Lyte peeyey — ptt ee Peasaranieentetss pet destehes tes: eet rite iebit Hite xh ts ee sereseret gkoughtiy yes Hest tit sasha hyieees i t t it uta 6 nage Phy neoaed Tbe eegpse sete te i : ou siti as Seity ess THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY GSA | Co +> Sale 5 eri — oe ae ~~ = a = az a ee ce 4 a oe Gee — — oe pute gies. a rr _— ard | MARKET GARDENING, OR THE VARIOUS METHODS ADOPTED BY GARDENERS IN GROWING FOR THE LONDON MARKETS. BY JAMES. CUTHILL, FBS: OF CAMBERWELL, LONDON ; Author of ‘A Prize Essay on the Potato,’ ‘“* The Cucumber and Melon,’ The Cultivation of the Mushroom,” “A Treatise on the Strawberry,” and ‘*A Treatise on the Vine.” somite ————— fl? Wir if : I) [Pi ys le Drs : LONDON: ae aes GROOMBRIDGE AND sons 5, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1870, 4 | which are market grounds; this district lies west oy London on the north bank of the Thames, with a ver gentle slope to the river, running westward somé, eight, miles, and bounded on the north side by th Brentford or great western road, containing man thousand acres. This is the spot where the finest things are grown in general; but there.is a tract o ground, less or more on the Surrey or south side o the Thames, reaching from Camberwell all the way te, Richmond, a distance of some ten miles, which is, little, if any, inferior. The Surrey market gardeners, also produce first-rate things, and were they as clos¢, upon London, with no tolls to pay in taking theif produce to market, they would match the Fulhan, growers. Then, again, there is a district betwee, London Bridge ‘and Greenwich called the “J amaics Level,” this is also on the south side of the Thames: This low-lying piece of ground is very rich of itself; having been washed by the Thames, which has left rich deposit of soil many feet deep—so deep, that th, very best Liquorice has been grown there. This par’ produces very fine strawberries, rhubarb, horse-radish, _ and the finest seakale of all. These, then, are the principal districts near and around London. ‘Then, further into Kent, “the garden of fruits of England,” great quantities and great varieties are grown there for the London markets ; for instance, very early peas and asparagus round Gravesend, &c., with enormous crops of fruits of all sorts, spread here and there all over the county. Then we cross the Thames into Essex: there again they produce peas, beans, cabbages, onions, &c., even as far down as Colchester, whence famous early asparagus, &¢., is sent to town. In leaving Essex, passing along the northern skirts of the city, touching part of Hertford, the land in general is not so congenial, being mostly clay ; here ‘ a —- eae 5 very little, except at Enfield, is produced for the London markets. Then, westward of Brentford, in the districts of Isleworth, Hounslow,* Teddington, &e., the very finest productions are raised. Then Bedfordshire supplies cucumbers by the waggon-load. Turnip-tops come as far off as from Buckingham and Berkshire; besides the enormous quantities of hampers ofall sorts of vegetables sent by families, &c., London swallows up everything, with its three millions, and its tens of thousands going in and coming out: still no town in the world.is better supplied with fruits, vegetables and flowers. Some years back, I took the late Mr. Smith, of Deanston, over part of the Fulham gardens; he was perfectly astonished. He looked for big hedges, big ditches, and weeds, but none were to be seen. The grand secret after allisin a nutshell. Continual dung- ing, trenching, or bastard-trenching (that is, the dung and part of the top mould put in, and one spit after- wards), hoeing whether there are weeds or not, with the best of seed, and attention paid to the proper times of sowing and planting. There is no drawing up of the mould to keep the cabbages, as some sup- pose, from being blown down. Drawing up the mould is never practised by the best gardeners. Market gardeners know that after an active crop the top soil for several inches deep is entirely exhausted, and he ce the reason for continual trenching, in order to bring up the top soil, that but afew months before had been turned down, with a large proportion of dung, to enrich it and fit it for active use along with _ the half-decayed manure. Market gardeners keep a great many pigs. Mr. * I was not aware of the great extent of market grounds here until I went down with the late Mr. Hume, M.P., to settle about his market-ground estate, near Hounslow. 6 George Bagley is quite famed for a good breed; he tries to keep his stock up to 100 or more; he has a steaming- or cooking-house for their food. Nothing pays. equal to pigs. They grow even faster than vege- tables. They eat all sorts of vegetable stems and leaves, and turn everything quickly into manure. It was one time considered by market gardeners to be beneath their notice to grow flowers, but now they all do so—such as stocks, pinks, picotees, cloves, - ranunculuses, anemones, heart’s-ease, daisies, auriculas, geraniums, mignonette, polyanthuses, violets, roses, and every saleable blossom of every sort. Railroads have done wonders. The old market gardeners are astounded at present prices; but they do not suffer so much, since they get everything cheap for their use. Growers of seeds suffer most, as the Continental cultivators sell theirs so cheap. We must not overlook the herb grounds round London, which are very interesting. The district where herbs are cultivated is Mitcham, in Surrey, about nine miles south-west of London, where hun- dreds of acres of all sorts are grown. As the stranger approaches that locality in the summer time, with the wind in the south-west, the combination of odours can easily be discovered in the air, which is ‘redolent with sweetness.’ There are hundreds of acres of liquorice, of lavender, and peppermint, for distillation, &e. The cultivation of mint is very easy and simple; it is ploughed-in every winter. This does not destroy the mint-roots; on the contrary, it improves them, as it kills all weeds, and the mint grows up in rows abundantly strong the next year. Liquorice is planted in deep, well-manured ground, eighteen inches row from row, and nine inches plant from plant. When the stems and leaves are in full growth, they look like 7 a plantation of sapling ash trees, growing to the height of four and five feet: these are cut down every year, and the horizontal root, or rhizomes, travel along the surface: these having joints and eyes, are the propagating root. Every one must be forked up every winter. They are sold for sweetening beer, &c. ; but they are not near so sweet as the real root, which descends many feet into the ground. The crop is taken up once in four or five years, according to the state of the land. Lavender is a more important crop; this occupies some two or three hundred acres ; for this the ground is trench-ploughed. They are planted two feet each way: during the second year, an acre will fetch £20 for distilling purposes. The heads are used for fine oil, the flower stems for rougher oils. The proper time to cut is when the lower blooms are just beginning to turn brown: and after cutting, the sooner it is distilled the better ; for if left too long, they lose much of their fragrance. But Mitcham grows all other sorts of herbs: and even the London birds are not forgotten groundsel, chickweed, and all other things. I saw, in fact, men, women, and children, who had nothing else to talk about but herbs! herbs! herbs! Then there are the numerous forcing grounds round London in every direction, for forcing every descrip- tion of fruits and vegetables of the finer sorts, and salads of all sorts, as well as all sorts of sweet herbs, &c., &c.—large mushroom grounds, &c., &c. Every- thing is grown round London that will “turn a penny.” FLUE BER TS: Kent has long been famous for Filberts, and every gardener out of that county wonders how it is the only district in England where they are grown so fine. The grand secret of making the Filbert bear is to keep its roots as near the surface as possible, (as all fruit-bearing trees ought to be,) and never to use the spade, but a spud or broad-tined fork, to loosen the surface, as well as in the manuring process: Filberts regularly pruned, like a well-trained cur- rant-bush, or more like a well-managed hawthorn dean apple, rising to the height of eight or ten feet. The stem is quite clear for, at least, a 2 foot above the roots; no suckers are ever allowed to crow, unless for a fresh plantation. If the plan of rubbing-off the wood buds was adopted in spring, then all the nourish- ment that supports them would go to its proper use, and do away with cutting so much in pruning. Per- sons who are about to plant Filberts could easily make the soil to suit them. I have picked as fine nuts, and Filberts, too, on a barren sandy steep bank, facing the south on the banks of the Teith, near - Doune, in Perthshire, as ever Kent produced. As I have not had time to traverse all the Filbert — districts, I am indebted to the late Sir Jasper Atkin- | son, a grower in Kent, for the following information on the subject, which is first rate, and I shall leave him to speak for himself, to the questions which I put to him. Q. How many acres supposed to be in Kent ? A. Not able precisely to say, but there may be about 5000 of Filberts and Nuts. Q. What sort of soil do they like best? — o\ ) \ A. The soil to make a plantation Ya- last, and, be most productive, is stone or rocky soil. Q. Are they reared from suckers or nuts? A. From suckers, nuts will not come true. Q. What sort of manure, and how often ? A. The best manure is rags ; they require manuring every year. Theearth must be taken from round the stem, remain open all November, then the manure put thickly round, and the earth thrown over the manure. f Q. How pruned, and what time? A. The pruning should take place in January or February, and the shoots should be cut close. Q. How far apart, plant from plant? A. The distance for Nuts is about eight feet, and for the first four or five years, you may plant currants, gooseberries, and vegetables, between them. Q. Are they planted with any other crops? A. They may be planted with hops or apples, and, after a certain time, take up those trees which you think the least productive. ~ Q. How many sorts are planted ? A. Three sorts—Filberts, Cobs, and Spanish; but the Filberts and Cobs are considered the best. , Q. How long does a plantation last P A. This depends on various circumstances, but if the soil suits, a plantation will last a hundred years. @. How long before coming in bearing ? A. They will begin to bear in about three years, and continue increasing according to the growth of the trees. Q. What weight per acre? A. The weight very uncertain, depending upon the season, from one ewt.to twenty cwt.; there have been crops equal to thirty cwt. per acre. ~ i 10 Q. Has the Filbert ever been grafted upon a stinted stock ?P A. It never was known, Q. How transmitted to market? A. In marketing them, they begin to pick the nuts as soon as they get brown, and so continue sending them in sieves, or half-sieves, or any quantity that may be thought proper, according to the demands at market. Q. How much per ewt. or lb. ? A. From £3 to £5 per cwt. THE STRAWBERRY. This most delicious and-wholesome fruit is very largely cultivated for the London markets ; and more fruit is even consumed in the villages surrounding the metropolis than in the largest provincial town in England. It is difficult to discover the correct acre- age devoted to this kind of crop in the different counties surrounding London, but, at a rough guess, it may be estimated at near 300 acres. In cultivating Strawberries, the runners are gene- rally planted out upon well-prepared ground in August, but in the case of dry weather, the operation is often deferred until about the first of September. They cannot, however, be planted out too soon; and for the British Queen, the old-fashioned plan of saving the runners amongst the old plants; or, what is better, pricking them out into winter beds four inches apart, and planting them out in March between lettuce, or some other dwarf crop, answers best. Some market gardeners plant the British Queen it two feet six inches apart between the rows, and eighteen inches plant from plant. By this means large fruit is obtained ; and should the autumn prove - so dry as to ripen and set the buds properly, the crop in the following year is very heavy. Keen’s Seedling does not require such treatment; if it is planted out in July or August it makes fine plants, and bears a heavy crop the first year, but the plantation must consist of runners from plants that have produced a good crop; and the safest plan is to go over them when they are coming into flower, and before they are mulched, in order to pull up any plants that are un- productive. In some years acres are destroyed, on account of their not bearing fruit. This happens. after a wet autumn, which causes the plants to grow into leaf without forming flower-buds, and this occurs oftenest on light Jand. In the Strawberry season, market gardeners provide themselves with thousands of pottles, called quarts; these are formed of white fir, or laths split up very thinly. The length of the London pottle is 11 inches; the inside diameter at the bottom is an inch, but it gradually enlarges until it is three and a half inches wide at the top, which is finished with a handle rising about four inches above the rim. This pottle properly filled with fruit ought to weigh from twelve to fourteen ounces. For the first early Strawberries, what are called pint-pottles are used; these are the same size at the bottom as those just mentioned, but they are only seven inches long, and not quite three inches in diameter at the top, finishing with a handle two inches high. They hold, when filled, about from four to six ounces of fruit. ‘ Punnets” are made of the same material as the pottles ; they hold half a pound, one pound, two pounds, and upwards, according to the purposes for which they are wanted. 12 Considerable skill is exercised in what is termed “topping up of a pottle,” so as to give to its top the form of acone. The first row of fruit sits partly on the rim, and exhibits its best broad side half way round the pottle. The next row occupies the bottom of the last, and so on to the top. The other side of the pottle is then “put up” in the same way, and when well done, the fruit is not easily displaced ; the pottles are then sent off to market in light spring vans, which hold two tiers of white wicker baskets, the latter contain thirty-six pottles: but in the case of the best fruit these baskets are divided, by first putting in a layer of one pound punnets and then a division, filling up with punnets. The supply for the shops is conveyed to them by Welsh or Irish women, who carry them on their heads. As for sorts of strawberries now grown they are too numerous to name. Tor my plan, see my Straw- berry Pamphlet. RHUBARB. The late Mr. Myatt, of Deptford, who was cele- brated for his fine Rhubarb, was the first to cultivate it on a large scale. It is now nearly fifty years since i; he first sent his two sons to the Borough Market with five. bunches, of which they could only sell three. Next- time they went they took ten bunches with them, which were all sold. Mr. Myatt could even then see that Rhubarb would, in time, become a public favourite; and the result has proved the cor- _ rectness of his views, for it is now generally used. 13 both by rich and poor : it is no longer called “ physic,” as it was wont to bein bygone days. Rhubarb will grow in almost any soil, provided it is rich; but light land, well manured, will always produce a better- flavoured stalk than a stiff, retentive clay. The usual plan of forcing it about London consists in digging long pits to the depth of two to three feet, introducing eighteen inches of hot dung, and then packing the roots closely together in a little mould, covering the crowns with hoops, or with six inches of straw; then hurdles or mats, and finishing with six or eight inches of straw, the amount of the latter depending on the severity of the winter. In this way strong, well- flavoured stalks are produced, provided the weather is dry. The colour is bright red, and the leaf is always very small. Many prefer forced Rhubarb, on account of its tender fibre. No skinning is required, and it is much less acid than that from the natural ground. Those who desire this kind of Rhubarb, therefore, might easily obtain it by placing about a barrowful of straw over each crown. This covering would be cheap; and, besides bringing it on a little earlier, it would help to manure the ground and keep off frost. Rhubarb growing out of doors is so simple that little can be said respecting it. The ground being heavily manured, a plant is taken up and divided into as many eyes or buds asit possesses. These are planted four feet apart; and by the autumn they will have produced roots from six lbs. to ten Ibs. in weight. The oldest roots are generally taken up for forcing; and by always having a good rotation, the grower has the power of continually changing the ground, and thus obtaining a heavier crop. The forced plants will furnish eyes for a continual succession, without grow- ing plants for the purpose; and the eyes may be 14 divided and planted again for a main crop. I have practised this plan on a small scale many years ago. Mr. George Bagley’s plan of forcing Rhubarb with hot-water troughs is very simple, and is thus :—There are a flow and return to each length of wooden pits, or more properly might be called low, wooden. spawn- roofed boxes, about ten or twelve feet long, five feet wide, three feet high in the centre, hung on the top by hinges, so that a length upon either side lifts up in | order to gather the crop. When the Rhubarb is off, cucumber frames are substituted to grow cucumbers, &e. There are eight rows running parallel, each row about 100 feet long and worked by two fires, each having four rows of pits. I objected to the trough system on account of getting out of order, and I thought three-inch pipes best, in the same way as 1 have grown my cucumbers for the last twenty years. Mr. B. had tried seakale, but he found it did not answer, on account of having too little moist heat, and he preferred the hot dung. Mr. G. B.is perhaps one of the largest forcers of seakale round London, and one of its best growers. He forces about fifty thousand every winter, and I am quite sure that to him the hot-water system would save a tremendous ’ deal of Jabour. The hot dung he must have. He said that it was but the expense of a few Irish labourers, which he must employ all the year round. For a large or small scale hot-water pipes might be laid down for the growth of winter mushrooms, and other early vegetables in spring. The pipes must be parallel to each other and about ten feet between, so as to give room for beds over the pipes, &c. The frames must be all movable, so that they can be taken off and put on at pleasure. For mushrooms, hot- water pipes would answer well, only the heat must be kept low. The beds to be built on the top of the 15 pipes. The bottom heat to be kept to about milk heat. EARLY POTATOES. These being in great demand in spring, the following plan of producing them has long been practised by the London market gardeners. When potatoes are wanted early, along bed, five feet wide, is dug out to the depth of two feet. This trench is filled with hot dung, on which six inches deep of the surrounding mould is put. Middle-sized whole Potatoes are used for planting; they are placed in close succession along the bed, covered with two inches of mould, hooped and covered over with mats and straw. In about a month they will have sprouted ; frames are then got ready, placing two feet of hot manure along the whole line of framing, which is sometimes 100 yards in length; the mould is put on to the depth of eight inches ; the Potatoes are carefully taken up from the striking bed; all shoots are removed except the main one, and they are planted four inches deep. Radishes are then sown thinly over them, covering lightly with mould. When the haulm of the Potato has grown to about six inches in height the points are nipped off: this is done in order to give the radishes fair play, and al- though it may stop the growth for a few days, still the crop is always excellent. The plants are never moulded up, a plan which weakens the Potato more than any-— thing else. After planting, nothing more is required - but to admit plenty of air and give water, The crop is not dug up until it bas come to maturity. The above is the treatment Potatoes receive, but 16 they are also largely grown in hooped beds in the open ground. Inthe latter case the tubers are sprouted, as I have before mentioned. The beds or ridges are dug out two feet deep in January, filled with hot dung and covering with the surrounding mould to the depth of ten inches. The Potatoes are taken up and planted five inches deep, and above all radishes aresown. The ridges are then hooped over, allowing about two feet of space in the middle, between the mould and the hoop. ‘They are covered with mats and straw, but as soon as the radishes come up, they are uncovered daily, and covered again every night. This is con- tinued till the Potatoes are ready for digging in May ; tor sometimes large losses are occasioned by a sudden change of weather on cold April nights. Nothing more is done to the hooped beds, beyond attending to them with water. Market gardeners were wont to cut all very large Potatoes for seed, but they are now get- ting more into the system of keeping the small ones for planting, and sending the large ones to market. The Lapstone Kidney is the best flavoured, most mealy, and productive. Itwas raised by a shoemaker in Yorkshire. . What are called winter or new Potatoes are the pro- duce of all tubers kept back until July, and then planted. They grow very fast, but the crop never ripens before frost sets in. As soon as the haulm is cut down, large quantities of straw are put on the ground, and towards Christmas the tubers are dug up, put into one-pound and two-pound baskets, and sold for new Potatoes, at from 6d. to 8d. per pound. They : are as full of water as a Turnip, on account of the - leaves being destroyed before the cells had time to become filled with starch. Cornwall Kidneys are the only ones used for this purpose. On examining one, you will find the skin firmly attached, which is not the ee before eee See my Potato nla BY? ASPARAGUS. There is but one kind of Asparagus. There can be no doubt that the present plan of saving seed from the strongest plants have much improved Asparagus. Immense quantities of roots are forced on two feet of _ dung in trenches, haying six inches of mould to plant in. These are then hooped over and blanched, to make it look fine and white. The beds are pr epared by put- ting on an immense quantity of manure, and trenching the ground three or four feet deep, mixing the manure as the work proceeds. In March the ground is measured out after the following manner. Suppose that a fence runs south and north, or otherwise: three feet is allowed between it and the first row. A drill , is drawn about two inches deep, and the seed is sown thinly, say six inches ora foot apart, which gives choice of drawing out the weakest, in order that the per- manent crop may stand one foot apart. ‘The next row is sown eighteen inches from the one just mentioned ; then for the alley and two sides of the bed five feet are allowed; then another row of seeds, and so on, which gives two rows to each bed. The first year onions are generally sown all over the ground; the second season lettuce, or any dwarf-growing vegetable that will not choke the Asparagus, and so on until the third year, when the beds are formed out, and a few inches of mould dug out of the valleys and put on the crown; only a few, however, of the finest heads are 2 18 cut this year. Autumn arrives, and when the haulm | is cut, the whole of the ground is forked over, and planted with cabbage, coleworts, or winter greens ; then in spring the beds are largely supplied with mould out of the alleys, covering the crowns from eight to teninches deep. The finishing of the cutting — must be left to the grower. A fair crop of heads must be left after four or five weeks’ cutting, in order to grow the young buds for the next year’s growth, and to restore to the roots what has been taken from them in the shape of a crop; but not one head must be allowed to grow until you leave off cutting entirely — at the end of the fourth year. When the haulm gets ripe, it is all cut down, and the mould thrown into alleys and there enriched, and the whole of the beds and alleys are planted again with cabbages, greens, &e. I am proud to say that the grower is now allowing the Asparagus to get greener and more eatable. Mr. George Bagley has got twenty acres, as fine as I ever saw. SEAKALE. This is one of the most delicious of all vegetables. Market gardeners, in preparing it for market, seldom or never leave their roots in the ground where they grow. They are all taken up and put into cold frames. or hooped beds. If any are left in the ground, the heads are covered withthe surrounding mould to blanch them ; and where the soil is not too heavy, this cheap and efficient and sweetest way of blanching might be earried out upon a large scale, even to the extent of fields of Seakale; but even. upon a large scale, the a4 19 market plan is by far the best, as the roots are so easily propagated by the thongs, or smaller branching roots. In its wild state, Seakale is found on the south- western coast of England. ‘There is one fine natural plantation of it at Calshot Castle, about three miles from Southampton. ‘This Seakale Cape may measure three acres. It is fed with nothing but sea-water by irrigation, as there is nothing for it to grow in but sand and shingles—not a bit.of mould at all. The - celebrated Dr. Lettsom, upon a visit there, found the village people covering the heads over with sea-weed to blanch it a little. The Doctor found it madea capital dish, and he was the first to bring it to London. He made a present of some roots to the Chelsea Physic Gardens, as well as planted some in his garden at Camberwell—this is some seventy or eighty years ago. A dish of Seakale consists of twelve heads; and when properly grown, and fit for table, it ought to be a beautiful white colour from bottom to top. It is slowly grown, and very strong, the outside leaves at the base are at least two inches broad, and about a quarter of an inch thick, hardly showing the flower stem in the centre, and from eight to nine inches long. Seakale, like asparagus, could be much improved if persons would save seed from the finest and best plants, and then propagate from the roots of that sort, as the market gardeners now do. The market plan of propagation is this—at taking-up time, all the thongs or smaller roots are cut off before the plants are put into force. They are laid in heaps | under straw during the winter. In February they are spread out on beds made on purpose, then covered with mould an inch or so thick. When sprouted it is seen which is the bottom and whichis the top. The ground having been prepared for transplanting, they are then 20 lifted out of the beds, and all but one eye cut out; they are then planted from twelve to fifteen inches apart in the row, and eighteen inches row from row. The ground is then kept clean, and nothing more is done until taking-up time, when forcing commences. Then all the frames are removed where cucumbers grew during the summer, the old dung taken out ; the trenches, which are two feet deep, are again filled with hot dung, and mould to the depth of eight or nine inches is then put on the dung. The Seakale roots are dug up and prepared after the following manner: the thongs, or next year’s sets, are all cut off; all the small buds round the main eye are pared off with a sharp knife. This is a capital plan, as these inferior eyes only weaken the main crown. When planting is commenced a furrow is cut out across the bed with a spade, and the roots are put in as thickly as possible. A five-feet bed across will hold from twenty-five to thirty roots. The next furrow is cut out about four or five inches from the last, and so on till the bed is finished. Many of these beds I have seen fifty yards long. From four to six inches of short straw is put on the crowns. The beds are hooped over and covered with a single mat, then straw on the top of all, and in this way I have been told by one cultivator that he grows about 50,000 every winter. Such is the way in which this most delicious vegetable is grown by our London men, who thus bring it on slowly, excluding air by the above simple means. 21 CABBAGES. These being general favourites with the public, their cultivation is extensively carried out by market gardeners. Seed for the general crop of Spring Cabbages is sown between the 25th of Auecust and the 1st of September, in beds five feet wide, which collectively occupy several acres. When the plants are up hoers are sent over the beds with three-inch hoes ; the plants are thinned out, and at the same time all deformed ones are removed. No particular time is set apart for transplanting; this entirely depends upon the season, and how other crops are got off the grounds. Last year Cabbage-planting commenced about the 25th of October; the plants were then very large, and as the ground is dunged and trenched the planters follow the trenchers. I have frequently seen as many as thirty workmen upon one piece of eround, with their foreman walking along the line, in order to see that “every man did his duty,” and it is his place to move the measuring sticks ; for every man had his twelve feet measured out for him down the whole piece. “The spades in use in market gardens are twelve inches long by ten inches broad, and the work is performed by them in a masterly style. Land for Cabbages is heavily manured ; a two-horse load is emptied down (as if it were a barrowful) for every thirty feet square. As soon asa four- or five-acre piece of ground is ready for planting, men with lines are put to work onit. I may mention that the existence of slugs is almost unknown in well-managed market gardens ; their disappearance is owing to the double trenching which is continually kept up in such gardens. Immediately after planting, hoes are sent through, to 22 loosen the ground, and at all other_favorable oppor- tunities during winter and spring the earth is stirred and aerated; but the plants are never moulded up —a bad practice for almost any crop. Under the above system of treatment most delicious Cabbages are produced. CAULIFLOW ERS. The seed of spring Cauliflowers is generally sown _ about the 20th of September in open beds. ‘Towards November, when the weather is beginning to get cold, . frames and: hooped beds are got ready in light, rich land. The plants are pricked out, not more than four inches apart each way. During the winter they are kept dry ; no rain is allowed to fall upon them ; but whenever practicable, plenty of air is given to them. Frost has but little effect on them under hoops; but when excluded long from air, and kept in darkness, they sometimes suffer from damp to a considerable ° extent. They are planted out in the richest and earliest ground in February or the beginning of March. I have known one grower to save nearly all his Cauliflowers for seed, instead of sending them to market. In this way he has secured nearly a ton of seed from large plantations of many thousands. When the Cauliflower is permitted to seed, the whole of the centre portion or flower is cut out, except a rim to run up for seed. If this is not done the mass of flower is so great that, unless a very fine season occurs, the seed will not ripen. The -Walcheren is now generally sown for hand lights. —— 6. 9 bo Gs CELERY. For the first crop this is sown early in February ; and in March and April for late crops. The first is sown either in a frame or under a hooped roof, with hot dung under it. Celery generally succeeds cauli- flowers, cabbages, or lettuces. The system is to dig out a trench, two spades deep, banking the mould up on either side, then to fill in a foot of the strongest manure, such as cow-dung, and to cover this with three or four inches of mould for planting in; if the ground is very rich half the quantity of manure is applied. The rows are generally from four to six feet apart. The plants are then taken from the seed bed, and planted root and head entire—not trimmed in, a plan which ought to be discontinued in everything. The plants are placed about eight inches apart, the intermediate ground being planted with coleworts, lettuce, or any other light crops, which are likely to be off before the celery wants mouldiag up; but. market gardeners do not commence blanching until the plants are about eighteen inches. higa, as it pre- vents rain and air from acting on the roots. The operation of earthing up is all performed by the spade, no hand-earthing 1s employed. Parallel lines are stretched on either side of the row, eighteen inches from the plants, and the mould is cut out of the alleys to form the blanching ridge. Late earthing up is effected in about three different times. 24 BRUSSELS SPROUTS. These are not sown until May; but it should be March. The Scotch sow them in August. Sown in May it is impossible for the plants to get tall, stout, and cover the stems so well with fine, large, close Sprouts, as when sown in March. I have had them three feet high, covered from top to bottom, each stem producing one peck of large, close Sprouts. Brussels Sprouts are always dear, and the poor and middle classes hardly know what they are. Their cultivation is very simple: sow in beds and transplant when the plants are four or five inches high. Select, if possible, a rich, stiff loam for them : plant eighteen » inches plant from plant, and two feet row from row: keep the ground well loosened with the hoe. Mould- ing up the stems is never practised. And as soon as the plants reach their height, which is known by the top beginning to cabbage, the latter ought to be cut out. ‘This throws all the strength into the sprouts down the stem, making the bottom ones as good as those on the top. Jam well aware that the present plan of producing them does not pay the grower, even at the high prices obtained for them; but that is his own fault: and if some good farming gardeners, who cultivate the land well, would take to growing this vegetable, even if it were but to feed cattle with, it © would answer their purpose. It is perfectly hardy : it does not rot, like drumhead cabbage and savoys, and an immense acreage of it might be obtained. bo Or CARROTS. The Early Horn is the only kind employed. It is sown in frames and hooped beds in November and January. The plants are thinned out to four inches apart. Long Carrots for winter use are grown largely in the red sandy soil in the lower parts of Surrey, as well as in Bedfordshire, &c. Long ones do not thrive near London. SCARLET RUNNERS. These are very often sown amongst Lettuces, six feet apart, about the 1st of April; but by far the best plan is to sow in beds thickly, and transplant by means of the dibber. No plant lifts better, and the moving makes them show flower much sooner, The usual practice is to take the heads off all the plants, leaving them a foot high, and to keep topping all the summer, which induces them to bear heavy crops; but the way , _of getting them to bear earliest, is to save the roots mm autumn, pack them away like dahlia roots, and to transplant them again in March, six inches root from root, in rows five feet apart. It should be borne in mind, that if Beans are left to ripen, the roots will not be near so strong as they otherwise would be. FRENCH BEANS. The best are the Negro, on account of the Beans being all green, and not marked or blotched like some others. They are also all one breadth, very narrow, and handsome; and they are very dwarf, and first-rate bearers. They are generally sown amongst lettuces, cauliflowers, &c., to succeed the standing crop; but the best way is to give them a piece of ground to themselves. The French Bean transplants nearly as well as the scarlet runner; therefore it might be treated in the same manner; they would also come in much earlier, and grow less robust. The crop would not be quite so heavy; but earliness is everything for the London market. EARLY PHAS, These are sown in rows in December on borders under walls, and by the sides of hedges, three feet six inches apart. Cabbages, or white cos lettuces, pricked out of the frames, or from under the hoops, | where they are becoming crowded, are planted between the rows. The Peas are never staked up. The sorts used are the Early Frame and Bishop’s and Groom’s Dwarf. Peas, however, do not now pay the London growers: they are, therefore, largely grown in Kent, Essex, Surrey, and Bedford, where the ground is equally early and cheaper. - BEANS. The Early Mazagan and Early Lond-pod are grown upon warm borders in rows two feet six inches apart, with some other crop between the rows. The only _ care they require is taking their heads off after the plants show a fair quantity of blossom. This con- centrates the sap, and makes them a week earlier. The main crop of Beans is obtained from the coun- ties above mentioned. BEET ROOT. This is in great demand during winter. Growers -are very particular about the time of sowing it, for one week too soon soon.spoils it. It is generally put in about the first week in May; but even with the same seed and same soil it makes a great difference if it is transplanted, because in removing the seedings, all forked ones are thrownaway. In this operation great care must be taken that the points of the roots are not broken off. Beet is generally planted outabouta foot apart each way. It is wintered in large sheds, stored in moderately damp mould, and banked up with straw. Itis a mistake to pack it up in dry sand or earth for the winter, and the same may be said in regard to Carrots, Parsnips, Salsify, Scorzonera, and similar roots. Dark-coloured Beets are most esteemed, and they are much richer and better than the pale kinds. 28 SPINACH. The prickled is sown from the 12th of August to the 1st of September. It succeeds whatever crop is removed at the time. It is sown in beds five feet wide. It grows best and finest upon light deep land, on which it is less liable to canker. New Zealand Spinach is not grown for market, neither are the silver beet leaves, both of which are most useful, and are much used by the French, who are also fond of Orache, a capital substitute for Spinach. WINTER RADISHES. These are sown from the first to the last week in December, choosing as warm ground for the purpose as possible; but acres of them may be seen in very exposed places. The ground being prepared, the seed is sown broadcast. The alleys are marked out, and the mould from them is thrown over the seed: a wooden rake is then used to make all level: no iron rakes are employed in market gardens. After sowing, straw, which has been previously shaken out of the London stable manure, is put over the beds two or three inches in thickness. When the plants come up, which depends upon the winter, the straw is removed every day, and put on every night until all danger from frost is passed; it takes five degrees to hurt a Radish after itis half-grown. When off, the ground is again dug for French beans, or vegetable mar- rows, &c. HORSE-RADISH. The root is like that of Seakale, as respects propa- gation; the whole roots are thickly studded over with eyes, and in order to make a new plantation all that is needed is to plant small pieces of them, or the tops cut off, in the bottom of a trench, one foot apart each way, and about fifteen inches deep. - Horse-Radish is generally planted in February. When it comes up, all the weakest shoots are pulled up, leaving only one; and should any more make their appearance afterwards, they are destroyed by the hoe. When taking-up time arrives in autumn they are trenched up, cutting them down to about a foot or more. They are knifed after the mould is moved. The roots are sorted into best and second best. The best are tied into bundles of twelve heads or more for market; the ground is then well manured with rotten cow-dung, and the roots are again left to come up for another year’s crop. ‘The best ground for Horse-Radish is the “ Jamaica Level,” between London-bridge and Greenwich, and some parts of Battersea, where the river Thames, in days of yore, had thrown up a deep deposit. This ground also produces the best Seakale; hot ground ‘or clay renders it hard and indigestible. | RIDGE CUCUMBERS. I have seen fourteen acres of these in one man’s eround; they are grown under glass, and hardened off, and planted out six feet asunder, and ten feet row 30 from row; hand glasses are put over them. When they begin to grow the ground is well mulched with straw, to keep the earth moist and the fruit clean. Gherkins are sown in the open air at once, in well- prepared ground, at the above distances ; and I have known one party to cut in one day 200,000, fruit, which were all bespoke by oil merchants. ver since the commencement of the potato disease, however, Cucumbers will not grow round London. See my plan in Potato Pamphlet. WHITE COS LETTUCE. This variety is grown by millions, and is highly esteemed by everybody. ‘The seed is sown from the 10th to the middle of October, in frames, which are filled with soil to within six inches of the top, giving a slope of one foot in four, the length of the lights, which always face the south. As soon as the seeds are sown the sashes are removed, and a man is placed in this department to keep off the sparrows, give air, and shut up in case of rain; the great secret being to keep them as dry as possible, and to let them have all the air they can get. They are planted out in February, or early in March, in rich, well-trenched ground (after celery), one foot apart each way. Gen- tlemen’s gardeners buy the same seed, but, owing to their mismanagement during winter, and the poor state of the ground, they cannot grow such fine Let- tuce as the market gardener. Some of the latter are, however, too greedy in regard to crops; for instance, they have often three crops in the ground, all coming ol forward one after the other; but the best cultivators do not do this; it tramples the ground, and does not ~ give any crop fair play. The rapid growth of a Let- tuce depends much upon hoeing or stirring the soil. When well-grown no tying is required; but badly managed plants have to be tied up a fortnight before they are sent to market. LEEKS: These are sown in February or early in March, in rich ground. When the plants are strong, and about ten inches high, they are planted or dropped into holes eight inches deep, made by the dibber. After they are planted hoes are sent through them to loosen the ground. In this operation mould drops down upon the roots, and the next hoeing fills the holes up loosely, which is what is wanted, for the soil must not be pressed tightly round the stem, as that would prevent its thickening. BROCCOLL These are sown in May; they are planted after a crop of lettuces, radish, or any of the early crops which happen to be cleared off the land at the time. The only formidable enemy to Broccoli is clubbing ; they are, therefore, sown in the richest land, and far more are raised than are wanted. If any club, there- fore, they are thrown away at transplanting time; o2 they never make good plants afterwards. I have seen an acre planted upon a deep rich soil, and another acre on hungry, gravelly soil, the plants being from — the same beds; the latter were almost wholly worth- less on account of clubbing, while the former all escaped. EARLY TURNIPS. The Early Stone or Dutch being in great demand in spring, various ways of producing it are practised, such as growing it in frames; but the best plan is to raise it like potatoes, in hooped beds, z. e. in trenches dug out and filled with two feet of hot dung. Sow in February, hoop and cover with straw, and expose the plant daily. The quality of a Turnip depends much upon quick growth and plenty of moisture. Late Turnips are not cultivated upon the dear land about London ; they generally come from ten to twelve miles off. The reason why a farmer cannot raise Turnips like a gardener is owing to the poverty of the land; so small a seed wants immediate and ayail- able nourishment the moment it vegetates. Itis then able to grow away from the fly, and if the seed is mixed with the Irish peat charcoal it would greatly assist in effecting this. 33 ONIONS. The ground for the main crop is dressed with strong dung, such as night-soil or cow-manure. The seed for this crop is sown in February or the 1st of March, in beds five feet wide, the soil from the alleys being thrown on to cover the seed. The beds are then raked, and a light, wooden roller passed over them. When up, small two-inch hoes are sent through them, which is all the labour they receive, the ground being so clear of insects, owing to its being often turned over. Market gardeners seldom fail to obtain a good crop of Onions. Where insects occur, however, a good dose of salt and soot sown with the crop will kill them. Another way of managing Onions is to sow about the middle of August, to allow them to stand in beds all the winter, and to plant them out on well-prepared land four inches apart in the rows, and six inches row from row. A third plan is to save all the smallest bulbs, and plant them out in February, the same dis- tance apart as the last. GLOBE ARTICHOKES. 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The Bathgate Paraffin Oil Works. Visit to a Provision, Cigar,and Whole- sale Grocery Hstablishment. Visit to a Tobacco Manufactory. Paper Bags. Mustard and Starch.—A Day at the Carrow Works, Norwich. Messrs. Hill, Evans, & Co.’s Vinegar Works, at "Worcester. Messrs. Allsopp’s Pale Ale Brewery, Burton-on-Trent. DOMESTIC WORKSHOPS. The Boar’s Head Cotton Mills, Messrs. Evans & Co., Darley. London: The Gray’s Inn Pianoforte Manufae- tory. GROOMBRIDGE & SONS, 5, Paternoster Row. Pr) Ici mat ONE HUNDRED & ONE STORIES SUMMER DAYS & WINTER NICHTS. These well-written and beautiful Stories are progressive in design, adapted to the comprehension of children from the ages of four to ten or twelve years. ‘hey are lively, instructive, and moral; their endeavour is to teach ; to entertain while they improve—to inform the mind and educate the heart. Each Story is illustrated with well-executed Engravings, They are among the best and cheapest books for young people published. Story of a Daisy. Rover and his Friends. Little Prank. Little Fortune Seekers. Blackberry Gathering. Fir Tree’s Story. Child’s Search for Fairies. Fisherman’s Children, Little Peepy. Rabbits and Peewits. Alice and her Birds. Little Charley. A Doll’s Story. Faithful Dog. Spring and Summer. Hero without Courage. Children’s Visit to the Sea. Busy Bees. New Ascent of Mont Blane. Much Ado about No- thing. Hushaby. Twelfth Night. Donald, the Shetland Pony. Briery Wood. Buttercupsand Daisies. STORIES, price ONE PENNY each. Visit to Queen Victoria Katey’s Voyage. How to Catch a Bute terfly. Sandy, the Cat. Cousin Johnny. Happy Orchard. Tommy and his Baby Brother. The Christmas Party. Parrots and Nightine gales. Light Wing and Bright Eye. Tottie May. STORIES, price TWOPENCE each. Coral Necklace. Visit to the Waterfowl. The Cherry Orchard. Midsummer Holidays. The Lost Letter. Walter and Mary. Lady Eva. Cottager’s Christmas. More Haste, less Speed. Story of a Hyacinth. Primrose Gathering. Queen of the May. The Young Gardener. Mary’s Visit to the Gold Fields. Little Black People. The Young Prince, Penfold Farm. Ernest’s Dream. Adventures in the Moss Hut. The Losses of a Day. The Smoke and the Kite. Carl Thorn’s Revenge. Ally’s Birthday. Right is Right. Part 1. Right is Right. Part 2. William Tell. Wishing and Working. Elm Villa. Lost and Found, Little Tim. Peter Lawley. My Young Masters. David Allen. STORIES, price THHREEPENCE each. Sea Kings. Madelaine Tube. Young Emigrants. Boy and the Book. Oscar. Crusaders. Ship and the Island. Fairy Craft of Nature. Widow’s Son. Children and the Sage. Halcyon Days. Tlome at the Haven. Seeker and Finder. Poacher and his Family. King and the Bondmen. Rising and Thriving. Rewards of Industry. Vacant Throne. Uncle Tom’s Cabin for Chil¢ren. Story of Wellington. Prophet and the Lost City. The Sisters. Story of Moffat, Louis Duval. Foundling ofthe Wreck. In School and Out of School. Young Artist. Alfred the Great. Anna Webster. Round the World, Irish Emigrants. Self-helpers. BUDS AND BLOSSOMS. Charming little Stories for very Young Children. 1d. each (36 sorts), or in Six Packets, 6d. each. SERIES OF BUDS AND BLOSSOMS. Twopence each (21 sorts), or in Seven Packets, 6d. each. STORIES FOR SUMMER DAYS AND WINTER NIGHTS. Two- pence each (12 sorts), or ia Four Packets, 6d. each. ADVANCED SERIES OF STORIES FOR SUMMER DAYS AND WINTER NIGHTS. 8d. each (32 sorts), or in Hight Packets, 1s. each. ®,* Stories for Summer Days and Winter Nights, First Series, in Two Volumes, ls, each. Second Serica, Eight Volumes, ls, each, Illustrated. TWO NEW WORKIS BY JULIA CORNER. c * PLAYS FOR HOME ACTING YOUNG PERFORMERS. 1. The King and the Troubadour.—A Play for Home Acting and Young Performers. By Jutra Corner. With a Coloured Frontispiece and other Iilustrations. Price One Shilling. 2. The Sleeping Beauty.—A Play for Home Acting and Young Performers. .By Junta Corner. With a Coloured Frontis- piece and other Illustrations. Price One Shilling. GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER. ROW. Price Three Shillings, cloth gilt, with more than One Hundred Engravings, THE HISTORY OF A SHIP FROM HER CRADLE TO HER GRAVE. BY GRANDPA BEN. ** A most attractive book for boys is ‘Tux History or a Sup FROM Her Crapvteto Her Grave.’ A perfect description of aship in all her parts, from the keel to the topsail. A book to be read and remembered: written by an author skilled in nautical matters, well read in nautical history, and deeply acquainted:with the life of a sailor.”’ GROOMBRIDGH AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW, Second and cheaper Edition, price 3s. 6d., with Illustrations by GEORGE CRUIKSHANK, QUT AND ABOUT. A BOY’S ADVENTURES, WRITTEN FOR ADVEN- TUROUS BOYS. BY HAIN FRISWELL, Author of ‘‘ Footsteps to Fame,” etc. CONTENTS School. The Regions of Ice, The Ocean of Land. The Doctor’s Message, } Frozen to Death. New York. Mrs. Taw’s Story. Alone on the Arctic } Slave Sule. Old Flook’s Philosophy. Sea, Great Prairie Journey. Surprising News. Frozen up. The Rocky Mountains, Old Coaching Days. The Esquimaux. Gold Diggers. I Arrive in London, |The Bear Hunt. Home Again. The Professor. | Lost on the Ice. I Join my Ship, How I Ran for my Life. | The Traitor in theShip, ! Pearl Divers and the The Lively Bessy Storm and Wreck, Shark, Northward Ho A gain in England, Old Stump. GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW. WITH COLOURED PLATES. Valuable Work of Reference for the Garden and Greenhouse. THE kL WORLD GARDEN GUIDE. EDITED BY SHIRLEY HIBBERD, Esq., F.R.H.S. PUBLISHED MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION SIX SHILLINGS. A Specimen Number sent post free for Seven Stamps. GROOMBRIDGE & SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER Row, Lonpon, AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. A very few words will tell the object of ‘THE FLorat WoRLD.’ ‘Tur FroraL Worn’ is devoted entirely to Gardening Subjects, and no sub- sidiary topics are allowed to interfere with the full consideration of these, as repre- sented in the several departments of Plant Houses, Flower, Fruit, and Vegetable Culture, Garden Scenes and Embellishments, the Management of Allotment Lands, liower Shows, and Horticultural Botany. These are severally treated in a simple and practical manner by experienced pens, and the fullest attention is given to communications from Correspondents, whether © seeking or conveying information. Gardening Amateurs want information on allsorts of subjects: they want to ask questions, and to get civil answers; and often they desire to have a whole code of some special department of Plant Culture condensed into the compass of a nutsliell. They are growers of Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables, and many of them exhibitors in each of these three departmeuts; and to keep pace with the times, they need to be informed, from month to month, what is going on in “The Floral World,” what new plants have been introduced from “far countries,” what new sorts have been raised at home, and, perhaps, more important stil], what, among the immense nunibers of varieties we possess, deserve to be retained, improyed, and preserved. For amateurs with moderate means, and ambition to excel in the various prac- tices of Horticulture, and in the floral decoration of the garden, greenhouse, con- servatory, and the windows of the dwelling, ‘THE FLORAL WoRLD’ will be tound a cheap and practical medium of intelligence and intercommunication, its price within the means of all, and, it is trusted, so planned as to be universally acceptable. 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