Saag pty * A j aie: sabe at a — eS et 2 trae ie ‘iit ted oe Ott ad Bt kad Fi VS ILLS PAPER hi Meee a if] PPUSEPEO YP OP Pes y Seer OE oi 4 2 y SA TART ANA, y es yb PORE RRNS a ve ¥, : ‘ead notins Tae a iii 4) ieateern te a iy « ihn A fen By rn Wanna. 4 Cony oa on 5 a Aste 4a Ad att tA TAT EP IS ERO ES DR if pA f ; Lae iS) Na ee i Ge uenias nuts SUT nA eth Yoei ene rie iW ite OER ek) BAS tet ets BAS ae Ee ARy DES Ke aux * 7 , ui an * CRASS 43 iy ee EAE ARNE RSA, y FARRER CES CRATE EM TA Se yy PEP TIA TAD: ARRAS erate ae res Mona ak 2 2 ’ * eek ey A dey ey enaee as a Ath rua . vee Bren eA AN LY 7” tte « Wnt 4 ae thaw cee SERA Sees ECOL ® el pn Poort ra SS a c od ‘2 a oes > Sey ea) an Mo paar “ane 7% a saree a Le ia, Gy oe, on a4 aah Ppl ee, eter er 4 aA 4 ete ‘vere ree i bLeakS SOK * eet vY ry AY sei ite 3 a a syorinitiry ieee Lt A i wae « i 14, OO) vie Shee ay Es eS ‘= SERS 3 Rep = Tr a eCACEREE CRA RSS ES vee eo : OOreeer sy et titer Noa ® sae eel Se eerste cet ea) Bagh ERG ntl Sens ats ee nine an Naa Rates Sat'sé, a a tT F Wa estile iY ame su eee. La : gyeper te SeREeCKEKS ¥ Bas pis aie RY Ls Spt tssict ; Seistsistiestret basesteay pep stet eect Seta te tees ino > A from the Library. en Ruabor. LIBRARY sity of III BOOK. < fentning and Accessions No..£0...400..£.@........ iver é a i é Books are not to be tak CLASS. " w e ° @ Ce Un Go The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161—O-1096 Se, Pottag! < = Mee ent et PRINCIPLES OF GREEK ETYMOLOGY Uniform with the Present Work. One Volume (600 pp.), 8vo. 12s. THE GREEK VERB. Irs SrructurE anD DEVELOPEMENT. By Dr. GEORG CURTIUS, Professor of the University of Leipzig. Translated into English, with the Author’s sanction. By A. 5S. WILKINS, Lirt. D., LL.D., Professor of Latin and Compara- tive Philology; and E. B. ENGLAND, M.A., Assistant Lecturer in Classics, Owens College, Manchester. The body of the work contains very many emendations and additions to the first edition, and may be regarded as the fullest and most learned examination of the phonetic growth of the manifold forms of the Greek verb, and as a masterly dissertation on Comparative Philology. Educational Times. THE STUDENTS GREEK GRAMMAR; A Grammar A OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. By Dr. GEORG CURTIUS. Trans- lated under the Revision of the Author. Edited by Wm. SmITH, D.C.L. and LL.D. Twelfth Edition. (386 pp.) Post 8vo. 6s. SMALLER GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK LAN- GUAGE FoR THE MIDDLE AnD Lower ForMSs IN SCHOOLS. Abridged from the above Grammar. Fifteenth Edition. (220 pp.) 12mo. 3s. 6d. ELUCIDATIONS OF THE STUDENT'S GREEK GRAM- MAR. By Dr. GEORG CURTIUS. Translated by Evsetyn AsBpotT, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Second Edition, revised. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d PRINCIPLES OF GREEK ETYMOLOGY By GHORG CURTIUS PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG Filth Edition TRANSLATED BY AUGUSTUS S. WILKINS, LirrD., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF LATIN AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND EDWIN B. ENGLAND, M.A. ASSISTANT LECTURER IN CLASSICS IN THE OWENS COLLEGE, VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER VOTE LONDON JOHN MURRAY: ALBEMARLE STREET 1886 [ All rights reserved | @rfory _ PRINTED BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVE TRANSLATORS’ PREFACE. THE first edition of this translation of the ‘Grundzitige der Griechischen Etymologie, published in 1875, 1876, was made from the sheets of the fourth edition of the original, as it passed through the press. A fifth edition of the latter was published at Leipzig in 1879. Although not much exceeding in bulk the preceding edition, it contained very extensive additions, and not a few corrections, while some important sections were wholly rewritten. Room was found for these changes by the withdrawal partly of explanations no longer regarded as tenable, partly, and much more frequently, of the criticisms of theories put forward by other scholars, but now so generally rejected as no longer to call for discus- sion. The very thorough revision, to which the work was thus submitted, gives it a claim to be regarded as containing the author’s most mature and deliberate judgement ; while the untimely death, which robbed the science of Comparative Philology of one of its most illustrious exponents, at a time when his ripe and sober scholarship seems to be especially needed, has stamped it with a final character. It has hence appeared to be our duty to make this second edition of the translation nothing more than a faithful reproduction of the original. | It is impossible to deny that the work does not hold on some points the same position of authority which was almost universally allowed to it ten years ago. From the year 1876 al TRANSLATORS PREFACE. onwards a series of articles or of independent works have been issued, mainly by the younger German philologists, which, though not always agreeing in the results to which they have led, have been based on the same general principles, and have been commonly regarded as evidence of the rise of a ‘junggrammatisch’ school. The cardinal principles of this school are (1) that all phonetic change of a mechanical character works according to laws which admit of no excep- tions: (2) that the operation of analogy was most extensive at a very early stage in the history of language, and tended largely to the association of forms. Of these principles the latter affects to the greatest extent questions as to the origin of inflexions, such as are dealt with in Professor Curtius’s comprehensive and most valuable treatise on ‘The Greek Verb ;’ the former has a direct relation to the problems handled in the present work, especially in Book III. In view of the wide acceptance which these principles have found, and the important changes which they have effected, especially in the manner in which the vowel-system is now commonly regarded, it was a matter for serious and repeated consideration, whether it would not be our duty to call attention by frequent notes to the bearing which they have on some of Professor Curtius’s conclusions. Several reasons have prevented us from doing so. In the first place, the attempt to carry this out with complete- ness would have increased very materially the size of a work, which the author, as he showed by his unsparing retrench- ment, in the last edition, of everything at all superfluous, wished to be kept within its present limits. Secondly, although on some points the new school have made contributions of permanent value to the Science of Philology, as Professor Curtius in his latest work’ was not slow to acknowledge, many of their conclusions have not yet been sufficiently sifted, and generally approved, to find their way into a work which has won its place by nothing more than by its marked * «Zur Kritik der neuesten Sprachforschung’ Leipzig 1885. TRANSLATORS PREFACE. Vii sobriety and caution. Thirdly, it may be remarked that the value of the vast collection of linguistic facts, which forms the bulk of the present work, is little, if at all, affected by any modification of the theories, which are suggested to explain some of the less common phenomena. Fourthly, the English reader may naturally desire to have this epochal work once at least placed before him in the form in which it was finally left by its author. And finally, we may plead the personal reason that to annotate a work of this magnitude with the completeness requisite if the work was to be undertaken at all, would, with the leisure at our command, have delayed too long the republication of a book which has been for some time out of print, and which has been universally recognized as indispensable for the scientific study of Greek. We have, therefore, contented ourselves with giving as an appendix to the preface a list of the principal works which have appeared since the date of the fifth edition, especially such as set forth the principles or the conclusions of the new school of Philology. The teacher will find in these abundant material for sup- plementing, or, if in his judgement it should be necessary, of correcting the doctrines which are here stated by Curtius. For the student, we do not wholly abandon the hope ex- pressed in our former preface that at some future time the substance of the present work may be adapted to his needs, with any additions or corrections that the progress of philo- logical science may require. Among the minor alterations in this edition, we may call attention to the fact that the Sanskrit words are now accented. In view of the increased importance conceded to accentuation as bearing upon phonetic laws, especially since the publication of Karl Verner’s important paper in Kuhn’s ‘ Zeitschrift,’ this will be recognized as a valuable improvement. It may, how- ever, be worth reminding some readers that in the case of many Sanskrit words the accent cannot be determined either by rule or by authority, and that this is why many remain unmarked. Vili : TRANSLATORS PREFACE. It is perhaps superfluous, but it is at least permissible, that we should express our sense of the heavy loss which Greek scholarship has sustained in the recent and all too early death of the distinguished author. of this work. In recent years his position was somewhat a conservative one, and he was then conspicuous more for the cautious criticism which he directed upon what he regarded as premature theorising, than for brilliant contributions of his own to Comparative Philology. But although he was unable to admit that the whole field of language had as yet been shown to be under the rigorous rule of mechanical law, it must never be forgotten that, as even his critics admit, no man, with the possible exception of Pott, did more in his earlier days to extend the domain of phonetic laws, and to bring the exceptions which he felt constrained to allow, within the sphere of general principles. The genius of Curtius was by no means solely critical. Where his subject called for it, as especially in his suggestive essay ‘Zur Chronologie der Indogermanischen Sprachforschung, he showed himself capable of the most - brilliant theories.” But he was still more at home in the sober and judicial estimation of the theories of others. With a never-failing sense of the historical developement of the Greek language, and an extensive knowledge of its literature at different stages, he united a singular candour, and an unbiassed love of truth. It is perhaps only those whose duty has led them, as it has led us, to spend many months, and even years, on the careful and repeated examination of his different works in their various editions, who can fully realise his constant desire to collect from every quarter, and to. weigh with scru- pulous care, every scrap of evidence, telling either in favour of or against a theory, whether his own or that of a rival, and the readiness with which he abandoned views long advocated, if the weight of argument seemed at last to turn against them. It was only natural that such qualities should be accompanied by a courteous dignity in controversy, which though always loyal to the truth, yet never willingly wounded an opponent. TRANSLATORS PREFACE. 1x Of his personal character we need only add that it fully bore out that impression of a single-minded devotion to that which was true and right, which cannot but be derived from his intellectual work. The pages of the German fifth edition are given in the margin. It is to these marginal pages that reference is made both in the indexes and in the body of the work. We desire to acknowledge the remarkable care and accuracy with which a book, making unusual demands upon both, has been printed by the Oxford University Press. MANCHESTER: Christmas 1885. AUTHOR’S PREFACE. To ascertain what results have been clearly established by the science of Comparative Philology bearing on Greek Ety- mology, apart from airy surmisings and absurd methods of investigation, has appeared to me for several reasons a useful undertaking. The Science of Language presents no subject so tempting, none that so invites to unwearying research, as the unsurpassable language of the Greeks, which has developed so richly and characteristically from its primitive foundation : but, to avoid error in the research, there is need for constant converse with that familiar knowledge of the Greek language and its records, which, inherited from Antiquity and the object of close and careful study in our own century, we call in Germany by the special name of Philology. On the other hand Classical Philology, with the wider range which it has now won for itself, asks a thousand questions about the descent and original meaning of Greek words, and about the history of the ideas and conceptions which they present, questions which can only be answered outside its own pro- vince, by the science of Comparative Philology. The more lively the activity now reigning in the last-named science, the more attention there is paid by Classical Philology on its side to the information to be gained from this science, so- much the greater will be the advantage to be obtained by promoting a profitable commerce between the two movements in this very province. . Without doubt this is a difficult undertaking. Com- parative Philologists have been called not without a sneer AUTHOR'S PREFACE, xi ‘Cireumnavigators of the World,’ a title which they might be content to accept, were it not unseemly to call by the name of ‘world’ that Indo-Germanic realm with which we have here to do, and which is after all so very small a part of the region of human speech. Who is to restrict exploration to familiar coasting-voyages? Even here there is most cer- tainly no lack of danger. It is on the rocks and shallows near the land that most ships are wrecked, while it is only on the high seas that navigation has reached its fuller de- velopement. But the bolder the course, the more do we need points of view to guide us. Therefore I have thought it needful above all things in attempting what I have, to subject the first principles and the methods of Comparative Etymology in its application to the Greek language, to a searching discussion. Not that I intended to exhaust the subject systematically, once for all, but, adjusting myself to the present attitude of the study, to handle a series of questions of fundamental importance, and by so doing to establish a fixed standard of procedure for the treatment of details which is to follow. These are the ends served by the First Book of this work. Next I took as my task the synoptical enumeration of those Greek words and families of words for which undoubted affinities could be found in the kindred languages, along with the words so related. If I have erred in judging of the connexion of words, I believe it has been on the side of caution. Adhering firmly to the principle, that it is better to forbear to connect what may be unrelated, than to connect it too hastily, and that a limited number of sure comparisons has far more value than an abundance of uncertain conjectures, I have not shrunk from repeated scrutiny in each single instance. My matter however fell naturally into two parts. Since every trustworthy inquiry must start with the sound rather than the sense, a division naturally resulted between the regular or constant representation of sounds and that X1ll AUTHOR'S PREFACE. which is irregular or sporadic. Accordingly the Second Book treats of Regular Representation of Sounds. Its form is that of an index arranged phonetically. In the treatment of the several families of words I have endeavoured to state the facts of the case as clearly, and at the same time as concisely as possible. I have therefore given in all cases none but the most important members, though I did not like to omit the translation even of the Greek words. By its addition many readers are saved the trouble of searching for rare words in the dictionary, and even when the words are common, the translation of them has been a short and concise means of calling attention not only to the prominent meaning, but also to noteworthy coin- cidences and differences in the other languages, and this practice has for consistency’s sake been maintained even in the absence of such special reasons. I think that a hint here and there, which may possibly be superfluous, does less harm in these inquiries than that doctum silentiwm which gives rise to many misconceptions, especially as this book may chance to be used by some who are not so well versed in Greek as classical scholars are, though perhaps all the more at home in other languages. In the search for the Greek words which belong to the same group I have derived much assistance from Niz’s small ‘Etymologisches Worterbuch’ (second edition, by I. Bekker, Berlin 1821). In this unpretentious little book, which has received too little attention, there is more etymological insight than in all our dictionaries, excellent though ‘they are in other respects. Of Greek grammarians and lexicographers I have most frequently referred to Hesychius, whose statements have in very many instances been confirmed by inscriptions of recent discovery. JI have however carefully avoided in- dulging in guesses at isolated etymological puzzles, and have only occasionally noticed proper names. In giving the words from the other languages I have bestowed great care on the accuracy of their appended trans- AUTHOR'S PREFACE, Xi lations. Hence I have generally followed my authorities in using the language in which the meaning is there given. In the case of the Church-Slavonic and Gothic words I have often added the Greek words to which they serve as a translation. This not unfrequently makes the correspond- ence still more striking. To each group of connected words I have added a short commentary; and in so doing I have thought it necessary in the first place to give the history of each etymology more fully than has been done hitherto. The literature of ety- mology has often been unduly neglected. The sanctity of intellectual property, and the continuity so desirable in scien- tific investigation, both demand, I think, greater care in this direction. Accordingly, though I cannot vouch for absolute completeness, and have omitted to notice attempts which are clearly fantastic and unmethodical — and of these there are too many even in our days —I have faithfully recorded the contributions of my predecessors. Still etymologies of the old sort are only mentioned occasionally, whenever they give occasion for decided approval or condemnation, or acquire importance from the names of their authors, e. g. Buttmann, Lobeck, or Doederlein. These references to other authors are as a rule followed by short notes of agreement or criticism, or explanation and extension. The compressed brevity of these remarks in the style of critical notes may find an excuse in my desire to confine the work within reasonable limits. Whoever takes the trouble to read these brief notes will per- ceive from them that the conclusions given in the text have often been arrived at after much painstaking deliberation, and will acquit me at all events of having jumped at them thoughtlessly. I hope too that by giving the grounds of my comparisons I shall facilitate the refutation of my errors, and at the same time stimulate the discussion of difficult questions; and there are very many cases in which fuller discussion is needed. The annexed tables (pp. 125-129, marginal pages) of the X1V AUTHOR'S PREFACE. regular representation of sounds and the transcription of several alphabets are intended to enable any one who desires to enter on these questions, to use and test this book. A know- ledge of Sanskrit or of any other of the kindred languages, except the two classic ones, is by no means necessary to the formation of a judgement on the subjects here discussed. Who- ever will believe me that the Indian, Slavonic, or Lithuanian words quoted are given conscientiously, in form and meaning, is perfectly able to judge of the soundness of each comparison. And such a readiness to accept much on trust is in other branches of philology as necessary as it is safe. If we credit the epigraphist with correctness in copying an inscription, the editor of a text with the accuracy of his various readings, if we accept the measurements and descriptions of the topo- grapher, linguistic scholars can in their turn demand that their statements shall not be discredited without good reason. Error is inevitable in all circumstances, and therefore even statements of fact need constant revision. But division of labour and attention to the discoveries and diligent compila- tions of others can never be dispensed with. The Third Book, which is devoted to the sporadic repre- sentation of sounds, since it endeavours to demonstrate rarer phonetic changes, assumes naturally more the character of an investigation. I felt myself more bound here not only to state my own views, but to explain my reasons more fully. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. WHEN I found that there was a demand for a fifth edition of this book, I made up my mind that this time a more thorough revision of the work would be needed than on former occasions. In each of the former editions the changes were limited to a few corrections and improvements, and in particular the difference between the third and fourth edition was, if we exclude Windisch’s welcome contributions from Keltic, immaterial. For the fifth edition I have examined and used such por- tions of the rapidly increasing literature of Comparative Philology as seemed likely to be of service to me. I have been glad to learn, whenever what was new convinced me; I have subjected a large number of questions of detail to a fresh examination, and have suppressed many rash conjectures, more particularly such as had no direct bearing on Greek, though at the same time I have adopted much that is new, and tried to make the old in parts more convincing and more intelligible. Consequently the difference between this edition and its predecessors is very considerable, though at the same time its objects and arrangement remain the same. It will be hard to find a page which does not contain some alteration. I have taken the greatest care however to prevent the book, which was large enough already, from becoming larger, and have almost always made room for the necessary additions by omitting all that could now be spared, by studying to be concise in expression and compact in form. From the second XV1 AUTHORS PREFACE (TO THE FIFTH EDITION). part especially I have omitted many polemical discussions of particular points for which I found the space at my command insufficient. No one will I hope regret that I have been more consistent than before in passing over in silence views which seemed to me decidedly mistaken, and have in general limited the number of references. The literature of etymological in- terpretations has been most diligently collected by my friend Vanitek in his ‘ Griechisch-Lateinisches Etymologisches Wor- terbuch.’ To show, however, that I am not always at a loss for the means of defending those of my views which have been attacked, I have treated at somewhat greater length in the Third Book some controverted points of especial interest. In this connexion I may refer particularly for example to what I have there said on pp. 513-520 (marginal pages) on Oeds, on pp. 602 f. on os, on pp. 604 ff. on imme and tewar, and on pp. 613 f. on &youpos. The additions which have given me the greatest satisfaction are those due to the discovery of inscriptions; for there we have the refreshing substitution of facts for theories. Recent years have revealed a large amount of matter of this kind, which was of great interest and importance for the discussions in this work. By the kind communications of my brother Ernst, I have been enabled to make the earliest possible use of many such discoveries. The results of Ascoli’s and Fick’s investigations on the two kinds of gutturals demanded—though I did not feel compelled to alter altogether my previous arrangement—certain addi- tions and important alterations in the Introduction, and in such articles in the Second Book as this question concerned. In the section dealing with the ramifications of the Indo- Germanic languages, reference had to be made to the con- troversies raised by Joh. Schmidt and, if I mistake not, in a certain sense settled by A. Leskien, and particularly now to Hiibschmann’s work on the Armenian language. On the other hand, I have not felt 1t my duty to do more than occa- sionally refer (e.g. on pp. 91 ff., p. 642) to the question, now AUTHOR'S PREFACE (TO THE FIFTH EDITION). XVli so much discussed, though so far from settled, of the chro- nology of the vowel-system and all that belongs to it. It is in the Third Book that the greatest alterations have been made. The credibility of the kind~of phonetic change here dealt with—i. e. the irregular or sporadic—has been un- reservedly impeached. I have therefore been obliged, in order to defend my position, which the doubts thus expressed have not shaken, to insert a long passage (pp. 426-438) in which I have striven to take as objective a view as possible, and to confront with a series of unassailable and for the most part generally recognized facts, the scholars whose youthful zeal has, as I believe, led them to assert too positively the regu- larity of phonetic change. I believe that Iam by no means alone in holding that if we are to reach that truth which we are all of us seeking, it must be by the unprejudiced con- sideration of carefully investigated particulars, and not by the help of a few principles barely stated and not proved, and I have done my best to show that this is a point of view which is perfectly reconcileable with reasonable views of language and its history.—In the doctrine of the digamma I have entered with more minuteness than formerly into the authorities for the actual existence of this sound, and the - Homeric questions raised by Hartel’s valuable investigations. —I have thought it to be specially incumbent on me to sub- ject the section on the y, and the effects left by it in Greek, to a searching scrutiny, and impartially to review afresh the ob- jections made to it. On some points, as, e. g. on the conjecture —which I never expressed without hesitation—that in Latin too d is occasionally the successor to a 7, | have given way. In one important question, that of the priority of the oa to the 77, I have accepted the results of Ascoli’s acute investiga- tions (p. 666 ff.), and I have now within a limited circle of phenomena to explain the origin of the 6 from the 7 somewhat differently than before, while endeavouring on the other hand more firmly to establish the main points of my theory, to re- fute opposition, and by the help of a more concise exposition VOL, I. b XVili_ AUTHOR’S PREFACE (TO THE FIFTH EDITION). (pp. 658-61) to render the statement of my views more con- vincing to my readers. | The most neglected side of Etymology is still that of the doctrine of meaning, the very side which lies nearest to special classical students. To trace the use of a word, or a family of words, historically through one language, or again, to arrive at points of view for a wider consideration of the changes of meaning, these are tasks to which, apparently, the present — generation feels little drawn. The path in which Tycho Mommsen has, in his investigation of an important part of — speech in Greek, shown himself such an admirable pioneer, — has been left almost untrodden by others. I cordially wel- come however in Heinrich Schmidt's ‘Griechische Synonymik,’ a work of kindred though not identical aims with this, and from the first two volumes of this stimulating book, which I have read more diligently than I have quoted it, I have de- rived much aid}. | My dear friend and colleague, Ernst Windisch, has not only revised and added to his contributions from the Keltic languages, but has helped me in other departments as well, particularly with the Sanskrit words, by many useful hints and recommendations. His active aid in the revision of the book, which extended even to correcting the proof-sheets, has been most valuable to me. To Ascoli I am indebted, not only for the information to be gained from his published works on special questions of Romance Philology (ep. p. 624), but also for important communications by letter; and I also received on asking, most readily granted information from Hiibschmann on Iranian forms and sounds, and from Deffner (of Athens) on Modern Greek. Herr Dr. Alex. Briickner (of Lemberg) has had the-kindness to point out to me such of the Lithuanian words given by me, as his lately published in- vestigations (‘Die Slavischen Fremdworter im Litauischen ’ 1 I have only just heard of Fritz Bechtel’s work ‘Ueber die Be- zeichnungen der sinnlichen Wahrnehmungen in den indogermanischen Sprachen, Ein Beitrag zur Bedeutungsgeschichte’ Weimar 1879. AUTHOR'S PREFACE (TO THE FIFTH EDITION). xix Weimar 1877) show to have been borrowed from Slavonic, and which may therefore be omitted from my list. Vanitek, now Director of the Gymnasium in Neuhaus (Bohemia), again undertook at my request the reading of the proof-sheets and the verification of the indexes, and made use of this oppor- tunity to call my attention to many out-of-the-way corners of etymological literature, of which he possesses such a rare knowledge, and also to some minor contradictions and in- equalities in the book. For all this help I express to the above-mentioned scholars my hearty thanks. GEORG CURTIUS. Lerpzia, March, 1879. NOTE ON THE CELTIC COMPARISONS. The contributions from the Celtic languages, first added in the fourth edition, have for this fifth edition been considered afresh, emended and supplemented by others, where I thought necessary. In this respect I have derived most valuable aid from the searching criticism of Whitley Stokes, which first appeared as ‘Some Remarks on the Celtic Additions to Curtius’s Greek Etymology’ Calcutta 1874; then as ‘Re- marks on the Celtic Additions to Curtius’s Greek Etymology, and on the Celtic Comparisons in Bopp’s Comparative Grammar, ete. Calcutta 1875, and were then in the main re- printed in the ‘ Beitrage zur Vergleichenden Sprachforschung ’ villi. 301-355. As these criticisms, with all their numerous details, are easily accessible, I have thought it lawful to pass over here unnoticed all that seemed to me to go too far, to be not clearly proved, or mistaken, all the more so that the plan of this work does not admit of a large use of Celtic com- parisons. It is only in very few cases that I have had to strike out a number of the fourth edition altogether, though many numbers bear a changed appearance owing to a different b 2 XX AUTHOR’S PREFACE (TO THE FIFTH EDITION). choice of forms to represent it, and I have been able to add many new ones. Roughly speaking, Celtic is represented in about 250 numbers in the text, and noticed in the notes to about eighty or ninety more. I have not been so careful as in the fourth edition to cite the passages from which the in- dividual words were taken, as this, especially in the case of words in frequent use, seemed to me unnecessary; the main source from which they are drawn is still the ‘Grammatica Celtica’ of J. C. Zeuss (Editio altera, curavit H. Ebel, Berlin 1871). I may refer now too in general to Ebel’s etymological collections in vol. i. of the ‘Beitraige zur Vergleichenden Sprachforschung, as no special reference is made to them where the word is generally known. ERNST WINDISCH. Lerpzia, March, 1879. LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS. Maron banth.: <2. |. Ascoli Krit. Stud. Aufr. and Kirch. .. . Books of the Iliad. Books of the Odyssey. ‘De dialectis aeolicis et pseudaeolicis scr. H. L. Ahrens.’ Gottingae 1839. ‘De dialecto dorica scr. H. L. Ahrens.’ Gott. 1843. ‘Lezioni di Fonologia comparata da G. I. As- coli. Torino e Firenze 1870. The same (Translated into German by Bazzigher and Schweizer-Sidler, Halle 1872). . ‘Kritische Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft.’ Authorised translation by R. Merzdorf and B. Mangold. Weimar 1878. ‘Die umbrischen Sprachdenkmialer. Ein Ver- such zur Deutung derselben von Aufrecht und Kirchhoff.’ Berlin 1849, 1851. ‘ Beitrage zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen, herausgegeben von Kuhn und Schleicher.’ Berlin 1858-1876. 8 vols. | . *Homerische Blatter von Immanuel Bekker,’ Bonn 1863, 1872. ‘Benfey’s griechisches Wurzellexikon. Berlin 1839, 1842. . ‘Beitrige zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen. Gottingen 1877 ff. Bopp’s ‘Glossarium comparativum linguae Sanscritae,’ ed. tertia. Berol. 1867. XXll Bopp Vgl. Gr. Bréal Tabl. Eugub. . . Briicke Grundz. Brugman Problem . . Oauer Del’ a2. sae ice Cristie oe ee aie Clemm Comp...... orm As % pets eel Corm. Gl. Transl.. . Corssen Beitr... ... Corssen Nachtr.. . . Corson 7,405 see Corssen Ital. Sprachk. ABBREVIATIONS. . ‘Vergleichende Grammatik von Franz Bopp.’ 2 Ausgabe. Berl. 1857-61. ‘Les tables Eugubines par Michel Bréal.’ Paris 1875. . ‘Grundziige der Physiologie u. Systematik der Sprachlaute von Ernst Briicke. Second ed. Vienna 1876. ‘Kin Problem der Homerischen Textkritik und der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft von K. Brugman. L. 1876. ‘Delectus inscriptionum propter dialectum me- morabilium comp. Paulus Cauer.’ L. 1877. ‘Grundziige der griechischen Lautlehre von Wilh. Christ.’ L. 1859. ‘Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.’ Vol. i. Berol. 1873. ‘Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.’ ‘Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.’ Vol. i. Berol. 1863. ‘De compositis graecis quae a verbis incipiunt scr. V. Clemm.’ Gissae 1867. . ‘Cormac’s Glossary in “ Three Irish Glossaries, with a Preface and Index” by Wh. Stokes.’ London 1862. . ‘Cormac’s Glossary translated and annotated by the late John O'Donovan, ed. with Notes and Indices by Whitley Stokes.’ Calcutta 1868. ‘Kritische Beitrage zur lateinischen Formen- lehre von W. Corssen.’ LL. 1863. . ‘Kritische Nachtrige zur lateinischen Formen- lehre von W. Corssen.’ LL. 1866. ‘Ueber Aussprache, Vocalismus und Betonung der lateinischen Sprache von W. Corssen.’ Zweite Auflage. L. 1868, 70. ‘Beitrige zur Italischen Sprachkunde.’ L. 1876, Delbriick Verb... . . Fick Indogerm. Europa’s Fulda Unters... . Grassmann Wtb... . Grimm Gesch. ABBREVIATIONS. XX1ll ‘Das altindische Verbum von B. Delbriick.’ Halle 1874. ‘Vergleichendes Worterbuch der gothischen Sprache.’ Frankfurt a. M. 1851. ‘Homerisches Glossarium von Ludw. Déder- lein.’ Erlangen 1850-58. ‘Etymologicum Magnum, recens. Thomas Gais- ford.” Ox. 1848. ‘Vergleichendes Worterbuch der indoger- manischen Sprachen von August Fick,’ Third edition revised, 4 vols. Gott. 1874— 1876. . ‘Die ehemalige Spracheinheit der Indoger- manen Europa’s von Aug. Fick.’ Gott. 1873. ‘Untersuchungen iiber die homerischen Ge- dichte von Albert Fulda.’ Duisburg 1865. ‘Goidelica. Old and LEarly-Middle-Irish Glosses, Prose and Verse, ed. by Wh. Stokes. Second ed. Lond. 1872. ‘Worterbuch zum Rig-Veda von Hermann Grassmann,’ L, 1873. . ‘Geschichte der deutschen Sprache von Jacob Grimm.’ L. 1848. ‘Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Uebergang aus Asien nach Griechenland u. Italien, sowie in das tibrige Europa v. Vic- tor Hehn.’ Thirded. Berlin 1877. (Trans- lated into English and abridged by J. S; Stallybrass. Lond. 1885.) ‘Hesychii Lexicon ed. M. Schmidt. Jena 1858-62. ‘Trish Glosses, a Mediaeval Tract on Latin Declension with examples explained in Irish, ed. by Wh. Stokes. Dublin 1860. ‘Handbuch der Zendsprache von Ferd. Justi.’ L. 1864. Leo Meyer Goth... . Max Miller. .... Mommsen U. D. . . Morphol. Unters... . ABBREVIATIONS. ‘De digammo MHomerico quaestiones, scr. Claus Knés.’ Upsala 1872-78. _ © Altindische Nominalbildung von Bruno Lind- ner. Jena 1878. ‘Lea bhar na huidhri.’ A Collection of Pieces in the Irish Language. Dublin 1870. ‘Vergleichende Grammatik der griechischen und lateinischen Sprache von Leo Meyer.’ Berlin 1861, 65. ‘Die gothische Sprache, von Leo Meyer.’ Ber- lin 1869. ‘Lectures on the Science of Language by Max Miller” 2 vols. Lond. 1861, 1864. ‘Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique.’ Paris 1868, etc. ‘Lexicon Palaeoslovenico - Graeco - Latinum, emendatum, auctum ed. Fr. Miklosich.’ Vindob. 1862-1865. . ‘Die unteritalischen Dialekte von Theod. Mommsen.’ L. 1850. ‘Morphologische Untersuchungen von Herm. Osthoff und K. Brugman.’ Part I. Leipz. 1878. ‘O’Davoren’s Glossary in “Three Irish Glos- saries.”’ See Corm. Gl. . . ‘Forschungen im Gebiete der indog. nomina- len Stammbildung.’ 2 parts. Jena 1875, 76. ‘Pauli Epitome Festi,’ by O. Miiller’s pages in his edition of Festus (L. 1839). ‘Sanskritworterbuch, herausgegeben von der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften, bear- beitet von O. Bohtlingk und Rud. Roth.’ Petersb. 1855-75, 7 vols. ‘Les Origines Indoeuropéennes ou les Aryas primitifs. Paris 1859, 63. (Second ed. Paris 1877, 3 vols.) i Scherer Gesch. d. d. Spr. Schleich. Comp Heinr. Schmidt Synon. Joh. Schmidt Voc. . . Sievers Lautphysiol. . Sprachw. Abh. .... Prtierien oa tee dh. Van. Fremdw. Oho AMES > aa a ABBREVIATIONS. XXV ‘Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Indo-Germanischen Sprachen von Aug. Friedr. Pott.’ Lemgo 1833, 36. Second edition of the same work. Lemgo 1859, 61. ‘Wurzelworterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen.’ Detmold 1867-73. . ‘Zar Geschichte der deutschen Sprache von Wilh. Scherer.’ Berlin 1868, Second ed. 1878. . ‘Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen von Aug. Schleicher. Dritte Auflage. Weimar 1871 ‘Formenlehre der kirchenslawischen Sprache von Aug. Schleicher. Bonn 1852. ‘ Handbuch der litauischen Sprache von August Schleicher.’ Prag. 1856, 1857. ‘Synonymik der griechischen Sprache von Dr. Heinrich Schmidt.’ L. 1876, 1878. ‘Zur Geschichte des indogermanischen Vocalis- mus. 2 parts. Weimar 1871, 1875. ‘Grundziige der Lautphysiologie von Ed. Sie- vers. L, 1876. , ‘Sprachwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, her- vorgegangen aus G. C.’s grammatischer Gesellschaft.’ L. 1874. ‘Studien zur griechischen und _lateinischen Grammatik, herausgegeben von Georg Cur- tius. 10 vols. Leipzig 1868-1878. ‘Griechisch-Lateinisches etymologisches Wor- terbuch von Alois Vanféek.’ 2 vols. L. 1870 . ‘Fremdworter des Griechischen und Lateini- schen. L. 1878. ‘The Greek Verb in its structure and develope- ment, by Georg Curtius, translated by Wil- kins and England.’ London 1880. XXVI1 ABBREVIATIONS. Weber Et. Unters. . . ‘ Etymologische Untersuchungen von Dr. Hugo Weber. I’ Halle 1861. Windisch Auslautges. ‘Die irischen Auslautgesetze’ in ‘Paul und Braune’s Beitriige zur Geschichte der deut- schen Sprache und Litteratur ITI,’ p. 204 ff. Windisch Kurzgef.. . ‘ Kurzgefasste Irische Grammatik mit Lese- Ir. Gr. stiicken von Ernst Windisch.’ L. 1879. aR re Sp) ae ates ‘Grammatica Celtica, construxit J. C. Zeuss.’ Editio altera. Curavit H. Ebel. Berlin 1871. Zacher nom. in aws. . ‘De nominibus Graecis in aos ava aov scrips. Konr. Zacher.’ Strassb. 1876. Zitachy, 7. cacy es ee ‘ Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforschung herausgegeben von Adalb. Kuhn.’ Berlin 1852 ff. LIST OF SOME BOOKS BEARING ON GREEK ETYMOLOGY PUBLISHED SINCE THE LAST GERMAN EDITION. ‘American Journal of Philology,’ vols. i- . Baltimore, 1880 ff. Baunack, J. and 'T., ‘Die Inschrift von Gortyn. Leipzig, 1885. Bezzenberger, F’.,‘Beitriige zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen,’ vols. v-ix. Gottingen, 1880 ff. Brugman, K., and Osthoff, H., ‘ Morphologische Untersuchungen, parts i-iv. Leipzig, 1879-1881. Brugman, K., ‘ Zum Heutigen Stand der Sprachwissenschaft.’ Strass- burg, 1885. Brugman, K., ‘Griechische Grammatik’ (in Dr. Iwan Miiller’s ‘Handbuch der Klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft’). Nord- lingen, 1885. Collitz, H., ‘Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften,’ vol. 1. Gottingen, 1883-1885. Curtius, G., ‘Zur Kritik der neuesten Sprachforschung.’ Leipzig, 1885. Delbriick, B., ‘Einleitung in das Sprachstudium, 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 1884 (a translation of the first edition, ‘Introduction to the Study of Language,’ 1882). Delbriick, B., ‘ Die neueste Sprachforschung.’ Leipzig, 1885. De Saussure, F'., ‘Mémoire sur le systéme primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes.’ Leipsic, 1879. Meistér, R., Die griechischen Dialekte auf Grundlage von Ahrens’ Werk ‘De Graecae Linguae dialectis’ dargestellt, vol. 1. Gottingen, 1882. Meyer Gustav, ‘Griechische Grammatik.’ Leipzig, 1880. Meyer Leo, ‘ Vergleichende Grammatik der griech. und lat. Sprache,’ 2nd edition. Berlin, 1882-1884. Osthoff, H., ‘Zur Geschichte des Perfects im Indogermanischen mit besondrer Riicksicht auf Griechisch und Lateinisch.’ Strassburg, 1884. XXVIll LIST OF BOOKS ON ETYMOLOGY. Paul, H., and Braune, W., ‘ Beitriige zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Litteratur, 10 vols. Halle, 1873 ff. Paul, H., ‘ Principien der Sprachgeschichte.’ Strassburg, 1880. Pezzi, D., ‘Aryan Philology,’ translated by E. 8. Roberts. London, 1879. Schrader, O., ‘Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte. Jena, 1883. Techmer F., ‘Internationale Zeitschrift fiir allgemeine Sprachwissen- schaft.’ Leipzig, 1884. Wharton, E. R., ‘Etyma Graeca.’ London, 1882. Ziemer, ‘ Junggrammatische Streifziige, 2 Aufl., 1883. TABLE OF CONTENTS. BOOK I. INTRODUCTION. PRINCIPLES AND MAIN QUESTIONS OF GREEK ErymoLoey (pp. 1-152). 15. 16. . Conception and limits of Ktymology: Etymology in Antiquity . Modern Etymology up to fhe at of Tobece a Doderlein . . Philipp Buttmann . . Stand-point of Comparative pielolees : . Significance of Sanskrit ; misconceptions in the employment of it; significance of other related languages . Mistaken analyses ; the teh fae . Necessary limitation ; conception of the Ley general views shen the Greek roots ; internal changes ; variation of roots . Extension of the roots by addition Fi the ad (expansion) . Premature identification of frat aia . Under-estimation and over-estimation of equi- valence of meaning . The Indo-Germanic sounds: the Greek system of sounds, compared with that of the related languages . Necessity of a doctrine of meanings ; . General course of the developement of meanings, shown by illustrative examples . Assistance in the eR of the fonda mented meaning : Analogies for the Meche of meanings Etymology of rare words, and of proper names ; mythological etymology PAGES 1-7 7-16 16-19 19-27 27-33 33-45 45-65 66-79 79-86 86-91 91-108 108-111 111-119 119-128 128-133 133-140 XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS. BOOK II. REGULAR REPRESENTATION OF SounpDs (pp. 141-490). a. Transliteration of the Sanskrit, Zend, and Cyrillic Alphabets Lithuanian and Irish Bieter b. Table of the Regular Representation of Somias in Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Italian, Teutonic, Church- Slavonic, Lithuanian, and Old Irish “HM P UZEAeBMDHORPH MAR Spiritus asper for initial s Spiritus asper for 7. Vowels . PAGES 143-144 144-145 146-147 148-197 197-222 222-242 243-272 272-298 298-315 315-349 349-351 351-368 368-389 389-410 410-431 431-455 455-465 465-467 467-476 476-481 481-483 483-490 BOOK L INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLES AND MAIN QUESTIONS OF GREEK ETYMOLOGY Ut somniorum interpretatio ita verborum origo pro cuiusque ingenio iudicatur. AUGUSTINUS. B O K I “ ANG f re i . | ares ( ) S