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UNDVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 
 JUL 1 4 1915 
 
 rey ‘Veterinary 
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 ITS RELATION TO |'% 
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIRRARY 
 
 JUL 14 1915 
 
 The Veterinary Profession 
 
 Its Relation to the 
 Health and Wealth of the Nation, and 
 
 what it Offers as a Career 
 
 Comprising Several Short Articles by Officers of the University of 
 
 Pennsylvania and Alumni of its Veterinary School 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 1897 
 
.-CONTENTS... 
 
 
 
 Veterinary Medicine ......... SM Lo LT Cs nn 
 
 The Dignity of Veterinary Science as a Profession 
 
 The) Future’ of Meterinary Medicine’... .. . . . . . <2 ieee 
 Country,’ Veterinary -Practice:.... 00.5... 6 <5 6s, bop) See 
 Veterinary Practice in|:Cities 0.5. 63. . 6. 2 8 
 
 The Advantage of a Veterinary Education to the Breeder ......... 
 Muni¢ipal’MeatiInspection:. 2*.3.°. 0°... .0. 6). 20k Sn 
 United States Government Meat Inspection ..........-......- 
 Diseases of Animals Transmissible to Man ..............4.. 
 Veterinary: Practice in: the West). g0.)00. 0...) 2 1 
 
 The Veterinary ‘Profession in the South’... . . >) 1°0)0) ee 
 Veterinary Practice in the East 2.9.9. .'. 2... 0B) pee 
 State Veterinary Service... . 2.0. 6a bs oe 6 
 City Veterinary’ Service . 0s i000.) 07 768 0 
 Veterinary Work in Connection with the Duties of a Board of Health 
 
 A Course in Veterinary Medicine Preliminary to Advanced Work in Medicine 
 The Value of Veterinary Training to the Physician .......... 
 Horseshoeing ‘as a Science... 50)... © 3.) ace 
 Veterinary Instruction in Agricultural Colleges. .......... . 
 Municipal Milk Inspection as Practiced in Philadelphia «......... 
 The Veterinary Service in the United States Army. ......-...... 
 Canine Practice lois Fook eae es ot 
 More Veterinarlans Needed 2... 00: se 0 ow + eee 
 
 List of Graduates from the Veterinary Department of the University of 
 
 Pennsylvaniaipere os) </eemeei: ie ba) eis fe sts, ed at ape ttt po te ae 
 
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VETERINARY MEDICINE. 
 
 By WILLIAM PEPPER, M. D., L.L. D. 
 
 UN Rees of the Theory and Practice of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine, 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 It requires no argument to prove the necessity and the 
 high importance of the veterinary branch of the medical pro- 
 fession. It is not merely the pecuniary value of the interests 
 confided to their care. It is true that when we consider the 
 colossal proportion attained by live-stock interests of this 
 country, it becomes evident that there must be a demand for 
 the services of many medical men of scientific training and of 
 high personal and professional character to whom the com- 
 munity must gladly accord due respect and adequate com- 
 pensation. But when we reflect that the progress of investi- 
 gation is revealing many close relations between the diseases 
 of the human race and of our domestic animals; when it is re- 
 membered that dangerous and deadly diseases are liable to be 
 trasmitted from animals to men, it becomes evident that in 
 the immediate future the veterinary profession must receive 
 full honorable recognition, must have its claim for adequate 
 endowments and foundations admitted and answered, and 
 must itself realize the vast and attractive field for scientific 
 and practical work opened before it. I have long foreseen 
 and can now confidently point to the conditions which make 
 the veterinary profession a pursuit rivaling in honor and in 
 profit any branch of medical and surgical practice—if entered 
 on with full scientific equipment, and with a proper concep- 
 tion of the dignity and importance of the work. 
 
 (5) 
 
6 
 
 THE DIGNITY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AS A 
 PROFESSION. 
 
 
 
 By JOHN W. ADAMS, A. B., V. M. D., 
 
 Professor of Veterinary Surgery and Obstetrics. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’92. 
 
 
 
 For those who fully appreciate the role of veterinary 
 science in conserving the vast live-stock interests of the world, 
 in protecting man from the many serious diseases transmissi- 
 ble to him from the lower animals, and in ministering to the 
 ailments of dumb creatures, no further proof of the dignity 
 and honor of the new profession is necessary. ‘The few whose 
 judgment has been warped through a misconception of the 
 veterinarian’s mission, scientific and social status, are an- 
 swered in this pamphlet. 
 
 The social status of the veterinarian is determined en- 
 tirely by himself. Like every one else, he is judged largely 
 by his education and associates, and partly by his personal ap- 
 pearance. If he associate with aimless idlers and those who 
 bear a merited stigma, or are notoriously deficient, he can 
 neither move in good society nor achieve complete success in 
 veterinary medicine. 
 
 In the veterinary profession, as in every other profession 
 and walk in life, “worth makes the man.” Those qualities of 
 head and heart which dignify and ennoble a lawyer, physician 
 or merchant meet with the same spontaneous recognition and 
 equal praise when exercised by a veterinarian. 
 
 Veterinary medicine does not need to apologize for its 
 past; it has passed through the same stages of empiricism and 
 quasi-science through which modern human medicine has 
 more slowly toiled, has overcome the same popular prejudices, 
 and is now participating in equal honor and equal reward. 
 
7 
 THE FUTURE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 
 
 ' Since the advent of the bicycle and electric car, the 
 statement has been made that horses will soon become a thing 
 of the past, and veterinary services will be required no longer. 
 The same statement was made when steam roads were first 
 operated, but experience shows that far more horses were 
 required to carry on the commerce that developed as a result 
 of improved facilities for transportation than could be used 
 under the old system, when all inland travel was dependent 
 upon horse-power, and local wants were met almost entirely 
 by local products. While it is true that some horses have 
 been displaced by mechanical agencies, it is also true that 
 the demand for horse-labor in other directions has increased 
 correspondingly and in proportion to the activity of the com- 
 merce of the country. For the past few years certain classes 
 of horses have been very cheap, and this is directly attribu- 
 table to the sudden increase in their production, an increase 
 that was far beyond all possible demands, and to the general 
 depression of all business, which greatly reduced the demand 
 for horse-labor, as well as for that of man. But good horses 
 are and always have been in constant demand at remunerative 
 prices, and all well-informed horsemen admit that the de- 
 mand for horses of good quality is greater than the supply. 
 Horse-breeding was such an exceedingly profitable occupation 
 a few years ago, and there was such an active demand for 
 horses of a very inferior type, that any one with a little cap- 
 ital could engage in the rearing of horses and make money. 
 That period might justly be compared to the boom-period of 
 a Western town, or to the rush into any branch of industry 
 that is apparently simple, easy to carry on, and promises 
 large returns. But now the business of breeding horses is 
 established on a better, sounder and firmer basis. The 
 
8 
 breeders of this country are beginning to understand that it 
 is only by the exercise of much knowledge, good judgment 
 and constant watchfulness that horses of superior quality can 
 be produced, but that when these requisites are properly 
 applied, the reward is satisfactory. Horses will always be 
 used for draught-work in cities and in country; they will 
 always be used for riding and driving; and racing, the sport 
 of kings, will always continue. 
 
 But the horse might become entirely extinct, and an 
 enormous field for the employment of veterinary knowledge 
 and skill would still remain. According to the statistics of 
 1896, the horses of the United States number 15,125,057, 
 and are valued at more than $500,000,000, while the mules of 
 the country are worth $103,000,000 more. The cattle of the 
 United States number 48,200,000, and are worth $873,000.- 
 000. The sheep are worth over $65,000,000, and are rapidly 
 increasing in number and value. The swine number about 
 43,000,000, and are worth more than $186,000,000. ‘The 
 total value of the several classes of live stock mentioned 
 amounts to $1,727,926,084. This total is considerably less 
 than it has been for some years, and than it will be when the 
 general business conditions improve and live-stock values 
 respond to the resulting stimulation. The export trade of the 
 United States bears principally upon the live-stock industry, 
 and exports of horses, cattle, meats and dairy products are 
 increasing from year to year. 
 
 No, the field of the veterinarian is not bounded by any 
 prospective limitation of the horse’s usefulness. It includes 
 the cultivation, care and protection of animals that supply us 
 with our most nutritious and expensive foods; with many of 
 the luxuries, as well as necessaries, of our diet; with warm 
 clothing for our body, head, hands and feet; with many of 
 the pleasures and comforts of life; with agreeable, healthful 
 
9 
 
 and elevating recreation, as well as of those that furnish the 
 most common means of transporting freight. — Editorial, 
 Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives, 
 July, 1897. 
 
 
 
 COUNTRY VETERINARY PRACTICE. 
 
 By E. MAYHEW MICHENER, V. M. D., 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 
 
 The practice of veterinary medicine, in the modern 
 meaning of the words, is comparatively a new profession in 
 the rural districts of America. While from very early times 
 men of varying qualifications practiced veterinary medicine 
 and surgery throughout country districts yet few were grad- 
 uates, as veterinary schools were not yet established in 
 America, and rarely if ever did it occur that an American 
 went abroad to receive veterinary education. Some grad- 
 uates, it is true, did come to America from European coun- 
 tries, but they seldom practiced here outside the limits of 
 cities. What medical and surgical aid animals received in 
 the country was almost entirely obtained from self-consti- 
 tuted, or in better and more rare instances, self-educated vet- 
 erinary surgeons. Great credit is certainly due the few who, 
 without the advantages of instruction other than that which 
 could be obtained from medical reading and personal obser- 
 vation and experiment, became of great value to their respec- 
 tive communities. 
 
 These self-educated practitioners were, in general, well 
 patronized and fairly well rewarded for their honest endeav- 
 ors. Some were prominent in the management of agricul- 
 tural societies and the then well patronized County Fair, the 
 
10 
 
 records of which show veterinarians to have been recognized 
 as judges and committee-men. ‘The graduate in the country 
 to-day owes much to those men who by their lives demon- 
 strated that the usefulness of the veterinarian is directly pro- 
 portionate to his education. 
 
 Until of quite recent years the veterinarian was wholly 
 unprotected by law in the practice of his profession. There 
 being no legal standard of what constituted a veterinarian, 
 any one so disposed could practice, and many men with 
 scarcely the faintest knowledge of medicine imposed them- 
 selves upon the public and helpless animals. ‘This fact 
 becoming generally recognized and the interest of the stock 
 owner and breeder becoming valuable, made necessary the 
 establishment of laws to protect the animals, their owners 
 and the veterinarian. Many of the States now have laws regu- 
 lating the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery within 
 their borders. With the enactment of such laws veterinary 
 medicine in America began a new era and is rapidly taking its 
 place among the learned professions. 
 
 Although great progress has been made since the estab- 
 lishment of the veterinary schools, yet we may reasonably 
 expect more in the near future. Modern research has estab- 
 lished the close relationship existing between the health of 
 the domestic animals and that of the human race. Especially 
 is this marked in respect to those animals which furnish meat 
 and milk for our markets. The demand for security from dan- 
 ger in this direction is rapidly becoming greater. ‘This fact in 
 conjunction with the great value of the country’s live stock 
 cannot but insure a perpetual demand for the services of well- 
 educated veterinarians in the country. The breeder of high- 
 class stock of all kinds already recognizes the value of the 
 veterinarian, not alone as an expert prescriber of medicines 
 and skillful surgeon, but also as an intelligent adviser in the 
 
11 
 
 science of breeding. Many stock farms now employ vet- 
 erinarians at a fixed salary and others require inspection at 
 regular intervals. 
 
 Many of the States are now taking active measures in 
 the control and suppression of contagious diseases of domes- 
 tic animals. This work requires the employment of com- 
 petent veterinary inspectors, and in many States the country 
 veterinarian does such of this work as is necessary in his 
 locality. 
 
 Inasmuch as State or national measures alone seem to be 
 able to successfully combat widely-prevalent contagious dis- 
 ease, it is fair to assume that such will be the means for the 
 future dealing with this important work, and that the 
 demand for the educated veterinarian will rapidly increase 
 in the country districts. That there is now such demand is 
 proven by the actual experience of those engaged in coun- 
 try practice, and we may directly infer that the numerous 
 students’ now enrolled from country districts is good evi- 
 dence of this. 
 
 The demand for vetermarians increases as it becomes 
 more and more firmly established that both private and public 
 economy, as well as humanity, demand the preservation and 
 improvement of the domestic animals. 
 
 To the young man of the country, who has decided to 
 enter some profession, there is to-day none offering better 
 advantages than veterinary medicine; but certainly in no pro- 
 fession does success depend more directly upon thoroughness 
 of preparatory training, which only the most earnest effort 
 and sufficient time at a well-equipped veterinary school can 
 bestow. 
 
 The pleasures which fall to the lot of the country 
 veterinarian are not few. Prominent among them are the 
 unusual opportunities for self-improvement by study and 
 
12 
 
 observation, in analysis of various subjects which collectively 
 renders the practitioner better qualified for his work. The 
 study of the habits, the peculiarities of temperament and. 
 mental powers of animals, the amazing influences of the laws 
 of heredity, the effects of use and disuse, these and very 
 many other matters of intense interest to him who enjoys 
 his work are the special privilege of the country veterinarian. 
 
 Aside from the pleasures, the remuneration of the coun- 
 try veterinarian can safely be classed as fair; here no excep- 
 tion is found to the general rule that the reward of the pro- 
 fessional man is fixed directly as his usefulness is manifest. 
 
 North Wales, Pa. 
 
 
 
 VETERINARY PRACTICE IN CITIES. 
 
 By SIMON J. J. HARGER, V. M. D., 
 
 Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zootechnics. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’&7. 
 
 One of the first thoughts of the young veterinarian after 
 graduation is, ““Where shall I locate?” To decide this point 
 is very perplexing for many, for, as a rule, they have not the 
 data necessary to an intelligent choice. The question is 
 deserving of most careful consideration. It is a step at the 
 beginning of the young veterinarian’s career upon which 
 much of his future professional and financial success depends. 
 He must consider the resources that can be commanded at 
 each place, the opportunities for higher professional attain- 
 ments as well as his adaptability to different kinds of profes- 
 sional work and to the classes of people with whom he must 
 come in contact. These points cannot be emphasized too 
 strongly since they are pivotal points in one’s career. Some 
 
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 prefer the agricultural districts, others cities and larger 
 towns. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. A prac- 
 titioner successful in the country may not be so in the city, 
 and vice versa. 
 
 Without deprecating or extolling too much either one or 
 the other, city practice offers from a comparative point 
 about the same advantages that are incident to other profes- 
 sional and business pursuits. There is no dearth of cities 
 and large towns in the United States where a well-qualified 
 practitioner can locate and build up a lucrative practice. In 
 fact, there are many small cities with goodagricultural country 
 surrounding them which have no veterinarian, save possibly 
 an empiric, and the writer knows it to be a fact, that an 
 empiric cannot successfully compete with a qualified practi- 
 tioner. 
 
 In cities, the practitioner feels the healthy influence of 
 competition—a contention that pervades all business and 
 professional pursuits. He has numerous colleagues who vie 
 with him for superiority and eminence, and he must neces- 
 sarily keep himself abreast of the times to maintain his 
 standing in the profession. He must be of rather studious 
 inclinations and keep himself fully informed upon current 
 topics, the most recent theories of disease and the latest and 
 most successful methods of treatment. He constantly finds 
 it necessary to refresh his mind with facts which he had 
 previously studied, and to delve in new literature to maintain 
 his prestige. He improves his own condition, contributes 
 knowledge to his profession and renders better service to his 
 clientele—all the result of good, healthy competition. 
 
 Again, in the city there are better opportunities for in- 
 vestigating the different branches of veterinary science. It is 
 less difficult to form veterinary societies, the importance and 
 benefit of which we need not emphasize. The city veterina- 
 
 3 
 
14 
 
 rian can consult the various municipal and hospital libraries, 
 visit laboratories where experimentation and original research 
 in diseases which interest both the physician and the veteri- 
 narian are being made, and connect himself with various 
 scientific organizations that add to his store of knowledge 
 and increase his ability to interpret the numerous phenomena 
 of cause and effect. Cities offer facilities to the working 
 practitioner that can not be obtained elsewhere. 
 
 New discoveries in medicine and other branches of 
 science and departure from the ordinary routine of things find 
 their initial encouragement in cities. They are a power and 
 their stamp of approval gives a powerful impetus to questions 
 of public interest. Sanitary science, meat, milk and other 
 food inspections, now occupying the public mind, must nec- 
 essarily find their first and greatest impetus in the city. Cities 
 must give these things identity and approval before they will 
 take root in the less populous districts. 
 
 To further this end, no one is in a better position than 
 the city veterinarian who keeps himself in close touch with 
 his constituents and with public officers ofacknowledged influ- 
 ence. He can be “the power behind the throne.” It is his 
 duty to use his influence with those who are in power, to 
 secure the introduction and extension of all those measures 
 conservative of public health and public funds, which are 
 within the province of the veterinarian. 
 
 In practice, the veterinarian meets a kind of work not 
 found outside of cities. This is dependent upon a number of 
 conditions, as street pavements, the nature of the work done 
 by horses, irregular feeding, crowded and filthy stables, and 
 constant exchange of horses in the horse marts. Street pave- 
 ments give us numerous cases of lameness and diseases of the 
 limbs; heavy feeding with continuous work, or work at long 
 intervals, the various colics and azoturia; filthy stables and 
 
15 
 
 horse markets furnish contagious diseases. ‘These diseases 
 are of such a nature and occur under such conditions as to 
 reguire the most prompt and efficient treatment in order to 
 bring them to a successful termination—a degree of skill and 
 tact required in scarcely any other place. Dogs and other pet 
 animals constitute a considerable portion of his practice, and 
 such work is often quite lucrative. The city veterinarian is 
 often embarrassed in being granted insufficient time in which 
 to effect a cure. The merchant’s needs are more urgent and 
 he is less willing to throw a disabled horse out of work than 
 the farmer is, so that this is a difficulty to be contended with. 
 
 City work has the advantage of being concentrated, con- 
 fined to a small area, while the paved streets, street and 
 steam cars enable one to economize time. 
 
 The proverbial “silver spoon” is not possessed by many 
 of us, but it can be safely said that a well-taken-care-of vet- 
 erinary practice in a city affords agreeable work and a suffi- 
 ciently remunerative and honorable means of livelihood, a 
 means which we can acknowledge with just pride and satis- 
 faction. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 — —<———— 
 
 
 
 THE ADVANTAGE OF A VETERINARY EDUCATION TO 
 THE BREEDER. 
 
 By LEO BREISACHER, M. D., V. M. D., 
 
 Ex-Assistant Professor of Comparative Physiology. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 
 
 It is but a few years since the importance of the veter- 
 inarian on the breeding farm was first recognized in America. 
 This is not to be wondered at if we remember that it is not 
 so many years ago that the farrier and the “cow doctor” were 
 
16 
 
 the sole medical authorities in veterinary matters. The 
 ‘“‘horse-doctor” in those days was often illiterate to the degree 
 of being unable to decipher the teachings laid down in “The 
 Tarrier’s Guide,” or the “Every Man His Own Horse-doctor.” 
 
 Since that time great changes have been wrought in 
 veterinary education. The young man of to-day may grad- 
 uate from one of several veterinary colleges which are in 
 every respect equal to the best medical schools of the world 
 and infinitely superior to the “mushroom” medical colleges 
 which abound throughout the entire country. With this ad- 
 vancement in veterinary science, breeding interests have also 
 made great strides, and to-day many first-class breed- 
 ing farms have regular veterinary attendants who give 
 their entire time to the farm. Smaller farms employ 
 veterinarians to make visits of inspection at regular intervals, 
 and to attend to parturition cases and diseased animals as 
 occasion may demand. Certain it is that no modern breeding 
 farm can be properly run without the advice of a veter- 
 inarian. 
 
 There is probably no country in the world where the 
 veterinarian is of so much importance to so large number of 
 breeding establishments as in America, and this is so from 
 the fact that with us so many men embark in the breeding 
 business who have neither proper training nor adaptability. 
 Ii seems that a man has merely to accumulate $100,000 or 
 even less, to be tempted to go into the breeding of horses. 
 Breed, family traits, heredity, feeding, training may be abso- 
 lutely foreign to his knowledge. He will read a journal 
 devoted to the breeding of horses, for a fortnight or two and, 
 behold! a new breeder will have been born to inflict upon the 
 world the mis-shapen produce begotten by the animals of his 
 selection. 
 
 In England, France, Austria and Germany the govern- 
 
ay) 
 
 ment protects and preserves the breeding interests, and one 
 rarely finds a pure amateur venturing into the breeding of 
 horses on his own responsibility. In these countries both the 
 private and the government establishments are in the vast 
 majority of instances run under the guidance of a veter- 
 inarian. 
 
 Great breeders, we might almost say, are born, not made. 
 Fairly successful breeders are found the world over, but truly 
 great breeders are very rare indeed. 
 
 The man who selects two moderately well-bred mares 
 without any specially good qualities in breeding, speed or in- 
 dividuality, and breeds them to two stallions, one without 
 demonstrated speed or reputation, as a sire, the other with 
 only a fair reputation as a sire, and produces two phenomen- 
 ally fast trotters of good size and conformation, both of which 
 become successful sires of fast race horses may, or may not, 
 be a great breeder. The test of the calibre of a breeder is 
 more severe. ‘T'he truly great breeder is the man who makes 
 uniform selections of animals for some definite purpose, and 
 who is able to produce a uniform lot of sound horses with 
 size, style and substance, and if need be with speed. Such 
 breeders are very rare indeed and, especially, among the men 
 who breed for the sake of diversion. A successful breeder, of 
 horses for instance, must be a lover of horses, he ought to be 
 a good handler of horses, he must be fully conversant not only 
 with their records in the show-ring, under the saddle and on 
 the turf, but what is still more important, he must know the 
 individual faults and strong points of each member of the 
 family. He must not be contented with simply seeing the 
 ofispring, but must see and know both sire and dam. A colt 
 by Electioneer out of a Nutwood mare makes him brother in 
 biood to Arion, but what a multitude of faults such a pedi- 
 gree obscures, and how much havoc it may produce! It goes 
 
18 
 
 without saying that a breeder must be a good judge of 
 exiervor; he must understand the subjects of feeding and 
 aumentation. Further, he must understand the subjects of 
 gestation, parturition and the treatment of accidents and dis- 
 ease, and this brings us, finally, to the point where the advan- 
 tage of a veterinary education to the breeder becomes ap- 
 parent. 
 
 To be a thoroughly good judge of exterior, he must know 
 anatomy, physiology, medicine and surgery. Faulty teats and 
 nasal apparatus, diseased eyes and glandular enlargements, 
 evidence of a punctured vein or the “roaring-operation,” 
 muscular atrophy, bony enlargements, etc., etc., and the pro- 
 per adjustment of the varicus parts, as head, ears, neck, 
 shoulder, arm, forearm, knee, cannon, etc., are appreciated 
 by none as thoroughly as by the veterinarian, who has 
 received thorough instruction in zodtechnics while at college. 
 
 The subject of food stuffs, feeding and alimentation can 
 be learned only by a thorough study of physiology, botany 
 and chemistry. Embryology and parturition belong to the 
 expert alone. For a thorough comprehension of heredity, it 
 is necessary to have studied embryology and biology. And 
 so, too, the care of sick animals can be best rendered only by 
 the veterinarian, who has a very decided advantage, from 
 whatever point the subject may be viewed. 
 
 The fact that some veterinarians receive several thousand 
 dollars a year for their services upon stock farms is proof 
 enough that a first-class veterinarian is worth that much to 
 those breeding establishments; where the owner can pay him- 
 self the salary he would command as veterinarian to the 
 farm, his profit is a double one. 
 
 In conclusion, I may say that although familiarity with 
 any of the branches taught in any of the veterinary schools 
 of this country will prove of value to the breeder, yet it is 
 
19 
 
 rather to the special study of zodlechnics, comprising as it 
 does all that has to do with animals as property, that he must 
 look for his greatest assistance. Such a course in the breed- 
 lug, care, management and special characteristics of the vari- 
 eus breeds of domestic animals, as is nowhere more thor- 
 oughly taught than in the Veterinary Department of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, will be of inestimable value to the 
 breeder, and almost indispensable to the veterinarian who 
 wishes to connect himself in a professional way with a large 
 breeding farm. 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 MUNICIPAL MEAT INSPECTION. 
 
 By A. S. WHEELER, B.S., V. M.D., 
 
 Veterinarian to Bilimore Farms, Asheville, N. C. 
 Formerly Chief Meat Inspector, New Orleans. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of 91. 
 
 “The consumption of flesh appears to be proportional to 
 the degree of activity of a people.” 
 
 The inspection of meat has the prestige of a long line of 
 ancestry, although the early dawn of its existence is shrouded 
 in religious ceremonies, associated rather with the sacrificial 
 altar than the abattoir. The only ancient peoples that have 
 transmitted us customs of meat inspection are the Semitic 
 races, the Jews and the Arabs. The Talmud contains the 
 ritual of the Jewish inspection. 
 
 We are all familiar with the Schoshete or slaughterer 
 with his faultless, flawless, mammoth, razor-shaped knife, 
 who represents to this day the orthodox follower of the Jew- 
 ish faith In order that the animal may be “kosher” (sound), 
 the following rules must be observed: The four feet must 
 
20 
 
 be tied or bunched together, the throat must be cut with one 
 unerring stroke of the knife, and the animal thoroughly bled. 
 Then follows a most painstaking examination of the noble 
 parts (vital organs), especially the lungs. JI have known a 
 half hour spent on the lungs alone and five or six animals 
 rejected on some trivial flaw in this organ. Whether this 
 careful inspection of the lungs signifies the recognition of 
 tuberculosis and its communicability to man is questionable. 
 
 Of course-the condemned animals are sold by our less 
 scrupulous Gentile butcher. The purpose of bleeding thor- 
 oughly seems to derive its significance from the belief that 
 blood constituted the river of life and hence should not be 
 used as food. If the slaughtering knife was bent or blunted 
 and did not cut perfectly, the animal was put to unnecessary 
 pain, and its struggling was supposed to inhibit the action of 
 the heart through fright and retard the free escape of the 
 blood, which would make the animal unclean. 
 
 The custom of removing the sciatic nerve (geed-ha-nose) 
 is almost obsolete in this country. This practice of removing 
 the sciatic nerve was considered necessary in order to render 
 the hind quarter sound. The difficulty of doing this has 
 brought it into disuse, and the best way being the easiest way, 
 the hind quarters are not used at all. The Scriptural reason 
 for this last custom is supposed to be based on Jacob’s 
 wrestling with the angel (Gen. xxxii). 
 
 Similar rules are enforced by the Orthodox Mohammedans 
 of Syria, especially in regard to the thorough bleeding of 
 slaughtered animals. 
 
 The selection of certain animals among all the ancient 
 nations, as sacred or clean and unclean, was probably based 
 on a Pythagorean doctrine, and racial and tribal prejudice. 
 It is hardly possible that the early interdiction of swine was 
 on account of the danger of trichina. Of course, I do not 
 
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21 
 
 wish to pose as an authority on these historical points of 
 which my knowledge is indeed very limited. 
 
 Probably the next period in the development of meat 
 inspection was during the first century A. D. Columella wrote 
 the most complete classical treatise on agricultural affairs, 
 and he recommended such measures as the separation of the 
 diseased from the healthy animals. During the Middle Ages 
 all sanitary measures slumbered, the sacrificial lamb becomes 
 the poor human victim and the national sport becomes the 
 auto-da-fé. 
 
 The sixteenth century marks the Renaissance of science. 
 The new era of veterinary police was given an impulse by 
 the numerous outbreaks of disease among the domesticated 
 animals during that time. 
 
 In the beginning of the eighteenth century rinderpest 
 spread with such disastrous results throughout all Europe, 
 that the animal industry was in great peril. This state of 
 affairs attracted the attention of the various governments 
 and the famous scientists of that time and they began the 
 study of the diseases of the domesticated animals. 
 
 Such men as Ramozzi, Tancisi and Schroeck were the 
 first to give a reliable description of rinderpest, as well as to 
 propound the necessary measures to combat it in the year 
 1711. This step may be considered as the foundation of 
 veterinary sanitary science, of which meat inspection is 
 probably the most important subdivision. Soon after that 
 other epizootic diseases were studied, and preventive sanitary 
 measures were enforced. There was considerable improve- 
 ment in the cultivating and feeding of animals at this time 
 which received an impetus by the importation of foreign 
 breeds, which in turn introduced new diseases. The increas- 
 ing value of animals demanded the public protection of herds. 
 In such manner veterinary sanitary measures began to be- 
 come more important and to be recognized as a science. 
 
 4 
 
22 
 
 From the foregoing outline we realize how meat inspec- 
 tion reaches out into the great wealth of animal industry of 
 the nations. It plays a conspicuous role not only in the con- 
 servation of probably the greatest of the world’s industries, 
 but offering such unusual facilities for studying the various 
 diseases of the meat-producing animals, it should also be one 
 of the dominating principles in preserving the health of man. 
 There is no department of veterinary science in closer touch 
 with the enormous live-stock interests of a commonwealth, or 
 a nation than the one under discussion. I give the report of 
 the Department of Agriculture as to the live stock in the 
 United States for January, 1897: 
 
 NUMBER. VALUE. 
 
 TLORSER MTA ae ice ts os is 5 dens 14,365,000 $451,800,000 
 Matlon Nyenetee mae cco Mid a 2,216,000 | 92,400,000 
 ETC CGO Wale ale lore 5S ete tee 15,942,000 369,300,000 
 OC) SET REL CED LOE, 560/05 gra 30,508,000 504,500,000 
 NLS ONO USE Ye 36,819,000 67,500,000 
 SSWAIDG Ml eiieieleitcs ei 56 46 = 40,600,000 167,400,000 
 
 PEEL Aa ns co) a $1,652,900,000 
 
 I include horses and mules in this list for if worst comes 
 to worst those of low value could be used for their meat, to 
 which there can be no objection except foolish sentiment. 
 
 I regret that I have not at hand the statistics of game, 
 fish, crustaceans and mollusks, which constitute such a sig- 
 nificant part of our meat diet, and over which our meat in- 
 spection service should extend. 
 
 At the present time the science of meat inspection as a 
 branch of veterinary sanitary science and police, is com- 
 manding more and more attention throughout the civilized 
 
23 
 
 world. Of course the American cities are much behind some 
 of the European cities, as Paris, Berlin, Vienna. For example 
 in Paris, the expense of the meat inspection service is 336,- 
 000 francs or $67,200. There are seventy-nine veterinarians 
 employed and twelve “surveillants,’ or lay inspectors, mak- 
 ing a total of ninety-one inspectors (1895). This force is 
 under- the supervision of the Prefect of Police; it is sub- 
 divided according to the municipal districts and the officers do 
 double duty by inspecting both at the slaughter-houses and 
 markets, which are equipped with laboratories for microscopic 
 work and every convenience and facility for conducting effi- 
 cient and scientific work. The inspectors devote their entire 
 time to this work, and do not undertake a large practice in 
 addition. 
 
 In the United States there are two separate systems of 
 met inspection, but neither of them is complete in the sense 
 of thoroughly covering the whole ground. We have the 
 national, supported by the general government and extend- 
 ing its usefulness only and specially to international and in- 
 cidentally to interstate trade. The good work being done by 
 this system is principally confined to the large packing 
 houses of the West. 
 
 The other system which is of greater interest to us is the 
 local municipal inspection, which in none of our larger cities 
 has made more than a beginning. This latter system falls 
 either under the Department of Public Safety, or the Board of 
 Health. I think it rather a board of health matter, in so 
 far that there is invariably a decided element of medical men 
 in boards of health, and reports on meat inspection are more 
 or less of a medical and scientific character, and can be fully 
 appreciated only by men of more or less scientific training, 
 which we cannot expect in a department of public safety. 
 Another important feature, no matter where meat inspection 
 
24 
 
 is placed, should be its entire freedom from political influ- 
 ence. Of course there should always be the strongest friendly 
 relations between the national and local system, and com- 
 plete cooperation between the two. The great wave of muni- 
 cipal reform that has been sweeping over the breadth and 
 length of this land, will do much to bring meat inspection 
 into popular notice. 
 
 Many of the States have introduced measures into their 
 Legislatures, formulating various systems of meat and milk 
 inspection. ‘The meat inspection bills thus far have not met 
 with uniform encouragement, but I can safely predict that 
 the time is not distant when every city with a population 
 over 10,000 will be awakened to the necessity of having one 
 or more competent veterinarians as meat inspectors. And 
 several States have already provided for a competent vet- 
 erinarian as meat inspector in each city within the State hav- 
 ing a certain population. 
 
 We have now reached a time when there is a demand for 
 well-trained men to take part in the upbuilding of an impor- 
 tant branch of our science, which has hitherto received far too 
 little attention. Our colleges have not taught it thoroughly, 
 our men have not fully equipped themselves for it. But its 
 importance is now realized and the best Veterinary Colleges 
 have provided suitable courses of instruction that will enable 
 the veterinary profession to point with pride some day, to the 
 grandest of monuments, a good work accomplished, and to 
 furnish the world with a healthy, clean and wholesome meat 
 supply. 
 
 Asheville, N. C. 
 
25 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MEAT INSPECTION. 
 
 R. W. HICKMAN, Ph. G., V. M. D., 
 
 Inspector in Charge, Meat Inspection Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 New York, N. Y. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’87. 
 
 As to the field of labor open to the veterinarian in the 
 United States Bureau of Animal Industry, much can be said 
 in its favor, provided those who shall make application to the 
 Civil Service Commission for examination, anticipating ap- 
 pointment in the Bureau’s corps of inspectors, shall have first 
 fully decided to continue their studies in zootechnics, pa- 
 thology, bacteriology, and allied branches, with an honest 
 intention of becoming as efficient in the service and as val- 
 uable to the medical world as their respective abilities will 
 permit. ‘There is probably no connection outside of the col- 
 lege offering the graduate in veterinary medicine equal fa- 
 cilities for intellectual development in matters pertaining to 
 economics and the public health, as may be found in one of 
 the various divisions of this branch of the government ser- 
 vice. 
 
 The exceeding value of animal and meat inspection is 
 each year becoming more generally recognized and appre- 
 ciated, hence the work increases constantly both in volume 
 and importance, making it necessary for the veterinarian to 
 continually apply himself to study in order that he may keep 
 pace with the constant advance, and with it develop in intel- 
 lectual ability and general efficiency. Too frequently, how- 
 ever, recent graduates are prone to lose sight of the fact that 
 one engaging in the study of medicine must devote his en- 
 tire life to the acquirement of medical knowledge, by per- 
 sistent study, investigation, and research; otherwise he will 
 
26 
 
 not be progressive and will fail to advance with the busy 
 army of industrious workers, or even to keep himself in- 
 formed as to the advancement being made. 
 
 To those, then, who anticipate progression, and are 
 blessed with the necessary broad professional training, ambi- 
 tion, energy, and earnestness of purpose, I say that it is a de- 
 lightfully pleasant and satisfactory field of labor, even though 
 accumulating accessions of scientific knowledge are the chief, 
 or, at least, a part of the remuneration. ‘T'o those who are 
 satisfied with the attainment of their collegiate degree, I ad- 
 vise a devotion of time and attention to other lines of work 
 than those connected with United States Government in- 
 spection, as it is a misfortune to both the Bureau and the 
 individual when appointment is secured, if he have not an 
 apprehension or fair conception of the importance, quality, 
 character, and quantity of work he must perform. If, on the 
 contrary, he is in possession of an adaptability for the work 
 and an appreciation of the opportunities offered, he will find 
 it both interesting and instructive. 
 
 The inspection of meat constitutes the most extensive 
 and important part of the work of the Bureau, and meat in- 
 spection is undoubtedly the most arduous of the duties con- 
 nected with the service. This branch likewise offers by far 
 the largest field of any of the Bureau divisions as a career 
 for the veterinarian. 
 
 Government inspection has been inaugurated at the 
 large abattoirs throughout the country. At each station, 
 usually in the larger cities, there is an inspector in charge, 
 with a corps of inspectors, stock-examiners, and taggers 
 under his direction. The inspectors and assistants are on 
 duty—the inspector on the slaughtering beds, with sufficient 
 help to cover the postmortem work of the entire output of the 
 establishment—during the slaughtering hours of the day, 
 
27 
 
 which are irregular, owing to the uncertainty of the number 
 of animals to be slaughtered because of the variations in sup- 
 ply and demand. 
 
 Antemortem inspections are made in the yards by the 
 inspectors, which not only serve as a guide in the postmortem 
 work, but enable the inspector to verify his diagnoses and 
 improve his diagnostic capabilities, allowing an admirable 
 opportunity subsequently to study the pathological lesions 
 and compare the morbid effects of the disease with the phy- 
 sical signs and symptoms observed during life. 
 
 The other divisions of the Bureau are,‘ Live Export Cat- 
 tle Inspection, Quarantine Division, investigations of reported 
 outbreaks of disease—field work, the department of animal 
 pathology and bacteriology, with laboratories, etc. 
 
 While the whole work of the Bureau is under the direc- 
 tion of Dr. D. E. Salmon, its Chief, the laboratories and 
 experiment station are under his immediate supervision, at 
 Washington, D. C. (See published reports.) The inspectors 
 and assistant inspectors have been placed in the classified ser- 
 vice; hence a competitive examination before the United 
 States Civil Service Commission determines the professional 
 fitness of graduated veterinarians, as well as the general fit- 
 ness of lay employes for the respective positions. The names 
 of persons who have passed satisfactory examinations are en- 
 tered on the eligible list, and as the extension of the work or 
 vacancies necessitate the appointment of new men they are 
 taken in order from the list of eligibles and assigned, when 
 possible, to work in the district in which they have their 
 residence. 
 
 The first requirement of an applicant for examination, in 
 order that he may be eligible for an inspectorship or assist- 
 ant inspector’s appointment, is that he be a graduate of a 
 recognized veterinary college. While this, without due con- 
 
28 
 
 sideration, might in some instances seem an injustice, the 
 educated veterinarian will at once recognize its importance 
 by calling to mind the absolute unfitness for such positions of 
 trust of some who hold diplomas, since moral standing, edu- 
 cation, business and professional knowledge are the demands 
 of the business world. As a result of the civil service exam- 
 ination requirements, the personnel of the Bureau force has 
 undoubtedly been improved, so that in both the professional 
 and the non-professional departments of the work its mem- 
 bers show a higher mental attainment and capacity. Conse-— 
 quently, we of the honored and progressive profession may 
 feel a just pride in the mutual manifestations of the single 
 purpose exhibited on the part of our national organization, 
 the United States Veterinary Medical Association, and the 
 Veterinary Corps of the United States Bureau of Animal 
 Industry, under the leadership of our Chief, Dr. D. E. Salmon, 
 toward a higher standard and more uniform education in our 
 colleges; and my Alma Mater, in the dedication and opening 
 of her veterinary department in 1884, was among the first 
 to “set the pace.” A coincidence!—the same year dates the 
 organization of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 with the present Chief at its head. 
 
 Section first of an Act of Congress approved May 29,1884, 
 is in part as follows: 
 
 “The Commissioner of Agriculture shall organize in his 
 Department a Bureau of Animal Industry, and shall appoint 
 a chief thereof who shall be a competent veterinary surgeon, 
 and whose duty it shall be to investigate and report upon 
 the condition of domesticated animals of the United States. 
 their protection and use, and also inquire into and report the 
 causes of contagious, infectious, and communicable diseases 
 among them, and the means for the prevention and cure of 
 the same.” 
 
29 
 
 It would be impossible to give an outline history of the 
 Bureau of Animal Industry in the limited space of this ar- 
 ticle, and as full information may be had by reading the 
 Reports and Bulletins issued at more or less regular intervals, 
 it would seem needless to do so. 
 
 The Meat Inspection Division was organized and work 
 inaugurated during the first half of 1891, under the provi- 
 sions of an Act of Congress, approved March 3d, of that year. 
 The enormous amount and value of the work, as well as the 
 competency of the Chief, are attested by the results; and all 
 persons interested in veterinary science should familiarize 
 themselves with these reports, since as a whole they repre- 
 sent exceedingly valuable veterinary and medical literature, 
 not only exemplifying the intimate relation existing between 
 the two branches of medical science, but containing a num- 
 ber of entirely original investigations, with detailed descrip- 
 tions of the courses of procedure by which new knowledge of 
 bacteriological and pathological phenomena has been ascer- 
 tained and established. Consequently they are of inestimable 
 value to the practitioner as books of reference, and for the 
 use of the student, in conjunction with the prescribed text- 
 books, they are almost indispensable. 
 
 In regard to the future of federal inspection im the 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, as a career for the veterinarian, 
 its past history must in part foretell. Among the most salu- 
 tary changes, and one that portends increased and increasing 
 efficiency in the individuals, as well as more rapid and gen- 
 eral development in the various scientific and commercial 
 interests of the work, was the action of the President which 
 placed the employes in the classified service, thus making 
 individual ability, capability, and merit the factors in secur- 
 ing and retaining position and advancement therein, rather 
 than political preferment, which of necessity obtained to an 
 
 5 
 
30 
 
 extent in the earlier history of the Bureau. Some of the 
 inspectors, however, whose appointments date from the in- 
 auguration of the work are still in the service, as a result of 
 conscientious effort and undivided attention to duty. This 
 must be a source of encouragement to more recent employes, 
 and serve as a stimulus to their professional and business 
 ambition, as under the newer regime a more vigorous growth 
 in all directions may be confidently predicted. 
 New York. 
 
 
 
 DISEASES OF ANIMALS TRANSMISSIBLE TO MAN. 
 
 By ROBERT FORMAD, M. D., V. M. D., 
 
 Lecturer on Veterinary Sanitary Science and Demonstrator of Histology and 
 Morbid Anatomy, University of Pennsylvania. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 
 
 The transmission of diseases of the lower animals to 
 man was known even to the ancient Egyptians, who believed 
 that leprosy and inflammation of the eyes were caused by eat- 
 ing pork and the meat of unclean animals. Moses prescribed 
 rigid laws for the Israelites, prohibiting the use of meat from 
 tuberculous animals. The Romans and Greeks formulated 
 some laws of veterinary sanitation that stand to the present 
 day. ‘They separated sick animals from the healthy and 
 exterminated disease by fire. In the eighth century, church 
 laws enforced by Bonifacias and Gregory III, prohibited 
 tuberculous meat and the meat of horses. In 
 1248 Bishop lLutold, recognizing the dangers of 
 hydrophobia forbade the eating of meat of animals 
 killed by dogs and wolves. In the eighteenth century, rin- 
 derpest committed great havoc throughout Europe, and Lon- 
 
31 
 
 cici and Ramazi deserve special credit for the suppressive 
 measures they recommended to check the disease. 
 
 In the present century, investigation of the transmis- 
 sibility of diseases from the lower animals to man, has shown 
 the important relation of some of these diseases to our food- 
 supply. Recent investigations lead to the conclusion that the 
 study of comparative medicine is necessary to properly deal 
 with our foods of animal origin. Modern medicine tends 
 toward prevention of disease through a better understanding 
 of the means of transmission and perpetuation. It is leading 
 to an appreciation of the necessity of establishing a more com- 
 petent system of sanitary police that shall properly guard the 
 animal food-supply of our people, and promote the health of 
 animals by judicious measures enforced by State veterina- 
 rians in co-operation with experimental stations, where new 
 means and new ideas are constantly developed. 
 
 Some say that the field of employment of the veterina- 
 rian is passing away, but this is not so and the statement is 
 based on a misconception as to the proper work of the vet- 
 erinarian. The whole field of veterinary sanitary science lies 
 open, one of the broadest of all fields of employment, in 
 which in the near future countless numbers will be required 
 to do the work that a proper and wise guardianship of these 
 interests will demand. 
 
 That the question of the transmissibility of disease is of 
 great importance is easily shown. At every international 
 congress of hygiene held during the last ten years in the 
 United States, Belgium, France, Germany, England and 
 Switzerland this question has been debated by the foremost 
 veterinarians, physicians and scientists of the present day. 
 Without going into a systematic description of communicable 
 diseases, I will point out in a general manner a few of the 
 more important characteristics of some whose transmissibility 
 is proven beyond doubt. 
 
32 
 
 Rabies (hydrophobia) is a contagious disease affecting 
 dogs most often, but transmissible to man and nearly all 
 domestic and wild animals. It is quite common in the 
 United States and in many parts of Europe. 
 
 Proper regulations not only lessen its frequency, but 
 may completely suppress it, as has been shown in Sweden, 
 where not one death had occurred since 1870, though the 
 previous mortality was eight to ten persons yearly. 
 
 The disease is generally transmitted by the bite of a 
 rabid animal. The wound is infected by the saliva and the 
 poison is conveyed through the entire body. The wound 
 may heal completely and the symptoms of the disease not 
 develop for weeks or months. The contagion that causes the 
 disease is found in its most concentrated form in the brain, 
 and in a more dilute state in the saliva, tears, milk, pan- 
 creatic juice, and is said to exist in the blood in certain 
 stages of the disease. 
 
 Pasteur discovered that a serum containing an atten- 
 uated toxin derived from the brain and cord of an animal 
 suffering from rabies would prevent the occurrence of the 
 disease in those who have been bitten by animals undoubt- 
 edly rabid. On this principle many Pasteur institutes have 
 been established, in which preventive inoculations are made 
 with quite satisfactory results. 
 
 It is impossible to estimate the total number of cases of 
 rabies in this country as no accurate statistics have been 
 gathered, but in Belgium, England, France and Germany 
 the following numbers of cases in animals are reported: 
 
 1891. 1893. 1894. 
 in. ‘Belowam yess ie cy 254 65 182 
 Tn) Wri ote ata thee! a0e es 340 92 122 
 In! rangers Ou ilies 1297 1132 1334 
 
 BLT GheRaaR iy eG natu leis 540 466 714 
 
33 
 
 During those three years, then, the total number of ani- 
 mals reported as proved to be rabid was 6538. 
 
 The following table shows the number of persons treated 
 at the Pasteur institutes from 1886 to 1890 inclusive: 
 
 PER CENT OF 
 
 TREATED. DIED. MorrTatity. 
 ESOOUI ciuicinte «jes 2682 36 1.34 
 SEOs eae tea 6. 1778 a1 1.18 
 ee Seat areola ast 1625 12 0.74 
 BO Kier Sat cays! 1834 10 0.54 
 PSU O Tae pets, v) alee 1546 ay 0.71 
 
 Bollinger gives the death-rate without local treatment 
 83 per cent, with cauterization of the wound 33 per cent, 
 and with Pasteur treatment within the last two years 0.4 
 per cent to 0.6 per cent. Bearing in mind that the mortality 
 without preventive inoculation is over 80 per cent we can see 
 from the above table how enormously the mortality is 
 reduced under the preventive treatment. 
 
 Glanders is a contagious disease affecting principally the 
 horse, the ass and mule, but transmissible also to man. The 
 disease is accompanied by an oily discharge which contains 
 the bacilli of glanders, the cause of the disease. The disease 
 is transmitted to persons by the discharge in a fresh state 
 coming directly in contact with abrasions on their skin, or 
 by infection through handling articles which the diseased 
 animals have infected, such as harness, blankets, mangers, 
 water troughs, etc. The discharge which is constantly 
 secreted and often times in considerable quantity acts as a 
 perpetual source of contagion not only while in the fluid 
 state, but also when dry. It retains its virulence for a long 
 time. 
 
 Persons who handle glanderous animals, or in any way 
 
34 
 
 closely associate with them or their products, are liable to 
 contract the disease. 
 
 Mallein is an extract of the pure culture of the bacilli 
 of glanders and is used for diagnosing cases of glanders 
 which are not sufficiently developed to present characteristic 
 symptoms of the disease. 
 
 Anthrax is a contagious febrile disease produced by the 
 bacillus anthracis. ‘The disease affects all domesticated and 
 most wild animals, and is readily transmissible to man. 
 According to Athanasius Kiraker, in 1617 this disease was 
 prevalent in the bovine species and killed 60,000 people. 
 
 The germ is found in the blood and all secretions and 
 exeretions of the diseased animal. It may be transmitted 
 to man not only by direct contact withthe diseased products or 
 contaminated objects of any sort, but also by the inter- 
 mediation of insects that have been in contact with the pro- 
 ducts of the diseased animal. Animals grazing where the car- 
 casses of animals dying of anthrax have been buried are 
 sometimes infected by the spores of the germ which have 
 been brought to the surface of the ground by earth worms. 
 
 Malignant pustule is the form in which anthrax usually 
 manifests itself in man. Without prompt and energetic treat- 
 ment it terminates in death. From the liability of workers 
 in wool to this disease, it has been called “wool-sorters dis- 
 ease.” 
 
 Tuberculosis (phthisis, consumption) causes one-seventh 
 of all deaths in man. It has destroyed more lives than all the 
 wars and outbreaks of cholera, small-pox, and yellow-fever 
 combined. In 1882 Koch discovered the bacillus tuberculosis 
 —the cause of the disease. The identity of tuberculosis in 
 man and the lower animals has also been established. The 
 germs and their products may be in any and every tissue of 
 the body. There are many instances on record where entire 
 
35 
 
 herds of cattle became infected by the introduction of a sin- 
 gle diseased animal and death after death followed, while 
 previous to the addition of the newcomer the disease had 
 been unknown in those herds. The transmission of tuber- 
 culosis by the use of milk from tuberculous animals is 
 possible, particularly in children who live largely on a milk 
 diet. Bollinger proved that the milk of eleven out of twenty 
 cows suffering from tuberculosis was infectious, although the 
 bacilli were found in the milk of but one cow. 
 
 Tuberculin is an extract of a pure culture of tubercle 
 bacilli. It is used very extensively for diagnosing tubercu- 
 losis when the symptoms are not well marked, and has proved 
 to be our most valuable diagnostic agent. 
 
 Cow Pox is an acute eruptive disease of bovines, charac- 
 terized by vesicles and pustules on the skin, udder, teats and 
 other parts of the body. This disease is usually conveyed 
 from one animal to another by the hands of the milker. In- 
 numerable cases have been reported in which cow-pox has 
 been transmitted to human beings. 
 
 The virus contained in the eruption constitutes the well- 
 known vaccine that is used for the inoculation (vaccination) 
 of people, to prevent small-pox, a closely-related but not 
 identical disease. 
 
 Foot and mouth disease (acute aphthous stomatitis) is 
 characterized by eruptions around the mouth and feet of 
 animals. It occurs among all cloven-footed animals and is 
 transmissible to man, particularly by the milk, or milk pro- 
 ducts, as butter and cheese. 
 
 Lack of space forbids mentioning other grave diseases 
 and pathological conditions that mankind is liable to contract 
 from animals and their food products. Actinomycosis, diph- 
 theria, helminthiasis, and the various digestive disorders 
 caused by eating diseased meat and drinking diseased milk 
 cannot be considered. 
 
36 
 
 Veterinary sanitation, dealing as it does, with the inves- 
 tigation, control and suppression of contagious and com- 
 municable diseases of domestic animals, and with the inspec- 
 tion of our meat and milk supply, has opened up a vast field 
 of employment for scientific veterinarians. Such work is 
 just beginning in this country, but during the next ten years 
 will spread over the entire face of our country, bringing 
 into requisition the services of those veterinarians who have 
 qualified themselves for this most remunerative, scientific, 
 and best appreciated branch of veterinary science. 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 VETERINARY PRACTICE IN THE WEST. 
 
 By S. D. BRIMHALL,-V. M. D., 
 
 President Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’89. 
 
 Fifteen years ago, the practice of veterinary medicine in 
 the West was controlled by quackery and empiricism. But 
 the western public is gradually becoming alive to the fact 
 that the veterinarian of to-day is a worthy citizen, who 
 should be recognized as an authority on all diseases of domes- 
 tic animals and as a guardian of public health and of the 
 wealth of agricultural districts. 
 
 The stock interests of this great Western country 
 are of vast importance and grand proportions, represent- 
 ing a money value of many millions. These vast flocks 
 and herds must be protected by the veterinarian from 
 the fatal contagious diseases which threaten them on 
 all sides. A great many of the Western States now require 
 the services of a state veterinarian and assistants, besides a 
 

 
 
 
 NIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ) 
 
 Houston HALL—STUDENTS’ CLUB HOUSE—lU 
 
‘ONIGTIING AUVAAI’] VINVATASNNGd AO ALISUHAIN{) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
37 
 
 veterinarian at their experiment stations. The govern- 
 ment needs veterinarians as inspectors at the great stock 
 yards of the West, and many of our cities employ them as 
 meat and dairy inspectors and as salaried veterinarians to the 
 fire and police departments. Many of the large stock farms 
 and breeding establishments have veterinarians in charge. 
 The field of general practice is very broad and, in our large 
 cities, offers, as a remuneration to the best practitioners a 
 yearly income of $5000 to $10,000. 
 
 The young man who has a thorough knowledge of his pro- 
 fession, and who will deal honorably with the people, will find 
 that in the West he can provide well for himself and family 
 and be of great service to the public. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 
 THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 By GEORGE O. JOLLY, V. M. D., 
 
 Veterinarian, Board of Health, Montgomery, Ala. 
 Veterinary Department, University, of Pennsylvania, Class of ’93. 
 
 The veterinary profession though still in its youth in the 
 North, East and West, is in its infancy in this section of the 
 country, but is fast becoming worthy of notice. The word 
 Veterinarian, from what I can learn of the older residents 
 here, was hardly understood a few years ago by any except 
 horsemen and perhaps a few others who keep “posted;” but 
 the advent of the graduate veterinarian, myself I think the 
 second to locate permanently in this city, has changed things 
 to such an extent that practice is not now confined to ship- 
 pers of stock, the race track, breeders, etc., but has extended 
 to all farm animals, to dogs, principally hunting dogs, which 
 are very numerous in this section of the country, and to 
 
38 
 
 horses in private use. Since my coming here three years ago, 
 I have seen great changes. There are now a dozen or more 
 graduates scattered over the State, and from what I can learn 
 of the different stockmen, most of them are financially suc- 
 cessful and are attaining quite a reputation. 
 
 In advancing the veterinary profession in the State of 
 Alabama, too much cannot be said of the work and assistance 
 of Dr. C. A. Cary, State veterinarian, and teacher of veterin- 
 ary science at the Auburn State College. Through his 
 integrity and foresight we formed a society known as the 
 Alabama Veterinary Medical Association, which holds its 
 annual meetings in October. This association has brought 
 the veterinarians of Alabama together, to the advantage of 
 all concerned. Any reputable graduate who sees fit to locate 
 in the State, will be given a cordial welcome if he will send 
 his name to the secretary, which office at present I have the 
 honor of holding, and I will take pleasure in sending him a 
 copy of the By-Laws and Constitution. 
 
 During 1896 Montgomery built a Union slaughter house, 
 with the latest modern appliances, where all cattle are slaugh- 
 tered under veterinary supervision. All herds supplying 
 milk to Montgomery are tested with tuberculin and the dis- 
 eased ones are killed. These innovations and the interest 
 shown by the city council and the city physician, have done 
 much to stimulate the veterinary profession and show the 
 public its usefulness in this State. 
 
 The great depression in the value of live stock shipped 
 here is at present a detriment to the veterinarian. Owing to 
 the great depreciation in the value of live stock during the 
 last five or six years, breeders of horses and mules have 
 decreased their business to such an extent that in a few years 
 the demand for these animals will be greater than the sup- 
 ply; from this time on I expect to see horses and mules 
 
39 
 
 gradually increase in market value. The raising of fine 
 horses 1s quite an industry in some sections of this State, 
 and this has a tendency to somewhat hold in check the 
 harmful influences of the cheaper ones that are shipped here. 
 Alabama can boast of McCurdy’s Hambletonian, one of the 
 greatest sires the world ever knew, and considered by many 
 the best. His “get” are scattered all over the State, as well 
 as over Tennessee. One of our principal industries is the 
 raising and selling of mules. Over 5000 mules were sold in 
 this market last year; Atlanta is one of the greatest mule 
 markets in the United States. 
 
 The diseases most prevalent here are osteo-porosis, 
 periodic ophthalmia and tetanus, while of course there are 
 all sorts of cases in general practice. I dare say that the 
 South has more of the above three diseases than any other 
 section of the country. 
 
 Owing to the fact that Alabama veterinarians do not 
 seem to keep a record of the various diseases which they are 
 called to treat, | am unable to give any statistics or per- 
 centages of same. Among cattle we have anthrax, Texas 
 fever and tuberculosis. The percentage of tuberculous ani- 
 mals I do not consider very large. I have myself examined two 
 hundred and fifty head of dairy cattle with tuberculin, and 
 found only five which responded to the test. I attribute its 
 comparative rarity in Alabama chiefly to the climate and the 
 manner in which the cows are cared for. They are allowed to 
 run at large the year around, and the stables are open. Owing 
 to the vast amount of pork used here in the shape of bulk 
 meat, the principal food of the negroes, the raising of hogs is 
 one of the chief industries of the farmer. Hog cholera has 
 visited all portions of this State at one time or another, and 
 has caused great losses; for this reason the raising of hogs is 
 not as general as it would be if the disease could be kept out 
 of the State. 
 
40 
 
 In conclusion, I may say that, while the South is an invit- 
 ing, and, I might say, an almost uncultivated field for pre- 
 emption by veterinarians, yet the most remunerative and most 
 needed work is not private practice, but the dealing with the 
 problems of public health that arise through lack of intel- 
 ligent supervision of our domestic animals and their food 
 products. 
 
 Meat, milk and dairy inspection, and the control and 
 suppression of contagious diseases, should be familiar to him 
 who would hang out his shingle in “Dixie.” Fortunately, 
 I had received the necessary training at “Old Penn,” and 
 have had no difficulty in gradually working into this pleasant, 
 interesting, remunerative and sadly needed work. 
 
 VETERINARY PRACTICE IN THE EAST. 
 
 By A. H. STREETER, A. B., V. M. D., 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’96. 
 
 In New England it has been the custom since the earliest 
 times to send for aid if sickness existed on a farm, whether 
 among the family or animals. If a child was ailing a phy- 
 sician or an “Herb Doctor” was sent for; if the child recov- 
 ered no one could have treated the case better, if it died it 
 was the will of Divine Providence and no one could thwart 
 that. But as time moved on apace people saw the folly of this 
 course of treatment, for then, as now, recovery occurred most 
 often when the case received the most skillful treatment. So 
 medical schools sprung up throughout our broad land and 
 the skilled physician is found in almost every town. People 
 are willing to pay well for intelligent aid when sickness has 
 
41 
 
 disabled one of the family. What is true of the physician is 
 also true of the veterinarian. 
 
 Intelligent men, whether farmers or business men, have 
 become tired of sending for a man to treat a valuable animal 
 that is sick who knows little of the disease, less of the con- 
 struction and constitution of the animal and nothing of the 
 action of the drugs which he gives. The educated, intelligent, 
 upright, skillful veterinarian is a welcome citizen in any 
 eastern community where the field is not already occupied. 
 He is taken into the confidence of the people and welcomed 
 as a friend. 
 
 In the Hast the live stock industry has reached its high- 
 est development and greatest specialization; it has been car- 
 ried to extremes. It must needs be so, for the market is of 
 the best and the land poor and costly. Every animal must 
 be made to do its best in its special sphere. Here a sick 
 animal means loss, even if it recovers perfectly without 
 treatment. The thrifty farmer seeks aid at,once to assist his 
 animal to a speedy recovery and to restore it to a profit-earn- 
 ing condition. 
 
 The losses sustained come more frequently from excessive 
 specialization and over-feeding than from contagious disease, 
 although hog cholera is becoming more and more familiar to 
 the people of the Hast as a result of increasing shipments of 
 swine from the West. Anthrax and ergotism are almost un- 
 known, but tuberculosis, like the poor, is always with us, and 
 is likely to stay wnder the present state of education. The 
 alarm that resulted from the discovery that tuberculosis of 
 cattle and “consumption” of man are caused by one and the 
 same germ, and that the disease exists among many of the 
 best herds, has, to a great extent passed away. Now, intelli- 
 gent men who read the papers and see so much both 
 true and false on both sides, are only too glad to find a man 
 
42 
 
 who has studied the question unbefogged by the sensationa! 
 newspaper reporter. ‘hey come to him on all occasions with 
 questions, some of which can and some of which cannot be 
 answered. They usually accept the answer of a good vet- 
 erinarian as final. ‘The stock-men fear the disease and are 
 only too glad to get skilled advice to assist them in the mat- 
 ter. That heavy losses have been sustained by the breeders of 
 blooded stock from this source no one doubts. 
 
 There are other contagious diseases that cause great 
 losses to stock owners such as distemper of horses, dogs, and 
 cats, diarrhoea in calves and lambs, thumps in pigs, conta- 
 gious abortion of cows, etc. Parasites are another source of 
 trouble and loss. 
 
 The fact that horses are cheap just now is no reason why 
 a good veterinarian cannot prosper. It is rare that a horse 
 is not worth treating; moreover, horses cannot long remain at 
 the ruling prices. Many of our leading farmers are again 
 breeding their mares. The present low prices are the in- 
 evitable result of the ruinously high price of a few years ago. 
 According to the United States Department of Agriculture 
 horses have increased 85 per cent during the last sixteen 
 years and decreased in value only 184 per cent. This being 
 true, good serviceable horses of any and every kind will soon 
 be back to their former level. The work of the veterinarian 
 in the East is by no means confined to horses; he must be “up 
 to date” on all cattle diseases, feeds and the most profitable 
 methods of utilizing and caring for stock of all kinds. Sheep 
 must be treated, also pigs. Although the pig is very disagree- 
 able to handle, he responds very satisfactorily to treatment. 
 The dog is of a good deal of importance all through the East, 
 so one is enabled to render valuable assistance by treating it. 
 
 The veterinarian must be a student of animal habits, and 
 know what is necessary for each to maintain a healthful and 
 thrifty condition. 
 
43 
 
 The cities and large towns contain many uneducated, so- 
 called veterinarians, “horse-doctors” and the like who pro- 
 claim their superior knowledge upon every opportunity. Men 
 don’t need to be told how much a man knows, his work soon 
 reveals the facts and the less he says about his own qualifica- 
 tions the better. 
 
 The Hast is calling for good all-around veterinarians who 
 know how to treat any animal, the causes of disease and 
 effective preventive measures. Such is the man who gets the 
 work, he is valued and the stock owners will do all they can 
 to keep him in their locality. But the East is no place for 
 conceited, half-educated, half-prepared veterinarians; they 
 will not prosper; there is no work for them; they had better 
 go elsewhere. 
 
 ‘The work is interesting, enjoyable and elevating, it is 
 hard, but none too hard to keep a man at his best. It must 
 be attended to, never neglected. The competent veterina- 
 rian with good business principle who locates in the East is 
 sure of a good living, an opportunity to educate his children 
 and to leave a competency to those who come after him. 
 
 Cummington, Mass. 
 
 STATE VETERINARY SERVICE. 
 
 By LEONARD PEARSON, B. S., V. M. D., 
 
 State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Veterinary schools were established more than one hun- 
 dred years ago, by nearly all of the governments of Europe, 
 for the purpose of training veterinarians to take charge of 
 the work of suppressing the infectious diseases of animals, 
 
44 
 
 particularly of cattle, and to serve in the armies. The mat- 
 ter of private practice was not considered when these schools 
 were established. It soon became evident, however, that 
 there was a demand for veterinary services outside of civil 
 and military employment under the governments. In 
 response to this demand veterinarians engaged in private 
 practice. As it was found that their services were valuable, 
 their range of practice grew until, in some countries, and 
 especially in the United States, general practice became more 
 important as a source of livelihood for veterinarians than 
 any form of public employment. There were two reasons for 
 this: Our country was slow in recognizing the value of State 
 veterinary service, and private practice is usually more inde- 
 pendent and remunerative. 
 
 The first public veterinary positions that were.established 
 in this country were under the National Treasury Department, 
 which organized aCattle Commission in the early seventies for 
 the purpose of controlling the several outbreaks of contagious 
 pleuro-pneumonia that had resulted from the importation of 
 diseased cattle. After a few years’ experience it was found that 
 this organization could not meet the needs of thesituation, soin 
 1884 the Bureau of Animal Industry was established in connec- 
 tion with the Department of Agricultureat Washington. Under 
 the able direction of Dr. D. E. Salmon, the field of usefulness 
 of the Bureau of Animal Industry has constantly enlarged. 
 From a mere handful of veterinarians engaged in the 
 suppression of a single disease of cattle, it has grown until 
 we now find it comprising a large number of divisions, with 
 its agents stationed in all portions of the United States and 
 engaged in investigations of outbreaks of diseases, in the em- 
 ployment of measures for the suppression of dangerous 
 maladies of farm animals, the inspection of meat in all abat- 
 toirs in which cattle are slaughtered for interstate or interna- 
 
45 
 
 tional trade, the inspection of cattle imported and ex- 
 ported, the enforcement of the texas fever regulations 
 and the active work of the Dairy Division. The officials em- 
 ployed in all of these branches of work, most of which is 
 purely veterinary, number several hundred and the opera- 
 tions of the Bureau have proven to be of such vast importance 
 and value to the country as to justify an expenditure of more 
 than $500,000 annually. This expenditure has undoubtedly 
 saved millions upon millions to the nation and has made it pos- 
 sible to develop the most profitable branch of our export trade. 
 No other expenditure of the government yields a more direct 
 and valuable return. 
 
 But it is not possible for the Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 a national organization, to infringe upon the functions of 
 State government and the States have found that it is to 
 their benefit and interest to establish veterinary organizations 
 through which their local functions can be exercised and con- 
 tagious diseases of animals investigated and measures taken 
 for their suppression. 
 
 The live stock industry constitutes the foundation of 
 agriculture and of national wealth, and the prosperity of the 
 country depends principally upon its rural population. No 
 more convincing argument than this is needed to show the 
 importance of preventing the ravages of diseases which, if 
 uncontrolled, would devastate the live stock industry and ruin 
 agriculture. The total value of the live stock on farms in the 
 United States, excluding poultry, is about $2,000,000,000, 
 and in most States the live stock industry leads all others. 
 
 State functions, in so far as they relate to the protection 
 of the live stock industry, are exercised through veterinarians 
 working with veterinary boards, cattle commissions, live stock 
 sanitary boards or commissions, boards of departments of 
 agriculture, boards of health, etc. Nearly every State has a 
 
46 
 
 regularly appointed state veterinarian, who is sometimes aided 
 by a corps of assistants. In some States the live stock inter- 
 ests of each locality are looked after by an assistant or deputy 
 state veterinarian. 
 
 The diseases that come within the domain of state veter- 
 inarians are numerous and important. They affect all classes 
 of live stock, including poultry, and cause losses aggregating 
 millions of dollars every year. (The single disease, hog chol- 
 era, destroyed $35,000,000 worth of property last year, and 
 there are other maladies as destructive). Some of them are 
 well understood, and the measures to be taken for their sup- 
 pression are plain and simple. Others are not well understood 
 and in these cases it is necessary for the State officer to possess 
 much skill and judgment. Sometimes diseases are met with 
 that are new or of an irregular and poorly understood type, 
 and some of the more common diseases are but poorly under- 
 stood in respect to their etiology, method of transmission, etc. 
 In these cases research is necessary, and the state veterinarian: 
 should be provided with a research laboratory, and should 
 have a sufficient knowledge of the methods employed in origi- 
 nal work, and know enough of pathology, bacteriology and 
 chemistry to enable him to solve many of these difficult and 
 important problems. 
 
 The subjects of meat and dairy inspection are now com- 
 ing prominently before the public and their vast importance 
 both to the producer and the consumer is being more fully 
 recognized. The owners of abattoirs under the inspection of 
 the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, ‘appreciate 
 the importance of this work to such an extent that they en- 
 courage it in every way. ‘The local butchers are also begin- 
 ning to realize that a similar inspection would be of advan- 
 tage to them and as boards of health and sanitary author- 
 ities grow to realize the advantages of a thorough system of 
 
47 
 
 meat inspection from their standpoint, the practice of exam- 
 ining all animals intended for human consumption will 
 increase and a general, far-reaching system of meat inspection 
 will be established. In the same way, the inspection of milch 
 cows and of dairies will be demanded by the consumer for his 
 protection and by the producer for the market-advantage 
 that it will give. This development will make large draughts 
 upon the veterinary profession and the rapidity with which 
 these new systems will grow will be in direct proportion to 
 the ability of veterinarians to respond adequately to the 
 demands for their services. 
 
 But it is not necessary to wait for the future to 
 provide useful and desirable positions for veterinarians 
 in State veterinary service. The greatest difficulty that 
 confronts those who are responsible for the enforcement of 
 public measures for the suppression of diseases of animals 
 lies in the difficulty of obtaining the assistance of a sufficient 
 number of well-trained veterinarians; men who have had the 
 advantages of a thorough course of instruction and whose 
 powers of observation have been cultivated in well-attended 
 clinics and whose minds are disciplined by carefully con- 
 ducted laboratory work in such branches as anatomy, 
 physiology, chemistry, pathology and bacteriology. For men 
 of this kind there is great need. The importance of veter- 
 inary work is more fully realized each year, but the demand 
 for veterinarians is discriminative and as the lower ranks of 
 the profession fill there is more and more room at the top. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
48 
 CITY VETERINARY SERVICE. 
 
 By J. C. McNEIL, V. M. D., 
 City Veterinarian of Pittsburgh. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’89. _ 
 
 The time is now at hand when all large cities and many 
 of the smaller ones recognize the necessity of the educated 
 veterinarian, and carry one or more on the city pay-roll as 
 salaried officers. Our city fathers and heads of departments 
 recognize the value of the training furnished by veterinary 
 schools when they place in the hands of their graduates the 
 purchasing of all the animals used by their city, namely: for 
 fire department use, for police patrol vans, for mounted police 
 and the heavy draught animals for street and general pur- 
 poses. They believe that the veterinarian is best able to judge 
 of the soundness, age, speed, conformation, disposition and 
 general adaptability of an animal for each peculiar class of 
 work it may be required to perform. It is no easy task to make 
 these selections, and the responsibility is very great. ‘That 
 his work may be successful, the veterinarian must possess 
 good judgment, sound common sense and sterling honesty, in 
 addition to professional knowledge of a high order. 
 
 The question of feeding is usually referred to the city 
 veterinary surgeon, and who should be more capable of judg- 
 ing of the kinds, quantity and quality of food to be given the 
 city’s stock, that it may yield the greatest benefit to the 
 animal and to the purse of the taxpayer. Judicious feeding 
 is of great importance, and is a great saving to any munici- 
 pality, but I fear that this subject is not looked after very 
 carefully in many cities, and the heavy death-rate and enor- 
 mous feed bills may in a large measure be due to so little im- 
 portance being given to this question. 
 
49 
 
 Shoeing, whether normal or pathological, requires the 
 services of the veterinarian, and here again experienceand pro- 
 fessional skill play a most important role. While the city does 
 not expect its veterinary surgeon to be an expert farrier, still 
 he should be so proficient in the art of horse-shoeing that 
 he may be able to direct the work to be done. He is very 
 frequently called upon to recommend the class or kind of shoe 
 to be used, the manner of adjusting it, and must know when 
 his directions have been carried out in a skillful and work- 
 manlike manner. The animals used for fire and police ser- 
 vice stand on hard plank floors for an average of twenty-two 
 hours out of every twenty-four, and special care must be 
 taken that their hoofs do not become too hard or contracted. 
 He must also direct how long a set of shoes may be allowed 
 to remain on. 
 
 The care and treatment of these animals in disease or 
 when suffering from injuries, tries the medical and surgical 
 skill of the veterinarian. The remedies and methods em- 
 ployed are the same as in general practice, but the character 
 of the work fire- and police-horses are called upon to perform 
 is very violent and predisposes to such diseases as congestion 
 of the lungs, pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, laryngitis, 
 laminitis, pericarditis, endocarditis, azoturia, enteritis, etc., to 
 say nothing of the fractures and other traumatisms that 
 might be looked for when animals are driven at such great 
 speed with enormous loads over the hard and slippery city 
 streets. The average service of a fire or patrol horse is about 
 three years, and in some cities it is less than this short time, 
 but with proper veterinary supervision it can always be in- 
 creased. 
 
 The veterinarian should also have a knowledge of 
 bacteriology and pathology, since the manufacture of diph- 
 therie antitoxin is carried on by a number of our larger 
 
50 
 
 cities, and it is most essential that the blood be taken from 
 animals that are in a perfect state of health. This is a most im- 
 portant duty of the city veterinarian, as he is the only person 
 capable of diagnosing the peculiar ailments of the horse, and 
 should he err, the result might be very unfortunate. The 
 treatment of disease in the human family by the use of 
 serums is, I believe, only in its infancy, and as new dis- 
 coveries are being made in these lines it will open up a 
 new and greater field for the skilled veterinarian in connec- 
 tion with the preparation of these substances. 
 
 In conclusion follows whatI believe to be one of the most 
 important duties of the city veterinarian in his connection 
 with the Bureau of Health. It is he who should be, and who 
 usually is, called upon to give his opinion regarding the meat 
 and milk supply of the city. The enormous percentage of 
 deaths in the human family, and especially among children, 
 which have been ascribed to impure and unwholesome milk, 
 is most alarming. ‘Tuberculosis causes one-eighth of all 
 the deaths of the human race, a record which no other 
 single disease approaches, and now that it is believed that this 
 disease may be communicated to man from animals, most 
 cities are taking steps for their protection and are looking for- 
 ward to a much better meat and milk supply. I might say 
 in this connection, that in the examinations personally made 
 by me in the immediate neighborhood of this city during 
 the past year, I found a large percentage of all cows ex- 
 amined to be tuberculous. The report of the Commission on 
 Tuberculosis of the State of New York shows that of the 
 22,000 cattle examined during the past year seven (7) per 
 cent. were found to have tuberculosis. My own opinion is 
 that the percentage in this State is probably as high as that 
 of our neighbor, and it is always greatest in the thickly- 
 populated districts or near large cities. The people are 
 
51 
 
 rapidly becoming educated to these facts and conditions, and 
 are demanding city and state legislation that will provide 
 a safeguard against an impure meat and milk supply. This 
 subject of meat and milk inspection, when carried on upon 
 scientific lines, demands a very considerable amount of work, 
 energy and skill. 
 
 Fortunately, the position of city veterinarian is not often 
 dependent upon political qualifications rather than upon pro- 
 fessional skill, for in the larger cities the heads of departments 
 recognize the importance of surrounding themselves with men 
 who are honest and capable and whose work will reflect credit 
 upon the individual and on the administration. In our largest 
 cities, these positions are covered by the civil service regula- 
 tions, and appointments are based upon competitive examina- 
 tions. There is every encouragement for a young man to take 
 up the study of veterinary medicine, and he may feel that his 
 success in his chosen profession will be in direct ratio with 
 his knowledge, skill and honor. 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 VETERINARY WORK IN CONNECTION WITH THE 
 DUTIES OF A BOARD OF HEALTH. 
 
 By CHARLES E. COTTON, V. M. D., 
 
 Veterinarian of Minneapolis Board of Health. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’93. 
 
 The need of a veterinary member of local and state 
 boards of health has been recognized by comparatively few of 
 our States and larger cities up to the present time. 
 
 Under the Mosaic law, the Jews from time immemorial 
 have had a meat inspection based on their religious belief. 
 
52 
 
 Such inspection was, of necessity, far from scientific. Scien- 
 tific meat inspection dates from 1874, when Germany passed 
 very stringent laws for the purpose of excluding diseased 
 meats from the market. ‘This required a trained corps of 
 scientific veterinarians, well versed in microscopy as well as 
 the grosser methods of detecting disease in both live and 
 slaughtered animals. This action on the part of Germany 
 led, naturally, to the employment by the United States gov- 
 ernment of skilled inspectors at export ports and the large 
 packing-house centres. But it is only recently that the 
 health boards of large cities have realized the necessity of 
 such inspections in their home markets. This demand on the 
 part of local health boards will, in the near future, open a 
 comparatively new field both pleasant and profitable to the 
 men well trained in veterinary science, and one in which 
 most valuable public service can be rendered. 
 
 Another duty of the veterinarian of the health board, is 
 in connection with the control of the contagious diseases of 
 animals that may be transmitted to people. A law compelling 
 veterinarians to report any cases of glanders, rabies, anthrax, 
 tuberculosis, or other contagious diseases which he may find 
 in his practice, would materially assist the health boards in 
 the control of such disease. The absence of such laws nec- 
 essitates great vigilance on the part of the veterinarian of the 
 board. In some sections there should be periodical inspec- 
 tions of all large stables, suspicious cases quarantined and all 
 cases of glanders destroyed and stables thoroughly disin- 
 fected. In our city alone during the past year we have con- 
 demned 109 cases of glanders. 
 
 The question of rabies is also of importance in that great 
 harm has been done through the fear of hydrophobia, where 
 in many instances there has been little occasion for it. We 
 have found it practicable to require the policemen to capture: 
 
“VINVATASNNYUg HO ALISUAAIN() ‘SINTILVd IVLIdSOH ANV SINAGALS AUVNIYVALAA AO dNoUus) 
 
 
 
‘VINVAIASNNAd AO ALISUBAING “IVIIdSOH AUVNIVALAA ‘WOOY ONILVAAdO 
 
 f ‘ 
 
 3} 
 
 
 
53 
 
 vicious dogs that have bitten people, take them to the pound 
 where they are kept under the observation of the veterinarian 
 of the board of health for three weeks. If, during this time, 
 rabies develops, then there is ample time for the person to 
 receive proper treatment. If not, the people are so informed 
 and this sets at rest any further fear of future trouble. 
 
 The demonstration that tuberculosis is one and the same 
 disease in both animals and men, has opened up a new field 
 for useful work on the part of both local and State boards of 
 health. Heretofore, the attempt to eradicate tuberculosis 
 from the dairy herds has been undertaken by State cattle 
 commissions. The most extensive work under State control 
 has been in the eastern States, and has, for various reasons, 
 thus far, resulted in only partial success. 
 
 The need of absolute purity in the milk supply makes 
 the eradication of tuberculosis a necessity. It is claimed 
 here that this is practicable only by the local boards of health 
 controlling their own milk supply by issuing licenses to both 
 producers and venders, after a thorough inspection of the 
 dairy and cattle by the veterinarian of the board. This plan 
 is now being carried out in our own city, under a local inspec- 
 tion ordinance made possible by a special act of the State 
 legislature. The constitutionality of this measure has been 
 confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the State of 
 Minnesota. 
 
 These few special lines that we have dwelt upon may 
 serve to illustrate the value of the services of a competent 
 veterinarian to the health boards of either a city or State. 
 
 A thorough knowledge of practical sanitation, bacteri- 
 ology, microscopy and meat inspection, outside of the knowl- 
 edge demanded of a veterinarian in general practice, will of 
 course be required on the part of anyone who hopes to obtain 
 
54 
 
 such a position and fill it with credit to himself and the 
 school from which he received his training. 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 A COURSE IN VETERINARY MEDICINE PRELIMINARY 
 TO ADVANCED WORK IN MEDICINE. 
 
 By WM. S. CARTER, A. B., M. D., 
 
 Assistant Professor of Comparative Physiology, Veterinary Department, 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Unquestionably the greatest progress made in medicine 
 in recent years has been in preventive medicine. The future 
 promises even greater things, which in all probability will re- 
 sult from further investigation of the causation of disease. 
 We are now beginning to hope that the day is not far distant 
 when we can cure the diseases, the etiology of which we now 
 understand. We say cure them, for while we have been able 
 to alleviate suffering and place patients under favorable con- 
 ditions for recovery, or to stimulate them until Nature would 
 cure, we have been unable, until very recent times, to effect 
 this cure ourselves. The day is now dawning when we are 
 beginning to understand Nature’s method of curing infectious 
 diseases. 
 
 If, for example, we consider tuberculosis (only one of the 
 great group of infectious diseases), it would be impossible to 
 estimate how many lives—both of human beings and lower 
 animals—are annually saved by the care which is now exer- 
 cised in disposing of the materials containing the germs of 
 this dreadful disease, coming from tuberculous patients and 
 animals. Certainly the number is no small one. 
 
 Unfortunately, our efforts in this line of sanitation are 
 not as perfect as we would wish for and many cases still arise. 
 
55 
 
 The prevention of tuberculosis by hygienic methods employed 
 at present is slight indeed, compared with that prevention 
 which we hope for when we shall be able to produce im- 
 munity in all who are susceptible to this most terrible of all 
 diseases, which at present causes one death in every seven. 
 This does not seem too much for us to hope for, nor is it 
 looking too far into the future, for these things have been 
 accomplished in the laboratory in several other infections, 
 especially in the case of diphtheria, where the methods have 
 been perfected for daily practice and now result in a very 
 great reduction in the mortality from this disease. 
 
 When we understand more of immunity (for we are just 
 beginning to understand it), we hope that it will be possible 
 to cure any infection and not only this but to prevent it by 
 artificially protecting those who are susceptible. When this 
 is accomplished, the saving of life will be tremendous. 
 
 The methods of preventing the spread of infectious dis- 
 eases, such as tuberculosis, cholera, anthrax, glanders, etc., 
 have only been placed on a firm foundation by the discovery 
 of the cause of these various diseases. The discovery of the 
 cause of a disease is not made by some chance or passing ob- 
 servation of any one dealing with these diseases in an ordi- 
 nary way. In every instance it has been accomplished by men 
 pursuing special lines of research and has only come after 
 years of patient work by competent men, carefully trained in 
 laboratory methods. It is obvious that such discoveries can- 
 not be made by the busy practitioner, who has neither the 
 time, nor the facilities, even if he has sufficient training in 
 the thorough methods of investigation. The work requires 
 thorough and careful training in technique. However, a man 
 cannot do this without having had also a thorough training 
 in the other important branches of medicine, any more than 
 he can be a specialist in any branch without having first had a 
 
56 
 
 course in all the important branches of medicine. It natural- 
 ly follows, as in any specialty, that the broader a man’s train- 
 ing when he comes to the laboratory the better will be his 
 work, and he will also be much more likely to follow such 
 lines of investigation as will have very practical results. No 
 training could be better adapted for fitting a man to do good 
 advanced work in the prevention of disease than that in 
 veterinary medicine. A knowledge of the diseases of the 
 different species of animals, how some diseases attack certain 
 animals while others escape, how some diseases manifest 
 themselves differently in different animals—all this is cer- 
 tainly a very desirable preparation for one wishing to pursue 
 original research in hygiene. 
 
 Bacteriology is the youngest of the medical sciences 
 although, considering its age, very much has been done and 
 is being done at the present time by many investigators. 
 Almost all of this work, however, has been directed to the 
 diseases affecting human beings. The many diseases of the 
 lower animals have not been studied so thoroughly by modern 
 methods as have the diseases of man. Veterinary medicine is, 
 of course, only of comparatively recent development and has 
 comparatively few workers in its ranks. Especially is this 
 true of the branch dealing with the etiology of disease. Cer- 
 tainly there can be no more inviting field nor one offering 
 greater rewards to those willing to work, than advanced re- 
 search in this line. Nothing could be more attractive to a 
 young man desiring to do scientific work than this branch, 
 for his labors are sure to bear rich fruit almost immediately. 
 In many purely scientific subjects, as in specialties, there is 
 often the danger of one becoming near-sighted or narrow in 
 his line, so to speak. The veterinarian, however, who will 
 devote himself to the study of the etiology of the diseases of 
 the lower animals, with such a broad field before him, can 
 never lose sight of the practical application of his results. 
 
57 
 
 Advanced studies, the results of which may be of great 
 importance in the practice of veterinary medicine, are not 
 necessarily limited to bacteriological study of specific infec- 
 tious diseases. The study of physiologic chemistry opens 
 quite as large a field for investigation. The study of the 
 many disorders of digestion, with the changes taking place 
 when physiologic processes are not carried out, offers a vast 
 field for research. We understand as yet very little about this 
 important subject, although we daily see cases which from a 
 clinical standpoint are clearly of such origin. We refer to 
 those cases vaguely as “some auto-intoxication,” without 
 knowing definitely to what that intoxication is due. Until 
 we can understand what these intoxications are and what they 
 are due to, it is impossible to avoid them or treat them in a 
 rational way. 
 
 Not only will physiologic chemistry give us an under- 
 standing of these digestive processes, but we also expect that 
 it will throw much light upon the many obscure processes of 
 nutrition. Of the disorders of nutrition we practically know 
 very little, although many pathologic processes are unques- 
 tionably of such origin. This is practically an unexplored 
 field and no biologic science is so in need of investigators, 
 although none could offer greater rewards; this is quite as true 
 of human as of veterinary medicine. 
 
 The subjects of feeding and foods, although they have 
 received considerable attention, still present many problems 
 to be solved by physiologic chemistry. These subjects are not 
 merely of scientific interest, but are also of the utmost impor- 
 tance to the stockman. 
 
 These are a few of the problems which are loudly calling 
 for workers who will solve some of Nature’s methods. We 
 believe that no one could be better fitted for such investiga- 
 tion than the veterinarian, and that in no branch of his pro- 
 
58 
 
 fession could he obtain better results or receive richer rewards 
 for faithful, conscientious labor than in such advanced 
 studies. | 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 THE VALUE OF VETERINARY TRAINING TO THE 
 PHYSICIAN. 
 
 By CHRISTOPHER GRAHAM, B.S., M. D., V. M. D., 
 
 Physician to St. Mary's Hospital, Rochester, Minn. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’92. 
 
 Side by side the two branches of medicine have devel- 
 oped; each has contributed its share in the development of 
 general medicine. Each as time passed profited by the labors 
 of the other. 
 
 In early times the Egyptians practiced veterinary med- 
 icine with a skill equal to that shown in human medicine. 
 The Greeks studied and taught both branches of medicine 
 with considerable zeal, and appreciated to a remarkable 
 degree the dependence of human on veterinary medicine. 
 They recognized many diseases communicable to man and 
 advised isolation and other means of prevention. Later, the 
 Romans learning of the Greeks began to add to what was then 
 known and rapidly developed veterinary medicine. Columella 
 in the first century wrote on medicine and surgery, together 
 with sanitary measures for suppressing contagious diseases 
 among animals. In the third century the two branches began 
 to be more clearly defined and veterinary medicine had quite 
 a literature of its own. Down through the Middle Ages 
 medicine withstood the vicissitudes of the times, now in 
 darkness, always in gloom; but withal quite generous addi- 
 tions were made to the science, on which the modern school 
 finds footing. 
 
59 
 
 Since the founding of the veterinary school in Lyons, in 
 1761, this branch of medicine has rapidly won honors and 
 prominence. It now has schools with requirements equal to 
 the schools of human medicine and a bountiful literature 
 rich, indeed, in scientific truths and full of suggestion to the 
 thoughtful physician. From the time the differentiation 
 took place veterinary medicine has been a clearer-cut science 
 than human. It is based more on practical experience and 
 investigation, observation of facts and the truths and prin- 
 ciples derived therefrom. ‘Theories can be tested through 
 sacrifice of life and their falseness or correctness established 
 with certainty. 
 
 Medicine, both human and veterinary, has come to mean 
 more than visiting the sick, diagnosing the disease and ap- 
 plying remedies to cure or aid in recovery. Not that medi- 
 cine has developed beyond bedside care, for much of the 
 physician’s time is and must be consumed here. It is in 
 preventive medicine that the practitioner of medicine finds 
 his highest calling, and where thoughtful, scientific work is 
 most needed and most praised. Here the veterinarian and 
 physician vie with each other, with the honors well divided. 
 
 The flocks must be carefully selected and wisely tended to 
 insure meat and milk fit for human consumption—a matter 
 of vital importance when we consider their universal use and 
 how readily disease is communicable from the lower animals 
 to man. Who will underestimate the valuable counsel of 
 the educated veterinarian in dealing with outbreaks of in- 
 fluenza, cerebro-spinal fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and 
 glanders among men, all of which may be suspected, at least, 
 of having their origin in like epizootics among animals? To 
 this list we might well add tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth dis- 
 ease, malignant pustule, trichinosis and rabies. Not only is it 
 important to guard against the directly transmissible diseases, 
 
60 
 
 but we must protect our people from those distressing and 
 sometimes fatal disturbances brought on through eating con- 
 taminated meat slaughtered while suffering from lung plague, 
 cholera, etc. Daily, I may say, the physician is confronted by 
 these purely veterinary questions, and if he does not possess 
 the requisite information—learned best and only under vet- 
 erinary instruction—he must turn to the veterinarian for 
 advice or grossly neglect his charge. 
 
 Again, with the idea of preserving the health of animals, 
 as well as man, comes the important question of serumtherapy 
 —the boon of modern medicine. Here the physician and 
 veterinarian look for much, with substantial evidence that 
 their hopes will be realized. 
 
 With the full knowledge of transmitting disease by inoc- 
 ulation, who would trust a glandered horse to develop diph- 
 theric antitoxin that is active and at the same time harmless? 
 In this matter the veterinarian or veterinary learning shall 
 and must be respected. 
 
 Physiological study has derived its greatest impulse through 
 animal experimentation. Knowledge of the physiological 
 action of drugs is developed through animals, and compara- 
 tive physiology teaches its application to man. Pathological 
 processes are best studied in animals and, I may say, many can 
 only be studied there in every detail. The disease may be 
 induced and each step from inception to termination carefully 
 watched and weighed. The symptoms are not obscured by 
 an excited, perverted nervous system. Facts establish theories 
 and applied medicine has a firm basis. 
 
 The student of human medicine may say that all this is 
 but a part of his field. Strictly, man is the type and the 
 study of man the province of human medicine, while com- 
 parative anatomy, comparative physiology and comparative 
 pathology are the broader province of the veterinarian. The 
 
61 
 
 scientific student must enter the field of the veterinarian and 
 he is welcomed, because without lessening the needs peculiar 
 to the veterinarian he adds to his general knowledge. 
 
 Another argument, and perhaps one of more importance 
 than all before mentioned, is the training of observation that 
 is offered to the veterinary student. He who is able to diag- 
 nose disease has mastered the major part of medicine. When 
 diagnosis fails, nothing can succeed. He who is to succeed 
 in every department of medicine, whether veterinary or 
 human, must be a close observer. The careless physician will 
 partially succeed, for one-half of his cases will be diagnosed 
 by the sufferer or his attendant, leaving for him the simpler 
 part. Not so fortunate the unobserving veterinarian. His 
 only salvation is chance and this means relative failure. I 
 repeat, that the successful veterinarian, not only may be but 
 must be a close observer of facts. 
 
 In veterinary medicine this opportunity for training is 
 preeminent. To be sure the student is free from many of the 
 peculiar stumbling blocks that hamper human medicine. 
 The neurasthenic, malingerer, monomaniac and the gar- 
 rulous patient are absent—for which let the veterinarian 
 be truly thankful. The sick animal acts and appears as it 
 feels; every manifestation of pain is a true index of the under- 
 lying pathological condition,—the simple expression of an 
 unimaginative mind. The patient gives facts and facts only. 
 He who is misled, misleads himself. Isolate the facts, ar- 
 range them logically, and the general truth is readily ad- 
 duced. This is the only way open to the veterinary student. 
 His future success is limited solely by his power, natural or 
 acquired, to observe facts and carry them to a logical conclu- 
 sion. The human practitioner must possess this or remain 
 among those classed as very ordinary. The so-called intui- 
 tive diagnostician is he who has mastered the science of ob- 
 
62 
 
 servation, and learned to follow his patient’s complaint only 
 so far as it bears out his own inferences. Nowhere else in 
 the whole range of medicine is this opportunity to study the 
 unmodified symptoms of disease offered, save perhaps—yet 
 more limited—in the pathology of childhood. 
 
 The student of human medicine who looks into the 
 future and properly appreciates the inevitably close competi- 
 tion he will meet can not well lose sight of this profitable 
 source of training. 
 
 It seems strange that our medical schools have so long 
 neglected to give veterinary training a place in their course 
 of instruction. The odium left by the English “farrier” 
 that once threatened the usefulness of the veterinarian is al- 
 most a relic of the past. The scientific trend of the modern 
 school has done away with any difference and today the 
 scientifically educated veterinarian is the acknowledged peer 
 of the educated physician. 
 
 Our medical schools will have taken another long step in 
 the right direction when, following the lead of such broad 
 minds as Bourgelat, Vicq d’Azyr and Talleyrand, they make 
 a course in veterinary instruction the base upon which to 
 build and develop the ideal physician. 
 
 Rochester, Minn. 
 
 HORSESHOEING, AS A SCIENCE. 
 
 By THOS. J. KEAN, M. D., V. M. D., 
 ‘eterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 
 
 Shoeing as a science aims to preserve the functions of 
 the hoofs of horses, mules and asses, to find the most efficient 
 means for their protection during the artificial life these 
 
63 
 
 animals are compelled to lead, to correct or cure their irreg- 
 ularities and deformities, whether congenital or acquired, and 
 in some cases to so modify the gait of the horse in particular 
 as to make him a more suitable and agreeable companion and 
 servant of man. Horseshoeing as a science occupies much 
 the same position with respect to veterinary surgery that 
 orthopedics does to the practice of human surgery, and is 
 naturally and historically a part of veterinary surgery. 
 
 The history of veterinary medicine shows that up to the 
 middle of the eighteenth century, when the first schools for 
 the study of veterinary science were established, what little 
 knowledge there was of the diseases of horses was largely in 
 possession of the “farriers.” Very much is the case to-day in 
 many parts of our own country, remote from civilization, 
 where there being no veterinarian, the horseshoer is the man 
 consulted when anything goes wrong with the horses in the 
 neighborhood. Because he sees and handles more horses 
 than any of his neighbors, he acquires experience that is 
 valuable in the absence of scientific knowledge. 
 
 As schools of veterinary medicine were established and 
 the evolution of the veterinarian began, either because of 
 the pride attendant on his newly-acquired knowledge, or of 
 disgust at the too palpable ignorance of the old farrier, the 
 new expert broke away from his predecessors and left the 
 shoeing of the horse (the cause, either active or predisposing, 
 of nine-tenths of all lameness) entirely to the farrier. Thus 
 it came to pass that the art of horseshoeing, instead of being 
 cultivated as a branch of veterinary surgery, was left in the 
 hands of men ignorant of the anatomy and physiology of the 
 foot, who instead of directing their study to determine how 
 to best shoe the foot to preserve its function, seem to have 
 always held but one purpose in view; namely, that of protect- 
 ing it from wear. 
 
64 
 
 Now that the horseshoers are aroused to a lively appre- 
 ciation of their condition, as is indicated by the appeals for 
 education, and the pleas for assistance sent out from every 
 convention of horseshoers, the veterinarian should resume 
 what he should never have been allowed to pass from his 
 hands, and by the intelligence he can bring to bear on the 
 subject, should so improve horseshoeing that it will occupy a 
 commanding place in veterinary science. The impetus and 
 enforcement of this movement must come from men trained 
 in veterinary schools, for from no other source can the 
 necessary knowledge be obtained. That progress will not 
 come from the men whose time is consumed at the forge, is 
 shown by the fact that the men most quoted, who have in the 
 past done most to develop horseshoeing as a science, have, 
 with but few exceptions, never worked at the business. As a 
 rule, the men who are capable of working out the problems 
 of shoeing will not submit to the drudgery of the occupation, 
 because their training leads them to feel assured of success 
 in some less laborious and more lucrative calling. Further- 
 more, any man working daily at so arduous a business falls 
 sooner or later into routine habits of work that put an end to 
 progress, and he becomes content to go along in the ruts that 
 insure the greatest ease to his back and the most money in 
 his pocket. 
 
 Horseshoeing has heretofore offered such meager induce- 
 ments that men hesitated to properly qualify themselves as 
 specialists, preferring to turn their talents and energy into 
 other lines of veterinary science where success and public 
 recognition were better assured. Horseshoers and horse- 
 owners have heard so often that “horseshoeing is a business 
 that never changes,” that “horses’ shoes are nailed on to-day 
 as were the first,” and that “horseshoeing can never be done 
 by machinery,” etc., that many of them have gotten the idea 
 
65 
 
 that it is really incapable of improvement. They do not 
 think that it has reached perfection, but they are too timid 
 or conservative to try anything new. 
 
 This is exactly the state of affairs that confronted the 
 qualified veterinarian of a comparatively few years ago, when 
 he came into competition with the old self-taught “‘horse- 
 doctor.” It was thought by many that the experience of the 
 old practitioner was of a practical nature and therefore safe, 
 while that of the graduate was held to be necessarily imprac- 
 tical, theoretical, and therefore unsafe. All this has passed 
 away. ‘The veterinarian is now given the honor his attain- 
 ments merit and the old “horse-doctor” is no longer quoted. 
 As the prejudice against the graduated veterinarian passed 
 away, so is that against the scientific horseshoer passing, and 
 as we train more and more men capable of directing the 
 practice of the art, and the public realizes that horseshoeing 
 is a science, and that the new experts are not the theorists 
 they feared, but men of results whose every-day work proves 
 the soundness of their views, and they see that their horses 
 are no longer being experimented upon, but are shod on well- 
 founded principles, the existing prejudice will rapidly dis- 
 appear. 
 
 To the young man looking for an opportunity to better 
 his condition, more especially to him who has served an 
 apprenticeship at shoeing, the study of horseshoeing as taught 
 in a well-organized shoeing-school, offers as ready and as 
 abundant success as any branch of learning within his reach. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
66 
 
 VETERINARY INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURAL 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 By J. C. ROBERT, A. B., V. M. D., 
 Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi Agricultural College. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’ 98. 
 
 The live-stock industry of our country has become so 
 extensive that nearly every other branch of agriculture is 
 dependent upon, or directly connected with it. We will read- 
 ily appreciate the importance of this great branch of our 
 agricultural interests when we remember that the live-stock 
 industry of the United States represents a capital of about 
 two thousand millions of dollars, and a yearly production of 
 more than half that amount. Formerly, the current opinion 
 among the farming classes was that the practice of veterinary 
 medicine could be left to the ignorant and illiterate, but 
 they are now beginning to realize that veterinary and human 
 medicine are so intimately connected that a knowledge of 
 either embraces the fundamental principles common to both. 
 Sanitary science as practiced in either realm is governed by 
 the same unchangeable laws. 
 
 To the prospective stock owner, no branch of learning 
 is more important than that which teaches him how to select 
 domestic animals for various agricultural purposes, and the 
 best methods of breeding, rearing, and caring for them. 
 During the past few years the agricultural colleges of our 
 country have begun to realize this fact, and, at present, 
 twenty-six agricultural colleges in the United States have a 
 chair of veterinary science. The object of instruction from 
 this chair is to teach the student those rudiments of veter- 
 inary medicine that bear directly upon the preservation of the 
 health of stock. 
 
67 
 
 Work in the department of veterinary science is usually 
 confined to the three upper classes, sophomore, junior and 
 senior classes, or to one of them. During the sophomore 
 year a course of lectures is delivered on the various breeds of 
 domestic animals—confined chiefly to horses, cattle, sheep, 
 and swine, their special adaptability to various kinds of 
 work, and their comparative value as meat, milk and butter 
 producers. The influence of heredity and evolution in the 
 formation of breeds and establishing pedigrees, the good and 
 bad effects of in-breeding, cross-breeding, and grade-breed- 
 ing, and the managements of stallions, brood mares and 
 foals are considered. In the junior year the student studies 
 histology, comparative anatomy and physiology. The 
 time is so limited that only elementary courses can be given. 
 For these classes the college provides a laboratory, with the 
 necessary equipment. It is thus possible to study the ele- 
 mentary structure of various organs and tissues of the body, 
 as the heart and the lungs, bone and muscle tissue, blood- 
 cells, etc. Such tissues can be obtained from the frog, rab- 
 bit, cat and dog. There are so many points of similarity 
 between the anatomy of man and that of the lower animals 
 that, in the course of comparative anatomy, a text-book of 
 human anatomy may be used, and this is, to advantage, sup- 
 plemented by lectures, and illustrated by skeletons, dissec- 
 tions, manikins, charts, etc. Every one who has studied 
 anatomy has become convinced that a dissecting-room is the 
 only place to gain a knowledge of it. Recognizing this fact, 
 a dissecting-room is provided, and during the winter term 
 the class is required to dissect such animals as the dog and 
 the cat, and when practicable, larger animals, as the horse. 
 The dissecting is done under the supervision of the Profes- 
 sor in charge, and special attention is paid to the organs of 
 locomotion and those parts most subject to disease and in- 
 
68 
 
 jury. In studying physiology the processes of digestion are 
 considered at length, also the classes of food-stuffs, and laws 
 governing the production, loss, and conservation of energy. 
 
 A few lectures are delivered on materia medica and ther- 
 apeutics, pathology and veterinary sanitary science, but the 
 time is mainly employed in the study of the most common 
 diseases and maladies met with in the lower animals, as fall 
 properly within the province of veterinary practice and sur- 
 gery. 
 
 Only the drugs commonly used in treating animals are 
 studied. These are brought from the pharmacy to the class- 
 room during instruction in this branch, and their properties, 
 therapeutic actions, uses, doses and administration are 
 considered. In the work in pathology a short time is 
 devoted to the most common diseased processes that take 
 place in the various tissues of the body, as inflammation, 
 atrophy, and gangrene. In considering non-infectious dis- 
 eases they are taken up in a systematic order, the principal 
 diseases of each organ and system being studied, as, in the 
 respiratory system, bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, etc.; in 
 diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, colics, stomatitis, 
 etc. Contagious and miasmatic diseases, as texas fever, 
 glanders and anthrax, are discussed at length. Special at- 
 tention is paid to preventive measures. The old adage, “an 
 ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” is especially 
 applicable to many diseases of the lower animals. If the 
 stock breeder knows that feeding large amounts of concen- 
 trated food to a plethoric cow that has nearly reached the 
 stage of parturition is apt to cause parturient apoplexy, he 
 will guard against such unwise feeding and thus prevent a 
 ease that might result in death. 
 
 In veterinary surgery the best methods of treating sprains, 
 bruises, fractures, etc., are considered; the causes and treat- 
 
“VINVATASNNAd AO ALISUAAIN() “IOOHDS AUVNIVALAA ‘WOOY ANAL’ y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
“VINVATASNNGg JO ALISUAAINO ‘AL / AUVNIVALGA ‘AMOALIA’T IVOINITD 
 
 
 
69 
 
 ments of such maladies as founder, spavin, corns, and foot- 
 rot in sheep; the diseases incident and subsequent to parturi- 
 tion are studied; and special attention is given to examination 
 of the horse for soundness. 
 
 In the lectures on Veterinary Sanitary Science, the con- 
 struction, ventilation, drainage, and general cleanliness of 
 stables are discussed; working, feeding, and watering animals; 
 and general laws governing the prevention and suppression 
 (quarantine measures and antiseptic precautions) of epizootic 
 diseases, as hog cholera, texas fever, and anthrax. 
 
 Sometimes agricultural colleges equip a veterinary hos- 
 pital and pharmacy, and at stated times all animals brought to 
 the hospital are treated free of charge. An abundance of 
 material for class demonstration is in this way obtained. 
 Students of the senior class are required to be present at 
 these clinics and observe the various operations. It will thus 
 be seen that the professor of veterinary science in an agri- 
 cultural college has a broad field to cover and a broad train- 
 ing is absolutely necessary. There is much difficulty in find- 
 ing the right sort of men for these places, and since every 
 State has at least one agricultural college, and some more, 
 and each agricultural college has or should have a professor 
 of veterinary science, there are places enough to justity 
 any one who has the inclination for this work to fit himselt 
 for this very promising and useful field. 
 
 Agricultural College, Miss. | 
 
70 
 
 MUNICIPAL MILK INSPECTION AS PRACTICED IN 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 By A. F. SCHREIBER, V. M. D., 
 
 Ea-Assistant Milk Inspector, Meat Inspector, Department of Public Safety, 
 Philadelphia. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 
 
 The inspection of milk in Philadelphia was inaugurated 
 in 1889 and Mr. W. J. Byrnes was appointed chief inspector. 
 The department, year by year, has improved both in efficacy 
 and numbers, so that now there are four assistant inspectors, 
 three of whom are graduated veterinarians. The inspection 
 of milk consists principally in the determination of added 
 water, of the extraction of fats and of the addition of coloring 
 matter. The city is divided into districts and each inspector 
 has his regular routes. 
 
 The quality of the product is determined by the lactometer 
 at the dairies and shops oronthestreetfromthewagons. When 
 suspicious samples of milk are found, they are carefully an- 
 alyzed by the chemist of the board of health and when found 
 to have been adulterated the offender is prosecuted in the 
 courts. 
 
 Much attention has also been paid to the character of 
 foods fed to dairy animals, the sanitary condition of the 
 stables, etc.; but the work has been difficult, owing to the 
 large territory to be gone over and inadequate laws. 
 
 The inspection of city dairy plants cannot be too care- 
 fully carried out. In many cases, the animals which are to 
 furnish milk are fed upon inferior foods, such as waste from 
 distilleries and breweries. ‘They are given impure water from 
 polluted streams or wells and are kept in barns with no 
 ventilation; in fact, no attention whatever is paid to their 
 
71 
 
 hygiene, the condition of the animals or the enclosures in 
 which they are kept. In some cases, during the winter 
 months, the cattle are kept in a chronic state of alcoholism, 
 due to swill feeding (distillery mash). In other places, 
 brewers’ grains are fed, the barns are polluted with sour, 
 decaying grain, producing fungi and micro-organisms of 
 various characters. If exposed in such an atmosphere a short 
 time milk absorbs these deleterious products, producing an 
 unwholesome and dangerous food. 
 
 The modern veterinarian is able to cope with all of the 
 difficulties encountered in the inspection of animals used for 
 milk production only after careful training and determined 
 study. He must carefully note all diseased animals in the 
 herd, especially those showing any symptoms indicating dis- 
 ease of a contagious nature. The milk of animals showing 
 any physical signs of tuberculosis or disease of the udder, 
 eruptive conditions, fever or symptoms of general ill health, 
 is at once excluded from the product of the herd. 
 
 Thousands of quarts of milk are annually brought into 
 our city from neighboring counties and States. It is not 
 possible for an inspector to know whether this milk is a 
 wholesome product. Much milk is handled by persons of 
 such unclean habits that it is absolutely criminal for them to 
 sell it. 
 
 The amount of water added, the amount of fat removed, 
 the nature of the preservative used to keep the milk sweet 
 or the addition of coloring matter can be determined by the 
 methods in use; but apparently normal milk may contain 
 germs that will produce serious digestive disturbances or more 
 dangerous disease. 
 
 Some of the foremost dairymen of this city — those 
 that conduct the largest businesses and receive the highest 
 prices—have organized a more or less perfect system for the 
 
72 
 
 sanitary control of the herds from which they derive their 
 wares. ‘This system is growing and there is such a manifest 
 demand for the assurance of safety that it furnishes that it 
 will eventually become general, either through private enter- 
 prise or legislative enactment and then no milk will be sold 
 in Philadelphia except from producers who can furnish clean 
 bills of health based upon a veterinary examination. ‘To the 
 credit of the producers and dealers, it should be said that 
 they are themselves taking the lead in this matter and their 
 efforts will lead to the reform. The reputable and careful 
 members of the trade cannot afford to compete with the slov- 
 enly minority. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE UNITED STATES 
 ARMY. 
 
 By J. P. TURNER, V. M. D., 
 
 Veterinarian to Sixth Regiment, U. S. Cavalry. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 
 
 The present primitive and inadequate veterinary service 
 in the United States army had its origin March 3, 1863, 
 when Congress passed an act abolishing the position 
 of “chief-farrier’ and “‘chief-blacksmith” in each regiment 
 of cavalry, and provided each regiment with one 
 “veterinary surgeon.” President Lincoln had previously 
 realized the value of trained veterinary surgeons to the army 
 and had offered positions to several of the best qualified veter- 
 inarians of those times, but they refused to accept because 
 the President offered them only the subaltern rank of 
 lieutenant, whereas, they asked for the rank of captain. 
 
73 
 
 Thus this golden opportunity for the development of a 
 veterinary corps was lost to the profession by men who 
 should have accepted the lower rank, proven their ability, 
 made their services a necessity and then demanded higher 
 rank. 
 
 When the reorganization of the cavalry occurred in 1863, 
 the subject of veterinary service was again brought up and 
 resulted in the formation of a peculiar position, neither 
 military nor civil, yet one which has much of promise, and 
 which was probably all that could be expected by the poorly 
 trained veterinarians of that time. Each regiment of cavalry 
 was allowed one veterinarian, who was given the rank of 
 sergeant-major, the highest grade of non-commissioned offi- 
 cers, but was not enlisted. This last provision was wise, 
 since, had he been enlisted, all hope of future promotion 
 would have been lost. While given this rank he is yet, prac- 
 tically, a civilian, wearing no uniform, under few restriciions 
 and free to resign at any time. The pay was seventy-five 
 dollars a month with allowances of quarters, fuel and Jights, 
 which at that time~was equal to the pay of a second lieu- 
 tenant, the actual pay/ of a sergeant-major being between 
 twenty and twenty-five dollars a month. 
 
 The worst feature of this law was the method of appoint- 
 ment; the veterinary surgeon was appointed by the Secretary 
 of War on the recommendation of the Regimental Com- 
 mander, and the result was that many of the colonels 
 appointed men who were absolutely ignorant of veterinary 
 medicine, but had traits which were acceptable to the men 
 who appointed them. This system was ruinous to the ser- 
 vice. 
 
 _ During the late war little is on record regarding the 
 work of the regimental veterinary surgeons owing to lack 
 of organization, rank, hospital facilities and the constant 
 
74 
 
 moving of troops. At all the large remount depots, such as 
 Giesboro’ Point near Washington, where from ten to twenty 
 thousand horses were kept at a time, the Quartermaster’s 
 Department hired civilian veterinary surgeons to visit the 
 large hospital stables provided for sick horses, but the ser- 
 vice was in many ways unsatisfactory, owing to the lack of 
 authority vested intheveterinarysurgeon. Owingtothelack of 
 veterinary supervision, thousands of sick and disabled horses 
 were shot each year during the war. 
 
 In the reorganization of the army in 1866, four more 
 regiments of cavalry were added to the army, the Seventh, 
 Eighth, Ninth and Tenth, the two last named regiments 
 consisting of colored enlisted men and white officers and 
 veterinary surgeons. ‘These new regiments were given two 
 veterinary surgeons each, one of whom received one hundred 
 dollars a month and the junior, seventy-five dollars. Thus 
 the veterinary service of these regiments costs one hundred 
 and seventy-five dollars a month as compared with theseventy- 
 five dollars allowed the men in the old regiments. 
 
 With the advent of veterinary colleges better qualified 
 veterinarians have from time to time entered the army, who, 
 after gaining valuable experience, have usually resigned to 
 enter the more remunerative civil practice. As none but 
 eraduates have been appointed for the last twenty years, the 
 corps has gradually improved, but its official position has 
 remained as it was created in 1863. The cause of this has 
 been conservatism, bad precedents, lack of interest both in 
 and out of the army, no central organization, and lack of rank 
 of veterinarians to back up their opinions. 
 
 In most important matters where large sums of money 
 are expended and where veterinary supervision is most desir- 
 able as, in the purchase of remounts, for which one hundred 
 and fifty thousand ($150,000) dollars is expended yearly, the 
 
7 
 
 5 
 
 veterinary surgeon has little authority, nor has he authority 
 to condemn unserviceable horses, to inspect forage, super- 
 vise shoeing or look after the veterinary sanitation and 
 meat inspection of his post. All such duties are performed 
 by amateurs, because the veterinary surgeon is not a 
 responsible commissioned officer. He seldom, if ever, has a 
 hospital, and must treat sick and disabled horses in the troop 
 stable, receiving such assistance as he can from the “troop 
 farrier.” 
 
 The duties of an army veterinary surgeon require him 
 to make a daily inspection of all stables at his post, and to 
 treat all public animals and such private horses of officers as 
 the commanding officer shall require. During the winter 
 he is required to lecture to the officers on hippology, taking 
 up the origin and conformation of horses, shoeing, feeding, 
 saddling and bitting. From time to time he is ordered to 
 visit troops detached from headquarters, for the purpose 
 before stated. 
 
 His official life is not burdensome, as a rule, for being a 
 civilian, the commanding officer usually grants all reasonable 
 privileges. He is usually permitted to engage in civil prac- 
 tice and to come and go as he deems fit, as long as he per- 
 forms his military duties satisfactorily. His leaves of absence 
 depend entirely upon the regimental commander, who is 
 responsible for the veterinary surgeon and to whom the latter 
 looks for his orders. : 
 
 As to the social life of the veterinary surgeon in the 
 service, much depends on his calibre, education, deportmeni 
 and training; his social position depends largely on himself. 
 The general rule in both military and civil life is that a man’s 
 level is fixed largely by his own abilities. Many young men 
 enter the service and resign after a short time, finding the 
 life uncongenial, while others seem to enjoy it. 
 
76 
 
 The position offers a large and varied practice, chiefly 
 surgical, in various sections of the country, due to the fre- 
 quent change of stations. This work, together with the 
 teaching that the veterinarian must do, is the best kind of 
 training for a young man, whether he remains in the military 
 service or seeks civil practice. The young graduate has some- 
 thing to gain and little to lose in accepting such a position. 
 
 A comparison of the veterinary service of the United 
 States Army with that of other countries shows how primi- 
 tive our service is, that it does not fuifill the purpose for 
 which it was intended, and that the government loses much: 
 by not improving it. The United States Army is the only 
 one pretending to be on a modern basis, which is without a 
 regularly commissioned veterinary staff. The countries of 
 Surope, already overburdened with military establishments, 
 would not keep a corps of high ranking veterinary officers. 
 unless it was economical to do so. ‘These officers have proven 
 their worth and the economy of retaining them, by getting 
 sound remounts and by the small death and condemnation 
 rate in their armies. In the British, German, French, Italian, 
 Russian and all other modern military establishments, these 
 officers rank from lieutenant to colonel, and have absolute: 
 authority in all matters pertaining to their profession. ‘h 
 
 It is only a matter of a short time until the United 
 States Army will have a well-organized veterinary corps. A 
 greater interest is being manifested in military and veterinary 
 matters by the younger officers, and improvement is bound to- 
 come within a few years. When the inevitable reorganization 
 occurs, and the veterinarian is given the rank, responsibility 
 and equipment that he merits, there will be a demand for 
 highly qualified men for the vacancies. 
 
 Fort Meyer, Va. 
 
"VINVATASNNGdg AO ALISUAAIN{) ‘IVLIdSOH AUVNIAALAA ‘ASNVINANY 
 
 
 
 
 
‘VINVATASNNGAdg AO ALISUHAINYG ‘SASHOH ONILSIOH wOd SALVUVddy AGNV dodiay 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
77 
 CANINE PRACTICE. 
 
 By HOWARD B. FELTON, A. B., V. M. D., 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 
 
 From time immemorial the dog has been the friend and 
 companion of man. Among the lower animals he seems to 
 have been the most richly endowed with intelligence, fidelity 
 and the manifold qualities which endear him and render 
 him indispensable to humanity. The very early domestication 
 of the dog is attested to by the sculptures of Nineveh and the 
 hieroglyphics of Egypt. Among the Egyptians the dog was 
 highly esteemed and venerated. One of their deities, Anubis, 
 is described as having the form and body of a man, but with 
 a dog’s head. These were types of sagacity and fidelity. 
 They also worshipped Sirius which they called the dog star, 
 its appearance in the heavens indicating to them the time. of 
 the annual overflow of the Nile, and for this reason they 
 -associated it with the watchfulness and well-known fidelity of 
 the dog. 
 
 The Ethiopians not only venerated the dog, but it was 
 their custom to elect a dog as their king. He was kept in 
 great state and surrounded by a numerous train of officers and 
 guards. When he fawned upon them, he was supposed to 
 be pleased with their proceedings; when he growled, he disap- 
 proved of the manner in which their government was con- 
 ducted. | 
 
 When Pythagoras, after his return from Egypt, founded 
 a new sect in Greece, he taught that at the death of the body 
 the soul entered into that of different animals. At the death 
 of any of his favorite disciples he caused a dog to be held to 
 the mouth of the dying man, in order to receive his parting 
 spirit; saying that there was no animal that could perpetuate 
 his virtues better than that quadruped. 
 
78 
 
 The Jews were taught to regard the dog with abhorrance 
 and contempt, to save them from the idolatry practiced by 
 the Egyptians. The Mohammedans, perpetuating the antip- 
 athy of the Jews, looked upon the dog as unclean, and to 
 this day no more scurrilous epithet can be bestowed upon an 
 unbeliever than to be called “a dog.” The Hindoos likewise 
 regard the dog as unclean and if they accidentally come in 
 contact with him must submit to various purifications. They 
 believe that every dog is animated by a wicked and malig- 
 nant spirit, condemned to do penance in that form for crimes 
 committed in a previous state of existence. ) 
 
 From the earliest known times the dog has been the pro- 
 tector of the habitation of the human being. He was early 
 employed in the herding and care of cattle and sheep. He 
 has always been an indispensable factor in the pleasures and 
 dangers and labors of the chase. As a beast of burden we 
 find him employed at the present day in Newfoundland, 
 France, Belgium and the frozen regions of the North. As an 
 article of food the flesh of the dog was esteemed by the epi- 
 cures of Greece and Rome. Galen speaks of it in the strong- 
 est terms of praise. Hippocrates says that “the meat of old 
 dogs is of a warm and dry quality, giving strength to the 
 eater.” Virgil recommends that the fatted dog be served up 
 with whey or butter. On the “gold coast” of Africa, among 
 the Chinese and the North American Indians, and, to a lim- 
 ited extent, in France and Germany, the flesh of the dog is 
 still used as an article of food. 
 
 We find that the ancients laid great stress upon the prophy- 
 lactic properties of different portions of the dog’s body. 
 Pliny, Hippocrates, Aristotle and others speak of various 
 preparations made of his flesh for the cure of many dis- 
 tempers. Pliny recommends the ashes of burnt dogs made 
 into a liniment with oil as a healing salve for malignant 
 
79 
 
 wounds, and the internal use of the same article as a preven- 
 tive er cure for hydrophobia and other distempers. Anti- 
 phanes in the year 404 B. C. had discovered the homeopathic 
 cure for hydrophobia, expressed in these lines: 
 
 “Take the hair, it is well written, 
 Of the dog by which yow’re bitten.” 
 
 To the employment of the dog in the sports of the chase 
 are we indebted for the first records of his medical treatment. 
 The Greeks and Romans were ardent sportsmen and have left 
 on record rules for the training of the dog and directions for 
 the treatment of the various ailments to which they found he 
 was subject. In the hunting books of the Middle Ages we 
 also find these subjects elaborated upon, but we perceive that 
 during this period the dog, like mankind, suffered greatly 
 from the empiricism and barbarous practices of the times. 
 Worm in the tail and in the mouth have been handed down 
 to us as a legacy. | 
 
 With the establishment of the Veterinary School at 
 Lyons, in 1761, a brighter era began to dawn for the dog. 
 Recognition of the dog, as a legitimate object of the veterin- 
 arian’s care, came slowly, however, and for a long time the 
 regular practitioner looked askance at him, leaving him to the 
 tender mercies of the trainer and the fancier. Gradually, 
 however, veterinarians who were lovers of dogs began to min- 
 ister to his wants and by their example compelled the profes- 
 sion to recognize this hitherto despised animal. At the pres- 
 ent time every reputable veterinary school has its chair of 
 canine medicine, and sends out its graduates thoroughly pre- 
 pared to treat the ailments of the canine race. The Veterin- 
 ary School of the University of Pennsylvania has placed itself 
 in the foremost rank by the erection of its hospital for dogs, 
 
80 
 
 the most complete in point of hygiene and adaptability in the 
 United States. While all veterinarians are now instructed in 
 the rudiments of canine practice, all do not become canine 
 practitioners. Many are located in the country where canine 
 patients are few and far between. Others, while they might 
 have the opportunity, have a distaste for treating the dog and 
 resign in favor of the all-round veterinarian or the specialist. 
 
 To be a successful canine physician requires a love for 
 the animal and tact and skill in his management. Canine 
 practice opens up an inviting and fascinating field for the 
 veterinarian. In the domain of surgery we find our patients 
 approaching nearest to man in the possibility of performing 
 aseptic operations, in the facility of handling and in the sus- 
 ceptibility to anesthetics. In the field of contagious dis- 
 eases we find we have yet much to learn in regard to dis- 
 tempers and rabies, the two most dread disorders of the 
 canine race. As we study the therapeutics of canine medi- 
 cine we find a striking similarity to that of human medicine. 
 It is true that there are a few marked exceptions to this rule, 
 but only a very few, and as new remedies are being constantly 
 discovered in the realm of human medicine, we find that we 
 can apply them in canine practice often with the happiest 
 results. 
 
 In the larger cities of Europe canine specialists have es- 
 tablished themselves and have attained fame and fortune in 
 the practice of their profession. Following their example 
 many have pursued the same course in the principal cities 
 of our own country. The field is a large and lucrative one, 
 and, with the growing interest manifested in the various 
 breeds of dogs, the outlook seems to be very promising. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
81 
 MORE VETERINARIANS NEEDED. 
 
 We are constantly told that every calling which offers a 
 career and a living is crowded, especially all the professions. 
 There is, we believe, an average of one physician for every 
 550 inhabitants. Of this number probably one-half do not 
 need any medical attendance; of the remaining 275a part goto 
 the dispensaries, and the remaining very modest number have 
 to apply themselves vigorously to being sick in order to afford 
 au very modest maintenance to the ph¥sician who is allotted 
 to them. Some time since an eminent physician, professor in 
 a medical college, was asked if the profession was not growing 
 crowded. He replied: “Oh, no; it is not growing crowded; 
 it is long since passed that point. It is crowded.” 
 
 But there is one branch of the medical profession which 
 is not crowded. In the nine schools of veterinary medicine, 
 according to the report of the Commissioner of Education 
 for 1894-95, there was a total attendance of 474. According 
 to the same report there are in the United States 151 schools 
 of medicine, with about 21,000 in attendance. In the excel- 
 lent department of veterinary medicine in the University of 
 Pennsylvania there were seventy-eight in attendance. In the 
 four medical schools in Philadelphia there were 2029 stu- 
 dents. 
 
 There were, in 1890, in the United States 161,883,518 
 horses, mules, asses, oxen, milch cows and cattle, swine and 
 sheep (not including spring lambs), and all of these animals 
 might at times require the attention of a veterinary surgeon. 
 Probably they live more nearly according to nature than 
 human beings, and are, thereby, less liable to sickness. Prob- 
 ably also they are freer from nerves and have less temptation 
 to aggravate their sufferings by talking about them. We 
 have no reason to suppose that there are among them any 
 
82 
 
 millionaires, or wives of millionaires, who find their diversion 
 in being ill and in consulting a physician, although there is 
 probably something analogous to this class of cases among the 
 many million dogs and household pets whose health is shat- 
 tered by over-feeding and indolence. All the dumb animals 
 the more urgently call for skillful treatment by specialists 
 from the fact that they have no means of making known their 
 feelings and their symptoms. It is safe to say that the money 
 value of these animals may be expressed by billions of dol- 
 lars. The instinct of interest, as well as of humanity, should 
 lead every owner of domestic animals to seek advice when- 
 ever these animals are suffering and to be willing to pay a fair 
 price for their treatment. 
 
 And there is a larger interest involved; our relations to 
 the domestic animals are very close. Undoubtedly disease is 
 largely diffused by the use of the milk and flesh of animals 
 which are affected. Milk is an especially favorable vehicle 
 for the diffusion of tuberculosis and typhoid and other dis- 
 orders. It is of the utmost importance to the community 
 that there be practitioners at hand able to tell when an animal 
 is diseased and to prevent the spread of disease through it. 
 
 It is quite warrantable to say that in every town of 5000 
 inhabitants and in every group of towns of smaller size there 
 is a field for at least one veterinary surgeon, and quite prob- 
 ably for more, and that in every large town there is an open- 
 ing for several. But, in many sections of the country, the 
 veterinary art is practically unknown. ‘The educated vet- 
 erjnarians are not sufficient to supply more than a fraction 
 of the demand. In almost every town the blacksmith is sup- 
 posed by virtue of his relation to the horse’s hoofs, to have 
 a knowledge of veterinary medicine, and there is frequently 
 some practitioner without even this amount of knowledge 
 who sets up in the practice of the profession. 
 
&3 
 
 The instimet of humanity, as well as the desire to earn a 
 living, might well lead a great many intelligent young men 
 into the veterinary profession. Probably there is a feeling 
 that socially the position of a veterinary surgeon is not equal 
 to that of an ordinary practitioner of medicine. Of course, if 
 a young man would rather starve genteely in the best society 
 than make a comfortable living among plain people we have 
 no suggestions to make. * * * * ¥* -_Hditorial, Phil- 
 adelphia Press. 
 
84 
 
 List of Graduates from the Veterinary Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 
 
 [‘‘G. P.” indicates general practice. ] 
 ADAMS, JOHN W., A. B., V. M. D., 4019 Powelton ave., Philadelphia. 
 Professor, Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania. 
 ANDREWS, FRANK H., V. M. D., 126 W. Fayette st., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 GE 
 
 BACHMAN, B. FRANK, V. M. D., Strasburg, Pa. G. P. 
 
 BAER, B. S. J., Ph.G., V. M. D., York, Pa. G. P. 
 
 BANNISTER, H., V. M. D., 1632 Meadow st., Roanoke, Va. G. P. 
 
 BARBER, RAYMOND, V. M. D., Newtown, Pa. G. P. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, J. C., V. M. D., Berwyn, Pa. G. P. 
 
 BATTEN, HE. C.,) V..M. Di; Bast Orange, N. J.) GaP, 
 
 BEATTY, JAMES, V. M. D., 200 Frankford rd., Philadelphia. 
 
 BERTRAM, FREDERICK DE M., V. M. D., Newport, R. I. G 
 
 BICKEL, S. D., V. M. D., 85 E. Main st., Norristown, Pa. G. 
 
 BLACK, HORACE G., 136 E. Market st., Wilkesbarre, Pa. G. 
 
 BOWER, HENRY, V. M. D., 1343 N. Fifth st., Philadelphia. G 
 
 Boyp, CHARLES W., V. M. D., Allegheny City, Pa. G. P. 
 
 BRACKBILL, MARSH L., V. M. D., Reading, Pa. G. P. 
 
 BREISACHER, LEO, JR., M. D., V. M. D., 310 Congress st., Detroit, 
 Mich. Practice of medicine. 
 
 BRIMHALL, S. D., V. M. D., Minneapolis, Minn. Assistant State 
 Veterinarian. G. P. 
 
 BUNTING, F. R., V. M. D., East Burlington, N. J. G. P. 
 
 CARTER, JOHN Morris, V. M. D., 32 W. Fourth st., Williamsport, 
 Palace. 
 
 Castor, THOMAS, V. M. D., Buffalo, N. Y. Inspector, United States 
 Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 CHRISTMANN, HERMAN A., V. M. D., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 COHEN, N. A., Ph. G., M. D., V. M. D., Camden, N. J. G. P. 
 
 CoLE, CALVIN C., Dover, Del. G. P. 
 
 CONARD, M. E., V. M. D., West Grove, Pa. Instructor, University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CONNOR, JOHN F., V. M. D. Uniontown, Ala. Veterinarian, Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station, Alabama. 
 
 Conrow, A. E., M. D., V. M. D., Moorestown, N. J. G. P. 
 
 Corson, PERCY H., M. D., V. M. D., Plymouth Meeting, Pa. G. P. 
 
 COTTON, CHARLES E., V. M. D., 414 First ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 
 Veterinarian, Minneapolis Board of Health. 
 
 CULLEN, CHARLES M., V. M. D., 4251 Ogden st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 DILKES, G. WALTER, V. M. D., Barnesboro, N. J. G. P. 
 
 DOHAN, CHARLES A., V. M. D., Darling P. O., Delaware County, Pa. 
 G. P. 
 
 DRUMMOND, GILBERT G., V. M. D., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 EARNEST, CHARLES M., V. M. D., Philadelphia. Milk Inspector, 
 City of Philadelphia. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 “TRIANGLE,” UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA DORMITORIE 
 
‘SAIMOLINUOG VINVATIASNNAd JO ALISUAAINO ,“avoG AILLNT,, 
 
 
 
 
 
85 
 
 Eppy, H. L., V. M. D., 1308 Twentieth ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 
 GaP, 
 
 EDWARDS, WARREN, V. M. D., Downingtown, Pa. G. P. 
 
 ENTRIKEN, H. D., V. M. D., Kennett Square, Pa. G. P. 
 
 HSHLEMAN, JOHN M., V. M. D., Parkesburg, Pa. G. P 
 
 Evxs, HrramP., V. M. D., 509 W. Ninthst., Wilmington, Del. Acting 
 State Veterinarian of Delaware, Professor, Delaware State College. 
 
 FAIRLEY, JAMES, V. M. D., 1511 Carpenter st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 FELBER, FREDERICK L., V. M. D., Baltimore, Md. G. P. 
 
 FELTON, HOWARD B., A. B., V. M. D., 934 Diamond st., Philadelphia. 
 (a. P. 
 
 FITZPATRICK, DENNIS B., V. M. D., 1049 Belmont ave., Philadelphia. 
 
 FLoop, Epw. H., V. M. D., 2042 Diamond st., Philadelphia. Ex- 
 Inspector, United States Bureau Animal Industry, Port of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 FORMAD, ROBERT, M. D., V. M. D., 1008 N. Sixth st., Philadelphia. 
 Instructor, University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 FORSYTH, GEORGE O., V. M. D., Pemberton, N. J. G. P. 
 
 FousE, CLYDE EVERT, V. M. D., 1827 Ridge ave., Philadelphia. 
 Gy P 
 
 FRANTZ, CHARLES M., V. M. D., Pleasant Corner, Pa. G. P. 
 
 GARDINER, WALTER W., M. D., V.M. D., Mt. Laurel, N. J. G. P. 
 
 GARRET? CASPER, V. M. D., Lansdowne, Pa. G. P. 
 
 GRAHAM, C., B. S., M. D., V. M. D., Rochester, Minn. Practice of 
 medicine. 
 
 GRAY, G. WALTON, V. M. D., Newark Valley, N. Y. Dairy Inspector, 
 Milk Supply Company. 
 
 GREEN, L. KENNETH, V. M. D., Buffalo, N. Y. Inspector, United 
 States Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 GREESON, JAMES O., V. M. D., Kokomo, Ind. G. P. 
 
 GROGAN, JOSEPH P., V. M. D., Baltimore, Md. G. P. 
 
 HAGENBUCH, BERT., V. M. D., 1243 S. Forty-seventh st., Philadelphia. 
 ae 
 
 HARGER, S. J. J.. V. M. D., 205 N. Twentieth st., Philadelphia. 
 Professor, University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 HARKER, G. se Trenton, N.J. G. P. 
 
 HARRIGAN, if W., Ph. G., V. M. D., Cor. Twenty-sixth and Federal 
 sts., Philadelphia. G. P. and Apothecary. 
 
 Hart, JOHN R., V. M. D. (Deceased.) 
 
 HARTMAN, GULDIN R., V. M. D., 2130 N. Fourth st., Philadelphia. 
 Milk Inspector, City of Philadelphia. 
 
 HEBERTON, CHARLES M., M. D., V. M. D., Cynwyd, Pa. Practice of 
 medicine. 
 
 HENDREN, SAMUEL, V. M. D., York, Pa. G. P. 
 
 HERNSHEIM, Jose T., V. M. D., Fargo, N. Dak. Stock-farm Veter- 
 inarian. 
 
 HICKMAN, R. W., Ph.G., V. M. D., 509 W. Fifty-ninth st., New York. 
 Chief Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry, New 
 York. 
 
86 
 
 Hocc, EpwIn, V. M. D., Kirkwood, Pa. G. P. 
 
 Houck, ULyssEs G., V. M. D., Chicago, Ill. Inspector, United States 
 Bureau Animal Industry. 
 
 HouLDSWORTH, JOSEPH D., V. M.D., 150 Green Lane, Manayunk, 
 PaiGe PP 
 
 JAMES, JOHN ALVIN, V. M. D., Aberdeen, Md. G. P. 
 
 JEFFERIS, JOSEPH R., V. M. D., Wilmington, Del. G. P. 
 
 JOHNSON, LEvI, V. M. D., Pitman Grove, N.J. G. P. 
 
 JoLLy, CHARLES R., V.M. D., Atlanta, Ga. Veterinarian, City Board 
 of Health. 
 
 JOLLY, GEORGE O., V. M. D., Montgomery, Ala. Veterinarian, City 
 Board of Health. 
 
 KEAN, T. J., V. M. D., Twenty-first st. and Fairmount ave., Philadel- 
 phian (Guk. 
 
 KELLNER, EDWARD L., V. M. D., 1621 Brown st., Philadelphia. G: P 
 
 KILLE, WILMER B., V. M. D., Woodstown, N. J. G. P. 
 
 KLEIN, Louis Amos, V. M. D., Lewisburg, Pa. G. P. 
 
 KNIGHT, Emit, V. M. D., Rochester, N. Y. G. P. 
 
 KOENIG, AuGusT O., M. D., V. M. D., 261 S. Fifteenth st., Phila- 
 delphia, Practice of medicine. 
 
 LACOCK, J. STEWART, V. M. D., 38 N. Diamond st., Allegheny, Pa. 
 City Veterinarian, Allegheny, Pa. 
 
 LAND, LEROy.M., V. S., V. M. D., Lexington, Ky. Student in 
 Imperial Se na School, Berlin. 
 
 LANDES, H. H., V. M. D., Camden, N. J. City Meat Inspector. 
 
 LAZELERE, 5. D. ante i D. , Jenkintown, Pani sare 
 
 LEHMAN, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, V. M.D., Mullan, Idaho. G. P. 
 
 LEINHARDT, RICHARD P., V. M. D. , Wayne, Pa. G.P. 
 
 LINTZ, CHARLES, V. M. D., Chesier, Pali Gib: 
 
 LUSHINGTON, A. NATHANIEL, V. M. D., Trinidad, B. W. I. G. P. 
 
 Lusson, Lois O., V. M. D., Ardmore, Pa. G. P. 
 
 MACKIE, F. H., V. M. D., Fair Hill, Cecil County, Md. Assistant 
 State Veterinarian, Md. 
 
 MAHAFFY, JAMES R., V. M. D., Wilmington, Del. G. P. 
 
 MAHER, JOHN J., V. M. D., 1514 Marshall st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 MAGILL, CHARLES F., Vv. M. ‘ORs Haddonfield, No aie 
 
 MAGILL, C. H., V. M. 'D., Sixteenth below Diamond st., Philadelphia. 
 G. P. 
 
 MARLIN, EDGAR, V. M. D., 132 E. Cumberland st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 MARSHALL, CLARENCE Tes V. M. D., 2022 Pine st., Philadelphia. 
 GNP! 
 
 MARSHALL, HENRY, V. M. D., Georgetown, Del. G. P. 
 
 MARTIEN, HENRY D., V. M. D. , Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 MARTIN, Ww. WALTER, 2103 Spring Garden st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 MamTrson, W. H., V. M. D., Camp Ground, Pa. G. P. 
 
 MAURISE, ANTONI (Deceased). 
 
 McCurpby, FRANK C., V. M. D., Tioga, Pa. G. P. 
 
 McNEIL, J. C., V. M. D., 26 Fourth st., Pittsburg, Pa. City Veteri- 
 narian, Pittsburg. 
 
 MECRAY, JAMES M., V. M. D., Maple Shade, N. J. G. P. 
 
87 
 
 MEISNER, Harry A., V. M. D., 1133 Asquith st., Baltimore. G. P. 
 
 MICHENER, E. M., V. M. D., North Wales, Pa. G. P. 
 
 MiInLAR, H. C., V. M. D., Lakewood, N. J. G.'P. 
 
 MILLER, CHARLES H., V. M. D., Duncannon, Pa., G. P. 
 
 MOHLER, JOHN R., A. B., V. M. D., LosAngeles, Cal. Inspector, 
 United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 MONTAGUE, JOHN W., V. M. D., Roxborough, Pa. G. P. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, WM.R., V. M.D., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. G.P. 
 
 Moore, ENOCH, V. M. D., 1328 S. Eighth st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 Moir, F. S., Ph. G., V. M. D., 2145 N. Second st., Philadelphia. 
 Lea 
 
 NICHOLSON, SAMUEL J., M. D., V. M. D., 3118 Richmond st., Phila- 
 delphia. G. P. 
 
 Oat, C)F., V. M. D., West Chester, Pa. G. P. 
 
 O’CONNOR, EDWARD WILLIAM, V. M. D., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 OESTERLING, HARRY E., M. D., V. M. D., Wheeling, W. Va. G. P. 
 
 PAXSON, HarRRy D., V. M. D., Wilmington, Del. Inspector, United 
 States Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 PEARSON, LEONARD, B.S., V. M. D., 3608 Pine st., Philadelphia. 
 State Veterinarian, Pennsylvania. 
 
 PEARSON, JOHN A., Salina, Kan. G. P. 
 
 PHIPPS, WILLIAM P., Lionville, Pa. G. P. 
 
 RANCK, EDWARD MarTIN, V. M. D., 4o21 Market st., Philadelphia. 
 GP. 
 
 RAYNOR, THOMAS C., V. M. D., Germantown, Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 REAGAN, WILLIAM J., V. M. D., 455 E. Fifty-seventh st., New York. 
 Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 RECORDS, J. H. (Deceased. ) 
 
 RECTENWALD, JOHN J., M. D., V. M. D., Pittsburg, Pa. Resident 
 in Philadelphia City Hospital. 
 
 REEFER, LEON N., V.M.D., Wheeling, W. Va. City Veterinarian 
 and G. P. 
 
 RICHARDSON, A. G. G., V. M.D., Indianapolis, Ind. Inspector, 
 United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
 RipcGH, W. H., V. M. D., Trevose, Pa. Private practice, Ex-President 
 Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association. 
 
 ROBERT, JOSEPH C., B. S., V. M. D., Agricultural College, Mississippi. 
 Professor, Agricultural College of Mississippi. 
 
 Roop, F. SIpNEY, V.S., V. M. D., Blacksburg, Va. Assistant State 
 Veterinarian, Virginia. 
 
 SALINGER, ARTHUR, V. M. D., 1510 N. Eighth st., Philadelphia. 
 iP. 
 
 SCHREIBER, A. F., V. M. D., Sixty-second and Elmwood ave., Phila- 
 delphia. Meat Inspector, City of Philadelphia. 
 
 SEITTER, JOSEPH B., V. M. D., 3522 Kensington ave., Philadelphia. 
 re 2D 
 
 SENSEMAN, B. F., V. M. D., 1523 N. Fifty-fifth st., Philadelphia. 
 Instructor in University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHANNON, FRANK T., V. M. D., 4204 Prairie ave., Chicago, Il. 
 Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 
 
88 
 
 SHAW, WILLIAM GEORGE, V. M. D., Princeton, Pa. House Surgeon. 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, 
 
 SHIELDS, WILLIAM A. H., V. M. D., 854 Franklin st., Philadelphia. 
 GB: 
 
 SHUMWAY, DANIEL G., V. M. D., Hancock, Mass. G. P 
 
 SMITH, EK. A., V. M. Ds Atlantic City, Ne Se) ks 
 
 SMITH, FRANK, V. M. D. , 2027 N. Thirteenth st., Philadelphia. Milk 
 Inspector, st of Philadelphia. 
 
 SMITH, GEORGE A., V. M. D., New Haven, Conn. G. P. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY, jr, V. M. D., 2322 Green st., Philadel- 
 phiasiGeP. 
 
 STAUFFER, WILLIS B., V. M. D., 2927 Girard ave., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 STORM, WILLIAM J., Vv. M. D. , Swiftwater, a: Rb Se. 
 
 STREETER, ARTHUR H., ARB 'V.M. D. , Cummington, Mass. G.P. 
 
 STUART, GEORGE E. He V. M. D. ( Deceased. ) 
 
 STUART, JAMES A., V. M. D., New Jersey. G. P. 
 
 SWANK, GEORGE K. atv M. D. , Kast Mauch Chunk, Pa. G, P 
 
 TAG, WILLIAM, Ph. G., V. M. D. (Deceased. ) 
 
 TERRY, EDWARD E., V. M. D., Holmesburg, Pa. G. P. 
 
 TINTZMAN, J. Z., V. M. D., 1232, Palmer st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 TULLY, EpGar, M. D., V. M. D., 1943 Franklin st., Philadelphia. 
 GiiP, 
 
 TURNER, HENRY W., V. M. D., Lahaska, Pa. G. P. 
 
 TURNER, JOHN P., V. M. D., Sixth Cavalry, United States Army. 
 Army Veterinarian. 
 
 UNDERHILL, BENJAMIN M., V. M. D., Media, Pa. G. P. 
 
 VANDEGRIFT, JOHN T., V. M. D., Langhorne, Pa. G. P. 
 
 WALKER, A. G., V. M. D., Taunton, Mass. G. P. 
 
 WALLACE, ARCHIBALD Hay, V. M. D., Turkey, N. J. G. P. 
 
 WALLS, ALEXANDER C., V. M. D., Alton, Ill. G. P. 
 
 WALTER, HARRY, V. M. D., Point Pleasant, Pa. G. P. 
 
 WALTER, HARRY, V. M. D., Wilkesbarre, Pa. G. P. 
 Superintendent Live Stock Department, Lehigh and Wilkesbarre, 
 Lehigh Valley and Susquehanna Coal Companies. 
 
 WEBSTER, R. G., V. M. D., Salem, N. J. G. P. 
 
 WEICKSEL, HARVEY, J. S., V. M. D., Shamokin, Pa. G. P. 
 
 WERNTZ, W. B., V. M. D. » 4531 Lancaster ave , Philadelphia. Ex- 
 Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Ge. 
 
 WERNTZ, WILLIAM T. S., V. M. D., 4531 Lancaster ave., Philadel- 
 phia. Market Inspector, City of Philadelphia. 
 
 WHEELER, A. S., A. B., V. M. D., 166 Chestnut st., New Orleans, La. 
 Veterinarian, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, N. C. 
 
 WHITE, EARNEST AARONS, V. M. D., New Orleans, La. G. P. 
 
 WILLARD, S. B., Ph.G., V.M. D., Yardly, Pa. G. P. and Apothecary. 
 
 WILLGANSZ, CHRIS., Vv. M. D., Buffalo, N.Y) Gin 
 
 WILLIAM, CHARLES, VoMaD: a 321 Thompson st., Philadelphia. G. P. 
 
 YOUNG, WILLIAM, JR., M. phe VD Nanticoke, Pa. Practice of 
 medicine. 
 
 ZANER, LLOYD, V. M. D., Stillwater, Pa. G. P. 
 
 ZUILL, J. P., V. M. D., 500 West st., Wilmington, Del. G. P, 
 

 

 
 Catalogue 
 
 of the 
 
 Veterinary Department 
 of the 
 
 University 
 
 of Pennsyplvanta 
 
 Will be mailed free 
 
 upon application to the 
 
 Dean of the Veterinary Faculty 
 36th and Pine Streets 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
Gaylord Bros. 
 Makers 
 Gyracuse, i ee 
 
 PAT. JAN, 21, 1908 
 
 
 
Ai 
 
 | i 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 3 0112 0687