a 39.658 4: bul $2 | Bulletin No. 52 September 15, 1922, rug vo Ty wee 2 oceem t COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS James F, Woodward, Secretary BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George H. Ashley, State Geologist eee COAL BEDS IN MERCER, CRAWFORD, VENANGO, FOREST, WARREN, McKEAN , POTTER, TIOGA and BRADFORD COUNTIES , PENNSY LVANTA By J. De Sisler MERCER COUNTY. Introduction. : Mercer County is the only county in Pennsylvania that has mined and shipped Pottsville coals on’a large commercial scale, These coals are thicker here than elsewhere, and were among the first coals mined in the State, In 1918 Mercer County stood nineteenth in-Pennsylvania as a bituminous coal producer. A total of 690,785 tons valued at $1,975,177 was produced, 639,324 tons valued at $1,827 ,929 were loaded at the mines for shipment; 12,405 tons: Pannen at $36, 149 were sold to local trade and used by employees; 39,066 tons were used at the mines for steam and heat. None of the coal was made into coke at ane Sneha The Brookville (Pardoe) coal furnished a great part of the output, Mercer County is on the west boundary of the State and lies between Crawford County on the north and Lawrence County on the south. Its greatest width from east to west is 27 miles and from north to south, 24 miles. Its area is 770 square miles. The population in 1920 was 93,788, hy a nS Tat oy hd or f Ye ae } hia i> } peg ota tise Dee ora i ag a 8, ve tex ve ¥"t » ees Dk Poe J “ Cd me 4 y r/ y, A - * . “ n 4 ‘ . \ ay E : ea ee , 2 “ he ve . week ; x A \ 4 7 i] rr § f » 4 I ; ( ¥ a bia XA. ‘ <2 ; , Way ed , rr ae ) prvi } ‘ _) t f ; ' ‘ : ; A ‘ u ; 2 GA ‘ | 4 lige My) Gabe ve +h a Mid by ; ts {'h t Ws deby she we , pari.) © it | f mi) wate 4 5 oe ; a Wd \ I , ‘? ; ; : M™ 7 ME “ vt rates ei i 1 } ‘ iJ, bh a Ay ty en i ides wi * 4 ' ‘ yr He fe ” Aas au 74 6 a 2 ‘ ; " UNA aA vee Weare hes ome pais ra agian eee ' 4 arty pin nk Dh oF 4) ay a 2A) 4 f x Lene i} Mercer County has many railroads. Phe Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad enters the county at Grove City, and runs north through Mercer and Greenville to the northern county line. The Pennsylvania Railroad follows the valley of Shenango River from the southern border of the county through Farrell and Sharon, then north to Shenango and James- town. The Erie Railroad follows the some route to Shenango, thence north to Greenville and Kemnard., ee i Abies ahha Ano ra * A a YY a Reece Me OW vee PAY’ rT Arcee i Mw AMY BN ies Mi . ' cau q * i a \ A f b bi anand fF Ye é‘ i ie ‘oat bio baat , rt ft ‘ Ae | IR ‘Aa bai RAY is es 2 p> Ss ai ” ned M 5 an SAT ly el A ate ao * vy LO: SPS peeeee. sot wy Mie aed “att 5 twee, a 4 i r heh * ae ae ee bs ae eee ties seh abet pin sit ; J ' Age ® 1, sy ya 7 t " ; 0 t ’ , ony 4 rm Ree yy “é : ra8 be 4 A abs Ahk + ath A et a i eae PAST, REO) | i an a wa * * i Su Nid Ae ites bee! Phat ii yn 4 ey vy” get Oe : : 4 A Aad Af sae BaF Ae » A ON erage AB « ayo [ ; } ‘ ; “3 ably ot fe var Live, : t is h A pnb ed | emai Pm é " ’ + “4 \ ‘ ; \ ij hie by ut ‘i BS 4 indi Lal I iy ty ¥ hi ‘t ote my es es 1 b ‘ i ity d 4 i y oe ' ’ ' 4 A, 7" oe Sn? Pace ® vir bk i be Pan rebeste pats Pam ee aie rpg tae a EMER’ Wik: | , y . i 3 r Fi « lees ee ‘ Ta oy et + PRA arr : " | aH Paras in ty in Ge re Tite It ue a Bare : oe San i a Of i: ay” m eit! An : a f y mi aap!" pu gel? Sy iedr wh gel Att Pn! 4 of! ih +) a y tT ie! Pet’ uh bi et a Da get i a be #s) Me ioe he , ivy ; enn .. TAC SLSR ct bs an)! AMG Ve Pe) 9 8 oe ee yin ve data i Ae ere oa: senuonigle att hi sic M de is 7 \ hit 1 ) id fof bé H i, ene i i _ i et Pee Sy alt : iy t Ov fi anne £0 renee ais i wart OF Ws Sak Pee ey Ns is aie dp ah A : oh, aA : a if ‘ai Sharon Coal, The Sharon coal is the lowest bed (geologically speaking) that has been mined in Pennsylvania, This bed was mined‘and practically exhausted more than 50 years ago, At the present time, to the knowledge of the author, there is not an opening in this coal in the county. Many thousands of tons were mined from this bed in the detached areas in the western part of the county for use as steam and domestic fuel and in blast furnaces. The coal is low in sulphur, very high in moisture and variable in ash. Locally the fixed carbon is very high, with a correspondingly low percentage of volatile matter. The coal is hard, bright and mines out in good sized lumps. It disintegrates very fast on exposure and is not suitable for storage. Its value for raw use in the iron furnace was due to bands of mineral charcoal distributed through the bituminous matter which prevented the mass from caking. The bed ranges from 2 few inches to 5 feet, and averages about 4 feet thick. The coal is generally very clean, with no distinct binders or partings. locally the coal is so poor that it could be classed as a bituminous shale, Quakertown Coal. The Quakertown cosl is persistent in Mercer County, but nowhere is so thick or-pure as the Sharon coal. It is too thin to mine on a commercial scale, but it has been opened for domestic use in a few localities, It is generally an absolutely clean bed of bright shiny coal, low in sulphur, low in ash, high in moisture, and medium in fixed carbon:and volatile matter. In Chio, where it is mined on a large scale, it is highly prized for burning ceramic wore,, and for steaming and general heating purposes. In Mercer County, the Quakertown coal lies from 80 to 100 feet above the Sharon coal, Its horizon is marked in many places by 2 few inches of coal or several feet of bituminous shale. In several town- Ships, especially East Leckawannock, it is 2 feet thick and has been mined for local use, Lower Mercer Coal, This unimportant coal, lying about 160 feet above the Sharon cool, is used almost exclusively for domestic fuel, its maximum thickness is 4 feet, The top half is very impure, and unminesble, Locally the bed is divided into an upper and lower bench by a shale parting near the bottom of the bed ranging from 2 few inches to several feet thick. A coal bed occurs in‘Sandy Lake township between the two Mercer coals, It has been mined, and shows two benches, a top one 4 feet thick separated by 4 feet of fire clay from a lower one 20 inches | thick, ‘Where it has been mined at Mople Grove it is fairly clean and free from partings. Upper Mercer Coal, The Upper Mercer coal, another impure bed, lies from 10 to 16 feet below the base of the Homewood sandstone, This coal is mined only in a few places. The bed is thin, nowhere exceeding 3 feet, and many bands of slate and sulphur make it dirty. Its average thickness is less than lz inches. BPE Ge th WY of ; OAD: GRR ah rein yy shee, Pa i Ge AE) ERS CR: AR EN od “ ’ Meat Bae Ot: De SaaS ee eer a 9 ae f oe Es en aa Ge ae: etsy ONG ie pares “ba bh ‘ CORR Ata RR RE BLS) La OAD) seat. HEROES paers a. toa ‘ - Tt a , { of a = a “ i . hu? ety { hh est ey ik ra i su mE Ap oe c ’ yo ie eae at Meare ee a fF tT Eye OP ig 7, rapes ED eer) rs j " 7 ' J bh | > ids nt ' om, D ] ri a ee a wilt ad ris tetas Wines b on Igoe A ’ J Ww * ' ; - 1 ‘ oe gu} Ls em & ey ® oad ae > ; : Apap MEN 4 MR Y ic A y RD W , W { ‘ ‘ j \ , ‘ We Nel he ee . , wh t a aa ried ; ete EAR eye f so ; r 1+ vere silt tales b er 4 aS hie F oa oe I *, Sis 4 t # * i ae ‘ rr"? > . 2 gm ey nv ee Se Oh ax hh Fy AeA ican} 1 r i * } : 4 : r } } P sd ; ay ery a j ie , q i} Wed ? F le ‘ t , r tr} yt Hoy re od om io > s ae ie) 1 * ry + : ey i " A ae 1 \¥ : } ry Shee ; He Ae a ' ' - . ; rity eae ARR: ATU * . ‘ , ‘SS er uit LB : ‘ : ? oe, . Fadtves oe pi hed» fH An ‘ ‘ ’ i if send + - 4 ey Wd id ¢ Co iw A a fh oF " 1 : Lge ‘ ¢ te soa ‘ si ony ar? a 4 ¥ » 3 ¢ / f ‘ va K : / ; \ EC A ke pty A 4 1, " 4 he ¥ j Ls a } diy on 7 i t t “ a AY mat % my as Be a Vi, te er r yn ‘ Parra t pate 3 Ae j wi it’ 4 é \4 WER B | 4 ii > , { : + > / 4 ' a ry a i : ? H ve , bi ie 4 , ie o> Se WW f ~ ' . > r t , ye? Ay m ~ : ' eo U 5 a4 fat ’ yk > : + ’ ri bi pad e ro 4 ‘ ' a , - Chr't Sane fy HPI Ae I LE it ia AY j 7 4 : ‘ ' "try 4 we beietes PK pe " 4 ’ fist ; O0 deh Wy a Py Phy : ' ame - witap Ula. 54 0 ele } ¥ ves ‘ by '& f { Pa eet aay plea og’ t 3 : ‘ ‘ ie : 0) aid i ‘Smt , ; ‘ J ‘ v ei Ae r é Chiba z t ent * NN ‘5 fy Ef FS hohe \ ve it " 4 A se te r sk ote MT ok we ti ; . ij ry Boe RES ie EAE UM A oh . a ae OE NTE it: Ga ho OUI, ae cian aye ae Nii eee 4 > 7 ’ i ti Pit CL eae ey rf 4 is gu arapan, wi i at yr ’ ; ce yf Li ; r Cri ¢ i y Pe ‘pions b. “ i ues 4 H Ha iba’ bol Big Brookville (Pardoe) Conl. The Brookville (Pardoe) coal is the st. important coal in Mercer County. All the lerge mines ore work- tet this bed, and practically the entire output of the county comes from it. The coal ranges from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet thick, and is free from sony noticeable ‘impurities, with the exception of a pyrite bend of one inch or less, generally from 4 to 10 inches from the top. Locally other bindezs develop, and 2 few inches of "draw slate" occur at the top of the bed, fhe Brookville is a steam and domestic coal having a low fuel ratio, rather high moisture, ash medium, and sulphur fairly low when the poineee are discarded in mining. The coal does not clinker under the boiler It is rather friable, and breaks up in shipment. CRAWRORD COUNTY. Crawford County hos practically no workable coal, The Allegheny and higher coal bearing formations sre lackingé The Sharon cool in the Pottsvilie forrotion, the only bed present, is confined to 2 few high hills in the southern townships, Tt is locally 4 feet thick, is nae and dirty, and under such thin cover that it has little ox no value. VENANGO COUNTY, nm ee The lower part of the Allegheny formation and the Pottsville formation, containing several thin ena dirty coal beds, outcrop in the tops of the knobs in’the southern part of Venango County. ‘The Middle and lower Kittanning, Clarion and Mercer conls are present, but-none of them exceeds 2 feet in thickness. They are extremely impure, and only one, the Clarion, has been opened. This coal was used for raising steam in oil well drilling. FOREST COUNTY. The rocks of Forest County lie practically flat, and the Potts-~ ville formation forms a broad plateau, which is deeply trenched by streams. About 60 feet of the lower pert of the Allegheny formation is present in a few of the high hills through the middle of Jenks town- Ship in the southeastern part of the county. These hills contain the Clarion coal, which is locally 2 feet 3 inches thick. SOE ae Digitized by the Internet Archive == — in 2022 with funding from | University of Illinois Uroana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/coalbedsinmercerOOsisl_ 0 The Mercer (Alton) coals are represented by onc or two beds of Shaly cool that are locally 3 feet thick, end underlie the higher summits enst of Allegheny River. The Sharon (Upper Marshburg) cool is generally a dirty split bed about 3 fect thick, underlying most of the higher areas, Coal has not been mined on a commercial scale in the county, as the coals have little value at present. WARREN COUNTY, arent The cool bearing rocks ef Warren County consist of the basal sandstones of the Pottsville, which cap the highest points in the southern half of the county. These rocks contain two coals, The Upper one, a few feet above the Sharon coal, is thin, averaging less than 12 inches thick, and is’very dirty. The Sharon coal averages 2 feet thick, has fair quality, and has furnished much fuel for local use, The roof is taken down for height, McKEAN COUNTY. adv en eee McKean County is topographically 2. High plateau, much dissected by streams. The conl bearing formtions, the Allegheny and Pottsville, occur in small, isolated areas in the highest points on this plateau. é CO..L BEDS. Sharon (Upper Marshburg) Cool, This bed, lying about 125 fcet below the top of the Pottsville conglomerate, has been opened at many places in the Alton and Clermont basins. It averages less than 2 Feet thick, and is dirty. ¢ Mercer (Alton) Coal Group, Three coals, lying at the horizon of the Mercer coal, are the most extensive and important coals in the county. The lower coal is thickest in the eastern part of the county. It has been opened at Hamlin, Splint and Lyman Camp mines, where it averages 4 feet thick. The roof and floor are very rolly, sometimes "cutting out" the bed entirely. The middle coal is generally composed of two to four benches separated by shale partings, It has been mined at Alton, Lafayette Oa ae ~~ et Ns A. v s/t. age ; ie A + : ; Os, ly si Cus ea “idea i , v 4 * A omy of 36be Me ORR RE ¥ . vi ' ’ J ' he oxy ty t * y _ “ . ‘ ‘ ‘ i" (We agg f a) aid! Out Ht * f+, 1% ’ : | ‘ ‘> Pol " . ¥ mn ait % +. eee , 5. 373 coh a Wu “a : - 4 : ¥ ha we bd hin oe “heb 4 + ry $0 ™ . Any ry : i “ ‘ - ‘ " ‘| 4 t Fl t ice 7: 4 : - beth Al L. ‘ , q hf y 4 Fs . , / RY f . j ‘ Laid fh , 4 i ee a? tye “ . ‘ i + vf mee A ‘shell WD wean ve ee 9 ir am - + ' > 1 : eat 4%," . ’ iad 5 ; ) “ , 7 j i A ha a ‘ es - ) , > i ‘Tt. vy ae | th fees OA t ” \ \ o* - Ww J \ Arte 4 say . 4 , ‘ rd ’ } : 4 jai a \ j 1 ~ hy 4 m Ag » " pe Sage by 4 : wie rf 4 ~~ Se P a iy ! iA tt ce f4 b : - | . A 4 A iJ : a’ . 4 ‘ Why ae - Bite bento nees ‘ ¥, oy ‘at A aN Pree i ; ) b fon ha oe \: ¥ 5 j y ‘* * - > Wate ai * ‘ | ¢ 47 yey ii A, tT, a% 4 y j } ; eae | ; Wi ¥ my *Y ‘ ty ‘ha wp ; Y ae | i ny v4 . a ee ) on ae hee din PY 4 ; P M : ’ 3 { r thet i Z : ai cae BBE Fah a uae cl fag rae | . 4 has yh UF hy Ri { p z ‘ ‘Pes ’ o% FY ed ' 4 wii ’ ig i) Shae “its pee 4 ony NT Lita Tee! tae dey ned att Tyee a a township, where it ranges from 4 to 8 feet thick, including partings,. This is a very unusual thickness. The upper coal ranges from 2 feet to 3 feet 6 inches thick, and is generally one bench, although locally the bed is full of thin bone partingss This coal was worked many years ago at Buttsville, and near Clermont, but the openings are now fallen shut. Clarion (Clermont, "A" ) Coal. This bed, lying from 60 to 70 feet below the Lower Kittanning, has been mined in Sergeant and Norwich townships, but the openings are now abandoned. It is reported 4 feet thick on the head of Indian Run. ‘In the Clermont basin it is £ feet 4 inches to 3 feet 6 inches thick, it is hard and brittle, high in ash and sulphur, and is nearly 40 per cent volatile matter, _In Davis Hill, Lafayette township, the bed is 3 feet 6 inches to 5 feet thick, with a local‘parting near the top. The bed is present in several other townships, but averages less than 2 feet thick. Lower Kittanning (Dagus, "B" ) Coal. The Lower Kittanning coal underlies about fifty acres in the Clermont Basin, and a few isolated areas’in the Norwich Basin. It ranges from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet thick, and has fair quality. It is not mined at the present time because roof and bottom "rolls" and its limited area make mining unprofitable. POTTER COUNTY, SSS SS Four or five synclinal basins which cross Potter County in a general northeast-southwest direction, contain a few isolated areas of Allegheny and Pottsville coalss The basal sandstones of the Pottsville make broad table lands, and ohly the highest hills contain the coal beds. The Kettle Creek basin is a shallow trough midway between the Blossburg and Gaines coal basins of Tioga County, which spoon out just beyond the Potter County line. This basin has preserved a few acres of coal in a hilltop near Germania, Abbott township. The coal has been mined for local use, The Pine Creek basin of Potter County is a prolongation of the Gaines basin of Tioga County. A coal bed 3‘feet 2 inches thick has been opened on Wittenmore Run. It is hard, clean coal, carrying sulphur 0.9 per cent; ash 9.8 per cent; volatile matter 30.9 per cent, The coal is excellent for steaming and domestic use. Other basins contain a few isolated areas of inferior coal in the highest hilltops, aon teed ee RES J ve ' er y 7 ‘ - ~ , x ; Aric " Fi eats “ : } 4, rh eh ; > ai Pee » ie ~ vt Y " dap t t | > paet A : A hee ’ eh 7. Bh id . x 7 , ; p mat # yo ite Pa Be ee ; sed yet ee are | ‘ Nad Othe ot ee 4 is ‘ v an be age Gee Se Sere WOK ER SBR) MIT ene ands yp nic j ; : 4 , a ‘ ) wer ov TES eee: a. Ce DAViS ene to ¥ ' é a. 4 Pd . p ; LU 2 , " + mM rt | a. ste , ; ‘ bet it ; > ; ° . wt tbs, ie et erathet a iy, * pat iar ays ee a watt’ A h : \ j ‘ é a le WS wy ’ : iva ith, , : « tie ’ . : ' ‘ 44 ** a4 a set, roe b ¥ r ; hs cae pee pee ete: OB OR Ce arene oe Rtih (aie Nese Hae <= *. es I 4 ~ ‘ Sea <3 > . ; i ‘ me Ty ‘ > om Lag t i P , - ote pit oy gel Ce ee ee AY oa C. Re Bao Oy Cobh oWme orn (uh hae Lene des W. 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Slat 4 iver TIOGA COUNTY e Fa Introduction. The coal bearing formations of Tioga County sre contained in two canoe-shaped synclinal basins. The first and most important, the Blossburg basin, extends in 2 general northeast-southwest direction, across Ward, Covington, Hamilton, Bloss, Duncan, Liberty, and Morris townships. The largest acreages of coal are in \iard, Hamilton, Bloss and Duncan townships; the other townships contain only a few outlying areas. The second, or Gaines basin, extending diagonally across the county a few miles north of and approximately parallel to the Bloss- burg basin, has’preserved a few small areas of coal in northern Gaines township, and one small area in northern Delmar township. Tioga County ranks eighteenth in Pennsylvania as a bituminous coal‘producing county.’ In 1918, the total production was ‘834,385 tons, valued at $2,552,517. Of this amount, 789,407-tons, vakued at $2 ,425;923 were loaded at the mines‘for shipment; 33,822 tons, valued at $96,046 were sold to local trade, and used by employees; 11,156 tons, valued at $30,548 were used at the mines for steam and heat. None of the coal was coked at the mines. Tioga County has four mineable coal beds,‘three of which are or have been mined for shipping coal, These beds, situated in small basins, in a region that is otherwise lacking in coal, have had preat local importance for many years. Tioga County is on the northern boundary of the State, between Potter and Bradford counties. Its maximum width from east to west is 37.5 miles, and from north to south 31.5 miles; its area is 1,142 Square miles. The population in 1920 was 37,118, Practically all the highways in the coal districts af Tioga County are improved, They are used for hauling coal to local con- sumerse, During times of high prices these roads were also used for transportine coal to railroad sidings. The Blossburg ‘district is served by the Erie Railroad which runs through Morris Run, Blossburg, Arnot, Landrus, Morris and Hoytville, The New York Central Railroad runs south to Antrim from Wellsboro, The Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad serves the Gaines district. COAL BEDS. The most important coal bed, the "Bloss," has been correlated as the Lower Kittanning. This correlation has not been proved definitely, but will be used by this Survey until more detailed work au FY « « ‘ o ha rd i¢ Ura ote ae beset rae VLE OTSA GGT, Sn eae Paes Dee een ag bos oF § ¥4 fi sh ty ap QQ Preys chy ip in fees we Pf pee t Hayes an Loe i a : be : "i ; i i mn peer ¢ i ee ae e ¥ a i® Mine ne pike ge Hit t ‘ “ } AACSB ial os Vilna 5, rey he by a ont hi ‘tus eee fs Aas f 7 ; ia 4 ‘ " we , , oe . ah at seenew hh » ony fe ; ) Po. 4 ; \ vs A wu ee) J one fd d ert Ue tae 5 hatin oat a '] 1 e% = ae / \ , ; \ f \ : De SRR eN tek Sp EDs ch ack oa. pth a aM one m4 ¢ , aa’ eGR ROR SRN ORE El OAR OF aad et a Ce et RI a rmrog A be wel yey 4 OrOh cee wie © tee APs 8 Giga iy Aid ROT eas Ree os ae i Prligeia YS Ngee aR i bit . . 4 fy vt ' 2 iy te bey Lhe dhe , ‘ i Any et gin fos Fe. 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Mi ‘ - tgs Et had Oty 5 4 oh vt “> b : : ' , Pits 4 , : ts Ne i} Te oh . oF io aA oP Os . AY + ‘ - A oe J * t ab re > Aa 5. = oid » . - id : ? sha a al OP : , Vi punce A ey Wh : ‘ ’ isn rad f Tey 1 or 1 Ce fs ‘ or Ge a ry a? PLA ais 5 pra d i inp bay apy ime ty Aigo 4 Ne ig Y i } Se i be ' seas Phy. ie a tab | ee) eA oe mays i. r v v9 hey “- * by ‘ 4 - 7 } Liv ¥ ‘ , reer ae 4 ; f © a tS Ay DPS eye Lah aes oe ye » a * Al ay - Soy Chae Li é Bid iy . . fk eee ai, is of r / ele f a) OT OEY wt lt eli j ‘ Ain Fe eal dt ‘ che Py wutene a wer < ah” on’: y 7 ‘ on a , on ad roe © “a ay ya “a + “ iy MIN Z eel ‘ ‘ elie i var | ; : via ‘ Su Lickke be Gt Ate nie ed RR oS aw be oo aay : nin wee : i . ’ ) 1 ie y A hail rs i yi nt ; y 1 ihe! a hb Leth toe ig) Pee ity SP nie ph Met ud Ris At . \ “ te seh ieG Nt s Pe Sr ee to 4 SF ld Wb Ge | Ag ee van SY, os ai i De) oe seas bE: ae Re et eos Were ys { S9 ef os } a1; i! ag i iy wir { i 3 ir ae at at i “ fy 7 i ager , y ite fe AS ba n hie tae 1 Oe Ae ae >a nie » deer r Pi i a CO NEG PAPE a GM iy 10 UM OM Sine . ¥ ky me y | ites a , ” ‘ Was i 3 7 j , ¥ i haere es ry wy a? ‘ i rhry ne grt pee ' vy son % q's a eee a A ee a | a Jk aes iby He vis eal + hy i } ole re ape bbe WN) des toa ya an i" 7 ? ver f oe Bs ey ee ‘ ia a” ; * DPS ¥ ONSANS aed Dae eS Ay Py je ey" ii, A ae i : Vt 1 4 : ' foe : my $1 mp Ye | Y : JON ds aoe Rea ese feb a Ca 4: f i ‘ rae) * pote cto oy, thapae oat Se a ios Ohi ie Aaa om wat bate th Hace Lok kadai» wn phi ae SAtyeand if is donee The correlation of the othcr beds is even more uncertain. The coals of Tioga County are generally soft and friable, and break up into slack and small lumps, irregular cubes in shape. They have long been classed as semi-bituminous and are used with great success as steam and blacksmithing coals. They range from 17 to 24 per cent volatile matter; 60 to 72 per cent fixed carbon; 6 to 18 per cent ash; and .69 to 3 per cent sulphur, Coal Beds in the Blossbure Basin. Bear Creek Coal, This bed, lying from 20 to 40 feet below the "Bloss" bed, is very irregular in thickness and quality. At Fall- brook it ranges from 12 to 30 inches thick, ‘averaging about 20 inches. It is a good, scmi-bituminous coal, but higher in ash than the "Bloss." At Morris Run this bed is reported 2 feet 6 inches thick; it averares less than 2 feet thick at Arnot and Antrim. This coal will be important after the "Bloss" has boen exhausted, Bloss (Lower Kittanning 7?) Coal. This bed is the most impor- tant one in Tioga County. It has been a large producer for many years, and is rapidly being exhausted. At Fallbrook it ranges from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet thick, averaging 2 feet 6 inches; locally a@ bone parting 8 inches thick is present about 6 inches above the bottom, At Morris Bun thé coal averages 5 fect thick, is regular and has excellent quality. At Arnot the "Bloss" bed avorares 2 feet LO inches thick, and is divided into irregular benches by two to four bone partings, ranging from 1 to 8 inches thick. The coal ranges from 2 to 3 fect thick at Antrim and generally carries one or two bono partines 1 to 6 inches thick. jm average of ecight analyses of the Bloss coal gives: volatile matter 19.74, fiszed carbon 68.97, sulphur 0,68, and ash 9,13 per cent. ‘Morgan Coal. This coal, lying about 40 fcet above the Bloss coal, is senerally of mineable thickness but is invariably full of clay’ Shale and bone partings, At Fallbrook it is 2 feet 1 inch thick, including a 3 inch shale parting, 10 inches above thc bottom. Both benche $ contain numorous "knife blades" of pyrite and bonc. At Morris Run, ..mnot and intrim the bed ranges from 12 inches to 3 feet thick and is too dirty to be mined profitably at prcescnt. ‘ Seymour Coal, This bed, lying about 140 feet above the Bloss bed, Will be-inmortant in the future. It is 2 fcct 8 inches thick at Fallbrook, 2 feet 6 inches at Morris Run; ’at Arnot 2 fect 8 inches; at intrim it is locally .6 feet thick, but averages less than 3 feet. The coal is very high in sulphur. Several other thin coal beds, lying at different intervals above and below the "Bloss" bed, arc thin and unimportant. pan ee viv’ Pay a nT ane re | aise 7 poy et . ‘ ‘ } . ‘ ss eet’ {a , 4 a ‘ " > ad $ vs Ps s bm * ar ' ifs i i at oe oy ; - ry) pes y 4 1 ry vf ye a i OT Ste |e Manes rN ¢ _ . iad te | iw f ‘ ’ —— Ay ‘ ing weenie » ‘ ’ * - ¢ ‘ ‘ ai « 4 . iN 4 . 3 : . : RUA yk te ev vt } L 2. bd Ps a / . ia ‘ Yr soy ys, Peis ak ¥ 4 Ni i eae ‘ ' fis . a \ . t * ht ee i ‘ £ i» at LA ’ « vl ‘ Woe i ! ) i ‘ eR re ME) vel ae Ce Mai oS i eee meee aor aq Pani ta edit ee ii ee e Ne. * i — - ; . \ i ra we Rabenbuye opnatrenmer, lever tt i iy aie 7 ye Fhe ' \ y Cure ad \ ea : rey BAN DADA WES c a ye a . oe a, ss Wy - ih i r ie POL Pat ) : a ae. aa Fs Nth it cary r. q ‘ f ‘ 5 aa ‘ Das i a y fm ! ag 3 f \ pole 4 « _- bi Aa “et } ‘ ¥ { y ‘ ig hal ol tw. Bhp ani "4 aie MS ey = . i ‘ be 4 Ot hut j vad HS ; sas t ‘ Ue y ud i] we he vert i "yt Abey 2 b vy “gt : w q i [ie y ki n Fie eal 4 v) ‘ : 1 par : ' ar . a. J “ a Puss *: me } oy 4} ‘ ' 2 w? I wieN 4 ‘ if My rf } ay Coek ru 4 Pd eh hae, tg } veneer ome yee Ts Mae H ogteegr EST Ag ant f. me WR! ‘ Yee : : dhe Mp yar wi Siw Ped ates ret * ‘ ' ps ei 2 ei a ; ny a ed ot Oe ' ‘ : ae ib ot ats we 4e a tg A RSET May p, praen uh hd Jui nS is, LA | rae ee ae ee nea ea ¥) ‘ Lhe Lae ead. , ‘ + } e A ; oF » a yee ieee Pe Oa a ary i " 5 : " iy 2. j ie ral we eet PA Ait Gh a yey eter ‘ ; . : ¥ ’ a: rs! re ee Bee 9 mvt bi pt ad Agia r Paar 7 WES WE eee Pw: teh no tor ahem Ree Wied bee sige echt aot % Py pws “ , ‘ , ‘ . cit ys ge )'3 fyi ot ‘ é \ ; Saar eu 1 ee See a 3 Vv DY ’ } ri ie ‘% i uk? Gia . y oa . rey ; A te ee ee 4 > F ce , - ay" “ Me LO R, AT P wey fF . mtg <> Bo ian ie et a i if fg, ly Ca | : “v im frida yuna uA) Y ' : i tye fy wit mm Woh ae W ” ae h4 7 .¥ ‘ a fi at i ¢ 4 +> © ray 4 4 \ n i] } if fi Pah oe , of oe Te). ks y* a® iva a } : * root ‘ ‘ M ‘ ’ ° . r ’ t * 4 hy ‘ J 4 wes “an & ypet : rene Se ty ee” ? ee fe ts re vie ty vy j J a, Kak EVE IAIN | Vive " ry et Bay ab, war, as Pi oe Rat 1d Oe dps | Py eRe ’ yt We ‘ " j J ’ ep ae é - hy : B i€ i ae : oy he a oh sis } ee fi ry. ; Ty hoe f ra nes ON ie OS ie 7 | OR Wad Pa isi? satel i a } y ae ee ae : net d Ay oe we ee eet F Sol what Wr) re a we ‘i "OP &4 ine Dw | i ail i j ih Ib oie Olde an hy he Ahad { sat roe ; a is bare: : ye hu Rie ae Tr ypinkahernmyan Fa “ y : ; Ag vk Fee ORE GAT eS ES BRATS) Phe ne 7 ” ” ba , : Gat 4 jate dh. Ai ae lege berg atrcn ig i ae “ : . Reb | fF { A 1 gh Ni MER a + thi} liga SRE sa he ae ACU eet ie vi iy nt ‘7 bind Batak eee : pena eed v° me nat feta fy Da : Ma PRs 7 ee vf PON ke Vile Sapo oN | pel pi ee: Ane ey ¢ an! : ; if : - ys f ts ae t P { rt a Tas eee Pigs (ea we pe KR) f Ree ete A tay pe ae | 4 Dive PKA (t Gal et LE « POM, wy 4% ’ au 7) ‘ j Le f ne | ie ri : > { b's ; yt ¥ ; Y aby 5 Pe Pl f ! t aall oe bit ay ( Vv + & 4 May hi healt talon Rid wild * : i } Pie Sg ' : fe oe Le ea y, } ate i yh } es ae hae rl | eR ye ‘hia a (a) ae89 ry pe a : eu gts i pu ‘ ) ~ ‘ > A ; wad ye ae op a? hn a , el PINAY BF | RAIs. Ye LOTR FRO PRUNE: a hae } ap tie / Uh, me F ve Sie, te F ; yak Leg ss it sf : Bie, rea + on Ye) ao 1°.) MAN a Oa el ibe ke aD: tart faby i on a ome clean re hag Babin Cah ee oh GAINES DISTRICT. The Gaines coal basin is at Gurnee on the crest of the mountain 4 miles northeast of Gaines. The coal is in the Pottsville formation 160 feet above the Sharon conglomerate. "Coal has been known to occur in the Gaines basin for half a century or more and was actively exploited about twenty-five years ago. At that time careful examinations were undertaken and open= ings on coal were made at many points, on the basis of which a minutely detailed geologic section showing the presence of‘ll coals, 4 of which were reported to be 3 feet or more in thickness, was made out. On the basis of ‘this section an& the accompanying report a company was organized, a railroad built up the side of the mountain from lansing, 700 feet below, and a mine opened on the most promising bed, then known as the Knox and Billings coal. This coal proved to be of good quality and to possess a fairly persistent thickness of about 3 feet, and was actively mined for a number of years. The mining developments; however, brought to light unexpected dips, and the coal, instead of underlying the whole of the broad flats of the mountain top, was found to underlie an area of less than a square mile. It also gradually became certain that the many openings, supposedly on different coals, were in reality on a single bed, with the exception of a 3-inch bed occurring 15 or 20 feet above the top of the conglom- erate, The area was long ago exhausted of all the coal that could profitably be mined by the larger company, and the mines were practically abandoned, though they have since ’been reopened and are Still worked on a small scale by Mr. P. Smith, who was foreman of the company « The coal-is cuboidal and on a fresh surface is seen to consist of deep black, shiny layers alternating with duller partings of amorphous carbon, It is rather soft and friable and carries considerable sulphur. Its coke is also friable but mects the require- ments of good blacksmiths coal, for which use it is in considerable demand, ‘It is popular in the surrounding country for general heating purposes, and at the present time is also in demand as a fucol in the nearby oil field." } The foregoing quotation is from the Gaines folio of the Geologic Braannos the United States, published by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1903. In the summer of 1921, L. H. Woodcock, R, D. No. 4, Westfield, who lives at Gurnee, opened a drift mine near the top of a hill at Gurnee and in August 1922 was employing 5 miners to supply a steady local demand for coal, The drift at that time was 120 feet lone. The thickness of the bed is as follows: 7 TH be M of ve on ’ S| ie ghey ; 4 agree i ee ‘ > ' : he i ty | ad ’ : , AS ae abe r4 : ‘ * 4 » ' . ” Ap ’ ni & . os oe 4 sal | et, a : ees ag ave ph Yee roel 2S f 20: CI 2 ee RO amy Er co te eS tas a easy: Ad ane tre on hae y a f ry La | A vmedt aaed: SNe ee eacueliane ea a say ey }i¢ es red "Lv Ps ‘as oe ; io ‘ . 2 Gay cs bMMtS “erent ond tat Ra eee 4 int@hor t'4¢ We a a f ; f 2 ce is 13 ate wh . ao @ eo " ® : ina at ye t ,°% “ ; oe" ‘ yl | oi + od wre a j ay ; i en Dal ge 8 : MEME eo len, v * 4 “ { ' 4 i ier’ ) ° i ef eS i : wey e A F ‘ 1 ’ nee ’ ‘ yf a 5 , * 4 p “re lh ' P ; } ta ny f t Saat ef bh. a ay a a is ARs BARE Da bo GT BOK sgtrey pitt ecu pe Naitlpsahv ahd Ca Run oF Ho Oo) eins: id | Cofeistin’ ath Be CAE a ape | hd sen, de int: $28% GOD) weer sie Lite } ; » rr bars ” rE i) 1, rat ae Ps a : Fee y soy ae Pees y Sime Maa) + 1 : ; / ise Luk my cL: fae ryt dt HORE AD Gta -RP BWSR ht cae ad mad a wa . : i" a pene: i rt BB e By t's aj A ‘ ieee 633 Be) Sus dar ' ’ , Z mh " / p an m4 be et ce spied. ee rer ack Lae eaaee | Gadd Par A ’ any apiey 3 meet oe a Hine Bh to , SPA EO Rea eee ee | 900 Sand * bbe » a" ath “a 2) myth , _ tae > Teepe ue 2 ‘ aimee Weed BS ate She i Mee ae ee ume Be atthe SRG eee ee ae Z A oS é ' wn 4 ns ee : ayes Phin Ra 4 cee! LAD tl ry by ‘ i Dee \ ' \} ne - 4] Fe gsi ii * m ‘eV a Soy os ao ; m , té ia a a ee \ : i eeonoS at Site noi gak: Cte MRC MeRe Ie ; 7 i i ors ‘ oie bah YY ss aes u i =, ne wh. On eer £ AO by SS ed? CORY ey eT iC : ba a f . > 4 is aN Pes re . sist Waaueen. tis . sete “eke Fin vi Y prene | ue fe a ayer ks eet ans coat Ree ae a ri) spor teal a dé Saebetuvac cinket 8 Sq ORC Chee Menem ae he pedi A toh Ro Ree eee pee 4 Ky Boome TOkE OF Pieler aoe + , ia A An a hee } ae 7 +) gy Ar ret +1 r Ya he | RR: ore & ay AS ai wo ¥, r i, J 4 co Prunny eer ee rt ae us er ae he O) ce a be ae I eee i aA- 1S tte Oe ds i Ra - : oka Ve ant oe 3 sheng . PAG i : en ee f my f tT. ay tS BS) ee pero zp “sock 1 Re ¥ A wa iis ie aed wy My ot inf 3 j Lares % - i ov Bae, Saale i : te . ‘ . ny ui uF ne ‘ ¥ Le - <) 1% pep. * i, . ¥ j i. eax Yo ‘5 per saat a: One an ee eat RO Oe Woodcock mine, Gaines district. oe Main heading Second lcft room inches inches Laminated bone 2 . Laminated coal 1 Bright coal 5 Dull coal Tost Dirt O+ Bone 1 Bright coal 2 Dull coal 10 Dirt ‘h Bone 14 Dull coal 14 Dull coal 4; 244 22 BRADFORD COUNTY. Introduction, The coal bearing formations of Bradford County are confined to the Barclay basin in Barclay and Icroy townships. There are possibly 30,000 acres in the field, which contains the Lower Kittanning and Brookville coals, The production is small, and at the prescnt time none. of the mines are working. The Barclay basin is served by the Susquehanna and New York Railroad. COAL BEDS. Brookville ("A") Coal. This bed, lying from 60 to 80 feet below the Lower Kittanning coal, ranges from 12 inches to 3 fect 6 inches thick, It locally has an 8 inch shale parting in the middle, in addition to numerous "knife blades” of bone. locally the coal is cannée loid in physical character, but generally it is tender and breaks in long sticks. The Brookville coal belongs to the semi-bituminous type. The Percenverc ose water 1s.0.85; volatile matter 16.6; fixed carbon 67.2; sulphur. ,5; ash 14,7. Lower Kittanning ("B") Coal. The Lower Kittanning is the most important coal in the Barclay basin, and yiclds nearly the total pro- duction. Its area is smaller than that of the Brookville, The Lower Kittanning coal is generally a trip le-‘bed, consisting of three benches of coal, separatcd by shale partinges, ranging from e to 8 inches thick. ‘The lower bench ranges‘from 10 inches to 3 feet thick, and ig friable, colummar in structure, and‘deep black in color, The middle bench ranges from 4 to 18 inches thick, and is also soft and friable. -The top bench ranges from 16 inches to 2 feet thick, and is harder, and docs not break up when mined, The Lower Kittanning coal averages 17 per cent volatile mattor, 70 per cont fixcd carbon, ,8 per cent sulphur, and 10 per cont ash. The coal is excellent for Steaming and smithing purposes, Nar puns \ ma’ ¥, : fis ik Oh penne: , ~ UNIVERSITY OF 09 HOE densa ay if ; \ smigsiaie nt a POC Dimi bite abi rnd eee bh Aie 4s t.4, bi, ang gas te bith jete MN Suvig® 4 (gehen Yolen PY . , i ; MTS se | 4 : : f si A Pia g - ' oS ; Shey (2 “ atten, efi tedoy thaocrne Ree , h aS Pa i. 3 ; fs ay? .' Oe ‘ f iy - ARERR ERIE ROE EY le sigan > , ey, >