eee terns eaten tonne mee “ nS ru Med qh iy : i ; . he : » i hy at - 6 7 7 S . 1 inols wenn pens OF NEHAMPACH NE UREA KS rt “i eT ‘a ; Af. A ; We ds + Ni | << a am ‘ vs 4 a A iv ee - ” ‘i Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2023 with funding trom University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign https://archive.org/details/harperspictorial02guer_1 bd as aT Hil enc = WW \ \ eZ il cS NT a MAA Nt A\ \\\ i Ml) f SSG i, fil | A \ NS PREFACE. Tue writing of this History has extended over a period of five years. It began while the conflict of arms was at the hottest, and before it had passed its doubtful period; it is now concluded nearly three years after the surrender of the rebel armies, but before the final stage of Reconstruc- tion can be fairly said to have been inaugurated. It has been a work of great magnitude, covering as it does the events of seven years—and those seven the most important in our national history. The design of the Authors has been in no respect modified by the fact that this is an Illustrated History. We have written exactly as we should. have done if the interest of our readers depended upon the unadorned re- cital of facts. No pains have been spared—no expense of time or of study—in order to make this the fullest and most complete history of the Civil War which at this time is possible. We have not compiled from other histories, but have depended entirely upon the original materials furnished by documents of every description, military and political, no small proportion of which have never been published, but have been obtained from prominent actors on both sides of the contest. If we had hastened to submit our work to the public, much of this material, both published and unpublished, would have been lost to us, and our work would to that extent have lacked completeness and maturity. By waiting we have also been enabled to bring the history down to the beginning of the present year, thus including the Reconstruction acts of the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses. In the whole scheme of the work no less prominence has been given to political than to military events. The materials from which we have drawn consist of all the official reports, both National and Confederate, which have been published, and a large number of others which we have obtained in manuscript; the official returns of the several armies on both sides; the innumerable letters of war correspondents ; conversations with prominent military officers, National and Confed- erate; miscellaneous documents, maps, memoranda, let- ters, and orders, furnished by such officers; the Congres- sional Globe ; and numerous biographical sketches, more or less extended, of military and_ political characters. Wherever it has seemed sufficient, we have simply referred to these authorities by citation; and in numer- ous instances we have either quoted them in full or given a summary of their testimony. The Introductory Chapters of the work were written early in the war by Mr. Richard Grant White. The remainder, commencing with the section headed “The War for the Union,” is by us whose names appear on the title-page. Each of us has written independently of the other, except that we have had access to the same materials, and have consulted together at every stage of the work. As a rule, not however without exceptions, the chapters relating to military operations in the East, and the earlier ones upon political history, are by Alfred H. Guernsey. ‘Those relating to military operations in the West, including the whole of Sherman’s Campaigns, together with the later political chapters, are by Henry M. Alden. While fully confident of the justice of the National cause in the Civil War, we have willingly conceded to those who opposed that cause the same sincerity of motive which we claim for ourselves, and the same conviction of justice in their appeal to arms. We have written of the living as if they were dead, and have endeavored to anticipate the impartial verdict of the future. If we have failed in this regard, it has been an error of judgment rather than of feeling. In the political chapters we have especially striven to avoid special pleading in behalf of any party, seeking to take the attitude of the spectator and judge rather than that of the advocate. Such has been the scheme of our work, such the materials upon which it has been based, and such the spirit with which it has been conducted. The main outlines of the struggle which we have here portrayed we are confident will stand the test applied by time and by the judgment of posterity. AH. G. H. M. A, New Yor, April, 1868, Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by Harrer & Brotuers, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York, ~ - wr ra 7 ‘ . ,, | ; ; ~ age 9 _ CAT THE COMMENCEMENT OF EACH CHAPTER WILL BE FOUND A DETAILED SYLLABUS OF THE MATTERS THEREIN CONTAINED.] CHAPTER XXII. POPE’S CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA Page 381 CHAPTER XXIII. THE INVASION OF MARYLAND.—ANTIETAM...393 CHAPTER XXIV. BURNSIDE’S CAMPAIGN, —FREDERICKSBURG 406 CHAPTER XXV. NAVAL AND COAST OPERATIONS...... 421 CHAPTER XXVI. THE WAR ON THE MISSISSIPPI...... 43 CHAPTER XXVII. THE WAR ON THE MISSISsIPPt (Continued)..457 CHAPTER XXVIII. HOOKER IN COMMAND. —CHANCELLORSVILLE 483 CHAPTER XXIX. THE INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA.— GETTYS- CHAPTER XXX. MEADE’S CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA.....! 17 CHAPTER XXXII. THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN.—I. THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND. .....+0000,020) CHAPTER XXXII. THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN.—II. THE AD- VANCE FROM MURFREESBOROUGH....529 Thoroughfare Gap, 387. Groveton Monument, 389. Bull Run Monument, 391. . The Confederates crossing the Potomac, 392, View from Maryland Heights, 395. Signal Station, Maryland Heights, 396. Boonesborough and Turner’s Gap, 397. After the Battle—At the Fence, 401. . After the Battle—Burying the Dead, 401. . Stone Bridge over the Antietam, 402. . Site of a Battery, 403. . Scene of a Charge, 403. 13. Behind a Breastwork, 403. . Shelter for Wounded, 403. 5. Cavalry Reconnoisance in Virginia, 405. 3. Fredericksburg from Falmouth, 407. - Acquia Creek, 408. . An Army Train, 409. . Building the Bridge at Fredericksburg, 410. Sumner’s Division crossing the Rappahan- nock, 411. Franklin’s Division crossing the Rappahan- nock, 412. . Assault upon Marye’s Hill, 414. . Franklin’s Division recrossing the Rappa- hannock, 415. The Campaign in the Mud, 418, 419. . Mortar Batteries attacking Fort Pulaski, 420, . Hauling Mortars, 420. . Attack on Fort Pulaski, 420. Capture of the Harriet Lane, 421. . Destruction of the Westfield, 422. . Bahia, Brazil, 423. . Destruction of the Alabama, 426. . A Night Encampment, 427, . Battle of Kingston, 427. . Action at Whitehall, 428. . Skirmish near Goldsborough, 428. . Crevasse on the Lower Mississippi, 431. . Admiral Porter’s Mortar Fleet, 434. . Natchez upon the Hill, 436. . Natchez under the Hill, 437. . Ellis’s Bluffs, 437. . Vicksburg from the River, 438. . Porter’s Mortar Fleet in Trim, 439. Farragut’s Fleet running the Vicksburg Bat- teries, 439. . Mortar-boats firing on Vicksburg by night, 440. . Davis’s Fleet on the way to join Farragut’s, 440. . The Arkansas running through the Union Fleet, 440, ari - OAV ST tS vp. megane 7 “J Pa bs THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN. —IIL THE CHAPTER XXXIII. THE ARMY OF THE OHIO,—RECOVERY OF EAST TENNES- BEE ci capescsnarcosteiva vaceusescsvenenty ects Page 531 CHAPTER XXXIV. THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN.—IV. THE BAT- TLE OF CHICKAMAUGA. .....000..)00 CHAPTER XXXvV. THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN.—Y. THE SIEGE OF BRORVILD RB sosccse nccveeecQO CHAPTER XXXVI. CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN—VI. DEFEAT OF BRAGG s vevestdesaccceverdsssOOU CHAPTER XXXVII. SHERMAN’S MERIDIAN CAMPAIGN.....569 CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE FLORIDA EXPEDITION.........574 CHAPTER XXXIX. THE RED RIVER CAMPAIGN........976 CHAPTER XL. PRICE’S MISSOURI RAID.....00000.593 CHAPTER XLI. THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN.......s00/ CHAPTER XLII. THE CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. —FROM THE RAP- IDAN TO THE JAMES....... pevese Ol CHAPTER XLIII. THE INVESTMENT OF PETERSBURG Page 637 CHAPTER XLIV. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF 1863...641 CHAPTER XLV. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF 1864...654 CHAPTER XLVI. ABTER (ATLANTA: decceosesreees 670 CHAPTER XLVII. BATTLE OF NASHVILLE.....++ 000 675 CHAPTER XLVIII. SHERMAN’S CAMPAIGN.— THE MARCH TO THE . BEA racers necieecctaiceeess 683 CHAPTER XLIX. THE SIEGE OF PETERSBURG........ 693 CHAPTER L. THE CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA.— EARLY AND SHERIDAN ccsecacaessnanetee 707 CHAPTER LI. SHERMAN’S CAMPAIGN.—THE CAROLINA MARCH 713 CHAPTER LII. RECOVERY OF THE ATLANTIC COAST.—I. WIL- MINGTONGsccocsccctaccperessd oe SCENES AND . Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 441. 3. Death of General Thomas Williams, 442. . Destruction of the Arkansas, 443. . Cotton Hoards in Southern Swamps, 443. . Sixth Missouri at Chickasaw Bayou, 446, 2. Porter’s Fleet at the Mouth of the Yazoo, 447, 3. Attack on Arkansas Post, 448. 4, Transport bringing Cattle to Vicksburg, 449. 5. The Queen of the West and the Vicksburg, 449. ». Loss of the Queen of the West, 450. 57. The Indianola running the Vicksburg Bat- teries, 451. . Admiral Porter’s ‘‘ Dummy,” 451. . Lancaster and Switzerland running the Bat- teries, 452. . Negroes at work on the Canal, 453. . Break in Levee near the Canal, 454, . In the Swamps, 454. . Bayou Navigation, 454. . Among the Bayous, 454. 35. MecClernand’s Corps marching through the Bogs, 454. . Grant’s Transports running the Batteries, 455, 7. Saving the Pearl River Bridge, 456. 38. Destroying Railroads, 456. . Grierson’s Command entering Baton Rouge, 456. : . The advance on Port Gibson, 457. . Attack on Grand Gulf, 457. 2. Logan crossing the Bayou Pierre, 458. 3. Banks landing at Baton Rouge, 459. . Burning of the Mississippi, 460. 5. View on the Teche, 460. 76. Occupation of Alexandria, 461. 77. Banks’s Army leaving Simmsport, 462. . Crocker’s Charge at Jackson, 463. . McPherson and his Chief Engineers, 465. . Cotton Bridge across the Big Black, 466. . Vicksburg from the Rear, 467. . The Approaches to Vicksburg, 469. . The Investment of Vicksburg ~ Sherman’s Right, 470. . The Assault on Port Hudson, 473. 5. Port Hudson from the opposite Bank, 474. . Entrance of Gallery to the Mine, 475. . Miners at work under the Fort, 475. . Explosion of Fort, 475. 9. Battery Hickenlooper, 476. . Interview of Grant and Pemberton, 478. . Old Vicksburg Monument, 478. . New Vicksburg Monument, 478. 802727 ILLUSTRATIONS. INCIDENTS. 93. 94, 95. 96, Surrender of Vicksburg, 479. Federal Troops before Jackson, 480. Saluting the Flag at Port Hudson, 481. Arrival of the ‘* Imperial” at New Orleans, 482, Headquarters of Army of the Potomac,485. . Picket Guard, 487. . Crossing at United States Ford, 488 . Cavalry crossing at Ely’s Ford, 488, . Sedgwick’s Corps crossing the Rappahan- nock, 489. . Laying Pontoons for Sedgwick’s Corps, 490. . Sedgwick’s Bridges laid, 492. . Stampede of Eleventh Corps, 494. - Near Chancellorsville, May 1, 495. }. Near Chancellorsville, May 1, 496. . Chancellorsville, May 1, 497. . Burning the Bridge over the Susquehanna, 504, . Gettysburg, 506. . Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, 507. . Wheat-field where Reynolds fell, 508. . Meade’s Headquarters, Cemetery Ridge, 508. 3. Lee’s Headquarters, Seminary Ridge, 508. . Breastwork in the Woods, 509. . Summit of Little Round Top, Gettysburg, 510, 511. }. Union Position near the Centre, Gettys- burg, 510, 511. . Gettysburg, July 3, 1863, 514, 515, - In Camp, 517. Camp at the Foot of Blue Ridge, 519. . In Camp at Warrenton Springs, 520. . Depot of Supplies on the Railroad, 521, . Confederate Centre, Mine Run, 522. . Recrossing at Germania Ford, 522. . Warren’s last Position, Mine Run, 522 vse. 125. Winter Quarters—On Picket, 524. 126. Pack-mules in the Mountains, 527. . The Courier Line, 528. 128. Impromptu Barricade, 532. 129. Morgan’s Raiders, 532. 130. Dragging Artillery overthe Mountains, 534. - Occupation of Cumberland Gap, 535, . Stevenson, Alabama, 536. . Chattanooga from the opposite Bank, 540. . View of Knoxville from Keith’s Hills, 553. . Longstreet’s Assault on Fort Sanders, 554. . Attack on a Federal Train above Chatta- nooga, 555, . The Thomas Medal, 556. . Hazen’s Brigade descending the Tennes- see, 557, CHAPTER LIIIL. RECOVERY OF THE ATLANTTC COAST.— IL. CHARLESTON .......6..Fage 733 CHAPTER LIV. THE MOBILE CAMPAIGN. ....e00.6744 CHAPTER LV. WILSON’S AND STONEMAN’S RAIDS....749 CHAPTER LVI. THE CAPTURE OF PETERSBURG AND RICHMOND ee io CHAPTER LVII. THE RETREAT AND SURRENDER OF LEE..767 CHAPTER LVIII. JOHNSTON’S SURRENDER. 000.000.0193 CHAPTER LIX. FLIGHT AND CAPTURE OF DAVIS....777 CHAPTER LX. THE DEATH OF LINCOLN eeccsereee (Sl CHAPTER LXI. CONDUCT OF THE WAR. cce veces 789 CHAPTER LXII. RECONSTRUCTION. —1865-1867.......799 UNDE Sacccen tecarmenattaatectectcotecstervdeesesteser, OSG 139, Chattanooga from the Federal Camp, 558, 559. View of Lookout Mountain from Chatta- nooga Creek, 561. Top of Lookout Mountain, Noy. 25, 563. - Battery on the Top of Lookout, 563. 3. Hooker’s Column storming Lookout, 563. . Crest of Lookout Mountain, 563. 5. To the Top of Lookout, 563. . Capture of Works at White House, 564. - Storming of Missionary Ridge, 566. . Captured Confederate Cannon, 568. - The Fort Pillow Massacre, 573. . Forrest’s Attack on Irving Prison, 574. 140. 151. Attack on Sabine Pass, 580. 152. Banks’s Landing at Brazos Santiago, 80. . Confederate Evacuation of Brownsville, 580. Porter’s Fleet on Red River, 584. - Land Attack on Porter's Fleet, 588. - Banks crossing Cane River, 589. Fleet passing the Dam, Alexandria, 590. Ruins of Lawrence, Kansas, 591. Little Rock, Arkansas, 592. . Refugees entering St. Louis, 595. . Grant receiving his Commission, 599. . Signal Station near Ringgold, Georgia, 602. . Ringgold, Georgia, 602. - Buzzard’s Roost Pass, 603. . Geary’s Assault on Dug Gap, 604. }. Shelling the Railroad near Resaca, 605. . Sherman’s Army entering Resaca, 606. . Lost Mountain at Sunrise, 607. . Crest of Pine Mountain, where Polk fell, 607. . Kenesaw, from Little Kenesaw, 608. . Howard’s Corps crossing the Chattahoo- chee, 609. 172, Distant View of Atlanta, 610. 3. Scene of McPherson's Death, 613. . Sherman in Council, 615, 5. Ezra’s Church, 616. ). Dead Brook, Ezra’s Church, 616. . Sherman’s Army destroying the Macon Railroad, 616. 78. Atlanta, Georgia, 617. 79. Confederate Prisoners from Jonesborough, 618. . Confederate Exodus from Atlanta, 619. 181. Workshops—Army of the Potomac, 622. 182, Hancock’s Corps crossing the Rapidan, 62% . Fighting in the Wilderness, 627, ; Scene of Wadsworth's Death, 629. . Fire-proof where Sedgwick fell, 630, 1V 186, 187. 188. 189. 190. 191: 192. 193. 194, 195. 196. OT, 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 208. 204, 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210, 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. Spottsylvania Court-house, 631. Jericho Mills, North Anna, 632, Rifle-pits, North Anna, 632. Quarles’s Mills, North Anna, 632. Battery on the North Anna, 632. Crossing the Ny, 633. Crossing the North Anna, 633. Crossing the Pamunkey, 634. Cold Harbor, 635, Petersburg, 638. Fight with the Military—New York Riots, 652. New York Rioters hanging a Negro, 652. Charge of Police at the Tribune Office, 652. Burning of Colored Orphan Asylum, 653. Soldiers voting for President, 668. Hood’s Attack on Allatoona, 672. Destruction of the Dépdts, etc., at Atlanta, 675. Nashville from Edgefield, 680. Nashville from the opposite Bank, 680. Eastport, Tennessee, 681. Saltville, Virginia, 682. Salt Valley, 682. Fourteenth and Twentieth Corps leaving Atlanta, 683. Sherman and his Generals, 684. Atlanta in Ruins, 685. Millen Prison—Exterior, 687. Millen Prison—Interior, 687. Destruction of Millen Junction, 687. Capitol at Milledgeville, 688. Fort McAllister, 688. Assault on Fort McAllister, 689. Sherman’s Army entering Savannah, 690. Fort Jackson, Savannah, 691. . Map of the Campaign in Virginia, 384. 5. Map of Operations August 28, 29, 30, 386. . Map of Operations in Maryland, 394. . Movements from September 10 to 17, 897, 3. Routes to Richmond, 407. . Plan of Attack on Fort Pulaski, 420. ). Chart of Galveston Bay, 421. . Route from Newbern to Goldsborough, 428. . Course of the Mississippi River, 429. 3. Bird’s-eye View of the Mississippi Basin, 435. . Map of Mississippi Central Railroad, 444. . Operations on the Yazoo and Arkansas, 445. . Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, 446. . Williams’s Canal, 452. . The Lake Providence Route, 452. . The Yazoo Pass Reate, 452. ). The Steele’s Bayou Route, 452. 31. Ames, Adelbert, 728. 2. Ayres, Romeyn B., 760. 3. Banks, Nathaniel P., 577. . Barlow, Francis C., 400. 5. Bellows, Henry W., 792. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. ool. 392. 393: 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. BEE 400. 401. 402. 403. 404, 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. Birney, David B., 694. Blair, Francis, Jr., 684. Blake, Homer C., 425. Booth, J. Wilkes, 784. Brough, John, 654. Buford, John, 507. Burnside, Ambrose E., 406. Canby, E. R.S., 744. Chase, Salmon P., 665. Colfax, Schuyler, 806. Conkling, Roscoe, 810. Corbett, Boston, 785. Crook, George, 711. Curtin, Andrew G., 654. Cushing, W. B., 722. Dalhgren, Ulric, 523. Davis, Charles H., 486. Davis, Jeff. C., 684. Davis, Henry Winter, 662. Dayton, William L., 664. Dupont, Samuel F., 734. Ellet, Charles, 433. Ellet, Charles Rivers, 433. Ellsworth, Oliver, 665. 219. 220. 224 222: 223. 224, 225 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242, 243. 244, 245. 246. 247. 248. 249, 250. 251. 410. 411. 412. 413. ILLUSTRATIONS. Confederates evacuating Savannah, 691. Sherman’s Headquarters at Savannah, 692. . Battery before Petersburg, 694. Building Works, 695. A Mortar Battery, 695. Return of Kautz’s Cavalry, 696. . Signal Station, 697. Carrying Powder to the Mine, 697. . Explosion of the Mine, 698. In the Trenches before Petersburg, 700. Confederate Works at Hatcher’s Run, 701. Union Works on the Weldon Road, 702. Bringing in Prisoners by Night, 702. Destruction of the Weldon Railroad, 703. Jnion Works before Petersburg, 704. Dutch Gap Canal, 705. Raid of the Confederate Iron-clads, 706. Cutting the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 707. Pillaging at Hagerstown, 708. Sacking a Flour-mill, 708. Early recrossing the Potomac, 708. Ruins of Chambersburg—Main Street, 709. Ruins of Chambersburg—The Town Hall, 709. Confederate Rout at Winchester, 710. Fort Thunderbolt, Savannah, 714. Slocum crossing the Savannah at Sister’s Ferry, 715. Pocotaligo Dépét, 715. Marching through the Swamps, 716. Entering Blackville, South Carolina, 716. Crossing the South Edisto, 716. Sherman entering Columbia, 717. Columbia on Fire, 719. Winnsborough, South Carolina, 719. MAPS AN . From Milliken’s Bend to New Carthage, 455. . Scheme of Grierson’s Raid, 456. . Map of Port Hudson, 460. . The Bayou Teche Campaign, 460, 5. Grant’s Vicksburg Campaign, 465. 3. Map of the Vicksburg Defenses, 474. . Siege of Vicksburg, 477. . Region near Chancellorsville, 491. 9. Invasion of Pennsylvania, 503. . Plan of Gettysburg Cemetery, 507. . Battle of Gettysburg, 509. . Map of Campaign, July—November, 1863, 518. . Advance through Hoover’s Gap, 530. . Middle Tennessee Campaign, 530. . Burnside’s East Tennessee Campaign, 533. . Rosecrans’s Movements, September, 4-12, 538. pp trptrwypy Oe St OU Oe GUS Or DARA WL wt bo bo WO bo bY be OD aQ2arAININAIAINAS SORDNDSS PORTRA Emory, William H., 472. Ewing, Hugh, 468. Fessenden, William Pitt, 800. Foster, Lafayette S., 806. 413a. Franklin, William B., 398, 414, 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422, 423. 424, 425. 426, 427. 428, 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434, 435, 436, Geary, John W., 557. Gillem, Alyin G., 750. Gillmore, Quincy A., 740. Granger, Gordon, 745. Grant, Ulysses 8., 621. Grierson, Benjamin H., 456. Griffin, Charles G., 761. Grover, Cuvier, 472. Halleck, Henry W., 381. Hampton, Wade, 718. Harold, David C., 787. Harker, Charles G., 608. Hays, Alexander, 626. Hazen, William B., 684, 690. Hooker, Joseph, 483. Howard, Oliver O., 614, 684. Humphreys, Andrew A., 518. Jay, John, 665. Johnson, Andrew, 799. Kearney, Philip, 390. Kilpatrick, Judson C., 684, 686. Lincoln, Abraham, 781. Logan, John A., 463, 684. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450. 451, 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 461. 462, 463. 464, 465. . Hanging Rock, South Carolina, 719. . Foragers starting out, 720. . Foragers returning to Camp, 720. . U.S. Arsenal at Fayetteville, 720. . Tug-boat Donaldson with Supplies, 721. . Albemarle attacking the Federal Fleet, 722. Sassacus ramming the Albemarle, 723. Destruction of the Albemarle, 723. . Blockading Fleet, Wilmington—Old Inlet, 724. - Blockading Fleet, Wilmington—New In- let, 724. . The Powder-boat Louisiana, 725. . Fort Fisher, 726. . Iron-clad Monitor Monadnock, 726. . Federal Fleet at Hampton Roads, 727. . Transport Fleet off Federal Point, 728. . The Monitors in a Gale, 728. . Landing of Troops above Fort Fisher, 731. . Fleet celebrating the Capture of Fort Fish- er, 732. . Fort Sumter, 733. . City of Charleston, 733. = 2. Dupont’s Expedition leaving Beaufort, 735. Confederate Rams engaging the Fleet off Charleston, 735. . Bombardment of Fort Sumter, 736. . Sinking of the Keokuk, 738. . Ruins of Light-house, Morris’s Island, 740. . Sharp-shooters before Wagner, 741. . The Swamp Angel, 741. . Portion of Charleston under Fire, 742. . Confederate Evacuation of Morris’s Island, 743. . Federal Fleet in Mobile Bay, 745. 2. Capture of the Tennessee, 746. PLANS. . Position before the Battle of the 19th, 543. . Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19th, 545. . Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 20th, 547. . Siege of Knoxville, 552. . Battle of Wauhatchie, 556. . Battles about Chattanooga, 565. . Map of Mississippi, 570. Forrest’s Tennessee Expedition, 571. . Map of Louisiana, 578. Plan of Fort De Russy, 584. The Red River Campaign, 585. . Map of Missouri, 594. . The Atlanta Campaign, 608, . Rousseau’s Raid, 611. . Cavalry Raids—Atlanta Campaign, 614, 2. Operations in Virginia, May, 1864—April, 1865, 636. . Isometric View of the Virginia Campaign, 639. LES: Lovejoy, Owen, 648. Mansfield, Joseph K., 399. Marshall, John, 665. McCook, Daniel, 608. McCulloch, Hugh, 801. McPherson, James B., 465, 613. Meade, George G., 501. Miles, Nelson A., 761. Morgan, James D., 671. Mott, Gershom, 694. Mower, A. J., 684. Negley, James S., 539. Parke, John G., 554. Payne (Powell), Lewis, 786. Pemberton, John C., 464. Pendleton, George H., 669. Pleasonton, Alfred, 493. Pope, John, 382. Porter, Benjamin H., 730, Porter, David D., 730. Potter, Robert B., 531. Preston, Samuel W., 730. Ransom, T. E. G., 587. Rodgers, John, 430. Rousseau, Lovell H., 671. Ruffin, Edmund, 772. Sedgwick, John, 630. Semmes, Raphael, 424, 283. 284, 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291, 292. 293. 294, 295. 296. 297, 298. 299. 300. 301, 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. Fort Morgan after its Surrender, 747, Light-house at Fort Morgan, 747. Grant’s Headquarters, City Point, 751. Field Hospital, Ninth Corps, 752. Negro Quarters—Army of the James, 752. Union and Confederate Works before Pe- tersburg, 754. Bridge on Military Railroad, 756. Ewell’s Headquarters, near Richmond, 758. Works captured by the Sixth Corps, 762. Evacuation of Petersburg, 763. Occupation of Petersburg, 764. Richmond, from Gamble’s Hill, 765. Ruins of Richmond—Main Street, 766. McLean’s House, 767. Position of Lee’s Army when surrendered, 770. The last Shot, 771. The last Review, 772. James Bennett’s House—Johnston’s Sur- render, 775. Johnston’s Surrender, 776. Small-arms surrendered by Johnston, 777. apa surrendered by Johnston, hiks Lincoln at Home, 781. Lincoln’s Home, Springfield, Illinois, 782, Ford’s Theatre, Washington, 783. Garrett’s Barn and Outhouses, 785. Booth’s Inscription on the Window-pane, 786. Mrs. Surratt’s House, Washington, 787. Grand Review at Washington, 790. Grand Review at Washington, 793. Confederate Prison-camp, Elmira, 794, Andersonville Cemetery, 796. . Map illustrating Hood’s Invasion, 676. . Battle of Nashville, 678. . Map of the March to the Sea, 688. . The Lines at Petersburg and Richmond. 693. . Approaches to Savannah, 713. . Sherman’s Carolina March, 718. . Plan of Columbia, South Carolina, 718. . Wilmington and its Approaches, 722. 2. Map of Fort Fisher, 729. . Charleston and its Environs, 739. - Mobile Bay, 745. - Map of Wilson’s Alabama and Georgia Campaign, 748. . Stoneman’s North Carolina Raid, 749. . Five Forks—Warren’s Movements, 759. . Retreat and Pursuit of Lee, 769. . Flight and Pursuit of Davis, 779. . President’s Box at Ford’s Theatre, 783. . Seymour, Horatio, 651. . Shaw, Robert G., 740. . Sheridan, Philip H., 623. . Sherman, William Tecumseh, 597, 684. . Sickles, Daniel E., 498. Sigel, Franz, 388. . Slocum, H. W., 684. . Smith, A. J., 587. . Smith, W. S., 571. . Steedman, James B., 679. . Stevens, Isaac J., 390. . Stevens, Thaddeus, 812. . Strong, George C., 740. . Sturgis, 8. D., 574. . Sumner, Charles, 657. . Surratt, John H., 787. . Taney, Roger B., 665. . Terry, Alfred H., 731. . Torbert, Albert, 712 5. Vallandigham, Clement, L., 644. . Wadsworth, James S., 628. . Wagner, G. D., 677. . Warren, Gouverneur K., 624. . Washburne, C. C., 471. . Williams, A. S., 721. . Wilson, James H., 750. 2. Winslow, John A., 425. . Wright, Horatio G., 630, - pes MS as ney Juny, 1862. ] POPE'S CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINTA. 881 WV \ Vite MENRY W, HALLECK, CHAPTER XXII. POPE’S CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. Pope placed in command of the Army of Virginia.—Fremont relieved.—Positions of Pope’s Forces.—The Plan of Operations.—Pope’s Address. —His General Orders.—Similar Confeder- ate Orders.—Pope concentrates his Force.—Jackson ordered to Gordonsville. —Re-enforced by Hill.—Battle of Cedar Mountain.—Banks attacks and is repulsed.—The Losses.— Pope re- enforced.—Jackson retreats to Gordonsville.—Lee joins Jackson, and Pope withdraws beyond the Rappahannock.—Estimate of the Confederate Force.—The Design of Lee.—Manceuvring on the Rappahannock.—Speedy re-enforcements promised to Pope.—Stuart’s Raid on Catlett’s Station.—Capture of Pope’s Dispatch-book, and its Consequences.—Lee’s new Plan of Opera- tions. —Jackson marches for Thoroughfare Gap.—Longstreet follows him.—Pope begins to fall back.—Jackson captures Stores at Manassas Junction.—Fight at Bristoe Station.—Fitz John Porter ordered to move.—Taylor’s Brigade routed.—Jackson’s Peril.—He falls back to Bull Run.—First Battle at Groveton, August 28.—Pope confident of destroying Jackson.—Jackson stands at Bay.—Pope’s Plan.—Why it failed.—A ffairs at Washington.—Halleck and McClel- lan.—Second Battle of Groveton, August 29.—Sigel’s ineffectual Attack upon the Right.—Fight- ing upon the Centre and Left.—Longstreet reaches Thoroughfare Gap.—Skirmish at the Gap. —Longstreet’s Advance unites with Jackson.—-McDowell and Porter.—Pope orders Porter to 1 In addition to the authorities heretofore mentioned, we use mainly in this chapter Pope’s Re- port, citing from the official copy, published by order of Congress; and the Report of the Fitz John Porter Court-martial, cited as ** Court-martial.”’ 5 D attack.—The Order not obeyed.—Hooker’s and Reno’s Attack upon the Left.—Hatch’s Assault along the Turnpike.—Close of the Battle.—Pope claims a Victory.—Pope’s new Order to Por- ter.— Third Battle at Groveton, August 30: Strength of the two Armies.—Pope’s Forebodings. —Is convinced that the Enemy is retreating, and orders a Pursuit.—The Confederate Position. —The Union Line.—Porter attacks Jackson’s Right.—Reno and Heintzelman attack the Cen- tre.—Jackson demands Re-enforcements.—Longstreet’s Movements.—Warren’s Stand.—Re- treat of the Union Forces.—Losses in the Battles of Groveton.—The Forces after the Battle,— Terror at Washington.—McClellan and his Friends. —The Battle of Chantilly, or Ox Hill.— Death of Kearney and Stevens.—The Retreat to Washington.—Pope relieved from the Com- mand.—Estimate of Pope’s Campaign.—The Difficulties in his Way.—His early Measures ju- dicious.—His Error on the 29th.—The Time of Longstreet’s arrival on the Field.—The greater Error of the 30th.—Estimate of Lee’s Campaign.—Its different Phases. N the 26th of June, the day on which the closing operations before Richmond were commenced, General Pope was placed in command of the “Army of Virginia,” made up of the corps of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell. Fremont took umbrage at being thus placed under an officer whom he outranked, and asked to be relieved from his command. The re- quest was readily complied with, and he disappears from the history of the war, Sigel being placed in command of his corps. Pope found his army widely scattered. Of McDowell’s corps of 18,500 men, one half, under King, AS \\ JOUN POPE. was at Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock, the other half, under Ricketts, at Manassas Junction, thirty miles to the north; Banks, with 8000, and Fre- mont, with 11,500, were at Middletown, fifty miles farther to the northwest, with the Blue Mountains between them and Manassas. Infantry and artil- lery numbered 34,000, and there were about 5000 cavalry. A considerable part of the force was in bad condition. The Federal government was still nervously apprehensive for the safety of Washington, though there was not a single Confederate soldier within ten days’ march; every man had been withdrawn from the Shenandoah and Rappahannock to the Chickahominy. Pope was ordered, as McDowell had been, to cover Washington from attack from the direction of Richmond, as- sure the safety of the Valley of the Shenandoah, and then, by menacing the Confederate lines of communication with the South by way of Gordonsville, to endeavor to draw off some of the force then opposed to McClellan before Richmond. The whole plan of the campaign was based upon the supposi- tion that Jackson was still threatening the Valley, and thence Washington, Maryland, and even Pennsylvania. Pope’s first object was to concentrate his scattered command upon the line of the Rappahannock, whence he could, by rapid marching, interpose between any body of the enemy moving up the Valley and their main force at Richmond. The retreat of the Army of the Potomac to the James changed the whole aspect of affairs. Pope soon found that his plan for operations was wholly at variance with that of McClellan ; and at his suggestion Halleck was summoned! from the West, and, as gen- eral-in-chief, placed in command of both. Pope, on taking the field, issued an address to his army? censuring, by im- plication, the course of McClellan, and breathing a spirit of confidence which belied the forebodings which he felt.? “I have come,” he said, “from the ? July 11. * I “took the field in Virginia with gimve forcbodings of the result, but with a 2 July 14. determination to HARPER'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. ao [ JULY, 1862. West, where we have always seen the backs of our enemies; from an army whose business has been to seek the adversary and beat him when found; whose policy has been attack and not defense. I presume that I have been called here to pursue the same system, and to lead you against the enemy. I desire you to dismiss from your minds certain phrases which I am sorry to find much in yogue among you. I hear constantly of taking strong po- sitions and holding them; of lines of retreat and bases of supplies. Let us discard such ideas. The strongest position a soldier should desire is one from which he can most easily advance against the enemy. Let us study the probable lines of retreat of our opponent, and leave our own to take care of themselves.” This address was followed by a series of General Orders prescribing the mode in which the campaign was to be conducted. The troops were, as far as practicable, to subsist upon the country in which their operations were carried on; vouchers were to be given for all supplies taken, payable at the close of the war, upon proof that the holders had been loyal citizens.‘ The cavalry should take no trains for baggage or supplies, only two days’ rations, to be carried on their persons; villages and neighborhoods through which they passed were to be laid under contribution for the subsistence of the men and horses.? People living along railroad and telegraph lines were to be held responsible for all damage done to them, and for guerrilla attacks. If roads or telegraphs were injured by guerrillas, the inhabitants living within five miles were to be turned out to repair them. Ifa soldier was fired upon from a house, it was to be razed to the ground, and the inhab- itants sent as prisoners to head-quarters. If such an outrage occurred at a distance from any settlement, the people within five miles should be held accountable, and made to pay an indemnity. Any person detected in such outrages, either during the act or afterward, was to be shot, without await- ing civil process.? All disloyal male citizens near, within, or in the rear of the army lines were to be arrested; those who took the oath of allegiance, and gave security for its observance, were to be allowed to remain at home; those who refused were to be sent South, beyond the extreme pickets of the army, and if thereafter found behind, within, or near the lines, would be con- sidered as spies, and subjected to the extreme rigor of military law. If any one violated the oath of allegiance, he should be shot, and his property con- fiscated. No communication should be held, except through the military authority, with any person residing within the lines of the enemy; and any person concerned in carrying letters or messages in any other way would be considered and treated as a spy.* Stringent as these orders were, their severest provisions had been more than anticipated by the action of the Confederate government in Tennessee. Hight months before,> Judah Benjamin, then Secretary of War, issued offi- cial instructions ‘‘as to the prisoners taken among the traitors of Kast 'Ten- nessee.” All, said the order, who can be “identified in having been en- gaged in bridge-burning, are to be tried summarily by drum-head court- martial, and, if found guilty, executed on the spot by hanging. It would be well to leave their bodies hanging in the vicinity of the burnt bridges.” All who had not been so engaged were to be sent to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and to be kept in confinement as prisoners of war. ‘In no case,” continues the order, “is one of the men known to have been up in arms against the government to be released on any oath or pledge of allegiance. The time for such measures is past. They are to be held as prisoners of war, and kept in jail until the close of the war. Such as come in voluntarily, take the oath of allegiance, and surrender their arms, are alone to be treated with leniency.” The Confederate government, however, denounced the orders of Pope as gross violation of the rules of war, and by a General Order® it was declared that General Pope, and the commissioned officers serving under him, were not entitled to the privileges of prisoners of war, and if any of them were captured they were to be kept in close confinement; and if any persons should be executed in pursuance of his General Orders, an equal number of these prisoners, selected by lot, should be hung. Pope’s first movement was to concentrate his scattered forces, so as to bring them within something like supporting distance of each other. Sigel, who now commanded Fremont’s corps, and Banks, were withdrawn from the Valley of the Shenandoah, and posted near Sperryville, east of the Blue Mountains; Ricketts, with his division of McDowell’s corps, was brought down from Manassas to Waterloo Bridge, twenty miles to the east; King’s division of McDowell’s corps was still left at Fredericksburg. The Army of Virginia was thus posted along a line of forty miles. The region having been abandoned by the Confederates, a rapid march of two days, either from his right or left, would have enabled Pope to seize Gordonsville, which com- manded the main railroad communication between Richmond and the South. Banks, who had in the mean while pushed southward a score of miles to Culpepper, was ordered, on the 14th of July, to send Hatch, who commanded the cavalry, to seize Gordonsville, and destroy the railroads which centre there from both directions. Hatch failed to execute this order, and having again failed a few days after, he was superseded in the command of the cavalry by Buford.’ Tidings of the renewed activity of the Federal forces on the Rappahan- nock soon reached Richmond, and although the Confederate capital was still threatened by McClellan’s great army on the James, so important was the possession of Gordonsville, the key of communication with the South, that Lee ventured to weaken his force at Richmond in order to counteract the menacing movements of Pope. On the 18th of July, Jackson, with his own division and that of Ewell, was ordered to proceed to Gordonsville, with the carry out the plans of the government with all the energy and all the skill of which I was mas- ter.” —Pope’s Report, 6. 1 Order No. 5. ? Order No. 6. 3 Order No. 7- * Order No, 11. 5 Nov. 25, 1861. © No. 54, August 1, 1862. 1 Pope's Report. Avaust, 1862. ] promise of re-enforcements in case there should be a chance to strike an effective blow without withdrawing troops too long from the defense of Richmond. Jackson found Pope too strong to warrant him in making any offensive movements, and for a fortnight contented himself with holding Gordonsville. But there being no indication that McClellan meditated moving upon Richmond, Lee, on the 27th of July, sent A. P. Hill to join Jackson.! The Confederate force at Richmond was thus reduced by 35,000 men, fully a third of its number. On the 29th of July Pope left Washington to join his army in the field. On the 7th of August he advanced their position somewhat, concentrating his infantry within a space of ten miles along the road from Sperryville to Culpepper, the cavalry being thrown ten miles forward toward Gordons- ville. On the same day, Jackson, having been informed that only a part of the enemy was at Culpepper, marched his command in that direction, hop- ing to strike a portion of Pope’s army before it could be re-enforced. On the morning of the 9th, Banks was pushed six miles forward to a strong position near Cedar Mountain, and Ricketts was posted three miles in the rear. Sigel had been ordered to march to Culpepper, so as to be there in the morning; but, owing to misconception of orders, he did not arrive until late in the afternoon. In the afternoon of the 9th, Ewell, whose division was in the advance, came in sight of Banks’s position, near the northwestern flank of Cedar Mountain, a conical hill which rises sharply a few hundred feet from a plain intersected by creeks and low ridges. On the crest of one of these a body of Union cavalry was seen, the infantry and artillery being hidden by the opposite slope. ‘T'wo brigades of Ewell’s division, moving to the right, as- cended Cedar Mountain, and planted their batteries two hundred feet up the side, so as to command the valley below. The remainder of Ewell’s divi- sion, with a part of that of Jackson, keeping to the left, passed beyond the base of the mountain, and took up a position on a wooded ridge opposite the Union line. Hill’s division had not yet come up. Lawton’s brigade, the strongest of Jackson’s division, was left behind to guard the trains, and task no part in the action. Between the wooded ridges occupied by the two armies lay an open plain a few hundred yards wide; here was a corn- field, and beyond this a wheat-field, upon which the yellow shooks of grain just reaped were still standing. At four o’clock a fierce fire of artillery had fairly opened. Some loss was sustained by the Federals from the batteries on the mountain side; more by the Confederates in the plain below, Win- der, who now led the brigade which still bore the name of “ Jackson’s Own,” was killed, and the command of it devolved upon Taliaferro. The cannon- ade was kept up for an hour, when Banks, believing that the enemy were in no great force,? threw his whole division in two columns across the grain- field. One column charged straight across the field upon the Confederate right. Early, who was posted there, being sorely pressed, called for re-en- forcements. Hill had now come up, and one of his brigades was sent to Early’s support. The main assault was upon the Confederate left. So sud- den was the onset, that the extremity of the Confederate line was turned, and, before they were aware of it, they were charged directly in the rear, and forced back upon their centre, which also gave way. All seemed lost. The artillery, hurried to the rear, disappeared behind the crest of the ridge, while the greater part of the infantry broke away in confusion fast verging into rout. Jackson hurried in person to the front, and at length stopped the flight and re-formed his broken line. T'wo more brigades of Hill’s division had now come up, and were pushed into action. The Confederates on the field now outnumbered the Federals by nearly two to one’. The Union advance was checked, and then forced back across the open field beyond the ridge from which they had come. In the mean while, Pope, who was with Ricketts’s division, only three miles in the rear, became convinced, notwith- standing the assurances which he had just received from Banks, that the en- emy was really in force, and that a serious action was going on. He hur- ried forward with Ricketts, and just at dusk met the retreating forces of Banks. A new line was formed, toward which Jackson advanced cautious- ly in the darkness, opening upon it a sharp artillery fire, which was returned so vigorously that a Confederate battery was disabled and withdrawn. Jack- son then fell back, and passed the night on the battle-field. In this accidental engagement, which might be denominated simply an “affair” were it not for the magnitude of the loss on both sides, the Confeder- ates lost, in killed and wounded, about 1800; the Union loss was estimated at about 1400 killed and wounded, and 400 prisoners. Besides these there were a large number of stragglers, who never returned to their commands.* 1 Tee's Rep., i., 15; 11.,.3. ? Banks’s dispatches to Pope: ‘‘ August 9, 2 25. The enemy shows his cavalry, which is strong, ostentatiously. No infantry seen, and not much artillery. Woods on the left, said to be full of troops. A visit to the front does not impress that the enemy intends immediate attack. He seems, however, to be taking positions.”—‘‘4 50. About four o’clock, shots were exchanged by the skirmishers. Artillery fire on both sides in a few minutes. One regiment of rebel infantry advancing. Now deployed in front as skirmishers. I have ordered a regiment on the right, Williams’s, to meet them; and one on the left, Augur’s, to advance on the left and in front,”— ‘5 P.M. They are now approaching each other.”—Pope’s Report, 218. 3 The Union force consisted only of Banks’s corps, numbering at the outset only 8000. There were present, as is shown by the report of losses (Lee's Rep., ii., 49), forty-two regiments of Con- federate infantry, 21,000 men in all; but of these only about one half were seriously engaged in the actual fight. Two thirds of the loss, indeed, fell upon ten of the regiments of Jackson and Ewell. * “No report of killed and wounded has been made to me by General Banks. I can, therefore, only form an approximation of our losses in that battle. Our killed, wounded, and prisoners amounted to about 1800 men, besides which, fully 1000 men straggled back to Culpepper Court- house and beyond, and never entirely returned to their commands. . . . No material of war nor baggage-trains were lost on either side.”—Pope’s Report, 11. Jackson says: ‘‘ We captured 400 prisoners, 5302 small-arms, one 12-pounder Napoleon and its caisson, with two other caissons and a limber, and three colors. ‘The official reports of the casualties in my command show a loss of 223 killed, 1060 wounded, 31 missing—total loss, 1314. This was probably about one half that sustained by the enemy.”—Lee’s Rep.,ii., 7. There is reason to suppose that Pope’s estimate of his loss was too low; for he puts down Banks's force before the battle at 8000, and afterward he counts it at 5000, a diminution of 3000. If half of the 1000 stragglers returned to their com- POPE'S CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. 383 During he next two days the armies lay watching each other, neither commander venturing upon any offensive movement. King had, on the day before the battle, been ordered from Fredericksburg to join Pope. He arrived on the evening of the 11th, raising Pope’s force to about 33,000. With these, he proposed to fall at daylight upon Jackson, upon his line of communications, and compel him “to fight a battle which must have been entirely decisive for one army or the other.”! Jackson, whose numbers were about the same, had learned of the re-enforeements of Pope, and, sup- posing them to be much greater than they were, fell back during the night of the 11th, in order to “avoid being attacked by the vastly superior force in front of me, and with the hope that General Pope would be induced to follow me until I should be re-enforced.” The Union cavalry followed the retiring enemy to the Rapidan, and cap- tured some stragglers. They then returned to their former position, and occupied the line of the Rapidan from Raccoon Ford to the base of the Blue Ridge. On the 14th, Reno joined Pope with 8000 men of Burnside’s com- mand, which had been brought from North Carolina to Fortress Monroe, and thence to Fredericksburg. Pope, with his infantry, now numbering 40,000 men, pushed forward a little beyond Cedar Mountain. A week had not passed, however, before Pope became assured that nearly the whole of the Confederate army had left Richmond, and were concentrated in his imme- diate front, designing to overwhelm him before he could be joined by any part of the Army of the Potomac. He thereupon fell back beyond the Rap- pahannock, and by the 19th his army, 45,000 strong, infantry and cavalry, was posted for eight miles along the north bank, from Rappahannock Sta- tion to Warrenton Springs. Across the river was Lee, with 85,000, being the whole of the Confederate army of Virginia, with the exception of D. H. Hill’s division, which was left a few days longer at Richmond, and Holmes’s, which was not moved at all.? Burnside’s corps had been brought from North Carolina to Fortress Mon- roe, and early in August it was known at Richmond that it was being em- barked on transports. The direction in which it was sent would furnish a clear indication of the Federal designs. If it came up the James to McClel- mand, there remain 2500 for killed, wounded, and prisoners, or 2100 killed and wounded, which we think to be about the true number. If all of the stragglers returned, there would still be a loss of 400 prisoners, and 1600 killed and wounded. 1 Pope’s Report, 11. ? Jackson, in Lee’s Rep., ii., 7. ° The Confederate ‘‘ Reports of the Army of Northern Virginia,” while minute upon almost every other topic, are almost wholly silent as to the force engaged in the operations of August and September. We are forced to rely upon other sources for an approximatiye estimate of these forces. Four independent lines of investigation, taken in connection with a few hints scattered through the Reports, give results so nearly alike, that we consider our estimate as substantially correct. I. It was shown (ante, pp. 361, 379) that the effective force at the commencement of the ‘* Seven Days” was 100,000, and that the losses in battle were about 20,000; to which should be added probably 10,000 by sickness during the ensuing six weeks. The conscription law had been fairly in operation since the close of June, and had, as the writer was informed by General J. E. John- ston, during the five weeks after the battle of Fair Oaks, added about 40,000 to the army at Rich- mond. ‘The operation of this law being very uniform, 40,000 were probably added during the six weeks preceding the middle of August. The recruits, instead of being sent on from the camps of instruction in regiments and brigades, were sent in squads to join the old regiments. This would make the entire force at the middle of August a little more than it was at the close of June—that is, 110,000. very division and brigade, with the exception of that of Holmes, some 10,000 strong, was finally sent from Richmond and Petersburg in the following order: Jackson, July 13; A. P. Hill, July 27; Longstreet, August 13; D. H. Hill, August 21, joining Lee on the 23d of Septem- ber, three days after the battle of Groveton. This makes the entire force at the outset 100,000 of all arms. II. The reports of casualties, which will be cited in the appropriate places, give the loss by regi- ments in the whole series of battles; and as every regiment was apparently brought into action at one time or another, these lists contain the entire number of regiments. We find 177 different regiments of infantry from the different states, as follows: Virginia, 39; Georgia, 87; North Car- olina, 26; South Carolina, 17; Alabama, 16; Mississippi, 12; Louisiana, 9; Texas, 3; ‘Tennes- see, 3; Florida, 2; Arkansas,1. From indicia scattered here and there, we put the aggregate strength of the regiments at 500, which gives 88,500 infantry; the artillery and cavalry we put down at 5000 each, making a total of 98,500 of all arms. II. There were, in all, 40 brigades; each of these comprised from three to six regiments. In many cases the numbers which were carried into the separate actions are noted in the reports. Comparing these, and taking into account the losses previously reported, we find the brigades to have averaged about 2250, making about 90,000 infantry, and 10,000 artillery and cavalry. These data thus all indicate, without the probability of any material error, that the entire force of the Confederate army, previous to any losses on the march or in action, was about 100,000 of all arms. The regiments brought into each action, and the losses in every battle being given through- out, we shall be able to arrive at a very close approximation of the actual force at each important period of the campaign. IV. After the foregoing estimate had been made, I obtained an abstract of the official returns of the various Confederate armies during almost the whole period of the war. ‘These returns came into the hands of the government at the surrender of the army of Lee. An abstract of these was furnished by the War Department to Mr. William Swinton, author of the ‘“‘ Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac.” For this, and many other documents as yet inaccessible to the general student, I am indebted to Mr. Swinton, These returns corroborate the accuracy with which my previous estimates had been framed. I here give the returns of the Confederate ‘* Army of North- ern Virginia” from Feb. 28, 1862, to Feb. 28,1865. I shall have frequent occasion, in subsequent chapters, to refer to this table. ‘The explanatory notes appended to it are my own. In referring to the strength of this army at different periods, I shall consider only those reported as ‘‘ present for duty.” It will be seen that the returns are wanting for some of the most important periods, RETURNS OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY OF NoRTHERN VirGINIA FROM Fex. 28, 1862, To Fern. 28, 1865. Present and Aggregate Present resen Date. Absent. Absont, ane for Duty. Date. ala Absent. bp ore i Pdr 1862. Feb. 28° .. 84,225 .. 27,829 .. 56,396 .. 47,617 1863. Nov. 20 .. 96,576 .. 40,488 .. 56,088 .. 48,269 July 20%.. 137,030 .. 42,344 .. 94,686 .. 69,559 ‘% Dec. 30 .. 91,253 .. 36,5388 .. 54,715 .. 43,558 * Sept. 30° .. 139,143 .. 76,430 .. 62,713 .. 52,609 | 1864. Jan. 31 .. 79,602 .. 34,463 .. 45,139 .. 35,849 “ Oct, 20 .. 153,778 .. 74,403 .. 79,395 .. 67,805 ‘+ Feb. 20 .. 68,435 .. 28,873 .. 39,562 .. 33,811 “ Nov. 20 .. 153,790 ., 67,207 .. 86,583 .. 73,554 © Mar. 10 .. 79,203 .. 38,061 .. 46,151 .. 39,407 * Dec. 31 .. 152,853 .. 61,799 .. 91,004 .. 79,072 © April10 .. 97,576 .. 36,358 .. 61,21S .. 52,626 1863. Jan. 31 .. 144,605 .. 51,308 .. 93,297 .. 72,226 June 30 .. 92,685 .. 30,114 .. 62,571 .. 51,863 % Feb. 284... 114,175 .. 39,740 .. 74,435 .. 59,559 % July 10° .. 135,805 .. 66,961 .. 68,844 .. 57,097 ‘© Mar. 31 .. 109,839 .. 36,460 .. 73,379 .. 60,298 % May 31 ., 146,838 .. 87,854 .. 58,984 .. 44,247 % May 31 .. 133,689 .. 44,9385 .. 88,754 .. 68,352 Oct. 31 .. 177,103 .. 94,468 .. 82,6385 .. 62,875 “ July 81 .. 117,602 .. 63,991 .. 53,611 .. 41,135 © Noy. 30 .. 181,826 .. 93,966 .. 87,860 .. 69,290 Aug. 31 .. 133,264 .. 61,300 .. 71,964 .. 56,327 “ Dec. 20 ., 155,772 .. 76,454 .. 79,318 .. 66,583 “ Sept. 30° ., 95,164 .. 39,943 .. 55,221 .. 44,367 | 1865. Jan. 31 .. 141,627 ., 71,954 .. 69,673 .. 53,445 % Oct. 31 .. 97,211 .. 39,960 .. 57,251 .. 45,614 “Feb. 28% .. 160,411 .. 87,062 .. 73,349 .. 59,094 * Tt has been shown (ante, p. 360) that at the close of May this army numbered 67,000, and (ante, p. 361) that at the end of June it had fully 100,000 men present for duty. > Three weeks after the close of the ‘Seven Days," its force present for duty, notwithstanding its losses, was near- ly 70,000 on the 20th of July. The returns for the next six weeks are wanting; but it is certain that large additions were received, bringing its marching force in August fully up to 100,000, © On the 30th of September, a fortnight after the battle of Antietam, there were but 72,000 ‘* present,” including sick and wounded. By this time all those who had fallen out in the march had rejoined their commands, so that the campaign from Cedar Run to Antietam cost 38,000, disabled and deserters, During the next two months the army was largely augmented by conscription. 4 The diminution at this time was owing to a part of Longstreet's corps having been sent to North Carolina, where he remained until May. © At this time Longstreet had been sent with re-enforcements to Bragg in Tennessee, ‘ From this time the effects of desertion and sickness became strikingly apparent. The number of the “ absent” exceeds, sometimes very considerably, that of the “present ;"" while of those ‘*present’’ only about two thirds were fit for ‘‘duty.” The effective strength of the army was only about one third of its nominal force. ® The returns for the remainder of the period before the surrender are wanting. O HAMEERSEUne. SS serait . Nk Nias Qs Ni iN 3 a) SVS j Eakkes tusk Ci Hi oh BOLIVAR HEIGHTS. 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