Mtow to Useltas Fuel. 
 
 —~@PITTSBURGH, PH.3- 
 
 AUGUST, 1886. 
 
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 é " "4¥OLV1NOaY MAN 4O LNO E 
 
BOARD OF DIRECTORS 
 
 PHIBADEEPHTA-COMPANY. $ 
 
 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE, JR. JOHN CALDWELL. 
 CHARLES PAINE. C. H. Jackson. 
 
 RoBERT PITCAIRN. H. H. WEstTINGHOUSE. 
 JOHN DALZELL. A. M. BYERS. 
 
 OFFICERS 
 
 PHPLADELPHIA-COM BANG: 
 
 _—_——_—_— 
 
 PRESIDENT, 
 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE, Jr. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL MANAGER, 
 CHARLES PAINE. 
 
 SECRETARY AND GENERAL AGENT, 
 J. R. McGINLEY. 
 
 “TREASURER, 
 JOHN CALDWELL. 
 
 GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT, 
 i. A. GILLESPIE, 
 
 AUDITOR, 
 HORACE S. CLARK. 
 
IN CASE QF BOGIDENT. 
 
 The smarting from burny Innintestie stely relieved: | vy t the applica- 
 tion of cotton batting soaked ° in gil? Alb. stations: ere required to 
 “— a supply of oil and cotton | patting. te » 8 
 
 >” or 
 
 THE SurRGEonS of the Philadgy white, ane vi take charge of 
 any cases of injury, from burning or explosion, for which the 
 Company may be responsible, and should be sent for in case of 
 accident to employes or others. Their addresses and districts are 
 given below: 
 
 Dr. C. F. Brncaman, No. 922 Penn Avenue, is in charge of that 
 portion of the city lying between the Allegheny and Monongahela 
 rivers, from the Point to Eleventh Street, on Penn and Liberty 
 Avenues, extending to Minersville in the Hill District, and to Soho 
 on Second Avenue. 
 
 Dr. J. S. Waters, No. 6360 Penn Avenue, East Liberty ; for 
 the East End District, extending to Gilmore Station; in Penn 
 Avenue to Forty-fifth Street, and in Fifth Avenue to Soho Street. 
 
 Dr. R. M. Sanps, Forty-third and Butler Streets; from Eleventh 
 Street on Penn Avenue, to Haights Run and Sandy Creek. 
 
 Dr. W. T. Enauisu, No. 75 Carson Street; for the South Side 
 District, and extending to Homestead. 
 
 Dr. D. F. McIntosy, 1318 Middle Street, Sharpsburg; from 
 Willow Grove to Hoboken. 
 
 Dr. Gro. M. Grrzn, Tarentum, Pa.; from Hoboken to Tarentum. 
 
 Dr. E. W. DEAn, Braddock, Pa.; for Braddock and vicinity. 
 
6 
 ‘ 
 
 LIST OF OFFICES AND STATIONS. 
 
 Tees C ero e?¢ ¢e 6 
 Guie.” G CECE Eee: Ce 
 < ao ¢ 
 Station Asst slicer soils Sen te 
 c Cc ece 
 ‘ 53 ; Verner. 
 
 — aa Teliopde < Soo 
 ae py « Sandy Creek, << « 
 ee Be Bye “oBobaken. acim 
 ts F: “ Qarentum: Rt: Sid 
 “ _ G, “ Springdale. 
 a) Figeieietna. 
 “I, “ Willow Grove. 
 “J, “ Corner A. V.'R. R. and Thirty-sixth Street. 
 “ ~~ K, * Gilmore. 
 “« —L, “ Corner Fifth and Frankstown Avenues. 
 «“ —M, “ Keystone Mill, Second Avenue. 
 “ _N, “ Dick Farm, Lyons Run. 
 “  —O, “ Bessemer. 
 “«  P, “ 6248 Penn Avenue, East End. 
 “« —Q, “ Thirty-fourth Street, South Side. 
 « R&R, “ First Street, South Side. 
 
 City Office, 935 Penn Avenue. 
 
 TELEPHONE NUMBERS. 
 
 General Office, 935 Penn Avenue, - No. 744 
 General Superintendent’s Office,- - No. 603 
 East End Office, -° - - -E.E., No. 108 
 South Side Office, - - - - 8.8. No. 87 
 
 At all of these Stations representatives of the Company are in 
 constant attendance, who will give immediate attention to applica- 
 tions for gas or to complaints. 
 
 The Philadelphia Company will be much obliged by immediate 
 notice to any of these offices, of any leaks discovered in the streets 
 or else where. Telephone from any part of the city. 
 
LiBe A Y 
 UMIVERSI? € OF ILLINNS, 
 
Hi HTARENTUM 
 
 GILMORE 
 
 Fane Stee 
 
 C TE ty See worn 
 ” ee 70 70 70 
 / 2470" 6 
 
 NiBLock 
 
 A 
 Avenue. 25 
 
 Ig" 5 IG” 2 
 SVS" S5R” 
 
 ba f, LYONS Run 
 
 sue TCa 0 Of GeHionses 
 4piladelpbia Companys 
 Sain Pipe ines: 
 
 r} 
 / b “Distance fomNMurraysville ta Piltsburgh 22Miles 
 
 AP RILIS SO. Vole: Dolted lines represent ] me) 
 ae ee i cast tron pipes. i I} oie ; 7 Beat y C 
 The Armor Lith Ln Lined Pitebaryh, Pp Rail Isies represent Larentiin Du 
 
 wrought tron pipes. 
 
ws 
 
 ABOUT NATURAL CAS. 
 
 How long natural gas has been used cannot be told; the Chinese 
 have been using it for centuries, getting their supplies from wells 
 said to be 3,000 feet deep, piping it through bamboo and burning it 
 
 ‘with clay burners. In Persia its fires have for ages been symbols of 
 
 worship. The “ Fontaine Ardente”’ of the Gauls, near Grenoble, in 
 France, was burning in the time of Julius Cesar and has been 
 flaming ever since. 
 
 In this country, reference to springs yielding gas are found in the: 
 records of early travels, especially in those of the Jesuit fathers. 
 The gas well at Fredonia, N. Y., is believed to be the first whose 
 product was employed commercially. This was about 1821, and 
 before gas was found in the oil country. It was used at Olean about 
 fifteen years ago, and shortly afterwards in Tidioute and other oil 
 towns. Spang, Chalfant & Co. were the first manufacturers to pipe 
 gas to their works and use it as a ftiel, in this county. Their use of 
 it began in 1875, the well being at Lardentown, Butler county, and 
 they still use the product of that well. 
 
 Its first use in iron-working was at the Leechburg, Pa., works of 
 Messrs. Rogers & Burchfield, about 1873. In glass-making, the 
 Rochester Tumbler Works, at Rochester, Pa., were probably the 
 pioneers, and in plate glass Mr. J. B. Ford, at the Pittsburgh Plate 
 Glass Works, at Creighton, Pa., in 1883. Salt was boiled with it at 
 East Liverpool, Ohio, in 1860, and it was tried later in burning pot- 
 tery in the same village. In 1874, or earlier, Mr. Peter Neff began 
 the manufacture of lamp-black from gas at Gambier, Ohio. 
 
 The well struck near Homewood, by Mr. George Westinghouse, 
 Jr., was the first within the limits of Pittsburgh. 
 
 The gas as taken from the mains is absolutely dry, containing no 
 water. Its specific gravity is a little more than half that of air. 
 The explosive force of natural gas is less than that of-coal gas, 
 volume for volume. Natural gas explodes only when mixed with 
 nine volumes of air, while coal gas explodes with but six volumes. 
 Consumed by an Argand burner, at the rate of five cubic feet per 
 hour, the illuminating power of natural gas is that of 8.52 sperm 
 candles, 
 
8 
 
 Careful experiments show that the heating capacity of 1,000 feet 
 of gas is equal to 82 pounds of Pittsburgh coal, under a good boiler: 
 The entire value of gas can be availed of, because it can be used 
 from the moment it is lighted, and extinguished the instant the work 
 is done ; whereas, with coal, we must burn a large quantity before it 
 is ready to be of service, and we have a large quantity left at the end 
 of the job, which must be burned uselessly ; so that in practice 1,000 
 feet of gas is equal to much more than a hundred weight of coal. 
 
 In the vicinity of Pittsburgh natural gas is found at a depth cor- 
 responding with 1,400 feet below the Union Station, and 650 below 
 the level of the sea. It stands at about 500 pounds pressure to the 
 square inch at the wells, when they are closed against any escape. 
 
 Mr. C. A. Ashburner, of the State Geological Survey, describes the 
 position of the strata as follows: 
 
 “ Although the horizontal structure of the oil and gas regions is 
 comparatively simple, the columnar structure as revealed both by the 
 study of the outcropping rocks and the records and drillings of oil 
 wells, is not so easily understood, and in special areas is more or less 
 complex. The rocks which have so far been found to produce 
 natural gas are found in a vertical range of about 3,000 feet of Car- 
 boniferous and Devonian strata, extending from the Mahoning sand- 
 stone at the base of the Lower Barren coal measures, which is on an 
 average about 500 feet below the Pittsburgh coal bed, down to the 
 Smethport oil sand in McKean county, which is 360 feet below the 
 great Bradford oil sand of that region. The principal gas-horizons 
 are (a), the probable representative of the Venango first-oil sand at 
 Pittsburgh, which is from 1,800 to 1,850 feet below the Pittsburgh 
 coal bed, and contained, as I believe, in the Catskill formation No. 
 IX.; (b), the Sheffield gas sand, which appears to be the lowest 
 oil and gas sand in Warren county—the horizon of this sand is 
 about 800 feet above the bottom of the interval of 3,000 feet— 
 and (c), the Bradford oil sand, which occurs 1,775 feet below the 
 base of the Pottsville conglomerate, which is the lowest member 
 of the Lower productive coal measures. The Sheffield and Bradford 
 sands are undoubtedly of Chemung age. 
 
 While most of the largest gas wells which have been drilled in 
 Pennsylvania haye obtained gas from these three horizons, yet gas 
 
 is 
 
9 
 
 in commercial quantities is not exclusively confined to them. Be- 
 tween the Mahoning sandstone as the top limit and the Smethport 
 oil sand as the bottom limit, about 10 (more or less) prominent sand 
 beds have been found which produce petroleum, and each one of 
 these sand beds has been found to contain gas in greater or less 
 quantity, nor is it possible to say that the gas is confined exclusively 
 to these definite sand-horizons, for sand beds having only a local oe- 
 currence, but included within the rock interval of 3,000 feet may 
 contain gas.” 
 
 The average composition of Pittsburgh natural gas is as follows, 
 according to Mr. 8. A. Ford, the chemist : 
 
 Per Cent. 
 eT DOMIC HA CIC, .. cateeeaccesis cass s-Secescereutenmnees Pe vtn seaceeantae nt: 6 
 PAL DOMLCHO XIAG {Tameetet cst: ane acestacens asatemeneee Gaye easedcc + saveste 6 
 PPXV POM cee sesceccesiss MPR ee er eae cnicls Jee ante teenie \aciensiseeetsisas ce siecensncotes 8 
 TSIM AS. «<.. oc. ndeeercrancbice rcsdssGawoceense sesesze Tedeaaawdbdevaeoe tae 1.0 
 Ethylic Hydride............ © a sancaet tu astedeneveswes acs eames ies Steeuee 5. 
 DAES AAS os. s5sscneeeaes We ees hace ok oak Gace eed cape cpaepen ies Magee see 67. 
 REMY AT OO CIN sss. casesezenezoeees <= Baca ct eameaee Coane eee ence Sasenoe ee eine stnss a. 
 DAES O I as wecesee=-sdaeetn, conse soon aac ne Bat ih it tae Beate Se 
 
 100. 
 
10 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA COMPANY. 
 
 The Philadelphia Company was organized under a special act of 
 incorporation, May 24, 1884. Its growth since has perhaps been 
 unequaled by any similar corporation in the world. It now owns 
 54,000 acres of gas-producing territory, 49 producing wells, and it is 
 now supplying gas to 5,000 dwellings in the two cities and vicinity; 
 and with the wells that can be drilled on its territory, can insure 
 an ample supply of gas for years to come. 
 
 Having twelve independent lines of pipe from the wells to the 
 city, the use of any one of which can be discontinued without inter- 
 fering with the others, insures a constant supply of gas; an invalua- 
 ble security for consumers, when a failure of supply on one day per 
 month may occasion a loss in workmen’s wages, profits, &e., equal to 
 the monthly sum paid for gas. 
 
 The large pipes form an immense reservoir of great value in main- 
 taining a constant pressure. The large pipes laid this year will 
 admit of a further reduction of the pressure within the city limits, 
 and a consequent increase of the capacity of the lines from the wells. 
 
 All main lines are provided with escape pipes, and safety devices 
 of the most approved form. Every precaution that can be suggested 
 for safety is taken advantage of, with a consequent freedom from ac- 
 cidents and interruptions. 
 
 There are twenty stations with a force of forty men, who keep 
 constant watch over the lines and pressures. These twenty stations 
 are in telephonic communication with the main office, where a Gen- 
 eral Superintendent directs all operations. 
 
 The Philadelphia Company will negotiate for and procure suitable 
 sites for manufacturing purposes, advantageously located with refer- 
 ence to a permanent supply of gas, and shipping facilities. . 
 
 The supply of gas for residences will be made a specialty, and the 
 necessary mains and connections for the streets not yet supplied will 
 be laid as speedily as possible, consistent with safety. 
 
11 
 
 Automatic regulators, which maintain a constant safe pressure in 
 the service pipes, are put in by the Philadelphia Company at each 
 dwelling. These are so contrived, that» 2p this oats *s shiat off in the 
 main pipe they will instantly shut, off ait : communication with the 
 dwelling and will not open again until ’ every stop cock ‘in the house 
 
 3 3° 
 
 has been closed. gayenee ele 3 ee $3583? 
 
 It is the intention of the Camp: Ae shat no ‘Accidents shall occur 
 which can be prevented, and that n9 ery tigns of. service shall 
 result which prudence can avert, or which gan he avoided by the utmost 
 vigilance, or by the use of the most approved applhances, however 
 
 costly. 
 
12 
 SOME ADVANTACES. OF CAS. 
 
 CLEANLINESS « cof. person and of the house is one of the blessings 
 secured by the wabitittition of: @ gas for coal; no dust attends upon a 
 gas fires the curtains, carpels, ceilings, paper hangings and_ other 
 decor ations are whally unsoiled, Ww here gas is properly used ; result- 
 
 OC 
 
 ing in an ‘enormous ‘saving | i ve shi ng, in wear and tear and in 
 
 renewals.<c f © (¢. poces 
 
 re ¢ ¢ « 
 
 Untrorattry oF VEE MEERA URE may be perfectly secured, en- 
 suring freedom from colds and from other complaints due to alter- 
 nations of heat and cold. In the chambers of the sick, of the aged, 
 or of others in feeble health, the gas fire may be lighted noiselessly 
 and regulated exactly according to the wishes of the occupant ; 
 never too hot; never too cold. 
 
 CONVENIENCE. No cellar to be filled with dusty coal; no bur- 
 dened back in carrying it up stairs; no search for kindlings when a 
 fire is wanted; only the lighting of a match and the turning of a 
 cock—behold a fire. 
 
 The gas is delivered to the fireplaces without noise or dirt ; it does 
 not need to be swept after; it does not change price from strikes of 
 miners, nor from railroad blockades, nor from other interruptions ; 
 it is always at hand. 
 
 The use of gas allows people who have to rise early at least half 
 an hour more sleep, owing to the fact that there is no delay in light- 
 ing fires. The Philadelphia Company thus distributes 5,000 extra 
 hours of sleep to its customers. 
 
 When “ only a spark of fire’ is wanted, the amount can be meas- 
 ured to a nicety; the gas can. be shut off the instant the kettle boils 
 or the iron is hot, without overheating of the room. So that the 
 gas is not only better than anything else for cold weather, but in hot 
 weather also. 
 
13 
 
 AS TO COST. 
 
 When all the advantages, conveniences and economies which are 
 obtained by the use of natural gas are taken into account, the price 
 at which it is sold is astonishingly low. 
 
 At present the careful and economical use of gas is not under- 
 stood; the methods of burning it require it to be improved before 
 any exact measurement of the quantity used will be satisfactory to 
 ‘the general consumer. 
 
 As it is, the Philadelphia Company undertakes to keep the house 
 warmer than it has ever been kept before, at about the same cost. 
 
 With coal, the dirt and trouble of occasional fires in the parlor 
 and chambers cause them to be postponed in early Autumn and dis- 
 continued in early Spring, while the ever-ready gas fire cheers the 
 chilly hours without trouble and without extra charge. Gas is 
 indeed a luxury for rich or poor. 
 
 An economical use of gas will insure low prices in the future, and 
 economical experiments will be of advantage to consumers when the 
 gas is scarcer, and it is sold by measurement. 
 
 Rates are fixed for the whole of a house only, based on the space 
 to be heated or service to be required. The cost of putting in the 
 service line and regulator and maintenance, is the same for all or for 
 a part of the house. Rate for part of a house would necessarily be pro- 
 portionately much higher than for the whole, if such a rate could 
 be made; without a measurement of the quantity of gas supplied, 
 such a rate would not be satisfactory to the consumer nor safe for 
 the Company. 
 
 The cost of any service line depends on the distance traversed 
 and the character of work to be done from the curb. The line will 
 be carried free of cost to the curb by the Company. 
 
 The cost of setting a regulator is $5.00. The regulator is fur- 
 nished free and remains the property of the Company. 
 
14 
 COMPARED WITH COAL. 
 
 The price of gas cannot be fairly compared with that of coal, for 
 the cost of coal is too variable and too much subject to the peculiari- 
 ties of the individuals who use it. Two houses, with the same number 
 of rooms in each, and the same number of persons in the rooms, 
 will have a difference of from 25 per cent. to 50 per cent. in the 
 size of the coal bills. One family will spend much more than the 
 other, partly because of differences in their temperaments. 
 
 It would be impossible for the Company to find the number 
 in each family supplied, and to learn the habits of each family as 
 to the burning of fuel. There are too many thousands of families 
 connected with the lines of the Philadelphia Company for any such 
 investigation. 
 
 When coal is used many persons economise at the expense of some 
 discomfort ; not lighting fires, sometimes, even when needed. 
 
 We expect customers to use fires wherever they may be necessary. 
 
 SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. 
 
 Householders who contemplate adopting the gas fuel will find it 
 decidedly to their advantage to make application for estimates and 
 arrange for their contract and plumbing work early in the summer. 
 As the fall season approaches there is usually a great rush of appli- 
 cations for service connections, This Company was considerably 
 embarrassed last fall by the numerous applications that were re- 
 ceived late in the season, rendering it impossible to meet the de- 
 mands for service connections. 
 
 During the early part of the season, service connections can be 
 put in promptly, while our force is not pressed for time; and 
 plumbers will do their work better and cheaper when not rushed 
 with work. We therefore offer as a SPECIAL INDUCEMENT to those 
 who will contract for their yearly householders. supply during the 
 summer months, the use of the gas without charge until September 
 1, 1886. 
 
db. 
 
 CET A GOOD PLUMBER. 
 
 It is very important that the plumbing work connected with the 
 natural gas service should be carefully and skillfully done. Con- 
 sumers should employ only prudent, experienced plumbers, who will 
 do honest work. Large pipes are the best. Galvanized fittings only 
 should be used. Wherever it is possible, pipes should be put up 
 flues, and under no consideration should they be placed inside of 
 partitions or cupboards. <A leaky joint may allow gas to accumulate 
 unnoticed for. days, and when it comes in contact with a flame, an 
 explosion will follow. Stop cocks should not be placed between 
 floors and ceilings, where they may leak without detection for some 
 time, and where they are difficult to get at in the event of repairs 
 becoming needful. Pipes had better be directly under the grate, 
 with an extension bar to the outside of the fender, where the key 
 can be attached when required. No cement joints will be permitted. 
 Pipes must stand a pressure of ten pounds to the inch. 
 
 This Company is not, neither will it permit its employes to be, 
 pecuniarily interested in any plumbing establishment. First-class 
 work will be required by the inspectors, without regard to who may 
 have done the plumbing. 
 
 To Make EvERYTHING SAFE have all holes around any pipes 
 which enter the cellar carefully stopped with cement on outside 
 and inside. Tamp the earth around water pipes and sewers very 
 firmly to prevent any leaking gas from following the pipes, as it 
 may do if the earth is loose around them. 
 
16 
 
 GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR BURNING 
 NATURAL CAS. 
 
 To Srart A Frre: Before turning on the gas, place a flame on 
 the fire-brick, or close to the burners; then turn the gas on slowly, 
 taking care that the flame is not extinguished. If the gas is turned on 
 suddenly with full force, it may blow out the flame. If this occurs, 
 or if the flame is extinguished from any cause, shut off the gas and 
 wait a moment for the gas that has escaped to blow away, before ap- 
 proaching another flame to the fireplace. 
 
 A taper is the best for lighting gas fires, because it leaves no ashes 
 behind and rarely blows out. 
 
 When the gas is turned off; as at night, leave the doors of the 
 stove or furnace, or the dampers open, so that any gas that may 
 escape from an imperfect fitting will be blown up the chimney. 
 
 Where there is imperfect combustion, the gas either goes up the 
 flue unburned or out into the room, where it fastens upon furniture, 
 wall paper and curtains, and forms a greasy deposit, which is not 
 particularly injurious, but it should not be, for it can be easily and 
 surely prevented. Burners must be examined by a good plumber, 
 and a proper mixture of gas and air ensured. 
 
 There are complaints that furniture is warped and cracked by the 
 “dry heat” of gas. This heat is not drier than any other to which 
 the vapor of water has not been added ; but a higher temperature is 
 constantly maintained with gas than with any other fuel, for it does 
 not require attention to feed the fire; the same temperature main- 
 tained in any other way would have the same effect. It is always 
 best to evaporate water at the fire, allowing the vapor to mingle 
 with the air of the room; it does no good if the vapor escapes up 
 the chimney, as many permit it to do. 
 
 In case a coal fire is wanted in the stove or fireplace, the supply of 
 gas failing, (which might occur from necessary repairs or alterations 
 
17 
 
 to the main pipes,) remove the loose fire-brick or crucible in the 
 fireplace. If the burners can be readily removed, displace them ; 
 but if they cannot, put the coal in over them; this fire can be burned 
 for several hours without damage to the fixtures. The perforations 
 in the burners can be cleaned out by allowing the gas to blow 
 through them for a moment or two. Keep the gas turned off out- 
 side the regulator until the coal fires are all extinguished and the 
 burners are cool. New burners must be put in promptly, if the old 
 ones are burned from long exposure to coal fire. 
 
 When the escape of gas is discovered in a cellar or elsewhere, 
 open the windows to let it escape; avoid lighting it by any flame; as 
 the gas is lighter than air it will rise to the top of the room. For 
 this reason open the windows from the top. 
 
 Do not hunt a leak with a light. When the leak is found in this 
 way it generally causes an explosion. Get the location of your reg- 
 ulator and of valve A (see cut of Regulator) fixed in your mind, 
 and shut off the gas by screwing down the valve A in the dark; if 
 you don’t feel like trying this plan, put out all fires and lights, open 
 the windows and send word to the Company’s office, (see page 6) or 
 to your plumber. 
 
 RECULATION OF PRESSURE. 
 
 The Philadelphia Company carries from one to two pounds pres- 
 sure in its low pressure main lines, and reduces the same at each 
 house connection by a regulator provided at the Company’s expense. 
 This regulator has an automatic cut-off, and in case the gas is ob- 
 structed in the main line or cut off by a break, and afterwards turned 
 on, it cannot enter the consumer’s pipe until the regulator is read- 
 justed, which requires that the stop cocks at all the fireplaces shall 
 have been closed. 
 
 The great advantage of this system is that it prevents the escape 
 of gas into the house at night, after it has been temporarily shut off. 
 
 The individual regulator system is costlier to the Company than 
 the tank plan, but it is far safer to the consumer, 
 
18 
 INSTRUCTIONS BY FIRE MARSHAL. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF FIRE eoenaG. 
 PirrsBpuRGH, Pa., April Ist, 1886. 
 
 NOTICE TO GAS FITTERS. 
 
 When natural gas is to be introduced into dwellings, stores, offices, 
 etc., the following rules must be observed by the parties doing the 
 fitting work: 
 
 All pipes must be tested by the gas company’s inspector, with 
 mercury column to ten (10) pounds pressure, from end of line 
 where connection is made, to end of pipes under grates, stoves, etc. 
 
 The fitter should have his pump on and see that the pipes are 
 perfectly tight before sending for the inspector. 
 
 The ends of pipes under grates, stoves, etc., should first be capped, 
 so as to allow the stop cocks to be tested; then remove the caps and 
 see if the cocks allow the gas to leak. 
 
 In case the mercury drops, a test for leak, by putting ether in the 
 pump, or with soap water, will be made. 
 
 In no case shall a fire test be used in dwellings, offices, stores, etc. 
 No cement of any kind shall be used for repairing faulty fittings or 
 work ; nor is the use of blind gaskets permissible. 
 
 When any attempt to hide leaks is made, the name of the fitter 
 will be kept on record at this office, and future work done by him 
 will not be approved without rigid examination. 
 
 In running pipes in buildings, no set rules can be given, except 
 that pipes must in all cases, when possible, be so placed that they 
 can be easily inspected; and that in case of accident any leaking 
 gas may escape easily. 
 
 Cement wall carefully where service pipe enters the building, and 
 use a large pipe for the main that runs through the cellar. Provide 
 valves to shut off gas from all risers. In running pipe through 
 flues, great care is necessary, and lead pipe for the bends should not 
 be used. 
 
 Do not run pipes between floors or walls when any other method 
 can be employed. Do not place cocks between floors and ceilings. 
 Do not use any valves which require packing at the stem, in places 
 where leaking gas may be dangerous. If pipes run outside of walls, 
 provide a drip. | 
 
19 
 
 Allow plenty of air under the grates, so that the hearthstone may 
 not get too hot. Set the back tile in grate so that the unburnt gases 
 will be directed up the chimney, and not allowed to enter the room. 
 
 Admitting more air under the grate, so that it will percolate 
 through or between the hot bats in grate, results in a cheerful, 
 bright fire from bottom of grate to the top of the fittings, and also 
 in front. 
 
 In fitting up a building, all gas fitters will be required to furnish 
 the gas company, who are to supply the fuel, with astatement giving 
 the number of fires fitted up, and also any additional fires that may 
 be connected afterwards in the same building, so that a complete 
 record may be had at this office. Blank forms for this purpose will 
 be furnished by the different companies supplying natural gas. 
 
 It should be borne in mind that a leak of natural gas is not so 
 perceptible as of artificial gas, on account of the very slight odor 
 arising from it; and more care should be taken in piping a building 
 for its use. 
 
 Fitters should also remember that accidents and explosions are 
 likely to occur through defects in fittings and pipes; and as the in- 
 
 ‘troduction of natural gas is a benefit to the fitters, the community at 
 
 large, and to the insurance companies, the fitters should do all in 
 their power to make the use of natural gas as safe as possible; and 
 they can materially aid in this by endeavoring to put in pipes and 
 fittings in a perfect manner. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 J. B,. McFADDEN, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
20 
 
 APPLICATIONS FOR CAS. 
 
 When application is made for gas supply, the following blank 
 should be filled up and sent to the nearest station or’ office of the 
 Company. An agent will call promptly, and will make an estimate 
 of the cost of gas supply as well as expense of connection from the 
 curb to inside the cellar wall. When the agent’s estimate is ac- 
 cepted by the customer a contract will be prepared, and on its being 
 signed a connection will be put in at once and a regulator set. When 
 the plumber finishes his work, the Company’s inspector will examine 
 the pipes and test them to the standard (ten pounds) pressure. If 
 the pipes are all right, a certificate will be issued to the Fire 
 Marshal, who in turn will give a permit to the customer, which 
 
 must also be approved by the insurance company having a risk on 
 the building. 
 
~ £54 
 
 * 
 
 The following is the blank form of application : 
 
 TEAR THIS OUT AND FILL UP. 
 
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Jahn 
 
 RULES AND REGULATIONS 
 
 FOR THE SUPPLY OF NATURAL GAS BY THE PHILADELPHIA COMPANY. 
 
 1. This Company will make the necessary connections with its 
 gas main and carry same to the curb of pavement, but all other con- 
 
 nections and appliances for the purpose of utilizing the gas from _ 
 
 that point, shall be at the cost of the consumer, and shall be, as to 
 character and arrangement, subject to the approval of the Com- 
 pany’s inspector. 
 
 2. For controlling the pressure of gas admitted to the pipes 
 from the main, this Company will provide, and keep in good repair, 
 a Gas Regulator with automatic shut-off (that will be approved by 
 the Board of Underwriters), upon the terms fixed in the contract, 
 
 which shall, together with any pipe, services or fittings the Com- | 
 
 pany may place on the premises of the consumer, be known as, and 
 remain the property of, this Company, and any interference there- 
 with, on the part of the consumer, or any gas fitter, is strictly pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 3. The consumer shall use all due care to prevent any waste of 
 gas. And that this Company may properly guard its interests, it shall 
 at all reasonable times, by its authorized agent, (who will be provided 
 with a certificate, signed by the Secretary of this Company,) have 
 free access to the premises in which the gas is used, to determine if 
 it is being carried, distributed and burned in a proper manner, and 
 in accordance with these Rules and Regulations ; and the Company 
 reserves the right to measure the gas used, and to shut off the 
 supply for any of the following reasons: Ist, for repairs; 2d, for 
 want of supply; 3d, for non-payment of bill when due; 4th, for 
 fraudulent representations in relation to consumption of gas. 
 
 4. Incase the supply of gas should fail, whether from natural 
 causes, bursting of pipes, or accident in any way, this Company shall 
 not be liable for damage by reason of such failure, nor shall it be 
 liable in any event for damage to person or property arising, accru- 
 ing or resulting from the use of gas, 
 
23 
 
 5. Consumers are not permitted to use the gas for illuminating 
 purposes, or for any purpose, or in any place, other than is provided 
 for in the contract, without having first obtained the written consent 
 of this Company, and arranged to pay additional compensation 
 therefor. | 
 
 6. In case of deficiency of gas, or detection of leaks, notice of 
 the fact should be given forthwith at the nearest office of the 
 - Company, that the defect may be remedied without delay. 
 
 7. Bills must be settled at the office of the Company, within the 
 time specified in the contract, or the gas may be turned off without 
 further notice. 
 
 8. Inspectors, agents, or any employe of this Company, are 
 expressly forbidden to demand or accept any compensation for 
 services rendered. 
 
 9. Contracts are not transferable. New occupants are required 
 to make application in person at the office of the Company at the 
 time they commence the use of gas, to avoid being liable for back 
 dues for all gas supplied until such notice was given. 
 
 10. Any failure on the part of the consumer to comply with these 
 Rules and Regulations shall annul this contract, and the Phila- 
 delphia Company may thereupon, without further notice, shut off 
 the supply of gas and remove its property from the premises. 
 
 11. All words herein referring to the consumer, shall be taken 
 to be of such number and gender as the character of the consumer 
 may require. 
 
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 24 
 
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 30 
 
 CAS AND THE INSURANCE COMPANIES. 
 
 The Board of Fire Underwriters, after inspection of premises, 
 issues the following permit : 
 
 THis 1s To Certiry, That the Natural Gas Pipes | 
 On premises Of....05) 52:00 Geka... eee 
 
 have been tested toa pressure of.:....... Ae tare name 
 
 Parties receiving this Certifi- 
 cate are required to have a 
 printed endorsement on their 
 
 & | pounds, and are in accordance with regulations adopted 
 oC 
 
 = | by the Board of Fire Underwriters. 
 
 a 
 
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 BING 2d nerens ee A a occa. eee 
 S . Secretary 
 
 mM 
 
 SOE eS DUT ONS dk) teehee bhccee te 188 
 
 The Insurance World of this city, which is the mouthpiece of the 
 Insurance interests, in speaking of gas, says: 7 
 
 “Natural gas per se is not more dangerous from a fire under- 
 writer’s point of view than artificial gas; it is wholly a question of | 
 pressure. When first introduced in the streets of this city the gas 
 was brcught in under high pressure—in some instance over 100 
 pounds—and the result was leakages and explosions ; but these dan- 
 gers have since been averted by appliances for reducing the pressure 
 and guarding against leaks, and it may be safely said. that the fire 
 hazard of the manufacturing risks of this city have been reduced 
 
 MM MI 
 
 by the introduction of this new fuel. * *