in 1917. Imports were 6,853,235 pounds, valued at $4,092,072 in 1914, and 5,687,641 pounds, valued at $7,482,475 in 1918. The larger portion con- sists of two-ply unbleached yarns mule spun in England from Egyptian cotton. About 60 per cent are gassed or otherwise finished. Lace yarns, mostly “ prepared” or flattened for use in brass bobbins, con- stitute the leading import. The second largest import is of soft-spun yarns for mercerization and for combination with silk in knitting and in the weaving of broad and narrow fabrics. The main count im- ported is two-ply 78s, and the main competitive range is from 58s to 78s. Imports are supplemental rather than competitive and as the domestic industry develops the average count imported steadily tends | upward. The tariff plays a minor part in this trade. Exports, before the war, of cotton yarn were small, valued at $716,036 in 1914. During the war they rose to 15,121,682 pounds, valued at $7,571,338 in 1918. Exports are mainly of counts under 40s, knitting yarns leading. Argentina, Canada, and Chile were the largest buyers in 1918. COTTON CARD LAPS, SLIVER, AND ROVING. Description and uses.—Raw cotton in the bale is opened in tne mills, partially cleaned and made into laps, usually 40 inches wide and about 18 inches in diameter. These are then run through the card and drawn down into a loosely compressed but untwisted rope called a sliver. After further attenuation and cleaning, a small amount of twist is inserted in the sliver, which thereupon becomes roving and is further attenuated and twisted into yarn. Imports.—Laps, sliver, and roving ordinarily are not articles of commerce, owing to the difficulty of handling without damage and because spinning mills have their own preparing machinery. Im- ports have ranged from nil up to about $2,000. 390 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. COTTON WASTE, MANUFACTURED OR OTHERWISE ADVANCED IN VALUE. Description and uses.—Waste occurs in eaeh process of manu- facture. Part of this waste is remanufactured in the mills where ‘made and part is sold for manufacture elsewhere. Waste is on the free list (par. 467), but when cleaned, bleached, dyed, manufactured, or otherwise advanced in value is dutiable under this paragraph. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Cotton waste recovered from mili sweepings or used cotton waste is not “ advanced in value” by processes of washing and partial bieach- ing, and is exempt from duty as cotton waste. The removal of dirt and grease from sweepings and oily, hard waste does not bring such waste within the previsions of this paragraph. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 222, of 1911.) Short bits of tint adhering to the seed of ecotion in the erdinary process of ginning and later stripped from the seed by @ specially constructed gin, becoming then what are known as “ linters,” are not waste but cotton, irrespective of a cleansing process to which the linters may have been subjected before importation. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 246, of 1911.) Artificial silk waste produced in the manufac- ture of artificial silk yarns and put through a combing process which eliminated any refuse material, was held not dutiable as artificial silk yarns or filaments in the form of singles under paragraph 405 of the tariff act of 1909, but dutiable by similitude as eotton sliver under paragraph 313. (G. A. 7466, 'F. D. 33473, of 1913.) Paragraph 250 was evidently intended to include ali cotton yarns for machine work, but its wording, dating from 1870, needs revising. The following phraseology is suggested: “Cotton yarn, including warps, in any form.” The term “cotton thread” is misleading in a paragraph dealing with cotton yarn, as “thread” in common parlance means sewing thread. The term “ warp yarn” after “ yarn” is tautology and might be omitted. ‘Including warps’ may be used because of the fact that yarn in the form of warps might, especially if sized, be inter- preted as further advanced in manufacture than ordinary yarn. ‘The qualifying phrase “in any form” is sufficient to show that it Is the intention to include all cotton yarns, unless more specifically men- tioned elsewhere, as in the case of the special yarns fer handwork included in paragraph 251. “ Roping ” is archaic for “ roving” and might be omitted. “ Flocks” might also be omitted, as it is one of the least important of the many types of waste. Provision for most yarns in this paragraph at progressive rates of duty and for some yarns in paragraph 251 at a flat rate of duty leads to anomalies. For instance, 8/2 crochet yarn pays 15 per cent duty, while 8/2 knitting yarn pays 74 per cent duty. Similarly 98/2 yarn imported for use on an embroidery machine pays 15 per cent, whereas 98/2 yarn imported for use on a knitting machine is subject to a 25 per cent rate. (See par. 251.) PARAGRAPH 251. ACT OF 1909. 314. Spool thread of cotton, crochet, darning, and embroidery cottons, on spools, reels, or balls, containing on each spool, reel, or ball, not exceed- ing one hundred yards of thread, 6 ACT OF 1918. 251, Spool thread of cotton, crochet, darning, and embroidery cottons, on spools, reels, or balls, or in skeins, cones, or tubes, or in any other form, 15 per centum ad valorem, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 391 ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. eents per dozen; exceeding one hun- dred yards on each spool, reel, or ball, for every additional hundred yards or fractional part thereof in excess of one hundred, 6 cents per dozen spools, reels, or balls; if in skeins, comes or tubes, containing less than six hun- | dred yards each, 4 of i eent for each | one hundred yards or fractional part thereof: Provided, That in no case shall the duty be assessed upon a less number of yards than is marked on the spools, reels, cones, tubes, skeins, or balls: And provided further, That none of the foregoing shail pay a less rate of duty than 20 per eentum ad valorem. j GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Cotion sewing thread is made of ply or eabled yarn, is finished by polishing, and is usually either bleached or dyed. it may be two, three, or four ply, or six-cord eabled, the last named being usually put up on spools for the retail trade and the former on tubes, cones, or large bobbins for use by garment makers. The eount of cetton yarn indicates the number of 840-yard hanks required to weigh 1 pound. Sewing thread, however, is numbered or lettered arbitrarily, and the same is true of one elass of cotton yarns, those known as “ cottons.” This term refers solely to soft spum yarns, usually in two, three, four, or eight fold, put up in short lengths for retail, and not to these put up in the longer lengths customary for machine work. Knitting cotton is similar to croehet, darning, and envbroidery cottons, thea four terms often being used interchangeably. Production of cetion thread was 26,507,028 pounds, valued at $22,917,099 in 1914, but there are no data of special yarns, and exact comparison with imports is difficult. The United Kingdom is the only large exporter of sewing thread, though a substantial amount is nor- mally exported from Germany and smaller amounts from Switzer- land, Italy, Belgium, Franee, and Japan. Imports under the act of 1897 averaged annually $235,711; under the act of 1909, $1,114,320; and under the act of 1913 (te June 39, 1918), $2,353,559. The inerease under the act of 1909 was largely due to. an enhanced demand for “cottons” for handwork; the inerease under the act of 1913 was partially due to higher values. Exports of cotion sewing thread and “cotions” in 1918 were $2,369,247. INTERPREFATION AND COMMENTS. The provision for embroidery cottons in this paragraph has been judicially construed not to include only those used in hand em- broidery, nor limited to a commodity imported only in skeins. Cotton yarns used in an embroidery machine for exeeuting the embroidery design on the face cf the fabric come within this provision rather than that for “ cotton thread and carded yarn, warps, or warp yarn” in paragraph 250. Cotton yarns used in an embroidery machine tea lock the embroidery stitch on the back of the fabric, the court found, are in fact used as: “embroidery eottons,” and when wound upon 392 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. bobbins so that they can be used only for this purpose are dutiable as “embroidery cottons ” notwithstanding that the larger part of such yarns is used for other purposes. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 414, of 1917.) Mercerized cotton yarn of the same character as embroidery cotton, even though in the gray, is dutiable as embroidery cotton under this paragraph. (T. D. 85878, of 1915.) Unfinished cotton thread im the gray which is intended and, when completed, is suitable for use as sewing thread, is dutiable as ‘spool thread of cotton” under this paragraph and not as cotton yarn under paragraph 250. (G. A. 8200, T. D. 387793; of 1918.) Paragraphs 250 and 251 provide for cotton yarn and thread of every description. Paragraph 250 was apparently intended to cover all cotton yarn used for machine work, and paragraph 251 to cover cotton sewing thread and the special yarns used for handwork. The yarns under paragraph 250 are subjected to progressive rates of duty based on the yarn count. Cotton sewing thread and “ cottons” for handwork, which are united in paragraph 251, are totally diverse articles and their being bracketed together and given a flat rate of duty is, to some extent at least, due to the fact that both are arbi- trarily numbered or lettered, with no reference to the true yarn count. The result of decisions (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 414, and T. D. 37798, supra) has been to remove two groups of regular yarns from the progressive rates of paragraph 250. Yarns for machine embroidery and yarns for thread making differ in no essential particular from yarns for other machine work such as weaving, knitting, braiding, or lace making, and the tariff wording should be clarified so as to avoid discriminatory classification of the same yarn according to the intended use. On the other hand it may be noted that knitting cotton is similar to crochet, darning, and embroidery cottons, the four terms often being used interchangeably, and that it should logically be included therewith under paragraph 251. The only clear differentiation between the two paragraphs would be one based on length, as yarns for handwork, and also most sewing threads, are preferred in shorter lengths than are economically feasible for machine work. Customs officials recommend 840 yards (the length of a hank) as a practical point of delimitation. Manufacturers and importers are agreed that ‘cotton sewing thread ” is the term that should be used to-day in place of the former “spool thread of cotton,” as the use of the latter to include sewing thread not on spools and never intended to be put on spools is rather anomalous. The following phraseology is suggested for paragraph 251: Cotton Sewing thread; crochet, darning, embroidery, and knitting cottons, put up for handwork; all the foregoing in lengths not exceeding 840 yards, [rate]. PARAGRAPH 252. ACT OF 1999. 315. Cotton cloth, valued at not over 7 cents per square yard, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, 1 cent per square yard; ACT OF 1913. 252. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, printed, woven figured, or mercerized, contain- ing yarns the average number of which does not exceed number nine, 73 per centum ad valorem; exceeding num- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 19099—Continued. if bleached, and valued at not over 9 cents per square yard, 14 cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and valued at not over 12 cents per square yard, 2 cents per square yard; cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and valued at not over 7 cents per square yard, not exceeding Six square yards to the pound, 14 cents per square yard; exceeding six and not exceeding nine square yards to the pound, 14 cents per square yard; exceeding nine square yards to the pound, 12 cents per square yard; cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and valued at over 7 and not over 9 cents per square yard, 2} cents per square yard; valued at over 9 and not over 10 cents per square yard, 2% cents per square yard; valued at over 10 and not over 12% cents per square yard, 4 cents per square yard; valued at over 124 and not over 14 cents per square yard, 5 cents per square yard; valued at over 14 cents per square yard, 6 cents per square yard, but not less than 25 per centum ad valorem; cotton cloth, exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if bleached, and valued at not over 9 cents per square yard, not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 14 cents per square yard; exceeding six and not exceeding nine square yards to the pound, 13 cents per Square yard; exceeding nine square yards to the pound, 24 cents per square yard; cotton cloth, not ex- ceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if bleached, and valued at over 9 and not over 11 cents per square yard, 2? cents per square yard; valued at over 11 and not over 12 cents per |} square yard, 4 cents per square yard; valued at over 12 and not over 15 cents per square yard, 5 cents per square yard; valued at over 15 and not over 16 cents per square yard, 6 cents per square yard; valued at over 16 cents per square yard, 7 cents per square yard, but not less than 25 per centum ad valorem; cotton cloth, ex- ceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, -centum 393 ACT OF 1813—Continued. ber nine and not exceeding number nineteen, 10 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number nineteen and not ex- ceeding number thirty-nine, 124 per centum ad valorem; exceeding num- ber thirty-nine and not exceeding num- ber forty-nine, 1734 per centum ad valorem ; exceeding number forty-nine and not exceeding number fifty-nine, 20 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number fifty-nine and not exceeding number seventy-nine, 22% per centum ad valorem ; exceeding number seventy- nine and not éxceeding number ninety- nine, 25 per centum ad valorem; ex- ceeding number ninety-nine, 274 per ad valorem. Cotton cloth when bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, printed, woven figured, or mercerized, containing yarn the aver- age number of which does not exceed number nine, 10 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number nine and not exceeding number nineteen, 123 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number nineteen and not exceeding number thirty-nine, 15 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number _ thirty- nine and not exceeding number forty- nine, 20 per centum ad valorem; ex- ceeding number forty-nine and not ex- ceeding number fifty-nine, 223 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number fifty-nine and not exceeding number seventy-nine, 25 per centum ad valorem; exceeding number seventy- nine and not exceeding number ninety- nine, 274 per centum ad valorem; ex- ceeding number ninety-nine, 30 per centum ad valorem; plain gauze or leno woven cotton nets or nettings shall be classified for duty as cotton cloth, 394 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. and valued at not over 12 cents per square yard, not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 2% cents. per square yard; exceeding six and not exeeeding nine square yards to the pound, 24 cents per square yard; ex- ceeding nine square yards to the pound, 32 cents per square yard; cot- ton cloth, not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and valued at over 12 and not over 423 cents. per square ,yard, 832 eents per square yard; valued at over 12% and not over 15 cents per square yard, & cents. per square yard; valued at over 15 and not over 173 cents per square yard, 64 cents per square yard ; valued at over 174 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 74 cents per square yard ; valued at over 20 cents per square yard, 9 cents per square yard,. but not less than 30 per ecentum ad valorem. 316. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and net exceed- ing four square yards to the pound, 44 cents per square yard; exceed- ing four and not exceeding six square | yards to the pound, 2 cents per square yard; exceeding six and not execeed- ing eight square yards to the pound, 234 cents per square yard; exceeding eight square yards to the pound, 2% cents per square yard; any of the | foregoing valued at over 9 and not | over 10 cents per square yard, 3 cents per square yard; valued at over 10 but not over 12% cents per square } yard, 42 centS per square yard; valued at over’ 12% and not over 14 [ cents per square yard, 54 cents per | square yard; valued at over 14 and f not over 16 centS per square yard, 63 cents per square yard; valued at | over 16 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard, but not less than 380 per centum ad valorem; if bleached, and not exceeding four Square yards to the pound, 2% cents per square yard; exceeding four and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 3 cents per square yard; ex- | ceeding six and not exceeding eight square yards to the pound, 3% cents per square yard; exceeding eight square yards to the pound, 3% cents per square yard; any of the fore- going, bleached, and valued at over 11 and not over 12 cents per square yard, 44 cents per square yard; valued at over 12 and not over 15 ACT OF 1913. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. cents per square yard, 541 cents per Square yard; valued at over 15 and not over 16 cents per square yard, 4% cents per square yard; valued at over 16 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over 20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per square yard, but not less than 35 per centum ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding four square yards to the pound, 3% cents per square yard; exceeding four and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 3% cents per square yard; exceeding six and not exceeding eight Square yards to the pound, 4% cents per square yard; exceeding eight Square yards te the pound, 4% cents per square yard; any of the fore- going, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and valued at over. 123 but not over 15 cents per square yard, 51 cents per square yard; valued at over 15 and not over 173 cents per square yard, 7 cents per square yard; valued at over 174 but not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over 20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per square yard but not less than 385 per centum ad valorem. 317. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and not exceed- ing three and one-half square yards to the pound, 2 cents per square yard; exceeding three and one-half and not exceeding four and one-half square yards to the pound, 22 cents per Square yard; exceeding four and one- half and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 3 cents per square yard; exceeding six square yards to the pound, 34 cents per square yard; any of the foregoing valued at over 10 and not over 123% cents per square | yard, 43 cents per square yard; valued at over 123 and not over 14 cents per square yard, 54 cents per square yard; valued at over 14 and not over .16 cents per square yard, 63 cents per square yard; valued at over 16 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over |} 20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per square yard, but not less than 35 per centum ad valorem; if bleached, } and not exceeding three and one-half square yards to the pound, 2$ cents per square yard; exceeding three and one- half and not exceeding four and one- ACT OF 1913. 395 396 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1908—Continued. half square yards to the pound, 33% cents per square yard; exceeding four and one-half and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 4 cents per Square yard; exceeding six square yards to the pound, 43 cents per square yard; any of the foregoing bleached, and valued at over 12 and not over 15 cents per square yard, 5% cents per square yard; valued at over 15 and not over 16 cents per square yard, 64 cents per square yard; val- ued at cyer 16 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over 20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per square yard, but not less than 35 per centum ad va- lorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding three and one-half square yards to the pound, 44 cents per Square yard; ex- ceeding three and one-half and not ex- ceeding four and one-half square yards to the pound, 4% cents per square yard; exceeding four and one-half and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 4% cents per square yard; exceeding six square yards to the pound, 5 cents per square yard; any of the foregoing, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and valued at over 124 and not over 15 cents per Square yard, 6 cents per square yard; valued at over 15 and not over 173 cents per square yard, 7 cents per Square yard; value& at over 174 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over 20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per square yard, but not less than 40 per centum ad valorem. . 318. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding two hundred and not exceeding three hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and not exceeding two and one-half square yards to the pound, 34 cents per square yard; ex- ceeding two and one-half and not ex- ceeding three and one-half square yards to the pound, 4 cents per square yard; exceeding three and one- half and not exceeding five square yards to the pound, 43 cents per square yard; exceeding five square yards to the pound, 5 cents per square yard; any of the foregoing valued at over 124 and not over 14 cents per Square yard, 54 cents per square yard; valued at over 14 and not over 16 cents per square yard, 64 cents per square yard; valued at over 16 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over ACT OF 1918. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. 20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per Square yard, but not less than 40 per centum ad valorem; if bleached, and not exceeding two and one-half square yards to the pound, 43 cents per square yard; exceeding two and one- half and not exceeding three and one- half square yards to the pound, 5 cents per square yard; exceeding three and one-half and not exceeding five square yards to the pound, 53 cents per square yard; exceeding five square yards to the pound, 6 cents per square yard; any of the foregoing, bleached, and valued at over 15 and not over 16 cents per square yard, 6% cents per square yard; valued at over 16 and not over 20 cents per Square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over 20 and not over 25 cents per square yard, 11% cents per square yard; valued at over 25 cents per square yard, 124 cents per square yard, but not less than 40 per centum ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding three and one-half square yards to the pound, 64 cents per square yard; exceeding three and one-half square yards to the pound, 7 cents per square yard; any of the foregoing, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and valued at over 17% and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over 20 and not over 25 cents per square yard, 11% cents per square yard; valued at over 25 cents per square yard, 12% cents per square yard, but not less than 40 per centum ad valorem, 319. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding three hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and not exceed- ing two square yards to the pound, 4 cents per square yard; exceeding two and not exceeding three square yards to the pound, 4% cents per Square yard; exceeding three and not exceeding four square yards to the pound, 5 cents. per square yard; ex- ceeding four square yards to the pound, 54 cents per square yard; any of the foregoing valued at over 14 and not over 16 cents per square yard, 64 cents per square yard; valued at over 16 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per Square yard; valued at over 20 and not over 25 cents per square yard, 114 cents per square yard; valued at over 25 cents per Square yard, 123 cents per square yard, but not less ACT OF 1913. 397 398 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACF OF 1913. than 40 per centum ad valorem; if bleached and not exceeding two square yards to the pound, 5 cents per square yard; exceeding two and not exceeding three square yards to the pound, 54 cents per square yard; ex- ceeding three and not exceeding four square yards to the pound, 6 cents per square yard; exceeding four Square yards to the pound, 6% cents per square yard; any of the fore- going, bleached, and valued at over | 16 and not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued at over 20 and not over 25 cents per square yard, 113 cents per square yard; valued at over 25 cents per Square yard, 124 cents per square yard, but not less than 40 per centum f ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding [ three square yards to the pound, 63 | cents per square yard; exceeding f three square yards to the pound, 8 } cents per square yard; any of the } foregoing, dyed, colored, stained, | painted, or printed, and valued at over 20 and not over 25 cents per | square yard, 114 cents per square yard; valued at over 25 cents per Square yard, 123 cents per square | yard, but not less than 40 per centum |} ad valorem, : 323. In addition to the duty or | duties imposed upon cotton cloth by the various provisions of this section, there shall be paid the following cumulative duties, the intent of this paragraph being to add such duty or duties to those to which the cotton cloth would be liable if the provisions } of this paragraph did not exist, namely: On all cotton cloth in which } other than the ordinary warp and | filling threads are used to form a fig- ure or fancy effect, whether known as } lappets or otherwise, 1 cent per square yard if valued at not more than 7 cents per square yard, and | 2 cents per square yard if valued at more than 7 cents per square yard; on all cotton cloth mercerized or sub- jected to any similar process, 1 cent per square yard. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Cotton cloth is a term wsed to include all loom-woven fabrics in the piece, if over 12 inches im width, whether made on a plain loom or on looms with dobby, Jacquard, or other special attachments. Paragraph 252 ineludes. all cotton cloth with the exception of those specifically mentioned elsewlrere, such as: those econ- taining silk (par. 254) ; filled or coated cotton cloth, ineluding tracing cloth, oilcloths (except silk oilcloths and those for floors), and SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 399 cotton window hollands (par. 254); waterproof eloth (par. 254); pile fabrics (par. 257); tapestries, and other Jacquard figured up- holstery goods (par. 258). The main points of demarcation between cloths are the yarn counts and their spacing (ends and picks per square inch), the weave, the weight, the width, and the finish. All of these affect the cost, but the average yarn count is, in most cases, the primary cost-determining factor. All cloths are included in the five color classifications—unbleached, bleached, printed, piece-dyed, and yarn-dyed. According to weave, cloths may be divided into plain fabrics (including plain-woven, twill, and satin) ; figured fabrics (made with the assistance of special at- tachments, such as dobbies, doups, Jacquards, lappets, or swivels) ; and pile fabrics. The majority of cotton cloths are plain, made of unbleached yarns not over 40s count, have between 80 and 200 threads per square inch and are between 25 and 45 inches in width. , Production in 1914 of woven goods including plain, figured, and pile fabrics (but excluding narrow fabrics of 12 inches and under), amounted to 6,818,540,681 square yards, valued at $489,985,277, from 672,754 looms; of this quantity approximately 90 per cent was indi- cated as plain-woven goods. A larger number of automatic looms are employed in the United States than in the rest of the world; in 1914 about 31 per cent was automatic, a percentage now largely increased. The main cotton-cloth producing States are Massachusetts, South Caro- lina, North Carolina, and Georgia. Imports of cotion cloth dutiable under this paragraph amounted in 1914 to 58,621,496 square yards, valued at $11,523,829, and in 1918 to 44,522,663 square yards, valued at $12,693,999. The United King- dom has always supplied the bulk of this trade, the principal lines being dyed linings, particularly venetians; fine plain white goods, such as muslins, cambrics, lawns, and voiies; fancy shirtings; ging- hams and similar wash goods; piqués; and fancy dress goods. Switzerland supplies fine white goods, such as lawns, organdies, and dotted swiss, and France exports principally plain and novelty dress goods. The cotton cloths from Germany and Austria formerly were fancy dress goods and coarse-yarn colored goods. Imports from Japan are usually negligible, but during the war there was a large temporary trade in cotton crépe for men’s shirts. The imports of cotton cloth in large measure are suppiementary rather than directly competitive. They average finer in yarn count than the domestic. In 1916, a typical year, cloth imports were listed, according to yarns of which composed, as foHows: Nos. 1—-9s, 14 per cent; 919s, 11 per cent; 1939s, 34 per cent; 3949s, 104 per cent; 49-59s, 12 per cent; 59-79s, 7 per cent; 79-99s, 8 per cent; above 99s, 16 per cent. The fine-yarn goods are largely plain woven; those of coarse and medium yarns are usually of special finish or design. Exports in 1914 were 414,860,013 linear yards, valued at $28,- 844,627; in 1918, 684,927,075 linear yards, valued at $103,416,102. Among the chief items are shirting prints, bleached goods, and coarse colored cottons; the export of gray sheetings and drills, which long eonstituted our principal export, has declined in relative importance since the Japanese secured control of this trade in China. Important purchasers in 1918 were the Philippines, Mexico, Cuba, Canada, and Argentina. Exports have exceeded imports in every year since 1875. 400 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Woven cotton shirting cloth and woven cotton dress goods, all in the piece, and Jacquard figured, are dutiable under this paragraph, and not under paragraph 258. The term “cotton cloth * * * woven figured * * * in the piece” (pars. 252 and 253) is more specific in describing the goods than “ Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton” (par. 258). (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 271, of 1915.) Dotted swiss is also dutiable under this. provision. (Abstract 40459, of 1916; G. A. 7904, T. D. 36386, of 1916.) It is the duty of the collector to find the yarn number as directed by paragraph 253 and the regulations of the Treasury Department. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 345, of 1918; Abstract 43356, of 1919, from which an appeal is pending in the Court of Cus- toms Appeals.) Cotion cloth 70 to 80 inches wide and 80 yards long, having printed designs about 90 inches long repeated at regular intervals throughout their length, generally used for making bedspreads by cutting between the designs, but suitable also for making curtains, portiéres, table spreads, and couch covers, are dutiable as “cotton cloth * * #* printed ” under this paragraph, and not as “articles made from cotton cloth ” under paragraph 266. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 17, of 1917.) Cotton cloth, measuring 8 yards in length and 386 inches in width, and having designs woven therein at regular intervals throughout the length of the cloth, was also held dutiable as cotton cioth under this paragraph. (G. A. 8228, T. D. 378938, of 1919.) Woven fabrics of colored cotton cloth with design suitable for porch-furniture covers, neckwear, and sport skirts, each design being about 36 by 36 inches, in some cases a line or two appearing in the design showing where the cut is to be made, were likewise classified. (Abstract 43025, of 1919.) ; Cotton fabrics with various raised designs and figures woven in the cloth, whether the figures are formed by means of extra threads or by manipulating the warp and filling threads, are “ woven figured” within this paragraph. Stripes and small dots, formed on. the face of cotton cloth by manipulating the warp and filling threads, are fig- ures. (G. A. 8089, T. D. 37335, of 1917.) “ Loop crépe,”’ shown not to belong to the class of fabrics known as “pile fabrics”’ in trade and commerce at and prior to enactment of the tariff act, was held dutiable under this paragraph rather than paragraph 257. (Abstract 38482, of 1915; see also Abstract 39410, of 1916.) Cotton cloth having part of the threads colored with a blue tint, the coloring matter being a so-called fugitive or temporary color which is intended to be washed out before the goods are finished and which is used to enable the weaver to distinguish between the threads having a right-hand and a left-hand twist, is nevertheless colored cotton cloth within this paragraph. (G. A. 7781, T. D. 35747, of 1915.) Cotton cloth approximating 16 to 20 inches in width, com- posed of unbleached cotton threads, with the exception of a single colored thread running near the edge of each side of the fabric, was held dutiable as colored cotton cloth under the act of 1897, the colored threads constituting a substantial coloring of the fabric. The word “colored” as used in paragraphs 304 to 3809, inclusive, of that act was stated to be used in a descriptive and not in a commercial sense and to embrace any substantial coloring of the fabric. (G. A. 5795, 401 T. D. 25599, of 1904.) But unbleached cotton duck or canvas, about 284 to 804 inches wide, with a single blue warp thread running length- wise of the fabric one inch from each side and intended asa guide line for operators in sewing, was heid dutiable under this paragraph (252) of the act of 1918 as cotton cloth not colored. (G. A. 8290, T. D. 38146, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from this decision. (T. D. 38159, of 1919.) Jacquard figured cotton cloth in the piece in lengths of 50 to 60 yards and in 50 inch widths, used chiefly for making slip covers for furniture, was held dutiable under paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured upholstery goods rather than under this paragraph. (G. A. 8270; T. D. 38067, of 1919.) Cotton nettings made on the Nottingham lace curtain machine are not to be classified as cotton cloth under the last clause of this para- graph, which directs that “ plain gauze or leno woven cotton nets or. nettings shall be classified for duty as cotton cloth,’ but are dutiable under the provision in paragraph 358 for “nettings * * * of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed.” (G. A. 7782, T. D. 35748, of 1915.) (See pars. 253 and 258.) : PARAGRAPH 253, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1509. 320. The term cotton cloth, or cloth, wherever used in the paragraphs of this schedule, unless otherwise specially provided for, shall be held to include all woven fabrics of cotton in the piece or cut in lengths, whether figured, fancy, or plain, the warp and filling threads of which can be counted by unraveling or other practicable means, and shall not include any article, finished or unfinished, made from cotton cloth. In determining the count of threads to the square inch in cotton cloth, all the warp and filling threads, whether ordinary or other than ordinary, and whether clipped or unclipped, shall be counted. In the ascertainment of: the weight and value, upon which the duties, cumulative or other, imposed upon cot- ton cloth are made to depend, the en- tire fabric and all parts thereof, and all the threads of which it is com- posed, shall be included, The terms bleached, dyed, colored, stained, mer- cerized, painted, or printed, wherever applied to cotton cloth in _ this schedule, shall be taken to mean re- spectively all cotton cloth which either wholly or in part has been subjected to any of these processes, or which has any bleached, dyed, colored, stained, mercerized, painted, or printed threads, in or upon any part of the fabrie. ACT OF 1913. 253. The term cotton cloth, or cloth, wherever used in the paragraphs of this schedule, unless otherwise specifi- cally provided for, shall be held to in- clude all woven fabrics of cotton, in the piece, whether figured, fancy,. or plain, and shall not include any article, finished or unfinished, made from cotton cloth. In the ascertain- ment of the condition of the cloth or yarn upon which the -duties imposed upon cotton cloth are made to depend, the entire fabric and all parts thereof shall be included, The average num- ber of the yarn in cotton cloth herein provided for shall be obtained by tak- ing the length of the thread or yarn to be equal to the distance covered by it in the cloth in the condition as im- ported, except that all clipped threads shall be measured as if continuous; in counting the threads all ply yarns shall be separated into singles and the count taken of the total singles; the weight shall be taken aftex any ex- cessive sizing is removed by boiling or other suitable process. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. To become an article made from cotton cloth within the meaning of paragraphs 253 and 266 the cloth must have been so dealt with 26 184911°—20 402 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. by manufacturing processes that it has acquired special character- istics not properly falling to cotton cloth or a form which identifies the product of such processes as a definite, particular article, so that it is no longer available for any of the general purposes for which cotton cloth is suitable. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 17, of 1917.) The method and formula for ascertaining the number of yarn in cotton cloth have been prescribed by the Treasury Department. (T. D. 33823, of 1913, and T. D. 34255, of 1914.) Woven figured cotton cloth coniaining clipped threads is dutiable under paragraph 252 in accordance with the average number of yarn found therein by using the method prescribed in paragraph 253. The ‘average number of the yarn under paragraph 252 does not necessarily refer to the average number of the yarn actually used in manufacturing the fabric, but means the average number found by methods of com- putation described in paragraph 253. (G. A. 7881, T. D. 36304, of 1916.) The average number of the yarn in eotton cloth known as dotted swiss, in which the figures are.produced by the swivel attach- ment to the loom, is found by counting the swivel threads with the warp threads and measuring them as if they were continuous and extending the length of the cloth the distance covered by them in the fabric in the condition as imported and weighing the cloth after | excessive sizing is removed by boiling or other suitable processes. This paragraph prescribes certain general rales to be followed in ascertaining the average number of the yarn in cotton cloth and was not intended te lay down an accurate method for finding the precise number of the yarn used in manufacturing the fabric. (G. A. 7904, T. D. 36886, of 1916.) In the acts of 1897 and 1909 the progressive rates of duty on countabie cotton cloths were based on the construction (threads per Square inch) and weight (square yards to the pound), or on the value per square yard. In the act of 1913: there was substituted the Single standard of average yarn count in adjusting the progressive rates of duty. The actual average yarn count in any cloth is equal to the total actual length of warp and filling yarn used in weaving a square yard, divided by 840 (yards per hank), and by the weight of a square yard in pounds. The actual length of yarn used in weaving is greater than the length of the cloth produced, by reason of the contraction or take-up in weaving due to the two sets of interweaving threads having to bend out of their course to pass around each other. As the amount of contraction depends on the size of the yarns and their spacing and takes time to ascertain, the act of 1913 substitutes an official average yarn count for the actual average yarn count. For tariff purposes the average yarn count is taken as the length, as meas- ured in the cloth, of warp and filling yarn in a square yard (which is the same as the total of the threads per square yard) divided by 840 and by the weight of a square yard in pounds. Treasury instruc- tions of October 30, 1918 (T. D. 33823), state this rule in another form, namely, “ Divide the number of threads per square inch by 335 of the weight of a square yard in grains.” The official ayerage yarn count is always coarser than the actual average yarn count, but can be obtained with much less trouble and affords a fair basis for adjust- ing the progressive rates. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 403 © The omission from paragraph 253 of the act of 1913.ef the final sentence of paragraph 320 ef the act of 1909 leaves the determination of whether a cloth is bleached, dyed, printed, or mercerized depend- ent, as in the aet of 1897, on the existence in the body of the cloth (disregarding selvedges) of bleached, dyed, printed, or mercerized threads, (See par. 252.) PARAGRAPH 254. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19135. 321. Cloth, composed of cotton or 254. Cloth composed of cotton or other yegetable fiber and silk, whether known as silk-striped sleeve limings, silk stripes, or otherwise, of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the ‘component material of chief value, & cents per square yard and 30 per eentum ad valorem: Prowided, That no such cloth shall pay a less rate of duty than 50 per centum ad valorem, Cotton cloth filled or coated, all oil- cloths (except silk oilcloths and oil- cloths for floors), and eotton window other vegetable fiber and silk, whether known as Silk-striped sleeve linings, silk stripes, or otherwise, of which eotton or other vegetabie fiber is the eomponent material of ehief value, and tracing cloth, 30: per centum ad valorem ; cotton cloth filled or coated, all oilecloths (except silk oilcloths and oilcloths for floors), and cotton win- dow hollands, 25 per eentum = ad valorem; waterproof cloth composed of eotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief value or of cotton or other vegetable fiber and india rubber, 25 per centum ad valorem, hollands, 3 cents per square yard and 20 per centum ad valorem; tracing -cloth, 5 cents per square yard and 20 per centum ad valorem. Ses ee yo waterproof cloth composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, whether composed in part of india-rubber or otherwise, 10 cents per | Square yard and 20 per centum ad |} valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. COTTON-AND-SILK MIXED CLOTHS. Description and uses.—This paragraph includes all mixed-silk goods ef which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief value. These fabrics are chiefly silk-striped sleeve linings, silk-striped cotton shirtings and vestings, and silk-and-cotton fancies. Production figures are not separately obtainable, but there has been a marked increase within the last decade and many mixed-silk goods have become staple fabries of the cotton industry. In 1914 cotton manufacturers bought 1,057,083. pounds of raw silk, valued at $3,063,- 836, as well as 714,093 pounds of silk yarn, largely for making mixed eloths of which cotton was the component material of chief value. In the silk industry a third of the 1914 broad-silk yardage was mixed goods, but probably silk was the component material of chief value, Imports were 213,147 square yards, valued at $67,254 in 1914, and 61,676 square yards, valued at $23,809 in 1918. TRACING CLOTH. Description and uses.—Tracing eloth, used by artists, architects, and draftsmen, is a plain-woven cotton or linen cloth finished by more or less secret processes, giving it a heavy, smooth, and transparent surface. It readily absorbs heavy inks without “ spreading.”’ Imports, chiefly from Engiand, supply most of the domestic de- mand, In 1914 they were 2,051,693 square yards, valued at $347,028; 404 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ‘ in 1918, 2,595,738 square yards, valued at $632,208. Imports are usually in rolls of 24 yards and in widths of 80 to 54 inches, COTTON CLOTH FILLED OR COATED, N. S. P. F. Description and uses.—The clause includes, besides the articles more specifically provided for below, book cloths, cotton buckram and other cloths stiffened for padding coats, heavily sized shirtings, green cloth (cotton cloth treated with a solution of copper and wax), and various other specialties. There is no one significant item. OILCLOTHS (EXCEPT OF SILK AND FOR FLOORS). Description and uses.—The two principal uses of oilcloth are for table, shelf, stair, and wall coverings, and as upholstery material in automobiles, carriages, couches, ete. For the first-named purposes it is made on a thin, pliable, cotton base covered with several coatings of a mixture of linseed oil, benzine, ocher, and other pigments. Sometimes china clay is added for weighting. It is usually finished by printing and varnishing. For upholstery it is called enameled cloth and isa plain-woven cotton fabric coated with varnish. Production in 1914 was 59,358,872 square yards of table oilcloth, valued at $6,025,348, and 18,357,097 square yards of enameled oilcloth, valued at $2,495,255. Import statistics group oilcloths under this paragraph with filled or coated cloth n. s. p. f. and with cotton window hollands. The fig- ures for 1914 are 3,018,051 square yards, valued at $420,775; for 1918, 1,066,563 square yards, valued at $279,401. Export values of “ oilcloth and linoleum other than for floors ” were $666,684 in 1914 and $1,277,777 in 1918. COTTON WINDOW HOLLANDS. Description and uses.—Hollands are used for window shades and are plain-woven cotton fabrics made smooth and opaque by a sizing of oil, starch, and other.materials. Production has been growing and American manufacturers now supply the domestic consumption. Imports are largely from the United Kingdom, and are usually of higher quality-than that made in this country. WATERPROOF CLOTH. Description and uses.—All waterproof cloth composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber and india rubber is the component material of chief value, comes under this paragraph. Cloths-are waterproofed by treating with rubber, paraflin, etc.; by covering with a copper solution of cellulose and precipitating part of the cellulose; by treating with soluble metallic salts later changed into insoluble salts; and by various other methods. Waterproof cloth is used in the manufacture of raincoats, sailors’ and fishermen’s garments, tents, automobile tops, ete. Production supplies the bulk of the domestic demand. Imports in 1914 were 258,207 square yards, valued at $88,427, of which 176,273 square yards, valued at $61,004, were of cotton and the remainder of other vegetable fibers. In 1918 imports were 323,416 square yards, valued at $178,967, of which 320,269 square yards, valued at $176,848, were of cotton and the remainder of other vegetable fibers. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 405 INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. So-called “ green cloth”? which has been treated with a solution of copper and wax is dutiable at 25 per cent ad valorem under this para- graph. (T. D. 34062, of 1914.) Green cotton cloth which appears to have been treated or coated with some substance making it smooth and slightly stiff was held properly classified as cotton cloth filled or coated under this paragraph and not dutiable under paragraph 252. (Abstract 37257, of 1915.) Cloth composed in chief value of cotton and in part of silk is dutiable under this paragraph, although the amount of silk in the fabric is insignificant. (G. A. 7471, T. D. 33576, of 1913.) Cotton cloth coated with india rubber, used principally for surgical dressings to protect wounds when washing, etc., although a test showed that water would run through after three or four hours, was held to fall within the provision for waterproof cloth in the act of 1909, the cloth being practically waterproof. The majority, if not all, of so-called waterproof fabrics was declared not absolutely water- proof. (Abstract 25485, T. D. 31568, of 1911.) But cloth used for making automobile coats and dust coats, treated to prevent the surface from spotting, was held not within the provision. It ap- peared that it was not impervious to water, or nearly so, and if formed into a sack would not hold water. (Abstract 27706, T. D. $2224, of 1912.) Waterproof cloth resembling velvet on one side and a rubberlike fabric on the other, cotton fiber chief value, is within this provision and is not velvet cloth. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 215, of 1914.) Filled cloths were held to come within the provisions of paragraph 321 of the act of 1909 regardless of the fact that it was possible to count the number of warp and filling threads of the basic fabric which might, but for the specific provisions of para- graph 321, render the merchandise dutiable under paragraph 315. The words “cotton cloth” or “ cloth’ wherever used in paragraph 320 of that act have the same meaning the first clause of that para- graph declares they shall have when applied to other paragraphs of Schedule I. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 556, of 1911.) Fabric known as cotton hollands cut in lengths of about 6 feet ready for windows and one end having a hem suitable to contain a stick to be inserted, being excluded from the other cotton-cloth provisions of the tariff act of 1909 by the terms of paragraph 320 of that act, and being stipulated to be an “article”? made from the “ fabric known as cotton hollands,” and not cotton hollands, was held to fall within paragraph 332 of that act. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 191, of 1912.) Cotton cloth, coated, with an artificial silk flock, artificial silk chief value, is dutiable as cotton cloth, coated, under this paragraph. In determining its proper classification, the rule applies that an eo nomine provision is more specific than words of general description. The duty is not imposed upon the artificial silk as such, but upon 4 designated article “ cotton cloth, coated.” (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 479, of 1912.) Chintz, to which was applied a dressing of starch and dyes giving it a glazed surface, was held not filled or coated. (G. A. 5054, T. D. 23433, of 1901.) (See par. 253.) ° 406 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 255. ACT OF 1969. 322. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- posed of cotton, whether in the piece or otherwise and whether finished or unfinished, if not hemmed, or hemmed only, shall pay the same rate of duty on the cloth contained therein as is ACT OF 1915. 255. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- posed of cotton, not specially provided for in this: section, whether finished or unfinished, not hemmed, 25 per centum ad valorem; hemmed, or hemstitched, 30 per centum ad valorem, imposed on cotton cloth of the same | — description,, weight, and count of threads to the square inch; but such handkerchiefs or mufflers shall not pay } a less rate of duty than 45 per centum ad valerem. if such handkerchiefs or | mufflers are hemstitched, or imitation: hemstitehed, or revered, or have drawn [| threads, they shall pay a duty of 10 |, per centum ad valorem in addition to the duty hereinbefore prescribed, and in no: case less than 55 per ceatum ad valerem:;, * *. #*, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The plain cottow handherehief, hemmed or hemstitched, not embroidered or adorned, is: the staple article of largest domestic manufacture and use. The familiar mufflers are of minor importance, Production.—Manufacturers buy the finished cloth in the piece, usually already bleached: or, less frequently, dyed or printed. It is then cut to. size and hemmed or hemstitehed, principally by machine, ironed,. folded, and boxed: for sale. The cloth is of yarns ranging fronr 30s to 110s, mainly under 60s for men’s handkerchiefs amd under 80s. for women’s. Domestic cloth is generally used, prices being ne higher than for foreign fabrics. The total domestic output of handkerchiefs of all kinds in 1914 is estimated at $15,000,000, plain cotton handkerchiefs being two-thirds of the value. The normal output is probably greater, as 1914 was a year of reduced operation. Cotton, linen, and embroidered hand- kerchiefs are usually made in the same plant, rendering it difficult to treat cotton handkerehiefs separately. The manufacture. is een- tralized in the North Atlantie seetion, frem Rhode Island to Pennsyl- vania, centering about New York City. Of the 25 largest plants, 11 are located in New Jersey. Large-scale production predominates, although a considerable portion of this manufacture is in small shops and by individuals, who. do the cutting, hemming, and embroidering on com- mission. | Imports.—In. the import trade, plain cotton handkerchiefs. have been much less important than “ faney handkerchiefs,” those of laee or embroidered or otherwise adorned, which are dutiable under para- graph 3858 at 60 per centum ad valorem. Imports of plain cotton hand- kerchiefs have inereased under the act of 19138, being valued at $112,499 in 1914 and in 1918 reaching $547,780, about 5. per cent of the domestic output, partly due to the scareity and advancing price of linen handkerchiefs. The finished hemmed or hemstitched hand- kerchief has made up the larger part of these imports. Importations of handkerehiefs in the piece, or cut but not hemmed, in 1918 were 407 less than one-third of the total, and prior to 1916 were practically negligible. The revenue in 1918 was $155,344, or 28.5 per cent ad valorem. Imports are mainly from the United Kingdom and Switzerland; Ireland was most important in 1918. SUMMARY OF TARIFF.INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Plain drawnwork handkerchiefs were held dutiable under para- graph 822 of the act of 1909, and ornamental drawnwork handker- chiefs under paragraph 349 of the same act. (Abstract 36830, T. D. 34889, of 1914.) Hemstitched handkerchiefs ornamented with drawnwork are more specifically provided for as “ handkerchiefs * * * hemmed or hem- stitched,” at 50 per cent under this paragraph than as “articles from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after weaving, forming figures or designs, not including straight hemstitching,”’ at 60 per cent under paragraph 358. (G. A. 7769, T. D. 35675, of 1915.) (See par. 358.) Cotton handkerchiefs, not hemmed, of cloth containing yarns, the average number of which exceeds No. 99, are dutiable at 25 per cent under this paragraph, whereas cotton cloth exceeding No.. 99, from which such handkerchiefs are made, pays 274 per cent or 30 per cent aecording to whether or not in the gray. PARAGRAPH 256. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1978. 324. Clothing, ready-made, and ar- ticles of wearing apparel of every description, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cot- ton or other vegetable fiber is the com- ponent material of chief value, made up or manufactured, wholly or in part, by the tailor, seamstress, or manufac- turer, and not otherwise provided for in this section, 50 per centum ad va- lorem, 348. Shirt collars and cuffs, com- posed of cotton, 45 cents per dozen 256. Clothing, ready-made, and ar- ticles of wearing apparel of every de- scription, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component materiai of chief value, or of cotton or other vegetable fiber and india rub- ber, made up or manufactured, wholly or in part, by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, and not otherwise specially provided for in this section, 30.per centum ad valorem; shirt col- lars and cuffs of cotton, not specially pieces and 15 per centum ad va- TARO? Fs. * i provided for in this section, 30 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—This paragraph covers wearing apparel, of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for. It excludes wearing apparel wholly of flax, hemp, or ramie (par. 278) ; knit goods (pars. 259, 260, 261) ; various small wares enumerated in paragraph 262; and wear- ing apparel specially ornamented by lace work, embroidery, ete. (par. 358). Production.—Separate figures for cotton wearing apparel are not available, but it is evident that all but a very small percentage of our increasing demand is supplied here. Imports.—France is usually the leading source. 408 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 1914 1918 Shirts and onfis. 26.25 032. ke ee be eee eben ian Je a wien games $5,619 $36, 252 Corsets, not ornamented... 2... on. een ee bn en din nls neh 4 = on umn 1,273 12, 837 Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel n.s.p.f. . 1, 065, 365 655, 405 Total.u, Gok os se te cce tnss,-eeetnet eiah'y 2 ay op ac ae aeeeee 1, 072, 257 704, 494 Exports.—Canada, Cuba, and Mexico are the principal purchasers. 1914 1918 Collars.and: CUf6 0. oa «0a snide catbmeeicw rh Myide kede a> Svoringhp~'s sid bp oeuee eee $321, 346 Corsets, all si 0G8 2 oscar Scene a ee el Vans heh Spaeth $2, 220, 739 1, 819,°767 Wearing apparel, all other: Formen and boys4..0 «- -nssceeasaees : sane ane canese ened nes 6, 070, 346 999, 887 For women andichildren cuss ea 2i esc cen bene sseane ans eter 2,680, 352 Totelaiss anitatutiive. diiys e- froin. dow 8, 220, 626 | 10, 891, 811 INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Tucked shirt bosoms of cotton or flax not embroidered or appliquéd, tuckings chief value, were held dutiable under this paragraph as wearing apparel composed in chief value of cotton rather than as articles made in whole or in part of tuckings under paragraph 358. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1915.) This decision was followed in classifying untrimmed hats made of cotton braid and thread (Ab- stract 88935, of 1915) and hat forms or shapes composed in chief value of cotton netting (Abstract 88719, of 1915) under this para- graph as cotton wearing apparel. This paragraph was also held more specific than manufactures or rubber for gloves composed of cotton and rubber, used by electricians and linemen (Abstract 37512, of 1915), and more specific than articles made from pile fabrics (par. 257) for bibs made of cotton terry cloth (Abstract 38388, of 1915). Slippers made of cotton and leather, the parts of the slip- pers composed of each of the two materials being made separately for use in producing the completed article, cotton in chief value, were held dutiable under paragraph 324 of the act of 1909. In determining ~ the component of chief value in merchandise of this kind, inquiry will be made to discover at what stage the several component parts were united to form the completed whole; that stage will be “its condition as found in the article.’ Here the expense of sewing the pieces of cotton cloth together in preparation for uniting them with the leather parts entered into the value of the cotton so employed. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 148, of 1911.) In the case of Chinese shoes, leather was the greatest in value of any single component, but cotton and ramie to- gether constituted the component in chief value. They were also held dutiable as wearing apparel within this paragraph on the ground that the phrase “ composed of cotton or othér vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief value ’”’ should be interpreted as if the conjunction “ or” were “ and.” (Abstract 48034, of 1919.) Insoles for shoes in chief value of cotton (Abstract 48219, of 1919) and insoles for shoes made from the manu- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 409 factured pith of a gourd, not woven, but cut into the shape of the human foot and pressed (Abstract 43039, of 1919) were also classified under this paragraph. Waterproof garments made by cementing with rubber a cotton cloth to a cotton and wool cloth, or cotton and silk cloth to cotton and wool cloth, the rubber in each case being negligible in value, are composed in chief value of cotton, wool, or silk, according to which represents the greatest value as yarns plus its proportion on the basis of quantity, of the cost of weaving, and other expenses incurred in making the cloth and bringing it to the condition it had imme- diately prior to its combination with the other materials in order to form the goods in question. For this purpose cloth composed in chief value of one of these fibers should not be regarded as made entirely of it. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 489, of 1917.) (In some cases it has been found impracticable to distribute charges upon a quantity basis; in such cases the basis is value.) The words “ by the tailor, Seamstress, or manufacturer ” appear to be unnecessary. Tucked shirt bosoms pay 80 per cent under this paragraph (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, supra) ; tucked cloth in the piece, 60 per cent under paragraph 358 (Abstract 41917, of 1918). (See par. 386.) PARAGRAPH 257. ACT OF 19069. 325. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics, cut or uncut, whether or not the pile covers the entire surface; any of the fore- going composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, except flax, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 9 cents per square yard and 25 per centum ad valorem ; if bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 12 cents per square yard and 25 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That corduroys composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, weighing seven ounces or over per square yard, shall pay a duty of 18 cents per square yard and 25 per centum ad valorem: Provided further, That manufactures or articles in any form including such as are commonly known as bias dress facing or skirt bindings, made or cut from plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, or other pile fabrics composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber shall be subject to the foregoing rates of duty and in addition thereto 10 per centum ad valorem; Provided further, That none of the articles or fabrics provided for in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than 474 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1913. 257. Plushes, velvets, plush or velvet ribbons, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics, cut or uncut, whether or not the pile covers the en- tire surface; any of the foregoing composed wholly or in chief value of cotton or other -vegetable fiber, ex- cept flax, hemp, or ramie; and manu- factures or articles in any form, in- cluding such as are commonly known as bias dress facings or skirt bind- ings, made or cut from _ plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, or other pile fabrics composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, or ramie, 40 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Pile fabrics are distinguished from all other woven articles by their surface, which shows a series of short ends 410 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. or loops issuing from the cloth and usually concealing the interlacing of the warp and filling. They are of two kinds—warp piles made with two warps and one filling, producing velvet and plush; and filling piles made with two fillings and one warp, producing .such — goods as velveteen and cerduroy. - Pile fabrics may be plain or figured, commonly the former, and either cut or uncut. Warp-pile fabrics permit of a greater variety of effects and are the most extensively used. 'Terry-woven cloths are uncut loop-pile fabrics made without the ‘aid of wires. Turkish towels and bath mats, separately provided for in paragraph 264, are the principal output of terry looms, but other cloths made in this manner enter under this paragraph. Manufactures of cotion-pile fabrics include, particularly, parties and other articles used for upholstery and decorative purposes. They do not include wearing apparel (par. 256) nor towels and bath mats (par. 264). Production of velvets, plushes, corduroys, ete., showed a steady increase, amounting to 29,128,708 square yards, valued at $8,540,143, in 1914. They are made chiefly in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Imports were 4,100,503 square yards, valued at $2,204,224 in 1914, and 1,127,071 square yards, valued at $808,487 in 1918. Imports of manufactures of cotton pile fabrics in 1914 were valued at $211,282, and in 1918 at $31,326. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Bleached and colored cotton “terry cloth” which has a series of closely piaced loops of thread issuing from the body of the fabric at right angles thereto, and which is suitable and intended for use as dress goods, is included within the meaning of the term “ pile fab- rics”’ as that term is commonly and commercially used and was held properly dutiable as pile fabrics uncut under paragraph 325 of the act of 1909 and not as countable cotton cloth. (G. A. 7572, T. D. 34545, of 1914.) Certain dress goods were also held properly classi- fied as pile fabrics under this paragraph (257) of the act of 1913 rather than as cotton cloth under paragraph 252. (Abstract 38036, of 1915.) Terry cloth and similar fabrics are classified as pile fabrics under this paragraph (T. D. 34287, of 1914.) Prayer rugs made or cut from pile fabrics and resembling floor rugs in design, but so slight in structure that they would not lie smoothly or adhere to the floor when walked upon and not suitable or serviceable as floor coverings, are dutiable under this paragraph rather than as rugs of cotton under paragraph 302. (Abstract 38502, of 1915.) Traveling rugs of cotton velvet were likewise classified. Paragraph 802 was held to have reference to merchandise used as floor coverings. (G. A. 7990, T. D. 86820, of 1916.) Pile fabrics com- posed in chief value of cotton chenille are more specifically provided for as pile fabrics under this paragraph than as articles of which cotton chenille is the component material of chief value. (Abstract 43268, of 1919.) Cotton velvet articles, known as “beauty spots” and used on the face to enhance by contrast the brilliance of the complexion and not used as coverings for wounds, are dutiable as articles of cotton velvet under this paragraph rather than as court- plaster under paragraph 50. (G. A. 8226, T. D. 37887, of 1919.) 411 Imitation mehair astrakhans of cotton and jute were held properly dutiable under paragraph 825 of the act of 1909. The words “ plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics, cut or uncut, whether or not the pile covers the entire surface,” was broad enough to include any pile fabric as commonly understood. 'The phrase “ cut or uncut ” does not restrict the meaning, but merely makes the mean- ing clear. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 128, of 1915.) Velvet, cotton chief value, was also held dutiable under said paragraph 325 of the act of 1909 as velvet composed in chief value of cotton. The provision “velvets, * * * composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber,” is more specific than “cloth, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber and silk,” in paragraph 821. The words “ composed of” have been held to mean ‘‘ composed wholly or in chief value of.” (Abstract 386784, TF. D. 34871, of 1914.) (See pars. 252, 258, and 264. ) PARAGRAPH 258. 1969. ACT OF 1918. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT GF 326. Curtains, tables covers, and all } articles manufactured of cotton che- nille, or of which cotton chenille is. the component material of chief value, tapestries, and other Jacquard figured upholstery goods, weighing over six ounces. per square yard, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton or other vegetable fiber; any of the fore- going, im the piece or otherwise, 50 per centum ad valorem. 258. Curtains, table covers, and all articies manufactured of cotton che- nille, or of which cotton chenille is _ the component material of chief value, tapestries, and other Jacquard figured upholstery goods, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton or other vege- _ table fiber ;. any of the foregoing, in the piece or otherwise, 35 per centum ad valorem; all other Jacquard fig- ured manufactures of cotton or of which eotton is the component ma- terial of chief value, 30 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. MANUFACTURES OF COTTON CHENILLE. Description and uses.—Chenille (a French term meaning cater- pillar), a fringed thread having soft-spun ends of yarn projecting in all directions, is made by so twisting strips cut longitudinally from specially woven cloth that the twisted warp threads hold in~place the cut filling. The fringed thread is then used as filling in making fabrics, such as curtains, table covers, and rugs. Production of chenille has been largely replaced by cotton tapestry, and the smail output is not recorded. Imports in 1914 were valued at $167,716; in 1918 at $16,889. TAPESTRIES AND OTHER JACQUARD FIGURED UPHOLSTERY GOODS. Deseription and uses.—Tapestry is a yarn-dyed fabric composed of two sets of warp and filling threads, woven on a Jacquard loom, and used for furniture and wall coverings. “ Jacquard figured upholstery goods” commonly ineludes only Jaecquard-woven goods specially made for furniture covering, fabrics weighing at least 6 ounces per square yard. In a broader sense it covers other weights also and includes interior textile decorations and fittings. Production in 1914 of cotton tapestries was 10,137,710 square yards, valued at $5,411,592, the yardage remaining practically stationary since 1899. Production figures of other Jacquard figured upholstery goods are not available. Import values in 1914 were $634,617; in 1918, $475,925. A412, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ALL OTHER JACQUARD FIGURED MANUFACTURES OF COTTON, Description and uses.—Cloth woven on a Jacquard loom is included with other “woven figured” under paragraph 252, excepting up- holstery goods specially provided for elsewhere in this paragraph. The term “all other Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton ” relates only to articles manufactured of Jacquard woven cloth. The “all other ” indicates that some Jacquard figured articles are specifically provided for elsewhere, as wearing apparel (par. 256), manufactures of pile fabrics (par. 257), and miscellaneous narrow wares (par. 262). Imports declined from a value of $598,387 in 1914 to only $7,573 in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The provision for “ Jacquard figured upholstery goods” has been construed to include all the interior textile decorations and fittings of apartments (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918, following 3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 115, of 1912, wherein it was held that Jacquard figured cotton panels designed to be affixed to screens were Jacquard figured up- holstery goods, within paragraph 3826 of the act of 1909), and to take from other paragraphs of the tariff act all goods answering to the Gescription (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 447, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 351, of 1918). This construction puts chief use above eo nomine specifica- tion as the legislative intention, and furthermore involves the assess- ment of duties at a much lower rate (35 per cent) on goods of a higher class, Jacquard figured, than is assessed on plainer and less expensive goods (60 per cent) not Jacquard figured, such as nets, neitings, and laces, which are specifically provided for in paragraph 358, irrespective of material. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 253, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 312, 388, of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918; G. A. 8187, T. D. 37723, of 1918.) The nets, nettings, and laces thus judi- cially classified were in the piece and wholly or in chief value of cotton or of flax The dutiable classification of finished curtains, Jacquard figured, has not been judicially determined. Attorneys stipulated in one case that Nottingham lace window curtains would be dutiable under the specific provision therefor in paragraph 265 and that other lace window curtains would for the same reason be dutiable under paragraph 358 (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, 428, of 1918), and the Board of General Appraisers has said that “there may have been special reasons presented which induced Congress to make an eo nomine provision for lace window curtains and thereby to eliminate them from the upholstery goods provision where they would otherwise fall under the common understanding of the term ‘ upholstery goods’ ” (G. A. 8187, T. D. 87723, of 1918), but doubt is raised by the repeated statement of the Court of Customs Appeals above set forth con- cerning the comprehensive nature of the provision in paragraph 258 for Jacquard figured upholstery goods whether net or lace curtains would be classified under the eo nomine provisions therefor. Other goods which have been held to come within paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured upholstery goods are velvet or plush table or couch covers assessed by the collector under paragraph 257 (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 447, of 1915; Abstracts 400838, 40414, 40415, 40883, and 40476, of 1916) ; Jacquard figured madras muslin curtains, claimed to be dutiable under paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton and madras muslin curtain goods in the piece, claimed to be dutiable SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 413 under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 477, of 1916) ; scalloped Jacquard figured madras muslin curtains in the piece and otherwise and materials therefor, assessed under paragraph 358 (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 351, of 1918); Jacquard figured cotton cloth used chiefly for making slip covers for furniture, claimed to be dutiable under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth (G. A. 8270, T. D. 38067, of 1919); and Jacquard figured ticking, a heavy material woven with an elaborate decorative design intended as textile decoration of an apartment, but used aiso as a mattress covering, also claimed to be dutiable under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth (Abstract 41995, of 1918). Jacquard figured goods other than upholstery goods, wholly or in chief value of cotton, have been classified as follows: Union table damask, in chief value of cotton Jacquard figured, was held dutiable under this paragraph as Jacquard figured manufacture of cotton and not under paragraph 284 ag a manufacture of flax. (Abstract 38815, of 1915.) Huck, damask, and union towels (Abstract 40297, of 1916), and cotton quilts, pillowcases, and bath mats (Abstract 40093, of 1916; G. A. 7748, T. D. 35577, of 1915), and blankets (Abstract 37475, of 1915) were held dutiable under paragraph 264; and cotton tabie damask in the piece and articles of cotton table damask, such as tablecloths or covers and napkins, were held dutiable under para- graph 268 (G. A. 7630, T. D. 34908, of 1914; G. A. 7780, T. D. 35724, of 1915; and Abstract 40297, of 1916), rather than under this para- graph as Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton. Woven cotton shirting cloth and woven cotton dress goods im the piece, Jacquard figured, were held dutiable under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth and not under paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 271, of 1915) ; and Jacquard figured laces, edgings, insertings, flouncings, and nets or nettings wholly or in chief value of cotton, were held more specifically provided for in paragraph 358 under their respective names than in paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 255, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 447, of 1917; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 87948, of 1919). Chenille bath mats were held to come within the provision in para- graph 258 for articles manufactured of cotton chenille or of which cotton chenille is the component material of chief value, rather than under the provision for bath mats in paragraph 264 (G. A. 8008, T. D. 36899, of 1916) ; but chenille pile fabrics of cotton were held not to be dutiable under this provision in paragraph 258, but to be more specifically provided for as pile fabrics under paragraph 257 (Ab- stract 43268, of 1919). These articles were not Jacquard figured. The word “ other” might be inserted between “all” and “ articles ” in the first clause of paragraph 258. There is no need of a separate provision for Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton if the rate of duty is to be the same as on manufactures of cotton generally in paragraph 266. The words of limitation “ weighing over six ounces per square yard” in the act of 1909 (par. 326) might be restored to the provi- sion for Jacquard figured upholstery goods, and provision distinct from both that provision and from paragraph 252 might be made for cotton cloth (such as madras muslins) having figures or designs produced by the Jacquard, swivel, lappet, or similar attachments, with threads other than the ordinary warp and filling threads 414 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. which are not continuous throughout the entire length or width of the fabric. PARAGRAPH 259. ACT OF 19093. 3827. Stockings, hose, and half hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise specially pro- vided for in this section, 80 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 19138. 259, Stockings, hose and half hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise. specially pro- vided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. : GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—This paragraph refers particularly to hosiery made by stitching up hosiery “ blanks” cut from long tubular webs made on large circular knitting machines. This “cnt hosiery ” is an inferior substitute for the seamless and the full-fashioned hosiery of paragraph 260. Imports in 1914 were 347,509 dozen pairs, valued at $178,897; in 1918, 6,903 dozen pairs, valued at $3,752. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Children’s cotton hose and half hose, made from fabrics knitted on two different types of machines and shaped by cutting and seam- stitching, were held to come within the provision “stockings, hose, and half hose, made on knitting machines or frames.” (G. A. 7414, T. D. 33085, of 19138.) Onission of the word “ otherwise” in the expression “and not otherwise specially provided for in this section” would make the language of the qualification conform to ordinary usage. Inasmuch as paragraph 259 is in the nature of a catch-all to para- graph 260, their positions might well be reversed, or the two para- graphs be combined by adding to paragraph 260: “ other stockings, hose, and half hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not specially provided for in this section, [rate].” PARAGRAPH 260. 328, Stockings, hose and half hose, selvedged, fashioned, narrowed, or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, including such ag are commercially known as seamless stockings, hose and half hose and clocked stockings, hose and half hose, all of the above com- posed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than $1 per dozen pairs, 70 cents per dozen pairs; valued at more than $1 per dozen pairs, and not more than $1.50 per dozen pairs, 85 cents per dozen pairs; valued at more than $1.50 per dozen pairs, and not more than $2 per dozen pairs, 90 cents per dozen pairs; valued at more than $2 per dozen pairs, and not more than $3 per dozen pairs, $1.20 per dozen pairs ; 260. Stockings, hese and half hose, selvedged, fashioned, narrowed, or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, including such as are commercially known as seamless stockings, hose and half hose, and clocked stockings, hose and half hose, all of thea above composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, finished or unfinished; if valued at not more than 70 cents per dozen pairs, 80 per centum ad valorem; if valued at more than 70 cents, and not more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 40 per centum ad valorem; if valued at more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 50 per centum ad valorem. Gloves by whatever process made, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton, 35 per centum ad valorem, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 415 ACT OF 4909—Continued. ACT OF 1918. valued at more than $3 per dozen pairs, and not more than $5 per dozen pairs, $2 per dozen pairs; and in ad- dition thereto, upon all the foregoing, 15 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $5 per dozen pairs, 55 per centum ad valorem. Men’s and boys’ cotton gloves, knitted or woven, valued at not-more than $6 per dozen pairs, 50 cents per dozen pairs and 40 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $6 per dozen pairs, 50 per centum ad valorem. GHNERAL INFORMATION. SEAMLESS AND FULL-FASHIONED HOSIERY. Description and uses.—Hosiery may be either seamless, full-fash- ioned, or:cut. The first two come under this paragraph. Seamless hosiery is made on a circular knitting machine, usually complete except for a short seam at the toe; the ribbed top, if used, is made on a rib machine and then put on a circular machine and the balance of the hose stitched on: Full-fashioned hosiery is made by stitching together the edges of stocking “ blanks,’ which are made on flat knitting machines. It is called ‘ full-fashiened’” because stitches are dropped or added on the successive machines to make the stock- ing conform to the shape and size desired. Full-fashioned hosiery fits better than the seamless, is more elastic, is susceptible to a wider range of ornamentation, and is the finest made. Seamless hosiery is made more quickly and cheaply and is more generally used. Women’s fine stockings were formerly imported, but during the war a considerable extension of flat knitting developed and the domestic industry now supplies all demands. Clocked stockings have figured ornamentation on the sides, either knitted in the fabric or embroidered at the ankle. Production of cotton hosiery in 1914 amounted to 61,409,575 dozen pairs, valued at $59,631,474. Pennsylvania leads, followed by North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. In 1909 cotton hosiery constituted 91.2 and in 1914 81.7 per cent of the domestic output of knit goods. The volume is steadily increasing, its relative decline having been due to the rapid development of silk and mixed-silk manufacture. Imports of seamless and full-fashioned hosiery in 1914 were 1,846,862 dozen pairs, valued at $2,770,781, 4.6 per cent of the value of all cotton hosiery production. Import values declined from $5,750,- 716 in 1910 to $138,384 in 1918. Prewar imports were almost entirely from Germany. Exports of cotton hosiery in 1918 amounted to 5.664,101 dozen pairs, valued at $11,578,209. In 1914 exports of cotton knit goods of all kinds amounted to only $2,546,822; there has been since then a particularly rapid increase in the export of cotton hosiery, not re- corded separately prior to 1918. The best markets in 1918 were Argentina, Cuba, the United Kingdom, and Canada. COTTON GLOVES. Description and uses.—Cotton gloves are classified as follows: (1) Work gloves, made of canvas or cotton flannel, the goods being fash- 416 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ioned by a cutting device and sewed on a machine; these are often rein- forced with leather, or, for husking, with metal. (2) Circular cotton gloves, made of goods knit on a “circular” machine, then cut and sewed. (3) Lisle gloves, which include many varieties of women’s dress gloves made of lisle thread, a severely gassed cotton yarn re- sembling linen yarn. (4) Suéded cotton (or chamoisette) gloves, made of a fabric called Atlas cloth (of firm texture and knit to pre- vent unraveling) and finished to resemble chamois. “ Duplex” gloves, made of two thicknesses of Atlas cloth, are suitable for winter wear. Production values of various kinds of cotton gloves for 1918 were estimated as follows: Work. gloves, $4,000,000 to $5,000,000, the bulk produced in the Middle West; gloves of “ circular” cloth, $500,000; lisle gloves, $2,000,000; and sucded cotton gloves, $8,450,000 (1,300,000 dozen pairs). The three latter classes are made chiefly in New York State. Before the war the manufacture of cotton gloves was confined largely to work and “ circular” gloves, our supply of lisle and suéded gloves coming almost wholly from Germany. Since 1914 production has grown so rapidly that at least one-half the lisle and practically all the suéded gloves required for domestic use are made in this coun- try. Imports of lisle gloves now come chiefly from Japan. Imports of cotton gloves in 1914, principally the suéded variety, were valued at $2,184,039; in 1918, chiefly lisle, $590,684. In 1913 cotton gloves valued at .$2,396,408 came from Chemnitz, Saxony. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, There is a specific provision in this paragraph for “ clocked hosiery of cotton or other vegetable fiber,” but none in the silk schedule for clocked silk hosiery, which comes within paragraph 358 as em- broidered. (See par. 358; also, for footless hose, par. 288.) PARAGRAPH 261. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 829. Shirts and drawers, pants, 261. Shirts and drawers, pants, vests, union suits, combination suits, tights, sweaters, corset covers and all underwear of every description made wholly or in part on knitting ma- chines or frames, or knit by hand, finished or unfinished, not including stockings, hose and half hose, com- posed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, valued at not more than $1.50 per dozen, 60 cents per dozen and 15 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $1.50 per dozen and not more than $3 per dozen, $1.10 per dozen, and in addition thereto 15 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than $8 per dozen and not more than $5 per dozen, $1.50 per dozen, and in addition thereto 25 per centum ad valorem ; valued at more than $5 per dozen and not more than $7 per dozen, $1.75 per dozen, and in addi- tion thereto 35 per centum ad_va- lorem; valued at more than $7 per dozen and not more than $15 per dozen, $2.25 per dozen, and in addi- tion thereto 85 per centum ad va- lorem ; valued above $15 per dozen, 50 per centum ad yalorem, vests, union suits, combination suits, tights, sweaters, corset covers, and all underwear and wearing apparel of every description, not specially pro- vided for in this section, made wholly or in part on knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, finished or unfinished, not including such as are trimmed with lace, imitation lace or crochet or as are embroidered and not including stockings, hose and half hose, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber 380 per centum ad valorem, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 417 GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Knit wearing apparel may be divided into “fiat”? and “ribbed.” Ribbed goods ane distinguished from flat (plain surface) goods by having ribs or waies on both sides of the fabric. Cuffs, anklets, hosiery tops, etc., as well as sweaters and other knit goods for outer wear, are made on the rib machine, but it is not opt: narily used for undergarments having smooth surfaces. Full-fashioned underwear is the product of a straight spring-needle machine, which narrows or shapes the garment to fit the body. Only the finest grades are made in this way. The ordinary and cheapest method is to knit the fabric into long tube-shaped material on a large circular knitting machine, when it may be cut and made into any type of underwear desired. Such garments are known as “ cut goods,” the finishing being the most important part of the process. Production of cotton knit underwear in 1914 amounted to $68,- 715,752. Official returns for sweaters, cardigan jackets, bathing suits, leggings, hoods, scarfs, shawls, and other wearing apparel do not show the value or volume of those made of cotton. New York and Penn- sylvania are the chief producers of knit goods for underwear and outer garments. Imports in 1914 of cotton kwit goods, other than hosiery and gloves, were valued at $341,983, or less than 1 per cent of domestic produc- tion; in 1918, $216,248. Exports of knit wearing apparel in 1918 amounted to $3,774,956, of which underwear made up $2,602,298. and other wearing apparel, $1,172,663. The main markets are Canada, Cuba, Australia, and Ar- gentina. In 1914 the total exports of cotton knit goods, including - hosiery, amounted to $2,546,822. (For “ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 278 and 386.) PARAGRAPH 262. ACT GF 1909. 830. Bone casings, garters, tire fab- rie or fabric suitable for use in pneu- matic tires, suspenders and _ braces, and tubing, any of the foregoing made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and india rubber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief value, and not em- broidered by hand or machinery, 45 per centum ad valorem; spindle band- ing, woven, braided, or twisted lamp, stove, or candle wicking made of cot- ton or other vegetable fiber, 10 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad va- lorem ; loom harness, healds or collets made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other veg- etable fiber is the component material of chief value, 50 cents per pound and 25 per centum ad valorem; boot, shoe, and corset lacings made of cot- ton or other vegetable fiber, 25 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad va- Jorem; labels, for garments or other articles, composed of cotton or other 184911°—20 27 ACT OF 1918. 262. Bandings, belts, beltings, bind- ings, bone casings, cords, tassels, cords and tassels, garters, tire fabric or fabric suitable for use in pneu- matic tires, suspenders and braces, and fabrics with fast edges not ex- ceeding twelve inches in width, all of the foregoing made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief value, or of cotton or other vegetable fiber and india rubber, and not embroidered by hand or machinery; spindle banding, woven, braided, or twisted lamp, stove, or candle wicking made of cot- ton or other vegetable fiber; loom harness, healds, or collets made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable . fiber is the component material of chief value; boot, shoe, and corset lacings made of cotton or other vege- table fiber; and labels for garments or other articles, composed of cotton 418 ACT OF i1903—Continued. vegetable fiber, 50 cents per pound and 30 per centum ad valorem); belt- ing for machinery made of cotton or other vegetable fiber and india rubber, or of which cotton or other vegetable SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1913—Continued. or other vegetable fiber, 25 per cen- tum ad valorem; belting for machin- ery made of cotton or other vege- table fiber and india rubber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber fiber is the component material of | is the component material of chief chief value, 30 per centum ad va-| value, 15 per centum ad valorem. lorem. 349. * * * bandings, belts, belt- ings,. bindings, cords, '* * * rib- bons, tapes, webs, and webbings x * *; all of the foregoing com- posed wholly cr in chief value of cot- ten * .* * or other .xegetable fiber, or of cotton * * * or ether vegetable fiber and india rubber, or of cotton * * * or other vegetable fiber, india rubber, and metal, and not elsewhere specially provided for in this section, 60 per centum ad. va- lorem: Provided, That no article com- posed wholly or in chief value of one or more of the materials or goods specified in this paragraph, shall pay a less rate of duty than the highest rate imposed by this section upon any of the materials or goods of which the same is composed: And provided fur- ther, That no article or fabric of any description, composed of * * #* other vegetable fiber, or of which these materials or any of them is the component material of chief value, when embroidered by hand or ma- chinery, or having hand or machin- ery embroidery thereon, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed in this section upon any embroideries of the materials of which such em- broidery is composed. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—This is the “small wares” paragraph of Schedule I, including fabrics and articles usually ornamented and for the most part made on ribbon loom and braiding machines. Banding, belting, and binding are narrow fabrics, either woven or braided. Banding is used. as hat and eap bands and as a border or girdle on dresses at the waist, wrists, and neck; also for inclosing cigars in bundles. Belting is used for making girdles or belts to be worn about the waist. Binding is used to secure the edges of cloth or of garments to impart strength and prevent fraying or raveling. Bone casings are narrow tubular fabrics, either woven or braided, used as a covering (casing) for corset and dress steels. Cords are made by braiding together three or more threads. ‘Tassels are pendant crnaments made by twisting or braiding together threads cut to a certain length and gathered together at one end. Cords and tassels are formed by securing tassels to cords. Garters, suspenders, and braces are articles made from narrow elastic fabrics woven with india-rubber threads inserted in the warp. Tire fabrics are woven from comparatively coarse yarns, usually combed, however, and made from long-staple cotton. They form the base of the finished v SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 419 rubber tire. I’abrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width may be either elastic or nonelastic; this clause is inserted te cover ribbon-loom products not otherwise provided for. Spindie banding is used to drive a spindle and is usually made by braiding or twisting together rovings or yarns to form a cord; seme spindle banding is woven as a narrow tape. Wicking for lamps, oil-burning stoves, and candles may be either woven or braided. Loom harness consists of a flat frame with a number of heddles or healds—each with an opening or eye tied in the center—stretched thereon side by side; it is used on the leom and governs the order in which the warp threads are inter- woven with the filling to form the weave or design. Healds are made from harness twine and are constituent parts of the leom harness. OCollets are cords used to hold the loom harness in position on the loom and are made of either flax or cotton. Lacings may be round, flat, or tubular. They are usually made on the braiding machine and used for lacing boots, shoes, and corsets. Woven labels are made on a rib- bon loom with Jacquard attachment and are used on garments, etc. Belting for machinery is, in the narrow widths, made on webbing looms; the wider. widths differ from the other weven fabrics under this paragraph in that they are made on heavy fiy-shuttle looms. Production in 1914 shows 108 establishments, 6,598 operatives, a eapital of $11,764,495, and an eutput of “ cotton small wares” valued at $11,525,033. Tape and webbing accounted for $5,188,806 of these manufactures. Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts are the leading producers. Imports of all enumerated articles reached a maximum of $1,190,- 283 in 1918. Of this amount “ belting for machinery ” was 49 per cent, and ‘“‘ bandings, belts, beltings, bone casings, cords, tassels, cords and tassels, garters, tire fabric or fabric suitable for use in pneumatic tires, suspenders and braces, and fabrics with fast edges not exceed- ing 12 inches in width ” constituted 48 per cent. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Artificial silk is not a vegetable fiber within the meaning of the term as used in this paragraph and in paragraph 319 of the act of 1913. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 372, of 1918, following 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 86, 1910, holding artificial silk not to be a vegetable fiber within paragraph 314 of the act of 1897 for wearing apparel. “ composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the compotent material of chief value.”) Cotton bandages in the piece in lengths of 50 yards and in widths of 40 to 58 inches and woven with three threads omitted at regular intervals throughout the length of the cioth to indicate where the threads are to be cut in order to produce surgical bandages, each side of the bandage having a speciai thread woven therein to prevent unraveling and the fabrics in their entirety not commercially suitable for any other use than to be cut into bandages, are dutiable as bandings under this paragraph and not under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth. (G. A. 8287, T. D.. 87938, of 1919; 'T. D. 35952, of 1915.) ‘This paragraph has been construed to include blankets for cotton printing machinery (Abstract 87188, of 1915), and cotton felt for making conveyor belts (G. A. 8036, T. D. 37063, of 1917) as belting for machinery; narrow woven articles less than 1 inch in width with a finished pattern or design along one edge, cotton chief value, as bindings (Abstract 37682, of 1915) ; strips 420 SUMMARY~ OF TARIFF INFORMATION. of cotton cloth, approximately 4 inches wide and from 5 to 64 yards in length, as bandings (T. D. 34284, of 1914) ; elastic webbing in chief value of cotton as cloth fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width (Abstract 87644, of 1915); and narrow woven cotton articles in lengths with loops on one edge for braid or tape to hold the ends of pillowcases together. (G. A. 7715, T. D. 85332, of 1915.) Articles of the same general description are provided for eo nomine in different schedules as folows: Schedule I, paragraph 262, “ cords tassels, cords and tassels,” 25 per cent; Schedule J, paragraph 278, “cords,” 830 per cent; Schedule K, paragraph 292, “ cords, cords and tassels,” 85 per cent; Schedule L, paragraph 316, “ cords, cords and tassels,” 45 per cent, and paragraph 319, “ cords, tassels,” 60 per-cent. Japanese toweling when 12 inches or less in width is dutiable at 25 per cent under this paragraph; when wider than 12 inches, at 124 per cent under paragraph 252. (See pars. 319 and 358.) PARAGRAPH 263. ACT OF i969. 331. Cotton table. damask, 40 per centum ad valorem; manufactures of cotton table damask, or of which cotton table damask is the component mate- rial of chief value, not specially pro- vided for in this section, 40 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1913. 263. Cotton table damask, and man- ufactures of cotton table damask, or of which cotton table damask is ‘the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Damask fabrics are mainly woven on Jacquard looms, some varieties on dobby looms, and show orna- mental patterns, elaborate in character, such as fruit, foliage, scrolls, and vases. The figures in the patterns are made by alternately ex- changing warp for filling surface and vice versa. The surface threads of the figures lie at right angles to the surface threads of the back- ground, and rays of light falling on the fabric are dispersed and the pattern is brought out in bold relief, even though the entire fabric is of only one color. Cotton table damask refers to the woven cloth; the principal manufactures are table covers, napkins, and doilies. The majority are white, but some are made in colors, the Turkey red damask, made of red and white yarns, being a staple article. Cotton table damask is cheaper than linen table damask, for which it is substituted, and is being made in this country in increasing quantities. Imports in 1914 were valued at $503,341. Imports in 1918, due partly to higher prices and partly to the scarcity of linen table damask, rose to $1,088,278, with revenue of $272,070. +f INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The term “cotton table damask” includes completed articles as well as goods in the piece and is more specific than the provisions for cotton cloth. (150 Fed. 562, of 1906.) To come within this para- graph as cotton table damask the merchandise must be substantially wholly of cotton. Union damask table covers, a substantial portion of which is fiax, although cotton is chief value, is excluded from this paragraph. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 480, of 1913.) Cotton damask table SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 491 ‘i & * runners are dutiable within the paragraph. (Abstract 30417, T. D. 32926, of 1912.) (See also par. 258.) Cotton table damask, a finished weave of cotton cloth, carries a lower rate of duty than some cotton cloth. PARAGRAPH 264. AOT OF 1969. ¢ SERENA: ACT OF 1913. 264. Towels, bath mats, quilts, blankets, polishing cloths, mop cloths, wash rags or cloths, sheets, pillow- cases, and batting, any of the. fore- going made of cotton, or of which cotton is the component material of chief value, not embroidered nor in part of lace and not otherwise pro- vided for, 25 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Towels and bath mats may be either plain or terry woven, the latter referring to loop piles made without the aid of wires. ‘Terry-woven towels are usually known as Turkish towels. Quilts, also termed bedspreads, coverlets, and counterpanes, are the familiar bed clothing. The four main types are known as erochet, Marseille, satin, and dimity. Blankets are napped fabrics, the nap being produced by a partial cutting and raising of the fibers on the surface of the cloth. Polishing cloths, mop cloths, and wash rags or cloths, are made in various qualities, but largely from low-grade cotton or waste. Sheets are made of plain-woven cloth, cut and hemmed in various sizes. Pillowcases are made of plain- woven tubular cloth, cut to appropriate lengths, sewed, and hemmed. Batting is cotton in thick but lightly matted sheets, used chiefly as a stuffing material in comforts, mattresses, etc. Production of “ toweling and terry weaves” in 1914 was 75,798,907 square yards, valued at $9,805,232, other articles enumerated not being separately reported. North Carolina, Georgia, and Pennsylvania are the chief producers. , Imports of towels and bath mats were valued at $154,326 in 1914 and at $91,778 in 1918; polishing cloths, mop cloths, wash rags or cloths, at $63,077 in 1914 and $9,998 in 1918; sheets and pillowcases, at $4,886 in 1914 and $14,596 in 1918; quilts and blankets, at $116,892 in 1914 and $254,664 in 1918. | INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. This paragraph includes towels of cotion woven on Jacquard looms (G. A. 7609, T. D. 34819, of 1914); Turkish towels (G. A. 7656, T. D. 35019, of 1914, 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 150, of 1917) ; bath mats and quilts of cotton cloth woven on Jacquard looms (G. A. T7748, T. D. 35577, of 1915; cotton blankets woven on Jacquard looms (Abstract 37475, of 1915) ; cotton drawnwvork sheets and pillowcases not embroidered or in part of lace, but having at the edge of the hem threads drawn and additional threads inserted forming an ornamental openwork effect (Abstract 38774, of 1915); Turkish towels in the piece woven in patterns in such a manner that each towel is distinctly set forth and a few plain threads are inserted at regular intervals showing where the articles are to be cut apart (G. A. 7673, T. D. 35101, of 1915); polishing cloths of cotton velvet (Abstract 41604, of 1917) ; 422 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. and cloths reported by the appraiser as dust cloths found to be polish- ing cloths (Abstract 42786, of 1918). (See pars. 258, 266, and 302.) Coverings of ripple cloth to pretect blankets from dirt, are not ‘“ sheets” (G. A. 7963, T. D. 36689, of 1916), and sanitary napkins, of batting and gauze, labeled “ Emergency towel” are not “ towels” (Abstract 37626, of 1915) within this paragraph. Specific provision might be made in this paragraph for dust cloths, which have been held dutiable as manufactures of cotton. (G. A. 7803, T. D. 85847, of 1915.) PARAGRAPH 265. ACT, OF 1969. 351. Lace window curtains, * * * pillow shams, and bed sets, finished or unfinished, made on the Nottingham lace-curtain machine or on the Not- tingham warp machine, and composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, when counting five points or spaces between the warp threads to the inch, 1 cent per Square yard; when count- ing more than 5 such points or spaces to the inch, 4 of 1 cent per square yard in addition for each point or space to the inck in excess of five; and in addition thereto, on such | ACT OF 1918. 265. Lace window curtains, pillow shams, and bed. sets, finished or un- finished, made on the Nottingham lace- curtain machine, and composed of cot- ton or other vegetable fiber, when eounting not more than six points or spaces between the warp threads to the inch, 35 per centum ad valorem; when counting more than six and not more than eight points or spaces to the ineh, 40 per centum ad yalorem 5 when counting nine or more points or spaces to the inch, 45 per centum ad valorem. all the foregoing articles in this para- graph, 20 per centum ad valorem: | x Provided, That none of of the above- named articles shall pay a less rate of duty than 50 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—This paragraph includes curtains (also pil- lew shams and bed sets) made on the Nottingham lace-curtain ma- ehine, which is similar in basie principles to the Lever lace machine, but is wider, uses coarser yarns, and makes goods of larger mesh. _Nottingham lace curtains are usually made of yarns coarser than two-ply 100s and generally have less than 16 meshes to the inch, whereas fancy Lever laces are made largely of yarns finer than two- ply 100s and usually have more than 16 meshes to the inch. About 60 per. cent of domestic curtain machines are of 8 point and coarser. In making a fabric on a lace-curtain machine it is necessary to have at least three sets of yarns—the main or ground warp yarn; the spool yarn, which interlaces with the warp; and the so-called “ brass-bobbia ” yarn, which acts as a binder between the warp and the spool yarns. For producing special types of curtains, an addi- tional beam warp or spool yarn may be used, The warp and spool yarns are carried on beams underneath the machine; they are drawn up vertically to intertwist with the brass-bobbin yarns as the latter, suspended from the beam at the top of the machine, swing like pendulums. ‘The spool yarns are of domestic spinning, as are also most of the warp yarns, but brass-bobbin yarns ef the required eharacter and finish are not produced in the United States. Therefore the lace-curtain manufacturers, who are the largest importers of cot- ton yarns, are dependent on the output of English mills for the “ pre- pared ”’ yarns. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 493 Curtains made of cloth, of net or lace, and curtains (‘“ novelty ’’) of voile or marquisette and trimmed with lace, are excluded from this paragraph by the Nottingham machine qualification. Production of Nottingham lace curiains in 1914 was vaiued at $4,678,847 and of Nottingham icce-curtain nets at $1,258,307. The ‘values of pillow shams and bed sets made on the Nottingham lace- curtain machines are not recorded separately. There are 10 Not- tingham lace-curtain manufacturers and about 500 machines (1918), 450 located in Pennsylvania. The Nottingham lace-curtain industry is firmly established and experiences little competition from abroad. Imports of curtains, pillow shams, and bed seis were valued at $174,652 in 1914 and at $38,528 in 1918. Imported eurtains are largely made with 9 or more points, or spaces, to the inch. (The importation of non-Nottingham machine types of lace window cur- tains is several times larger.) INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The expression “made on the Nottingham lace-curtain machine” - does not cover a curtain made partially on such a machine and par- tially on some other machine. (G. A. 4641, T. D. 21942, of 1900.) Finished lace window curiains of cotton or other vegetable fiber, made on the Nottingham machine and scalloped, come within this paragraph. (T. D. 35871, of 1915; Abstract 25029, T. D. 31380, of 1911. } Nottingham tace window curtains are dutiable at 35, 40, or 45 per cent under this paragraph (T. D. 35871, of 1915); Nottingham lace in the piece, at 60 per cent under paragraph 358 (T. D. 34065, of 1914; G. A. 7782, T. D. 35748, of 1915.) (See pars. 258 and 358.) These articles might be classified like other lace articles (par. 358), with which they are comparable in material, construction, and value. PARAGRAPH 266. ACT OF 1969. ACT OF 1918. 332. All articles made from cotton 266. All articies made from cotton -eloth, whether finished or unfinished, | cloth, whether finished or unfinished, and all manufactures of cotton, or of | and all manufactures of cotton or of which cotton is the component ma-; whieh cotton is the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially | terial of chief value, not specially pro- provided for in this section, 45 per | vided for in this section, 30 per centum centum ad valorem. ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—An important class of imports under this paragraph comprises table covers, centerpieces, and doilies made of plain-woven cloth and printed in indigo with typical Japanese pat- terns. Among other products of cotton included are twine, cordage, and rope; cotton bags; and knit goods, other than wearing apparel, such as Atlas cloth for glove manufacture, tubular webs, etc. Production.—it is impossible to make up an inclusive total of do- mestic output for contrast with imports under a basket clause. How- ever, production of cotton twine amounted to $6,268,291, and of cotton cordage and rope, to $3,442,057 in 1914. Imports were $1,622,258 in 1914, and $1,421,822 in 1918. 4294 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The following articles have been held to come within this para- graph: Cotton bureau scarfs, from which warp threads on the sides and woof threads on the ends have been withdrawn, the loose threads remaining being bound together by an additional thread in such way as to leave irregular open spaces, the size of which is determined by the number of threads withdrawn and by the number of loose threads bound together, the additional threads per se forming no figure or design and accomplishing no other purpose than that of producing plain drawn work and figures or designs peculiar to plain drawn work, as articles made from cotton cloth and not under paragraph 358 as “woven fabrics or articles from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after weaving forming figures or designs not including straight hemstitch- ing” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 385, of 1918); cotton fabrics in running lengths about one-third of an inch in width, woven for the sole pur- pose of making coat hangers and having ridges in the weave about 38 inches apart to indicate the places for cutting into such hangers (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 110, of 1914); so-called bath-robe blankets, con- sisting of pieces of colored cotton cloth the raw edges of which have been whipped or bound, such whipping not being necessary to preserve the integrity of the fabric (G. A. 7821, T. D. 32240, of 1912); cotton Holland fabrics partly made into curtains (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 191, of 1912) ; Renaissance or Battenberg rings of cotton (Abstract 27705, ’ 'T. D. 32224, of 1912) ; pulp in sheets made of cotton rags by a process not destroying the integrity or strength of the fibers (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 364, of 1911); so-called ladder tapes of cotton (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 878, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 95, of 1913; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 87942, of 1919); cotton table damask in chief vaiue of cot- ton, but with a substantial portion of flax (4 Ct Cust. Appls., 430, of ' 1918); cotton landing nets, minnow nets, ete. used by fishermen (G. A. 8109, T. D. 37410, of 1917); cotton bedspreads (G. A. 7961, T. D. 86687, of 1916; G. A. 7963, T. D. 386689, of 1916); dust cloths (G. A. 7803, T. D. 35847, of 1915); sponge bags of cotton and silk with rubber lining (Abstract 40838, of 1916; cotton and gum elastic bands used in the manufacture of corsets (Abstract 37990, of 1915); metal snap fasteners on cotton tape, cotton chief value (G. A. 8031, T. D. 87080, of 1917) ; lithographic print of an oil painting on cotton cloth (G. A. 7643, T. D. 34929, of 1914); felt saddle cloths (Abstract 43324, of 1919) ; and railroad air hose composed of cotton duck, rubber gum, and other materials, chiefly iron, the cotton duck being more valuable than the other materials combined, the importer claiming that as the nonmetallic part of the article was known as “ rubber hose” the article should be regarded as composed of but two ma- terials, to wit, metal and so-called rubber hose, in determining the component of chief value (G. A. 8281, T. D. 38094, of 1919). In the act of 1918 a number of articles such as towels, quilts, ete., theretofore covered by the basket clause, were provided for eo nomine in paragraph 264. It might also be advisable further to re- duce the range of the basket clause by adding to the list of household furnishings under paragraph 264 table covers, centerpieces, doilies, not specially provided for. (See pars. 252, 253, 256, 347, 358, and 886.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 425 TURES OF. SCHEDULE J. FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE, AND MANUFAC- PARAGRAPH 267, ACT OF 1969. 358. Singie yarns made of jute, not ACT OF 19138, 267. Single yarns made of jute, not finer than five lea or number, 1 cent per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem; if finer than five lea or number, 85 per centum ad valorem; yarns made of jute not otherwise specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem, finer than five lea or number, 15 per centum ad valorem; if finer than five lea or number and yarns made of jute not otherwise specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Jute yarns may be divided into two classes (1) those made of long jute and (2) those of jute butts and rejections. The first are mostly used in making burlap, also in such goods as carpets, cordage, and twine. In manufacturing, the long jute is first opened, graded, and batched, then put through a softener, a breaker card, a finisher card, two draw frames, a roving frame, and then spun into yarn on a flyer or a ring spinning frame. The low-grade yarns made from jute butts go into cotton-wrapper bagging and similar coarse goods. + Production.—Bengal, with a monopoly of jute growing; is also the largest manufacturer, but exports of yarn are small, as they are largely made into burlap or bags. Dundee, which ranks second only to Calcutta in manufacture, is the largest exporter of jute yarns. In 1914 American mills used 128,312,082 pounds of jute and 114,389,155 pounds of jute butts, which, with oil and water, gave a production of jute yarns of approximately 240,000,000 pounds, used chiefly where spun. The sales, principally to the carpet industry, were 69,827,005 pounds of jute yarns, valued at $7,357,888. Imports.—The jute yarns required in twines, cordage, carpets, and cotton-wrapper bagging, are mainly spun from jute and jute butts imported from Calcutta. The import of jute yarns in 1914 amounted to 1,338,486 pounds, valued at $150,008, a fraction of 1 per cent of the domestic production. Yarn imports come mainly from Dundee. These yarns are almost entirely in the single, and the bulk, in quantity at least, are not finer than 5 lea; that is, they weigh not less than 9.6 pounds per spindle of 14,400 yards. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Numbering of jute yarns—In manufacture and trade, here and abroad, jute yarns are numbered according to the weight in pounds of an arbitrary length of 14,400 yards, which is called a spindle. Four-pound yarn means that a spindle of 14,400 yards weighs 4 pounds; 6-pound yarn means that a spindle weighs 6 pounds, etc. The higher the yarn number, therefore, the coarser the yarn, which is the reverse of yarn numbering systems like the cotton, the worsted, or wet-spun linen, which are based on a fixed weight instead of a fixed length. In the tariff laws, jute yarns are classified according to the “lea’’ system used for wet-spun flax yarns; .the count or lea referring to the number of 300-yard leas required to weigh 1 pound. The “lea” system and the “pound” system are inverse the one to 426 2 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. the other; thus 4pound yarn ts equivalent to 12-lea yarn, 6-pound yarn is equivalent to 8-lea yarn, ete. As a spindle of 14,400 yards is equal in length to 48 leas of 3800 yards, dividing 48 by pounds per spindle will give the equivalent in leas, or dividing 48 by the lea count will give the count in pounds per spindle. Since jute yarns are commercially numbered according to the “pound ” system, it would be more in accordance with custom to use this system in the tariff instead of the lea system, which is foreign to the jute industry. , Bags or sacks made from plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns, etc., pay 10 per cent under paragraph 281, while single jute yarns from which such bags or sacks are manufactured are dutiable at 15 per cent and 20 per cent under this paragraph. (See par. 384.) PARAGRAPH 268. ACT OF 1969. ACTF OF 19243. 339. Cables and cordage, composed | of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass. or sunn, or a mixture of these 268, Cables and cordage, composed of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass or sunp, or a mixture of these or any of them, $ of 1 cent per pound; cables and cordage made of hemp, tarred or untarred, 2 cents per pound, or any of them, 4 cent per pound; eables and cordage made of hemp, tarred or untarred, 1 cent per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The term “ cordage” is used in a collective sense to include all sizes and varieties. of cords and ropes from har- vester twine to the largest cables, but anything less than one-eighth inch in diameter is not cordage in the usual acceptation of the term. Rope is cordage 1 inch or more in diameter. A cable is a strong rope not less than 10 inches in circumference, and is formed by twisting together three 3-strand ropes, the twist being the reverse of that used in making the constituent ropes. In 4-strand ropes and cables the strands, in being laid together, leave the center hollow; this holiow is usually filled with a thread of tow yarn, which is inserted as. the strands are being elosed. Manila is perhaps more extensively used in the manufacture of ‘ables and cordage than any other fiber, as its great pliability and Strength make it particularly adaptable. Sisal and jute are largely used in the cheaper grades of cordage, istle (otherwise called. Tam- pico fiber) and sunn to a smaller extent. In the manufacture of rope the fibers are first spun into yarn. From 20 to 80 of these yarns are twisted into a strand and three or four strands twisted into rope. Ropes are made either by the old- fashioned method employed in making ropewalks or by ‘f house” ma- chines in up-to-date faetories. Compound rope machines are exten- sively used, by which the stranding of the yarn is combined with the closing of the strands into rope, the process. being essentially one of machine braiding. Hemp is also largely used in eables. and ecordage. The yarns. of tarred rope are passed through a tank of tar (heated to 220° F.), ren- dering the rope measurably impervious to water and enabling it to resist the ravages of weather. Russian hemp for tarred rigging has long been held superior for that purpose. Untarred hemp rope is preferred for elevators and dumb-waiters. A427 Production.—-The manufacture of “ rope” in 1914 taken as equiva- lent to cables and cordage, ineluded, besides cotton, 104,909,172 pounds of manila; 53,432,402 pounds of sisal (inciuding henequen); and 26,814,920 pounds of “all other,” of which the bulk was jute. Ap- parently the United States is the largest producer of cables and cor- dage, the United Kingdom ranking second. Imports in 1918 of cables and cordage of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, and sunn, amounted to 2,953,717 pounds, valued at $449,069, the larger portion from Cuba. The 1918 import of cables and cordage of hemp, tarred or untarred, amounted to 832,967 pounds, valued at $153,400, the bulk from the Philippine Islands, free. Exports of “cordage of vegetable fibers’’ reached a maximum in _ 1917—16,991,921 pounds, valued at $3,026,565. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Istle lariats are dutiable as cordage under this paragraph. (Ab- stract 23986, T. D. 30944, of 1910.) Mariine used for serving around wire ropes, cables, etc., is dutiable as hemp cordage under this para- graph and not as hemp twine. (Abstract 28429, T. D. 32488, of 1912.) Articles used for roping and for lacing the head and foot of small sails were also held dutiable as cordage. (Abstract 23985, T. D. 80944, of 1910.) Steel-wire rope covered with hemp, used largely in connection with steamships, such as mooring, on board vessels, and work connected with boats, which was classified under paragraph 284 as a manu- facture in chief value of hemp, was held not to be dutiable as cables and cordage under this paragraph. (Abstract 38558, of 1915.) PARAGRAPH 269. ACT OF 1908. ACT OF 1913. 340. Threads, twines, or cords, made from yarn not finer than five lea or humber, composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these substances er either of them -is the component material of ehief value, 10 cents per pound; if made from yarn finer than 269. Threads, twines, or cords, made from yarn not finer than five lea or number, composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these substances or any of them is the component ma- terial of chief value, 20 per centum ad valorem; if made from yarn finer five lea or number,-12 cents per pound, and #? of 1 cent per pound ad- ditional for each lea, or number, or part of a lea or number, in excess of five. than five lea or number, 25 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Deseription and uses.—Threads, twines, and cords are made by doubling or cabling single yarns. Thread is a slender, well-rounded line, used principally fer sewing. Linen threads may be divided into domestric threads, usually sold at retail, consisting mainly of three-cord and six-cord (cabled) sewing thread; and manufacturing threads, used by garment makers, shoe- makers, saddiers, upholsterers, bookbinders, etc., made in a variety of ways, some being cabled and others of ordinary ply yarns. Thread may be polished, sized and lustered, or waxed. Twine, aS commonly known, is a string of two or more yarns or rovings twisted together. Its wide variations include lath, wrap- ping, patent, four-ply, gill and seine, and sewing twine (for sails). A98 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Cord is made of cable-laid yarns; it is larger than twine and smaller than rope, and used for sash cords, clotheslines, plow lines, ete. Production of “line thread” in 1914 was 5,707,668 pounds, valued at $3,409,186. The output has decreased since 1909, but the value re- mained stationary. Cotton thread is cheaper and more flexible than linen and has largely taken its place, but linen thread is still pre- ferred, especially where strength and durability are desired. The production of jlaw twine in 1914 was 3,958,622 pounds, valued at $1,051,684, and of hemp twine, 9,818,771- pounds, valued at $1,583,354. Imports of threads, twines, and cords of flax, hemp, or ramie were 784,936 pounds, valued at $442,674, in 1914. ‘ Exports of “twine, other than binder,” including twine made of - jute, flax, hemp, ete., were normally around $500,000, but during the war amounted to more than $2,000,000. It is probable that these were largely of jute. y INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Thread, consisting of two strands of flax twisted together, known in trade both as thread and two-ply yarn, is dutiable as thread under this paragraph, rather than as a manufacture of flax not spe- cially provided for. (G. A. 4417, T. D. 21029, of 1899; 108 Fed., 799, of 1901.) The articles in this paragraph are made from materials mentioned in paragraph 270. hair ef ‘the : * * * goat, alpaca, and other Tike ' animals shall ‘be divided, for the pur- « pose of fixing the duties to be charged | thereon, into the three following classes: 305. Hair of the Angora goat, al- paca, and other like animals, and all hair on the skin of such animals, 15 per centum ad valorem, 362. Class two, that is to say, 7 * hair iof the 9) o* >). Amzern i goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 472 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 369.:The duty upon * * * = ail * %* * hair of the second class 12 cents per pound. 368. The duty upon * * * hair of the * * * Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, of * * * class two, which shall be imported in any other than ordinary condition, or which has been sorted or increased in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject::.*. * .*» The duty..upon Pe aS Ore OF. LOG eee kee See tlc gora goat, alpaca, and other like ani- mals of any class which shall be changed in its character or condition for the purpose of evading the duty, or which shall be reduced in value by the admixture of dirt or any other for- eign substance, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise sub- ject. When the duty assessed upon any wool equals three times or more that which would be assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, the duty shall not be doubled on account of the wcol being sorted. If any bale or package of wool or hair specified in this Act invoiced or entered as of any specified class, or claimed by the im- porter to be dutiable as of any speci- fied class, shall contain any wool or hair subject to a higher rate of duty than the class so specified, the whole bale or package shall be subject to the highest rate of duty chargeable on wool of the class subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed by the importer to be shoddy, mungo, flocks, wool, hair, or other material of any class speci- fied in this Act, and such bale con- tain any admixture of any one or more of said materials, or of any other material, the whole bale or package shall be subject to duty at the highest rate imposed upon any article in said bale or package. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—Mohair is from the Angora goat, native to Asia Minor, This fiber is soft and silky, white and lustrous, and twelve- month growths are from 6 to 12 inches in length. Mohair from the Southwestern States is usually shorter, as the goats are sheared twice a year; if this is not done, the hair is shed on account of the warm climate. The average weight of an Angora fleece is about 3 pounds, much below that of the sheep. Alpaca hair, from the animal of that name (found in Peru and Bolivia), is 10 to 16 inches in length, and finer, softer, but less lustrous than mohair, though much like it in the better grades. The reddish brown hair is superior to the white. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 473 Vicuna is a fine and soft fiber, reddish brown, and much like the alpaca, but shorter and softer. Zlama hair is closely allied to alpaca, though usually somewhat coarser. The hair of goats other than the Angora (the Cashmere, for example) is also included in this para- graph. Uses.—These hairs are used for making coat linings, dress goods, automobile tops, rugs, carriage robes, imitation furs, plush for car seats, and for upholstering furniture, etc. The market is subject to the demands of changing fashions. Most manufacturers agree that the domestic mohair is not as lustrous and does not spin so well as the Turkish hair, although it has improved both in length and in quality. Production.—There is no domestic production of alpaca, vicuna, or llama hair. The amount of mohair sheared here in 1900 was 961,000 pounds, valued at $268,000; in 1910, 3,779,000 pounds, valued at $902,000; in 1914 (estimated), 4,500,000 pounds; and 1915 to 1919, about 6,000,000 pounds per year, mainly from Texas, Oregon, New Mexico, California, and Arizona. Kansas City is our leading goat market. South Africa leads with 4,000,000 Angoras, exceeding even Asia Minor. Turkey and South Africa prohibit exportation, but previously we had imported many valuable goats. The annual clip of South Africa is estimated at 25,000,000 pounds; of Turkey, at _ 12,000,000 pounds. Bradford, England, is an important mohair manu- facturing center. Imports.—The imports of mohair, alpaca, ete., in 1910 were 1,969,919 pounds, valued at $682,014, or 52 per cent of our production ; in 1914, 8,555,950 pounds, valued at $1,160,391; in 1917, 9,367,801 pounds, valued at $3,501,808. Most of the total imports of this class consist of mohair, principally from Turkey and South Africa; in normal times the greatest amount comes as a reexport from Great Britain. Alpaca averages about 1,000,000 pounds, but only small quantities of llama or vicuna come to the United States. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Cashmere goat hair or fleece is dutiable at the rate of 15 per cent ad valorem under this paragraph as hair similar to the hair of the Angora goat, and is not free of duty as wool under paragraph 650. (T. D. 34410, of 1914; Abstracts 38198, of 1915 and 396738, of 1916.) Cape Angora goat hair on the skin is dutiable under the provision of this paragraph for “hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, and all hair on the skins of such animals” and is not free of duty with the skins as entireties under paragraphs 603, 604, and 650. The phrase “ other like animals” refers to resemblance in the growth on the skins and not to the other physical characteristics of the animals. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls. 288, of 1918, followed in Abstract 42323, of 1918, and G. A. 8245, T. D. 37960, of 1919, affirmed upon stipulation.) Chinese goat hair is not dutiable under this paragraph as hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, but is free of duty under paragraph 508. (G. A. 8178, T. D. 87689, of 1918, citing 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 500, of 1915.) (See pars. 804 and 307.) It is the practice, however, to assess duty on hair of the Chinese goat of Cashmere origin, under this paragraph. The words “and Cashmere” might be added after “Angora” and “goat”? changed to “goats”; and “llama, guanaco, vicuna” might 474. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. be added after ‘ alpaca,” to avoid possible conflict with paragraph 650, which provides for “ wool of the sheep, hair of the camel, and other like animals.” PARAGRAPH 306. ACT OF 1909. : ACT OF 19153. 375. On * * * tops, made wholly 306. Tops made from the hair of the or in part -ef wool * ™* *, valued { Angora goat, alpaca, and other Tike at not more than 20 cents per pound, | animals, 20 per centum ad valorem, the duty per pound shall be two and: one-fourth times the duty imposed by this schedule on ene pound of un- washed wool of the first class; valued at more than 20 cents per pound, the» duty per pound shall be three and one- . third times the duty imposed by this schedule on one pound of unwashed ° wool of the first class; and in addition thereto, upon all the foregoing, 80 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—In the production of mohair and alpaca yarns, these hairs, after carding or preparing, are combed and the shorter fibers or “noils” are removed. The process in substantially the same as for wool top in the worsted industry, and the continuous strand of long fiber thus produced is likewise known as “ top.” Production.—Over 12,000,000 pounds of Angora geat, alpaca, and vicuna hair were consumed in 1914, but figures fer tops are lacking. Imports of mohair and similar tops were not classified separately prior to 1914. For the first six months they were 33,165 pounds, valued at $11,356; in 1915, 66,723 pounds, valued at $25,663; in 1916, 765,621 pounds, valued at $266,308 ; and in 1918, 12,363 peunds, valued at $9,901. PARAGRAPH 307. 877. On yarns made wholly er in 307. Yarns made of ‘the hair of the part of wool, valued at not more ‘than | Angora goat, alpaca, and other like 30 -cents per pound, the duty per pound | animals, 25 per centum ad valorem. shall be two and one-half times the, duty imposed by this section on one ~ pound of unwashed wool of the first * «class, «and in addition thereto 35 per -ccentum ad valorem; valued at more- than 30 cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three and one-half ‘times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of unwashed wool -of the first class, and in addition thereto 40 per centum ad valorem. ‘GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, or other like animals is produced substantially in the Same manner as worsted yarn, the top (see par. 306) being elongated, diminished in diameter, and twisted, in the drawing and spinning processes, into a fine strand of fibers. Production in 1914 was 8,844,234 pounds of ‘ mohair and similar yarns” for sale, not including yarns consumed in mills where pro- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 475 duced—probably exceeding the sales. yarn made from camel’s hair. Imports of mohair and similar yarns were not separately classified prior to 1914, when from January to July they were 465,012 pounds, valued at $266,883; in 1915, 583,383 pounds, valued at $356,552; and in 1918, 85,599 pounds, valued at $172,078. The figures apparently include INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Angora rabbit-hair yarn, commercially known as Angora wool yarn, is not dutiable as a manufacture of fur under paragraph 348. It is more specifically described in paragraph 307 as “yarns made of the hair of the Angora goat, alpaea, and other like animals” than by the definition of ‘‘ wool” in paragraph 304, “ wool or hair of the sheep, camel, or other like animals,” and is dutiable accordingly. The mak- ing of yarns is not properly speaking a fur use, and the yarn made of hair can not be a manufacture of fur. Angora rabbit hair resem- bles that of the Angora goat or alpaca more nearly than it does that of the sheep or camel. Hair which is so short that it is commercially unfit to be spun into yarn or for the making of textiles and is chiefly employed in the making of furs or fur garments or for other fur uses, is a kind of hair which is known as “ fur,” though it be taken from the back of a sheep. Hair which possesses all of the eharacteristies of fur, but is so long and of such quality that it ean be spun into yarn, and converted into cloth, and is chiefly used for that purpose, should be classified as a wool or as hair other than fur. “ Other like ani- mals” used in paragraphs 304 and 307 with reference to wool and hair regards similarity in the hair and not in the animals themselves. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1917.) (See par. 304.) PARAGRAPH 308. ACT OF 1909. 878. On cloths, * * *, and all manufactures of every description made wholly or in part of wool, not specially provided for in this section, yalued at not more than 40 cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this section on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class; valued at above 40 cents per pound and not above 70 cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this section on one pound of un- washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto upon all the fore- going, 50 per centum ad valorem; valued at over 70 cents per pound, the } duty per pound shall be four times the | duty imposed by this secticn on one pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and 55 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 19353. 308. Cloth and all manufactures of every description made by any process, wholly or in chief value of the khair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and otter like animals, not specially provided for in this section, 40 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Cloths made from these hairs are chiefly of a lustrous appearance and of light weight, such as brilliantines, sicilians, and granadas, and nearly always woven on a cotton warp. So-called ‘lining,’ made of cotton warp and alpaca filling, is also ey) 476 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. - an important item. Other cloths include women’s dress goods, mohair cloth for men’s summer suits, and automobile tops. ‘“ Other manufactures” include shawls, lastings, bindings, braids, couch and table covers, portiéres, and miscellaneous products. Imports were not separately stated prior to 1914. During the succeeding six months imports of cloth amounted to 920,866 pounds, valued at $958,518 ; in 1915, 1,198,319 pounds, valued at $1,266,099 ; and in 1918, 399,474 pounds, valued at $658,954. Imports of “ manu- factures”’ n. s. p. f. in the first six months of 1914 were $53,404; in 1915, $95,270; and in 1918, $116,590. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Angora goat hair coat linings, in the piece, not cut to form or shape, are dutiable as a manufacture of Angora goat hair under this para- graph and not as coat linings of wool under paragraph 290. Para- graphs 3805 to 309, inclusive, of the act of 1918, levy duty upon the hair of the Angora goat and products, fabrics, and manufactures of it. If the term ‘ wool,” as used in the act in connection with manu- factures, includes Angora goat hair, these provisions are unnecessary. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 218, of 1916, followed in Abstract 40331, of 1916.) Mohair dress goods are dutiable as cloth or manufactures of goat hair under this paragraph rather than as wool cloth under paragraph 288 or wool dress goods under paragraph 290. (Abstracts 40013, 40107, 40188, 408382, 40389, of 1916.) Cashmere wearing apparel such as scarfs, waistcoats, and trousers, composed of the wool of the Cash- mere goat, alpaca, and other like animals, are dutiable under this paragraph as manufactures in chief value of hair of the alpaca and other like animals, rather than under paragraph 291, as wearing apparel in chief value of wool. (Abstract 40784, of 1917.) Woven fabrics in chief value of Angora goat hair having a teaseled surface imitating plush are dutiable as cloth or manufactures wholly or in chief value of the hair of the Angora goat under this paragraph, rather than as plushes, velvets, and other pile fabrics under paragraph 309. (G. A. 7906, T. D. 36403, of 1916, followed in Abstracts 40293, 40308, 403842, of 1916. See also T. D. 34624, of 1914 and Abstract 38148, of 1915.) (See par. 288.) PARAGRAPH 309. ACT OF 1909. 443. Plushes and woven fabrics (except crinoline cloth and hair seat- ing) and manufactures thereof, com- posed of the hair of the * * *% goat, alpaca, or any animal, combined with wool, vegetable fiber, or silk, shall be classified and dutiable as manufactures of wool. ACT OF 19138. 309. Plushes, velvets, and all other pile fabrics, cut or uncut, woven or knit, whether or not the pile covers the entire surface, made wholly or partly of the hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, or other like animals, and articles made wholly or in chief value of such plushes, velvets, or pile fab- rics, 45 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—These plushes and pile fabrics (of mohair, alpaca, etc.) are used in covering furniture (especially seats in railway cars and closed automobiles) and as an imitation fur for women’s and children’s cloaks, rugs (the plush sewed to a stiff jute backing), and ** teddybears.” . ey SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 477 Imports were first separately stated in 1914, the first six months showing 214,385 pounds, valued at $239,861; in 1915, 151,978 pounds, valued at $191,536; and in 1918, 13,233 pounds, valued at $17,909. Imports of articles made from pile fabrics, during the first six months of 1914, were $23,578 ; in 1915, $52,975; and in 1918, $10,065. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, Rugs made by sewing plush, composed in chief value of the hair of the Angora goat, to a stiff jute backing are dutiable as articles made wholly or in chief value of plushes, wholly or partly of the hair of the Angora goat, under this paragraph and not under the provision for carpets or carpeting under paragraphs 303 and 296 or 302. (G. A. 7751, T. D. 35588, of 1915.) Wearing apparel composed of plushes made from mohair in part of braids, ornaments, or trimmings was held dutiable under this paragraph rather than under paragraph 358. (Abstract 40478, of 1916, following Abstract 38951, of 1915.) PARAGRAPH 310. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 310. The provisions of this sched- ule (K) shall be effective on and after the first day of January, nine- teen hundred and fourteen, wuntil which date the rates of duty now provided by Schedule K of the exist- ing law shall remain in full force and effect. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. To enable the domestic wool manufacturers to accommodate them- selves, with a minimum of loss, to the new basis established by the act of 1918, it was decided that they be given a period of time sufficient to enable them to consume the stocks of raw wool which they had purchased in a protected market and to dispose of the manufactures into which these stocks entered, before paragraph 650, placing raw wool on the free list, and Schedule K, providing for lowered rates on manufactures, became effective. In order further to reduce losses, it was necessary that the provision for free wool go into effect sufficiently in advance of Schedule K to allow manufac- turers to begin producing on a free-wool basis in time to meet com- petition under the lowered rates on manufactures provided for in that schedule. Accordingly, it was provided that paragraph 650 should be effective on December 1, 1913, and that Schedule K should be effective on January 1, 1914. Were a duty on wool and consequent higher duties on its manu- factures to be levied, the reverse of this situation would result. In that event the interim legislation recommended by the United States Tariff Commission would be applicable especially to protect the Fed- eral revenue. (See report to the Ways and Means Committee. ) Wool and silk dress goods.—The provisions of this paragraph kept in full force and effect until January 1, 1914, not only the rates but also the enumerations of Schedule K, tariff act of 1909, except as otherwise specifically provided by the act of 1918. Consequently the provision of paragraph 381 of the tariff act of 1909 in relation to “ women’s and children’s dress goods * * * composed wholly or 478 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. in part of wool” remained in full force and efiect until January 1, 1914. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 371, of 1916.) Silk hats in part of wool, silk chief value, were held dutiable under the act of 1909, paragraph 382, as wearing apparel in part of wool rather than as silk wearing apparel under paragraph 317 of the act of 1913 (G. A. 7578, T. D. 34600, of 1914),-and embroidered articles made of wool under para- graph 383 of the act of 1909 rather than paragraph 358 of the act of 1913, the fact that Schedule K of the act of 1913 does not mention among its provisions embroidered articles being held not to affect the situation (G. A. 7577, T. D, 34599, of 1914). SCHEDULE L. SILKS AND SILK GOODS. PARAGRAPH 311. ACT OF 1909. 396. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk, and not further advanced or manufac- tured than carded or combed silk, 35 cents per pound. ACT OF 19158. 311. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk and not further advanced or manufac- tured than carded or combed silk, and silk noils exceeding two inches in length, 20 cents per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. RAW SILK PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. Description.—Raw silk passes through only a few stages in the eourse of its manufacture into thrown silk, therefore possible imports of silk partially manufactured from cocoons are practically limited to silk wound on spools or tubes. Production.—The winding of silk on spools or tubes in the United States is a preliminary operation to “throwing” (see par. 313), hence practically none is offered for sale. SILK WASTE PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. Description and use.—Where silk waste (par. 599) has gone through any or all of the processes up to and including combing or “ dressing,” but not the further processes incident to making spun silk, it is dutiable under this paragraph. This combed silk, known as peignée or dressed silk, is useful only in the further processes of silk spinning, and is the main article covered by this paragraph. Production.—The combing of silk is a complicated and extremely technica] process requiring highly skilled labor. Domestic spinners prefer to make their own combed silk, but do not produce it for sale. Nearly 4,000,000 pounds (estimated) of combed silk, including carded silk and long noils, were produced here in 1917. In Europe a combi- nation called the “ Dreibund ” almost entirely controls silk combing as well as silk spinning (par. 312), and very little peignée is produced above its spinning needs. Production in Japan was small until the war. Japanese producers have recently increased their combing capacity without proportionately increasing spinning facilities. Imports prior to 1917 were less than 1,000 pounds annually. With the war.came an enormous Government demand for cartridge-bag cloth, made from noil yarn or coarse spun-silk yarn, causing a shortage of combed silk. As low-grade coarse yarn was needed, the combed silk furnished by the newly expanded Japanese industry was used. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 479 In 1918, therefore, 151,106 pounds of partially manufactured silk (made up to a considerable extent of long noils), valued at $324,952, were imported, almost exclusively from Japan. LONG SILK NOILS. Description and use.—Silk noils ‘are the short fibers removed when silk waste is combed. Those above 2 inches in length are Known as long silk noils and capable of being recombed or made into rough yarn; shorter lengths can not be so used, and are admitted free as silk waste. (See par. 599.) Production.—Noils are produced as a by-product of combing: Import figures are not available. Except in 1918 they were negligible. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Silk which has been advanced by winding from the skeins onto spools or tubes, or by other process, but which has not yet been thrown into yarn (see par. 318), comes under this paragraph. (189 Fed., 606, of 1905.) This paragraph embraces combed silk which has falien from or been caught in the machines (154 Fed., 1003, of 1907), but noils not having in appreciable proportion fibers exceeding 2 inches in length are excluded (Abstract 39083, of 1916). In order to include under the present paragraph all partially manu- factured silk, between the stages of raw silk (silk reeled from the cocoon) and thrown silk, and between the stages of waste silk and spun silk, it is suggested that the wording be changed to read: Silk partially manufactured from raw silk or from waste silk, including combed silk, carded silk, and silk noils exceeding two inches in length, [rate]. PARAGRAPH 312. ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1913. 397. Spun silk or schappe silk yarn, valued at not exceeding $1 per pound, whether in singles, or advanced be- yond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, 35 cents per pound; if valued at exceeding $1 per pound, in the gray, in skeins, warps, or cops, if in singles or not advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns to- gether, on all numbers up to and in- |: cluding number two hundred and five, |) 45 cents per pound, and in addition } thereto #% of 1 cent per number per }- pound; exceeding number two hundred } and five, 45 cents per pound, and in addition thereto 7°; of 1 cent per } number per pound; if advanced be- yond the condition of singles by } grouping or twisting two or more} yarns together, on all numbers up to and including number two hundred and five, 50 cents per pound, and in addition thereto #2, of 1 cent per number per pound; exceeding number 312, Spun silk or schappe silk yarn, 85 per centum ad valorem, 480 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. two hundred and five, 50 cents per pound, and in addition thereto 1% of 1 cent per number per pound; if valued at exceeding $1 per pound, in the gray, on bobbins, spools, or beams, if in singles or not advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns to- gether, on all numbers up to and in- cluding number two hundred and five, and in addition thereto #% of 1 cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, 55 cents per pound, and in addition thereto # of 1 cent per number per pound; if advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, on all num- bers up to and including number two hundred and five, 60 cents per pound, and in addition thereto ~% of 1 cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, 60 cents per pound, and in addition thereto Toy of 1 cent per number per pound; if valued at exceeding $1 per pound, col- ored, bleached, or dyed, in skeins or warps, if in singles or not advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, on all numbers up to and. including number two hundred and five, 55 cents per pound, and in addition thereto 39 of 1 cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, 55 cents per pound, and in addition thereto #5 of 1 cent per number per pound; if advanced beyond the condi- tion of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, on all numbers up to and including number two hundred and five, 60 cents per pound, and in addition thereto ¥% of 1 cent per number per pound; ex- ceeding number two hundred and five, 60 cents per pound, and in addition thereto ~% of 1 cent per number per pound; if valued at exceeding $1 per pound, colored, bleached, or dyed, on bobbins, cops, spools, or beams, if in Singles or not advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, on all numbers up to and including number two hundred and five, 65 cents per pound, and in addition thereto res 4=4Of 1 cent per number per pound; exceeding number two hundred and five, 65 cents per pound,-and in addi- tion thereto 7% of 1 cent per num- ber per pound; if advanced beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or more yarns together, on all numbers up to and including ACT OF 1913. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 481 ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1918. number two hundred and five, 70 cents per pound, and in addition thereto 2% of 1 cent per number per pound; on all numbers exceeding number two hundred and five, 70 cents per pound, and in addition thereto #5 of 1 cent per number per pound. In assessing duty on all spun silk or schappe silk yarn, the number indicating the size of the yarn shall be taken according to the metric or French system, and shall, in all cases, refer to the size of the singles: Provided, That in no case shall the duty be assessed on a less number of yards than is marked on the skeins, bobbins, cops, spools, or beams. But in no case shall any of the goods enumerated in this para- graph pay less rate of duty than 35 per centum ad valorem, 404. In ascertaining the weight of silk under the provisions of this schedule, either in the threads, yarns, or fabrics, the weight shall be taken in the condition in which found in the goods, without deductions therefrom for any dye, coloring matter, or other foreign substance or material. The number of single threads to the inch in the warp provided for in this schedule shall be determined by the number of spun or reeled singles of which such single or two or more ply threads are composed. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Spun silk or schappe yarns are manu- factured from silk waste by combing (see pars. 311 and 599) and spinning. Spun-silk yarn is employed chiefly in velvets and plushes, knit goods, and piece-dyed and wool-mixed fabrics, and its use is rap- idly extending. A low grade of spun-silk yarn, called noil yarn (par. 311), is used in making cartridge-bag cloth and In various wool and silk goods; a shortage of noil yarn during the war caused the substitution of coarse spun-silk yarns. There are two general systems for numbering spun silk. In the metric system, used on the Continent, the count indicates the number of thousand meters per kilogram, and is based on the singles. In the English system, which is more generally used in this country, the count indicates the number of 840-yard hanks to the pound. The latter is similar to the cotton-yarn numbering so far as single yarn is concerned, but is different for folded yarns, where cotton is based on the singles and spun silk on the finished yarn, Production.—Silk waste, imported free, constitutes at present prob- ably about two-thirds of the total cost of spun silk. Conversion is a complicated process requiring much skilled labor; however, in five years the industry, almost wholly in the hands of seven large pro- ducers, has forged ahead rapidly. In 1914 the output for sale was 1,607,416 pounds, but including that for the manufacturer’s own use, 184911°—20——31 3 482 SUMMARY. OF TARIFF INFORMATION. the total production was roughly estimated at 3,500,000 pounds. This increased to 4,500,000 pounds in 1918 (estimated), supplying two- thirds of domestic consumption. Until recently American spinners have manufactured yarns almost exclusively of coarse or medium size from high-grade waste, requiring less skill and labor per unit than the production of fine yarns or yarns from low-grade waste, but they are now developing the manufacture of fine yarns on a commercially significant scale. Other leading producers are France, the United Kingdom, Switzer- land, Germany, Italy, and Japan; production in France, Switzerland, and Italy is largely by a combination called the “ Dreibund,” which controls prices in the countries where it operates, and has supplied the bulk of American imports. The war greatly stimulated low-grade and coarse-silk spinning in Japan. Imports, in a large measure, have been supplementary rather than competitive. From 1910 to 1917 imports increased from 3,159,595 pound to 3,580,188 pounds, and in value from $5,054,174 to $10,381,831. In 1918 imports decreased to 2,502,157 pounds, valued at $7,429,616, Japanese imports increasing, however. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. In determining the size or number of schappe silk yarn according to the metric or French system, pursuant to paragraph 397 of the act of 1909, the absolutely dry weight of the yarn should be ascertained and 11 per cent added for moisture. The usage of the trade in buying or selling schappe silk yarn disregarding a variation of 24 per cent in the number of the yarn, either above or below a recognized com- mercial number, was followed. The provision in paragraph 404 that, in ascertaining the weight of silk, no deductions should be made for “any dye, coloring matter, or other foreign substance or material” was declared inapplicable to the ascertainment of the weight of the yarn for the sole purpose of determining the number according to the metric or French system. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 227, of 1911; G. A. 7046, T. D. 30724, of 1910.) The number was restricted to the number of the yarn in the gray or original condition before being dyed. It was held impracticable to ascertain the number in the gray after dyeing the yarn, and the word “number” was held, when applied to dyed schappe silk yarn, to mean the weight in kilograms divided into the length in meters of the piece weighed. (G. A. 7295, T. D. 32002, of 1911.) Spun-silk yarn in the gray wound upon cylindrical paper tubes, measuring about 4% inches in length and having a uniform diameter of about one-half inch, which tubes were recognized in trade under the general name “ bobbins,” was held dutiable as spun-silk yarn “on bobbins,” rather than as spun-silk yarn in “ skeins, warps, or cops,” according to its value per pound, condition, and number, under para- graph 397 of the act of 1909. (G. A. 7312, T. D. 32123, of 1911.) Wooden beams wound with spun silk were, upon the record in one case, held to be subject to separate duties under subsection 18 of section 28 of the act of 1909, whether or not properly described as containers. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 62, ‘of 1912.) In a later case the spun silk and the beam were held dutiable as entireties, namely, as spun silk on beams. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 47, of 1914.) Wooden spools “ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 483 with silk yarn wound thereon were also held dutiable as a part of the merchandise imported thereon under this paragraph. (Abstract 36341, of 1914, following 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 355, of 1918, holding such spools having artificial silk yarn wound thereon so dutiable when entering into the value of the contents.) Spun silk invoiced as “ progress sewing silk,” and not commercially known as sewing silk, is also within this paragraph. (Abstract 38272, of 1915.) (See pars. 318 and 3819.) ! PARAGRAPH 313. : ACT OF 1909. 398. Thrown silk in the gum, if Singles, 50 cents per pound; if tram, 75 cents per pound; if organzine, $1 per pound; and if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advaneed by any process of manufacture, in addi- ACT OF 1913. 513. Thrown silk not more advanced than singles, tram, or organzine, sew- ing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of every description made from raw silk, 15 per centum ad valorem, tion to the rates herein provided, 50 cents per pound. Sewing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of any deseription made from raw silk, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, if in the gum, $1 per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further advanced by any process of manufacture, $1.50 per pound: Pro- vided, That in no case shall duty be assessed on a less number of yards than is marked on the skeins, bobbins, cops, spools, or beams, GENERAL INFORMATION, THROWN SILK. Description and uses.—Thrown siik is yarn made from raw silk, usually doubled, by the insertion of twist. Thrown silks are known, according to the method of manufacture, as “organzine”’ (used mainly for warp), as “tram” (used mainly for filling), or as “ sin- gles” (silk twisted without doubling). Crépe yarn is a special va- riety produced by the insertion of excessive twist. In the United States, as in Engiand, thrown silk is usually numbered according to the weight in drams of a hank 1,000 yards in length; in continental Hurope thrown silk is numbered the same as raw silk, which is usually according to the weight in deniers of a hank 450 meters long. To reduce denier counts to dram counts, divide the deniers by 17.44. Thus four-thread tram of 16/18 denier size is 17X4=68+17.44=3.90 drams. There are 256 drams to the pound avoirdupois. Production.—In 1914 a total of 18,869,293 pounds of raw silk were thrown on contract by commission throwsters and 4,070,401 pounds for sale. From 10,000,000 to 11,000,000 pounds were thrown by weavers or woven unthrown. At the present time throwing for sale and throwing by weavers appear to be developing more rapidly than throwing on commission. ‘The United States is the greatest thrown-silk producer, with an increasing output; yet so rapidly has silk weaving increased, and so great has become the demand for georgette and other crépe fabrics requiring hard-twisted yarn, that thrown-silk production remains inadequate. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. _ Imports of thrown silk since 1900 have averaged 33,000 pounds, a ~ fraction of 1 per cent of domestic production. In 1914 imports were 64,389 pounds, valued at $270,933; in 1918, 67,319 pounds, valued at $461,982. The record year was 1917 with 125,495 pounds, valued at $570,675—an increase probably due to inability of the thrown-silk producers to meet spinners’ demands. Much of this import was tussah silk—rough, uneven, and very hard and costly to throw. A484 ‘ SEWING SILK, TWIST, FLOSS, AND EMBROIDERY SILK. Description and uses.—Sewing silk is a thread made by winding and doubling silk, giving it a hard twist, and doubling and twisting again in reverse direction under a strong tension; it is used for hand sewing. Twist is a thread resembling sewing silk but is three-ply instead of two-ply ; it is used for both machine and hand sewing, prin- cipally the former. Hmbroidery silk consists of numerous slackly twisted singles, doubled and again slightly twisted in the reverse di- rection. Floss silk is a variety of embroidery silk composed of a large number of singles only slightly twisted. Production.—Silk-thread production is the oldest branch of the domestic industry, long supplying the bulk of domestic needs. It is carried on largely by automatic machinery. In 1914 the output of all kinds of silk and embroidery threads was 1,562,039 pounds, valued at $9,681,618. . Imports in 1910 were 43,624 pounds (about 24 per cent of domestic production), valued at $89,868. Since then imports have been unim- portant—3,031 pounds (about 0.2 per cent of the domestic production) in 1914 and 1,113 pounds, valued at $4,578, in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Organzine damaged in dyeing comes within this paragraph. Fed., 634, of 1910.) Silk thread made from raw silk is provided for in this paragraph, (180 but there is no specific provision for spun-silk thread. It is the practice to classify it under paragraph 312. - PARAGRAPH 314. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 399. Velvets, chenilles, and other 314, Velvets, plushes, chenilles, pile fabrics, not specially provided for in this section, cut or uncut, com- posed wholly or in chief value of silk, weighing not less than five and three- fourths ounces per square yard, $1.50 per pound; weighing less than five and three-fourths ounces per square yard, but not less than four ounces, or if all the filling is not cotton, $2.75 per pound; if all the filling is cotton, $2 per pound; all the foregoing weighing less than four ounces to the square yard, $4 per pound. Plushes, cut or uncut, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, weighing not less than nine and one-half ounces per square yard, $1 per pound; weighing less than nine and one-half ounces per square yard, $2.40 per pound, velvet or plush ribbons, or other pile fabrics, composed of silk or of which silk is the component material of chief value, 50 per centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. A85 ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. Measurements to ascertain widths of goods for determining weight per square yard of the foregoing articles shall not. include the selvedges, but the duty shall be levied upon the total weight of goods, including the sel- vedges, The distinction between “plushes’? and “ velvets’? shall be determined by the length of the pile; those having pile exceeding one-seventh of one inch in length, to be taken as “plushes’’?; those having pile one- seventh of one inch or less in length, shall be taken as ‘‘ velvets.’’ The dis- tance from the end of the pile to the bottom of the first binding pick shall be considered as the length of the pile. Velvet or plush ribbons, or other pile fabrics not over twelve inches and not less than three-fourths of one inch in width, cut or uncut, of which silk is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, containing no silk except that in the pile and selvedges; if black, $1.60 per pound; if other than black, $1.75 per pound; if containing silk other than that in the pile and selvedges; if black, $2 per pound; if other than black, $2.25 per pound; for each one- fourth of one inch or fraction thereof, less than three-fourths of one inch in width, there shall be paid in addition to the above rates, 40 cents per pound. * %* * But in no case shall any goods made on Jacquard looms or any goods containing more than one color in the filling, or any of the goods enumerated in this paragraph, includ- ing such as have india rubber as a component material, pay a less rate of duty than 45 per centum ad valorem. - GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Silk-pile fabrics include cloths and ribbons composed of a woven ground of silk or other material more or less completely concealed by a covering of short silk threads, or pile, which project from it as cut ends or, in a few fabrics, as loops. Silk-pile cloths are mainly velvets and plushes, which differ principally in that the pile of velvet is shorter. Silk-pile ribbons are almost-invariably velvet. Velvets and plushes are usually woven as double-pile fabrics, i, e., two cloths are woven one above the other, connected by the inter- lacing of pile warp threads. wild silk and very fine filaments is being developed, and as machine methods are making headway, imports from the East become more competitive. Previous to 19183 Japanese imports were decreasing, even more rapidly than French imports, but imports from Japan began to increase rapidly after the war. Their value in 1914 was $3,031,404; in 1918, $9,560,992. In the same years imports from France fell from $6,375,806 to $1,285,154. Both changes were due largely to war con- ditions. The Japanese industry seems to have gained in competitive strength since 1914. ; INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Much of the litigation under this paragraph has been upon the ques- tion of chief value, whether silk, cotton, wool, or other material; a question of fact determined upon the evidence in the particular case. Apart from the foregoing, the provision for manufactures of silk not specially provided for has been held to apply to such articles as strings of catgut wound with silk, in chief value, for musical instru- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 495 ments, claimed to be parts of musical instruments (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 443, of 1915) ; sili: quilts, down filled, claimed to be quilts of down (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 148, of 1917) ; small silk purses, claimed to be toys (Abstract 39246, of 1916); doilies or table sets of thin silk gauze, hand painted in floral designs or produced in part by stencil, claimed to be works of art (Abstract 396384, of 1916); and Japanese obi or sashes of silk and cotton, having a selvage on either side, about 43 yards in length and 28 inches in width, used chiefly as furniture covy- erings or for household decorations, claimed to be silk wearing ap- parel under paragraph 317 (Abstract 438270, of 1919). Silk umbrellas are dutiable at 35 per cent under paragraph 383, whereas the silk from which they are made pays 45 per cent under this paragraph. (See pars. 175, 310, 324, and 358.) PARAGRAPH 319. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 319. Yarns, filaments of 405. Yarns, threads, filaments of artificial or imitation silk, or of arti- ficial or imitation horsehair, by what- ever name known, and by whatever process made, if in the form of sin- gles, 45 cents per pound; if in the form of tram, 50 cents per pound; if in the form of organzine, 60 cents per pound: Provided, That in no case shall any yarns, threads, or filaments of artificial or imitation silk or imita- tion horsehair, or any yarns, threads, or filaments made from waste of such materials, pay a less rate of duty than 30 per centum ad valorem; * * *, threads, artificial or imitation silk, or of arti- ficial or imitation horsehair, by what- ever name known, and by whatever process made, 35 per centum ad yva- lorem; beltings, cords, tassels, rib- bons, or other articles or fabrics com- posed wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of artificial or imitation silk or of arti- ficial or imitation horsehair, or of yarns, threads, filaments or fibers of artificial or imitation silk, or of arti- ficial or imitation horsehair and india rubber, by whatever name known, and by whatever process made, 60 per centum ad valorem. beltings, cords, tassels, ribbons, or other articles or fabrics composed Wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of arti- ficial or imitation silk or of artificial ovr imitation horsehair, by whatever name known, and by whatever process made, 45 cents per pound, and in addi- tion thereto, 60 per centum ad va- lorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. ARTIFICIAL SILK. Description and use.—Artificial silk and real silk have in com- mon one property, luster. Artificial] silk is more lustrous and not so eostly, but has a different “ feel,” is heavier, weaker, less elastic, and more difficult to manipulate than real silk. All of the commercially important artificial silks are obtained from some form of cellulose, the predominating constituent of plant tissue. Production of artificial silk inereased from 1,566,000 pounds in 1913 to 5,828,000 pounds in 1918; that is, from 34 to 98 per cent of the domestic consumption. The war, especially the blockade of Germany, accounts for the decline of imports and increase in domestic production, which is almost exclusively by one company using the * viscose” process, i. e., the dissolving of wood pulp in a strong alkali and the treatment of the resulting solution with dilute caustic soda. In Europe the nitrocellulose and cupra-ammonium processes are much used, and the cellulose base is usually cotton waste or linters. 496 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Imports fell from 2,733,952 pounds in 1914 to 259,373 pounds in 1918; that is, from 66 to 2 per cent of domestic consumption. The importation of a new type of artificial silk should be noted. It comes in ribbon form for making braids and is called “ ribbon straw.” The narrowest is known as “lame.” Ribbon straw, or lame, although flat, is made at the first process of manufacture. MANUFACTURES OF ARTIFICIAL SILK. Description.—Artificial silk is used in an increasing range of, goods. The domestic output in 1918 was distributed as follows: Hosiery, 40 per cent; silk weaving, 18 per cent; knit goods, other than hosiery, 17 per cent; cotton weaving, 13 per cent; plush fabrics, 2 per cent; tapestry, 2 per cent; braids, 5 per cent; embroidery and other minor uses, 3 per cent. Production figures are not available, but these are estimated to be much greater than imports. Import values declined from $643,975 in 1914 to $106,663 in 1918. ARTIFICIAL HORSEHAITR. Description and use.—Artificial horsehair differs from artificial silk in that it is coarser and stiffer and is produced and used in coarse single filameuts. Production, for which figures are not available, has probably greatly increased. ‘ Import values of artificial horsehair and manufactures thereof de- creased from $569,283 in 1909 to $63,970 in 1914 and to $24,966 in 1918. Formerly imports came principally from Germany and Austria, but lately from Switzerland. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, Under the act of 1909 cotton yarn coated with cellulose or viscose, called viscelline, although retaining its character as cotton yarn, was held to come within the provision (par. 405) for “ artificial or imita- tion horsehair, by whatever name known and by whatever process made” (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 75, of 1912) ; the crudest form of artificial silk known to the throwster trade, corresponding precisely to the natural silk singles, was held dutiable as singles under the same paragraph (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 395, of 1912) ; and artificial silk waste in broken yarns or filaments, put through a combing process which eliminates any refuse material and leaves the artificial silk in the form of a mass of fibers resembling in appearance cotton or ramie sliver, was held dutiable as cotton sliver by similitude (G. A. 7466, T. D. 33478, of 1918). Artificial silk is not a vegetable fiber within the meaning of this paragraph. While the rule prescribed by paragraph 386 is that “‘ com- ponent material of chief value” shall be held to mean that single component material which shall exceed in value any other single component material in an article or fabric, nevertheless Congress may and oftentimes does expressly prescribe that in the determina- tion of a particular question of chief value the combined values of one or more single component materials must be treated as one. This is so of paragraph 319 where the component may be “ artificial SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 497 or imitation silk * * * and india rubber.” ‘Webbing 34.30 per cent artificial silk, 39.81 per cent cotton, and 26.39 per cent rubber in value is accordingly dutiable under this paragraph as in chief value of artificial silk and india rubber. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 372, of 1918.) Artificial or imitation horsehair yarn is dutiable under this paragraph and not under paragraph 3811, nor by similitude to bristles under paragraph 8387. (Abstract 40116, of 1916.) Artificial silk rib- bons in chief value of artificial silk also comes within this provision. (Abstract 37242, of 1915.) Artificial silk waste composed of artificial silk threads mixed with a very small percentage of real silk threads in a tangled condition is not classable under this paragraph as arti- ficial silk filaments, but as waste n. s. p. f. under paragraph 3884. (T. D. 35359, of 1915.) : Provision might be made for yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers similar in material, but not in appearance, to artificial silk yarns; also for strips or sheets of cellulose, now assessed with duty by simili- tude under this paragraph. (T. D. 38164, of 1919.) (See par. 288.) SCHEDULE M. PAPERS AND BOOKS. PARAGRAPH 320. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 407. Sheathing paper and roofing 820. Sheathing paper, pulpboard in felt, 10 per centum ad valorem. rolls, not laminated, roofing felt, com- mon paper-box board, not coated, lined, embossed, printed or decorated in any manner, nor cut into shapes for boxes or other articles, 5 per centum ad vyalorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. SHEATHING PAPER. Description and uses.—Sheathing paper is a heavy tar-saturated paper made of coarse-grade stock, such as straw, cornstalks, ete. It is used principally as a liner for metal sheathing in buildings, cars, and vessels, and frequently in the walls of temporary shacks near con- struction work and building operations. It is the chief substitute for laths and plaster in buildings, also for wood-board sheathing, which is a more expensive cut-lumber product. , Production in 1914, including roofing, asbestos, and sheathing paper, was 248,908 tons, valued at $9,475,733. Ohio, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Illinois are the principal produc- ing States, Imports in 1914 were valued at $4,286; in 1918, at $9,235, ex- clusively from Canada. Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,029,127. PULPBOARD. Description and uses.—Pulpboard is usually made from old news- papers, reground to a thick, heavily massed fiber, and. rolled in large hydraulic cylinder presses. It is used in making paper con- tainers, cartons, and wall board for dwellings, apartments, hotels, and summer camps. Asbestos board, plaster board, wood and metal laths are some of the principal substitutes for pulpboard. 184911°—20 32 ~ 4.98 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. — Production, in 1914, was 116,419 tons, valued at $4,227,493. In 1918 there were 237 domestic paper pulpboard mills. Canada is the next largest producer and our chief competitor. Imports in. 1914 were valued at $208,862; in 1918, at $1,877,291. ROOFING FELT. . Description and uses.—Roofing felt is composed of coarse-grade wood fiber and felt, often saturated with some waterpreofing mate- serial, such as pitch, tar, or asphaitum. It is made in reis and used for the roofs of sheds, barns, and other buildings. _. Production in 1914 was 146,993 tens, valued at $6,449,766; in 1918,. 249,000 tons, valued at $50,000,000. Reofing felt is an important sub- stitute for wood shingles and slate. Canada is our prineipal com- petitor. PAPER-BOX BOARD. Description and uses.—Paper-box board is made from the coarse pulp fiber of jute, flax, waste paper, sacking,’refuse wood, and straw. Ground wood pulp is also a small item in its manufacture. This product is chiefly used in paper boxes, a growing substitute for the wooden or shook box, and as “ boards” for bound volumes. - Production in 1914 was 12,000 tons, valued at $27,000,000. In 1917, 80 companies manufactured paper-box board: 40 were west of the Alleghenies and used straw as the raw material; the other 40 used - waste paper eollected in cities. For 1917 the figures for the manu- facture of paper boxes and. eartons were: Establishments, 1,014; wage earners, 44,780; capital, $58,391,000; wages, $18,459,000; cost of production, $73,684,000; value added by manufacture, $37,918,000. Imports in 1914 were valued at $48,137; in 1918, at $16,619. Exports of paper board and strawboerd in 1915 were valued at $663,230; in 1918, at $2,411,282. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Flag felt saturated with coal tar or pine tar was held dutiable as roofing felt on the authority of G, A. 4752, T. D. 22448, of 1900. holding sheathing felt, not adhesive, imported for roofing, dutiable under paragraph 394 of the act of 1897. (T. D. 31901, of 1911.) Mer- ehandise classified as roofing felt, although imported in rolls, was found to be used for sheathing vessels and accordingly exempt from duty under paragraph 481 of the act of 1913. (Abstract 38878, of 1915.) Merchandise invoiced as sulphite tag rolls made entirely of . chemical wood pulp first macerated in beating engines and then pro- cessed from board machines, after which it was wound in rolls at the end of the machine, was held dutiable as pulpboard in rolls not laminated. Saturating paper was held dutiable as sheathing paper.’ (Abstract 38847, of 1915.) Strawboard classified under paragraph 328 as pressboard or press paper, found to be used almost exclusively as common paper-box board, was held dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 38384, of 1915; see also Abstract 403883, of 1916.) So was merchandise invoiced as pulpboard in sheets, chiefly used for making ice-cream boxes and as an outside covering for various kinds of paper boxes. (Abstract 42533, of 1918.) But pulpboard in sheets, classified as cardboard under paragraph 332, was held not dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 43183, of 1919.) Pulpboard in rolls classified SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION. 499 as wrapping paper under paragraph 328 was held to come within this paragraph as puipboard in rolis. (Abstract 43183, of 1919.) Rolls of pulpboard used in the manufacture of so-called Beaver board were held properly dutiable under this paragraph as pulpboard in rolls not laminated, rather than exempt from duty under paragraph 649 as wood pulp. (G. A. 8280, T. D 880938, of 1919.) An appeal from this decision is pending in the Court of Customs Appeals. The provision for roofing felt, being unrestricted by any qualifying language whatever, includes within its meaning dry as well as saturated roofing felts. (G. A. 7954, T. D. 86615, and G. A. 7991, T. D 36821, of 1916, followed in Abstract 40695, of 1917.) Felt pads measuring about 73 by 8% inches by 1 inch, composed of cattle hair tarred, used in the construction of railroads and buildings as moisture absorbers and for deadening sound, are not dutiable under this para- graph, but are dutiable as nonenumerated unmanufactured articles under paragraph 385. (T. D. 85587, of 1915.) So-called asphalt roofing paper coated, in chief value of paper, is dutiable under para- graph 332 (T. D. 367538, of 1916), and felt roojing coated, in chief value of mineral substances under paragraph 81 (T. D. 36833, of 1916), rather than under this paragraph. i Roofing felt is dutiable at 5 per cent under this paragraph; ad- hesive felt for sheathing vessels is exempt from duty under para- graph 481. (Abstract 38878, of 1915.) These products are strikingly similar, if not identical. : Cardboard is dutiable at 25 per cent under paragraph 328, while common paper-box board is dutiable at 5 per cent under this para- graph (Abstract 40615, of 1917), although quite similar in character. To restrict the words “not coated,” etc, to “‘common paper-box. board,” their immediate antecedent, the word “and” might be in- serted before ‘roofing felt” and a semicolon substituted for the eomma after “felt.” (See par. 328.) PARAGRAPH 321. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 408. Filter masse or filter stock, 321. Filter masse or filter stock, ‘composed wholly or in part of wood | composed wholly or in part of wood pulp, wood flour, cotton, or other | pulp, wood fiour, cotton or other vegetable fiber, 14 cents per pound | vegetable fiber, 20 per centum ad and 15 per centum ad valorem. valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The term “filter masse” in the trade refers in particular to fibers (cotton-rag, linen-rag, asbestos, and wood-pulp mechanically ground and chemically treated). It is pressed into cakes 17 by 18 by 2 inches and is used principally by brewers, chemical companies, and filtering plants. The beer or other liquid to be filtered is either allowed to drain or is pumped through the filter masse, thus clarifying the liquid. Technically speaking, filter masse or stock is the ground and chemically treated pulp of vegetable fiber in its semiliquid state just previous to the making of filter stock or paper stock. Production in 1914 was 94,276 tons, valued at $1,778,669 (filter masse only) ; in 1918, 3,313,861 tons, valued at $174,579,645 (including wood pulp). 500 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Imports of filter masse in 1914 were 486,476 pounds, valued at $53,974 ; in 1918, 48,210. pounds, valued at $13,917. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Filtrier material used for filtering purposes and being made in part of wood pulp was held dutiable under paragraph 408 of the act of 1909 and not dutiable under paragraph 462 as a manufacture of asbes- tos. (Abstract 28666, T. D. 32560, of 1912.) PARAGRAPH 322. ACT OF 1909. 409. Printing paper (other than paper commercially known as hand- made or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan pa- per by whatever name known), un- Sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers or bindings, not spe- cially provided for in this section, * j%+*« ¥* ; valued above 2% cents per pound and not above 4 cents per pound, ~ of 1 cent per pound; valued above 4 cents and not above 5 cents per pound, of 1 cent per pound; valued above 5 cents per pound, 15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, however, That if any coun- try, dependency, province, or other subdivision. of government shall for- bid or restrict in any way the ex- portation of (whether by law, order,, regulation, contractual relation, or otherwise, directly or indirectly) or impose any export duty, export license fee, or other export charge of any kind whatsoever (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing pa- per, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be imposed upon printing paper when imported either directly or indirectly from such country, dependency, prov- ince, or other subdivision of govern- ment, an additional duty of 7 of 1 cent per pound when valued at 3 cents per pound, or less, and in addition thereto the amount of such export duty or other export charge imposed by such country, dependency, prov- ince; or other subdivision of govern- ment, upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp. ACT OF 1913. Sa paper made Printing paper (other than commercially known as hand- or machine handmade paper, Japan paper, and imitation japan paper by whatever name known), unsized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers or bindings, not specially provided for in this section, valued above 2% cents per pound, 12 per centum ad valorem: Provided, however, That if any country, de- pendency, province, or other subdivi- sion of government shall impose any export duty, export license fee, or other charge of any kind whatsoever (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be imposed upon printing paper, valued above 2% cents per pound, when imported either directly or indirectly from such coun- try, dependency, province, or other ‘subdivision of government, an addi- tional duty equal to the amount of the highest export duty or other export charge imposed by such country, de- pendency, province, or other subdi- vision of government, upon either printing paper, or upon an amount of wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp necessary to manufacture such printing paper. GENERAL INFORMATION. This paragraph was amended by section 600 of the revenue act of September 8, 1916, chapter 463, by changing the rate per pound from “2% cents” to “5 cents.” Description and uses.—Printing paper is usually manufactured from wood pulp mechanically ground and sufficiently sized to take _ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 501 printer’s ink. It may also be made from chemically treated pulp, or from vegetable fibers, e. g., bamboo, maize leaves, New Zealand fiax, and bagasse (the residue of cane after sugar extraction). Coniferous woods, such as spruce, yield the best pulp for the manufacture of printing paper. The cheapest variety, known as news print, is chiefly used in newspapers, cheap magazines, and inexpensive, paper-covered books. Production in 1914 was 2,099,910 tons, valued at $111,438,995. Imports of printing paper in 1914 were valued at $11,076,480; in 1918, at $34,286,034. We import from Canada about one-third of the total tonnage used in newspaper printing. Exports in 1914 were valued at $3,789,853; in 1918, at $16,941,939. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. “ Suitable’? means actually, practically, and commercially fit. The exceptional use of onionskin paper for printing purposes does not make it a printing paper. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 206, of 1911.) A protest claiming printing paper to come within this paragraph need not deny that it came from a country imposing an export duty upon it or upon the material used in its manufacture. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 35, of 1916.) Kraft paper is wrapping paper: and not printing paper. Whether or not it is wrapping paper and not printing paper may be determined by trade testimony, but whether or not it is suitable for books is a question of fact not dependent upon any trade understanding. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 247, of 1911.) “Normandy vellum” was held not so imitative of the genuine japan as to be readily recognized as a substi- tute therefor, and is not japan paper nor an imitation of japan paper, but is book printing paper. (Abstract 25317, T. D. 31498, of 1911.) Section 2 of the Canadian reciprocity act of July 26, 1911, was re- pealed by the tariff act of 1918, which is a complete revision of the tariff laws and a substitute for all prior tariff legislation not saved by the act itself. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 3438, of 1916.) Countervailing duty is assessed upon printing paper imported from British Columbia, Finland, Portugal (T. D. 33786, of 1918), Labrador (T. D. 35741, of 1915), and Italy (T. D. 37204, of 1917). An affidavit of the seller or shipper stating the name of the country of manufac- ture and the province in which the wood was grown that was used in manufacturing the paper, may be accepted in lieu of a declaration showing the name of the manufacturer and the place of manufacture. (T. D. 34449, of 1914.) (See par. E, Sec. IV.) PARAGRAPH 323. ACT OF 1909. 410. Papers commonly known as copying paper, stereotype paper, bibu- lous paper, tissue paper, pottery pa- per, and all papers not specially pro- vided for in this section, colored or uncolored, white or printed, weighing not over six pounds to the ream of four hundred and eighty sheets, on the basis of twenty by thirty inches, and whether in reams or any other form, 6 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad yalorem; if weighing over ACT OF 1918. 323. Papers commonly known as copying paper, stereotype paper,,bibu- lous paper, tissue paper, pottery pa- per, letter-copying books, wholly or partly manufactvred, crépe paper and filtering paper, and articles manufac- tured from any of the foregoing pa- pers or of which such paper is the component material of chief value, 30 ‘per centum ad valorem, 502 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—\Continued. ACT OF 1913. six pounds and less than ten pounds to the ream, and letter-copying books, whether wholly or partly manufac- } tured, 5 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; ecrépe paper and filtering paper, 5 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no. article composed whelly or in | chief value of one or more of the pa- pers specified in this paragraph shal? pay a less rate of duty than that im- posed upon the component paper of chief value of which’ such article is made. GENERAL INFORMATION. STEREOTYPE, LETTER-COPYING, AND TISSUE PAPER. Description and uses.—Tissue paper is a very thin, almost trans- parent paper manufactured from specially treated wood-pulp fiber unsized. It is chiefly used for protecting delicate engravings, for letter copying, and for wrapping art objects and glassware. for storage or transportation. A superior quality is used in the stereo- typing process. for making molds or matrices from which printing plates are cast. Pottery paper is a tissue used in transferring designs. to pottery or glass. Production of tissue paper in 1914 was 115, 401 tons, ollie at $11,585,720; in 1918, 132,000 tons, at $27,000,000. In 1918, 85 mills manufaetured tissue, letter-copying, and stereotype paper. Imports in 1914 were 1,996,751 pounds, valued at $383,831; in 1918, 652,107 pounds, valued at $237,337. Exports.—In 1914 no exports were listed; in 1918, tisswe and toilet papers to a value of $919,536 were exported. CREPE PAPER AND FILTERING PAPER. Description and uses.—Crépe paper is a soft, crinkled paper used in decorating. Filier paper is a soft, unsized paper used in chemical analysis for separating the precipitate from the filtrate. For quan- titative work the paper is almest pure cellulose, washed with acid, and all mineral matter removed. For qualitative work not so much care is required in manufacture. Bibulows paper is any poreus paper that readily absorbs moisture. Production.—Thie best grade of filter paper for quantitative work is imported from England, Sweden, and Germany (¢before the war). A good quality is made here, using the high-grade rors paper asa basis and treating it chemically. Imports of crépe and filter paper and articles manufactured there- from, in 1914, were 984,596 pounds, valued at $144,538; in 1918, ‘of crépe’ and filter paper alone, 583,248 pounds, valued at $266,256; manufactures of stereotype, tissue, pottery, erépe, and filter paper were valued at $926,686. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Thin, unsized paper of fine, soft texture, silky te the touch, trans- lucent, and to a limited extent transparent, used for wrapping articles, especially those liable to tarnish, commonly known to the trade as SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. | 503 tissue paper, weighing 104 to 103 pounds per ream of 480 sheets, 20 by 30 inches, although much heavier than ordinary tissue paper, was held more specifically provided for as tissue paper in this paragraph than as wrapping paper in paragraph 328, or as paper not specifically . provided for in paragraph 332. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 467, of 1915.) Paper for copying paper, not ready for use as imported, has also been held dutiable as tissue paper and not as copying paper (Abstract 37732, of 1915; followed in Abstract 40039, of 1916); so has “tea papers” used in making hygienic napkins (Abstraet 29900, T. D. 32842, of 1912). The provision for “ tissue paper” is more specific than that for “wrapping paper” in paragraph 324. (G. A. 7631, T. D. 34904, of 1914.) Heavy crinkled paper, used as embossing stock where high relief is to be obtained, is crépe paper. (Abstract 32597, T. D. 33511, of 1913.) Round-cut bowl paper used in embossing ma- chines and disks cut from filtering paper and ready for use in filtering were held dutiable as filtering papers.. (Abstract 32596, T. D. 33511, of 19138; Abstract 24511, T. D. 31182, of 1911.) Litmus paper in sheets is dutiable as bibulous paper under this paragraph. (T. D. 36274, of 1916.) Books of litmus paper, consisting of strips of litmus paper, about 24 inches by # inch, stitched together at one end and having a surface-coated paper cover, are dutiable as manufactures of bibulous paper or of which such paper is the component material of chief value. (T. D. 36519, of 1916.) Imitation Panama hats made of strips of tissue paper rolled and cut so as to imitate grass or straw are dutiable as articles manufactured from tissue paper. (T. D. 36398, of 1916; Abstract 41839, of 1918.) Other articles held dutiable under this paragraph as manufactures of tissue or crépe paper are hats, caps, and boxes of tissue or crépe paper (Abstracts 38875 of 1915 and 39248, 39509 and 40812, of 1916), fans of tissue paper (Abstract 39457, of 1916), and so-called crackers oer snappers of crépe, tissue, and ordinary paper (Abstract 40171, of 1916). (See par. 326.) PARAGRAPH 324. ACT OF 1909. 411. Papers with coated surface or surfaces, not specially provided for in this section, 5 cents per pound; if wholly or partiy covered with metal or its solutions (except as hereinafter provided), or with gelatin or flock, or if embossed or printed, 5 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem; papers, including wrapping paper, with the surface decorated or covered with a design, fancy effect, pattern or character, whether produced in the pulp or otherwise, but not by litho- graphie process, 43 cents per pound; if embossed, or wholly or partly cev- ered with metal or its solutions, or with gelatin or flock, 5 cents per pound and 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That paper wholly or partly covered with metal or its solutions, and weighing less than fifteen pounds per ream of four hundred and eighty . Sheets, on a basis of twenty by twenty- ACT OF 1913. 324, Papers wholly or partly cov- ered with metal leaf or with gelatin or fleck, papers with white coated surface or surfaces, calendar plate finished, hand dipped marbleized paper, pareh- ment paper, and lithographic transfer paper not. printed, 25 per centum ad valorem; papers with coated surface or surfaces suitable for cov- ering boxes, not specially provided for, whether or not embossed or printed except by lithographic process, 40 per centum ad valorem; all other paper with coated surface or surfaces not specially previded for in this sec- tion; uncoated papers, gummed, or with the surface or surfaces wholly or partly decorated or covered with a de- sign, fancy effect, pattern, or charac- ter, whether produced in the pulp or otherwise except by lithographic proc- ess, cloth-lined or reenforced papers, -and grease-proof and imitation parch- 504 ACT OF 1909—Continued. five inches, shall pay a duty of 5 cents per pound and 25 per centum ad va- lorem; parchment papers, and grease- proof and imitation parchment papers which have been supercalendered and rendered transparent, or partially so, by whatever name known, 2 cents per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem ; all other grease-proof and imitation parchment papers, not specially pro- vided for in this section, by whatever name known, 2 cents per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem; bags, en- velopes, printed matter other than lithographic, and all other articles composed wholly or in chief value of any of the foregoing papers, not spe- cially provided for in this section, and all boxes of paper or wood covered with any of the foregoing paper, 5 cents a pound and 380 per centum ad valorem; albumenized or _ sensitized paper or paper otherwise surface coated for photographic purposes, 30 per centum ad valorem; plain basic papers for albumenizing, sensitizing, baryta coating, or for photographic or solar printing processes, 3 cents per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem. 418. All boxes made wholly or in chief value of paper or papier-maché, if covered with surface-coated paper, 45 per centum ad valorem, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1913—Continued. ment papers which have been super- calendered and rendered transparent or partially so, by whatever name known, all other grease-proof and imi- tation parchment papers, not specially ” provided for in this section, by what- ever name known, bags, envelopes, and all other articles composed wholly or in chief value of any of the foregoing papers, not specially provided for in this section, and all boxes of paper or papier maché or wood covered with any of the foregoing papers or covered or lined with cotton or other vegetable fiber, 85 per centum ad valorem ; albu- minized or sensitized paper or ‘paper otherwise surface-coated for photo- graphic purposes, 25 per centum ad valorem; plain basic papers for albu- minizing, sensitizing, baryta coating, or for photographie or solar printing processes, 15 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description, uses, and production.—WMetal-leaf, gelatin, or flock papers describe gelatinized or metal-impregnated paper used largely for covering and wrapping high-grade candy boxes, books, calendars, posters, and fancy articles for presents. Most of the metal-coated papers imported are used in the paper-box industry ; this line of paper is not complete in itself, but must be attached to a box or manipulated in some manner. Coated or covered-surface papers are prepared by passing the paper through a rotary brush machine which applies the coating to one side at a time. An inferior grade is made by a special machine which coats both sides at one operation. China clay and casein are the chief materials used in this process. The paper is then dried and run through a calendering or glazing machine, which imparts a fine, glossy finish. Some manufacturers use beeswax to give the paper a high luster. Coated papers are used for books or pamphlets requiring half-tone illustrations. The imported coated papers, however, are used chiefly for covering boxes. In 1913-14 there were 72 coated- paper manufacturers, with a yearly output of approximately 14,000 tons; in 1914, 117,342 tons, valued at $11,605,584. Piate paper, a very fine grade of supersized and highly calendered paper, is largely used for printing and engraving from steel plates ; it is also used in half-tone work. Lithographic transfer paper is a coated paper used in transferring impressions on stone. Production SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 505 in 1914 (plate, lithographic, map, and woodcut) was 9,832 tons, valued at $588,332. Marbleized paper is finished with a smooth, variegated surface having the appearance of marble. It is used in books, forming a lining to the binding boards and extending as an inner cover to the body of the book. Parchment paper (papyrin) is a pure, unsized paper treated in a mixture of water and sulphuric acid and rinsed in a solution of am- monia and water to neutralize the acid; it is then dried under pres- sure. The result of this process is a hydrocellulose, which forms a gelatinous coating over the swollen fiber and acts as a sizing. Parch- ment paper absorbs colors and ink (which can not be erased) and is impervious to gases, liquids, and mold. It is used for high-grade society printing and to some extent as a substitute for genuine parch- ment for college diplomas; the cheaper grades are used for wrapping greasy, moist foods. Gummed paper iS a paper coated with fish glue on one side. It is used for labels and stickers and for sealing packages, cartons, bundles, ete. Cloth-lined or reinforced paper is paper mounted or imposed on linen cloth. It is used where durability is required, as in drafting maps, plans, and working drawings; also in books for young children. , Grease-proof, and paraffin, or wax papers-are used for wrapping fancy brands of bacon, ham, confectionery, chocolate, soap, tobacco, patent medicines, and similar articles. These papers are also used as napkins. Imports of these items were as follows: 1914 1918 Grease-proof and imitation parchment papers (act of 1909) supercalendered and rendered | Pounds. Pounds. DIMMEUER CR pa 5co0 ow swe oo ose eset velse sce a 6,184,511 | $300, 725 287,234 | $27,469 Parchment paper (act of 1913 only)..............- ie ee aig tain ae ee 27,104 Plain basic for albuminizing, sensitizing, etc...-../..-......-- 1,371, 346 | 1,416,513 | 430,252 Reinforced or cloth-lined paper. ................- 14, 145 2,281 13, 318 9,775 Tigiorrapnic transfer... ..-'sa.2..2.2.0--40-s00e- 125, 329 25, 564 26, 061 7, 899 Marbleized hand-dipped paper..-................- 224,777 25, 335 28, 775 6, 767 Biulsamogor Covering DOXKeS..). 5. once en censncnes 5, 252, 891 339, 953 184,650 | 23,815 White-coated surface calender plate finished...... 57, 878 7, 752 3, 513 287 Wholly or partly covered with metal leaf, etc..-.| 391,174 123, 287 22,242 | 10,683 PUGET SUTINCE-COALCO PAPC! ccccnes~scccccenccleccescscces 175, 672 110,301 | 34,161 Boxes of paper, papier-maché or wood. ...-......|...----2.-- Pi Niae leccuteccree 178, 052 Papers, uncoated, gummed (decorated).......... 298, 996 27,647 345,630 | 32,688 Bags, envelopes, composed of surface-coated.-..... | SUE RGM sin nq oatsaseceloace «4.6 ams 5, 161 ANTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The provision in this paragraph for certain kinds of paper “ by whatever name known” includes typewriter paper of such kinds and takes it out of the provision in paragraph 326 for “ typewriter paper.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 124, of 1916.) It was the congressional purpose to make the provision for boxes of papier-mdché, paper, or wood, exclusive Within its prescribed scope and to include paper boxes cov- ered with surface-coated paper and lined with silk, the silk lining 506 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. in chief value. .(7 Ct, Cust. Appls., 422, of 1917.) “ Whether pro- duced in the pulp or otherwise” does not require a deeoration to have been placed on the paper by a separate and independent decora- tive process; it is sufficient if decorated in effect. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 65, of 1911.) “Surface” has no particular trade meaning different from the usual understanding of the word and applies alike to both sides of a paper, one of which is rough and uncalendered and the other smooth and finished. Where a design or pattern is embossed on one side of a paper, the paper is one, the surface of which is “ decorated or covered with a design.’ (G. A. 6937, T. D. 30083; of 1909.) This provision includes paper subjected te processes by which, after a finished design in colors had been imprinted on it, it _ was saturated with linseed oil and no varnish or other substance applied to produce an added surface. This does not constitute a surface-coated paper. (4 Ct. Cust. Appis., 11, of 1913.) Merchan- dise invoiced as ‘‘ gold borders,” consisting of metal paper cut into strips, each about 24 feet long and 4+ of an inch wide, embossed with small ornamental design and with the letters “P” and “T” left attached. to a very narrow border at each end for convenience in handling and used for fancy wrapping around candy boxes or similar _ packages, was held dutiable as a manufacture of metal coated paper and not as metal-coated paper itself. Strips of paper made up *so that nothing remains to be done to them before use but to detach their ends are so far advanced in condition that they are no longer simply paper, but have become a manufacture of paper. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 86, of 1916.) Articles made of two or more layers of card- board are “manufactures of paper.” (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 248, of 1915.) “ Perimutier” paper, with a layer of gelatin and a coat of lacquer on one side, was held not classable as paper “ Wholly or partly covered with gelatin or flock” or paper with “ white coated surface or surfaces,” but as surface-coated paper. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 366, of 1918.) Letters and initials made from metal-coated and surface-coated papers are within this paragraph. (Abstract 40356, of 1916; 42552, of 1918.) So-called sample cards of reinforced paper also come within this paragraph. (Abstract 42404, of 1918.) Parchment payer is made from vegetable fiber, not from wood pulp, is unsized, and is treated with diluted sulphuric acid. It is dull in finish, dense, hard, and hornlike. It is grease proof, waterproof, translucent, and much more tenacious than the original material. Paper invoiced as “ white glacé wrapping paper” was held within the provision for “ imitation parchment papers which have been supercalendered and rendered transparent or partially so, by whatever name known,” and not as wrapping paper under paragraph 415 of the act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. Appis., 29, of 1913.) Illustrations printed in colors upon individual sheets of surface-coated paper of the same size as the pages of certain standard magazines were heid properly classified as prints not litho- graphed on surface-coated paper. (5 Ct. Cust, Appls., 66, of 1914.) Wrapping paper with surface design is dutiable at 35 per cent under. this paragraph. (VT. D. 34046, of 1914.) Vegetabie parchment is synonemous with parchment paper and dutiable accordingly under this paragraph, rather than free of duty as parchment or vellum under paragraph 568. (G. A. 7736, T. D. 35526, of 1915.) White surface-coated pauper, flint-glazed, suitable for cevering boxes, is dutiable under this paragraph as “papers with coated surface or 507 _ gurfaces suitable for covering boxes” rather than under the pro- - vision in the same paragraph for “ papers with white coated surface or surfaces, calender plate finished.” (G. A. 7808, T. D. 35878, of 1915.) Paper coated with a solution of powdered.tin and suitable for use in covering the edges of boxes is dutiable under the same provision of this paragraph rather than as “ papers wholly or partly covered with metal leaf” or “ paper with coated surface or surfaces net specially -provided for” under the same paragraph. (G. A. 7945, T D. 36588, of 1916.) Thirty-six small containers in assortments packed together in a single large container or carton and remaining so packed until they reach the retailer were held not properly classable as an entirety under this paragraph, and each of the boxes was con- sidered as a separate dutiable entity. (9 Ct. Cust. Appis., —, T. D. 38199, of 1919.) Masks of surface-coated paper are dutiable at 25 per cent under paragraph 370; surface-coated paper from which they are made is dutiable at 35 per cent under this paragraph. (See par. 332.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 325. ACT OF 13809. 412. Pictures, calendars, ecards, la- bels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, and other articles, composed wholly or in chief yalue of paper, lithographically printed in whole or in part from stone, metal, or material other than gelatin (except boxes, views of Ameri- can scenery or objects, and music, and illustrations when forming part of a periedical or newspaper, or of bound or unbound books, accompany- ing the same, not specially provided for in this section), shall pay duty at the following rates: Labels and flaps, printed in less than eight colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 20 cents per pound ; cigar bands of the same num- ber of colors and printings, 30 cents per pound; labels and flaps printed in eight or more colors, but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 80 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and print- ings, 40 cents per pound; labels and flaps, printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 50 cents per pound; cigar bands, printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 55 cents per pound; all labels, flaps, and bands not exceed- ing ten square inches cutting size in dimensions, if embossed or die-cut, shall pay the same rate of duty as hereinbefore provided for cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings (but no extra duty shall be assessed on labels, flaps, and bands for embossing or die-cutting) ; book- lets, 7 cents per pound; books of ‘paper or other material for children’s use, not exceeding in weight twenty- ACT OF 1913. 325. Pictures, calendars, cards, booklets, labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, and other articles composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed in. whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material (except boxes, views of American scenery or objects, and music, and illustrations when form- ing a part of a periodical or news- paper or of bound er unbound books, accompanying the same, not specially provided for in this section) shall pay duty at the following rates: La- beis and flaps printed in less than eight colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 15 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, 20 cents per pound; labels and flaps printed in eight or more colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 20 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, 25 cents per pound; labels and fiaps printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 35 cents per pound; cigar bands printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 40 cents per pound; booklets, 7 cents per pound; all other articles not exceeding eight one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, 15 cents per pound; exeeeding eight one-thou- sandths of an inch and not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thiekness and less than _ thirty-five Square inches cutting size in dimen- sion, 5 cents per pound; exceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one- 508 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. four ounces each, 6 cents per pound; fashion magazines or periodicals, printed in whole or in part by litho- graphic process, or decorated by hand, 8 cents per pound; booklets, decorated in whole or in part by hand or by spraying, whether or not lithographed, 15 cents per pound; decalcomanias in ceramie colors, weighing not over one hundred pounds per thousand sheets on the basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimensions, 70 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem ; weighing over one hundred pounds per thousand sheets on the basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimen- sions, 22 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; if backed with metal leaf, 65 cents per pound; all other decalcomanias, except toy decal- comanias, 40 cents per pound; all other articles than those hereinbe- fore specifically provided for in this paragraph, not exceeding eight one- thousandths of one inch in thickness, 20 cents per pound; exceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one-thou- sandths of an inch in thickness, and less than thirty-five square inches cut- ting size in dimensions, 8% cents per pound; exceeding thirty-five square inches cutting size in dimensions, 8 cents per pound, and in addition thereto on all of said articles ex- ceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of one inch in thickness, if either die cut or em- bossed, 4 of 1 cent per pound; if both die cut and embossed, 1 cent per pound; exceeding twenty one-thou- sandths of one inch in thickness, 6 cents per pound: Provided, That in the case of articles hereinbefore speci- fied the thickness which shall deter- mine the rate of duty to be imposed shall be that of the thinnest material found in the article, but for the pur- poses of this paragraph the thickness of lithographs mounted or pasted upon paper, cardboard, or other material, shall be the combined thickness of the lithograph and the foundation on which it is mounted or pasted. 415. * * * articles composed wholly or in chief value of paper printed by’ the photogelatin process and not specially provided for in this Act, 8 cents per pound and 25 per centum ad yalorem, : ACT OF 1913—Continued. thousandths of an inch in thickness and thirty-five square inches and over cutting size in dimension, 7 cents per pound; exceeding twenty one-thou- sandths of an inch in thickness, 5 cents per pound, providing that in the case of articles hereinbefore speci- fied the thickness which shall deter- mine the rate of duty to be imposed shall be that of the thinnest litho- graphed material found in the article, but for the purpose of this paragraph the thickness of lithographs mounted or pasted upon paper, cardboard, or other material shall be the combined thickness of the lithograph and the foundation upon which it is mounted or pasted; books of paper or other material for children’s use, lithograph- ically printed in whole or in part, not exceeding in weight twenty-four ounces each, 4 cents per pound; fash- ion magazines or periodicals printed in whole or in part by lithographic process or decorated by hand, 6 cents per pound; booklets, wholly or in chief value of paper, decorated in whole or in part by hand or by spraying, whether or not lithographed, 10 cents per pound; decaleomanias in ceramic colors, weighing not over one hundred pounds per thousand sheets, on a basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimensions, 60 cents per pound; all other decalcomanias, except toy decaleomanias, 15 cents per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. PICTURES, CALENDARS, CARDS, ETC. Description and uses.—Pictures, calendars, and cards are usually lithographically printed and, as the words imply, are used _ princi- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 509 pally for advertising, display purposes, and for presents, holiday gifts, souvenirs, ete. Imports, including pictures, calendars, cards, booklets, labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, decalecomanias, and other similar articles composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed, were 4,895,648 pounds, valued at $1,780,548 in 1914, and 220,137 pounds, valued at $240,816 in 1918. Post cards imported in 1914 were valued at $527,932, and in 1918, at $3,481,932. DECALCOMANTA., Description and uses.—Decalcomania is a process of transferring paper prints to glass, porcelain, etc.; here it refers to prints pre- pared for applying the process of transfer. Decalecomanias are used largely in toys for children, the art-glassware and pottery trades, and for quick transfer printing in the advertising business. Imports in 1914 were 178,956 pounds, valued at $224,235; in 1918, 40,053 pounds, valued at $63,506. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. “Other articles” in “all other articles than those hereinbefore specifically provided for in this paragraph” need not be ejusdem generis with those designated. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1912.) Books of paper or other material for children’s use, lithographically printed in whole or in part, not exceeding in weight 24 ounces each, include books of that description the covers of which are lithograph- ically printed. (G. A. 7834, T. D. 36032, of 1915.) Italian almanacs in the form of booklets, lithographically printed, are not exempt from duty as books and pamphlets printed wholly or chiefly in lan- guages other than English under paragraph 426, but are dutiable as booklets lithographically printed at 7 cents per pound under this paragraph. (Abstract 43087, of 1919.) Calendars lithographically printed are dutiable under this para- graph. (Abstract 36125, of 1914.) Lithographic prints made from separate photographs showing the growth and development of a sin- gle hill of corn planted at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind., are not dutiable under paragraph 329 as views of any landscape, scene, building, place, or locality in the United States, but are dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 37497, of 1915.) Mounted lithographs within the meaning of this paragraph include only such, where the print has become a part of the foundation on which it is mounted and do not include calendar sheets attached to a foundation by means of wire staples and obviously intended to be removed, a sheet at a time, without disturbing the remaining sheets. (G. A. 8004, T. D. 36884, of 1916.) The words “not specially provided for in this section” in “ book- lets * * * and other articles composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed * * * (except boxes, views of American scenery or objects, * * * not specially. provided for in this section)’ evidently should not be within the parentheses. 510 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, PARAGRAPH 326. ACT OF 1909. 413, Writing, letter, note, hand- made paper and paper commercially known as handmade paper and ma- chine handmade paper, japan paper and imitation japan paper by what- ever name known, and ledger, bond, record, tablet, typewriter, manifold, and onionskin and imitation onion- skin papers calendered or uncalen- dered, weighing six and one-fourth pounds or over per ream, 3 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem ; but if any such paper is ruled, bor- ACT OF 1918. 326. Writing, letter, note, drawing, handmade paper and paper commer- cially known as handmade paper and machine handmade paper, japan paper and imitation japan paper by what- ever name known, and ledger, bond, record, tablet, typewriter, and onion- skin and imitation onionskin papers calendered or uncalendered, whether or not any such paper ruled, bor- dered, embossed, printed, lined, or decorated in any manner, 25 per. centum ad valorem, dered, embossed, printed, lined, or dec- orated in any manner, other than by lithographic process, it shall pay 10 per centum ad valorem in addition to the foregoing rates: Provided, That in computing the duty on such paper every one hundred and eighty thou- Sand square inches shall be taken to be a ream, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—High-grade writing paper is made from oid linen rags chemically treated and finished by supersizing so that it will not absorb ink. Its principal use is, as the name implies, for corre- spondence and accounting. Owing to war scarcity of rags, sulphite pulp has been largely substituted, even in the better grades of writing paper. Japan paper was formerly made exclusively from the bark of the mulberry tree; modern methods, however, permit the use of five other vegetable fibers. It is used principally for writing, printing, tapestry, imitation Japanese wall hangings, and to some extent in art-craft books. ' Production in 1914 was 195,351 tons, valued at $28,637,257; in 1918, 405,000 tons, valued at $142,000,000 (estimated). In 1918 there were 98 mills making fine paper. In 1914 there were 50 writing- paper manufacturing companies operating 88 mills, having 16,000 employees, wages of $10,000,000, and ‘capital of $54,000,000. The raw materials, linen rags and sulphite: pulp, are largely imported, the rags from Europe and the pulp from Canada. Imports of writing paper in 1914 were 2,163,482 pounds, valued at $203,171; in 1918, 450,875 pounds, valued at $162,820. Exports in 1914 of writing paper and envelopes combined, were valued at $1,179,232; in 1918, at $4,560,084. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. “ Handmade paper” in this paragraph is more specifie than “ copy- ing paper” in paragraph 323 and includes handmade copying papers (G. A. 7979, T. D. 36767, of 1916) ; also handmade paper suitable for printing books and newspapers (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 287, of 1911). “Ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, lined, or decorated in any man- ner” includes writing paper with embossed parallel lines, some of which have color added to the embossing. (Abstract 24864, T. D. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 511 31335, of 1911.) Handmade tissue and bibulous papers are dutiable under this paragraph rather than under paragraph 323. (G. A. 8168, T. D. 376238, of 1918.) Decorated and embossed writing paper is dutiable as decorated writing paper under this paragraph rather than as decorated paper under paragraph 324. (Abstract 43194, of 1919.) Sheets of drawing paper put up in block or tablet form for the con- venience of artists are dutiable under this paragraph as drawing paper and not under paragraph 329 as blank books. (Abstract 37955, of 1915.) (See par. 324.) PARAGRAPH 327. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. ae te 414. Paper envélopes not specially provided for in this section, folded or flat, if plain; 20 per centum ad va- lorem ; if bordered, embossed, printed, tinted, decorated, or lined, 35 per. centum ad valorem. Paper envelopes, folded or flat, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 15 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Production of paper envelopes in 1914 was by 90 establishments, with 6,970 employees, a capital of $15,830,000, and wages of $3,378.000 ; manufacturing materials cost $10,235,000, manufactured value amounted to $18,481,000, and value added by manufacture apprexi- mated $8,246,000. Imports in 1914 were valued at $29,350; in 1918, at $8,790. Exports are combined with those of writing paper in paragraph 326. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Envelopes are dutiable at 15 per cent under this paragraph ; writing paper from which made, at 25 per cent under paragraph 326. Writing paper and handmade paper are eo nomine provided for in paragraph 326 and are excluded from paragraph 324. Envelopes made therefrom are not of the class mentioned in paragraph 324 and are dutidble under the provision in this paragraph for ‘ paper envelopes, folded or flat, not specially provided for.” (G. A. 8236, T. ID. 37928, of 1919.) PARAGRAPH 328. 415. Jacquard designs on ruled pa- per, or cut on Jacquard cards, and parts of such designs, cardboard and bristol board, 35 per centum ad va- lorem; press boards or press paper, _ valued at 10 cents per pound or over, 35 per centum ad valorem; paper hangings with paper back or com- posed wholly or in chief value of pa- per, 25 per centum ad valorem; wrap- ping paper not specially provided for in ‘this section, 35 per centum ad va- idea SF 328. Jacquard designs on ruled pa- per, or cut on Jacquard cards, and parts of such designs, cardboard and bristol board, press boards or press paper, paper hangings with paper back or composed wholly or in chief value of paper, and wrapping paper not spe- cially provided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. JACQUARD DESIGNS. Description and uses.—The Jacquard designs or Jacquard cards are used with the Jacquard loom, a machine for fancy weaving, having a chain of perforated cards passing over a rotary prism, the perfora- 512 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. tions permitting the passage of wires that determine the raising of the warp threads, causing the figure to be woven in accordance with the prearrangement of the perforated cards. Imports in 1914 were valued at $10,763; in 1918, at $176,178. CARDBOARD AND BRISTOL BOARD. Description and uses.—Cardboard consists of gummed, glued, or pasted sheets of paper, layer upon layer, thus building up a strong, heavy paper board, chiefly used in boxes and books, in packing all kinds of glassware, pictures, etc., in filing systems, in making con- tainers for laundries, and for grocers’ products. Bristol board is a fine, calendered cardboard used chiefly for calling and business cards. Production in 1914 was 838,010 tons, valued at $5,376,484; of this output cardboard worth $4,350,000 was manufactured in 18 exclusively cardboard mills, with a capital of $5,129,000, 1,159 employees, and wages of $580,000. The cost of materials was $2,962,000, value of the product was $4,350,000, and value added by manufacture was $1,388,000. Imports in 1914 were valued at $81,229; in 1918, at $10,081. PAPER HANGINGS (WALL-PAPER). Description and uses.—Paper hangings consist of a figured, printed, or painted paper used largely for covering the walls of residences, etc. The designs of the so-called flock papers are obtained by adding for- eign matter, such as finely ground wool, felt, or vegetable fiber, known as flock. Production in 1914 was 96,527 tons, valued at $4,488,910. The principal States of manufacture are New York, Wisconsin, and Penn- sylvania. In 1914 there were 48 establishments, with capital of $17,- 620,000, 4,738 employees, and wages of $2,703,000. Raw material cost $8,536,000, the value of the product was- $15,887,000, and the value added by manufacture, $7,351,000. _ The comparative ex¢lusion from competition of American manu- facturers results from a domestic demand for entirely different de- signs and effects from those popular and salable in European coun- tries. This also accounts for the relatively small exports. Imports in 1914 were valued at $936,339; in 1918, at $176,159. Exports in 1914 were valued at $453,412; in 1918, at $462,244. WRAPPING PAPER. Description and uses.—Wrapping paper is ordinarily brown in color and varies in thickness and quality according to the purpose, which is primarily to protect goods in packages, parcels, bundles, and boxes while in storage or transit. The estimated value of wrapping paper consumed in the United States in 1918 was $89,000,000. Production in 1914 was 881,799 tons, valued at $49,372,753. No accurate figures are available for 1918. Wrapping paper was for- merly made of jute, hemp, and old manila-rope stock, but ordinary wrapping paper is now made almost wholly of wood pulp with about 20 per cent of sulphite pulp added. The better grades are still made of hemp, jute, etc., as these fibers give strength and durability to the paper. Imports in 1914 were 386,515,554 pounds, valued at $1,028,500; 1917, 6,150,942 pounds, at $875,592. 5138 Exports in 1914 were 14,133,097 pounds, valued at $532,657; in 1918, 59,350,946 pounds, at $4,483,287. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Wrapping paper imported from Norway, answering to the descrip- tion of section 2 of the Canadian reciprocity act of July 26, 1911, is dutiable under this paragraph and not under said act because im- pliedly repealed by the act of 1913. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 343, of 1916.) Plain cardboard embossed to give it an appearance of grain leather by passing it between a smooth and an indented roller remains card- board and was held so dutiable, the court declaring that the testi- mony showed “ cardboard” to be the generic term for paper boards. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 225, of 1911.) Waterproof paper for lining pack- ing cases, wrapping automobile tires, etc., was held to be wrapping paper under the act of 1909. (Abstract 25520, T. D. 31568, of 1911.) Paper hangings are denominatively provided for without restriction as to the manner of their printing and include lithographically printed paper in rolls 18 inches wide, in designs forming repeats of from 5 to 30 feet, and used as borders or friezes for wall hangings. (G. A. 7434, T. D. 33214, of 1913.) (See pars. 320, 323, and 324.) PARAGRAPH 329. ACT OF 199098. 416. Books of all kinds, bound or unbound, including Blank books, slate books and pamphlets, engravings, pho- tographs, etchings, maps, charts, music in books or sheets, and printed matter, all the foregoing wholly or in chief value of paper, and not specially provided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem. Views of any landscape, scene, building, place, or locality in the United States, on card- board or paper, not thinner than eight one-thousandths of one inch, by whatever process printed or produced, including those wholly or in part pro- duced by either lithographic or pho- togelatin process (except show cards), eccupying thirty-five Square inches or less of surface per view, bound or un- bound, or in any other form, 15 cents per pound and 25 per centum ad va- lorem; thinner than eight one-thou- sandths of one inch, $2 per thousand: Provided, That the rate or rates of duty provided in the tariff Act ap- proved July twenty-fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, shall re- main in force until October first, nineteen hundred and nine, on all views of any landscape, scene, build- ing, place, or locality, provided for in this paragraph, which shall have, prior to July first, nineteen hundred and nine, been ordered or contracted to be delivered to bona fide purchasers in the United States, and the Secre- tary of the Treasury shall make proper regulations for the enforcement of this provision, 184911°——20-——-33 ACT OF 1913. 329. Books of all kinds, bound or unbound, including blank books, slate books and pamphlets, engravings, pho- tographs, etchings, maps, charts, music in books or sheets, and printed matter, all the foregoing, and not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad vaiorem. Views of any landscape, scene, building, place or lo- cality in the United States, on card- board or paper, not thinner than eight one-thousandths of one inch, by whatever process printed or produced, including those wholly or in part pro- duced by either lithographic or pho- togelatin process (except show cards), bound or unbound, or in any other form, 20 cents per pound; thinner than eight one-thousandths of one inch, $2 per thousand. 514 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. Production of books of all kinds in 1914 was 786,626 tons, valued at $58,496,221 ; in 1918, 730,000 tons, valued at $125,000,000 (estimated). Imports in 1914 were valued at $6,644,265, in 1918, at $3,151,871. Exports in 1914 were valued at $9,639,860; in 1918, at $11,433,064. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Pasteboard books, folders, and ecards, within, upon, or attached to which are small pieces of textile fabries, yarns, ete., in various colors which illustrate the coloring results produced by the use of certain dyes and are used by salesmen, were held not to be samples of the dyes, but samples of the coloring results which may be produced by the dyes and dutiable as printed matter under paragraph 416 of the act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 374, of 1913.) The words “of olf kinds’? following the word “ books” showed an intention to make the provision broad enough to cover books of every character. (Abstract 38100, of 1915.) “ Printed matter” within this paragraph is sueh as has printing for the controlling feature. (Abstract 38534, of 1915.) “Views of American seenes”’ are such as present actual places, build- ings, or localities or scenes within the United States, and pictures which imaginatively portray events in the life of Washington are not views of American scenery or objects. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 501, of 1913.) Cards exhibiting views of various buildings in the United States are within the provision, although: selected to advertise a cer- tain kind of shingling used on such buildings. (Abstract 25528, T. D. 31568, of 1911.) Hawaii is a part of the United States for the pur- pose of this provision. (G. A. 7039, T. D. 30707, of 1910.) Bound views of American scenes, printed on paper thinner than eight one-thou- sandths of an inch, are dutiable at $2 per thousand views under the last provision of this paragraph, the individual view and not the book eonstituting the dutiable entity. (G. A. 77438, T. D. 35548, of 1915,) So are sheets of paper thinner than eight one-thousandihs of an inch with 12 views of American scenes printed thereon, the computation being based upon the number of individual views printed on a sheet rather than upon the number of sheets containing such views. (G. A. 7742, T. D. 35542, of 1915.) “Charts” include articles of paper lith- ographically printed which exhibit in a pictorial manner the outlines, form, and mechanical features of a locomotitve or an automobile, the various parts of which are shown on superimposed paper flaps so ar- — ranged that they may be turned back to show the interior mechanism. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 42, of 1913.) So-called wedding books, baby books, and other books for the recording of events, being small books with leaves permanently fastened and bound in the cover by a bookbinder, are books within this paragraph and not booklets. (G. A. 73836, T. D. 32327, of 1912.) Paper tea labels classified as composed of surface- coated paper under paragraph 824 were held dutiable as printed mat- ‘ter under this paragraph. (Abstract 41523, of 1917.) So-called “leather address books,” indexed books containing blank pages, sub- stantially bound in leather, the inside and back covers bound to the first sheet with silk, pages indexed and lettered from @ to 2, the edges gilded and no other printed matter exeept the lettering for the indexing, classified as a manufacture in chief value of leather under paragraph 560, were held dutiable as books of all kinds; bound or SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 515 unbound, under this paragraph. (Abstract 41804, of 1918.) Labels printed -on plain paper, without any surface deeoration and used solely as inner wrappings er coverings of a washing blue, are also dutiable as printed matter and not under paragraph 324. The fact that a number of these labels are printed on a single sheet from which it is necessary to cut them before they are adaptable for use as labels does not keep them from being labels. (G. A. 8208, T. D. 37812, of 1918.) Printed. matter within this paragraph is printed on paper with the printing as the controlling feature. (Abstract 38534, of 1915, following 132 U. S., 655, holding metal signs containing litho- graphic advertising matter not dutiable as printed matter.) Newspapers bound into books are also dutiable as books under this paragraph. (G. A. 7933, T. D. 36548, of 1916.) Calendars, though in chief value of cotton, were also held dutiable under this paragraph as printed matter. (Abstract 40087, of 1916.) Hveryman’s Library, con- sisting of a series of one thousand titles, reprints of the world’s classic literature, in fiction, poetry, history, etc., do not become textbooks under paragraph 426 because, on account of their compactness, cheap- ness, and convenient form they are largely used by teachers and ‘students as supplementary er illustrative reading, or in class rooms, and are dutiable under this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 460; of 1915.) An appeal by the importers is also pending from Abstract 43135 involving the same issue. Celluloid booklets, by omission of the words “wholly or in chief value of paper,’ are dutiable at 15 per cent under this paragraph, whereas celluloid articles are dutiable at 40 per cent under para- graph 25. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 341, of 1912; G. A. 7917, T. D. 36484, of 1916.) Hngravings and etchings not specially provided for are dutiable at 15 per cent under this paragraph and also at that rate of duty under paragraph 376. The only apparent difference is that paragraph 376 relates to works of art. Paragraph 652 exempts from duty etchings and engravings made by hand. (See pars. 376 and 652.) PARAGRAPH 330. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 417. Photograph, autograph, scrap, : 330. Photograph, autograph, serap, post-card, and postage-stamp albums, | post-card, and postage-stamp albums, wholly or partly manufactured, 35 per | wholly or partly manufactured, 25 per eentum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Photographic, autographic, post-card, and postage-stamp albums consist of bound volumes of unprinted paper, capable of receiving post cards, stamps, paper clippings, or photo- graphs, either by pasting to the leaves of the album or by perfora- tions, cut or slotted, which hold the articles in place. Production, import, and export figures are not segregated. PARAGRAPH 331. 419. Playing cards, in packs not ex- 331. Playing cards, 60 per centum | ceeding fifty-four cards and at a like | ad valorem. rate for any number in excess, 10 eents per pack and 20 per centum ad | valorem, 516 SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. Production.—The domestic playing-card industry shows annual . sales amounting to about $3,000,000 in 1913. In 1914 there were three manufacturers, with 1.402 employees, wages of $685,000, a capital of $4,634,000, and raw materials costing $918,000; the value of the fin- ished product was $3,898,000, and value added by manvfacture, $2,980,000. Imports of playing cards in 1914 were valued at $7,664; in 1918, at $7,440. Exports to China, India, and Oceania have greatly increased in the last five years, particularly to British India ($58,909 in 1914, $143,494 in 1918). Previous to 1914, exports to France were limited by its State monopoly and almost prohibitive tariff regulations, since removed. Exports to France rose from $214 in 1914 to $18,128 in 1918. Export values were $330,194 in 1914 and $608,901 in 1918. PARAGRAPH 332. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 415. 9s Fo -* Pe paper not specially provided for in this section, 30 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That paper embossed, or cut, die-cut, or stamped into designs or shapes, such as initials, monograms, lace, borders, bands, strips, or other forms, or cut 332. Papers or cardboard, cut, die cut, or stamped into designs or shapes, such as initials, monograms, lace, bor- ders, or other forms, and all post cards, not including American views, plain, decorated, embossed, or printed, except by lithographic process, and all or shaped for boxes, plain or printed but not lithographed, and not specially provided for: in this section, shall be papers and manufactures of paper or of which paper is the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially pro- vided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem. dutiable at 35 per centum ad valorem ; * %* * 420, Manufactures of paper, or of which paper is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Papers and cardboards, cut, die cut, or stamped, etc., consist principally of special designs in paper and eard- board, such as business cards, calling cards, Christmas labels, and die- cut cardboard designs for needlework, ete. Production in 1914 was 83,010 tons, valued at $5,376,434. There were 58 establishments with 517 employees, wages of $265,000, a capi- tal of $706,000, and raw materials costing $421,000. The finished prod- uct was valued at $1,055,000, and the value added by manufacture was $634,000. Imports, in 1914, were valued at $30,470; in 1918, at $6,534, INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The words “ plain, decorated, embossed or printed, except by litho- graphic process,” relate back to all that precedes them in this para- graph. Omission of the words “ bands” and “ strips” show an in- tention to restrict the paragraph to the shapes or designs therein named, and such as are ejusdem generis in the strictest sense. (7.Ct. Cust. Appls., 86, of 1916.) To constitute a material paper it is not necessary that the machine used in its manufacture shall be known as a paper-making machine, nor that the material shall contain glue, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. he alum, and clay; the product determines its classification. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 55, of 1911.) Labels prepared from papers die cut or other forms come within this paragraph (T. D. 35282, of 1915), but if of surface-coated paper, they are dutiable under paragraph 324 (T. D. 35841, of 1915). Paper twine is dutiable as a manufacture of paper under this para- graph unless a declaration of the shipper is attached to the invoice and an affidavit is submitted by the importer that it is intended for use in the binding of wool of the sheep, ete. (par. 650), and the col- lector is satisfied that its chief use is for such purpose. (T. D. 34268, of 1914.) (See pars. 320, 322, 328, 324, and 652.) SCHEDULE N. SUNDRIES. PARAGRAPH 83838. ACT OF 1909. 421. Beads and spangles of all kinds, including imitation pearl beads, not threaded or strung, or strung loosely on thread for facility in transporta- tion only, 35 per centum ad valorem; fabrics, nets or nettings, laces, em- broideries, galloons, wearing apparel, ornaments, trimmings, curtains, fringes, and other articles not specially provided, for in this section, com- posed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles made of glass or paste, ACT OF 1913. 335. Beads and spangles of all kinds, including imitation pearl beads, not threaded or strung, or strung loosely on thread for facility in transporta- tion only, 385 per centum ad valorem; curtains, and other articles not em- broidered nor appliquéd and not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles made of glass or paste, gelatin, metal, or other ma- terial, 50 per centum ad valorem, gelatin, metal or other material, but not in part of wool, 60 per centum ~ad valorem: Provided, That no article composed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles made of glass, paste, gelatin, metal, or other material shall pay duty at a less rate than is 1m- posed in any paragraph of this section upon such articles without such beads or spangles. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Articles falling within this paragraph num- ber about 80,.ranging from bedds and spangles and imitation pearl beads to the cheap glass ornaments on lamp shades. The chief mate- rials of manufacture are glass, celluloid, and, in some cases, metal. Production.—Artificial pearls, made usually of glass with a coating of a gray, lustrous substance either on the outside or on the inside of the hollow glass ball, are perhaps the most important. Generally, the finer qualities of beads of all sorts are made in Europe. The Census of 1914 gives separate totals for 19 establishments engaged primarily in bead work, with products valued at $1,083,000. Since 1914, there has been considerable increase in the output of some varieties of beads due to a diminished"supply from Europe. The pro- duction is very small as compared with imports. Imports of all beads and bead ornaments in 1914 were valued at $2,185,941—$1,572,781 worth from Germany and Austria and $555,595 from France. In 1918 the importation from France increased to $1,208,567 ; from Italy (from $29,367 in 1914), to $243,937; and from Japan (from $5,574 in 1914), to $216,788. Austrian and German im- ports ceased. O18 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Curtains composed in chief value of glass or rice paste beads, — strung on cotton threads suspended from a horizontal bar or rod, are dutiable as “eurtains * * * composed wholly or. in chief value of beads” under this paragraph. The language “ curtains, and other -articles, not embroidered nor appliquéd” in this paragraph does not exclude such articles as are not susceptible of being em- broidered or appliquéd. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 285, of 1916.) Curtains of Job’s-tear seeds are dutiable by similitude to curtains of beads under this paragraph. (T. D. 86656, of 1916.) Artificial flowers, leaves, and stems made of beads with the aid of wires and silk thread, having the size, form, color, and outline of natural flowers, are dutiable under paragraph 347 as “artificial and ornamental * * * leaves, flowers and stems, or parts thereof of whatever ma- _ .terial composed,” rather than as beaded articles under this para- graph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38044, of 1919.) Ornaments and trimmings consisting of beads on a net foundation, beads chief value, are more specifically provided for under this paragraph as articles not appliquéd, composed wholly or in chief value of beads, than under paragraph 358 as ornaments or trimmings of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed. An article is appliquéd within the tariff sense when it is ornamented with a pattern or design independently fabricated. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 209, of 1913.) Silk netting ornamented with beads and spangles, the netting being more valuable than either and less valuable than both, is dutiable as “composed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles” under this paragraph and not as “trimmings * * * of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed ” under paragraph 358. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 292, of 1916.) Necklaces with or without base metal clasps, in chief value of beads, the beads being made of wood, gelatin, or paste and china or colored glass, some in imitation of jet and amber, are dutiable as articles in chief value of beads under this paragraph and not as jewelry under paragraph 856. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916.) Necklaces substantially of imitation jet beads with imita- tion jet pendants are not dutiable as jewelry under paragraph 356, but as*beaded articles under this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 156, of 1916.) Beaded necklaces are not necessarily .jewelry, and articles of personal adornment only are not necessarily jewelry. The jewelry paragraph 448 of the tariff act of 1909 embraced imitation amber; the jewelry paragraph 3856 in the tariff act of 1913 does not. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 161, of 1916.) Necklaces in chief valye of paste beads are not dutiable as jewelry under paragraph 856, but as manu- factures in chief value of paste beads under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 314, of 1918.) Imitation pearl beads strung temporarily upon flimsy cotton strings selected and graded as to size so that the beads graduate from the largest in the center to the smallest at either end, are dutiable as “imitation pearl beads * * * strung loosely on thread for facility in transportation only” and not as articles of beads under this paragraph. However useful for trade purposes may be the selecting and grading, the fact remains that the stringing was done for facility in transportation only, as the beads have to be restrung more durably and fitted with clasps before being practical for use as chains or necklaces. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 246, of 1918.) Rosaries in chief value of beads were held dutiable as articles made a a ai ee ee 4 il i os SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 519 of beads under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 157, of 1917.) Coral beads graduated and temporarily strung loosely on strings for facility in transportation, suitable for use in the manufacture of jewelry, are not dutiabie as beads or articles in. chief value of beads under this paragraph, but as “coral * * * cut, but not set, and suitable for use in the manufacture of jewelry,” under paragraph 307. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38002, of 1919.) Coral beads which have heen cut to final globular shape, pierced, graded, and temporarily strung in final relation from large to small for use and wear as coral necklaces, were similarly classified. (9 Ct. Cust. Appis., —, T. D. 38008, of 1919.) Chrisimas tree ornaments consist- ing of a star inelosed in a circle 3 inches in diameter, composed of colored and silvered or gilded glass perforated articles strung on metal wires having a pendant composed of similar glass articles strung on red cotton strings, and other articles of similar descrip- tion, were held properly classified as beaded articles under this para- graph rather than manufactures of blown glass under paragraph 8&4. (Abstract 42364, of 1918.) (See pars. 84, 167, 356, 357, and 358.) . , There has been some uncertainty in the interpretation of the tariff rates for beads and spangles. If they are strung loosely for facility in transportation only, the rate is 85 per centum ad valorem, whereas if they are strung ready for use, the rate is 50 per centum ad valorem. It is often difficult to determine into which classifica- tion the product falls. Frequently the strands are complete with the exception of the clasp, yet pay the lower rate of duty. Artieles in chief value of beads embroidered or appliquéd come within neither this paragraph nor paragraph 358, but under provisions according to the component material of chief value, such as glass. Omission of the words “not embroidered nor appliquéd and” would simplify administration. The classification of necklaces has given rise to much litigation. © As a rule they are jewelry when imported strung with a elasp, but when made of imitation jet or amber, or of wood, gelatin, paste, © glass, or china, whether with or without clasps, they have been held not to be jewelry. A valuable collection of matched pearls used abroad before acceptance, and imported unstrung, was also held not to be jewelry. (See par. 356.) The classification of rosaries is also difficult. Three provisions are principally involved, this paragraph, paragraph 167, and para- graph 356. Rosaries’ having devotional use have been held not to come within paragraph 856, and are dutiable according to the com- ponent of chief value. When having a simple metal crucifix, rosaries might be dutiable at 50 per cent under this paragraph, and when having an elaborate crucifix of base metal, at 20 per cent under paragraph 167. PARAGRAPH 334. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. aoa. ~ hpraids.* .* ~* com- ‘334. Ramie hat braids, 40 -per posed wholly or in chief value of cot- | centum ad valorem; manufactures of ton, flax, or other vegetable fiber | ramie hat braids, 50 per centum ad * +* * and not elsewhere specially | valorem. provided for in this section, 60 per cent ad valorem * * *#*, 520 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Ramie braid, used for making hats, re- sembles silk braid, and may be made either by hand or by machinery, as other hat braid. Production of ramie hat braid is not very extensive, importers claiming that the demand for it in this country has ceased entirely. Switzerland is the chief producer, but some is made in Italy, Ger- many, and France. China and Formosa. The raw material comes almost wholly from Imports of braid in 1914 were valued at $8,018; in 1918, at $6,475; of manufactures in 1914, at $1538; in 1918, at $888. (For rates on other hat braids made of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, horsehair, ete., see pars. 3835 and 358.) PARAGRAPH 335. ACT OF 190692. 422, Braids, plaits, laces, and wil- low sheets or squares, composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, real horsehair, cuba bark, or manila hemp, suitable for making or ornamenting hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, dyed, colored, or stained, 15 per centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, colored, or Stained, 20 per centum ad valorem; hats, bonnets, and hoods composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, cuba bark, or manila hemp, whether wholly or partly manu- factured, but not trimmed, 35 per centum ad valorem; if trimmed, 50 per centum ad valorem. But the terms ‘“ grass” -and “straw ” shail be understood to mean these substances in their natural form and structure, and not the separated fiber thereof. ACT OF 1918. 335. Braids, plaits, laces, and wil- low sheets or squares, composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, real horsehair, cuba bark, or manila hemp, Suitable for making or ornamenting hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, dyed, colored, or stained, 15 per centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, eolored, or stained, 20 per centum ad valorem; hats, bonnets, and hoods composed wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, cuba bark, or manila hemp, whether wholly or partly manu- factured, but not blocked or trimmed, 25 per centum ad valorem; if blocked or trimmed, and in chief value of such materials, 40 per centum ad valorem, But, . the. terms . “stags. fame ‘straw ” shall be understood to mean these substances in their natural form and structure, and not the separated fiber thereof. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and use.—Wheat straw, produced in certain areas only, is the most important material used in plaited headgear. hats dyed or bleached wholly or in part and hats not dyed. The rates are also the same on hats that are partially blocked and those that are not. PARAGRAPH 336. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 423. Brushes, brooms, and feather 336. Brooms, made of broom corn, dusters of all kinds, and hair pencils | straw, wooden fibre, or twigs, 15 per in quills or otherwise, 40 per centum | centum ad valorem; brushes and ad valorem. - feather dusters of all kinds, and hair pencils in quills or otherwise, 35 per eentum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Brooms for sweeping floors and streets, cleaning ceilings and hearths, and ordinary whisk brooms usually are made of the tops of broom corn. Brooms for brewers’ use are made of bristles; street and push brooms, of brass and steel, rattan, basswood fiber, or split bamboo. Those made of broom corn, straw, and wooden fiber and twigs, included hereunder, compose the bulk of the brooms used. ; Brushes may be divided into (1) brushes fer toilet purposes—hair brushes, military brushes, shaving brushes, ete.; (2) brushes for SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. hs artists and painters; (3) all other, such as clothes, hat, fruit-cleaning, and machine brushes. Hair pencils are fine brushes used by painters in laying on paints, especially pointed brushes, the hairs of which are held by a quill ferrule with a wooden handle. Production of brooms in 1914 was valued at $14,085,000, of which those made from broom corn were valued at $13,800,000. The output aggregated $17,894,000, divided as follows: Toilet brushes, $2,675,000 ; paint and varnish brushes, $7,303,000; and all other, $7,916,000. The output of feather dusters and hair pencils is not reported separately. Import values in 1918 were $3,000,956, of which $2.979,414 was for brushes, $13,575 for brooms, and $7,967 for feather dusters and hair pencils. Japan supplied imports to the value of about $2,800,000. The revenue was $1,047,606.35, of which $1,042,789.80 was from brushes, ' Exports of brooms in 1918 amounted to $184,159, one-half going to Panama, Mexico, and Canada. Exports of brushes aggregated $984,085, over 25 per cent going to Canada, the rest going mainly to Cuba, England, and Mexico. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Patent rotary wire brushes with four rows of phesphor bronze bristles used in connection with an apparatus for cleaning the Four- drinier wire of a paper-making machine, are dutiable as brushes within the meaning of that word as used in this paragraph. (Ab- stract 87023, T. D. 34984, of 1914.) Jewelry brushes, consisting of brass scratch brushes used for polishing gold and jewelry, are duti- able as brushes under this paragraph rather than as wire under para- graph 114. (Abstract 36472, T. D. 34763, of 1914.) Toothbrushes and bamboo baskets containing cardboard trays in which the tooth- -brushes are packed, the baskets used upon the counters of retailers to display the toothbrushes, were held dutiable under paragraph 175 and this paragraph, the baskets being treated as unusual coverings. (Abstract 43037, of 1919, following G. A. 7592, T. D. 34676, of 1914, relative to show cases filled with pipes and to be subsequently refilled.) Boot wipers, consisting of an iron stand and two brushes, were held dutiable as entireties at the rate applieable to the component article of chief value. (G. A. 7802, T. D. 35846, of 1915.) . A rubber mat, oval in shape, in which are set by means of adhesive material bristles of the length and character of the bristles in a hairbrush, capable of use as a hairbrush, was held dutiable under the provision for brushes under this paragraph either directly or by similitude. Articles in form, shape, and design similar to, if not identical with the ordinary hairbrush, is in effect a hairbrush minus the handle, (Abstract 40862, of 1917.) Brooms of wiilow tivigs, bunehed to- gether and tied at the heavy ends with-wooden thongs, about 1 foot in length and suitable for various purposes, said to be used in Sweden and among Swedish people for beating eggs and gravy and for other culinary purposes, were held dutiable under the first clause of this paragraph as brooms rather than under the latter part of the para- graph as brushes. (Abstract 40781, of 1917.) So-called bamboo sink brooms or brushes were held to be dutiable as brooms under this paragraph. (Abstract 41549, of 1917.) But under instructions of the Treasury Department, they are continued to be assessed with duty as 594 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. brushes under the second part of the paragraph pending the making of a new case. (T. D. 37502, of 1918.) Merchandise, invoiced as “reversible cotton bath pads” and “cotton bath straps,’ and com- posed of cotton and loffah, classified as brushes under this paragraph, was found not to respond to the definition heretofore given of brushes in the construction of the paragraph, but as the component material of chief value was not shown, the protest was overruled. (Abstract 41242, of 1917.) A round wooden stick about 18 inches long, at one end of which is a whisk effect produced by small shavings of the stick turned down and bound together, were found not to be capable of use as brooms or brushes, but held dutiable as manufac- tures of wood under paragraph 215 of the act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 330, of 1913.) Clarinet cleaners consisting of twisted pieces of wire and having yarns or threads run nearly at right angles with _ the wire were held dutiable as brushes under paragraph 423 of that act. (T. D. 82512, of 1912.) Miniature feather dusters were held te ' fall within the terms of paragraph 423 of the act of 1909 as ‘ feather dusters of.all kinds” and not dutiable as toys. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 37, of 1918.) Twigs, probably of willow, closely bound together m bundles securely fastened at one end and of substantial strength and apparent durability, were found to be brushes known as whisk brooms, and were held dutiable under paragraph 4238 of the act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 331, of 1913.) PARAGRAPH 337. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 424, Bristles, sorted, bunched, or 337. Bristles, sorted, bunched, or prepared, 74 cents per pound. prepared, 7 cents per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Bristles are the strong hairs growing on the back (and to some extent on the sides) of the hog, wild boar, and certain other animals. They are extensively used in brushes and by shoemakers and saddlers. The best bristles come from the cold regions of the Temperate Zone. (For crude products, see par. 482.) Production.—The small and immature slaughterhouse bristles (a by-product of the pork-packing industry) are short and inferior. Russia supplies the finest grade, the hairs being much longer and stiffer than those of American bristle-bearing animals. China, how- ever, With a somewhat inferior product, supplies from 60 to 75 per cent of the bristles we require for paint brushes. Imports of sorted, bunched, or prepared bristles in 1918 were $8,873,252 pounds, valued at $4,648,042, of which 2,856,776 pounds, Valued at $2,555,780, came from China. The revenue aggregated $271,127. (For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 482.) PARAGRAPH 338. 426. Button forms of lastings, mo- | 338. Button forms of lastings, mo- hair or silk cloth, or other manufac- | hair or silk cloth, or other manufac- tures of cloth, woven or made in pat- | tures of cloth,-woven or made in pat- terns of such size, shape or form as to | terns of such size, shape, or form as be fit for buttons exclusively, and not |} to be fit for buttons exclusively, and exceeding three inches in any one di- | not exceeding eight inches in any one mension, 10 per centum ad yalorem, dimension, 10 per centum ad valorem, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 525 GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and use.—Button forms covered by this paragraph are pieces of cloth, of whatever composition, specially woven, stamped, cut, or otherwise fitted, for use only as coverings for buttons. Lasting is usually a strong and durable worsted fabric woven with a double or three-ply warp and single filling into a twill or satin weave. Imports in 1914 were valued at $19,183 ; in 1918, at $1,311. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Embroidered button forms.—Designs embroidered in artificial silk suitable for use as button material are dutiable as embroidered fabrics under paragraph 358, rather than under this paragraph. (Abstract 38824, of 1915.) Button forms.—In construing paragraph 426 of the act of 1909 the limitation “ and not exceeding 3 inches in any one dimension” was’ held to relate to the subject matter of the paragraph and not merely ‘ to the phrase “ woven or made in patterns of such size, shape, or form as to be fit for buttons exclusively.” Strips about 9 inches long and 3 inches or less in width were held dutiable as manufactures of cot- ton. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 4380, of 1912 and Abstract 35578, T. D. 34459, of 1914.) Button forms.of mohair or silk are dutiable at 10 per cent under this paragraph; mohair material, at 40 per cent under paragraph 308; and silk, at 45 per cent under paragraph 319. PARAGRAPH 339. ACT OF 1909. 427. Buttons or parts of buttons and button molds or blanks, finished or unfinished, shail pay duty at the following rates, the line-button meas- ure being one-fortieth of one inch, namely: Buttons known commercially as agate buttons, * * * yy of 1 cent per line per gross; buttons of bone, * * * 4 of 1 cent per line per gross; Buttons of pearl or shell, 14 cents per line per gross; buttons of horn, vegetable ivory, glass, * * #* not specially provided for In this sec- tion, # of 1 cent per line per gross, and in addition thereto, on all the foregoing articles in this paragraph, 15 per centum ad valorem; shoe but- tons made of paper, board, papier mifché, pulp or other similar material, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, valued at not exceeding 3 cents per gross, 1 cent per gross; * * * buttons not specially provided for in this section, and all collar or cuff but- tons and studs composed wholly of bone, mother-of-pearl, or ivory, 50 per centum ad valorem. 883. * * * buttons or barrel but- tons or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments, * * * any of the foregoing made of wool or of which wool is a component material, whether containing india rubber or not, 50 cents per pound and 60 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1918. 339. Buttons of vegetable ivory in sizes thirty-six lines and larger, 35 per centum ad valorem; below thirty-six lines, 45 per centum ad valorem; but- tons of shell and pearl in sizes twenty- six lines and larger, 25 per centum ad valorem; below twenty-six lines, 45 per centum ad valorem; agate buttons and shoe buttons, 15 per centum ad valorem; parts of buttons and button molds or blanks, finished or unfinished, and all collar and cuff buttons and studs composed wholly of bone, mother- of-pearl, ivory, or agate, all the fore- going and buttons not specially pro- vided for in this section, 40 per centum ad valorem. 526 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. VEGETABLE IVOBY BUTTONS. Description and uses.—Vegetable ivory buttons are made from tagua nuts which grow in Panama and northern South America. (See par, 620.) The size is measured by the “line” (appreximately one- twelfth inch). Production increased from 2,470,000 gross, valued at $1,300,000 in 1904, to 5,125,000 gross, valued at $2,885,000 in 1914. Imports of tagua - nuis increased from over 23,000,000 pounds, vaiued at $790,000 in 1912, to about 51,700,000 pounds, valued at over $425,000 in 1917. ‘There were 23 factories in this country in 1918. Germany was an important preducer of vegetable ivory buttons before the war. Imports in 1918 were 32,128 gross, valued at $138,624.. The value ranges from $10,000 to $50,000 a year. ; : PEARL OR SHELL BUTTONS. ' Description and uses.—Ocean-pearl buttons are made of several varieties of salt-water molluseca, chiefly from oriental and Indian waters. The quality, depending largely on the shell, varies greatly. Wholesale prices for a single size are from 10 cents to $1.20 per gross. The better grades are used on women’s wear and men’s shirts. Fresh-water pearl buttons are made from the shells of a number of mussels obtained in rivers and lakes. They are, on the whole, a cheaper grade of buttons than those of ocean pearl. Production in the United States of ocean-pearl buttons in 1918 was by 112 establishments. In 1914 the output was over 4,500,000 gross, valued at about 57 cents per gross. Imports of shells for this output amounted to $2,220,000 in 1912, to $1,325,000 in 1915, and to $2,435,000 in 1917. Austria-Hungary long maintained a practical monopoly of the ocean-pearl button industry, but the development of a domestic fresh-water pearl industry caused Austrian imports to disappear. Our production of fresh-water pearl buttons in 1914 was over 21,000,000 gross, valued at about $4,800,000. The output for 1916 was valued at $7,450,000. Japan is becoming an important producer o£ cheap fresh-water pear] buttons, importing the shell from China. Imports of pearl’ or shell buttons in 1918 amounted to 4,784,041 gross, valued at $913,721, the greater part coming from Japan. The estimated Japanese output of fresh-water pearl buttons for 1917 was about 600,000 gross of first-class buttons, and over 1,000,000 gross of inferior grades. The prices ranged from 5 to 12 cents per gross for medium-sized buttons laid down in the United States, duty paid. The lower price is said to be less than the cost of cutting the blanks in the United States as reported in a brief submitted by the Button Manufacturers’ Association to the United States Tariff Commission. Exports of pearl buttons in 1918 amounted to $600,666, of which $303,019 went to Hurope, $222,017 to North America, and $51,106 to South America. Previous statistics are not available. AGATE BUTTONS. _ Description, uses, and production.—Agate buttons are made of feldspar and a clay similar to that manufactured into porcelain, and are used on cheap underwear, boys’ waists, etc., and on shoes. Very few, if any, are made here. ny . : . _ ) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 527 Imports in 1918 were 2,857,167 gross, valued at $188,669. War im- ports were chiefly from France and Japan, and averaged annually about 2,500,000 gross. BONE BUTTONS. Description and uses.—Bone buttons are made chiefly from the suin bones of cattle, and are used mostly on underwear, waists, and inside flaps of garments. Production.—Three domestic concerns make about 300,000 gross of bone buttons annually. Small amounts are produced in Japan. YFor- merly Germany practically controlled the world market. Imports aggregated 30,289 gross, valued at $11,318 in 1918; 55 gross, valued at $4,241 in 1915; 2,279 gross, valued at $492 in aie and 10,444 gross, valued at $1,803 in 1917. GLASS BUTTONS. Description and uses.—These buttons are made from glass rods, sometimes calied “ fusible enamel,” in a great variety of sizes, shapes, and colors, described as ‘“‘faney buttons used largely for women’s wear.” Production in 1918 by about 15 small factories gave an output valued at $300,000. Formerly most of our glass buttons came from Austria. Imports were 142 gross, valued at $448, in 1918; and 1,000,000 gross, valued at $464,117 in 1914. Exports.—Small quantities are now exported to ane gee but statistics are lacking. ‘ SHOE BUTTONS. Description and uses.—Shoe buttons are made from a number of materials, the most important being papier-maché and agate. Cheaper grades from Austria and Germany were agate. The domestic product is made of papier-mAaché. Production.—Twelve factories, chiefly in New England, gave an output in 1914 of about 15,500,000 gross, valued at about $610,000. The manufacture of papier-maché buttons greatly increased with the elimination of German and. Austrian competition. ° Imports-in 1918 were 46,684 gross, valued at $3,184; in 1914, over 570,000 gross, valued at about $21,500. _ BLANKS OR MOLDS. Description.—Blanks or molds constitute material prepared espe- eially to be manufactured into particular kinds of buttons. Production in. 1914 of button blanks for sale was 14,504,148 gross, valued at $2,349,406, and was more than double the output of 1904. COLLAR AND CUFF BUTTONS. These articles, when made of metal and valued at over 20 cents per dozen, are provided for in paragraph 3856. When manufactured of bone, mother-of-pearl, ivory, or agate, they fall within this para- graph. (For buttons made of metal, see pars. 151 and 356.) Production in 1914 was 1,771,053 gross, valued at $56,251, including some metal buttons. Imports in 1918 were 577 gross, valued at $230; in 1914, at $52,125. 528 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATIGCN AND COMMENTS. Agate buttons.—Buttons returned by the appraiser as porcelain but- tons and classified by the collector as buttons not specially provided for under this paragraph were held upon the testimony to be known in the trade as agate buttons and dutiable accordingly at 15 per cent ad valorem under this paragraph. (Abstract 38007, of 1915.) Collar buttons commercially known as agate buttons but not in fact com- posed of agate are dutiable at 15 per cent and not at 40 per cent ad valorem under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 5, of 1917.). The provision “ buttons known commercially as agate buttons” in the act of 1909 left no doubt concerning the classification of such buttons. Parts of buttons or button molds to be finished into buttons suit- able for and intended to be used as shoe buttons are dutiable under the provision in this paragraph for ‘parts of buttons and button molds or blanks, finished or unfinished,” and not as ‘shoe buttons ” under the same paragraph. (G. A. 7799, T. D. 35843, of 1915.) An article of gallilith shaped like a curling stone, perforated for a metal shank or loop to make it into a shoe button, is not dutiable under the provision for buttons, but under that for “ parts of buttons, and button molds or blanks” in this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 244, of 1918.) Silver-plated metal button shanks intended for use as parts of pearl buttons are more specifically provided for as “parts of but- tons, * * * finished or unfinished,” in this paragraph, than as “articles or wares plated with gold or silver” under paragraph 167, or as “materials of metal * * °* guitable for use in the manu- facture of any of the foregoing articles in this paragraph,” under paragraph 356. (G. A. 7807, T. D. 35877, of 1915.) Crocheted sili covers for round buttons, strengthened and partly held in shape by two metal rings around which the thread is crocheted are dutiable as “parts of buttons and button molds or blanks, finished or unfin- ished,” under this paragraph and not under paragraph 338. (Ab- stract 88385, of 1915.) Shoe buttons of mother-of-pearl are dutiable as shoe buttons and not as buttons of shell and pearl under this paragraph. (G. A. 7598, T. D. 84784, of 1914.) Heavy, thick, round pearl bwttons with a metal plate and eyelet on the back, and buttons made wholly of pearl, the top being ground or cut so as to form a hollow and the button somewhat rounded, having four perforations rather far apart, are dutiable as shoe buttons and not as buttons of shell and pearl under this paragraph. (Abstract 37323, of 1915.) Buttons of gallilith hav- ing a shank made of heavy wire running through the head and flat- tened down to form a stud are dutiable as shoe buttons and not as buttons not specially provided for under this paragraph. (Abstract 387477, of 1915.) The act of 1909 more specifically described shoe buttons by enumer- ating the materials in the wording “made of paper, board, papier- maché, pulp or other similar materials,” after ‘ shoe buttons.” Cotton crochet balls sold and used as buttons on waists, but at times attached to a banding by small loops and in that condition used for trimmings are dutiable as buttons at 40 per cent ad valorem under this paragraph and not at 60 per cent ad valorem as trimmings under paragraph 858. (Abstract 40805, of 1917.) Articles classified SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 029 as trimmings, paragraph 3858, were found to be known and recognized in the trade and commerce of this country as buttons, and held duti- able as buttons at 40 per cent under this paragraph. 41950, of 1918.) (Abstract “Vegetable ivory” might be added after “ivory” in describing eollar and cuff buttons and studs. PARAGRAPH 340. ACT OF 1869. 429. Cork bark cut into squares, cubes, or quarters, 8 cents per pound; . manufactured corks over three-fourths of an inch in diameter, measured at larger end, 15 cents per pound; three- fourths of an inch and less in diam- eter, measured at larger end, 25 cents per pound; cork, artificial, or cork substitutes, manufactured from cork waste or granulated cork, and not otherwise provided for in this section, 6 cents per pound; manufactures, wholly or in chief value of cork, or of cork bark, or of artificial cork or cork substitutes, granulated or ground eork, not specially provided for in this section, 80 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1918. 340. Cork bark, cut into squares, cubes, or quarters, 4 cents per pound; manufactured cork stoppers, over three-fourths of an inch in diameter, measured at the larger end, and manu- factured cork disks, wafers, or wash- ers, over three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness, 12 cents per pound; manufactured cork stoppers, three- fourths of an inch or less in diameter, measured at the larger end, and manu- factured cork disks, wafers, or wash- ers, three-sixteenths of an inch or less in thickness, 15 cents per pound; cork, artificial, or cork substitutes manufactured from cork waste, or granulated corks, and not otherwise provided for in this section, 3 cents per pound; cork insulation, wholly or in chief value of granulated cork, in slabs, boards, planks, or molded forms, % cent per pound; cork paper, 35 per centum ad valorem; manufac- ‘ tures wholly or in chief value of cork or of cork bark, or of artificial cork or bark substitutes, granulated or ground cork, not specially provided for in this section, 80 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The greatest use of cork is in making cork stoppers and cork disks for crown cork, the lining of the caps of con- tainers of various beverages. Its lightness fits it for floats for nets, swimming belts, etc. The refuse bits from manufacture are powdered and used in linoleum, in the loose filling of refrigerators or otner heat insulation, ete. The painter’s Spenish black is made by burning cork in closed vessels. Cork paper, made by pasting very thin sheets of bark to paper, is used for cigarette tips. The inner bark is a valuable tanning material. Avtificial cork and cork substitutes consist of gran- ulated cork mixed with some glutinous binder and molded into the desired form. A complete listing of cork uses is almost impossible. Portugal and Spain supply nearly all the raw material. (See par. 464. ) Production in 1914 was by 52 establishments (80 in New York and 10 in Pennsylvania), with a capital of $7,602,000, over 3,400 employees, and wages of $1,582,000. Materials used were valued at $4,751,000, and the product at $7,875,000. Imports in 1914 were valued at $2,628,387; in 1916, at $878,268; in 1917, at $2,626,804; in 1918, at $1,977,522, of which disks, wafers, 184911°—20-—_84 530 and washers amounted to $1,445,851, insulation to $181,402, paper to $107,462, stoppers to $198,378, and all other manufactures to $44,403. Exports for 1914-1918 were valued at $462,199, $211,795, $455,424, $541,579, and $847,377, respectively. Canada, Australia, and Brazil were the chief purchasers of domestic cork manufactures in 1914. and Canada, Panama, and Cuba in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Disks less than three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness made of granulated cork and binding material, used for the inside lining for bottle caps, cans, and gaskets, are dutiable as manufactured cork disks under this paragraph. (G. A. T707, T. D. 35270, of 1915.) So- called cigarette paper, otherwise known as cork paper in bobbins or cork bobbins, consisting -of thin sheets or strips of cork backed with tissue paper is dutiable as cork paper under this paragraph. (T. D. 37196, of 1917.) Cork boards or slabs manufactured from cork shay- ings designed for use as floor tilings are dutiable under the pro- vision in this paragraph for “manufactures wholly er in chief value or cork * * * or ground eork, not specially provided for,” and not under the provision for cork insulation. (G. A. 8240, T. D. 37953, of 1919.) (See par. 464.) The adjective “bark,” qualifying “substitutes” in this paragraph, apparently should be “ cork,” as in the act of 1909. - PARAGRAPH 341. ACT ACT OF 1909. OF 1913. 430. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chess- men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, and bagatelle balls, of ivory, bone, or other materials, 50 per centum ad va- lorem, 341. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chess- men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, bagatelle balls, and poker chips, of ivory; bone, or other materials, 50 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Imports of dice, dominoes, drafis, chessmen, ete., in 1914 were valued at $67,714, nearly all from Germany and France; in 1918, at $32,307, three-fourths of which came from France, the rest largely from Hongkong, Japan, and China. Production and export data are not readily available. France is the principal manufacturer of articles within this paragraph. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Pearl drafts or checkers, in chief value of mother-of-pearl, are dutiable under this paragraph and not as manufactures of pearl under paragraph 3869. (Abstract 38337, of 1915.) Chesstoards and ehess- men, packed together, are dutiable as entireties under this paragraph rather than according to the component material of chief value under other paragraphs. (Abstract 40430, of 1916.) PARAGRAPH 342. 431. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever mate- rials composed, and all other toys, and parts of toys, not composed of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen or stone ware, and not spe- cially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem. 342. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever mate- - rials composed, and all other toys, and parts of toys, not composed of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen or stone ware, and not spe- cially provided for in this section, 35. per centum ad valorem. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 531 GENERAL INFORMATION. Production.—Available figures cover toys and games in general. In 1914 there were 290 manufacturers of toys and games, with an out- put valued at $13,757,000, a capital of $10,484,000, and 7,887 em- ployees. Before the war Germany supplied a large part of the world’s demand for toys. Imports in 1918 were valued at $2,009,014, $492,178 for dolls or parts thereof. Over 90 per cent came from Japan. In 1914 imports amounted to over $9,000,000, those from Germany being valued at $7,700,000. Exports in 1918 amounted to $2,023,624, divided as follows: Dolls, $356,363 ; mechanical toys, $198,792; “all other,” $1,468,469. Of this value $790,248 went to Canada, the rest chiefly to Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, and Brazil. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. There has been no substantial change in the provisions for toys since the act of 1883. Yet under each of the acts there has been much litigation. Suggestions intended to make classification more certain were not deemed effective and have not been adopted in sub- sequent acts. For example in 1909 (Tariff Hearings, 1908-9, vol. 6, p. 6618) it was proposed to insert in the tariff act a provision making the rate of duty on toys the same as that imposed upon “ miscel- laneous manufactures of the material of which such toys are wholly or in chief value composed.” The materials therein set forth (p. 6620), in the order of percentage, are metal, cotton, paper, rubber, wood, glass, china, fur, skin, wool, papier-maché, celluloid, leather, silk, gallilith, pearl, bone, and willow, metal constituting 45 per cent of the total importations. The extent to which such a provision would go was indicated by the classification of toys of wool, which, being subject to compound duties, would have had not only to be valued to ascertain the ad valorem rate, but weighed in every case to deter- mine the specific duty. The magnitude of that work is apparent from the volume of imports. The scope of the provision has been somewhat limited by the defini- tion of toys as playthings intended and designed for the aniusement of children only and which by their very nature and character are reasonably fit for no other purpose. (1 Ct. Cust. Applis., 109, 111, of 1910; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 386, of 1911.) Cheapness does not deter- mine classification (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 102, of 1912; 5 Ct Cust Appls., 202, 294, of 1914); nor does flimsiness (159 Fed., 228, of 1908; 3 Ct. Cust. Appis., 102, of 1912) ; nor does their sale to or in toysheps (167 Fed., 532, of 1909; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 234, of 1911). But such limita- tions must yield to proof of commercial designation as toys. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 102, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 95, of 19138.) By agree- ment between the Government and importers a decision of the Court of Customs Appeals (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 53, of 1916, see par. 63, supra) upon so-called water-color boxes is not applied to paints or colors in wooden or paper boxes valued at less than 100 marks per gross, or in metal boxes valued at less than 25 marks per gross, or the equivalent in each case in francs. Such paints or colors are classified as toys. (T. D. 37168, of 1917.) Whether such articles as penknives, however small, should be re- garded as toys is questionable. 532 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 343, ACT OF 1909. 432. Emery grains and emery, manu- factured, ground, pulverized, or re- fined, 1 cent ver pound; emery wheels, emery files, and manufactures of which emery or corundum is the component material of chief value, 25 per centum ad valorem 3) > Sia > o*; ACT OF 19138. 3438. Emery grains and emery, manu- factured, ground, pulverized, or refined, 1 cent per pound ; emery wheels, emery files, emery paper, and manufactures of which emery or corundum is the component material of chief value, 20 per centum ad- valorem, GENERAL, INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Corundum and emery, prior to the inven- tion of artificial abrasives (par. 479), were the most important abra- sive materials. Corundum is a natural crystalline mineral composed of aluminum oxide. Emery is an impure form of corundum. They are used in making emery cloth and paper and are manufactured into grinding wheels by. mixing with suitable materials. Production.—Chief commercial sources of emery are the Greek island of Naxos and the Province of Smyrna in Asia Minor. Wmery is produced here chiefly in the Peekskill district of New York and recently in Pittsylvania County, Va. Domestic production increased from 485 tons, valued at $2,425 in 1914, to 16,315 tons, valued at $173,589 in 1917, an increase due to restricted imports and increased war demand. Canada, which was formerly the chief source of corundum, has been practically unproductive since 1913. There are important deposits in India and the South African Transvaal, whence considerable quanti- ties reached this country during 1917. Crude ore is usually shipped to Glasgow for refining and reexported to this country. Domestic production in 1917 (all from North Carolina) was 820 tons, valued at $67,461. Imports of emery ore prior to 1915 were nearly constant at 14,000 tons, except in 1918, when 18,964 tons were recorded, valued at $328,211, 90 per cent coming from Turkey. Imports fell to 2,000 tons in 1917. Imports of emery grains in 1914 were 844,157 pounds, valued at $33,874, with about 60 per cent from England and 25 per cent from France. In 1917 they fell to 136,969 pounds valued at $7,889, all from England and Canada. In 1918 imports were 482,289 pounds, valued at $32,371. ; Imports of corundum ore declined steadily from 840 long tons, valued at $63,286 in 1911, to 17 tons valued at $633 in 1916, then in- creased to 1,129 tons, valued at $119,145 in 1918. Imports of corundum grains have varied considerably. In 1913 they were 1,937,803 pounds, valued at $87,187, with over 90 per cent from Canada; in 1916, 657,826 pounds; in 1918, 3,421,454 pounds, valued at $189,345. Scotland has been the chief source since 1915. Imports of manufactures of emery and corundum have been small, in 1913 valued at $15,067, increased to $44,390 in 1918, INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The term corundum embraces the artificial article, such as boro- carbone (melted and crushed bauxite), as well as the natural corun- dum (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 64, of 1917), in any form commercially desig- 533 nated as corundum ‘T. D. 30002 of 1909). Under the latter decision, corundum crushed or ground is exempt from duty under paragraph 479, while emery in such forms, although similar merchandise, is dutiable. A provision might be added to this paragraph for corundum and artificial abrasives in grains or ground, pulverized, or refined. (See par. 479.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, PARAGRAPH 344. ACT OF 1909. 433. Firecrackers of all kinds, 8 cents per pound; bombs, _ rockets, Roman candles, and fireworks of all descriptions, not specially provided for in this section, 12 cents per pound; the weight on all the foregoing to include all coverings, wrappings, and packing material. ACT OF 1918. 644, Firecrackers of all kinds, 6 cents per pound; bombs, rockets, Roman candles, and fireworks of all descriptions, not specially provided for in this section, 10 cents per pound; the weight on all the foregoing to include all coverings, wrappings, and packing material. ’ GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The materials most used in fireworks are gunpowder or its constituents, carbon, sulphur, and potassium ni- trate. Fireworks are so varied in form that many substances mav pe employed in their manufacture. Metallic salts are used to produce different colors; several oxidizing materials may supplant potassium nitrate; and other explosives may replace gunpowder for certain pur- poses. Besides their scenic purposes, they are used as signals, rockets, Roman candles, and Bengal lights for signaling at sea. Production.—In 1914 there were 41 manufacturers, with a capital of $2,162,449, and output valued at $2,296,236. Imports of fireworks for 1910-1915 averaged over 3,000,000 pounds, valued at about $216,000, with revenue of $250,000. In 1917. the imports were 2,999,503 pounds, valued at $382,248; in 1918, 1,117,004 pounds, valued at $123,087, with revenue of $67,020. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Shells made of paper containing a charge of explosive which after importation are equipped with a fuse, a cone, powder, or other means of propelling the shells through the air, were held to be fire- works. are not fireworks. (Abstract 41751, of 1918.) ( (Abstract 35162, T. D. 33660, of 1913.) Shells containing no explosive PARAGRAPH 345. ACT OF 1909. 436. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- dred and forty-four boxes, containing not more than one hundred matches per box, 6 cents per gross; when im- ported otherwise than in boxes contain- ing not more than one _ hundred matches each, ? of 1 cent per one thousand matches; wax and fancy matches and tapers, 35 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1918. 345. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- dred and forty-four boxes, containing not more than one hundred matches per box, 3 cents per gross; when im- ported otherwise than in boxes con- taining not more than one hundred matches each, 2 of 1 cent per one thousand matches; wax matches, fusees, wind matches, and all matches in books or folders or having a stained, dyed, or colored stick or stem, and tapers consisting of a wick coated with an inflammable substance, and night 584 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913—Continued. lights, 25 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That in accordance with sec- tion ten of “An Act to provide for a tax upon white phosphorus matches, and for other purposes,” approved April ninth, nineteen hundred and twelve, white phosphorus matches manufactured wholly or in part in any foreign country shall not be entitled to enter at any of the ports of the United States, and the importation thereof is hereby prohibited: Provided further, That nothing in this Act con- tained shall be held to repeal or modify said Act to provide for a tax upon white phosphorus matehes, and for other purposes, approved April ninth, nineteen hundred and twelve. GENERAL INFORMATION. 7 Description and uses.—Since friction matches appeared, about 1830, the industry has grown rapidly. Many changes have been made in the ignition mixture, each company usually having its own special formule; but the principal substances used are phosphorus sesquisul- phide, some oxidizing material (such as potassium chlorate), red lead, lead peroxide, or manganese dioxide, glue, ground flint or glass, and a filler, such as clay. White or yellow phosphorus was formerly ex- tensively used, but owing to the dangerous character of these matches they are now practically prohibited by law. Pine wood is usually used for the stems. The manufacture is wholly by machinery, from the cutting of the stems from the block until finished, boxed, and ready for shipment. Safety matches contain neither phosphorus nor phosphorus com- pounds, but the substance on which they are struck usually contains red phosphorus—sometimes antimony sulphide—and powdered glass made into a paste with glue. Production.—In 1914 there were 20 establishments, employing 4,546 persons, with a capital of $11,736,187, and product valued at $12,- 556,279. The production has increased somewhat since then. Imports of matches in 1910 were valued at $872,945, increasing to $882,795 in 1914. In 1915 the value decreased, but increased again to $3,856,961 in 1918. In 1918 about 55 per cent came from Sweden and about 27 per cent from Japan. Imports have been mostly of matches in boxes containing not more than 100 per box. Exports increased in value from $80,877 in 1910 to $102,407 in 1918, but decreased to $77,736 in 1914. From 1915 to 1918, inclusive, export values have averaged about $470,000. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Matches having red sticks or stems, imported in boxes containing less than 100 each, are within the provision for matches having col- ored sticks or stems as more specific than the provisions for friction or lucifer matches of all descriptions. (G. A. 7669, T. D. 35097, of 1915; Abstract 36768, T. D. 34871, of 1914.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 535 The regulations governing the importation of matches under the first proviso to this paragraph are contained in articles 533 to 536 of. the Customs Regulations of 1915. Candles are not included among the lighting articles in this para- graph. PARAGRAPH 346. ACT OF 1909. 437. Percussion caps, cartridges, and cartridge shelis empty, 30 per centum ad valorem ; blasting caps, $2.285 per thousand; mining, blasting, or safety fuses of all kinds, not composed in chief value of cotton, 35 per centum ACT OF 1918. 346. Percussion caps, cartridges, and cartridge shells empty, 15 per: centum ad valorem; blasting caps, $1 per thousand; mining, blasting, or safety fuses of all kinds, 15 per centum ad valorem, ad valorem. « GENERAL INFORMATION, Description.—Percussion caps, safety fuses, etc., belong to the gen- eral class of explosives. Production of cartridges amounted to $25,573,000 in 1914, increas- ing enormously since, owing to war conditions. Import values in 1918 were: Cartridges and empty cartridge shells, $177,546; mining, blasting or safety fuses of all kinds, $4,597; and percussion caps, $345. Exports in 1918 were greater, loaded cartridges being valued at $13,672,371 and dynamite fuses at $19,346,554. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Small fuses of steel about 6 inches in length and 2 inches in diameter, pointed at one end and having the shape of an ammunition shell divided into four compartments and filled with some very high explosive to be inserted in big-gun ammunition shells to explode them, tested for safety by dropping them at a distance of 30 feet onto a steel plate, classified as manufactures of metal under paragraph 199 of the tariff act of. 1909, were held dutiable as safety fuses under paragraph 487. (Abstract 37598, of 1915.) (See pars. 501 and 550.) PARAGRAPH 347. 438, Feathers and downs of aill 347. Feathers and downs, on the kinds, ineluding bird skins or parts thereof with the feathers on, crude or not dressed, colored, or otherwise ad- vanced or manufactured in any man- ner, not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem; when dressed, colored, or otherwise ad- vanced or manufactured in any man- ner, including quilts of down and other manufactures of down, and also dressed and finished birds suitable for milli- nery ornaments, and artificial or orna- mental feathers, fruits, grains, leaves, flowers, and stems or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not spe- cially provided for in this section, 60 per centum ad valorem; boas, bouton- nieres, wreaths, and all articles not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in chief value of skin or otherwise, crude or not dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced or manufactured in any manner, not spe- cially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem; when dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced or man- ufactured in any manner, and not suit- able for use as millinery ornaments, ineluding quilts of down and manu- factures of down, 40 per centum ad valorem ; artificial or ornamental feath- ers suitable for use as millinery orna- ments, artificial and ornamental. fruits, grains, leaves, flowers, and stems or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially provided for in this section, 60 per centum ad va- lorem ; boas, boutonnieres, wreaths, and all articles not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in 536 ACT OF 1909—\Continued. any of the feathers, flowers, leaves, or other materials or articles herein men- tioned, 60 per centum ad yalorem. 509. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 19138—-Continued. chief value of any of the feathers, flowers, leaves, or other material herein mentioned, 60 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That the importation of aigrettes, .egret plumes or so-called millinery ornaments. (Iree.) osprey plumes, and the feathers, quills, heads, wings, tails, skins, or parts of skins, of wild birds, either raw or manufactured, and not for scientific or educational purposes, is hereby pro- hibited; but this provision shall not apply to the feathers or plumes of ostriches, or to the feathers or plumes of domestic fowls of any kind. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Artijficial flowers, for millinery purposes, are made chiefly of textile fabrics varying from cheap calicos to ex- pensive silks and satins. Fancy feathers, prior to 1914, came from both domestic fowls and wild birds, but as the act of 1913 prohibits imports of the skins, feathers, and plumage of wild birds, except of the ostrich, the feather trade now relies chiefiy upon ostrich plumes and the feathers of domestic fowls. Production.—Detailed information upon the production of flowers and feathers is not available for the country as a whole, but inasmuch as about 90 per cent of the industry is located in New York City the Census figures for that State are given. In 1914 there were in the State of New York 206 feather manufacturers, using raw material worth about $5,600,000, and with products valued at $10,274,000; 163 flower manufacturers, using raw material worth about $2,500,000, and with products valued at $6,180,000. Imports of ostrich feathers were valued at $6,250,000 in 1913; $3,750,000 in’ 1914; $2,200,000 in 1915; and about $500,000 in 1918. Cheap flowers from Germany and Austria were cut off entirely and imports of more expensive grades from France greatly reduced by the war. The value of artificial flowers and grains decreased from about $2,700,000 in 1918 to a little less than $500,000 in 1918. Manu- factured ornamental feathers decreased in value from $1,179,000 in 1913 to slightly over $500,000 in 1918; crude ornamental feathers, classified as “ all others,’ from $1,800,000 in 19138 to about $500,000 in 1918. INTERPRETATIGN AND COMMENTS. “Artificial ’ for tariff purposes, is substantial simulation of the natural. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 384, of 1913.) The words “ artificial and ornamental’? modifying the word “ fruits,” etc., in this paragraph refer to the per se character and not to the intended use of the fruits. This is shown by the fact that feathers in various physical conditions are dutiable at one rate and “artificial or ornamental feathers suit- able for use as millinery ornaments” at another rate. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 111, of 1917.) The articles must be both artificial and orna- mental. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 66, of 1916.) There have been many decisions under these provisions, which have been held by the Court of Customs Appeals to include ertificial and ornamental pears and apples, chiefly used as pin cushions (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 111, of 1917); goose skins dressed with down on them not SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 537 suitable for millinery ornaments, as “downs on the skin * * #* dressed” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 203, of 1917) ; leaves and flowers for millinery ornaments made of straw which has been dyed, but the . fibers of which have not been separated (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 306, 378, and 380 of 1918); carved ivory flowers (Abstract 41375, of 1917) ; artificial flowers made of beads (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38044, of 1919); dried skins of chicks and ducklings with the heads and feet attached, stuffed with cotton, fitted with bead eyes and wired so as to give them a natural appearance and having a wire attachment apparently for the purpose of fastening them to other objects as decorations as “downs on the skin * * * dressed” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 378, of 1917) ; skins of ducklings or chicks, which skins have been dried and stuffed with cotton medicated with some preservative, same classification (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 183, of 1915); straw hats trimmed -with silk, artificial flowers, and ornamental feathers, flowers and feathers predominating (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 2a2, Of 1915). Colored feathers fastened upon white cards in the shape of birds, used to decorate walls in the same manner as pictures, are articles of feathers and not feathers within this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 865, of 1918.) Mounted birds, not suitable for use as millinery ornaments, are dutiable at 40 per cent under this paragraph. (T. D. 86184, of 1916.) Down-filled silk quilts, silk the component material of chief value, are dutiable as manufactures of silk under paragraph 318, and not as quilts of down under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 148, of 1917.) Flues of feathers, obtained by stripping one side of the goosequill, were held dutiable at 20 per cent rather than at 40 per cent under this paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38214, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from Abstract 48045, of 1919, involving a similar issue. Appeals are pending in the Court of Customs Appeals from de- cisions of the Board of General Appraisers classifying artificial flowers, etc., made of dyed straw and other materials under this paragraph rather than as manufactures of straw under paragraph 368 or aS unenumerated manufactured articles under paragraph 885, Abstracts 42542, 42548, 42602, 42626, 42647, 42662, 42665, and 427834, of 1918. Regulations governing the importation of plumage are contained in articles 5387 and 588 of the Customs Regulations of 1915, and T. D. 33781, 33799, 33810, 33944, of 1913; 34057, 34518, 34748, 34886, 34913, of 1914; 35307, of 1915; 36322, 36382, of 1916; 37422, of 1917; and 37660 of 1918. While Gowns were enumerated in the first part of this paragraph they are not mentioned in the prohibitory clause, and downs of wild birds are accordingly permitted entry. Beaks of wild birds, however, while not mentioned are nevertheless excluded, as being within the term “heads.” (See par. 368.) PARAGRAPH 348. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 4389. Furs dressed on the skin, not 348. Furs dressed on the skin, not advanced further than dyeing, but not | advanced further than dyeing, 30 per repaired, 20 per centum ad valorem; | centum ad valorem; plates and mats manufactures of furs, further advanced | of dog and goat skins, 10 per centum 538 ACT OF 1909—Continued. than dressing and dyeing, when pre- spared for use as material, including plates, linings, and crosses, 35 per centum ad valorem; articles of wear- ing apparel of every description, partly or wholly manufactured, composed of or of which fur is the component ma- terial of chief value, 50 per centum ad valorem. Furs not on the skin, prepared for hatters’ use, Yncluding fur skins carroted, 20 per centum ad valorem, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1913—Continued. ad valorem; manufactures of furs, further advanced than dressing and dyeing, when prepared for use aS ma- terial, joined or sewed together, in- cluding plates, linings, and crosses, except plates and mats of dog and goat skins, and articles manufactured from fur not specially provided for in this section, 40 per centum ad va- lorem; articles of wearing apparel of every description partly or wholly manufactured, composed of or of which hides or skins of cattle of the bovine species, or of the dog or goat are the component material of chief value, 15 per centum ad valorem; articles of wearing apparel of every description partly or wholly manufac- tured, composed of or of which fur is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 50 per centum ad valorem; furs not on the skin, prepared for hatters’ use, including fur skins carroted, 15 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Raw fur skins are known as “pelts.” Fur dressing and dyeing are intermediate processes applied to fit the pelts for manufacture into garments or other articles, and are generally conducted as independent industries. After removing the skin, it is usually salted to preserve it until it can be dressed and dyed. Dress- ing consists of the application of preservative materials and a me- chanical treatment calculated to soften the pelt. All the various kinds of furs coming under paragraph 491 (free list) are subjected to these processes and provide the raw material for the fur manufacturing in- dustry. Skins of the American bison formerly furnished the material for moderate-priced fur coats. The skins of dogs and goats are now substituted. 'The skins are sewed together in plates or mats to pro- tect them in transportation. Coats, muffs, capes, jackets, stoles, neckwear of various sorts, trim- mings, and other articles of wearing apparel are by far the most im- portant manufactures of fur, fashion deciding the kinds used and the style. Great fluctuations occur in the prices of most furs over a series of years. The use of all kinds of furs has become very popular of late, and there is an almost unlimited variety in the articles of ap- parel used. The most expensive are made of sable, seal, ermine, chin- chilla, silver fox, beaver, otter, mink, and marten; the inexpensive are skunk, rabbit, squirrel, raccoon, opossum, and other varieties. By the use of the Cimiotti unhairing machine the long hairs of the outer coat of the seal, beaver, muskrat, mink, otter, and other fur animals can be removed, leaving only the soft underfur; thus, by skillful dressing and dyeing, low-grade furs are sometimes made to resemble more ex- pensive skins. Muskrat and coney are sometimes marketed as Hud- son seal, near seal, electric seal, or Baltic seal, and the marten as Hudson Bay sable. The principal kinds of furs used for making felé for hats are rabbit, nutria, and beaver. Only the soft underfur is : SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 539 used for fur feit. Carroting consists of treating furs with a solution of quicksilver and nitric acid to safeguard against insects and to facilitate manufacture. Production.—Dressed furs: In 1914 there were 96 establishments engaged in the dressing and dyeing of furs, chiefly located in Brook- lyn, N. Y., with 1,525 employees and an output of $2,875,000. The in- dustry has expanded greatly, the United States taking first place over Germany since 1914. The sealskins from Alaska, formerly sent to London, are now dressed and finished here. Fur wearing apparel and other manufactures of fur: In 1914 1,322 establishments produced fur goods, the output being valued at $48,633,000; in 1909, 1,241 establishments, with output of $55,938,000. The manufactures consist mostly of wearing apparel. Some of these establishments dress and finish the furs used. New York produced to the value of $30,312,000 in 1914, leading the States. New York City is the principal center and, it is stated, manufactures more fur goods than London, Paris, Vienna, Leipzig, and Moscow combined. Manufacturers of fur goods may be divided into makers of high-grade furs; medium-grade furs for the better class of the dry-goods trade; “popular priced ” furs; low-grade, coarse furs and articles made from fur pieces. During the war the United States assumed the lead, both in fur distribution and manufacturing. Fur for hatter’s use: The Census classification, “hat and cap ma- terials,” gives an output valued at about $7,000,000 in 1914, which in- cludes fur prepared for hatter’s use. Imports of furs dressed on the skin, averaging over $5,000,000 be- fore 1914, decreased after the war to $1,221,350 in 1918. Germany, France, Belgium, and Hngland had been the principal sources; in 1918 more than half came from China. This decrease contrasts with the increase in raw furs. (See par. 491.) Of the total imports of manu- factures, valued at $1,988,570-in 1913, France sent us 36 per cent; Germany, 31 per cent; China, 13 per cent; and England, 10 per cent. Imports were about $1,000,000 in 1917, France sending over two- thirds. Wearing apparel, dutiable at 50 per centum, was only $100,192 of this total, compared with $344,507 in 1914. Imports of plates and mats of doy awd goat skins have increased from $280,855 in 1914 to $581,982 in 1918. Imports of wearing ap- parel made of cattle, dog, and goat skins have been small—in 1914, $180; in 1915, $229; and in 1918, $19,575. Imports of furs not on the skin, prepared for hatter’s use, including fur skins carroted, in 1915 were about $600,000; in 1918, $486,100. Exports of dressed furs and manufactures of fur in 1912 were valued at $615,441, about half going to Canada; in 1914, at $870,824, more than half to Canada; in 1915, over $1,000,000; in 1916, nearly $2,500,000; in 1917, over $5,000,000; and in. 1918, over $3,000,000. In 1916 and 1917, England, France, and Canada took most of our exports. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Dressed animal skins with the wool or hair on, when unprofitable to separate the wool or hair from the skin and-use it for wool or hair purposes, are not within the terms “ wools” or “hair” (pars. 286, 304, and 650), but are, if devoted to fur uses, within the word “furs” in this paragraph, which is not limited to products of strictly fur-bearing animals, but include sheepskins with wool on when de- 540 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. voted to fur uses and not bearing so great an amount of wool as to make it commercially practicable to remove the wool and use it for wool purposes. Sheepskins, entire, or pieced by sewing in the shapes of rectangles and crosses with the natural growth thereon and the flesh side dressed, used as ordinary fur skins are used, and not bearing wool to the extent making removal of the wool commer- cially practicable, are within the provision for “ furs dressed _ on the skin.’’. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 87, of 1917.) Hair too short to be com- mercially spun into yarn or for the making of textiles and chiefly employed in the making of furs or fur garments, or for other fur ~ uses, is that kind of hair which is known as fur, though it be taken from the back of a sheep. The hair of the Angora rabbit resembles that of the Angora goat or alpaca more nearly than it does that of the sheep or the camel. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1917.) Crosses made of dressed kidskins sewed together are within this paragraph as manufactures of fur prepared for use as material joined or sewed together and not as plates and mats of goatskins. It is not material for the purposes of this provision that goatskin crosses might to some extent have been imported if it is shown that they are not com- monly imported in that form. With proof that kidskins and goat- skins are different things commercially, the provision for goatskin articles will be held not to include kidskin articles. With proof fhat “crosses” and “plates” as applied to articles made of fur skins have distinct meanings, a cross can not be dutiahble as a plate under this paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37842, of 1918.) Sheepskins tanned and dressed and sewed in the form of rugs and commonly known in the trade as plates made from China sheep- skins and apparently used in the making of fur robes for baby car- riages are manufactures of fur within this paragraph. (Abstract 42322, of 1918.) Dressed goatskins and dogskins are dutiable at 10 per cent by simil- itude to goatskin and dogskin plates and mats under the second pro- vision of this paragraph, there being no provision in the tariff which includes them directly. (G. A. 7569, T. D. 34493, of 1914; Abstract 866238, of 1914, T. D. 34237, of 1914.) But China goatskin mats and rugs made up into completed articles are dutiable at 15 per cent under this paragraph. (T. D. 34544, of 1914.) Men’s gloves having leather fingers, fur backs, and lined with fur and wool, were held dutiable as fur wearing apparel under this paragraph. (Abstract 36969, of 1914.) Fur pieces or clippings cut from dressed and dyed rabbit skins, used for trimming slippers, ete., were held dutiable under the first provision of this paragraph. (Abstract 37558, of 1915.) (See pars. 807, 347, 354, and 384.) : PARAGRAPH 349. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 440. Fans of all kinds except com- 849. Fans of all kinds, except com- mon palm-leaf fans, 50 per centum ad | mon palm-leaf fans, 50 per centum ad valoreln, valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Desoription and uses.—The varieties of fans may be classified as (1) those which can be folded or closed and (2) those permanently expanded or fixed. The former are sometimes made of thin slips of SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 541 ivory or wood, but more commonly of a continuous surface of paper, silk, or other fabrics mounted on strips of rigid material, pivoted at one end, and folding together easily in the manner of a plaiting. Fixed fans are made of feathers set side by side, of leaves of palmate- leafed palm tree, or of paper or similar films spread on slender radi- ating sticks. Fans have been used for a variety of purposes of which the most common are winnowing grain, ventilating rooms, and cooling the body. Common palm-leaf fans, plain and not ornamented or deco- rated, are provided for in paragraph 480. Production statistics are not available. France, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Japan, and China have been leading producers. j Imports of fans in 1918 amounted to $93,659, nearly 75 per cent from Japan. In 1914 they were $216,330, about 40 per cent from Japan. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Common palm-leaf fans alone being excepted, the natural and legal inference is that this paragraph is intended to embrace all other fans (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 101, of 1911), amung them embroidered fans in chief value of silk. This paragraph is more specific than the provision miepereerapn ooo for’ articles’ * ~* °° * embroidered. * «*' ** by whatever name known.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 480, of 1917.) Folding fans are dutiable under this provision. (Abstract 38896, of 1915, following Abstract 33232, T. D. 33668, of 1913.) PARAGRAPH 350. ACT OF 1909. 441. Gun wads of all descriptions, 20 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1918. 350. Gun wads of all descriptions, 10 per centum ad valorem. Description and uses.—Gun wads are disks used to hold in place powder or shot, and are made of felt, cardboard, or jute. Imports in 1914 were valued at $3,716 and in 1916 were valued at PARAGRAPH 351. $507. Doone e* Chuman ‘hair, raw; suncleaned, and not drawn, (Free.) 442, Hair, human, if clean or drawn but not manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem; manufactures of human hair, or of which human hair is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 35 per centum ad valorem. 351. Human hair, raw, 10 per centum ad valorem; if cleaned or com- mercially known as drawn, but not manufactured, 20 per centum ad va- lorem; manufactures of human hair, including nets and nettings, or of which human hair is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION, Uses of human hair are (1) for switches, wigs, hair nets, ete., made from a fine quality of hair usually imported from Europe; and (2) press cloth, used in extracting the oil from cotton and other seeds, made of coarse human hair derived from the Orient. Production of hair nets, switches, wigs, ete, has apparently de- creasd during the war, but the output of press cloth made from human hair has greatly increased. Prior to the war, press cloth was made from camel and goat hair, chiefly from Russia, but coarse human hair from China and horse and goat hair from South America have displaced them. 542 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Imports of human hair in 1910 were valued at $3,500,000; in 1915, at $500,000 ; in 1918, at $1,400,000. Of these imports the largest single item is unmanufactured hair. The great sources of supply have shifted, since 1914, from Continental Europe to the Orient. Imports from Europe were 633,253 pounds, valued at $533,172 in 1914, and only 386,007 pounds, valued at $261,318 in 1918; from China and Japan, 280,170 pounds, valued at $115,084 in 1914, and 1,586,045 pounds, valued at $586,431 in 1918. Of manufactured products, the most: im- portant item is “nets and nettings,” valued at $103,000 in 1915, and at $518,000 in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Human hair tops are not specifically provided for and are assessed with duty under paragraph 885 as a nonenumerated article manu- factured in whole or in part. (T. D. 36200, of 1916.) Such. mer- chandise assessed under paragraph 885 were claimed to be dutiable under paragraph 286 and the protest was overruled by the Board of General Appraisers without affirming the assessment. (Abstract 38842, of 1915.) Human hair yarn is dutiable at 35 per cent as a manufacture of human hair under this paragraph; human hair press cloth made from the yarn is dutiable at 15 cents per square yard under paragraph 353.’ The 15-cent rate is generally considerably less than the 10 per cent on raw human hair under paragraph 351. Separate provision might be made for human hair tops. PARAGRAPH 352. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 444, Hair, curled, suitable for beds 352. Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, 10 per centum ad va- | or mattresses, 10 per centum ad va- lorem. lorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Short horsehair, cow hair, and the softer kinds of pig hair, after being curled by twisting, boiling, and drying, are used for stuffing. beds, mattresses, sofas, divans, and seats.. Often Tampico and coconut fiber and Spanish and sea moss are added to the hair in the manufacture of some grades of upholstery. Production in 1914, valued at $3,657,414, was by 19 establishments, with $2,930,000 capital, 1,317 employees, and wages of $524,000. The industry is widespread, New York and Pennsylvania leading. Imports of hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, are negli- gible, being valued at only $2 in 1914 and $1 in 1918. Exports are included with manufactures of animal hair, which were valued at $344,756 in 1914 and at $397,874 in 1918. PARAGRAPH 353. 445. Haircloth, known as “ crino- 353. Hairecloth, known as “ erino- line” cloth, 8 cents per square yard; | line’’- cloth, 6 cents per square yard; haircloth, known as “hair seating,” | haircloth, known as “hair seating,” and hair press cloth, 20 cents per | and hair press cloth, 15 cents per Square yard. square yard. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 543 GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Haircloth is made with horsehair filling and warp of cotton, linen, or worsted. “ Crinoline” is a light hair- cloth with a cotton warp, used extensively for stiffening clothing, bonnets, and hats. Hair seating is the heavy, long-wearing horsehair covering formerly much used in upholstering. All hair press cloths, including those made from horse, cattle, human (mainly Chinese), and other hair, not specifically named elsewhere, are covered here. They are used for sieves in expressing ecotton-seed and similar oils, but those of camel’s hair (pars. 288 and 422) excel for this purpose. Production of all kinds of haircloth in 1909 was valued at $2,280,033, and in 1914, at $2,395,486, nearly all in Pennsylvania. Imports of “hair seating” and hair press cloths in 1914 were 54,920 square yards, valued at $106,757; in 1918, 31,230 square yards, valued at $122,598. ‘“ Crinoline ” imports were 61 square yards, valued at $46 in 1914. INFERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Cattle-hair cloths, square in form, with flaps to fold over similar to envelopes, used for pressing herbs for medicinal purposes, classified as a manufacture of wool under paragraph 288 and claimed dutiable as hair press cloth or as a nonenumerated manufactured article, were found not to be hair press cloth or an article made from hair press cloth. (Abstract 40330, of 1916.) PARAGRAPH 354. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 446. Hats, bonnets, or hoods, for 354. Hats, bonnets, or hoods, for men’s, women’s, boys’, or children’s | men’s, women’s, boys’, or children’s wear, trimmed or untrimmed, includ- ing bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms, or shapes, for hats or bonnets, composed wholly or in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, valued at not more than $4.50 per wear, trimmed or untrimmed, includ- ing bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms or shapes, for hats or bonnets, ecom- posed wholly or in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, or other ani- mals, 45 per centum ad valorem, dozen, $1.50 per dozen; valued at more than $4.50 per dozen and not more than $9 per dozen, $3 per dozen; valued at more than $9 per dozen and not more than $18 per dozen, $5 per dozen; valued at more than $18 per dozen, $7 per dozen; and in addition thereto, on all the foregoing, 20 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—The furs most generally used in fur-felt hats are the beaver, coypou, nutria or South American beaver, the Saxony and Russian hare, the Seoteh, English, and French coney, and muskrat. Production.—In 1914 the number of fur-felt hat establishments was 224, with 21,318 employees, a capital of $39,401,429, wages of $12,070,812. Materials cost $16,947,058, and the value of products was $37,349,744. The industry is concentrated in Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jer- sey, and New York. Imports of hats, bonnets, or hoods of fur in 1914 were 36,725 dozen, valued at $664,717, of which 13,656 dozen, valued at $304,308, 544 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. came from Austria-Hungary, the rest mainly from France, England, Italy, and Belgium. In 1918 imforts were 22,936 dozen, valued at $466,049, of which 16,986 dozen, valued at $315,926, came from Italy, and the rest mainly from France and England. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Rabbit-fur hoods used by automobilists are dutiable under this pro- vision rather than as fur wearing apparel. Caps of rabbit fur are not within this provision, 33594, of 1913.) not being hats in either customs practice or common parlance. 4708, T. D. 22228, of 1900.) (Abstract 82941, T. D. (G. A. we PARAGRAPH 355. ACT OF 19069. 447, Indurated fiber ware and man- ufactures of pulp, not specifically pro- vided for in this section, printed or ACT OF 19138. 355. Indurated fiber ware and man- ufactures of pulp, not specially pro- vided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem. unprinted, 35 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Indurated fiber ware is wood pulp chemi- cally treated and molded into pails, kegs, tubs, boxes, cuspidors, coolers, trunks, cases, ete. Other manufactures of pulp include com- posite board for car ceilings, bulkheads and door panels for steam- boats, vulcanized fiber and fiber specialties for motors and dynamos, insulators, skate wheels, washers, disks and bushings, railway sig- nals, electric rail joints, noiseless rollers and gears, fiber sheets, and fiber rods and tubing. Manufactures of papier-maché and of vul- canized rubber come within paragraph 3869. Production in 1914 was valued at $4,483,000, derived from 24 estab- lishments, located chiefiy in Delaware and New York, with a capital of about $6,862,000, employing over 1,600 people. Imports of indurated fiber ware and manufactures of pulp in 1914 were valued at $4,559; in 1918, at $4,771. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Papier-maché, a manufacture of paper pulp, might be transferred to this paragraph from paragraph 3869, and the word “other” in- serted between ‘‘and” and ‘“ manufactures.” PARAGRAPH 356. 448, Chains, pins, collar, cuff, and dress buttons, charms, combs, mil- linery and military ornaments, to- gether with all other articles of every 356. Jewelry, commonly or commer- cially so known, valued above 20 cents per dozen pieces, 60 per centum ad valorem; rope, curb, cable, and description, finished or partly finished, if set with imitation precious stones composed of glass or paste (except imitation jet), or composed wholly or in chief value of silver, German sil- ver, white metal, brass, or gun metal, whether or not enameled, washed, cov- ered, plated, or alloyed with gold, sil- ver or nickel, and designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, valued at 20 cents per dozen pieces, 1 cent each fancy patterns of chain not exceeding one-half inch in diameter, width, or thickness, valued above 380 cents per yard; and articles valued above 20 cents per dozen pieces designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, such as and including buckles, card cases, chains, cigar cases, cigar cutters, cigar holders, cigarette cases, cigarette hold- ers,- coin holders, collar, cuff, and dress buttons, combs, match boxes, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ' ACT OF 1909—Continued. “and in addition thereto 2 of 1 cent per dozen for each 1 cent the value exceeds 20 cents per dozen; all stamp- ings and materials of metal (except iron or steel), or of metal set with glass or paste, finished or partly fin- ished, suitable for use in the manufac- ture of any of the foregoing articles (except chain valued at less than 380 cents per yard other than nickel or nickel-plated chain), valued at [72 cents per gross, 8 cents per dozen pieces and in addition thereto 43 of 1 cent per gross for each 1 cent the value exceeds 72. cents per gross; rope, curb, cable, and other fancy pat- terns of chain, without bar, .swivel, Snap or ring, composed of rolled gold plate or of silver, German _ silver, white metal,-or brass, not exceeding one-half of one inch in diameter, breadth or thickness, valued at 30 cents per yard, 6 cents per foot, and in addition thereto 2 of 1 cent per yard for each 1 cent the value ex- ceeds 30 cents per yard; finished or unfinished bags, purses and other ar- ticles, or parts thereof, made in chief value of metal mesh composed of sil- ver, German silver, or white metal, valued at $2 per dozen pieces, 10 cents per piece and in addition thereto 2 of 1 cent per dozen pieces for each 1 cent the value exceeds $2 per dozen; all of the foregoing, whether known as jewelry or otherwise and whether or not denominatively or otherwise provided for in any other paragraph of this Act, 25 per centum ad valorem in addition to the specific rate or rates of duty herein provided; all ar- ticles commonly or commercially known as jewelry, or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, including chain, mesh, and mesh bags and purses com- posed of gold or platinum, whether set or not set with diamonds, pearls, cameos, coral, or other precious or semiprecious stones, or imitations thereof, 60 per centum ad valorem. 545 ACT OF 1913—Continued. mesh bags and purses, millinery, mili- tary, and hair ornaments, pins, pow- der cases, stamp cases, vanity cases, and like articles; all the foregoing and parts thereof, finished or partly finished, composed of metal, whether or not enameled, washed, covered, or plated, including rolled gold plate, and whether or not set with precious or Semiprecious stones, pearls, cameos, coral, or amber, or with imitation pre- cious stones or imitation pearls, 60 per centum ad valorem. Stampings, gal-. leries, mesh and other materials of metal, whether or not set with glass or paste, finished or partly finished, separate or in strips or sheets, suit- able for use in the manufacture of any of the foregoing articles in this para- graph, 50 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The language of the paragraph sufficiently describes and indicates the uses of the articles of jewelry included therein. Production.—In 1914 there were 1,914 establishments manufactur- ing jewelry, with $72,404,000 capital, 28,289 employees, wages of $18,302,000, and a product valued at $81,006,000. Imports of jewelry in 1914 were valued at $1,057,900 and in 1918 at $205,210. Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,005,285 and in 1918 at $953,934-- mainly to Canada, Spain, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba. 184911°—20——-35 546 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. What constitutes jewelry for tariff purposes has long been a troublesome question. The act of 1883 (par. 459) read “ jewelry of all kinds.” This was held to be governed by trade meaning. Proof of commercial designation was advantageous to the importer. In 1890 (par. 452) the provision read “all articles * * * which shall be known commercially as ‘jewelry.’” The rate of duty was twice that of 1888, and it was to the advantage of importers to prove the articles were not commercially known as jewelry. In 1897 (par. 434) the word “ commonly ” was substituted fer “ commercially.” Or- dinary meaning was thus made the criterion, but eommercial testi- mony was nevertheless still admitted and considered. In 1909 (par. 448) both terms “ commonly” and “ commercially’ were used, with the disjunctive “or.” Hither trade or common meaning was accord- ingly sufficient for classification of articles as jewelry. “ Commonly or commercially ” was retained in 1913. Commercial usage is always a question of fact, to be established by evidence. Caprice of fashion or advantages of trade may vary it. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 25, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 18, of 1916.) Common meaning, on the other hand, is matter of law within judicial knowledge. Testimony, however, as well as dictionaries and other authorities may aid the court. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916.) Without attempting a comprehensive definition, the Court of Customs Appeals has declared jewelry in common conception to be composed of precious metals, or imitations thereof, or of precious or seliprecious stones, pearls or imitations thereof, or cameos, coral or amber, including artificial, synthetic or reconstructed pearls, rubies, or other precious stones strung or set. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916.) Jewelry may be useful as well as ornamental; all articles of personal adornment are not jewelry. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 25, 97, 131, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 314, of 1918. ) f “ Designed ” in “ designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person,” refers to such articles as are spe- cially fitted for being carried on or about the person and devoted to such use. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 406, of 1917.) The controlling ques- tion, apart from value and material, is whether the articles are de- signed to be so worn, carried, or attached in the same manner as the enumerated articles and like articles when in their customary use. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 105, of 1915.) Congress did not intend to inelude in the jewelry provision any such articles not composed of metal unless commonly or commercially known as jewelry. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916.) An appeal is pending in the Court of Customs Appeals from Abstract 43104, of 1919, holding bone watch charms net to be jewelry. The words “like articles” following articles enumerated after the words just quoted must be ejusdem generis with the articles named. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 105, of 1915.) Resaries of silver-plated metal and colored glass, metal chief value, were held dutiable under paragraph 167. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 132, of 1916.) Whether they are “ designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person” is a matter of evidence. (7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 175, of 1916.) (See pars. 167 and 333.) Cigar lighters designed to be earried on the person being within this paragraph and also paragraph 381 as smokers’ articles, was held, 547 Te SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. by virtue of paragraph 386, dutiable under this paragraph. Cust. Appls., 138, of 1916.) Lhe words “ parts thereof” and “ composed of metal” do not refer to jewelry. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 556, of 1916; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916.) An article not an actual constituent of a mantfacture can not be considered as a part thereof unless it has been advanced to a point which definitely commits it to that specific class and kind of manufacture. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37873, of 1919.) Articles composed in chief value of metal with a substantial minor value of other material, the metal value distinctly preponderating, are within the phrase. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 162, of 1915.) The words “ separate or in strips or sheets” following “stampings, galleries, mesh and other materials of metal,” are not words of limita- tion inserted to narrow the scope of the sentence, but words of ampli- fication to make certain that whether imported in the form of strips or sheets or aS separate entireties cut therefrom, stampings, galleries, mesh and other materials of metal, capable of such forms should not escape the duty prescribed by the provision. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 460, of 1917.) “ Suitable for use’ does not imply or require chief use, but susceptibility for the use expressed. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 109, of 1917.) Metal vanity cases are dutiable at 60 per cent under this paragraph, but leather vanity cases, even though the contents be of metal and metal chief value of the entirety, are dutiable at 35 per cent under paragraph 360. Some parts of vanity cases are dutiable under this paragraph at 60 per cent, but small mirrors suitable for use in fitting out vanity cases are dutiable at 30 per cent under paragraph 95. Necklaces, as a rule, are jewelry and dutiable at 60 per cent under this paragraph, but necklaces of various materials, such as imitation jet, are not so classified. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 457, of 1911; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, 156, 161, of 1916.) (See pars. 95, 167, and 360.) PARAGRAPH 357. ACT OF 1909. 555. Diamonds and other precious ; stones, rough or uncut, and not ad- vanced in condition or value from their natural state by cleaving, split- ting, cutting, or other process * * *., (Free. ) 556. * * * port; any of the fore- going not set, and diamond dust. . (Free. ) 449, Pearls and parts thereof, drilled or undrilled, but not set or strung, 10 per centum ad valorem; diamonds, coral, cious stones and semi-precious stones, eut but not set, and suitable for use in the manufacture of jewelry, and parts stones, including pearls thereof, for use in the manufacture of 4 jewelry, doublets, artificial, or ‘so- called synthetic or reconstructed pearls , and parts thereof, rubies, or other pre- cious stones, 20 per centum ad valorem. | diamonds, rubies, cameos, and other pre- . 10 per. centum ad valorem ; imitation precious - AOT OF 1913. 357. Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or uncut, and not ad- vanced in condition or value from their natural state by cleaving, split- ting, cutting, or other process, whether in their natural form or broken, and port; any of the foregoing not set, and diamond dust, 10 per centum ad yva- lorem ; pearls and parts thereof, drilled or undrilled, but not set or strung; eoral, rubies, cameos, and other precious stones and semiprecious stones, cut but not set, and suitable for use in the manufacture of jewelry, 20 per centum ad valorem; imitation precious stones, including pearis and parts thereof, for use in the manufac- ture of jewelry, doublets, artificial, or so-called synthetic or reconstructed pearls and parts thereof, rubies, or other precious stones, 20 per centum ad valorem. 548 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION, “ Precious stones’? as a trade term includes the diamond, sapphire, emerald, pearl, opal, turquoise, garnet, beryl, topaz, rock crystal, lapis lazuli, agate, onyx, jade, amethyst, tiger-eye, chalcedony, blood- stone, moonstone, tourmaline, chrysoprase, etc. DIAMONDS. Uses.—Besides its value as a gem, the diamond is of great use in the arts and manufactures. Production of rough and uncut diamonds for 1907-1918 ranged from $608 (1915) to $6,815 (1913), and was $1,910 in 1918. A few diamonds have been found along the base of the Sierra Nevadas, in Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and along the eastern base of the Appalachians from Virginia to Alabama. South Africa furnishes almost the whole of the world supply; its. total production in 1917 was valued at $37,527,689. Imports of diamonds in the rough in 1918 were valued at $12,- 975,502. During 1911-1918 imports ranged from $9,071,089 (1911) to $11,973,764 (1913); under the act of 1918, from $3,204,206 (1915). to $12,975,502 (1918). More than three-fourths are from Hngland. Imports of diamonds cut, but not set, were $18,868,995 in 1918, $24,390,076 in 1911, and $27,170,996 in 1913. BORT AND DIAMOND DUST. - Description and uses.—Bort denotes diamonds of inferior quality, especially such as have a radiating crystallization, not taking a polish; also, an amorphous variety of diamond, brown, gray, or black, known as “ black diamond or carbonado,” found massive in Brazil in association with pure diamonds. Diamond dust is a powder secured by rubbing together two diamonds in the process of faceting, and also by crushing bort. It is used for cutting and polishing diamonds and other precious stones. The amorphous variety is extensively used in diamond drills and stone saws, for which ordinary diamonds are unsuited. Imports of bort in 1918 were valued at $297,939; of diamond dust, at $23,004. OTHER PRECIOUS STONES, ROUGH OR UNCUT. Production of precious stones, other than diamonds, was valued at $104,413 in 1918. Imports were $114,881 in 1918, $167,331 in 1916, $54,141 in pict $75,614 in 1918, and $180,012 in 1911. PEARLS. Description and uses.—Mother-of-pearl, the inner layer of the shell of the pear! mollusk, is secreted from the mantle of the shellfish. When a grain of sand or like foreign element finds lodgment between the shell and the mantle, it becomes enveloped in this pearly secretion, and thus is formed the pearl of commerce. Production.—River pearls are found in many parts of the United States, and have been systematically worked in the Little Miami and Mississippi Rivers. Pearls are obtained from India, the Persian Gulf, the Sulu seas, the coast of Australia, the shores of South America, and some of the Pacific islands. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. . §49 Imports were valued at $1,668,433 in 1918, $9,932,109 in 1916, * $1,551,597 in 1915, $5,800,465 in 1918, and $515,478 in 1908. About 90 per cent comes from France and England. OTHER PRECIOUS AND SEMIPRECIOUS STONES, CUT BUT NOT SET. Imports in 1918 were valued at $1,158,479, $2,774,220 in 1913, and $4,058,696 in 1911. IMITATION PRECIOUS STONES, ETC. Description and uses.—Initation gems are manufactured from a specially prepared glass called ‘ strass,”’ after its German inventor, and consists essentially of a complex borosilicate of lead and potas- sium. The finished colorless glass is used in imitation diamonds. When employed to imitate colored precious stones, various metallic oxides are melted with the strass. Real diamonds, however, have been made artificially by Prof. Moissan, of Paris, using an electric furnace. The stones produced were exceedingly small, but they possessed all the characteristics of the native diamond. Artificial pearls are of two kinds, the solid or massive and the blown pearls. The first are known as ‘“ Venetian pearls,’ made chiefly on the island Murano, near Venice, from small white or col- ored glass tubes, the desired hues being produced by the use of oxide of tin and other metals. Blown pearls consist of small globules of thin glass, coated on the inside with the so-called oriental-pearl essence, or ‘‘ essence d’Orient,”’ which is made from silvery scales of the bleak, a small fish common in France and Germany. Many imi- tation pearls are also formed of an opaline glass of nacreous luster, and the soft appearance of the pearl is obtained by the judicious use of hydrofluoric acid. Imports of imitation precious stones, including pearls and parts thereof, for use in the manufacture of jewelry, doublets, artificial or so-called synthetic or reconstructed pearls and parts thereof, rubies, or other precious stones, amounted to $855,248 in 1918. They have come chiefly from France and Austria-Hungary. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The unit of weight for diamonds, pearls, and other precious stones is the metric karat of 200 milligrams. (T. D. 33562, of 1918.) The provision in this paragraph for imitation precious stones may well be related to the first provision in the paragraph for precious stones rather than to the clause in which the word ‘“ cameo” appears, and it was not intended to relate to anything other than stones which in their natural state are precious stones. The lexicographic meaning of “cameo” does not depend upon whether the substance of which the completed article is composed is a precious stone or is a Shell; it is the product of cutting in a certain form wrought upon either shell or precious stone. The process of conversion of a piece of shell into an article like a cameo can not entitle the completed article to be called in any just sense a precious stone, simply because cameos may be, and often are, made of precious stones. Harithenware molded in imitation of cameos is not “imitation precious stones” but earthen- ware ornamented or decorated or manufactured in chief value of such ware. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 484, of 1917.) Molded glass articles 550 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. accurately cut to represent brilliants were held dutiable as manufac- tures of paste under paragraph 95 for large sizes and as imitation precious stones under this paragraph for small sizes. (T. D. 35283, of 1915.) Small pieces of jade cut into oval, round, diamond, and square shapes, and small pieces earved to imitate a dog -or other small animal on a pedestal, the former set into rings and the latter used for watch charms, were also held dutiable at the 20 per cent rate under this paragraph. (Abstract 38702, of 1915.) Hatpin tops of glass or paste, although known as imitation precious stones, are not suitable ‘“‘for use in the manufacture of jewelry,” as, when completed, the hatpins wouid not be known as jewelry. (G. A. 7400, T. D. 382883, of 1912.) No Timitation as to the size of imitation precious stones is prescribed and such stones exceeding 1 inch in dimensions for jewelry come within this paragraph. (G. A. 7044, T. D. 80722, of 1910.) Precious and imitation precious stones may be imported in the mails. (T. D. 36718, of 1916; T. D. 87384, of 1917.) The court can not judicially know that opals described by ‘the evidence, without samples, as having one surface cut and polished are “rough or uncut, and not advanced in condition or value from their natural state by cleaving, splitting, cutting, or other process.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 346, of 1916.) Coral cut or made globular into a bead is “ cut” within this paragraph; and coral beads graded as to size and temporarily strung are “not set.” The term “dedds of all kinds” in paragraph 333 does not include any of that class of beads constituting jewelry or material for use in the making of jewelry. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 38003, of 1919.) Reduc-, tion of a precious stone to the desired form and condition for use in the manufacture of jewelry is “cutting” within this para- graph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, IT. D. 88002, of 1919.) Industrial dia- monds (filieres diamant), drilled for use as wire drawing dies, come within this paragraph as bort. (Abstract 42946, of 1919.) Rough uncut pieces of diamonds of a cheap variety which may be used for engraver’s points or for diamond drills after the points are sharpened, commercially known as bort, are also bort within this paragraph and not exempt from duty as engraver’s diamonds under paragraph 474. (G. A. 7839, T. D. 36048, of 1916.) The court can not disregard the condition upon which the law makes the duty depend. Temporary stringing for facility in trans- portation only, precludes classification as “not threaded or strung.” (206 U. S. 224, of 1907.) Under the rule that dutiable classification must be ascertained upon examination of the articles in the condition in which it is imported, pearls ready for stringing and actually strung as a necklace before importation were held not pearis set or strung for tariff purposes, but “pearls in their natural state, not strung or set” (par. 486, act of 1897). (223 U.S., 407, of 1912.) Separate provision is made for beads, including imitation pearl beads, temporarily strung for facility in transportation only (par. 333), but none for pearls. . Beads of precious or semiprecious stones are dutiable under this paragraph at a lower rate than paragraph 333 imposes on other beads. Semiprecious stones are specified in connection with precious stones cut but not set, but not with precious stones rough or uncut. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 551 Bort, a general name for industrial diamonds, is dutiable under this paragraph, while glazier’s, engraver’s, and miner’s diamonds are exempt from duty under paragraph 474. Diamond dust is of the same class. (See pars. 95, 333, 356, and 474.) PARAGRAPH 358. ACT OF 1909. 179. * * * laces, embroideries, Braids) ‘galloons,-trimmings,*.*2-* * ornaments, * * * made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or Jahn, bullions, or metal threads, 45 cents per pound and 60 per centum ad valorem, 322. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- posed of cotton, whether in the piece or otherwise and whether finished or unfinished, * * * embroidered in any manner, whether with an initial letter, monogram, or otherwise, by hand or machinery, or are tamboured, appliquéed, or trimmed wholly or in part with lace or with tucking or in- sertion, they shall not pay a less rate of duty than 60 per centum ad va- lorem, 349, Laces, lace window curtains, and all other lace articles; handker- chiefs, napkins, wearing apparel, and all other articles made wholly or in part of lace or laces, or in imitation of lace; nets, nettings, veils, veilings, neck rufflings, ruchings, tuckings, fiut- ings, quillings, * * * embroideries, trimmings, braids, feather-stitch braids, edgings, insertings, flouncings, gal- loons, gorings, * * * ornaments, * * **; wearing apparel, handker- chiefs, and other articles or fabrics embroidered in any manner by hand or machinery, whether with a plain or fancy letter, initial, or monogram, or | otherwise, or tamboured, appliquéed, or scalloped, by hand or machinery, for any purpose, or from which threads have been drawn, cut, or punched to | produce openwork, ornamented or em- broidered in any manner herein de-. scribed, in any part thereof, however small; hemstitched or tucked flounc- | ings or Skirtings; all of the foregoing, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton, flax, or other vegetable fiber, or of cotton, flax, or other vegetable fiber and india rubber, or of cotton, | flax, or other vegetable fiber, india rubber, and metal, and not elsewhere | specially provided for in this section, 60 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article composed wholly or in chief value of one or more of the ma- terials or goods specified in this para- graph, shall pay a less rate of duty ACT OF 19158. 358. Laces, lace window curtains not specially provided for in this sec- tion, coach, carriage, and automobile laces, and all lace articles of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed ; handkerchiefs, napkins, wearing ap- parel, and all other articles or fabrics made wholly or in part of lace or of imitation lace of any kind; embroid- eries, wearing apparel, handkerchiefs, and all articles or fabrics embroidered in any manner by hand or machinery, whether with a plain or fancy initial, monogram, or otherwise, or tamboured, appliquéd, or scalloped by hand or ma- chinery, any of the foregoing by what- ever name known ; edgings, insertings, galloons, nets, nettings, veils, veilings, neck rufflings, ruchings, tuckings, flouncings, flutings, quillings, orna- ments; braids, loom woven and orna- mented in the process of weaving, ov made by hand, or on any braid ma- chine, knitting machine, or lace ma- chine, and not specially provided for ; trimmings not specially provided for; woven fabrics or articles from whici threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads in- troduced after weaving, forming fig- ures or designs, not including straight hemstitching; and articles made in whole or in part of any of the fore- going fabrics or articles; all of the foregoing of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed, 60 per centum ad valorem, 552 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OCF 1909—Continued. than the highest rate imposed by this section upon any of the materials or goods of which the same is composed : And provided further, That no article or fabric of any description, composed of flax or other vegetable fiber, or of which these materials or any of them is the component material of chief value, when embroidered by hand or machinery, or having hand or machin- ery embroidery thereon, shail pay a less rate of duty than that imposed in this section upon any embroideries of the materials of which such embroid- ery is composed. 350. Laces, embroideries, edgings, insertings, galloons, flouncings, nets, nettings, trimmings, and veils, com- posed of cotton, silk, artificial silk, or other material (except wool), made on the Lever or Gothrough machine, 70 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no wearing apparel, handker- chiefs, or articles of any description, composed wholly or in chief value of any of the foregoing, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon the articles or the materials of which the same are composed. apl. * * “* nets, nettings,. =F, 3% finished or unfinished, made on the Nottingham lace-curtain machine or on the Nottingham warp machine, and composed of cotton or other vege- table fiber, when counting five points or spaces between the warp threads to the inch, 1 cent per square yard; when counting more than five such points or spaces to the inch, 4 of 1 cent per square yard in addition for each such point or space to the inch in excess of five; and in addition thereto, on all the foregoing articles in this paragraph, 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That none of the above-named articles shall pay a less rate of duty than 50 per centum ad valorem. 383. * * * braids, galloons, edg- ings, insertings, flouncings, * * * ornaments, laces, trimmings, and arti- eles made wholly or in part of lace, embroideries and ali articles em- broidered by hand or machincry, head nets, nettings, * * * any of the fore- going made of wool or of which wool is a component material, whether con- taining india rubber or not, 50 cents per pound and 60 per centum ad va- lorem. 400. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- posed wholly or in chief value of silk, ACY OF 1913. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 553 ACT OF 19698—Continued. ACT OF i913. finished or unfinished, * * * em- broidered in any manner, whether with an initial letter, monogram, or otherwise, by hand or machinery, or are tamboured, appliquéed,- or having tucking or insertion, 60 per centum ad valorem. 402. Laces, edgings, insertings, gal- loons, flouncings, neck rufflings, ruch- ings, braids, fringes, trimmings, orna- ments, nets or nettings, veils or veil- ings, and articles made wholly or in part of any of the foregoing, or of chiffons, embroideries and articles em- broidered by hand or machinery, or tamboured or appliquéed, * * ¥#* all of the foregoing composed of silk, or of siik and metal, or of which siik is the component material of chief value, whether in part of india rubber or otherwise and braid com- posed in part of india rubber, not specially provided for in this section, * * * 60 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That articles composed . wholly or in chief value of any of the materials or goods dutiable under this paragraph shall pay not less than the rate of duty imposed upon such ma- terials or goods by this section: Pro- vided further, That tamboured, em- broidered, or appliquéed articles or fabrics shall pay no less rate of duty than that imposed upon the material if not so tamboured, embroidered, or appliquéed. 405. * * * braids, laces, em- broideries, galloons, neck rufflings, ruchings, fringes, trimmings, * * * composed wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of artificial or imitation silk or of arti- ficial or imitation horsehair, by what- ever name known, and by whatever process made, 45 cents per pound, and in addition thereto, 60 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Paragraph 358, after paragraph 408 (jute burlap and bagging), is normally the main textile provision as re- gards value of imports. It includes laces, nettings, veilings, em- broideries, fancy braids, and articles made of any of these materials. Lace is ornamental network made by intertwisting fine threads to form a pattern. When made by hand it is termed “ real” or “ point ” lace, as distinguished from machine-made lace, sometimes known as imitation lace. Modern lace is mainly machine-made. The machines used are either the Lever or the “ go-through.” Netting is made by intertwisting fine threads to form open meshes, usually hexagonal in shape. Net, sometimes used as a synonym for netting, is, correctly, a particular length of netting. 554 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Veiling is a general commercial term covering a great variety of articles, such as chiffon, grenadine, fancy netting (having fancy “ veiling ’’ meshes, or ornamented with a bar, or border, or figuring), ~ used chiefly or exclusively for the making of veils. A veil is a par- ticular length of veiling. Embroidery is ornamental stitching. It implies a foundation ma- terial, such as cloth or net, on which the embroidery is worked, thus differing from lace, which is made directly from yarn. Hmbroidering is done by hand and by hand or power machines. Modern embroid- ery is made chiefly on the power-driven schifli (shuttle) machines. Fancy braids, including the type known as “ Barmen lace,” are made on braiding machines with Jacquard attachments. Edging is narrow lace or embroidery specially designed for trim- ming frills and parts of dresses. It is usually made with one edge straight and one scalloped. Jnserting, cr mMsertion, is narrow lace or embroidery or other ornamental material especially made for inserting in a plain fabric. It is made with both edges alike, usually straight, and with a certain amount of plain work on either edge for use in sewing it to the fabric. Galloon is a narrow fabric made of lace, embroidery, or braid. Some of it is made with a mixture of metallic threads, composed of threads or cords covered with gold, silver, gilt, ete., and is used for ornamenting uniforms. Neck ruffling is a strip of textile material drawn up at one edge in gathers or pleats, especially prepared for wearing around the neck. Ruching is a full quilling or pleating of net, lace, ribbon, or other material in widths ranging from 1 to 3 inches, used as a trimming for women’s garments or worn at the neck or wrists. It usually consists of two or more rows of material arranged in box or shell pleats, or in the form of qguilling. Jucking consists of textile material ornamented with parallel rows of tucks, either arranged close together and covering the surface, or in clusters with spaces between. It is used for women’s summer waists, yokes, underwear, and skirts, and as fronts for men’s shirts. Flouncing is textile material of any descriptien used for making deep ruffles or flounces; usually gathered or pleated at one edge and loose at the other, the gathered edge being sewn to the garment. Fluting is ruffling made with a flute-shaped crimp. Quilling is a narrow border of lace, net, or ribbon, pleated or fluted so as to resemble a row of quills; it is a variety of ruffling. Tambour work originally meant a kind of embroidery worked by hand on mus- lin tightly stretched by means of hoops or a frame similar to that encircling a tambour. It is now usually applied to work, made on the embroidery machine, in which the tambour stitch is used. This stitch produces a pattern of straight ridges crossing each other in every direction at right or acute angles. Appliqué in dress and up- holstery usage means applied or sewn on. Thus, a gimp oer pattern of lace may be sewn on a new ground, or embroidered flowers may be secured to silk net; in such case the pattern ornament is said to be appliquéd. Production data of wearing apparel and articles of lace, em- broidery, etc., are not obtainable. Their manufacture centers mainly in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and other large cities. The ma- chine embroidery industry centers around New York, being largest on the New Jersey side of the North River; there are also aggregations of machines at Philadelphia and Chicago, and smaller numbers at SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 559 other points. The 1914 production of Lever laces, of cotton, was valued at $3,681,042, and of other cotton laces at $2,902,857, including panels, bedspreads, and narrow laces, but excluding products of the Nottingham lace-curtain machine. The 1914 production of silk laces, nets, nettings, and veils amounted to $1,328,933. Fancy laces are made most largely in Rhode Island, followed by Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Ohio. Imports of laces, embroideries, etc., were valued at $48,134,985 in 1914, and at $22,314,665 in 1918. The record was $53,361,350 in 1907. The temporary free entry accorded lace and embroidery machines from August 5, 1909, to January 1, 1911, more than doubled the ea- pacity of the local lace and embroidery industries and their develop- ment has tended to curtail the increase in imports of foreign laces and embroideries. The decline in imports after 1914 was, however, largely because of the war. Lace imports are normally from Notting- ham and Calais; embroidery from St. Gall; etched lace (burnt-out embroidery) from Plauen; and fancy braids most Jargely from Bar- men. Ornamented wearing apparel comes chiefly from Paris. Exports of cotton laces and embroideries were valued at $232,457 in 1914 and at $1,620,494 in 1918. Canada was the only purchaser of importance in 1914, but the 1918 exports were widely distributed, with Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and the Philippine Islands, in order, the chief purchasers. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. This paragraph groups provisions of the textile schedules which in prior acts were distributed according to material. Such grouping has the advantage of avoiding questions of value of components and the disadvantage of competition with comprehensive general terms in tex- tile schedules. Provisions of this kind are paragraphs 251, 252, 255, 256, 258, 262, 266, 282, 288, 316, 317, and 318. Provisions of other schedules, such as metals (pars. 150 and 167) and sundries (pars. 333 and 849) are also affected. First in importance is paragraph 258 of the cotton schedule. Jacquard figured upholstery goods —Paragraph 258 has been con- strued to include all the interior textile decorations and fittings of apartments. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 115, of 1912; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 477, of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918.) The rule of chief use has been given precedence of eo nomine designation, and netiings and laces used in the manufacture of curtains have been classified as Jacquard figured upholstery goods, although provided for by name in paragraph 358. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 253, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 812, of 1916, 388, of 1917; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918.) So also have scalloped madras muslin curtains in the piece and otherwise and materials therefor. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 351, of 1918.) As a result a much lower rate of duty (385 per cent) is assessed on figured goods than on plain goods (60 per cent). The words “by whatever name known,” in the third clause of this paragraph, do not modify the word “ laces” in the first. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 312, of 1916.) Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton. (See par. 258.) Other goods held to come within this paragraph: Silk hair nets as nets and not aS manufactures of silk under paragraph 317. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 119, of 1915.) Cotton tidies and bureau scarfs figured with threads introduced after weaving, as “ woven fabrics or articles 556 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after weaving, forming figures or designs,” and not as articles made from cotton cloth or manufactures of cotton under paragraph 266. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 151, of 1915.) Drop ornaments, trimmings, tassels, cords and tassels, and silk tassels composed chiefly of silk cords and threads advanced beyond cords, as ornaments or trimmings in the absence of a provision in paragraph 316 for tassels. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 451, of 1915.) Hpaulets in chief value of metal threads, as ornaments rather than under paragraph 150 as articles in chief value of metal thread. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 458, of 1915.) Lamp shades in part of braid and in chief value of silk, as articles in part of braids and not under paragraph 818 as manu- factures in chief value of silk. The words “of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed” exclude the element of component material. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 475, of 1916.) Hmbroidered or scal- loped handkerchiefs, as handkerchiefs embroidered or scalloped, and not as handkerchiefs composed of cotton under paragraph 255 nor as handkerchiefs composed of flax under paragraph 282. ; (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 30, of 1916.) Narrow woven fabrics in chief value of tinsel wire or of metal threads. Omission from paragraph 150 of the act of 1913 of the provision in paragraph 179 of the act of 1909 for laces, embroideries, braids, galloons, trimmings, and ornaments effected the exclusion from paragraph 150 of such materials made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame, bullions, or metal threads. In its common meaning ‘ trimmings” is less specific than ‘“ ribbons,” “ gal- loons; “gimps,” “braids,” or “bands.” A straight selvage is char-. acteristic of ribbons. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 195, of 1916.) Long, nar- vow, light-textured silk fabrics, known in the trade as veils, scarfs, automobile and chiffon veils and automobile scarfs, chiefly used by women as a cover for hats or the face, or both, while riding, and as a head covering, or for the shoulders, as “ veils”? and not as silk wearing apparel under paragraph 3817. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 299, of 1916.) Black, thin woven silk chiffon used, after splitting, on caskets, as “ veiling’ and not as woven fabrics in the piece under paragraph 818. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 184, of 1917.) AHmbroidered cotton hosiery, as articles embroidered and not as cotton hose. (G. A. 7644, T. D., 34930, of 1914.) Clocked silk hose, as articles embroidered and not as wearing apparel of silk under paragraph 317. Clocking is a form of embroidery. (G. A. 7729, T. D. 35459, of 1915.) Hat elastics of cotton and india rubber and sleeve and garter elastics of silk and india rubber, as braids, and not as “fabrics with fast edges not ex- ceeding 12 inches in width * * * of cotton * * * and india rubber,” under paragraph 262, nor as “ webbings * * * of which * * * silk and india rubber are the component materials of chief value’ under paragraph 316. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 360, of 1918.) Other goods held not to come within this paragraph: Tucked shirt bosoms, tuckings chief value, as cotton wearing apparel under para- graph 256. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1915.) Tunics, motifs, and other parts of garments, of beads on net foundations, beads chief value, as articles not appliquéd composed in chief value of beads under paragraph 333. An article is appliquéd when ornamented with a pattern or design independently fabricated. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 209, of 1915; see also 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, of 1916, for fuller definition of “appliquéd.”) Comfortables edged with silk cords, as SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 557 : manufactures of silk under paragraphs 818. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, of 1916.) Lead and cotton clo-clo braids, lead chief value, as manu- factures in chief value of lead under paragraph 167. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 8, of 1916.) Silk crépe in the piece, as woven fabrics of silk under paragraph 318, They were not commercially known as veils nor as trimmings. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 56, of 1916.) Silk netting ornamenicd with beads and spangles, the netting being more valuable than either and less valuable than both, as articles composed wholly or in chief value of beads and spangles under paragraph 3383. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 292, of 1916.) Hmbroidered fans in chief value of silk, under paragraph 349, as fans. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 480, of 1917.) Textile fabrics having an even unbroken surface ornamented with figures or designs in colored threads or yarns (described as tapestry), as manufactures wholly or in chief value of wool under paragraph 288. As commonly used, the term “ embroidery ” signifies a form of ornamental work produced by the needle on a completed textile or other suitable surface, and necessarily implies the ornamentation rather than the creation of the textile or other surface. Embroidery is a stitching, not a weaving, process. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 463, of 1917.) Trimmings in chief value of lame or bullions, as articles in chief value of metal under paragraph 167. The expression ‘“‘ of what- ever yarns, threads, or filaments composed,” in this paragraph covers only such materials as are generally known to be for knitting, weay- ing, or sewing. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, of 1918.) However, for con- venience of reference, lame or lahn and bullions are left in the above comparison of the act of 1909 with the act of 1913. Cotton bureau scarfs of drawnwork and two rows of hemstitching, being plain drawn- work, as articles of cotton cloth, under paragraph 266. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 385, of 1918.) (See pars. 258, 288, 333, and 530.) This paragraph might be changed to read: Laces, lace articles, and all articles or fabrics made wholly or in part of lace or of imitation lace of any kind; embroideries, and all articles or fabrics embroid- ered, tamboured, appliquéd, or scalloped, in any part however small; articles or fabrics from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after weaving to finish or ornament the openwork, not including straight hemstitching; edg- ings, insertings, galloons, nets, nettings, veils, veilings, neck rufflings, ruchings, tuckings, flouncings, flutings, quillings, ornaments, trim- mings; coach, carriage, and automobile laces; braids loom woven and ornamented in the process of weaving, or made by hand, or on any braid machine, knitting machine, or lace machine, except braids enumerated in paragraph [835] of this act; all the foregoing, by whatever name known and to whatever use applied, and whether or not named or described elsewhere in this section, when composed wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, or filaments, or of tinsel wire, lame, lahn, bullions, metal thread, spangles, or beads; and arti- cles made in whole or in part of any of the foregoing fabrics or articles, PARAGRAPH 359. ACT OF i909. ACT OF 19138. 4501, = =~ ©* Chamois) skin,.20) per 559. Chamois skins, 15 per centum centum ad valorem; * * * piano-|ad valorem; pianoforte, pianoforte ' forte leather and pianoforte-action | action, enameled upholstery leather, leather, and glove leather, 20 per | and glove leathers, 10 per centum ad centum ad valorem, valorem, 558 ° SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. CHAMOIS SKIN. Description and uses.—The goat antelope, known as the chamois, is nearly extinct. The trade name “chamois skin” applies to a form of “tawed” or oil-tanned sheepskin. Only the stronger sheep- skins are capable of conversion into chamois leather, The skin is split into two layers and the flesh side is treated vigorously with oil. The grain is split off and this part, called a “ skiver,” is bark or ex- tract tanned and marketed for bookbindings, pocketbooks, hat sweat- bands, and other light-leather uses. The domestic sheepskins are not usually suitable for making chamois. When used they must be tanned in “ the full pelt,” as it ig impossible to split them because the grain is porous which also precludes their use for the light-leather purposes mentioned. Most of the sheepskins are imported. Chamois skin is used extensively for washing and polishing purposes. For- maldehyde-tanned sheep fleshers are also bought and sold as Steel- color chamois. These skins are made by a new process of tanning and will bear washing in almost boiling water and remain soft with- out any shrinking until completely worn out. These skins will not absorb cold water as do the oil-tanned chamois. Production in 1914 was 1,948,533 skins, valued at $925,492. A half dozen companies manufacture it exclusively, 12 or 15 only incidentally. Import values were $149,057 in 1918; $107,424 in 1914; $64,267 in 1915; and $76,913 in 1918. The ratio of imports to production in 1914 was about 12 per cent. ‘ PIANOFORTE AND PIANOFORTE-ACTION LEATHER. Description and uses.—This leather is oil-tanned buckskin largely from Central American deerskins. It is used in pianos, principally underneath the keys to deaden the click, and must be of the right thickness and pliability; the imported skins are best suited by their thickness and close texture. The skins for this use are selected and cost 10 per cent over the ordinary price. Production.—The annual output of pianoforte-action leather is 30,000 skins, valued at $200,000, production being mostly in New York and New Jersey, sometimes in connection with that of glove leather. The best quality of cod oil, a good quality of finishing lime, soda ash, and aniline dyes are used. The process requires close attention, and machinery is less used than with most kinds of leather. Import values in 1912 were $7,311; in 1918, $521; in 1914, $2,790; and in 1918, only $116, German imports failing. The ratio of imports to domestic production in 1914 was about 2 per cent. HNAMELED UPHOLSTERY LEATHER. Description.—Enameled upholstery leather is made principally from whole cattle hides or “splits.” It differs from the patent leather made here for shoe uppers, the enamel being usually on the fiesh side, while the patent leather is finished on the grain side. Production statistics are not obtainable for enameled upholstery leather. The output of upholstery leather was-valued at $14.328,358 in 1914, the proportion of the enameled being small. Imports in 1913 were included with the ‘all other leather, patent japanned, varnished or enumeled;” in 1914 the value of the imports lal SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 559 of enameled upholstery leather was $17,123; in 1915, $6,563; in 1916, $3,579 ; in 1917, $2,710; and in 1918, only $20. GLOVE LEATHER. Description and uses.—The principal kinds of leather used in making gloves are sheep and lamb skins, goat and kid skins, deerskin, ecapeskin, and mocha, for which large quantities are imported. The greater part of domestic dress gloves are made of imported materials, sheep and lamb skins being the most important. Horsehide and cow- hide “splits” (the fiesh side of the hide split into two layers) are the chief materials used in making work gloves. The term “capeskin”’ at first deSignated the skin of a goat found in South Africa. The skins were fairly large and heavy and tight grained (that is, having small pores). This designation is. yet used, but applies to other kinds ef high-quality glove leather as well as the genuine.” Mocha skins are the pelts of a variety of haired sheep found in Arabia and Africa. Deerskin, formerly plentiful here, now comes in large quantities from South America. Nearly all the goat and kid skins used in making glove leather come from Europe, the best from France, with Italy, Germany, Austria, and Belgium following. Nearly all the lambskins used for glove leather come from Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and the Balkan States— the best, known as Tuseany lambskin, from northern Italy. The skins of the dog, fox, bear, cow, horse, colt, kangaroo, and other ani- mals are also used, but not, save some grades of colt skin, for the finer grades of gloves. Production. of glove leather in 1914 was valued at $4,284,655. Sheep and lamb skins amounted to $2,169,889; calf and kip skins, to $725,024; goat and kid skins, to $4,080; horsehide glove leather, to $998,303; and “ail other” glove leather, to $387,409. Production has since increased greatly. A most important feature in the glove-leather industry is the development of the chrome process of tanning. Leather imported for gloves has been of the fine grades calling for consider- able hand labor. The chrome tannage is distinctly a machine process and is better adapted to American conditions. The cessation of im- ports of glove leather from Germany and the chrome method of tan- ning glove leather explain the domestic development of this industry in the past five years. Imports of glove leather in 1912 were valued at $1,783,950; in 1918, $2,307,057; in 1914, $2,225,645; in 1918, $29,559. Before the war more than 75 per cent came from Germany; Austria-Hungary and france follow. Exports of glove leather, almost entirely to Canada, were valued at $316,715 in 1913, $359,486 in 1914, and $2,542,282 in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Chaninis skins prepared for use as glove leather are dutiable as glove leather and not as chamois skins under this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls. 485, of 1917.) So-called gray lambskins are classified as chamois skins and not exempt from duty as leather n. s. f. under paragraph 5380. (T. D. 37619, of 1918.) Lambdskins tanned, washed, and staked with the deliberate purpose of preparing them for ultimate use in making gloves, whether known as finished or unfimished skins, 560 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. are subject to duty under the eo nomine provision for glove leather in this paragraph. Abstract 43212, of 1919.) (G. A. 8249, T. D. 87978, of 1919, followed in PARAGRAPH 360. ACT OF 19909. 452. Bags, baskets, belts, satchels, ecardeases, pocketbooks, jewel boxes, portfolios, and other boxes and cases, made wholly of or in chief value of leather, not jewelry, and manufac- tures of leather, or of which leather is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 40 per centum ad valorem; any of the foregoing per- manently fitted’ and furnished with traveling, bottle, drinking, dining or luncheon and similar sets, 85 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1913. 360. Bags, baskets, belts, satchels, card cases, pocketbooks, jewel boxes, portfolios, and other boxes and cases, made wholly of or in chief value of leather or parchment, not jewelry, and manufactures of leather or parch- ment, or of which leather or parch- ment is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 30 per centum ad valorem; any of the foregoing per- manently fitted and furnished with traveling, bottle, drinking, dining, luncheon and similar sets, 85 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—These articles—bags, baskets, belis, satch- els, cardcases, pocketbooks, jewel bowes, etc.—correspond very closely with the two Census classifications, “ Pocketbooks” and “ Leather goods, not elsewhere specified.” Under the former are “ purses, ladies’ purse handbags, cardcases, wailets, coin purses, ete., made chiefly of leather,” and the latter includes “ handbags, belts, wristlets for watches, straps, music rolls, burnt leather goods, razor strops, leather cases of all kinds, fobs, handles, firemen’s leather helmets, suspender parts, sweatbands, tags, kid hair curlers, washers, valves, dog collars, leather garments,” and similar products. Production of “leather goods, not elsewhere specified,” was valued at $18,838,000 in 1919 and at. $19,334,000 in 1914. New York State produced to a value of $9,895,000 in 1914; Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, nearly $2,000,000 each; and Massachusetts, $1,309,000. The production of pocketbooks in 1909 was valued at $3,628,000 and in 1914 at $3,351,000, New York leading and Massachusetts second. There are a few large concerns, but it is mainly a small-scale in- dustry, the great majority having less than 20 employees and an average capital of about $25,000. Formerly there were many skilled artisans and handworkers, mostly of German origin; but the adop-- tion of machine methods has greatly reduced their numbers. England, Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary were leaders in the produc- tion of leather goods; England in the manufacture of high-class hand- sewed leather and pigskin goods. Jewelry cases, manicure sets, etc., requiring much hand labor, were made in small shops in England and Germany, the factory proportion not being large. France originated styles of handbags, which were frequently ‘“ extreme.” ; Imports under this classification in 1912 were valued at $1,252,520, in 1914 at $1,147,280, in 1918 at $500,017. England, Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary have supplied the largest quantities of leather goods, with Germany leading-in 1914. In 1916 and 1917 Hngland sup- plied two-thirds; in 1918, Canada more than one-half, Hngland about one-fourth, and France about one-fifth; Japan to the value of $10,877 in 1910 and $22,000 in 1918. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 561 Exports of “all other” manufactures of leather (exclusive of boots and shoes and harness and saddlery) were $2,175,179 in 1913, $1,881,223 in 1914, and $3,646,732 in 1918. In 1918, Canada took the most of our exports, $927,000; England, $679,000. France took leather goods valued at $545,000; Italy, $254,000; Switzerland, $111,000; and Argentina, Brazil, and Chile together, $200,000. Cuba, steadily growing as a market; took over $800,000 worth in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Leather cue tips are a manufacture of leather within this paragraph, which should not, because of higher duty on articles “ permanently fitted,” be construed to mean that an article to be dutiable under it must be susceptible of being so fitted. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1 and 84, of 1916.) Irregular pieces of leather, the result of cutting out fenders and dashes from patent leather, cut into regular forms to fit them for use around the ends of wagon shafts and handles for currycombs, also come ‘within this paragraph as manufactures of leather. (Abstract 41326, of 1917.) The provision in this paragraph for leather cases fitted and furnished with traveling and similar sets treats the leather cases as the distinguishing characteristic and claims it with its fit- tings for duty to the exclusion of other paragraphs under which the constituent fittings might have been dutiable. Small leather cases appropriate to be carried in the vest pocket, fitted with pocketknives, penknives or erasers, nuil files, wooden lead pencils, and scissors (singly or in various combinations), are not specially designed or intended for the use of the traveler and are not dutiable as cases fitted with traveling sets under this paragraph, but are dutiable as “articles * * * designed to be * * * earried on or about the person,” within paragraph 356. The concession by counsel that the cases and contents should be treated as entireties rendered unneces- sary consideration of the question of segregation and’ separate duti- ability. But small leather cases fastened with metal clasps and fitted with various toilet implements and preparations, invoiced as “nocket toilets, leather,” are dutiable under this paragraph. A desk ‘set consisting of a long pair of shears and a letter opener in a sort of leather scabbard was held dutiable as a manufacture of metal not _ plated with gold or silver, under paragraph 167. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 11, of 1917.) Baskets, boxes, and cases in chief value of leather of such a size and so fitted as to indicate that they are primarily sewing sets and not needlecases, are dutiable under this paragraph as baskets, boxes, and cases in chief value of leather, and not under paragraph 135 as needlecases because containing needles in combination with other articles such as scissors, thimbles, stilettos, thread, knives, pins, but- tons, tape, and hooks and eyes. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 196, of 1917.) The word “ set”’ is used in its popular rather than in its strict etymological sense and is taken as meaning two or more articles. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 274, of 1913.) * 35 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1918. 368. Manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, india rubber or gutta- percha, palm leaf, quills, straw, weeds, or whalebone, or of which any of them is the component material of chief value not otherwise specially provided for in this section, shall be subject to the following rates: Manufactures of india rubber or gutta-percha, com- monly known as druggists’ sundries, 15 per centum ad valorem; manufac- tures of india rubber or gutta-percha, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 10 per centum ad valorem ; palm leaf, 15 per centum ad valorem ; bone, chip, horn, quills, and whalebone, 20 per centum ad valorem; grass, straw, and weeds, 25 per centum ad valorem ; combs composed wholly of horn or of horn and metal, 25 per centum ad valorem, The terms “grass” and ‘* straw ”’ shall be understood to mean these substances in their natural state, and not the separated fibers thereof, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—This paragraph includes a considerable variety of the manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, india rubber, ete., the qualification n. s. p. f. not restricting narrowly the number of items. The most important are manufactures of india rubber. Production.—The United States leads the world in rubber manu- factures. The extent of the demand for rubber tires in this country is indicated by the fact that 85 to 90 per cent of the world’s auto- mobiles are owned in the United States. In 1914 there were 301 manufacturers of rubber goods, with 50,220 employees, wages of $31,279,000, a capital of $199,183,000, materials costing $126,112,000, and the value of products was $223,611,000—Ohio, New Jersey, and Massachusetts leading, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 567 Imports of manufactures of the various substances and the chief countries of export were: India rubber, $947,404 in 1914 (Germany and England) ; $282,572 in 1918 (England and Canada). Gutta-percha, $31,831 in 1914 (Germany) ; $18,629 in 1918 (United Kingdom and Switzerland). Druggists’ rubber sundries, $189,667 in 1914 and $106,- 580 in 1918. Palm leaf, $13,073 in 1914 (Germany) ; $8,428 in 1918. Bone and horn, $109,909 in 1914 (France, United Kingdom, and Ger- many); $74,966 in 1918 (France, United Kingdom, and Canada). Chip, $4,086 in 1914 and $102,371 in 1918. Quills, $21,682 in 1914 (France and Austria-Hungary) ; $12,711 in 1918. Whalebone, $713 in 1914 and $32 in 1918. Grass and straw, $426,438 in 1914 (Japan, Canada, Netherlands) ; $305,383 in 1918 (Japan and Canada). Combs composed wholly of horn or horn and metal, rae 137 in 1914 and $12,375 in 1918. Export statistics are lacking in most cases. Automobile tires amounted to $13,977,671 in 1918, and went chiefly to South America, Canada, and Oceania. Druggists’ rubber sundries in 1918 amounted to $884,245, mainly to Canada, England, Mexico, and South America. Manufactured rubber exports amount to millions of dollars annually. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Mais made of braids of straw sewn together with cotton were held properly classified under this paragraph and not dutiable under para- graph 272 as mats or rugs of straw having a warp of cotton. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 379, of 1915.) The provision for manufactures of chip in this paragraph is more specific than the provision for manufactures of wood in paragraph 176 in the case of ropings made of wood, chip, and cotton, chip chief value. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 93, of 1916.) Dyed straw is not straw in its “natural state” within this paragraph, and leaves and flowers for millinery, made of straw which has been dyed, but the fibers of which have not been separated, are excluded therefrom and classable under paragraph 347 as articles in chief value of arti- ficial leaves and flowers. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 306, 378, of 1918.) | Col- ored chip-straw, millinery ornaments, crudely resembling flowers and leaves, were held likewise dutiable. (8 Ct..Cust. Appls., 380, of 1918.) But millinery ornaments consisting of strands of natural straw twisted together loosely and looped or tied, used as centerpieces in the crowns of straw hats, forming the starting points, are within this paragraph rather than paragraph 347. (Abstract 40979, of 1917.) Palm-leaf baskets (T. D. 36409, of 1916) ; baling twine consisting of two strands of grass braided (Abstract 36906, T. D. 34933, of 1914) ; horn strips polished and drilled (T. D. 34535, of 1914) ; india-rubber bulbs used on pyrographic outfits (Abstract 87299, of 1915) ; india- rubber tubing, druggists’ sundries (Abstract 38111, of 1915); bottle covers and caps of palm leaf (Abstract 36970, T. D. 384969, of 1914) ; rubber-faced cloth used in making card clothing (Abstract 38775, of 1915) ; rubber flower syringes (Abstract 37562, of 1915) ; and so-called paintings on straw matting (T. D. 85168, of 1915) have been held dutiable under this paragraph. (See pars. 347, 356, and 369.) Gallilith might be added to the materials enumerated in this paragraph. 568 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 369. ACT OF 1909. 596. Ivory tusks in their natural state or cut vertically across the grain only, with the bark left intact, eee ch cee.) 464. Manufactures of * * * ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl and shell, plaster of Paris, papier-maché, and vuleanized india rubber known as “hard rubber,’ or of which these substances or any of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, and shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or otherwise manufactured, 385 per centum ad valorem, ACT OF 1913. 369. Ivory tésks in their natural State, or cut vertically across the grain only, with the bark left intact, 20 per centum ad valorem; manu- factures of ivory or vegetable ivory, or of which either of these substances is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section, 35 per centum. ad valo- rem; manufactures of mother-of-pearl] and shell, plaster of Paris, papier- mfiché, and yuleanized india rubber known as ‘“‘ hard rubber,” or of which these substances or any of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 25 per centum ad valorem ; shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or other- wise manufactured, 25 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—I/vory tusks are mainly those of the African elephant, which constitute the best part of commercial ivory. Other sources are the tusks of fossil elephants found in Russia (especially Siberia) and in Alaska and the teeth of the walrus, narwhal, and hippopotamus. Manufactures of ivory have included numerous arti- cles, useful and ornamental, such as toilet articles, statuettes, and piano keys, the demand for the last being so great that imitation products must be drawn upon to meet requirements. J/anufactures of vegetable ivory embrace handles for umbrellas, toilet articles, small trinkets, ete. Manufactures of mother-of-pearl and shell embrace knife handles, opera-glass handles, ete. Plaster of Paris is a cement obtained by the pulverization and partial calcination of gypsum. It is used as a hard-finish plaster for walls and ceilings; in surgery for making: casts to inclose fractures, and for making impressions for dental plates in which teeth are set; for casts of sculpture in round (see par. 611), high, and low reliefs; replicas of archzeological objects; and life and death masks. Papicr-mdché is a tough, plastic substance made from paper pulp mixed with glue, paste, oil, resin, or other sizing. It is used in boxes, trays, and similar articles, and is also employed in interior decorations of houses, for cornices, ceilings, ete. Vulcanized india rubber is hard rubber differing from soft rub- ber in its sulphur content and in being cured or vulcanized at a higher temperature; it is used in bowling balls, razor handles, combs, etc. Production figures are not fully available. In 1914 the output of ivory, shell, and bone work, not including combs and hairpins, was valued at $1,896,000, from 54 establishments, with $1,160,000 capital and 795 employees. Japan, England, Germany, and France are important manufacturers of animal and vegetable ivory products. Shell manufactures (mother-of-pearl and other) are important in tngland, France, Germany, and Asiatic Turkey. Imports amounted to $847,597, divided as follows: Ivory tusks, $764,446 ; manufactures of animal and vegetable ivory, $28,316; shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or otherwise manufactured, $12,719 ; manu- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 569. factures of shell and mother-of-pearl, $6,197; manufactures of plaster of Paris, $4,208; manufactures of papier-mdché, $25,679; and manu- factures of vulcanized or hard india rubber, $6,082. Export figures are not fully available. In 1918 the exports of ivory and manufactures thereof and scrap amounted. to $175,458, a value of $136,181 going to Canada. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The language of successive tariff acts shows that Congress has re- garded india rubber and hard rubber as different things for tariff pur- poses. Syringes, tubes, combs, and breast pumps, in chief value of hard rubber, are dutiable as “manufactures of * * * yuleanized india rubber known as ‘ hard rubber’” and not as “ manufactures of india rubber * * * commonly known as. druggists’ sundries.” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 102, of 1917.) A box in chief value of wood, de- signed to contain an ivory toilet set, which was packed separately, was held dutiable with the d4oilet set as an entirety under the provision in this paragraph for manufactures of ivory. (Abstract 36870, T. D. 34920, of 1914.) (See pars. 355 and 368.) PARAGRAPH 370. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 465. Masks, composed of paper or 370. Masks, of whatever material pulp, 35 per centum ad valorem. composed, 25 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Uses.—In addition to the use of masks for disguise and as toys, masks of wire, gauze, etc., are used for protection of the face from splinters, dust, or smoke in glass works, grinding mills or other fac- tories, and by fencers, firemen, and baseball catchers. Imports of masks in 1914 were valued at $12,475, and in 1918 at $738. PARAGRAPH 371. 466. Matting made of cocoa fiber 371. Matting made of cocoa fiber or or rattan, 6 cents per square yard; | rattan, 5 cents per square yard; mats mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 4 | made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 3 cents cents per square foot. per square foot. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Cocoa mats and matting, made from the fibrous husk of the coconut, are produced chiefly in Ceylon, the Mala- bar coast, the Straits Settlements, and the islands of the Hastern Archipelago... The fiber is removed from the husk by soaking and beating and is then crudely hand spun by natives. Machinery is occasionally used, but the hand-spun yarn is both cheaper and better, Matting made of rattan differs from cocoa matting in manufacture and raw material. Rattan is an East Indian and African creeping palm, the stem of which can be split into slender strands and woven into basket work, chairs, couches, pillows, mats, ete. In weaving mat- ting, a simple bamboo framework is used. Production.—The imported cocoa matting is woven on primitive hand looms made strong to resist the tension required in weaving such coarse and harsh yarn. Domestic manufacture is by power looms, but mechanical difficulties caused by the fiber make the work ~ 570 very arduous. Cocoa and rattan mats and matting are made by a few concerns, which have practically displaced penal institutions in manufacture. The quantity is not known, but is probably small. Imports are classified as mats and matting, the distinction being one of length rather than of material. Imports of mats and matting steadily increased prior to 1914 and during 1915, but fell off sharply in 1917 and 1918. In 1914, 1,545,449 square feet of mats were im- ported, valued at $189,419; in 1918, 38,667 square feet, valued at $6,374. In 1914, imports of matting were 114,987 square yards, valued at $34,863; in 1918, 22,731 square yards, valued at $3,400. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENT. This paragraph might be transferred to paragraph 272 or 278, providing for matting and mats of vegetable substances and fibers. PARAGRAPH 372. ACT OF 1909. -ACT OF 1918. 372. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, and seaweeds, if manufactured or dyed, 10 per centum ad valorem, 78. Moss and sea grass, eel grass, and seaweeds, if manufactured or dyed, 10 per centum ad valorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Uses.—Dyed sea moss is prepared for florists’ use or for ornamentel purposes. EHelgrass has been used in filling mattresses, cushions, etc., and sheathing houses. Seaweed ashes formerly supplied much of the alkali that was used in soap and glass making and for the prepara- tion of iodine. In its raw state it was and still is used as a fertilizer. As a rule, however, cheaper sources of most of the materials furnished by seaweed have been discovered. Imports in 1914 of moss and sea grass, eelgrass, and Pas manufactured or dyed, were valued at $55,624, mainly from Germany; and in 1918 at $7,367, nearly all from Japan, France, and the Nether- lands. PARAGRAPH 373. 467. Musical instruments or parts 378. Musical instruments or parts thereof, pianoforte actions and parts thereof * * * not otherwise enu- merated in this section, cases for musi- cal instruments, pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning hammers, and metro- nomes; strings for musical instru- ments, composed wholly or in part of thereof, pianoforte actions and parts thereof, cases for musical instruments, pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning ham- mers, and metronomes; strings for musical instruments, composed wholly or in part of steel or other metal, all — the foregoing, 35 per centum ad va- steel or other metal, all the foregoing, | lorem. 45 per centum ad valorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—These articles include all musical instruments ex- cept phonographs, graphophones, etc., covered in paragraph 3874. Production in 1914 was valued at $92,573,000; manufacturers num- bered 719, with capital of $134,848,000 — 39,387 wage earners. Of the value, organs amounted to $6,297,000, pianos to $62,775,000, mate- rials for organs and pianos to $19,876,000, and other musical instru- ments (excepting phonographs, ete.) to $38,625,000. Germany, Austria- Hungary, France, and Italy are important producers. SUMMARY: OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 574 Imports of musical instruments in 1918 were valued at $666,317, ($1,788 for strings); in 1914 at $1,967,733. Imports were supplied chiefly by Germany before the war, but about one-half of the total came from Japan in 1918. Exports in 1918 aggregated $4,915,299, as follows: Organs, $139,706, player pianos, $1,095,665; other pianos, $2,292,467; piano players, $59,771; perforated music rolls, $149,309; all other, and parts of, $1,178,381. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Musical instruments.—A musical instrument has been declared to be “an implement or structure artificially constructed and ordinarily used for the production of a succession of musical and harmonious sounds, or the completed indispensable parts of such structure or implement, artificially constructed which are practically indispens- able in the art of music, and which are constructed and ordinarily used for the production of musical and harmonious sounds.” (G. A. 8177, T. D. 87680, of 1918.) It is no part of the definition of a musical instrument that it can be used to produce a continuous melody and that.a chromatic scale can be played upon it (7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 60, of 1916) ; nor is it necessary to its classification as a musical instrument that the article shall be capable of producing a complete tune (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37875, of 1918). The following, among other articles, have been held to be musical instru- ments: Triangles of metal with a wooden-handled hammer or striker (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 60, of 1916) ; cymbals (Abstract 43345, of 1919) ; jew’s-harps (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37875, of 1918) ; castanets (T. D. 37368, of 1917) ; and wooden fish and brass gongs and wooden beaters (Abstract 43345, of 1919); but upon a fuller record, wooden fish, a block of hardwood having two deep narrow cavities carved therein so arranged and shaped that-when struck successive blows with a hard instrument, as a hammer, it emits noises resembling the trotting of a horse on a hard pavement, was held not to be a musical instrument (G. A. 8177, T. D. 37680, of 1918) ; also brass gongs (Ab- -stract 40319, of 1916) ; and small wooden whistles known as “ baby crys,” used in orchestras or moving-picture shows to produce a sound like the crying of a baby (G. A. 7387, T. D. 32777, of 1912). “Parts of musical instruments” include violin and cello necks, un- serviceable in the condition in which imported for any other use than as parts of musical instruments (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 438, of 1913); music rolls for a player piano known as the Welte Mignon (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 164, of 1914); organ keyboard case, although placed 20 feet from the closest part of the organ (Abstract 37818, of 1915); drum heads (4 Ct. Cust. Appis., 84, of 1913); violin bows (Abstract 39112, of 1916) ; violin finger boards, necks, pegs, and bridges (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 470, of 1913); but does not include hollow, cylindrical wood and iwory not shown to be confined to use as parts of musical instruments (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 488, of 1913), and violin mutes, which are composed of steel and used on the bridge of a violin to soften or deaden the sound (Abstract 38839, of 1915). “ Strings for musical instruments,’ provided for in this paragraph and paragraph 366, refers to strings used for the production of musical sounds and includes strings of the proper length designed for use in the production of musical tones upon certain musical 572 - SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, instruments (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 301, of 1914); and small catgut strings of different gauge or diameter, some from 45 to 68 inches in length and others from 23 to 45 inches, ready for immediate use as strings for musical instruments’ (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 306, of 1912). But strings composed of catgut wound with silk, silk chief value, are not included, but are dutiable under paragraph 318 as a manufacture in chief value of silk. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 443, of 1915.) PARAGRAPH 374. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913, 468. Phonographs, gramophones, 374. Phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and similar articles or | graphophones, and similar articles, or parts thereof, 45 per. centum ad va- | parts thereof, 25 per centum ad va- lorem. lorem, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The essential parts of a phonograph are a funnel for receiving the sounds, a diaphragm which vibrates with these sounds and to which is attached a point, and a covered cylinder on which the point makes its impressions. The Edison diaphragm was iron, the point metallic, and the cylinder covered: tin foil. By revolving the cylinder the recorded sound could be reproduced. The graphophone applied the phonograph principle of sound record and reproduction, but substituted a wax cylinder. The term “ grapho- phone,” however, is being supplanted by “ phonograph.” The gramo- phone is a machine having a disk instead of a cylinder. Production in 1914 was valued at $27,115,916. The number of machines were 515,154, valued at $15,290,491; and records and blanks, 27,221,290, valued at $11,111,418. In addition, parts of machines, materials, and supplies amounted to $356,935, and all other products to $357,072. Eighteen establishments made phonographs, grapho- phones, ete., with capital of $33,771,000, and 9,381 employees. Imports of phonographs, graphophones, etc., in 1918 amounted to $334,854, over two-thirds from Switzerland. In 1914 imports were $147,384, over one-half from Germany. Exports of machines in 1918 numbered 91,217, valued at $2,610,866 ; of records and accessories, $2,073,463. About 60 per cent went to Can- -ada, the balance to Cuba, Australia, Argentina, and the United Kingdom. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Phonograph disks are parts of phonographs within this paragraph (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 279, of 1918), as are needles for phonographs (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 498, of 1915). A phonograph motor complete with the exception of a main spring, but ready for use in connection with other articles or parts of the phonograph outfit, was held to be a part of a phonograph within this paragraph (Abstract 42372, of 1918), but disks of soft wax, known as master records, in themselves neither intended for nor susceptible of use as parts of phonographs, grapho- phones, or gramophones, were held not within this paragraph, nor exempt from duty as models of improvements in the arts under paragraph 629, but dutiable under paragraph 462 as manufactures of wax (G. A. 7182, T. D. 31851, of 1911). Mica washers for gramo- phones are parts of gramophones. (Abstract 36977, of 1914.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 573 . PARAGRAPH 375. ACT OF 1909. 469. Violin rosin, in boxes or cases or otherwise, 20 per centum ad va- lorem. ACT OF 1913. in boxes or cases 10 per centum ad va- 375. Violin rosin, or otherwise, lorem. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Violin rosin is a good grade of rosin cast in the form of cubes or embedded in pieces of wood to facilitate its application to the strings of musical instruments, such as the violin. Production.—It is of comparatively simple manufacture, and the United States is the largest producer, but figures are not available. Imports of violin rosin in 1914 were valued at. $11,688, about 52 per cent from Germany and 32 per cent from France. . INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, Metal boxes containing rosin, the boxes being constructed with two Separate receptacles, one for rosin and the other for violin strings, are unusual containers and are not within this paragraph, 40390, of 1916.) (Abstract The words “in boxes, cases, or otherwise” neither limit nor enlarge the provision. PARAGRAPH 376. 470. Paintings in oil or water colors, pastels, pen and ink drawings, and sculptures, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem; but the term ‘“ sculptures ” as used in this Act shall be understood to include only such as are cut, carved, or.otherwise wrought by hand from a solid block or mass of marble, stone, 376. Works of art, including paint- ings in oil or water-colors, pastels, pen and ink drawings, or copies, replicas or reproductions of any of the same, statuary, sculptures, or copies, re- plicas or reproductions thereof, and etchings and engravings, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem, or alabaster, or from metal, and as are the professional production of a ana tor only, and the term “ painting ”’ used in this Act shall be eters not to include such as are made wholly or in part by stenciling or other me- chanical process. GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—IFor most practical purposes works of art may be classified as follows: (1) Products of the fine arts, properly so called, intended solely for ornamental purposes, and including paintings in oil and water colors on canvas, plaster, or other material, and original statuary of marble, stone, or bronze. (2) Minor objects of art, intended also for ornamental purposes, such as statuettes, vases, drawings, etchings, ete., which are susceptible of an indefinite reproduction from the original. (8) Objects of art which serve pri- marily an ornamental and incidentally a useful purpose, such as painted or stained-glass windows, tapestry, paper hangings, ete. (4) Objects primarily designed for a useful purpose, such as ornamental clocks, higher grades of carpets, curtains, ete. The list of articles included under this paragraph is restricted by paragraphs 652 to 656, inclusive. The bulk of imports of works of arts are free under those paragraphs. j Imports of works of art in 1914 were valued at $766,464, mainly from France, Italy, England, and Germany; and in 1918, at $122,133, mainly from Italy, England, and France, 574 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, Exports of painting and statuary of all kinds in 1914 were valued at $1,415,302, mainly to France, England, Canada, and Germany; and in 1918, at $317,711, mainly to Canada, Cuba, Spain, and France. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. “Works of art’”’ within this paragraph does not cover the whole range of the beautiful and artistic, but only those productions of the artist which are something more than ornamental and decorative and which may be properly ranked as examples of the free fine arts or possibly that class only of the free fine arts imitative of natural objects as the artist sees them and appealing to the emotions through the eye alone. “Sculpture” as an art is that branch of the free fine arts which chisels or carves out of stone or other solid material or models in clay or other plastic substances for subsequent reproduction by carving or casting imitations of natural objects, chiefly the human form, and represents such objects in their true proportions of length, breadth, and thickness, or of length and breadth only. A work is not necessarily sculpture because artistic and beautiful and fashioned by a sculptor from solid marble. Utilitarian articies do not become sculpture by reason of being adorned by the carving of a sculptor unless the sculptural decorations be so compelling that the utili- tarian achievement of the artisan is lost in the realized sentiment of the artist. A marble font and marble seats, the work of a sculptor and incidentally embellished by him with artistic carvings, are not sculpture or works of art within this paragraph, but manufactures of marble under paragraph 98 (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 46, of 1916.) “Statuary” and “sculptures” are interchangeable terms. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 168, of 1912, holding an artistic statue of gold, bronze, and ivory to be sculpture.) Neither the tariff act of 1913 nor this paragraph thereof limits the definition of the word “ sculptures ”’ as used in said paragraph and the word must be given the meaning ascribed to it in common understanding. "** * 392. Albumen, not specially provided blood, 3 cents per pound; * * * for in this section. 486. Albumen, not specially provided for in this section. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Albumen belongs to the nitrogenous organic substances known as proteins, constituents of both animals and plants. Egg albumen (par. 4) and blood albumen are the common commercial forms. Blood albumen is a by-product of slaughterhouses (large- scale production). Albumen may also be obtained from milk, and there is a so-called ‘‘ vegetable”? albumen. It is used as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing, in the leather industry, in gums and ad- hesives, aS a clarifying agent, for the preparation of photographic papers, and in medical foods. - Imports of albumen in 1914 were 382,589 pounds, valued at $58,175, about 75 per cent coming from Germany. Imports declined during the war and amounted to only 671 pounds in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Merchandise invoiced as “ Poudre a Julien” and classified as a nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 385 was found from the report of the analyst to be albumen and was held free of duty under this paragraph. Some of the merchandise was reported to be albumen mechanically combined with animal charcoal, and the protests were overruled as to this. (Abstract 40376, of 1916.) Lac albumen obtained through a chemical process in the separation of the product and casein from albulactin was held to be milk albumen and as such free of duty as albumen not specially provided for under paragraph 486 of the tariff act of 1903. (Abstract 26307, T. D. 31818, of 1911.) (See pars. 203 and 644.) PARAGRAPH 393. | 393. Alcohol, methyl or wood, 184911°—20——38 594 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—IJ/lethyl or wood alcohol, wood spirit or wood naphtha, is one of the primary products of the hardwood-distil- lation industry. The commercial grades vary from 82 per cent to pure methyl alcohol, acetone being the chief impurity. The largest use of wood alcohol is as a solvent in the paint and varnish industry, where acetone is desirable. Large quantities are consumed in the dye in- dustry and in the production of formaldehyde. It has many other uses as a solvent and is used for denaturing grain alcohol. : Production.—The distillation of wood produces a raw liquor con- taining acetic acid and alcohol; the acid is neutralized with lime and the alcohol distilled from the solution, and then purified by redistilla- tion. The output of crude wood alcohol in 1909 and 1914 was slightly in exeess of 9,000,000 gallons. The marketed production of refined wood alcohol in 1914 was 6,235,113 gallons, valued at $2,709,369. Pro- duction since has increased, due to demands by the dye industry and a larger production of formaldehyde. Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York have been the principal producers of wood-distillation prod- ucts. During the war large plants were erected in the Southern Appa- lachian Mountains. Imports in 1914 were less than 1 per cent of domestic production. Exports of zood alcohol in 1909 were 11.8 per cent of domestic production and 16.6 per cent in 1914. Prior to the war, exports were about 1,500,000 gallons, chiefly to Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Since 1914 they have decreased somewhat, due to the blockade of Germany. In 1918 exports reached a maximum of 2,588,001 gallons, valued at $2,070,026, France taking 75 per cent. PARAGRAPH 394. ACT OF 19069. ACT OF 1918. 487. Alizarin, natural or artificial, 394. Alizarin, natural or synthetic, and dyes derived from alizarin or from | and dyes obtained from alizarin, an- anthracin, thracene, and carbazol. Repealed. (See “ Interpretation and comments,” par. 20.) PARAGRAPH 395. 400. Ammonia, sulphate of. 395. Ammonia, sulphate of, perchlo- rate of, and nitrate of. GENERAL INFORMATION. See paragraph 7 for a general discussion of ammonia compounds. SULPHATE OF AMMONiZA. Description and uses.—Sulphate of ammonia, which is ammonia gas combined with sulphuric acid, forms the larger part of the world’s trade in ammonia. Commercial transactions are based on a standard. content of 25 per eent of ammonia (NH;). The largest use in norma! times is in the manufacture of fertilizers, greatly curtailed during the war on account of converting ammonia into ammonium nitrate for explosive purposes. It is also used in the preparation of other am- monium Salts. Production of ammonia (expressed as sulphate of ammonia) in 1917 was more than 800.000 short tons. over 90 per cent of which was SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 595 obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of coke. In England the principal source is from illuminating gas works using the coal- gas process. Other countries obtained supplies from both sources in more or less equal quantities. Germany, since 1910, has been the largest producer; from 1910 to 1913 her exports were from 40,000 to 70,000 tons in excess of imports. England ranks second and, prior to the war, exported about three-fourths of her output, thus leading as an exporter. The United States ranks third in production, with France fourth. Imports reached a maximum of 103,251 short tons in 1911, then decreased steadily to 3,988 tons in 1918. PERCHLORATE OF AMMONIA. Uses.—Perchlorate of ammonia has been used technically as an oxidizing agent and in the manufacture of explosive mixtures. Imports in 1914 and 1915 were about 70,000 pounds, valued at about $6,300, decreasing to less than 500 pounds a year. NITRATE OF AMMONIA. Description and uses.—Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline sait. When heated it decomposes into water and nitrous oxide (“laughing gas”’), widely used as an anesthetic during the war. Its largest use is in explosive mixtures, 90 per cent of which may be ammonium nitrate. Production greatly increased during the war to supply the demand for explosives. Imports in 1915 were 3,666,880 pounds, valued at $193.907, decreas- ing to 74,101 pounds, valued at $4,287, in 1918. PARAGRAPH 396. ACT OF 1909. . ACT OF 1918. 173. * * *:; antimony ore, stib- 396. Antimony ore and stibnite con- nite * * * containing antimony, | taining antimony, but only as to the but not containing more than 10 per | antimony content. centum of lead, 1 cent per pound on the antimony contents therein con- tained: Provided, That on all im- portations of antimony-bearing ores and matte containing antimony the duties shall be estimated at the port of entry and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the trans- portation of appraised or unappraised merchandise to properly equipped sam- pling or smelting establishments, whether designated as bonded ware- houses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores at such establishment, they shall be sampled according to com- mercial methods under the supervi- sion of Gevernment officers, who shall be stationed at such establishment, and who shall submit the samples thus obtained to a Government as- Sayer, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make a proper } 596 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1918. assay of the sample, and report the result to the proper customs officers, and the import entry shall be _ liq- uidated thereon, except in case of ores that Shall be removed to a bonded warehouse to be refined for ex- portation as provided by law, and the Secretary of the Treasury is au- thorized to make all necessary regu- lations to enforce the provisions of this paragraph; * * *, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The most important antimony ore is stib- nite, or antimony sulphide. Other important commercial antimony minerals are (1) valentinite, or antimony oxide, and a related form, senarmonite; (2) antimony ocher; and (3) jamesonite, or lead anti- mony sulphide. Besides the use of antimony ores as raw material for the metal antimony, commercial antimony products are obtained in the smelting process, such as antimony pigments and liquated anti- mony sulphide, the latter used directly in the manufacture of safety matches. Antimony is used chiefly in alloys, especially type metal, Britannia metal, and babbitt metal. Production of antimony ore was negligible until the industry was stimulated by extraordinarily high prices during the war. Domestic deposits are widely scattered and of doubtful importance. In 1916 the output was estimated at 4,500 tons and in 1917 at 1,060 tons. At present, because of the low price of antimony, domestic production of the ore has practically ceased. China is the leading producer, furnishing fully 60 per cent of the world’s supply of antimony, although the ore is produced in many other countries. Imports of antimony ore in 1914 were 26 gross tons, valued at $1,245, practically all from China. In 1918 imports were 5,101 gross tons, valued at $468,646, one-fourth from China, most of the remainder from Chile and Mexico. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Liquated antimony is not within this paragraph, but is dutiable as a matte containing antimony under paragraph 144. (T. D. 37360, of 1917.) Since stibnite is itself the most important antimony ore, no reason is apparent why it should be specifically designated in this para- graph in addition to antimony ore. PARAGRAPH 397, 492. Any animal imported by a citi- zen of the United States specially for breeding purposes shall be admitted free, whether intended to be so used by the importer himself, or for sale for such purpose: Provided, That no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established for that breed: And provided further, That certificate 3897. Any animal imported by a citi- zen of the United States, specially for breeding purposes, shall be admitted free, whether intended to be used by the importer himself or for sale for such purposes: Provided, That no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred of a _ recognized breed, and duly registered in a book of record recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture for that breed: And SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. of such record and of the pedigree of such animal shall be produced and submitted to the customs officer, duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, together with the affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer .that such animal is the identical animal described in said certificate of- record and pedigree: And provided further, That the Secre- tary of Agriculture shall determine and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury what are recognized breeds and pure bred animals under the pro- visions of this paragraph. The Sec- retary of the Treasury may prescribe such additional regulations as may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. Cattle, horses, sheep, or other domestic animals, straying across the boundary line into any for- eign country, or driven across such boundary line by the owner for tem- porary pasturage purposes only, to- gether with their offspring, may be brought back to the United States within six months free of duty, under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: And pro- vided further, That the provisions of this act shall apply to all such ani- mals as have been imported and are in quarantine, or otherwise in the custody of customs or other officers of the United States, at the date of ‘the passage of this Act. 597 ~ ACT OF 1913—Continued. provided further, That the certificate of such record and pedigree of such animal shall be produced and_ sub- mitted to the Department of Agricul- ture, duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, to- gether with an affidavit of the owner, agent, or. importer that the animal imported is the identical animal de- Secribed in said certificate of record and pedigree. The Secretary of Ag- riculture may prescribe such regula- tions aS may be required for deter- mining the purity of breeding and the identity of such animal: And _ pro- vided further, That the collectors of customs shall require a_ certificate from the Department of Agriculture stating that such animal is pure bred of a recognized breed and duly regis- - tered in a book of record recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture for that breed. The Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe such addi- tional regulations as may be requirea for the strict enforcement of this provision. Horses, mules, and asses straying across the boundary line into any foreign country, or driven across such boundary line by the owner for temporary pasturage pur- poses only, together with their off- spring, shall be dutiable unless brought back to the United States within six months, in which ease they shall be free of duty, under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: And pro- vided further, That the provisions of this Act shall apply to all such ani- mals as have been imported and are in quarantine or otherwise in the cus- tody of customs or other officers of the United States at the date of the taking effect of this Act. GENERAL INFORMATION. Imports.—Previous to 1914 statistics are available as to the num- ber of pure-bred cattle, sheep, and hogs imported, but as paragraph 619 of the act of 1913 provides for the free entry of all domestic live animals suitable for human food, certificates of pure breeding were no longer required for these animals. In 19138, 2,024 pure-bred cattle— the Guernsey, Jersey, Shorthorn, and Ayrshire being the principal breeds—806 pure-bred sheep, and 29 pure-bred hogs were imported. The year 1913 was an average one for the importation of pure-bred horses before the war, a total of 2,990 entering. Of these, 1,482 were Percherons, 977 Belgian draft horses, and 185 of the Shire breed. In 1913, 576 pure-bred dogs and 24 pure-bred cats were imported. Imports declined during the war, only 180 pure-bred horses entering in 1918, as compared with 1,210 during 1914. Certificates of pure breeding were: issued for 260 animals in 1918 and 1,860 in 1914. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 598 INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. To entitle animals imported for breeding purposes to exemption from duty under this paragraph, a certificate from the Department of Agriculture stating that such animal is pure bred of a recognized breed and duly registered in a book of record recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture must be produced to the collector. Neither the collector nor the Board of General Appraisers is vested with power to determine the sufficiency of the proof required by said de- partment upon which the above-named certificates should be fur- nished. (G. A. 8255, T. D. 38011, of 1919.) Animals originally ad- mitted free as animals for breeding purposes may be admitted free upon reimportation and entry in the district of original importation. (T. D. 36468, of 1916, amending T. D. 31147, of 1910.) linseed oil. Several coats are spread on and polished down with pumice stone. The leather is further blackened with a fluid black mixed with turpentine. [It is then dried, varnished, baked, and hardened by exposure to the sun. Patent leather was formerly all “ vegetable tanned ” and finished on the flesh side. France and Germany were the leaders in manufacture. Chrome tanning was introduced about 1895. All chrome patent leather is varnished on the “ grain” or hair side, which distinguishes American patent leather from that of foreign countries. Production has increased rapidly; the output of all patent leather was valued at $15,590,812 in 1914. Imports of patent, japanned, varnished, or enameled leather were valued at $200,832 in 1913. In 1914 they increased to $735,468, and in 1915 to $1,388,242. In 1916, after trade with Germany ceased, im- ports fell to $69,485; they were $115,022 in 1917 and $142,848 in 1918. Exports of patent and enameled leather have increased greatly, in 1900 being valued at $101,708; in 1910, at $367,601; in 1914, at $1,675,667; in 1917, at $7,150,097; and in 1918, at $4,690,320. The great increases were sent to England, Brazil, and Chile. HARNESS LEATHER. Description and uses.—Harness leather is made of heavy hides and skins, and is principally of the ‘“ bark-tanned” variety. Only 5,320 out of 2,777,312 “ sides”? of harness leather tanned here in 1914 were of the chrome variety. It is treated by the bark process because of the better resistance to water of leather so tanned. Production.—The equipment of a tannery for making harness leather is specialized, but the manufacture is, nevertheless, sometimes combined with other tanning. 'The industry has not grown as fast as many other branches in recent years, probably because of the automobile. The output in 1899 was valued at $16,712,056 and in 1909 at $24,802,734; but it decreased to $20,969,169 in 1914. Wisconsin, California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, Maryland, and Michigan ranked in order as to value of output in 1909. Tanning of harness leather is less localized than some other kinds, and the manu- facture of harness and saddlery is widely distributed. Imports of harness leather were practically negligible for 1913— 1915, In 1916 they were valued at about $200,000; in 1917, $1,205,493, and in 1918, $3,800,000, largely from Canada, ; SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 708 UPHOLSTERY LEATHER, e Description and uses.—Upholstery leather is made principally out of whole cowhides, finished on the grain side, or out of cowhide splits. Cowhides are sometimes split into as many as five thicknesses. The “ buffing” or thin outside split is used for bookbinder’s leather ; the ‘‘slab” or inside split is used for very cheap leather; while the second, third, and fourth splits may be used for upholstery leather. Production of upholstery leathér increased in value from $5,748,387 in 1899 to $14,328,358 in 1914, largely due to the automobile. In 1914, 654,053 hides were made up into whole-hide grain upholstery leather, valued at $8,172,698, and 1,104,561 hides into “splits,” valued at $6,155,660. New Jersey ranked first in manufacture and Ohio second. Export of “carriage, automobile, and uphoistery leather’ was valued at $107,430 in 19138, $38,987 in 1916, $97,054 in 1917, and $130,891 in 1918. CASE, BAG, AND STRAP LEATHER. Description and uses.—Case and bag leather may be either chrome or vegetable tanned, but most strap leather is vegetable tanned. Cowhide is principally used for these leathers. “Splits” are used for all three kinds, but a much heavier split is used for strap leather, — which also is made out of the full thickness of the hide. The best quality of case and bag leather is bark-tanned calfskin or grain splits of cowhide. ‘“ Case, bag, and strap” is not a rigid classification. Leather suitable for making shoe uppers is also used for traveling bags and suit cases. Some sheep leather may be used either for bags or bookbinding, while strap leather may also be used for light soles, arch supporters, ete. Production of case, bag, and strap leather in 1914 was 1,004,581 sides, valued at $5,383,255. Imports of case, bag, and strap leather were $29,688 in 1915, $56,314 in 1916, $43,017 in 1917, and $182,582 in 1918. FANCY LEATHER. Description and uses.—Fancy leather is used for pocketbooks, cardcases, music rolls, belts, bag linings, hat sweatbands, and novel- ties. It is made principally of sheepskin, although considerable calf and goat skin and light splits or skivers of cowhide are used. Some genuine seal, walrus, and alligator skins are used, but’ much sheep- skin and cowhide split leather is finished and embossed to resemble the former kinds. Russia calf, one of the high grades of fancy leather, is calfskin tanned by a special process with quebracho, hem- lock, or some other vegetable tanning material; it was originally tanned in Russia with birch bark, which gave it a peculiar odor, now imitated by spraying birch oil on the grain. Other fancy leathers are morocco, pigskin, and alum-tanned (or “ tawed’’) sheep- skin. Production of fancy leather in 1914 was $8,775,968, more than half of sheep and lamb skin. Imports of “fancy leather including morocco, seal, and fancy calf for fancy leather goods” were valued at $199,217 in 1914, $263,971 in 1915, $529,937 in 1916, $639,602 in 1917, and $37,955 in 1918, 704 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. BOOKBINDER’S LEATHER. Description and uses.—Calfskin, cowhide skivers and _ buffings, sheep, goat, seal, and pig skins are used for bookbinder’s leather. The grain splits of sheepskin are also thus used, and the flesh splits make chamois. Morocco leather (goatskin tanned with sumac) is one of the favored bookbinding leathers. The sheepskin used generally for binding law books is tanned with quebracho or some other vege- table tannin, and finished on the grain, without dyeing. Pigskin makes a durable leather of rather coarse grain. Russia calf (de- scribed under fancy leather) is much used for binding expensive editions. Production of bookbinder’s leather increased from a value of $1,688,413 in 1899 to $2,450,155 in 1909, but decreased to $1,362,673 in 1914. New Jersey yields more than 50 per cent of the supply. LEATHER BOARD OR COMPRESSED LEATHER. Description and uses.—Leather board or compressed leather is a composition made of leather scrap and paper. It is used principally for insoles and heels of shoes. LEATHER CUT INTO SHOE UPPERS OR VAMPS OR OTHER FORMS. Description and uses.—The “ upper” includes all of the shoe ex- cept the sole. The “vamp” is the part of the upper which comes next to the sole. > Imports in 1914, the first year after shoe uppers and vamps were made free, were valued at $77,885; in 1915, at $158,626; in 1916, at $60,730; in 1917, at $74,698; and in 1918, at $202,147. The proportion of shoe uppers and vamps imported is small compared with domestic consumption. BOOTS AND SHOES. Description.—The five principal kinds of shoes are the Goodyear welt, the Mckay, the turned, pegged or nailed, and standard screw. Goodyear welt is considered the most durable and comfortable. The peculiarity of this kind of shoe is the narrow strip of leather called | welting, which is the joint or connecting link between the upper and inner sole (which are sewed together) and the outsole. The welt, projecting, forms the upper part of the ‘ ledge” or “shelf” around the edge of the shoe, and when the outsole is stitched on, the welt and outsole are stitched through. By the McKay process the upper, inner sole, and outsole are all sewed together at one: operation. They are stitched ‘‘ through and through” so that the stitches appear on the inside of the shoe, making it less comfortable; the McKay shoe also has less elasticity than the Goodyear welt. In making the turned shoe the upper is sewed to the sole inside out and then turned. Slippers, women’s light shoes, jockey’s boots, and other kinds of lightweight footwear are made in this way. Pegged or nailed shoes and standard serew shoes are made in the cheaper grades for rough and heavy wear. Production of boots and shoes in 1914 was valued at $501,000,000. The United States is the greatest shoe manufacturer, the United Kingdom second with about one-third our production. The industry is marked by the greatest specialization. In some less advanced SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 705 industrial countries it is still largely in the handicraft or “ putting out” stage, and even in England, France, and Germany many fac- tories continue to produce all grades of men’s, women’s, and chil- dren’s shoes. The United States has led in the production of shoe machinery, extensively used in Hurope. Another consideration is the distinctive character of American styles. These are copied abroad, some foreign manufacturers branding their shoes “American made.” New England leads in production, about one-half of the boots and shoes being made in Massachusetts. Lynn, Brockton, Haverhill, and Boston are important cities; St. Louis ranks third, and New York sixth. With St. Louis as a center, the Middle West is developing the shoe industry very rapidly. Import values in 1917 were $275,280, of which $121,426 came from Canada and $101,249 from the United Kingdom. They range normally between $200,000 and $500,000, a fraction of 1 per cent of domestic production. Exports in 1910 were valued at $12,408,575; in 1914, at $18,229,714; in 1918, at $36,897,690. Before the war the United States ranked next to the United Kingdom in exports of boots and shoes, but since the war the positions have been reversed. Our exports are widely dispersed. LEATHER SHOE LACES. Description and uses.—Leather shoe laces are usually made from porpoise hide. Considerable quantities are also made from calfskin and cowhide. Production statistics are lacking. Nine companies located in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York,.and New Jersey have as their principal product leather shoe laces. The value of their output was approximately $125,000 in 1914. Imports of leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished, in 19138, were valued at $7,722; in 1914, at $16,464; in 1915, at $5,958; in 1916, at $2,316; in 1917, at $3,878; in 1918, at $6,688. HARNESS, SADDLES, AND SADDLERY IN SETS, OR IN PARTS. Description and uses.—These products are principally saddlery, stirrups, saddles, and traces, wagon, and: carriage harness, horse collars, bridles, lines, and straps. Production.—The manufacture of harness and saddlery is widely distributed throughout the country. The output was valued at $33,- 702,563 in 1899, $42,054,842 in 1904, $54,224,602 in 1909, and $53,558,- 612 in 1914. Seven States—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and Texas—in 1914 each manufactured harness and sad- diery yalued at between $3,000,000. and $5,000,000; nine States, from $1,000,000 to $3,000,000; and nine other States from $500,000 to $1,000,000 each. Motor trucks and automobiles perhaps explain the arrest of the industry. Imports of harness and saddlery were valued at $66,988 in 1915, $123,516 in 1914, $227,858 in 1915, $156,147 in 1916, $120,416 in 1917, and $146,680 in 1918. . Exports of harness and saddles were valued at about $786,000 in 1913-14, but jumped to $17,460,519 in 1915, due to war needs. France, England, and Russia took almost all of this total. Exports decreased 184911°—20 45 706 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. to $7,529,720 in 1916, Russia taking $3,117,269 worth. Exports were $3,965,086 in 1917 and ¢$751,544 in 1918. Cuba was the chief pur- ehaser in 1918, taking more than 50 per cent of the exports. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The term “ saddlery”’ is not limited to articles of leather, but in- cludes all articles used only in the equipment of horses. Buckles, tacks, and rivets used on harness and saddles are not entitled to free entry as saddlery if of a kind ordinarily used for other purposes. (T. D. 34014, of 1913.) Curry combs, hoof picks, horse clippers, whip thongs and the like are not saddlery, but are dutiable according to the component material of chief value. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 46, of 1911.) The following articles have aiso been held not to fall within the pro- vision: Celluloid rings and loops not essential to a eomplete harness or saddle (G. A. 7739, T. D. 35529, of 1915); saddle nails constituting merely one of the classes of materials employed in the manufacture of a saddle (G. A. 7749, T. D. 35578, of 1915) ; heavy brass studs (G. A. 8292, T. D. 38152, of 1919) ; and so-called felt saddle cloths (Abstract 43324, of 1919). So-called spring bars and swing bars, constructed and designed and employed exclusively as parts of saddles, are free under the provision. (T. D. 37915, of 1919.) | Moccasins made of tanned leather sewed with rawhide are within this paragraph as shoes made of leather (Abstract 37028, T. D. 34984, of 1914) ; leather moccasins, boots and shoes in chief value of leather are also within the paragraph even though embroidered (T. D. 34047, of 1914). Leather board containing 82 per cent leather used in making heels for shoes was held free of duty as leather board under this paragraph. (Abstract 39254, of 1916.) Leather board although not composed wholly or in part of leather, but commercially known and recognized as leather board, used for making insoles for shoes as a substitute for leather, was likewise classified. (Abstract 38978, of 1915.) There does not appear to be a well-defined line of distinction be- tween glove leather (par. 359) and leather not specially provided for (this paragraph) in the classification of tanned lambskins. Dressed lambskins finished so as to be suitable for making gloves, were held more specifically provided for as glove leather than as lambskins, dressed, and finished, under the act of 1909. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 545, of 1911.) Under the act of 1918, lambskins, tanned, but not finished, were found not to be glove leather in their imported condition, but were held free as leather not specially provided for under this para- graph. (Abstract 37568, of 1915, followed in Abstracts 38078 and 38693, of 1915.) In more recent cases lambskins, tanned, washed and staked, with the deliberate purpose of preparing them for ultimate use in making gloves whether known as finished or unfinished skins, were held dutiable under the eo nomine provision for glove leathers in paragraph 359 rather than free of duty under this paragraph. (G. A. 8249, T. D. 37978, of 1919, followed in Abstract 438212, of 1919.) The fact that successive tariff acts from 1890 to 1909, both inclu- sive, provide for leather cut into forms suitable to be converted into manufactured articles separately from manufactures of leather shows that Congress regards such merchandise as leather and not manufactures of leather. Strips of partly dressed leather to be con- verted by further manufacturing processes into razor strops are free SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 707 of duty under this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 394, of 1917.) Strips of leather designed to be manufactured into picker straps were likewise classified. The language in this paragraph, “all leather not specially provided for in this section,” precludes the classification of any leather as a material under paragraph 385. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 385, and 388, of 1917.) Slippers whose component materials are leather, wool, and cattle hair, leather being the most valuable of the three materials, are free of duty under this paragraph. (G. A. 7989, T. D. 36582, of 1916.) Chinese embroidered shoes of silk, leather, ramie, cotton, and other materials, silk chief value, were held prop- erly classified under paragraph 358, rather than free of duty under this paragraph. (Abstract 38021, of 1915.) (See pars. 359 and 360.) PARAGRAPH 581. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF i913. 609. Leeches. 531. Leeches. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), used in surgery for abstracting blood from patients, is a Huropean fresh-water annulate worm with stomach pouches to hold the blood. Production.—Leeches are imported from Europe, chiefly through London and Paris. An uncultivated variety oceurs in the United — States, but is not commonly used in medicine. Imports of leeches averaged $6,380 for 1909-1917. Imports in 1917 were valued at $16,899 and in 1918 at $9,035. PARAGRAPH 532. 610. Lemon juice, lime juice, and 32. Lemon juice, lime juice, and sour orange juice, all the foregoing | sour orange juice, all the foregoing containing not more than 2 per centum | containing not more than 2 per centum of aicohol. of alcohol. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Lemon, lime, and sour orange juices are used in making citric acid, the constituent which gives these juices their sour taste. The juice has more bulk than citrate of lime, the usual form for shipping citric acid (par. 41) and, because of its fluid condition, is more difficult to transport. The juice may be dilute as expressed from the fruit or it may be concentrated by boiling. Imports of lemon, lime, and sour orange juice are relatively unim- portant compared with the imports of other citric-acid materials. The import values increased from $110,860 in 1914 to $180,088 in i917 and decreased to $114,404 in 1918. PARAGRAPH 533. 612. Lifeboats and life-saving ap- 533. Lifeboats and life-saving ap- paratus specially imported by societies | paratus specially imported by societies incorporated or established to encour- | and institutions incorporated or es- age the saving of human life. tablished to encourage the saving of human life. GENERAL INFORMATION. Imports of lifeboats and life-saving apparatus in 1918 were valued at $116. In 1914 no imports were specified. 708 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. - INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Paragraph 550 exempts from duty certain life-saving appliances without restriction as to the importer. PARAGRAPH 534. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 90. * ™* * . Limestone rock as- 534. Limestone-rock asphalt; as- phalt, 50 cents per ton; asphaltum | phaltum, and bitumen. and bitumen, not specially provided for in this section, crude, if not dried, or otherwise advanced in any manner, $1.50 per ton; if dried or otherwise advanced in any manner, $5 per ton; 6 * %* GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—These terms refer to the native asphalts as distinguished from manufactured forms or the by-products or residuals in the refining of asphaltic petroleum. JLimestone-rock asphalt is a bituminous limestone. Asphalt may be obtained by pow- dering and heating this rock, just as, in like manner, from bituminous sand and sandstone. Asphaltwm is composed of.sand, water, and bitumen and occurs in liquid, viscous, or solid deposits or lakes, those of Trinidad and Venezuela being commercially notable. Bitu- men designates a humber of inflammable mineral substances, ranging from liquids to solids, including petroleum, maltha, asphalt, elaterite, wurtzilite, alberite, grahamite, gilsonite, and ozokerite. These mate- rials are widely used.in making’ pavements, roads, and roofing. Those high in paraffin content are used in making varnishes. The demand for both natural and manufactured (oil) asphalts is large, although the use of the latter has predominated since 1807. Production in 1914 was 77,588 net tons, valued at $630,623, de- rived by 11 operators in Utah, Texas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, and Cali- fornia. The output in 1917 was 80,904 net tons, valued at $735,924. Oil asphalt totaled 674,470 net tons, valued at $7,148,122 in 1914, and 1,347,422 net tons, valued at $15,176,504 in 1917. Imports of limestone-rock asphalt, asphaltum, and bitumen in 1914 were 180,689 long tons, valued at $918,887; in 1918, 139,849 long tons, valued at $862,923. The bulk of this tonnage, of which Trinidad supplied 49 per cent and Venezuela 36 per cent, consisted of natural soft asphalt. . Exports in 1914 were 49,831 long tons, valued at $1,181,086; in 1918, 22,065 long tons, valued at $548,745. Canada was the principal buyer. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, Westrumite, consisting of different kinds of asphalt or bitumen chemicals and water, is asphalt or bitumen advanced in condition and not classable as a chemical compound or mixture. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 400, of 1911.) Mastic asphalt, an article made by crushing lime-rock asphalt, which, when ‘reduced to a powder, is mixed with bitumen and crude oils, until made into cakes, is asphalt and bitumen, dried or otherwise advanced. (G. A. 4878, T. D. 22854, of 1901.) (See par, 561.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 709 PARAGRAPH 535. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 614. Lithographic stones, not en- 535, Lithographic stones, not en- graved. graved. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—A compact, fine-grained, porous, slaty variety of limestone is used for lithographic purposes. Substitutes of aluminum, zine, or rubber plates are satisfactory for many classes of ordinary work, but stone is preferred for maps, halftones, and other fine-grade lithography. Production.—This stone comes chiefly from Bavaria, with small amounts from Belgium, England, Italy, and Canada. Kentucky pro- duced 40,000 pounds in 1916, the first domestic stone, but difficulties arising from poor transportation facilities and quarrying conditions reduced the 1917 output to 5,882 pounds; and, as far as can be learned, the output ceased entirely in 1918. From 23 to 27 cents per pound was realized on this product. In normal times the price of Bavarian stone is 5 to 6 cents a pound for 10 by 12 inch slabs of good grade and 14 cents for poorer grades. Import values of lithographic stones for 1908-1913 averaged $96,940; in 1914, $71,086. Bavaria contributed 90 per cent and Bel- gium 7 per cent. Imports in 1915 were valued at $26,751; in 1916, at $1,742; in 1917, at $555. PARAGRAPH 536. 615. Litmus, prepared or not pre- 556. Litmus, prepared or not pre- pared. pared, GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—JLitmus is a coloring matter obtained from those lichens which are used in the manufacture of orchil (par. 564). The commercial product consists of calcium carbonate or sulphate mixed with the coloring matter and pressed into cubes: It is used for eoloring wine and vinegar and in chemical laboratories as an indi- cator in determining the acidity and alkalinity of solutions. Production.—Litmus is prepared by fermenting the lichens in the presence of ammonia, potassium carbonate, lime, and caustic potash, and mixing the coloring matter obtained with lime or gypsum. There is no domestic production. Import values of litmus for 1910-1918 averaged $252. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Litmus paper is not exempt from duty under this paragraph, but dutiable as bibulous paper under paragraph 823, or if in book form, as a manufacture of bibulous paper under the same paragraph. (T. D. 36274, 86519, of 1916.) PARAGRAPH 537. 616. Loadstones, | 537. Loadstones, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—Loadstone is a variety of magnetite or magnetic iron- stone which has the power of attracting iron. It is obtained mainly from Magnet Cove, Ark., though abundant in the United States. 710 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Imports of loadstones in 1873 were vaiued at $238. From 1874 to 1897 statistics of loadstones were combined with magnets. After 1897 loadstones were again listed separately. In 1918 loadstones, the first importation since 1906, were valued at $60. PARAGRAPH 538. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 617. Madder and munjeet, or Indian 538. Madder ind munject, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all | madder, ground or prepared, and all extracts of. | extracts of. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and use.—Madder is the dried root of Rubia tinctorium, a plant formerly largely cultivated in Europe and Asia Minor. It contains two coloring matters, alizarin and purpurin. An extract, prepared by fermentation followed by evaporation, is called garan- cine or madder flowers. Madder was formerly used as a dye, but it has been largely replaced by artificial alizarin and is now of little importance. iunjeet or manjeet is the dried root or stem of a plant (Rubia cordifolia) formerly extensively cultivated in India. An extract made therefrom was used in dyeing, but is now of little im- portance. Jndian madder, chay root or chay-aver, is the root of Oldenlandia umbeiiata Rubiacex, a plant grown in North Burma and Ceylon. An extract prepared from the root was formerly used as a dye, but is no longer important. Imports of ground madder for 1910-1918 averaged 41,613 pounds, valued at $4,584; of madder extract in 1916, 11,458 pourds, valued at $619. PARAGRAPH 539. 618. Magnesite, crude or calcined, | 539. Magnesite, crude or calcined, not purified. not purified. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Magnesite is a natural carbonate of mag- nesium. When pure, it contains 52.4 per eent carbon dioxide (COz) and 47.6 per cent magnesia (magnesium oxide MgO). It is harder and heavier than limestone, which it most nearly resembles. Mag- nesite, when calcined, forms a highly refractory material which has no thoroughly satisfactory substitute in the open-hearth process for making steel. About 82 per cent of the domestic consumption is in refractories, 15 per cent in the plastic trade, and the remainder in minor uses in chemical industries and medicines. We consume the largest amount, using about 50 per cent of the world output in 1918. Before the war fully 90 per cent of the domestic supply was imported. Production.—In 1917 the domestic consumption was over 355,000 tons, valued at more than $3,700,000. Eighty-nine per cent was of domestic origin, valued at $2,899,818 at the mines. An important new industry was developed in Washington, while that of California was greatly expanded. Production in 1918 was reduced to 231,605 tons, due to competition from Canada, and a more general use of substitutes, notably burnt dolomite, in metallurgical plants and even in the paper trade. The first magnesite produced in the State of Washington was 715 tons, mined in December, 1916; in 1917 the yield was 105,175 tons. The chief handicap is the long railroad haul from Pacific SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. TIT States to the eastern markets, where it is chiefly consumed. Domestic reserves are ample, especially in Washington, where more than 7,000,000 short tons are in sight or indicated. . Imports are from Canada, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Mexico, and Venezuela. In 1917, imports of crude magnesite were the largest on record, amounting to 89,646 tons, valued at $748,951. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Calcined magnesite, ground but not purified, comes within this pro- vision irrespective of use. (G. A. 5003, T. D. 23316, of 1901.) PARAGRAPH 540. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 619. Manganese, oxide and ore of. 540. Manganese, oxide and ore of. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Manganese is not found in the metallic state in nature, occurring only‘in combination with other elements as an oxide, carbonate, or silicate, oxides being the most common. Manganese ore is the raw material for ferromanganese or spie- geleisen, essential to the manufacture of steel. Minor amounts of the ore are used in chemical and other industries, but 96 per cent in making steel. Practically all steel contains manganese, and of all alloys, ferromanganese is used in the largest quantity. Manganese alloys when added to steel impart the essential qualities of tough- ness and hardness. Production.—Prior to the war we produced less than 1 per cent of our manganese requirements, the output rarely exceeding 4,000 tons of high-grade ore. In 1915 production increased to nearly 10,000 tons; in 1916, to 31,000 tons; in 1917, to 129,000 tons; and in 1918, to approximately 805,869 tons. During the war manganese ore produc- tion was a profitable industry in many localities, but only because prices were from three to four times prewar quotations. Foreign ores are of a better general grade and more easily mined, averaging from 45 to 55 per cent manganese, as compared with domestic “ high grade” running from 35 to 45 per cent. Operating costs here are much higher, while American mines are situated far from points of consumption, and often at considerable distances from railroads. Domestic resources have been carefully estimated and found to be insufficient to supply our requirements for more than a few years. Under normal trade conditions, with a free movement of ore from foreign countries, domestic manganese mining ean not continue except ona limited output. Imports.—Before the war nearly all foreign manganese ore came from British India, Brazil, and Russia. In 1914 they supplied -99 per cent—British India, 40 per cent; Brazil, 25 per cent; and Russia, 34 per cent. After 1915 imports from Russia ceased, the British India supply was greatly reduced, and Brazil showed large increases. In 1915 Cuba began mining manganese ore, promoted by American capital, and the entire production was sent here, 550 tons in 1915 and 67,780 tons in 1918, one-ninth of the imports. Total imports in 1914 were 288,837 long tons, valued at $1,841,472; in 1918, 557,711 long tons, valued at $11,944,515. aS bs SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Braunstein grob, consisting of manganese oxide and about 0.4 per cent of nickel oxide, classified as a chemical mixture, was held not taken out of the provision for oxide of manganese by nickel oxide naturally present. (Abstract 36912, T. D. 34933, of 1914.) To cover all oxides of manganese the word “ oxide” might be changed to “ oxides.” PARAGRAPH 541. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. = 620.. Manna. p41. Manna. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—J/anna, the concrete saccharin exudation of the European flowering ash (/’rarinus ornus), is a crude drug. It is employed in medicine as a laxative and is a source of mannite, which may also be derived from tagua-nut waste. . Production.—Manna is the product of a variety of ash cultivated in Sicily, at present the only commercial souree of the drug. It is largely exported to Central and South America. Porto Rico takes considerable quantities, but it is little used in the United States. Imports of manna for 1909-1918 averaged 65,415 pounds, valued at $30,182. PARAGRAPH 542. 621. Manuscripts. | 542. Manuscripts. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—Modern usage considers any group of pages, whether written by hand or typewritten (not mimeographed), a manuscript. Imports of manuscripts in 1914 were valued at $117,671; in 1918, not segregated. PARAGRAPH 543. 622. Marrow, crude. | 543. Marrow, crude. GENERAL INFORMATION, Description and uses.—J/arrow is the fatty substance filling the cavities of most bones, and may be red or yellow. The yellow marrow contains the larger per cent of fat, and is used in pharmacy and for making pomades. Horse marrow is employed in the manufacture of soap. Red bone marrow is sometimes used as a medicinul food in cases of ansemia. Imports of crude marrow in 1910 were 60,971 pounds, valued at $1,376; in 1911, 10,670 pounds, valued: at $327. Later imports are not shown until 1918, when 44,8366 pounds, valued at $8,774, were imported. PARAGRAPH 544, 623. Marshmallow or althea_ root, d44. Marshmallow or althea_ root, leaves or flowers, natural or unmanu- } leaves or flowers, natural or unmanu- factured. factured. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Marshmallow (or althea) root, leaves, and flowers, crude drugs with mucilaginous properties, used chiefly in pharmacy, are not related to the confectionery marshmallows. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 713 Production.—These drugs in normal conditions are imported chiefly from Germany, but during the war came from Italy, Spain, and France. The plant is cultivated in Kurope and, though intro- duced here, low prices have deterred growth for drug purposes. Imports of althea root prior to 1917 averaged. less than 8,000 pounds. In 1917 the imports were 23,120 pounds, valued at $5,846; in 1918, 24,246 pounds, at $6,824. Imports of leaves in 1917 were 21,713 pounds, but declined to about one-half that quantity in 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The provision includes marshmallow or althea root peeled and cut up into small pieces. (G. A. 5156, T. D. 238769, of 1902.) PARAGRAPH 545. ACT OF 1909. 285. eee aaa Fresh beef, veal, mutton, lamb, * 11 cents per pound, 284. pound. Bacon and hams, 4 cents per 286. Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not specially provided for in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem. ACT OF 1918. 545. Meats: Fresh. beef, veal, mut- ton, lamb, and pork; bacon and hams; meats of all kinds, prepared or pre- served, not specially provided for. in this section: Provided, however, That none of the foregoing meats shall be admitted into the United States unless the same is healthful, wholesome and fit for human food and contains no dye, chemical, preservative, or ingredi- ent which renders the same unhealth- ful, unwholesome ar unfit for human ‘food, and unless the same also com- plies with the rules and regulations made by the Secretary of Agriculture, and that, after entry into the United States in compliance with said rules and regulations, said imported meats shall be deemed and treated as do- mestic meats within the meaning of and shall be. subject to the provisions of the Act of June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and six (Thirty-fourth Stat- utes at Large, page six hundred and seventy-four), commonly called the Meat Inspection Amendment, and the Act of June thirtieth, nineteen hun- dred and six, (Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, page seven hundred and sixty-eight), commonly called the Food and Drugs Act, and that the Secretary of Agriculture be and hereby is author- ized to make rules and regulations to carry out the purposes of this para- graph, and that in such rules and reg- ulations the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe the terms and condi- tions for the destruction for food pur- poses of all such meats offered for entry and refused admission into the United States unless the same be ex- ported by the consignee within the time fixed therefor in such rules and regulations, 714 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. GENERAL INFORMATION. FRESH BEEF AND VEAL. Description and uses.—Carcass beef is placed on the market in three conditions—chilled, frozen, or unrefrigerated. The greater part is chilled or frozen, depending on the length of time involved and the conditions of shipment. Chilled beef is stored in refrigerator cars and ships at temperatures ranging from 32° to 38° F., which greatly retards chemical and bacterial action, permitting beef sides and quarters to be kept in good condition for from 30 to 60 days. Meat is frozen solid at about 16° F., the growth and reproduction of bacteria being arrested... Experiments indicate that it may be main- tained in wholesome condition for three years and probably much longer. Production in 1914 was 3,658,333,660 pounds of fresh beef, valued at $421,296,794, considerably less in quantity but greater in value than the output of 1909, 4,200,000,000 pounds, valued at $327,000,000. Concentration of operation and control is pronounced in the packing industry, especially cattle slaughtering. Of the total slaughter of eattle in 1916 by interstate slaughterers, 81 per cent. was in 12 large packing centers—24.5 per cent in Chicago, 14.7 per cent in Kansas City, 10.2 per cent in Omaha, 8.7 per cent in St. Louis, and 5.2 per cent in New York City. In 1916 five great interests are re- ported to have handled 82.2 per cent of the cattle slaughtered by interstate slaughterers. These tendencies result from conditions in the raising and marketing of live stock and the very great economies in large-scale production, especially in the utilization of by-products. Location in the corn belt makes possible great saving in freight of finished products as compared with transportation of live animals. . With a decline of exports and an increase of population in the West, future tendency to concentration may be less marked. Imports of fresh beef in 1918 amounted to 24,781,719 pounds, valued at $3,495,112; of fresh veal, 917,616 pounds, at $188,660. With the removal of the duty in 1914, imports advanced from 4,150,139 pounds “in 1913 to 175,740,155 pounds; this was just as the country was changing from a beef surplus to a beef importing country. Imports increased to 182,000,000 pounds in 1915, 72 per cent coming from Argentina and most of the rest from Uruguay, Canada, and Australia. In 1916 and 1917 there were sharp declines in imports. It is reported that the large packing interests controlled 63.3 per cent of the chilled and frozen beef exported from Argentina in 1914. Exports of fresh beef in 1918 were 870,032,900 pounds, valued at $67,383,426—285,000,000 pounds going to the United Kingdom, 37,000,000 pounds to France, and 37,000,000 pounds to Canada, largely in response to extraordinary war demands. This country practically dominated the trade in fresh, chilled, and frozen beef 10 to 15 years ago, but by 1914 only 6,300,000 pounds were exported, 5,500,000 to Panama. Argentine exports have steadily increased, displacing those of the United States formerly supplying the United Kingdom. FRESH MUTTON AND LAMB. Production was 629,232,690 pounds, valued at $74,675,627 in 1914, 495,000,000 pounds in 1909, 460,000,000 pounds in 1904, and 400,- 000,000 pounds in 1899. Hstimates show a decline in the production SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 715 of mutton and goat meat, 495,000,000 pounds being estimated for 1918 as compared with 739,000,000 pounds in 1914. Of the sheep slaughtered in 1916 by interstate slaughterers, 86.4 per cent was handled by the five big packing companies, 63.4 per cent in Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, and New York City. Imports of fresh mutton in 1918 were 1,079,081 pounds; of fresh lamb, 1,031,159 pounds, practically all from Argentina and Canada. With the removal of the duty in 1914, imports of mutton increased from 212,843 pounds in the previous year to 9,705,928 pounds and of lamb from 12,722 pounds to 8,026,372 pounds. But even in 1914 im- ports were less than 2.5 per cent of domestic production. Exports of mutton in 1918 were 2,098,423 pounds, valued at $453,232, _ 1,783,382 pounds going to Canada, the rest chiefly to the United Kingdom and Panama. Before the war the total taken by the United Kingdom decreased from 43 per cent in 1909 to 10 per cent in 1918; and that by Canada increased from 16 to 80 per cent. New Zealand is the most important exporter, shipping 212,000,000 pounds in 1911. Argentina, Australia, and Uruguay export more than this country. FRESH PORK. Production.—Over 33,000,000 hogs were slaughtered in 1909 and the production of dressed pork was 1,547,000,000 pounds, valued at $158,000,000, rising to 1,877,000,000 pounds, valued at $226,000,000 in 1914. Pork packing is well adapted to small establishments, there- fore concentration is much less marked than in the slaughter of other food animals. Of the hogs handled in 1916 by interstate slaugh- terers, 18.4 per cent was slaughtered in Chicago, as compared with 24.5 per cent of the cattle. Imports of fresh pork previous to 1914 ranged from 130,000 pounds to 260,000 pounds. With the removal of the duty in 1914 they rose to 4,700,000 pounds, and in 1915 to 16,200,000 pounds, coming almost entirely from Canada. From 1916 to 1918 imports declined to iess than 2,000,000 pounds annually. Exports of fresh pork are comparatively unimportant compared with exports of pork products. Before the war exports ranged from 1,040,000 to 2,597,000 pounds, but in 1916- expanded to 68,005,000 pounds. The United Kingdom took 26,402,000 pounds and Canada 32,962,000 pounds. BACON AND HAMS. Imports before 1914 ranged from 400,000 pounds to 650,000 pounds, but rose in 1914, with the abolition of the duty, to 2,131,000 pounds and in 1915 to 7,533,000 pounds (96 per cent from Canada). Exports.—The United States is by far the leading country in the export of hams and bacon, Denmark following, but far below, and Canada next. Exports of bacon before the war ranged from 152,- 000,000 pounds in 1910 to 208,000,000 pounds in 1912, and were 815,000,000 pounds in 1918—533,000,000 pounds going to the United Kingdom, 74,000,000 pounds to Italy, 73,000,000 pounds to France, and 68,000,000 pounds to Belgium. Exports of hams and shoulders also reached an unprecedented figure, 419,571,000 pounds in 1918, 372,- 000,000 pounds going to the United Kingdom. 716 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, MEATS OF ALL KINDS PREPARED OR PRESERVED N. S. P, F. Description and use-——Under this head fall pickled and cured beef, pickled pork, canned meats, sausage, meat puddings, scrapple, head cheese, livers, sweetbreads, etc. Beef that is dried,-salted, or pickled has lost its former prominent position in trade in favor of chilled and frozen beef, but pork is in most demand when it is salted, pickled, cured, or otherwise preserved. Canned meats, of which there are many varieties, are increasing in importance. Production of pickled and cured beef for 1899-1914 shows a steady decline, from 137,000,000 pounds to 91,600,000 pounds; while pickled and cured pork remained fairly steady, amounting to 3,138,000,000 pounds in 1899 (including bacon and hams) and to 2,929,000,000 pounds in 1914. The production of canned goods increased from 112,000,000 pounds in 1899 to 160,000,000 pounds in 1914. In 1914, 509,000,000 pounds of sausage were produced. Imports in this class of products are relatively much less im- portant than exports. Imports of canned corn beef ranged in value from $118,000 in 1915 to $6,752,927 in 1918. Imports of other canned meats in 1918 were valued at $162,510. Imports of all other prepared or preserved meats in 1918 were valued at $406,412. Imports of sausage ranged from 520,000 pounds to 993,000 pounds before the war and declined to 15,000 pounds in 1918. Exports of canned beef before the war were from 3,464,000 pounds (minimum) in 1914 and 14,804,000 pounds (maximum) in 1910. The United Kingdom is normally the largest purchaser, smaller amounts going to British Africa, the Philippines, Belgium, and Panama. Ex- ports reached the unprecedented figure of 97,348,000 pounds in 1918. Exports of pickled and other cured beef also rose during the war, reaching the maximum, 58,053,000 pounds, in 1917. Normally the United Kingdom takes about 25 per cent; Newfoundland and Ger- many rank next in amount imported. Hxports of pickled pork in the Jast 10 years have fluctuated most during the war, from 638,460,000 pounds in 1916 to 83,221,000 pounds in 1918, with Canada and the United Kingdom the most important destinations. Exports of canned and other than canned sausage in- ereased considerably during the war, to 15,026,449 pounds in 1918. Most of this increase went to France, but normally more goes to Cuba. INTERPRETATION AND COMMERTS, This paragraph contemplates such meats only as are of every day consumption and the subject of meat-inspection laws of the country, its States, and municipalities. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 296, of 1916.) Beef and mushrooms classified as a nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 385 were held not to be free of duty under this paragraph. Neither the mixed-material clause nor the rule of chief value applies to articles on the free list. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 207, of 1915; followed in Abstract 38323, of 1915.) Meats, prepared, put up in hermetically sealed tins, known as “meat cake,” “ car- bonated beef,’ ‘meat balls,” and “sirloins,” and which consist of chopped beef mixed with small quantities of wheat and potato flour, milk, and spices, are not dutiable as nonenumerated manufactured articles, but are free of duty under this paragraph. (G. A. 8068, T. D. 37211, of 1917.) Danish liver paste composed of hog liver with 5 per T17 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. eent of corn with condiments was also held free as prepared meat. (Abstract 40583, of 1916.) Créme sandwich truffée or sandwich paste, a cooked commodity put up in small hermetically sealed tins and composed of finely chopped pork, goose livers, eggs, truffles, spices, and cereals, the pork being the component material of chief value, is dutiable as a nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 885 and is not free of duty as prepared meat under this paragraph. (G. A. 8266, T. D. 38063, of 1919.) Various kinds of pre- pared meats put up in hermetically sealed tins, classified as non- enumerated manufactured articles, were held not to be free of duty under this paragraph. It was found that the quantity of meat in the commodity was scarcely large enough to warrant classifying it as prepared meats. (Abstract 42616, of 1918, following Abstract 39858, of 1916.) Whale meat in tin packages is not meat within this para- graph, but is dutiable as fish in tin packages under paragraph 216. (G. A. 8263, T. D. 38053, of 1919.) (See par. 229.) PARAGRAPH 546. ACT OF 1909. 624, Medals of gold, silver, or cop- per, and other metallic articles actu- ally bestowed as trophies or prizes, and received and accepted as honorary distinctions. ACT OF 1918. 546. Medals of gold, silver, or cop- per, and other articles actually be- stowed as trophies or prizes, and re- ceived and accepted as honorary dis- tinctions. GENERAL INFORMATION. Imports.—In the fiscal year 1918 imports of medals amounted to $1,272. The importation fluctuates in amount from year to year; the range during the 10-year period 1909-1918 being $1,220 in the fiscal year 1917 and $54,469 in 1910. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The phrase, “other metallic articles usually bestowed as trophies or prizes,” in paragraph 624 of the act of 1909 was held not limited to such as were ejusdem generis with medals, and a shotgun won as a prize in a shooting tournament was adjudged a trophy or prize within the provision. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 490, of 1918.) : -PARAGRAPH 547. 547. Milk and cream, including milk or cream preserved or condensed, or sterilized by heating or other processes, and sugar of milk. 247. Milk, fresh, 2 cents per gallon; eream, 5 cents per gallon. 248. Milk, preserved or condensed, or sterilized by heating or other proc- esses, including weight of immediate eoverings, 2 cents per pound: sugar of milk, 5 cents per pound, GENERAL INFORMATION. MILK AND CREAM. Description and uses.—It has been estimated that milk furnishes 20 per cent of the food in the diet of the average American family. In its raw state it is so bulky (about 87 per cent water) and expensive to transport and preserve that, notwithstanding fast trains for re- frigerated milk, the extreme radius of shipment to large cities is only 718 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 400 miles. Hence a great stimulus in developing methods of condens- ing and preserving milk, lately so perfected that condensed-milk products have deservedly become very popular. The demand not only comes from mining camps, the tropie and arctic regions, ships, and armies in the field, but there is also an important and increasing domestic demand. Condensed milk may aid in the solution of the increasingly difficult problem of the milk supply for great cities. Two principal forms of condensed milk are in the market: (1) Sweetened condensed milk, whole and skim, and (2) unsweetened condensed whole milk. The chief difference is the addition, in the former, of a considerable quantity of cane sugar, which is a preservative, and obviates the rigorous sterilization necessary in making unsweetened milk. Condensed-milk factories are ordinarily located in the center of a dairy region. To protect their brands the manufacturers closely serutinize the quality of the raw milk and employ approved sanitary methods in production. Bacteria are destroyed in the process of manufacturing condensed milk, rendering it safer than raw milk. Fresh milk is put through strainers or centrifugal cleaners, pasteur- ized, sweetened, placed in vacuum pans, and condensed (about 4 to 1). The product is then run into drums containing cold water and stirred, and when cooled is put into tins for the retail trade or into large cans for confectioners and bakers. Unsweetened milk is, in addition, sterilized in the cans at a temperature of 105° C. No _preservative is necessary in high-grade condensed milk. The Gov- ernment standard for sweetened condensed milk requires 28 per cent solids and 8 per cent milk fat; for evaporated or condensed un- sweetened milk, 25.5 per cent total solids and. 7.8 per cent milk fat. The production of dried milk or milk powder is a well-established industry. There are two .general methods: (1) Drying on steam heated, rotating drums, and (2) spraying into a chamber through which a current of warm air is passing. Powdered skim milk looks like ordinary grain flour. Nearly all the milk powder is made from skim milk because the fat (in powder made from whole milk) tends to become rancid; it absorbs moisture readily and requires air-tight containers. Bakers and confectioners are the chief consumers. The powder can be converted into liquid form by adding water and so may become a popular household article. It has great advantages over raw milk in shipping and storing, both because of its keeping qualities and its much smaller bulk. From 100 pounds of whole milk 3.5 pounds of milk fat and 9 pounds of skim-milk powder can be produced. Production.—HEstimates show an increase of about 4 per cent in the quantity of milk produced in 1918 over 1917, the total production on farms in 1918 being 11,044,000,000 gallons. The number of milch cows increased from 20,700,000 in 1914 to 23,300,000 in 1918. Large increases are shown from census to census in the amount of con- densed and evaporated milk reported—494,796,544 pounds in 1909: and 873,410,504 pounds, valued at $58,747,252 in 1914. Manufacture is largely in the Eastern, North Central, and Middle Atlantic States, the former yielding 52.5 per cent of the total in 1914, the latter 24 per cent. In 1914 the production of powdered milk was 20,454,051 pounds, — valued at $1,968,259, New York, Wisconsin, and Michigan being the most important producing States, 719 Imports of fresh milk in 1918 were 1,933,380 gallons, valued at $397,762, and of fresh cream, 711,502 gallons, valued at $675,012, very largely a border trade with Canada. Imports of milk, preserved, con- densed, or sterilized, amounted to 29,962,931 pounds, valued. at $2,598,809 in 1918, almost one-half from Canada. In 1914, 607,848 gallons of fresh milk were imported as compared with 45,935 gallons in 1913; and 14,951,086 pounds of condensed milk in 1914 as com- pared with 1,778,048 pounds in 1918. Exports of condensed milk increased tremendously, being 528,759,232 pounds, valued at $68,045,944 in 1918,.as compared with an average of 15,773,900 pounds for 1910-1914. In 1918 the United Kingdom took 248,221,794 pounds; France, 74,859,652 pounds; Belgium, 33,491,513 pounds; and Cuba, 33,594,661 pounds. Exports of all milk other than condensed, including cream, were valued at $227,042 in 1918, chiefly to Panama and Canada. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. SUGAR OF MILK. Description and uses.—Sugar of milk is usually obtained from milk as a hard, white, crystalline mass, but is sold in powdered form. It is. odorless, has a faintly sweetish taste, and is soluble in water. It is obtained directly from milk as a by-product in other dairy in- dustries, and is used in infants’ foods, for the preparation of bacteri- ological media, and in the manufacture of pills and tablets. Production in 1914 was 4,051,320 pounds, the output of 11 factories, and was valued at $400,613. Imports were 9,026 pounds in 1913 and 578,727 pounds in 1914, largely from Germany and Holland. Imports have since declined, none being shown for 1917 and 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Golden butterfly cream sterilized and put up in sealed tins, classi- fied as sterilized milk, was held properly classable as cream. (Ab- stract 338669, T. D. 33763, of 19138.) Lactic ferment is classable as sugar of milk. (Abstract 25794, T. D. 31675, of 1911.) Skimmed- milk powder was held properly classified as milk preserved or con- densed. (Abstract 32053, T. D. 33348, of 1913.) Modified milk, a dry white powder, made from unsterilized milk after abstracting a portion of the butter fat and a part of the casein by evaporating the moisture therefrom and reducing it to a powder, classified as sugar of milk, was held to be within the provision “ milk, preserved or con- densed, or sterilized by heating or other processes.” (Abstract 27588, T. D. 32149, of 1912.) (See par. 527.) PARAGRAPH 548. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 627. Mineral salts obtained by evap- oration from mineral waters, when ac- companied by a duly authenticated certificate and satisfactory proof show- ing that they are in no way artificially prepared, and are only the product of a designated mineral spring. 548, Mineral salts obtained by evap- oration from mineral waters, when ac- companied by a duly authenticated cer- tificate and satisfactory proof showing that they are in no way artificially prepared and are only the product of a designated mineral spring. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Mineral salis are obtained by evaporation of natural mineral waters and are principally medicinal. The prod- 720 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. uct of this evaporation may contain a variety of salts, depending on the source of the water. Imports of mineral salts have been quite variable—in 1918, 103,337 pounds, valued at $35,420; in 1914, 82,569 pounds, averaging about 50 cents per pound. Imports decreased to 425 pounds in 1916 and in 1918 were 4,699,785 pounds, with a very low value per pound. This great increase and low price was due to the fact that most of the imports consisted of magnesium sulphate from British Columbia, valued at about $5 per ton. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. A mechanical mixture of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, and mud, deposited by evaporation from a satu- rated solution of spring water, is free of duty as mineral salts obtained by evaporation from mineral waters under this paragraph and not dutinble as sulphate of magnesium under paragraph 42. (G. A. 8042, T. D. 37076, of 1917.) PARAGRAPH 549. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 626. Minerals, crude, or not ad- 549, Minerals, crude, or not ad- vanced in value or condition by refin- | vanced in value or condition by refin- ing or grinding, or by other process of | ing or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, not specially provided | manufacture, not specially provided for in this section, j for in this section. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. This paragraph needs to be considered with the provision in para- graph 154 for metallic mineral substances, Paragraph 549 was re- enacted without material change in every general tariff act since the law of 1883 (par. 215), which provided for “ mineral substances in a crude state,” as well as for “ crude minerals” (par. 638). Tffeet was given to the two provisions in the act of 1883 by restricting that for mineral substances in a crude state to such substances as are mined and valued for the metals therein. (T. D. 5972, of 1883.) This con- struction was adhered to under the act of 1890, when the word “metallic” was inserted before the words ‘* mineral substances.” (GQ. A CTTS2, TD. deese, Olcxeue.) Under later acts, ores such as tungsten and vanadium, not contain- ing metals in metallic form, were held exempt from duty as crude minerals. (122 Fed., 538, of 1903; G. A. 6673, T. D, 28467, of 1907.) Natural gas (172 U. 8., 839, of 1899), holy water from Lourdes (G. A. 5192, T. D. 23933, of 1902), whetstone blocks (152 Fed., 656, of 1906; Abstract 39575, of 1916), and molybdenite (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 1915), have also been classified as crude minerals. Marble chips crushed and screened and known as granito or terrazzo (164 Fed., 205, of 1908; 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 280, of 1911; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 512, of 1916), Mexican onyx (66 Fed., 782, of 1895), polishing stones (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 188, of 1914), tale sawed into cubes (180 Fed., 638, of 1910), crushed stone or quartz (G. A. 7970, T. D. 86719, of 1916; G. A. 8104, T. D. 87896, of 1917), and ground ore, consisting chiefly of arsenic and antimony in the form of oxides (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 196, of 1914), have been held not to come within the provision. Processes necessary to put ores in an importable condition without SUMMARY ‘OF TARIFF INFORMATION. T2] changing their per se character are not regarded as advancing the minerals in value or condition. 392, of 1915.) effect its exclusion from the provision. 1911.) (See par. 154.) Concentration, or crushing the rock or gangue, does not constitute such advancement, (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., A new name does not have to be given the product to (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 506, of PARAGRAPH 550. ACT OF 1909, 628. Miners’ rescue appliances, de- signed for emergency use in mines where artificial breathing is necessary in the prescence of poisonous gases to aid in the saving of human life, and miners’ safety lamps. ACT OF 1913. 550. Miners’ rescue appliances, de- signed for emergency use in mines where artificial breathing is necessary in the presence of poisonous gases, to aid in the saving of human life, and miners’ safety lamps, and parts, acces- sories, and appliances for cleaning, re- pairing, and operating all the fore- going. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—In general an oxygen rescue apparatus consists of a small tank of compressed oxygen, a reducing valve through which the oxygen flows to a mouthpiece connected with the breathing bag by flexible tubes, and a receptacle containing caustic soda for absorbing the carbon dioxide from the exhaled air. Valves that open and close at each breath prevent expired air from returning to the lungs before it has passed through the purifier. This appa- ratus, worn by those engaged in the work of exploration and rescue, should be light to permit freedom gf action and strong enough to withstand the accidental knocks incident to rapid movement in re- stricted areas, and must be mechanically perfect. Production.—The Bureau of Mines a few years ago developed a new form of oxygen-breathing apparatus superior in several respects to old forms, making the United States independent of similar appa- ratus from abroad. Imports of miner’s rescue appliances and miner’s safety lamps and parts and accessories thereof, in 1914, were valued at $188,509, mainly from Germany; in 1918 they were valued at $23,620, chiefly from the United Kingdom. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Smoke helmets, pulmotors, and similar articles and apparatus used by fire departments, gas companies, and hospitals, have been admitted to free entry under this paragraph, as designed for emer- gency use in mines. The provision has been held to apply to miner’s sofety lamps burning acetylene gas, and used by miners in closed cuttings (Abstract 38557, of 1915), and to igniter points, con- sisting of a small circular file, made to rotate by means of a powerful spring, which when released causes the file to come into close con- tact with a cerium point with such a velocity of speed as to produce a flame or spark capable of igniting the naphtha in a miner’s safety lamp. (Abstract 35911, T. D. 34571, of 1914.) The following were excluded from the provision: Filling apparatus, the only purpose of which is to facilitate “the filling of safety lamps with naphtha (Abstract 28483, T. D. 82507, of 1912; Abstract 37503, of 1915); 184911°—20 46 i SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. hygrometers for hygrometriecal observations in coal mines (Abstract 23430, T. D. 30667, of 1910); caustic soda for miner’s rescue appli- ances (Abstract 34161, T. D. 33934, of 1913); and tools, suitable for other uses than in connection with lamps or safety appliances (Ab- stract 24886, T. D. 31335, of 1911). ; PARAGRAPH 551. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 629. Models of inventions and of 551. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, to be | other improvements in the arts, to be used exclusively as models and inca- | used exclusively as models and inca- pable of any other use. pable of any other use. GENERAL INFORMATION. Imports of models of inventions, etc., in 1914 were valued at $41,333, originating chiefly in Canada, England, Denmark, Norway, and Ger- many ; in 1918, at $10,566, sources not recorded. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. This paragraph has been held to include wooden models for parts of automobile engines (Abstract 36296, T. D. 34704, of 1914) ; a plaster cast of a cross-section of a building showing the interior of a portion of two floors (Abstract 35837, T. D. 34548, of 1914) ; specimens of con- nections for iron pipes used in gas wells, imported for use as samples, and incapable of any other use than as models (Abstract 35596, T. D. 34459, of 1914); an article made of metal, claimed to be a model. of a contrivance to be used on cars to show the name of the station which the ear is approaching (Abstrdct 32721, T. D. 38560, of 1918); and wooden models of lifeboats (Abstract 30670, T. D. 32997, of 1912). These articles have been excluded: Part of an electric mine for use in harbor defenses to place in waterways or roadsteads for the Signe of the harbor against foreign invasions (Abstract 31749, T. D. 338291, of 1918) ; hydraulic motor and pump, used to demonstrate a pr wicinie to be afterwards applied and utilized through a different machine (Abstract 26818, T. D. 31912, of 1911); a cash register (Abstract 23411, T. D. 80667, of 1910) ; and molders’ patterns (G. A. 7135, T. D. 311382, of 1910). PARAGRAPH 552. 630. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable 552. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufactured, | Substances, crude or unmanufactured, not otherwise specially provided for | not otherwise Fetisaye provided for in in this section. this section. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Sea moss is used in making mattresses and for upholstering. Certain varieties of mosses and seaweeds are used here for food by the Japanese and Chinese. ‘‘ Vegetable substances, erude or unmanufactured,” include such products as hulls of the pea, cotton seed, mustard seed, and oat seed, used in cattle feed;. also dried grasses and leaves, afterwards dyed and used for millinery purposes, are imported, chiefly from Italy. Holly branches are inm- ported for Christmas decorations. Production of moss is world-wide, growing on the ground, on rocks, on the bark of trees, and (rarely) in streams. Seaweeds are dis- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 723 tributed widely in the oceans and may be found from tide level to considerable depths. The domestic output of moss in 1908 was valued at $26,000; of sea grass, at $1,700. Imports of moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances decreased from $246,196 in 1914 to $234,465 in 1918. Canada, Japan, and France were the chief sources, supplying about 70 per cent. Considerable amounts formerly came from Germany. Exports of moss increased from $51,006 in 1914 to $99,793 in 1918, about 85 per cent going to Canada. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. While the rule of ejusdem generis must be applied with some liber- ality in construing this paragraph, it would be going too far to hold birch bark to be such a vegetable substance as is there named. The importation was held dutiable as an unenumerated unmanufactured article. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 95, of 1914.) Dried stypa grass and avoine in a natural state were held to come within this provision because of judicial construction of prior acts impliedly approved by Congress in reenacting the law. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 260, of 1912.) Horse-radish roots are vegetable substances unmanufactured rather than vegetables for tariff purposes. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 142 and 145, of 19138.) Seaweeds dried, such as nori (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 487, of 1917, G. A. 8272, T. D. 38072, of 1919) and hashinori (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 495, of 1917), with nothing added to change their character, and packed in tin boxes as a convenient method of getting the prod- ucts to market, are crude seaweeds, and not by reason of being edible dutiable as vegetables. Natural sun-bleached wheat stems and heads, tied into small bundles, for use as semifloral ornaments or emblems, are exempt from duty under this paragraph as a crude or unmanu- factured vegetable substance, or under paragraph 497 as textile grasses or fibers, and not dutiable under paragraph 385, as un- enumerated manufactured articles (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37998, of 1919); but customs officers were instructed by the Treas- ury Department to continue the assessment of duty on such articles, pending a further judicial determination of the matter (T. D. 38025, of 1919). Merchandise, invoiced as grass strings and classified as manufactures of grass under paragraph 868, were held exempt from duty under this paragraph as crude vegetable substances. (Abstract 41292, of 1917.) Musgo was held exempt as a moss. (Abstract 38787, of 1915.) “Otherwise”? might be omitted to agree with the usual form of expression, “not specially provided for in this section.” PARAGRAPH 553. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19153. 632. Myrobolans. 5538. Myrobolans fruit. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—There are several varieties of myrobalans, the chief variety in commerce being the Chebullic, or black myro- balan, the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz, found throughout India and Burma. The dried fruit is used chiefly, in connection with other materials, in tanning leather and somewhat in medicine. The ex- 724 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. tracts, either solid or liquid, are obtained from the fruit by proc- essing and are employed in tanning and in the dyeing of silk and eotton. Imports of myrobalans for 1909-1918 averaged 25,302,519 pounds, valued at $284,442, chiefly from India. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The spelling of the word myrobalans in the tariff law (“ myro- bolans”’) is incorrect. Although there are various spellings, “ myro- balans” with “‘s” is the form preferred when applied to the dried fruit, and “myrobalan” without ‘‘s’” when referring to the extracts, which are free as tanning material. (Abstract 37917, of 1915.) PARAGRAPH 554. ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1918. 159. Cut nails and cut spikes of 554. Cut nails and cut spikes of fron or steel, #4, of 1 cent per pound. iron or steel, horseshoe nails, horse- 160. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and | shoe nail rods, hobnails, and all other all other wrought iron or steel nails |} wrought-iron or steel nails not spe- not specially provided for in this sec- | cially provided for in this section; tion, 14 cents per pound. wire staples, wire nails made of wrought iron or steel, spikes, and 161. Wire nails made of wrought | horse, mule, or ox shoes, of iron or iron or steel, not less than one inch | steel, and cut tacks, brads, or sprigs. in length and not lighter than number Sixteen wire gauge, ~ of 1 cent per pound; less than one inch in length and lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, $ of 1 cent per pound. 62> Spikes;= © "> -* “and horse, mule, or ox Shoes, of wrought iron or steel, % of 1 cent per pound. 163. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not exceeding sixteen ounces to the thousand, & of 1 cent per thousand; exceeding sixteen ounces to the thou- sand, # of 1 cent per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. HORSE, MULE, AND OX SHOES. Description.—The factory horse or mule shoe usually requires further working by the horseshoer to fit it to the hoof. Formerly he made the entire shoe from a bar; some shoes are still so produced. Production of horse and mule shoes by rolling mills, ete., was valued at about $9,000,000 in 1914. Hand production from bar iron (not recorded) was very small. In 1917 horse and mule shoes were produced by nine establishments, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Illinois, and other States, as their principal or only product; however, two large companies (one iron and one steel) are included in this number. Horse and mule shoes are formed by a series of roll- ing, bending, and pressing operations, and, to a lesser extent and at a higher cost, by drop forging. The latter method is used chiefly in France, Belgium, and Great Britain. Germany and Canada manu- facture by a process similar to ours. Imports of horse and mule shoes were vvded at $16,517 in 1917, and at $9,678 in 1918. They came from Canada. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 725 Exports in 1918 were valued at $1,713,305, chiefly to Russia. Ex- ports to Canada alone were over five times the value of our total imports. The Canadian duty on such imports is 874 per cent. HORSESHOE NAIL RODS. Description and use.—By the tariff act of 1913, horseshoe nail rods were separated from the wire and other rods provided for in paragraph 113 and, together with horseshoe nails, placed on the free list. One nail manufacturing company imported considerable quantities of these rods as raw material. (See par. 113.) Imports.—The last imports were in 1915, 7,312,441 pounds, valued at $129,114, coming from Sweden. CUT NAILS AND SPIKES. Production of cut nails has been decreasing with the extending use of wire nails. In 1918 it amounted to 418,811 kegs of 100 pounds : each, the minimum. Led Imports in 1918 were 2,944 kegs (100 pounds). Exports in 1918 were 116,406 kegs (100 pounds) ; for 1915-1918 they were 16 per cent of production; for the four preceding years, 20 per cent. HORSESHOE NAILS. Description.—The tariff classification embraces horseshoe nails, the product of a distinct industry (the horseshoe nail manufacturers generally make no other nail product), and hobnails, shoe nails, and other nails, to a great extent made in the tack mills. Production of horseshoe nails in 1904 was valued at $2,345,762. In 1918 there were six factories located in New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. The raw material used is nail rods or wire of soft steel or iron. One company has imported nail rods from Sweden, an important producer of horseshoe nails. Imports in 1918 amounted to 810,295 pounds, valued at $89,279; in 1913, approximately one-eighth of this amount. WIRE STAPLES. Production.—The Census does not specify wire staples separately. In 1914 the production of wire tacks, brads, and staples, mrade in establishments drawing wire, was valued at $1,824,948. PARAGRAPH 610. 682. Stamps: Foreign postage or 610. Stamps: Foreign postage or revenue stamps, canceled or uncan- | revenue stamps, canceled or uncan- celed, and foreign government stamped | celed, and foreign government stamped post cards bearing no other printing ee cards bearing no other printing than the official imprint thereon. than the official imprint thereon. GENERAL INFORMATION. Imports of foreign posiage or revenue stdmps and post cards in 1914 were valued at $73,156. About one-half of these came from Eng- land, the rest largely from Switzerland and Germany. In 1918 the imports of stamps and post cards-.were valued at $21,441. ty 782 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The importation of facsimiles of postage stamps, foreign and domes- tic, printed on loose sheets, is prohibited. (35 Stat., 1088; T. D. 31917, of 1911.) Canceled stamps are not prohibéted articles under section 4, act of February 10, 1891. (Op. Atty. Gen.; T. D. 29444, of 1908.) PARAGRAPH 611. ACT OF 1909. 661. Statuary and casts of sculpture for use as models or for art educa- tional purposes only; regalia and gems, where specially imported.in good faith for the use and by order of any society incorporated or established solely for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary pur- poses, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, orphan asylum, or public hospital in the United States, or any State or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regula- tions as the Secretary of the Treas- ury shall prescribe; but the term *“regalia’’ as herein used shall be held to embrace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems as may - be worn upon the person or borne in the hand during public exercises of the society or institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular wearing apparel, nor personal property of individuals. ACT OF 1915. 611. Statuary and casts of sculp- ture for use as models or for art edu- cational purposes only; regalia and gems, where specially imported in good faith for the use and by order of any society incorporated or established solely for religious, philosophical, edu- cational, scientific, or literary pur- poses, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, semi- nary of learning, orphan asylum, or public hospital in the United States, or any State or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regula- tions as the Secretary of the Treas- ury shall prescribe; but the term “regalia”? as herein used shall be held to embrace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems as may be worn upon the person or borne in the hand during public exercises of the society or institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular wearing ap- parel, nor personal property of indi- viduals. GENERAL INFORMATION. Imports of statuary and casts of sculpture for use as models, etc., in 1914 were valued at $442,844, and in 1918, at $125,084. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Plaster statuary, the professional production of a sculptor, but not original, and suitable only for use as a model, was held free of duty under this paragraph rather than dutiable as manufactures of plaster of Paris under paragraph 369. (Abstract 42185, of 1918.) Plaster of Paris casts of sculpture, imported for use as matrices from which to mold reproductions, are models within the meaning of this para- graph granting free entry to “statuary and casts of sculpture for use as models or for art educational purposes.” (G. A. 7632, T. D. 34905, of 1914.) Curtains and draperies for use on or about an altar of a church, classified under paragraph 358, were held not to be free of duty as regalia under this paragraph, nor as works of art under paragraph 655. (Abstract 37203, of 1915.) A censer, benitier, and pair of burettes, the only articles in the importation carried in the hand during the services of the church for which they were imported, were held free of duty as regalia under paragraph 661 of the act of 1909. The protest was overruled as to all other items in the importa- tion. (Abstract 26391, T. D. 31832, of 1911.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 788 PARAGRAPH 612. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 612. Steel engraved forms for bonds, debentures, stock certificates, negotia- m4 ble receipts, notes and other securi- ties; and engraved steel plates, dies and rolls, suitable for use in engraving or printing bonds, stock certificates or other securities, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description.—These articles are. not essentially different from those covered by paragraph 1387, except that they are designed for use in the engraving or printing of bonds, stock certificates, or other securities. (For engraved plates, see par. 137.) Imports of engraved steel plates, dies, and rolls in 1918 amounted to $16,682. | Export figures, covering plates and cuts (electrotype, stereotype, and engraved). amounted to $225,422 for the fiscal year 1918. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Steel engraved forms for stock certificates were held free of duty under this paragraph rather than dutiable as engravings under para- graph 329. (Abstract 38877, of 1915.) 36371, T. D. 34742, of 1914.) Rottenstone put through a process of sieving and screening and then moistened and molded into the form of a brick, nothing apparently having been added to the stone, was held free of duty under this paragraph and not dutiable as an article of earthy or mineral substance under paragraph 81. (Abstract 42319, of 1918.) Sand dug from pits in Germany, shipped exactly as taken out of the pits except that some of it is ground to finer powder before shipping, was held classable under this paragraph. The protest claiming under paragraph 479 was held insufficient. (Abstract 38569, of 1915.) So-called polishing. sand, taken from a hill or mountain and brought down to a hut where it is dumped into an improvised hopper and pounded with a stone by hand to the con- dition in which imported, was held free of duty as sand under this paragraph, rather than dutiable under paragraph 81. (Abstract 43278, of 1919.) (See par. 438.) PARAGRAPH 615. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 685. Strontia, oxide of, and protox- 615. Strontia, oxide of, protoxide of ide of strontian, and strontianite, or | strontian, and strontianite or min- mineral carbonate of strontia. eral carbonate of strontia. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and use.—Strontianite, the natural carbonate of strontium, is of little commercial! value; it is a rare mineral not gen- erally found in deposits of commercial size. The most abundant ore and the one most used is celestite, the natural sulphate of strontium, not specialy provided for and free under paragraph 549. Before 1915 very little strontium ore was used here, most of the compounds consumed being imported. With the war, there was an increased demand for strontium salts to be used in signal lights and this, com- bined with the embargo placed by England on all strontium com- pounds, compelled their domestic manufacture. Strontium compounds are used principally in red lights (the nitrate) and in the refining of beet sugar (the hydrate), and are employed to some extent in medicine. Production.—In 1916 the domestic output of strontium ore was 250 short tons, not all marketed; in 1917, approximately 4,085 tons, over 70 per cent of consumption. Most of this production was celestite. In 1918 the production was 400 tons of strontianite, but no celestite. The Western States are the principal producers. Imports listed as “strontia, oxide of, protoxides of strontian, and strontianite or mineral carbonate of strontia ” in 1918 were valued at $474; in 1915, at $7,268; in 1917, at $21,184; and in 1918, at $6,873. Imports of salis of strontiwm in 1914 were 1,834,733 pounds of the nitrate, 55,134 pounds of the carbonate, 16,189 pounds of precipitated sulphate, and smaller amounts of other salts. 788 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Strontia is the oxide of strontium; “ oxide of” might, therefore, be omitted. ‘“‘ Strontium ” rather than “ Strontian ” or “ strontia ” is the name of the metal and proper terminology for the protoxide and car- bonate. PARAGRAPH 616. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 80. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all 616. Strychnia or strychnine, and salts thereof, 15 cents per ounce. its combinations with acids not sub- ject to duty under this section. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Strychnine is an alkaloid manufactured from nux vomica (par. 558). It is also sold in combination with various acids, the most important salts being the acetate, nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate. It is used as a stimulant in medicine and as a poison for vermin and predatory animals. One ounce of strychnine corresponds to 17,500 medicinal doses. Production.—Our strychnine is derived from nux vomica imported from India. Production figures are not available, but the annual import of nux vomica is equivalent to 400,000 to 600,000 ounces of strychnine. It is also manufactured in England and Germany, but no commercial production has been noted in India. Imports of strychnine and its combinations with acids from 1909 to 1913 were negligible. During 1914-1918 an average of 29,305 ounces valued at $17,946 was reported. PARAGRAPH 617. 81. Sulphur, refined or sublimed, or 617. Sulphur in any form, brim- flowers of, $4 per ton. stone, and sulphur ore as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, 686. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, | containing in excess of 25 per centum and sulphur or brimstone, crude, in | of sulphur, bulk, sulphur ore as pyrites; or sul- phuret of iron in its natural state, containing in excess of 25 per centum orf sulphur, and sulphur not otherwise provided for in this section. GENERAL INFORMATION. SULPHUR. Description and uses.—Sulphur or brimstone is a free chemical element found in the vicinity of volcanoes, active and extinct, and also occurs in nature in chemical combination with other elements, the most important compounds being the sulphides of iron, copper, lead, and zine. Crude sulphur as mined here is often 99 per cent pure. It is used chiefly in the production of sulphur dioxide, which in turn is used for digesting wood pulp, the manufacture of sulphuric acid, bleaching of silk and straw, preservation of beverages and foods, and the manufacture of sodium sulphite and bisulphite. Sulphur is also used to vulcanize rubber, in the manufacture of matches, carbon disulphide, sodium thiosulphate, and other chemicals, in the yulcani- zation of corn and linseed oils, for combating fungus diseases of plants, and in making lime-sulphur solution for “ spraying trees and sheep dip.” SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 789 Production.—The leading producers are the United States, Italy, Japan, and Chile, in order. The domestic output of sulphur increased from 827,634 long tons in 1914 to about 1,350,000 tons in 1918, due to the large demand for sulphuric acid, which could not be supplied by either imported or domestic pyrites, previously used as the. raw material. The large deposits in Louisiana and Texas, discovered in 1865, became commercial sources in 19038. It is mined by sinking a pipe to the deposits and forcing superheated water through another pipe to melt the sulphur, which is forced to the surface in liquid condition through the first pipe. This comparatively cheap method (reported by the Federal Trade Commission as about $6 per ton in 1917), places the industry of this country in a dominant position. Imports since the development of the industry have been small, in 1918 only 282 long tons, valued at $8,677. Exports of sulphur, chiefly to Canada, increased from 45,595 long tons, valued at $864,808 in 1910, to 177,548 long tons, valued at $38,595,512 in 1917. In 1918 imports were 140,525 tons. PYRITES, Description and uses.—The term ‘“pyrites” generally refers to disulphide of iron, but more recently it has been used to designate a variety of sulphide minerals. Ordinary grades of ‘ pyrites or sul- phuret of iron” contain from 438 to 48 per cent of sulphur. An ore containing less than 35 per cent is seldom used for making sulphuric acid, as it will not support its own combustion. Commercial transac- tions in pyrites are based on a unit, 1 per cent of sulphur per ton of ore. The chief use of pyrites is for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. About 1,250,000 tons are consumed here annually. Production.—Spain and Portugal possess the largest deposits, sup- plying about 75 per cent of the total consumption. Spanish ore, espe- cially from the Rio Tinto mines (the important Spanish mines are controlled by French and English capital), has long been considered the best for manufacturing sulphuric acid; its pyrites contains about 3 per cent copper, and the residue, after the copper is extracted, is still suitable for making sulphuric acid. Spain’s production of cop- per mineral and iron pyrites normally was between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000 tons. Domestic production of pyrites in 1913 was 341,338 long tons, valued at $1,286,084, increased during the war by about 385 per cent, primarily from existing mines rather than new deposits. Prior to 1915 Virginia led, yielding about 50 per cent; California fol- lowed, increasing her output for 1914-1918 to nearly that of Virginia. Imports of pyrites for 1910-1917 averaged about 980,000 long tons, with 1,244,662 long tons in 1916, the maximum. They furnished about 70 per cent of our consumption. Imports of pyrites from Spain and . Portugal in 1918 were limited to 600,000 tons, owing to scarcity of shipping, the actual imports being 496,792 tons. Imports from Canada in 1918 were about six times the prewar volume. -For detailed discussion of-pyrites and sulphur, see report of United States Tariff Commission on Pyrites and Sulphur Industry. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Sulphur from Japan, expelled by volcanic force from geysers, drawn off in conduits, and, when cool, broken into various shapes and placed in sacks for transportation, was held free of duty under the appro- 790 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. priate paragraphs of the acts of 1897 and 1909 as sulphur n. o. p. f. This sulphur, very nearly pure, can not be said to have been refined, nor is it crude. Sublimation of sulphur is the artificial distillation thereof in the course of which the sulphur content of the article dis- tilled is, after evaporation, deposited, collected, and formed according to the commercial or other uses for which it may be designed. “Crude” refers commonly to substances or articles in a condition unfit for the ultimate purposes or uses for which they are intended. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1384, of 1913.) PARAGRAPH 618. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. | 82. Sumac, ground, of 1 cent per 618. Sumac, ground or unground. pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Sumac is the dried and powdered leaves or stalks of certain shrubs (Rhus) which are native throughout the world. The best grades of sumac contain from 15 to 20 per cent tannin and are sold as ground or unground leaves, twigs, and stems, or as an extract prepared by chemical treatment (par. 30). Imports of sumac since 1913 have been free and from 1918 to 1918 averaged 12,947,616 pounds, valued at $339,161. PARAGRAPH 619. 226. Swine, $1.50 per head. 619. Swine, cattle, sheep, and all other domestic live animals suitable 225, Cattle, if less than one year | for human food not otherwise provided old, $2 per head; all other cattle if | for in this section. valued at not more than $14 per head, $3.75 per head; if valued at more than $14 per head, 274 per centum ad valorem. 228. Sheep, one year old or over, $1.50 per head; less than one year old, 75 cents per head. GENERAL INFORMATION. SWINE. Production.—The United States is by far the most important swine producing country in the world, the Number on farms, January 1, 1919, being estimated as 75,587,000, a steady increase from about 59,000,000 in 1914. This increase was influenced by demands during the war. The distribution is wide, but about one-half is found in the corn belt—Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Indiana, and Ohio. These States convert corn into pork which, because of its much | greater value per pound, can better bear transportation charges, Imports in 1918 numbered 12,745, valued at $325,042, practically all from Canada and Mexico. With the removal of the duty of $1.50 per head, there was an increase from 1,547 in 1918 to 96,429 in 1914, valued at $1,473,357. Exports in 1918 numbered 9,280, valued at $256,629, mostly to Cuba, Mexico, and Canada. The trade in live animals, excepting in pure-bred stock, is confined for the most part to local border transaction. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 791 CATTLE. Production.—Only India exceeds the United States in gross num- ber of cattle, but Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand each have more cattle per thousand population. The domestic beef-cattle supply responded to the extraordinary demands of the war, rising from 35,800,000 in 1914 to 44,400,000 in 1918. In recent years the population has increased much faster than the number of beef cattle, and with the curtailment of western ranges, the pro- duction of cattle comes more and more into competition with cereals. The distribution of beef cattle depends largely on cheap fodder and pasture. Concentration of supply of steers and bulls is in Iowa and portions of western Kansas, while Texas yields the maximum of steers. Contrary to the general opinion, the States east of the Mississippi Valley produce more beef cattle than the Western States, with a tendency to an increase of cattle in general farming sections and a relative decrease for the western ranges. Dairy cattle in 1919 _was estimated at 23,400,000, a little over one-half the number of beef cattle, the former valued at $1,836,000,000 and the latter at $1,960,- 000,000. Dairy cattle from census to census show a steady increase and tendency to displace the beef industry in the areas of denser population. Wisconsin, New York, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Ohio rank in order as to their number of dairy cows. Imports of cattle in 1918 numbered 294,207, valued at $17,801,579, nearly all from Canada, Mexico, and England, mostly a border trade. Imports from England—probably breeding cattle, though no separate statistics are available since 1914—continued throughout the war. Compared with 425,146 in 1913, 872,093 cattle valued at $18,742,908, entered in 1914, of which 72 per cent came from Mexico, probably be- cause of unsettled conditions in that country. Exports of cattle in 1918 numbered 18,213, valued at $1,247,800, chiefly and about equally to Mexico and Canada. SHEEP. Production.—This country. ranked fourth in sheep production in 1916, exceeded by Australia, Russia, and Argentina, but ranked very low in output per capita in 1916—about one sheep per capita, against 25.2 for Uruguay, 22.7 for New Zealand, and 17.5 for Australia, the ratio steadily declining since 1900. In 1919 our sheep on farms was estimated at 49,863,000, valued at $579,016,000. Sheep are especially adapted to rough country with relatively dry and scant herbage and poorer farm lands. Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Ohio rank in order in sheep produced. The decline in the western sections is due to encroachment of homesteads on the public ranges. The concen- tration in production is found in southeastern Ohio, with a specializa- tion in merino wool sheep. Imports in 1918 numbered 177,696, valued at $1,980,261, almost ex- clusively from Canada, Mexico, and England. In 1914 there was an increase to 223,729 from 15,207 sheep imported in 1918, 92 per cent from Mexico and most of the rest from Canada. - Exports in 1918 numbered 7,959, valued at $97,028. The average for 19138-1917 was $99,606. 792 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, ALL OTHER DOMESTIC LIVE ANIMALS SUITABLE FOR HUMAN FOOD, N. O. P. F. Production.—In this class of animals are goats, rabbits, and reindeer. Goats are of minor importance except in the rough, semiarid plateau region of southwestern Texas, where 25 per cent of the 3,000,000 goats are found. The production of rabbits, compara- tively insignificant, is increasing. In California, Oregon, Washing- ton, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and other States the domesticated rabbit is a recognized meat animal. Federal inspection of the slaugh- ter of horses for food purposes, as yet a new and unimportant industry here, is now established. The reindeer, it is reported, is now re- garded as a meat animal in Alaska, and is imported from Siberia for breeding purposes. Imports of all these animals in 1918 numbered 29,740, valued at $65,022. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Live goats, bred on the island of Guadeloupe, uninhabited except by the few men who have gone there to corral and export the goats, ‘were held free of duty under this paragraph as ‘“ domestic live animals suitable for human food,” rather than dutiable under para- graph 187 as live animals not specially provided for. The goats, though at first shy, soon became accustomed to the presence of men. They are imported for their hides and flesh and as milk producers. (G. A. 8218, T. D. 378381, of 1918.) “ Specially > might be substituted for ‘ otherwise” as the term ordinarily used in “not otherwise provided for in this section.” PARAGRAPH 620. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 596. * * * vegetable ivory in its 620. Tagua nuts. natural state. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Tagua nuts, also called corrozzo nuts, are from a palm in the Peruvian Andes and other parts of South America. The kernel is so hard and white it is fittingly called vegetable ivory. It is used in the manufacture of buttons, umbrella handles, and small trinkets. The coquilla nut, from another species of: palm, also sup- plies a kind of vegetable ivory with like uses. Imports of tagua nuts in 1914 were 26,736,148 pounds, valued at $883,055—10,413,5389 pounds from Hecuador, 7,917,488 pounds from Colombia, and 5,209,774 pounds from Panama. In 1918 imports were 43,544,465 pounds, valued at $1,351,262, one-half from Ecuador and the rest-_ largely from Colombia and Panama. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Tagua nuts, cut into slabs as a preparation for the making of but- tons or like products, with no indication that the cutting into slabs has either fitted the nut for new uses or withdrawn it from any general uses to which it was adapted, are free of duty under this | paragraph and not dutiable as nonenumerated partly manufactured articles under paragraph 385. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 68, of 1917.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 798 PARAGRAPH 621. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 621. Talceum, steatite, and French chalk, crude and unground., For “General information,’ see paragraph 69. PARAGRAPH 622. 290. Tallow, 4 of 1 cent per pound. 622. Tallow. co * * GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The term “tallow” includes the fats from sheep and cattle, but the larger part of the tallow produced here comes from the fat of cattle, averaging 50 pounds from a steer and 1 pound from a sheep or goat. There are two classes, edible and in- edible. The edible fats of beef are handled much the same as hog fats. Oleo stock is merely a high grade of edible beef tallow, used in making oleo oil and stearin. Oleo oil is used in the manufacture of margarines and ig also heavily exported, especially to Holland. Edible tallows are also used in making sausage, suet puddings, mince- meat, and similar products. ‘The inedible tallows are used in soap, leather dressings, greases, and in the technical industries. Production.—The output of tallows in the United States in 1917 was 259,509,000 pounds. If 153,188,000 pounds of oleo produced in 1917 are added, tallows rank fourth in production of all fats and oils. Production in 1916 and 1917 shows a considerable increase over 1914 and 1912, and data give a 30 per cent increase in the slaughter of cattle during the five years 1913 to 1917. Imports of tallow in 1918 were unprecedented, 98,176,560 pounds, valued at $14,365,676. The raw tallow imported (mostly from Can- ada) was over six times the exports. The average imports for 1911- 1914 were only 1,299,025 pounds; in 1914, 3,871,833 pounds. Exports of tallow, as such, decreased from an average of 28,900,000 pounds for 1911-1914 ‘to 5,014,000 pounds in 1918. Exportation of oleo oil, the most important tallow derivative, similarly decreased. Much more oleo oil is exported than raw tallow, averaging 113,759,000 pounds for 1911-1914. Holland is normally the largest importer of American oleo oil, manufacturing it into margarines for the Huropean trade. PARAGRAPH 623. 688. Tamarinds. | 628. Tamarinds. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The tamarind is the fruit or pod of a leguminous tree. The pods are hard externally, but contain a juicy, pleasantly acid pulp. It is used as a table preserve and in confec- tions. A cooling laxative drink is made from the pulp. Production.—The tree is a native of tropical Africa, but is found in Australia, India, South America, Mexico, and the West Indies. Import values of tamarinds were $4,211 in 1914 and $7,038 in 1918. 794 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The term “ tamarinds” is a commercial designation and has been accepted for a number of years in the administration of our tariff laws and, having been incorporated in the tariff act of 1909, it is to be inferred the interpretation so established was there adhered to. The addition of the words ‘“ packed in molasses” will not suffice to change the classification. entry. The importation was held entitled to free (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 380, of 1911.) PARAGRAPH 624. ACT OF 1909. 22, * * * Hxtracts of bark, such as are commonly used for * * #* tanning, not specially provided for in this section, Z of 1 cent per pound; * * * extracts of quebracho, not exceeding in density twenty-eight de- grees Baumé, 4 of 1 cent per pound; exceeding in density twenty-eight de- grees Baumé, 2? of 1 cent per pound; extracts of hemlock bark, 4 of 1 cent per pound; extracts Sh Te of woods other than dyewoods, not specially provided for in this section, & of 1 cent per pound * #* *#, 509) Drugs, such-as *- * *. nuts, nutgalls, * * * and woods used expressly for dyeing or tanning; any of the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible and not specially provided for in this section, and are in a crude state, not advanced in value or condi- tion by any process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture: Provided, That no article containing alcohol, or in the preparation of which alcohol is used, shall be admitted free of duty under this paragraph. 499. Articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning not specially pro- vided for in this section. 4 20. Drugs; jsuchoas | ee. See nuts, nutgalls, * * * and woods used expressly for dyeing or tanning; any of the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible, and not specially provided for in this section, but which are ad- vanced in value or condition by any process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of de- cay or deterioration pending manu- facture, % of 1 cent per pound, and in addition thereto 10 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That no article containing alcohol, or in the prepara- tion of which alcohol is used, shall be classified for duty under this para- graph, ACT OF 1918. 624, Tanning material: Extracts of quebracho, and of hemlock bark; ex- tracts of oak and chestnut and other barks and woods other thar dyewoods such as are commonly used for tan- ning not specially provided for in this section; nuts and nutgalls and woods uséd expressly for dyeing or tanning, whether or not~advanced in value or condition by shredding, grinding, chip- ping, crushing, or any other process; and articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning; all the foregoing not containing alcohol and _ not specially provided for in this section. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 795 GENERAL INFORMATION. TANNING MATERIALS. The term “tanning materials,” in a broad sense, includes all sub- stances, whether of vegetable, mineral, or animal origin, used for changing animal hides into leather. The most important are vege- table, including a variety of woods, barks, leaves, excrescences, roots, bulbs, fruits, and seeds containing tannic acid. The preparation of all these extracts is very similar, but purification by chemical treatment is sometimes necessary. The process in general consists of (1) chip- ' ping, grinding, or shredding the crude material in a suitable machine; (2) extracting the prepared crude material in water in open or vacuum pans or tanks heated by steam; (8) concentrating the ex: tracted liquor to desired strengths in liquid or solid form. QUEBRACHO EXTRACT. Description and uses.—Quebracho extract, obtained from hard- wood trees belonging to the genus Quebrachia, native to South America, contains from 15 to 25 per cent tannin. It is sold in a solid or liquid form, and in 1914 constituted 88 per cent of all the tanning materials used. The extract is from wood found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Production is from imported logs. It is manufactured extensively in Argentina. Imports for 1914-1918 averaged 92,472,279 pounds, valued at $4,380,896, the maximum being 125,565,857 pounds, valued at $3,676,- 749 in 1915. Argentina is the chief exporter, but small quantities come from England, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. HEMLOCK-BARK EXTRACT. Description and uses.—This extract is obtained from the bark of the hemlock (Abies canadensis) native to North America. It is sold on its tannin content, in a liquid or solid state, and used in tanning sole and other heavy leathers. Production in 1914 was 18,978,013 pounds, valued at $340,402. Imports in 1915 were 5,263,296 pounds, valued at $173,998. EXTRACT OF OAK AND CHESTNUT. Description and uses.—Oak extract, obtainable from chestnut-oak or black-oak bark, is one of the oldest tanning materials used for soles and. heavy leathers. Chestnut extract, from the wood of the chestnut (Castanea vesca), contains from 25 to 60 per cent of tannin, according to whether liquid or solid. It is used in connection with hemlock extract to modify the color. Production of oak and chestnut extract in 1914 was 328,197,524 pounds, valued at $4,130,042, or 52.3 per cent in value-of all domestic tanning materials. Imports of chestnut-bark extract in 1914 were 256,078 pounds, valued at $4,234, chiefly from France; in 1916 and 1917, negligible. Imports of oak-bark extract in 1914 were 143,094 pounds, valued at $6,539 ; in 1915, 65,298 pounds, valued at $2,628. Exports are not shown separately. (See “Bark, extract of, for tanning.” ) 796 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. EXTRACTS OF OTHER BARKS AND WOODS, N. S. P. F. Description.—Under this heading the following extracts would be included: Cutch (catechu) is a dried extract obtained from trees com- mon in India and East Africa. Mangrove-bark extract, from the bark of mangrove trees native to East Africa, Madagascar, the Hast Indies, Venezuela, and Colombia, igs extensively used in the tanning industry. It occurs in commerce as a solid or liquid, from 25 to 50 ‘per cent tannin, made from imported bark. Imports of mangrove-bark extract in 1914 were 1,981,266 pounds, valued at $59,899; of cutch, 328,940 pounds, valued at $16,187, chiefly from the Straits Settlements and British India. Imports of woods other than dyewoods, n. s. p. f., for 1915-1918 averaged about 800,000 pounds, valued at about $40,000. Imports of bark extract used for tanning, n. s. p. f., for 1916-1918 averaged about 4,000,000 pounds, valued at about $225,000. Imports of nuts and nutgalls for 1908-1918 averaged about $230,000. (See par. 30, p. 35.) Imports of logwood, crude, for 1910-1915 averaged 35,000 tons, valued at about $472,000; in 1916, 184,819 tons, valued at $3,437,388; in 1917, 121,762 tons, valued at $4,127,031; in 1918, 55,354 tons, valued at $1,175,049. Im- ports of camwood in 1916 was 80 tons, valued at $5,991. Imports of fustic wood for 1909-1914 averaged about 4,000 tons, valued at about $65,000; for 1915-1918 about 18,000 tons, valued at about $262,000. . The imports of other dyewoods in 1918 were 16,489 tons, valued at $425,942. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Valonia extract, made from the cup of the acorn of the Valonia oak, was held free of duty under this paragraph. This paragraph was evidently intended to be all embracing. While it may be said that the cup of an acorn of an oak tree is not, in a highly technical sense, the bark or the wood of the oak tree, for the purposes of the tariff law it must be so considered. (Abstract 37219, of 1915.) Myrobalan, classified as a nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 385, was held free of duty as tanning material under this paragraph. (Abstract 87917, of 1915.) Mangrove extract, classified under para- graph 380 as an extract of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing, was held free of duty as tanning material under this paragraph. (Ab- stract 88085, of 1915.) Cutch, made from the bark of the mangrove tree, is free of duty under that provision of this paragraph for “ ex- tracts of oak and chestnut and other barks and woods other than dye- woods such as are commonly used for tanning.” Cutch made from the wood and leaves of the acacia catechu tree is dutiable at the rate of three-eighths of 1 cent per pound under paragraph 30 as an ex- tract of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing. (G. A. 8265, T. D. 88055, of 1919.) As dyeing as well as tanning materials are enumerated in this paragraph the subheading might be changed to read “ Dyeing and tanning materials.” PARAGRAPH 625. ACT OF 1909. © ACT OF 1913. 689. Tapioca, tapioca flour, cassava 625. Tapioca, tapioca flour, cassava or cassady. or cassady. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 797 GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Cassava is a shrubby plant, native to tropi- cal America, but grown extensively in the Dutch East Indies, Central America, the West Indies, Afriea, and to some extent in the south- eastern United States. There are two principal types. The Dit- ter cassava of Brazil contains considerable volatile poison, but this is dissipated by heat and the washing of the grated roots. The sweet cassava, or manihot, is cultivated, principally el a -- - -- - et le elie eee SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 799 Cust. Appls., 208, of 1917.) The container so dutiable may be the packing case. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 208, of 1917.) Intermediate con- ._tainers of tea packed in packages of less than 5 pounds each are dutiable under this paragraph, whether or not the total weight of the tea in such intermediate containers is less than 5 pounds. Out- side cases containing tea packed in packages of less than 5 pounds each are also dutiable under this paragraph whether or not there are intermediate containers, such assessment to be in addition to the duty on the intermediate containers when there are such. (T. D. 36376, of 1916.) Both the intermediate containers and the packing cases or bales containing a number of packages of tea of less than 5 pounds each are dutiable. (G. A. 8248, T. D. 37956, of 1919.) Bam- boo baskets containing tin packages of tea of less than 5 pounds each * are dutiable, whether or not they are regarded as unusual containers. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 87208, of 1919.) Tea sifting and tea sweepings, decided upon appeal to the tea board to be tea not inferior in purity, quality, and fitness for consumption to the standard pro- vided in the act of March 2, 1897, assessed with duty as tea siftings under paragraph 13, were held free of duty as tea under this para- graph, based on the tea board’s findings. (G. A. 8155, T. D. 37594, of 1918.) Paragraph 195 of the act of 1909, imposing duty on containers of all kinds except such as were hermetically sealed by soldering or otherwise, composed wholly or in chief value of metal, lacquered or printed by any process of lithography, if filled or unfilled, and whether the contents be dutiable or free, was construed to embrace lacquered tins containing tea and to exclude them from free entry as usual coverings. (Abstract 33158, T. D. 33660, of 1918.) Under prior acts such containers were treated for tariff purposes simply as usual or as unusual coverings. (T. D. 26877, of 1904, following T. D. 23040, of 1901; 126 Fed., 837, T. D. 25114, of 1901.) A bill brought by importers of tea to prevent general appraisers, constituting a tea board, from applying to tea the Read test for determining the presence of coloring matter was dismissed by the United States District Court. (215 Fed., 456, of 1914.) The decree was, however, reversed and an injunction ordered by the Circuit Court of Appeals. (224 Fed., 359, of 1915.) This decree was affirmed by the Supreme Court. (246 U. S., 606, of 1918.) The tea regula- tions were amended accordingly. (T. D. 37566, 376387, of 1918; T. D. 37925, of 1919.) Tea sweepings mixed with lime and asafetida to make them unfit for beverage use, imported for making caffeine, have not ceased to be tea sweepings, and are dutiable as such under para- graph 138 of the act of 1918, and not as a drug nor as waste nor as an unenumerated article. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 128, of 1916; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 340, of 1916.) Allowance is made for excessive moisture in tea waste. (Abstract 41371, of 1917.) (See par. 13.) Provision might be made for yerba maté or Paraguayan tea, held - dutiable as an unenumerated article. (Abstract 36476, T. D. 34763. of 1914; T. D. 3909, of 1879.) If it shall be deemed advisable to impose duty on immediate con- tainers of tea the first proviso might be changed to read: Provided, That all cans, boxes, and other immediate containers, including paper and other wrappings, of tea in packages of less than five pounds each, and all intermediate containers of such tea, except mats, shall be dutiable at the rate chargeable thereon if imported empty. 800 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. PARAGRAPH 628. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 628. Teeth, natural, or unmanufac- tured. 692. Teeth, natural, or unmanufac- tured. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and use.—The teeth of some animals were formerly used in dentistry ; only the manufactured article is now used. There is little if any commercial demand for natural teeth, except perhaps for decorative purposes. Imports of teeth, natural or unmanufactured, in 1914 were valued at $197; in 1918, at $25. PARAGRAPH 629. 629, Terra alba, not made from gyp- sum or plaster rock, 693. Terra alba, not made from gyp- sum or plaster rock. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Terra alba is a name rather loosely ap- plied to a number of white earthy substances, including ground gyp- sum, kaolin when used as a pigment, burnt alum, magnesia, calcium sulphate, and pipe clay, all of which are more specifically provided for elsewhere in the tariff. It is used in the manufacture of plaster of Paris and by paper makers. Production figures, owing to the vagueness of the term, can not be given. * Imports of terra alba in 1914 were valued at $97; in 1918 at $5.. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. For the reasons stated under ‘‘ Description and uses,” this para- graph might be eliminated. PARAGRAPH 680. 694. Terra japonica. | * 630, Terra japonica. GENERAL INFORMATION. Terra japonica is an obsolete term applied to gambier (par. 492). This paragraph might be eliminated, as it is a duplication of para- graph 492. PARAGRAPH 631. 695. Tin ore, cassiterite or black 631. Tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated: Provided, That there shall be imposed and paid upon cassiterite, or black oxide of tin, and upon bar, block, pig tin and grain or granulated, a duty of 4 cents per pound when it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States that the mines of the United States are producing one thousand five hundred tons of cas- siterite and bar, block, and pig tin per year. The President shall make known this fact by proclamation, and there- after said duties shall go into effect. oxide of tin, tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated, and scrap tin: Provided, That there shall be imposed and paid upon cassitgrite, or black oxide of tin, and upon bar, block, pig tin and grain or granulated, a duty of 4 cents per pound when it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the Pres- ident of the United States that the mines of the United States are pro- ducing one thousand five hundred tons of cassiterite and bar, block, and pig tin per year. The President shall make known this fact by proclamation, and thereafter said duties shall go into effect. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 801 GENERAL INFORMATION. TIN ORE, CASSITERITE, OR BLACK OXIDE OF TIN. Description.—Cassiterite, or oxide of tin, is the ore of tin. It is also known as black tin, stream tin, tin stone, ete. Black oxide of tin in the meaning of this paragraph is tin dross containing no lead; it is also commercially known as black grain tin, scuff, and tin ash. Production is insignificant, in 1918 about 68 tons, nearly all from Alaska. Production in foreign countries in 1918 amounted to 144,038 tons, over one-half in the Malay Peninsula and in Bolivia. The center of production is the Malay Peninsula, but the industry extends into China, the Dutch East Indies, and Australia; other countries are of minor importance. Imports of cassiterite or black oxide of tin in 1914 were 19,549 pounds, valued at $3,022; in 1918, 29,014 pounds, valued at $8,994. Imports of tin ore in 1918 were 13,960 long tons, valued at $8,626,281. Exports of “tin pigs, and oxide of tin” in 1915 ‘amounted to 801,213 pounds, valued at $77,783; in 1918, 209,391 pounds, valued at $127,219. TIN IN BARS, BLOCKS, PIGS, OR GRAIN, OR GRANULATED. Description and uses.—Tin in bars, blocks, and pigs is com- mercial tin cast into convenient shapes, and only partially refined. Grain or granulated tin has been tested for its purity at the smelter and is a finer grade. Tin is used chiefly as a protective coating for other metals, and in the making of alloys, especially bearing metals and solders. A considerable quantity of pure tin oxide goes into white enamel. By increasing the proportions of lead, aluminum, zinc, antimony, copper, cadmium, and bismuth in alloys of these metals with tin, the latter has been considerably conserved. A complete substitute for tin is not known. Production.—Harly in 1918 one smelter was in operation which was producing metallic tin at approximately 1,000 tons per month. Another smelter with an output of about 250 tons of metal was built that year. The greater part of the ore from the Malay Peninsula, China, Dutch East Indies, Australia, and South Africa is smelted at Singapore or in the Dutch Islands. Imports of tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated in 1914, were 100,447,854 pounds, valued at $39,440,280; in 1918, 187,218,528 pounds, valued at $74,860,871. Prior to 1915 about one-half were transshipments from England, and only since 1914 have shipments come direct from the Dutch East Indies, with increasing amounts from the Straits Settlements. SCRAP TIN. Description and uses.—Considerable tin- is recovered from scrap metals, bronze, solder, pewter, and electrotype metal, and some from old tin cans and containers. Production.—Practically no clean tin scrap and clippings are wasted, but it is difficult to collect and transport old tin cans and containers, and with no sale for the residue (black tin plate) the output from this source is greatly curtailed. The tin content of the average tin can and container is about 2 per cent. Detinners formerly 184911°—-20———51 802 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. recovered from 60 to 70 pounds of tin from a long ton of scrap, but only 40 to 45 pounds are now regained, and from used cans only 29 to 30 pounds. Imports in 1914 were 6,187,571 pounds, valued at $45,367; in 1918, 17,718,044 pounds, valued at $115,968. Scrap tin is imported mainly from Canada and Mexico. Exports in 1914 were valued at $75,426; in 1917, at $140,996. Prior to 1914 scrap tin was exported chiefly to Germany and Belgium; the 1917 exports practically all went to Japan. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Cassiterite being the one and only ore of tin and quite different from black oxide of tin, the paragraph would be more clearly stuted as “Tin ore or cassiterite, black oxide of tin, tin in bars,” ete. PARAGRAPH 682. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 696. Tobacco stems. f 632. Tobacco stems. , GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Tobacco stems are the midrib or stalk of the leaf. When the cured leaf is used as wrapper or binder for cigars or in making chewing tobacco, etc., the midrib or stem (bout 25 to 80 per cent of the leaf) is removed to reduce the weight and cost of transportation. Stems are manufactured into snuff and low grades of smoking tobacco, are a source of nicotine for insecticides, and fortify weaker tobaccos. They contain considerable potash and nitrogen and are extensively used as a fertilizer. Production of stems as a by-product is large, exceeding 50,000,000 pounds in 1917, about 19,000,000 pounds used in tobacco manufacture. Imports-.of tobacco stems are about 1,000,000 pounds normally, in 1917 and 1918 exceeding 4,000,000 pounds. Exports of stems (including trimmings) averaged approximately 2,000,000 pounds in the years immediately preceding the war, prin- cipally to the Netherlands and Germany. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The practice is to classify tobacco stems cut into short pieces or finely ground as unenumerated manufactured articles. The words “not advanced in condition or value” might be added. PARAGRAPH 633. 190. Tungsten-bearing ores of all 633. Tungsten-bearing ores of all kinds, 10 per centum ad valorem, kinds. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Tungsten metal is never found native, but only in the form of tungstates of iron, manganese, or calcium. Hx- cept in the United States it is usually accompanied by tin ore. There are four commercial tungsten minerals—scheelite, ferberite, hueb- nerite, and wolframite. Scheelite is the tungstate of ¥r? The other three are frequently grouped together as the woijramite g2ries, rang- ing in composition from ferberite (tungstate of iron) te -hwebnerite (tungstate of manganese). The pure minerals of the wolframite Pt Or ee ee Ae, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 803 series contain over 76 per cent tungsten trioxide (W0Os); scheelite contains about 80 per cent (WO;). The tungsten ore of commerce, however, contains a certain amount of nontungsten-bearing material in addition to one or more of the above minerals. The standard ore contains 60 per cent (WO;) and this tenor is usually obtained by concentration of low-grade ore. Although the occurrence of tungsten is widespread, the individual deposits are never of large extent. The ore comes in lenticular shoots: and masses, in veins, or irregularly distributed along contacts. The deposits of Boulder County, Colo., are narrow stringers; the lodes of the Southwest are usually wider and can be worked on a larger scale. Lode mining of tungsten does not differ essentially from the mining of other ores, except that tung- sten rarely is found in sufficient amounts or in ghoots regular enough to permit of systematic extraction. The ores are concentrated to 60 per cent or more tungsten-trioxide, but the production of so high grade a product from the ore usually containing only 2 to 10 per cent results in high losses and much waste of tungsten. To increase the extraction, many mills make two grades of concentrate—a high-grade sand concentrate, containing approximately 60 per cent, and suitable for making ferrotungsten in the electric furnace; and a slime con- centrate of lower grade, containing about 20 per cent, and suitable only for chemical process. Of all the tungsten ore now produced 90 to 95 per cent goes into the manufacture of tungsten powder, ferrotungsten, and tungsten steel for making of high-speed tool steels, The addition of tungsten to steel gives it the property of holding its temper at a much higher heat than that at which simple carbon steels and most other alloy steels become soft and worthless. Molybdenum has somewhat similar properties, and is used to some extent, especially in Europe, but it has never proved so satisfactory and is now generally used in con- junction with tungsten, replacing only a part of the latter. Production.—The maximum domestic production of tungsten ore, was, in 1917, 6,144 short tons of concentrates containing 60 per cent (WOs); in 1916, 5,923 short tons, valued respectively at $6,783,162 and $12,075,417. The 1918 output was 5,041 short tons. The tungsten industry is characterized by a large number of smali independent producers with only a few well-financed companies. A considerable number of the stronger operators have connections with manufac- turers or consumers of tungsten metal and ore. The largest producer is in California, with a prewar output about 80 per cent of the total. Fully 75 per cent of the prewar output was by four large companies, one in California and three in Boulder County, Colo. The balance comes from a large and constantly shifting group of small operators. Domestic production was slightly over 50 per cent of this country’s requirements in 1917 and about 30 per cent in 1918. In 1916 and 1917 the combined productions of Colorado and California were 4,582 and 5,488 short tons, 77 and 89 per cent of the total output in these years. Nevada comes third with an output considerably less. Ari- zona is a small but regular producer. The metallurgical treatment of tungsten ores is as efficient in this country as elsewhere and far in advance of most other countries, though the foreign ore is decidedly more easily mined. While Ameri- can labor is superior to that in any other large tungsten-producing region, it is necessarily much better paid. Where the output depends 804. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. on a large amount of hand work, as in mines of the Boulder County type, there is no possibility of producing ore as cheaply as in countries of low wages. The main dependence of the United States therefore is in the probably extensive but low-grade deposits of the Southwest. Imports of tungsten-bearing ores are large, normally from 30 to 50 per cent of oyr supply. Before the war Germany furnished about two-thirds, besides large amounts of tungsten metal and ferro-alloy ; but most of these shipments were from ore of other countries, either made into metal or ferrotungsten in Germany, or better grades reshipped through brokerage to the United States. In 1913 (fiscal year) a total of 766 long tons of tungsten ore came in, 600 long tons from Germany. In 1917 (calendar year) total imports were 4,876 short tons of 60 per eent (WOs), or 44 per cent of the total consump- tion; in 1918, 11,750 tons, or 70 per cent. PARAGRAPH 684. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 698. Turmeric. 634. Turmeric. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Turmeric root is a vegetable product native to India and cultivated largely in tropical climates. It is sold in the form of a dry powder, and used principally as a condiment; it is also used as a dye in foods and pharmaceutical preparations. This root has a peculiar odor and a warm, bitterish, feebly aromatic taste. In the East it is employed as an ingredient of curry powders. The color- ing principle of turmeric is called curcumin. Production.—In the preparation of turmeric, the root is cleaned, boiled, dried, and the outer skin removed. It comes chiefly from India and China, and is not produced in this country. Import values of turmeric for the period of 1910-1918 averaged $51,428. PARAGRAPH 6835. 699. Turpentine, Venice. 635. Turpentine, Venice, and spirits of. 200.5% ...% > % Spirite ok GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Turpentine, strictly speaking, is the oleo- resin exudation of coniferous trees, but the term is also applied to the oil or spirits of turpentine which is obtained by distilling the crude gum. Venice or Venetian turpentine is the crude gum exudation of the European larch (Pinus lari#). Only a small part of the com- mercial product is true Venice turpentine, but a factitious product made by dissolving rosin in spirits of turpentine. Spirits of tur- pentine, treated with caustic soda and redistilled, is known as “ rec- tified spirits of turpentine ” and has medicinal uses. Wood turpentime is oil of turpentine obtained from pine wood by destructive or steam distillation. Oil of turpentine is chiefly used in the manufacture of paints and varnishes. It is also used as a solvent for rubber and other gums and in making synthetic camphor. (See par. 36.) Production.—Over 97 per cent of the oil of turpentine is produced from gum turpentine, the remainder being from wood. The gum tur- a” i es 7 : i SUMMARY .OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 805 pentine industry in 1914 was capitalized at $20,745,000; there were 1,394 establishments, employing nearly 35,000 persons, with products valued at $20,990,191. Oil of turpentine amounted to 27,648,939 gal- lons, valued at $10,740,327 in 1914. The turpentine and rosin industry is located in the South Atlantic and Gulf States adjacent to the pine forests of those regions. Florida leads with about 45 per cent of the total output; Georgia follows with 22 per cent. The United States is much the largest producer, with France ranking second. Imports of turpentine are less than 1 per cent of the domestic production. . Exports of spirits of turpentine were between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000 gallons, or about 60 per cent of the domestic production prior to 1915. During the war they decreased to about 8,000,000 gal- lons. The United Kingdom, prior to 1915, received about 35 per cent of the exports and during 1916 and 1917 about 60 per cent. .The Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium were the other large consumers. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Turpentine and rosin are products of the same industry and are produced simultaneously from crude gum turpentine, but receive different tariff treatment, turpentine being exempt from duty under this paragraph, while rosin is classified as a nonenumerated unmanu- factured article under paragraph 3885, following 7 Ct. Cust. Applis., 114, of 1916, upon spruce gum. PARAGRAPH 636. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF i913. 701. Turtles. 636, Turtles. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The best known varieties of turtles are the edible terrapin and green turtle, highly prized for soup making, and the hawksbill, furnishing the tortoise shell. Production in 1908 amounted to 1,088,000 pounds, valued at $40,000, of which the States of Illinois, Louisiana, and Florida reported about 65 per cent. (For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 419.) PARAGRAPH 637. 702. Types, old, and fit only to be 637. Type, stereotype metal, electro- remanufactured. : type metal, linotype composition, all ‘of the foregoing, old and fit only to be remanufactured. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Old type, stereotype metal, etc., are alloys consisting primarily of lead and antimony. These materials may be remelted easily and remanufactured into the original form. Production.—Type metal together with hard lead drosses, babbitt, solder, and pewter, are the main sources of secondary antimonial lead. Imports are small; in 1918, 330,325 pounds, valued at $20,863; in 1914, 755,780 pounds, valued at $17,780. 806 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. — INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Antimony and lead, which chiefly constitute antimonial lead, pay duties of 10 per cent (par. 144) and 25 per cent (par. 163), respec- tively, while antimonial lead as type metal pays 15 per cent duty (par. 160), and in the form of type, stereotype metal, electrotype metal, or Linotype composition, old and fit only to be remanufactured, is exempt from duty under this paragraph. (See par. 160.) PARAGRAPH 638. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 703. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 638. Uranium, oxide and salts of, GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Uranium is one of the rare metals. Its ores~are not abundant and occur in workable quantities in only a few localities. The most important ores are pitchblend, an oxide, and carnotite, a mineral containing potassium, vanadium, and uranium. Uranium minerals and salts contain and are the source of radium. The most important compounds of uranium are the oxide, the nitrate, the acetate, the double ammonium-uranium carbonate, and sodium uranate. Uranium is used only in alloys, principally steel. The compounds are used for coloring glass and enamels, in china painting, ~ as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing and to some extent in photography and medicine. Uranium ore is used chiefiy for the pro- duction of radium, leaving a residue of crude uranium compounds, the principal source of such compounds; these are, therefore, by-products of the radium industry. ‘ Production.—This country is the largest producer of uranium ores and uranium products and salts. Separate figures for uranium com- pounds are not shown. The production of ferro-uranium has increased greatly since the beginning of the war, due to its use in high-speed steel. Imports of uranium compounds in 1913 were valued at $21,435; in 1914, at $5,782; and in 1917, at $38,018. No imports are shown in 1918. Before the war they came largely from Germany. PARAGRAPH 639. 705. Valonia. | 6389. Valonia. - GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Valonia is the dried acorn cup of certain species of oak grown in Morea, Roumelia, the Greek Archipelago, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Greece. The cups contain from 20 to 40 per cent tannin and are used to some extent in tanning leather. Imports of valonia for 1910-1915 averaged $106,361; there have been no imports since 1915. PARAGRAPH 640. 708. Wafers, unleavened or not 640. Wafers, unleavened or not edible. edible. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—These wafers, composed of wheat flour and water only, are used as a vehicle for pills and other nauseous medi- cines, and in sacramental observances. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 807 Imports of wafers, unleavened or not edible, decreased in value from $32,816 in 1914 to $7,253 in 1918. Previous to the war Germany supplied about 60 per cent of the imports, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom providing most of the remainder. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Small envelopes, used to inclose nauseous medicines which are to be administered, made of wheat flour and unmedicated, identical in com- ponent materials with the wafers held to be free in previous deci- sions of the Board, and used precisely for the same purpose, differing only in form, were held free of duty under paragraph 708 of the act of 1909, and not dutiable as nonenumerated manufactured articles. (G. A. 7098, T. D. 30904, of 1910.) PARAGRAPH 641. ACT OF 1909. ° ACT OF 19138. 707. Wax, vegetable or mineral, 641. Wax, vegetable or mineral. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—The waves of this paragraph are sub- Stances which resemble beeswax (par. 412) in physical properties and are mixtures of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Vegetable waxes are obtained from the fruit, leaves, or stems of many plants, a small number only being of commercial value. The principal vegetable waxes are carnauba, candelilla, Japan, myrtle or bayberry, and Cochin China or cay-cay. Chinese or insect wax, though classed as a vegetable, is really an animal wax. The mineral waxes, similar to paraffin (par. 561), come from patural bituminous sub- stances; the most important are ceresin and montan. Carnauba waz is obtained from the leaves of a palm growing in Brazil. The wax coats both the upper and lower surfaces of the young leaves, which are gathered, dried, and the wax removed by beating over a cloth, and is then purified by wetting with a little water. It is used in making hard candles, leather polishes and floor waxes, and certain varnishes, in phonograph records, and for adulter- ating beeswax. Mixed with paraffin, ceresin, or beeswax, it increases their hardness. Candelilla waz occurs as a secretion covering all parts, except the roots, of a plant growing abundantly in northern Mexico and south- western United States, obtained by boiling the plant with water and skimming off the melted wax. It can be used for making varnishes, insulating materialsshoe polishes, floor wax, dental molding, composi- tions, sealing wax, waterproof papers, lacquers for metals, and in other waxes to raise the melting point. Japan wax, one of the most important vegetable waxes, comes from the berries of certain species of Rhus in Japan and China. The wax is obtained by crushing the berries and pressing out the wax, extract- ing it with volatile solvents, or by boiling with water. The crude wax is of a greenish color, but may be bleached in the sun. It is used in polishes, floor waxes, and for currying leather. Japan wax is essentially a by-product of the lacquer industry, the tree exuding a lacquer for which it is principally cultivated; it is prepared only in India and China. 808 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Mirtle or bayberry waz is obtained by boiling the berries of various species of Myrica with water. It is green in color, due to chlorophyll, but may be bleached on exposure to sunlight or air. Its principal use is in candles. Cochin China or cay-cay wae is obtained from the seed kernels of a tree growing in Cochin China. Its principal use is in candles. Chinese or insect war is a secretion of an insect, cultivated for the purpose, which feeds on a certain species of Chinese tree. It is yel- lowish white and crystalline, odorless and tasteless, and used as a polish for furniture and jade ware, as a sizing for paper, silk, and eotton goods, and as exterior coating for candles. Ceresin (ozokerite paraffin) is a mineral wax obtained from the natural bituminous substance ozokerite. The best-known deposits of ozokerite are in Galicia ; it is also found in Roumania, Utah, Argentina, and the Orange River Colony. To obtain ceresin the crude ozokerite is stirred constantly while being heated with sulphurie acid. The resulting material is decolorized with char and filtered through a filter press. Ceresin thus obtained is yellow, but can be made white by further refining. It is largely adulterated with paraffin wax and bleached rosin, and used in candles, as a constituent of wood fillers and floor polishes, in insulating compounds, for making black shoe polish, and as an adulterant of beeswax. Monten wae is obtained by the extraction of certain lignites found in Saxony and Thuringia. The crude wax is brown in color, but by distillation with superheated steam may be obtained nearly white. It is used as a substitute for carnauba wax in polishes, in place of ceresin in insulating materials, for phonograph records, and, mixed with tar, for waterproofing roofs. Imports of mineral wares varied from 8,128,243 pounds, valued at $586,076 in 1910, to 5,852,362 pounds, valued at $489,376 in 1912. In 1914 the imports were 8,086,422, pounds, valued at $548,103, decreas- ing to 1,708,514 pounds, valued at $135,920 in 1918. The largest imports were formerly from Germany and Austria-Hungary; in 1917 and 1918, mostly from British India. Imports of vegetable waxes for 1910-1915 uveraged about 5,000,000 pounds annually, but increased in 1916 to 9,727,312 pounds, valued at $1,580,530. In 1918 they were 8,707.396 pounds, valued at $2,698,258, about 58 per cent from Brazil and about 380 per cent from Japan. Exports, except for small amounts of imported material, are not shown. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Shellac wax used in the manufacture of shoe pelishes, creams, etce., was held free of duty under this paragraph, and also monten wan. (Abstract 38982, of 1915.) Black waz and montan waz, assessed with duty under paragraph 479 of the act of 1909 and paragraph 384 of the act of 1918, were held free of duty as wax, vegetable or mineral. (Abstract 37611, of 1915.) Black mineral waz, classified as waste, was held free of duty as wax, vegetable or mineral, under this para- graph. (Abstract 38053, of 1915.) Montan waz, reported by the chemist to contain a large percentage of free fatty acid, was held free of duty under this paragraph, rather than dutiable as an acid not specially provided for under paragraph 1, the evidence showing that it is known commercially and bought and sold as montan wax. (Ab- stract 39632, of 1916.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 809 Chinese or insect wax is an animal rather than a vegetable or mineral product. PARAGRAPH 642. ACT OF 1909. 709. Wearing apparel, articles of personal adornment, toilet articles, and similar persona! effects of persons ar- riving in the United States; but this exemption shall only include such ar- ticles as actually accompany and are in the use of, and as are necessary and appropriate for the wear and use of such persons, for’ the immediate pur- poses of the journey and present com- fort and convenience, and shall not be held to apply to merchandise or ar- ticles intended for other persons or for sale: Provided, That in case of resi- dents of the United States returning from abroad, all wearing apparel and other personal effects taken by them out of the United States to foreign countries shall be admitted free of duty, without regard to their value, upon their identity being established, under appropriate rules and regula- tions to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, but no more than $100 in value of articles purchased abroad by such residents of the United States shall be admitted free of duty upon their return. ACT OF 1918. 642. Wearing apparel, articles of personal adornment, toilet articles, and Similar personal effects of persons ar- riving in the United States; but this exemption shall include only such ar- ticles as were actually owned by them and in their possession abroad at the time of or prior to their departure from a foreign country, and as are necessary and appropriate for the wear and use of such persons and are intended for such wear and use, and shall not beheld to apply to merchan- dise or articles intended for other per- sons or for sale: Provided, That in case of residents of the United States returning from abroad all wearing ap- parel, personal and household effects taken by them out of the United States to foreign countries shall be admitted free of duty, without regard to their value, upon their identity be- ing established under appropriate rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: Pro- vided further, That up to but not ex- ceeding $100 in value of articles ac- quired abroad by such residents of the United States for personal or house- hold use or as souvenirs or curios, but not bought on commission or intended for sale, shall be admitt2d free of duty. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Cigars, cigarettes, tobacco, liquors, and foodstuffs can not be in- cluded within the $100 exemption allowed returning residents of the United States under the last proviso to this paragraph. Said ex- emption should be confined to such articles in the nature of personal and household effects, curios, and souvenirs usually purchased by tourists and carried in baggage, such as wearing apparel, made up or unmade, table linen, pictures, books, musical instruments, pipes, cutlery, chinaware, stationery,. bric-a-brac, etc. (T. D. 383994, of 1913.) But vegetables and fruits canned, preserved, or otherwise prepared for household use by residents of the United States residing abroad may be brought into the United States free of duty under this exemption. (T. D. 37326, of 1917.) Bicycles, baby carriages, and wheel chairs are not personal effects under the first part of the para- graph, but may be included within the $100 exemption allowed return- ing residents of the United States. (T. D. 34282, of 1914.) Surgical instruments and other articles may be included within the $100 ex- emption, whether intended for the personal or business use of the returning resident. (T. D. 34486, of 1914.) A motion-picture film of the protestant flying in an aeroplane, not intended for sale, but intended only to be shown to his friends, is an article acquired for personal use and a souvenir within the meaning of that word as used 810 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, in the paragraph. (G. A. 7645, T. D. 84931, of 1914.) In the case of husband and wife and minor child traveling together, exempted articles may be grouped without regard to individual ownership. (T. D. 84512, of 1914.) Articles arriving subsequent to arrival of returning residents may be included within the $100 exemption if the articles were actually acquired abroad by such residents. (T. D. 35296, of 1915.) Passengers from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast and vice versa, by way of the Panama Canal, are entitled to exemp- tion provided for in the paragraph. (T. D. 35764, of 1915.) Residence of married women.—The appellant, though born in the United States, lived in England for many years with her father, who at her birth and continuously thereafter was a citizen of England. She married in London a citizen of the United States. Voyaging to the United States after her marriage, she is not to be deemed a resi- dent of the United States returning thereto, but a person arriving in the United States and under this paragraph her personal effects are entitled to entry free of duty. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 341, of 1914, fol- lowed in Abstract 38161, of 1915.) Residence of a married woman is that of her husband. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 414, of 19138.) Nonresidents arriving in the United States may under the pro- visions of this paragraph bring with them free of duty such articles as are enumerated in the paragraph’ without regard to their value or where purchased. (G. A. 8183, T. D. 37518, of 1918.) One who is in good faith residing and making his home abroad and who visits the United States with no intention of remaining here is entitled to bring in his personal effects free of duty. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 184, of 1911.) The status of a minor is that of the parent, hence the minor daughter of a resident of the United States spending several years abroad as a student is yet a resident of the United States within this paragraph. (G. A. 7953, T. D. 36614, of 1916.) Merchandise ordered by appellee in a foreign country, from a foreign country, for delivery in a foreign country, but delivered and paid for by appellee in this country, was not “ acquired abroad” within the meaning of this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 2838, of 1916.) Paintings acquired abroad and brought into the United States by a passenger on a vessel are not such personal effects as to relieve the passenger of the necessity of producing a certified invoice as required by section 3, paragraph E. It is not necessary aS prerequisite to forfeiture that the Government be “de- prived of customs revenues. Proof of intent to do the forbidden act satisfies the requirements of the statute. (T. D. 38111, of 1919.) PARAGRAPH 643. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF®1913. 710. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 643. Whalebone, unmanufactured. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Whalebone is a light, flexible, strong, elastic substance obtained from the plates that serve as teeth in baleen whales. These plates vary in length from a few inches to 10 or even 12 feet. Chemically the substance is composed of albumen, hardened by phosphate of lime. From it are made bristles for brushes and stuffing for mattresses; knobs for canes, umbrellas, and parasols; whips and artificial flowers; and, formerly, umbrella ribs, “ from a country, dependency, or other SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 811 and ribs for stiffening corsets and waists. It has been supplanted by steel in umbrellas, while gutta-percha, celluloid, featherbone, and similar materials are used in dressmaking. Production.—Alaska, Washington, and British Columbia in 1914 produced 2,800 pounds, 3,000 pounds, and 10,000 pounds, respectively ; in 1915, 120,717 pounds, 15,000 pounds, and 31,000 pounds; in 1916, 26,624 pounds, 10,000 pounds, and 60,000 pounds. In 1918 the Alaskan output was 9,250 pounds. Imports of whalebone, unmanufactured, inv 1914 were 9,524 pounds, valued at $11,781; in 1918, 36,107 pounds, valued at $16,480, mainly from the Falkland Islands and Asiatic Russia. Exports in 1914 were 35,034 pounds, valued at $58,165—23,525 pounds to France and the balance to Germany ; in 1917, 40,717 pounds, valued at $53,717, chiefly to England, France, and Canada. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Whalebone strips, tied in bundles, assessed with duty under para- graph 463 of the act of 1909, were held free of duty as whalebone unmanufactured under paragraph 710 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 32241, T. D. 33409, of 1913.) 2 PARAGRAPH 644. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 242. Wheat, 25 cents per bushel. 644. Wheat, wheat flour, semolina, 243. Wheat flour, and semolina, 25 | and other wheat products, not spe- per centum ad valorem. cially provided for in this section: Provided, That wheat shall be subject to a duty of 10 cents per bushel, that wheat flour shall be subject to a duty of 45 cents per barrel of 196 pounds, and semolina and other products of wheat, not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem, when imported directly or indirectly subdivision of government which im- poses a duty on wheat or wheat flour or semolina imported from the United States. GENERAL INFORMATION. W HEAT, Description and uses.—Three principal kinds of wheat—hard, soft, and durum—are recognized commercially. Hard wheat is preferred for bread flours; soft wheat for pastry, biscuits, and crackers; and durum wheat, a very hard variety with a high gluten content, for macaroni and other edible pastes. In milling practice it is customary to mix different types of wheat to obtain flour of varying grades. Color, weight, and strength are the principal standards by which wheat is judged. In addition to its familiar uses, wheat is aiso used in semolina for the edible pastes, in starch manufacture, and in various breakfast foods; the low grades or “feed wheat” and the by-products of flour milling are used for live-stock feed. About 85,000,000 bushels are required annually for domestic replanting. Production.—The average annual wheat crop during 1911-1915 was about 800,000,000 bushels, with a farm value of $750,000,000. The 812 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. United States is the world’s largest wheat producer. Wheat growing is widely distributed, but about half the crop is from the west North Central States. Of the hard wheat, the spring varieties are produced chiefly in the Dakotas, Minnesota, and Montana, and the hard winter varieties largely in Kansas and parts of adjacent States. Durum wheat is grown principally in Montana and the western part of the Dakotas. HKlsewhere soft wheats predominate. Of the world produc- tion of 3,500,000,000 to 4,000,000,000 bushels, Europe produces about one-half, but it also (excepting Russia, Hungary, and Roumania) absorbs the bulk of world exports. The world crop is largely of the soft varieties, the harder wheats being. produced chiefly in Russia, Canada, and the United States. Imports fluctuate greatly.. They come almost entirely from Canada, which produces chiefly hard spring wheat of excellent quality. Dur- ing 1897-1913, with a duty of 25 cents per bushel, imports exceeded 100,000 bushels only in years of shortage or poor quality in the do- mestic hard-wheat crop. Since 1914 imports have markedly increased, but trade conditions were greatly affected by Governmental control of consumption, imports, and exports. Exports constitute from 11 to 87 per cent of the domestic produc- tion during norma! years. An increasing proportion takes the form of wheat flour rather than of grain. Exports of grain move in con- siderable volume to many countries, chiefly to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Germany. From 1910 to 1918 they ranged from 34,118,853 to 259,642,533 bushels, valued at $80,000,000 to $333,000,000. WHEAT FLOUR. Description and uses.—In the modern flour mills wheat is first thoroughly cleaned and scoured, and then subjected to a succession of grindings or “breaks” between several sets of rollers (usually four), in which the grain is slowly broken and the outer layers of hull or skin (producing bran, middlings, shorts) sifted away. ‘The flour produced in the various breaks is blended in standard grades., ~ About 72 per cent of the wheat is usually received in the form of flour, 44 bushels of No. 2 hard wheat (270 pounds) making 1 barrel of flour (196 pounds) and 70 pounds of feed, with 4 pounds of loss. Two main commercial types of flour are (1) the soft, starchy flours from soft wheats and (2) the granular flour from hard wheats, the latter producing a larger quantity of bread per unit of flour, as well as a lighter loaf. Graham flour is the unbolted wheat meal ground from the whole kernel; while whole-wheat flour contains all of the kernel except the bran. Production of wheat flour in 1914 was 116,403,770 barrels, valued at $548,8389,000, from 546,000,000 bushels of wheat. The two principal milling States were Minnesota (27,132,153 barrels) and Kansas (12,- 777,582 barrels). While there were 6,876 wheat-flour mills in 1914, the industry is large-scale, over 60 per cent of the flour output being ground in 218 large mills, each producing 100,000 barrels or more. Import values of wheat flour average $500,000 normally, almost exclusively from Canada. | Exports for 1910-1918 ranged from about 9,000,000 to nearly 22,000,000 barrels, valued at $48,000,000 to $245,000,000, going to many countries, the United Kingdom being the most important. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 813 SEMOLINA, e Description and uses.—Semolina is a coarse granular meal with the bran removed, made from hard varieties of wheat. It is exten- sively used in macaroni, spaghetti, and other edible pastes. The term “semolina”’ is also applied to the particles retained in the bolting machine of the fiour mill and used in soups, puddings, etc. Some cereal breakfast foods are also made from semolina. Production statistics are not available. This country is one of the largest producers and exporters of durum and hard wheats, and supplies most of the semolina for domestic use. Import values rose from legs than $3,000 prior to 1914 to around $30,000 in later years. OTHER WHEAT PRODUCTS. Description and uses.—This provision covers the by-products of milling—such as bran, shorts, middlings—used chiefly as feed for animals. Production of bran and middlings in 1914 was 4,666,534 tons, valued at $104,702,735; of feed and offal, 4,753,280 tons, valued at $137,067,959; and of breakfast foods of all kinds, 92,676,085 pounds, valued at $2,932,238. Import values of bran and middlings from 1914 to 1918 ranged from $750,000 to $2,250,000, coming chiefly from Canada. Export values of mill feed for 1910-1918 ranged between $1,000,000 and $4,000,000, formerly going chiefly to Germany. Exports of bran and middlings were valued from $70,000 to $400,000. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Vegetable albumen from Germany.—To entitle merchandise to free entry under this paragraph it must appear that it is a wheat product not specially provided for and that it is imported from a country or subdivision thereof which does not impose a duty on wheat products imported from the United States. It is not a matter of common knowledge that the substance obtained as this was is albumen within paragraph 392, the chemical analysis relied on by the importer show- ing the substance to be 77.90 protein, 10 per cent starch, and 12.10 per cent moisture and fat. The protest did not call the attention of the collector to any other claim than that of free entry under para- graph 644, nor did it intimate that any different claim was then in the importer’s mind. It was insufficient. (6 Ct. Cust. Appis., 142, of 1915.) Wheat bran, the product of Canadian wheat ground in England, is free of duty under this paragraph. (T. D. 34868, of 1914.) Wheat bran from Costa Rica is dutiable under the proviso of this paragraph, that country imposing a duty on wheat flour and semolina imported from the United States, although not on wheat bran. (G. A. 8080, T. D. 37283, of 1917.) By an order in council of the Canadian Government under date of April 16, 1917, put into effect by the commissioner of customs at Ottawa on April 17, 1917, the duty on wheat imported into Canada was removed. Wheat im- ported from Canada into the United States prior to April 16, 1917, and held in bonded warehouses and entered for consumption at 4 o’clock on April 16, 1917, but not released from the custody of the Government by permit of delivery until 11 o’clock on April 17, 1917, 814 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. “was held free of duty. (G. A. 8193, T. D. 37746, of 1918; appeal dismissed, 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, of 1919.) Wheat scalpings or screenings, the residue after screening, from wheat as it comes from the thrasher, all the merchantable wheat, not sold or used as wheat, but bought and sold as wheat screenings and used as sheep feed or as an ingredient in the manufacture of chicken feed, are dutiable as a nonenumerated unmanufactured article under para- graph 885. They are not wheat within the meaning of this para- graph. It being shown that the wheat content can not as a com- mercial practicability be separated and that even if that were done it could not be marketed as wheat, segregation and dutiability under this paragraph can not be had. (8 %t. Cust. Appls.,. 2777 Offs ies followed in Abstract 43186, of 1919.) Wheat screenings are not a wheat product under this paragraph, but are dutiable, though im- ported from Canada, at the rate of 10 per cent ad valorem as a non- manufactured article under paragraph 385, whether in wheat entered for consumption or separated from wheat passing through the United States in transit or imported as a separate commodity. (T. D. 37187, of 1917; see also 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 267, of 1918.) Merchandise in- voiced as wheat screenings or scalpings, the importer’s witness testifying that it compares altogether with wheat, that it is prac- tically all wheat, and that it is sold as wheat and as feed wheat and chicken wheat, also that it is considered by the handlers of wheat in his country to be wheat, was held free of duty under this para- graph. (Abstract 42489, of 1918.) Wheat, of inferior quality and suitable alone for animal food, is still within the common, ordi- nary designation of wheat. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 465, of 1914.) Heated wheat, notwithstanding the commodity had been “ bin burned ” and “dry heated,” was also held to be wheat, it remaining essen- tially wheat and was bought and sold as such. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 472, of 1914.) Speltz, invoiced and entered as barley, was claimed to be free of duty as wheat. The testimony indicated that it was con- sidered as a kind of wheat, to wit, Russian wheat, raised in Canada, but never bought and sold as wheat, but known and dealt in as speltz, and it was held there was nothing in the evidence upon which the Board could safely predicate a finding that it is wheat. (Abstract 42930, of 1919.) (See par. 581.) PARAGRAPH 645. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 1385. * * *; barbed fence wire, # 645. All barbed wire, galvanized of 1 cent per pound, but the same | wire not larger than twenty one-hun- shall not be subject to any additional | dredths of one inch in diameter and or other rate of duty hereinbefore pro- | not smaller than eight one-hundredths wided.;: es) Se. of one inch in diameter of the kind commonly used for fencing purposes, galvanized wire fencing composed of wires not larger than twenty one-hun- dredths of one inch in diameter -nor smaller than eight one-hundredths of one inch in diameter, and wire com- monly used for baling hay or other commodities. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 815 GENERAL INFORMATION. BARBED WIRE, Production of barbed wire in 1914 was 348,693 tons. The capacity of the country has been regarded as 50,000 tons per month and the normal output as 30,000. Under war demands the output rose to 40,000 tons per month. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana are important producing States. Imports in 1914 formed only 0.002 per cent of production; exports, 26 per cent. Imports.—The largest recorded import was 247 tons, in 1916. In 1918 imports were 67 tons. Exports.—The largest export was 407,952 short tons, in 1916. In 1918 they amounted to 208,260 short tons. GALVANIZED FENCE WIRE: Imports.—The act of 1913 separated galvanized fence wire from other coated wire, provided for in paragraph 114. Average yearly imports under the act of 19138 to June 30, 1917, amounted to 10 short tons. In 1918, 0.4 ton, valued at $67, was imported. GALVANIZED WIRE FENCING. Woven wire fencing, made of wire of the gauges ordinarily used for that purpose, is admitted under this clause. Netting made of smaller wire, as poultry netting, would fall under paragraph 114. Production.—Production in 1914 was valued at $35,424,000. This figure included poultry netting made by establishments drawing wire. Pennsylvania and Illinois have over two-thirds of the country’s woven wire fence machines. Approximately 56 per cent of the product was made in establishments drawing wire. This percentage includes poultry netting for such establishments, but not for those purchasing the wire used. Imports in 1918 were 36 short tons, valued at $3,585. Exports of woven wire fencing in 1918 were valued at $837,621. BALING WIRE. Imports.—The act of 1913 separated baling wire from other iron and steel wire, provided for in paragraph 114. For 1918-1917 imports averaged 84 short tons; in 1918, 2.6 short tons, valued at $347. PARAGRAPH 646. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 711. Witherite. 646. Witherite. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Witherite is a mineral consisting chiefly of barium carbonate. It is sparingly distributed, England having the only deposits that can be mined economically. It is used principally as a mineral filler in the rubber industry, and to some extent in the manufacture of barium chemicals. (See pars. 10 and 51 for other barium products.) Production.—A deposit of witherite was discovered in California in 1914, but it has not proved to be of commercial importance. Imports of witherite in 1914 were 1,223,986 pounds, valued at . $7,927, entirely from .Hngland. 816 / SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The provision for witherite in paragraph 711 of the act of 1909, was held limited in its application only to the natural crude mineral ore, and not to include precipitated carbonate of baryta. T. D. 31810, of 1911.) (G. A. 7262, PARAGRAPH 647. ACT OF 1909. 712. Wood: Logs and round un- manufactured timber, including pulp woods, firewood, handle bolts, shingle bolts, gun blocks for gunstocks rough hewn or sawed or planed on one side, hop poles, ship timber and ship plank- ing; all the foregoing not specially provided for in this section. 206. Hubs for wheels, posts, head- ing bolts, stave bolts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks or Sticks, rough hewn, sawed or bored, 20 per centum ad valorem. 201. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and other lumber of whitewood, syca- more, and basswood, 50 cents per thousand feet board measure; sawed lumber, not specially provided for in this section, $1.25 per thousand feet board measure; but when lumber of any sort is planed or finished, there shall be levied in addition to the rates herein provided the following: For one side so planed or finished, 50 cents per thousand feet board meas- ure; for planing or finishing on one side and tonguing and grooving or for planing or finishing on two sides, 75 cents per thousand feet board meas- ure; for planing or finishing on three sides, or planing and finishing on two sides and tonguing and _ grooving, $1.123 per thousand feet board meas- ure; for planing and finishing on four sides, $1.50 per thousand feet board measure; and in estimating board measure under this schedule no deduction shall be made on board measure on account of planing, tongu- ing, and grooving. 205. Clapboards, $1.25 per thou- sand. 207. Laths, 20 cents per one thou- sand pieces. 208. Pickets, palings and staves of wood, of all kinds, 10 per centun’ ad valorem, 209. Shingles, sand. 200. Timber, hewn, sided or squared otherwise than by sawing (not less than eight inches square) and round timber used for spars or in building wharves, 4 of 1 cent per cubic foot. 565. Fence posts of wood. 603. Kindling wood. 50 cents per thou- ‘biocks, ACT OF 1918. 647. Wood: Logs, timber, round, un- manufactured, hewn or sawed, sided or squared ; pulp woods, kindling wood, firewood, hop poles, hoop poles, fence posts, handle bolts, shingle bolts, gun blocks for gunstocks, rough hewn or sawed, or planed on one side; hubs for wheels, posts, heading bolts, stave bolts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar heading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed, or bored; sawed boards, planks, deals, and other lumber, not further manu- factured than sawed, planed, and tongued and grooved; clapboards, laths, pickets, palings, staves, shingles, ship timber, ship planking, broom handles, sawdust, and wood flour; all the foregoing not specially provided for in this section. * SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 817 GENERAL INFORMATION. The original stand of timber within the present area of continental United States has been estimated at 850,000,000 acres, about one- third of which has been removed. The logging and lumbering indus- tries as hitherto conducted has resulted in the depletion of a natural resource. Government agencies are thinking of conservation and reforestation, as are also some railroads and pulp mills, but at present depletion is proceeding much more rapidly than new growth. The great forest areas of New England and the Lake States have nearly disappeared, and it is estimated the southern forests of yellow pine, now the most important supply, will last only 10 or 15 years. The greatest potential supply is in the virgin forests of Douglas fir, western yellow pine, redwood, western red cedar, and other conifers, located in Idaho, Montana, and the Pacific States. Jn spite of rapid depletion this country is third in acreage of standing timber. Russia (territory before the war) is first (813,000,000 acres) and Canada sec- ond (799,000,000 acres). The forests of the United States furnish many varieties of general building and cabinet woods. However, mahogany, rosewood, briar wood, and some others, mostly tropical, do not grow here. The principal native woods, in order of commercial importance and annual cut in billions of feet, are: Yellow pine, 14.8 (i. e. 14,800,000,000 feet) ; Douglas fir, 5.5; oak, 3.2; white pine, 2.6; hemlock, 2.38; western pine, 1.3; cypress, 1.1; spruce, 1.0; maple, 0.9; red gum, 0.8; yellow poplar, 0.6; redwood, 0.5; chestnut, 0.5; larch, 0.4; birch, 0.4; beech, 0.4; cedar, 0.4; basswood, 0.3; elm, 0.2; cotton- wood, 0.2; ash, 0.2; hickory, 0.2; sugar pine, 0.15; and tupelo, 0.1. Forest ownership is for the most part private and is much concen- trated. The great private holdings, acquired largely as speculative investments and heavily mortgaged, involve large carrying charges for interest, taxes, and fire protection. There is thus a constant pres- sure upon the owners to realize on their investments. When unable to sell their holdings at a satisfactory price to lumbermen, they set up sawmills and turn lumbermen themselves. Partly as a result of this situation there is a great excess of sawmill capacity over lum- ber production, the actual cut averaging only 82 per cent of the capacity of the mills. The consequence is considerable fluctuation in the prices of lumber anda large proportion of the industry is ¢con- ducted at a loss. Records obtained from 108 manufacturers of south- ern pine in 1914 showed that as manufacturers they were conducting business at an average loss of approximately 32 cents per 1,000 feet. When, however, aS was usually the case, they were also owners of the timberland, they realized by this method a sufficient return on the original investment to more than offset losses incident to manufacture. The rapid depletion of the forests brought about by the above- mentioned forces is a matter of concern not only to producers and consumers of lumber, but also (because of the effect of forests located along the great watersheds upon rivers) to the agricultural interests of the country and to those connected with inland navigation and water power. The situation in the lumber industry, therefore, is such that in so far as it is a matter for legislation, the problem of conservation ranks in importance with the problems of protection and revenue, if indeed it is not paramount to them. Moreover, be- cause of the specifie uses of different kinds of wood, it is not merely a 184911°—20—__52 818 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. problem of the conservation of forests, but of the conservation of an adequate supply of different species of trees—spruce for pulp wood ; elm for various parts of vehicles, for baskets, and for slack cooper- age; hickory and ash for handles; ash, beech, and maple for kitchen furniture, butter-tub staves, and various articles of woodenware; birch for spools; cedar for shingles, poles, and posts; oak and black walnut for furniture; oak and hemlock for tanning; ete. For most of these uses substitutes can be found, but for each there is one wood which is best. Production.—The lumber industry includes five stages: (1) The ownership of standing timber; (2) logging, or cutting trees into logs, and delivering them to the sawmills; (8) manufacturing logs into lumber,. including seasoning, surfacing, and finishing into special forms; (4) wholesale lumber distribution; and (5) retail distribution. The logging and milling branches rank first among manufactures in the employment of labor—736,000 employees, or 104 per cent of wage earners in all manufacturing industries; they are third among manufacturing industries in value of annual product, $1,156,000,000 in 1909. Retail establishments numbered 42,000 in 1914, with 126,000 em- ployees. The manufacturing and retail branches have a combined investment of over $2,000,000,000. A summary of data for sawmills and planing mills (1914) shows 38,070 establishments, 576,000 wage earners, $1,283,378,871 in capital, $301,925,792 paid in wages, and $1,022,982,811 value of products. The States, ranked in importance with reference to value of output in millions of dollars, are: Washing- ton, 78 (i. e., $78,000,000) ; Louisiana, 62; Arkansas, 39; Wisconsin, 37; Mississippi, 36; Michigan, 34; Minnesota, 32; North Carolina, 30; Oregon, 27; West Virginia, 24; California, 23; Texas, 23; Virginia, 23; Maine, 22; Tennessee, 22; and Alabama, 21. This includes only States with an output exceeding $20,000,000 in value. The industry is important, however, in many other States. Imports and exports.—Imports and exports are made comparable in the following tables as far as data will admit. Pulp wood is not separately listed in the export trade. Paving posts, railroad ties, telephone, trolley, electric-light, and telegraph poles (not included because dutiable) should be added in order to obtain the imports and exports of wood only slightly advanced beyond the round-timber stage (par. 170). Canadian percentages of exports and imports are given because of their importance and because it is with Canada that the most serious tariff problems arise. Over 90 per cent of the total log and lumber imports are from Canada. About 20 per cent of the total log and lumber exports are to Canada; the remaining 80 per cent are widely distributed, nearly all countries receiving part of their lumber supply from the United States. The chief purchasers in normal times are the United Kingdom, Mexico, Cuba, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Argentina, Panama, and the West Indies. The kinds of wood entering the export trade, with value in millions of dollars (1914), are: Yellow pine (long leaf, short leaf, and other), 23.1 (i. e., $23,100,000) ; oak, 10.6; fir, 8.7; gum, 2.2;-redwood, 1.9; white pine, 1.6; poplar, 1.4; spruce, 0.5; cypress, 0.4; and all other, 6.9. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 819 Imports of logs and lumber not further advanced than finished boards. Item. 1914 1918 Logs, round timber.....-.-..--.-. M feet. - 148, 938 | $1, 657, 605 65, 394 $815, 247 Percentage from Canada. ....-...----- 94.4 94.5 99.4. 98.8 NS, eee ea cords.-| 1,073,023 | $7,245,466 | 1,172,033 $11, 088, 422 Percentage from Canada. ......-.....- 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 All other unmanufactured woods.........-|.-.---.----- $559, 036 [-...-.--.225 | $1,281, 626 Percentage from Canada ........scccccjeosonsccceee oH a eS eee Se . 30. 8 Total unmanufactured . ..........-2-|..0-s.0-00e OO; 4020107 [os secccdene — $13, 185, 295 Percentage from Canada........|..........-- UG0 Tatewerat sees ) 93.2 Sawed boards, planks, deals...... M feet. . 924, 567 |$17,511,627 | 1,278,482 , $32, 428, 405 Percentage from Canada.........-..-- 96.6 96.6 98. 2 | 98.4 cee sre cone |anasnncnony. eT he | $8si, 122 PRMRERE OG 4FOT CANAGS... 50. ceccceclesas asec cass Fes Piles = erage ata | 91.6 Motalananilactured seve. 2-5-5. 2- 28) esi geese! $18, 326, 906 |.......-.-.. | $33, 309, 527 Percentage from Canada.......-|.-.-.--++-0- po ORE SE) a eh eat 98.3 Exports of logs and lumber not further advanced than finished boards. Item. 1914 ‘ 1918 iogs, round timber ....-.-........ M feet-. 138, 067 | $3, 256, 023 33, 917 $703, 809 Percentage to Canada................- 35. 2 18.4 59.7 50. 4 Hewn and sawed timber....-....- M feet. . 441,166 | $9,172,411 106,217 | $3,255, 545 Percentage to Canada.....-......-...- 8.5 11.4 “18.7 22.3 Total unmanufactured.........-...- 579, 233 |$12, 428, 434 140,134 | $3,959,354 Percentage to Canada.........-. 14.9 13.2 28.6 27.3 Boards, planks, scantlings.....-.- M feet..| 2,417,439 |$57, 781,467 | 1,067,709 | $44,307,977 Percentage to Canada............-.--- 18.0 18.0 | 21.2 18.9 « Competition.—The lumber industry is highly competitive. Hold- ings of timberland are concentrated and attempts have been made by the owners to cooperate in controlling output and prices, but with no permanent success. The pressure to realize on investment as above described has held in check monopolistic tendencies. In milling and marketing, competition is especially severe; it is local, regional, and foreign. Individual establishments in every important lumber region compete with one another, and timber from the South competes in the markets of the Middle West with lumber from the Pacific and Lake States. Moreover, the industry as a whole is subjected to competition with Canada; the fact that American producers are able to sell their products in all the principal markets of the world, including Canada itself, demonstrates that they are able to meet Canadian competition. However, at some points on the northern frontier American pro- ducers are at a disadvantage. Cost studies in the Douglas fir region show that the cost per 1,000 feet varies greatly as between individual establishments. Hence, while some producers can meet Canadian competition at a profit, others can not. Finally, there is competition with substitutes. There is hardly a major use for wood—unless it be railroad ties—for which a substitute is not available, Iron and steel, = 820 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. brick and stone, and reinforced concrete are supplanting wood for building; metal, felt, paper, and various patent roofings compete with shingles; coal, oil, and industrial alcohol take the place of wood for fuel; the wooden sidewalk has nearly disappeared and the wooden fence is disappearing. It is estimated that substitutes for lumber aggregate 8,090,000,000 board feet, and for wood in all its uses, inc!ud- ing fuel, 27,715,000,000 board feet. The total lumber consumption of the United States in 1915 was about 40,000,000,000 board feet. Hence the annual substitution amounts to about 20 per cent of the annual consumption. ; PULP WOOD. Production.—One of the most important items of unmanufactured wood is that ground into pulp for making paper. The total con- sumption in 1914 was 4,470,763 cords, valued at $39,408,453, and in- creased during the war to 5,250,794 cords, valued at $73,167,118 in 1918. From these figures it appears that the quantity consumed in- creased by 17 per cent and the value by 86 per cent. Spruce is by far the most important, constituting 54.7 per cent of the entire consump- tion. Other pulp woods, in order of importance, are hemlock, balsam fir, poplar, jack pine, yellow pine, yellow poplar, tamarack, gum, white fir, cottonwood, basswood, white pine, beech, birch, maple, and chestnut. Of the total consumption, 3,886,767 cords are domestic and 1,870,027 cords are imported. Exports of pulp woods are not segre- gated from logs and round timber, but should be added to the above to give the total domestic production. -‘Imports.—Pulp wood is imported rough or with the bark removed by the processes of peeling or rossing, practically all from Canada. Imports of pulp wood, 1914 and 1918 (calendar years). 1914 1918 Form. a ie alue alue Cords. Per cent. per cord, Cords. Per cent. per cord } FRQUAG 6 cane ch ae oe ch « 198, 414 19.8 $6. 04 276, 644 20. 2 $9.11 RGGLOU woce es cinaten ae secs 599, 299 60. 0 6. 40 964, 804 70. 4 9.63 HOSSGGs ct eaecemet eee ate 201, 936 | 20.2 8.61 128, 579 9.4 12.04 Rotel. socccceien a 999, 649 100; Deltas need 1,370, 027 100, 0: -2o2eee SHINGLES. Production.—Shingles are among the important wood products and have given rise to considerable tariff controversy. They are produced from several kinds of wood and in nearly all the States, but about one-half the output is of western red cedar in the State of Washing- ton alone. In 1912 the total output was 12,037,685,000; of these 9,500,908,000 were of cedar (western red and white) and 1,311,750,000 were of cypress, two woods particularly suitable because of their resistance to decay. Other woods in order of importance (amounts in millions of shingles) were: Yellow pine, 578 (i. e., 578,000,000 shingles) ; red wood, 447; white pine, 69; chestnut, 45; western pine, 80; hemlock, 29; and spruce, 8, In 1911 the States producing over SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 821 100,000,000 shingles (amounts in millions) were Washington, 7,745 (i. e., 7,745,000,000 shingles) ; Louisiana, 800; Maine, 559; Michigan, 510; California, 404; Oregon, 392; Wisconsin, 324; Georgia, 256; Florida, 167; North Carolina, 161; Alabama, 148; and Arkansas, 146. It will be seen that the industry centers in the Pacific Northwest, the South, the Lake States, and the State of Maine. The four States, Washington, Louisiana, Maine, and Michigan, each typical of these regions, produce about 80 per cent of the total output. In the United States the red cedar grows in mixed stands with the Douglas fir. As the cutting of Douglas fir is the preponderant logging interest, cedar bolts and logs are somewhat of the nature of a by-product. The supply of raw material for the shingle mills there- fore depends upon conditions in the fir trade. Other factors are the proportion of cedar in the timber being logged, and the proportion of cedar logs used for other purposes than shingles. When there is a curtailment of output on the part of loggers because of the low price of fir, cedar logs become scarce. It also sometimes happens that there is a strong demand for cedar logs for siding or other purposes. In either case the shingle manufacturers have difficulty in obtaining raw material and at times have been compelled to shut down. A considerable proportion of the shingles are made from bolts derived from dead stumps left in cut-over land. This is especially true in the “straight shingle mills” (mills producing shingles only). Logs are more extensively used in the ‘ combination mills” (mills producing other products as well as shingles). Imports were 895,038 thousand, valued at $2,190,170 in 1914 and 1,878,465 thousand, valued at $5,453,951 in 1918, virtually all from Canada. Exports were 46,964 thousand, valued at $112,463, in 1914 and 20,606 thousand, valued at $96,142 in 1918. Competition.—Numerous attempts have been made by shingle manufacturers to control prices, but with little success. ‘ Straight ”’ shingle mills can be set up with small capital, and when prices are good the increase of supply due to such mills soon reduces the price. Moreover, the capacity of the mills at all times is much in excess of the demand. Competition is therefore severe among the domestic producers, also with Canada, whose industry has some ad- vantage in raw material. As stated, the supply of red cedar logs and bolts depends upon conditions in the Douglas fir industry, and hence is often inadequate to the demand and the price is high. This is a serious matter, as the raw material is the chief item of cost. . In British Columbia there are large pure stands of red cedar and the industry is not so dependent on the logging conditions of Douglas fir. Canadian logs are admitted free of duty, but until recently the Pro- vincial Government imposed a tax, which was remitted if the logs were manufactured in the Province. This virtually amounted to an export duty and placed American manufacturers at a disadvantage. In 1919 this tax was suspended by order in council and the importa- tion of-logs greatly mcreased. ‘There is no warrant, however, that the tax will not be restored. It is claimed that the employment of Hindus gives Canada a considerable advantage in labor costs. This claim, however, is contested. Wages are undoubtedly lower, but the labor is less efficient. Canadian shingles have had a better reputation for quality than the American, which, to reduce freight costs, have been 822 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. kiln dried until the life is baked out of them. Recently, however, con- ditions in respect to quality have been improved through the activities of the shingle branch of the West Coast Lumbermen’s Association in grading and standardizing the product. Finally, any effort to control price is held in check by the competition of substitutes. Felt, metal, paper, and other roofings are everywhere pushed by the most efficient methods of advertising and salesmanship, and only the application of similar means wil! enable the shingle industry to maintain itself in the contest, ALL OTHER ITEMS. Other items in paragraph 647 are either of minor importance or data as to production and export are not available. Impo.ts are given in the following table: Items. 1914 1918 Kindling wood. ..25. 3... c.oc2 sae bundles. . 1, 830 $1,014 |. ...5. Sooo cee eee Firewood. .. 4. -.20)--50 ice. aes scenes cords. . 16, 217 57,378 26, 872 $125, 197 Bop poled hoop Poles née csc cece sae oe hie ears 630,780 |... 0eae eee 193, 686 Total J... Jose Se~ savanenccens 1s ahah cpiawake’s heden 7; YD, 800 f2222sScceee 5, 060, 922 INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Split rattan cut into lengths was held free of duty under this para- graph as not being further advanced than cut into lengths suitable for umbrella sticks, ete. They can not be said to be, by their condi- tion, definitely appropriated to any specified use. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 273, of 1915.) Bamboo split and cut into lengths was also held free under this paragraph. The splitting and cutting into lengths of the SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 825 bamboo does not in fact make it anything, or putting it up into ‘bundles did not change its character. It has not been manufactured. The decisions and the legislative history show the merchandise was entitled to free entry. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 275, of 1915.) Boxwood sticks in the rough and not further advanced than cut into lengths suitable for use in making umbrellas, parasols, etc., are also free of duty under this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 92 and 97, of 1915.) Reeds imported in the rough in the crudest form in which such reeds are imported were held free of duty under this provision (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 522, of 1913); also slab rattan, and broom and split rattan, used only in the manufacture of brooms (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 1915. See, however, decisions under paragraph 173). Cedar logs sawed on one or two sides for facility in shipment and not to secure uniformity in dimensions, are free of duty as cedar in the log, rough or hewn only, under this paragraph and not dutiable at 10 per cent ad valorem as sawed cedar under paragraph 169. (Abstract 39610, of 1916.) (See pars. 169 and 173.) PARAGRAPH 649. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 406. Mechanically ground wood pulp, 649. Mechanically ground wood pulp, vz of 1 cent per pound, dry weight: | chemical wood pulp, unbleached or Provided, however, That mechanically | bleached, and rag pulp. ground wood pulp shall be admitted free of duty from any country, de- pendency, province, or other subdivi- ) @ion of government (being the product thereof) which does not forbid or re- ‘ strict in any way the exportation of (whether by law, order, regulation, contractual relation, or otherwise, di- rectly or indirectly) or impose any ex- port duty, export license fee, or other export charge of any kind whatsoever, either directly or indirectly (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, mechanically ground wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp: Provided further, That if any country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government, shall impose an export duty or other export charge of any kind whatsoever, either directly or indirectly (whether in the form of additional charge, or license fee, or otherwise) upon printing paper, mechanically ground wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, the amount of such export duty or other export charge shall be added as an additional duty to the duty herein imposed upon mechanically ground wood pulp when imported di- rectly or indirectly from such country, dependency, province, or other subdivi- sion of government. Chemical wood pulp, unbleached, % of 1 cent per pound, dry weight; bleached, 4 of 1 cent per pound, dry weight: Provided, That if any country, dependency, prov- ince, or other subdivision of govern- 826 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. ment shall impose an export duty, or other export charge of any kind what- soever, either directly or. indirectly (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, chemical wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufac- ture of wood pulp, the amount of such export duty, or other export charge, shall be added as an additional duty to the duties herein imposed upon chemical wood pulp when imported di- rectly or indirectly from such country, dependency, province, or other subdivi- sien of government. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Wood pulp consists essentially of cellulose extracted from trees, and is mostly used in making paper. Other uses are in paper board, papier-maché (pulped paper molded while moist into various forms), wall paper, etc. A Pennsylvania com- pany manufactures wood pulp into yarn which is woven into all sorts of clothing, including imitation silk. This yarn may also be used with cotton, linen, or wool. The central drum of car wheels is often made of wood pulp molded and pressed into the proper shape with a steel rim frozen to the paper core. ; Production.—There are two principal processes of manufacturing wood pulp, namely, the mechanically ground and the chemically® treated. The mechanically ground pulp is manufactured by feeding 2-foot logs stripped of their bark to heavy grindstones, usually oper- ated by water power or electric turbines. After grinding, the wood is screened to remove chips and the water pressed out; i. e., the pulp is merely raw wood with the base unchanged except in form. ‘The chemically treated comprises three processes, the sulphite, sulphate, and soda methods. The fiber is isolated and becomes almost a pure form of cellulose, the other constituents of the wood being removed. Jn the sulphite process the wood is first prepared as in the mechanical process and then treated with sulphuric acid and its salts in large boilers for a definite time. By varying the strength of the liquid and the time of boiling, the quality of the cellulose can be governed for different qualities of paper. The sulphate process is applied to coniferous woods which do not soften readily under the soda method. This process yields an excellent pulp, but because of an action between sodium sulphite and organic matter, with resultant ill-smelling com- pounds, the method is not extensively employed in this country. In the soda process the wood is mechanically ground to small chips and, with a solution of caustic soda, boiled in large closed vats. The non- fibrous matter is thus dissolved and a pulp of brownish color ob- tained ; wood and vegetable fibrous material of almost every kind can be converted into pulp-by this method. Substitutes for wood pulp in the manufacture of paper are hemp, jute, cotton waste, old rope and linen rags, bagasse (the residue of cane sugar), and other vegetable fibers. But paper-making pulp can not be produced as readily or cheaply from any of them as from tree fibers, nor can these substitutes be grown on such a large scale or in SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 827 unfavorable climates. The principal woods used are spruce, hemlock, balsam fir, and aspen (better known as poplar), with the spruce pre- dominating. Others, such as yellow pine, yellow poplar, gum, tama- rack, white fir, cottonwood, basswood, beech, birch, maple, and chest- nut, are also used, but amount to barely 1 per cent of the total con- sumption. The main reason spruce is so highly valued is because it is the least resinous. The United States does not produce sufficient wood pulp to satisfy the home market, and receives large imports from Canada (one-third of our consumption), Norway, Sweden, and Germany (before the war). The 1916 census showed 287 mills here and 72 in Canada. Our mills are located as follows: New York, 75; Maine, 32; Wiscon- sin, 38; Pennsylvania, 13; New Hampshire, 11; Vermont, 10; Michi- gan, 10; Virginia, 6; Minnesota, 5; Massachusetts, 3; and California, Oregon, and Washington, combined, 8; all other States, 11. In 1914 the total production of wood pulp was 2,893,150 tons, valued at $89,865,156; in 1916, 3,271,310 tons, valued at $116,041,348; in 1917, 3,509,939 tons, valued at $150,902,280; in 1918, 3,313,861 tons, valued at $174,579,645. In 1914, 63 factories were engaged in making pulp only, with 5,807 employees; wages of $38,255,228; capital of $36,027,- 869; value of product, $20,526,886; value added by manufacture, $6,793,306. Rags for rag pulp amounted to 361,667 tons, valued at $12,151,288 in 1914. In addition 160 establishments manufactured both pulp and paper having an estimated value of $69,338,770. Imports of wood pulp in 1914 were valued at $17,023,338; in 1918, ‘at $31,589,090, coming principally from Canada, Norway, and Sweden. Imports of rag pulp in 1914 were 197,180 pounds, valued at $9,744; in 1918, 3,209,883 pounds, valued at $59,782. Exports in 1914 were valued at $529,741, in 1918 at $3,531,304. (Sec pars. 320 and 322.) PARAGRAPH 650. ACT OF 1909. 860. All wools, * * * hair of the camel, and other like animals shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, into the three following classes: 861. Class one, that is to say, me- rino, mestiza, metz, or metisS wools, or other wools of Merino blood, imme- diate or remote, Down clothing wools, and wools of like character with any of the preceding, including Bagdad wool, China lamb’s. wool, Castel Branco, Adrianople skin wool or butcher’s wool, and such as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Buenos Aires, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain, Canada, Egypt, Morocco, and elsewhere, and all wools not hereinafter included in classes two and three. 362. Class two, that is to say, Lei- cester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down ACT OF 1915. 650. Wool of the sheep, hair of the camel, and other like animals, and all wools and hair on the skin of such animals, and paper twine for binding any of the foregoing. This paragraph shall be effective on and after the first day of December, nineteen hundred and thirteen, until which time the rates of duty now provided by sched- ule K of the existing law shall remain in full force and effect. 828 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. combing wools, Canada long wools, or other like combing wools of English blood, and usually known by the terms herein used, and also hair of the camel, * * * and other like animals. 363. Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South American, Cor- dova, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Rus- sian camel's hair, and all such wools of like character as have been hereto- fore usually imported into the United States from Turkey, Greece, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting improved wools hereinafter provided for. 3864. The standard samples of all wools which are now or may be here- after deposited in the principal custom- houses of the United States, under the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be the standards for the classification of wools under this Act, and the Secretary of the Treas- ury is authorized to renew _ these standards and to make such additions to them from time to time as may be required, and he shall cause to be de- posited like standards in other custom- » houses of the United States when they may be needed. 365. Whenever wools of class three shall have been improved by the ad- mixture of Merino or English blood from their present character as repre- sented by the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the principal cuStom-houses of the United States, Such improved wools shall be classified for duty either as class one cr as class two, as the case may be. 366, The duty on wools of the first class which shall be imported washed shall be twice the amount of the duty to which they would be subjected if imported unwashed; and the duty on wools of the first and second classes which shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they would be subjected if imported un- washed. The duty on wools of the third class, if imported in condition for use in carding or spinning into yarns, or which shall not contaiu more than 8 per centum of dirt or other foreign substance, shall be three times the duty to which they would otherwise be subjected. 367. Unwashed wools shall be con- sidered such as shall have been shorn from the sheep without any cleansing ; ACT OF 1913. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. that is, in their natural condition. Washed wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water only on the sheep’s back or on the skin. Wools of the first and second classes washed in any other manner than on the sheep’s back or on the skin shall be considered as scoured wool. 368. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, * * * and other like animals, of class one and class two, which shall be im- ported in any other than ordinary condition, or which has been sorted or increased in value by the rejection ef any part of the original fleece, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject: Provided, That skirted wools as imported in eighteen hundred and ninety and prior thereto are hereby excepted. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, = * * ‘and other like animals of any class which shal! be changed in its character or condition for the pur- pose of evading the duty, or which shall be reduced in value by the ad- mixture of dirt or any other foreign substance, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject. When the duty assessed upon any wool equals three times or more that which would be assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, the duty shall not be doubled on account of the wool keing sorted. If any bale or package of wool or hair specified in this Act invoiced or entered as of any specified class, or claimed by the importer to be dutiable as of any specified class, shall contain any wool or hair subject to a higher rate of duty than the class so specified, the whole bale or pack- age shall be subject to the highest rate of duty chargeable on wool of the elass subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed by the importer to be shoddy, niungo, flocks, wool, hair, or other ma- terial of any class specified in this Act, and such bale contain any admix- ture of any one or more of said ma- terials, or of any other material, the whole bale or package shall be subject to duty at the highest rate imposed upon any article in said bale or pack- age. 369. The duty upon all wools and hair of the first class shall be 11 cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of, the second class 12 cents per pound. ACT OF 1913. 829 830 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 3870. On wools of the third class and on camel’s hair of the third class the value whereof shall be 12 cents or less per pound, the duty shall be 4 cents per pound. On -:wools of the third class, and on camel’s hair of the third class, the value whereof shall exceed 12 cents per pound, the duty shall be 7 cents per pound. 3871. The duty on wools on the skin shall be 1 cent less per pound than is imposed in this schedule on other wools of the same class and condition, the quantity and value to be ascertained under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. GENERAL INFORMATION. WOOL. Description and uses.—There are many different kinds and quali- ties of wool, separated each from the other by slight yet distinct gradations. The standard samples which were used in classifying wool at the principal customhouses before the removal of the duty in 1913 numbered 381, besides 78 samples of wool waste of various kinds, and of goat and cattle hair. Wool varies not only according to the breed of sheep, but with the climate where grown, the pastur- age, and the care and attention bestowed on the fleece in shearing and packing. Merino wool.—The finest wool comes from merino sheep (originat- ing.in Spain, now in many parts of the world), which have undergone variations through selective breeding. They are small, hardy, good herders, and covered with a dense fleece, naturally very oily. The oil helps to preserve the elasticity of the fiber, but in consequence a large amount of dirt clings to it, causing a shrinkage in weight when scoured, often as much as 60 per cent. The fiber is covered with numerous scales, giving it a clinging quality desirable in yarn for fine fabrics. English wools—The “ English breeds” of sheep form a distinct group, noted for their excellent mutton qualities and a good (though for many purposes not the finest) wool, divided into two main classes, the “ long wools”’ and the “ down wools.” The long wools are “combing” wools, produced principally by the Lincoln, Leicester, Cotswold, and Kent or Romney Marsh sheep, and noted for luster and brilliancy as well as for length. The fiber is from 6 to 15 inches long, strong and fairly fine, and makes excellent lustrous dress goods and braids. The Down combing wools are shorter and not so fine as merino wools, but long enough to comb easily with modern ma- chinery, the fleeces usually containing less oil and dirt than the merino. The great popularity of the ‘‘ Down” sheep is due to a com- bination of excellent mutton-producing and fairly good wool-producing qualities. The leading breeds of ‘‘ Down” are the Southdown, Suffolk, Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire, and Dorset. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION 831. Crossbred wool.—The “ crossbreds ” are sheep partly of merino and partly of “ English” blood, with size and weight of a good mutton sheep, and wool which retains much of the fineness and elasticity of the merino. These kinds of wool, made by crossing different kinds of English sheep with the various types of merinos, are becoming in- creasingly significant with the relative importance of mutton. Poorer grades of wool.—The “carpet,” or Class III wools, are miscellaneous kinds coming from many parts of the world, but principally from Russia and Asia. They are coarse, often gray, brown, or black, and kempy (having white brittle hairs which resist dyeing) or cotted (that is, matted or felted). Some are used in coarse blankets and felts, robes, upholstery goods, or to mix with better wools in the manufacture of tweeds or cheviots, but most of them go into carpets—some of the best into the Wilton, Axminster, and Brus- sels varieties. Donskoi wools, grown in Russia, are the most im- portant. The Savolga, Kasan, Tscherskoi, and Kuban wools are all included in the general term ‘ Donskoi.” These are the better sorts of carpet wools and have a long “combing” staple. Wools from the Province of Georgia also make up an important part of the Russian preduct. ‘“ Carpet’ wools also come from the “ Criolla ” of South America, originally a Spanish sheep. From Syria wools known as “Aleppo,” “ Orfa,” ‘‘ Damascus,” and “ Jaffa,” long combing wools used in high-grade carpets, are imported washed. From France and Spain comes the “ Pyrenean,” a strong, long-stapled wool rather irregular in grade; from Germany, the “heide” or heath wool, which resembles the wool from the Scotch black-faced sheep; from Hungary, the “ Zackel”; from the mountains of the Turco-Grecian frontier, the “ Volo,’ which is a straight-fibered combing wool of good color; and from the short-tailed or heath sheep of Iceland, Norway, Finland, and other northern regions, various kinds of coarse wool with an undergrowth of fine, silky down. Production in this country has remained practically unchanged in quantity for 85 years—about 300,000,000 pounds in 1883, with over 20,000,000 pounds variation in only a dozen years. The minimum was in 1897, 259,000,000 pounds; the maximum in 1893, 348,000,000 pounds. The crossbred wools have steadily increased as the meat value of sheep has grown. The western ranches and the Ohio region still produce mainly the fine wools with merino characteristics; else- where the infusion of the blood of the English mutton breeds has greatly influenced the nature of the wool. The average world pro- duction is near 3,000,000,000 pounds. The leading producers are Australia, Russia in Europe, the United States, Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa, Uruguay, and the United Kingdom, in order, yielding more than two-thirds of the world supply and probably more than four-fifths of all fine wool. Three of these, the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom, use most of their product; the others normally export most of their output. Smaltl amounts of fine wool are grown in France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, but most of the 375,000,000 pounds grown in Asia, Turkey, and the Balkan States is low grade from the “native” unimproved breeds. The Russian product is mostly low grade, exports being largely the Donskoi wools of southern Russia. The output of Jeading countries, in order, in 1914, a normal year, follows: 832 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Australia, 632,000,000 pounds (exports), mostly merino. The pro- portion of crossbred wool has increased greatly during the war, but the greater part of the fine wool of international trade comes from Australia. Argentina, 264,500,000 pounds, principally crossbred with strong traces of merino. South American wool is not marketed in as good condition, usually, as the Australian, often containing sand, or is filled with burrs. ; New Zealand, 195,000,000 pounds, mostly crossbred. ‘The sheep are primarily for lamb and mutton; merino is about 8 per cent of the clip. . South Africa, 157,000,000 pounds, largely merino. The native “woolless”” sheep of South Africa have been greatly improved by cross-breeding. Uruguay, 148,000,000 pounds, merino and crossbred. The pasture lands permit exports in better condition than those of Argentina. The United Kingdom, 125,000,000 pounds, ‘Down wools” and “English long wools.” Its sheep-raising is an adjunct of intensive agriculture, primarily for mutton, but skillful breeding and care insure a high quality of fleece. e Imports of wool averaged about 200,000,000 pounds a year before the war, about equally divided between those known as Class I and Class III (supra). Most of Class I came from Australia (largely via the London market) and from Argentina and Uruguay; while Class III came from many countries, principally China and eastern HKurope. During the war wool imports increased greatly, to 525,194,- 257 pounds in 1916, 364,210,719 pounds in 1917, and 376,708,218 pounds in 1918, the increases practically all in Class I. Imports of Class II (the English “long wools”) were small, about 11,500,000 pounds in 1913, not increasing greatly during the war. PULLED WOOL. Description and uses.—Wool pulled from the skins of slaughtered sheep is not as good, for most purposes, as that sheared from the live animal. The pulling injures the spinning quality by damaging the serration of the fibers, and it does not dye satisfactorily, due princi- pally to the action of the chemicals in pulling. The different methods of pulling are the “ sweating” process (by which the action of heat and moisture loosens the roots of the wool), the ‘lime,’ and the “ depilatory ” process. In the latter a compound of sodium sulphide, sulphuric acid, and oyster shells is applied to the flesh side of the skin to loosen the wool—the process most widely used here. Puiled wool is used for soft-twist knitting yarns, for blankets, carpets and ~ rugs, woven paper-mill felts, flannels, etc. The short pulled wool goes into felt for hats. Production.—Pulled wool is a by-product of the meat-packing in- dustry. ‘There are about 40 “ pulleries,”’ Chicago, St. Louis, St. Joseph, Kansas City, and New York City being important centers. The average output is about 40,000,000 pounds a year. Imports.—In 1910, 43,940,000 pounds of washed pulled wool and 11,782,000 pounds of scoured pulled wool were exported from Mazamet, France, 65 per cent of which was taken by England. Australia, Ar- gentina, Germany, and Austria also have wool-pulling establishments, Imports of pulled wool into the United States are not separately reported. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 833 CAMEL’S HAIR. Description and uses.—Camel’s hair is of two sorts—the soft, fine under hair, about 24 inches long, of a yellow or brown color; and the outer hair, 4 to 12 inches long, coarser, and of a darker color. The chief domestic use for camel’s hair is in press cloth for cotton- seed and linseed oil compresses. Decrease of imports and increase of price have caused manufacturers of press cloth to utilize human hair. (See pars. 351 and 353.) It is also used, mixed with wool or cotton, for making robes, rugs, blankets, and novelty fabrics. Imports.—Most of the camel’s hair used in this country before the war came from Russia and China. Russian camel’s hair came under Class III before 1913 and most of it was dutiable at 7 cents a pound, being over 12 cents a pound in value. All other camel’s hair came under Class II and was dutiable at 12 cents a pound. The aver- age import of Russian camel’s hair was over 3,000,000 pounds a year before 1914. After the war imports decreased about one-half, and in 1918 fell to less than 800,000 pounds. Imports of Class II camel’s hair remained fairly constant—838,082 pounds in 19138 and 925,250 pounds in 1918. The value per pound of Class II increased from 26 cents in 1913 to 50 cents in 1918, and of Class III (washed and unwashed) from 17 cents to 43 cents. SCOURED WOOL, Description and use.—Wool, as sheared or pulled, contains nu- merous substances which must be eliminated before manufacture. e. g., natural wool grease, potassium salts (perspiration), dirt, and burrs. These are mostly removed in scouring, that is, washing the fiber in a bath of chemicals and water. The resulting loss in weight is large—for some wools 75 per cent, with an average of about 50 per cent. Generally speaking, the finer the wool the heavier the shrinkage. : Washed wool is wool washed with water only, the shrinkage run- ning to 15 or 20 per cent. However, it must be scoured much the same as grease wool before it can be utilized. Production.—wNearly all wool is scoured in the mill. An independ- ent wool-scouring industry—scouring on commission for importers, dealers, and manufacturers—has recently developed. Imports.—Under the tariff acts of 1897 and 1909 the imports of wool in the scoured condition rarely exceeded a few hundred pounds, Under the tariff of 19138, which made no discrimination between scoured and grease wools, there was a considerable increase of im- ports. From a few hundred pounds a year they increased to 1,775,654 pounds from December, 1913, to June 30, 1914. In 1916, 27,100,490 pounds of scoured wool were imported, 7,618,515 pounds in 1917, and 24,407,672 in 1918. This increased importation of scoured wool has been largely due to the lack of shipping space for the grease wool. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Paper tivine is dutiable as a manufacture of paper under paragraph 332, unless a declaration is attached to the invoice and an affidavit submitted by the importers that it is intended for use in the binding of wool of the sheep, etc. (T. D. 34268, of 1914.) The proviso in this 184911°—20-—_53 834 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. paragraph providing that, “ this paragraph shali be effective on and after the first day of December, 1913, until which time the rates of duty now provided by Schedule K of the existing law shall remain in full force and effect,” was designed to continue the rates upon wool as part of the new act until the first of December, 1918. Conse- quently wool which was withdrawn from warehouse and entered be- tween said dates was properly classified at the rate provided by para- graph 370 of the act of 1909. A claim by the importer that there was no wool schedule between said dates, and that consequently the importation should be assessed as a nonenumerated article was over- ruled. (G. A. 7676, T. D. 35104, of 1915.) (See pars. 305, 348, and 651.) PARAGRAPH 651. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 372. Top waste, slubbing waste, rov- 651. Wool wastes: All noils, top ing waste, ring waste, and garnetted | waste, card waste, slubbing waste, waste, 30 cents per pound; 373. Shoddy, 25 cents per pound; noils, wool extract, yarn waste, thread waste, and ail other wastes composed wholly or in part of wool, and not roving waste, ring waste, yarn waste, bur waste, thread waste, garnetted waste, shoddies, mungo, flocks, wool extract, carbonized wooi, carbonized noils, and all other wastes not specially provided for in this section. This paragraph shall be effective on and after the first day of December, nineteen hundred and thirteen, until which time the rates of duty now provided by schedule K of the exist- ing law shall remain in full force and effect. specially provided for in this section, 20 cents per pound. 374. Woolen * * *, mungo, and | flocks, 10 cents per pound. GENERAL INFORMATION. Description and uses.—Wool wastes consist of the material dis- carded in wool manufacture (‘‘ mill waste’) and the wool fiber recoyv- ered from rags and cloth clippings. Mill waste is divided into soft waste and hard waste. The soft includes noils, top, card, slub- bing, and roving wastes; the hard includes yarn, bur, thread, ring, garnetted wastes, and flocks. The soft wastes, not spun or twisted, do not require the manipulation necessary to recover fiber from the hard wastes, which, like the rags and clippings, must be torn apart, or garnetted, and carded. Noils are short wool fibers discarded in combing. Top waste, card waste, slubbing waste, and roving waste are portions of wool broken off or caught in the ma- chinery in the combing, carding, and drawing processes. Ring waste, yarn waste, and thread waste are pieces of yarn broken off in the spinning and weaving operations. Bur waste consists of burs, with particles of wool clinging thereto. Flocks are the wastes from the shearing and fulling processes. Carbonized noils are noils from which extraneous vegetable matter has been burned with chemicals. Carbonized wool is any wool so treated. Shoddy is the wool fiber secured by the tearing apart of soft woolen fabrics, such as old stock- ings and sweaters. Mungo is similarly produced from bard woolen cloth; and wool extract is the residuum after removal of the vegetable fibers from both shoddy and mungo by carbonization (treatment with acids). Recovered wool fiber is used as a substitute for new wool in the manufacture of woolen yarn. It can not be used in worsted yarn on account of its short, broken condition. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 835 Production of noils in 1914 was 24,449,227 pounds, valued at $6,930,475 ; other mill wastes, 29,571,562 pounds, valued at $3,482,305. The total shoddy output was 84,886,759 pounds, independent shoddy industries producing 43,156,037 pounds. . Imports of mill wastes, chiefly noils and hard wastes, including wool extract, in 1918 were 235,142 pounds, valued at $133,524. Prior to 1914 there were practically no imports of shoddy and other re- covered fiber. In 1914 there were 2,747,472 pounds of mill «wastes, valued at $690,006, and in 1918, 2,074,486 pounds, valued at $1,074,209. Shoddy and mungo aggregated 239,902 pounds, valued at $36,795 in 1914, and 3,517 pounds, valued at $1,238 in 1918. Most of the waste came from England, with Germany second in 1914 and Canada in 1918. ENTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The term “wool wastes” of this paragraph, embracing as it does all noils, includes noils of hair from Angora goats. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 187, of 1915.) Cashmere noils were also held free under this paragraph. (Abstract 38198, of 1915.) Garnetted mohair waste, assessed with duty under paragraph 384, was held free of duty under this paragraph. (Abstract 37976, of 1915.) Mohair backings were likewise classified. (Abstract 38863, of 1915.) Small scraps of sheep- skin with wool on them are not dutiable under paragraph 384 as waste n. s. p. f., but are free of duty as wool waste under this para- graph. (G. A. 7774, T. D. 35714, of 1915.) Pulp felt manufactured from wool, for use on pulp rollers, after being discarded, was held not to be wool waste within this paragraph. (G. A. 8262, T. D. 38052, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from this decision. (See par, 384.) PARAGRAPH 652. ACT OF 1909. 717. Works of art, including paint- ings in oil, mineral, water, or other colors, pastels, original drawings and sketches, etchings and engravings, and sculptures, which are proved to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Treasury under rules prescribed by him to have been in existence more than twenty years prior to the date of their importation, but the term “ sculptures’ as herein used shall be -understood to include _ professional productions of sculptors only, whether round or in relief, in bronze, marble, stone, terra cotta, ivory, wood, or metal; and the word ‘ painting,” as used in this Act, shall not be under- stood to include any article of utility nor such as are made wholly or in part by stenciling or any other me- chanical process; and the words * etchings ”’ and “‘ engravings,”’ as used in this Act, shall be understood to include only such as are printed by hand from plates or blocks etched or engraved with hand tools, and not such as are printed from plates or blocks etched or engraved by photo- chemical processes. * * * ACT OF i915. 652. Original paintings in oil, mineral, water, or other’ colors, pastels, original drawings and sketches in pen and ink or pencil and water eolors, artists’ proof etchings un- bound, and engravings and woodcuts unbound, original sculptures or stat- uary, including not more than two replicas or reproductions of the same; but the terms ‘“ sculpture ”’ and * stat- uary ’’ aS used in this paragraph shall be understood to include professional productions of sculptors only, whether in round or in relief, in bronze, marble, stone, terra cotta, ivory, wood, or metal, or whether cut, carved, or other- wise wrought by hand from the solid bieck or mass of marble, stone, or alabaster, or from metal, or cast in bronze or other metal or substance, or from wax or plaster, made as the professional productions of sculptors only; and the words “ painting” and “sculpture” and ‘‘ statuary’”’ as used in this paragraph shall not be under- stood to include any articles of utility, nor such as are made wholly or in part by stenciling or any other me- chanical process; and the words 836 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913—Continued. * etchings,” ‘“‘ engravings,’’ and ‘* wood- cuts’? as used in this paragraph shall be understood to include only such as are printed by hand from plates or blocks etched or engraved with hand tools and not such as are printed from plates or blocks etched or engraved by photochemical or other mechanical processes, GENERAL INFORMATION. For description and uses of works of art, original paintings, etc., see paragraph 376. Imports of works of art, ete., in 1914 were valued at $11,303,541, and in 1918 at $2,061,599. | INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. Where paintings have been admitted free of duty, the frames on these, when framed, have, by a long course of practice in the customs, recognized by law, been dutiable, and where paintings are dutiable and are imported in frames these frames are not integral parts of the pictures and can not be deemed containers either in themselves or by the rule ejusdem generis. The pictures and the frames are separable for tariff purposes. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 222, of 1914.) Pen and ink or pencil drawings colored with water colors, made on paper by artists working under direction of a master artist, used as originals for making plates to illustrate women’s wearing apparel in dress catalogues and magazines, are clasSable as ‘ original drawings and sketches in pen and ink or pencil and water colors” under this para- graph and not dutiable as manufactures of paper. A sketch or draw- ing is not taken outside the meaning of the word “ original” in this paragraph by the fact that it is the result of the combined concur- rent efforts of several artists. The provision in this paragraph for * original drawings and sketches in pen and ink or pencil and water colors ”’-is narrower than the provision in the same paragraph for “original paintings in * * * water, or other colors.” (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 38046, of 1919.) An appeal is: pending from Ab- stract 43068, of 1919, involving a somewhat similar issue. Pen and wash drawings were held entitled to free entry as original drawings under this paragraph. (Abstract 87944, of 1915.) Chinese water color paintings bound in book form were found to be original paint- ings and works of art and held free under this paragraph. (Abstract 42334, of 1918.) The provision for “statuary * * * wrought by hand * * * from metal” in paragraph 454 of the act of 1897 does not include a bronze statue cast in a foundry by artisans from a model that was made in plastic material by an artist, but upon which he did but little or no retouching. (224 U. S., 583, of 1912.) Among articles excluded from the paragraph are: Parts of fountains in the - shape of two bronze figures cast by the cire-perdue process from metals made by professional sculptors and the castings finished by professional sculptors, held dutiable under paragraph 376, they not being shown to be originals or first or second replicas within the meaning of this paragraph (G. A, 8196, T. D. 87785, of 1918); and marble statues executed by professional sculptors from sketches or ’ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 837 photographs furnished to them, though artistic and considered works of art, not being original sculptures within this paragraph, since sculpture to be original must be the work of the artist from its con- ception or creation in the mind of the artist until its completion in its material form (G. A. 8220, T. D. 37863, of 1918). A portrait done in oil which was a copy or replica of a portrait by the same painter, it being held to be not an original painting in oil but a copy, replica, or reproduction and the paragraph providing for original paintings only (G. A. 8199, T, D. 37792, of 1918), and oil paintings in the form of panels of various sizes intended for the decoration of a wall of a room, held not to be originals (Abstract 42612, of 1918) were held dutiable under paragraph 876 as works of art. A marble bench with base and top of single pieces or slabs of marble, as an original sculp- ture to be free under the paragraph must also be a work of art (G. A. 8134, T. D. 387514, of 1918), and small marble busts and statuettes pro- duced in a commercial way (Abstract 42613, of 1918) were held duti- able as manufactures of marble or of alabaster. two of this Act: Provided further, That the provisions of said section thirty-eight of the Act of August fifth, nineteen hundred and nine, relative to the collection of -the tax therein im- posed shall remain in force for the collection of the excise tax herein pro- vided, but for the year nineteen hun- dred and thirteen it shall not be nec- essary to make more than one return and assessment for all the taxes im- posed herein upon said corporations, joint stock companies or associations, and insurance companies, either’ by way of income or excise, which return and assessment shall be made at the times and in the manner provided in this Act; but the repeal of existing laws or modifications thereof embraced in this Act shall not affect any act done, or any right accruing or accrued, or any suit or proceeding had or com- menced in any civil case before the said repeal or modification; but all rights and liabilities under said laws shall continue and may be enforced in the same manner as if said repeal or modifications had not been made. Any offenses committed and all penalties or forfeitures or liabilities incurred prior to the passage of this Act under any statute embraced in or changed, modified, or repealed by this Act may be prosecuted or punished in the same manner and with the same effect as if this Act had not been passed. No Acts of limitation now in _ force, whether applicable to civil causes and proceedings or to the prosecution of offenses or for the recovery of penal- ties or forfeitures embraced in or mod- ified, changed, or repealed by this Act shall be affected thereby so far as they affect any suits, proceedings, or pros- ecutions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising or acts done or com- mitted prior to the passage of this SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 905 ACT OF 1909—Continued. writers or the salvors of property, and the ascertainment of duties thereon. Src. 41. That sections one to four, inclusive, of an Act entitled: “An Act to provide revenue for the Government and to encourage the industries of the United States,’ approved July twenty- fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety- ‘seven, and all Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent. with the provisions of this Act, are hereby repealed, but the repeal of existing laws or modifica- tions thereof embraced in this Att shall not affect any act done, or any right accruing or accrued, or any suit or proceeding had or commenced in any civil case before the said repeal or modification ; but all rights and liabili- ties under said laws shall continue and may be enforced in the same man- ner, except as otherwise provided in section twenty-eight of this Act, as if said repeal or modifications had not been made. Any offenses committed and all penalties or forfeitures or lia- bilities incurred prior to the passage of this Act under any statute embraced in or changed, modified, or repealed by this Act may be prosecuted or pun- ished in the same manner and with the same effect as if this Act had not been passed. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil causes and proceedings or to the prosecution of offenses or for the recovery of penal- ties or forfeitures embraced in or mod- ified, changed, or repealed by this Act shall not be affected thereby ; and all suits, proceedings, or prosecutions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising or acts done or committed prior to the passage of this Act, may be commenced and prosecuted within the same time and with the same effect, except as otherwise provided in sec- tion twenty-eight of this Act, as if this Act had not been passed. That an Act entitled: “An Act to simplify the laws in relation. to the collection of the revenues,’ approved June tenth, eighteen hundred and _ ninety, as amended by the Act of July twenty- fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety- seven, and as further amended by the Act of May twenty-seventh, nineteen hundred and eight, is not hereby re- pealed but amended so as to read as in this Act provided. So much of sec- tion four of an Act entitled: “An Act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nine- teen hundred and seven, and for other purposes,’ approved June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and six, as relates to the appointment of a solicitor of cus- toms and assistants, is hereby repealed, ACT OF 1913—Continued. Act, which may be commenced and prosecuted within the same time and with the same effect as if this Act had not been passed. 906 INTERPRETATION SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, AND COMMENTS. The right to protest having accrued under the act of 1909, the sav- ing clause of this paragraph declaring that the repeal or modification of existing laws shall not affeet any right accrued and that all rights under former laws may be enforced in the same manner as if said repeal or modification had not been made, entitled the protestant to proceed in the manner pointed out by the act of 1909. The require- ment of payment of protest fee in paragraph N of Section III of the act of 1913 was not applicable. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 382, gf 1915.) PARAGRAPH T. PARTIAL INVALIDITY CLAUSE. ACT OF 1909. ° ACT OF 19138. T. If any clause, sentence, para- graph, or part of this Act shall for any reason be adjudged by any court of competent jurisdiction to be in- valid, such judgment shall not affect, impair, or invalidate the remainder of said Act, but shall be confined in its operation to the clause, sentence, paragraph, or part thereof directly involved in the controversy in which such judgment shall have been ren- dered. PARAGRAPH U. DATE EFFECTIVE. Sec. 42. That unless otherwise herein specially provided, this Act shall take effect on the day following its passage. Approved ; signed five minutes after 5 o’clock p, m, August 5, 1909, U. That unless otherwise herein specially provided, this Act shall take effect on the day following its pas- sage, Approved, 9.10 p. m., October 3, 1913. PROVISIONS CONTINUED IN FORCE. [Section 28, subsection 12, Act of 1909, continued in foree by the Act of 1913, Section IV, paragraph 8.] GENERAL APPRAISERS. ACT OF 1909. Suc. 28, .Suspsrc. 12. That there shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, nine general appraisers of merchandise. Not more than five of such general appraisers shall be appointed from the same _ political party. They shall not be engaged in any other business, avocation, or em- ployment. That the oflice of said gen- eral appraisers shall be at the port of New York, and three of them shall be on duty at that port daily as a board of genera! appraisers. Al of the general appraisers of mer- chandise heretofore or hereafter ap- pointed under the authority of said Act shall hold their office during good behavior, but may, after due hearing, be removed by the President for the following causes, and no _ other: Neglect of duty, malfeasance in office, or inefficiency. That hereafter the salary of each of the general appraisers of mer chandise shall be at the rate of $9,000 per annum, That the boards of general ap- praisers and the members thereof shall have and possess all the powers of a cireuit court of the United States in preserving order, compelling the at- tendance of witnesses, and the pro- duction of evidence, and in punishing for contempt. All notices in writing to collectors of dissatisfaction of any decision thereof, as to the rate or amount of duties chargeable upon imported mer- chandise, including all dutiable costs and charges, and as to all fees and exactions of whatever character (ex- cept duties on tonnage), with the in- voice and all papers and exhibits, shall be forwarded to the board of nine gen- eral appraisers of merchandise at New York to be by rule thereof assigned for hearing or determination, or both, Tbe President of the United States ACT OF 1909—Contirued. shall designate one of the board of nine general appraisers of merchan- dise as president of said board and others in order to act in his absence. Said general appraisers of merchan- dise shall be divided into three boards of three members each, to be denomi- nated respectively Board 1, Board 2, and Board 3. The president of the board shall assign three general ‘ap- praisers to each of said boards and shall designate one member of each of said boards as chairman thereof, and such assignment or designation may be by him changed from time to time, and he may assign or designate all boards of three general appraisers where it is now or heretofore was pro- vided by law that such might be as- signed or designated by the Secretary of the Treasury. The president of the board shail be competent to sit as a member of any board, or assign one or two other members thereto, in the absence or inability of any one or two members of such board. Each of the boards of three general ap- praisers, or a majority thereof, shall have full power to hear and deter- mine all cases and questions arising therein or assigned thereto; and the general board of nine general ap- praisers, each of the boards of three general appraisers, and each of the general appraisers of merchandise, shalt have all the jurisdiction and powers and proceed as now, hereto- fore, and herein provided. The said board of nine general appraisers Shall have power to establish from time to time such rules of evidence, practice and procedure, not ineonsistent with the statutes, as may be deemed neces- sary for the conduct and uniformity of its proceedings and decisions and the proceedings and decisions of the boards of three thereof; and fox; the production, care, and custody of sam- ples and records of said board, The 907 908 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ACT OF 1909-——Continued. president of the board shall have con- trol of the fiseal affairs and the cleri- cal force of the board, make all recom- mendations for appointment, promo- tion, and otherwise affecting said clerical foree; he may at any time before trial under the rules of said board assign or reassign any case for hearing, determination, or both, and shall designate a general appraiser or a board of general appraisers, and, if necessary, a clerk thereto, to proceed to any port within the jurisdiction of the United States for the purpose of ACT OF 1909—Continued. by law, causes assigned for hearing at such port, and shall cause to be prepared and duly promulgated dockets therefor. No member of any of said boards shall sit to hear or decide any case on appeal in the decision of which he may have previously participated. The board of three general appraisers, or a majority of them, who decided . the case, may, upon motion of either party made within thirty days next after their decision, grant a rehear- ing or retrial of said case when in their opinion the ends of justice may hearing, or determining if authorized | require it. - INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The denial by the Board of a rehearing to permit the introduction of the record of another case involving similar or identical mer chandise, this motion having been denied “ for the present” at the hearing of the cause and no further mention of it appearing in the record until after the publication of the Board’s decision, the record in the court showing with reasonable certainty the character and uses of the merchandise, is not an abuse of discretion vested in the Board by section 12, customs administrative law, permitting the granting of a rehearing ‘‘ when in their opinion the ends of justice may require it,’ and rule 34 of its own rules of procedure permitting the introduc- tion of such record “ within the discretion of the Board.” (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 507, of 1915.) Where the motion for a new trial has been entered within the time fixed by law, the limitation of 60 days within which an appeal may be taken begins to run not from the date of the original decision, but from the date the motion for a new trial is disposed of. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 434, of 1912.) Where classification has beén made by the department under a cer- tain paragraph, levying a 25 per cent rate of duty, and at the instance of a domestic manufacturer the classification of a particular ship- ment imported by him has also been made at a higher rate “to the end that the proper classification * * * may be the subject of a judicial determination,” and where at the trial both the attorney for the Government and for the protestant favor the classification at a higher rate, such a case does not arise as to properly invoke the juris- diction of the Board under the provisions of the customs administra- tive act of 1890 as amended by the act of October 3, 1913, and the protest must be dismissed. (G. A. 7744, T. D. 35561, of 1915.) A porcelain miniature of Marie Antoinette classed as decorated porcelain under paragraph 80 was claimed dutiable as a work of art under paragraph 3876. The case was submitted on sample without testimony and the protest was overruled for the reason that the Board has no expert knowledge and decides a case upon the testimony before it. (Abstract 37977, of 1915.) But a case may be decided on sample, on general or common knowledge as distinguished from expert knowl-’ edge. (G. A. 7821, 'T. D. 35916, of 1915; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 456) of 1912.) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 909 Under rule 7 of the “ Rules of Practice and Procedure Before the Board of United States General Appraisers” the Government as a party to an appeal to the Board involving classification of merchan- dise entered at San Francisco was entitled to a hearing at San Fran- cisco, the action of the Board in holding final hearing in New York over the protest of the Government and despite the Government’s re- quest for a hearing in San Francisco constituting reversible error. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 307, of 1918.) Rules of procedure and practice before the Board have been pro- mulgated. (Tt. DD. ortiz, Of 10138, ) (See pars. K, L, M, N, and R, Sec. III.) COURT OF CUSTOMS APPEALS. [Section 28, subsection 29, Act of 1909, continued in force by the Act of 1918, Section IV, paragraph §S.] ACT OF 1969. Sec. 28. Sussec, 29, That a United States Court of Customs Appeals is hereby created, and said court shall consist of a presiding judge and four associate judges appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, each of whom shall receive a salary of $10,000 per annum. It shall be a court of record, with jurisdiction as hereinafter estab- lished and limited. Said court shall preseribe the form and style of its seal and the form of its writs and other process and pro- cedure and exercise such powers con- ferred by law as may be conformable and necessary to the exercise of its jurisdiction. It shall have the servy- ices of a marshal, with the same duties and powers, under the regula-. tions of the court, aS are now pro- vided for the marshal of the Supreme Court of the United States, so far as the same may be applicable. Said services within the District of Co- lumbia shall be performed by a mar- shal at a salary of $3,000 per an- num, to be appointed by and hold office during the pleasure of said court; said services outside the Dis- trict of Columbia to be performed by the United States marshals in and for the districts where sessions of said court may be held, and to this end said marshals shall be the marshals of said Court of Customs Appeals. The court shall appoint a clerk, whose office shall be in the city of Washing- |} ton, District of Columbia, and who Shall perform and exercise the same duties and powers in regard to all matters' within the jurisdiction of said eourt aS are now exercised and per- formed py the clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States, so far as the same may be applicable. The ACT OF 1809—Continued. salary of the clerk shall be $4,000 per annum, which sum shall be in full payment for all service rendered by such clerk, and all fees pf any kind whatever, and all costs shall be by him turned into the United States Treasury. Said clerk shall not be appointed by the court or any judge thereof as a commissioner, master, receiver, or referee. The costs and fees in the said court shall be fixed and established by said court in a table of fees to be adopted and ap- proved by the Supreme Court of the United States within four months after the organization of said court: Provided, That the costs and fees so fixed shall not, with respect to any item, exceed the costs and fees charged in the Supreme Court of the United States; and the same shall be ex- pended, accounted for, and paid over to the Treasury of the United States. The court shall have power, to estab- lish all rules and regulations for the conduct of the business of the court and as may be needful for the uni- formity of decisions within its juris- diction as conferred by law. The said Court of Customs Appeals shall always be open for the transac- tion of business, and sessions thereof may, in the discretion of the court, be held by the said court, in the sev- eral judicial circuits, and at such places as said court may from time to time designate. The presiding judge of said court shall be so designated in order of ap- pointment and in the commission is- sued him by the President, and the associate judges shall have precedence according to the date of their com- missions. Any three of the members of said court shall constitute a quo- rum, and the concurrence of three 910 ACT OF 1909—Continued. members of said court shall be nece2s- sary to any decision thereof. The said court shall organize and open for the transaction of business in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, within ninety days after the judges, or a majority of them, shall have qualified. After the organization of said court no appeal shall be taken or allowed from any Board of United States Gen- eral Appraisers to any other court, and no appellate jurisdiction shall thereafter be exercised or allowed by any other courts in cases decided by said Board of United States General Appraisers 3; but all appeals allowed by law from such Board of General Ap- praisers shall be subject to review only in the Court of Customs Appeals hereby established, according to the provisions of this Act: Provided, That nothing in this Act shall be deemed to deprive the Supreme Court of the United States of jurisdiction to hear and determine all customs cases which have heretofore been certified to said court from the United States circuit courts of appeals on applications for writs of certiorari or otherwise, nor to review by writ of certiorari any customs case heretofore decided or now pending and hereafter decided by any circuit court of appeals, provided application for said writ be made within six months after the passage of this Act: And provided further, That all customs cases heretofore de- cided by a circuit or district court of the United States or a court of a Territory of the United States and which have not been removed from said courts by appeal or writ of error, and all ‘such cases heretofore sub- mitted for decision in said courts and remaining undecided may be re- viewed on appeal at the instance of either party by the United States Court of Customs Appeals, provided ‘such appeal be taken within one year from the date of the entry of the order, judgment or decree sought to be reviewed, The Court of Customs Appeals es- tablished by this Act shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction to re- view by appeal, as provided by this Act, final decisions by a Board of Gen- eral Appraisers in all cases as to the construction of the law and the facts respecting the classification of mer- chandise and the rate of duty im- posed thereon under such classifica- ticn, and the fees and charges con- nected therewith, and all appealable ‘said court. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, ACT OF 19098—Continued. questions as to the jurisdiction of said board, and all appealable questions as to the laws and regulations governing the collection of the customs rev- enves; and the judgment or decrees of seid Court of Customs Appeals shall be final in all such cases. Any judge who, in pursuance of the provisions of this Act, shall attend a session of the Court of Customs Ap- peals held at any place other than the city of Washington, District of Columbia, shall be paid, upon his writ- ten and itemized certificate, by the marshal of the district in which the court shall be held, his actual and necessary expenses incurred for travel and attendance, and the actual and necessary expenses of one stenographic clerk who may accompany him, and such payments shall be allowed the marshal in the statement of his ac- counts with the United States. The marshal of said court for the District of Columbia and the marshals of the several districts in which said Court of Customs Appeals may be held Shall, under the direction of the At- torney General of the United States and with his approval, provide such rooms in the publie buildings of the United States as may be necessary for said court: Provided, however, That in case proper rooms can not be provided in such buildings, then the said marshals, with the approval of the Attorney General of the United States, may, from time to time, lease such rooms as may be necessary for The bailiffs and messen- gers of said court shall be allowed the same compensation for their re- spective services as are allowed for similar services in the existing cir- cuit courts; and in no case shail said marshals secure other rooms than those regularly occupied by existing eircuit courts of appeals, circuit courts, or district courts, or other public officers, except where such can not, by reason of actual oceupancy or use, be occupied or used by said Court of Customs Appeals. If the importer, owner, consignee, or agent of any imported merchandise, or the collector or Secretary of the Treasury, shall be dissatisfied with the decision of the Board of General Appraisers as to the construction of the law and the facts respecting the classification of such merchandise and the rate of duty imposed thereon un- der such classification, or with any other appealable. decision of said board, they, or either of them, may, * SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 911 ACT OF 1909—Continued. within sixty days next after the entry of such decree or judgment, and not afterwards, apply to the Court of Customs Appeals for a review of the questions of law and fact involved in such decision: Provided, That in Alaska and in the insular and other outside possessions of the United States ninety days shall be allowed for making such application to the Court of Customs Appeals. Such ap- plication shall be made by filing in the office of the clerk of said court a concise statement of errors of law and fact complained of, and a copy of such statement shall be served on the collector, or on the importer, Owner, consignee, or agent, as the case may be. Thereupon the court shall immediately order the Board of General Appraisers to transmit to said court the record and evidence taken by them, together with the certified statement of the facts involved in the case and their decision thereon; and all the evidence taken by and before said board shall be competent evi- dence before said Court of Customs Appeals. The decision of said Court of Customs Appeals shall be final, and such cause shall be remanded to said Board of General Appraisers for fur- ther proceedings to be taken in pur- suance of such determination. | Immediately upon the organization of the Court of Customs Appeals all cases within the jurisdiction of that court pending and not submitted for decision in any of the United States circuit courts of appeals, United States circuit, territorial or district courts, shall, with the record and samples therein, be certified by said courts to said Court of Customs Appeals for further proceedings in accordance herewith: Provided, That where or- ders for the taking of further testi- mony before a referee have been made in any of such cases, the taking of such testimony shall be completed be- fore such certification. That in case of a vacancy or the temporary inability or disqualification for any reason of one or two judges of said Court of Customs Appeals, the President of the United States may, upon the request of the presid- ing judge of said court, designate any qualified United States circuit or dis- ACT OF 1909—Continued. trict judge or judges to act in his or their place, and such United States judge or judges shall be duly qualified to so act. Said Court of Customs Appeals Shall have power to review any deci- sion or matter within its jurisdiction and may affirm, modify, or reverse the same and remand the case with such orders aS may seem to it proper in the premises, which shall be exe- cuted accordingly. Immediately upon receipt of any record transmitted to said court for determination the clerk thereof shall place the same upon the calendar for hearing and submission; and such calendar shall be called and all cases thereupon submitted, except for good cause shown, at least once every sixty days. In addition to the clerk of said court the court may appoint an assist- ant clerk at a salary of $2,500 per annum, five stenographie clerks at a salary.of $2,400 per annum each, and one stenographie reporter act a salary of $2,500 per annum, and a messenger at a salary of $900 per annum, all payable in equal monthly install- ments, and all of whom, including the clerk, shall hold office during the pleasure of and perform such duties as are assigned them by the court. Said reporter shall prepare and trans- mit to the Secretary of the Treas- ury once a week in time for publica- tion in the Treasury Decisions copies of all decisions rendered to that date by said court, and prepare and trans- mit, under the direction of said court, at least once a year, reports of said decisions rendered to that date, con- stituting a volume, which shali be printed by the Treasury Department in such numbers and distributed or sold in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury shall direct. The marshal of said court for the District of Columbia is hereby authorized to purchase, under the direction of the presiding judge, such books, periodi- cals, and stationery aS may be neces- sary for the use of said court, and such expenditures shall be allowed and paid by the Secretary of the Treasury upon claim duly made and approved by said presiding judge. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. These provisions have been embodied in the Judicial Code (36 Stat., 1143-1146), which was subsequently amended so as to permit review by the Supreme Court in certain cases by the act of August 22, 1914. The United States may not be sued in the courts of this country 912 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. without its consent. A suit against the Secretary of the Treasury to- review his action in determining the rate of duty-to be applied on . foreign sugar is, in effect, a suit against the United States. (234 U. S., 627, of 1914.) The requirement of section 198, Judicial Code of the United States (36 Stat., 1146) that, upon appeal to the United States Court of Cus- toms Appeals, a copy of the assignment of error “shall be served on the collector, or on the importer, owner, consignee, or agent, as the case may be,” is not jurisdictional; and if omitted or unreasonably delayed, the United States Court of Customs Appeals has ample power to direct its issue. Its delay for more than the 60 days pre- scribed by the statute is not cause for the motion to dismiss the appeal. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 97, of 1917.) The salaries were changed by section 188 of the Judicial Code as follows: Judges, $7,000; clerk, $38,500; marshal, $3,000; assistant clerk, $2,000; stenographic clerks, $1,600; reporter, $2,500; and mes- senger, $840. The salary of the judges was changed by act of Feb- ruary 25, 1919, to $8,500. ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL. [Section 28, subsection 30, Act of 1909, continued in foree by the Act of 1913, Section IV, paragraph §.] ACT OF 15909. Spc, 28, Suspsec. 30. That there shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, an Assistant Attorney General, who shall exercise the func- tions of his office under the super- vision and control of the Attorney General of the United States, and who shall be paid a salary of $10,000 per annum; and there shall also be ap- pointed by the Attorney General of the United States a Deputy Assistant Attorney General, who shall be paid a salary of $7,500 per annum, and four attorneys, who shall be paid salarics of $5,000 per annum each. Said attorneys shall act under the immediate direction of said Assistant Attorney General, or, in case of his absence or a vacaney in his office, under the direction of said Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and said Assistant Attorney General, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and at- ACT OF 1909—Continued. torneys shall have charge of the in- terests of the Government in all mat- ters of reappraisement and classifica- tion of imported goods and of all liti- gation incident thereto, and shall rep- resent .the Government in all the courts and before all tribunals wherein the interests of the Government re- quire such representation, But the Attorney General may, whenever in his opinion the public interest requires it, employ and re- tain, in the name of the United States, such special attorneys and counselors at law in the conduct of customs cases as he may think necessary to assist said Assistant Attorney General in the discharge of any of the duties in- cumbent upon him and his said sub- ordinates, and shall stipulate with such attorneys and counsel the amount of compensation and _ shall have supervision of their conduct and proceedings. The following sections of the act of 1909, continued in force by paragraph S, Section IV, of the act of 1918, are omitted: © Sections 80 to 23 and section 35, internal-revenue tax on tobacco, Section 36, tonnage duty. Section 38, internal revenue—corporation tax (continued-“in part). Section 39, authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to borrow on the credit of the United States to defray expenditures on account of the Panama Canal. Section 40, authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to borrow to meet public expenditures. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS. [Specific provisions in the Act of 1909 not in the Act of 1913 as such.} ACT OF 1909. 195. Cans, boxes, packages, and other containers of all kinds (exeept such as are hermetically sealed by soldering or otherwise), composed wholly or in chief value of metal lacquered or printed by any process of lithography whatever, if filled or unfilled, and whether their contents be dutiable or free, 4 cents per pound and 385 per centum ad valorem: Pro- vided, That none of the foregoing articles shall pay a less rate of duty than 55 per centum ad valorem; but no cans, boxes, packages, or containers of any kind, of the capacity of five pounds or under, subject to duty under this paragraph, shall pay less duty than if the same were imported empty ; and the dutiable value of the same shall include all packing charges, eartons, wrappings, envelopes, and printed matter accompanying them when such cans, boxes, packages, or containers are imported wholly or INTERPRETATION AND ACT OF 1909—Continued. partly filled with merchandise’ ex- empt from duty (except liquids and merchandise commercially known as drugs) and which is commonly dealt in at wholesale in the country of orig- inal exportation in bulk or in pack- ages exceeding five pounds in capacity : Provided further, That paper, card- board or pasteboard wrappings or containers that are made and used only for the purpose of holding or containing the article with which they are filled, and after such use are mere waste material, shall not be dutiable unless their contents are dutiable. 254. Cabbages, 2 cents each, 498, Arseniate of aniline. 606. Lae spirits. 667. 684. Sausages, bologna. Storax, or styrax, COMMENTS. Paragraph 195 was superseded in part by paragraph 627 of the act of 1913 relating to containers of tea. Cabbages are dutiable at 15 per cent ad valorem as vegetables in their natural state under paragraph 215 of the act of 1913. Arseniate of aniline is dutiable as a coal-tar product under the act of September 8, 1916. Lac spirits are dutiable under paragraph 65, which imposes 10 per cent ad valorem on “salts and all other compounds and mixtures, of which bismuth, gold, platinum, rhodium, silver, or tin constitute the element of chief value,” or under paragraph 58 as a spirit varnish. Bologna sausages are exempt from duty as prepared meat under paragraph 545 of the act of 1913. Storaz or styrax is dutiable at 10 per cent as a balsam under para- graph 9 of the act of 1918. 184911°—20 58 (G. A. 7694, T. D. 35172, of 1915.) 913 SECTIONS OF ACT OF ACT OF 1908. SMCS eye this section shail constitute the mini- mum tariff of the United States. Sec, 2. That from thirty-first day and after the specially provided for in this section, there shall be levied, collected, and paid on all articles when imported from any foreign country sessions (except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tu- ‘tuila), the rates of duty prescribed | by the schedules and paragraphs of the dutiable list of section one of this Act, and in addition thereto twenty- five per centum ad valorem; which rates shall constitute the maximum tariff of the United States: Provided, ' That whenever, after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and ten, and so long thereafter as the President shail be satisfied, in view of the character of the concessions granted by the minimum tariff of the United States, that the government of any foreign country imposes no terms or restrictions, either in the way of tariff rates or provisions, trade or other regulations, charges, exactions, or in any other manner, directly or indirectly, upon the importation into or the sale in such foreign country of any agricultural, manufactured, or other product of the United States, which unduly discriminate against the United States or the products thereof, and that such foreign country pays | no export bounty or imposes no ex- port duty or prohibition upon the exportation of any article to the United States which unduly discrimi- nates against the United States or the products thereof, and that such for- eign country accords to the agricul- tural, manufactured, or other prod- ucts of the United States treatment which is reciprocal and equivalent, thereupon and thereafter, upon proc- lamation to this effect by the Presi- dent of the United States, all articles 914 The provisions of | the dutiable list and the free list of | of March, nineteen | hundred and ten, except as otherwise | into the | United States, or into any of its pos- 1909 NOT REENACTED. ACT OF 19098—Continued. when imported into the United States, or any of its possessions (except the Philippine Islands and the islands of } Guam and Tutuila), from such for- | eign country shall, except as otherwise herein provided, be admitted under the terms of the minimum tariff of the United States as prescribed by sec- tion one of this Act. The proclama- tion issued by the President under the authority hereby conferred and the application of the minimum tariff thereupon may, in accordance with the facts as found by the President, ex- tend to the whole of any foreign coun- try, or may be confined to or exclude from its effect any dependency, col- ony, or other political subdivision having authority to adopt and enforce tariff legislation, or to impose re- strictions or regulations, or to grant ecencessions upon the exportation or importation of articles which are, or may be, imported into the United States. Whenever the President shall be satisfied that the conditions which led to the issuance of the proclama- tion hereinbefore authorized no longer exist, he shall issue a proclamation to this. effect, and ninety days thereafter the provisions of the maximum tariff shall be applied to the importation of articles from such country. When- ever the provisions of the maximum tariff of the United States shall be applicable to articles imported from any foreign country they shall be ap- plicable to the products of such coun- try, whether imported directly from the country of production or other- wise. To secure information to assist the President in the discharge of the duties imposed upon him by this sec- tion, and the officers of the Govern- ment in the administration of the customs laws, the President is hereby authorized to employ such persons as may be required. ; Sec. 27. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint John River and its tribu- taries, owned by American citizens, and sawed or hewed in the Province ; : B . ‘ 4 b a A f yl SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 915 ACT OF 1909—Continued. of New Brunswick by American citi- zens, the same being otherwise un- manufactured in whole or in part, which is now admitted into the ports of the United States free of duty, shall continue for two years after the date of the passage of this Act and no longer to be so admitted, under such regulations as the Secretary of the. Treasury shall from time to time pre- scribe. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint Croix River and its tributaries, owned ‘by American citizens, and sawed or hewed in the Province of New Bruns- wick by American citizens, the same being otherwise unmanufactured in whole or in part, shall be admitted for two years after the date of the pas- sage of this Act and no longer into the ports of the United States free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall from time to time prescribe. Suc. 87. There shall be levied and collected annually on the first day of September by the collector of customs of the district nearest the residence of the managing owner, upon the use of every foreign-built yacht, pleasure boat, or vessel, not used or intended to be used for trade, now or hereafter owned or chartered for more than ACT OF 1909—Continucd., Six months by any citizen or citizens of the United States, a sum equiva- lent to a tonnage tax of $7 per gross ton. In lieu of the annual tax above pre- scribed the owner of any foreign- built yacht, pleasure boat, or vessel above described may pay a duty of 35 per centum ad valorem thereon, and such yacht, pleasure boat, or vessel shall thereupon be entitled to all the privileges and shall be subject to all the requirements prescribed by sec- tions forty-two hundred and fourteen, forty-two hundred and fifteen, forty- two hundred and seventeen, and forty- two hundred and eighteen of the Re- vised Statutes and Acts amendatory thereto in the Same manner as if said yacht had been built in the United States, and shall be subject to ton- nage duty and light money only in the same manner as if said yacht had been built in the United States. So much of section five of chapter two hundred and twelve of the laws of nineteen hundred and eight, ap- proved May twenty-eighth, nineteen hundred and eight, as relates to yachts built outside the United States and owned by citizens of the United States is hereby repealed. This section shall not apply to a foreign-built vessel admitted to Ameri- can registry, REVENUE ACT OF SEPTEMBER 8, 1916. TITLE V. DYESTUFFS. ACT OF 19158. 22, Soh. Benz) $s Pyeeel- uol, xylol: all the foregoing not medic- inal and not colors or dyes, 5 per centum ad valorem. 452. Coal tar, crude, pitch of coal tar, wood or other tar, dead or ereo- sote oil, and products of coal tar known as anthracene and anthracene oil, naphthalin, * * -*, and cresol. 04 23. Coal-tar products known as ani- lin oil and salts, toluidine, xylidin, evmidin, binitrotoluol, binitrobenzol, benzidin, tolidin, dianisidin, naphtyla- min, diphenylamin, benzaldehyde, ben- zyl chloride, nitro-benzol and nitro- toluol, naphtylaminsulfoacids and their 916 ACT OF 1916, Sec. 500. That on and after the day following the passage of this Act, ex- cept as otherwise specially provided for in this title, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon the articles named in this section when imported from any foreign country into the United States or into any of its pos- sessions, except the Philippine Islands and the islands of Guam and Tutuila, the rates of duties which are pre- scribed in this title, namely : FREE: LIST. Group I. Acenaphthene, anthracene having a purity of less than twenty- five per centum, benzol, carbazol havy- ing a purity of less than twenty-five per centum, cresol, cumol, fluorene, metacresol having a purity of less than ninety per centum, methylanthra- cene, methylnaphthalene, naphthalene having a solidifying point less than seventy-nine degrees centigrade, ortho- creso]l having a purity of less than ninety per centum, paracresol having a purity of less than ninety per centum, pyridin, quinolin, toluol, xylol, crude coal tar, pitch of coal tar, dead or creosote oil, anthracene oil, all other distillates which on being sub- jected to distillation yield in the por- tion distilling below two hundred de- grees centigrade a quantity of tar acids less than five per centum of the original distillate, and all other prod- ucts that are found naturally in coal tar, whether produced or obtained from coal tar or other souree, and not otherwise specially provided for in this title, shall be exempt from duty. DUTIABLE LIST. : Group II. Amidonaphthol, amido phenol, amidosalicyliec acid, anilin oil, anilin salts, anthracene having a pu- rity of twenty-five per centum or more, anthraquinone, benzoic acid, benzalde- hyde, benzylcbloride, benzidin, binitro- benzol, binitrochlorobenzol, binitro- 3 ; SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 917 ACT OF 1918—Continued. sodium or potassium salts, naphtol- sulfoacids and their sodium or potas- sium salts, amidonaphtolsulfoacids and their sodium or potassium salts, ami- dosalieylie acid, binitrochlorbenzol, diamidostilbendisulfoacid, metanilie acid, paranitranilin, dimethylanilin ; all the foregoing not medicinal and not colors or dyes, 10 per centum ad valorem. 21. All other products or prepara- tions of coal tar, not colors or dyes, not specially provided for in this sec- tion, 15 per centum ad valorem, 22, Coal-tar distillates, not specially provided for in this section; * * *, naphtol, resorcin, * * *, all the foregoing not medicinal and not colors or dyes, 5 per centum ad valorem. 1e* > * -* ‘salicylic acid; 24 cents Herrpoundyas* Ss ° |S; SaverA clds 2. %e8! *, ccarboHe, -*»* *, phthalie, * = dt (Free, ) eee 2% “phenol, » *1*'0 * (Free.) 20. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not spe- cially provided for in this section, 50 per centum ad valorem, 394, Alizarin, natural or synthetic, and dyes obtained from alizarin, an- thracene, and carbazol. (Free.) 514. Indigo, natural or synthetic, dry or suspended in water, and dyes ebtained from indigo, (Free.) ACT OF 1916—Continued. naphthalene, binitrotoluol, carbazol having a purity of twenty-five per centum or more, chlorophthalie acid, cumidin, dimethylanilin, dianisidin, dioxynaphthalene, diphenylaimin, meta- cresol having a purity of ninety per. centum or more, methylanthraquinone, metanilic acid, naphthalene having a solidifying point of seventy-nine de- grees centigrade or above, naphthyla- min, naphthol, naphthylenediamin, nitrobenzol, nitrotoluol, nitronaphtha- lene, nitranilin, nitrophenylenediamin, nitrotoluylenediamin, orthocresol hav- ing a purity of ninety per centum or more, paracresol having a purity of ninety per centum or more, phenol, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, phenylenediamin, phenylnaphthylamin, resorcin, salicylic acid, sulphanilic acid, toluidin, tolidin, toluylenediamin, xylidin, or any sulphoacid or sulpho- acid salt of any of the foregoing,’ all Similar products obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in part from the products provided for in Group T, and all distillates which on being subjected to distillation yield in the portion distilling below two hun- dred degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than five per centum of the original distillate, all the foregoing not colors, dyes, or stains, photographie chemicals, medic- inals, flavors, or explosives, and not otherwise provided for in this title, and provided for in the paragraphs of the Act of October third, nineteen hundred and thirteen, which are here- inafter specifically repealed by section five hundred and two, 15 per centum ad valorem, Group III, All colors, dyes, or stains, whether soluble or not in water, color acids, color bases, color lakes, photo- graphic chemicals, medicinals, flavors, svnthetie phenolic resin, or explosives, not otherwise specially provided for iu this title, when obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in part from any of the products provided for in Groups I and II, natural alizarin and indigo, and colors, dyes, or color lakes obtained, derived, or manufac- tured therefrom, 30 per centum ad valorem. Sec. 501, That on and after the day fcllowing the passage of this Act, in addition to the duties provided in sec- tion five hundred, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles contained in Group II a spe- cial duty of 24 cents per pound, and upon all articles contained in Group Ill (except natural and synthetic 918 SUMMARY OF TARIFTY INFORMATION. K ACT OF 1913, ACT OF 19:16—Continued, j alizarin, and dyes obtained from aliz- j erin, anthracene, and ‘carbazol; mat- | ural and synthetic indigo and all in- | digeids, whether or not obtained from indigo; and medicinals and flavors), } a special duty of 5 cents per pound. : During the period of five years ‘be- 1 vinning five years ‘after the passage of | this Act such special duties shall be | annually reduced by twenty per centum | of the rate imposed by this section, so | that at the end of such period ‘such | special duties shall mo longer be as- | sessed, levied, or coHected; but if, at | the expiration of five years from the | date of the passage of this Act, the | President finds ‘that there is not being | manufactured or produced within the 1} United States as much as sixty per | centum in value of the domestic -con- |} sumption of ‘the articles mentioned in | Groups. II and III of section five hun- ) dred, he shall by proclamation ‘so de- } clare, whereupon ‘the ‘special duties j| imposed by this section on such ar- i) ticles shall mo longer be assessed, | levied, or collected. . } Sc, 502. That paragraphs twenty, | twenty-one, twenty-two, and twenty- 1 three and the words “salicylic acid” ] in paragraph one of Schedule A of | section one of an Act entitled “‘An Act } to reduce tariff duties and to provide | revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,’ approved October | third, nineteen hundred and thirteen, | and paragraphs three hundred and | ninety-four, four hundred and fifty- 1 two, and five hundred and fourteen, | and the words “carbolic” and | “ phthalic,” in paragraph three hun- | dred and eighty-seven of the “ free | list” of section one of said Act, and J‘se much of said Act or any ‘existing | law or parts of daw as may he incon- | sistent with this title are hereby re- | pealed. ” GENERAL INFORMATION. The dyes and other coal-tar chemicals covered by this title have been discussed in .detail in published reports of the Tariff Commis- s10n. Therefore individual products will not be described here except in a few cases where some additional information is deemed essential. For a detailed description of the products derived directly or indi- rectly from coal tar and for information as to processes of manufac- ture, uses, production, import and export statistics, and interpreta- tion and comments, the following publications of the United States Tariff Commission should be consulted: Census of Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemicals, 1917; Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals; Census of Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemicals, 1918. The materials embraced in ‘this title are divided into three groups. Group I (free list) includes the so-called crudes which are chemical ? 6 Sp Rn Ee, cnn iia mae it iil | SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 919 substances naturally present in coal tar and such commercial mix- tures thereof as may be obtained from tar by distillation or simple chemical processes. Group II (dutiable at 15 per cent ad valorem plus 23 cents per pound) includes the products known in the trade as intermediates. These materials are made from the crudes by chemical processes and, with a few exceptions, are not useful except for further manufacture by chemical processes into finished products. ~— Group III (dutiable at 30 per cent ad valorem plus 5 cents per pound, or dutiable at 30 per cent ad valorem only) includes the fin- ished products derived from coal tar—dyes, photographic chemicals, medicinals, flavors, synthetic phenolic resins, and explosives. Per- fumes and perfume materials derived from coal tar are not included under this title. GROUP I—CRUDES. About 125 different chemical substances have been isolated from coal tar, but comparatively few of them are commercially important. The following are the most important products used as crudes in the manufacture of intermediates, dyes, and other finished materials: Benzol, toluol, xylol, naphthalene, anthracene, carbazol, cresol, methyl- anthracene, methylnapbhthalene, and quinoline. Benzol and _ toluol, in addition to use in the manufacture of intermediates and finished coal-tar products, are also used as an automobile fuel and as solvents for a great many substances. Phenol, which occurs naturally in coal tar, but which is also made synthetically from benzol, is specifically provided for in Group IT. GROUP II—INTERMEDIATES. Intermediates are substances which do not usually exist in coal tar, but are made from the crude materials provided for in Group I by chemical processes. In a few cases an intermediate may be used in the manufacture of other intermediates and dyes and it may also be a finished product. The following products are examples of an over- lapping in the present classifications: Salicylic and benzoic acids, benzaldehyde, betanaphthol, resorcin, acetanilide, phenol, and cresol— used as medicinals, as intermediates for the manufacture of other medicinals, and for the manufacture of dyes. [In all these cases there are two grades of the substance on the market—(1) a fine grade con- forming to the specifications of the Pharmacopeeia and suitable for medicinal use, and (2) a less pure grade suitable for use as an inter- mediate. GROUP III—FINISHED PRODUCTS. This group provides for the finished products derived from the raw materials and intermediates provided for in Groups I and II with the exception of the coal-tar medicinals of paragraph 18 and perfume materials of coal-tar origin of paragraphs 48 and 49 of the act of 1913. The finished materials made from coal tar are many, and of widely different use. They include dyes, color lakes, photographic chemicals, medicinals, flavors, perfume materials, synthetic phenolic resins, synthetic tanning materials, and explosives. There are a great many minor uses of coal-tar products. These finished products are all closely related to each other chemically and in a great many instances the same raw materials, intermediates, and even the same 920 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. apparatus can be used interchangeably in their manufacture. This relationship is very close between the products of the dye industry. and certain branches of the explosive industry. INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. The tariff act of 1913 and the revenue act of 1916 should be read together, and the provisions of each be given full force and effect, save where they are expressly repealed by the latter act or are absolutely inconsistent and irreconcilable in terms. The expression ‘“‘when imported” in section 500 of the act of 1916, should be read as meaning “which are imported” and should be interpreted as having no purpose to change the time or condition under which a collection of revenue is to be had. There being no conflict between paragraph Q of section IV of the act of 1918 and the revenue act of 1916, the paragraph was not repealed by the revenue act. Neither should they be regarded as separate and independent of each other. The principle of paragraph Q that goods in bond shall be subjected to the rate of duty in force at the time of withdrawal and not to that in force at the time of entry should be applied in the administration of the revenue act. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37978 and 37980, of 1919.) GROUP I. Creosote oil is exempt from duty under. Group I, section 500. The phrase “all other distillates which on being subjected to distillation yield in the portion distilling below 200° C. a quantity of tar acids less than 5 per centum of the original distillate” is inapplicable to creosote oil. The words “all other distillates”? mean distillates not named. (G. A. 8176, T. D. 37679, of 1918, and T. D. 37417, of 1917.) Cresol consisting of more than 5 per cent of phenol, more than -50 per cent of cresols, and more than 5 per cent of tar acids dis- tilling below 200° C., is exempt from duty under Group I and not dutiable under Group II. (G. A. 8192, T. D. 87740, of 1918.) An importation containing 2.6 per cent of phenol was likewise classified.. (Abstract 42608, of 1918.) Merchandise designated as cresol, cresylic acid, or liquid carbolic acid, was also held to come within the pro- vision for cresol in Group I. (Abstracts 42719, of 1918, 42855 and 48071, of 1919.) Cresylie acid was held to be substantially the same as eresol. (Abstract 42864, of 1919.) Orthocresol, classified under Group II, was held exempt from duty under Group I. (Ab- stract 482638, of 1919.) GROUP II. Coumarin, a coal-tar flavoring preparation, classified under Group III at 30 per cent ad valorem, was held dutiable under Group II at 15 per cent plus 23 cents per pound. (Abstract 48261, of 1919.) Ap- peal is pending from this decision. (T. D. 38114, of 1919.) The pro- vision for coal-tar flavors in Group III controls over the provision for chemical compounds in paragraph 5 of the act of 1918. (Ab- | stract 48265, of 1919.) Naphthalene, which was reported by the Government analyst .as having a solidifying point of 79.1° C., was held to come within Group II at 15 per cent and 23 cents per pound. The ascertainment of whether naphthalene falls within Group I or Group IT requires an accurate scientific test as to the solidifying point; if 79° C. or more, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION 991 it is dutiable under Group II. The tests to ascertain such fact are strictly scientific, as only by such methods can the true solidifying point be known. In this case the instruments used and the methods pursued by the Government conformed to the scientific process neces- sary for accurate ascertainment. (G. A. 8197, T. D. 37790, of 1918.) The method of determining the solidifying point of naphthalene under Groups I and II was prescribed by the Treasury Department after a conference with the Bureau of Standards and customs officers and the making of tests. (T. D. 38096, of 1919.) GROUP III. Trinitrotoluol, the most extensive use of which is as an explosive for artillery purposes (T. D. 36526, of 1916), was declared exempt from duty under paragraph 501 of the act of 1913, and medicinalg proviced for eo nomine, such as salol, phenolphthalein, acetanilide, acetphenetidine, antipyrine, acetylsalicylic acid, and aspirin, are more specifically provided for in paragraph 18 of the act of 1918 than — under the general provision for medicinals in Group III of the act of 1916. (Treas. Decs., Oct. 5 and Nov. 7, 1916.) Artist’s colors or paints derived from indigo and alizarin are dutiable under Group III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound, rather than under the provision for “ artists’ paints or colors” or “ color lakes ” in paragraph 63, of the act of 1918. (G. A. 8110, T. D. 37429, of 1917; Abstracts 42465, of 1918, 43067, of 1919.) Fustin, a compound of fustic extract and about 34 per cent of diazo benzine, comes within Group III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound by virtue of the words “in part,” notwithstanding the larger per- eentage of the compound is clearly an extract of vegetable origin, suitable for dyeing, coloring, or staining, since diazo benzine is a product of coal tar among those provided for in Groups I and II. (G. A. 8170, T. D. 37652, of 1918.) Homatropine hydrobronide and similar medicinal preparations composed in part of coal-tar products are dutiable at 30 per cent under Group III. The Treasury Department enumerated in its in- structions eserine salicylate, theobromine salicylate, caffeine sodium benzoate, atropine salicylate, bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth benzoate, bismuth borophenate, guaiacol benzoate, and guaiacol salicylate. (T. D. 37661, of 1918.) Tuscan red, a coal-tar color lake, composed of oxide of iron, con- taining about 4 per cent of aniline color, is dutiable under Group III at 80 per cent plus 5 cents per pound. (Abstraets 424138 and 42464, of 1918.) Jonomet was held properly classified as a photographie chemical under Group III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound. (Abstract 42466, of 1918.) Resorcin was held properly classified as a. coal-tar medicinal prod- uct at 30 per cent under Group III. A mere statement in an analysis which was treated as part of the protest that the merchandise does not conform to the requirements of the United States Pharmacopeia was held insufficient to warrant a reversal of the classification made by the collector. (Abstract 42857, of 1919.) Indigo paste containing no indigotine, but not being a natural mix- ture and not being specially provided for, was held dutiable at 15 per cent under paragraph 385 of the act of 1918 as an unenumerated 922 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. manufactured article, and other indigo paste in the importation was_ held properly classified under Group III of the act of 1916 at 30 per cent ad valorem. The statute providing for duty on indigo fixes no limit or percentage of indigotine which indigo paste must contain or any standard of its indigotine and moisture contents. The Gov- ernment, in considering the dutiable character of such merchandise, is not concerned with the question of whether the sellers thereof complied with the terms of purchase or whether from the viewpoint of the importers the article is up to their standard or merchantabie. Consequently, failure of the sellers to deliver merchandise conform- ing to the standard fixed by the purchaser may not be construed as a nondelivery or nonimportation. (G. A. 8234, T. D. 37923, of 1919.) Merchandise invoiced as “dry purple lake” classified under Group III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound was held dutiable as cochi- neal lake under paragraph 63 of the act of 1913. of 1919.) (Abstract 43082, TITLE VI. PRINTING PAPER. ACT OF 1913. 999 _ Dee. paper made Printing paper (other than commercially known as hand- or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan paper by whatever name known), un- Sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers or bindings, not spe- cially provided for in this section, valued above 24 cents per pound, 12 per centum ad valorem: Provided, however, That if any country, de- pendency, province, or other subdivi- sion of government shall impose any export duty, export license fee, or other charge of any kind whatsoever (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be imposed upon printing paper, valued above 2% cents per pound, when imported either directly or indirectly from such coun- try, dependency, province, or other sub- division of government, an additional duty equal to the amount of the high- est export duty or other export charge imposed by such country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of goy- ernment, upon either printing paper, or upon an amount of wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp necessary to manufacture such printing paper. ACT OF 1916, Suc. 600. That paragraph three hun- dred and twenty-two, Schedule M, and paragraph five hundred and sixty-seven of the free list of the Act entitled “An Act to reduce tariff duties and to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,” approved Oc- tober third, nineteen hundred and thirteen, be amended so that the same shall read as follows: 322, Printing paper (other than paper commercially known as hand- made or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan paper by whatever name known), un- sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing of books and newspapers, but not for covers or bindings, not spe- cially provided for in this section, valued above 5 cents per pound, 12 per centum ad valorem: Provided, however, That if any country, de- pendency, province, or other subdivi- Sion of government shall impose any export duty, export license fee, or other charge of any kind whatsoever (whether in the form of additional charge or license fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be imposed upon printing paper, values above 5 cents per pound, when imported either directly or indirectly from such coun- try, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government, an addi- tional duty equal to the amount of the highest export duty or other ex- port charge imposed by such country, dependency, province, or other subdi- vision of government, upon either printing paper or wpon an amount of wood pulp, or wooed for use in the manufacture of wood pulp necessary to manufacture such printing paper. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 923 For “ Interpretation and comments,” see paragraph 322. ACT OF 1913. 567. Printing paper (other than | paper commercially known as hand- made or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan paper by whatever name known), unsized, sized, or glued, suitable for the print- ing of books and newspapers, but not! for covers or bindings, not specially provided for in this section, valued at. not above 23 cents per pound, decalco- mania paper not printed. ACT OF 1916. “567, Printing paper (other than paper commercially known as hand- made or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and imitation japan paper by whatever name known), un- sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the printing or books and newspapers, but not for covers or bindings, not specially provided for in this section, valued at not above 5 cents per pound, decalcomania paper not printed.” For ‘“ Interpretation and comments,” see paragraph 322. a {Title VII omitted. ] TITLE VIII. UNFAIR COMPETITION, ACT OF 1916, Sec. 800. That when used in this_ title the term ‘person’ includes partnerships, corporations, and asso- ciations. Sec, 801. That it shall be unlawful | for any person importing or assisting in importing any articles from any | foreign country into the United States, commonly and systematically to im- port, sell or cause to be imported or sold such articles within the United States at a price substantially less than the actual market value or whole- sale price of such articles, at the time of exportation to the United States, in the principal markets of the coun- try of their production, or of other foreign countries to which they are commonly exported, after adding to such market value or wholesale price, freight, duty, and other charges and expenses necessarily incident to the importation and sale thereof in the United States: Provided, That such act or acts be done with the intent of destroying or injuring an industry in the United States, or of preventing the establishment of an industry in the United States, or of restraining or monopolizing any part of trade and commerce in such articles in the United States. f Any person who yiolates or com- bines or eonspires with any other per- son to violate this section is guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction | thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000, or imprison- ment not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. Any person injured in his business or property by reason of any viola- ACT OF 1916—Continued, tion of, or combination or conspiracy to violate, this section, may sue there- for in the district court of the United States for the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall re- cover threefold the damages sustained, and the cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee. The foregoing provisions shall not be construed to deprive the proper State courts of jurisdiction in actions for damages thereunder, Sec, 802. That if any article pro- duced in a foreign country is im- ported into the United States under any agreement, understanding, or con- dition that the importer thereof or any other person in the United States shall not use, purchase, or deal in, or shall be restricted in his using, pur- chasing, or dealing in, the articles of any other person, there shall be levied, eollected, and paid thereon, in addi- tion to the duty otherwise imposed by law, a special duty equal to double the amount of such duty: Provided, That the above shall not be inter- preted to prevent the establishing in this country on the part of a for- eign producer of an exclusive agency for the sale in the United States of the products of said foreign producer or merchant, nor to prevent such ex- clusive agent from agreeing not to use, purchase, or deal in the article of any other person, but this proviso shall not be construed to exempt from the provisions of this section any article imported by such exclusive agent if such agent is required by the foreign 924 ACT OF 1916—Continued. producer or if it is agreed between such agent and such foreign producer that any agreement, understanding or condition set out in this section shall be imposed by such agent upon the sale or other disposition of such article to any person in the United States, Sec. 803. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall make such rules and regulations as are necessary for the earrying out of the provisions of sec- tion eight hundred and two. Sec. 804. That whenever any coun- try, dependency, or colony shall pro- hibit the importation of any article the product of the soil or industry of the United States and not injurious to health or morals, the President shall have power to prohibit, during the period such prohibition is in force, the importation into the United States of similar articles, or in case the United States does not import similar articles from that country, then other articles, the products of such country, dependency, or colony. And the Secretary of the Treasury, with the approval of the President, shall make such rules and regulations as are necessary for the execution of the provisions of this section. Src. 805, That whenever during the existence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reason- able ground to believe that under the laws, regulations, or practices of any country, colony, or dependency con- trary to the law and practice of nations, the importation into their own or any other country, dependency, or colony of any article the product of the soil or industry of the United States and not injurious to health or morals is prevented or restricted the President is authorized and empow- ered to prohibit or restrict during the period such prohibition or restriction is in foree, the importation into the United States of similar or other articles, products of such country, de- pendency, or colony as in his opinion the public interest may require; and in such case he shall make proclama- tion stating the article or articles which are prohibited from importation into the United States; and any per- sen or persons who shali import, or attempt or conspire to import, or be concerned in importing, such article or articles, into the United States con- trary to the prohibition in such procla- mation, shall be liable to a fine of not less than $2,000 nor more than SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, ACT OF 1916—Continued. $50,000, or to imprisonment not to ex- ceed two years, or both, in the discre- tion of the court. The President may change, modify, revoke, or renew such proclamation in his discretion, Sec. 806. That whenever, during the existence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reason- able ground to believe that any ves- sel, American or foreign, is, on ac- count of the laws, regulations, or practices of a belligerent Government, making or giving any undue or un- reasonable preference or advantage in any respect whatsoever to any par- ticular person, company, firm, or cor- poration, or any particular descrip- tion of traffic in the United States or its possessions or to any citizens of the United States residing in neutral countries abroad, or is subjecting any particular person, company, firm, or corporation or any particular descrip- tion of traffic in the United States or its possessions, or any citizens of the United States residing in neutral coun- tries abroad to any undue or unrea- sonable prejudice, disadvantage, in- jury, or discrimination in. regard to accepting, receiving, transporting, or delivering, or refusing to accept, re- ceive, transfer, or deliver any cargo, freight or passengers, or in any other respect whatsoever, he is hereby au- thorized and empowered to direct the detention of such vessels by withhold- ing clearance or by formal notice for- bidding departure, and to reyoke, modify, or renew any such direction. That whenever, during the exist- ence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reason- able ground to believe that under the laws, regulations, or practices of any belligerent country or Government, American ships or American citizens are not accorded any of the facilities of commerce which the vessels or citizens of that belligerent country enjoy in the United States or its pos- sessions, or are not accorded by such belligerent equal privileges or facili- ties of trade with vessels or citizens of any nationality other than that of such belligerent, the President is hereby authorized and empowered to withhold clearance from one or more vessels of such belligerent country un- til such belligerent shall restore to such American vessels and American citizens reciprocal liberty of commerce and equal facilities of trade; or the President may direct that similar SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, ACT OF 1916—Continued, privileges and facilities, if any, en- joyed by vessels or citizens of such belligerent in the United States or its possessions be refused to vessels or citizens of such belligerent; and in such case he shall make proclamation of his direction, stating the facilities and privileges which shall be refused, and the belligerent to whose vessels or citizens they are to be refused, and thereafter the furnishing of such pro- hibited privileges and facilities to any vessel or citizen of the belligerent named in such proclamation shall be unlawful; and he may change, modify, revoke, or renew such proclamation; and any person.or persons who shall furnish or attempt or conspire to fur- nish or be concerned in furnishing or in the concealment of furnishing facili- ties’or privileges to ships or persons contrary to the prohibition in such proclamation shall .be liable to a fine 925 ACT OF 1916—Continued. of not less than $2,000 nor more than $50,000 or to imprisonment not to ex- ceed two years, or both, in the discre- tion of the court. In case any vessel which is detained by virtue of this Act shall depart or attempt to depart from the jurisdic- tion of the United States without clearance or other lawful authority, the owner or master or person or per- sons having charge or command of such vessel shall be severally liable to a fine of not less than $2,000 nor more than $10,000, or to imprison- ment not to exceed two years, or both, and in addition such vessel shall be forfeited to the United States. That the President of the United States is hereby authorized and em- powered to employ such part of the land or nayal forces of the United States as shall be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, See “Information Concerning Dumping and Unfair Foreign Com- petition in the United States, and Canada’s Anti-Dumping Law” (1919), by the Tariff Commission printed for the use of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. rf ee Pe ond crotwag ty Te Rh) geen FN, eas 2 ; ’ a oe” ~ 4 as) Rae. S { O44 oe ° 2 * . m% fa , 4s #3 ‘ ri - q ¥ : * ‘ ; ‘ ; ‘ y ' : ; © - s a 3 3 ( tis Fg * Vee \ ne z -tlaé HX = ¥ é , j “3% - . > oF “KSEE 2B Le ’ hit pes $8) ns o4 wha : # ‘3 ‘ i” ae + / - . ¢ S eo 4 . — $ " ¢ \ F . - a i? = ol ‘ <— 7 i) a ts _ . ve : / ’ we F ty “ . bas = < » t : ‘7 - ef ' Se a ri 4 » w ‘ we a 4 " 7 ¥j t 1 ‘ = ‘ * ‘ \ ; * a ” *. 7 : . y co wy yr -egrs 8, Be 5 “ f Coe er: nae v2 hel * a a " ai a” wi . bi / > ‘ey i t $s a | as af P t Shs 4 Oe ine ’ + ‘ 1 wes ’ te , ’ | q ‘ ry 2 - t +t ’ « ‘ } ** moe ts i LM J 84 ’ 4 as ae oot} TP pe they oe ; Ios res e)., & ack i a 13 ? TN bP Gy . As t F i ad il 19755 &- } pant. ‘ J - ¢ " rt - , : ‘* y fe ] * , j r ah ey —) { = * od ‘ . ¥ . » . "y ? Bes gy Wea : - . fol oe 7 , 4 * - b a ee EF yey ra és i Ce orl ‘eh (oy ia ~ ttt ae ae gaint 7 -* reel Sak 1 A At " a LA Ba eet oui th ¢ Pee iw fay. Ae oy Be a.) se - s,s - i A of TEM EY ei mote gees? & pa} ge A ale e INDEX. ABBREVIATIONS: N.o. p. f., otherwise provided for; n.s. p.f., not specially provided or; U . 8. P., United States Pharmacopoeia. Schedules: Page. im whemicale; Oils, and Paints... 2... 2.0... .... 2.25 uk 6 B. Earths, Earthenware, and Glassware.............-.-..- 135 “. waetals, and Manufactures-of . 1.25.1... seen ns cee 178 wood, and Manufactures of... 02.0... 3. 271 KE. Sugar, Molasses, and Manufactures of......./........... 289 F, Tobacco, and Manufactures of......................... 298 G. Acricultural Products and Provisions.......-..... 2.2.42 305 H. Spirits, Wines, and Other Beverages...............---- 378 Pe idtien Manufectores.........c ....<-----. ocd o keel 387 J. Flax, Hemp, and Jute, and Manufactures of............ 425 K. Wool and Manufacturesof Wool........--....-.-.2.-... 445 Ray a SAE RMR MOM APOOES 2 556 53 dsc cbc cu cu oe vs ac te ve nie scl 478 m. apers and Books... . 2.2... elie ce ee eee ee ell 497 6 ES EROS 2 TS ao er 4 2 setae i a peg ee, Gi ey Ee 517 Free List . ae el ee ie rey EM CA a 585 Section Ti, hAdouimintrative, oc bisariee jedibes! We halo re 842 Section IV, ’ Special Provisions .. oy Sect, 879 Provisions-of Act of 1909 Continued by “Act of 1913. ‘estes 907 Specific Provisions, Act of 1909, not in Act of 1913, as Such..... 913 Sections of Act of 1909 not Reenacted in Act of 1913............ 914 Revenue Act of September'8, 1916. ...........-..-. 22-22-2222 916 Sn St ORE Ciigns Fr enw. ok deka shen santowedaces 916 Title VI, RoPueGl SIADEFS ia pede cine see bane DWAIN 922 A. ESTES Yeh 7a sT em ec 6 PSO MSE Re Ot OR ne ne 648, 873 Abandonment of appeal for reappraisement.........---.----..-- 861 SAT Weta Wat EE ke ER on we eng tine eek op ne 864 ERM RES Cf 2 ons oR Wie ale atets yes heeak toe si-nd Aegon - 167 Abortion, articles for, prohibited MALES CER MN IERIE II UA a AAS 886 Abrasives, artificial, crude, TELL RA) VO Real is aes 1 a ai arp yee SB 656 EDU ch gts coved Me Gen a) ee Ee ADs dee aa pt ae ie aepaetas a 197 SSMS 6s gs 1s pas’ gb a Soto nits iain wiciegd min mews a0 Gun om 380 Acenaphthene. Ue fe ace Pa gad ee Bee I an Nay de a 916 I RR Fen Se Sis hey ge ce nik ase aos ms wi pace eect ee 2 37, 38 Acetate, amyl and ethyl 5 Nad DEES RR i MOL EES Sa REG ESD 47, 48 RE ie Inline eS Tee Matinee A tad hice? ach aera oe Se 14 MeEPReNeMOING. ...--.----- ~~ to enee = chem mmmplame san ten 37, 39 RII T058 Th k oe hw ree tee «hare ans ae ste biamnind 6, 12 I oe Tn duca pe 6-18, 17, 37, 43, 70, 585-590, 916 acetic or pyroligneous. - ..----- ------22e er eee ee eee e eee: 585 IE ROO a ae ata ase op mn oe os oe Onigeadoia® 37, 40 AEROS EES MECN 9) Se a ee at Ne aed em ...-- 43, 916 TESS IETSS 3-00] 01 ee eo a Ate nS age a CE 585, 586 I SR roe ts eS ee uae ww io moo ce a esteem 12 A sh a a w'p soln pin wee nein yt She cer dae Me 916 NE ae es So Be 5 gto «es nom np aeons breennae 6 ee Cs ise eb pina d oes w Se eee agin ees 585 SENSE Oe, tee Ed yg als ae om ome ole «kee 916 PRCT a tahcla cin o> nie ee ok hea BO tee wirien cade em aE 585, 586 2 TENT ag eR po! <0 ai SS Ie a = (Cee iia ai a en eae 6 ret ee ear es ces 2 te he Sage Eg als Ole cave oe Rene pene 585, 587 927 928 | INDEX. Acids—Continued. Page. FOFMMIC DSi a0 os oe atte tes cere cca arm oe ae 6 wales or Gis cen nie cee eae wip alee ha haan 6 elycerophosphoric, and salts and compounds..........-.-.- 37, 39 hydrochloric or muratic.... 5.52. . a. 2s is ene es 585, 587 hydrofluoric. . 2. 5. . +2. e eee ee wee ke nh. eee ee - 585, 587 fachicn 2). 2 sa c2 2k. oe Se ee ea pe oe 9 meotanilie: oes vide teste eves ced twaneee ee ee 45, 916 mixed 2! 0). os. fs oes «os cys Mea ge dees ee Oe oe oe 17 muriatic or hydrochioric. cp ewceacee so peels s Seles a 585, 587 MUTIC. a oP See OS Pe Sa re Seat ole eee 585, 587 0) (23 ee EE WENO MCCS MEIN MER ARINC IS 12 OXBILC. LS. % - cP eae aes emtigh ately sce ae See .. alee 6 PHOSPHONC...oe-. wee ae re pe cw cs Soa nn 585, 588 phthalic... oo. eee bu canescens eEEE) SHER 5 mL ee 585, 916 PT USBI 6s acne ni CR SE ee 585, 588 Pyrogallic so. wd ke teks bc ne ele ate Reet al eee Sie 6 TICTHINEIG? on. Vasotec bee a wae sth soln Pte ee 70 salicylic. 2 .-.2.¢5 euis - pr eb ieee REE OL Bee Sea 6, 916 SINCIC. Soci a ee ce we kon ns ep Oh SCRE eee 585 steavic).. ss cast ... os 2@iiheeeee meee 590 “Actual mar rket VLU. x ed's oo sue cin oho bk CRORE 869 Additions by importers to make market value.......-...-------- 851 Aeroplanes, entry of, in bond (subsec. 4).....-... i912 Hem VOeeE 890, 893 Affidavits of absent witnesses to be received. ..........-.------- 861 ABOT-AGAT.. . = sci we none poet ane oe ene teeh ate SeCbe ese: Same 54, 55 PEROT O win cdc Gis o alee Wp Sik aig We aio ee ee eee His daape Ld. Fae d 174 Agates, unmanufactured (....sc.0pac-eee0s+ seeaee eeeees ook 590 Agr eements for contingent fees on protests not valid.........-.... 864 trade, President authorized to negotiate. ...,- sneer 879 Agricultural implements and parts of. >. 2.. 42-2... 2. 2) eee 591-593 Agriculture, Department of, plants, shrubs, trees, etc., for...-.... 750 Aigrettes, importation prohibited (7727s. o0 es acse ss = ee 535 Air rifless. 22002457 foe Dn Se eee aee eee ee ee 220 Airships; eritry of, im bond (subsec. 4.).22 522,422: 1 eee 890, 893 Akaumezuke, umezuke, or umeéboshi. 2.227207 ieee eee 322 Alabaster benches, monuments, etc...........--------+-------eee 174 Ainate.: UHManuinotored so 2 ot ea eee 1.2/7 eee 235 ALOUMON: oA es PEAS ee Se eee ee ee rae 3h 323, 593 ope, dried ees 05 esas ae ce ee 15 Proven or liquids 24405 232082 (cee te ee ae Pa 323 De By De tee oes ee oman tad eee a een ee . 593 Aibumui, vegetabie:csu, Scr eee Sere S202 n8 She. a §13 Albums, autograph; photograph; ete: :/24.222724.5 231.7289. eee 515 Alcohol 07 nto ond coh ce pein ee oa cee ae eee = en ae 593-594 BULYV HCC LS Sia ack ede sina whee eee oer Wee ee ow et ee 54 drawback of internal-revenue tax on.....-...-...-. 2? Sones 899 in blacking "S85 Sc Re eee eee on 28 in, balsam: 1.35225 20 a as a ee ore eee 24 In etherg.'. 52 Sic oucees Shae Sate ee ee pei By {| 47 mantles. 2502 544 312 Oe ee Areca HOES: 225 eee ae ee a 246, 248 methyl ar ‘wood ¢ 722 54 S277 0 asl tit Seen eee 593 Alcoholic’ compounds, 1. s.-pi fis 22229. 2 Soo See ee 34 PAs 5 nth an ME Rca shee mates bie a Die atte ea ae ee ee 383 PIMOS Ls sree ed Rie Cee ee SOS fee ie ee 385 Alara a6Od Of 07S wie als SPS OSS eee se ore ae 770 Alizarin ‘assistants 2205052122 S20 Fo. Stee i oe ee 70, 71 Weatiral 2 ee 5 aii Ps Fas sr ae Se ee 594, 916 INDEX, | 929 Page. Alkalies and chemical compounds, mixtures, salts, n. s. P. er 16-18 - containing bicarbonate of soda...............-. Fibs 123 Alkaloids and chemical compounds, mixtures, salts, n. s. Dp. Paes 16-18 SRA RMI RIRE NS 2 en Ses LES CS ee sae Bet es 758 OAS ASE A ele Rk ei AU eS SEERA ED Cee eas ROR 88 Allowance for damage and shortage...................02-0-eeeee 873 for rot or decay in grapes.. AP ee carla ih Aig ae de 357 EMME PRCRTITENYEC SS ee osteo eee os a 2 Soins SF Ge ROSIN eat 229 Re ee a aoe eee ee ee re ey ae 249 used in manufacture of steel, n. s. p. f...........22...... 178-183 SILT SG lrg aly edie pte g Aah ell ale Ae Geta a RN 509 Almonds, ‘shelled or not shelled: - 0.) 2.2.2 .43s25 20225: 20. bs 361, 362 Aloe bagging Be et ee TE NTO ENDED 606 A ella Ia ate ie beretad ieee ere hee ed tees 471-478 METER Aco ee ee eee eee Te oes 12 ts SOME, ES th thy Bh) 475, 476 plushes SS a ee clr pee ete Sar eich tar ie TALES rnin Leek wy OSES 476, 477 ee Detect eee eee ee NRT eee Le ee sR 474 (1 TF ee tll SE ate ign: Pal apc ade pda ig: bee al a ts a 476, 477 (a Pan il go nella Aa ae AOA A Sle tel oa eR a ok Aha 474-475 meinen Toot, leaves, or flowers: 7.7.4 2 five. ees eee STOO 712 Alum cake and patent Alum < ete etek ee cee ee 18, 19 Alumina, hydrate and ‘sulphate of..........-.-.--2--2-.20..2200. 18 Reel LOnes OF ite th feo eae eh tc eed ci 18 ps Al li lid eer AER AAC Ads Ne Aan a Pagers 18,19 INST ee eee a ee eh fe SEM AD SHTT etd FMD 229-233 Re ec es che es are Nee (MELE: NEE? STE): BANE S 229 bars, plates, rods, sheets, and strips......................-.- 229 Beer etar Tent ite ee i aicaa Srp al mais 229 Te “hehe Seka Sh 2 na ag A OE, de able a ae eM 20 Ee eet Ss weer earn Usa ea Ce see he to ot 229, 233 utensils, table, kitchen, and hospital.....................-.-. 222 eth TR Riel lili py ae ld aah eile Ae ER i Bea y tt: 321 tte lhe igang yy ie pn ne Se AA a NG aE i aR anal 57, 628 (aa pier tite tt ee il Gk. el NTA edly Si Ao a 57 EE ee ee ee a ee ee te ee ase 1 678 RI Et TPs. Cig tro et ves Poe a ee 564, 565 (ia i etal aaNet tial Bet MD SIR Rene Sa A Ay os Ra a a 78, 81 aE lg Sa GAA ill are a Sats oncom 78, 82, 94 rE PUAIITACLOTOG «$4.2 5 wt. th eon Ste oe os Se TS 57 American goods exported and-returned 2 vos. ne ee 901 05 bla aE erica i tee ia A Nr bl ae Si Ere eee Oa 916 Amidonaphtolsulfoacid and sodium c ie OR SS aeete ee cure es Ca 43 MmeonirenGrs 2.20. a a eee et eects Tie eed atte 916 a ig 6 pated a cece ya el lg ae eae eae Spee a ae 43, 916 le pea ees ea ge le il a ada Sel I nab ne i a a 20 carbonate, muriate, and phosphate of. ......---.....2......4. 20-21 (Tis EE 0 Silly SoS lear Ril aie ai og ie aie aie 20, 22 NE olathe ea i ial gaggia laa Gea Resi SP betel slt dees Shi don 594, 595 perchlorate of....... Pee sete ve rs thee ee ee oS 594, 595 EC ns fee Oe: OP ti EL OE AE ae ae eee te 594 Reneecat ens tiguor: 2 055% 7. ee PAR a 5 ag a Vp Pa By a 20, 22 Ampoules, ae ae Sis Ariel oto St Neate ety aati GOI SS ped gg Bel og SR A 35 ae ely oe eS ee ee Bee Pel, EL ese 47, 48 maa ean ree ee ig ee Re ee tee WEEE STOEL & oS 47, 48 See recAl OF (pat, 200). kL EES SG BO ee 913 Anatomy, preparations of, skeletons. -.....--....-.--..--+---0-0. 774 Peemmn inonor steel. SS 2ssc sts. ttt Sst SO ln aed ts 188 Andirons, eet ee err ee be ieeee ae rise ones et Some. 210 MIG eels coe, soe on ae tS SRT OR Ree ee 185 EET tee an se key ote oe ee eee 471-478 BPA M ant er Ga ake ete Soe Coon ee pete eee Lee 475, 476 plushes. SE Ee sce a UL, Sahn Semele aes eee eee eat 476, 477 a ali ac ae taal ela th nd Ser ati a 3S iy lS pla OO OS 474 Ee ger te Me Oe OL EN Cee SES 476, 477 (hh RA alle lai ep ASRS i ltd SE A AAT Me ht ESR a OE be tee Se 474-475 184911°—20 830 | INDEX. Page. Pb dride, ACEC 6 +1 -sie> med inp -elie etre eter Bee sey hyde 14 Anhydrides, MAI, NB.) 4. aise See wie Ae ps ae peat oO Shr . 6 phosphoric erat phthalic acid... nciiae 5 -faette 14, 589 Aniline, arseniate of LAB BOG) oo one we cme +» 2 peeled eee 913 Oil and-shlis. oo: ose ee ce son Codes. o oan ee 43, 916 per rn goo ka sie e give ale ee oe ano eke eee Serie ee 306, 596, 790 brought in by immigrants or temporarily ay 5: spate ia ene 596 for breeding PULPOSES... sey wesc eee sc sts oe ee ~~ -\« 096-897 record and pedigree... tices... Ss. eee eet 72-2 + oe oe 596-597 RE Ul. ot ee. ee ses wine ope errr Fee 721 life-saving, for societies and institutions......-\.-.+es sop ies 707 philosophical and scientific...:5..0...24..50-- -- deen ee 838 for educational purposes. -_2.-.-2i...--+.<2---4 eae eee TAT platinum, for Chemical t9@8 Ss) erbmmm de bop eee Bi 750 special, to teach the blind...) .... 0.22 4a.2.. 2... ce 620 Appeal for reappraisement, fee for, hearings on, when abandoned . 861 Appoats, ‘Court of Customs. -.---....:--..2 ses oes oe 909 @inplos, -preén or-ripe. c's. k Loae. «a now's wie er ee ee 347 Appliances, rescue, miner’ BS... eee eee eee ee eee eee eee oe ie See 721 ap PIQ Ub, MCATH NE OL. Le ae Le see ae. a ee arate 554 Appraisement, appeal FIOM 125 on om te < ie bse sone ie ete 861 final, ee ak a 861, 836 of merchandise at ports having no appraiser....... 861 Appraiser, authority of, to investigate previous importations. aeueniiie 867 GUGY OLS 0 Si «ese nie ge oe sine as oc bl yey othe 856, 861 | to revise reports of assistant. ..............--cws--en-s 861 appraisers, general; ‘hoards. -: 25... ae 2 - oe Mehl ‘BOT - mepranad kernel: » f°. 4. lends’ aw de ae oes Ob Maes Cc oe 361, 362 Arc iemps; flaming, .carbonsdor.-....... 222.250.0222. oe me oe eee 153 Aerentine, unmanulactured...... 0.055... 0000007 235 OLB 0'c hes wiauia a = Sey a alin Stee bs ee bide oe AR ee 23 PES sid Fos ada dich oats d a teak Ua oe oc ets ee 380 pestineel Of PoOdS. -. Jc. as ewes ele ie dviuice oe aaa eon ee sete 849 INDEX, 931 Page arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment.....-..............0.3.. 000. 601 or arsenious acid Lg. ce Can PRN Me SE gS aD IS Af Tie ee Spake aes? 585, 586 ESTEE WIND) 191, TV Osc 3 noes, «wap me oo Sk a oiw te bee nS ome 469 NN oe et ke ee tol ns thc a mem vege are cus smieinietiaha 573 RN ie ea i wh al he lene ath « deme 838 ET PEE NIECE ee Soe 2 ww eas eae in ue ns ats Be, sti = nmi wk 838, 839 engravings and ‘etchings, add akin 9 459 list of, to be made by Treasury and Commerce.......... 848 made from cotton Plein cea te en ey 423 manufactured, n. s. p. Pre ote stat. ge One 583 of personal UP TS Ad iligcag podss Ie ae Napanee AR Santee 809 PiepiUe, WelVOL, OF Bile TADTICS. 6 4 _ tt ee bone tomar aed 448 of wearing apparel Natt te agit ite ie pent Nae a Bip ae 407, 409, 489 MR EERO SEE AN iene a le eens wan cick: cs an 459 or wares composed of platinum, gold, or silver, n. s. p. f.. 268-271 OES 00S OTE TRE 7 MS She agi ae aan Le aay aaa hy ee em 579 toilet, of persons arriving in United States............-.- 809 unenumerated, under Schedule N, Sundries ............- 583 used as substitutes for coffee.............-----+--++e+e- 371 woven, finished or unfinished, n. s. p. f-......-.--.-..-.- 443 Artists, American, works a A ohn ean 2A se heehee Slee 839 I a eg en 605 I eR ee cig ed wna a m6 3. @ aes beens ridhey tai 605 manufactures UBOE TRG. 5 Cee a ROO 5 ella alae ctl Cie eee athe Ge 564, 565 A EOC CPR RS ag re Saar ais al a fe eet leg eels aii Leen 605 TLCS le acticin 4 he aie phe =.nl2 se oe hs bale ali wae. vii 564 I ce Sh Me Reale a Sok ono hie ast sone annie 564 MIS Fee a ita Oc cass ss fig Boas mais cimrpetenm + Bae ed 617 ee Ree pha enh LPs ix wre alety. 3 os high hes 776, 778 Pees, erty 4 pli clad Aatglinsy So TAS sak ati apie biieae lie Mark Cie 606 REE TARISATOES. OT oc). Jas > «ao yescins signa ~ aan STR trance 623 SE I OE aaa rg Oe reapaearg ep MERE. of MOT 606 Asphalt, limestone-rock PRGA ER ica ee AE ae at Sant <> aad ate 708 ee a aaa ag gg My Fa os Paper 708 ce Sia ed ine Sein hie bo Saeed MOTD wie Cae eines ov Asses, mules, and horses straying across boundary lines. ......... 596 UIRERERLCOTOGY CreNCTAl 0.2 sc noe nes oe See Sie eee ce he ee lebinn 912 Rs Se Be ee es RS yo oe cl are decebers 78, 86 EEE LOVON ICT, WSE 185102 o> view) ~~~ 2-2 hs eee (ose eet 849 Attorney General, ASastant ANG LODULY << o-s beeme ee eek toe ae 912 I Rg ag cares ae aim 2 = abvneeecarccncreeet mimestte 912 cpl el SE gal il id i ig ae iain 8 ap 206 bodies, chassis, and parts........-..----------+--------+-+-+0 206 entry of, in bond for EXOT (Sere ys 32s plea Back de ee 892 Romuate AO Peta DOLLCU ...Lics 05 - ~~ -- 42 += cher nn emer iene 206 Axle hars,-blanks, and forgings... -......-.---.-----------+--+- 208 Axles lifted in wheels imported... -...2. 2. nee 208 Pn Sh pe: on Se Nag Sami gate Iie ips El elas a a SAE? 208 yi Ab opetactes Se spate gate papa Sega To eae get St a Sac gg ace 328, 329 SCR EL RC. We ce on Bs a Bn a cn oe aus a Vicwis > awinis Welece webbed 168 932 INDEX, B. Page. Backaaws ss fo ROSSe TPs ea es vee wee ae na tr ote oe none 22t Bacon and ‘hams. foro co 2 2 Pee oe ne oe cee ee Oe 718, 715 Baggave in transits: yee eee oe ee a 878 Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and similar fabrics. ............ 606-608 waste, for paper making, n-is2p. f:: 77 S eeeeee 741, 742 Bags ee Sie oe oe whe wile hee et 438 baskets, satchels, etc., with traveling, drinking, or dining sets. 560 exported, returned’. 2 oot oie tee et ee te ay 602 punny, O1d eee Pe ye ce ae cee coy oreo apes ee 741, 742 leather, ne epecke yeee ae a oe cto a Oe ia 560 PSPSK Te Bes Br ee ree 503 parehinient? Tl 82 pete akin seo ks eee 560 woven fabrics, plain; single jute yarn; -.... > --.2- es eee ~ 438 Baits, arhiicial’s oo 2o3 ce Se tee ee ee 224 Ball bearings, iron or steels 229) so oe ce ee 188 Balloons, entry of; in bond (Subsec#4). °° 12-0 See ee 892 Balls, antifriction 0. ee TOR ote ees Peete cee 188 bagatelle; billiard, chess, and poolt so. .2 2 oe 530 Balm of Greate se ea Ok ec cs 608 Balsams, Canada, copaiba, fir, Peru, and tolu................... 24-25 Banrboo, sticks ofyrc 252 coe sels cee eect a fae een 823, 824 Bananas oo Veer PS ae See 5 eile che ae ee 663 Bandmep, spindle..< oo. 20-2 o te ko wae lene oe ie 417 Bandines: oe en wa kes om Cane 6 shane Oe ee 417, 435, 488 COLLOT ean ae ae ee dee w crc Oa Oe te 417 flax; hemp, or ramie; "ns sip silos). 2 435 Bile Nees pris. es ee ee 488 wool, or wool and india rubber; n. 8: p. f-. 7.1... -.. oes eee 461 Bands, cigar, paper, lithographically printed..............--..-- 507, 508 of flax; hemp,’ or'ramie, nie.p. iy 22084 bs eee oe ee 435 BATU Os ee ae ane cele a eke cates oe a a acne a ae 229, 231 carbonate, chloride, and dioxide of.................. 2... ae 26, 27 Nitrate oe CSSA ww eile aye aie oie tant ee eee ta a Bark; cinchona, salts Of Soo. fe secs cee ee ee 758 COTE So5 hs OSU EE St Sh Se oho tee eee ele ae 646 in squares, cubes,‘or quartets: +... 2.0" ee cee eee . 529 uninianuidctured > 2th Pee 2 ee 646 Cuba, im braids, laces, and plaits: 2:20) .42 124. 2 ee 520 hemlock, extract ofc F.0. es 794, 795 manufactured of, 1.8) pot... 224222 ee 286 Barks, cinthone.. 2 20.2.2 eee ee ee 609 crade; drugs, :.8: ped oo... ce ee 653, 654 CFaps sai 6 pi eee ee eee ee ee + tt) eee 46 Barley, birtled; patent, ‘or pearled 22.4 <7. +2452 Ui 5 23 ee 307-308 MAb ae wile oe SD se Oe 308 Barrels’ (enipty yoo 277 containing’ oranges, lemroris, etc? -24.%...0. 02 ee 279 exported, returiied 1.252274. To. Poe — 602 shotgun, forped,*é6te 22: 221 Yi sss a ee ee 772 Bars,’ aluminwm ~2 224223 22 tte eh CE ee eee ee eee 229 COPPER oe Ne bes awe Ot eee ee See ee re 642 CAN die epee he Hed al Aine, ad le he ME 245 TET Sera era ip Ore Sees wie ae wee eee ee 184 nickels ea ea ae Ce 9 2 0 wt 0 Oe a a 249 platinum?” 222270 Se AA ANS SS ee 750 railway, iron or steel Ty ee oe ee 761 splice; ironor steels it Po. 191 steel; tapered or beveled.. 22 00".-..75 28 ke 193 GANS SS he EE tek te de Sa Oe 800 Baryta, sulphate of-irs oe eo eee bak odes oh ct. oe 97 Barytes and ‘barytes earth fs (it...i... inti 97 BBA OUS 5 Te ee ee ek ee .- 283, 560 bags, satchels, etc., with traveling, drinking, or dining sets... 560 bamboo, wood, or straw, dyed, painted, etc...............-. 283, 284 leather or parchment, n. 8. p. f........-. Wievini sie 560 OF airs ere Et ee ee ee ee ‘Sy aaa a 285 INDEX. 933 Page Hatton berg.or Renaissazice rings)... 202% Poe lek A 424 emt te PaNIELON 5 TYAS Laas 8 2 05s 55s cheater ES terete Ok ward's CURE 421 Bauxite or beauxite, CrWder Ge SHURe die Me AE Leos 609 eR En RUMEN Sn. 44 See Dknrt ters sae AM de deo, RS 18 ee ITE EU WALCR a c5 Bsus oe Fo eh Le NN le Le 381 CE tN E PI Oe nic Vine ewe Cow os SLE ee 218 RE EGER ES PEM Uc ao Waleed Aiud dy gids wae a Sb TMS UY 517 artificial, not embroidered or appliquéd, nas pit ieot soir 517 curtains ‘composed inset Puen. ee seer eth rs i hea LS 517 not threaded or strung RMN IS bane ge Ea AeA ooo RAE eS oy erkioe 517 SET se SUMMER ONY Th HUST Ge ny oud os Ch EP gh I oS 517 meas cdeck and) bulb piron or.steel....5. 0. vcd ews ceceadieleses 185 Bean cake, or bean PS CMV EWE Sates See Jo wis, oredr ad 319-320 NN Ee Rage hcnhes hth on an pected ote Hb idludkes 315-318 crude, drugs, n. s. p. f. Boo aghiae dae sn SNM SAC IES A Ss 653, 654 drugs, PMR Ee TONES a a het. d ea ent The APOE OL 2OSS 46 PORTE Sah ee ee LT CRN Go cts 9 ne eva honaananw re eh E Dees 315 Pee Pared- OF preserved. ..5 Acct on een ees ow OL IR 317-318 NSE, Sia SLA oe OS int. Dale Vo Se Be Oat 779 NAME INLETS. oo ele th ogee A nas re mnie Dc tad ents GAR 134, 135 Nn es le wdisnlidewie baulne owls 134 Penn nalland-roller,iromor eteels ir) os oe 22 es 188, 189 ReMMATAM UN OF SIRUMIGG CUCL 5 5 os oo cece be cea enermien ered Hear hand rctaveres erence 609 Bed sets, cotton, euaneh an CAG i Sh isl i esl cot AE 492 Bedsides, BICC Meares ie OUT ee ATP eects. acduci oxordh ote OAS 469 Beef, ee aM oneal reer Uoralihy, Wena aenr aah oink ns. 713, 714 Pre weiarer. rasseue st SC OnsAL 8 oat, es er BU daha 614 IS ke Se cy Wai ck Aah s apd baabobintnanetialbnind Aoavsicnanatet 383 Pe er errr ear he es oan ocr ip i han nrc etini Sew SON 385 eS Se Se ee eee rac Rahn ama byont dati ORAL, dete 610 TREE AM a orca tie ot osc Ge nin gcc wm. io el AE EY POUT Oo 317 Beletandbeltanetal shroken 2.0... + a0 vnc ecce/orci owned bye OU 610-611 Belting, machinery, PULL emak bos coven wait goewLa., Mate 417 NA eRe Pe A Be Ey EO was wi ws arn sroiarcie cw dew a «SEBO. 461, 488 en AI SMN I EE clas alent Doak achebvoraa (3 wi Saleen PIES OG SPS CS LOE 417 max eiem)),.OF £9116, 7) 8. LeU, BSG We? Jos ok, AE 5.28 oY 435 horsehair or silk, artificial and imitation...................... 495, 496 ae hore pr Ft ett ee Ja abso oil) bows lect Jc 488 RP SRST KPa des ae RAO ASS ne ood oth. Si au te Ys 461 ete. 2) eee) wpe snl soled vd lope 417, 461, 488, 560 Re Perce ett he fe ch ct Wy A ae SN ow Hen) are ecl coat n ED EO GR 417 ReMMR RRO TIN IS OT TASNIC | TBs Dia Spi song os Sort hn eg Aster rd EMIT oe 435 Tenth on i8e Do Ts. oi. -2 +2 SE LIS eee” Wee MUMeRS ASM >) ON 34 560 parchment, DBA eee sous oot Abe Ra Oo AER EO 560 OS PS grt BO) 2 be a ae en ore Re Eee ee oo 488 wool, Pe ues Vic. Oru Sa nSede sD adt. A Me Jee amass | So age. 461 Benches, marble, DIGCcClAaNele esa by LON... SEU OS. 174 Benzaldehyde Phew seus «at aoe Lee eos oe Ue Siar tt 43, 916 NRRL BIRO ARNIS oo itn ld nora sot cat x Janaki ni Oe Oe oaks eke OG RRR SNA SA SLs fg cnr gla csien Sigh ays) aeciok chars Dita ie welds 731, 735 EMULE Ys ed ALAS oh eh 2d A pds tle ae 5 4 OPS Ee ARS 123 ERT pep 2c gee chiry Dae Pe Ean nei oe SOR Sea TER A 916 NNR IR AIRES SNEED Di Ber a. Hel GR OK er ah age are: whaiciw So w or de eRe ee BORO 43, 916 RR LSE MLS ie OE AE NI sci bo yon ovat etn yierersemip = erate a, of SRA 43, 916 erin, Chinese, and .Prussian blues... ... 5.0.00... VES ds Sek JI 99, 100 ER incr Oat sta arcana os Yeo wy io ae 46, 347, 349 OER SoC ae roe tee ne te STURN Seem eS ines sane ara 347, 350 ENTS TS GS OR Oh Se ee ee ee RS Sse 653, 654 mrad, desiccated, evaporated... .020)..'0. 20.592 Gi 347 GRUGS 1B. Pe favs oe - rapete sree ere rere ni rege ee eee ete ee Oe 46 edible, inatiralicondition.i......22) S24. Loy Bede eee 347 green, ripe, PN RA NE 9 Ae ee am pepyere st 3 bal E~ Pee e eB 663, 664 Persian, STEN OE Gl po tsb £5 pant UPR, EN as RE PU TAR 49, 50 I ES FA i 5 52 Bai nan dacea is nance ens Rink carn dhs 380, 385 bottles or cover Inve ditiable. le nie WeCMme se tA are eee... 385 containing 2 per cent of alcohol, n. s. p. f............2..--4- 385 934 INDEX, Beverages—Continued, Page. ginger ale, lemonade, soda water, etc.......... isawsh eae 385,386 SPUTTUOUS, TB. Pode ening oie ce nin 62 1,0 ratyrinprcinwe pi okk ode al ae i Hibles, bound.or.ambound. yo. cine <-yoore lore « Getenele~ See ee d 611 Picycles:snd INO CYCLES. — ite a men bir nripeeacieinieanial gee a Leap 297 entry-of,,1n bond {(aubaec. 4)... ..ae:- .)...2< cs6. Se og 02 AGP 169 MPSLaCLIUGS! OP eI St ads Leta tle oe i or SRE AE 46, 653 RIES eas AMS SANE Gs Ree SOB pS: Ra reese Ane ea 764 ECR OECS bose ted eS aee donee enes wT OORT 245 a OE Se rh de Mie a we ake OM 625 PEENIINGE ANDAs Hy iall de Des Gelb yew ake ws eden. CERES 245 IN Ss IN 8 es is oe 50% 239-241 EM Mie b rp ris eae ors. s ead, SLL Dg ls 457, 458 REINS Ly 2 oS Pe Wie Wd bea Pde bod 2 ETE IIS 834 Burden of MND etie Wii He wuiia ORD Auity a Recs hIads debas ceeds 872 actions for recovery of value of merchandise................. 872 SPICE NM eS 6 dave vals vis cen lige da chs ev acede cen SUE et 877 PPMP ML POL VOIRU ers LFS iss ko hae meas anders es Se DM 851 PIPONICTATITO Ses so S00 ose Pos Oo ee She SR TUS 872 NMG ys Sl aS Sos ee bianco vos ower one OpEeie ses U LS 606-608 Rueecton, MRE TL ABS, Disk ey sa Sots os bad a el ae RI 1 785 EN aS a gic hin arach diam Freres Sold ond OMe ns ous aren 626 EME Ors os PEM, Kr 2b dale sda ks oa sane dew oe cette 313, 314 MOMIACE ML DSLALUIOR 10M ieee cones s ea ek esc se cece ees cae eFS 370 OE i ae Eee AtS Sb Head nde sadam de eee’ 313, 314 COR RAS tsi G Wail a. 2Sba sd os 3'e no thew Xe eee oes x coe SR 370 Been uetanme OF Iastings; LC... 6 ss nnee 1s ede Rcld SA FSBO 524-525 tPA oe he OG Ka SUMAR AP SAR Aah ede Odette ons vow dy 525-529 OE Tite dine acne, Se enptioans OSL PAULL Eek oid Meee 525, 526 ORL CULL Ty BUMP kb yo oe a oe ae eerie DRSTONEL 525, 527 PRM tks cet we Sebo oe, ht AEE: SA Os 241 BUMOR OAD ER. (ard an tabu reise sie ns wansinon signs LOOKED 525, 526 en eens Se i DI e sae Boer due oe ee eo ews awit 241 Penen-Ot- POST), Tle BP. ikasviven saecossss roo ee etic eee FIT 525 MENUS DL Ukiah sh when dad cae acn eve CSl Pol aPC 525, 527 Es 5.0 Abate aticte: ae aS AALS SRL 525, 526 ea re Lay WAU A Soi R tiat oN. SEER CIELO ID 525, 526 RR tes Phi ek ERTS, areas ee oo SI SSS. 525, 527 MM DIGIVOTY 4.52.08 s ces nears ebnon sisters od pee CR OIT 525, 527 LOR yas eas ddisetis ass d's tay eanece sd Kad euus se vewnes OUT Se 670 Py-products, drawback On........50.0...ieec3eeeeceee eel ed. 899 C. ETE Ae Fe SOR a wre NAS SAA RS SS Sr A ae eo 913 Cables and cordage of hemp, istle, manila, or Tampico fiber...... 426 miecal-andrubber) eter s2. 2 220.8 225002 os ee Mane a errs 198 Eat aeTuneries,.co tar tere ss PSI a TSI 2e te oss ree 639 ee Siero s oscar tre soe, MODES SSS SSR LT Ts 297 ESO Sos ee aa oan a a ple Pee eer ior: 627 Semen COIMPOUTINS Of S24 22 50 2700 ease et ae 29 eam nee Meee Crile yeS lel rl Sl oles ee 319, 320 Mitorescc cae: ROMA ce tae Ae SORTS Ss SLOSS SO ek wo £70; CLL ELON LT INO RECS or ao aise ia ess Oooo Se oe ee 52 LN NO ARSE late Og ae ESSE BSPe EP OOM Ce Bre dE 5 Sega 776, 777 Ne ooo ea ee Oe Ps ee ae ee ie 312, 313 Se cts DIEM Oe eee eo hie hate eee ne ve 258-260 938 Cs INDEX, ’ Page. A CRG cisterna din 0/n orator ne oem > Ie ae eee srsete date , Bia ge 229, 231 acetate, carbide, chloride, and nitrate...............--.- +. 627-629 PPBUATA GOs che beg anincigs ae + aties, seri ee Al ~.. +. 1676, 677 TAVTTD GG PUD Eco ais x Hemme ore ere! a lave tor oh mines did oon cae a 23 Calendars, paper, lithographically printed....................- ... 507,508 findomel o.oo: oc wusan des wads ecb Gee. -beeee > oe 30 Camel, hair of, and of other hke.animals...........2.0........-.--- 827 A Soorrss begs (09 afc ahs lien Doing re ee sece win mel ne 8 ew ate 445 - press Cloths wacky avin ewan er a aitdbre Severe, 616 LOVING OT TAPING. 5 eos Guia view mailer. Shiv ae 445, 446 Campers, cut, TROL BEE. Hi aise ste, 5 6:Qea3e cede. gon aidsie tac ee ea ae ba 54T Cameras, photographic, .and ,parts, .n.s..p.f.......-.----5- 2-0-3606 576 Camphor, crude, refined, and synthetic...............'.---ssuecue 57, 58 Cmundles, narafiin: wax... scswi 2me > osu «Sel oe 556 ERO EILAB obese iw Sia Saks iceie oe eccmnew ae nl'= 0s aerate D383 Candy and confectionery,-sugar, 0.8. p.1,..-.,..4-

Sie ants cyenaie 2 434 RR CLINE ooo Um arene net Am tego Sib elim inka cata meee, aes ved 462-470 of flax, hemp, jute, etc. (except cotton)...........--.----.-- 431 jbo: 4g: eee Oy ima Alaa Ge dey) Sasi) DRT MUMS MCN ie ovigie B ic io all 462-470 Sb cHtini *Y Smee ET a. a sie mtew deine o'cerin oe mic idee ete a 463 BAATISUISHONL 5 5 05 2 ozo cls ieee tepals ach er ea heat vial 462 PABGELTIBLOR Ses os 6a sce. Sac ee he wena eat he de ee 462 PRR MSHOUS os oi ic os cine Sip gh es A ouebal ath etnies ee bal 464 REWIND VG ovine Sin Gigs saan win lO hte he be ta secs ea pe its ll ct 462 POSE UGRLS OIL 6 =< a -0 2-0/5 wig a,c bo alee nwa qaveyeee eos . «ieee lips 52 SGT SER Unie Oe a a le 2 ea a ME Pa os ec 535 Carts... . ae eS Cae ee bed oie 8 a is iptuenet debi f te coe) Asics 591 Gasein or lactarene.. nsec esese eee eee ree ct eee ahh 696 Cases, card, leather or —par chment, IE Ge SO OM Fine eee oe te SOT 560 powder, . stamp, and vanity Beweiry) . ideitanes ail hee xe 544 MMO ET i ceete emcees wm own: nni wits bef ANS tees! eases, Soe 473 Wearing apparel “senate PORES: A765 Cash registers... .....2........... ae Ma nie eh od eh hee ME ong tit athe he 629-630 Casings, bone, silk, n.-s. Lap hse aoe ee Leis ihc bers. 488 Casks, barrels, and chhogsheads (empty); thagepitiieih aenecuses. 27 PRN, MOGI on os giant oB wdke HUE SLES AS 602 Cassava or cassady... Se ci le red ses aden ajttenteeey Um etter indh. 796 Cassia ‘buds, unground. . . 2... gareenoe or LS EM ee. 3, ee 378 . (SC SESTRE SS B+: Sepang OLOMOUC TS RTs REL Moco yl shows sme RCS prope 373 @aseiterite, or black-oxide Of.tin_.. . .........0..enonnnen we we wk Jase 800, 801 Cast-iron andirons, hatter’s irons, stove plates, tailor’s irons, : ete.. 210-211 Castings, malleable iron, n..s. p. f2.......0......-.- Eetper byced cob sere 210 Castor Gas el chetee ete P Sime Nake renetetbiateretale sessrensie Etalaa Madea ye doie crete te eta dee eet ee a 630 PPe HGANGOTHOCKS.. ooo eects ns eT RARER. iy oy bin Fett sis 335, 336 Pena AE DE AOR BOR DG 25 5 poco. nsscncresaratevonrneenive a om ali ole IR eH 70, 72 EE EN oS Ne dem pal age mt or eee anti re, parf- ote A ELI CEEE YEE 630 Catgut, manufactures of, n..s. ?. Ee SE AOE 564 strings used in gehs a. ak RE MGA Wee 257 Tnmaniriactured —......-0.. iene ete beh eso 630 Cattle... 2... 22-22 ee nee te ten nee es 790, 791 re eR MR aE SNS Fs 2 ep iene nna ewithic SRLS y Sul 448. 451 anmantiactured, .:8. Pp. Ln. cece tenes sles 681 hides or-skins, wearing apparel of. ..............-.-.--- uae te 537 Rag 2 ot eerginrwtninerennie Sh «SLL ULE LOE iit 668 raw, dry, salted, or RCO on a ee a IE s 683 importation prohibited bMtHAGC. WL) naa NO MOU. 2s, 2a 888 @attle-hatr cloth: -.... (ca secie esis eee TM rrp mane min FS OF AB Re MNNME ID ABR Die rah Acta SA me A Ad fa en orang hate rensen nein, JE 452 Caviar-and other preserved roe of fish... ........--+----+++----- 343, 345 Oedar, Spanish, rough or ‘hewn ‘only............---- 02-25 22---+-- 823 I II is ye seh dati ha paca Wl eraafahatetaneeateret ann ae SO Lh Te 72 Cellulose, and cellulose esters. ...-.....----+---------++-+--2++-- Ad RS Sn ne aereies cues IL yy ing Bowe 3 PVM aS Ar Uno) Mere pole hos ae rere on SURE, Ser Pe 642 eee StS s Donte sch A sane he eed ees Hag et od ne erne none re 138 Portland, and other hydraulic..........-----+--+---+-+++2+4-- 631 white, nonstaiming. ........ 56-6. 6-8. s eee 22018 SH 138 Roman, and other hydraulic Pos Beare CHL een as ELI EE. 63 Ceramic color, or enamel, for jewelry........-------------------- 172 DIR a tind =. ok in oe ae awe dia iat te wd d EEA NS 4 §32 Cerium, OF Cerium Pe... 5 22 fo on oo sn Sw en ce ee Fe ee rete 632 Chain, cable, curb, rope, etc. (jewelry). SRPMS. SL ee 544 Chains, machine and sprocket, iron or steel, n. 8. p. f....-.-.---- 212 Be ORES Nr Mey eh Stn 8 ee ast hal aitele een ate tS Ee eee 8 $2, 121, 132,632 Sree reret caret AGIs > AS olen wi ote Sidi oo oni en pehe ate ntti als 32 ree s tetint Soles He A Ss Oo oh kota fdas rei eee ue 632 French, crude-and :unground.....--...----+----++-+---+---+ 793 cut, powdered, pulver ‘ized, or Washed .. 2.0022 182 133 Pete or ie! nen ree gos PEE RRM EL OO tipi $2 DeMIRMINN ot oo Sore ces Stee se oped eed oo SSSR SS Le 557. 558 940 INDEX, : Page Ghampagnsé. ove acu cs ce oe eee ak hi ReG Ob ede Sse ee 381 IMitation os vs othe AS. ROW RA LL eS be 380 Channels, car-truck, iron. or-steel . 25.2... 60. sek ci ee 185 Char, blood:and, bone. 14.0 c oe. Lad he 632 Charcoalse.cigeei eee aks Vers eee ae 2 REA 632 CrAYODS. OF fUsSAINB..ic. . eek knee Ose Ree ee eee 0 Shae eee 113 for, CeNSeTB..0.04 Oo. LeU Tek Wk ERs tes Ooo ie 633 Charges, dutiable.:. 0.005 sss eee sence dn Ueue edhe 869-870 to be ‘shown. on INVOICE... 2.00. i eee see Sed ae 844 Charms, bisque, china. : oi... .i 6. tanec 5.0 .eeeet A ake grvs-149 stoneware,earthenwarez. ...+. <-> s-.s>s=<- ee eee 145 Chatfas: Jgsncloge SEP r ee Woes SARA he es oc ete a a 513, 617 and maps for use of United States.2.... 22-2. 4... ee 617 hydrographic . ooo. sobs os wn sine wie See bs eee 618 TN, 8. Po boc ses ceeeincs ew wis be ote Siew changes CSA na le at 513 not forsale; for societies.o5/ Yau ees) ees eee oa ee 621 printed more than 20 years=...:.... .-4.<0.--s~0---es seen 618 Chassis, automobile... ...- <2. ssn tee ee oe ee 206 Cheese and substitutes therefor... .. 2... .0.-e1--\toa= = 20 -tieeee 314 Chemical and medicinal compounds... ......... 22.4...) [Ase 34, 35 compounds. distinguished. .. 2.¢.....2s0 2.000. 0020 Ae 17 Chémicals, photographic, n. 8. p..f.... 2... <..-.+-0 se ee 916 Chenille, cotton... oki eo. cad babes os ee ee 411 Chenilles, silk 01.01.20 222 cee on nie ae ple en elee - ee 484-486 Chenois or.sour-oranges in brine.......-.-.+-.6----- 20s nee 665 Gheroote of all kinds. <2 2 on..js2 2. See aebe nich nie eee 304 Cherries, green or fipe::..2.. .oe\s dah dco ee 347, 348 Chicle, crude and refined.........--.--.- PCM eee 57, 59 Ohimney pieces} slate. 2. 2... 406 die ene + kennel 177 China-and porcelain. wares. «oi .-...6-.01 Sines suing 149 clay,.or kaolin. <. .< ocd ore we oe inion sia ie 140 straw matting, in. 8. D.dis ~sneres<\n = anyeuinieiw le ane 430 GINA WATE. 065 oe 5 oie neve je wiprinie inne Sen brie le er 149 charms, ernaments, toys... --.-)./: tk ee oe 102 metal op CHROMIUM 6 oo, sae “ye ain, <1 elec 178 DOGS oi ip pts nga pein aoe pean ati leila eae 102 yellow,;/pulp, dry, or ground: .. .datugelved --ocse eee 102 Ghromriuime Colors oo elds wl ila Sten mys aos nae Rees eta oa 102 hydroxide of; crude. -.c, -. 2. -silipaebie tas do 634 Metal fois va'o NOW £5 oe 17. aia ne a's ws rae eee we ee ee Dee es 642 irom hrass or Duteh-metal. 3. soso er PI Sk 623 OS ae teicher cata Nese EArt tacky aig Fe ai ah CARD cnet, lia 741, 742 Clock cases, earthenware, china, and porcelain. ................. 145, 149 Pars Ree rer rg Nt ete oats ene ree 254, 256 movements, with: jewels : : 29.27. .....w ee eee ee 254-268 ra a Merts OF. Ta-O.- Pls i. 028 ee ee ee 254-258 Res Sn a eater ok PHF SPSS Pee ee 392-475 Oe WLS al AG ae Sg PE ee Pee eee A est, 475 meine Ont HAI; TY.-8. Pe ts ec PE Pe he Pe hg 475 automobile............-- IR PAIR RAO SNS ENS | Meh 459 eae TG BNR tty mtu tet ee eee BP ee gS 616 ares TCR a POEs Ane Sheet E See ee ere ae 448, 452 (MLE cS QO 28 EAA ee ee en ee Ce nate Se eae 452, 543 TO BR A Es Be aT DO A EB ad a ey oe ep oa af 392-401 articles:made-from -D.8.-p: f.ssrce ee eee ee eee eee ee 423 eR ERM VGTOOO Mt te kiko ds nse ost d wos SAS Soe 401-402 EEG leper Range SS. ee Bo RE a oe 401-402 ere ilk. sek ON eee RU e Ete ee ee 403-405 ROE COED URS o I. ot a et 403-405 (Sade Ras a SENT 2 rae A ee rt A 542 Green... 2... ee Ween ny TES oh AINA, SAE Yeo 405 ES in al peed 2 A a Mie a SN Sec Aet aa le PRAGA Sh 453 eam lor covering Cotten. 2ii..tc.2s SP PE ek See 606-608 id fom" Paper Tinueises He een ae. ae et BU 741, 742 nmeomnown as: hair seating’ *>.-.0sn- eee 2 RY. 542 MreersscLUres-Of i: & 2 Petite ee Be ior acg e-oy: 475 aE GS SRE ca a SAAS a SR eS Rl A RE 616 bee Aptech eo oer ge tied Pde ee RO Re yr a Pa er ie a 452, 542 renee TATINWOVEN oc os fete ee tee ee Oe ee 44] Semrertonl 1OTs OF. sy SS ao oe ie ea 44} (2k replat ig tec eg BO OG a cas ae ee. ie ol at gid ie pT 403 Seeriievtiiver 2nd silica: os <2 Shas ae 403-405 waterproof, cotton and india rubber: =~... 0.2... ee 403, 404 a ictal Aa de a Nal AEM Oe na ae el RS la a aA Rea 448, 454 RO cet SOs PSN, Nn NENA STIR Teta S ER DN od Ge 407-409 Oe ota lh Aide as Seles ie gence ag ye arial ar ar Sh ace eh aa RD SP a rae 210 EME SEENON AG OURO e Tcl ee ee Aas Me EES 407 Se eerrenie Ai, ee the Lo. She eet ee Pn ee ft aoe 459 ON Ripe setae eat eae sR i a SO rie ea ret bgt ee 489 a le cal Aaa ER as poe ll Se 2 Aas BeBe 448, 451 No Tg ins SES eS SS ty ag aaa a a ie A ae ARS oa 616 Pate Or morsenair Ns 85 Palos eos ek ee eee 448, 451 Vi a wid Ul TRS TSM Mis AL Oe oO ER eee a IR DMR i ah ae oh bgs 457, 458 . Mop, cotton. - 6. 2 re de eee eee ee 42] ERED = COLE TET Me. Toei Oe ihn oe ht ee eta ee 421 cecal Meech Dk gE ier RS EE A, ttc air Beta Se ude ane dea 616 Waa. COLON. te A pfs soe eo Ree res I Soe 421 DOES DO Dal geet dh ale Mall dS Nh a Att Sle IS Se PR ke ae 448, 449 949 INDEX, Page. Cloves and clove stems............... sedwperd Lanio dps excradebapaee nip Aiba 373, 37S (ium ps, ‘corms, and) POO. 2-220... jon Swi) wisid wb eainlenioeemaed rite 328-333 Coal, anthracite, bitumimous, culm, shale, and slack........:.... 635-638 or coal dust compositions, fuel a asp eig'e opens ee alee ee 635 LAT, CTU R. » . x mca ernie ieee cieitic wip Rie. casie eis ene 638, 916 SALLIE Lt-s oc; Rn aD ee a mee eae I TEMES E SS Mc pol Liskee wrwae 42,096 dyes.or colors, 1. 8. ). fo... noieussbeyues > se Bee A? other distillates and products, n. s. D1 ee eit ee 916 DILCD DL. 5. Lume bid fe reo eee ees Caen eO ee ee pierd 638 PLOUUIAB OT» teat nee ctl cee tec Geena ree ae Ls ele 43, 638 - not medicinal, not colors or dyes..............-.--.-- » 42 or preparations, not colors or.dyes, n. 8. p. f....--.... 42 Cobalt and cobalt.ore.......--..... wimnds duane Brdetesehiads hte se 638 OREO DL. cn, 50)o ncn esas ono avaia ie Sid bee Med eae oe 43 (Cocaine, :and salts and derivatives of. ..2 000. 20. Lea been eu sees 88, 91 Gecculs Indi cus. .: 255 apie nae anb epecekise ace eee 638 Ci ot en en oe eam MG oer 639 GWOCOD Sn ante certic um ears lo acer eee eee oe pee aime 369 butter and substitutes for..........220....2... ee 370 IMLLETING 2. o sncids-s Wa Ls eerstere Det wlan. ue elk Le 370 fiber, leaves, and shells........... ee re 639 mats.and Mavtine. 6.25 - tooo lek nla ee be 569 or cacao, crude.......... mace bn gn w ale poy gu a 639 Deron Meat... 2. uae soece cera cheese ee iis» Seats duties 399, 360 GE PUCPATOG «is « mioisnagnn bwlledc eu ies aennwanekeece sce 729 TRETIOGS 6 ... occ surs cv mies ow wien c.sts le oes te ok coe ee 417 bindingsini otk soba. en eee sie ast ie, «4 oe 417 blankets oi. ccck occcoc Dene lene eee ene eee 421 bone casines:...¥ t.2%..4 a. nou eo kb ee Eee 417 braces. Aj29%. se hes ay dc ooo wee ee ee eee 417 CATA ADS. 252 n nisin nn clnx bce o nucle 5 lm Ee PU ee 387 Carded. Yarn wij. -n0snnndbootddunbwceacbide pe eee 387 carpets, nowiip. BE ti Pak oe einen ee 468 chenille curtains and manufactures of. .........-.------+e+: 411 Plot sac. fn siele se nok th nce ables mintnn mw wie ie ae ee 0 Sa en 392-401 articles: made from, me'8.. PD: £22: s.n+.c/cisinte moun » RCE 423 coated with india rubber We eee a 403, 404 count Of threads. <<. oi ao.0:0 nicer ae oscbeuin bib eee 401-403 Pehned oo eos em hn le mired ieee oe 401-403 WATELDTOOE ooo is sew ss oso ls soni edb cols dt aim cea 404 clothing, ready-made»... oobi eo whew e oon 407-409 cloths, polishing.) 112% on agen nln -eideetee alee eee 421 collars, shirts Ns 8 De Ives discadicnnbodeeanke ieee 407, 408 collet sen tiNincuwte. ee 417 cords'and:tasaels.... .v.weieecs. ces 417 Orn VS 2. 5S so sibc cwlals Vee or Wee ee 409 eorseb.coversyn: BAD. fo 2. a Sm og me seen oe SUE ee 416 TaCH OS 0s chuck oct Bie wise oe whe eee cheats eee ae 417 mochet sy sb Ji Bax vere obi. Ub 1 ae eet 390 cuffs, shirt; Des. Dats eels de ote ee th eee 22 i 407, 408 curtains, window, Vice cnc iezevb taste teaeit ceege LMiecit eo. itl te 422 darning .. 2 ppiiacke 2, Ateptenibes epee kuiiies saat eee 390 drawers, knitted, DAG D heth sGm oc ec a 416, 417 GM Nroidery:.. .-A6s ea odae bee secs ew Peeneee nee 390 fabric, suitable for pneumatic tires. ........-.-.-2-+-sesseee 417 AOCKS <5... os oe oe dws eel nn eee PANEL ee Reel aoe 648, 649 manufactured <>... +> sen cork csce cs teens eee 387 saan Sah sped ss 32 a a eon cw Be oe thc ee 417 lA ye 5 Pe bie it Pin bp wae eo eS Lo ee ae nee fees eee 591 Cieechiok HB. Dif. wie boc we cee ecu La ee 406 harness, LOOM « ono .s.a100 ss panne «p.0hee aM Abie ce ee = Tee 417 HOGIGS C6 sia Ses elampith aces lobe een eee: See 417 INDEX, 945 Cotton—Continued. Page. Iemma NOGA BoB yy. fice ose oe ec be ol ee 414-416 clocked, fashioned, and.seamlega... - diay ous beziou es 5 414,415 hose, hydraulic neGritiaiie a lies ahtai ters om ade 432 labels, PEP OMB EN FEO Vials Sukie o\cla\eveveiea « Bp 42] MALO IH. Teh tare Sass Sint Dee eet leisciel 416 shoe lacings eRe a e te hate airline sl alp-ore b ie ais wiaccieg's «sce @ eee 417 RE Rs eee ties a WA gs iaiy wie vinahs, Sis. HL bt TELL AGh A 387 spool ret RGR eh eh ag 390-392 stockings, n. 8. Silk ph GOS Ie Socay cy Seeger eae geet atte 414-416 - clocked, fashioned, and seamless................2....... 414, 415 suits, combination and BUA Soli besin ces cc Neo oe dE eC 416 suspenders es te PLN iy ixo ain’al xy ateislnne vv ivie in oie.ein oottabn. $& 417 EG TEN Poot Mel eB bap Ot EDR aCe aS Tor a eee ee 416 table damask, MRR Sala ow yen d mot aot s Gest hee thay 2 420 BPR OR es rs Edn Ne nich amine eee vin wae mie as tie ee # wei gaeieod 411 PEIN UEP errs in, Se Seite ol le PENS, cae oe bee eke 606-608 tassels and cords. Rice porwan cates ote beh oad bubs 417 MNS. ee ie ao Oo oie ahe aelp. Cardia occ EOS OBS 387-390 tights, PEUEL GELS The Bei Do bw oiietdin. poorer, fee Pek Soa Maree, 416 IRENE eM oe oe wa edema a hold Mm ae Aatd 417 OI cis OREO Os eiclee hl abe! dial cle aiw wens boo a hee Rae 49] PE MCOr ee ITO A SGs Palous ssn ae ol Reet Se a 416 upholstery SS Se Cal tigate ie DERN ae Se EN thre. 411 velvets, velveteens, and velvet ribbons....................- 409 vests, knitted, TVAEATIS Eat i i «6 sins sw oes ets a 416 arpa Gnd WALP VAIN » 2. es eee. ee es SRS re 38 eID SN 387-390 anes ON COME NSCS Dal Sane de aCe pe ae ST ia 421 Bhd Pe win a = wm Wane 5 i ont NG Bo ae ofoiersi dil oY. Mw. 387, 648, 649 wearing apparel, TAGS Lee tas cog sludge an oe nee ee ee 335 Crucibles, stoneware and. earthenware...................-------- 144 Cpoliter soca co wendsins Yous tp ak sem¥id othe 3.0 ae eee al 651 Crystals, soda... = Lae dma ees aves aca aa 123,429 Cuba bark braids, laces, and plaits...........2ai) 8 ot. nid 520 reciprocity With. oo oc 00) 880 _ Cufarithines , for the blind... i2.. 2524 2.2 5005455 29 ane ae 620 Guiidinttrate 2-0 oe ee 776 CHERBDAL. | os nein o asad + Anda oe alee ee li 651 Gu tips, leather... . ..). 4-2... Se a ee vain > 56h Qugs, cotton, nap. f.. .2 S568 ee a 407,408 ‘Linen, Birt, << oo Ss co. ce eee 435 Ghaln of coals. jane enone ae ea 635 Gultivators, agricultural implements, .............ndnc+ 6 ot. ne it 591 Cipetdin ge. oi a ‘spat ch mated asa @ pb ay Shak Dat ea ag ag at 43,916 Gam BG a eo ore ae Anger Sidi a am i Ak Ae Ok a a we 916 Cumulative duties on leather gloves, lined, piqué, and prix seam. 563 Quwps7 Bisque: ching. 4... 125.0. o- 25 sess eau he aes ee 149 earthenware. and stoneware. - 2... 2 seen dete oe eee cee 145 Cunios, not,for sale; exempt. 220.0 oiass4l de andes aol 809 C urling i IONS: acas Aaa dy un Ces > Ra ae oe 267 stones, and. handles... ..2....20f 8.0. Dons ae 651 Currants, Tiwi OF dunee ks Lo ees et eee ibe 350, 303, 304 C ‘urrency paid, to. be shown.on javvoiee: 224.224 luo. clveiaas 644 Cumry , and. cury powder. . 20 200222041125) ee ee f. 651 Quptatg. 5. Mn cas oe ae a mk wpe slid aoe ow en 411 bamboo, straw.,.wood,.n: 8, p. f...-... 1a) 6 a 283-286 composed of beads. or ’ spangles, Those 04 Tice at al 5a 517 cotittonvehaenille. nL cone nnkeun doe Sle ee 411 lace, Nottingham:machine..”.. a ole Wee ee 422 window, lace, Thy, Bx Deokeo ce 2 oa 45a d eee 3 ns 422,551 OREIIRL TB Bis ua Wes ol ye eacd ogee died es ee a a ee 283 Gustoms, Court.of Appeals... 2. 2 oo. ee Sos ee a at 909 LOTS) 3: 0 en eR eta Ur Osae mT PERM Te Cl 51, 796: Quttinegs, hide, raw. si 2 seed aaege on kn as a sno 682 seedlings, or: stacks (see Seedlings)... . .._._. a 333 Cuttlefish bone... 10.02. --connn ene th, wot lege ig es Dorats ee 652 Chippamide, wali. oe le ee eo sons teen 676, 677 Cyaihite; or koyanite. .- os... .- ou 5.014 eo ee Bee 695 CyStOSC ODOR. oi b i neon manmade eHioe Ao. See Cee 168. INDEX. 947 D. : Page Damage, merchandise abandoned. «662+ os.0 nen wn ene ne dt eve. 873 Deahlowan ee: lors ste cnwbivede vege a cn kek G2. suk 873. ouloo, no. allowance fers, ty htus needed. ol 8.0.20) 204 Damask, table, cotton, manufactures of, n. 8. p. f............2222. 420 Et hechgh KG (idl x titled sok scsi ip ws oe ao 371 Cet rsad. gis Bad ax aneurin eR bes walisc. 652 emer no mimeame CHectiVens obo iis nas ka canensecnccccecedoess 906 TESOL RIS ie DURE rte 353; 354 Mens BaosMte Oly... ke. te i eas wee) eu. 638, 916 MRL MA SMe AR SASS eal Lond Seat gang a an cin Sones 367 DCEO cep oss OUI el 0 ern ed ler toa col 816 Decalcomanias,.in ceramic colors... ....2.20 52. be AR ee 507, 509 SS Sere SCRE te ELE Pete Ee aa anes aaa os Beers 156 Pe err Oe wah Nutt (s Jans lula ovku lis alu ea 357 ODOR. aE Git Se ed 1 eed sol 359 Decision of Board. of General Appraisers..............2.2.22.2.4. 864 of collector final........-- (Haan SKS hgh wane DINOS Die 864 Gh Reneral APPLAIGEL «4 4-0 6.0.0.4.0n wn didn anand nctemns ta LE 861 on reappraisement, absence of merchandise.............. 861 Decisions of general appraisers and. boards preserved and published. 869 MATAR LQ TING Obie rr 00s win vise) ori alate Leis ee 848 on invoice before consular officer, nature of......... 844 duty of consular officer concerning. ............-...-. 848 false statements in, punishment for................2. 849 to be filed on entry MP SOARS Fig ed ee tae oer Ent TS Tha Bh 848 RE MOOG rol oss dhe tenn dwn nad ods edlnde conic d wine 18 Degras or brown-wool GEOR SING eco kd din hd nea AKA Ok eS 66, 69 Demijohns, glass, covered and uncovered. .............-..----.. 154 eRe ad ly ae US SEO, SOT aE US An lle, 92 Department of Agriculture, plants, shrubs, trees, etc., for......... 750 Deputy Assistant Attorney General................----.-20--02- 912 Designs, Jacquard, paper cardboard, n.s. p. f. ..:....-..-+-+----- SEL EES AN ey ee ae en mee CARNES SAG LE GSES | 328 TSAR yh ods 3 Rae ed he Adarr es wre St JORMA ZILISOR 254, 256 Dextrin, and Esiatited,: Bs Was £227 ose tee se nocd nd cmon cell 57, 59 TAMER ORG eA dah Ade noo 9 domed pc no nnoe eee aaa ELE 290 RMI GIUE CIGOK oo dete e's « 100 2 SSL SL 254, 667 Demmmarip re wares) OUI! Sel BF AE oe ia 3 Ls 667 name of country of origin and manufacturer on.....-....-..-- 254 Daamidostibendisulioacid.......si.: 2242-5 eee weed cen ele ele 43 nN EROS ert gsi h o20ety coy tar. s PLA SN I, A Og 547, 548 DMIOUIGMNN rs sac d sara e tise esas oss ecenegacretesee. Ske ELE 547-551 eee OE nations acs Fits 3 547, 548 SeueeMOl GUMSCL ss 252 lesa ss te ecccatecs POO Eatin 652 glazier’s, engraver’s, and miner’s............5626555255ss-000 652 rough or uncut, not set....-5.........-- Si days sear eT 547, 548 Met UMMO tte hee gtd: :Scslisccecdcesedssedeccaseescessun ele 43, 916 Dice, of ivory, bone, or other materials. .............2..5-----.- 530 Die blocks or blanks, steelk.witeds tebe ase ITE SIE tN 193, 783 Dies, engraved steel, for bonds, ete: 22 ce 20 a2 St PE SL 783 ME RMSE CI@e Cs oyjz iin aed ces Oy Feiseew Vtee So sc ces ces kn 43, 916 Pee MEANT Ar) os 2d aA a UE nee eps esses os das cde IELON, 26, 27 Pee we wemmones Cry a2 sss PENCE PRICE SIL BER Ped 916 Ream swale os Lis ft he AD A de Tee 3). SHASTA 771 IENRMSNONE CL Sra oe bss ectenivekk asde SEE OTIC IN 43, 916 Discount on imports in American vessels:(subsec. 7)...--...----- 892 Pett ne Guile sss tasket ease he 8S. SIAL Ao. 22 889 Discrimination, undue, against United States (sec. 2).....--.-.-.. 914 eee eset wel A IT hs OU DEE hey se oS ae eae 151, 667 gene ET Ee AS Re a SO eee eee eee aD ee ee PP 151 BPIGEHEOP Ao reire od. coe 2os Vee Si steed ia chs ge ctaetgn OOS, 529 glass, unwrought, for optical instruments. ........-...---.--- 667 Distillates, coal- tar, n. 8. MESH Aek enschede ins dete. OILS 43, 916 IEG OAS AS oor oe cbs coc te SIAR ee 653 Documents, public, of foreign Governments....-...-.-...------. 618 Dog She or skins, wearing apparel RIS P27 ML I 28 ee 948 INDEX. Page Dogs for eehiniden DPUYPOBEB . on» 2 ininin puree > bd ue ee 599 Dogskins; undressed j2s.sed nn. aa a doin o HORI nes ie te 775 Doll heads, ThA, De Pee nk we nin ale sip an ee 530-531 Dolls and parts, 0.8. p. f- 2-2-5. motile Mle ania ale ele eee 530-531 Dominos, of ivory, bone, or other materials... ...............1.. 530 Dootibleta school neni og ne ae anes ee 547 Downs, crude, and: manufactures of....<- 2 ....-%-< 44 <-s0 eee 535-537 Dragees Pia aidan, Siesdba: kts, mjssjn mia arm dnim,mnismys sapespnliasete jam aa. NE ae 297 Dragott's blo0d - no... 5 seein terete incneinn sitio 653 Draughts, of ivory, bone,.or other materials. .......... J. 530 Drawbacks 017 inten ede eins ae atte ey one 602, 899 articles manufactured from imported materials. ............. 899 by-products, distribution. of. 2. .(..... 22. bk 2s oe ee 899 duty equal t0.... 10-2. 0nc eee teen nee nee see bees 901 flavoring extracts, medicinal and toilct preparations.......... 899 Drawbacks or bounties to be shown on invoice. ..........-....-.. 844 Drawers, cotton, .knitted,.D. 8,.p. Lo.c/ seg. de. nb eee 416 Drawings aid sketches. ....seccs+++tornenrmnceads dete 835 obscene, PYOHUDIGE «one Sune mainn'e 6p erin a eee 886 pen and ink, n. 8..p. faed.esct dhe leele. Jee 573 Drawnwork handkerchiefs, plainy s)2vs:)-ca4ws ceo sae 407 sheets and pillowcases. = in oes tninun mleeenpan aie totale 421 Dress facings, biasy.cottons..26 wise Aad segs 2% Kk ee 409 goods, wool, N.S. D. Fo siieks sects Bee biel oe ee 457, 458 steels... 2's nse na eeh Jee wibs Lene at 198, 200 Drills; agricultural c.2 sis S.0:ci> ps oa apeirebe se 869 cumulative, on leather gloves, piqué and prix seam......... 563 POUL 9 8 oes wis One o UN aletaune hak eee Rie ee ea eee 204, 583, 851, 901 additional... 2.0. c. ong tees ee 846, 884 bounty. by foreign Government. 3 420-4 ..,-ne tree 884. equal to bounty . <3). ':..c.5 a6 «6 e-aee ace eee ae Sine 846 for undervaluation.. ....2 +... dis saw ae cckeet ee oe 851 refusal to‘show. boOkS. -.jeas cuspid weed 2 anton, ae se 872 articles wholly or partly of tin plate, sheet iron or steel; etc.. _—-:204 Duty—Continued. Page. countervailing. ...........6% deter Pareto ge at thew KeveiAivoinae o & Lk MAL SEE 884 Pe ADA DEL 5 6 0h. Nene whee e eh tA Rete che bine 500, 501 discount on imports in American vessels (subsec. 7)... 2.2... 892 equal to internal-revenue tax, remitted..................2..- 901 Mea Y TOLUDCL OF 5 apo AR ha coh Tel. hear: 876 perenOLITE ATtLOlESs T).- 82: Pe Lis a secret crerttvrerneralond o/s SLE 533 not assessed on less than entered value.................0005 851 mmecontaineérs of -quicksilvers +c tk en een ew SEY 253 erro 8 - DORE 4k ti ea et ee i PR) 901 manufactured in bonded. warehouse..................2.- 901 on which drawback has been paid...................... 901 previously imported, not entered............2.2...004- 901 on lithographed material, determined. by thickness........... 507 raw or unmanufactured articles, n. 8s. p. f.............2..... 583 Beocial*(seet DO} ere 2-5 Ft ala week SUES 917 RPS SS rot treet retratetele nterotrne ox WORT Sod, 1a 695 DE Se WORT Mie RON Shh ear 42, 594 Bizerin and anthracene. ~s5 ine oP. Pa a 594 APIA Ech Re ah tee aie hts atu Lb) Joey 594 Pee taP ny AO Sey ae OR OR A IPO 8? 42 eoldra,oretaing;n:-S.-ps fis l PI, ANAS 917 PAdigo, nstural-or synthetic: 22/22 272 SUI Pe. 688 Peveweous. extracts Of: <2 eee 49, 51 PLIERS SARAH stearate Ws rire ature arate ees dae PMN IW ITV! 680 E. DEMETRI RG < 6 O22 60 betel fo I ta Po ial alee was 97 Pilar Gene on Os eS Fe eee pees coves oer co ees edt 140, 141 PmtGHel WaTO..02. 2 Soe rons “esata Ptah DPN PPP. 144-148 charms, ornaments, toys. ..... Lew an are es, RAE one 145 0) ag Yc NOT WM oa Re na oe A Ae OP A eR een eae eg O18 145 MCT AR Ih rena Sonata a hee oles wie et we at are ate 144 PRE AEE, COTENGR 210s Oe to ihe area ie wie wie wee at dae. 145 SERA SE YS ne re APA AON Yeh ars Wy hha 23°C Bes De A 145 TPE TE ip ag tia Eg TO helt Aad MOE ll AP tigi it Nef SCANS VaR 145 WEST ECa LOU E a B ok? A 2 ARS Fok, Ae ie ee 144 PEERS ORIN ne eset rE OPO A G9 2t9 1 OU SL 145 OS lle 5 SET GRATE lieth le Aa a Iie a in kar te Raa ae ot SR 136 (sy te Gal ll copied Sat ae ply EA A lata iel i a ea ea 140-142 er mere And RE? poles Pre ti eee rie SOOT. 102-103 Earthy substances, articles, and wares, n. s. p. f.............-.-- 151-153 See rOUr I Oriawit OT yer rn hehe rss Pace Pee eh os 823 (LS eh tases nr eae cael BDI Si a ae tes or Be Roars fee 272 ete tte OFF Stree ee eee Pee ee ad. Ok SOO OS 88, 91 (i eh co Bi pt el ete ga tie ge Aa a it aaa ale PEER Oa Re 551 PPM IN ATIFACLUTCG OF dyed. i+ 20. 0. a 28 ee oe Se geet ee 570 © SLITS gel lO RPG SD, yl Sg lates i AD ote AS mR area Pw 15 BE MAPUARCIOPEES 00 A, Ue ete te tt Yoga Paes 323 RMR Cetera LPR oc, rsh mre cnet psd hos SAR Aa! Raita eee Sens 323 bird’s, not for food, importation prohibited. .....-..--.-.--- 654 wae ele Sel ph Set a) Mh plate OA ge Se AED A a Le Pa a 324 frozen or otherwise prepared or preserved. ..........---.-.-- 323 Sranrass hen;-insects and poultry 27.022 00 2 2S 8.e ee As 654-656 PREERNCLRO ETE > Sirk Petes Sa eee Slee ds ha aR eT Sak 654 “of game birds prohibited.:..........-- PRS SOS Bas PSU 654 ee T eee eK Ns Vere oF ER OM 774 ee aL een CRreee er tr e ad Sein ay Faby AIS E 2 SIPEG EPO 324 Electric-light batteries, bulbs, carbons, and lamps............--- 153-154 MEP IeN CATON 3 6 etree eT . ee SL A, odes 151 Bret OL iG ELCEal, "Oleh OO oe ve be ns Ses, a 8 OO 805 PHELOMCR SUE Cee eae: Pee oe ae ee rey eee e deat betas bees 225 Pea TaCHLI Re Sieve ha OMG RS OME EARS, a 0 Pe Ge AES 45 Pn DTOMLGTION 3080s ice cbs PS See yee ye ees ewes cota d dick 551 Prruroiiernine machings ss. PSU ef ee Ie Be Po kee 264 mer aniiactired Offs... rhein: so 2PM OIE. le fe ISS 532 Ores WB. Ps f2 2205.5 sh eters 2 EN 656 eiieranis toold ot trad o, tees sss coe. eek ca vob as bbs ee cee es eS 756 950 INDEX. Page. Vigiscting clausese io. 0 coRSiS awe nn neecncksbanans Rene ly 5 PiRerGRS. 8 Soo es BG SES ae Siete ween sete eal ae a 171, 667 for jewelry, or ceramte calor.ce.... con) weds as. cle ee dees 172 fueiilest tn JS 0. 2 SS bee ee ee evade: vitae Sane Gee omalnN 171 glass; . white, fordialg, 3 .6..6l Dao 5 J... . 667 PBINTA GBC Ga, Do Be wie pm dem imeunesimns nik aie Seki poet eee 113-115 Hiameles.. vos cue eee le Sets idm Rsicllited, «i568 ee 113 Higines, Shea... o.oo ck ohn ot Gis vis peer weed ER 264 Hngraved:forms for bonds, eC. .... << 2) siee «tr pe ee > one 4 783 plates, iron, or steel... oc. salewse Ratank 2). beside 225 steel dies, plates, and rolls for bonds, ete.............- 783 Hiigtra ving. si, ee Ae ss) be eis pena se eee 513, 573, 617 and woodcuts, unboundles. gi5 ic wie sinde ty Jes eh kaise freee 835 bound or unbound, BG p. o.k sl ssien- Lacniae eee 513 for. exhihisions! ..e.ks Leis Weed ete ce ieee eee eee 837 forsee of. U nited: States Gsrs ob BO cee Stans wine ee ee 617 tint for-calesfor societies... 45.28.2}'ese- gee + feb ssne oe ee 621 printed more than 20 a rea verre 618 Enter, attempt to, fraudulently. SEPP CP 851 Entered value, duty assessed on not less than ...-... 2. -.-....-«- 851 Entry, fraudulent, What wonstitwbesss:. 20s. Fa nt ae shee eaten (a-. dteheoon of merchandise consigned: for-sale... 30h. ae beeiiees - 855 presumptively fr audulent bpp s wees eG hn oie 5 ce ee 851 without certified INVOICE... 25 _.c)s.< nee See eye oe be a ee ee 846. Envelopes, paper, folded. or flat, noe. p.f-.22.U. . 2 aight line sy nie eee 78 Baaeritialobeccces... -2% w.'s's ei attphs TP aE amie ay cee oe eee 34, 78-88 Waters ccs Peds os 2.2 om asin ees, «nine mnie ok Siete ie ms eee 47 Estimated du ties; exceda Ol TeLUNded so... 6-4-5 minh le oth cgeineenal ; 876 ‘“‘Etching,’”’ “painting,” BiG. COMO: Athos. mas mein a bec eee 835 Etchings. BE AGH wig "so URE & Sediin adigna-dip te a SNS ch» SHEERS CF Laie | 849 Falsification must deprive Government of.duties-.-.-..---4....-. 851 IT ee atin (ete ne Ochs Tl CRA St ha rae eee fF, 540 palm-leaf, common, plain, not ornamented......--...-.------ 657 Fashion magazines, paper, lithographically printed.....--...-.--. 507 - Fasteners, snap, iron or BEE nah aes TW EL dea 241-243 Ee cheat ia or tl. Nemo w Ss Bae Ses | Rated ape th 675 a EE le ae ag AN ce eat hea 522 Feathers, artificial, ornamental, wild bird, etc........-.---.-..--- 35-937 MOI an > fa ne oe ee ven oaeiees 864 on reappraisement. RR ret cS ciley eal me cur unl the = SE cena ae ehh Ais 861 PORT ena cise Seascape Seattt. sig oct mec d eo Aeeee 864, 903 ss euilige dpe arate de Sa tii OL I Faria leah kana eyed arena ae 495: adhesive, TOe MELT EeY VORB cg ee Tee Wee clos tap nels 657 SRS ER MEM OA teeta ee a ine cee wees Meee Te oka Taira 495, Felts, not 1 Ne Tha a oe ae Bak teens ore Carpe mmiarnit rik = ane ies 450. 952 INDEX. Page. Fence posts, wood . ve. esses canes tee Cites oe es cle ae 816 Fencing, galvanized wires... .....-0s.-6 sss cee eens Pe 814, 815 Ferroaluminum:, f220. 292 vides evi tiises st AL 183 Ferroboron .2.eeeeeer sa ee dads deere ies dsr A ee 182 Ferrocerium \\..02 729 Pies se Pele esas Os aes Se Ee oe 183 Ferrochrome or ferrochromium. ...:.....5..2.0.0-.s25-04 eet 178 Ferromanganese: 22 ei esdes cee os Peete eee ies se kde oe ee 690 Ferromolybdenum... sss ¢0. sev eres aieaedt ees gia. ses os oe 178, 179 Ferrophosphorus....2 3% 22. sae) tec tears tev eiee ete 178, 179 Ferrosilicon: #5. 22.43) sce eisceves news: cocoate 42 oe 178, 182 Ferrotitanium 27: pr Poh sees Oo be 88s Me Se eo 2 178, 180 Ferrotungsten 22 ceed eseed owas daltedbva coed tps SO, ee 178, 180 Ferrovanadium ).)0) 7) Aadsijes en a Se ee 178, 181 Ferrouranium s:$ 2002.2: <2... SR ER iy Boo Peau eee 182 Ferrozireconta nt as bs pselye ose ange eee a v SOOY 2 183 Piber oot fous hGie ws spe haan Pe ae se ate Ga See 426, 639 carpets and-carpetingt:: i22s.6 ever deess 2: ee ere 431 Cloth: 226i 2228 (eh oli 9 be heres oe oe Pee 403-405 cocoa lS. is wea yee deh see eee Cea 639 mats-and: matting) S/O 70 A Peo) See 569 mats and rugs! sss. Des eid ase a desea its eee 431 piaséaba:) ives spastisn 2 efes es aac eeer ae One 674 Tampico, cables and cordage.-...-...2:-2-.-+= sss) 250.0 see 426 ware, indurated) n. 8. pe f. ici. s . fas oa ess Se Deke 544 Fibers and grasses, jute, manila, sisal, sunn, etc.,n.s. p.f.....-.--- 670-675 diied, driigs, Ny 8s pod. aise. et nee oa se ee 46, 653 for paper paiee Nn. 85 pe fis Pees eek eee ee 741, 742 Fibrin, all forms... 20252 os eee hoe tees 2 ne 658 Field glasses, n. 8. Po listening ss 2 Siena i pee 166 fOr: ee ee ORNL AR Sem ee ART Rel 353 Filaments, horsehair or silk, artificial and imitation.............- 495, 496 Filberts, shelled. or not shelled. 0. 2. 20 ue2o2, 2 oe Rar: 362, 363 MilesScutrarcckei sorter Serre eT i ee 220 emery i Peed: sta ge Sr sot ke Se Se ee ae ee ee 502 Willing apparatual ssa ose eae st ot cee cheeses eee eee 721 Film picturedie. soc Sore ce a PP eee ee 576-577 cinematography or motophotography ....-...--.---.--------- 576-577 moon or Moving fess. PM Se a ae 576-677 Prlipg yh ose Baer 2 oy Cae 602, 749 moving-picture, exported, returned. ies 22 29-2. ee 602 photographic, exposed abroad’s.: ss 4:2 22. 602 sensitized ssl ho Fo se spas ot Nai ee ee 749 subject to censorship: .2: : 325225 sare Pa i 576 Filter masse or stock, of wood pulp, cotton, etc. .......-....-..- _ 499 tubes ss rake Sp SE Ad ee 2 Ba ee Be Oe ee 153, 154 Fire brick.o.2< ose 98s ooh Sloe iste eee tae ee 135 Firécrackers,-all-kindsi:...322 52.22...) Ba ae eee 533 Firewood 2.282225 Sess cS eS eee 816 Fireworks of all descriptions, n:s: ps fs. dc ds 00222) ee eee 533 Pisin oe eee th eS PP eee ee 343-347, 658 and other products of American fisheries......-..........-.-. 731 baits,,artificial:2 ts: ¢re2.7e ee ee eee es eee 224 Cpors | ee le AO oe Se arts oA 2 TRON Oe eee ee ee 654 ou, rendered? 8.) po tstes teeth te eee eee oe ee 66, 67 oils'of American nehericg i) See Se eae eer. see 731 paste or saucers 2oo fee ee oa eee ee ae ee 321 roe, Preserved Poe ee ce eee ee ee 343, 345 skinned or boned’. 2 $2: Saree cee cee eee ee ee ee 3438, 345 sounds, crude, dried; ‘or salted, n. 8. p..dy..2.:: 52. Lo eee 614 prepared:.2 3 27aSe yee Pe ee ee 54 Pysnhooks. & os oF 2 03 Pa a a ee eee 224 Fishing bait (artificial), flies, reels, rods, and tackle. ...........- 224-225 Fishplates or splice bars, iron or steel. :.2.5.42202..22-...0. 029 191 Wishseing shi 38785 rat 2 Se ta SS eee wa ee 660 Flannel;‘slasher =: 2.28255 234 ae has ee eee © 457 Flannels, woolscs fir srehi sks: int citi See ee ae 454 Flaps, paper, lithographically printed... ............0..02-eceee 507, 508 INDEX, 953 Page Sper, Fee De bs eer on FS Peek os poy oe oe em ne so TION 916 8 rata ok iva a pee apa gli lsd esate Ee alin BEng ae a 2 660-662 bands; belts; cords; ribbons, etc,...22525) es 435 eermate mt: CAPDOCITS on re 6 AIRE = oe wie ie Sn pee 431 SE ea es OS LOTR FBS LE AAPM ED AC Stew. SOY 429, a STENTS EE pen a ohaetd clades ale side Allee aaa a 440 PEE EVTAIIC OY TANTO. ..2 82 Ph ob ees ce oe Pate M 432 i lg OS age dS aL alah a a oa ec A oc 431 terre cle ee Tint S yy eek OPP ELLE ASTER ott SATS oD) 429 MRT Pere rs neh ie | CaM AL OMe SEROMA Sway gE EARL | 672 (es as ha a eA aaa i ae ana is e eet BUSY ek DI GAL: | 660 LRG ge dell talib alhr 1 ball eli Asli niana tebe thedy area 741 EE Cee ILA S WS t aes Speier Hie ie Vike eh hire patos | bat 438 se ood Leal abi ae ce ll Seat ela eet eRe t CURR Y is Pigs 429 EES aii Ag il Rath Eadie ee el I A mG ate Dicree Ban? e 428 Re cee ee ee eet ee aie ie Benen) Rs tdi BE SHIT ti 660 eee ee: be Moy it ed lela al ona ent snbdec hited ant 4p 433 he etl aa Alita em ge age ek ea 7 Sd al eg ona aaa dag tiger af 660 I eg ae ar es yt ten we EO ER -. 74], 742 | Lave Say Si ede lpn Aedeagal pei haien iets ead nisi eet ors 429 i ta a apa als la FD ate cin a a ea Aa el i ells ll .. 335, 336 I ei Cin eet eee se eee ae pr eG iat af 224 Flint, flints, and flint stones, unground....................--- .. 662-663 2 Se on Sap li as Io gi alg letra ie RI oe haat ae ape arene es 236 DC er er ee ee Ss OMEN Ce Pena A aR AL ety yh i 220 Flocks, cotton......... te AE SRE be ie? yh 2" oe ea eat preg: 387, 648 (they ety eS aed lle tleeteteer AE tae aae cama caibiite iabay 834 De i ES RAS. . KREIS tei dol reer ee. oa area Tee ee) ae tae ce teens 811 a an re ra NE > one See hy Sm tat TY 624 yee tolrgneene et at i ate 27S ad ainda Ol ar tlie wi m 311 egal vec eye are ie aaa ek el a pe ea ale ga tea 761, 762 NE ree Pea on St ES) RAR Ae epee ee os 762 aay. cage eRe aN ele rallies Sra fia Calis il Le tac — 303 (nde the 9 aie tills gdh salt ig ado tea ae lg 796 TREES pean lant. Sin lieke® ie A anata ae tea igeatede fs 811, 812 ee eee ee ee has Voss he ee 816 a peat POR ee lia. ceca A aie aN I i Sil 328-333 PMI he Sree cer a he ec oc oe eke eet oe tem § 530 RCTS ar C tray ee ce ee CREE AS Ae Pe yt OS 653, 604 Sy TE ag a a SR tl Pl de iam 328, 329 ees Tey Calpe, SA bh tat a el ied eth oa ear 46 Meret atl or Alined o.00 2 ee ey a eh ee SS ee eevee Ye 712 ee ee te ee oe 539 Flues, iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed. ............-.-- 213 TR Sara aati alee aia obese on cba ee CSO el ae 213 Fa liad CEROE al tate aged eet i tee aie al 140, 141 Ter er eee Ce SER Nee cer le 916 aera as 318 TERE AE KS RRS SRS KES ENE ES fee 551 ESAT ClUGS eo re as ie he tee ete es 113 Forceps, surgical............... ARS OE: aie ih GL oR ily SE iA 267 ne CG alan a RO SE 1 on a RR a ae 849 MENU EA ee eit oes Pee te cette ed hen aoe we a 868 Pipa RAD CIGI So ae ne fe eee Cot ek Cee eee 851 of goods not imported in American vessels (subsec. 2) . 889 EVO E PIN ICH orice cn oe, PV ae cs Saeed ks bee era ee 886 SIR ES ee ta eos ws So Es ee ce ofa et cere cee 208 Sree eae eee ee te oS Se oe ee 188 NTS re eee eon ee pene ge ee ft ee aden cleat 218 ORS Stage IRE eogeal Mtge ar Repent tN ee eae a arr ge, 570 gta RS DoDChC ip So ape TEE a el a i aR a bo 53 Trt 1h) OF 4A00l ole. oe kt ett et tates ss 185 mRE TLE SAE TEMERLIO ROMO his be Cee eek a tee tee ee Ps 524-525 Orauaves, tr, 10r bate or bOnNetaI A! est seat co test tee 543 Steer coerayved, 161 ponds, 6ten 6 122 lteter ae 783 ce SEIS ES et a ee ee eS arr ek os 663 954. INDEX, , Page Bepatainsp orang: 202 caus oes See ee awe «6a apt yale ae 251 Fowls; domestic, feathers or plumes of............-.-....-..--0- - 535: land ‘and: water, mr. 8. p. fo... ajc «werd -ceeee 612 Fp e8 Jy oes are Clos oid ew ew a etc sole aha Se 166, 168, 185 and mountings for opera and field glasses, etc..........---..- 166, 168 ‘eyeglass, cogele, and: spectacle... 02 oo. on. «cue « 164 d7OnN OF AVC. on. ic. 2 ve win we hing ipsa Co + > bape eee a 185 optical instrument... a2 6 obs wie oh wis aor ik os = 166 Fraudulent entry, what constitutes... -.._2 2.20... os... ae 849 importations, punishment. for... ..-. 5.2... 7 849 Freestone, hewn, dressed, or re 2 ai ean wakes! jae een 176 unmanufactur ed, 1a Ay: Se SRM die Na LSA, snipe ,-- 785,786 Frpnohy cha lis ooo . Ve cs site we a ae a ako 132 crudeand ungrouid:... 0.222 Ses eed. ates noe ¢ ace oe 793 Meesh beef, lamb, pork, ete. 0. oh spine oe erg .. 713-715 Freizes composed of tiles or tiling. . 20.202... ee ee eee Mee 136 Fiveatin oe? sur ioe ee Dee Vo ae a cece ee 113 Figapatel Ss nas oo eis uk Stee eae brane BD ee 347-352, 663 anuficral, 1.8. Pp. fo Sa i oe oe ee 535 dried, desiccated, evaporated’ 2.0.2.7 We 2 347 drugs, 11h es RR RE NUMAER UNS EA pel 46. not edible: nis. ps Gps poi rect 0 wks = oe ee 653, 654 egal] ees ih Cw age Ak ata a gen, paces ee ceesgs cet 347-352. preen, ripe, or dried, Waa. PP ec nce onic nay oe 663-665 an brine) 1. 8..p. fils SP a a, Se 663, 664 OPSMMETETS LS OS RIG Fr io acncl aeppthe day eam ea ne Suge ee 535. packed in sugar, containing no alcohol. ........-.--...... ne 347 reserved, containing alcohol. n. 8. Die a wv 347 Fue compositions of coal or coal dust... . 200. ee 635. Pyadter’s. earth. 1 225 0co Se ee 140, 141 Fulminates and fulminating powder, n. s. p. f fe athe sa 665 Pipelines SIT AS i As he ie ee 333 Lt: i i On RI yk Ree My GR a 666 bonztets, hats, and: hoords.)5-0. ie oe 543 forms or ‘shapes Tot hats or ‘honnetes 79, a ee a 543 plepae:) Carroted Some Cl ee 537 uiidredsed: 2 MAA A eS tn oe ee 666 Furnaces, ees weldteds. 223 api Pe Ae ee 213. Fiumnitute . 00.00.22) 2 ee gee ee 286-288 cabinet ie. 26202020 SR 286 household effects, notiforisaliet 2 2725550822. oe 621 Willows oS at a oa a eae ane cn 280 Fang) fe 222 OS See eae 537-540 for hatter ’Susel oi A005. Bhghs SS A 587, 539 manufactures. of, fis. ").dog eee se hp 537 tindreasedes poe Sos gape ese le at cnatns os Se 666 Mugeas(matelites)i2o... 2. OAR ors. Co ee 533. Fuses; blasting, niining, and safety . 2°. ). 2 Soa ee 535 Papatin: fo 2 ace EE Se Be ee eee eee 52,.921 G. Galleries, stampings, etc.) of metal... 8.5585 2022 eee 544 Gadloons clio, O82 SE OS EA ie ee eee 551 Geom bier 4 isl Sa as ee ee Ne a ee 667 (Fe Se Bal ols sesed «Ein alana Si ot a ee Lae 365 Gantic ss. caer sak eo Oe a oe Re eae ee es ce 326, 327 Ganters, silk, né8: 0.2.50) SI Me eee eee 417, 488 Gas black, dry or groutida: ug herds kG aoe eae 101 Gas liquor, amrnonincal yo ooo 2 Ae eee oe eee 20; 22. mantles. 25502" ogi See ee eee 246, 248 webortas 2 200. 2. Sees. Se eee 153. Gagnantle scrap 90 2 lsd ei ee ee ee 246, 248 MINING se vetoes soe « oe Mae ene eae eget ie ae 731, 735 Coaaae Glaae eos oon OuSed Se ASS oie een 165 (SABATTUS 5 co theo mae Gina odontal ae Megane eee lin eH 54 or flock eovered: papers. 256s betew.e Fceaten ws ible slaty mag 503, 504 INDEX, » 955 ‘ Page Mremip for schools, societies, etc... ia duxuwiisnsadbiee ae cw elieas ve 782 General appraisers, Venidagh tbe eh te te eee ae 907 eG EET ECT: 3c Se a aC ne ee 62, 63 i rie en ww atid 235 _Geyserite, te aia 787 SEERA 2 RSS ERE aca cr OE Lae aa 608 Ginger MPEPEE. BOGE 5 crate SL Re inte th oihaid 385-386 cordial and ginger MT eras Fala eet ban techie tks 381 er nn cls Site ale hina Sis ind al die we 373-374 Gingerbread, or honey: Een epee BR Es Ae sat es ao Ta 313 I ee cc ra RS 8 emerleenreellete « d9L SM 2 Re on Sings ss mr saie pues ninvn 'e'beldia inn 17 Girders, iron Ree re ae hn yk ete te eek 185. ESTRELA AE ae ae eee ae GO ORIN Se 332 Serum ary Of 146 Deer ss ee oe en ce ee oe 615. I se baths ahacceue 154-172, 667 bent, ground, obscured, etc., additional duty............-... 163 bottles, Ah Eo ee Aa a a ae a 156-158 containing ad valorem duty merchandise................ 154 filled or unfilled, RA Sy scecrs PAtrs Bi pRty BEA? eG yd CoRR i ne 156 with cut-glass stoppers EEE te, Soe SOY SO Se NN 156-158. a cee cieigtthin sl sate, Sad pcligss ui kacgciore ig 527 SI ee LOMA Ey a cris i Se o's a ig pain icles 154 erown, Cast, neslisitads et A Sri, Sr LE Se Cees Cl ean SR eR ae 162 cylinder, or common window, additional duty .......... 163 cylinder, cast, polished, silvered..-.--.......-........ ed 162, 163 PER TSR Ets Yee an ee i ol gots ec ora Equw x ane oas 156 demijohns, covered and uncovered .........--........------ 156 I nF ae oe si nssicios ea ~'ss = Save eek 171, 667 white, Se eRe al edit aii 4 ilies TS 667 RIN Dk Ne Fo wre heieed Gua nie 1i3 ee eee ea ee eee 165 re et ian Sinn ins = «a id ~ apa Mermsnsee Bucs ering 154 looking-glass plates, silvered, framed ..........--...-....-... 162 Be UreSOT, OF PASle 5 nan nin no mn ori oe RRR ee te 169, 170 MIN SF AR on Na liam moines on Pde oak terete antl oe 169 mmpeste.and, manufactures of, n.s.. p: f. --- 6 5-1. o- b- mene ene 169, 170. plate, bent, ground, obscured, AL eS tanita, Bypass 163 cast, ‘polished, Stl yered, tinsiivered |W)... "an -sndane 162, 163: containing Co RET ERLE S SERIO aay Se Ney La a 160, 162 ground, smoothed, or fs Er eS gelatin pelea 160-161 plates or disks, unwrought, for optical instruments........-.. 667-668 RU ln 2S 8). Ek 8 ols Jaye no a wins oeioin sw ne mages be aie 157 strips of, including those for eauges and magic lanterns......-. 165 tiles, opal or cylinder eT ei a a eS 171, 172 RN ace alte hacen winktico 154 amr COMIN, UNDOUSICT.§ - oe oo. oe ne ie wu w osecn erga ta 158, 160 munaows, stained or-painted.. .<.- cies adda eos mid weed ies 169, 839. ESS ETE T TO Bh 1 C1 ga Re 165 SMR MALENO TNA LPC. 2: aie Bia bie a 8 od cer miate ah ie Etat 166 Sas A geo ce ae SOE SA ee apne 156-158 MERIREN NE PPR ood le eee, ara cla he ann ks en aer og 156, 157 a eee Hes) ef lon ed ae I I LUT ines xo cries 123, 130 i in ch ne F > hae ier at 113 MMIC bt cael Soe 414, 415, 448, 562, 668 Poimende irorsehide .pigekin: .....---- = -a@tev tees dnwes ook 668-669 I a ie ne ie oh pie a ome = os 415 Pe ASCH OT So oon ip wie So wie = clan Be io male ole wee lolnne 563 a a ele wits eee cs Shim aut 668 men’s (n. s. p. f.), women’s, or children’s. .......-..--.. 563 Deen ObtON., PUT, SIC, CLC «won nee oe oe eee Oe 563 of cotton and rubber..........- Laie Le eee Pee See 408 A TIS BO nis coos asians nn ow eden gly aa 563 Glucose or grape sugar.........-......- Os, Se wie tess mt omteetl-B 293, 294 IRR ee ee Seem eer Amen o4 Neen en ee a oun eetiy wim min mapa tect enk 682 ONT ay Ae) CE ae ORE en ee ae pee pe 56 956 INDEX. Page Goat hides or skins, wearing apparel of... ................ce00ee 375 Gostskins, undressed ook estes cw eas ci. ek ole ieee ee 577 Goggles and frames...............-.-.-- “26s ou SUPERS ae 164 Gold bullion... .5..3.us natn Choke Geen SRE RES ea Nes SOO 625 COINS. as BNR SL REN RRR ee 641 lead: co5.0 8 cake ee ENE eee canoes: CEN Oe a 238 medals, trophies,:or prizes... 40.222. .....0 un oe ee fi 717 or gold-plated articles and wares. ........-.-.......22-2--5 268 i: ee ee eh hee en Se 739 PONS... eee ee ee eee eee tence e ee eeee 251 pize,; ‘varnishéss..2. 080 Oot vee sc tect ent cece ae 108 SwWeepings 2. cis ee eee eta ele eet eb ee 739, 740 Goldbeater’s molds and skins............---..cececscecesevesees 669-670 Goods lost overboard ... 0.02.5 sss ess eee a thin easter 875 Goose breasts: $145... s.nsive ts tees UPD 368 Grains. OSes 4 ee CR Oey ek ee EG he eke oy a 46, 653 artificial-and: ornamental; n.'s/’p . f.% +22 2. 2S eae 535 driigs,-n: 8. piefiivg. seek seu eke ade GG 46 not edible; n..s. pr fs 2020202 GEO 653 OMOEMY settle ee ee ees Rs Ee ee 532 Gramaphones and -parts of-...:.. 2. ...52..26. 2S ee 572 Granadilla wood, rough or hewn only.:2:.-.......ss..ssss.eene" 823 SAWEd ule. sess ess Cat teenie et es eee 272 Granite. 2.00500. ee te a 176, 785. hewn, dressed, or-polishéd .:.. v2. JU22 2,20 2 a ee 176 Finolewm +. 5556.50. se 3 o's seo ees HESS Tet Ve ae 434 unmanufactured > {4 oo. pe ce 4 176 wastes. ose te ee lke LOU _176, 785 Granito! 9225322... ee Le 152 Grape pickers. oo ss. set eee bd See ee Ne er AN Grapefruit; in packages. . Pets oe 26 Set ee 357, 359 GTA Pes essai sae Ses sew ele Lis alata egy oo anne 353, 356 conventional gauge for... <..0660 + 5s tek ee es ee 357 dried Si. ee ww ae 353 in barrels’or packages + 24 02.20. iv. asi. ts Se Wists 356 Graphite. (See Plumbago.) Graphophones and parts of: s)2.-.c.25.'. . 5.) SS ete ee 572 Graphoscopes!. 8 ne. ee a os gv eee a ee ee 167 Gi dse! Sic eso we Sa i te SR 2 570 avoine and stypasc.:css0.6 556 ek pee is Ot 723 braids; laces; and plaiteas... 00) 2201.2 eee 520 manufactures of,-n. sip) fii. isi ees. Re a ee 566 meaning of term.............. rade eee ee 6525 te 4 566 sea, manufactured or dyed. 22.203. $i. 22 A ee 570 BOGUS eS loa Se release alae 764 sisal, cables and cordage: 20 2\s.5 -s-s awe Spt be 426 tariff designation... ...20455%.45 bs os TE 520 Grasses and fibers, jute, manila, sisal, sunn, etc.,n.s. p.f....--. 670-675 for: paper making, nis; py fe.. pred ClOLDS. 255.024 9 45242252 Co eee obs ELS 616 cattle, horse, and other animal, unmanufactured............. 681 emt eS ee PO Seen aes Seo eed e as oe kar seeks seay 542 human, raw, cleaned, or manufactured...............--.--- 541, 542 nets and Piptiiiier, ti Bae Pale ss. esata. Soe! 4S Pas 22 bbe teh 541 Ts PE RTE ae RS nite te 8 Mid ee fs) Atl ne ort ee 827 RTL G oy ao oS OTM dis kaye ce de res du stouepehobaes 827 RRs eto Sc! kkeh gas kh cl tei eeed ie rssusseahye 522 SMELT ete Soe ga oe a Shae a saa ste ke ees 541, 542 ee sea e aoe teehee pees tive ese ee epee eeete fas 682 EC ea un ck ey poe Sob Vere etalee 541, 542 SMERTIEE EI en ey Gs oo abo cm pURe ee Geel, 541, 542 RAMMING ceric asso gonetavavvsss bem dic deeb ances oh . 285 Hagmevand becom. oo. oi ace ko peas pees ee oes a 713, 715: THaetleorciitete: 0 oe.) ee ae eee 2 406, 440, 487, 551 cotton, finished or unfinished, hemmed or hemstitched. . 406 embroidered samp pci in 0 eR ie nb er HS cee i 551 flax, hemp, or ramie, finished or unfinished................--- 440 MOC ooh pe oc rei patel ae wel olen cabal een ee 551 silk, finished or unfinished, hemstitched.............- ete 8 487-488 Wen dles,. DTGOM nd. ks cleeie Bee ckicitte ss one voen. tiara cube. 816 CITE -ALODA: ss 9. ssw nus tas eke gues nobel ae 651 TARR YE 2 ohn ie, ms uu paginas esc tyres besides ace aie a tah 227 Hangings, paper, 0. 6. Dr tore deppasvaerers <=: senmeeeenee .. OLE, 512 Hares, skins: of, undressed. ol. were ge ona eee en ey athe thes stake era 775 Harness, leather, in: sets or partas...5 owas {dowd ese ake .. «2 699, 702 foam, Cotten. a... 24... nei begges dante se octet ane 417 Harrows, disk ‘and tooth.*... . rum. ce ade ancl oie bee 591 Teanvesterss oo oho tases cs es ota See oe ee 591 Heasocks, wool, 1; 8. Df: ..,-a:coc.cuice so ena'e oy «5-008 0 we 469 Hatbands, RE ah Fase a eee Oem ITT — 488 FaGpins oS ot ne bic os oes see 62 eee spat af 251 . 91955 GF Paste. .....c- cone. n eo ediescn gee nous Daas eee 157 Pet ae os id es eR oe a “ 543 chip,. grass, straw, etc .............diie Lae eons ee 520 FUT. og ocx nin gpernern'm oo Hee eet ol eet 543 imitation. Panama... ..'.2 4. nt dnp eo em Rahs oe 60 Tnisects, ‘dried, druga}ns Bu p.- Livin ch Ganeces si cache ae See 46, 653 7d 4 ne ete es ee PT MOET Me 654 Ensertingsice. 622 2008 Se SRO SSG 5 occ ec a mai ee le 551 Instruments, optical, and frames and mountings for.........-...-. 166 philosophical and scientific.................-.-+.-- 747 professional, of immigrants... 22... «0+ «+. pe 614 Internal-revenue taxid. 00 Cis 20002. 2 See 880 articles from -Philippinés....2.20. ..265 «os - ae + ee eee 880 drawback: of Jv... . ieee ke eee a, DE rr 899 duty equal to... foe... se eek en ee een w bale ae 901 on. cigars manufactured.in bond... 2 ...d:.u xs aiera aigeieieee sue a 895 Porto Rico. oo PR ANG an Sa hal die ne ee ole 884 Femission.oL. ... +84 4 UCR, Ae a ee 895 Intestines, animal and. fish, .n. 8, -p: £..9..2. roe ase s cone Te ISAS 102 Repeeeait, Nat, Stes 2.12 ager 7 et PO TG S28 PRES 252 PIPOS. «6-2 s oases isis e fesse cele ee eke chen scsi ree teni. 213 Serer coated or galvanized ¥<:2 2-202 iiss ner pcre ds fees OY? 191 prravod for dGsigiine vet. neo. Soy a OO BL IIS 225 PIAS SDUMECN OLAS So fo sneer 3 Une SER PER SIS TE oe 761 . BUMMER CAC AdE Ass teas PO BOATE fcc Fords goatee ew Po 761 me eoatnaniennid-smbrella 74°. Sih ABS SES OPIS. 228 Ie aerate Pls aeRO bet elas Sie ie Se ee he re See eee 184 Demi ter TimpaNerens Se ceo ete oR OE OA. st 20L2 184 NIE oa USO ees See hE 8S8 2 ot ences 22 OE, PLP, 188 Rae tie Fe OE SSE Seer See Me ae 184 DR OMMAWRECCHOT 2 8A S520 Sola sets hee PSL SE 204 EMME MPR SRN d Soc pate nie ieee aie Sin Pw glee aly WS DR Sts 185 scrap, wrought (refuse, second-hand, or waste)... .........-. 690 Serawe ( Called-wood-acrews}iss 5205252. .efo spe ete 228 Pm ree peo? far hlr So Sos UN A ee par ied gl ae a Ep Le eas 190 sheet, coated or galvanized... .. WOE RAEN ee ee COR Ee tere 191 Geidrolled (oso acs ooe Ea Se a eee be 191 planished, polished; or-glazed> > ++. 72022 2002.42-. 8 191 or plates with other metals imposed. .....-...------.. 191 Peer eoninton or blackseisser7cc soso fete 186 Bee rtde Mla sOr OR Se ee ae 724 UR ARS SE) © acto 0 ne Sa Sears Sg ea Sa eee a 186 EE Oe SPEIRS TUS LOSS SR SEO EPI SS oe 22 \ 209 Spikes, COti ne. p: Lit oe ne SES cal Reb cea 724, 726 splice bars.....-... ES PFT PONS er ee PR 191 BQUarCr se se, eee ee ho ie re ee ee De ae 184 LEON gia WC ee ae SRE Serie Ve ee ee oon ets 213 strips, coated or galvanized..-....-.-.-----+----+-----eteeee 186, 191 structural shapes, assembled or manufactured.......-..------ _ 185 Snipndite Ul vores fee. o.oo a. ees ooh Ra eee 645-646 OT Lhe No Ue a oa ea a a a a eae ea 788 taggers, coated with tin or lead... -..--.------ +++ +--+ eee eee 191 184911°—20-——61 962 INDEX. TIron—Continued. Page F paile ne Secs PR a rg actin eg eet 761 ties, for baling cotton, efC..200. 2.5 J. inns ccna cee nace es ee 685 tires, TallWay Caren. Joo c. cs Bede ee _ 225 tongs. el PO Sa 209 tools, tratk et) Se Pos ae Ree eee Jaca 209 TT columns and. posts. ..0.. . 2 eo, ee oes wR 670 Evory, manufactures of, ns. pf. 2... 3.555 g eee 568 refuse pieces of, burnt... 0. .... 5-2)... sisieks ee 633 tyisks. |) od. So es Ss a 568 vegetable, manufactures of, n. s. p. f..........--..-. 000s 568 J. Jacquard designs on paper or cardboard, n. s. p. f............... 511 upholstery goods... 000 24 Jbak vain naan aad oe eee 411 BET oan 2 oe £o oldu noms incminiomion eo apap aa eg 693 STS, Plas oo ala ese mse nominn wie ts otal te en Se ce 154 Betlies oe ee eee a Caan aia in ep teal em 347, 352 Jelutong or pontianak:. 0. cc. onde cie ances ces - 7 nde 687 Jet, unmahiiactured, ...2.n< LEDS NL 214-219 Ai NR Ah Rca ha pn Sonya acai pch ied ope pcems opened agieasn ehh is Ahn 218 bench bread, butcher's, butteriu 2ocloy gs Gb fes b ek ek 218 RENE eae tr cpcechropcn seen rol os eter mek vopctan yen SM SLA ARTE py i 214, 217 carpenter's, carving, cheese, cook’s, currier’s.......-.......-. 218 Nt Np cape gms cep ton Poesy eon einn typed min Spt dpe 214 aM I 5 ST Vee png np ested ete pcre Sim ba ln nip OS 218 SENN Pe DN Hs Na SN Aa al wei teiermrmimenna til, Aig A adh a vee AP Buse 214 SEM CACBEE RP AE Lo) ic boeken twenties wpe A le MLAS LR 218 BR ATR LONG i penser cna snmp nb nn ijexai hE RTLIAS Set 218 RUMPUNURUMLSEE SUNS ARE i eterna ii gn can eae 218 RRINEBAT Ry weer dorcin no Opa seh YA ek bs 218 RN hatte ag phe gh corn mining AEP a IOI Bl. HLS 214 name of maker on imported wn) 32 setae ae he 215 peamuer @,qmlotte, plum ber’a.-.. - oo ee tens le oe op SE 218 EI an AF el ah mee gran Sin pe eet ED) bins al Kal 214 EN AM al tm 5 Beam yep een moo m IS AE 214, 216 MP mnEMea ne tecl eck ts it ko Ueedo. ein ABRR Le nt oa ie 218 TN aE Ald dees ad Al, maa ny xin hk kA ym pg oin man lickin alee 218 I he tn et ia ee Ste ele eel Oe 218 NI SAAN pre ah ee Spey ind re ie or nw mec a ASS A SEEN) ML |g 218 A SOMMER AS Cel wars A a ein nnn ee eels betes 651 myanite, orcyanite, and kainite.-.. 222 ci. 4 ee oe et 695 L. ee tee ere Nee ts arp rete es) IL 417, 507 PalmMent, COMO... .. si 255 fos oe. sie a Wnty Luke Pac SB 417 Baer tierR pte ly” Pritet oo. sos es Se ee oe 507, 508 Labor, convict, importation of goods, etc., made by, prohibited. . 888 Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick, and shell......-....../.....-.- 695 Bitte (par: G06): 2s cr sere oe. - FON Heo TR ane ay 913 Lace-making and lace-curtain machines.............------------- 264 EE ie NaN So Mate eto ads Siete esc eeuet 551-557, 699 PRR revere ee omits ot ect CS eee SO 551 eG aiihtt COMER e hee hors hres cheese es coe es 6 551 ercniy, stass, puiny teal; straw, etc... 222222222 . 520 Zacines, Geot and shoe, cottom.....:25..22.. 0.540 ec 417 eet, NA Se Ree hs comets te ety 2 te see 417 Ear Cheer ts. tee or seers Sire raisedce Fists. ye AS 2 696 DTC MEMIpets oes Peeves ce cercens cee te OT OOP Se. 719 Re cer etn Oe Soe ote CREE Ayes ook RST 109 CITRINO on oo ee ee ao meant Ng soe tes OPIN. 239-241 ICN. Wo fe oS cone Pr Srg eo eee ears Foe. 1138, 916 Me ANSEL FSR THe SAS ee eas eg tie ren tes See Poe 2 713, 714 in beuind ot sheepeking owl sive lvecca, Seley) sb lo. lee. 776 tanned, washed, and staked, for glove making......... 559 aR Tee Seep con ey sae re ees Kees ete le gee 239-241 Pee Cae aT VeO? STOWE fy s., «Songs t ec Pe ON SP 101 ns art ren a hs be sat wea oa oes fe os Pe 145 Disque; china,-and parien ware...j.5556 0626 fo gess teri este 149 PArONATRE ee Geer rere nls gcc ls foe PA OS 145 Ty TGR Ge Nae 2g 2 5) bod gS ae in eae 153 Tocendesvent elevtrac HobkGw> oso kc eyo soe ee AL 169 ET RE, Parte oe er ay ER ge RE het hiya Or ge 149 ny OL OA alsin SS ig Sahel oily lithe Be grape gig “Sate gt CaN eg & 721 RMT oe ek ee eee eee ke oe tec eb erok 145 964 INDEX, Pages BEN CO WOO; FOUR wig nse icicvd ais ower de ale oda al psn ota sad i ee 823 SaWed ...o3 sine PLE AL Bag AS Sos gee ‘272 Landscapes, American, views 0f:..........-..-+2420- see eeee tee a geeebas Besarit) iris. peictelk aa ss ow sees cc a sao = ein Gb ps 66, 69 Lard‘compounds.and_substitutes 1-07 2.-.-suee ee Coe 697; 698 Lastings, button forms:0b cee iaie once eine io a seta veetes Os o.sce bins 524-525 Psat, WOOK. 5 aces Wk, Sm Sse sake oir latte & pets Oe ec Re ci. ole ru 816 eudanu Eines Seed Cuneo enbaae eee ao io desmrepeiein 6 3 oe _ 88 Lava, hewn,.dressed,.or polished... ......-2<.00<..<5.06 50 <.oee 176 tips for: burniersies ose. Ptah ore Se. a lk 153 unmanuiactureds..0~ <5 <0 22i.- eee one eee 176, 698 Bil 6a. hd Sela Ae Ok hae So ee kel oe oe 107, 248, 245 acetate of, brown, gray, yellow, or white.................-.. 107 Hullion.or base bullion... cc. < -Lose ce. sos te sien bale 245 compounds, D..8... Pp. f2 Buseilk oe Games ey 107,108 » CT ORS NR rch S Pe BS ee Sawa La or Oe ly save Re Be cg 245 PlaAZIOLr’ 832.522 Lisa gewiec bulew eh dee anges ke ete ee eee 245 manufactures of, n. 8. Palatal Lenenc een i ae ae 268 mitrate Of 2! coats. tee Wede Mabwendconce ween pee ee 107, 108 orange minetalya... 3.00 oh eke oo é Loe om 105, 107 Pence when. 66 <5 remain dae Step ous oie acl eg 575-576 pigments, dry or-in pulp, and. ground.........-......¢..5 see 105-107 red ‘and white, 0.82). 15.24 <-+6s goes ee pa ae Oe 105, 106 refuse and .serap..... 2-6. iste a weitioe bid aah SN Oty eet ei 245 WHILE 22.2 citts. pu wien Fa deb 6 Mi nin o> cole AR 105, 106, 107 WATE Kiet dhs Victed alas EUG a Se CS RR 245 Liead-bearing Or ei. ia< 35.255 isn iw wic-einncsoers oly epics aa ee 243-244 Leads, pencil, TOL. UN. WOO is cn 'a' sn nicest bun ws chat yaa oda 575 Leather oo) oo ca. - Se a 557-559, 699 bags, baskets, and. belts s.2c.4. 5. 4h once yee ev 560 hoard, or compressed Le bece Ry eee eT 699, 704 boots and Shoes? oe. esc mcccco sce opcuune gisigbis i dieales sh alee g 5c 699, 704 card ‘Cases. ..9i..\Lkh upd ED, ee ee — 560 dressing or stuffing, grease and fats for, ms. p.f............- 675 gloves (see Glov es) wits abn al wisi Bie a i Uae anna 668 Thi /8 5° Pr Leale eiwhgn RS) = ey ee SCL I ela ees 562 harness; in sets.Or Darias. Bac wees os a0 ol onions “ne ed 699, 702 jewel WOROG. ee cs ook, Foil han hae en 560 manufactures,of Mii8+, D-fk 5229 Ree ee ene epee 560 THOCCASING « 35 5528. anit Ss SAF tie Re BIE elect Bs cee 706 pianoforte and: pianoforte action... <........ «<0 -»=siee eee 557, 558 pocketbooks. ia. .; J... 5 45 «= dsupeeeonnie ieee eee 560 POrtla bios is bse Fos ew oo asa: pera san cps gee 560 saddies'and saddlery::2:c.5:2.<5 6 2G6 = Resmalatetmpe sei are asain! 699, 705 satchels aise. 5 ffs <0e ES So ert adie ce Seth i 560 slroe laceaiix: ecg je S250 o wi /o:-)2 eee came a Rial peaeig en 699, 705 uppers or vere CUb in mn. «saya on sagan oye niniein ae 699, 704 upholstery, enameled wii ects 2a nts, ace 0 a dee 557, 508 Leathers, Plover. a. OPV WE issn aes els om a a ee 557, 559 Leaves, artificial, Masih tps fe ee no! rca sje ew nica deea tak ote oes ee 535 LcSs als) Ee Enns Near eOORM pM ar SIME A I ; 62 - COCR Be oe oe are cata 5 Ste ed laa lt a a 62 POPOR Eisen, siete Sale 4a acne Cope: Aas ae el ae cace 639 crude, drugs, nia. Dede. oo. sie de oe he 653 rugs, TiS. Pe Teens ahy Sad cc by tn pncinieee gee ee ac 46 eentian SS ard ataecadeleea) POC ret Peay RR I Re 62. 63 herb, for-culinary WSO... os.5 2028 acne Ringe ene 373, B47) marshmallow or althea..........-...- so hcjenctt scanty 0 712 ornamental anise; ch ve ee Ste mrier ata ee 535 BCH eS oie, biG aye i ee A eA a se Sones woes 707 . NGOS) WING CTUMGC 4: SF oou5k ) en osr soos PER AT OS 264 NES SNe eh AN hy Cae daha ad Sata Lea Sara Geka hte ea 629 Bets ae hey a yee es oie OP Bk Ors eee 265 Beye a a Pree Manet: eens eee eer ee SOL Stak fetal eee es 629 966 INDEX, Machines—Continued. Page. SO WIDE 2b scrape teem dont wnat ooecarteaeeiote anaeaee 629 SITE goin wcatniate wer me basen ot eee ath ats Poe ea 630 sludge. Loreigh 20% Std cea wd Seon a el 629 tar and oil SPPOA ING sain. serwisumsniesnnsnin lets ubleadalte delle Gk ar 629 Shrashang Soe Sis ee hal alata pie ace 591 typesetinmeic2i2 J:86mnbsncune ol ete a ee eee 629 GCP aa oh a ap ws ates bah 629 Madder, ground or prepared, and extracts of ............-.--.--- 710 Mafura, tallom extract 0. coc s. aldccak vic il ew bee 675 Magazines, fashion, lithographically printed................22.<- 507 Magic lanterns, slides:for oc. ack eine a ciliolo nals esses = ait 165 Gc oe ee a etn een 65 Maonesite;.erude-or calcined. (2.0 A Sa 710 Minpriesiais 2 522.0 OM nd ene bee oa en 229 Magnifying glasses,. jewelers’... 2.2.2.2. ee eo oe erent jute 168 Macuey Deki ec A Sein ia. Aetna ell er 674 Mahogany, rough: or - hewn only... 2... ---.L-seE ee 823 sawed Ula aw oe el a ce Le i en Lewwesiee ie 272 LEST 2. 3S ce pee MOR eee 647 Wile] thy bravia yes ag ei, aac. ie Dzaten bee se lan Ss wn 308 fluid extract, solid. or condensed................... “ue 383 Manetti multiflora, stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of................ 333 Manganese, oxide and -0re: Of - 0, o2-2..2.0ne we oe ne we wwe ne 711 Manorove extract. so.iccoduntiees ue, Vie 796 LC ctiy: ee a Re eee SPERMS Re Te 712 Mantels,.alcohol,.cas,.or kerosene... ... o00000-0> son -2cee ues 246, 248 composed. of tiles or tiling, 1 6teebe ese eee 136 slate: vindua. us uses D4 ele a a 177 Mamifactured. articles, 0.8. Dy fu..ds és Ae eee 583 Mamures. seh 2. Ca eee r cee ek oo ieee ame 676 MantintripieS Sod. LOWE. wn oemhcnapeee he hess ee eee 712 Maple sugar and Sirti ps .n.ns. 20 <0cnr «20 POS SOs eee 298 Maps and charts for use of United States..............-22.----00 617 Ns. pc ELT oe Re Pe ee es oe 513 not forsale, for secieties.........-4%...~--eyehk Boek eee 621 printed more than.20; years. ...00ss\6- +p oeerine = Lee See 618 Marbletic2e si Sees Fe lid oie ews ee 172, 174 benches, monuments; Cte... +02. 5 san w cae sade Wl Ee 172, 174 blocks, slabs: ortilesc..:........sudeuetes eae 172, 174 Works Of srt. | ok cuenta ala a. clstelale's/Be anise ween ee 839 Marbles, toy; nis. p. fy. oa ws asi at a a 530-531 Market waltieii! 0. nu -nacdus ise sdidsndaecoseecr sacl 844, 856 Appraisab Ok cn ses dc.as en Te aah ody er ee ie ee 851, 856 ascertainment of,, by. Appraisers... 6 ses ne en clen ee oo sicn mm eee 856 at time:.of exportation. o1 scab awces aaee es ee edu 851 cost.ol production. 24001254425... ese a oa eee 859 Cefimed yc es a ance ec pe 869 howraseertainede 20h i abn et anceetred eee! nee 859 BhOW: OW UINOIEG ois os tn ee hte lee 844 sold fonexport only nS cca cee ce ol ewe neninn «cae ae 859 what.constrtitess (ios) es ose ss wes eee ieee eee 844 Marking of imported articles (subsec. 1).........--.....-.-...+-- 885 violation of provision for (subsec..2) 0.655425) os eee ee 885 Married woman, political status of.....-....-...--s5sceeeecedons 746 Marrons, crude.......... wie ahald’ duc wis aclayblah paced Binge bigbrtadhe ain? Bika 729 Marrow, CEUGOIN S22 ed os oe oi ded ae J ee ee eee 112 Marshmallow or althea root, leaves, or flowers...................-. 712 Masks, of whatever materalys0) . os. ccs ss 5 é ee emp ee 569 DAPOre Seok tte ode de 2a 8s Pec ade il bese eee ee 507 Masse;‘filter, of wood pulp, cotton, ete: .-s.-. ie s20i paca 499 Hintch Boxss 0002 poo, tse ee a, Sergeant sh 544 MERACROB The cts Lew ewS add. suk dase kd ede < oe 533-535 friction; Wax; sind, etes.. 1. << Jee eee 533-635 white phosphorus (PPE Pere Te Sire i, PR ee | 533 “Material of chief. value” definedét. 2... 222 V4. kaa 583 INDEX. 967 Page. amie ete See ile ae 430, 469 RMR CLEAN eh a eo chm aicks ane ibe a I ORY SU, OSE 421 PORNO ce wae eign ME ogo a mw ame aa Ae $0 hi SL OE 569 DET MCAl Del COTULCING: ONC 5 om Sc aiken SOE TE eee 434 ati ta ie debe eh Leh Ek ain cence ad bere is SLA 469 TORU oy a a a eS ee a ene Fa RL 537 EM yIRths ObGer Dive ay eee, en we cee cg 431 linoleum, oilcloth, etc.......... IMAG de We 9 cach n ea cee SE 434 IRA ac ce eile enh NS whe wie nb pPSAALR «GE EL PT Ee 569 PN Bie Sh a 3 wet tha ng whe ek DSL ot Tock tie 430 (EES: URBAN ae ROOT AEE lt a MISO 469 EOD COLD ITIO AN EID ONY. fo oe nie ence tain bene’ n one SY SB 233 LEVEE RO WEE Tr eae a ye eee er ORE eePOM Tne eee) SESE 244 “POE UTS EER 9, SO ae, RE Me ed (UE Te Cea E Shean |B RSe Tso 739, 740 EN EIR SNR SNE: O55 LAL cies coe gO a a oo ae ae Lr eae eS! y 430 DOCU OR: COM Tao ciate ens . dL IO 620 IIIS TUINONIS Pov ssc oee ees. Fea os ae fees 6 fo PTY 570-57 2 IO Rt fe Pere cae ees Fierce ss ke EW BORER 570 RETR Te risa Vines Sans pos ae ee ere si dae Fe FAO 570 LATOR Go hk ee Le ae ged eide's Fah 1 OPER EDOM HEE 564 ee er Mit Va iia ls RRs fy eka pore sees ese 570 NAILED ERE COIN sin eed OSS wai eN wes bag Fad as 0 S% a71 NEED, COLT WOUE Woe ssa OW Laie PWS atlas Os hase ls Semen 94, 95 I eer Det aay Mort fb ita dekh 2 28s eS ese oat: 220 Remeureeroutuh Or prepared... 02). SAP oes BRL 373, 377 LSS i SR RS BF ea Ag aR ar ee 713,714 a Pe. SES SRL by Li wear 3 168 REIMER IN bn. ed os Sats pea ox UE UR Us OH 723 peetrrcoeneory paris OFA. Sees PR I os §23 N. Nails, horseshoe, hob, and wire, iron or steel............-...----- 724-727 Mame Ormaker.on We'd ns BFS IO Se epee NEE MPR ay 0 Oui." 01S) xa a Sah dalla Dale le ols WSla etee we aa ae 638, 916 NS ae ater a ea ip les a oo Pala Das. so ae eR TI ALL BAY 43, 916 Mapnoleulfoacid and sodium. or salts... 2.0.0... ..6P SUE. UA 43 MEM IPUILEYDs0, SS Ss 1 Ss so ivialy wos ine ee EEO SH A 43, 916 Naphthylaminsulfoacid and sodium or salts.............--------- 43 NEU POTIOR MATING 2s SRO tains re ie PU NE UP 916 Natural history, specimens of, not for sale.................-.----- 780 odiferous substances used in perfumes.........-.-.-.----- 94, 95 Perrier: Pee ik aah a ease De a rehit cs RM OR 551 EE PES OT AO TRONT Vi), oe Mi whee Rhett AG. ET OOO Sates 547 See er NE ee se da ail nuk 2 elas oles Pa Vee Bo Heys 6 SIE 222-224 Mecortments of, in-cases.or-books. 2... ee os oA A 222 EES ae Gee abe bcp nian dhe 's Hb ded 2 2d, s Sag Uk OS 222, 223 fommnitting Or-sewilg.Machine sx... . csrjw ee ew Ve ee OS 222 MRVELDE ANU ArTIne rk, ee Leth ieee ee tee 727 Ae Sees es htrtel. t ony Ne eee a. Bega es 222 RE lS ake SRW a gl e's G8) 4 2 we 2's So kind PANIES 2 ante 222 MeEMIRCTUING cahie’ a gisecciccw k's dla Pa ATs 9 a os Ge Tu PO OO Ut 727 970 INDEX, Page. Negatives, photogranhic-film..../. 22.44 ss00. eb eases eee 576, 577 Neroli or orange-flower oil.................... @wlleeudd. Daa ee 78, 85 Nets si: 0... uC. 2th Sh sn kew petih a peedicle ited 429, 551 and ,nettings.of human hair....,...4..-.-2....)+..0 eee 541 of flax, hemp, or ramieeesisy. hisiidusenwises sek Woe 429 leno or plain gauze, woven cotton............-.1..--...-.-4- 392 or nettings, woven cotton, classification of...............-..-- 392 Nettings.......:.2. fhavidlibeat setdc Peete: 2oteee ee 429, 541, 551 vill, of flax; hemp, or ramie. tewriii.: .) ita eo. 2 429 leno, woven 'cotton:...........--2...-62.-+5-. + e658 ae 392 Newspapers and periodicals... ..........2..-:<-<++s: sean eee 728 bound.into, beoks.............2- 9-5 .seseee ee a A vbdS Wacheloiisiheiss «cond bin Benches decd dnd Goes an Ses oe 249 ALLOY: Jas ewiitiowte ck su dre ageeh sles Baie pte te 249 ores and nickel matte........- e:ianed .bieidedie ape 739, 740 OXIdeth. eee PRR sees pi, is Serge eo 3 etal 249 sheets or strips, with other metal imposed thereon..........- 249 shot, i.) 26.0 docs ba Rt ge A 5 odin oy 741 NRT oP eo) ooo, maa, Sue male was, 6 3 Sn Gen Rag eae 387 Night lights: .......-..04! sjtedeewed-ceuee be eet be oe 533 Nappers and. pliers...~ .< 20.0 20 22,2 wra)e je Sha <5 =n, opm, ohm oe 267 Witer cake. 5:0. s2.03.. eee bee tis 2. se) See 776 Nittamiling: $24 ¢ 25 os hecttm. ous s ce ee sci. eu ee oat 916 Nitrates, load =... vccwees sic als ola es imc ns 71, 76 PI SSCL URADER WEN 5 Wind e's ot oie 0% cls bbieb'p. 3,6 min welts 78, 81 NII. OP eed hay Cenk we Cale. nacaelapeeqie dele Mt 43 DROITS s Lacie ake. sed eIeRe Boles, Jy dts ee 66 CILIA BOCK inks € ika a ek alone wb. ee ME OOOY Zk 4s 78, 82 LC RSOCISIAT NU ay als ens’ Bs pWin ow a\- a5. 0d wd ec es ee ce ae 78, 86 AROS SANA. Sarat Sk ek Reig oo Fie lle 638 MeeG OF CPECOUNAVGRGOS sik oo ck once ee ee see cee we mnaete 78, 84 OD addition 5 a 0S chee TIRE Owe SRM 78, 86 NR Eee Cdk wi WG yeah Liv wie wk Wk ww ate wectnm mee 731, 735 NINE, OAM eae Cbd elk dings west Kis Gide Ca Pe Grne Abe LID, OTSA 78, 82 TR Gy ioe Uva Naradns & ES Cidp < oh nts wpnayern sR Di iol MEM AA tot d es Seg e ¢gure SeUAQUUNE OER Wet a 731, 732 camomile, caraway, and cassla........ 222-22 25.6. 22 eee eee 78, 82-83 eer aa Danieiss Ca Cio A CS aE UR. oe inline wd 70, 72 epee Ott ee eT Ml. Flavell: oO Liew eS 78, 83 OT pag ih, Te Gi Pfs ok one own ee yee wen eee pee ee nae 731, 739 MIRE re da ek eee ie Sa a Gata ws w aOR RE ot Dee oot 78, 83 REE RISE, UES RC OUR LP UE Se Ree AEA Copan San TUL a a 78, 83 Ea W lee aS Eh wie _OSSIOE TS SLEEP iecte a Seo Sirs cape ner Wp SC ere ean OR 78, 84 RR Sic Sat CL itil: wien baen eon ewe cea tce «a hAlns 731, 732 POTicLer) . C1GOCDOTEZOG vat Soci en ennees eB th oY. es 370 cod and cod liver, cottonseed, and croton. ...........--- 731, 732, 733 BELO Aatrcbreasertdal fai. a. Ske eh ee wn nel 2 isles wind 34, 78-88 Peesnsing fish, oils, n.8. pf... oS... 21s eee oe eR Od, 675 RMON ar cs ad Gl Sas ha olen rc bam mn peel en OE Melmd i 34, 70 Re cad REM AS anid a8 Ns ads Pt 5S Ee bye Met eine pc Re ee 71 Sere ey Oe. oh a, Set ae) DOILPR . Dota pd an clas 78, 84 Peeler: norican. fisheries...) as. a aden maalgs os lets ac 731, 736 TNE Dis ed eae eR ng cook Pel. dey dl ee 8. blade g C8 ARRESTS MIDS ES ah a On 71, 74 RM iki te ihe 0k a RIT NS aca cate 8 ayn yovngiin\e,use. nin SE 78 ER EE MES cath wwe faccie se baat oa tain 4 ni LR EES GS ONS 731, 735 Tiempaeed so... Se ce sees nl biennale ee 2a ra ey b; FEET EN cl it Sig Sree ae ib antennae wackgenn he MiniaseiS + BA malo 66, 68 ts aie a NR Se oe EE, 2a thc a, a seinen oe 731, 733 972 INDEX. Oils—Continued. Page. juglandium.% Savarese has 4 =.5a.:-A-oienis2, separ oe 731, 734 JUNI POR. 2.0 .0.0ig.eic ere awe wiheh e Sjois -:c ia cid 78, 84 KOTOSENO . 5c. ain: ciepese w tyermjessiniobe ce Ae. b= allay mscoey ral o5 731, 735 Lavender ca wisi oiled. gisisinvee coated a Salas + ac Role abs ee 78, 84 it) nn ee See AAG kc 78, 80 VOMON-QTASSL, < ~ aieiard tei) Bale cinch ale ADE ah <5, =. eee pe en 78, 83 linseed, raw, bolled ; ets tesiacid cit nisi tk dakose acta eect 71, 74 THACC a) os aia sores w wig eld eeme ajeun 4) m edie nina nine © gle eee 78, 81 NA PHED G6 oo0s «persed mrcdsre wliee kha ia:e .2eeee 731, 736 nyt DOTOSB 5 Fle dates diam Seine bide eid ws. +s inye stare, satan eee 623 britannia metal 2.< de wis's 2272s eccticoneurss tees her beta (Lee ee ys id PMP MOe ee eee feat e i eect eS edlt Peedasdssenis2 5S he 243, 690, 739 NNN re Cis aay pat gan Rec hasa be) seh. COuIY 638 PAPRINOST Oe Sree rel. kee eck geet PIR, Po ay) Se 258-260 Le Zoe Bee Dare ae ea! Piece a LS a ad De A 731 in bonded smelting or refining warehouses...:...2......-.--. 897 MPePO SL ee etek eeteckcc i seeceasergent Aha OCR IS 690 lead-bearing, method of assessing duties. ................... 243-244 Pein ana nickel Wiatte. so eet Fee ee etl a Sh LS 739, 740 platinum Snot lah. fee ee ee Se ae oe ec oryet 739, 740 i LS ig sn Sed ok an ERG SSR RS eae ee 739 smelting aa Yr ING Sete ee CER ER CIEE al Ray HY 897 Bmetiecampryritesse: {Pat YSes2i22¢ ce ccs gies 2} 2 qed — 788 PEO DOANE satin case bit See lees TER ES Tg PL 802 BemePOnTIniT te La: io ce Ask oe TE ORS etree renege 268-200 RS SiR S Le Oy ite kOe cc SEE Eee I ky oP TL 483 Beech GyOine +42 .Ge dere roi idsee ie sec een t PRO 484 Original drawi ings and sketches, sculptures or statuary...........- 835 Orleans, and extracts Ofer Petes neeorr bi ygserc aes feereeciteces 599 Spemements sols.) 23639: Sarees eh SO gE LAE AO: 544 Petter see hte Phot del er reer itisstayseoeave her creda Kh 149 Mummua Or worse s2cf kone eres cae ee ol d19 EMIS Steines sain So Bes ees th TS FO Me Re 544 Tee ene whee Soh e oe as ae Ie ey See AS OI dd1 eer nnd MANtary i: leeert see tees cote coe eee oe 544 of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed. .......... 5d1 Srpiment; or sulphide of-arsenie::::22isrocs2ee.. Sl ae 601 MM Carts Os ris ar PS pie et Pere Tes we: 916 ee Re Saas Fle ae ger oa ee A, RAB RP oe BO 280 Beer Tas ANT DIRS Se Se Tee ee yer seas. Rees cis. 2 BES 520 Been OL nraAker Sse shsie scout PL ee ee et of 280 MER ee APS TNE A ee Oe SN na NL ne eR eu aS ri 689 Ostriches, feathers or plumes of.......-..--.--:----- af wets Soe! 535 Puce iroror steel. 2s) srecdce treo y genes Se 2 oS 724 Owner of PhercitaAndisey WHO layns sere 287 oF PO eC 842 MEE CODAI CS Bibs yes Py Pte se Skee rT oT Leo ek. (PIP 43 Pp: CIE @ RICO WETS! WOOL 2... «02a. HES odd. la eS ae 283 Packing boxes (empty), n. 8. p. f....--..-- 22-5222 22-2 eee eee ee 277 Paint, ceramic and glass frcrens dey ae deel Teatdaasamnsch wah 113-116 “Painting, aT" etching,’’ Staundnfitted sivtak vvlas hun last ed Dae 835 INTER Py Wo Win Sauer PH Amex 4s adny>s GORY DATA 573 OH, De Br Pits be. o 2 1 ene nee ee nee eee MHS ale ga 573 Pree aTOLL. OF OLDET .COLOTS , = o5 Ati 44 Gd sat game a doh a a 835-837 pictorial, on glass.....--.---- 00-0 ne ee eee ee eee eee eee 839 SPICHMOL TENYOCUCTIONS STG Ba, Dil ie tinisn xn» care cman ae Oe 573 LE eeabON ST) (6s 80h da 5 aa = anginal a= hacks atau 5 = GROW POE ae ..-- 573, 835 Page. PAINTS he. bie sais, odin oe ene eee saya < aiea 113-116 BELISG Be = a5 wis ws 0 s = ale «5 901d, 0,5 mie ote en cee ee ee 113-116 crayons, charcoal, or fusains..... hens eaee_scik Bee ee 113, 114, 115 enamel, frostings, and glazes. ............-...----s-eeus 113, 114, 115 wrease, Theatrical. on 3.025 sab oc cles cle ae 20 nae La KOR. ots tint in wjarg Ridin alae Sethe She Lan Ge 113,115 PALIN, WOO ci + de. qceecshh, 2 Maye ae Raga hn id ea 816 Palladium. : 5... - a5 «die wie o'5)s one om a alinin 7. ase ee 304 CRP PINGS, 54:50 5 J alrgeso'e y nab halle len sa leinla era cae rae 741, 742 cloth-lined, or,reinforced . .. 2. .eu. 22 shot. oes te ele ee 503, 505 coated-SUTIace......- 2-00. 0+ -2c + ones ee ne 524 == eee 503, 504 COPYVENE |... « 1 Ra eM en Nes te. 507, 508 ITER Ree Cro oe sla foie Gla ok TUL wa alten ge eu Cee ee Ee har 501, 502 SMUT SST STV ERE EY oy tes Ce ke eine cs doe hk hy eee 225 press and pressboards, n. 8. Bote tre ate owe ee eg dil printing, book and news, n. 8. p. Ptr get ee atta Dliit g gate 500, 743 RUrreEVSIOO CL CLY Ces tek koe cee oewk Pele tee 922 except handmade, etc.,m. 6, p.f. -..... 0.2.2.0. eee ee 500 unsized, sized, or glued Deets Wane be yg ag Us ons we se 922 pulpboard, in Pee here GaSe) Ama gts OIE PASE IRT 497 record, calendered, ruled, etc..........----..--.-.....e ee. 510 reinforced or cloth- lined, n. s. p. f....... eee ee eantas oi ena 503, 505 RRPaIR ER eS he Se Bo a See tea ey Ly me, ore A497 RETO S er tee Cr ris AUC FO Oia So te 503 PRR Ste ke ee Oe a tas Ghee cms eh Oe ne ca te aie 741, 742 MEME ee ee eee er a ae IN cc he So Ca hase US a oe AEP ain one 497 Dee ES oe te ee es a seat ae oie cm aa gta wre oo te 501, 502 tying Clas 2 fe Ait a Rel gdp Re apa a ie aR EERE 741-743 tablet, RPeUeYeUr ETC COC. fects oe calc an Senta «Ue cc han ob 510 CRUE PT ee ce eee ee Ae Fee ue AT oe oe coe ah. ea a exe ote 501, 502 RCE BAERS rte RU AR ae se tie ass thet oa > 54 Hain oobi «ce 225 a, Peat at cee ee hee bap ey ah Ene ay en att! 517 for wna hate and wooll. i.e. tek a... ec ee 827 typewriter, calendered, ruled, etc. .......................-. 510 uncoated, gummed or decorated, n. 8. p. Pipi ows Soak okra eG 503 vegetable POMONCT Gs te a ec dak Coreen cd ts ae eG ns ule n ee ae 503, 505 OSD 1 CI a Ms ae ge rs op aera rena (ae 511, 512 . writing, calendered, ruled, etc.....-.........--..-.-222-00e- 510 TIILRNERI RIT SO Mes Tu eet Ye sd San co ku de Saket igs fata p ane 503, 907 or cardboard, cut, die cut, or stamped. Dats pare ena PR AOd Drond > ages ls J 516 Papier-maché, manufactures of, SPAM OERNE Serta eaten s oes alee Pecte 568 ENR pee a Rey en AP Pay ea ekg a sss 2 Cones + bo hace 916 Meratipand peratin oly. Ue 2. oe. oon oo onl ee 731, 735 Paranitraniline..........- oP AS RES SSG RE AO Ral bin taet oot Reotros ginny: 43 Parasol ribs and stretchers Seas ora ty Surge Re mse VR We gs « 228 EE ON NNER OTe has, Na ta ee els's oY ps ee bw are 581, 823 DME STC ROTOR a ot res Soe Pec ldo cc oe tomes 581 Parchment ee RAPT Mee Ru os ave Se Pee eee ca kak wae 745 ame ORME GES “MN POLIS: 0 SYS SOS. Oe aa Ca oe oe batten 560 Revcbenaets ss} ue hs ees ee eee ga oe 560 oo ALE ou Ac 68 Soe a Rall All p ea Seh an Aion SR Abe 560 Pismiereren Or, eS. Poke ES 560 ee eee Rest er PN re eR 502 papers, imitation, n. s. p. re TSE 2 A Rah Mitel atone AM Mea 502 pocketbooks aS A Sp hie SR HS, Tage Rei an VD tc eect ene aa inn 560 ee ee Se eee No ae ee ewe ep rarti in Bho ce a oe 560 EE Soy bk Sy aera nPn a he clea pas Pel eral oye « mdmeheagetipanted 560 eC PSE et abe a Pacem te wa twine as cle ety oe we cate ee ds os 506 NER Ie cence my ae eM SIS EL Got tind Ua tens Oe tena sic sora 149 (a REET Ta Tn ae es a be, Me ees gd ge nds Say at 745 PeRCGReR eet SST ee UGS AL SS oe oe cnet ss elas eng doe eae ee 11] EL PR EO ORME a 0 ast SS se ee ee aes Oe 906 REE eter LeMay eh ats BELLS va win ts eee ot 321 ORO TIT AN Cie yO UST II RE ASG oe nuc neo ney oe ne wall 169, 170 eee eee Fe eee ae ones de cee eee me salen 835 copies, replicas, or reproductions, n.s. p. f-..-.-.-.-..-.-..-- 573 Pastes, MeN MRR AS rset y new sates ak EP 92 Paté de foie cg ect Ean aa eet aaa ae alae ile Wn Op ed eng ali pope Dol 368 mE CaCHIe COMPTOtuL Tey) eS Sol ph te ec ee 168 Peach kernelas ii 2232005)5252242g02000235. 9) at ee OS 961, 362 ee ey OTR OTT EETIO NS eV oo Oates al ees ee BY ew ato 347, 348 Peanut cakes .2s1ac00--0+2 Rae y seas elk OCS a ea besos ce camer s 678 7 976 INDEX. Page Peanuts or ground beans, shelled or unshelled...................- 363 Pearl, mother Of 3 nt oe 4 > meee S eerie ot sits eine Ba ee ee 745 Rear) hard Onan yale ass am ack mene = nial See oe aie a 138 Pearls and parts of; not sét or strong... 2. ee 547 JOUtATION 2S sb aie pes sll nnd Sonia ae ae en 547 Peats, (SY COU OF TIPO. fe inn wo ne 5 ce sie od ales tine © ree nia 347, 349 PeAR ics ee Whips cece uek Ae titans aie oe ee eine oan alee a 317, 318, 327 Dlack-Oy et 53 ye Lente be bes & Se alee ti. ge er ge 328 dried: Of BreeH ..oe of.» lk sus de Ge oe =k apes hae cae 327 Prepared OY "PIeserVEd . oe iw cs nes wie » ap een tee Sel 317,318 RDG eos eee es eee op tok tes ecenne QUE fede et 327 ide eee ete eee epee lhe t tea” Wher RS Pe 575 Pebble, Brazilian: tmwrourht... Sons es - «nie oe 623 Peel, citron, candied, drniéd, or preserved . > . 5.940 =e ee ad ee ee 522 lead, paper, OF WoO0d .. 0, © «tics 4 seeiens naples ein pe Re 575 pocket, of metal and celluloid... 5... 4-4 eg eee 576 BIDE Ba tel anee cage eats oe duea'e nis oe Cet ne Coe A eae ace ee 575 Penholdentips. .<.- 250.6 252M. Vegi an % oe eno eee er 251 Penholders and parts thereof... 22. 2 2 - = ee ke es ss 251 PON KIV ER 0 Boch rues Laie How Nelsen wine ee 214, 216 PODS hep iste, + os < Se Ke oe aries cape ole ee ae een er 250-252 fountain,.cold, and stylographic.. 222-224 -0. eee ee 251 MeL SMG | 1. Bards Alek oes ote oe one ee 535 Bertman yc, 2c faut sine eo Ce Sigeiotnelcaetne ts ye a Re paca en 92-94 drawbaelé. op. 3.022 neon, Ws wee eee ee 899 natural or synthetic odiferous or aromatic substances used in. 94, 95 NOt, CONtALHEIOG BICONGL 21 oF suis sid oe + as code Sie ee 92 Periodicals, issued within six months of entry 22 2. tne 2 ee eee 728 tthoeraphiods 27 n-. cece bei ce meres ee 507 méaninp: OF fermi ss vig Ss ins oe ee ee ne 728 Perishable goods condemned, notice of.........-........ee.eceees 873 Perjury, what constitutes... 2. 5.05 oe odes n't vs » ign eee eg 868 POrsonal ‘CHCCS obte Sik, eekams oe 731, 735 Pewter,and britannia metal, ‘old... i... wees a2 vee sce dee pee eee 746 manifactires of) Nn. 8) pit. ss les 0 eee or oon eee ee * 268 RO OTIOM Mea wate st ain > oem wm = wnie Sue WW Rd ail ehe etal tera sta 638 PNeRO OD th alein oc. cc <'qaicya wel ase 55 deine gabe 916 INDEX. 977 Page Pennies LMA NGS OPS eI hae ES SoS a eureet shipment from + .10. 85... PPPs HR A 880 PUM MRAtUM OL lao ing fed ols oa sce Pade dnda Ben eawts ewlcc ect cet 5 Philosophical and scientific instruments and preparations. ....... 747 apparatus brought in by professional artists, etc. 838 Phonographs and Eee SPS de Siete Sa Neras ne fons Fh obs cs on 572 Meme eD-OTUCC: 0 e¥ 5 Se ede caddsccasecddeccestaber. eS. 748 Phosphoric acid anhy dride $iSd ste t ieee sd Soe ascd see ceeeeie tvs 14 MM IEUe ene Pe SS 08 2 PSPS esa a eer ee SONOS 748 Bumero-euctaved plates 24. 2i.2 3 fie 6 oe OPO IO OP A ETE 225 Photographs, bound or unbound, n. 8. p. f......................-. 513, 617 foruise-of United States: . 2.0.2 cscesaccsseeccecccecccccecss 617 not for sale, for societies... . 120.0. sess eee ckdey ces coveeee's 621, 638 of landscapes, places, etc., in United States.................. 513 printed more than 20 years 2 Fth 2h. sh eee eee ee 618 Pemeeeacia anhydride / 280 279.0) FULTS OO. I es 14 Pianoforte actions and -parts:ofaet: 2s. bees TL PL Oe 570 and pianoforte-action leather.......................-. 097, 558 Pickets, PROGU icsee rcs dedie BoccdedecddccddcdeteeissalsticekA 816 Pickles, leet ADyitense reds e sk esl. ae eters eee or eee, 321 Pictures MPR pGacnrees cel cv gees hate bee e ee pee OE rie lt e. 576, 837 film, cinematography or motophotography................... 576-577 Bepeialt OFIMOVING Bex tect ce is eco st OL OSA 576-577 Rinoeraphically printed. 11% <22s.0.05022 5 SPURTE Ies8 POET BBS 507, 508 moving, of prize fights, importation prohibited. ...........-. 577 ereueneiels fies etidersss2 i eS 252 metallic solid-head..2i:2c:scasecsaccteeesrdesrseeee el FE. 252 not plated, not jowelry: s:s.0 iiceedeiiteasassecbeegeces ere 252 MARU IEOR Pa sv uA TACK eevee cies tec cs beset eg as Fb erie. 210 Lo. a ae era robes te teasecie es eee LI ise 245 Meme ne hese 5.6 26 53 26 ee sn teeeeistsathsskecessCiere cto: 579 memuowis,,clay nii.: Sich csc ich wer esis so eRe$s. PET: 579 and smoker’s articles...............- isaecires cero BTEC’ 579 Pee ncie cesta siensi ete agtcestedetrereasisdespticea ts 237 iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed...........---.-.-.+-- 213 OL el as a i hee ee ee eae en ee car eae ee 570 SeNenOG OF Clays ii fiat 828 eel PS Pa Stoeet ye 579 ’ Pips, lily of the WAUOset sai tee erS eos etek oe tee reL TiAte eee ee 328, 329 Pistols, automatic, magazine, and revolving: We Aes ee, 221 Pitch, Bureundy ae See pe els t08s.8 cg Se A ee eT Ee xs 626 OPCORLLATs 72 322ses se yett es stecee eee strgesecereeneeieiss 638, 916 MIO rane es eyes Paces os tere tacek eee 2s Fz ates Pees 797 184911°—20——_62 978 INDEX. Page Placards, paper, lithographically printed. .........-.----.---.-- 507, 508 Plaits of chip, grass, palm leaf, straw, ete...-......-- uasobmads 520 Pranking, PHD... cg dnycued cba enenaeusin deen aaa i 816 Ptanks, SAW . .- 05 seruades Jase ism ewgaws Ss deen ee ee 816 Piano or coquilh plaatys.laishes Wine. dul hte eesti acpigthaiaed 165. PRIVAT oo te pi te ancien tl mien a a ee aa a>) ~:nhéco saat aa ee 664 Planters, agricultural......-. Pe es ee acjnea =. 0 ate 333,591 AIS Hod 5 bo rae ah otis: 2 a eisikis nine os iyi eee 665, fruit, tropical, for propagation... +... . 153a2).4--4avysn tess Ate mre 28 toilet wns pce hing anes Cut oh Sk ee 92 Prayer TUS... 055.52. SOY. ena 5 eReS eee ee 40 Precious stones. . 62. bey. 4ies ith + vp ws Saki Alp petal a 547-551 cameos, coral, pearls, rubies, and other..........-....-....-- 547 vet, NOt. BCLs. «Same 14 saree Ri oe ae Cee eek eee 547 imitation and synthetic... <.<s pee -uls tee ae - §47 Precipitate, red and white > -s iy. es. bs dics 4A san ceo 31 Preparations: < o.\.-. 20). 45 y= ahs a 16, 34, 88 chemical and medicinal, n. 8. p..f. .s.ccebesus te aie 16, 34, 35 cleaninoand polishing. 4... 4h ee ante oe 28 COBLGBR OTL. 8i. Dt Eiag arn nx ocean -vsl tans orets ae reid 42 MACATONI). 225¥5.2el., se ees tS Vee -6 pel Aes 309 Medicinal 6; 6 Veg STS aN aa ea a te na 24 defined ui ser ei pete Bid ge SL Se ae ee ae 1 drawhack on .2s 6. s-<4.s0s000e0r04eh)> ae eres Caen 652-653 mercurial sy, 2: sop 05h see Sin «awe dan aa cuns<» = = SE ee of anatomy, SkelCTONS, icasic cog eee Gaus am Abe see eee 774 opium, liquid; 126.) Py feet oe serge des siee 88 philosophical and scientific, for societies. .............0.+00. 747 vermicelli. .....-....... 5 >. -.. ae eee 743, 922 countervailing duty. 4.1. slass).1e.)5. seed eee 501, 922 PLOSHCS 658 SS 8 SA Bigs © od ee oe 264 Prints, lithographic. .....-..-...-++--0+ +0250 2 2 eee eee eee eee 507 not for sale, for societies....:... (ssh esteesloie. tui. fee 621 printed more than :20°years.. -.-.---.:-9ss000re 752 y-o eee wile 618 Prize fights, importation of pictures, prohibited . tetas data 578 Prizes or trophiesy..) ..4< ds sisssn04ense rane oe 717 Professional books, implements, etc., of immigrants.............. 256 Pro FOPMAa WV OCG 5 os Sa:0t 30 s-nin/ectann sate hse cee 847, 851 additional duties.applicable to.....:-...... 741, 742 mPCE-GIOLNA COLUOH eset cet ce cine oe Ba a oS op we camnivicht n> <0 421 (ids "pl Sigel ghee. eae aia ease eg ipa tai pea 275 Rails, T and flat, iron or steel, punched “hp ND RON et un Rae ph 761 Raisins and other SOTO Oa ec rene CM eo cttatine «te 358, 354 ete well Sor CSF Ati ig ead eate al a ne ca ee 592 a eS Ln his ae, Cen a eid a Ho nsec oh 427, 673 bands, esis CORDES ttOGOUS, CL tir te Res. a das Se aan oe a 435 “y SCeeh Ay aah DR Dh BO naar pce oe mp geen 429 982 INDEX. Ramie—Continued. Page. handkerchieis,..- icieee nire'e Seba Suen ae ot Sa 440 hat braids and manufactures: of... 2. ee ie ie tee ele tie 519-520 hose, hydraulic or flume........ “Freee ek eee eRe 432 manufactures of....... J ceeiitdelelalnide'eg RA ewheea ae Arceteee 445 Nets Wh chap piclbicins ese uilin lw ble eb ca dS ee 429 pile fabrics, B..8.. Def oo tue a, 438 SOCUNCB Os tam wi aiormrein elie Wie Sats DR eel eae eo 429 SINGLE YANN os ek 429 bliver on toving..< ached Lia it Sie. ph oe be 5 te 429 ab A: t ME SOLE eR 429 Rapeseeds i CST EM RI et MOREA Bae RSL CTE RN ER 764, 767 Buspberry. shrub._....0.5... be llitdivis wu steds i Jee eRe 385 ‘Rispe iol. /. acd ohein eth aus Sug iiuem deb alee ti tae eee 220 Rittafia! 2.200 A. sopnbtigheean netted Le vo 2a bid ade Sele 380 Bittan and. willow furniture... cusses sda. bee 280 braids, laces, and plaits...-_... S ena el kasaageteaaee 520 mats.and matting, 02 use oS usk were’: Japan ict ence 569 reads from oy ws x jadnnebaieen bole isd Se 280 Ritiekscot.. 2... func check kee a 823 Razor blades. oso en Sues Mi selnedies 832 eee 214 Rbsrors 2 enced cuntadlseclslecs se cee Ritapers > ee eS Sa eg oot ‘Reappraisement, appeal for, iby collector or aa 28 steal vane 861 fee for and finality Of oleh eee ie Se ee ee ee 861 ‘Reciprocity agreements.) noo eho 5d do5 aan 879 ‘Records of appraisers to be preserv ed and abstracts published... - 869 Reds, vermilion, containing Ligpanee je" or lead... iss. ecaconeges 110 Raeds, Chair!) vu ua gees See 280-282. from rattan. . ESE Dee MS ... 280-282 unmanufactured, sticks of........0--+.2.00+22-se0eeese ne 823 Reels: fishing.o. ee ol Sei eee 224 Refining, metalsin bond, -.s:si2s5,.550eeeee ee ee ee 895 Reflector glasses 220d. USS. yo ep Rs eases See eee 163 ‘Refund, estimated. duties! ...5..¢..2.500. 2c Scake Se ce eee 876 Refunds reported to Congress... 5. 20. 2.00 tens 20 ap eae ae 876 . Refusal to permit examination of records, etc..............-.-.-- 872 Betuse Cork ol. oes 22d coe hee aee bear eee 646 india rubbers: 0... 0256) 2235. .s eaes eee 687 lead, old, ma blocks and bara. .2.....2...2...5 2a 245 Regalia for schools, soctetios. eft. 202.2 Pao es nthe eee 782 M@episters, cashi. = oo lg Ls Ree at 6a ke 629 Regulations (by Secretary: of Treasury). <- ais svncweori- ated ola eee 202, 847 articles in bond for export: (subsee:. 3.2... 05500 eee oa hes 892 baggage in transtte.) orc cee es See eee rt. 878 bonded manufacturing warehouses........-.----.--- As eee = 895 books and magazines... 00.22.2055. .l. 021-2: 2 847 drawback on imported materials. ..............-22-2+-+2--e2e 899 poverning entry of tobacca. 0.272. 2. sy ee ee 302 inspection of decisions. .2. 2.22. ooh oe kets 869 marking of imported articles (subsec. 1)............-..¢..00. 885 perishable goods Sees LP a a Rae 3 i eel) eee 873 smelting 6res'an bond Yel eh ee ee eee 897 wrecked poods Of Veeseles TDL 23529 Peeve eR eee 895 Mepulus6Perpper err to SEIS se Paes de teens ee ee 642 Or aritimony metal. 2 isos Sa SERS oe ee 233 Reibkuchen;, 's baked toafl ro. else etre Sa ee 313 Reimported domestic articles, ‘duty Omics iii iis Poll. eee 901 Reliquidation for manifest clerical errors 62 A Oe ee . | “Ore Renaissance or Battenberg rings...................----0-----0000 424 jeennot; Taw or prepared) [LTC Pei Tas es oe ee 761 Repair parts of agricultural machinery................2.-+s.2+e0e- 591 Repairs, articles in bond for (subsec. 4).......-....2.-2..--e0000- 892 to articles exported and returned. ........-2...-+.+--0204 602-605 Bapesling provisions. :o 92320 Fig) Eee Lae Se ae Seay 903 Replicas of works of art, n:8. pi f20 2S Sen eee 573 or reproductions of statuary, etc... 2229s 6 Fa5 Pp Oh, x 835 INDEX, 983 ; Page. Reports of assistant revised by appraiser. ................0..2.-- 861 - _ to Congress of polumdar sosncaccsesdsrous. AiG 3 dU 876 Reproductions of works of art, n.8. p. f...0..-2222222-20.2.2----- 573, 835 Re-reappraisement, how obtained Sane e hak nedres a COLE REID. Se, 861 Pigecue appliances; miner’ ay .i. lis ee eli ool ale 721 Residence of women married abroad..............2..---.-----2-- 809 Pein Muh, crude, As. pr £3.05 A 5 User wee see. Diu ak 653 synthetic phenolic, BLOGs Dinh siz rd SoA RRMA ah igh ends: ON 917 I ea eS Die a gu hss enka AB vs dW as dS nfo on hee 42, 916, 921 REREAD DAS Sadao u ds bw ed oe rd did day Aooo ed oe we wenn de DE 153 PRUNE ARO a Bae its ASI AB It Kei BOL BASLE. ths Je 750 Revenue.act of September 8, 1916.......2.22200202.20.20202222-- 916-925 Dd pAb hb ee ss Ha ee Ste CUA. Sele 689 ES re Sa Ie We ads ewes euanse aaa Modes ans 409, 461, 488 pemicial hormehaiy or ale. scene conan sense net ee nl 495 fax, hemp, or ramie, n..a-p. f.......-- 000! Jo.avtod Wh eke 435 horsehair or silk, artificial and imitation...................... A495 PIRAR NEAVCUs cod cnn nbn ged wo ont dene ME STINK Dats eR ree le as a eeleen 484-486, 488, 495 eM Ra Reds Re a gS Re a ik oF aid ne oa di ie wien Hac aS 488 ME ORMIG Rs nak Ain Sh phn Ss en el oo ko oObn no Bae B Laer ws dae 484-486 MCG Ie TSE nied Va ks ais clip oom sh Had Wine wwe ported w a ALU, hE ; 461 Ribs, parasol and umbrella, iron and steel........2.......---.--- 228 Nha Ten ies HRY PEGE Bie os we 0 tei FO ALO SOI. wale 3i1 broken.and cleaned or uncleamed...........-.2202.22...---.. 3il cleaned in. bond, waste fromm. isi. losc o220u8 Je aubolul......- 895 RENMEI ia tas a id ial in ae Manip cde dled <2 cc SOR REUR, SS 311 ER ea dod wig Soe iab mee 5 oA dom bmade weil 311 ES SE pe Ae eae ey ne oe aera SAAN ERD, ae 312 CPCI Paty SO EE os oe es cs lin wri dan ie 381 Reebineech loadings os. 50 ene eink. bee down 221 eombination shotouns BE a et Sie Sela ni wire ions enous Oe 221 ieee NOGA Oe ea ee oi Le aie. 220 Ring RNA eae er Sa Be 3 ale cs view! Shin wis ees wo ED 834 Rivets, Moxigrenbiletive. 6... eo eon ain Mth ane 226 irGrie pteei Wrap. $520. nt ei selon axe 226 meecaoryetal, manufactures of, nos. pf... -..-~------------ as 175 ESS 9 2 DE 1 Wg as 25h a oS 533 Rockingham earthenware...-.--- sa fod PGR Pe LES et gs eh RR 144 RNA MAL ACES ON noi aia po oil Semin win ogi np mnie oS 599 Rods, irre hes Fak tr lad a oc a Sk 229 EE ON eS Sa SON FORRES PES eae Oe PR Seg re ko ge ane 237 aR GO Ol EE ao aS in i i aeerclwlaim aig sinter a iit o aepie & MAES 823 Picea Nath DIB. Poko oo, oa ke wae ad wn eee 724, 725 Re Ry lo Sie sie owe iy an rd wil ode ues, 249 wire, fence, nail, riv Ob ANC SCTOW 2 ol. ecg cel ae gli oe 197 Peat Sel. Me...) 122 ra a haeelae wily, See eR ee « 193 Roe of fish, caviar and other, DPI CHOENEC cae ea de paths cetig aaye = pels 343, 345 RE nine ak Soon: Gir een e ae oy Do ae 309, 310 SE Rh ne nee ee ney” COT leech ates hays 5s Sri 3G 56 Nee eee i Sed, aa Ee waiatn Laas 177 Rolls, engraved steel, dogherulsa gto fois), 2) Ste daeetons Suns < 783 Root, althea.or marshmallow......---...-----++-+-s co beter ise 712 DROME Gout: pre See obs Oa kd occ Seas omg 271 chicory, burnt, dried, ground, raw, etc.....2...22--4.----- 368 RARER ag he Nin emia ad a A SL Oa ae 371 ginger, not ground or preserved.....-,-..--.--.-.. gue ods 373, 374 ee iiaties, Pree es ee Se oie ei Se ot eee coe} = 271 TE Usm ere, ERP E Eo Ci a ee en nada ent 271 aan Sen I sso laws wre, dale wicks Lidmsteabard 62, 63 riasennoalionner @tiboae . ook oa oe nie we ode ete 712 stocks, cultivated for flowers, etc.......-.-.--.--------.---. 328 ee a em em A Si asic elope tp on ee mite wien AES 46, 328, 764 PUL GURARGUCGINE Sha TAPE 0.305920 CASS ae be wee ceee wae 764 Ue RW CNET eer ae SO Sk Soe eh een hn eee 328-33 1 dandelion, unground........--. no ieee papell Bhs es ya... 652 984 INDEX, ’ Roots—Continued. Page. drugs; MBps hi. ian ata wane DOSTEMECS i: 3c. bawives Joxiem eas 46 CTUde; 1. 8s, Py Ee ag Le ational we nin a ele oie RR ae 653, 654 SGritian ee we Se oe Ralaine nude Ab oR ade phic Rte MR io diate ned 62, 63 hop; for.cultivation. ....2.-s<«s..+-entedieiductedasUsannee 686 imported. by. the.Government, ... «0+. =«-+.«¢+> 2=s2 Rs de old «sib eink Se 573 Rotten stone, crude or manufactured, N. 8: pfs cle eee 785 Roucou, and extracts Of. 00.05 <-.ca-.njenesnisign au bee nie . 599 BRS VAREe PEF esstn Doce evade ieminse sme ees uae 445 COUEOIL Laide) os5, ceeds aya oo hondalecsa Boceprtuneiea pepe beat el aie seletaeele aa 387 of wool or camel's, hair. 2... 0.0.0.0 eececnnn on meine 09 0p eee 445, 446 Or GANS GF | TATA G o.oo o:b'9 joes ceabAinon foe eyed soe pminans asi aia = 429 waste, WOO sn 6s usd pw cla'o'e Sellen Rist, pecly = i lea zee eee 834 Royalty, when part of market value..............-.-. PW Eh 857 Rubber, india, crude, milk of, and scrap or refuse.........-.---.-.- 687 vulcanized, manufactures ofjm:. sip i vestet ecb _ . 568 Rubies, cut not. setiste eka see deel hed hadith...) -oe 547 - Ruchings ES cqcceyai sy mcejhimerssoi cnc oii a eyaiget seyaicbaeh etek cee asa ta a 501 SOW lin sey mec Ge so. <.codeoss. noses aad ap ae aaa ill ag Fie 2) het cee a ie hae 430, 466-470 Atrbusson and Axminster... . <..:.400-e--.e5-ene re Oheeeeee 466, 467 Berlimes: 28 20 po beckil oy... 5 haan yndere Re Be ee 466, 467 eork ‘carpet, corticine,..ete ..:-,4-.~ 454 sss, 5 434 POEL Ome. Gass Berea SING a < voce teucpenena s, te aaa al ee 468-469 flax: hemp, jite, eb pas ses oy eh acd sn on oe Se 431 linoleum, oilcloth;.ete:.Gss 28. aca sh ee a ee 434 Cre tA. Sof cic wo x aim Saesecs mpedenn,5,+ ad ae cs © 466, 467 PTB YON eo Lae 5 5 oF pnotela ernpe wince 4: 01 mis fos ata cyte ol 410 BUTT ons oie Oh ww SFO Bee me Haein’ » kpc, =) =. rane se 430 Sundown he hes BS, BR oo Be give aed ne a 469 wool; neh Pde, 6 oad lee nae ai 469-470 Rum, bay Lah ee DOS oles tee dae Ge ROG Se Se 381 Russian tunics ..22.. 9-42-08, ed bree Ae anne 461 FLUE eniuMn s £2. Boe ST 6 od oicio jms minis a nincessip as oe a 689 Rye and rye flout: M.hse Qe ees eo oe 761-762 - Ss. Saccharin sot. ee Sine oo sls a wks. on Rs Se 295 Sacks, plain woven ‘fabrics, Jute Aran OE Se a ee 438 Saddles and sad dlery;. leather...6- cc si2-8 dc 2-5 pd Fa ee oR BATONS Hee ES SN ise wc. wich bmi Sit ale ace a I ae 210 Safflower.and extract Gfi2)4... 2.) |. 2176 eee. ee 52 Saffromand saffronicakesnwigss. 0 <3 sl ee ra 52 Bageses. at Sona Fo Soe ne eRe aed eile “aes his a de 273, 376 Sago, crude,and:sago flour). .-lo . nu .beeeiam..e bis. ceed ee 762 St. John’ s bread or heal seeds. a5... 2) nhs te cis ok ag 764, 767 Sake; or rice wine.2.4.20 25.0, ghick eae eee ets site cee v8] Sab'soda < :tiox Joo wow iea'c Saeed renee cn Mie one eden 123, 129 Salep, or salop.......... ST REAR AO Ae ee ET 763 Paleratug.2s.5c oboeretue ea ake oe ae 123 BRN cin: sStlust rons aes nvidia etos’. NN an tend eee 763 Salolann p20 a.i. aul de seetaee we Bote eee 37 Salop or mee Se a seule Sis pid) ha Re cede tame ee pee kai cae 763 Salt. EY ee EE EE CLE eT A, ty ee 762 Baia oS A BS ou cio, BSB a eon uaa 776 Saltpeter, or crude nitrate of potash. ..........2.2........ e000 742, 754 TODNOG.. 25 Bd FSi Ws a bk Pa peso Gates Sn dh oe 116,117 INDEX. 985 Page. OR Ma a rnin te AAR EE 120, 763-764 SANUINGs 14.0 < fir hn es, CLO Antena bets 43, 916 MEN IEIAS 25 cnc ommend att 233 BORALIAANL heard an wire ah train ald wr pe als PEM oe DORE E eee ke 120 chemical and medicinal, containing alcohol. ............... 34,35 MON MRRT NO) oF 8 tah et ha arate cine nace nit ete en a who eteterate a Lae SSL Du 88, 91 PORE PRIDN G/F BULA no on re etl ALAR R Ae eee’ Livers 88, 91 OREN Sato. rac ecrah anc amer ahaa nPorsrara alata 'ntataleturetereMetetete tie & aeudle cei d Site 65 eC a re ee ee EES |) 82 Be ee 123, 130 BPOETOTIOS DN OTIC, aaa 333 BSG sl UIA) Sg inlet econ bie punto laanalatics bien tees 333 CUUTINI.CG «= inna otk v1 casi: pos eiein wp ev sanncseo nese ia on 333 ROSH FUGOSUs + div giaisie o's 2 + adh tHe ~9Rs! be aie ta 333, 334 SOGd6: cuuws bipevte eciadiay seiaaea dee edilere Salaiohe semetes ames 46, 335-341, 764 ATVISC og’ od cists Gil bb's ole ware eine Lew Ree KS Seaeianisc eo ee 335, 337 aromatic, crude, drugs, D..8. DP. de. eo. ees ss a oe os -s=e=5 sss epee 851 of obscene articlea:...-......-.---.-..--as hbase ae 849 Selenzam and salts of... -- 2 22..s2 es +- dee Ee 759 Selling price in the United States................--- ‘ o's-,- See 869 Semiprecious stones... ou5 - ois oak acters wie he cing mele cases ee 174, 175 cut: but not sets cas -sichs saeGibs 5s A-REBEL NRE 408 RRR i eerste tk OKh A Me lonecete Roe 408 iron or steel, horse, mule, and ox...-.-.....-.-...-.-.---0-- 724 CO ae Jugs sw 699; 704 Shooks and staves, expor ‘ted, ‘returned as barrels or boxes. . ..-. — 602 fruit-box, of American manufacture..............-.----- 79 RMR Ns OL IROGG.. Tin Mn Div Selo cca aie we tiene en pe 277 0 EN EE VIE A SOM 2 PESO NO By See J ae amen ar 277 Shortage, sieeniico Petes neeaee..: BP Mee Bn bom Paton Se Bewtiah abe Te Per eee. See ee ash PON eR US AAS We spac entaaers 2s a 245, iron ev-etee! ie sec Se DIR 5 TO ar cee Mb 197 EO Os SEIS See ee ae ROE ORT ere” EE ES 2 2ASy ee TN Se ican ene PETS GL |S SMe Rie SERRE Pre OF 8 741 ieee nitres torrad ete S. 6. Seva bia. wilageuu. Seen ode 772 Shotguns, breech and muzzle Same Lucier. Due wih es . iG 220,225 mnovels, lang-handled s\n. o eee ee nee pee rue ae ih 592 OY TEN) REDRESS oh aia shade cm ncn cdepenniny ce ncimecn nya isining eee mein 322 Shrimps....--.......-..- Pid sees ahaa. 4 eis Ceara. bapa. 772 NI Bs cha Sih wd. cbkwe cy Wenanbbener einer ewe wns FBMO bse. Stee. 333 MIR MNTI UTOGE. COL OT OG EY cs ec sachin in tages Sine ie ban Bab imported by the Gowernment. 00.2 .4iosialw loom dtiw st 750 Ee ROTOR, ONG SCATTER. 625 oecernte miter tines + sellin 592 NS aes ERE, as ae en ee My SSR a ee Mev ere ORCAS Ts Se 217 rns amie Mibrns Carths.. oc eben ngenens se Reee snl 102-103 0 SIS DSSS ail ek lee epee ee eee ee BTS 249 Silk. . artificial or imitation beltings,. cords, filaments, ‘ribbons, etc. 495 bandings, beltings, and bindings, n.s. p.f......-..-.-.2.---- . 488, 495 Dortine clothe. ..\u. iodine eulusin, Daow se Soh, waliics | louaitts 616 Done. eosinge, ti. Gs gh 8522 2S8 Oh ot 488 braces; a. 8. p- £W.....--... oo Maree Pe OS Sind wan ere incon o RTS 488 qc 988 INDEX, Silk—Continued. Page. carded. or Combed soi oy < «ewe eerete va-siece oie & tos see ee 478 Chen bles. des sees ov QUSUR. UE ORO a eee 484-486 cloth, ‘btitton forms: of. ies 343 vs swe ys Vw ow 6 cewieleiaae yee 524 clothing; ready-made; Ni 8» Pf. «sn awe www wile eee 489 COCOOTIB HY CA iG Pa etek wile wi Pate Nee ae eg i pa 773 manufactures Of o...0 iw vide on ewww eee Swe se : 478 cords-and.-tassels,> 1s 83° Ps£u wwe dy wine the A ahere = ol fae 488 FLOSS ERAS INS. Qe erie air wig eR Spire asp ie 483, 484 from cocoons or waste Silk.......0..20.-00eceee ee eeeeeeeeeees 478 PArters, Ds 8 Dekess weve ea ews dele wa ew eaten tos ee 488 handkerchiefs, finished or unfinished, hemstitched.......... 484-486 hatbands,. n..8.-pitis.s.ecs ses ss DST HE DA “2 9AGH 488 hats in part Ob Wool. Wed swe ein Youn sees es Ws dass shee sence Mra 478 Knit-goods) Noss pi Bote us 2h eevee va vee eee nee te wee 489 mufflers, finished or unfinished, hemstitched.............-.-. 484-486 Nols)... VO) ea ee a PE I 478, 483 OTPANZINGL yo se DOA ee detoawd series dude Re 483 pile fabrics so. fe. Cary CUS EA 484-486 plush, black, known as hatter‘s 2. i... .2s. 2 0k 22 580 plushes aos s'uieinthn' seis wie oh ul qd guild 1 Ve wat dels 2 as gaa 484-486 raw, in skeins........ ins Ged ed SCR dar re sande 774 ribbons, in. 6) psf. Ue eae ren Cee deepen ae 488 velvet or Plush 2... 6. eed eos tose oe Ss Se 484, 486 SEWING UN. OS SLD wwe ee Jee bee Soa i 483, 484 - sleeve linings. ccsows.. Je iw oo eo aR EE ae ee 403 SPUN oo on sig Uh aed Site ees ‘see SBE 479-482 suspenders, 28: p.f).22..0nJceti eo ee ee 488 tassels and Cords, Te -8.- PGs Bison joc a sete decicticie tena ne teen ae ae 488 threads. or yarns from.-raw-silk.-.....2...-sc.cssccdeeeee. eRe 483 throw! . SSS RS ce Cee ee ree eee eae 483 tran 2%. cwecand OS oe eerie o odie! et act a Sat Se _ 483 twist. cepod. (eA LL a 483, 484 tubings, nia. pot.) oi ec tels ocd oe 28 2 eee 488 VELVOU8s < fo.5ih nn Ss aS Mite an ate eee ie we ee 484-486 WEEE is Johanne eaadee shan eerie ry yn te Pr 478, 773 manulactures of é <\2c044224805 44 Sie ace wd ee 478 wearing apparel, n.s. p.f........ siisel osa.eckye, God. Abdio dase 489 webs and-webbings,.n. 8s. p. f.....40/./4.01..9 26820 eee * 488 woven fabrics; n.'s..p2f.: .coi + 122.4 and Soe le ee 490 yarn, schappeand-spun «ase A heeieiet . ace ween 479-482 yarns from raw. sulk... 2... 20s bes aes 483 Silv ae a yew soba te me dyna tana ngs ate Baa Gece dg ol a AE 268, 625, 739 Ree Sea oes Sue ee Sp a dint ep eee ee 239 “gimilitude” defined ta GA Ji eRe oes tuWdaowa ost? Sere 584. Siphon closete_22:< So. Soon elie ste we gh et 148 Sirop Gd Orgeat Tyo Seow aw oe aad ae duh Oe oe et ene 385 Srrup; fruit, nis. BI Le eee ee eee 384. maple wo 8 wrench Sage oe VO Se Kine alte ae Salas ha a and a a a 293 Sirups, cane juice, melada, and molasses.................. seevead 289, 291 Sisal or'sunn, cables and cordage.-...o'/yealo lige Lact Jl wees 426 binding twine 2073 2 ea Ae ee ee 611 SKOletONS 5 oo is Leis lad Sel esd Saas a de ain Seine es a oe case 774 Sketches and drawings, original. ...- 225.01 is... sb Jae ae 835 Skewers, wood, butcher’s.................4. Sha whe adda dik 283 Skins... 7 P eis Eee ee i nat ee eee 535, 666, 775 animal, with wool or-hair.on...../.. Asesersssest tee eee 537 chamhols.. 2.2.00 08 acess Sis awe Le eee ee eee 557, 558 fur, carroted 2. 72st /eabadwed. Poe ea fae ies sae 537 UNA ress Vs 20 5 oho ws nle dic wie om aged wie a a 666 gold beater’s:2.2 2.5. deed Soba ie oi eee 669 ‘Shides and skins” defined: i242 22.0204 Sb) 5.8s oe ee 684. of the dog, goat, hare, rabbit, and sheep.................-...- 775 etiwild-birds...0.53 2 Meise. weed Be. ee eee 535 or hides of cattle, dog, or goat, wearing apparel of............. 537 Taw, D.-S.ps f. 220 tas Se Ne SSE eee Th cee ee 775 UNATCROU eee habe lee see taneso et See eee eee 775 INDEX. 989 Page Mr, STOUT AS cide eee le ete re see TOS eo Sie e Rage TN 690 marble and. onyx ss. eg Sn ttt ee tl ket ei yis bot 172 slate, tor tablessii i. Fe Fe se oo Pee ee a OPIS 177 steel; Bessemer, etC....... 0000 cc creer i foc coord tec esees 783 MAO COM foe ne lee oc oe cere cc ocset oo eon tle esos 635 Biae, Dasic, ground or uneround .......222 22 2bes ee eecosecis ee eees 676 re ene ers od ne ME OR OE ES OIE UR SD ONO AE oS BS 177 Decne aud: pamphictei: emp: f..i.4 bee Pt. a 513 chimney pieces, mantels, ete: 2c00....c2ecccrcs oO lees. 177 PGNCUR ars sont tie hl sree cs cei cbbcde ta eee 575 POON S ise rower ore rece el teeter ccc ties Ve bdsen vets 177 SiO tab GS avis dyer ened orto rs oce oer ees eee eA 177 MMe eee Fes Sse secs to. Ie oS PP SIRO Cees 177 Petre. DISCKSMUUN Beet a esc re da noe ees bbe bo EE 209 Slides, glass, for magic lanterns: -. 0-0... .c cece ceca eee ee sede cease 165 PGI D TS bid sO Sie ey osc ec oe hay ous oor oe rT CeO ES. 408, 461 Geiernaizy- and WOO! ss f3e0c05 bee o hor crooner sis va 461 peo cotton and.-léather sss. eas seco re ee rae eet 408 BRE COLO cd 2 arto sesh sues rors rattle DD V5! 387 OF FOVING, TAM IC... tes eersis eee IA OR 8 429 PPI one sae De rd viuter here's oro arotottgto aimee oat ee ees 6 665 Prine. Waste, WOO) 4) oreF in sae creer sia e ee eet tee 834 Pe eal eee ar cata eke tet eel galas Mahe te "ear atea alata vlalyletel el Oatse Tne des 113 Bmelting-ores-and: metals, in bond -2: 2022 eA eel ad 897 Smokers -articles, ny 8.po feos e ooe te wee aa ees 579 Smucele,-plan to, forfeitsimports:.......c6000. cee ve vee cee eee ee 849 Wann fasteners) aron OF Bt6el. 45 62 och re ete oes hee 241-243 PITRE NUGKS OLE res ev SOR o eee sere BR ~ 224 PIED AL SING OUTS s rf eso eter eee aa - 303 De no phon Sere EO EE NR BUR I Sea, 121, 675 Re Sa eS He ee en ee eras it 121 erease, fate; and o1ls,-n,, ai-pr de... BORSA Sy 675 PROMO RIS TB ex hase ed wo pa been TORI a 121 Be E OI a sii ar? nitnase pics RE ID Bee Gta ge 121 ROBIE Rha Bact Serene hei huis ahs “alats taco 'p'alpteta niger tebe eee ae 92 Boape containing castor. oth. v2. cere 3 PEO eee es 70 ne kd Le OREN, core OE EPS 8 123-131, 776 iat aly soc nik Soe 4 ak re Pa Py 776, 777 Sei MRR 5 Big 5) tsa cy Pao oud ho KALA o>. mn,» OS I ne ee hoe 776, 778 ariecate Ole. PFohe ss bees Nila ebay = eid: 2 AL 123 Pier ponate Ghent ls NS TORR EAL IR OE ee 123, 124 TIATEIOR s Cas ocak eae? BAe See OM canted Ee Pe BA 1238, 128 Prt Of Nee PPI che ee centre ewes t ees 622 Bratpiadd: BORAX s 6s rok8 5 dove tr eee oe he ag ees 123, 129 carbonate of, crystal.............00..0-6 niin ds Naan iad COE 123, 129 Parra tte ts 6 oie a Pa, 2 aL 123, 125 Piiorte-of and. chromate Of; i seer. unre gs ase OPO, ee 123, 128 erode maphate of+...2scecsoccb oes PAR AES 776, 777 crystallized sulphate of, or Glauber salts. ........-..----+--+ 123, 130 PTS © O80. $54 nce ek ne een tal. Ral ae LOCA 776, 777 PAA O1 OF, CAUBEIC sa dae ohh var neh eae es eee 123, 125 Peet ate tions heath tee pectrarcn dee SOME TO as ee Oe aa 123, 126 mano yArateOf sero Kaiki a ees ee SL 123 MATRON Choi d cis a AE AAS Sek OY A Cae 123, 124, 776,778 Pere aeteeeh. Sie OMAR, Ck re, a nineee eps ee wn 123, 126 Preestate.OF , VOUOW sce 22 sso os SL RG LARS AU a Daa 123, 128 es I et Rete ee ce ee ec 4 tk AS bo Ee Ae nes S's Re 123, 129 Besguicarbonate Of ses ves acide es csi ve ve sdaes bese edetsi wks 123, 129 EPP OPE ee 2s a nw OR Ss EU NE So PUI A FR 776, 778 Sulphate ofecrude? iso tk SRU YP age S S 110, 700 sulphide and sulphite of........- 2.2.6. - ee ee de cee eee 123,427 supercarbonate of, or saleratus.....-.......20-- ee 2 eee eee ee 123 MURAOP ics FOES PSS ecb is 0nd wrote aap ee COR. Ue ae 385, 386 CL rt ge ee eee Pe eee reac eae Wa See eee oe See i 229 Soliciting or receiving money or thing of value...........----+- 877 Solutions, PyTOXVHDs ....35 ss vais is seuss ei ewewece wee essen RA 44 990 INDEX, Page. Somnda,. fish. 0 suse o5 a 5sc2 educa atie Be dl a pie pai cee 54 Ph, BADuce «oc cee Va cgicd Sereeeeois eh et eles seamen 614 Souvenirs, not for sale, exempt... .........2-..0 5. + senleleeiek ool 809 Boy, CHime8e... ajinin'd ws .cieraielnre 0 eiwdiy ora 09 wie: leyaieie Wie le te 322 CFR DORE sto Fo ois oc Lm anata pees use Sete nett oe skeet iieiiolt mane aa 779 Span gles. c= nw niheie nae wie aid a <,-Vae's en pae's on Ne ed 517 articles of, not embroidered or appliquéd, n. s. p. f.........-- SLT curtains composed OF, Dh. Ge, D> Lee ox 5 -'¥s «nite sohde ioe ee 517 Spanish BROWN RR Da Bisok ois bya = 9 wai oo Seat Bene ae 102, 104 1 TOO. DODPOTB. fojc'au cwels ive ss oot Sia eet ele aa oe 320 Spawn, orushroom. : -dseyu a pow ciew phe tikc tomes ene ee 335, 336 Special duty.(pec, DUES . oo. cone oss acs pe alae = 917 Specimens of botany, mineralogy, etc., not for sale.............-.. 780 Spectacles and frames. ioc vy ne bb gob boas tok i 164-165 REZ. oe ss in disieeis. o's wieipinis gin SRS ghd eon eee Oe ae 307 timeoiced ag barley... ...0- ods pee eerk odeeeke ees aie oe 814 SPRTINAOGE yoo sp pnp ecne years so sack URee Tee aki 731, 736 Spices civ aigdsWwisie eine aig. e oe serial greed be ie dt cw aut tancn Siete See 373-377 Bombay or. wild mace. «sss eey cies o> se neh coerce be aah ee 373 cassia, clnnamon, CLOVE... ...2---0.0+> => sin os eed ae 373 OP RINGOF TOG ad se ance e See ewok bee he eae aie so Sn le ee 373 pround OF UNGTOUNG... .~..05 ie wee re.cne cs eh ecen «+ as eee 373 P NUEMOOS 1. sie hee > one ce weeks eee oie bese eee 373 pepper, black or white, capsicum or red, cayenne. .......... 373 PAU CI EG ih a dines wom ie wien sino mo gee wv ele cee ie ee 373 BAGO ois oie wig oo wosiciw's wu do 50, cass oie ieo.e 2 eee ee tare iua ee 373 Spiegeleisen ibcceck ie pip owinisios poppe «hws enedan scl ee re 690 Sptkes, cut, of Iron or steel. .v. 6-2. .2000echee seen casas pee 724, 726 Spireea plants ie races satin. meres aida gtk’ oukte ote ete te 335 Spirit varnishes containing methyl alcohol....................--- 108 Spirits EE Pt et ee en Me MTG SME NE So 378 compounds or preparations Of... .-..-:.0-....0sdeadewesdsaens 380 ur distilled, imitations of: .....2.../.22 scenes eure aad eee 380 importation prohibited ...-:---. sep e ose eee ae 378 lac (pari GOG) 0.2. see op. sss snes ules oe ae ee ee — 913 manufactured. or distilled .......-...-0..+0«s aitnje' eiasweled kl tals 378 method of determining proof of...............---------eee0s 379 Prpotot, standard Fors... pin whe vost ose san ne oe 378 | turpentine, ViONICO. oo nee as eden y opwia neelate ak Re oe 804 Sponge, THRE UIT od aradl sw rrainiaa! arid & wie bagi’ mua Oe 6 eee 750 Sponges, bleached, trimmed or untrimmed, and manufactures of.. 132 Sprige cut, iron or steel... 22. oc. soe naleneee eens se. ee 724, 726 Spain klertops. gs cise cose pn cr os wic minnie oe Ss ole ne gee 263 PR he a aso fo abit vag be opie ou wigs pis © eieoa gotten lace 6 Os = See 780 Mpora'and stilts... ks. S ne ae kage ee cacce s+» daewaes oe 781 Squares, willow, of chip, grass, palm leaf, straw, etc...........--. 520 Stained ‘glass WINdOWS do. 4... Ss coe oa ce be Ae iene dee 169 or painted glass windows... ......5.-+- ++: >+9<48-seu eee 839 BIER. (ony oe bw ws apn oe chin aaa ees Aas gia ae 113-116 ColQre, OF CYS; DB, :8)-Ds Toccksaee's secs veces secnssckaas ee ee 917 MERIM TE CASCRS i Fs ne ic ce'be psec heeds cele rash rs octane eee 544 Stampings, galleries, etc., of metal. ........-.-.-5---+2-8veid ee eee 544 Stamps, postage or revenue, TORGION .. ... <5. ks ook oe es 781 See Ies WO LEE. Doty Ore. ek ba Childs 24 cos ¢ ote ace ee 724, 725 Btebote (hurt. 5 coos coc ies see eee ee pala oo Se ea sie en 57 potato, and preparations used as..........-.---------.+--- 372 BOMIGIB. 5 oes seas Laeeae execu’ 4a ac cease: wa ae 59 Mintemant of, Comba is Oi ae, eee waiak 3 3 3.036 816 Stays, iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed.................. 213 I i ee 737-738 hh ci ht hs hehe prune cheatin nb eno PSIG LOST 132 INR BILE APO os cc ine ese ERGOLL Bal... 793 es a Lee Oe Si wen DE 178-205 . abrasives (grit, shot, and sand)..--......0.20.5c22022...22-4. 197 TUMOR tick neg Sith. tw als dick sa 3 2 maps mnie ve > DOS MIL J 178-183, 193 eed Je. manufacture of. -<.-.-..-.eleruen hug lowes - 178-183 RMI RE SB ee ho fh oR gal 188 RMN Rca ioe ede rg oe nis eicse Heke Oo Kt rae eh @ OD SEPM A 185, Rien, St SA ai an en nae wie MOTILI .E 205 NMC AOR EE AT iran gs Scape lc ie n= eer ag s DOV ETUILY. 208 ball bearings and antifriction balis...........22..2222.2.22..- 188, 189 EEE CR a mies one ey Sk em Cee BS 190, 19] PO MELSE COURGEL GEE aa dt omiw ee) ~ omens ener a BOSE 685 IG pate a ear in rniatin nee le eee pheh LS EAEL AUDI SEO 227 a Sic tard ahs tem spicing el SLAVE ILO SUE JRO 2 193 Rl i eR RAI ob ene ne dem das wat ninte x pied ig He < l 761 beams, aah avid bulb... stop uiee 10 . Penne 2. etl. ey 185 PeBessemer, open-hearth: ete... . .~ 00a < oe ed OOM LOU. JU Lh 193 ME igter Pe ye, fa eee a eae 193 BR MNOIET OC 6 wand yin bauunion Rade nis soe a DODIG.UUED 783 Pen OG BIS... eee UE BIOL Molo. Lie eed. im 193, 783 UMN UBE Dia aan Can Rha an can oh knee SEE IOLA TL 186 Pelee BOLE bigmig.'. 6.0... S.8 So. tvedauor. .balsurele 209 boxes,.exported.and.returmed...-..-..-.-2-22 J2SU ik ae 602 Puckies. trouser-and. waistcoat......-----. .. eee BE 241-248 RMARROLEDE STEEN he ia en aceon s Vand CRA Rw ee ee ee whey se ee 185 RN eh i eh eS eke Rane contd adh otieth whit 423 193 LL pc RPL. ches On Renew ea cn wens we cces Ou & 212 MORE GREE Seis Lod tnilis s nein ahem ea tne enn ca csceed 185 NN Fo KAA woe van gan s+ 4 OR TROL WBE SOUT Dl A 241 mre SUPOtE., ESOUROIDOE- CLG. oi ik on ect nen cs canny en ee Sol 783 SRR RI TERS SUOUR Cea eo 4s ee a PETER I OT DW NOD. Ys 193 . corset clasps and dress steels... /.-....22... 202.220 5i2 22 Lee 198, 200 RNa APE Dah wee ee eee ot tet ee es Oe Chk ME RoI ot 209 PeRRTINIGDS Sih a darks dahec eos «$0 RN el, $2. g bes 186 ANAM LANCE, oo ieee oe kk tt be veeciapcisdivetacelsd 198, 783 IESE yok shihrdie de TO. SOU NU. Do) 890 83% 783 discoloration or rust, no allowance for.................-....-- 204 drums, exported, returned. ............ 002.0 2l oie l le. 602 SMU MONINES Sew. JE Ss aah e Eas ose Lees ce tel eee 783 NT Ng NG? a a Career ere eee Te eee ae eee eS 241 SRTMREG ON BINGE: PEER Fin Lc vs 2 oie vw denron ees cand EL 19] PERT eyed Na Ur Lt ie WR ekwick th ve ves keds oe seen Ue 213 Re DURAYEG A os ah eth, Set YER eth t es ER SRA RESO RES Si 783 orgings ees the Sep ease thee rs perce o eek see oerdadeceg Soot 188 ENE Ur Ne OUR eA Wenn cate ceed les tea ss esse ohne ae 185 DIMEN. St Ain te ere oe I AL. JEBE OUR. 185 Pun-Dorrel molds. . 2.00.28... Ul ag A DID DO, GO, ORL... 193 CMEMEMMANOIGE s 6 aoe oa sc lke dae Wh A tat aeke YA 193 Miss oa Dh oe Lk ess te hes CAS Se a Aes FE PR Oe 209 hinges, finished, and hinge blanks...............--...---...-- 209 TREES a ees CRA EAA i s.ps cs sitnalbns srsrag da enn OOM 19o0 190, 685 POG RATA COVEOT: CEG Se sci oie cients oe eee cet a UE 685 hoops, Mees oe Wena cease: iteasses 190 PPOs MaEMOTRGE |. OLE 5 cis o/c) A uypid > de we wR Chie are Cd ST CUEIN 788 COPE CTACIIIG CO O4G oan nig a> coc teers oa cake CUTIE LO 193 NPN eva i ke bes b4s sit bik ts tees civ tavsic nhde adie 185 Pienwine tutes.Of Ge Pails cues cigs cee ks genes chee vemos LUO 268 TIGL MOM OF TRORMOUOR. .crecacnsicecdacesecrerseqeapvedoriil se 204 Site MADRS a ae £6 0c ced cage 20 dhs os 4 keg Chu Rau da po HOE 193 Ne MB ail ork, 5 9 Cle ued 1 eb 09 oH AUMOR ON DOLE 186, 188, 193 PASTE Ah Gh irk. aie thee Cov omesedasscad caaces nev ture dh 124-727 nut locks, spiral, and lock asiiors aay olen e sera en's te Ie en 209 - 992 INDEX. Steel—Continued. Page. nutes:or nut blanks’. 10. nev air. Lonard . Teattoc i eee aa 209 pins, hair, hat,. 606 jh. <.ais te wasnmas 4 btn pe ee 252 DIPCS oi SS sie re one SENSI, 2S. SR, Pe es 213 WL BOG haste Gio or acals mw ninte Seta ne aie 2a = 191 OTIQTANV CD «i. cnie own. 6 900.0 30.4, 95\nin ne be sb baie a ea 225 for: bonds, Cte 2. skcbssareisin ores win. «0 o & ote 783 OT GS POE, BE Oa ae So 8 on sam ied ake ie eis ee 226 processes of manufacture... . .......-.. toss -UGS.,10 2 aoe 205 Talley Tat}; punched oe ona aie phx meted am cia oe ole 761 ribs, parasol and umbrella............. 10s: 5st Wieeee 228 rivete).D. 8p. foc .eks oop oly ce msy nce bee mo ie ieee ee 226 rolled wite.todsix. 205.0... Gees ae} > 2 193 TOller DOSTANQS «A. ii. ain ms ,a0 chm one o alm « so nim 29 aera 188, 189 TONS "ONGTAVE 6 a ont ann we oie Speen ee owe = = ee 783 rust, no allowance for... .....22in5 ells. shee 204 BESTS oo ois Scheels «win ho wikia tc eae te = wh ee ns ee 185 SAW PLATES... ccd cee caw wace come + amine shel y, de mbd ellen 188 scrap (refuse, second hand or waste). ...-...---..-.----«+. 48 690 screws (called :wood SCTOWS) ..~....0-0%00-+ +20 sce c = cee 228. BCTOL . aicbine we's acl nle ore eo # wine wis b mine 6 ate, pine een 190 shapes, pressed, sheared, or stamped..........----.--.--..--. 193 shavings.or steel wool... . 0200+ e005 510s (bei ee oe 196 BHCOTS. fo yor ew oe Uw se Heclale Being mie cries ws aan Ce ee 186, 191, 193 COld rolled 2... ..nnine's oa 00 acmea oe sp bis a 5 ae 191 or plates with other metals imposed..................2-. 191 pickled .or cleaned ....... .. ees -- 200+ e+ =o See ; 491 planished, polished, or glanced...........-..-----.-s-0 191 shoes, horse, mule, OF OX........«s<0... Lub vich ge-bih. e e 724 BOA VES ole ale oe db dala ale deieje aia'a-e » ond ORL Eee oan 209 BROW ea clean gino pmnt Caer oe em Were s Sen ee ee _ 186 spikes; Cnt, Misapat....< es vind sep eaenuer recut ae: eee 724, 726 splice’ DAIL YS. .wis ‘sais 5 a dpc ie cancn w Were Os Wn late a oie 191 Sb is Te aah ae top iw 0 wins oe bet oe oui sien 2m a 213 strings for musical instruments. ...........---------+--- 2s ae 570 Strip. IS Oe ep nae ec vte wele-n aes on nnd SUR anes en 198, 200 strips, coated or galvanized ..........5+.s-0++s a+k'sasee ene 186, 191 structural shapes, assembled or manufactured................ 185 BUNS, 571, Besa F.\: ae > selene seen 685 tires, railway. Car. ...-- een eed eyerecescese = 0 = oe nn 228 TONS 2a SS ile bee alee HEA Ot oe Ow oS oat ee 209 tools, ‘tracks... .c.cccesccse nee h a sems © 5 ¢.0.0.0 = ope en 209 FV COLIN g 0.5 Sy on decent vc ee oo 4p ooh ak Sine ale bee 185 TUDES = -'5.5 5% sina po oe be phe bein c be cee be ve pee ee 213 WaBTeM 25 is. w)eia. 5 gn 5, ales ere. presse,» nlnerpec don oder ea 209 WEOGQOB: vu cucucwsepeeeceeeretsees predsars cece 209 wire; fence, nail, rivet, and ScreW..-....+:.--:-.+s5esey eee 197 round, covered with silk, etc ................ Jee Eee 197 wool or shavings. .....-0eceeecerert+i ch ee cee + == 9 196 Steels; cutlery. (see: Knives). (so. - 4 s-e555 sae eee ee -wivess 214, 218 Steins, chinaware.o.0. 5.5 o5 sce. e+ ceestabdoscsst ee 149 earthen ware... .ieca>ccreaiciceust ass ts )eg ss: nen 145 porcelain. . 52. ve¢eses 2 oese rears § ele 535 TODGCCO ¢ fy haus Che heen ee wba BOOS Ee 802 SUETCOBCOTIOS Sa o4 4.4 .= ce eee ee 566 unenumerated articles under Schedule N .........-.-- 583 Sunn, or sisal grass, cables, and cordage.............-...-.-.-.-- 426 SPUBSNAC EB o are nS o's vie ss es Hye ected Shagey ~ eee eee ed Se 581 ptieds for... ee ais -b-- o bee ss sks eek ae ees ee 581, 823 Surveying instruments. 9. 0.0.08 2... es ees we 168 Suspenders. =. -. - 9 dos oh 0- Sale ss own Bes oie ee 417, 488: COLON 62 es. Pe SR ee oo se Se ola oe 417, 488 silk) Nie WaT as ee swe ies w Sie ee ee 488. wool. or wool and india rubber, n. 8s. p. f..........---.--.-- 461 Saeaters; cotton, knitted ym. @..0.E5.can sent «amoeee 5 ais Ho is eh erm ee Sects 4s; = pee 688 odiferous substances used in perfumes. . rains ne nh = a eee pearia rubles; tos s. 3. 70--n.< we cree ie ee ea 547 kw hepaile, dron: Or She) ices apap ied oe mee cane ee ke a 761 Table damask cotton... oo 0.2. Soee ce see ba =< kee ss aoe ee 420 Tablets; Braille; forthe blind... -2-'.2-...- bem eeeeeeee 620 i. ar naa irs mel rg ee Soe ae SM SUR POAT Grete 35 Tackle, fishing, Bis Mass daa y oe hice ts ere Ee ches os ie ae 224 Tacks, cut, frog or Ateel nce. Hoe enc ol nth a tt ee 724, 726 Tailor’s chal S79 ic ein ip’w*e nomic hin ocinly Sete > Specie Reean> ee Sa eee 32 We ok he pak iam De ene oad heals ee ie sae ae 210 Tails of wild birds, importation pr ohibited. stint eee anes ako 535 Gade STOUR c= Uae ass ke Sok Soe atm che «x ote piel tek eee 132-133 PPMPOUI (R982. css a ele ws 2 Og keine da kes oem eee en 132-133 crude and pnerouad <2. oc one co eee ee’ = aan eee 793 POO W tia Son ek ve ee Ae oe os es ae eee ee pene 793 vegetable, not chemically compounded, n.s. p.f........... 675 INDEX, 995 “2% Page NRE 5s panting e's SM WS Reh hd es < SSL 793 Tampico or istle, dressed, wage Ne 2 MTN LT Sa OY Ra ae RE 444 Pine ai Deke Hi besh rier) 519 sens 2ie 670 binding Ee ERA RET - ESE RE i ae 611 Shima COREA S Li sen eine. -oetales dived. ete l el 426 ITs agg care ey, mara o> Hic Se Dl Ses U oes . 289 - SMILE AIR ON Ch tes Joa eae soak test 22 678 @eneeecyunadrical or tubular... - ...<)....2. nee St CLAD 213 IE RISER RED as Loo Spat ined ch wo = 6, 11, 13 RN ale an en gn eek AE ee AMG 794-796 op Sa See awe aaa TARR PRN BR ute 3 ile 183 RES ee eee Stns Weta SEE Solin ae PR ae ol 692 OLE ke te AIR Be) A hoe tye wed oo DEUS 178, 181 SIRE CREE IN “SERRE AON eG a RS OCS ES ae 533 Maes; of flax, hemp, or ramie, n. s. vy SRS FO MBE L: 435 woven, peshinestiah thrgiles ic" 2...) <. utes sae mondal eu 433 i Fee id ini ahs anda din, when Sagee dad ona as 4il SE a 2 ae ne ee ee 796 Tar and oil spreading machines. .....-.......----..-2-2-..---.-- 629 I i rk an i sm perience xa AT 797 IR IRIET 5 Roan aan dS and pins Snidteerinyni nem meed 638 EET Ce Sa 2 SA a ee a oe nee, 5 C 914-915 Tartar, se nee can na Saas ee gc x oe Aina 23 I Ar Soeuetctanomas: a3 417 NERS SERER SER EE TNS Bora sn cain, ge ee dilvsat 14 488 ee EY SETAE iN SS ae ele ee BS ree Se In 461 artificial and imitation horsehair or silk.........._.....-22..- 495, 496 NE Si ona oe inlney 20S «da aaa» Hi act ' 417 peenidem plants, 1.6. p-£.-.<-.-...---.-icedese ee 0. eee 798 nae yt aS. 3.1 eR ao mes. be yaa 29 ~ Jabels, paper ete 8 a yan Seep 514 NE AE os nee dh can didn sa awamannesocen 676 _ siftings, sweepings, or waste, for manufacturing purposes..... 29 EI ae, Scr Bo ae 6 Sr gn am win « dA oR 341 Teeth, natural, or unmanufactured.............-...-.-.-------- 800 Telescopes. ees gee a cea a bndooss Gan: 39-bit Bek 168 Seen CosOnt COMNPORILIONS 6s ak Sb oaks > Jone. He. be en tee 152 _emenee animal and fich. rn. 0. pf .oscets cess ewes. lesen 614 NE BOE en ne 2 A ee ae Ee 191 SES REE RS me en ee 37, 38 Terra alba, not of gypsum or plaster rock.............-22..-..-+-. 800 ERIN Sere soy sa as'a = oon sna a~acnicendannd 809 ES oR ak ee pee mn 410 nnn te ont oetelnehe iss cag U2. Jsuks sasstesd 2 289 EET Se a San hc wen ene EME 61} Testimony before appraisers and collectors to be preserved bn eis igs 867 NC RRCATINGN S84. 2 25, 5 ee StS Std aU cease beeen. acike 41, 42 Textbooks used in schools and educational institutions..........-. 620 SIEGES CP ALDOUS oan os eels ee Jeeutisbuns de 670, 675 earuemmctiory, ot for gale. 24. .6 2 ogo cannon veo dc leon e¥ eo 756-757 EEE SS oe a ne a a 249 i Se ane c cde oldie 246, 247 uremia GF act alte Of. 2. cl. 5 cee coe ee wes enve see 246, 247 Thrashing Cet Ae ih oR Ai oe ke 591 Thread, 0 ES eS a ae ee Se ela sicertes 387-390 EE a ae ee ae ee Sm | eee Fee 390-392 RR Fate as 2 ee ke 2 oo ow sb oe nie ss 168 MOON on nn ds SUMP 1G -2'skG wae? 834 maeads, artificial and OE CSET Re Sie Ee ORE el eee ey at 495 Bex, Komp, Of Tame: YaRDs sob bn dnc ses djs gene ens Sede A2T horsehair, or silk, artificial and imitation..............-. 495 Noes eet hs oh ort cess Cra i a eee o£ 239 I ee ar. Cont a ees CE, Chee wales abeatihe 483 en Sis eka « do a a oe hae @ ines er ev'e Ds > bee & 427 ee NSA Sp per a ap Ra 37, 40 Tes, iron or steel, for baling Se ee A ee eas wet 685 NNER nae gS a EUR oe ak va wilwis ta tee 73 996 INDEX. Page Tights, cotton, knitted, 0, -8.-p. £2. [Goi siwisloncacare vite ke 416 PROB. hs SS ste hn Rie DRIER FO Oe nb tee 136-137 ceramic mosaic, etc., decorated, embossed, enameled........ 136 PAB ii os 6 mh woh CW rks ee ela tect tas ner gene 171, 172 gold-decorated, hand-painted, ornamental.................... 136 opal or cylinder G1ASS. i. ccm Se wn wie Nt ete aisle rae WR Bs? 5 pavine, marble .or ONYX 6. .2s...~ ss been. ee a 172, 173 pill. cacs'snteewe tn teh lan 2. eek 136, 145 PEMD OPO ia en ig mwa < ten Chie a Mieda yt me nc 816 logs, round ; hewn, ete. c.g ocrk on ke cc ie aot 816 red cedar (Juniperus BOGAN) wiih Lenawee Siate oa 823 Ship jn vss isa. ete 1s ee vain tse a Mevesks Vina sao a te cee a 816 Fimo detectors ck oils Wee a Re ee 254, 256 © TERRE ES Os a Seti acs i cha ne 191, 800 black,oxide.of. 22s%0. asain nea Bape lowee g Wace eae Be) 800, 801 in bars, blocks, Or. pigs .revs-s sitter Se «3 DARDS A eo 800, 801 OU PW Pe De SMAI co Vahe Gte hy TRE ks sorrehate tac Tango jatag ton bY oe ek ioe 800 Plates cess y ciate ceeek has cen igs un varctatth ol ceorututicnonn oA 191 coated with metal 05 i ie RTI 191 PO WHOLE o.oo pier ase lta yataPuce ane banc te tree ght wane ae ees 237 BCTADS oan Ciny ete cen he eee ee ne ‘ar ar cncianabaect ance oa 800, 801 PABOTB 2 ae eis ek ste eho ra cre pee ease sendrwite nes ob Sou BEE ati te nde 191 Tips, cue, leatherusd noc. $s. a 561 horn, MNMAnuLachured eo rcce- ctenes-taeats eheras vanes oe 686 lava, "for Durnets oii de reer iouer dod eo 153 penholder 5 eR OT MAEMO Ns OE ae ee 251 Tirefabric,-cotton 30 o... 2... oR a 417 studs, ‘automobile Seco b anprecettaecrohncn eas a tin GRP one i a a 226 Tires, locomotive, iron or steel...o..:..i0v #14) a ve oh de A 225 railway. car; iron ‘or'steel;. 2. Aap ee 228 Titanium oc 352. Ue OS eee 178, 180 POD ACCOR oo a oe Cecrase re ratcstartnta/ar ales apeeaneeen hays nag a 298, 304 exported, returned :') 5214 S200 300 ee eee 602 filler, nee. pedoie a. oo lieth oat 298, 299 mixed or packed with wrapper...............---.-20203 298, 299 stemmed or unstemmed, Nn. 8. P. f......-. 200 sees nee eee 298, 299 leaf, product of two or more countries mixed.........-.-.--- 298 manufactured or unmanufactured, n.s. p. f................. 302 pipes) clays Pisa Se Als oes ctr ay nin Rt aeaitcralan nee 579 POUCH |G Feo a Le lik ic ae ate Laveen deere ama 579 regulations governing entry. .........6...tee cece cece cece 302 SCT 0 soc pone vas ave sare et erni'siavign wera at cima Gia! etrguay Ghana ir aia yes ei oe ta ee 302 UOTE cane mn 016 ow arent anne erws ene til ore at at cate Sa Le steat CNg erttea ree 802 terms ‘‘ wrapper’’ and ‘‘filler’’ defined.............0..2.000. 302 WIBDPPCD. os cnislatere wel ae tives hetietee wasted see pane 6 302 Toilet articles of persons arriving in United States...............- 809 pastes, powders, and preparations. ...........--.--------- 92-94 drawback-ons U0. VP OLRAE. QR s eee 899 soap, perfumed, unperfumed,...............2...2-----200- 121-123 Waters oo odes sea ee A oe et ee 92, 93 Tohdine....285 chy Aine Meo ee nig ae ee ee 43, 916 Tol balsam ces Wolece ee J ard he RR DANS Tolutdine occ nc ey Ad bee ewe ope ae Ee ee 43, 916 Toluol oe pO di ee net ot a a ee 43, 916 Toluylenediamine? 64. 0. s0ccesws Pees aero ena eee eee 916 Tones, blacksmiths. 5 72.0 fe oe hoe es es a oe 209 Tools, machine: ¢:....:¢ cess ess rewdarr nde rirh eae oe ee 264 of trade, ‘ete: ;-of immigrants. : --2.c.0: 07052224 82, ae 756 track 00S word et erase ter Oe eee 209 Toothpicks of wood or other vegetable substances. 10 Oo ea 283 pyroxylin and eg 1 DAE SES 283 Tops (wool, hair, ete... 052 200 b2 sel Pa oes J le te he 445, 474 combed i: oe ier te pens eee cb oe eae eee Rea eee eee _ 445 hair of Angora goat, alpaca, etc... . 2.66.40 5 262-6 eens SIE 474 Wihinintan-haied sa.2) 22: sage «SRA Aan ma i 542 sprinkler, ror .0c ise deer eon a Pe eee 263 Tow, flax,and hemp sc. lo hOGA to I i oe ae ae ee -- 660, 662 © INDEX. 997 Page mee ials, COUR.) esa Best es oe SES AS Re Oks 42] NTIS CUNT CR,, es ag ee ge gD oa 421 MMe Aig Eiken lawyer pstak cde knee oi cet oon SOEUR 530-531 EMA POAC MINCE oo. cae we pscnn cvs eS eee Lupo oete 630 Toys and parts of, n.s. p. f.. SAIMOMNe Ee 74 E 530-531 NS rs ee Sn so cay a he CPSC T ee 149 bullions, india rubber, lame or lahn, tes eus pole: siz 239, 241 n.s. p. ee i da TT a, ON 530 ftineel ware,.etcny2 iia: . ede lee: Pe EEN HEA SEs 239 MME Cares vaciuite s fat gino os Woe os pO STI I 145 Trade agreements, President authorized to negotiate............. 879 eee ONO. More er ies Sotddetdorde yy Golelioliupers 563 Treaties, not to be impaired (subsec. 7).............2...22..000.. 892 ote. cme oustUoS, shire) vil edie: 20. 333 fruit, stocks, cuttings, and seedlings of.............2......... 333 imported by hieGoyvernnient. ic aicvisiri ge evolu bos. 750 BrmnenGN ts 30.5. i 22 Ok... he) oh ven td nee Rr deco 333 eeermrs lace, Nog. p.f... lee. wl.b ati ad sept aie 551 ououlhorn ordamess 2. Wid a oo. battived noice 28k 240 RRIRITISULOT SS Ee ain an So canine cance awa daonub. * ey, 168 Tripoli, crude or manufactured, n..s..p.f-2..- 000. 60.2.0 785 Troches, MEMS at Pee Me an Ss en alvin mae SL OE a een 35 Trolley poles MRGEA (Gigi Se oft Se = op ish cae ion SS DES CRA CIES g 275 SLOG Ss Pies xe loa woe Soman de hoose see Gel ele o oe 717 Tropical fruit plants for propagation. .................222222022. 665 ENE hh a See cnet ho om ay SOE ES SERIO. NS. 317, 318 PeeMI Ith, SPOOF Steel. 6 sevocs, Ges tess it. seeped. 185 Tubers, roots, etc., cultivated for flowers.................2.2..0.. 328-333 Tubes, ‘putt-welded and lap-welded o; 3tiisatoe. bs ke Bea ag. 213 RMON et dada an eo velo, CER a a Su WURDE pid wie ashes 263 OE TESEOS Ry pone ON ieee See Ue gh lee a po OR ee aD oe 153, 154 EOS TERS IE, ES SEE rt eee oo ee eee es ei 228 iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed................-. 213 or flues, corrugated, Slisee ete Lee mete ate rea cee see 213 Tubing, metal, flexible, n.8. p. f Pee thca weve Peerrseteseees feiss 213 Tubings, silk, n.s. p. i. Cet OF ie aN dag de oe oo eae end A ee alae Ska foe 488 INE EIS er aang Sree taeh Cy eed eek SES PRS Sate ees ih bol ES ae ope ae ae ae Se Cae e ae reeves ecole 328, 329 Tungsten or wolfram metal....... MAS GRAS ORS ie es igo 178, 180 PIETER TAINHUTeS A iete PROT ones Shee iw so 802-804 MMBPRTIMEMIRT) S020 Poe oe Pot coe eS. ae be ee are 461 Pee orks Hind NaMMes. Perel s lol ese Oe aM 570 PE reer eS Foote tp aos eS cos SS pty Fe pater gone 804 ferpentine,.Venice; and spirits of - 2) crocs eee es comes i 804 mureio.gkin Or intesuments. 05) fon le oll ele bee os EE EEF 615 Fo EN angel a Rate Git a Pee Sage As i ei ge air Fin ae Nh nat ~ ai | 805 2 TE EE SRST Nel Pies wattle eee Sei ak opt Aaa Bd aia teeie Piegs ae rae A 20d 4a 115 eoeerivory natural state: 2.00. tk ee Re, eee 568 Tutuila and Guam, Islands of, tariff status.............2.2....... 5 ETE ESS Se AU lad A on hat iain a ee ica Seabees rae pe 267 meneincine, OL hemp, istle, etc... se Si eo elec oe oor. 611-612 Be aaa. PES BR Pe ee ee ee bere ke 517 wepindmehairand-wool-..<2if2s6stes iota reves 827 Twines of flax, hemp, ¢ Orvamicuyariv isso ss 22 Rae, iat te eee: 427 Type for use MEDIA 58 Sc es eer cesar oa ee A ee 620 TEE ol S Bs St Zi a gr me a BR ae ea tea et oah a ig 253 antimonial lead dutiable as........-... eos bak Secs 897 mean, eee es sore OLE ee VES A eee sss 3 ire bor 805 ete VA ee ee Se Ue er ee ses a eeiats 253-254 RAT pitid Sy. pr Bac noe srsrosires aobeexes 1) amended 620 Pupereeiinp MachiMess. 2 lool. a eee rere s e De P< 2525 629 PM RE RNID RI NS as SoS Le aR PARI. vee eS 629 Hes TEETER RV CJ1G Mtg fee ot ee he A ae, oon ny mn eric cesar wie 99, 100 MPR EMAIL UTI DCL CALLNG: cee. on co s oc. ,0:c « c,cn0.0.0,cc00te ties inte aes 102, 103 998 INDEX, Page. U mbrella ribs and stretchers, iron, steel, or other metal. .-.....-. 228 Lisl s+, eee en Coen ge WR eS 581, 823 fr bO8 one sckts el sie as ee eo 228 Cites bre lnggeis, 5 5 a 5 ek gt ney og cca lee eg 581-582 Umeboshi, umezuke, or akaumezuke.......-....:.5....-.-.--.- 322 Gindlervaluations kevseiaaa oe eas ere 851 Underwear, cotton, knitted, n.s. p.f.-....--...-..-2--.--.-202. 416 Underwriters, when. consignees...... .. sb ne es ene nedee 842 Unenumerated articles under Schedule N, Sundries. ..........-. 583 Uniair competition ssc. - Fie. ie eet Soe 923-925 exports of United States restricted during war (sec. 805)... -- 924 imports prohibited by proclamation, penalty (sec. 805) ..--.-.- 924 imports sold at less than market price, penalty for (sec. 801)-.. 923 products prohibited by foreign countries (sec. 804)--.....- 924 restricting use, purchase, etc., “of imported articles, (sec. 802). 923 rules and regulations by Secretary of Treasury (secs, 803, 804)... 924 unreasonable preference by vessels (sec. 806)----.--.------.- 924 clearance may be withheld (sec. 806). ....-.-...--.---.-- 924 Union suits,.cotton,. knitted, n..s..9.1....2. cet ia eee 416 “United States’*. defined ..<.0. . 2.42 2a 5 Upholstery goods, cotton chenilles. 4.2... bessloee a eee 411 Uppers or vampe, sboe, leather... 2). i 699, 704 Uranium, oxide and salts of 2... iascd uh aaah, cae en 806 Le) 5c, ee AME nee Onl Lr Lem ERE NUNC crea ESN 37, 38 “Usual wholesale. quantitios’’........ scene: ish eee 858 Utensils, etc., enameled or glazed. .........-.-.--.------ Reenter 222 hollow ware, aluminum, iron or steel......-....-.-.-.-- 222 hospital, kitchen and tablewiall jai (nod) ue. 222 philosophical and scientific. ............22..20..2..... 747 : Ws YRASCING VITUS os Un ae chic ate oe bee wae oe cn ee ee 600 Vadidity.of protests, ..0.i05 - 3. titan bya tot ge 864 V@NONID Sear. ws. ao ante win blars's se cine a's ko 0 cent diene eee 806 oh OR UTROTS < wicia js 26 awhile mm dapn 5 RE = rd pee = aie ees ieee 796 Welué, BPDTAIBET «6.5 Nie neck ac ak 3 ox Ce eae es ee ty 851 component material of chief, defined. .................-. 583 MMA L EE oct sic gai ecita cies a «tats Scape lak © kee 869 BREOTOD.. 5 voice cos ode oc oe Velie fee 851 WOT ROE. 5 oho tess bon cohen Shee tae bas Oa Be oe 859 CI@DINIGC: sh ae he +e ak pet dan ns 2 ee 869 wholesale. 20 oS c'-n ce « scien nee tale a 869 Vamps, ehoe, jOnther.iijcec: scsss et ee ee eee a 699, 704 Vandyke brown se. 2, eee eo 114 Bie” pL CC pe a er” “Cnimas a ohm dh Matt 134 Vamiltavcasesc cr. ce cue ee ee ORT Fe 544 Varnishes, spirit, and gold-size or japan..........-......-.--.-. 108-109. Vases, alabaster, breccia, jet, marble, and onyx.............-.--- 174 platinum SRE aw, bcos eee sah ar ci LN a ee ee 750 STOTIOW ANC oo onc ino Gscie wo dw ote io hie bm ok &. 2 ete a ee, 145 Veal, Ly ot ene Sam Ee SGOT RET 713, 714 Vegetable substances, Co TsS, Pik. ae oe kas al ee 722 Vegetables Rioceleicimnn ale aichalane tt Tocca ea okt aie Meee as 46, 319-321 Cul suieds Che eS occ yn en cin cates ee eee ae er 319 drugs, Pl Pas Piste 8 enim in bas tae 's'n Sane et ee -- 46,653 gin their naturahetate, n-6./p. 1-2 ...bonpee.s sega eee 342 parched or roasted 200.5 ok). «we ented test eee oe 319 pickled\or packed in:dalt, ete 2... tens re oe eee 319 prepareds. s1 osc einai i noe Mil ok Cn aie cr Se ane 319 Weals and Vetlitiva: (2. = 21s. -ie en nhcisuk wate eie anti oh eee eenene 55) RUT ean ois ode 2 Suse eae: Pee os Cas ee eee ee 745 Velveteens, cotton. ............. PI eae NE Eye = REE 409 Velvets...... PE ee Ee GARNET NE RS 409, 448, 476, 484 PLpaCAMAIT io 5 oh ees ee Meee ec eo ek 476-477 Angora gat Tear oc oF Piao ioe vlan 's oe see bmn Oy oe 476-477 UME cir as hee ene oP) ae cae cia ca eae wwe oes ae 484-486 INDEX, 999 ey Page. ME RCHBIVIONND Aaa gs Suiele Sys a hs ed Ke Ss bwaldanaepabsisey « 129% 27% Venetian red, n. s. p. ih RE Pek OER BS pete”, = Se Oe i eae 102, 104 Re Sa oo wy ay ww vn gid od vue vende ded wey 2s Ae 2 365 EE eer ee ee eee re eer 615 NN RR Ah el hassle han os « s byGUBK CH ath Gah Wiel «Khas ERE 309 Te ae ME DG ae ne oie sire bb dF +4 vie. + JES See RS. 110 NINE in, ee o> ovr pm = Seteeentanei n> Peli cs 2 «Sl 110 a NE og ee xd pie ep rise pun Bee y+ Yb xed «He oh ORE 381 ia 18 Ey 5 Fie Ae Saree htep -BGeg IME Ae tolii ewe - daisies 750, 889 - American, discount of duty on goods imported in (subsec. rye 892 proreipm wat,eupplies for. «lea bei. wowkvends Coun censs feb eek 892 naval, materials for repair of, free (subsec. 6)..........-....- 892 or tanks, cylindrical or PE Hn CONE nS aR apt Te ne 213 platinum, CBRE CT SAT HENS: Rip a a eRe eR 750 United States, discriminating duty (subsec. 1).. Siete elas 889 wrecked in waters of United States............--.........--- 892 San RPECTARI Eh SY Por Be Waa s ig oo pe «REE 416 go as is Las eos yb pis 2g at pies 4 Camere 154 Views, landecape, eic., in, United States, -..6.4 si. testis eres 513 Vinegar ne ee a ks al b x Deic oly Wieles-pip o8-<'6 4m, to ST 378 Vines, PmCICUOUS S00) SYEIOTORD «oe oe cy See e gh 4 dee -- 5s ew 333 Virgin Islands, tariff EER SAIC OG AE apenas aaa eT 8 6 Virus, vaccine....... Sain SOS nin on Dino nigne pi ag MORES ecg el elnd gis 600 IED Ne aos as a pepe meas a AS 496 EES Pe SE nk has ee wan lm gb gab 6 aid EIS 615 ER as CONS Go is rin Sein eb ule og + vy sy ob He ote iS dE 97 Vulcanized india rubber (‘‘hard rubber”), manufactures of... ...- 568 ; W. I Ra ohn ON eS ee Sil e ele sees ty 2 3 o'2' Ss HERE A 541 at eect a isin ieee ss o> ws bois ees gaan ek 312, 613 RMR ta 0 eae cy Ahn ontieathrs > PAsd> Hard see wye Guide - Ue +5 529 Muuionvened, not edible.) . . < p4siw-a4 - sede fs ins donnie oo ous 806 INP IES Dec hylfic now oF ,a's win « ava <~ bys d 64 Ao Sie’ ele Da PRB aa Hoe 816 NRSC Cc 2 to eek Being. 2s Eis sti s me VE AW SRS tb idie 591 RE Ore eee Ro A Ss Se RE. 25 et 581 ee Saal a ce eee x vols a a os o/h < Sore and ah um eee 823 Walnuts, shelled or not shelled... ..........-...-25.2-4.20-05.: 362, 363 Wares composed of platinum, gold, or silver, n. 8. p. f. . 268-271 Warehouses, manufacturing and smelting, bondedi,..ccewt 22h 895-899 Warps, ee he ee ee ae 387 Wash blue, containing ultramarine. . 2 wide. oes oe a eeoueOarS 99 Washers, ere Oe i) RR: ae ek ae ig hy CES 529 tgs te AH css A Noh tvnc 3. eechts cart aaMehne 209 EE OU he aha ae iad - ofa o Sis ein'gines eae ae eh eues 78,582, 834 baceing.-naper making, n. 8. p. F. :. 2 -./-20)sis feeds eee ee 741, 742 IN NG og nay we bic nance ce +4 -=«bUUNtesisneetig ss oe 834 TS ES er ee eee fe cok as tha th As Shajs beer Be 834 ean wt aly on oe Sila Ve emg ad sh et eee He 646 Rhine ae vegies akmila Sense neta es kos bes tx CO 648 manulactured . sh soissis een ee. beeldeine sues ee oon Lauds 387 flax, hemp, or Fadia anndncaigl ties hig -/3.sek Aas 2: steak: oeatten 741, 742 garnetted, RE lc wn two Skah oe ween Se. 1 ee oat 834 a a a ae awk Ly'Rs ba Cale wae coke COON 17 Hemip, jute,.or flax... --.-~--, NS iA necie Wide tS eR. c bli eee 741 jute, seg, tow, for paper making... .. «.-..2.+05..-22+--+5-- 606 material in manufacturing bonded warehouses..............- 895-899 ERT ERT, ig Swng ws Xin aa Sah ona Ans woh et 582 paper making, fax hemp; jute, B.8./P,1- 4.0. edie ee 816, 820 chemical, bleached or unbleached. ...................- 825 TOBE WOO ,. BA WCU wd. ~ oo6 ca iene n= sie eau 01D ce ee 2a 212, gee satinwood, SAWeG:. . . <2. o0. <0 sie -dancemp as eee 445 4.5 SF GBC MAO. 2 isis es a sc ome so aon bccn oelaiets eke ted Oe 469 handings, Wo 8... 1A... t wee ees se ace Rebs e- beeeee 461 bedaides ..'. .- 1. +. sasianienls «sien ealeeewen Sclosadl-sibess een en 469 belts) iy 8 eDirke techn ess oan eee v amet, ee ee 464 beltings; +R. Si Dorkge 6c. cc. Oaemaien Ua ogee ee ee 461 bindings, n...8.. PD. fc uieets+one +s oeesns eee hens oeaeue ee 461 blankets; Ade bre oe aden. oe ren eae 454 “Zerapes (Mexican). <. 2... oJ beeadepbaacenien: eer 456 DrACeS, Tey Dili 20 o.oo e ledees eae ave shee 461 bunting. cco -. ese ee dens bs eee cs ees eee ee 457, 548 carbonized «0% 40. apni simone olen wR 445, 446 iE he I Se on pe uel chia ini Ketun © 445, 446 Oa SIN FG ce nea a ET eT 469 A cc oie tan owen 469 TOMES ON gr US. Ral Oe epi diasie oo 6 oe 2,0 sins W's 459 eta 0 oats Pas ute one ann alo Mii w og. coe oleae s 827, 830 Fe hy SAS ESS SS eee onan, Poem Cm pe 834 IE ROCUEAIR VATED ec ies dw aids dite pi dco « oie oe 5 opener 196 stockings, n. s. i Oo ome ir, REE CN We ae a eR OS.» 448, 451 suspenders, 2) SOU ig Stal Sees 5 aa IR a eae a ea eae 461 tariff designation gy see ea RW SiO gece Toke RC, Bt, SERN, BO 7 MEG 0s 168 aE 6 oer. wa ec st aus ce eee 461 I a ol ccg ace eS om scm aie ign ao stm cae oS edloip whuceberip wie aise 445 A 6 BIR lp ES SARS ic ARE ee Yd an aE Sore aD a ca 448 wastes. .... Bo SES Re a ee POPE or. ee 834 MEAL Tie 8) tie fo cieeic eo 2 3 ins <0 alia = Sensi Sa eprep a sive 459 webbings, SUA She ents AMC gin, Shc 58 Sink AE Led mcg MERI 21-728 Se ee 261 Old and worn-oute:* 2229 sa eee Pe 261 OTe OFS Oe eee Oe ee eee a hee MO 5 TH 111-112 pigments containing s'.2 2 626... s sees cee oe ae 111-112 sulphide, ‘white: -.2 2.202 -2525 sete coos ae ee ene en 111-112 yellow sos 2 a ea ee eee 102, 112 Zine-hearing ores: .- "=. So ee ee ee week een ee ee 258-260 regulations governing assessment of duty on..............-.- 258-260 O » " me ; : cr ; - . oa . >: ' ; . i al ie at A ab . Si a ‘ e\ he i ‘ ~ 2 < & . 3 . ' a 4 e ' , y = - = - ' : : - ty 2 + om Ne: : - i 7 . . . vs * i} . @ ‘ . - i . i y - s ‘ J | ? e ; ' . ” s f * : e ; * F ‘ . . ; . . ; « 1) oe ~ ‘ 1 - ~ ‘ é R ; ” , ‘ a * . S Ps | " ; + ‘ » é “ . ‘ ‘i, * . f , . * ~ o J , ‘ . * 4 P ¥ * < 4 br % Vy. - rs J up: ie + Sng yar Pee ’ ae ep : ae. ae rey i URBANA 3 0112 107196344 oo met L nit it Pah oe TE eee, ss ay a eet Oey, nine DN Ce ny Cok ry % ‘ Sade, giant Heth iy tee LS aera sda ity 2 a oy ates ste