i enllman’ ~ Te nee ging te Patan ~/ eI + 0 AES See Se tee De OTR S EW RRL tener he (Stara reen recren er ee SS e Ps +a ? God : * T 9 @ y . ms ni esolgetiesi fi fea rtty Wey stom, 4 emexol’ agotrhin ./ yd bedelenentee, |. Dea seas eins @IGKER Winaaay oF LAgKY UNi¥ERSH Y iw MLLINGiS afl pad'20 rer G@OTHICCONSTRUCTI z byy > 3. UNGENITTER Third Edition Rewritten by Ke MO HRMANN Volume II. With 681 illustrations in text and on inserted p Leipzig 1890 Urbana. Ill. 1921 aaa | | ryt baa R i) " belgts~e ben dosvde boLuts-otuat) sels FF hy ae aMisirscdet Badal: we es. baoeigeeres etre 2 sonnt> Saf Yo aeitoeR~aze1 out to duamqoLeveh Saf I , -9dt berebtados ag ‘od Save? ose asly Yo wrot fandnsts A POAT to noktowbortgt ont to: onons gattInev'sdt to. | fobtetar ar notsapiqxs Ingtoetitors: hetoetzeg 8 10% novend a me 8. } at giets altete s ritiv demdo e109 .totvetes edt uo Baa t tos: mm gyoss te emit ome oft ta stdsitue aucotd) of Its sot sfdie hie Wee ydtportsrb ra | Pdaaahocts [natetvre, bowogao ed nate yom wtivny sft ot Ref “ylno Br $k ,atawiis Feeib visv ditw nsvo ROotts yldneto Ey aD ba : @edowdo Selete-sinata ni osle dordw .ymoncoe to encase Ngan ~Ofnemtuds fae etinav ad¢ to easm edt to baktinit sat ste: Roope dastoritoe wi alley Ghte dawotdt beosbiztat ed yc. t neo 3k twrot Citettse ed¢ co bisf ee gtolartess sesry_ om brs gk ete bie elingsh ode to ¢uomqoteved ede af yLeost evivo: svom | -pookssogorg akem oft saiak? ED Ods to Sus slow edd ‘to ¢dytond add To noktrooo1g |dt ots odt to TasoaTEds Sit asonenltai vignowte aston etter fis osle eitcy favastbew to nottsiebienod waustovits feiss VBE boobol .yttesevhh otinttnt ns to aeyt Panosns ody one Badtensats edt at setatavoo fagdett#s to aghfbiiad ott ne bea me tot ef aidd god) .gidengttelss okstass' 6 wiated 963 Yo had geese fstoeqe ut S20 eels hte anotehvr6 adi ar eanesdo ) T8F5073 to sichtehesgaeh bet edt sot roveeihe adt ye dhaozdt | A ‘snoktsvele Tergid Sas sores 3 sit Ui ndieisice a8 @ beonsitecke tinted edd ogareve edt 0? - Wedd dtit 2o8q lenpe ‘ad bLek deods dokdw Jastistaeo to ent a Feiss ‘pits Ro moitetatabs odd ba veosttun wobatw ead to same Lt pe biter Sas booty ‘ebods shieed, pont? {1e\de'foY elfen edt to nto { edt gonta tiated teekem etivg: to seods reeqda cals wit ye > iG stoomenttat ‘tnetadgue/settoxs sted Basmuoo te elettoten: ve saroxe 4s Bas siusy off to gnigntsge oct to eddy len 4 papsae edd Yo #45 ui ods edd Beebit et tnemestuoes tert? sat i ie jd ads os Ls hae ({S@ spit ot 6) ¢tuey odt to yet’: it, tad Ge Melts at ish ean ibe otter oxsrysccorat exten 2x (2) anon oye el Rss ti aebin ) Baer ot to. ara? add teddy shiow », ae a oe : y ae id ie ca . ~ hath fir eatin Moves itt « are J ‘ae d Bye i x f s } y ‘i tent ee Eb ? ‘ a F é ~*~ 7 PP. See “a } P F 5 aa Pe rT 4 hi F ‘ 34 r +e nM “. ahs f ts) "yy 0 “I t i Py 4 5 > Ma 4. a 7 ; - y * ih i a) 2 ae z 7 ; oy ei a A . nd ‘ ) “¢ Shoe : v : ‘ * ; ae & o . ii 4 » ) ‘ ‘¥ J 1 nee Vibe , 1 5 , in TEd be‘ 5 d Fi a" , \y i ‘ be , . i } ’ My 4G'3. V. THE CHURCH IN CROSS SECTION AND BLEVATION. ‘1.-Single-aisied church and single-aisled choir. - ‘Proportions of the height ef the interior. - In the development of the cross-section of the church from the general form of plan are first to be considered the requirements of the vaulting, those of the introduction of light and the en- deavor for a perfected architectural expression ‘in the ‘interior and on the exterior. For a church with a single aisle it-is :pos- sible for all to become suitable at the same time without — difficulty. To the vaults may always be opposed external abutments suffi- ciently strong, even with very great thrusts, it is only ‘for r reasons of economy, which also-‘in single-aisled churches indic- ate the limiting of the mass of the vaults and abutments. Light may be intriduced through side wallu-in sufficient abundance, and no great restraints are laid on the artistic form; it can move quite freely in the development of the details and élso in fixing the main proportions. The proportion of the height of the whole and of the different parts cuite strongly influences the character of the architec- tural structure. Consideration of mediaeval works also allows here the recognition of an infinite diversity. Indeed is expres-— sed in the buildings of different countries in the dimensions of the heights a certain relationship, but this is subject to a change ‘in its divisions ofctime, and in special cases is broken through by the endeavor for the development of sreater magnifi- ‘ence and higher elevetion. On the average the height experienced an increase ‘in the cou- ‘rse of centuries, which abouh held an equal ‘pace with the enlar gement of the window surfaces and the restriction of the masses of the walls. Yet at #11 times beside those proud and lofty we- rks elso appear those of quite modest height, since the building materials at command here sxerted important influences. Heights of the springing of the vault and the crown. The first requirement is indeed that the height of the spring-— ‘ing of the vault (hin Fig. 827) and also the height of the c crown (Bf) is @ntan intellisible ratio to the width, in other — words that the form of the cross section cut ‘through the cross yault is pleasing to the eye. we em di Baa a ig une ahaa ini ein: ae {8 Yo dgaos ent ad? epnebregeh a vd ale: ‘yo. avitavele edt) xed oignie @ to tedt ue ous ‘toelte eldeses eae of pewobatw eat Yo snewes til bobs gid¢ $0 eecmeu{tni eft yo ecot rs ential t6% oe et dorms stiine edé to digael afdt ixt aor es Son ots bivode tépieon ea¢ adtygeel Ilewe tct fits ‘ehuay bah To woky lereney- od? otee oF ef ox Bas Veda en0G ed devon biiete. tiated ent ,eye ed¢ of elfst docullo edt saintotbe atodo * gatntecne) .diyae'l aolieretianoco at gomos vilseawted even ett sdorndo neenied goueToliiS 8 /etew of setfesh ti tase ssn ead ,fveq sdf to tcated wesc £ ¥ ie hae an BEPAS S| i + bbb aigersas eit wow .Kol bemued od o¢ 2veg oat To eto odd weds sacl tool? oat os patente Beene dd trode o¢ atavcous @oide so .4 advesel. J: et ‘iw Sdd eenie S\l fF asds sees eakSass gwoTS - $b Fe by easear) Bootenua bas elogedo yuew gaolsd | »Rodorgsio befata-s{isde oktal yasm oels | Mogat as of sais ht steady To nege duis Per edt to actgatie Ah ga ~M9nol neve 16 Seon oct to #ayt it to. dads ov Teupe idgten s entasds ylsoxsor ‘eytee Yeu yen 20oa5 VIAXO. ce au e808 ony gelled doednrs seen nest foy 7 6 erode «3 tuods a e (90H TO nwo Yo siztod s has ? gantit s One syed trots ows Ylho esd $k tdeten any oot the te ton ei dootte edi sede OB Ruths Pate oat to eetnutege oad Ts ad fone i ~Towelle hy: a ; ‘ ; “a> oan86 8 hi) Sine: ene gue itis edt i ith eaodu Rdo rec! ofuted ans pats ix ulsnes yoolaaetgas Yattes 70790) edt to toetts sebnele a u asodevoronsietecr besore fou aeoh alseg se’ offeqedd | bdo; be fote- [sets @ ‘pheeres od term aebnele oA or wat eee ENING Hee to th et bs on om A a Dist com i | 9 4 a (7 Ww ae eS, - 5. dey RP ee i \ “4 Bye » x 71 De i 2 nay i Darke ‘ ioe. amy 452 Certainly the effect of this cross section elso depends on a certain dependence on the length of the entire interior as. well as that of a Single bay, the elevation of the vault, the arran- gement of the windows; it can notable Bffect the happy proporé- ions by the influences of this kind. This length of the entire church is so far influent#al, since for small lengths the height should also not be too important, and so as to make the general view of the vault still intellig- ible to the eye, the height should never be more than half the length. Goncerning a choir adjoining the church,. the length of the nave natwrally comes in consideration. F If one desires to make a difference between churches with sm- all, medium ana great height of the nave, the limits can be dr- aun as follews:- : A church is to be termed low, when the springins od its vaults is raised above the floor less than the width of the nave (h + ‘b lessthan 1), or which amounts to about the same, whose total height to the crown remains less than 1 1/2 times the widthyof the nave. Here bélons many chapels and numerous little village Churches, but also many larse sinsle-aisled churches, that on account of great span of their vaults rise to an important hei- ght. In many village churches the springing of the vault lies , at about the height of the head or even iower, while the ‘crown of the vault scarcely attains a height equal to that of the ci- ear width of the span. As an example among many may serve the tittle church of the village of Volksen near Einbect belongings to middle Gothic, which with a span of about 6 m shows a height of the springing of 1.8 m and a height of crown of not 5 mw. With this small height it has only two short bays and @ triangular choir ending, so that its effect is not at all too depressed. A mean height results if the springing of the vault is 1 to 11/2 times the width of the nave, or the crown of the vault is 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 tines the width. Very many small and large chur- ches of the Rofanesaue and Gothic periods, whose interiors make @ particularly interesting impression, remain within these linz- its, and also the quite slender effect of the upper story of 5. Chapelle at Paris dees not exceed these proportions ‘in height. ‘As Slender must be termed a single-aisled ‘churcth if the pro- portion of height exceeds the limits just indicated, but the ‘ Po. da seek EE al So inibubaie bat tp! J bh ait evo enotaysd edt. to tdybed edt bus. .tinev vat to Abye pay, “Uo Phe: oaks, ethbis of? .svac edt te ddhin edt eombt BAL i efld ot noldalon ntasiso. s aed. dotdw .esteis Isnevea étiw | Ghoooos fo Wait Pebuetze od! nosto teou eebteed dotts bus,dvsin ‘Aes edd nedt tofnid eogetevs ,tdgit to nottouboriat odd io hey -dtbin odt eould goxdt getbesors matte ,dougdo elazie edi ; sedtbhty pas tdytet neevted agiteler Leoitiexoe? { Seanad: anoktsfes olitemosy yiodosiaites edesea sao tT a et ‘Yo Saigaizce 96% to gdated edt aseuted yltsioegaa .ntbhin bas As Baked r0s sal edd} d dthiw sesfo 94% bas ,((S8 +3k% af d) tizev ie MORES tO yeuoksoe(org od? seowsod aaefo sad af as. boote1sbsa Gt J edt Lae eos? edt to eotions edie oft 20 genslq odt coswited i Hf i Mid mi ~tekxe autwollo?. ods; aaa agdt BCPEN ee! Maino (60,0 © 6) debiw ed = sdgien .t yale SON.G = dd i35kn to eteppe to [amoneth tfed = tdgiek .8 oi Mise to doauds edt ni i900 of etecto yrome ataecqe folves shit A fectonuis: ei¢ 20. tkodo oft ei bas) etdtadeeS ai doatiuqalee ate a ah UT GOsy aailedqtoes vinse edt of yakgnoled searsuetloYy es: eidtod ylitad to sdodd .{¢ * SB) athiw = sdgiok .& a \ wat Pemawes tase? ed? bos fe2eesd te dotpde e*eitiam, 18. oidtod ab a. ; +8efouuco sedéo xtam to Pv toso: ite: garect ° ae, d¢hia to evespe to [euoguts * Jgytet .+ haat. ts dowedo voroeri te icoweé .2 ,gindsse de dtedeetia ,.2 %6 wie: inks ‘soto ,eitsd of oflegsdd .@ Yo eves 23208 of noenadac henna to. Lihaal e622 © cd) debiv sowtt S\P 1 = tiptoe .8 Babys Reedhoiag near ta stxel 2 Re iad Oo neqe ede coins © sdatex 6 Sea eee nN pene gents ett remit c\t t atit wat aecvivpe: bas dt soxtt nodtawt aedosd .pdthtw @ so S aeve so ,(tdgies topes ‘hy aad imez 2edorts fesogsif ede, gedsm od oedm xt Loey edi to exi« Ag a eat aT, .sodors ehis bas seote ed? of nvdabed Letype vevig bes | tee £09 (8 tivay s doug effeo bencitaem svxiitsert ef% tqaocxy seal Het: ay, Sees RO la So a wtivayv maar: “4 W. ape ec anae can ar to toon ett, sae ae svode Lon astco edt ven * _ ih ed ses: “5% a t » pas. 4 me tae 4 fears } ae | Nh + Vee 7 al : “sy tay OM he ae J i Marne i i xt PL aS ee © ry ie ND ie .' Ve i ri i ‘aoe . 1. aan a f - § ‘ A hte: ao ; t 4 ehaianet eh eget sh et: 454 height of the springing of the vault seldom rises above twice the span of the vault, and the height of the keystone oves 2 41/4 times the width of the nave. The middle aisle of churches with several aisles, which has a certain relation to the total width,and which Besides must often be extended high on account of the introduction of light, averases higher than the nave of the simple church, often exceeding three times the width (Cologne). Geometrical relation between height and width. If one seeks satisfactory seometric relations between height and width, especially between the heisht of the springing of the vault (hb in Fis. 827), and the clear width b €the latter ‘being understood as in the clear between the projections, or measured between the planes of the side arches or the face of the wall), then tan the following exist. ' 1. Height = half width (h = 0.5b). 2. Height = half diagonal of square of width (h = 0.707 b).« This ratia\appears among others to occur in the church of S.Ma- ria Selspritsch in Garinthia, and in the choir of the church at Wolksmarsen belonging to the early Westphalian group. 8. Height = width (h = b). Ghoir of Early Gothic church, hate Gothic S. Martin’s church at Cassel and the longitudinel aisle of many other churches. 4, Height = diagonal of square of width (h = 1.4142 bd). Ghoir of S. Blisabeth at Marburg, S. Severi at Erfurt, church at Imm- enhausen in Hesse, nave of S. Chapelle in Paris, etc. 5. Height 11/2 times width (h = 1.5 b). Ghoir of chureh at Eriedberg. 6. Height = twice the span (h = 2 b). S. Maria at Ma&hlhausen. Phe information preserved by F. hacher (Reichensperger, Mixed Writings) goes frnm hhe total height to the crown of the vault, and requires for this 1 1/2 times the width (which he terms the right height), or even 2 or 8 widths. Lacher further fixes the rise of the vault, when he makes the diagonal arches semicircles and gives equal heights to the cross and side arches. In the 1 last precept the treatise mentioned calls such a vault a correct vault. The roof of the singlsAaisied church. The outer wall above the vaults has no further problem to sat- ‘is fy than to bear the beams and framework of the roof. Accord- . ofdted RE EA pie 1 thastxe aused toor odd ssid nares nyt lh shakioos yd gutheod aivasve' foe tt oo teot 10 knee 107 sed asmsieamoo ede to esostina tetno srt try iG. 7 eo 06 ct OF to eager 8 asokitas a Be. at - gtookt oftte edt acevo gnoizead } test oe. ees ‘ge atl yeu etetts: to uiaq dose diseast ys eidt of sa ft toode ylso sk uedt noswited oonet]eis one z ma biel wgol yd eldseenq/toolt ottts ed? aden ot pass at | te fevers tueigsvsoo to8 .geiroolt beeolo «6 yd o#fs to hay | ema on sedd .derisoss. egehtande 28 bergen Bt 200lt oa Re e Rk weonhiers s eves, aeds bus .teot si¢ to seurit ont tetees (se Gibu Os bosiaeh et ti*eeeo s doug ab Tf .o1om ceve to w @ of B" i) Sear eeve ao eyol seatel yen yeds ees Tot sliseesg, r00lt oktis ‘med of weds. ste absol wales tad .Fd @eotos Ofal od smgad re | edt tod ,ifs ts Pox tiien Fag exes amaod) edt yisseupe74 Lem nett ‘Bae ,obtts ant dguovdsd anteseg tot Seve yltoorkb 642 ipre ‘no most dtsened of 80 sco tadt dyid. oe bsosiq sd aso Rmaad cy) ane ‘Sik ovods gaxt: asoustekh setesiy ts borgests a7 saeageg T9basd toahob yodd f sendt at fold tes0g aber ai anaed oft to wokisool rsdatd A re pe ~omeod eds yatelsii ¥ % ie » aseg geo ono) Sane igid of Ssiimss ems elfen fantetcs sith he meds beovbotq elfen I[ettasq ed? .tsdt ao Zatyl amssd edt 19 wet t oals bas sefets ebte edt tot bsolrevo elWantach & Sve aad @ stolnetxe edt mo sone. aisa bettragts Ss. to Saemgoisved siz - Nepeineag sevencd ei bsed sit to sédrod. edt eveds. aottavete 72 @i8 now ted? somaco SIOu gedwonoe ef fi Gud ,{eutedd) 304 of + epoetontind dite bas erobods aspisi dtiw {lew P| sade verobatn oor yd benego #f bua gotds w I ei flew ect Bay. | bas m Si to tdgied egetevs co oved wedé dteened Ifer edt dtiwn q ),detd? w f bes dgid: a 82 sxe soopettiud edt om &.h Yo debian «6 | =sev6 a6 26.6 Of,!f axds ,evods # 08.0 bue wofed m @.i gaisosjoug . ebtezue m %3.0 gaiyl gtives, To! ext nee stodés ,Ifew edt mort sxe a oe@oe?: tenant sdt wort w 8o.2) fee flew e4¢ to e0gt Lennetxe odd This O0as x O,f * (ONE * Bt * O& = 0.8) "8 * Liew bo tdyiot ——_ oo | a ohm’ sate 2.88 * ) Lis OOTaS est: * re * eS * 0.8! * 7 * seestéind gaitvosjosq to sdnioW¥ a Hii ino ‘ | \) fe see 8,0f =) fax ooRBD « Bi (ai exes? -etueaerq boty tuodsiv dinifq ovods sotaueremod oA “ emdaes edt ts tovtq oft 10% a¢nenow to aoisasoe ed? ssguoe ateges +ifcw eas - ¥ _ eit mos? X eonedatb awontow edt te yniyl coleserqaco to. ram A de th (bis ; effiasu edt Bo e056 bah wa oes eX ©. 48.98 © FSX ¥ * : His ¢ ~ £IG & (8,0 = Z)e R e eds hanna eeontind edt to soie (stnosicsod edt 2104 460 is established in the same masner for the unknown pivot, which is X’ m.frpom the internal surface of the internal surfase of the wall. | Q4(X% - 0495) + Q(K” - 0,70) + VX’ + D7(X"-0.70) = H * 14,6 = W * 12.0 - 8% * 20.0. Substituting the given numerical values, there results: - ; x. 4 OcB%: te ; While usually the compression lies nearest the outer face, under the effect of the wind it recedes to near the inner face (nearly to 1/6 the thieckness}iand produces there a compression that nearly equals four times the average compression (p. 144 and Table on p. 145), thus amounting to about 20 kil per sq om. C. Compression in the leeward wall. There act the forces Q4, Qo, V, H, D” and S$”, for which the equation of moments for the pivot X’mifrom inside of wall is:- 0,(X” - 0.75) # Q,(X7-0.70) + VX” # p7(x%-0.70) = H * 14.6 # 5” * 20. xX” = 1.14 mo, The compression recedes to 0.86 m from the outer edge, and there produces 2 compression at the edge of about 15 kil sq om. Stability of a wall with buttresses. Example II. Investigation of the same wall assuming a thinner wall with larger windows and with buttresses. The wall is 1 m thick and is opened by great windows, that with the wall beneath them have an average height of 17 m and awidth of 4.5 m. The buttresses are 18 m high and 1 m thick, projecting 1.5 m below and 0.70 m above, thus 1.10 m.as an aver- age from the wall, their centre of gravity lying 0.57 m outside the external face of the wall and 1.57 m from the inner face. Weight of wall = @ = (6.0 * 20 = 4.5 * 17.0) * 1,0 * 2200 = 95700 kil ( # 48.5 cu. m). Weight of projecting buttress = P = 18,0 * 1.0 * 1.1 * 2200 = 43500 kil (= 19.8 ou. m. A. Compression above plinth without wind pressure. There is again sought the equation of moments for the pivot at the centre ef compression lying at the unknown distance X from the inner face of the wall. ACK =< 0.57 SPER ~ BLS7TH Woe fH K94.6. 5 bok BotuBOian Por the horizontal area of the buttress and the supporting part of the wall = 3.0 sq. m or 30000 sq. cm, the average comp- ression is computed at 5.4 or 5.2 kil per sq. cm, according as the roof load is added or not. For the already calculated loca- tion of the compression, that remains inside the kern, the com- wee, } = be ot ee | =" i i} ae te iaehin ral Eo ¥ ne ast: - ane peak: ~ 36 a; oN ies We fi om ri.6 e a ¢ fy. 0.08 eos On8E * WF ao A ae a eee bit ei paat Daewoo! wh neienonqaot .0 SIP ea = 0: ~ mx Na Othe a * (ear oni # (8.0.4 tho | xy ay ae © by: vy on ee, eee Gn iid i QR: te HA. ing isda via th ttogaue Yo nye edt Blew baeweet ods +4 que ahadhasndten metia£ edt tad? oe onthe tetuc ett wort « We te YIaisa0s eds GO ..H0 spe sec Lit BE, 1#VO doom ton bape tucds of esi bisow esto pit ta eisssedg ent ebie ’ oo .. & to sen8 edt hao ABE .qQoot gethsooes mec?) .#9 me aa {pa 26.0 Yo sete ae aetw digoed be 3. tt aude ,obtw Dede eoal® .cofaserqmoo od: fo aotesimanart ef? at teen ‘ va ape eqii ft 8. oS aemoe otedt ,fbQ9OOOSSE tuoda of etano Oe birew oghe eds ts commexqmoy eds bin ,epereve one | 4 beta ize enols Ifew-edt tf .0Lek £8. * Hated eett ,te07y awot ask yitouaxe | 2OR s ‘gottesttenoe Hoon dtin augoo biveow sone efcawolfis ods yiltesere dom pee ein one ¢¢d-,aRe enn ted). (rence gt ecotzbade boog fot wo .pe teq Liv 2% ant ehhan ited at sesrottes edd teented saentauiie as bev san teduemos honed ton cs0h th ged? ,bigia oc ei ifex tod ; dfew eenarte yLpsotte orem bee brawbatw edt bos ,baiw fPegar got ta eroe erect yiinompsenos bas tedto ond aadt eto 2g ) neteceTs amsed toot od#-onla buns ebhdt ¥d Bas “y@tisev ede. ‘ e%s ddod Itean \Elew xeilte ed? o¢ acoso? shia asi to & moleaerqmon od ellen dted ak yered? .yllexps heses one at ipoda T8008 etd? wi 21 .ebutlogem case edt tue os eobte rento ofa ot bewsetecer? ak owveserg boiw edd peee. ‘et sz ng es) ivods: aevew woled surazetg lo exdago pebie breweel ont ts bas ao. DO tueds ehic buswonle ROTI HO onbe. ede yderenw: oe tases featetnt odt mout parent. ect wo spe tog iki Of twodé of beow pie duals ak ea ane ie J) .@bLe ettacgqge edd re . cea sttdaed = ete atten sores, at deat awons ovfs #t | jm dousdo selinte vas at ybeosls oats ‘aft AY CURA iyi 5 eee ede er tenes: ore Rana pi a Ce a, fs << RRI C j nop TS 2 ) “) ' ot he eee ee eee ae boy es: 461 compression at the outside edge is about 8 or 9 kil per sq om. B. Compression in the windward wall. Corresponding to. the pre- ceding:= atx” - 0.5) @ P€x% - 2.57) * ¥ xX” &. D7"K’ ~ 0.5) = BE © 2860 wW* 12.0 = § * 20.6.8 xX’ 8 0.14 m. C. Compression in leeward wall. Qex” - 0.8) +. PCX*. - 21.57) .%. ¥. x7. *. DYER? = 0.5) — Boe eee = S$” x 20.0. X” = 1,47 m,. At the leeward wall the line of support thu thus more than 1 m from the outer edge, so that the latter receives a compression not much over 10 kil. per sq. cm. On the contrary at the windward side the pressure at the edge would rise to about 50 kil per sq. eme (Then according to p. 144 only the area of 3 * 14 = 42 em wide, thus for 1.5 em length with an area of 0.64 sq. m takes part in the transmission of the compression. Since theo'hdud ieee counts to about 162000 fil, there comes 22.5 kil per sq. cm ee the average, and the compression at the edge would be twice as great, thus being = 51 kil). If the wall alone existed, there would occur with good construction a not exactly dangerous str- ess, but one always much exceeding the allowable amount (20 to 25 kil per sq. em for goad sandstone in cement). But now is fo- und an adjustment between the stresses in both waits, for neit- her wall is so rigid, that it does not bend somewhat before the wind, and the windward and more strongly stressed wall yields more than the other and consequently leans more at top against the vaults, and by this and also the roof beams transfer a part of its side forces to the other wall, until both are nearly str- essed egually. Thereby in both walls the compression attains ab- out the same magnitude. If in this manner about 1/4 or 1/5 of the wind pressure is transferred to the other side, so that the centre of pressure below moves about 20 cm, it is then at the windward side about 34 em and at the leeward side about 167 cm from the internal surface, whereby the edge compression is red- uced to about 20 kil per sq. em and results somewhat smaller at the opposite side. It also shows that in thick walls of not only a basilica, but also already in any similar church must be possible a reciprocal pracing of the upper part of the wall, whether this be by the crown of a vault, the cross arches or the roof beams. Moreover such effects of wind occur very rarely and often not in decades. hes th tnow erie’ hac ary ree aa veigu ” Paci tasters enue ni et easenout meds ethaserg reining dome acne ah hicneacahtc eae ak peuparens ay: Dye erin RAP eae mt | +000 see i suouthe ‘boa dete Claw ede i ubvtv< to Boe treqnad amess yisoesa edt at asstte eff velgeses’ died x1 et: Sud hoeaottd od tuomdiu go dfiiw notdéoete tok dsous gp ELita 2 yF somplov: out esatt g\r y sucds aor foes {lax io exta Seesozont bos ifaw oft to egentokdt nt aot Foubet iF ston deve: setq edt to guteetyede yisto¢netzeo © deks ‘edt ee 1st of .219d over adislt ote oisct .hoven~ed y ent ylsutins devices: od Ji qeueedote obie edt tsd00 p edt of deed atr gatagiers ,useened) fen dusiq edd bns wob ars Sitete tse1s ett eaietory. eucnis evoda tous ebie of? fed ‘eds stou adt Sahreene cron ont e464 Bi sedi bones 16 pai bia ee ebedolasnot ontutedto as es’ > wth evods vinoram ont Baa fous sbfe sxit ae ae «tl mo yAdoRew edt bos tone @bie ett to das Dh ik > p-capeaagal edd bas dows sbie edd yeeanttud ont cnhiwne tes YIMOeho buttioggny odd Yo Susy daetross: geow adv ef Sey Of O78 yYBIcosss isqgy' ec? To bus dote sbic ed# to “rot svat ved? ere yer onmee ewols eo cone Cue quads. ‘to! Sake edz af sileihod eheube: end pense & apm a as od eee w(gtivev bsefer-sot yfesfeotéyeg) iumemrig: ar itieret Vs binek Yoon ots red Ve @ asaga oat bas cam sat + tnekege aor? babe edt setenes! 2 Bie, he ee \, pespeentiad ott ay [fen edt to suse Bate bao eS e wes _ {few ent #8 ovale ocr af patoada | ze 0 ek wiseeesen: stom $v eb eoela (fen ott at aetoshd ava: avo asv wort qilsnthertgacl poitoe aeotet bedoagss ed 6% siieedl Ose) \Btasuslsiee woofrey Sate te stoetts .etagyd? - Sara et flew od? To dibiw gniaisaey sdy econ | sae pare, ham ‘TenOTISS eat due few odd et tederd eat oso d aaa mnt ns suvot dete shie edd evode {isn sdf aes Serer rr) inca sonvent teehee esi bs? pe 8 visue stteithe fede ri to anor edt tev0 fade? Borinost teen setdietein es Toles rf si Serna een est vlsaeior a nal ‘wod st aati yy ay ay 4 Lo \ he a - . » : eee pide ; art Dean's gs us a 462 The more common winds of moderate pressure make unnecessary an upper transfer, as they will mostly even rather-lessen the edge pressure than increase it in the windward wall. Seldom will the pressures in the preceding example much exceed 10 to 12 kil per SQ. CMe Comparison of volume of the wall with and without buttresses. In both examples the stress in the masonry seems about equally great for erection with or without ‘buttresses, ‘but the solid w wall requires about 1 1/2 times the volume. By a still greater reduction ‘in thickness of the wall and increased size of window with a contemporary shortening of the pier even more volume can be saved, there are limits drawn here. So far as the wall lies under the side arches may it ‘be resolved entirely ‘into the win- dow and the plank wall beneath, assigning its task to the pier, ‘but the side arch above alwans retains its great statical imp- ortance, that is here the more important, the more the masonry ‘is otherwise restricted. The side arch and the masonry above it. Task of the side arch aod the masonry on it. Resides the buttress, the side arch and the masonry over it is the most important part of the supporting masonry. The tasks of the side arch and of the upper masonry are so varied, that they require close consideration. They have tor- 14. Connect the adjacent buttresses in the wall plane. 2. Receive the thrusts acting in the parts of the upper vaults (particularly for raised vaults). 3. Bear the roof load. 4. Transfer the wind thrust against the roof and the upper :p part of the wall to the buttresses. Bracing in the plane of the wall. Bracing in the wall plane is the more necessary, the more are to be expected forces acting longitudinally from various great thrusts, effects of wind, various settlements, etc., and the m more the remaining width of the wall is reduced by 4 wide windon, the higher is the wall and the narrower are the buttresses. The wall above the side arch forms an immovable shape restric- ted ‘by the inclination of the buttresses, and certainly it is required that over the crown of the window shall remain a suff- ‘iciently strong portion of the wall to resist displacement in. the manner of Fig. 836. If the window must rise very high, then: ue ener Ware He "aah pkit wattiieria 4 nso efna s "i 4 ho mokt109: ed? eatsoo Lfte wobutw edd nolsd ikatbobe nod ga0tde s euwol wisge esesoidind edt ant @ tasel t@ .bwobaiw batid of¢t Sovfoget ak toaq aids YI i seltneteoe ak wohaiw edt sebes bes te seve aoivoenace | to ebsagag s to tnemegnatie oft mort etiueon Meal dt Yo gathaed B§ to erifrdterog odd vlad aniames orsdT S ef od et sedtiex wobatw eft to sdgtod aeffome 5 dtit a7 i ) Letnostzod tetsl 6 sdated eldsrebiamco yrev s ddin £ia- 2 at Savot ec .egseeaq & yd sbeu ai wedain edd |) Pslete~oigate at soso af yluslooitwg ei SE .atadisf vs dois mae a “aap 8 fotdw ot ,asoiliasd [ist to etgeenadd Sas «todo ee foyer diiw atieq taeosiis edt yd sovig saimtedito er dasien 8 ytinortt to dtiw oldieneocs stevemobaiw dyid yeV .acfats bate gaol edz eudy bas ,Jostte ai yrotostaitsenu yiizsa ote 204 ak eodosndo suog Io sleis setavanett odd ak atitge eitl aan ay. es ih i st iuay eit to devads end to soliqeoss bapteilotg YO utot sti to sonsupsrnoo af afdstu azef od [len | @ Ifktw [few todeen edd \saiwebre ti gaivasids ybsels goo td 043 0 saeq {iene 8 bovtedst ead. ti teste Setwomoe bleiy is tenes ed Seum soktroq s9s0019 sat nedd hae Bisee tabat toe teadetess 1odto sit of amsod 78 7 ae *entyhlo ened: af ss a a aN 102 (wy 1 1 j eeu 4 pls 4 ire mS Shida eta Te ee ee ed 20 hanes »DES seary) t9edgkd hooslq eased aslloo: to ease “@aibscetg £08 usdt tostroynr atom: ed dows sbie edt sevo | piterionss: ed of et toot sdf tenrsge’ sueaessg bain edT .aso SEE a Seeuenee dias: f Pe oO Peon Pee) cue 4 yee 464 weight is continuously distributed over the entire length of w wall. The vertical Goads of the roof, that ase usually smail in comparison to the weight of the masonry, rarely injure the side arches, and therefore are rather desirable than heavy. It is otherwise with the sidewise forces that she roof framework may transfer to the wall. Aside from the wind (see below), they may be produced by & defective resistance of the thrust, “in case of coller beams placed higher (Figs. 830, 831), or braced (Pigs. 832, 833). Strong thrusts from the roof should ever be prevented in @ stracture by a proper choice of the roof connec- tions, since alreadn the unavoidable sidewise movenents by the wind at this height suffice to create. ak Reception of the wind thrust. 4. The wind thrust against the roof and walls can for the wall over the side arch be more important than a8? preceding influen- ‘ces. The wind pressure against the roof is to ‘be resolved into 2 vertical wind load and a horizontal wind thrust (Table on p. 163). The first is added to the roof load and like that is more useful than injurious. The horizontal wind thrust whose magnit- nde is given ‘in the last column of the Table on p. 163, must be received by one or the other wall or by both; how it is divided between the two sides is not generally to be said. Tf the roof framework occurs with a strong beam under each t truss (Fis. 838), the roof én itself forms an unchangeable fig- ure, which the wind seeks to thrust sidewise in its entire forn. The friction of the beam or plates on the level tep of the wall hinders a sliding of the roof (anchors are usually unnecessary for the friction is generally sufficient with a free bedding). But if the roof cannot slide on the masonry, it would seek to press this over, so that the entire wind thrust finally acts on the walls. If both walls are equally resistant, then will about equally take part in the thrust, ‘perhaps the wall receiving the greater yertical load will also have more thrust. On the contrary if one wall be less stable in consequence of ‘its form:or of other for- ces already thrusting it sidewise, the weaker wall will already yield somewhat after it has received a small part of the thrust, and then the greater portion must be transferred through the ‘beans to the other resistant wall (Fig. 838 a) where the weak wall is represented as a hinged support, tlearly illustrating i “w re pido edt of [Len edt eed erneeeng Safx atdt to yeaa 96d of emaed sdd to garrodoas ne ad ot ef neat teaksgs Lien sat te sasq t99¢8: edd to Satis:e88 eliee to adits p wkd e0? .betm nk tase sd of ef Safgled bus gnk - 9ldativens cetid ove (@Sa .oFF). ategeteg: af ispes ae gece yfno amsed to estzes {Lut ed¢ to. beotant iI (een aeel ek asowemert toor edt aedt .(0€8 .228) terxe amesd Dosen bas ,flew sexeoste oft of teurdt Saiw edt sotenewW ook y “aso th bas ,tfeeti ao disq adi odes qltsido deun iis ‘a (sat notes ¢ivey ttige 6 to nottteoqsedai edt yd Ieeth evet | ak i eomed: susessid Saiw sda atoot Beesoit to nilacg 10% | i aa0 bate ed¢ to atnemevom adi dsdt oe dard. yltaetoitine ede to sword ods svedea sauw! otea eveipsureiai as asrt | -adaowevom ead of Seegaze escm edd al aldt | uisnetotttue ton eb baiw odd of bepoqxe few od? nodW nasi me Saeger at REE 28a ae migennd x9 arisen ads if a 88 heen to. eeeo at sodt fre 2070 peers éfusy ue «$k nottite of eeviaumeds buel dasa amsed toor sds : piley yrotevssio edt ¢aatazs, scoot to adoetie cazedt econd pe eatexs Reosbozy eeotc? estwabte eft tasiiogmi teonm ylietoten to Lovos dsdé alien aagqs tiedd at sedis, veu eteaowit abo gaisatige: edt of Qafteize etentit iluxe1 sdd bees _& ,asigis Istevse athe @aodd 10 sedotodo [isd dolets-sfacte of vated pee se" he elqmaza -Setaniiesteion. ed tsves desm goad ap , ext Lid 0002 foods. to factdd batw s ebke orewoel odd aeaiee gaktos, Lip GOS to sewsds tisey edt woled sous y od sada gphiert yer eo0Tot vasdt asdni i | i ed¢ oveds yanosea eit 10 .bevou <3 6 outndxew Lfow ‘+e wiisait 20 isd weaeds> host . aciueg sate. & ‘land | Beeaotttud ou¢ svods booslg sta seed? Sas ,aoaeeIt ods ak aoletyit sé t00 -olian stethomtetak eft aoxt vans. ROE oF. Val sq cea) hoiw st} to fenadt odd evisoer of - ead wid? déitw esoidiesd qobuele 10% doin Saf so atlnsy hes ends dotdn .¢loey edt Yo egbis edt bas toot odd yi 465 | this). A strong series of roof beams can even transfer a part of this wind pressure against the wall to the other sidé, but then is to be an anchoring of the beams to the wall and a good securins of the upper part of the wall against overturning, sli- ding and bulging is to be kept in mind. The thin parts of walls usual in parapets (Fis. 829) are then unsuitable. Tf instead of the full series of beams only braces or collar ‘beams exist (Fig. 830), then the roof framework is less able to transfer the wind thrust to the stronger wall, and the weaker wall must chiefly take its part on itself, and it can only rel- ‘Leve itself by the interposition of ea stiff vault below it. For purlin or trussed roofs the wind pressure comes to act in the trusses, and these are placed above the buttresses carried sufficiently high, so that the movements of the wind can ‘be kept away from the intermediate wallu. But if division in bays :requ- dres an intermediate main trass above the crown of the side arch, this is the more exposed to the movements. ; When the wall exposed to the wind is not sufficiently stable to receive the thrust of the wind (see p. 167 to 169 concerning the basilica of Example II, p. 337, in regard to single-aisled churches), a part of it must be transferred to the other wall, ahich is made possible by a stiff cross arch (Fig. 413) or the pidge of tbe vault (Fis. 412). If the vault cannot make a grea- ter transmission of pressure (for example a light tunnel net vault without cross arches), then in case of need as just stated, the roof beams must lend themselves to stiffen it. Among these effects of forces against the clearstory wall are naturally most important the sidewise forces produced by the yaults or the wind, for slender basiticas with thin piers the thrusts way gather in their upper walls, that equal or even ex- esed the regular thrusts existing in the springing od the vault. In single-aisled hall churches or those with several @isles, @ they must never be underestimated. Example Ii, p. 237, gave to the leeward side a wind thrust of about 5000 kil transmitted ‘by the roof and the ridge of the vault, which thus is even not much below the vault thrust of 5408 kil acting lower down. Under these forces may the upper courses of the wall be eith- er moved, or the masonry sbove the buttresses may be inclined, or finally the wall may bulge between the buttresses. Sliding of the upper courses. natal feouy) 5 “gd: Sowa: gesanls gi aiterind’ | pint ae it @ ti neteon tMeett tonme: $b os teh ce [fen benodce ii aeee bi pemeckact-iond to ensex yd wbie tedtoveds of Fb obto% gee: cm odd Adin seddexod to: used t003 ed¢ yietedy , toot ved’ ot emeca. Fr eteth sbeagif{a ed yaw: yimoran to So gaiucttese. PIMs 1eISIG! & yd betnsyerq ed aso: yearned oats bas Toot ede to drowense? off gaitedone yd) bas BE ressitkenct fedem xo onose) aedtezot yineuss, to sesas05 are Paegtol onist seamed sat to hatbife. a ,densbisd. sie aad pe sont: Ladaositod. oct oa. 38993: 08 geettS an nave etevee bivode loom edt tenkege seusdt balw ed? of - 3 +@ bo elqmsxe edt ni da ,bsol' teow sse1h yltacinitine « dsaon ec? at toon 6 no toe Elwoon tact [id BEES Yo sanass Grersapen ie gach ane ‘Rutobitide eit erotsd bua .bonohtet ek a Ha yt ak beol feottrey out tuto,’ dose wove es gaol on. sega 09 pened San te elena 4 iiss. bivow {few eidt stot bect 004 en? eLidw ,zoxes olde paved thew edt tactege tends. bate setaeay 431 awe , Ltt. OF0% 7 aca Wow gedd .tivev oct to ephis edt spsordd Leutolenadd of : : (eG 62 edt wt tl .iiswe-cot #4 awone ed bool feoitcer x Kayne evithe wii ct teigid 1 setoddé Ifaw eft patien yi | ycaheddeniaid sroregnah et ¢e tolday yotbha ys co thay eda Sesvenetg bain odd gaisretenat? .cse.t geinetiitve te beete pero: ! 8 “om he mh By: weit ae} -neowol asdwemos tahog’s 0s dots eeore Bia vss 0 i) 6° gifaw eft Yo ftsq teqqn edt Yo wordt terd ‘ted rennet yew (fen odd. toi ttea t9q990 sdt 29 -anteavdieve edt pRiteed noresasoctiyd antylt 10) eeenestind sid aliew aidds1ot “to Bdiget ode tioso (Satd pitaetokttoe Soheetxe fon ots domo ateate. 0 vbtawan dgom. ood hedeinimg’s af eeesoxt ¢tod: ont evods afatot: bad) od 29%! mote. Betegitooval od at tdycon ‘es deat to SvIg0 Gd? ,wHenilo siedt z9ve t6 | &° ) s GORE 4a @98).te0nem) Isna0 a -beaadno: {lai toggn ect te pridase’ arenrenns tet: edd neented ise sddito gatbaed i) cue ‘sais. hao a seaeetdted) odd modu ae ‘raat a eB BeO7S: dita rea enidd. oof si: Ilex " edheall fy ni bane te on ain am 2 eron 6 \ age ea ode To. aeBbis btite van Se ee aac eidissogq toa 2i cidt) .tivav ef? Yo egbia edd Ayo syd betoetis dem ed) bain ois of | 466 A slipping of the upper courses may most easily occur if the ‘building is already struck ‘by a great storm ‘before the mortar ‘ig hardened, and ‘before the stiffening vaults are turned. The exposed wall, so far as it cannot itself master it, seeks to ¢ guide it to the other side by means of the framework of the roof, whereby the roof beaus or together with the upper courses of masonry may be slipped. Where it seems to be required, this danser can be ‘prevented by a preparatory stiffening of the wail and ‘by anchoring the framework of the roof and also the upper courses of masonry together (stone or metal dowerl).-If the mor- tar is hardened, a sliding of the courses is no longer to ‘be feared, so long as over each joint the vertical load -is :1 1/2 to 2 times as great as the horizontal force. To the wind thrust against the roof should usually corréspond a sufficiently great roof load, as in the example on p. 336 a thrust of 3892 kil, that could act on a roof in the most unfavor- able cases, while the roof load for this wall would amount to 7050 kil. But if & greater wind thrust against the wall is to be transferred through the ridge of the vault, then maw the vertical load be shown as too small. It is then to be increased. by making the wall thicker or higher in its entire length above the vault, or by adding gables at the dangerous points, when in- stead of stiffening, i.ea, transferring the wind pressure thro- ugh the ridge of the vault, this is not possible through the cross arch to a point somewhat lower. Overthrow of the upper part of the wali. The overturning of the upper part of the wall may occur, when for thin walls the buttresses (or flying ‘buttresses on ‘basilicas) are not extended sufficiently hish, or if the depths of the but- tresses is Giminished too much upward. The stability can easily be investigated, when for the bed joints above the buttresses or over their offsets, the curve of pressure ‘is aaugue ‘in the usual manner (see -p. 140). Bending of the upper wall outward. A ‘bending of the wall between the ‘buttresses is to be feared, hen the buttresses are sufficiently high and strong, ‘but the ean too thine With stiff cross arches will the wall-exposed to the wind be most affectsd by bending, (Fis. 413), but with : stiff ridges of the vault at will be more the leeward wall (Fig. 412). For the exposed wall itis less to be feared, since it goad yeae ae pran Ler etiaoraa sai teatsye seeds donot pf edt tot yxetta0n odd nO .dota agore/ Mtive edd tantezs ara ‘gonta ,eidtencg uUtess. avey ak biewivo Qntplnd flax oan ee ayedieg- eds ot bebbe ek tavad4- born | stivay eat to sabia edé of hut ete bow Sabine eeotc? ed? sebas Llaw edt Y0 solveded ait Laven tostso ent .e S66 bas 825 ,egtt ye hoatelaxs od yom eat to enela fetnor tion et? wi yatined 82 oonsiaieet jgieea’ od geo yinoran @c2 conte ,woksieorp at aeed' g mi atyooo ‘at egnatetzos setto xiao nso fisw eft Bas ,eeceette offened on edt ee may attain such a high location (it is te be found in the way just given), that the endins of the fly- , ing buttresses close beneath the eaves way be imperatively nesessary. That the wall with the forces acting on it both horizontally and vertically may safely bear on the buttresses, a good ‘joining of the stones by indenting or if necessary, also by mechanical aids is important. That men did not overlook this reouirenent also in eartier times is shown among other things by the ‘rélie- ving arches, which have often bééacadded over the apexes of the windows of the wall, as at Amiens, Troyes and the S. Chapelle in Paris. Treatment of the upper part of the wall. Ti it-is demonstrated above in what way are to be provided t the requirements in the upver part of the wall, it is now asked how these are to be justified. There is an entire series of dif- ferent solutions to follow, indeed occurring in many old examp- les, whose iprencipal members may be stated here. 4. The wall hes small windows and no buttresses, itis so th- tick from bottom to top, that it safely resists the horizontal forces acting everywhere at different heights. 2, the wall has windows of moderate size and moderately wide buttresses. The buttresses have only to resist the thrust of the vaults at the height of the springing. All other forces the wall-itself can resist, it beins sufficiently thick from \b ‘bottom to top to ‘be sufficiently safe from overturning. 3. The windows open from buttress to buttress, to which all side forces must be led. Side and window arches are combined, the wall-is made thicker’over the side arches for better stif- fening rekuired “in the case, either externally by the project- ton of the arch mouldings from the sides of the buttresses, or inside by corbelling cut over the yaults. A. Phe side arch is moved ‘inward, between ‘iicand the window wall is inserted a tunnel arch, otherwise being as before. This treatment most naturally occurs by projecting the pier inside. 5. The upper load is increased by gables. The gables by their weight prevent from slidins or-inclination of the upper courses of the wall, they bring the line of support (Fis. 839) in accor= dance with the pointed form of the side arch, strengthen its « i aw? ss nk a, Swans. eect ae ee at a _ Pores ‘we: Pu ! ve > var vi ’ F } “ » hs Pe Aun iw : * , , a vt iy? a ” re ee uy it ’ "om Pap / qote ‘pegsextiud Sar yer tenol sat yb eltoerse od aches betas: {fe ,eldtzsoy as ast of 20 | > edt no doin yrov beraseo ait tads .eeorttad edt g@ ofzcnre. 20%) toot od¢ to cortouitenoo eldstine yd be proo & yd) .{asagestind ott rave eozenitd Aisw atin toon pelgottrsy 60s .(osbis edt te Boitewidt ton) tieev to wxot iteit , (££)! sghT) dove agots beuettite s to ean edt yd fo Yalyt of eeerticd s coxt sektosanoo satevensit besols a | rootis. ssouIisn eat to enau edd) af boitem geal add va: J to sedorsdo 207 si se aodows obte ait dedd 183 0n asve .bsonbe% in ~ttns 29 modt siam (B53 .8f%) ofdtog ylses edt mort vdongied es ‘g ot ecosgsinevis aysuis er st ,sesabiod aaldetsotas eras ee eidtesog ebsu aeeaaw to ycon008 ant of brisket at avod Peds to ytifidos egal edt to ¢avocca ag ylacluoit red YISv 2B upd of oldtesoq tx asor08 ebfe dd@ iastensit of .bentsoneo: at a ake eeoRneeutiad Bus geo aserxs Staves Heaortasm eoitgooxs to apboa xie odd elouw sat md | -t02 bas: shoitostsenod’seiass of sebtsd wort eektes beteudsrh’ s — nisé 730 Sonte \botrsant od yeneqede sietbenredat ads Beth 7! Pe. ‘ / \) -etinast book diitw r9dsgnot. baatot: ed ‘iter edt to t18q Teyge ods to Jaemteow Ievotostitow ead oO ay os eOFGH 290fa0SD ,ealdeS toban total sae ae | LaF ' effaw edt to 228g asKol off poled: r0dszs? Sotsets ok soitutoo ad? to taeateout bas: cist suf biedd to aottoor exorzo. feqens3 sdt rot .wottose Istosca s ai » noztarebianoo otai eomoo sottosto1d bas Sdated ate ying doz ) @etdd asd flew fenzatse edd yileced .nottestebtesos ont yond ia0° a0 af diailg ed¢ to aottostom belitor yfomte oid © oreo a0 aksm eit Sue , ffs" sdé to teatio edt Rainwote aatb hy ‘ta tage008 ao: eset tatit sdf guiyqooso eota | Pavlgesi rt AS 3 Me eeonstrogar Lsottossa bas 8 “Tapa osha oe s2e0tstoo to amottosiorg obf8 etta: th ENED ive ‘oat tin dstousteaco vignia ed 289 “oem = a nh ie ‘ - = ; 4 i ee dbteiad edt 288 Lede enone dgird yd awomd vote ssvo Liaw odd of redvie veiw wankds odd .otd itt. eid? .yad (lew sdt mort eldtesoq ee tet ee sg07. “wort ebice yisoztine toG len Isetstxe edd to bnebusgsbst plea betheretn: edt to soc fseretat odd to seated. sad da saotat ad ga 8 yilsseo ,tegaisq nobaie ed¢ dissned Qntunituoo sofn- 469 crown by high windows, Fig. 836. The heavier theload of the ga- ble, the thinner may either be the wall over the windows, or t the lower may the buttresses stop. 6. So far as possible, all forces would ‘be directly led to t the buttress, that is carried very high, on the other band is kept as far as possible from the wall bay. This will be attein- ed by suitable construction of the roof (for example a-purlin roof with main trusses over the buttresses), by a corresponding form of vault (not thrusting at the ridge), and particularly by the use of a stiffened cross arch (Fig. 413), that forms a - closed transverse connection from 3 buttress to tying opposite. By the last method is the mass of the wall most effectively reduced, even so far that the side arches as in the churches of Burgundy from the Barly eothic (Fis. 348) make themselves enti- rely independend of the external wall. But entirely aside from this astonishing boldness, it is always advantageous to a church ‘both ‘in regard to the economy of masses made possible thereby, es very particularly on account of the less mobility of the par- ts concerned, to transfer abt side forces if possible to the | cross arches and buttresses. On the whole the six modes of execution mentioned represent a graduated series from harder to easier construction, and fur- ther intermediate steps may be inserted, since certain ones may be joined together with sood results. On the architectural treatment of the upper ae of the wall, see later under Gables, Cornices etc. The lower part of the wall. The form ang treatment of the cornice is treated farther below in a special section, for the general cross section of the chu- reh only ‘its height and projection comes ‘into consideration come into consideration. Usually the external wall has three cornices, the simply profiled projection of the plinth in one or two div-. sions at the height of the internal floor or the ‘interne! cor- nice continuing beneath the window parapet, ususlly a cap moul- Ging crowning the offset of the wall, and the main or cave cor- ~ nice occupying the first place on account of ‘its architectural and practical importance. Wide projections of cornices, s0 far as practically valuable can be simply constructed with the materials at hand, are allo- wea by mediaeval art within proper limits, but usually 1% does ee a ee i i lll ‘i aide PR he ee re ; i. eee ee A ig RY 4 reg ote mA | ui oa jrnohexd iy steal tedd Satu tab eed’ tou 8 babtovs godt 5382 vas ai .conssetenes odd 1c das okt gage Haotis neve.ot ie .snaitoetoxg t2012 oof yd 9% in boaektace exoted add af rottwoexs edt rot sootisors ttosto1q eds to sonssetd odd. ao esfor Le1s093 eviz oF petty pier soan ess bus feottontc ated cals oonta .eidtenog (yinketses eat? evel sdf senoitaley blotiasm ak aso00 ysu fein somedon fesoney 2 ni areduee sasdt oxse2ts of Sdbooa 08 edt Ho aeentotdt tied edt asewfod: sousteltid sdé-eios] af ae ‘odds gevit ek ovsa sdf to LomegathS tled odd baa mabe att af odis agdé tadd of ,ss0fat0o fla to aoitestors odd 8 ebaiw odd nofed basors gatbasixe geo ons to efkiosg oft avis eehanmntge toot edd to ded¢ si o d 6 abne (2eiblyow Llie) bo ai Gavel coals af snoiassnid gutakmreteh to show ames to sossem sodtone stedusels ée0ubéatni cada isdosd to8 a aters od fdtdu .dust- wobuiw edt to diqeb edd ifed ylousa .soe q BEE nt & P.gated) anis ,ffaw sot to angminkdt edt @\L ta sexi? tee 0st edd of souesaih omse edt eevis cele sodt 9h .LbS : tb esedd add aids mb bodog od of af tk tud ,dantia eas a “to atbiw aeolo oft OL\E ed of {law eds: to.naemioedd add oaveaas ts tootoud binuow sotnt09 edt sium efit of Sntbto004 watodo ofd ) amoktSetosg secdT .ilsn odt to saoutotdt edf to S\r x0 @\L ta0 Me sdd: AE: bse dt SP oft to edtow edd ws Souitacs ¢tliseuoath exs Dy a) ak aotarco foot eds extow ofdvoD yizet oat no sod -esiawdnga eae tr tt tari das bed heaiea neteess @ eed Sina -tesen tot: 16¢dng De itiete ont to aottonnt [eistjouzta edd Seskt ak se yLlsrenod aid has ,oeso efgate yisvs)ae nottosjomq ati esniutedsh tedz e edt yd tf 10% neuies a 8 etse dedd Ilan oft to ageniotad at Pea Xs" enottgosxe to yte{i inet o Y vino. peorenre elquie oie sot ddgis on asdtsnt £09 oe ‘egtt oi bommsas.es .qixh sis to getyrisc io noktonst edt con y asentod soasteth edd no dusbasgeh sotdoetoug ent siam oals : } eaotn .Sofu709 toot edt dea7 of .19dto doss t8Vv0O eS0knt0D tot tadt wort asds totee72 et geo [fia wobntn est. mort sons : OT lo ddgted sefses # soetord of ved andt bas \bauors tebe are eines al: .noivostetg tetse7g & sved. osls éaun npert -selpcuitg * ‘tito setel edd no noitoat Z ol A i P na ot Les. OTT OS Uke a Oy ee ee hha o a 470 not give to the cornice that unlimited predominance like antique art or the Renaissance. In any case they. avoided aiding storms ‘by too great projections, or to even afford opportunities to the architect for the execution in the before mentioned materials. . fo give generel rules on the distance of the projection is not possible, since also here practical and artistic considerations may occur in manifold relations. The late time certainly hes al- so sought to arrange these members in a general scheme. In Lacher the difference between the half thickness of the wall and the half itasgonel of the same is given as the measure of the projection of all cornices, so that thus ab c-in Pig. 841 gives the profile of the cap extending around below the windows (gill moulding) and a e b cis that of the roof coroice. The s same mode of determining dimensions is also found in Hoffstadt. But Lacher akso intraéuces elsewhere another measure of ppoject- ‘gon, namely half the depth of the window ‘jamb, which he again fizes at 1/8 the thickness of the wall, thus beings f sin Fig. S41. He then also gives the same distance to the projection of the plinth, but it is te be noted in this that these dimensions assume the theckness of the wall to be 1/10 the clear width of the choir. According to this rule the cornice would project ab- out 1/5 or 1/6 of the thickness of the wall. These prajections are frequently confirmed on the works of the 14 th and 45° th centuries. But on the Early Gothic works the roof cornice as a rule has a greater projection, and especially if it forms a gutter for water. Generally it is first the structural function of the ‘cornice that determines ‘its projection en every single case, and the thickness of the wall that sets 2 maximum for it by. the possib- lity of execution. But further we might for the simple cornices only fulfilling the function of carrying off the drip, as assumed in Fig. 840, also make the projection dependent on the distance between tHWO cornices over each other, so that the roof cornice, whose dist- ance from the window sill cap is greater than from that to the ground, and thus has to protect a greater height of the wall must also have a greater prajection. In reality this wider pro- ‘jection on the later works is found ‘in the projecting edge of the roof, but on the older was already made by the form of the cornice. Therefore we might sooner give the preference to the ees, ee wer WY ay La cre Na ' “ae oe “pie fedt giton sete! ect a0 nottoetosa neensl “gt tn | Peabenuxe yletigitsh s 10% Ys binkt aistieo 2 of vie ea ae .elese wstsl edt besttesoarsdo dotde .pottente j teddiet ef tl .yrstuse at Ef ea¢ to sand. of maisr07 jateia eldszasobniw edt to yaknworg taitsoeq sds ted duededt St add sovk asdyon tedoty edt ao sointoostoos qi 2 28 te89q98 of soké@entaiet Istnostiaod adi pewolle evttevod to ofsvaissiosaeds « to Lak Siarduétvantwentos beavkinem etoted adt ti stoteredt ” ns dt 10k betice wees cele tatit te nottostogg off. to xn w aoktostors gids to. ysiisaos eds, bagot af asdt .ceo ike 9 ulssercooe beotetes sittifies test ei dvaiig, edd to: tadt ‘aide edd) to etotsn odd ak b0ba00t of +1) ae seiton 19bL0 -ittr > tae anoiteregsxe: saibicve tot edaiog wnticeta oft “apiees 20 ebyow yiov sd¢ akefo ton cals ifty isd¢ens bae Jano in ei ydeced? tom sivdi tud* .Sfoamtd ayer od-10% .sedoad } tadied emese gedu nedt .agata? [le nk wid. wollok senwo we 53 atee vei TE -eahk hook I90y OF antitoocs gedted sd yea ti tedz q oo yolque od wod. areas bes ,n89 od dedw exoyreva oF ) eit: ie ae sasatig d Gitta ods ast: souetetes¢ s dite bainnksed., 9af ak seed: oat ae abauo ‘to: Beaognoo: neve saw to .babivib yfantiwogasi109 saw 4 Ditont tam totan to Isvower book a to Sauon0e no tat .enollor a -Berylissotescco hexseggs ylise ybserfe offk sbeenebaos coikekt B Goango: 10% susced’ yliecbseaa sadt dean olquie o roisotee ant ae Se. omen edt seve dinkig odd to 49 sit of taol vifeatt, bus = eg dbTaoa / 0d bavot at ‘ohintne Dasoms odd sort d¢atiq edt to tisied ost | er cine Sat to vesemiogdd sdf) to eguesomedt ys deatwreted 90 abel cedd baa. , 2103830 add to eelya bevisserq [fe yfveon | ) ddetiq odf Ssdt of. .bsboetxe ei coktsniawsésb eidt as. 8008 -sgete. yd ‘Savers ed? to askttas(sgerst ond f sensaed ietoere @ «af sustoetidore arsbom of satorct ef Sepoonainged 949 To Jneaogasess ot SS 4357 ot wodes on jy desweds to Sdgtetieneteors. & sduedneduerd ts x40 ove, i bobivib ai th eredn elisiooyes ebawot yi ecole s96tie ein900 dintig ed? t- settee: a ' om * 7 + awe sty Saks ae ‘woiteaxe 2 aah A . aa. rah 1 in 8 Sew . ‘Vis 4 ‘ f - +” ®; wes a ‘ ; 4 { 1, . : ere Ge ia ? - oe sa me, Nes" was ey wT SLR : ba F : — . rie : ae ai Paes » too piienacend sail pM itiaabiainte sit ot Bega sisotts toeeen sit xine ovat Seom da calor eaodt ylonti a te ange ey ) sotsetu ¥ crn PATS a eo Soa < wa “e “4 471 to the arrangement of a more projecting roof cornice, than of its lesser projection on the later works thet must be referred to a certain timid ty for 2 definitely expressed horizontal ter- mination, which characterized the later style, ‘but is entirely foreign to that of the 13 th century. It is further possible that the peculiar crowning of the windowsgable rising above the roofscornice on the richer works érom the 14 th centuryonward allowed the horizontal termination to appear as a possible den- ‘jal of a characteristic of poverty. Therefore if the before mentioned determinations of the meas—- — ure of the projection at first also seem suited for the mindow sill cap, then is found the equality of this projection with that of the plinth is just as little retained accurately on the older works, aS it is founded in the nature of the thing. Accor- dinsly these rules at most have only the use of affording cert- ain starting points for avoiding exaggerations end disproporti- ons, and another will also not claim the very words of master Lacher, for he says himself, “but it -is not thereby stated, that you must follow bim-in all things, than what seems better to you, that it may be better according to your Sood ‘idea. it -is useful éo everyone when he can, and knews how to employ something.” : Plinth. The ‘base in the beginnins with a preference for the Attic base. was correspondingly divided, or was even composed of rounds and hollows, that on account of a good removal of water #as simpli- #ieaéor condensed. Also already early appeared occesiscnally on the exterior a simple wash, that sradually became more common and finally lent to the cap of the plinth even the name of wash moulding. The height of the plinth from the éround outside ‘is found to be €etermined by the measure of the thickness of the wall-in n nearly all preserved rules of the masters, anc then by Lacher this determination is extended, so that the plinth should follow the irregularities cf the Sround by steps. Such an arrangement ‘is foreign to modern architecture “in a special degree. Therefore we showin Fig. 842 the arrangement of the plinth of the church at Prankenbers. 4 greateerheight of the wash mouldins is then found, especially where it is divided in two or more parts. The plinth occurs either alone on the exterior or also an the interior as agSumed in the right half of Pig. 840. But since as a suid te Be eel nowt: tdgied lanredat aid efps s ve $ Bledtog edd er0ted baguecse ore egote ted? on .Leniet et edt of eeol aomosed sedttel dimifg: edt to sduted ¥ att’ @ sosuts etf team ar a eek ody 10 ,Sofieixe odd no a om 3 e680 Tentetxe donot daom ak banot ak dtakia fentetnt edd to bastaal 2 gese 8 ited otodesite bos sipdietT to eretenta add oi 2s . ab eyhe meqqn seoda .{O89 .BIP to Sad dtef edt ui eudt) C 3 te nae dotdn 20 bee .paidfnom yaasie 8 1c totusdo 2 yd bee Ptovseostice sit neck .dtotiy convene ao as ebanor od? to eeuad aeaora bartd qd fetemtue aod? ove awobuin’ sit asben ifaw edd Piebtito atteda edz to acnad edt ned? (208 bos ANE .udit ui os as tent edt svods 3efela Geta buccee edd so baste yan reétad i bY? Sud to aoltoetom. setses2 odd Atty viisisass ss [lon ) 920m to ows ofar Sobivrd cd yen gete agswol sd to dtbhiw odd # to adéatly treteltib edt to etdnted Lespenn edt ya cenoteiv -s ats D enosorstotq ylletoeqes s{uee1 sao bevieoen eudt ebavoe 4 vtae8 & to sderei leven sd? ei vaste edd To Fdgtok ect weaott Oates tat ,atsee es ovtes of ylferenss ots yodt i aa | «@@0 [€f2 wobntw leangorxnd | of eteatbr0%ne eonss10qmL. a8 eed ayawfe qeo [Lte wobaiw ad? efemte 8 to etzitnco elton exotoredt bas .G0LnI09. Toot oat re A nedéte boutet ei qiah-odt webeo doidn gi entot teers Haye bas o(@2e .8rt) aovesi yd’ balirt eno 19 evoo sigue toX qao ed? 2o teit tedtec a¢ ifte wobsiv ed% to s¢dgted edt ae tad? oe ,tedest yo beatuteteb ef +i Yo tanga «onok edé pai ent aeented teds of fate eoasteibca fnew ods evode etl Lede iv cabase tot eldstina ylioetteq ei rotécoqord sidtT .esee0ontitud Peet eid 402 ifeme ood. ad fiuow tud ,enoianemih syetevs pebtecd bas ptotsesy wot staged eldstebinaos ot Heelliluow Dance a8 oaedes peesecticd yall? ef% to eonatarh teteerR does et Yo wotencdxe feifersg edt ai aeve «to evan act at bovot ots | bas. eroeulit yfocigce ed binow .toR yLog edz etfeogqo tiode : ss | Spbtowd teom ed? yO eBtow Isventhea ct Bevorgetibh bavot ‘si tne@ .2 Yo Loqedo off co wotteeud ai tHyted od: ext? .ea0 t eventos « ‘eoustets eit vomit #\B fof atevons rafesixy te u ae he Lntoxeep ticdo eff ao ted ,aezacrtivd Rat a * . pale 876 stedt foxy: ,ualdas as Yo Tasted oft at: ebar eek iyo MNES OR ® Gadd Bed et 472 a rule the internal height from the floor is higher than the ex- ternal, so that steps are arranged before the portals, then the height of the plinth either becomes less in the interior than on the exterior, or the “internal cap must lie hisher than the external oné. Instead of the internal vlinth is found in most French works, asin the minsters of Freiburg and Strasburg, both a step seat, (thus ‘in the left half of Fig. 840), whose upper edge is enclo- sed by a chamfer or a stumpy moulding, and on which is set the ‘bases of the rounds as on a common plinth. When the surfaces of . the wall wnder the windows are then animated ‘by blind arches, as in Figs. $44 and 855, then the bases of the shafts of the 1 hatéer may stand on the second’ step rising above the first, as well as generally with the greater projection of the rounds, t the width of the lower step may be divided into two or more di- visions. By the unequal heights of the different plinths of the rounds thus. received can result especially ‘picturesaus ‘combina- pions. The height of the steps is the usual height of a seat, , if they are generally to serve as seats. External window sill cap.. The window Sill cap always has an importance subordinate to the roof cornice, and therefore mostly consists of a simple moulding made in the height of an ashlar, yet there are also found ‘richer forms in which under the drip is formed either a simple cove or one filled by leaves (Fig. 855). The height of the window sill or rather that of the cap form- ing the lower part of it is determined by Lacher, so that it , shall lie above the wash andistance equal to that between two buttresses. This proportion is perfectly suitable for certain average dimensions, but would be too small for the lesser and wouldllead to considerable heights for greater, and besides dy. each greater distance of the flying buttresses apart, as then are found in the nave or even in the parallel extension of the choir opposite the polygon, would be entirely illusory and are found disproved in mediaeval works by the most decided variati- ons. Thus the height in :kuestion on the chapel of S. Boniface at Pritzlar amounts to 1 3/4 times the distance between the fly- ing buttresses, but on the choir chapels at S. Quen have scarce- ly half this width. Ts 79 te iy vs ; cpa s x08 a oad uhpenie to Sain, hgh ob tutois tes: a8 done dash teks ha thti ‘LIte edt to. noitieog: tonol & dedé soaees ee 4 = . i eitae ii .enobain eisteeo woled nottse1itb oes oe ve: - . tei uF ala View! o.a4 eM es tons sshos8 BV shiy uy et ust ate ee | eieahink ite Lenxesai | of evo01g e tu deen ¢ on 1 end ‘pabbioon {lie edt rbitedai edt ot. _-at exoter bas .wobatw edd so awob Suinaot iste ost, ovtooot a adele ee igoo9 yeu bas .O de aevig dedi ofif wrot sit cod pane ) 002 Devore ebuosze..th nedu ,abavot edt dtin anctts games: ) $oBasC 10. (OS .gt% ot 9) tentexe agote 10 (0be . rien, eit ai ed cao: bsvois sobasetzd .ti'ne dasa asd? tad A en tate: ie wiiite sd? to ¢duied eat ga beoelg ani1 sed yaa tf x0 = jsed: a8 basen og? «(ODS .2id at 9) eqede togustiih 6 dgtw asttal edt 30 soktosiorg edd ti ysidluom Lite sdé uo yitsonth eee eh «(2 te ve) Sh. dtinw dstoonsos gHitfedtos. a.¢d Sobis “ gitad $ od $dgtm etasmerceqis tod aeanted sdebboareiat ne a4 fadic . poe ‘yd: poonigon 919% fednco sata te Obs oii pie $izass | + «bagot 6 bas Siseiatc) abavor secs ite bragt aomisvenoa at reddis$ Pestana tadé olidu:,eaxs0o ifte ott ao evs rslisaa ond sdé "bao teciess agoia 10 see rexel sibbie. 943 bayors sadoad agua edt ekagatgnsits ob bis adaomesnarta dove (LA % ads selcot neve vem woddet edt das .eergoo (Lie edd iit Yo ahodo edd of ee .danw slats a lo wrot ont at acai ble qilsrone: sodtsl otit ai asdd as (E43 431%) setdoR ge ¥ 84100. siguia to solsedak ent ai: Sai i, ent noented sonexetirh sit t6dt ,atoa cale of m ots seaterxa e2athivow avoisey edt to antagete 4% ao sdeigintegs hon eal snokies edt to oftatretoarsado iB 0% sinned ion ads brotts od sedaid. bowen. dite. edt to moktoetorg 942 fads. oa.%0 ,dnefottios ear } pebagor sijats fia ciate [ite eat dd neues, wees 474 surface of the wall and around the buttress. Sometimes is found such an extension on the sides of the buttress, for a far better reason that a lower position of the sill moulding, in the reve- rsé direction below certain windows, whose sills are thereby a wowed higher to afford the height required for a side doorway under then. Internal sill moulding. In the interior the sill mou€ding has no wash but a groove to receive the water running dows on the window, and therefore ta- kes the form like that given at c, and may occur in varied -rel- ations with the rounds, when it extends around them (d in Pig. } 840) or stops against (e in Fig. 840)., or passes under them so that then eest on it. Extension around :can be in the same fora, or it may be a ring placed at the height of the sill moulding with a @ifferent shape (c in Fig. 840). The round can ‘be set directly on the sill moulding if the projection of the latter is sufficient, or so that the projection of the sill course is sided by a corbelling connected with it (as at f). As an-intermediate between both arrangements might be that, whereby beneath the sill mouldingstand Single rounds, and on a capital in the height of the sill course stands a triple one corresponding to the vaulting rips. Such an arrangement could result from Fig. 840, if the ‘corbel were replaced by a capital . and a round. Rurther ‘is sometimes found all three rounds connected together, | the two smaller are on the sill course, while that is either \b ‘broken around the middle larger one or stops against it. . All such arrangements aid in strengthening the wall beneath the sill course, and the latter may even replace the sill mouid- ing -in the form of a simple wash, asin the choir of the church at wetter (Fic. 843), as then is the latter generally also lack-— -ing in the interior of simple works. We also note, that the difference between the breaking around on the stopping of the various mouldings against the rounds is characteristic of the various periods of Gothic art, in so far as in the older works the rounds formed on the ends of the ash- lars are connected with the body of the pier ‘by these mouldings ‘broken around then. freatment of the lower part of the wall. The wall beneath the window has the purpose of enclosing. the [rteeaapoms isa ib 'X6" sesied edt: uibosens noOEY: 64d b¥0 Mie rte tsKenod edt eboléxe [fede ewobatw downdo deat oe Aes perebnn odt seeds seiton telyoes nk gebk yteve of hesoggo , tro 3 | "gto tated ‘edd fuael ts off teom Satblvow (lie wobatw edt to Si pts Pest? tdgted edt aad Od6 .3h4 HO) -Havotk edt evods naw P-nogote Sav at d's yi eeetqrs ow fed .nen a to tigked edd eotd “edt toods booela ak ifke wobatw od¢ aedt bas .elodn edt of notd iment tedt o2 .oab9 vewol eidt evodsa Ifew edt to aasadokds Shed ids to epsstont af .(deaw ect to notdentflout ads atl egak ead at antarsooo atwomennetta nisitso vd bertapea od . fe cae lidikaese od 6s asouatias yd .paifibes ,el{sta troso es foge D sistas « to ytieasoon edt sldsil es botnad ad of ei dokdw od 0 ella sit soate ,sitetoh adv to neifseqotg etsatarvoteiar ! ‘etottewsdd hegolevabh ed esols aso aedsel edd - eve to afeed sit shaq sd Iliw afeoe efarat a yflerens3 a “gotésoqous eds to tadt yltelvottiey .pitbitud' betsoexe yifanci presen sat to esie edy to bas noktexob edt to tads ,efodn edt to | £ 68) been 9d of eee1900 ett to td3ied egstevs une ards \efeke p -oreas Sda qedtsgot hefoennos soxeopr seid? savees yen sao Iedd | -eonetettib batt foven edt mort enoferent® etetoqgss adi batt vd a “gatyosquoocs satofoom ede Saivuse af sdtow selgeke qren ad fstoostzod [ls ydecodt bas sezsoo (Ite eft to sthe rowol sat - saoteroo Joow ed? be ddatiq oft te desw sat asewted noteivrd Pan ))ebte Sntblvom tyoreban we to desw O4¢ to motsthbs odd soate | ‘ed yeu aetteal ed? to nokeaetzre co ,sefen to [svomorn odd Ke wt betqso0e yiInt asasoudiad! oud neewsed dybin edt ne bs setorg tert? edt to sezaststod etd basoww zatisesd edt bas ywob fstaoatrod etdt to tostte edé eaaso yns AI .ot9m bobbe noid si tasaoneant eidt sroteredt bas ,wobatw edt to rotff{om ens to Maker Datei atsdaeo mo antaise00 tadt ot berieterq: sd of Hod flie edt dokdn/ot seibroove .nebabl ax aszesls 10 sire Grobake: ‘edt to adbiw odd Soneteth edd aextt dolkdw tsiital odd [Iktte er ti vile. @ Orttae eft to ebstinkay odd yd sedtent S08 .awobatw edd t0d_ ted w30fdt edi to Santen oft yd botinpey vitoettd ton et dona cb j aedgid edt avin testtaoo odd yd eltsrovet af motat- Beanie ‘woiskw eft to ebie dose ts yLleokérev ee; a ee eS 473 fhe height of the window sill course will consequently be so determined, that-in all ordinary cases ‘is attained a height ab- ove the floor exceeding the height of the human bedy. For actu—- ally itis still the latter which fixes the distance in question, so that church windows shall exclude the possibility of looking out, opposed to every idea in secular works; thus the underside of the window sill mouldins must lie at least the height of a man above the ground. (Our Fis. 840 has the height fixed at 1 1/2 tines the height of a man, that we express by a b‘in the :propor- tion to the whole, and then the window sill is placed about the thickness of the wall above this lower edse, so that then reso- lts the inclination of the wash). An increase of this height may be required by certain arrangements occurring in the interior, such as choir stalls, sedilias, by entrances to be arranged un- der the windows, and further by the magnitude of the entire work, to which is to ‘be denied as little the necessity of @ certain ‘indeterminate proportion of the details, since the magnitude of the latter can dlone be developed therefrom. Generally a triple scale will be made the basis of every- Tai- ‘ionally executed building, particularly that of the proportion of the whole, that of the duration and of the size of the mate- rials, thus the average height of the courses to be used (so t that one may assume three squares connected tosether and there- by find the separate dimensions from the resultins differences. Qn many simpler works is wanting the moulding accompanying the lower edge of the sill course and thereby ail horizontal Givision ‘between the wash af the plinth and the roof cornice. Snch is not directly reavired by the nature cf the thing. But - since the addition of the wash of an undercut moulding aids the removal of water, an extension of the latter may be requir- ed -in the width between two buttresses fully occupied by @ win- dow and the breaking around the buttresses of the first projec- Sion added here. In any case the effect of this horizontal div- ‘ision is favorable by the contrast with the higher proportion of the wallion of the window, and therefore this arrangement ‘is — to be preferred to that occurring on certain later works like S. Blasien in Minden, according to whica the sill course returns vertically at cach side of the windou to a height of about half the width of the window, and then continues horizontally ‘én the tis edt fettite of ever seddrot aso tk eens s of? tetees of (CES .219): teddo dose santsxe te maoo: fantbutisnol 8 yd. baa. , Bors Savory tefsests th 1 oases oft shtogher eonesitind edt to yrmoean sowol oitibaco edt oF gukiroood »alioa Laupenn nt etagueltsee o> seeiteb seed? te tedtons 10.800 Botsainobetg ead .peno Li{ome vino to seeeetdind on asd [lew sat of au edt to f1c9 tewol odd wo eliet aeoite Svetsace sd? yils : " ot ‘tao at dotdw .neemlotds tsorg yisvitaieasos s. sevfeoot i swobaty off to débsowd Ilene bas woltovhsb tuodtin beavtt ‘ . iq. 9ts gessoittud edt ewobain bin tot yiteitcoo sit ao fi 7 ede 3 + gonss2ogrk edf beosbe1 ak eaad bn .wetbod ba tdroggee bes Avec -G)/ evods Senoitaen ylevotvesg es doe . {few t97 i¢ bos dots Siew edt nedd soustrocck evel asd yiletenee asdt arcted {fin eidt stedw so ,teds nedt tenekds sham si gen oxot os) commfov ak eoneeoes: yd beonher sd tegel se gan | m0 td jeter os ilenw eit To sostane Lanietxe odd no eseasoed 2 ee ae Hl ache at ‘ptonmen otom otf ott offegt seont yisutago: sat . . | | -awobeky od¢ dieened. sebootd pe ae? to tueq edt bo guisedsqusats Jaavetak sad yom tos ks o£ PBedors few eit to ebavor ont doide ag .enobaiw adds t9ba0 9 ae a) mogid to ewad, sito to sfodo ebis eit ok ee fasta vf my: 9 efsdit odd ghiniotie acucfoo ofstit ont ys bessougun ai = poate ativesy down Snild s sad? oe ,#edors yd besoonsop yrogt sd eodoce oct ge ivvoqqse ¢aguion to bas asdots drt » dousn® sit of Rntbtooos zebso1s esont stinser syed baa , Se nottenidzoo. ai axe mt0% aedcks ‘qhodd: ee dotsw mote ¢ attest ss ,muitotiqt edt ddin yaodarsefo ond ck wobain iq a e: epedeits obie ond to awobutw oat of boil Is oxs sootte fn set Sane salarbodtso. dous7% edé %9 veduun totesrm edd at bas. Deb .-ote Aiedietl ,Savdesuse to ‘etetaata dt ai yrs fe to Sneamey taal edt sevonsy tedt | suisse t+. to sao efbbim odd bs ors ealerbasge saluiaatek: e eexdt edd slidw | ent yd besuedas seve ef dost? ‘eat regeifot a 0086 .exefien s to asl séf ein betosnnoo seifls “Sagi se 7 0 oot eit to deeage edt 36 heaosiq bas » edd tes ¥4 Hee B. et , J sariol ; ) ‘ oe dP RA ae bee. acto. fseoo to siaemeknsi7s af99 aelfare baa sis bt ie sfitecoo fle of ae ihtosos bom ities, .pador betmtog es ,b5% ne bavor 88. ,EO9N' to [arbsdte aad ‘betaiog 88 80 ee «Brediet! bas 220 qe dot2a. ot ‘Bupa? nods ots sige: paeeye cant aud te ' epidtad yiwsai sdt az ‘gouttonce begister oals F983 Pigatae sidbia alse et. add yedt0 ‘ose ebiaed aseesost ont af ea) ere stsefloo sit sovt JnomszaeT7e ae don? .alsdzoo yd beonl gat 5 ly: ey | as 2S oREY gf aware ek 1 ston Ree) dorado aad sazsfoo odd to gotosiz teleget edt wort coitsived 4 bs 91759009 iisw ony uk: hooslg wx eonesere 8 tk ,wottsiasy ¢ apes BomBo0e% Ons io. owe taods. e{suos oedt dthtw seodx so {quie ods. ok bas ,ious edt to aot adt battihos pods 18. os) dowd: -lotart Sigterte edd yd booslast ai vi ; les ah) hucdiete to seteate ed¢ at banot bas Aigeagncesiogedt, te ses shit edt Somks 476 ‘in this respect are the arcades of the 8. Chapleéle in Paris and of Strasburg minster; the latter with a very simple arrangement, so that the capitals passing into the square and terminating columns connected bg strongly profiled pointed arches with ins- erted trefoils as-in Fig. 355, and the spandrels produced ibety- een the arches are divided -in four panels ‘by inserted circles, the middle one of these ‘bearing a representation of a figure, while the three smaller triansSular spandrels are adorned with rich foliage. The effect-is even enhanced by the arrangement of | the corbelling connected with the plan of a gallery, decorated by Foliage and placed at the height of the capitals on.the wall | behind (Fig. 855), by which the columns come to stand entirely free. For further concerning this peculiar form, see Galleries, pe 354. Tn contrast te the usual arrangement of eosal columns and ar- ches, there alternate in S. Chapelle larger and smaller columns, so that the former being connected ‘by pointed arches form two panélsunder each window, that are again divided by the smaller columns connected with the larger by trefoil arches. As a tule the bases of the little columns stand on @ continuous step as ‘in Fig. 845, more rareln directly on the floor as -in the cathe- dral of Chalons sur Marne. Phe arches themselves ars formed according to all possible tines, as round arches in Fig. 844, as pointed arches, either plain or with cusps as ‘in the cathedral of Meaux, as-round tre- foil arches as in the cathedral of Ariens, os as pointed tref- oil arches in the minsters of Strasburg and Freiberg. ‘In ‘cert- ain Cerman works of the sransition style are then found the arrangement also retained sometimes in the Karly €cthic, whereby in two recesses beside each other the little middle columns are replaced by corbéls. Such an arrangement from the collesiate church of Wetzlar is shown in Fig. 854. : ‘A deviation frow the regular placing of the etn ae produces a -yariabion, if an entrance is placed in the wall concerned, whose width then equals about two of the recesses. Thereby is shen modified the form of the arch, and in the simplest cases it-is replaced by the straight lintel. Such an arrangement is found “in the minster of areiburs (Fig. 845). Since the columns ef these recesses stand in the plane of the Patol aterheste foe1r6 ‘nt sedt yntorta to Sysibbin eft sovo sedtie basta dova tsdt yaw add th 6 edt tad .seeset Sef to dove of¥ Yo ofbbia tb mein .8 Che .S89) admat wobatn ods aos sate ponte ent dteenes obdore edt to agavloo olttit Sein sco to asacot ott tent of ,notizeg 8 doad: Jee i Pfh rices af fea .basety ess of moist etoted dwod “epbetets beers $di To ghey ad? at od oF ih r 70% tT. wababe edt ts eihdavenes s esdote sdie tos .ecofedt> ai bis,xeeee to faidedtas sd? ke feo eveds ewobdin trodétw acdeode Baile / bawot oels 215 wedpis batid oasdd cowtsaroe 6 Sindttesy edt ki ee .wedt Svodk erobate ditie by yiletotes 4ntbider Lite edt s¢e0 etdy aT 249 gut adr eecol aditertatet [etcoxided adt sonts ; ae, ett bas bebsol ef xsue off doide yd tf gdfpeves h, MEO? Sct to ystitdage edd setwesiy sbedorsteda ae GEE & patoste wert aigodo Mindiest at wWdiiw .ydoteds oSogseno = a ee ty orgs oa¢idors ofdteo To elgtonie, Havoth 8 to sore .twobste wovaen dyin sedous beifa ‘Wéeqa odd yqesco yiswbiae Jor asd5 wohain odd rodi ote {tot oft natbuede gofoas Seis sods sRongertiod eealt hie: ave? at snewegasrts kas siwchibs cabseedsien) af f atta, [feds 5% totdw: of "elutes thodo 8 to asta of pals tea ‘eodons Sasit dt dfueer five arts ‘no be es 0 ,sodttae flew sdf ag gatffuom ifte ed Peas 2 edv to dibin edt rot yfeo bcs ie ay ae aay an Mee we deat ae ste © scotifan elbbiw 8d¢ sot vino atitees dove nO (a ww adel: woonie ect Oos fs x beteahiacs . Seol pottalss atid tot tovesbas edt sixon tetal daisies edt 80 i ek oa? af BR eres ‘8 bakit. ese to saotao Sdy of Datite tad et olden edt ‘O02 Ot 9190 oxot Iatasnsato etdt at weed otcaeuk ew baa: a stat i each To dust oa is a. —- ie we % Pacers Sei os 477 side arches, then ‘is omitted the need efchember and of placing them-in direct connection with the window jambs, ana such results only for the middle mullions of four divisions in the way that such stand either over the middle column or the m middle of the arch of the recess, but the other cclumns are side- wise from the window jamps (Fig. 845 a, where the columns are designated by a and the window jambs by b). On the contrary on later works the endeavor for this relation leads to placing the Little columns of the arcade ‘beneath the window jambs, thus to set back a portion, so that the rounds of the side arches pass down before them to the sround, and the backs of the recesses come to be in the plane of the glass. However there can still be effected by the sill moniding intersecting the rounds of the side arches a separation of the window from the blind niches as in the cathedral of Meaux.aid in Chalons. Bat this entirely dis- appears ‘if the sill moulding intersects the window ‘jambs, and the latter exteods to the sround replacing the -rounds of the b bling arches, as in the transepts of the cathedral of Meaux. Blind arches without windows above them. Sometimes these blind arches are also found without connection with windows above them, as in the vestibule of Preiburs minst- er. In this case the sill moulding naturally vanishes over them, since the horizontal termination loses its importance, but then the Kable ‘is best suited to the nature of the pointed arch for coverings it, by which its apex is loaded and ‘its uprard-force is restricted. t;ikewise the stability of the columns will be -in- creased thereby, whichcin Freiburg occurs from placing a figure, and we thereby pass in this ornamental form here to the expres- sion of a ground principle of Gothic architecture. Blind arches with narrow windows. | When the window does not entirely occupy the space between the buttresses, then blind arches extending the full width at both sides of the window, plane wall surfaces produce a heavy effect. (Indtedeinifreiburg this arrangement is found connected with the plan of a choir aisle, to which we shall return later). To avoid this evil result the blend arches may also be repeated above the sill moulding on the wall sefface, or may be omitted below it, and only for the width of the window and either in the thickness of the jamb or within the depth of the member extended to the rt ne oe setet chebseh be Reyst Ms dé go 96 ifow a6 toitetat sit ok beobat .29. ae a edt Sossoatiae speak edd eeeo teal sdi ok ft ot babs deel edt Yo efguere dots ylrelscitzeq A gutted tortaal-so=bredies ¢s fortsdo sdt to tiedo ap antofece Site eft désensd yLtoerth etedx (Istaoo dt ) edt yd beeofone ei th .psedaem dusi) aiid qote dean iSta-tot hoe ,wobaitw edd a8 dgbin asea odd antvad toon a add eitdw ..etekfey yd batetoosb alausq untved wooo t onfitvom [[ke edd wofed yltoersd edwet sit to sted > wendan @ af tsét .Bcero dtin soiore Dacod bshasqasa to ce oe . | -atoties oft revo yeaa ae on i . ‘ + lex. y saedots Latic slqeia a eifenas nods 9%@ antot sedete dose {fa mot atativeadue e eh. tb iis ‘Sahiosl ‘penots betufou butid elgate ailsw aacdd wo bank | Dstt sii atodo edt ak as -awohaiwu edd déin moiteannop toet _ f af dotedo edt to siqosassd aid Soe algeentd of ofp a 23” BOnOTWdS AOLId caemte? .-A yuan af tediseat Sas wae | | | -euobaia to dasmeynerth ‘> wn: eg ~wObalw eds to tdpted je .avatrss a) OR wobein add to ddaied off <0 etc? .foss shie edi dissed afaret yaw vhod sti act tedd ja edt mexqnose yleriins wobuin ed? ti .tfeseti to stfozer actt “ebte ‘bas wobuin eds soso Gua ,eoesotétud odd aseuted so Fatiee: eat tot Osnyees bs -SbLOnL09 410 Ofsdneonco. tad¢is 57138 a . (ORE «BET ok wobate Sedan sas ,wodatn odt to dthine wsileme s ctih f tr sidtasoq sisaet ylno sadd {fiw sedows shige bas anobsin to faaot sevates ylemeréxe on fedd ,f@ose ek dibin odv io in hoes 7 RAIN » 26809 On af yteensoen st tod .yucaloqcoo at “432 ledensinds "qd besiwiete6 et wobatn ond to dadied aowinkn 4 oto tigted sdt eud? .2edous shia bor wobatw assented zeaif Sane om ie GPP) wODE BET OF homimtszeb os enobain obte edt apanaes oid of uobain od fo Melted add. to aides adt.010 ee shee da. ood vino ag6 0: Quthluom ifie add dtseqsd: [law a tan odd a0 beved as. a hodatw Yo dtbiw momixey. fim eds to dtits tactes ashe oe a wood ybserla ead t1 oath eff adast meee, tedd oa ant hands } a * Ms f 4 Te ey J 1 7 i > L. \ aly it " i , A. ; : : " ; 7 a o —s ee eS 4 ue + vi 5 CAO PP ARG rece cee Pree ak ; Teh yh ee A Oe eee, ee ay ae i Shee Ae nin lay a wore Vi Pe Tae ae A8 ground is found in certain later works also without blind arch- es, indeed in the interior a8 well as on the exterior, so that ‘iin the last case the inner surfacesof the wall remains plain. A particularly rich example of the last kind is found «in the choir of the church at Preiburs-on-Unstrut, dating from the 15 th century, where directly beneath the sill moulding on whose wash stop the -jamb members, it is enclosed by the same arrange- ment having the same width as the windonr, and for-sided recesses occur having panels decorated by reliefs, while the outside men- - bers of the jambs directly below the sill moulding form a series of suspended hound arches with cusps, that-in a manner form a canppy over the reliefs. Simple blind arches. As a substitute for all such richer forms are then usually found on these walls simple blind pointed arches lacking ail di- rect connection with the windows, asin the choir sisle of S. Cudule in Brussels and bhe transepts of the church ‘in Wetter, and farther in many N. German brick churches. Arrangement of windows. Height of the window. For the height of the window arch is determined a maximum, so that for its body may remain beneath the side arch. This condi- tion results of itself, if the window entirely occupies the spa- ce between the buttresses, and hence the window and side arches are either concentric or coincide, as sssumed for the middle w window “in Fig. 840. _ With a smaller width of the window, the concentric arrangement of windows and side arches will then only remain possible if the proportion of the width-is such, that no extremely pointed form is compulsory, but is necessary in no case. A minimum height of the window is determined by the common gre ound tines ‘between window and side arches. Thus the hoe of the side windows are determined in Fig. 840. On the ratio of the height of the window to the height of the wall beneath the sill moulding it can only be established, that the former shall predominete, as based on the nature of the matter. Maximum width of window. It has already been shown how the greatest width of the window results, so that its jambs lie directly at the buitresses so % that their sides form the jambs, from which start the arches. Se a NE ee ee ets van to esntl haexd) eat aust ‘gu0tdo 20? sopte wou ee dotdw ot .#cgisd aisseao 2 ts Sif of sxoo eodone wobain add asdt .ysw sldsioa € af qo Ssdevq ets a9 sobs neqotc-sit ‘ys Sedeiait ei: Yootads Sainedsyaente * Satasot seostine [sottzey elii yitosxs basite ead § anode (388 o3i%) motv ovisoeqaotg od? .tuemtzsquoo edt egexed ody ai Sfod ylistosgas bawot ei isdd ,d ts tnemegaas sean .Blavesed to. fashediso sdt to stods edt to ativey {yews goo at dore obte oft ere .(h8 .8lt at onoda et san ii a Ay fees) on he 7 pues «al et dens -eidteiv at aottoosissuk to satf odd shite asdto. sad Siciaeg a9tno edt ylantbroook -bf7 wo ak betting dia asoro @ enx0t regc0! og tnemttsqmoo edd eteet dotdw ao dows bedatas P piedd ded¢ of .@namzee 8 ylao tad .dots betateg. Stalqmoo j Ria: i be rf 6, ee signs seutde yrev 2 $s esostzns saods dosexstot etaew edt nt Sasol at ytitsiivesy efdtetw yLoeotace oatwaiedto sist Pic Vawode ef fnemegnadta evody ,LuoT to LTaxbedteo edt to «odo i @ Od? aot betusexs .6 O88 O88 cenit ni oelg bas noisevele ede eee ePoky: eas Yo eoxtetitud eds ,aafq ods YO owode. eA .eecatud ied evods gadd ,ebhbieci as) of hevom ets nogswob tisd edt ai gat ated: etoted hrs ,wmedt dguords zhnetxe gatneqo as [lie wobuke ‘ed? elite .s edie neoto one Batiged atteie of? foetora aqot | evieoss tisde hetreant odd ud? Sebivibdor wetq eid? bee d coy eed? #0 .tiver feagus 8 2s eyseeag etdi tevo beunitace dois obie a8t evs #603 .wobaiw sds toto edmet edt oil eeeeertind Cacvetai yGased? aud ,actsevele eit ys avode 26 sode1s fietatog es ben >3 bas dows yoinedtynextes berotinem exoted ef to enil {anaetze | ad boxutupet ots exsiq oft neowted et iver Leanne edt tedseud BEL \bnsors eit at Barot 9 ebawor odd to eletigqeo edi evods agi | odd eonte tre .0d8 +Bi% ai aiedo eds te esdoxs eeoro edt to ae: siode edt yntbecerq otsnpe efhbim edt mi edit eects ens Yo Bi Sol etivest stedé ,utode Lenoyyloqg ett nt Nad? veteedy tet aba ent to tdpied faupe dtin tdpied TesseTy tet 8 18K 10} LP “hee as edia. aeote ent geet doidw no baw ,1eK0l doum ov beosig fh (pats ith “smegyteg od Yo edit edt to sapids evisae edt sai “rae shede ite eisninies tdyled sete odd tA. b ¢ads Ratnrot mene ods saex deidu no i Nhat 7b wh PE ott Open ees Ly Je Oe a) ewtetg es sd Aa ; ~ 6 i i Pe. s- ~: — e ‘1 : 9 Raicy > ” ; ; Po he Le ae af a » th -_—. 7 aot} * ~ sEidt dts yewitisd edt gaisebaod eeait {sotitev eiz yd ebie - = “Stoteteds pnitsete eviodw ,dote botatod edt to eat! aevord - Btigno edt 20 tdpiow edt ydoredt bas ,do16e Yo wood teLimie a. h teedo: edt to tefq edt ao ce [Low a2 olets eavevensts edt nt 479 Now pince for oblong bays the ground lines of the stilted window arches come to lie at a certain height, to which the cress arch- es are pushed up -in a notable way, then the window arches or a strengthening thercof ‘is furnished by the proper side arches, here extend exactly like vertical surfaces forming the edse of the compartment. The prespective view (Fig. 846) shows this ar- rangement at b, that-is found especially bold in the hexapertite vaults of the choir of the cathedral cf Beauvais, whose arranse-. went is shown in Fig. 847. Here the side arch “is ‘cut away at one side by the vertical lines bordering the halfway rib, while at the other side the line of intersection is visible behind the eross rib omitted in our Fig. Accordinsly the outer rib of the pointed arch on which rests the compartment Bo longer forms a complete pointed arch, but only a segment, so that the compart—- “ments “intersect those surfaces at a very obtuse angle. This otherwise scarcely visible peculiarity is found in the choir of the cathedral of Toul, whose arrangement is shown iu the elevation and plan in Pigs. 850, 850 a, executed for the p purpose. As shown by the plan, the buttresses of the choir end-— ing in the half demagon are moved so far inside, that above the window sill an opening extends through them, and before their tops project the shafts bearing the cross ribs a, while the an- ges b and this pier subdivided by the inserted shaft receive the side arch continued over this passage as a tunnel vault. On these internal buttresses lie the jambs cfof the window, that are tur- ned as pointed arches as shown by the elevation, but thereby the external line of the before mentioned strengthening arch and f further the tunnel vaults between the piers are required by bhat broken line of the pointed arch, whose starting therefore lies ne Oy Pe ee > high above the capitals of the rounds ¢ found in the ground line of the cross arches of the choir in Fig. 850. But since the span of the cross Ribs in the middle square preceding the choir is he far greater than in the polygonal choir, there results for the former a far greater height with equal height of the crown and. &2 similar form of erch, and thereby the height of the capitals in the transverse aisle as well as on the pier of the choir is placed so much lower, and on which rest the cross ribs resist- ing the entire thrust of the ribs of the polygon. At the latter height terminate all choir piers in capitals, on which rest the pieces forming that difference like independent piers, ee Oe ee no ae Dies ey, hie bedore senile bas ete TY t ,2etgot *erq mort Soetxes enobain sat + £ & | pre i eantf obtsnsonoo edt yd benteretes st doa 2 snot eft sets veeengo achiourienoo ettine odd erst ® rsreg v, Sfen adit: to got’ fstnoxtied edt teen yrov aii ‘be a iti tlvew edt to euwors edt Ife to addhied Lance i, “a i eaveaeat bore e6ed? tot seve Sas dote nodate to mict rod dasad of sgols sseqge ton a806 dows eat to aotot pibsoaboxy yilscios saess yase at tod .entt eattrorl atanoro: éadt eoata of astied af tf easo elds at’ cones 3) gate isilene 2° dtiv. dove sd doniteace: of bas . 38% edt gabbivih yi aovia aevineo dtin dows to mot add 1 at QbS .3hT ak aottoea odd vie fLiw Qb8 .3ft . (estes | 6 meot botatos & to nottomsens odd dviw vine .ebke exe 6 enacts aessery dviw Setvosxe extow sG »s CRS .2ff to bast te setonor). dove edd to xeqe odd Saibaol sot bonot aedt 3 $ ut of fovess -@ eng ee voiisooo teak? .9fdex e yd dows wob y * ae «(SSO gq teauet see r9dta08 : we cals sedt dors obiz odd to stot betatos edd te6s409 $x 40 otatasoxs dayods sve) ors. betarog’s nisks ¢i tot wees nf tedto. dose sbiesd enohuis ieteyse to tnossaaarts Ls becha se: eft Biswot seit of anigoots « teesi ta .yed omer oct i bovot ee ,awobaty ont to Suemezusris edt yd Ssakstdo-et done x )t8 tefed).2 to domuds odd bra fasb0diso giedacexes eds ote wobatw on? edi ‘atiwied wobatw Ses01 6 to acidtbhs edt ys dose ebtacd enobuiw £ to neig sit yd .dowe shte esd one °° e dtiw are asare) aisiueo: bee datignd vised ao baoot se Bap: Os Acie f : wohate elbbia edd to tdgied ve9 n bineiees. ett: akas ,witow dosed ynew ai yfisereyne? pidabee ‘Ssttas edt tet wobaiw [sed 8 to Themegneixe edd mi i efous obig odd I¢ crol isfwoertsinen edt of a “ BH) Se Betore wobatw bas obie taveonebacqenal a usta ‘betniog of¢ to ythifev edt vox-ted ytiassonu 342 v sat dttw acdeiosy wobnix efé to w10t Rakesnialyo ade stun dit ¢edt to nci¢gauaee edd edte sniwodti bus .ifs f:booatae2 67s séaeudragnes Bid dofdw af dQ .8it ub botas ae 43 20 robvetak of? ai basel ers ototeted? .edeie ono i wom ated: .ceted at cottourtsace edt doidw. ndzt. ysen6s Sato: dons nanaleomeed ‘srnveuhanagy semis e%e ediz dopa at es a) 3 bias sto. enea bail 1 ‘ yi ; ‘Sw es Ae f Pig ’ : ira we mat $3 1 Vea a saa | * ne 7 ao ee Lee a i be Ye a ae Rita ; oF, rs D ins vat ag ie mt er 7 : Dra 7 er een penn ne eel 1 -—-) Be a : - hy < arch is determined by the concentric line of the side arch. But where the entire construction causes, that the crown of the arch ‘form of window arch and even for these equilateral, the upward force of the arch does not appear alone to break this horizontal Hence in this case it is better to place the crown a little lo- wer, and to construct the arch with a smaller :rise (giving it the form of arch with centres given by dividing the base in 4 parts). Fis. 849 will Bive the section in Fis. 849 for the east- ern side, only with the assumption of a pointed form drawn ins- tead of Fig. 849 a. On works execuicd with, greater richness are dow arch by a gable, first occurring on the S. Chapelle in Pars. Further see former p. 342). arrangement of several windows beside each other. in the side of the same bay, at least a grouping to rise toward the middie. Such is obtained by the arrangement of two windows, 3s found in the Regensburg cathedral and the church of S. Peter at Liibeck, by the addition of a round window betwiin the two window arches and the side arch, by the plan of 3 windows beside each other, as found on Berly English and certain Cerman works, with a grea- ter height of the middle window. ‘to the semicircular form cf the side arch. “|: 2D) Pes 480 Side and window arches. If the windows extend from pier to pier, the form of window lies very near the horizontal top of the wall, particularly with equal heights of #11 the crowns of the vault, with a pointed . limiting line, but in many cases actually produces this effect. Le i e : then found for loading the apex of the arch crowning of the win- Further the pointed form of the side arch, thet also réouires for it again a pointed arch (even though excentric), or iby the Conversely “in many French works, asin the transepts et Amieng, the arrangement of a wheel window for the entire width peters Independence of side and window arches. The necessity ‘but not the validity of the pointed arch or of the culminating form of the window vanishes with tha vault its- elf, and likewise #ith the assumption of that rib vault represed ented in Fis. 96, in which the compartments are replaced iby st- one slabs. Therefore are found in the interior of the Freiburg toweryp from which the construction is taken, ‘between each two such ribs are three pointed arched windows besides each other. The same sode of construction found a someshat changed appli- oa a4) my, ; i pes ns sl Te aT ol u, ies ks oi PY, a ae ie ‘ rt aaeite tiated to. ieee nebfo edd: ‘i nottsoriqgs Om etal edt dhocads bool eoyseneg: si aidtin secs .xet oe tn0 i ities edd te aest smecad aedt sinsv odd to asdous Shke od? dbelovel ers Soeadreqmoc edi to mokfoaot edt seve bas {stnostred g stot ylantbrooes dotdu .sosisds bist the eontine ssqqu akedt base .saszeag edt To dthkw ed? {doze obte edtiek 2 91sd? snotifl ia omeG orto aot taamenas Be sacs ‘Scott sds > ,eheaseq edt diiw evoutisd Lenvetst end ¢ wobnin betaios € yd pebasgo ak tedt .ifsw nobaiw odt b .evods | > © binow wObaiv to stot talsgastoos ¢ asivediy »tdzied. Leepa to gpohathanaipie dnetottiog To gaiieveo 6. dti@ esd oldative od é pisiguexe os basot af onf-si-tellésV) ol .edela sasdt troqgue al cobain asiavnetost sf% ni o1cdw .eetd 206 aisared .£ aost @episi yw aleaeg bh ofak Sebivith dows Sséatog deo18 6. baties B setdel eds nsowtsd bestot alethaege odd bar .2cokllum laws soca \‘beduseni yd belli stags exe sxpaclbes wslegsetos? adi " .gatrevoo fatnosttod: edd antnedégeotda ylissrottine swetisl ade = eat to wotteaotiqks bibaelqe bas exotaegat yitefoottreg 4. anim: guadesste ed¢ Yo wobaby eso ef? so finwot ef notiens) snoo | ssbeces aeqotq wobais eit pebtetao aoll eted egazesgq edT .122 mw. wobatu ods olidw',888 .git ni dots ebie ett Bo sosiq oft v2 oh dota Sebmeqase dtinu sforio & eo hbeoslget ef «eit emer edd ai = pali{tes eds bas voolt Boesetiind oad seewted Seaind ,ebie eohts edd bas tetisi ef: neowsed Lovbnage edt Das ,ehseeeq-ede exec betes? ellvtitused has neqo vd. betlit et eteupe eds. to ‘eeaetn ed¢ 26 ebie yetwo od at toa @f.880 .pit at e& Lien Bas yew eose ode ni bersieiieq ed elerhaage ost Sivow neat Semsipe oft ys olfouito edd to eauveolowe oft exdé bas hes Ngalhrooos doxs re edt yd tedt #26 ,Obasyco ae teny THoege Ph ode ape eee | ORS Se itdusv to wtot feuds ede of Beas Pied hy | . ‘sendt{ive bas edmet SE edt to. baked ae suoiLfow edt ental vlapoivesd a4 see haat sa ,ueteens 9s eunaes vied pepderent: Roy #20 nafs oat no. 5i tidfdze 98 .senedto ae neuf stay ae i “yy es Cen a VS SET oR eS es ae EP eaasorttnd edd assented {iss wobakn sat essed glanfoot - edt ettf eedots gobtostoxg ylsest 2s wo sieds 30k arr iten wobatw odd dttu betoenaco bas weds no titsd 18 aids evode Sh6 .ofF it esvteoe? to 19taw tot fenasdo sat, yess ed? t649 ,oveda betnesexqet eiquaxe est nt evteonoo wok - core rthpehe cadammnt amet adac eR : A8i application ‘in the older churches of Burgundy (Fig. 848). Part- icularly here the window wall between the buttresses ‘is moved out so far, that within it passages lead through the latter. The side arches of the vault then became free ef the wall ly- ‘ing there on as freely projecting arches like the other ribs, and over the junction of the compartment are leveled by a wall ‘bailt on them and connected with the window wall by utone slabs laid thereon, which accordingly form a horizontal ceiling on t the width of the passage, and their upper surface either forms the channel for water or receives it; Fis. 848 shows this arr- angement for Notre Dame at Dijon. There a is the side arch, b the internal buttress with the passage, c the stone slab laid above, d the window wall, that is opended by 3 pointed windows of equal height. pikewise a rectangular form of window would be suitable here, with a covering of sufficient strength to support these slabs. In Vadllet-le-Duc is found an example taken from §. Germain des Pres, where in the rectanguler windou is in- serted a great pointed arch divided into 4 panels ‘by large and small mullions, and the spandrels formed between the latter and the rectangular endlosure are again filled by inserted trefoils, the latter sufficiently strengthening the horizontal coverins. A particularly ingenious and splendid application of the same construction is found on the rose window of the Strasburg mins- ter. The passage here lies outside; the window proper recedes to the place od@ the side arch in Fig. 848, while the window wall in the same Pig. is replaced by a circle with suspended areh in- side, turned between the buttresses, floor and the esiling of the passage, and the spandrel between the latter and the sides of the square is filled by open and beautifully treated tracery. _ conceive in the example represented above, that the window wall as in Fig. 848 is set in the outer side of the passage, t then would the spandrels be perforated in the same way and gla- zed, and. thus the enelosure of the circle by the square would appear gust as organic, as that by the pointed areh according to the usual form of vault. ‘Jambs and mullions. As previously stated, the mullions in works of the 12 th cen- tury assume a greater, and consequently the jambs a lesser imp- ortance. We exhibit it on the plan of the window of the choir in Wetter given in Fis. 851, where the thickness of the mullion t Fie > ad 18 tbe eas Haw ott 0 1 Maelenose: ot .atenoms anes ite fenappest deom tedd ef wre? soddel od? . cavalee ef2 © | sani islets: adpst: tedoit sitte ,etdor telqwie ott at ange i to toktostosa edt ak tonao? fas t4yta add at dsc0ls faces “hy papneune ebusot seeds to elstigeo edt redtie nadt | ent ak bedtvoent mot basots “ssdvega nk doxa eft | m0 epee ub geuaktaes ttede edt x0. ,creldus edd | sumeloo ofttil eeedt yd beonsamos wtcl sat to eseduew fb bessoifqaon: evon etoned eudd bes .enoillsn edd no oantt ; we2 of qfn0 -enoillow ifeue bas ogtal to sSnemegastis “edt goats , 20deinayv enotilva edt sosnisd sonerettrb eauine fose ebined basal eon sei [ane ow? to tefedoo ie (d ta _benkanretsd at gaotfine bas admst wobstw edd Yo evendokds od? Paeddo al .dose 102 flew od¢ to saseiotdd oft PAL ge toiosd ys @notiiow got ceviy ed of atseaqe tyitogunsu suse |4% ot apoaly o othasetics wd hesesas coals es .ffen odd 26 sesadords add OD\> e epeste diol .OPr\€ gatod sods admet:edt to eesmloids sd¢ y saetaasees dt @f bas dt Df eds to aitow sawxs? duos od daog ‘pot bas yrsoemt to anoktsatdmoo daft cot etiashd edd etedu an ereeeed ed? to exte [fee oft of bel anotl{om to easot «0b , " £b@ .OfT of exenpe sid vd awode ek Agkt etdt to elquexa By Pedébte. oxtves sit gedgnooo nobake ads orede aeeeo xk neve A a asdore sdf no evednem oly dows bSavot asakietos ota «wed: gad + wasseotsind edt to eshie sdt gakioserstal yltisg to ylocttias | Sorted aegod si mea0 .6 to siete sid soxt slosexe wa dove 2 Be od E88. .959 | hei: 4 $s dowsdo. edt to enobniw reqgu odd nn we aoatdonc? nme: aLsd Hs edd déiw beioennco ecokllvw edz (2 8f8 .3ikt)_ a t betsrsyse sis bse .ifem edt to seoat ddod ai yfasen sii ‘sl vevenists {fet edt yqsooo yedt tedd os ,eveo #8 yd ylno tox fe ere Hejasine ak dose voboin edd sed? .fien odd | -itaiaaaeal dotda ,wtot ofstusonos.to sakifuom gith agitost : si se yllatnopttad dbeaiwie1 ef doze wobuiw edd to anki bas biswnwoh yilaottzev eso sedt ,soasteth diode s ro aod ed? gotarot seaheer edd edd dbavots. ylletuce i A MB R10 Oe yeh Lom book | 98 Gatuasoae ensssen | sine: auo00 Susdt tsvaet0l adage dorrenaned sat mort gatroot Bape an Pen oe tae + eo 482 enounts to about half of the wall, and the jambs consist of sin- ple splays. . The latter form-is that most frequently occurring ‘in the simpler works, while richer -jambs are formed by rounds placed in the right angle formed in the projection of the wall. Then either the capitals of these rounds receive the members of the arch in another sround form inscribed in the right angle of the ashlars, or the shaft continues in the earch as a round. The members of the form commenced by these little columns then :con- tinue on the mullions, and thus become more complicated ‘in the arrangement of large and small mullions. Only in Strasburg the difference between the mullions vanishes, since the larger only consist of two smaller ones placed ‘beside each other (Fis. 855 a at b). The thickness of the window jambs and mullions is determined by Lacher at 1/3 the thickness of the wall for each. In other Places in the same manuscript appears to be given for mullions 4/40 the thickness of the wall, as also assumed by Hoffstadt, the thickness of the ‘jambs then being 3/10. Both sizes corres- pond to most German works of the 14 th and 15 th centuries, where the desire for rich combinations of tracery and too slen- der forms of mullions led to the small size of the latter. An example of this kind is shown by the squere-in Fig. 841. Even in cases where the window occupies the entire width of the bay, are sometimes found such rich members on the arches entirely or partly intersecting the sides of the buttresses. Such an example from the choir of S. Ouen in Rowen is shown by Fis. 841 b. Sometimes as on the upper windows of the church at Haina, (Fig. 851 a) the mullions connected with the little columns lie nearly in both faces of the wall, and are separated there- from only ‘by @ cove, so that they occupy the full thickness of the wall. Then the window arch is enlarged externally by a pro- ‘jecting drip moulding of concentric form, which in the ground tine of the window arch -is returned horigontally and continues a short distance, then goes vertically downward and asain hori- 1 gontally around the the ‘buttress, forming the ‘border by its offset. Hood mouldian. Moreover there occur here members enclosing the arches and ‘pro- ‘jecbins from the face cf the wall, that senerally occur on the works of the 13 th century, a very effective means for increasing ae. peers? 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To this it would be opposed, that the last could pe expressed by the arrangement of stairs, that moreover the division in hei- ght of the choir and transepts does not always harmonize with that od the aisles. Here we shall only refer to the cathedral of Noyon in which in the middle aisle above the side aisle and thus directly above the side arches is a vaulted gallery, over which is the triforium and above the last is found the clesrst- ory windows, while in the transepts the division in height is changed, so that over the height of the dividing arches: and t thus at the height of the floor of that gallery is the trifor=- | ium, over the latter being a double row of windows placed over each other, so that before the lower and inner passage is. found and before the latter is an outer one. But the intention is further to establish a unity between the different parts of the same work required by no internal reasons, just as fer from the nature of Gothic art as the other, to simm- ulate an effect corresponding to an entirely different conception. It must be further noted here, that when verticalism reaches an enhanced expression of Gothic construction, this nowise sup- presses horizontalisa, and that on the contrary the endeavor to elevate the former principle at the cost of the latter so as to predominate alone, even form the weakness of the later works, which by the opponents of this art is erroneously represented as a necessity thereof. If we now pass to the Late Gothic arrangement of windows occ- upying the entire height above the sill moulding, which height is often to increased, that the proportion té the width is scar- cely intelligible, then must #éamake prominent the defect, that this defect is so exclusive and injurious to all other parts to be pleasing, and therefore has already produced many ugly arran- gements. It is further unfavorable to the effect of the glass, both for the adoption of a white or colored pattern from the FC ee ee roe Se ee ee TR ee ee ee Ee SE ee ee ge ee ey ; [a8 dtew ae. gcse pple abiswaniualt % vt fabeidt ) to gbforeg rote edd at tas eoTuREt Yo sacltsdnes 1ev0: atenod-o#if wetgones bevakey sods of bel dt @ petits ea bebusyer ed yfnc nso aguet yltotate tedt ie ‘svohois So s¢dzied sviessoxs dest ssisaut tod a: eid al jeepesesq yd. ysitiideseeoos Iisdd 10d bse and $e seq019 Sods tdawoe od OF ek redial edt. to sasmeriop t to 4OT efdtos e to agieab otdtod vised ody s0T bavor p aiteix: ent xd awode ss\urot oases ck uedt soeite seoda Psdnemednetis setel edt ot tobtstad toons tesel de ,eetd if Lorene wt atieed: eidy sadé t eit ai es bomuyzes ai wottulouey ed? tadt of meviy | kt ygatixzooos efeetsety e¢ sisys [Lin f taersen yaiyi $asnog P Bae © elise edd to etdgien edt dtiw berogwoo sa aiaeanocaos xe as Gt. Secidaoc ed aieys mso Sane .W bas M es woled toe{, ot sbetiupes ti,8 bas _ A @tueseto Yo etatog ect to neliaeol edt sted setwexia at OvOiig) etivey at eh .vtnistzeo ddtn hext? ec of ton exe ow Of) ,m0 hetavos ei sett0om olivzelg eft to tsette sidaccval betovscias od [ftw si asoltoustenoo teeri0o city tad? bemee te eibbim edt ni eidieeed es ylisem a8 etnensgnoo ett ceex ast ® -¢nodvs eeli A tafog oft tadd on seliem gativoggque £8 ebes2ers O70 t1 .9mse off to tefl edd oF 20if mas taygic ‘ jetoitise es Ifew yottcoeqve edi biszed nas ef weltqmpeas yf tonoence eas etsoof of eidtesoq ei tt es Buol o&. (Reorse fede gate TO | \PGOXE O98 exedwom ak equaweng edt tt teis x +H76d odd ai atemert steduyteve ysem ouvese hai edt os felisisq esaenoguoe ed? to nottoertb ed? geoidw os “THOOO YSU Beres hee ,seenstemvorio emee ni exvose (Bi wedto edt oltiw ,{sottrey ylasen to aticp et tnenoquoe in att bv VG feebal .{r1z 628 Vyta) beaifoat excm dos Petts itera tt bier a5 Part teeaeatae YER yedé etaurda = : "7 494 of R is laid off as the length © F, and the lines © A and C B are drawn and with these and the diagonal C F is found the par- allellogram CO DF L. Now drawing a horizontal through C, the d distances G D and EB J give the magnitudes of the components sought al The assumption that the points of application of the compone- 1 nts A and B lie in the middles of the walls, can only approxima- te correctness, since the different locations of R and the var- ying thickness of the supporting walls and that may produce dan-= gers in these as well as in the construction chosen to cover them. | To decide with approximate accuracy in special cases, as for the 1 position of R near one side and greater thickness of one or the other of the supporting walls, one must realize that the result- ant R does not act at a single point, but that it is merely a comprehensive expression for the forces widely distributed in the area, as pefore illustrated by the representations of stres- ses én Pigs. 875 to 377 .s well as Figs. 383 to 385. Pig. 859 II. The resultant R is oblique with egaal thickness of the supporting walls. Et can be assumed, that the components are parallel to R and that the points of pressure A and B are | given, so that the resolution is assumed as in Fig. I. The com= ponent lying nearest R will again be greatest. Accordingly the components are composed with the weights of the walls G@ and Ga, project below as M and N, and can again be combined in a result- and R,if required. Likewise here the location of the points of pressure A and B are not to be fixed with certainty. As in vaults (p. 47) if a favorable effect of the plastic mortar is counted on, it is as- sumed that with correct construction it will be endeavored to keep the components as nearly as possible in the middle of the supporting walls, so that the point A lies about as far to the right as m lies to the Left of the same. If one proceeds in this assumption, he can regard the supporting wall as sufficiently strong) so long as it is possible to locate the component in it, that if the pressure is nowhere too great, or also that the pr- essure may everywhere remain in the kern. The @irection of the components parallel to the resultant also oceurs in some circumstances, and cases may occur in which one component is quite or nearly vertical, while the other is so m much more inclined (Fig. 859 TEI}, indeed by vaults with strong thrusts they may be @ivectedgoutward between the supporting wallse : te ‘atta pote Feaunti elteivottacg ad. of st ti font ig eS gathdogeertoo eebwred?o ede dtin sede shane ak med? vetsak? bus wenotdt edd ni Teoqeose vi Git Yo Gottoet£d eupifdo as KtIH TIT C26 . git N sig: eshistuo edt ss iifan goisvogaue sedetdt a ai ers MGeests uignetoitine s dybodt ,seds0 ett fa ano nidi ER OP). resteL ode ot Beahlven. od neo esto? feottaeyv yviiat ad etetet of F dywoids awarh ek (aotrtev # staenogmoc eds nang ed? yd Boe B/C elt adé awaad ef © word ec petaenoquoo e¢t ofat bevlose« ef LO sotteesib edt ai 3 Bibas D esdytew «ted: allen od¢ hidtiw hestdmoo exc dotsn’ -., oft ,ffew atel edi ni yldssoretan seezeeq soxot eff ae A gatvom yd hetesge: ed ase Pay qj ans . oafo a6 sheeqeb yileartan & Yo wolifeoy Lenton edt Meee Lk S1n9d0 otso sidatovaton gzom ed? tot: ,sdgin ect 2% ee ict qeugs edt med? .{6 G8 C88 LEE) gaol oor at s40 ot SR eupiido ‘ex? ot setenats od bane eS ofhn58 ef? fo eive4 — gao teem to nottiitnaoce b ,eldteaoqai yifereae eond ‘ eYa-40 .o ts srotea to eocig s te Ylo guidsaoedd odd xd ¥lao t dae fee ect eetedu .stef ocd of seem toqcgu off to yakbble a eof €@€ efyns aoant edt ¢sdt set oe eotetor Iisr Wo sexgecesg od¢ BSevieoes sostrme eft bo siwaq tabosths eft - fe pottroqeus hoe ftoggwe eds te enoitaool eat . Vi 38 . art 54 : aetiulores edT“,etoted ce uated eetweedta Beytatoxe ors nos @ertetat od? tecdt aottgeoxe efoe eds atts abeooorg seo te} a yO? OCt Geli wottoeetetni eft tl .itewancsd evom ef MEY at & Je2e0 temic? off vott ver tuersttib 6 at beqled. ov hv Ae ioe V réouot fetnonteod bse Laoitdev ofst bevlose+ ‘GE Shek Se Yoitoe eensaogros Lasistev est oiat Beylo yrisces {ite ttol eds te yoiyl troqque off 11 ee8 .32e of fed Ifite % erotecedt bas woitvebienoo Ot¢ou BF to dta0 eel Recs ZG hse © 8 1G Gd ee G tatog ef% §6 Bastoagse DY) tanta ent #5 slew sevactse off i 4.8 eoted ode sbaol edt uatenadd dtexe Sniw odd evedw as ,yiav ebsol edt er6ed¥ q §nitivess edt to shrtinyea odd ytsev fin susdd sivies teum otedi ,2sotisy wotvosith est asieextl a: ins pene te seso: eidt tot yvotse fosters ; ae i. te te ae ead yol atari eda fo atynel edt yd booreiltai ylynotts ed yer tf baa’ J He s > § , r 2 Aa ty 0 ae a ll Nl ae 3 1 yep ter 4) i Ae) ’ 495 a It is to be particularly assumed that walls of anegual thickness, that with the otherwise corresponding construction the component is steeper in the thinner and flatter than in the thicker wall. Big. 859 III. With an objigue direction of the resultant, th- ere is a thicker supporting wall at the outside but merely a t thin one at the other, though a sufficiently strong support. 0 p | Only a vertical force can be assigned to the latter. To find ¢ ‘ the components a vertical is drawn through B to tnéerséetsReatod. From 0 is drawn the line 0 A and by the parallelogram the force R is the direction 0 A is resolved into its components, with ‘which are combined withim the walls their weights G and G,. If. the force passes unfavorably in the left wall, the construction can be repeated by moving A. The actual position of A naturally depends on circumstances, and it may be strongly influenced by the length of the support at the right, for the most unfavorable case occurs if the supp- ort is too long (F&g. 859 999 a). Then the upper load chiefly rests on the angle C, and the transfer to the oblique force is thus generally impossible. A condition of rest can occur again only by the breaking off of a piece of stone at C, or after the sldding of the upper mass to the left, whereby the supporting wall rotates so far that the inner angle b lies above snd with the adjacent parts od the surface receives the pressure. Fig. 859 IV. The locations of the support and supporting wall. Jae are exchanged, otherwise being as pefore. The resolution of the forces proceeds with the sole exception that the intersection 0 is moved downward. If the intersection lies téo far, this may be helped in a different way from the former case. R is first resolved into vertical and horizontal forces V and H. V.is res=- olved into its vertical components acting at A and B according to Pig. 859 I. The support lying at the left will receive no p part of H worth considering, and therefore H will be entirely supported at the point B as Bd. Bd and B EB then combined give the foree B E in the stronger wall at the right. Changing the load. Where the loads vary, as where the wind exerts an influence, there will vary the magnitude of the resulting pressure R, and | likewise its direction varies, there must naturally exist a suf- ; ficient safety for this case of loading, and it suffices to in- g vestigate for the two limits of BR. meet Gir a i ae vhottopstante® ‘to bok ssuiy eae ohamy Ud Beteveo Jesd ssa eoheessy worsek bet: eboen od toaneo eidd evedw senote knot bas enorte ~ | 1 eote {etewm TI .eeeso Istoege at pnidisey yd ols bus eolo es BTS els neal viacnor nap 1 wifsioeges .ebatbhfivd ofg¢ “ my eh Chie ah # ‘sBetetxe yivsnve? eden x0 oe aa al r ie a a vai : - sis NORD Cage eomg: fatey F olesth aH BIAIT a ai b iabloet bv fas abe eldesive eran ue heath Sa eo aan a aie al edt wood Sun swoyo scaly ai ot [fiw vedi ,beyoiuse vile 496 Mode of construction. Narrow passages are best covered by stone beams or slabs of strong and tough stone; where this cannot be used, by corbelling and also by vaulting in special cases. If metal ties are gener- ally employed, they will be in place over and below the openings. That a proper transmission of force may occur, as clearly res- ults from the previously described examples, a very careful exe- cution that includes* oversight of all important conditions of transmission and pressure is reguired for just those points. 0 Gantioncisoparticularly required if at one side of the passage are employed tall columns of a single piece, while the wall at. the other side is built of separate courses in shrinking mortar. What énjurious influence can be exerted by too long columns, as- ide from their too great loading, is illustrated by the little | sketch in Fig. 359 III a. That such particularly bold construc— tion in mediaeval works has chiefly lasted very well shows, that the old masters in the execation correctly supervised all impor- tant. requirements. 7 Arransement for removal of water, gutters and gargoyles. Fall from edege of roof. : The simplest and most common removal of water in Germany is’ that the water simply drops from the projecting edge of the roof, and by its overhang is prevented from flowing down the wall sur- face. The efficiency if this protection increasesswith the pro- jection of the moof made by wooden construction. If the plan if an always limited projection of the roof perm- itted by a stone moulding without a gutteris imperfect, yet it may be required by limited means, and it either assumes the form shown im Fis. 960, where the edge of the roof is directly over the face of the moulding, ob it is according to Fig. 361 a board nailed on the projecting ends of the joists, that forms above the moulding an oblique surface increasing the projection.’ Yet a more exact investigation shows many works in their pres- ent condition lacking a gutter, yet such was originally intended and either has already disappeared in the erection of the roof or in consequence of later alterations. Generally appear on sim- ple buildings, especially if secular, that also gutters of wood or metal formerly existed. Metal gutters. Where suitable stone was lacking, the dutters were made of ey PACE of ei : is ray as ie Hoh pe | a if a hits zt) i fe e “0 i FY | ly oan by ohieveat canodt Migieas re a qase #eY .ledsn “ag 083 paced gaitiw200 noltocitesco 2 tevo egetnsvbs na ved)” $ hersgere senman s af ei-iediey odd esedw .enid® senol es Bi sbt) cost [entetxs od¢v ni ebno ased edt go beasteat biacd $9 . “8 bas eeso novi edt ani modtod asboow se to etetenco sf yemsed Baitvensoo dtiw teqsteq vol s gutbised yd hemrct Jeqs A Sokaat eft dteenad ylleasetxe betsla, nels ai votial od 1s b scot? stogsisg tadt to qod add revo pay bas toor edd to - 5 bot o8 at totew odd yiesl ti t¢edd ,bertesh tt beyorgat sts ie edd o1s clistovet ylislnott1064 ,emsed odd tow tonaso él dead 4 a jgattoe{ org etavagee no cesr 8 evade sietiay booslg yieoult Ditud Asixd ofdioD saeos2 teom odd mo hetuoexe en .eledroo Ps A ,esetiny egors t to @os sdf ai dnwe fenneds 5 yx hemtol sta evetdne snote seat to ifs} tdgite 8 dtiw yrseeooes If mens .dele. eoratoco ae ,ootetoath ess brawost mot 28 booubs1 ed sanm déaeh ati ,einaado ekdé of busget. ATiF ° goo eds a0 dud .enote edt gcinsiser biowve od eldtezoy es bed yam sebie ed? .eldtecon es Shiw 28 sham ad aso dibiw odd i nottod eis o¢ai:cesq yen 10 .{s ts £08 .ot8) aeqole wd bem eBSVINO A ssn cit eeil soddny odd to god end seso tasilomte sdt al iq sodtie uotsd tooredt tc scabs edd .smaed sd? to wotted sit Bed ed seeo yas nl «ti evods bisf wetted 10 shhe atk tsvo boo pisw edé aott bstootdomq ed of sxe medd msewted esebie bae ebas Mo eble wei sdt boided [Lex edt cater ot at nelg teed edt B) .tLtus ek Ifen wol s to bosias sve amesd odd yderedw .neditue d sesjap edt to Babe edt ncktoustenoo stelqmos atom s AgLY + hed? of gedd ,yselis S001 befi{so-o2 2 20 [isw ebertaviad e fo 208203 hotsle add ebiatvo isteS dlind ed bivow.onso tealg ped bilvow bas desw odd to ogole eft countécoo sbtetno ett teds pe *8Rif).eoeiaue edt to motteroesbh edl{-elsoe s yd betevoo ie eA ca seteqetwsg dtiw ecaticd z. 7 Be eoborsenigd graesit to dwemedasi1s edd ek tedots dos¥ him duetoitiee cotivoe1 ntieeh edt .(yze0e1? reban iséel a iw. .edele edd Saitier 10% sedtvg edt to eostane soqay edd . } Ougaot yd boxit so belowoh ssd¢ie exs eoosiq: starsgee edd she dtod nt eldavetesy si #1 .838 224 wives svoo1 ett evsel of o1otereds bus ,ecgaot edt to eebte sit nodé ih Sen : aie een ead 1 cost road broyed astrontars . : if ey a aed mie " en ee rs ae eat bet ts hee Naat, ar 7, Ae i ¢ ie ee Cpuas sug ‘ 497 . 4 metal. Yet many modern designs: though imperefte in many respects, — have an advantage over a construction occurrins in works on the \. lower Rhine, where the gutter is im a mamer prepared for by a poard fastened on the beam ends in the external face (Pigs 862). ‘$ consists of a wooden bottom in the siven case and a low par- apet formed by boarding a low parapet with connecting beams ae The latter is then slated externally beneath the lowest slates of the roof and bent over the top of that parapet. These gutters are improved if desired, that if leaky the water is so led away that it cannot wet. the beams. Particularly favorable are the f freely placed gutters above a wash on separate projecting stone corbels, as executed on the most. recent Gothic brick buildings. Stone gutters. Stone gutters are formed by a channel sunk in the top of the cornice slab, then if necessary with a slight fall of the bot- tom toward the discharse. ah With regard to this channle, its depth must be reduced as much © as possible to avoid weakening the stone, but on the contrary 4g she width cam be made as widé as possible. The sides may be for- © med by slopes (Fig. 863 at a), or may pass into the bottom by Curves. q In the simplest case the top of the gutter lies directly under 4 the bottom of the beams, the edge of the roof being either pla- ced over its edge or better laid above it. In any case the beam ends and sides between them are to be protected from the water. fhe best plan is to raise the wall behind the rear side of the Sutter, whereby the beams are raised or a low wall is built. (Fig. 8 With a more complete construction the edgé of the gutter has a balustrade wall. or a so-called roof gallery, that in the sim- plest case would be built later outside the slated sutter, so that its outside continues the slope of the wash and would be covered by a scale-like decoration of the surface.(Figs. aes, 863 | Gutters with parapets. 3 Much richer is the arrangement of tracery balustrades(see later under Tracery); the design requires sufficient width of the upper surface of the gutter for setting the slabs, where she separate pieces are either doweled or fixed by tonsue and Sroove as in Fig. 864. It is preferable in both cases to streng- — then the sides of the tongue, and therefore to leave the suiter a projection beyond the face 6f the balustrade, finished attop ‘ets ebstiayle: silty 0 mbison iad wvouhes 6at Naeger sae bene godt: dotde Lid aettay. edt yd) modtod: ts Sedoennos m etntot- eaedy. (weds no bral: ‘geo edd yd-god ge baa Pah iyckoveues soherteni{ed edd to seold dtiw stentes{s 50 430 0 obetéeulad dé to qaoiedt poitourtasco tc abou § beoriqes ef bus esdatasv wotéognnoo etdt oa Soe adele geo ed 0 ‘doktostong sd” ,etatot bao edd. ai betasent ‘es dest en anteas1 bas obsstenisd nae to god sit te tio sd 7 Bie -dtatiqs 08 € fords 8 eile pad 70% + pebied: gad) a4 whed lod 3e:wal } tot bas ~fondado sdé to wottod eft tot emee odt wo O8 a teqcu eit 10? ativest etedt mo el od Gf ebsctenled: edt 9 doide ~mo OC tesel da to dthly Yrteseosn #& Ilan odd to Sade dois no ,ifsw wobniw edv tol Bbetkspes anctemeath sie st isd odidtleaiupod yom emoteteds bas .ebaneqsh soitoustenoo i 20 eo 643 ssvo gatiledsooled ebfeak Setoetto od sso eidT aapeee: ds déin sicdasosce Suods dows aa yo to yetaoadreqacs uted fbentet assots benotéasa yltconpett seodd yd yllanitetxs Stoni yd yiguie teow Sed .o VCE REE ak es sseneisied sit q suolisv govis. ed iffif asied .sotades edt 6 cotfostorg sit aber seqqu ont setse edd tufondeorgq egnots sug to elit Psenel & eeovieost .dnsatesdt eodota ai ¢eeel ts .stadnow B to sexct bortev yiev yd .iatiges s to Ifed' edt to vads eat! edi 6ecqmoo sult euee oft Je doldw (etreqgue egetict rv neqede: bas’! jectatcs sitiss ods 26 aokistpewante svisostts | Beek .eobe edt to sost sit svods bastes yf lei9a93 Shai iveey to.sot towel s diinw besoensop semitenca ais yodd oni Seeedt ied bevelaes codidencs oxa hue ,medd gosuded. ds P atin soin1co s done to modteussenoo orkdae edt aevitp et 226 a ~sbaitesiad a / .efedtos fo setene- ta bedtas ed? Bus ome cato# ts eeods 8e90On aeibaugans ad foo efantsges yo bess iqot ei aotateos to eoeig ¢td¢ .gotis eee ts fosede etatyetios edé sO .settae ef gaitiogges ‘edd debow bavot at eadteremid teg78f af s¢asmegnsets 2 aie tian qacoisd festol « eted tads oe .tgesaedt <2 i add .zoloaaaig aoe poe Seaaddgneate sheatesled yz “ad bettoqgee ba ec ole amt abe sy ae - i a ea " mY ‘en An ee . Dy eM: y ie ‘. as hs ae te ear , Ae ai ak View ee i aoa ‘hh — 498 by a wash. The separate parts of the balustrade are accordingly connected at bottom by the sutter in which they are inserted, and at top by the cap laid on them, whose joints must therefore alternate with those of the balustrade. According to the earlier mode of construction the cap of the balustrade is cut on the Ss Slabs and so this connection vanishes and is replaced by dowels ‘inserted in the end joints. The projection of the cap must then be cut at the top of the balustrade and remains at its bottom as a plinth. Now if we take as the bearing for the beams a width of 36. “6 40 cm, the same for the bottom of the channel, and for setting the balustrade 16 to 18 cm, there results for the upper surface of the wall a necessary width of at least 90 cm, which exceeds the dimensions required for the window wall, om which the entire construction depends, and therefore may requtreittdto be increased. This can be effected inside byccorbellins over the top of the compartments, or by an arch about concentric with the side archl externally by those frequently mentioned arches turned between the buttresses as in Fis. 357 b, but most simply by increasing the projection of the cornice. Later will be siven various pro- files of cut stones producing the same. The upper edge of these members, at least in richer treatment, receives a lower support like that of the bell of a capital, by very varied forms of cle- ver foliage supports, which at the same time compose the most effective ornamentation of the entire cornice, and whose ends. generally extend above the face of the edge. As en capitals, they are sometimes connected with a lower row of leaves insert- ed between them, and are sometimes replaced by these. In Fig. 864. is given the entire construction of such a cornice with balustrade. Gutter on corbels. @n Burgundian works, those at Notre Dame and the cathedral of SAO Se A in IE aN Bt RAGE BEER NENT LATE IAAL LAA EC enue a Pete aes FANS rp tare EET Dijon, this piece of cornice is replaced by separate corbels supporting the gutter. On the collegiate church at Colmar this arrangement in larger dimensions is found under the gable of the S. transept, so that here a formel balcony results with a trace- ry balustrade strengthened by three pinnacles, its bottom slab be ng supported by strongly projecting corbels. Yet these corp- els according to the real purpose are far apart and the corbels Moy felt ee oe tik te oa bit’ jus ie fa tt ibs Ae yh * yesokeroo ‘named meet ts 06: + autokie Lido bus . » toon ed? itesasd baso? wligresey e218 quewre8 al ded? ,entot yaosa To eskois gd betoennoo aledice 78 of bebeoen tud jeoneiz2 Bedows oupsensaol aout sPoizeq beef edt ai atc? Led y ,exeteuy encnte to actionetane> ix ‘so afisw eft of enoisajai ed yeu stetiuz Ssaots te ots dgwords woidsitlit ed to wogo esato, tied edt 1% | Biot edt opened fori? aft teverg. of se1sdsa euCTED « fustinie s dtiw tuo ebrectoss:ta Sas deemeo atin taco Saks fas motted edt ak obiw mo Db o¢ S\I S ns gash no pe tmae dtiw botsoo ost ei dotdw (08) .akY af 2) reding as w geen s aa7ot eidd dadt oe ,sostine d99o yldastt oft ne ee tos beoele cosea s- tenet te ek eld? ytatot, eat gailir nti fees 10% (efol) .ev ddguet ead solvosiq ga ,noees odd idsenad on. e one to got oat ai dole, odt 1ebae tao od yeu For ve etgott od7 te hnitee sverwy.s aetiue sai ee poutieal/=tosVor¥ xd asolh ef Sanon otter onT .etox ip toss: anove add duo? ooneoutlES Goth xtolee an sae 16" Deteaede sad sntoeic yd 10 aot toolee (atetes ya hoebtotte ous “efsdtoo no katyset aE bas tisw edd to sosi ode Joon eds to wedded sii to usitsco 8 yd tignoe od sedaapt seg don Gseodt eased yaen chrotis yaselwedo muchos soidx | a os nit @aoltexcdve1 ai sen otct swoo glénenpot? eed sods pteteesee’ edt ti ,enotuntsl yrev smooed ylrese ysr , contd ‘@fe6y tooo yine aso doiuw ,bsasoss ylist ef snote st pp oad: igsened eesq japm fee .enotde oft no oil feom edosde sheisgenisd ed¢ to. noisoepord iQ etuoce yd eseddeg end wort bevomet ef seta. odT eters ven sid oc ravi esebsel ud 10 re) +eteoqe - ij tase oz Ri akeeny aus to: hasbiel otit de sil seddio ered ze. pwode mrot oft cad tvoga, ‘eat SkR8O. Sertt edi ol > & a 7 sain “eaheeneuit sTRPTOR, is a AF: nee at a eit tedé yatoodzer edd te sawoese nO »@: 08.369 pete -besd to. gatail s ® hours rh ylissenee et otodd bas © 8 282 sent) sattel.ett uot? bad’ s mick eletes eeLanedo Art +) 4RVS .BiN) seds ddconed sarsco #)o¢ Asolsd yeas 40 499 are set beneath the joints, in contrast to the more ornamental and closer placings on modern Roman cormices. In Germany are senerally found beneath the roof cornice: small corbels connected by arches of many forms, that were derived , from Romanesque arched friezes, but receded to a purely ornamen- tal form in the last period. a Construction of stnone gutters. Stone gutters may be injurious to the walls on which nheons lie, if the butt joints open or by filtration through the stone of a porous nature. To prevent the first damage, the joints may be cast with cement and atceachsside cut with a sinking about 1/2 em deep and 2 1/2 to 4 cm wide in the bottom and sides of the sutter (a in Fis. 865), which is then coated with cement applied on the freshly cut surface, so that this forms a mass with that filling the joint. This is at least a means alone invented by the mason, as practice has taught us. (Note). Por greater secur- ity may be cut under the joint in the top of the stone beneath the gutter a grrove ending at the front. Note. The same nesns Vs Sto0en oy Viollet-le-Duc. Compete safety from filtration through the stone itself is afforded by careful selection or by placing the channle before the face of the wall and therefore resting on corbels. It may further be sought by a coating of the bottom of the gutter, for which modern chemistry affords many means though not yet tested, and there is generally preferred a linins of Bead. This lining that has frequently come into use in restorations in modern times, may easily become very injurious, if the fastening to t the stone is fully secured, which can only occur where the lead sheets must lie on the stone, and must pass beneath the undercut projection of. the balustrade.’ The water is removed from the sutters by spouts or gargoyles, br by leaders according to the new system.’ Spouts. These either lie at the height of the gutter, so that their Channles merely form a bend from the latter (Figs. 366, 866 c), or they belong to a course beneath that (Fis. 867). In the first case the spout has the form shown in section in Fig. 866 a. On account of the weakening that the stone must suf- — fer at a by cutting off the border, the mass of it must be redu- os me ote hae dae add te ofucneod ee von as) Seonbos sewed edt yfae ,snoitoetib. fa uk petveged yd -enob of2 .9 O08 of Gof .entt yd asse as .fedwoxived autaie ® guiwolt edt to etiocloy edt bos gotted edt gaitnte vd b ond | MOTE gattiogess fenmedo odd baivorisa yd Seeso2o0n! sot gonad rognt felooue to ef tedtel afd? .snete ed? to ‘sabe Sain edt xd wovish yitees et ylwols ood. yniquesh mo atvor oft to dthin of? ,ifen sid seniesa aosd Isol Rk Saogzug tiedt ot Eeriwogesticg yltostie styocs mol bt es econt af elide ,tetion edt dein aotforut, sit ts A Meet eben qtivoittib aidd ,gnel badetatuth fas eroted apeaalial to ef tuoge of¢ Yo soidsotota odd eeinexid bibes erote odd as taots ce ebeaw.ad of yllanensd al bane g 6s 22 eidd of sodas od ot cl etso fatoest! ,tiared eyni ace, ots (ae end? .nzeitsed edd to sont shiptwo ed¢ buoyed Sidi oe o¢ tutsen et (vw. cee) tucge od Yo atnem edt o1otec ar, ,eoetine tohbau sid dowd, gatwollot sett witex Diickbasncé G8 ,1W6idiob edt dissadd gif etsling ond bee a gece so Lsacedo gelica sat to ddbtw @dd 3102 yews .do od @ sot) seiquie ei Jnemogasiis tert Sd? pbetstotssg ed) tens brgse3 -X¢ hevotger sd sso tos gheggate of bse noque enol His seiwebte godsu ood to tixe odd tedt det of math ivow ent nae 30 Satéigorebay ise ezeo usttel edt al fe es sQkR}) bok foeath oct al teaal ts efdsrsierg BP uskdego edt: to zebie tetem aiz-to wolt acé to odd yd eben yilsnen ef ,figcel eent.eat te neltoubey a TARR doausio odd wor’ C32 .b1t ,@desaad Lodaop ste nok Pe -pysdasl te 3 edt sev0 2yEen evetisvy ai baasegie ody yes Bcuogs ent dtd bettouque 10 ,ageo isd? seve vifssinegobad TOGTIS . 86 68 mohiog eto) steel peee od (itn shit go ord .eoeeons ¥. A) \ : 7 ‘4 a ee: O) prsdtst $e séisi .2 to doreds edt to: shieed¥eoce sds no ene ewode vilsseasy Jooge edi to mrt Leatsixe od? od gatdatatath ecinedii ,eelzas iwxo0l eit gakrehs0d one bas Lisw oft to eost 10 stomiss od? of bainrndes ted oo é yi ap ke Ae g sé ies tostotg weds teun ti bas pp aie é Viethen eeil be ssa efs to aphe peates eds todtio ~eehsvasvbe yas sak eed @ Jo efbbia sit s9vo eoaseattud ow aigse sseyfod art )mottebanc? eff to sheds oda #0 old BIG Bee): is, j sa TR A i hale A ai ae SIRS he ote , oa aS Pe ty hoe eps a oe .. a i jo PO SN A aad eee ae The CPR ae + hon) eae a> i rea : 7 4 te i rer q A H cas Ad q ~ a i WwW Siwy y , eye ns av Pe re | ey} Meet Be de eet oh Mey he a “eS 500 i: reduced as much as possible at the front, and this is generally 4 done by tapering in all directions, only the lower surface ren- ; aining horixontal, as seen by Figs. 846 to 866 c. Slope is made by sinking the bottom and the velocitr; of. the flowing water is. increased by narrowing the channel. resulting from the diminution of the stone. This latter is of special importance, for water dropping too slowly is easily driven by tbe wind from the vert— ical. back against the wall. The width of the mouth on some later | spouts perfectly corresponding to their purpose is 1/3 the width | at the junction with the gutter, while im those made not lons ] before and diminished less, this difficulty made itself felt. Likewise the projection of the spout is of particular. importance and is generally to be made as great as the stone and other th- ings permit. Special care is to be taken in this if the spout lies above a buttress, and it must them project asffar as poss- ible beyond the outside face of the buttress. Thus an undercut. before the mouth of the spout (see uw) is useful to prevent the water from following back the under surface. If the outlets lie beneath the gutter, am arrangement offer- ing many advantages, either the raised edge of the channle must. be cut away for the width of. the outlet channel or the bottom must be perforated. The first arrangement is simpler (Pig. 367) and less exposed to stoppage and can be improved by returning the moulding so far that the exit of the water sidewise is avoi- ded. (Pig. 867 a). In the latter case an undercutting of the sides of the opening is preferable, at least in the direction of the flow of the water. A reduction of the free length is usually made by the insert- ion of. a corbel beneath, Fig. 869 from the church offS. Maria at Marburg. q The spouts mayybe arransed in various ways over the buttress- 4 es, either @ndependently over their caps, or supported by but-. tresses. More on this will be seen later. More seldom dé they lie between each two buttresses over the middle of a bay, as on the nobhheside of the church of S. Maraa at Marburg. The external form of the spout generally shows only 8 chamfer pordering the lower angles, likewise diminishing to the front, but returning to the corncie or face of the wall as a rectangle. (Big. 866 b). On the choir of the foundation church at Treysa 7 el Aa So. Sov dh eh Cet) wen BA ~ eo irabintaone 6 Pi etattnt bance one ist al edd 20 Fewote” bas: iain aedo1d ef BuEBI vow edd eo3bs (888.88) toon ont | eolyoyies a odd et duoee to wrot Jetrenerxo deom hae Seedois sit ) goad std no [sanedo neco as ditw ,ofeutns Yo emret to steel Tinte se SFE svods heed |iit vd beeolo yao ek tad3 ktive ek velyostes heiies-ca saeis to Ytiexevib od? } sero bestisnciineveos yiboowta moat gatfaes2 .xwood Patedd oxen yilenit Jedi ,aeaog hetsutaa erom omuets Sn Siow somooed inemices2 off ,eldastnbooer ylevides a eovete: ‘eiterds tud ,eleuines fentoe saseeeges yitaeq ysde f aenitonce cele baa .octc? ssmed sayees asmitomoe sata at notes ts se at aaah rak tet edil eenede tleeh yxey: a itt Ce we Deatus ef sooo osofn ,sceo 8 Yo eges edt at IESE sie = 4% soelg Seed sat biotic yileven bas lorsdt? gaunt , pemordaiaseeige: svotomid dove work ebfet syteliies [fs git .toecss0n to ebom wsifies ss oc teripoes ots sebatuavbe ‘ “Od .slodu acct of * eéing isited aenkl tetuc to a¢geienos Bi yeotnt et Baeogze ees! tucrutesyt viedt oF .aotiaool esvose 4 mas mobilise asi stuyit ouitae sat bobveqg seliree of? at Peptn2oo Sit) to tuo tainows anted dusg teed ens sfov @ ae wane OF Ledtoo's o¥il begede af) dr ao (fe OVS .o OYE .BaA Be eenotoRtv ai Seoq oct aysule ted’.(d OVS .2h9) yhoo eda or ylivitiuesd cf soon cad yiieioeqes bus rnolovou: to re ae) iw odesed esti yloztine ett smie*gedel ead of olitw .(bd8 i {2s to eared (otieast bus chef tuo-esext doin enweti esiéae iad bad fersnes sit bas .¢oatts gattstuneth atetisa a’ sogbosg Bab ys eovieliqes cenmcced tleath zefosiedo agetdidgms edt io Sbhw os! esd seven te favores odd set caemezasats ssitae: odT as PeOALA Veaye iess5 eds to wick out of vwiteliaie elder ‘ddwords betovte et bas vedsel ots bated Bowots ef todex so ne okdtoD si ee sant (esnece Adiw etenw ‘eaorl wah Beam e*noil eit Yo motsostomwq [fe yin? .sfyonrse fbtin +0’ easd eca buoyed aroid? yise ek dtvoa edd bas we “ere ‘eonte (dele givh edt Yo aottostor oatiae sifé ; MB otvostouy Fook’ « Jedd Hyotts ef emtt sree edt o Yo pe Atteec oat Tosnratt ibn odd due a ¥ he aes va TR is on sta ba es a W se - * nm > oma moitons? sieds dcitdw of ,gotsesigxs ssefo-stedt- wBegoleveb ents .sotatoo oft Adin bewtdmeo tisq te8t sid * 501 on the contrary are found undiminished spouts on whose tower 4 edges the moulding is broken around and shows tts profile beside the mouth (Fig. 868). Garsoyle. The richest and most ornamental form of spout is the adoption of forms of animals, with an open channel on the back and neétk, that is only closed by the head above like a skull (a in Fig. 870). The diversity of these so-called gargoyles is sufficientcy knowns Startins from strongly conventionalized forms, they ever assume more animated poses, that finally make their function entirely recognizable. The treatment becomes more naturalistic, they partly represent actual animals, but chiefly imfernal mon-— sters, sometimes assume human forms, and also sometimes bring out. very droll scenes, like thet gargoyle in S. Blasien im Mahl- hausen in the shape of a cask, whose cock is turned by a little human figure, and usually afford the best place for. expressing all raillery. Aside from such humorous representations, many advantages are peculiar to the earlier mode of. treatment. That consists of quiet lines better suited to the whole, to their secure location, to their treatment less exposed to injury and their clear expression, to which their function -belonss.’ In the earlier period the entire figure is seldom expressed, as a rule the rear part being growing out of the cornice (Pigs. 364, 870 b, 870 c), or it is shaped like a corbel to support % the body (Fig. 870 b), but always the pose is vigorous, the line of movelenm and especially the neck is beautifully curved (Pig. 364), while in the later time the entirely free beasts with only the rear part combined with the cornice, thus developed im their . entire figure with free cut legs and fanciful turns of the heads produce 2 certain disquieting effect, and the general increase of the amphibious character itself becomes repulsive. The entire arrangement for the removal of water has an undes- irable similarity to the form of the Greek pyna. Likewise the water ig stored behind the latter and is ejected through the lions’ masks with spouts, just as in Gothic architecture by the gargoyle. Only all projection of the lion’s mask is av@ided, a and the mouth is only thrown beyond the base of the buii@iss by the entire projection of the drip Slab, since it is treated at the same time to afford that a direct protection from rain. But the conditions of the possibility of such an arrangement eee : i a in f hy ha ee mathe Fe eo. ie ns og ai ered ae! aloe! Sn my a ¥ ay ae: ty as ia, 7 a bi te rat? ey ae hed ny PWR ear Fo Ve pit wee BNE colachaeiy pd! to ubivetex aueathoboag'eat.ak aot: (edt to etsdten edo of .ddgted edd o¢ evetsitors fos enw SD ebipncstons? eeedd to snot .enottthios oitamfio sd3 tas ond So eesnioint ods tefiene sdt .ett0n sidtod xi. nevi P ysoin'too: snote sit to wottostota sbiw s sinaeg fon brb )eaucs edd to tdaied ads to cottaoqo1q Snantaoberg oft joxe Ist molfsoqesy # bsiivpe1 oved Siwow ter Yo List p bestopes eved Biyow esisq towol odd sootong of saeioant toge of heeogxs stom od daum ded? a¢us¢ gatdoetois yf[ebin ab Pentate yino Savot.etod ef nottosjoig teas eioteasaT fsevoo odd biove of tovesias oct at beesstont weva ,2tuoue | esorstoo ent yo Liew. edd to eos of? 7 0 Te tp rk ' P a, F id. ‘ a as Mee, Be | yt co : : aie 4 a) y cae Sp asi es i ig) : (etebseod @ ef2. bosuees el taues at pilin to beetamk eeats niebou aI “pets 36 aott to etobesi {[soiviev nis tedvew edd to soub ek ceviton edd qd heskepss neve ei-efdt eattio yagrel sad if Sib ot .eoiqmexe sis: yiov ot futeasooua need ylso aad phic stot efdsnoeees s eudis bus eldestive « adasadoadsa Ugedd dotdiw of fatteter elistinvenw edt faced ono oda nO #09 eynoled dae teodaety ui eidt tey bus ,Semald ee! hetvos Bi ROose70T ton as ebarevpesm of ceae whatteo wolls of motawe ont meds etatager oF SO ,ehteheota base anyetdiag taedotiib edd me ef @fedr ,elive yrececovn as-mett braget bas ystoritav edt etebsel Sone .weit dsiw ob of sed Ono aeef eds ,netied t _efetiqes Géiw eamprloo eltsifL teetotqes of nose xyitse Patou @ne sebme anotiisaifjeat [stgeten yd to .Beeinsoo acsdord i PeOgneise odi dtiw thoed sactetzib ed? bevors has eesta ® euvses soit Sas ,yisetl smooed wed? doide ,akserd bus Wed? Qatiqueresat faue bas taub lo gutteteaco goitaos wollexy t dtinv ataig eteuagse edt 36 atctog edt dotde ovat . i : in i y : : j aie - my big . ” : ye i. Pe Kid “hi Tae Payee Agta : yteTtib 8 nt beowborq i SD to aneem s ya at fosy & fh xd } Z. Sqmoo ed yeu sedoindo Ifsi to motdangieed ‘edt tebal ‘So. xe eved etiusy ecotn ,esdotudo beleta stom to osad? .ont sd sefate ows din eodor0d9 sacdbisd [egos ylotemftxovgqs to 16g) ‘selq o¢ bisysr ot beditoeed ylisen stom need ybesris = bodsl t esitiusifused oft oiteloxe etedt Jon bib dotdw . {SAS 4 fe sad ao base foleie-slysice to nottose e201 edt of basd sao 4 league esos sdi oalh .eedorsdis Bbeleis-ond to tect of exo fzom at wte1 (eect no P88 .¢ sex) eedowsdo helete se ®t Senoitaem od enols [lin s@it .boelels-eeds of daec “b 58 yatiss yeeisibdo edt ot ganolod esieis szvot dtiw eedoand9 peree fLoryT edt asi xnawdos ta dedede detaaq edt efaqusxs a6 “$e $qeoxe tedieons eh .toct nomwoo a yd betevoo even beiais es cig ateseen befais-evit sdt eved benolivags ed Yeo riot Bie sheas *WtedwettoR te atedishi .e to dotudo cffeed etsd ed? ft. jpeds evode dodo (fed yusaiito ss a6 ott weleis ofbbim + er secizte obte a Dieta ifed odd to ysilideida to enoitibnoo Lexend9 ee ~d¢biew Isevea to aef{eis Syyeeseted. .znaqa Ievos sididxs eilvav elets serdit att nad¥ ds bo enottibnod avec edi sis etods ) on ‘ i ak, af eldt ,bensitynerte ttan toamyed ees 2k aedte ww one elfen asfvo nidt yino ead tedt .snial ta dowd yietes Wpaedbeia®? .esiqusre tedto yuan wi sitdu ,eseiq elbbiw baoate § Biiswefensteixe cit ,.o¢s ,predmetéol ,sbetenso-rsceil ,seast = | .eseig idstL edt OF moeizcoqmoo ei ga03te qloarevaoo | astco bas atetq slbbhim edd te anolansmaib add soetg of yen ‘aefets odt Yo dibiw asslo edd of poideies stiaiied s af Fe vod: ixsbttsess to" ancisiaaco. Ratyisv odd diiw buveds 189 qe 3 seluevetate ofbbi«w edt to dtbiw edt eolgqasxe blo sdv bas) ofeis sibbim edd to Sf\f od E\S duods to atini{ obiw sat - patoufont gestided fanvetus edt bas ,(@\f bas 3\f needed asen — dobiweds to,8\F oF E\E sort eetrey (len ¢d¢ to easndotds edt a bens «(E\S of ok? geipetevs) elets ebta eft to he ae’? -16iq olbhim eds to ytilidss2 p odd hpi teptdd ddd: asowted soseistitd sit fesate eek ek . soltboe ebaa ti yoiaq efbbim eft, yd bavteses usddte ei aclere »ed¢ of beastotenesd ylistiisa.sco yieatins 2i 10 ,gn0nta yl D sseent od jitw ti eseso teou. al .eocenttiud edi baa [isu len on -e6 doug es tenrds odt to axeig efbbhin edd tetveticor ands Hie sdd\to etiuey sdt .f ~teldizeoq eyew, carts oss ssedd ,olgt 28 10. ;m@702 dealt tieds yd ylRaoite of tanidd oF obsm ess aeleis B Sh tefats elfbim eit to seurds sdt estiexsuen o¢ ce ddgiow tsa ar Re@et) .2Aide obsa si gad digit eaisaes [lite digav shite sat Bueeesg to eenil seiis(2 sot oldiesog ti yatdem at0t £ sevieoes a to ytiaioiv edd ni-gatyl etlusy aeotd ot) thea beax0t od of "@bite edd seve .€ <(Cdt o¢ SOL .q ,dows seo Sit ni ao nwoto edd to Qainettise s bemnees ai metietedd hetersase bus dfvay i: q vino ei oslq eid? -alfiew iensetxe edd mort slaia e{bbia laahithbed eit ot ebsel iss eslefs efbbin dgic yiderefot dity tet Gishst dtiw etigay sit to ddkied ed? .sotfiesd add to asd i ead ere af esedwyteve dgiseq fesse & eysig getigo dose Bat ie heey) atewedd . pesuees mse add te athed aso eelets ebie sdt to etluey sc? » Be. 'a0 beeieat od nso di. (PE .OCF .2Rrh) tlusy olbbim. edt = o8t@) sewol bsoslg od nso th xo \(S2o..kE9) matt ovods e00 dtin solisnidmoo yos ni ediway Yo addgisd tneatettib seed? Teed soshory, tend edt to anoteainenssd feaoitues gant sag Yo seom odt. eateig elbbim oft of seeate i¢ aseso Jnorettih Abbed ° OE -eRit ni tetluse betaeeetqe1 stew seeds to ine . “natant ea (Chi ra ghencaanmieraniters J oye id ‘ : Via 0 Bale eee a , a fe 1 i. reer ae baie neo 7 2 Abas. o i 4 if 7" ; ‘' ‘f et ab 506 | other is correspondingly strengthened. This is shown by the mon= astery church &t Haina, that has only thin outer walls and very strong middle piers, while in many other examples, Priedbers <9 Hesse, Viener-neustadt, Kuttenbers, etc., the external. walls are | conversely strong in comparison to the light piers. ; To place the dimensions of the middle piers and outer walls in a definite relation to the clear width of the aisles must a appear absurd with the varying conditions of stability, but in the old examples the width of the middle piebsvaries between t the wide limits of about 1/3. to 1/12 of the middle aisle (as a. mean between 1/6 and 1/8), and the external buttress including the thickness of the wall varies from 1/3 to 1/1-of the width of the side aisle (averaging 1/2, to 2/3). Stability of the middle pier. As just stated, the difference between the thrust of the side aisles is either received by the middle pier if made sufficient- 4 ly strong, or is entirely or partially transferred to the exter- — nal wall and its buttresses.’ In most cases it will. be treated thus; relieving the middle piers of the thrust as much as poss- iple, there are three ways possible:- 1, the vaults of the side aisles are made to thrust so strongly by their flat form or gr- eat weight as to neutralizs the thrust of the middle aisle; 2, q the side vault still remains light but is made stiff, i.@., it | receives 2 form making it possible for flatter lines of pressure _ to be formed in it (in cross vaults lying in the vicinity of the — crown or in the cross arch, p- 168 to 169); 3, over the side v : vault and separated therefrom is assumed a stiffening of the 7 middle aisle from the external walls. This plan is only possible ~ with tolerably high middle aisles and leads to the buttress sys- — +em of the basilica. The height of the vaults with regard to e q each other plays a great part everywhere in neutralizing the thrust. The vaults of the side aisles can begin at the same height as the middle vault (Figs. 350, 351), it can be raised or stilted above them (Fis. 352), or it cam be placed lower (Pig. 354). These different heights of vaults in any combination with one of the just mentioned transmissions of the thrust produce the q different cases of stress in the middle piers. The most import- — ant of these were represented earlier im Figs. 350 to 355 (also see the corresponding text, p. 127), and they may be comprised 4 . 7: a re Ree: we i t ro es? ‘ J ¢ i ee | -jgatwolto? edd ad oe io sis ry i Abe seotets ebte oi eiivey aide yi0¥ @ ts eonemmoo eoleis-sbte tae ofbbiu at etiuey ed? .2 te passe edt modw eom9s° S280 afderoveian teom off .ednd ip» of mio? teonel webasla ni betizses ote etiusv eleis f weiuottztt odd ,(OCE .3%%) tinsy olbbia shin edt as dds aT eetivay edt to dtbin al eonorettibh edd diin aniesetoni P so b eideetrnt oft Sedd .OCE «BiH nk doteda odd nex? nese od Ltad.. y odd to aibbtw sdt ni [fet toa scob etauads SLoav odd oo since ‘add aevooi0M .dlusv shia sit teeasen yletenudi0ias si asic edt gedt ce ,benifoni yigeste ysov 2i etagids edd to sata, ott tI .brswoweh 2i afasaoc yfstna of. dtbin tssxh s oved sl _asbin qitses sosiuge2 euds asig sit ,wovrsn etino at sleis € enois elets efbbim edt to timav edt i eved tena ti dotdw ess 22 eliaw t0oiso edd of #1 tov0 seudds oat Yo seteneat & aT poiway ebie edd to netoatoiss es sot ,eldfesoc eltsetteqmi sud ; haat betwoexe e¢ vino hivoo Sana ,ylidpienu ytev o¢ yiao Elyon we fo antosiq edt yd {0 TRI .gih) mrot tobacsle eft tact orse o% s BROTS aei no 10 ¢ipey betxooxe yelibses satwisdio edi ao see edt to to #fosy edt Yo awoto edt tedtle te gotnetsive a bas Dp keen intents eid to t1s¢ seqau odd dosen vino bisao dow R20 q exeni« moxt tinay ofbbim edt saevertg ton bivec edotectess Snze | $30 gdgied ed? is sanudé aids Yo aokiteg sidasehiasco & gRntoals i bis 4 EW ik? +Balgotige edt mye, . ~eeleiw edt at o2ir to asotsiogorq talint? a pidaogotg aisdi aosdw eiinsv sbie ost sis eldsitovst stom doek 2B ois to gedi of Saofeorsoo yeds isht oe .eegi oq ai efia of Bentoidt Isups 10% asenidd od? (ICE sai al.- = of tisey ise2 | to aoktocetedai saT .ensgqe dt ee dvoda asdi ste “gi inay sit to » haa. (sefq eit to) efbbia edt most Basteth zeal et atawidd odd we tiib j.#g9%3 8 10% rsvoe70N »hiswawoh tegeote ef tnstivess ond 3a eure edt to ezsoxs Sit svieoss saols Seog Si Tk .dtbtn a a Slets. sibbia od mee Mote teautas &.%0 dates to enti ed? Yo notstaxrriancd yee ©@ gf efgaT mort evanadé edt gotdes yd ylquie exom ebam a ofquaxe ae mevig 2f A8! .q a0 mooted? ateb ovig Ifiv sede Ate siete ene O08 eail af oxetit beet) .nottafyotse « done b edod. 0 RRM AAT: ANE a oats it @ to beetang yad Yo ite bea a ‘ ie 2 ie - f con i oP 4 \ =m ; 4, Fi . y ir mi es i ers ‘ang a i Bias Fons init '" pidavsbiesgoo c evdd Jenn seigq oct selats sdt to eftbin ak sone ne a ee a, bg pe so bootant is ; Zh wy ie . bien =f ‘ ‘ ? ’ m | ; oh RE OA ey TE NER TN 2 UO oes ae ae RS > he BN Iie 507 iin the following. Very thin vaults in side aisles, ‘aq ‘fhe vaults in middle and side aisles commence at equal: hei- ria The most unfavorable case occures whem the narrow side a aisle vaults are carried in slender lancet form to the same hei- . ght as the wide middle vault (Fis. 350), the difficulty indeed q increasing with the difference in width of the, vaults. It is to be seen from the sketch in Fis. 350, that the intersection of the vault thrusts does not fall in the middle of the pier, but is unfortunately nearest the side vault. Moreover the resultant of the thrusts is very steeply inclined, so that the pier must have a great width to surely contain it downward. If the side aisle is quite narrow, the pier thus requires nearly the width which it must have if the vault of the middle aisle alone existed. A transfer of the thrust over it to the outer walls is here but imperfectly possible, for a thickgning of the side vault would only be very unsightly, and could only be executed with care that the slender form (Fig. 127 D), by the placing of mas- ses on the otherwise readily executed vault or on its cross arch, and a stiffening of either the crown of the vault or of the or- 4 oss arch could only reach the upper part of the middle vault, and therefore cauld not prevent the middle vault from always placing a considerable portion of this thrust at the height of the springing. Similar proportions of rise in the aisles. Much more favorable are the side vaults when their proportion to rise is 5 8 less, so that they corresfond to that of the g great vault (F = — in Pigs. 351). The thrusts for equal thickness : of the vaults are OB about as the spans. The intersection of the thrusts is less distan# from the middle (of the pier) and the resuttant is steeper downward. Moreover for a great. differ- ence in widths of the aisles the pier must have a considerable width, if it must alone receive the excess of the thrust of the middle aisle. Construction of the line of support or a calucaltion. can be made more simply by taking the thrusts from Table I, Pp. 135, +t that will. give data thereon. On p. 154 is given an example of such @ calculation, (Read there in line 20 from bottom, 6 m Lexus gth of bay instead of 9 a, also p. 155, line 21 from top, sq. m instead of sq. om). ‘ habs rear i Ib paeos ee ‘etensts eft to. athatktupee tito od! oldie ie cy Palas os: 00 eftvexoenae: entonet negts 2h SET .g ad bon Hote: Reoto: wee a0 {few « yakblind yd eldieeog wuks ot et gotdw jenote tiigqe to sm .ho 8 betiupes od bluow of > a igen bos hecl séeenp 2 ab yleo ted .gntnettice 102 #00 snd’ 2 goiwettit¢s atit to beetenr 21 ,xftaelwgertsi see od pula tga eapioy teifsme « cents ,beohmeteh wt hore bys Bo edt ted? ov sbaod Bexmtt at Sisl of of ef dottiv tad ‘a et teek ~eldtesog ed bivow Mrogqin to eacti qetselt & to Yipes of eoneretes Letoege asd tect lew ett gets otatberce iy: x 26 tenies stos vyilewaw ytatsnoe ed? awe ted. gnt xe YfLeutos sroqawe to seatl ef{dicaog yYnem edt To dotay (eoat ct te ,Hotsvoexe to ebom eit mo ehaegeh aiste L[isw edt al 7 16 X8fotsente cistxeo # a0 demote mee sno eese Liew book « date ho a bus eouol edt teds Servers ed teva ti ,yiinitestia agre f ae - # r . Pee Goer. Ue ceil | Da Al adalat tact la le! Ml ar: ; pk a aa ’ teats a i : ¥ Le i ¢, Ar? ry 13 ¥ 1 : 4h et Ls Pate we ia) | y ’ 4 wee it : i . A § =. iw a eee +! Wis’ : eS o Me 4} ak a0) hie “qltnstortyse e@ Ilew ebfe teqgqu edd 31 9 2250 eldszovsins teou od? .,yeiq odd to wilidssa edd pice: #dBil s yd boteveo et efatsa rewol worrsn odd code .tinsy Lenaud enoontsooo.sjeiqusxe i0t ,dinav bsnet id. Setssol sedpid bas daewh sdé saoqgo slétil oa ILiw neue seeds estinges1 19iq sat tedd yolets.elbbim ods q ot 2T eedi0w Supesnsmon dove oi awode yifentos stn dotdy so. edt ts. beets: ei Ieanus ebla odd asdt .Lleme oot obem at aa ‘siwoiddisvo ei tiseth totg edt moguetedw .asxoxd bos ig@ Qatastiite edd stetdo of shgn0e nem tlesv Lonnud Visd gas ie festetee edt bouet text? sud .Svitoetts evom bas reigid bsi ahead eeolels sbie sft revo beyolque stew adiusvy asors. aedu itive eareveasad tnsdirogai ne wict ot sidieeod sk eben edly eters (Sol .¢ bus Sib .eit) vtaeq teqen elt odd at bai Auld veuads isdése1R edd goivstdiltups ylisiizveg to yloxis bit aoat weig sibbig edt gnivelties ylisexp oo eudd .olete sib ane IB BEOTO .Tocnils gidsishienos shew ed Blueo bi Jedd .denrds aeds gatasttite eidé 10% betine wetted 918 aawoto galt didi id insid oe tenzdd off .etivev beasde-aolom aevs 10 belie e ¢ to 210 seaqqe sd¢ eodinte tinusv ehie edt to etisg yoqgs add : ‘has @s0 ,.0%s ,éadi to utilidete sod. yd bos flaw [setsdxe s(O8E .q)-s1ud9R Ysaotorlive es bed Qseant2 sa3 ot yletistas deutd ct deaty don esoh sno tT y 98% a0 tisy aoine tice %o yntheol ge .entamse1 ce rsdd ed ipey s(DRE (E28 cenr®) dote Silas ysev Seiises od oso dots azous sdt to datbsol ont ¢ odd dads .seltq edt to yillidsta sit ot efdasovsel af gi ot to dadé nsdd astasq ei elpis ebie gni¢f towel aii to a. “Sas jbeosiq ei divev obie et vewel eft .eleis slabts Vebatvan 003 . ose sade 70 volsd us care ere | cael Lfew, 2% tf seeso ynsw al .teurdt esi obaneedcod at snes «Hots eao1o ed? mo lew cetevenets biloe s soaiq ad oY. seized stsnigict uso ¢i Bas .¢i booysd 10 agove siz od bev food sd ti 21 .elets elbbim odd S1awod yloupifdo sats Bi: re NY idee ew'h menus .88¢ .e8it) bensgo sd ot ei Santi ae ensa edd S@uode ef etueeetq edt to serroo edt ts obi “te sebncs fatot edt 11 .e08ftesd elewie a vot £0d Angad wolefa ofbbim ed? Yo tant befsuve clsqane aah piaotisey ed bivow II bas-l assented «etg. Aas, bed: Slcox wan dette etd roRaeE. is’. 2 ee v4 Sit below or -above the roof surface. | If the upper side wall os sufficiently safe, then is concerned the stability of the pier,. The most unfavorable case covtrse 4 when the narrow lower aisle is covered by a light and not stig fened vault, for example a continuous tunnel vault, and this w will so little oppose the Sreat and higher located thrust od t the middle aisle, that the pier requires those great dimensions, which are actually shown in such Romanesque works. If the pier is made too small, then the side tunnel is raised at. the crown ; and broken, whereupon the pier itself is overthrown. By a ramp- 4 ant half tunnel vault men sought to obtain the stiffening appl- ied higher and more effective, but first found the solution - when cross vaults were employed over the side aisles. Gross va- 4 ults made it. possible to form an important transverse stiffen- q ing*in the flat upper parts (Figs. 412 and p. 168), thereby en~ 9 tirely or partially equilibrating the greater thrust of the mid- | dle aisle, thus so greatly relieving the middle pier from this thrust, that it could be made considerably thinner. Cross arches — with flat crowns are better suited for this stiffening than sH- elled or even melon-shaped vaults. The thrust so transferred by 7 the upper parts of the side vault strikes the upper part of the — external wall. and by the stability of that, ete., can be accep- ted as sufficiently secure (p. 340). : If one does not wish to trust entirely to the stiffness of the vault, there remains a loading or stiffening wall on the cross , arch (Figs. 343, 344). q The loading of the cross arch can be carried very far, since q it is favorable to the stability of the pier, that the thrust ~~ of the lower lying side aisle is greater than that of the higher middle aisle, the lower the side vault is placed, the greater : is bocbecmade its thrust. In many cases it is well permissible to place a solid transverse wall on the cross arch, that. extends to the crown or beyond it, and it can terminate horizontally or | rise obliouely toward the middle aisle. If it be too heavy, £&. q is to be opened (Pigs. 888, 355). q The course of the pressure is about the same as giyen in Fig. ‘ 401 for a simple basilica. If the total thrust of the side aisle | exactly equaled that of the middle aisle, the pressure iw the pier petween I and II would be vertical; if the side thrust is least, the Aussies i would tend toward the outside, if it were i ay i ee {ied @u ae Z Pees. vsuede edt hipacen sed a es " feetaers os i Yo acttsool Latiaso exon « 0% absot teat ext ~obte et teom uifsven et etoloredt Ses sefq eft at woled x cove Tf ,#se73 S02 svoie Ilix dove seose edt oo flew pt TED GE ak evtce etsezetg qoete & 10 aoftqmuers plots edt btswot dowe oof aqoth setq edd ai ervesers gttnyen edt ted¢ ,bomuess ef ti yeu Asedocétemteotagds ne ig evods tdeies esti as viserovet ed hlwodse seuxdt edt a “beosiq {fe ete ebsol edt tk tdgis suods ei olsa eiAat ; bas ¥6 fotisetorq « yd ,selg od3 tevo eldteacq es Lari nes sn yilatiastedue ei ystiitdstea edt ttel 16 Fdgiax ode OF Gand ‘eetv00 eds of begeens ete coutsm odd YE yYldexovs? heehnai 3 fala an sidteaog s# ylseen ea otocnetg Rabe dediecr) 20 98S bate to eiuneseiq edt Yo enoltatagy «al “gtmtt eae s0% eldfexcq {Lise ed ayexts teaum weiadifince (ass e yas RP ,gattetxe es hobusge rt of of Iifte ei eidd haw ,aseeo [diegoq aotsy yieert exuezetq Yo enki isqgeete 10 aedteli bebe Bes af setial eo? tdsdt ,azeig eft evods zEsotol? Yo motedtifepe js ton ob beseocerédt i602 sent ivdiegave at yleteiuooant neath ‘od gak yt 40 aedona aeoto tevo ulfew t2h0e eH Yvsed ood evo? cs wie setdgied asteets 10% eoecoedd vitae beol toot to tostie zellsw Lenteixe Yo yvtiltdss? Bests deum coeeoudtud eacgt dite Ifew edt to ytilicere edt fits cate Heads bas etinsy tc tevsds eg to etosite (fe 10% soit Johns dealt, Snkw ns ‘bsol toes to esrer%po00 yrercquadneo ond ae . ‘eborsbleavo @d dinav eit to tenidd eee eiIvev Yo eiveseiq fentsge ystitdars: iq elbbin to eacigaorib edd wod awofe need ybsesfs ead SI Bs waeido dose to eeosla sid cust) yem elfaw fearetxe io bre fib ed¢ eviedet tleeti neo Fr Sedé obisl G2 ei aety efbbhta SB off te tensdd est yelno .edivev eds to sdeerdd eds to son ¢ eovesy aébateso: edt ,eteurdt els? to soneasttib edt to tias “etuatied to wads neswisd ak tedtdd seodu:(Ifew [ennedxo edi ‘aoa ah YISisFs00 e6¢ 20’ efots elhbia sad Yo sadt dbase ofe c ish goin feist (eseeuit cort sevt vieriias éqed et tsiq ass y tiiods tedt teerds s soedxe deve [Lav odd nottourte tev 00 @ erties fitiw beabat bos .elets elbbim eds to Sady 03 Be ete ce itdn VASNE .9) 80k sasha ed iets {ftw ; ne ONE i why Dire pie gh ee naw. Rae EY NS ee ee eee 3 as Ady PS, AO ee J y . , fay i ' aft " ; *) ' ? esi 4000 sotq efbbin sit ti sflex tetvo edt no elle? slete 512 greatest, as in the drawing, the pressure would tend to the in- side. The last leads to a more central location of the pressure _ below in the pier and therefore is usually most favorable. The 3 wall on the cross arch will prove too great, if even with the assumption of a steep pressure curve in it (II in Pig. 871), the pressure in the pier drops too much toward the middle aisle. As ; an approximatéocheck may it be assumed, that the magnitude of the thrust should be inversely as its height above the base. f This rule is about right if the loads are all placed as nearly central as possible over the pier, by a projection of the loads 4 to the right or left the stability is substantially affected, ’ indeed favorably if the masses are a@apted to the course of the q pressure as nearly as possible. ae In variations of the pressure of wind, etc., (further see ia~ 9 ter), equilibrium must always be still. possible for the limit 4 cases, and this is still to be regarded as existing, if any ne- eded flatter or steeper line of pressure freely. wakes possible equilibrium of forces above the pier, that the latter is not a drawn inaccurately in sympathy; just for théseceases dO not ap- 4 prove too heavy bf stiff walls over cross arches or flying but- tresses for greater heights. e Stability of external walls; effect of roof load and wind. — The stability of the wall with its buttresses must first suf- fice for all effects of the thrust of vaults,and then also #hsh — the contemporary occurrence of roof load and wind,first let the | thrust of the vault be considered. Stability against pressure of vaults. It has already been shown how the dimensions of middle piers ~ and of external walls may take the places of each other. If the — middle pier is so large that it can itself receive the differe- ace of the thrusts of the vaults, only the thrust of the side aisle falls on the outer wall; if the middle pier only takes a part of the difference of the thrusts, the remainder passes to a the external wall, whose thrust is between that of. the side ai- sle and that of the middle aisle. On the contrary if the middle 4 pier is kept entirely free from thrusts, then with correct con- 4 struction the wall must expect a thrust that about corresponds to that of the middle aisle, and indeed with stilted side vaults - will generally be somewhat less (p. 372), while with side aisles b ah eee vl ae gettosedo iiad err nae ee ee Sa pmoxkessigues of scasteies: sisit to bis sis yc ehsol Lsotd $e toor et? co gaitos teuadt batw edt to ebvitazes ede on ek #2) baw Coe 882 q)ipbaod Leottvey edt bas ae se La Oee ge reer y Seen Yee el a OY aa 515 well also through the roof beams. Stiffening bs: the cross arches. A stiffening wall on the cross arches is the most reliable and monumental means for makins possible any transfer. of thrust, a and it is especially in place where through roof beams are want- _ ing; it was very frequently employed by the ancients. The wind = need only be opposed by the adjacent. middle piers, and a wall. ' on the side cross arches suffices; on the other hand if a great- er opposition of the thrust. over the entire width be possible, the middle cross arches are to be stiffened also. On the latter 4 the walls are to be made as light as possible, not to increase ql the thrust of the middle aisle unnecessarily, and thay may the- 4 refore rise obliquely toward the crown (Fig. 875 a) or be ferfo-% rated (Figs. 875 5, 413). The thickness of this upper wall is sufficient if 1/15 to 1/30 of the span, and for brick it is sel- dom necessary to so beyond 1 or 1 1/2 bricks. Such a stiffening wall cam receive in itself the different lines of pressure and will be more effective than through beams, since the side forces are distributed to the supports in propor- _ tion to their resistance. Particularly with a correct arrangem- [ ent. of the masses employed, the middle piers can be entirely { freed from side thrusts, so that theg onlyneed to bear the ver- 4 tical loads by the aid of their resistance to compression and bending, and therefore also with equal widths of aisles can be made quite slender. Indeed they could be replaced by iron colu-- nswith pivot joints at top, andobottom (Fig. 875 ), or what is = about the same, by slender granite posts so arranged by shetee ends, that no pressure can occur at the angles... > = | Investigation of the wind stresses may be graphical, whether 4 the piers be only compressed or thrust, but more simply by cal- © culation. By the last column of the fable on’ p. 103 is found ¢ the mmgnitude of the wind thrust acting on the roof at all sup- ports, and this multiplied by the height above the ground is t thus the overturning moment to be resisted. This is the moment q exerted on the wall by the wind pressure. Now is to be caloula- 4 ted what overturning moment can be resisted by each separate 4 support (pier or wall). For this purpose is calculated the pos- ition of the pressure at the ground with any thrust of vaults and the vertical loads Cpa. 2S5, 336), and it is now to be seen how far the pressure in the direction of the wind can still. move ye eer | a SOUS) yee La . 7 % ih “ 1 } q oe Ad, aa j vomit ol fa . 7. ee / ae | . she ate . er upectat etat wenbe setno edt seen oof gntwoo tuodiiv hs | eoves bawory odt ac gaitees beol feottdev esiiae oat yd Ae oft »eovkeoet tex aso ticggque on? Soidw toewom yoisiutse seus. etctogguse etateges odt yd bevisoes ataemom eaedt wba ad - > p 2S kenon petorrtysxe gsttos elisutos Ba r; ” -cotssivoleo 0 eolquaext | » bE +git at betaezerqes founde {fed edt tol .1 elqwsxd te! eomsbive ed¢ of gatiropee gamete yitnetodtiva ete exots 'o temcds ode to apeoxe edt ovieoet of SEL .q wo amditeluoise “29% eg ot ai elfian tanretxe .od¢ Yo x@ifdeate of3 adios odt A oe -Stuneetg baktw sugdtin bas diin ,jetayit dtiw doide m vet bos getd om CS af Ifew. [entetxe ataig edt - bearnos, to #Linod ef Sas yed dowo at aor. i ~-pe OF Yo wodnin Aves i i mr : oabieaae eaufoy .m vo S8r * S,f * (08 ~ 8 * OF) eed ylycthroo0s # 000,868 = © asedmun baweod cl to Sha ‘oof ites * 0085S * Ser 2ad¢y } BBOTO Ons Ro Rainetiite tuodtiw) etiusw edg¢ fo etanids ef Sopa eins kearesxe egs tot si si base PSL LG mo -ceovin ota laado tee fis 000% exodmpn Senor al co O68 * gV Goro! Isolsrey bide fort eotod to nofesinecats efdtagog ent of banger atéw oak od LLiw eifty ©2R°O8IS eu gkiteotds A0aH pe1eK olats ©L6 ae eat evods @ $.8!2 heiandgol et tf of tx 9OUS o¢ bee ; a D yeack w OS eqols s esd °85 20 woktanéiont as Asin oor edt f oq) a pe Cha = 8 * OS * & 20 €e%8 oe yad sdoee evodse andé «fie 606,28 = 08 * O88 = sedtsepotisa eoned th fied # ead @ wpe. seq {i2 oS te Phew edt tegtags oatw edt b fo tdgted paem go dti« ,fid OODL{EE = OSE * & * O8 to eowok Las bd teaiage bal« edt ,68!2 «aq 03 poibsooon 1@ OF 20 notveoilaes esq Lazaosizod & Bus Lid "2 te eaxwarerq Asetiaey « etarexe 200% hadi ap2 OSf esitne oft ao audd “pe tog £ixX IG to ose Efe ao ervezceiq Inoitcew Liz OdB8 = O8l * V2 sostave. door hr Le a .:«bawoty e6¢ evode = 08 ta0g¢00 eis £6 atos sadi eae iso. duods tw IfLen ad? ok eiuee tg Jo Re 7 tuvods to Sets bevory. aat al eruEeeng edt, to softtseclt sit (me 08 Godt ti baa .BE! .q wo Fetetueles vosesie zen t0ic ee ne bes) ' ai} WSs @bieina exe bas wot veigq. edd to eLbbin sit = gee ont Re sexs. basoxp, end 20 esnageng edt Fay thee edt 20 yad & {2M «HO tog IGEE Rategtews eaodebare dite ances bote fetaczixsod [be O8NE = CSE x 8 bas tedtegot abso degeo xd (INE ,p8) O81 .¢ of Raddaa000 th talog sxsarexg monday eit x02 e¢nomon 516 without coming too near the outer edge. This distance meitipiiea a by the entire vertical load resting on the ground gives the ov- erturning moment which the support can yet receive. The sum of these moments received by the separate supports must exceed the actually acting overturning moment. Examples of calculation. Example I. For the hall church represented in Fig. 394, whose piers are sufficiently stonng according to the evidence of the calculations on p. 155 to receive the excess of the thrust of the vaults, the stability of the external walls is to be inves- tigated, with and without wind pressure. The plain external wall is 20 m high and 1.7 m thick with a window of 80 sq. m area in each bay and is built of coursed split sandstonesweighing 2300 per cu. m.; a bay of the wall accordingly has (20 * 6 - 30) * 1.7 = 153 cu m. volume and wei- ran ghs 183 x 2300 * 351,800 kil or in round numbers @ * 352,000 kil. The thrusts of the vaults (without stiffening of the cross ar- 7 ly ches) are given on p. 154, and it is for the external wall as a vertical foreé Vo = 6840 or in round numbers # 7000 kil, but w with regard to the possible transmission of force from the mid- dle aisle here, asia thrastrHssti2160°kil, «this will be increa- sed to 250° kil; it is located 13.2 m above the ground. The roof with an inclination of 55° has a slope 20 m long, thus above each bay an area of 2 x 20 * 6 = 240 sq. mp. 162), | hence altogether = 240 * 90 = 21,600 kil. | 7 The wind against the wall at 129 kil per sq. m has 2&2 horizon=- . tal force of 20 * 6 * 120 = 141400 kil, with a mean height of application of 10 m. According to p. 163, the wind against the roof exerts a vertical pressure of 57 kil and a horizontal pres- 7 sure of 81 kil per sq. m, thus on the entire 120 sq. m of the roof surface 57 * 120 = 6840 kil vertical. pressure on all supp- — orts together, and. 81 * 120 = 9720 kil horizontal wind thrust, q that acts on the support 20 m above the ground. . A. hocatio of pressure in the wall without roof load. and wind. 4 The Location of the pressure in the ground area of the middle pier was already calculated on p. 155, and it lies 20 um from the middle of the pier toward the outside. The pressure on the ground area of the external wall is found according to pe 140 (Fig. 371) by establishing the equation of moments for the unknown pressurs point distant x m from the inside 4 at i + ; Le iP iain aia lala ty cee ye | tre Th : an DAY ANA) Ogee e Bie tall Sg hoe ge qV m 20,0 = x epat .¢.81 = 0058 @ (88,0 = x}oo0sae + x D0Y x0 wy 8 26 e078 bawory edt szettete erotetsds kotpazeng eit fad ipyshes: “efso eds mot? mo TY vo ebhia tenant ed? mort uo €8 to edT.¢ bhetoo edd brawot efhbim edt mont mo §. bevor uino et ands Ps Gletentxorgqe huwot ei ophe tetvo eds te eqveserq nuwixen ERE oe 20 & alumeo? xd rletstvooce etom ect? .g no elfdet ess | ex jooor + ooesee) “oset se Banges: °%* Pe tog Lid 2.2 = = STE TT e "or x 008 ‘on Seldstove) ytev «2 ts efist vlisven eivaaetg efi srotexed? ee Ytev entones Sas exueaetq epbhe statebom s ylns eeaouhorg foe 3 Meyeet verte no ed? yotgogo webcix od? of hreget dtiw tk seve ’ ) Hote thks ec? .gatidoqqre ea bexehicaos ton ek IfLe¥ to mo 008 leit neyaedo yLootsoe haiw tuodiiw teor edt to tdytew ods i ost): batw to gootte {fut tiv ouuacecq ene To nAokieood <2 “gatetuereve ne seouhotg ifaw sae teatays bate od? .(m oe tog Yo Ymerom s yd heeotqo ad teaum dotdw eOT * OOD 28 to steemen 1 8 ¥ ybeteluelso ei doidw mort ,fooot + OO0RGE) * FY xo vied Ai aan om 02.0 * y aut Pes ,COBAI = 200E7E tec $25 “ods #i weuscat mo Of tuoda effah exueteid oft ,.0ct ihniatn ete edd mort mo £@ yates io hastent ¢eds of (bain exe Yo te. etueve tg memixsn Ong nedt .,of mort wo 88 Wise ron et +f QP eonta (ff .¢ no 8 sismeot of guitevess ei efgue senci Midrand + gn$ ebfetve Book + *Bobeenie Oo «pe 484 fii t.5 = “a chee - 76 i 20 Raitoe bain ond tetsed ifew ytew neo Lisw 64+ ercterten® G0 ed¢ go) fencad? Sutw ods to ¢480 & BVYipoSst seve cao ft bos getuitseve $S0%3 odd aeooubortc Poor edt tenisuc Sain oat isatuea od of heowmeees ed neo cidt .OCe {Ret = 08 k ENB to ice ) Buswbotw ent te seig SLbbhim oft Bas Bllew fentotxe edit xd eat 508 Tent o0 does eeogce etawrdt tivnaev bans baetw oseds sonie f beol Yoor edt 10% HOLE EBS eFedohom: « aviv eds veto ebbin “43 noses ed Yeu exveeetq ext to Levowes ett ciiX OOO LEV arty t eee Geted ed hee O56 82 € BELO * OOO, ET next? bot wo af sirode “| opts in Yo’ bebatsmes est con tlt neon unintetievo edy he de » Pol eagtow oft of IT \ellaw febtotxe ent YO sated ed of SAR eoNieas TOY GOLTID Da evionoo tnd. oyeteve | as bebbs at = 0008 + Coot + ooDgae «-1ef Beol Latot odt \fix 0008 je teem etter oie we fexs of ot yitiidsta to teemou edt my ald ty va & so8f +e ttmemom gutrentcero oft wt v00 . : Ms er i, aye : da , Pv i) = + 517 ; aT Yo Fae ak = ---) =H * 18.2 Or 700 x + 352000(x = 0,85) @ 2500 = 18.2. Thas x = 0.98 m. The pressureitherefore strikes the ground area at a distance of 9283 em from the inner side or 77 em from the outer side, and thus is only moved 8 cm from the middle toward the outside.The maximum pressure at the outer edge is found approximately by t the Table on p. 145, more accurately by formula 5 on p. 148, a ond 4552508 t 70007 (858 i 52000" + 7000( x 8 % 85 q By "S00 170, afta = eoukivOs 170. Therefore the pressure usually falls at a very favorable place and produces only a moderate edge pressure and remains very small, even if with regard to the window ofening the entire length of 4 800 em of wall is not considered as supporting. The addition of the weight of the roof without wind scarcely changes the result. B. Location of the pressure with full effect of wind (120 “4 8 per sq. m). The wind against the wall produces an overturning | moment of £4,400 * 10, which must be opposed by a moment of sta- bility of y * : Adpoede + 7000), from which is calculated, y * ; Q5900C = 14400, and thus y = 0.40 m. a I.e., the pressure falls about 40 om farther in the direction P of the wind, so that instead of being 93 cm from the inner side : it is now only 53 em from it. Then the maximum pressure at the | inner angle is, according to formula 6 on p. #44, sinee it lies — outside the kern of the section:-- q 3(352000 + 700 Oo) a, = hier ear eee = 7.5 kil per sq. cm. a Therefore the wall can very well resist the wind acting on rt.4 and it can even receive a part of the wind thrust on the roof. q The wind against the roof produces the great overturning mon- 7 ent of 972 * 20 = 194,€00. This can be assumed to be neutralized by the external walls and the middle pier at the windward side, a since these wind and vault thrusts oppose each other. For the middle pier that with a moderate addition for the roof load we- a ighs 75,000 kil, the removal of the pressure may be taken at 3 about 35 om, and then 75,000 * 0,35 % 26,250 and be taken ar 6 the overturning moment, *since its remainded of 168,150 m<-kilié#s — to be borne by the external walls. If to the weight of each ru is added an average but concise addition for the roof load of = 5000 kil, the total load is:-- 352000 + 7000 + 5000 = 364000 kil. The moment of stability to be exerted by the walls must egual | the overturning moment:-- Taus S62 000%y_ ad Cree vel aden -08E 808 ' a x ooonee + dis -% QOOR8E andt hia The ' . fj me 84,0)" b tuode hevow e¢ deum etveeetd eds eilsx dtod nt eonok sot heaodtoes ed Ll TE ghatw edt Yo sottoorih edt Pome Gh = (fi ~ 83 xo (68 - TT) te ylewsa reRbe edd teen san o% 20 3 ddvesct ot permis 38 af yea? {iin eaazera edt: som .pe tog {ti 8.67" DI Seah se eh i benthoo book 10% t2048 Bee ton emoee eeexts 2idt ai’ bois edd To toette ns: fowe sect botedmemed 2i ti ¢i Ds ete Yo socetetae edt geiauwh gainapeos teves zeqefte¢ ,ers: vi ft got estueeerq edi to Lsvomen Iisw2 odT .Cotou) .yakdiisd 2d .2e0metemvorto oxed? mi eldsyteenoont cals ei sx0x y ellen edt of tenads edd jo aottudiatelS maotien eeel _ ie eHONeTETITOH douse eise ey alotosF To potlog sit go bsrivost Foorg o¢tote ef? .etox it botoslaen glloues svovotsred ,egasbdéae Fo aaoltourvtenoco sit eer we teuswod ef dofaw ,wrwcéaam no hatiw fo sos} is Bat Beotxs of yeyorq od bivow *+/ San yetvesst” oAt Fo aod 9 yetotwoS6 Sve etusmom sestt otadu ,eesrite sJdissiareq to ‘nee » “fehl cat #68 of oldvaetvbo oo tAgem TY BSYOdTET .horEd ban Safatvooo wohles saous tO} teAtO Sdt .BbhoOs tnoMomrog vam oF PO Galnshiod sisiquoo wes}n glao essesrits to} ade mein gt6v heyolqas e214 doasdo [fed emsa ode 401 .1E olqmsexd a +26d0%8 e201 eft no becalo Bhi{ew bas eroiq sitbin Stiup etesi eoage sediuut dait foo fliw fads .coktaluolso edt , ed? to gauedt od? hit Sqgeoke ,semiol eds OF Bhoogaettos enole ei batw edt? bae (TOs 8ORR e: Ifew Latietze edt teatese Bian: ent 20: bis ot ‘teostis ellew totvo ett xd bevisoe: od 32 a A oaks hemuvesse ylevotverq {Law oct Yo seento td? ont ~telq ef \‘Stowemext toot off YI .enao add 201 $aeteitivs 6 3feati +" % 60¢ 26 olde to ove elec .feliew bas e10hq) e¢atog & 20 Bend of Boisodons tdgile « waedt seuadt batw efs evisees taum i +etoos qeeie ytor 19% uflateeqes etoqorg ed yse testinal ) onedt ni Romweas 2i {few fanio@xe nist. s yilotiqnte co% ond Peeves ode aebectsiud Bas aseetico asd [lew edd Yk seeolg " oe 2 yd auode es ,olodw adé ho emee edt od Bivow . ve " one feleis-eigats & ¢0% ancttelzofse gnibsogees wth ar ee” eae tonuds Led: to took | | a ey : te a eiluey oid. te Sesearad edt ed | nn yates ereecess od? dtod ak neds ,tedto,edd tot RE bas bes E Bik Bs ee 518 thus 864000 * v4 +. 364000 * ¥o * 168,150. Hence results ¥4 + vo = 0,46 m. Henee in both walls the pressure must be moved about 46 om in the direction of the wind; if 11 be reckoned for the wall affec- — ted and 38 for the other, then in both the pressure actedequallaan near the edge, namely at (77 - 85) or 53 - 11) = 42 om. The edge pressure will thes bocagsont see to formula 6 on p. 144:;-- q de) Ti gereersrey = 9.6 kil per Sq. Om. 3.x 600 * 42 a This stress seems not too great for good coursed brick masonry, ~ it it is remembered, that such an effect of the wind is extreme { ly rare, perhaps never occurring during the existence of the b 4 pbuilding. (Note). The small. removal of the pressure from the k kern is also inconceivable in these circumstances. Likewise a less uniform distribution of the thrust to the walls would not make much difference. . 4 Note. The static proof reauired by the police officrals for 4 the construction of buildings, heretofore wsually neglected a effect of wind on masonry, which is however BN SKOSVNtTPVG Bivect- Lou of the pressure, aha VT would be proper to extend the VWatte of permissible stress, where these nonents ore accurately sonsi~ Aerede Bevrhaps Vt wishnt ve advisaote to set two Limits, ows sta permanent Loads, the other for those seidou occurring ana perh-' aps for stresses only after complete hordentiwe of the mortar. Example II. For the same hall church are employed very ulender | middle piers and walls placed on the cross arches. q The calculation that will not find further space here quite : corresponds to the former, except that the thrust of the wind against the external wall is greater, and the wind is alone to be received by the outer walls without the aid of the midd- le pier. The thickness of the wall previously assumed also shows itself as sufficient for this case. If the roof framework rests. on 4 points (piers and walls), only two of which as the walls . must receive the wind thrust, then a slight anchoring to the 1 q Latter may be proper, especially for very steep roofs. 4 For simplicity a plain external wall is assumed in these exam ples; if the wall has offsets and buttresses, the investigation ~ would be the same ot the whole, as shown by a glance at the cor- responding calculations for a single-aisled church (p. 337). Roof of hall church. As the design of the vaults is decisive for the “interior, so ¥ u ' ae .. & . fi ‘hed oft %e ot espa etd s0% sober bas §o tend ei a eee ee ‘ov. gaedto-dess go aoitoe Lsoo1gt on ia Sedekeehiiis’ as desol de Savecs ey 22 aise phi sit bloow osid ,2tivay odd Yo exwoso ¢asistIib pad z ive issn ef O\8 oft at beduozesye7 aeeusinsuml te dowdy paeve eniboetis need eecsd evownidaco déiw toor.s esididxe Doni es. Sosse eretiss sisibemtadci sii suet! .ealetsa seis patbivet edt no beoslg elisw end ddin atol yeds bas) eased as eH wtoor oid to Avoweuert edt to tSroqgue seddéant 2 ec ee gait 203 gipnel tasicittug to ersdald geiboit of setae ie sblete sibbim edi seve yfno medt gatesfe of heel ysu euse pRbievel so tattess eslels ebic of? s6to yreseeces bibesidat Bed Sibbtw eds yd Sesorcus elite edt ao bas eedous bsibiv a ‘bas (ever geetetiibh ait oben ed aso actesameo efi? * Peo B-gelets sbi¢e silt revo exsod dgvoadd sdf ood? .axwowr to | emg ae 2isd diel odd ai ea coitoesrbh becifont na saet mo AXE opie io tisd gagie eos al bunct nobtowitenco eds ott pypemeed eat wieps bas 2 Site .d taog ,8 maed ons 978 si19dK Ledg ylgarbyooos -seedt yo Seseddos beisd eatalo {Ler Woeee Yo wrews esd msds sowol veil efete ebie etd to Ihex Brae igs’ stoot eid ofat ebnetxe eids bas .eleke elbtie eds to ite ot selais S6a0s' eG tsvo i504 comsoo: A tO! ahiceb oci tT 463 few to) Ievonor ef ni zobetasvbs sated ebsottes foe veel bes eidetovetce tcom 2i ti ivette lenvetxe edi 10% asnt | saeldees Bagte fc to wsosrveds Yeqorg edd of saesl ebnoc b Yo, duealssoncs edt ch amseags ybeeile soivescex® to dos! Rebs Aofaoisonry, eds exon seve Dos ,veleis sordd si obte te benisido od-od ylao even ofS Yo tadtd bas. atone eff to PiEwow gottonnt eicl .esnsibegxe aisiass yd to even Lut (Ae Bee ees oi, 8 |) owe. Sia. t8 tocz thoilo edd sntved-isitts .ilaw elgad xat | ‘hod Soc appa Ssee edd Stix ¢t gatn te, w BNE art ak 2s F. to Snigediznerte a sedile qseesoen. ed blsow sevss ‘e6t To. o'd>s olguctas Sisw odd evisost od done Le s beintog 8 to Fgewe He ITS @67 70 ,esosntsse onsorol OT) 40 pt ni’ dorwdo ed¥ to Yor eas Stecnsd eis ets: virovylsdersges basot sest ef “chon capi notoow aa inset ‘ald, d8d8 9 ¢ s9ex5 nape eid Hose ct beteles e1s engiesb ditod sponge to gefuts seit sevo toot sommdo's Yo anna a atin $eeo edi te Eaiteninyed sven af? to oftzve ne otk — > a) ¥ aT _ - # 4 mn) alo - 7 = an od —— eas ¢ , ¥ = Zz hd ’ - ‘4 , <> _— Sy YT *. we 7 ss 519 is that of the roof for the e?terion of the hall charch,: i ‘Dog both designs are related to each other and exert a certain rec- iprocal action on each other. 7 s tf we assume at least an approximately equal height of the different crowns of the vaults, then. would the design of. the church at Immenhausen represented in Fis. 8/6 be nearest, that exhibits a roof with continuous truss beam eftending over. the three aisles, There the intermediate rafters stand as hammer beams and they form with the walls placed on the dividing arch- es a further support of the framework of the roof. Here the aif- ficulty in finding timbers of sufficient length for the truss beams may lead to placing them only over the middle aisle, and the beams necessary ofer the side aisles resting on leveled di- q viding arches and on the sills anchored by the middle beams. T q This connection can be made in different ways, and also the ar- q rangement of a common roof over three aisles of unegual heisht ‘ of crown. Then the through beams over the side aisles either take an inclined direction as in the left half. of Fig. 877, or like the construction found in the right half of Fig. 877, or where are the beam a, post b, sill c and again the beam d, the ~ wall plates being anchored by these. Accordingly the topoof the q wall of the side aisle lies lower than the crown of the vault \ of the middle aisle, and this extends into the roof. : If the design of a common roof over the three aisles is simp- ~ lest and affords certain advantages in the removal of water, %& 4 shen for the external effect it is most unfavorable end corres- ponds least to the proper character of the cross section. This F lack of exoression already appears in the concealment of. the de- sign in three aisles, and even more the junction of the roofs ; of the choir and that of the nave only to be obtained by power- ful ways or by certain expedients. This junction woudd first re-- guire an attic of the nave terminating at the east with a clos- ' ing bagle wall, either having the choir roof. at the same height ~ as in Fis. 878, or joining it with the same inclination. In both cases would be necessary either a strengthening of the triumph- q al arch to receive the wall triangle a bc or the corresponding — lozenge surfaces, or the arrangement of a pointed arch turned ; beneath the roof of the church in Fig. 876. To avoid the latter is then found separately only the triangle a ba through ahwall, so that the masonry and wooden wall lie under the edge of the . ' Ps ba A / Ry! ar in, Al 6. cian ale Mad At | ‘ \ bf “~ met ae meet eee nS mr re va Hi ‘ee a > VF af in “a “ ; - oe a. nr U 5 i fi A , io hd w éigostt ‘a elt eoridence tedéwt ned? soldey pinoboow 8 yd feaolo ei o ¢ 6 olnnsiut otitns odd bas B odd $0 aeitkee atet¢ess ads atot of doeTz00 e1om ei ¢t oleae Yoor stikcdo odd dotdw otak (oor qid a yd ebte datd yd texinpst deoule ef abieed teal ad? hiker aye © 2 ef3ne treiteest 8 aptamer oxedt YI .datd i fe edit etees dstdé te ose e8t@ ot es ,tiods dgid sit fea of faupe dzityv .( 688 .BB).toor edt to saves davordst “wenddsot wot .cettiovos ofifef to esdorsdo dtoisd odd Mahi ins {8 Yo ngiveb edd tot nave has ,o07 edd to soit Phase’ _ 1 $e8ven edd to dibiw eiitvme saz ot an ibaogeets0co — eit to toor sit to nettonnt) ost exiwex fi Peon edt ot ebsol oven boleis+esidd add to tedd of tus * ddod to sottsntfes? to tidied edd ¢8 Rnithuooes ,eaytash atx évsn oft to toot eid ose tauit edt ni sense edt ot f atetees edd o¢ attods sft to toon sid bus .niedecn ont 30% aissase edt Eacose edt oI .(S6S .2f7) efels sewsvensis add Seanreds to 2001 sdf to gid a ci fastxe yom sfeis eeoro oft to meieis So1evensit oft to toor edd toserstai ago settel edt 10 git . Syen odd to sso oi toou siedo sAt atin Cetosanco ed bas Me ead gatised yluisties toomeyney26 oA .(E68 .3i7) evode be S .pI9) sottet ta Siedo edt no havct ef tifdeedan a to tad jevGytet lsnsoe eve ttodo tas evan edd Yo etoor sdt ou)edy 1 nocd rele edt to Yoor ot ce nobtentlont emea sd svad tel edd Siteeqqo ato; 6 o.d s seosiave epsiide edi tadi oe . s(nottered ls ones 2 actt edfvesa imemskasite alct) Pistaousnre sheds eousn eeoetive Joot ed¢ to sintingsn odT. ition edt yd teftie shea ed nso dadd ,oidetkesh zeeqqs seontes Ptagiyd .etimieq Isiazessm edt ti 10 ,s$aMieqo edt to miot bas bitetes [fs besive ors agiesS efdt z0of .stolco Letevoe ni 2n7 iG Par Ade 4 @ ga0idibacs odt es tat:oe .tcot odd anitsvoo act been bes Yistooges gud ,esoloo tacieti ib af beutetdo ad ot i pe meseose s@no bavot.evs boid aids Yo eelquazendots yasy eee ow doin to YPassied to esdomwion enoirev no Sassen eet 8 wedYe nogid ni sahineg 1.2 aott.olausxe as (6A bes hal towens souns. On Aeeasvitinizg ecodw 101 b ines Bas. f9% .ysty dail fos wolloy .stide betacié Leh betgebs dzsed .(sioeld bes giseld detysts bas Spe tee renataaysa: Laden doersttib edd sie g:te00 eneem edi nevik aséé 2& ethtodo ifs to paiva . 520 is sable. Then further sometimes the wall triangle a b dis removed | and the entire triangle d a cis closed by a wooden wall. Bui | it is more correct to form the eastern ending of the nave roof by a hip roof, into which the choir roof intersects (Fig. 879). The last design is almost requiref by high side choirs carried ~~ high. If there remains a reentrant. angle ac b , let the latter and the high choir, as in Fig. 380 on which rests the straight throush eaves of the roof (Fig. 881). With equal longitudinal extension of all choirs ais tben given the means most usable on the brick churches of Baltic countries, for further simplifica- ~ tion of the roof, and even for the design of an eastern gable i corresponding to the entire width of the nave. — hikewise the ‘junction of the roof of the single-aisled trans- ept to that of the three-aisled nave leads to the most varied designs, according as the height or inclination of. both roofs is the same. In the first case the roof of the nave extends to the western, and the soof of the choir to the eastern roof of the transverse aisle (Fig. 882). In the second the eastern roof i of the cross aisle may extend in & hip of the roof of the nave | or the latter can intersect the roof of the transverse aisle a ~~ and be connected with the choir roof in one of the ways mention- : ed above (Fig. 933). An arrangement certainly bearing the charac= ter of a makeshift is found on the choir at Wetter (Pig. 884), where the roofs of the nave and choir have equal heights and have the same inclination as the roof of the transverse aisle, so that the oblique surfaces a b c d join opposite the: latter. (This arrangement resulis from a later alteration). The magnitude of the roof. surfaces makes their ornamental. tr- eatment appear desirable, that can be made either by the number and form of the openings, or if the material permits, by patte- rns in several colors. For this design are suited all materials used for covering the roof, so far as the conditions permit them | 7 to be obtained in different colors, but especially glazed tiles. | Very rich examples of this kind are found on 58. Stephen in Vien- naand on various churches of Bargundy, of which we sive in Pig. 7 887 an example from S. Benigne in Dijon after a hasty sketch, j for whose primitiveness we cannot answer indeed. (There are ine 7 dicated white, yellow and light gray, red and dark gray, sreen: and grayish black, and black). Least adapted to such treatment are the different metal coverings. Yet very rich effects are -opbia els ta snfawor putes dose seve Joow Lnnibusisaod B edi at esetive toor nommoo ods to taeuszastis oft 35 in ies $ 0 mtot edt dttw befocaaco ylno et st dads eieeres am £ha00 total odd toY stadt mort t{vee7 ton. ze0b bas 207 ad yd eolets taotsbbib edd to Galkrevoo odd at eauooo yi b 98h cbse aseuded spa B29) etoom fsalibstienol baa Lelie ide oviadsguel enolt sedtie totaw sid dots ee Iatooat yd esbie ec os tel gino .atoogs t i te dotdy naic a .eefetse ohte edt to. et . ¢ - A iw Gord S58 is to. etoot sdi to noisoany $h2 oF een esneibed F' . selgaecucqetbal sish etqeaner Peau sReolaie @ebhie 1600 @t001 ‘eeveveds ct 8 eis edd _ etoos ed¢ dtasned afsansdo bexevoo szoi' isqae to toemed s1ta edd yo eeno nego odnt bedbaado nodt axe a tefais bie edt to aysd efsteqes esd agvo stoor setevensti | — ~testel ett Roiteisqes ssfioiw sequin odd isvo erations - % q —— , =P. os: er eo Sg mus hues bee , _ “einta elbe: Shiv iO 1004 Siv Ov Ai CO] Wats GH Hgsexs Ts avle % t We > ih is codes ed of ef sreo sweiwolfiied .(dG6 .bi3) Sh toeetstak bis ee sd seus ai seteddas oft to neitorstcnos sat at bed. -olete eLbbr fz (to % Bie8e taba Soe Got 3 tesel 4s baotxe bus bsol yvsed ee addiver edt betosnsco Llew se0g0 edd ob tod f Beas sedvo ai doiin .agiezeh 2% 3 p ded sad wo Bauct ef si es .etelamoo teow oct midhoudo oad essed acitnasm ¢@ 5 peinone $a donde. 2ac% baa) setedbsief ta do ado. edt & i cass ee yilgaikizo 2ay- bas Pataey va ahaerels .2 a0 ess x ds sire 12 Qne enteS te vosnde ° pte @auooss aco yfno sean desl edt gl .bestakcoer yirselo S [ Q t. 4 Le?) Ce 1454 as, pe | vo) too commodo. odd to aslg ef¢ ctnt beknado asw di ves whe oy: pmeoe ech ai adaieaco egstaevis olor seodw .eolsia f : Fates tac tustoitiue's cade Jelts? onle deel end yey eoetd Odd (Io ehne Ips. oat +B79tiok bsef edd 202 2 Sop etdbtod sotserg, YWoelets efbaiv. . ee pootate n6 ad bovine pints: asad aes ' ies Met) Y Dh Tie we, Lv ca ae Le : - ‘ ee eee a uc leweddag wissibte go etoct gis. yd beaole od. eo ‘ott eet eat ir ye bate ataay és eae oe | 16 eatno’ odd ah bus exntasqd edd Yo at0t edt vs | 521 Cie: produced by partial gilding, by the location of certain plates, by the form of the openings and by the design of the existing 4 crowning of the ridge. . Longitudinal roof over each aisle, But the arrangement of the common roof suffers im the wain d defects, that it is only connected with the form of the whole og and does not result from that. Yet the latter condition decided- _ ly occurs in the covering of the didderent aisles by three par- allel and longitudinal roofs (Fig. 885), between which lie aut ters from which the water either flows lengthwise at west and east through spouts, or is led to both sides by special channels — beneath the roofs of the side aisles, a plan which of these ex- pedients relating to the junction of the roofs of the choir and transepts make indispensable. re Transverse roofs over side aisles. Those covered channels beneath the roofs of the side aisles 3 are then changed into open ones by the arrangement of separate ; transverse roofs over the separate bays of the sidé aisles with ; gutters over the cross arches separating the latter, which eith- : er extend as hip roofs to the roof of the middle aisle or may 4 intersect it (Fis. 386). Particular care is to be taken always in the construction of the gutters. They must be as wide as pos- sible, accessible from the roof of the middle aisle, be made of. heavy lead and extend at least 6 to 8 inches under the covering of the roof; but in the upper wall. connected therewith lies the only defect in the entire design, which in other respects is to be termed the most complete, as it is found on the best works with aisles of equal height. We mention here the church efiss @lisabeth at Marburs, further the cross church at Breslau, §.. Blasien in Mahlhausen and the church at Friedberg. It existed on S. alexander at Binbeck and was orisinally intended on the monastery church at Haina anf.S. Maria at Muhlhausen, es may be clearly recognized. In the last case only on account of cheapn=- ess, it was changed into the plan of the common roof. coverings all aisles, whose sole advantage consists in its ecomony. Howe- ~ yer the last also fails} when a sufficient substitute was found for the lead gutters. The outer ends of the transverse roof can be closed by hip roofs or ordinary Sables. Middle aisle of sreater height. ~ Middle aisle continues in an attic. ng ati aat hee end | to i ha ade nodk: va abe edt gieatevaeo nodd) .atigey sit) te acktoss jabs ed? od beel [liw S82 sbi? ak noidsee ators sk anode Csesfets esti? sad ni etisey to efipioed tneasitib ating ott to eifivev eddy to sdied sit te eff eotoue ooibivib at gaineze tO bifoe ,ellaw tiiud sis wedtyno dud .esle eect ed beatothe o1a tedt 2 dfzted edt ot ia kees Oidtse pd tect as betvoexs uldsss Yevg ef Suomoeknesis saline edt : rSo peisdatl nadine’ ea? tworenemih tease! al .esokiiog da six Sesasces sid dayottle .eworturat, [lites st slete sl “eteSite sopverstiolg « eed sinto eft ok Sdekl reddok »tO&6d O62 evoda seats eleats ef bain f beowdes ed geo esleks ed? te fisted sn ‘geivenifost setisit s sebabeabie edd phinesze! sas $s ised 8 goiaso? sods elets efbbia edd wero ei toor\sdt ito ytinn add soskl .{(888 .biF to Wed bbe odd to [few xscen edt. .aslei oa ma ee Te catstc eihe sdf to stoot sd? to noitoasi edi svoda ele > oo & & ' al . . ¢ & ong To efdttied [acscesg 7 PA 7 “- > ”, a . ot eloot owt edd baitensqee exetal s to wot odd ak ap op — " i & > ae ao 2. mee © Oe be wr Ty — ’ ‘as Xo e769 eids dviv elets elhbin sit to sottevele todient of » - ~~. ’ > ee oF anal en ( o~ ees vt ob ot edd OJ Somer? Bae .crobaiw yd Si bainsac ot adee!l nod? eA > at. F andes Oa i i fin a ea eae a ere a ge ~eleta ofphin Sd to -yrodertss{o add Yo moteye ‘beespag fry ee ee - OOO on ee : .4 eee yetbbin & gaigdooe YSU nLaciso # ak SOS wert -nk ngteab ods iis . £4 oa of gt ; - ey a oe Ye ge ry i ~60fiieed ect fue dead {fed sit saewssd sory By | seivis olSiim edt to acttereqe? if beseougxe yibebioeb sxom et moktineg stsibemredat vic b otisas ad? .etetq bee etlvev edd Yo enot be gadis ,2eei7g0 8 el atotoaeds fins {10990 fon ee0f steordt oft, to eastesias : Pboinm odd to denadd edd t¢atate eed. ed ot af et om ive | 4 ¥ y vet nai - a r be NOS AmoLe S82 CcoLitoee 22ecxs meace Sis n° elisw Suomsuda to notoors oft ekeofed eins of ne egedt setsel oiT .eolets ahic oid suibivib esdoxe eects f e682) dtsonsd qu boinqdss ove elfen esodd elite tatcsttits s meaner? afedt odnit aetce bee sslats obia edt | 2 nottsoiauemoo wisseooen oft ~—epiiang oft Abe ot B9eas ‘eat to aoltoubay sdt 10) .pysd steraqer sdt sovo onal ae gaiaeqo. as ssuiuged pads (88f .q) enoaser of i ess ua ads dome: ae Ot Bk eatnes qaode ates vy By tt By ‘g Pi % y a) he F et i ate i ba 4 r tu s ALAA may ‘ ‘ i 's wiels slbbia edd to etiusy sit to eadore i Epviro qns yd 10 exsiq alate say Eaines#aneite yd seitis 522 When the design of the roof just described results from the section of the vaults, then conversely the form of. vaults as s shown in cross section in Pig. 288 will lead to the adoption of quite different heights of vaults in the three aisles. Thus the dividing arches lie at the height of the vaults of the side ai- sles, but on them are built walls, solid or opening into the | attic, carried to the height a that are adjoined by the side i arches of the vaults of the middle aisle. The entire arrangement is preferably executed in limited pro- portions. In larger dimensions the faulty lighting of the idd- le aisle is still injurious, although the contrast with the br- ighter light in the choir has a picturesque effect. : Middle aisle rises above the roof. The difference in height of the aisles cag be reduced by giv- ing the roofs of the side aisles a flatter inclination them that — of the middle aisle, thus forming a break at the latter (right ; half of Pig. 888). Since the unity of the roof is broken, the ' unequal heights of the aisles, the upper wall of the middle ai- sle above the junction of the roofs of the side aisles extends” up in the form of a frieze separating the two roofs (Pig. 888 a). A further elevation of the middle aisle with this part of. the then leads to opening it by windows, and thence to the fully ex- & pressed’ system of the clearstory of the middle aisle, so that : the design in Fis. 838 in a certain way occupies a middle posi- tion between the hall churbh and the basilica. Separation of the middle aisle. This intermediate position is more decidedly éxpressed in the structural relations of the vaults and piers. The entire arran— Sement of the cross section as shown comprises, that a direct opposition of the thrusts does nowt occur, and therefore a res- istance is to be provided against. the thrust of the middle aisle, | either by strengthening the aisle piers or by any other plan. To this belongs the erection of abutment walls on the separate cross arches dividins the side aisles. The latter then require a stiffening while those walls are carried up beneath the roofs of the side aisles and enter into their construction, 1.¢€., can receive the purlins. The necessary communication of the attics | over the separate bays, or the reduction of the masses for stat- ic reasons (p. 128) then reguires an opening in this abutment wall, whose design is to be such, thaa at the height of the ? dite to gevris of} 16 seiseot ties to hefod tle ans. ew, ot esentoint taetottive! s antsnoy elete [ods to botbasd ets stotexert bos 2ERtOS, eveisecss edt pistes at 868 ott wnivo ¢ + ¢ s etentotit Iatot odd ,.¢ *plnweY 38 [ozo nt iedows sd deum enkasgo odd so ,ebsel » taskt oscdg tol ,e20qi00 biotowd = (Pie? asdt aao cllanx @ e207) ed? to entl sfdeshasdouy edd tdyiow aLerds ye and teve ns ydeveds bee hrenge ti to ontbned yus taaverg Io. tentds edd goubaoo nes . t $00 « beds imi bothbaete eocesitiud ent oF elera olbbba odd .t6 Be 84s fo: bit8¢ ody To Rninode # mist sonce 6 at See . Lise ive. euidd eidd of hago 5 , wy . ™%, r La t nl O38. esoto sci ac beol ent . o 4 ah _ i tea" eevee oa. me Bile ie MT | “sebo0- Geietst aso ellen seods osdi .ekdt moxt swolfot:% % oie Be Bb an oe ee ee. ee ey, ee ee olsatece: & to ysili¢e benoitaer sioted dd enottibaco air a? n606 as cottsustercs ett tedt dud icteke slets of} om : BAR HOOG 38 GOLIVOSIVERCS el cei Tee S6i0 SLeis ©n3 a « ee oe dip F 9 eye ey ' : + at rg SS079G @f Ons .Ydicel sewooad yiieas YV6Sa OOd be r . § e2O081 HTHISI: Eis ‘RS? oy an meions, ta ridotad > yor” [ss rep aw Drs TLORS 16 cw. a FSi a Sher ay £ ai ° % eee a6 Oe Tae 4 ft, t Gf emse. ont eves slats slhhluw eddibaa siods. od Statics ‘to Sooneipsence sud e&4 skieeh Lfeatplas eds wort eovac Peds; to tdpted | bivcos eiinty to moteve odt Yo ¢roustasrte sid os Ratbro ixslvotiasd: 2 .akt onvct. 28 sda ise oo eee! Westie asec eqesisbhsi } pmett ebassxs cefinié si? to eataniked of% e194 10% -iseces duicg Swee edt wort adiz aeovs sid bes exeta to not slbbia > awons end geds ce dow Ledowriats oft te ened eyed S iene ‘Yo tiated ott oF gorh tlesy thodoveds to bas dova @fetsa ebis eis to tluaev. edt koto. sewor2ad divin sodorndo béelete+sluntea ni cainoedid @ comitoo s nO etivev svat bas stodo: edd to ensge sd : oh ena edges (aswact edt to tdated teceef 2 oF has! wi * wee. Si \ | eae et (e@wode Qtaedeind 2o dersdo ‘setivent¥ ond ne 0 Sig ge 88 ‘to ot weeren a Binaries el Shep tey tien " :, ¥ Rie ; Os he wy ‘a ee oa Na 525 point of application of the thrust of the vault. of the middle aisle remains a sufficient. thickness to prevent the sliding of the separate courses and therefore the bending of the piers, i. e., the total thickness abt+.be in Fig. 888 is sufficiently large, or the opening must be arched in circular form. These w walls can them fulfil a twofold purpose, for them first ensure py their weight the unchangeable line of the cross arch, ‘is@.., prevent any bending of it upward and thereby an overturning of. the aisle pier outward, but them conduct the thrust. of the vaul- ts b£ the middle aisle to the buttresses standing in the outer q wall, and in a sences form a. shoring of the parts of the wall ex- ¢ posed to this thrust. The load on the cross arches must. not be too great, since otherwise the piers would be forced inward too : strongly. (Further on this on the preceding p. 373). ; T£ follows from this that those walls can furnish under cert- sin conditions the pefore mentioned utility of a separation of the aisle pier, but that its construction as soon as it becomes _ too heavy easily becomes faulty, and is better replaced by one | that. avoids the loading of the cross arches, and that is the ase @ of the buttresses lying under or over the roof, to which we shil — all return later. Relation of heights of choir and of middle aisle. The choir abdiihe middle aisle have the same height as 4 rule. Variations are indeed often found, partly resulting from the s system lying at the ground of the entire design, partly are ch anges from the original design as the consequences of an inter- — ruption of the construction. Thas 2 greater height of the nave, | according to the arrangement of the system of vaults results f. \ from the plan of two-aisled choir ass found in a particularly striking way in the church of Niederaspe near Wetter in upper. Hesse. For here the beginning of the arches extends from the a - middle row of piers and the cross ribs from the same point rest on the keystone of the triumphal arch, so that the crown of this — arch and of the choir vault drop to the height of the basis of « the vault of the side aisle. hikewise in single-aisled churches with narrower choir, the unequal spans of the choir and nave vaults on a common basis lead to a lesser height of the former, as the cross section of. the Minorites’’ church of Duisburg shows. Gonversely is found a sreater height of the choir on the church iS OL a a i ‘ i rie ae Mae J J , 1 a tye rape 0 ” % ® os ee ake i ty ey) 7)" g 4 ran i ‘ i ae J] ‘Nei , ~ } + ¥ $ . - any 7 i : ] 4 : a 7 yy iw e@ dtie nottsatdnos at beebat grednotasts at 6 ‘ta oats ti dedt .2e7Rob le dowa o> IlLite sud f /1even edd to 6dt Snfbesoxrs tiats aoc to etapied na aa beteta ea eliduagsil Yo soint edd of efeta ae c svedowuio Ifsd to esinel lad ¢ ao8 etinest sisdt eolesis edt to eddgted Ieepe ditt fai cotiaoqgosg tesisogas sion wet s eelets ebia 19 ‘ie otter sit aadw soiwd besiai .sleis slbbim edd 20% > act Qo gdbted edt obivih of dxon sk fi ot0otoned? 1S 2S paieds noowied ontinetys etluev. odetbeutetai vd estate of eotzes ie: bellso-o8 od¢ to tasmenzuevie edd yd eond eller mee oft tot gaintstdo .fonude edd te stots edad eid sical gi nottroqoiq s celate’ sabia edd Yo tdhted of sookeiv ) olbbin edd to dsdt detw gotstoovied 1 aU 106d 4 —— 7 a | ,eetveliey enele x2 ed of bawot evé Geitoilsed botivaw done to eslquaxti Berek: enc: ,eecnlvetg saidh sid Yo exvow tstel edt ck cooxor tink beenosd .2 ot .ts0d .6 bee doiwebhkR te sadoando ¥dto p dsaszss718 otf .weftewsdh Je sudinetgad 2. % Sito wed .OCS .aft oi octiesa seomm oi nwode oh asttel f fodetnse’ Poe eeleis etetsgse ef seftselis® waofd bebreder | iefottehrn. at hevieassd ifrte ons ted ,ersils obte dtiw Be ws ed¢ at bovot sen syed? .ewsey) taeces Litany based tedteo ® xeddoh 8s dowsde edd to tosunast odd gaebeoesg efeks obtie SyNiniaes dt of edt to Setnnined a4¢ #8 teseLl ¢lind viel M te¢al bre w8R70 Odd avisoss ot bebaetai yilentsico easy oi ed? .eblind bedetvantteib sob xo¢ belleo-oa s ae best Me Gtt Seveced .seotetot Isiosge absotte yerads yr1olles vidd : janot ote ediz elncpeif brs erowe .wol ytov beela ats od edd deorisint esnibloon shed ésit o2 .ednenger. tefl? rdese ne wEertetq Soros “hoe ‘Seid dttw exzow obsted eines (ase at eetwedil toa ide «Betas gs ddsydo stetssfioo sutne .sones% ni asd W a0 asizel ics fove bayot ois .ehasd Yo tedé bas aoxyok te og 8s -besotdosm tagt odd sesdn eslete obke olf evade od ot: 30 Habin edd teat nt .fedne00s yldeiosqes et not | ee a 0 OL8dhE yo hebivib Bt ofthe: elbbin edt odni Sat | , aréontes : ets at i ps 400 seed teve etinev sd? .esdors yd eg ‘moge Liss inchs caged haus dade Rasa ekasd a a L ro: hy Gs, / / ; ‘ a | Oe coe 7 ‘ ze | 524. in Prankenberg indeed in combination with a widening thereof, put still in such addegree, that it also has a proportion of h- a eight exceeding that of the nave. q Meanwhile as stated, equality in heights of choir and middle gq aisle is the rule. ) j Galleries of hall churches. a With egaal heights of the aisles there results for the narrow- er side aisles a far more important. proportion in height than for the middle aisle, indeed twice when the ratio of width is 1: 2. Therefore it is next to divide the height of. the side e aisles by intermediate vaults extending between their piers and walls, thus by the arrangement of the so-called galleries to en- large the énterior of the church, obtainins for the separate di- ; visions in height of the side aisles a proportion én height qui- te or approximately harmonizing with si of the middle aisle. Stone galleries. Bxamples of such vaulted galleries are found to be especially common in the later works of the Rhine provinces, thus im the city churches at Kiderich and S. Goar, in S. béonard in Frank-. fort and of &. Lavrentius at Ahrweiler. The arrangement of the latter is shown in cross section in Fig. 890. Men originally regarded these galleries as separate aisles and furnished them sith side altars, that are still preserved im Kiderich. On the other hand until recent years, there was found in the bay of Su : side aisle precedeng the transept of the church at Wetter a gal- . lery built later at the beginning of the 16 th century, which 4a was originally intended to receive the organ and later was util- q ized as 2 so-called box for distinguished guilds. The design of this gallery thereby affords special interest, because its vanl- — ts are placed very low, cross and diasgonla ribs are formed as ’ rather flat sesments, so that their mouldings intersect the round piers. Bat likewise in many Early Gothic works with high niddle aLS=» | les in France, on the collegiate churbh at Mantes, the cathedral of Noyon and that of. Paris, are found such galleries on vaults. q above the side aisles, where the just mentioned separate posit—- — ion is especially accented, in that the width of the arch open= ing into the middle aigle is divided by little colums connected — by arches. The vaults over these galleries in the cathedral of Paris show, that for later purposes, aS we shall soon see, & a Ge é an a ‘LL? eee 2 ia ja a Ot. , Sa eas Pane es AS be vi i j ae ere is i rs ag 7 i i } ; sqm 9 aetu0 ‘est fakabes at vstretiues ialtans cies. 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STU Oe eee eS eee nn mee, MONEE a eee RY 525 . substantial peculiarity in raising the outer compartment from the keystone to the window wall. Since the 16 th century have men believed that these galleri- | es must be ever more common, at first in Protestant churches, but later in certain countries at least, also in Chtholic chur- ches, and they were devoted to a purpose essentially differing from the original one, when the separation from the other inte- rior of the church and the establishment of separate altars th- erein was omitted. Then a view of the pulpit and altar in the rear row of seats was usually regarded as a necessity, and this must compel a raising of the floor toward the exterior like an amphitheatre. It has been assumed as decided, that especially in restricted dimensions the effect of the interior is injured by these addi- — tions; if at is further true that the need for room is generalig | only imaginary, and as the requirement of a free view of the p | pulpit only comes from a certain pious vanity; it is no less fixed that in many cases the disproportion betwién the aetual need of room and the means at hand compels thisecheapest mode of obtaining room, or that at least the omission of the galler- ies and even only it is not carried out against the opposed wi- shes and opinions. It is yet more certain that Gothic architec- ture is more suited than any other to fulfil even an unfavorable programme. a Among the possible forms for the present purpose, one intima- tely interwoven with the entire mass of the building is most preferable, thus being the gallery inserted between the piers. and outer walls. Therefore we attempt in Fig. 881 to carry this out with the least height, when we assume Spans for the middle and side aisles of 7 m and 4 m in the clear and all projections, — and place the base line of the former at the height of 5.5 am, : As a minimum height of the crown of the cross arch of the gall- -ery turned between the piers, we take 3 m and give this a rise of 0.75 m, assuming 4 m as the clearidistance between the piers. If we now askame an inclination of 90 em for the inclination of ' the floor of the gallery, the diagonal ribs of vaults forming the same receive a rise of 1.5 um, and the side arches at the o outer wall haye one of 2.25 m. The entire clear height of 4.5 m thus results beneath at the wall. With the assumed proportions of the plan, a semicircular form — h’ sreka: olbhie edd ok eda Hiei vb edd to Shidttese edt fomatenoe on eigetbroool .m 8 erodes aca os ,f%e 4 sc nevin steh eft of gntbacoce eof ¢ tented owen oft ¢4 018 etereds sit to KotteoifLaqs te 5 eft to eexodt evods mo 8S tuode ek elaad ateit vigeid ae woled elfaeticqss edt eoelq ev etotedes? .ativer ole to sdgied ea ge aelets ebte oft to adt« edt boa acdors yeleis efbile ett tc eeodd nen? “wednta etoteied? .elead ‘ih ede to edix eaovo off teniege Aue yen? .o #4 nods es sane tk eldiesoe Ze igid es beetas od Lit yed? yeertect ete i Be side ot beebet fos. ,eteifey edt no atoeteq to ebeed S T0018 one evods @ &,& tuods etf eetetias Ae hoow p Wieser & ,snote to eben ed tewm eetvoiiss fore $I " wi tbe eat yd enoitvzoso1g betirii ni iseqqe yew yluisiseo by os we ed jenn iiowboow oid to. ndiveb edt ,ansea Yo Gas ois Peat yo bensiser sa goo litn excita edd to Atowonode. sad W ott eisic edt to ets t8q esis taidgie erotoved’ ,euadmid msel ogasdo s evad denn tetas emaed to etcoq maboow : ‘ay ons Sid Yomotiosascs of so ynittaler eidd o¢ gat Mit go Isdzoo & ud bentetis od bieow eeogse¢ tevit eft and uk Doow edt x0? Sotwsed ytssesosn odd brotts bluow dotdy : me eee ,Ooneiesw od ton bivose sete odd to seeu oid tadd S63 usentad bestas gedous agp shee ehote ac asnq7sm voetss Sete Pigos' doesaos tuG .cil Hires eqaed eds dotde' no 2x8 sO7T8i0- edt Yo eobic« soe! $2 e8eog esetéyae tatoels va mie0g sid To ylietooaes fee dxowboor eft io jrentasal Sz aa E59 oF OOO .2alT af eolquexe Men Beth SIbbiN evo yaotetsel) déiw sedovedO .£ | i \yinede gS stsrttwS whedd bus (sot oo | . eeeters ebke oftabe «sro esseaqtiys § io Sgn to etibied laupeay, atin escotgdo [Ief ak Og dja woktsoi{qge Yo atuteos eit Yo ron Stsy6e odd eved ow BY tehasean Yo feooge) te stnenesrios* Taeew odd) ban etes + vee ¥ vateasoon: Big? shelis sfibhe sayhe Sid od sonal at ec sitesi te adatog edd to Sabha at sonoasttif Sit. hdin By eels on. dabied s ditw essecges Ylgnotse Jeom ero$ss)edt | ae | (sfibin edt Yo Raiddsil saabsogsbai Baibroite eifew a pte ‘slbtia oat te ysosexeel® eds 20 eons: toqut ne Bi “ad erabakn esgae one a hae 4 eas ag tug reas . ir 7 + a / F »F- a ; uy re Aa are As - ope AS: c he ° vi a . ‘ Lae vf a > - Ole > _* Dy mr hee Be ual AS wy, 526 of the diagonal ribs im the middle aisle require a wevgis! ‘eet oe. about 5 m. Accordingly we construct the vaults of tke side ais- E les according to the data given on p. $71, so that the points 4 of application of the thrusts are at the same height and accor- dingly their basis is about 75 om above those of the middle aia sle vaults. Therefore we place the capitals below the dividing : arches and the ribs of the side aisles. at the height of this 4 basis, therefore higher than those of the middle aisle, so that as shown at c, they run against the cross ribs of the middle aial sle. Thereby they will be raised as high as possible above the heads of persons on the gallery, and indeed in this case they lie about 2.5 m above the floor. Wooden galleries. If such galleries must be made of stone, a necessity which ec © certainly may appear in limited proportions by the lack of hei=)\ Sht and of means, the design of. the woodwork must be such that the stonework of the piers will not be weakened by the inserted timbers. Therefore either those parts of the piers into which wooden posts or beams enter must have a changed form correspon- _ ding to this relatiin, or no connection of the two parts can oc- cur. The first purpose would be attained by a corbel om the pier, which would afford the necessary bearing for the woodwork, so | that the mass of the pier should not be weakened, but in a more verfect manner be stone sedmental arches turned between the pi- 7 ers, on which the beams could lie. But contact could be avoided — by placing separate posts 3t both sides of. the piers. For the 4 treatment of the woodwork and especially of the posts are given examples in Figs. 606 to 623. a 3. Churches with Clearstory over Middle Aisle (Basil- — ica) and their Buttress System. - | Buttresses over single side aisles. i Im hall churches with unequal heights of aisles (P&S. 888), we have the separation of the points of application of the thr- usts and the resulting requirement of. opposing sufficient resin istance to the higher middle ailes. This necessity increases Ww | with the difference in height of the points of application, and: therefore most strongly apnears with a heisht of the clearstory walls affording independent lighting of the middle aisle. Importance of the clearstory of the middle aisle. But in the adoption of the upper windows consists the particulal Pe ey Seer he Se ee : ee eT ee 8 ; i . ; : ie) ae Sal tice ; ‘ie a Vetahe elbita ‘edt sntetes 50% acesst Isizesan Boa at gosteb a bawot ed of et bakdssifl. etds to deal ek etdT -edtbin Jesse ddin ddated ieupe to ssielis laacpett 70 ,siate e216 VeGG840 odt wort weiv edt yd 3 Hab add to teestaos oct otedw ,eleis sbie edt to Seas %o deSri [lat eis dtis effete, efbbim edd Yo etfuey da0s ent asve ci goalies bsd s esouborg ealeis shie sat BLOF eects et elodw sitid yc bassbeic sofrecezdmi. odt asyost0N BE Ap duciqazovos odd, ied? o2 veoley. 199070: 8 esf tasq Kis Bewemencai7s edt yd Seisdtist ef sense aistieo 5 ri nolitsve m @ent olidw .esleis esievanstt bose ebie dddwonbieob sede 10 . wes vlno bessnzieeh sd ot ef si .eefets to asdatesd Lex nies oi Sei Lie ni dowrlo tegotqteds 2k gI S9dsel ait Bake Piasisiiib odd olidu. .betaeeszqs2 ef dads moletvibdse Bi peetosisio sat etom esdosotcge avdgiod [supe to eoleis 9 bs ie sttodo odd od bebbs ng Oris ni weil Jaa oft to dqamiat asilvosg sit taG leed Isnoitisant sii to aoisveantdace a oe ak bebaee se gaivig eudd bas ,edtados? ui esonesvbe sit dtin eqyt ie -eolgioniag ited ot enley ; Bon xd besotio esn sollieasd eid to gaivevoo telt edd. al BY sds yd beavso sasn dsdt .esidivorttib Isoindost seodt pet edt desist einins won one 2i .ainomduds Yo been odd bas naG? odjteebh efdetins est ,bestazooer eaw &nidinaey to gue fodethexd to enottytiozexq oft omit suse ods is ,baget gen ® oft ot belisy eon meifsoiber sbiow asdio al ,bevous2 ece cf nedé towses 2d asdi Hlgow isch .engieeb wen edd to bo noitos aegapeo & 10% dAgicisoned bi ov ,eoqrd O16 sig 68 “yiteetth etctowsdt .abaiblind dowdo 30% oss elusv ese cen doid« 101 ,étgied L[enoa to solata to moteye aft penne Supesasgoh ods ail bouot exottoeribh bsisay seou wed .seonivorg doasti uisdiso ai es Jism ea silsdo toads est tud Saemqoleveh eit to agedg s.eletsm ton qgo odd asVvo yiotety edd yd hoatatis neve cow dotdr 2 vIstae0 ait SI odd ol asstesenm odd geodst to bsesteal Jo Peds baivioe yd Sehae astt bas .sedtons 19d%s ansem sid “selene Snevasg odd to avaguoxiupes odd gniniduos ! dis besesquve bae gatbliod § Roitseso. .m10i pil eee ai fae ddpneds, evisogiseqos to ee y a wai — | Prone, un 2 _ all a rt sa | ‘ material reason for raising the middle aisle, just as in the ee lack of this lighting is to be found a defect im the plan of a ™ aisles of equal height with sreat widths. This is plainly felt by the view from the transverse aisle, or diagonally from a bay of the side aisle, where the contrast of the dark shadows if the q vaults of the middle aisle sith the full lisht of the vaults of the side aisles produces a bad effect in even the most finished works. | Moreover the imprsssion vroduced by the noise ‘is clearer: ev—- ery part has a proper value, so that the development of the el- evation in a certain sense is furthered by the arrangement. of thecdesignowith side and transverse aisles, while tak with eq- ual heights of aisles, it is to be designated only as not oppo= sing the latter. It is thezproper church in all its internal subdivision that is represented, while the different. design with aisles of equal heights approaches more the character of a hall added to the choir. . But the peculiar trimmph of the art.lies in this, that it suc- J ceeded in forming a combination of the traditional basilican + type with the advances in technics, and thus Sivins a justified value to both principles. wa In the flat covering of the basilica was offosed by none of those technical difficulties, that were caused by the vaulting and the need of abutments. If one now thinks that the reguiren- ent of vaulting was recognized, the suitable design for this ; was found, at the same time the prescriptions of tradition were removed, in other words radicalism was called to the execution of the new designs. What would then be nearer than to abandon the 1d types, to strive henceforth for a counter action of the vaults also for church buildings, therefore directly passing to the system of aisles of equal heisgtt, for which use was in the most varied directions found in the Romanesque churches of West- phalia as well as in certain french provinces. But thereby was not merely a phase of the development but the highest stage, w ® which was even attained by the victory over the opposing difficulties Instead of these the masters in the 12 th century sought one means after another, and then ended by solving the problem of combining the requirements of the present with the transmitted form, creating a building and surpassed all precedents in depth of constructive thought and in acuteness of expression, founding “a a Do” Ta Sues & MA, fous null 4 oe ne ee eee aie. Wee en, Fy Rey » overs (hin o # mh) yi -" 1h 4 i Fi ‘. 7 ‘i _ uf , M _ iy iy ahs rUls A ; iA 7 . Lis 1 a : r iy ul f er, 7 “ye e 7 Ae re , F ae . bie edt. cele: bse ie gust ns eudds aetwaions se cee s isiretan odd tuodtiv 10% .meteya tnotettib. a m eserse nt wo¢aye antlievsrq odd yfutsdiso .2ddzied #F youpdwyteve tosteds selqasxs yaseu 08 Yo ditsow sdt iis ead. betaeval gesd eved tor bluow seodd yd tect heme is 09- ised gk: ‘@idtetv seit? ee yeri0t wake to toemgoLev od Sn0o eves asm binow wod sfgmsxe sol wboiv atdt to ox BIO edt ti .toto basogavoceds io .zhanor edd to t . re feTIIh steisuse odd Horiwpes Jon bet nolttouss BEAL" | Teddatos JasreTiib ts esoitons? uh Eh eh ats Raat | -Bepestiiud gatrlt edt to ezoqen? elbbim eis to puitdail sasonsqehat eié svode pemveas eval aw giv neve td eyIotersolo ond ain forse oniitfe qnt ad¢ ge eles iid 0 arose ts bemzot of yrotetesto oft to tigrod Lisma as dove eitanllt Be ,etsoqgys yose1ls sisdd asic! ar dowsdio nsgartcel FEISGSE & ko ytieeoosn oat cia iWMak aotiose aeore of be Mcsksu see etd? .eleia elbhin edt to atiusv edd o% sonste & ,s0ea-. -Baiesageo gnotottios disks s yd Gemrot sd ¢ eegega etat nog ad vtegesoos vino stoteisds ef tr ine = cS & oe aba esis ,eselq eisis edt Yo snemegretns ne mort 93 tuenériuges geatt oat .eeed.einy of betere: et deiw eeeestitad ebisino sit gaisyeine yd bese ei “Proobe ods. .dauids atit ni takemo00 essetont ‘sich ye bIB> Oh seat stoleveds ets “lide weds tentshe henaret W «Ss a 2 ba te ie o aes 2 < - sweat wo alflet .bsawqyu patgoled tentare gatawen? hese ake eved tevm eensosdited buigit edt ylenthicopa 5 Giated sit te oleic olhbig edt to [len sesso — ot feds iw Jud .tiuer et to texts edd to sottsotiqgas to stnrtoq eds itcant, eds eyods eecivind ed? to ebtent edt yathtite toot et ot Uteerooen todiued ef YT .slete sbts edé To etinev siz to ogegov étexegse Sit to dnomevon Esewan a8 mort dows edt son me te feos eesc ® to motttbbe eft yd emogd Sarit eidt bos | putend eéibact oxedd ylaatbsoocd wentbesr off Batessronr yd ss shad Bis YIosgiesio ent Yo tdbied iisme eis act ylno res “i de Ge sttod goiyit ent ydowshy ,oredy ‘nworde nyteeb edt to yt | ok te iv ent to Yoox sdt woled sdege dd nt sex bonvot te rot yatgaoled sntfiog edt Satiaoggue sontke suo es vite edd Teves 70} Lisw sitxe Uae 40 aoijoe hf ARS nh en 528 a principle whose endless fertility also came to the aid of Bhe different system. For without the material advantages of equal 7 heights, certainly the prevailing system in Germany, recognizing the worth of so mamy examples thereof everywhere, it must be as- © sumed that by those would not have been invented the richer de- 7; velopment of detail forms, as first visible in Barly Gothic wor- ks of this kind. For example how would men have come to the ar- i rangement of the rounds, of°theccompound pier, if the organism of the construction had not required the separate different pa- ~~ rts performing functions at different heights? 7 . Purpose of the flying buttresses. | q We have assumed above the independent lisghtins of the middle aisle as the impelling reason for the clearstory. But even with such a small height of the clearstory so formed as shown on the hiebfrauen church in Worms, there already appears, as illustra- ted in cross section infFis. 39., the necessity of a separate _ resistance 66 the vaults of the middle aisle. This resistance can only be formed by a completely sufficient opposing.mass, a ard it is therefore only necessary hn establish this mass so as to do no injury to the organism of the whole, as such would. arise from an enlargement of the aisle piers, then to conduct the forces to be resisted to this mass. The first requirement . would be expressed by enlarging the outside buttresses with> te- gard.to the increase occurring in the thrush, the second byfly- ing buttresses turned against them, whilh are therefore first considered as struts. Ensuring against bulging upward. Walls on them. © Accordingly the flying buttresses must have their crowns att— ached to the outer wall of the middle aisle at the height of the point of application of the thrust of the vault, but with its foot striking the inside of the buttress above the junction of the vaults of bBhe side aisle. It is further necessary to sec- ure the arch from an upward movement of the separate voussoirs, and this first occurs by the addition of a mass thereto as well as by increasing the radius. Accordingly bhere results in Fis. 891 only for this small height of the clearstory the possibili-. ty of the design shown there, whereby the flying buttresses are turned free in the space below the roof of the side aisle, with- ~ out either supporting the purlins belonging to the roof constr- |g uction or any extra wall. Moreover the entire desisn not appearing as Be i ki Hei La i ye oN Mi a at Sak Pe iad gir 8 OD myrree s. ey er wee? Fach’ st il ae Pane) ee ‘evs > Ae to setonteio odd aedter eed qlisatetxe oh i g Yo: dots raheité: pozso abedaeo ai ebarnevbe détnw Seyolqus my I sit to encleneath elderehiesco ede erent) .mcol o1s — ee excene ot ywsvesoes ino. ets ehie go OC bas gid ao Od anes : @ aetioe yan dod ,enil dows edt. io mo? sidsobasdoay fe hapifont ge sham et’ dors odd to cod oft nedw .wottoubes eld te eetwodtl yeu eimoeem sidxe etd? .yroesa yd onil sgies roo ad bas th dgwordt tuo aattied 10 thoy sid sebay aiswet Ddeek edd yS seebia tisod ga suo qith dtin dele « yd si obtetno se dLwev’ ods to ¢eotdt sft of Sonastetecs odd dtod fivon mgiash se Ixe “metete eit od bloow nedt tddted qedsors & te evitosite mot ehocgess109 eftnemegneeis dtod of ted .tciaedxe end oo ay Hyatt edt dotdw os. satbrooor .ebieeb stadt sunesen otelqnoo ad toom ett dtesnad to haotenk evade benvns sia sonzcertiue , Se Aaetntat act edt bevomex ylstitae ai emtt. ease edd te dotiw ii. pisettel oft of setinosq yrote aselo edd to tiered ead To Bi a ee - °°, fore edt to tewrdd tet anod ii. 9 onan yvfowsn ea eesttiud sorylt sad nsit ewad oF bz W$enee 8 ai soted ecned ,eastitad degiees edd of Jenads wus: icththes uk sod serode asboow e oki yhod Isitmeq 6 en Se #8i.dow ose 2s NO RGEP esi yd ee wet oe (dmerettih ef seas g vedd. So Lfew sdt-diiw aotis nah sd¢ te teotds evitdos ne efasxe > ek dicey odd 36 tancdd sit to goag o dotdw yd slots ofbbia Rh _ ead mo¢acbascs® af sosolt eidd to ysieastai soit .bentisatuen Seepedid’ Sctbsol vii vs {fen es dove odd to otutevice Die sain a mottonut eti to noitoatibh odd ao sorot-sdv to motsosrbh edd Weni®) gated sibbim est to notteool eft ao eoned flew oft dtiw Lead ed erotsieds bluon sotot eidt to doette od? .(R08 oF SOD fod atyf{t sdd ti .dfuew odd to tantdt edt tentegs saotesra ibe ok benwest stew hos sldtesog ¢asivesd edd obsm stow best mi tedwomoe to ylladtaosidod [flaw sds beatos, veadd dow b bos ovevenyN @ es siqasze 10%)) bevivo erem ei dors oft ai eseplend ef64 eh sno cud? ieecfiet seuydd edt ,bobsok sacl pat oa doza odd to cain fae .stuteviss dégiew vd etimts abet wk es .soltoo1lb bas ebucsingem nit esotet bas eth onta a one + ydovedE (OLS {COb GOR .egh").ysblidade to esoidtbaoe ' feds asd cure jet anol sham we ‘GRO y BQ78 edd to deucds an pel "Sy fof vent iy 2048) ese edF Yo Bb aie: a} sone sade ipecabaes one eoeeortiad aaiget 4 a | y By ” a i 529 externally has rather the character of an expedient certainly, employed with advantage in certain cases than that of a real | art form. There the considerable dimensions of the flying buté- eess 60 cm high and 90 cm widté are only necessary to ensure an unchangeable form of the arch line, but may suffer a considera- ble reduction, when the tov of the arch is made an inclined st- raight line by masonry. This extra masonry may likewise either remain under the roof or better cut through it and be covered outside it by a slab with drip cut at both sides. By the last - design would both the resistance to the thrust of the vault be effective at a greater height tham would be the system expressed on the exterior. But to both arrangements corresponds in more complete measure that design, according to which the flying buttresses are turned above instead of beneath the roof, by which at the same time is entirely removed the restriction ~ of the height of the clear story peculiar to the latter. Counterthrust of the arch. We have then the flying buttress as merely conducting the thrust. to the nearest buttress, hence being in a sense regard- ed as a neutral body like a wooden shore.’ But in reality the case is different, so far as by its properties as an arch it exerts an active thrust at the junction with the :wall of the middle aisle, by which a part of the thrust of the vault is neutralized. The intensity of. this force is dependent on the weight afid curvature of the arch as well as its loading, but the direction of the force on the direction of its junction with the wall, hence on the location of its middle point (Figs. 492 to 405). The effect of this force would therefore be the Sreatest against the thrust of the vault, if. the flying butt- ress were made the heaviest possible and were turned in a flat arch, that joined the wall horizontally or somewhat inclined. If the arch is more curved ({for example as a quadrant) and is less loaded, its thrust is less. Thus one ds able sithin wide limits by weight, curvature, and rise of the arch so to deter- mine its end forces in magnitude and direction, as it favors conditions of. stability. (Figs. 408, 409, 410). Thereby the thrust of. the arch can be made less or greater than the thrust of the vault. i Tf flying buttresses are employed that much fiteer their duty, | ply DUNE iy ii 6 | en i Sa eM ate °, ae eee as of Bh Fe he Sib eae ox enco ins | madsonons/taatoh vom ot based: alisu ond odd i) gan tide nso edfaey e20s0 .ativev sdt bfod ylmaiz of ir jasad2ite Soncisces -qltaswpert eft yd events esteveneit bee . = eéiwil borit nidtin,sedois ecots to edaemstegqnos aiedd ROR sis eoaeerdind yvsed ood audT «(REE .G0l «¢) yusiat Pec inantoatts to ¢dgted gostt0o ditw atiasv odd od ofdaro teehee qs yet sefois agoio bsastibte “ylvogrioo" yd a6 eddone eved yodt tud ,d10w stidas edd Yo ydilidommi ods 6g80T9 dove oft dad¢ gantdt [eupe edd vod .soasypeenoS 2 26 ifgst jptered’ ~bme senol edd te aavoco opis Ifew env tentegs etiexs ot g eeitnos: cals szontsed beiyli ysed vleviewsoxs as y aetser3 sg yd boatstdo od tesa edt fas .eeostdod Sods ql 8 601 5 ce dadé .oidd wort ewollol JI selsitetsm Yo wits emoteiait .eldaretoxg od tenn dowe edt Yo soifonitenos tdAgitl a “Hots edd to noitoss zeode edd sovbos o¢ ateoneo darii odd el Deveitinc edd dguois tnttoses digacats edt to ofts1 odd ee doom a bLuoe aceoeassqusesds dnd .edkwseq etcecony betiimenssd edd of | 4a) Sxoted benoitaem 2s .edsol bas baiw ai oottsizav yd sansdo “geod tad Batelt ods ai as090 yaa siedd abiow sedto af to . (Out —eioe 6d of stuogese to eenil bevawo siem bas ustielt eawivonoe _ ‘eussa ods yay 5 2 - “* i ia> 7: eee S| LP © ae ie AM! ~ WS af ee ces 4 ee he Nie 53¢ farther inward, and thereby the flying buttress receives a hei- ght exéeeding that of the quadrant. If this height does not ex- 7 ist in the general proportions of the cross section, then the intersection of the flying buttress into the roof of the side aisle, or lowering it to the springins of the cross arch of the. side aisle will be necessary. At the Resensburs cathedral a les—- — ser height of the flying buttress os obtained by striking it f from three centres. Passages in the clearstory wall velow the arch. Below the attachment of the flyins buttress and with a full. neutralization of the thrust (Pig. 409), for the clearstory wall or rather for the pier formed by it is only a thickness required by the condition of the reacting strength of the stone opposed to the loading reduced by the flying buttress. Hence results the possibility of replacing the pier mentioned by two supports, b between which i1 spared the space needed for theopassage (b in. Pig. 392), thus constructing a passage to make the windows of the clearstory accessible, as already represented in Pig. 857. In works in Bursundy, in the cathedral of Toul (fis. 850), and Preibers cathedral (fig. 892) the passage lies inside and the window wall is placed abithésottside face of the wall, the fly- ing buttress either direltcry serving this as in Fig. 891, or | there is set against one of the lower aislespiers, either a | corbelled buttress as in Big. 895, or finally as in Fig. 892 against a mere projection. But in the interior this arrangement ccupies space, that was priviously explained in the galleries of single-aisled churches. Accordingly Fis. 892 shows the arr-. angement of tunnel vaults in the thickness of the wall,-and Pig. 392 a is the plan of this Tig. at the height of this passage, that for a row of windows filling the entire length of the bay would receive a form about corresponding to Fis, 855 a. On the same structural principle is based the design of exter- nal passages. There the window wall alternates places with that internal pier a b c d in Fig. 892 a, and thus is set back to the inner face of the wall. According to the width of the wind- on the jambs come to lie asainst the rounds of the side arch, while the tunnel vaults in the thickness of the wall appear ex- ternally as on the cathedral of Rheims (Fig. 394). We note here that overhanging form of cross section of this tunnel vault is ‘ uv View JS Pe + ii a R. aren we ier a Ni i t st cont yee oar i Sinkoees. her sud: ‘(tous doa plats $< 1} ad¢ te ofgns odd mi isetq odd to ebawot oft Yo ‘oe Greets etedn .(8 $09) Lian odd Yo eeendotdd edd of is ented ban vedous edd ao katbnetus cele yelge odt to. wot iq-edt) to asiq edt to qiilidiesog eid adivees eyed tease yigel Be ) geaettted gokyit edt dteened anuntod hetslowt wot ‘edd *ue geidess [fan oft dotdy eeendoiss odd sisiw vst ‘aeqgn edd of sesinnos (88 .g) eesnttite yiszesoss ocd 4 D ett: ne Lior as eetasiish bus asodto® yd heviapes Ilew ast: to g soimzcs edt to azot edt yd beataddo ed ylieee eo emesd toos Paotsen 20 ote Ismmas edd sonie egakiledzoo feerssat yd bas “a , ilew wobuiw edd ebiesuo. exer edd paitosanoo eedote odd DP ebdedetis edd at tLeeti «eta odd yiao antene1 otedd bas ,2e9 yivedt -eesnicids tetseta sidtif #& to 19 asessiue yitylt? edd * % ods pris pieiq seent tenisgs beatad mend ors esesotdind x y agentares rredy elidw emo LTouNs, stadt dtsened ee2ecesq avin | te Vpoordd gninaiisos to ,seemtsnd Boiylt edd af geddis avo | sb a08 #63 sq .D .fof pooG-sl-tollol¥, .pottas ovsisgss & syed ) 8b eeondoids odt 2 ,botteitse ad, of seoqinq edt atin? Ribhaseudsed eatyit ods to moitenry odd ts bewrol, asi¢ s6d00 , ee beyinuees tizied edt evods cals aasiitud odd ,.s.i .bentad gon fan Loo botefoet ne yo beotloa1 od oele neo skatsag odd pteibne: tnozt edt gnivieos: teldae 23 dieoned ebusta Indices beds ai bedseenk ef bao hsen ett alidw ,eceisind gesyll esi est morteaitosjow wsiq Ifans wd dsoogwe tedt¢ent ebaltubaes a Bye esesttud odd yd mwode ot bold aid Yo elqmexe aA .aogt ten wefdes. odd at s ensh .(ECS . ai") aetentw grodesso odd to ee: xd bessoguse Gas cows ezettind Baty? edt to awoto sat ys stds. edt ahoeoxe asvbiw saoidw .r9teslto ead aio. £ atulos aE Be 0 nsigq edt of. bednssougses be aesagduc satvit edd: to on a6 saersi'ad gotylt efit to cebie ctod ge eevoxe gins sand on Bas 9 a haa »esintos sdt wolead ud: goielt alt $0 ay ond to poitoosib teqeets edt 15 + edd, to sSonateieor bit dofin ts fhoasetoal af tiztod edd esersbon aot evidootis plinaioiitvs eemooad disey eit to i ro sis to eruesem edd tevowod doidw yd .eacte ‘ nf ‘ of ¢ Die eines eit sbhesoxs tiuav [sant dedt yd sevisosa ash Soa). : 1 Reaottaom eurgaail edt Yo: ansou yd bes. Dae | ) not fanciful, but first develops at the jamb from the proportion of the rounds of the pier in the angle at the transverse aisle | to the thickness of the wall (894.a), where alone by the adopt- ion of the splay also extending on the arches and before the o other bays results the possibility of the plan of the pier a. Isolated columns beneath the flying buttress. Yet where the thickness which the wall resting on the window arches receives by that tunnel vault exceeds the necessity of the necessary stiffness (p. 333) requires in the upper thickness of the well required by gutters and salleries as well as the roof beams can easily be obtained by the form of the cornice a and by internal corbellings, since the tunnel vaults or rather the arches connecting the piers outside the window wall disapp- ear, and there remains only the pier itself in the thickness of the flying buttress or of a little sreater thickness. The flying buttresses are then turned asainst these piers and are furnished with passages beneath their junctions, while thevi terminate ab- ove either in the flyins buttress, or continuins through these have a separate ending. Viollet-le-Duc, fol. I, p. 63. But it fulfils the purpose to be satisfied, if the thickness of the outer pier formed at the junction of the flying buttress is re- tained, i.e., the buttress also above the height required by the passage can also be replaced by an isolated column, whose capital stands beneath the ashlar receiving the front-end of t the flying buttress, while its read end is inserted in the wall andrfinds further support by a wall pier projecting from its face. An example of this kind is shown by the buttress system of the Strasburs minster (Fig. 893). Here a is the ashlar met . by the crown of the flying buttress arch and supported by.the column b, c is the pilaster, whose width exceeds the thickness : of the flying buttress as represented in the plan of Pig. 893 a, so that this excéss at both sides of the flyins buttress enters : below the cornice. By the steeper direction of the top of the flying buttress, the height is increased at which the resistance of the thrust of the vault becomes sufficiently effective in moderate dimen- | sions, by which however the measure of the loading may-be redu- ced by means of the before mentioned openings. If we now assutte a complete perforation of the triangle between the flying but- | stress arch and the straight portion, as by filling it with tra- i lt sae ne 0H LA pis aie ‘ ‘| eae paca ha eh : Wee aa. 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LEG gt } 533 tracery or mullion construction, whose strength suffices ho bear the cut stones of the covering (fis. 899), then the resistance of the height between arch and coping would be lost, and besides the arch itself the straight top or coping would form a second shoring of the wall, but sufficient security is obtained there- by, Since even if a part of the thrust acts between the two se- cured points in Fig. 899, yet their distance apart is too small _ for a bulging of the wall to result. Two flying buttresses ofer each pbwer’ But the safety obtained by the top and sidewise stiffening is in inverse proportion to its inclination, and the resistance is almost entirely lost, if it is steeper than the thrust of the vault. But that doubled stiffening is obtained im 4 more. comple- te manner, and at the same time the height of the line thereby ensured increases as desired by the arrangement of double flying buttresses over each other. The lower flying buttress reaches the clearstory wall. about the thickness of the pier above the height of the capital, and the upper one about 2/3 to 3/4. of t the height of the vault, to the latter entirely falls the task to resist the wind forces applied above, etc. The direction of the top will be less steep and according as a rule the perfor- ations must be omitted. The junction of the upper flying buttress on greater works, as at the cathedrals of Cologne, Amiens and Beauvais, then oc-. curs in entirely the same manner as that of the lower om the block supported by a column, so that the upper column stands exactly over the lower one. But since the purpose of the pass- age under the upper flying buttress vanishes, there is someti- mes found(as on the cathedral of Chalons, Fig. 998),.that isol- ated column is replaced by an external buttress, to which the column receivins the flying buttress is attached as a round. This upper buttress then rests on the lower block and its front face remains behind that of the lower column. Hach external. but- tress at. the same time affords a very useful strengthening aga— inst the inward forme of the upper flying buttress, which stri- kes the wall at a place where the proper thrust of the vault is but indirectly effective. Still greater security against that force priessing inward results from the erection of transverse - walls on the cross arches, and made horizontal at top, as at the cathedral of Rheims, which then to avoid the excessive Pe eS ee eee ee = a, ee a ae ey! mr A Ss he 4 | n 7 4 oy i “ ee shanned od yon dows end te Leaboase edd Yo batkeo! he Se aoe Y yo oye pepdbas ond a died aioe? to iba dite est oft edgow aiatie? teem seis neo dofdn stedso @€ose tewo eonsertiad pakyii 1 baa fdgnerte nied? yd eens gi anoiseiasy yng ylet ona ‘ema eedota to tedmun ehtsai-« doge tet ~noitaoilays jotto ent of gine eonetaizxe stedt ero oefe seum youd err, Petegiaaco yixrselo tao had totesm ott var{? da tou? 2 xeqqu: hgooee ef? to coleciso ed? euiwedid .eeotot edi te iv dowd qeeh & tads .coitsvierdo edt mort betinees oved teum ‘oot {fav edt to t2aq sogqn edi benetiite esad sdoke s ra ed¢ Moode\amtota tacli edt stedtea as0eqqe tann doidw $fo medeys edt guiliece: acitontsen0o to myot asiivocg 4 ; g tnesotilé yiexbine as no beead ivd ,ezeiwdted onielt boLduob cron eid to ascesaited goiylt edt yd mwode st .olateai Sind gatylt [scioe edt tefte2 to aewol sd¢t s19f .eerdiedd pcabte fose ts gird s gatuiot dois sitésesned 8 yd berevoo sz ‘Bapotyd Betosnnos enunloo batieibse eigtif ylno es Seviooncs sis asavetiiad gniylt ses! ot — goa jose hea UA .rekg seduo edt of teatdt odd a yath eae Ly taal A ) pfloms: “seh rst t fi i a ory af tA oi . rr cea RS ta) 1 A ee ais Re , eared J viiie ¢ soitnesa! edd ot medd been Leatot 2’nt basot ed redtar yer 1S SaSqs. isesd ot aseeortiud aofgit edt to edoad oft osrlity )\Bakw tesel oft déin snob sd don bivoo doidw .setsw to use Basie iestgoiseeie dastetb oot tom avetisd ak ef. eaeds sae nasi pak Hetoeiios tasit ef toot sao vott nwob aatwolt sotew edd 1 ‘epooes «fo alist bes aie of? si berstisce ef aiid .eles cas lebiovess (uedT’ sotdoelles oft botseqen eb. cead seodn ts bY Genie tettie Ceded —manad sd ed Brewrct eso to foed gede «& N20 Yoor edt Yo setdsnz edt ni teten adi to noitoslicn sat B ar notedt hetoet{fon isdeu edd svomsot ot to ,eleis elbbhia dé ont weak yfovitas ¢i'natvons: San 2iuoge of elennedd sts Rent eae Sepesasmos no fares tedd ct tnegopsetts sgortt edt cot Pad" Potsey oldie edt ai eivoco yltaonnsxt Liite doidw bas Sdigction! eels beekat- or-ened? .avedte Baome not rd ts ened so “gasaevorget a@ 00 bileow aoitthbs wieds dey .efennedo asrel edd a ri ¢eqq0 sit most wold se1t edd déiw bentaneo [lew ysev pwewol edt sot astaw edd gadd bektit ent ydexeds ed Bivow Stoleteit bas .too1 sit io ocettac Lesnostiod odd co s{iei Bisaiads toa ti neve .ellew edt o¢ betaiae yiisse siom ed Balan w © sesfyogis si yd cB -.aeds mort. eonstelb retsex§ ay . 7 -tedots od¢ to -etoast edt x0 aLeasedd a notes edt to adosd sid \tacmenesite bacoes sit tot 2A 2 Sep bi " ; Be mre folRatpriso add bsnx9o900 tatit ei etedd bos .fenasdc gvnk o{dsg odd to satitue odd nor asdtel edt to aebrose {¢dgas2 od cheaxot ends fenasio edt cedt bos .19d¢03 eit to ayia. > ate efbbis est Yo toox odt to seting sit sort mserse sountsié : ee tivorttkbston ed fim wotstbaoo seal sid Ret Ss Peanditaadbeoukd eet yt: \Odd to nottoaui edt aor’ <5y2) Loh ge eg namie laa hay ggoapaient tas ea0eer0 ON eee J 4 é 4 / x ay ae ; N 4 : \ st es wy Fes 7 i. ue bi ate AT @ SdS to tnomeznesis ent tot hettve Ifew yisv oie BSee0 . b a? _ a f \ p oP i Asi oer 2 uae: i) wh Pee. nics sy .% eg ihe \ > re i ‘Mi Mati Anas LP. b tit yes Arrangement of removal of water by buttress system. Ghannels of gargoyles. The earliest arrangement of channels and spouts undertaken s still in the 13. th century on the cathedral of Rheims, differs nowise from that already explained. By the latter the water com- ing from the roof of the middle aisle was thrown from the chan- — nel into the air, where it was scattered by the least wind and thus falls on the roof of the side aisle without causing too much injury in its scattered condition. If the spouts are now found directly over the flying buttresses, the orisin of this may rather be found in a formal need than in the intention to utilize the backs of the flying buttresses to break up the str- eam of water, which could not be done with the least wind. But there is in this a not too distant contradiction, that the water flowing down from one roof is first collected in chan- nels, this is scattered in the air and falls om a second roof, at whose base is repeated the collection. Then there is either a step back or one forward to be taken, i.e., either tocomit. the collection of the water in the gutter of the roof. of the middle aisle, or to remove the water collected theron in separ— ate channels to spouts and removing it entirely from the build- ing. The first arrangement is that usual on Romanesque works, and which still frequently occurs in the Gothic period, om Not- re Dame at Dijon among others. There are indeed also lacking t the lower channels, yet their addition would be an improvement very well combined with the free flow from the upper roof, and would be thereby justified, that the water from the lower roof falls on the horizontal surface of the roof, and therefore would be more easily carried to the walls, even if not thrown to a g greater distance from them, as by the gargoyles. Channels on the backs of the arches. As for the second arrangement, the backs of the flying buttr- esses are very well suited for the arrangement of the special channel, and there is first concerned the carrying of the cross section of the latter from the outline of the gable into that of the gutter, and then the channel thus formed to reach the. stream from the gutter of the roof of the middle aisle. Satisfy- ing the last condition will be more difficult as the distance from the junction of the flying buttress to the roof. gutter in- | creases, as it particularly occurs with single flying buttresses, — ae a | he YAP blo 2 ee aa Fie (se eS Wi i YT ee wae a ny’ Ae re al Pia a 4 i A ny rh i ? 7 Liglt ne p jal ti a ae / oe mare 4 . pea g y ie e We pert. ah! ‘somaiett a ei Seoktsev 5 +0: GLADE odd erein eres Lew node’ ¢ RQE of ECE -eRit zs ~wedente gradeast2 20 fe ted $ .efeis elbbia edé to elisw qroterselo edt mott foeto1 “wots t:ekdt evods dotdu fns .aoegeadted gokelt edd yd -bentol aiid eid no. gaibasteceanutoo altcrl yd beeadsgneids o1s arte o° wsettal sit to elstiges edt aed? .eoaneitind gaiylt pitauled toor edt to ddgied aft mort noist ese CCS Bre 1 ods nidgil .istésl edd evede onkers eletari edd 2800 yd we mont nwob seven odd kntbeel egqig vee a eaaoonl sto wrot edd soxst saree gL ao at ds ogeiaay as tt ee: a A : os vA re aes hh li a i 538 where the necessity of a vertical pipe is foumnd.- ion On Strasburg minster, as Figs. 893 to 893 b show, wall. piers " project. from the clearstory walls of the middle aisle, that are q ‘joined by the flying buttresses, and which above this junction are strensthened by little columnssstandins on the backs of the flying buttresses. Then the capitals of the latter, as showm by Big. 893, are taken from the height of the roof balustrade and a bear the finials rising above the latter. Within the projections _ thus formed is found to be cut a vertical pipe, as shown by the plan in Fis. 893 .b, through which the water from the roof. sutt- 4 er is led to the gargoyle, which ¢asts it into the channel forn- 4 ed on the back of the flying buttress. Therefore the water pipe. | lies before all not in the wall, and can also be made safe by a lead lining. Fis. 893 e shows the section of the arransement. Entirely similar is wade the conduit at Freiburg. As shown by Fig. 892, the wall of the middle aisle is formdd of five sides of an octagon, and wall piers stand on the backs of the flying. buttresses, furnished below the roof sutter with strongly proj- a ecting capitals, so that the area obtained becomes a basin like- wise enclosed by the balustrade of the roof, from which the wa- ter flows down through the pipe enclosed by the wall pier, and is led to the enclosed pipe forming the back of the flying but- tress. Fis. 392 b shows the section of the latter. i The essential difference of this plan from the former consists thus in the more complete enclosure, indthe substitution of. the enclosed pipe for the open chamnle. Any advantage can be less found in it, since thereby the removal of any stoppage er made difficult. | From the arrangement mentioned above differs that of. the cath- edral 6£ Seez seen in Viollet-le-Duc, in that the pier enclosing ~ the pipe instead of standing on the back of the flying buttress, — is corbelled out about the height of a course above its junction with the wall, and this corbel is formed by a great lion’s head : with open jaws directed downward, thus openly casting the water into the channel. If then in adopting an open conduit istfound one advantage, this is even increased by the omission of the front wall.of the pipe leadins the water down from the gutter, whereby it ina sense takes the form of a vertical channel. 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Such am exan- ple is offered by the cathedral in Regensburg. For here that p e projecting pier in which the pipe leads town in the before men- tioned examples is replaced by a triangular case open on two Ss | sides, so that two of the same adjoining little columns are next the wall and the third stands free, and the entire form stands | on the back of.a sgarsoyle, that casts the water into a channel. on the back of a flyins buttress. An improvement. of this arran-— gement would be its connection with the peculiar spout at Seez, so that also the point where the vertically fallins water must change to the oblique direction is opened. ) The opening of two sider of the triansle brings with it the fault, that the water falling inside it may be driven by the wind and be scattered over the roof of the side aisle, without. reaching the channel on the flying buttress. By a. rectangular form of the conduit with closed side walls this fault could be met, but still better if the duct passes from a vertical to an inclined position, in other words, that the channels on the ba- cks of the flying buttresses are made steeper just before they start at the wall of the middle aisle, then extendins close un- der the proper sutters of the wall of the middle aisle. Such an example is found on the choir of the cathedral of Auxerre. (Per- spective view is represented in Pig. 899). fhe arransgement»mentioned is there connected with another that has substantially the same purpose and is executed in the most varied forms on many mediaeval works. We mean an elevation of a special water conduit resting om the latter. There the ashlars forming the channel are suoported like the handrail of a stair balustrade, either by a system of vertical muntins connected by 2 straight lintel or by arches od various forms, as on the choirs of Amiens and of Auxerre (Fis. 899), or by a balustrade placed at an angle to the direction of the channel, as on the cathedral at Cologne. A simpler form of this kind is formed by the upper flying buttresses of 8. Peter Jr im Strasburg. With the arrangement of a series of muntins must the proper. flyins buttress be covered by a concentric course or by one parallel to the inclined direction of the channel (fis. 897), on which | are then wrought the seats for the muntins. Now that the ashlars © (pia See et? er ee re OPS 7 "| Lae ive ive 1% 1 | 4th Pi f . ; om r 7 1 " , i &% . abi Ee ‘ Brahh 48 doin: b503 sgtal os ebem ans bersoo | etid Yo: natty peeieeeaii fossa eft fo ahogenov dose .gidanm ono teasl a7 aca “gh ted? bierqa gntets yns santeze tf otweno LLin etdd bos ot bed gaisswooieqqu odd .Receo {le ok te@ th sove .ynam sale fenottnen es tedew yrtso of as [len eg izatdetiivza » es w ialtatsb bas cezeontsud: botelt to noltyiioesh wsdza07 eh Le ~do7e @ft to ents ) eved on gieati dots bole to vere eat esveosoo tedw 10% 2& E ppetjantarss & to eebetasvbhse yotacap edt evods Semoltasu ybsss weit senai edt sbient siiass 5 to acidgobs end gso0tsieds bos an | sot vitoetib ot entber sfi¢ sadaso edt Qnixit s9ed24 «few ods to | “fect edd to soet wsont eddy mort fi .to somaterb adv yd Sas pd gaiylt ‘odd nardroqgse bas gevig exed Bowou edt mort 20. per o dix eao019 sit to bhavow eft teve deeds hasta neo dainw ps Lsoldsasy ef dois edd to sotl edt yikatbicosA Jefeis ebie eanthad ‘od ebaoceent0o dois sid te enkl ed? somsl .yntaatesd iegn oddts Sor0t ati seid o2 ,qoste yrev Meaedi ei dos dow bode q (20D. 248) biswan elenoilde Aga 70 S70 hedtoonkb ei Boe 199 | 9go ett $dpted at ofoviciner-e maid evel eudt has wol af gt ti P- 20 vepht) Lesnosivod ¢ledenixorgas 10 Btino 6d Ifilw serzol. 19g i-estq [stsosixod esived' Iftw avef eds tors edt tegsesa edt .(&0d ’ phetraso 0 #i [fin sowol gonum oe bus ,Sdkicw Smee sot itin eige yiece? ov evtee nso cofote geste aR eestdiod eid ot nvob Po) 6 Lkew ytodersefo od¢ tomhedt Leoitiev edd to diag j *: yd beaiupet moce yom dows odd to ddpted edt to simif s note . » stingso edt yatrewol ci tinast {{iw Bes .encktibaoo Lersn9s oft “ndtud potyit edt yignibroces sedd of ,eutbss edt bniesexoot bas ) Adesed? »fors betoted tiset.e to suemgee 6 e8 eissggs. eine RBS d@edt .bsonoeltnt ast oe ed Seauds edd to noitsegorg sft {Lin Bviess ite goidonst odt de sedatd affet dows edf{84 tanuit edt | rredge fois sdt to tdgiow edd ddim heesovont ek bus ,easasiud Soxank - | somse edt Saintes: sat he aL. i .Hode edd To neitooe aaord é to. aiiberndies qineveoen edt bnegsh doidw ao anoistbnoe eat bas. evods botiiasxe ybserls eved on ghusgebiecsatiad poiylt esd re od Iftw .sasdt betate yheools een sedw ot basgeq ai =k 3 ‘RORY .edtow toststILb owt ylne asdso dose dtin s1ed | sted ) et @nifidor edd Yo soneagmteq s1odw .rodeatm sxud a! : (% j ‘i 7 ane e Al i hey ie i ye eh ‘fovea’ edt fo digeb add ‘end pores cern macones i 540 3 of this course are made so large that each of them supports at least one muntin, each voussoir od the arch receiveu its load and this will ensure it against any rising upward. That in ie! many, even if mot in all cases, the upperscovering had to serve q as a stiffehing_as well as to carry water as mentioned elsewhere. Further description of flying buttresses and details. Line of the arch. As for what concerns the line of the arch itself, we have al- ready mentioned above the greater advantages of. a sreater radi- us, and therefore the adoption of a centre inside the inner face — of the wall. After fixing the centre the radius is directly fo- und by the distance of it from the inner face of. the buttress, or from the round here given and supporting the flying buttress, which can stand about over the round of the cross rib of the Side aisle. Accordingly the line of the arch is vertical at its beginnings. Hence the line of the arch corresponds to half a poi- nted arch and is itself very steep, so that its force at the up- per end is directed more or less obliquely upward (Fig. 405); . if it is low and thus less than a semicircle im height, its up- | per force will be guite or approximately horizontal (Pigs. 402, F 404). The steeper the arch thé less will be its horizontal pres- 4 sure with the same weight, and so muct lower will it be carried down to the buttress. Moreover steep arches can serve to receive 2 part of the vertical oadeof the clearstory wall. But a limit of the height of the arch may seem required by t the general conditions, and will result in lowering the centre and increasing the radius, so that accordingly the flying butt- ress only appears as a segment of a half pointed arch. Thereby will the proportion of the thrust be so far influenced, that i the thrust 6fltke arch falls higher at the junction with the | buttress, and is increased with the weight of the arch other- = | wise remaining the same. Gross section of the arch. Phe conditions on which devend the necessary dimensions of t the flying buttress depends we have already examined above and in regard to what was already stated,there, will be compared h here with each other only two different works. For on the Prei- burg minster, where permanence of the arch line is ensured by masonry laid thereon, the depth of the arch amoants to 45 cm - a a @ %0 asqe 5 id elke eokakis a, 320 ie f ads, ebsiaannat eft to eoaratiiad bakylt peteveo rh pores i OC: te aacodtotds bas mo nal ‘to Giqeb e bovot = | 1 ete ¢.d tao leurs ond. te bp keoon eects ef axaow seifses eft 20 naalitoee nedoid .eelgas bowstusdo dtinw. 10) sisupe sedéiea at Redon Cikve bas (002 .2kT) mawok ait meu) 42 Bo seodt yo awode fo edd to bas eng0l00 to Inibedtso ed to szodt ote fednemanto ae itouxdenco A wdc FCO .558) aisdsecgO af eakaeited 48 to dow , iad sedbus baibtvib eff retito dose ao xaiyt asexsoo ows dékn b eeentiud ante? edt to noitonut edd 10% .evonlinagne es tent” jot eis yrsitaeo eds 20 seecatoidt relics ead ot sldstinens 8 bavognos *o sflomfa bobasqaue bebbs gitow wotef atatseo no Lobia to ysolens edt tetie ,soetuwe wewol sdt. of bedosiis = | St@ toouteott to ebom isti1eé eft to ywonooe eit eebiesd Bis: . ep vot wsifpoeg ef goktesfasiosisto sequede s Io soktoatverk Wy gesortesni edd sot erodmom isdois odd ever yedd 2s asi oz at ) @atylt ao weds timo tud ,eeso nem deidw zebmu asdows odd x0t 6a beattes tiove orctsredT ~ctoos eds evode benwst eozecrsiad to Bukwe yidaia edt ditw euresen betinkl tad mi Jasitaoo sted <4 - tunontbe to eckenemth teen odd addin bas dows sds to anil sid Oy Ni a | ‘ebaibiiad sdt to ettaq ' Bh atest -Bniqo? - i” | leakares Bebioue 8 ei seeesidiud yniet? edt to micad od¢ tev0 ie S-emtot eid ao Oise isdel ei gedw od .foanado-on eseitamoo gf Ff | ; . ‘to damooce no vent conetstiid add stiw tud .eeilaos eelder to | bbetnsioxs ed ¢evm etotot, LIetnosiszod oft .motdsatloni rseeel odd 7 : ~oottentiont odd of teluotbhnegiea saodé sot 7 -eqiq beacload , me as gatostg ed boanado Lis ts toa so sftsil et azot ef? Nad bas aeventn Stodier3 ao bawot as .zaiges adt at sqig bee Snoténem feel dowwio. odd a0 .mtetneggO ak eniveddag .c lo domdo fusmegasiis ne fone to noiteestnt edt eldtety yino el feebsi be xa +att of botaeeetgo: ecctitud lenvetxe ed¢ to s waldes odd yd ited gatyit edt to Raigoo edt yd bentotbhs ed blwode ioinn ,fOe * ite aneta bae eit 20 .taovt mi omse adt anode s 100 2% seee7 . wtbbhia edd to {few yrotetselo edt nt. tiind sniqoo aids i dotdn fonusio 1300. £8 bast yisita0o sat no 2k SO? “Bit ai 3 pe Tong ree mo tremegnsi1s bemuges edd etoibsitsoo beeb. é a RY Pearl eat hi nottsistis ne asddio isos ‘igs " | ‘ wey ics | eee Cire sa AER j aiivss fi , 7 i a ai : 541 ; i) with a thickness of 40 cm, and a span of 8.m, while on the not covered flying buttresses of the Liebfrauen church at Worms is | found a depth of 60 cm and thickness of 90 cm for a span pf ab- out 4.5 m | On the earlier works the cross section of. the flying buttress is either square or with chamfered angles. Richer sections are shown by those of S. Ouen in Rouen (Fig. 900), and still more ornamental are those of the cathedral of Colosne and of the ch- urch of §. Katherine in Oppenheim (Pig. 901 b). A construction. with two courses lying on each other like dividing arches is just as superfluous,for the function of the flying buttress as. unsuitable to the smaller thickness. On the contrary are found on certain later works added suspended simple or compound arches attached to the lower surface, after the analogy of window tracery. Besides the economy of the terlier mode of treatment a freer distinction of a sharper characterization is peculiar to then, in so far as they save the richer members for the interiors, for the arches under which men pass, but omit them on flying buttresses turned above the roofs. Therefore such refined men-. bers contrast in but limited measure with the mighty swing of | the line of the arch and with the great dimensios of adjacent. parts of the buildings. Coping. Over the backs of the flying buttresses is a moulded coping, | if it comprises no channel, to what is later said on the forms. ' of Sables applies, but with the difference that on acconnt of the lesser inclination, the horizontal joints must be oxeleaged for those perpendicular to the inclination. _ Bnelosed pipe. The form is little or not at all changed by placins an enclo- sed pipe in the coping, es found on Freiburg minster and the c church of §. Katherine in Oppenheim. On the church last mention- e ed indeed is only visible the intention of such an arrangement by the ashlar a of the external buttress represented in Fig. 901, which should be adjoined by the coping of the flying buti- ress. Big. 901 2 shows the same in front. On the end piece of this coping built in the clearstory wall of the middle aisle in Fig. 901 is on the contrary found an open channel, which in- | deed contradicts the assumed arrangement on the buttress, so i that either an alteration of the originally intended arrangement ojo ill lial ya J hi ; “hii * b tooth -regqu edd Yo aoldibbe bebustat qLdeespeedsa eid zo ¢ eitton2 edt awotle soft d HCC .brt sbomeeen od of ef aqta a 0d ‘gendien® edt Yo exosd sit no bast eqtq beeoloas I ‘ ¢ Puenszcerse selinte A .eceruoe ows: to saitefenoo .sse _ ee -pasdnsddat te sisdisS <2 9 et sosi¢ eid nd die beeolons sit to asla oft revoot0l Hines eedsh {{tte grsdieri ni eid? dguodd ,betoete1 ed of yl ed fst oa beenso sved ot anmgea cels bus ,bottsg ofdted pital | ssalt to setu05 ods rr ae ag . ) ’ selenaedo noqd) ud guivylt eit no efonnedo nace dows io sekadnavbs odT De cetdogstexo Isinsbioos yas dordy ve eese sdt of feleaoo © gaiysé to been edd Exe ,bevowst ed sac totew edt to osvoms? ~ “a bieyisiets shie eds to etoor edd evods seesdt ct eesoss soni @ nf edueno. geiifont nists sonelsd edt nedt, .d{uotttrbh anien Oybebiove et sksqqote Ils dotdw yd ,agteeb(beaols edt to tov -betebaid vifetinecas coals ton et gniyah odd q sab eRe 218 ot ¢tedd ek foanedio cogo ne to wtot sesigate oT gd e086 “eR t®) astenim yaudesise no bavot ote Ff to exsdzom tsdofs Sbentdmoo sd tenm ¢I .(0C8 .bL4) ontexsA ts fathedtss edd bas o ‘Yeo! ‘to mioi efznize s ai aa oting paa Loensedo usgo Hs atin Emeka Gtod ge eldiciv-ad tava coveel edt 10 ,(800 .2rt)ibad vo .. dent euatnedo sdv svoda tedtehod baiwets edisq susdoidd aisdd 6B Geasne8 to bas onboLotl to. elaerberies edd co basot sis eaniot 7 iiepen eis eisicois: edd efarisdiss domett no yteagnco sav a6 P@etylt siisoh déiw aodw nove Lechut .eeeso seedt ot gatical a 08 eens Bae terol edd? to etoad edd mWoID year soesetdiad , “Whe selonneds Bi: i -elete eLbhin. ea¢ ativ acltoaut ; Mito wtetassels oft dtiw eaesiéud Briylt edt to nottonst sdf 2 ese yligesip tedtte ,evods beista 28 eiucoo elets elbbia edt elttil ud bestoqgse eso 30 bawowh edd mort beisieo 2asitsor Be -gadyli edd to vast ditw eeetis vileven ithtw seedw platy & taeda #0 Stal flew edt to soold edt no dart? eade easaiind | ebiedue get dow ond to. trkoi, fefbar dasl sit sadd o8 EY @ Svad seua qoohd stds sed? {ECS .2i9 at 8) seogmt antinoy bi q ik vere ge aan yd benedtgnerta ed 10 dégebh oldeishience reba ‘8 BA snceteds Ilew ocd to baol edt mort otineer . i No ersten edd dadt o2 seingasios: yloqate enisyss | Soi Serene aPF Aeeta Prataan ota pear tind a A eee 5 542 a or the subsequently intended addition of the upper hadf. of. the o pipe is to be assumed. Fig. 891 b then shows the profile of the | enclosed pipe found on the backs of the Preiburg flying buttres—_ ses, consisting of two courses. A similar arrangement occurs on S. Barbara at Kuttenberg. 4 Moreover the plan of the enclosed pipe in this place is chief- ly to be rejected, though this in Freiburg still dates from the Barly Gothic period, and also seems to have caused no faults im the course of time. | Open channels. The advantages of such oven channels on the flying buttresses consist in the ease by which any accidental obstruction to the q removac of the water can be removed, and the need of drying out. — Since access to these above the roots of the side aisle yet ress] mains difficult, then the balance asain inclines somewhat im fa- vor of the' (closed) ‘design, by which all stoppage is avoided, if the drying is not also essentially hindered. The simplest form of an open channel is that in Figs.. 893: a." : Richer members of it are found on Strasburg minster (Pig. 893: b) _ and the cathedral at Auxerre (Pigs. 899). It must be combined w with an open channel and unite above in a single form of leaf. or badd(Fisg. 902), or the leaves must be visible at both sides, their thicker parts growing together above the opening. Such forms are found on the cathedrals of Gologne and of Regensburg. on the contrary on French cathedrals the crockets are usually : lacking in these cases, indeed even when with double flying buttresses they crown the backs of the lower and enclose no channels. ‘Junetion with the middle aisle. fhe junction of the flying buttress with the clearstory ‘of the middle aisle occurs as stated above, either directly or on s buttress carried from the ground or one supported by little columns, whese width usually agrees with that of the flying. buttress, thus first on the block of the wall laid on that tol- umn, SO that the last radial joint. of the arch lies outside the supporting impost (a in Fis. 393). That this block must have a considerable depth or be strengthened by ashlars lying on it results from the load of the wall thereon. As a rule it then ft remains simply rectangular, so that the members of the flying buttress stop asainst it, or by 2 bend extend down vertically . ) ? » yy i : # wine a ee a Me thy he wie” | fil re DY, Meigen e. a ’ ha ; j in , (ie fy : rs nto Bee Gieitecss ven: tk: es iwasee) aut’ 0 Meaieks anit ot ce - Istiqze ead mo deer eetiots batid enetod of eed? .snen i yderedw (ssostinse ebis ond ni tdgvom ste bas nenloc _qmottuoexe Yo oldsqso eeviton betisy Jeon ety to emo oe se@%6 elafnit bos seldéh to wedaye stefqnoo odd snzolod + .B E08 bas £0e e68L% yd fbedwecarqos es tadi oe .di mo 300 poe if neonted nub basixe eo2eestdtad tniylt ed¢ to essduen eae euse sit te dnd ,nunfoo. edd to [atigeo sat bre neoloo Th ,fetmtl edd dovordt tro aedows yd obepesc edt zs Benet ts St emsece dosd sid te Sniqoo sdt to colsonuy, ont (21 TH 91S benwsoacs etsdnen eis to aniacited edd dads oa sen yede acit .f0C .Bfe nt d ta owode es seldes Soheod « no biw eosig eno at sham ef Ratoaiged eft teddte fecneio s to sneu Seen to ewobniw odd wens? 20 actttoqotg f eovib bas ,doiw ebie sid Yo seed otis | ae o)) g@Lete elbbin eds ‘a Sa aden satel? ery yntvieoes eesuisud edt to mot t sucittobs eit wtot esseontdnd zatvli edt to etnsntude ast = eceotidnd Snoosi be edt tot elets bie eid to alien ode DP bhoyed eocetiwe wat steds dtiw see exe eff4 @ es etoteiedi Saad Rntboeste efavos oft Yk to .flen edd Yo coat ebtaat add pobre seoni edt Sroysd cate taeioitioe eved eiete ebie odd af } na’ S$ qistzom ei bavgot edt to dthiw eft conta dag .redseal edt Yo | 8 ot eyo af eteds alex & as eeerttud sig. to ted? dedd eel fe yebrotts fiptiw .bavot e.olepe 26 solq edt To dusqg toworsed eae poisostorg gidt sevewoh .geettisd sarytlt eds yolk entrees — Bao séeer esoutded smizlt edt Bae ,aottoew plilesen 8 aii 6 evista th. so ,seigq edt Yo ohtent eit merit esosiotg gad’ ) Seffedses si kataasd seqae ods glover tO .sessel ons wort Fires fisw ett to cost sbient sid baoged yidsiaepianoco fuawoet dial io tensdd sad ezogge yllerioetie eros od ,aolsostorzg Bits: ,efete obte odd mod? cétars ets galtvoubnod - eiqiat ‘gebakt coo aso tesiguia sat ot aotsootord etivas eit ) Sas Sublesd ssdoin al .eeetdted sat to siaq aswol edd ditty e bas {Sttbovots aedozd ei elets efie edt to: toor odd, to soks " Dm , cara edd eisdw teY sacktoejosg) e fav0t ylisves et aldé eves i Beorssad odd cyworld: ekataeqo ertupes sotnico Yoor ont meesg sds revo dodelq yluo 36 to) ilewe ed yino uso snottestorg B nedius edd Yo noitsunitaco 2 setet gnineqe sdt Yo yOdlt sd? Sheaeaad Tensei s dgu01dt sue wolt sedtie yso toiew ad? eeibites ond to efyohts: 6 bas asic edd to dibiw edgodse wn ‘eabaddod oid neonted ofgae act at Joe sd aso gett so . epeereney: ed¢ sot Leansio s so, ylienogsihf fae ebic ipa. ‘ban, snorttod edt to 489. 790gn edt basove isca y Sid ab \bettino ed) seettiad: odd idynomis. gat ; 2 =e Petey: OR seidtessoos. tk eden ot dtbiw onsite a o} ita ; Pai Ava ee Pind « S > eee ee ee Fal ie ih?) at aa wy io £ : “| iy bs ‘an As /| . na) ‘ ¢ " * o << 545 correspond to that of the side aisles and be 1°: 2, and can be still reduced by lessening the heights of the side aisles. Even smaller heights can result frsm smaller widths of wind- ows, for which we can mention the church at Rheims as an example (Fig. 921), where the capitals of the triforium columns lie at the height of the capitals of the rounds, so that the sill of the windows of about 2/3 the length of the bay is moved up to . the base of the side arch, and gives a proportion of 2 3. for the middle aisle. ) ae Form of the buttress receiving the flyins potéeenen The abutments of the flying buttresses form the additions to the walls of the side aisle for the adjacent buttresses, and .. therefore as a rule are set with their inner surfaces beyond the inside face of the wall, or if the rounds standing there in the side aisle have sufficient size, beyond the inner side of the latter. But since the width of the round is mostly far . less thah that of the buttress, as a rule there is over it a narrower part of the pier or again a round, which affords the bearins for the flying buttress. However this projection is al- so usually wanting, and the flying buttress rests on a corbel that projects frsm the inside of the pier, or it starts directly — from the latter. Not rarely the upper bearing is corbelled out inward considerably beyond the inside face of the wall or its projection, to more effectually oppose the thrust of the arch. q Gonducting the iwater from the side aisle. ; The entire projection in the simplest case continues in play with the lower part of the buttress. In richer designs the cor— nice of the roof of the side aisle is broken aroundiit, and over J this is usually found a projection. Yet where the passages on the roof cornice reauire openings through the buttress, these a projections can only be small or be only placed over the passage. _ The floor of the opening forms a continuation of the sutter. T The water cay either flow out through a channel extending thro- ugh the width of the pier and a gargoyle or two set diagonally, or they can be set. in the angle between the buttress and the side wall diagonally, or a channel for the water can be carried © around the upper part of the buttress, and accordingly the open- — ing through the buttress be omitted, if that channel has suffi- cient width to make it. accessible. 7 Such an arrangement where the entire length with the balustrade awe a 1 Ga ee Fame Pd ae Get 7 OR gee ee ea aad dy pane iu . Pee ne Z. 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Pay Pe. ae i : 15 “enlo gads oF Someteisie suv ev 2 iain OW w¢ 907% “eRe ‘ imog Lacisisasyanc ns esd sloansia iealteres oft etedw ,taewapos * { fay, ~ ~ 7 “- % 3 peevsdted estigos oft Seetal wnolts ehaogebai eed £ ast ydouss | ». vebseesiqxs yiseelo st eiodw odd of Bathroled e&@i ted .a707 Javetk, etrsgregeres CFSf B82 we ne ae | O8E stab yoead euoaned fetenoo moizibie jedi .weventn dSuedeeste Io essaesdsad of3 oC | og Bt) exvns0 ea3 dosd sayom dedt (wean snigole of 4 2 mokexcg Taorl s2one .nela ta0lvo te talg & gated sist svods pioo meateo elvsif stv enc? (a €CR .€2S eeaki) elogants 4 Mitin sete edd to desu eda ivin de ult boste eloganig.adt te asz a mee ois ot osis tecs of ,s9 inado oft to sottostorg odd mo, cooad “8 efgey Ons bas woitoatorq « ef slosnaig edd to sefdas bite seco ~aadetame edd sebow sotsntutet setq eft to sisq dsd¢ to tvos iso iss bg hemmst sc seua ooldeniassd gindesws odf .elosnato | “rare ‘to. moksteog boos s esatdmon di eoste .yqaed cy” adh aetna Seilis ch .doetie. feassootiviors saslo. 2 déin yi wa vss se Bifarinitan pds ‘ad BARRETT Fa, BLo edt a0 favor om ye ay ee We ay a; SeAGeee SE ae aN ay 3. he ei a peatlal a Ya) ae ‘ah a vofvorvcteor ear fo bsgno0o .etcr 547 } | or front face of. the buttress or over the middle of its depth. : The first arrangement is indeed to be regarded as most prefera- : ble in statical respects, since it moves the centre of. gravity ) of the entire mass of the vier nearer the interior, and there-. fore increases the lever arm of the resistance. Thus is it found on the Freiburg minster (Fig. 892). But om the other hand the q otherwise sufficiently heavy projection brings the placings of. a lighter pinnacle over the front face, as found on many French works} producins forstherstandpdint of the observer the effect of great firmness, certainly making more apparent the principle of loading. Besides the actual loss in statical effect is only very small. Placing the pinnacle over the middle of the depth of the but- tress is found most simply om the cathedral. of Chalons (Fig. 8 898) , in richer form on that of Beauvais. The pinnacle of the last work, with a body consistins of four little corner columns connected by arches thus forming a shrine, which however does not contain a figure as usual, but covers the great pinnacle p placed between the roof of the buttress between those columns, is an arrangement which is then transferred to the original form of the buttresses of Cologne cathedral,(Note), and produces even by the expression of the greatest richness a peculiarly astonish- — ing effect. Yet we might give the preference to that older arr- — angement, where the terminal pinnacle has an unsymmetrical posi- tion. Indeed the entire buttress thereby has a less independent form, but iss belonging to the whole is clearly expressed. Notes. Ghanged at the restoration. See Retichensperger*s Hivsce\— Vaneous BSsaysePe 320.) On the buttresses of Strasburg minster, that addition consists of a lower sloping mass, that moves back the centre of gravity, | above this being a pier of oblons plan, whose front portion fo- | rms a pinnacle (Figs. 893, 393 e). Thus the little corner colu-. mns of the pinnacle stand flush with the mass of the pier with pases on the projection of the cornice, so that also in the ar- ches afid gables of the pinnacle is a projection and the gaple roof of that part of the pier terminates under the sable of the pinnacle. The strasburs termination must be temmed particularly happy, since it combines a good position of the centre of gray- ity with a clear architectural effect. An allied arrangement is found on the old buttresses of the cathedral of Amiens, where fe act ve 8 aruote dott Ran! hdecttad edt. brvors. sexors ek i t6 erewot edt aco Gele tod ptaomael®. to farbedtso ent Piekeasetae edt wt oafe gerito as og ebeel ynealod to bas | tenol edt Yo d¢hiw Levene: edt ylao’ ywetede ,eeesiind | ‘4 aaxnpaatand #tEW ,eers: taetoliiwe « beataido ai weig eds wo dadt eersnecoes era Telq exis to eaegtotd? edt ai sledroo dont es exed? besalce: eg 0 ‘ebie tnotd @ef% no bretxe asad fo? beskoqencoase eee ot tad teetto @netiotiiang « to yrilid a yeaesets th ett seve dedé 31 vemeot hbeltev 226m boa tecdots ihe: ie ing setoot eldsy etasages bepracte ote ofetse eble edd 6 tnd lett Havers heisteo of sea wedt cHOntOG OTeting odd wort ‘= uate " p@eeatdtud od? to notteckaies soqqt a jedt” smasitsed ait 20 gaibas .secgs ed¢ eaxeogcos woe ted Wedd tenteds .seindsseel toon aldex 4 ef etdt To.-ngrseb teol iad. bas Beeistud xotyl? odd: Yo Brtqoo sd? ataasa doidw to elds old wo basot ete seagotties dong .tdgied edd sertoseteb yds pedt to Sdgied edt «(200 .bf2) eatos¥ to bas ataot? to eodorve ” edt. $e oad ead soivotiace yd. booubet tedftyl od nso aaibas mes dthin ‘BYttxe ods ydersdw .eldsk geoult edd ot asoutioad sini (se bentos eit tigier sii yd Sasseteot sesidiud) sss 19% berks etset Yo noit¢tiaos. edt xd yreeenoon ybsotle ai sada bi P.eted oGivedid .dear s dtin ebie dose de anerdind odd autos, (80C e020 .wehi}. eldiaaog o36 emrot taste This Sad tntyit odd, to toed odd. oe Seuot ef fenseco a tt ose! pig SAS Go toot. end ac yllstoozized elif aeddis yan efyohisea: sad Pe ,atesd 2 bonz0i ad yeu seta end to god edt no so. (S00 .as%) Bis 1) aewol beoslg Juoge 8 fdyouds evol? sedan ont dofdw: most bi oo. eid dyeords Sxewnwob easy yer totam sat yliggtt xo . (Oe | wgetRib [fs ni eetiage vileidasteduc sred? .eseatisd odt to ues ‘etod |w.tsY ,poe te Sag 7 00 Biea ei dadw foods saireeh peste 67 600 .bi6 edt l sserdiod oft wo toga sd to maiesb odd et Sononae gditsool segseh s sioteisds boa, ,esnote gaol yvev onenaaiibah golttoubés feltoatedue a af etivves gatbsol ont ua ‘ \ yaekoeaate, be bBa i abit tes edd Mi gotel kaltetacy edd ai ezssroat as 2 toot odd patetss of mrot deolqnia ody pi 2bsel gatbsol red uf bate lt ent to gaigoo eft. tq nottonut edt evede astg oft foster Lstrostzo# # oF seqsde aedota at tad (SIC .at) ie Ngee ‘30, 8b evods eeided Iereveer to Entietanco ese EEE ‘totldte rmpianeby thds erat ena ee ateLgmos Ot ie Dic 7 _ > ‘5 Law va rt , ok era 546 is broken around the buttress, and which ofeurs on the choir o the cathedral of Clermont, but also om the towers of Strasburg and of Golmar, leads to an offset also in the thickness of the buttress, whereby only the unusual width of the lower part of y the pier is obtained a sufficient area. With ordinary dimenetens | corbels in the thickness of the pier are necessary, that may ein ther extend on the front side or be replaced there by the veawio bility of a sufficient offset, but in any eusenmayehead to the | richest and most varied forms. If then over the different bays. of the side aisle are arranged separate gable roofs, the water from the gutters between them can be carried around the buttress! Upper termination of the buttress. i What now concerns the upper endins of the buttress, the simp- lest design of this is a gable roof lensthwise, against the rear gable of which starts the coping of the flying buttress and the-_ reby determines the height. Such buttresses are found om the c | churches of Pforta and of Mantes (Pig.-905). The height of the endings can be further reduced by continuing the back of the | flying buttress to the front sable, whereby the extra width re- . 3 guired for the buttress resistang by its weight the turned arch, | and that is already necessary by the condition of resistance, joins the buttress at each side with a wash. Likewise here very different forms are possible.(Pigs. 906, 90%). Then if a channel is found on the back of the flying buttress, © the gargoyle may either lie horizontally on the roof op the pier @ (Fig. 908), or on the top of the pier may be formed a basin, f a from which the water flows through a spout placed lower (Pig.: 909), or finally the water may pass downward through the roof . of the buttress. There substantially applies in ali different. designs about what is said on p. 362 et. seq. Yet we note that the design of. the spout on the buttress like Bis. 908 reguires very lons stones, and therefore a deeper location ensured by | the loading results in a substantial rdéduction ia weight. | og Added pinnacles. An increase in the resistins force of the buttress by a srea- ter loading leads in the simplest form to raising the roof of the pier above the junction of the coping of the flying battress (Fis.912), but in richer shapes to & horizontal projection or one consisting of several gables above it, or to a great or a complete pinnacle. This additionthen either stands over. the back — ee ee ee Tah x; “at ra sh! os aabentapanlagibimsnd vad ut sel Cpa oud: tod: Tm 30 te ‘e-wtot eescoitiod gatylt ‘ead Sty common at |) ext ex nb ober ‘gntioam yveed yldersiog to se’ .to 240 .antne? as De iieckiane edt mort adfoces sobnismes ed? sft O0er dgiew i a ibe y 4 ei? i ‘edt ed seo tees wot hadbodod od) faur2 Iliw tk i ddtne m Of to titted edt va becelo enenddud patel? eds to {wis 20/exsne0 edi te avob ao08 emezeta odd tedt ,aoldquie ps tae | “ssetq efbbia edd to Ene. sod ST eiiatieones: 0st bedeiidesce ed {ftw tatoc tesdal edd ach eas erodes «eftq. elhhie edd ag tos teat ,eoeowo? Ife sod atce | SioY ed? ots secret eat .%7 batbeot {few ose agin baw p ted Seexsted gatgit oft to & tends ladsoaitod ¢dgvo2z edt it So genie edt .2 GI $0 wae teovel # diiw ¢dyia edt of ance? Ricks, Biase ,tdsit boned eeiweitii (Sef .q¢} O8TR = ef tinrsay eble Serre aotg Isotitov efT .ccof{t ed? erodes m 6 te stedenn Sasor ER ed? Yo Chie 643 $e aton taf 0388 ~ oV @iwev obia Ylad ond peat i tpvts fremom off So stef wm GF. 0 suode Seat: dora oath ty PWRSSE 14) OSEE < ,h diver sibbim edt to sends yatnand ste! . nook? Sas evods & 2.58 srods ifaw odt Yo ost att otal veszegq w 088 ,0r = py ?ivey othbim tied of? Yo oxwbeetq Isditsov edt i bebbhs ote oved: Oo seayes snitaa?s Boe m 85.0 to mrs tovef « fo Oot BO Yusoeew ods to eonatzizentaotttev eff bre Ingooe itor ahaa @ 8¢,0 to mts tovel 2 dtiv atos sostsl ed? .tore ceo Sp) e8iw dotdw .yisorsm etds to svntew off Med alevpe bae ti ' bs = 2 VY of sintvoms sets L[eolseeu » spe 8 ie a vaetdee wo | a azo edd te ¢ecid? fatacsivod eff ,ikd OGre = Gost * | yvede ,batn oft dtiv volitey bes ttef ennut yvenouem eine - t/edt 8s tdgled exms2 ods te soe tao dt enottiibnoo eidstxovet Wiel enavd bas rool! eit evode m 8.35 endd sonic onal Yee Be he i 1 ORO BG, hak ee P ae wy, wos ce ? a owe ase / 55% ‘ but the middle gaalts have masonrry on the cross arches, which in common with the flying buttresses form a strons cross stif-_ fenins. One cu. m. of tolerably heavy machine made bricks may weigh 1800 kil. The remainder results from the section in Fis. 912. a) alee . Et will first be computed how sreat must be the counter thrust | of the flying buttress placed at the height of 18 m with the as-_ sumption, that the pressure goes down at the centre of the bot- tom end of the middle pier. | @ For the latter point will be established the equation of mom- ents for all forces, that act on the middle pier above the gro- und with the wall loading it. The forces are the following. The sought horizontal thrust B of the flying buttress that t turns to the right with a lever arm of 18 m, the thrust of the side vault Hy = 2160 (p. 154) likewise turns right, and acts in round numbers at 8 m above the floor. The vertical pressure of the half side vault Vp = 6340, that acts at the side of the di- viding arch, thus about 0.39 m left of the moment pivot. The left turning thrust of the middle vault H, = 3240 (p. 154), and passes into the face of the wall about 17.5 m above the floor. The vertical pressure of the half middle vault V4 = 10,260 with 2 lever arm of 0.39 m and turning right. 6 these are added the horizontal and the verticalresistance of the masonry on the or- oss arch. The latter acts with a lever arm of 0.39 a turning right and equals half the weight of this masonry, which with 25 om thickness and 7 sa. m vertical area amounts to V g = 7 0.25 * 1800 = 3150 kil. The horizontal thrust of the cross arch with this masonry turns left and varies with the wind, etc., in favorable conditions it can act at the same height as the thrust of the vault, thus 17.5 m above the floor and turns left, then | amounting to about a third of the vertical force Vg, so that BE = 1000, The weight of the vier with the eclearstory wall resting q thereon amounts to about 110,000 kil after deduction of the nica dows, recesses, etc., and is omitted in the calculation, since q its centre of gravity falls over the middle of the pier and thus | has a lever arm = 0. | According to all this the equation of moments of the forces turning right and left is i-- | ge 96) Bon, 840! 0 BR eg. eB gee eae 7 Se Hg * 17.5. q 24a y okttie emooes ton ae! uote edt; to ttvag tneoet ta |} mest Yo sotesies aiasaes & eyente eteds eo wedies o Sei odd ypemtons to exwiq' ets no eud® .bertetes% ed oF sf ashe pteig efs to cos efdsey edt enhot eaeadtcd satyit ay Sait Weiw onstia eis a0. efetigas eds evode sotenimies . to ang ede bo Got edt dgiw ebae toos eft to eghia edt sacs We eat)@02¥ wexas ots anmuloo eft Yo 2fetigao edt bas ,eofneos saeiq ec? Yo eelgss tact ott gaintot encds atin sexnoo ] | ad. B dove ct sbhsel efnict bed rieds Yo acl cnt ybsortle wenden Leeticey eft Iseocco esebsod edt has eidyted en? eteoutlsud wakyls gas moat seven to Lavomed ; i Rotylg edg ico lennstio edi pork totew to fevomsy ont tig «© dewords ed sédt¢io geum ,osdoge ybhasais eved ew doidw to 4 efibin sat te taitcetom efyosie: oddebooot& bef sd 10 ofs a . ‘ eeenivud balyit edt to ofins io. ails Bs0b miedaeqes ai saiisdied .& io sotptio eat ac ying Weebie.dicd of gi ebient ehivib asig sas ut bnoudd Sateeed Loa @ Gi ets asvig egatnedo of ,usig eds Yo aebbe odd se goibss pp gattinon giah bee desw odd. revo egoth tevew odd tadt on SOK ¥ soleie sbhic est to foot edd; 20 er])etiug edd Bs ei raeccos SBEI oF SYST cxs0ey ects al encliazaeqe: oat ve Ife eds jHeieuM 36 Ihiadoe sot acoraG§ sodeeto1g to taemaseta ede = Bae Gad ,atteq ett Lie ai siege bhouoteet zew Lennsdo asiae 2 wast to 7tegnab etd snevery of exebeel at hed ou bace AG. 19 a Siva ot tee eegestis enote xi’ bkal zetia Latex ‘iatetere eeotived ond to pwifidave to soltelyole ate seed ybsotls oval yeilidede ic gneitibaos edt dgnodé fa me at ezod bottinc sd fon [lin di ,etaemtedsh 20 coldo 29h edt of Sees eds to Snibnsderebus iclint s evig ed soiliasd eit to syed a | seignaxe slaule # xd acitsinvolso eit te Sat Sore Siege yeixntt ed¢ Yo. dawsdé toe sobsSalnolsd .efansaxd toe! ed? Bogsd, esx doidy oc (CF .8tS) slamaxs omac. edt aa botaayes ed non yom (ONE Gas bor .q ao dotwwio [fed 2 Yo (peipsy ied? sdotad ak betoeie ed od sotitesd s od Briniat i a9t00 ods Ber. sq no meviy sédatew bas sertdd emse odd to Bimdcd = dotdd exoiad S\liS ylno Baisd eofets ebiz edd ‘to rf se Yo eeing “qd bedsogque gatsd eliew yroderselo edd .data « P senron ini mookh edd mout um SS to Sdgied & oved bas encte Go ees €.fo guemioids 6 gatysd yisstsoo sdt no sad ‘Bi Brod? sesfois, Anthtveb edd ot sieixs ybserls orang wae are | \ yh 7 ee ae 7 es Rie ‘sh — }. 7 . war" 990 adjacent parts of the pier must not become entire regularity, rather as there always a certain relation of them to each other — to pe freferred. Thus on the piers of Rheimsgthe coping of the q flying buttress joins the gable roof of the pier, and the latter sl . terminates above the capitals on the shrene with the figure, sem that the ridge of the roof ends with the top od the horizontal cornice, and the capitals of the columns are taken from the sana course with those forming the rear angles of the pier. Morsover already the plan of their bed joints leads to such a harmony of. | x the heights and the borders conceal the vertical tendency. Removal of water from the flying buttress. The removal of water from the channel. of the flying buttress, of which we have already spoken, must either be through a pinna- — ele or be led aroundhthe gargoyle projecting at the middle or a angle of the flying buttress. ‘ 4 Only on the church of S. Katherine in Oppenheim does the chan=- nel passing through the fier divide inside it to both sides, e. q ending at the sides of the pier, im openings given at a in Fig. 901 so that the water drops over the wash and drip mouldins to the gutters of the roof of the side aisle. By the reparations in the years 1878 to 1889, according to ¢ the statement of Professor Baron von Schmidt at Munich, the oid water channel was restored again in all its parts, but the wat- er was conducted in leaders to prevent the danger of leaks from metal piles laid in stone gutters. Calculation of stabilitry of. the buttress system. Although the conditions of stability have already been stated in the Section on Abutments, it will not be omitted here in the bays of the basilica to give a fuller understanding of the cause rse of the calculation by 2 simple example. Example. Galculation of thrust of the flying buttress, The same example (Fig. 394) on which was based the calculation — of a hall church on pe 154 and 376, may now be regarded as per- ~ taining to a basilica to be erected in brick. The vaults may ex- ert the same thrust and weights siven on p. 154, the outer walls | of the side aisles being only 2 1/2 bricks thick = 65 cm and 11 m high, the clearstory walls being supported by pries of. sand- stone and have a height of 22 m from the floor to the sguiter, but om the contrary having a thickness of 3. bricks = 78 cn, that. | already exists in the dividing arches. 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Ge if Re pn se ra i a p Au 4 rar ‘4 1 Dh? kn | q ru as wy % i, 7 VR)! ¢; tet hi, a ha ‘ nen ‘ 554 Total overturning moment = 176,540, For the still unknowm point of pressure in the ground area w which may lie X m from the rear edge is establisred the equation © of moments, the overturning moment just obtained being placed j equal to the favorable moment of the vertical forces. The vert- ical. forces are the following::- 1, weight of the buttress, that q with 18 m height, 1 m thickness and 2,8 m average depth has a = volume of 18 * 1 * 2.8 = 50,4 cu. m, thus weighing 50,4. * 1800 = j 90, 720 kil, while its centre of gravity lites 1.4 m from the in- | ner edges 2, weight of the part of the external wall adjoining q the buttress, which with about 20 cu.’ m volume weighs $6,000 . kil, white its centre of gravity lies 0.32 m from the inner edge; 3, the vertical force of the vault of the side aisle aet- ing at the inside face of the wall, that as noted above amounts to 6,840 kil; 4, the weight of the flying buttress of 5,035 kil acting at the rear side of the buttress; 5, the vertical compo- nent of the pressure transmitted by the coping (Fig. 912 b) wh- ich amounts to 8000 kil, and can be regarded as acting at the inner side. Thus the equation of moments ist-- 90,7200K - 1.40) + 36,000(X - 0.32) +. (6,840 + 5,033 + 8,000) x = 176,540. Thereby is computed the distance XK of the pressure from the inner edge, and X = 2.15 m. The pressure already lies somewhat outside the kern, but it is still distant 1.05 m from the outer edge. The sum of all vertical loads resting on the ground area of the pier is compu- ted at about 150,000 kil, and the average pressure amounts for about 4. sissies ground area of the pier and the adjac- ent. wallto -<---r-- = 8.75 kil, and the edge fressure is somewhat more than twice this average pressure, thus being about 8 or 3 a kil per sq. em. This stress in all cases can only exceptionally a be allowed for good brickwork; if it is believed that the mason~ ry must not be so strongly stressed, then the pier is to be made somewhat deeper and must then pe caleulated anew, In our caleu- lations the wind pressure is taken at the esthblished magnitude of 120 kil. per sq. m of exposed surface} if in consequence of better investigations or of local conditions, greater or small= er values are to be taken, then will the final result be changed to correspond, but the nature of the matter will remain the same. The wind against the clearstory of the basilica should never be gin evods beats yileves eldd eoate eieek pot bewnaes edt xd eonisd af baiv ade yevoetom bos ,eynthliod uci - gaibrooce satoe Latv oa medh .etotessele edt tankers Hesetctrn etoles ss von asaetion to notiguye edt to sonnet @ barony edt to wtivexry Io @usneo edi teteon weil sineseng seieeet exuevety to asitadiatath orotian yliaen & ieds o« b tuoce ot at aga tedt ,etweeetc egateva est wort tht erod eop.ef ti tadt on tehneia yiow obew af seiq efLhbhim ed it ieee ser? \(eveds bemvees ca) bnie ed¢ 20 taeq vvieves got ebies toe iivew sect deidy no ,ewesvtind edt of L1ek bison DP giuesooen ti exc bivon deide (fix 000,68 to baeteni 000,01 t0 ila ifen 26 sotif£eand ed? t0% ned? sneiq edt medignueria of ee ede eet mao (esetteud fantetxe oft ,(8TS .q)) cdoamds [Len dieds ad gainettiice geoto ¢owxx09. « met (tela efibiew wit Yo ete efestevacd ..,cot beoxeo at suorétwd gaiylt bas tfeev olb OS BO teev oof & to ooelg eas Aas. yam aeig olfiin pnorie tite eetevecst joert0o & tedt emesae yileieveR seo enh ebats eit tO vntbaed of onoteteteot bus qtiobiasle eds .25" P toe » te Tootte eit ,baiw to esveecrg edd ,oetaom bas oaote a | wer bas soos tron beutfiont ao kalhbtin edd bae soferevid adi peer ever sons tent batytivers 2t tr yitasoed setetsen sedto i Wee ealemob svods- ot vodtes asnd oc SeOOqs ansicitos ss SE Syst -mutsotie? edd To gromgofeved . ; it metiotisnds off Bo nolsosc d din Puede odd 90 getioes geon sds etmesetoos f° . ere _ slgnetas 682 .enohalw yrotataslo odd agoted hekaet1s ebseseg ededit eft ef 6 bee’ \elets ebte ett Io toor ent ek Ord fh . bas Swekg s ao ebsate dotdn .ctotdted gery? edt peidrogcne itteb no eidd ered woo su Yi’.tecr 2fdé to awortedmi edi cgnords Ps To sselo odd ai eddbin odd sot eseluoleo pas enolensulh adia Sh aeigi eds .eslets ebie. fax efbbim edd got .w c. baa @ trode | zs sit. aaa basos edd tol am O0 es & DP pokiootosa ods .ehin o iw ao OC of Cb gated td Liew woheiw @ .teiq sid to isht Px eo. dibiw {stot eit wo OC o emsfod eat dma ao Ob 8 ogsseag Petit go fi gaidie2 to .8 anHloo ede battzoqqes seid sid ot doidw sscasseth s yd ,sfete ebkie edt Yo tivev sad to dt add bus sista oft %@ dibin sit to noitawbor od dip > 8d #6pan ogee2sq odd to Asvikn edt sonkte: .seiq tewol edd . ti eit $e etivecs e1eds .ewote .bIT sno e¢ yftakbacsos — $5 sooth edt? bea dots patbivih efsite sworo edt neowted s Be’ wo 08 tesel te Yo (Lew eff to ezendoids 2 sheneas mone evan vimaeal be % sinh sig sinks oat mot wo tt Noa si whe sseteonet £ wt Oia eae: babetionee / en ilu pik itn Sets #6 bes .dotbesenyg sit wort evineen St e6 .wetayve ecesd. yo“ bat{Ledi05 madtie to yttecssen ent ‘eigen bas .o ¢.f tuotis ~ | pre 2 i , 48286 } Bas Hone tt mead, tes Pah ee) a st SO TN Mee, Oe OO ah, gee x pa eee, ~ se eee RA A lL ae re Ch a CL Ad BN OD ee x45) (as ace en fAey pies 2 SO a PvE Ty (OTA pl ay iar Se Re ey tara oes é y's Va be ‘aa \y bey ahaa a Saige Si a yas a 556 are the varying stresses by wind, etc., to which must be denn especial attention. Reference is again made to the fact, without wind thrusts if. mecessary, that our sreatest basilicas conld ba. 4 erected without flying buttresses, since.then by corbelling and weighting bhe masses eouilibrium could always be attained. a Many of our statements are first attempts, it must. be confes- 4 sed, which it is hoped may be further perfected. In this oppor- tunity unfortunately we cannot fail to remark, that many ground 4 factors on which our calculations must be based, require further ~ explanations, and to these belongs the allowable limits stoatanl ses, the elasticity and resistance to bendins of the kinds of stone and mortar, the pressure of wind, its effect of impact, its diversion and its sliding on inclined surfaces, and many other matters. Recently it is gratifying that theorists and pr- acticians appear to turn rather to these domains. ; 4. Development of the Triforiun. Section of the triforiun. Fig. 913 represents the cross section of the church With bute tress system, as it results from the preceding, and at a is the passage arranged before the clearstory windows, the triangle ad becis the roof of the side aisle, and e is the little column supporting the flyins buttress, which stands on a pier carried through the interior of this roof. If we now base this on defi- nite dimensions and calculatecfor the widths im the clear of. 1 about 9 and 5.5 m, for the middle and side aisles, the pier 1.35 — m wide, the projection f ¢ as 30 cm for the round above the cap- ; ital of the pier, a window wall h i being 45 to 50 cm, width of passage a 40 cm and the column e 30 cm, the total width e x is about 1.5 m, and hence the necessity of either corbelling out | the pier supporting the column e, or setting it on the springing i of the vault of the side aisle, by a distance which increases with the reduction of the width 6f the aisle and the width of. the lower pier, since the width of the passage must be constant. — Accordingly as our Fig. shows, there results at the height between the crown ofdthe dividing arch and the floor of the passase 2, thickness of the wall of at least 90 cm, and about 1.7 m for the aisle pier at. f k, since the column e also has a base. Bconomizing the wall by a triforium, Then if such a thickness of the pier above the passase and Di wwottixedes 3 ie bioon waco shoxsiiun. ond distin bit auofi(al yilestos semoned ti conte ,eetiows snibivib bdaesedue ef cedove baibivie edt te tewrdt edd bee neath tfidste edd seimorgaoo nove yeu doidw ,ydesedd beaseis p odd dads. ,O19L notétasm yloo [Lede of setets baieeorts Fanti x0: tusg ed vomit xe madd oxom ei: eeam flew se dowe pwen Ss co bereoqge esd ev of dadt bas .tetq dose yathaol & gaitivess sebash tustroowl as aci¢elamoo sicied neve gal } ease fise etdé gatoubes .tdeter Seeesicat eids to soolgen Cae Sid svods eesmictdd oct guinseaol [few odd So eesndoids edd ddootdt gathaates we shantsg teqgs ne vd Beszo? ef wvizotiad sit ,seaoo (Iie wobsain ead itasnsa | q Bi dotdy ,edelea eeeds to ehnuo r9m0t oft no Entbasia shseors ¢ bas eedorzs tatbivib edd ovods scfga10> Eetoosfaed edi ao bse Be68 won switl «ebietuo odd te sheazeg ent enivolo ellaw oid es if{sw dosd bas skavseq .sbhaoits sdi 10% itenenth muntats dooce es hehiegss) ed oc s2a. dotdn, mo. Of Sto dibiw ofd sofdw .e Gf.) Yolevemioidds 6 etinesr suodd tbioses been eds stn900 etotersd?. .ebesoxe eedoss gatbiv pat soagh hd gosd edt Ralbaedxs aot ,.enotenssts Sasos art ki iedt evods exelq odd aeowted yftasq to ylevitas asia ee fredjiiin tdaten stect gedd oe , dows olatnconco s nootedd Bem yiteesoen cid? .elets ebie sit af ebawsor edd ot bsazs ease. we dsiv jeistq nobles at tedw mer? edfsces as rawll aid senotenouth Latos end most xattivess sadois satdivid a4 as sit to wah: evisoogeteg a8 ee sats at bbs ow etdt oder Bi Ne siege me j Moltoultsssoo abn wee prodeudigre vat aii goidose eeo1 edt cA 8 0 - inva ‘Yo gost t98F00 ott buoyed esnel i00T o gaintot edt-toiddgted edd tarnoteseath esee 63 to 6 is tim ess bo ezsnioiad yvsed fads ei eaponligeqse sof oF. ic ektus ait of ..6.t ,{lew eft to eaontordt etdd aldtiv. ptoala pare eenowt, gaibivib efd tenteke bersed sasatiagnoo sid Wen oe Pict Leak ee Oe eee” | ON eee ei) 2 »™* Te 557 through the buttress system would be superfluous, it is at least of the same dimension at the height of the joining of the roof. No les superfluous is that heavy thickness od the -wall on the _ dividing arches, since it becomes actually injurious by the loa ding, and the thrust of the dividing arches is substantially in-_ creased thereby, which may even compromise the stability of the | crossins pkrerss We shall. only mention here, that the weight of | such a wall. mass is more than six times the part of the vault loading each pier, and that to us has appeared on a new build- ing even before completion an important danser resulting from neglect of this increased weight. Reducing this wall mass there- fore seems directly, lessening the thickness above the pier as at least indirectly required. Both requirements would be expres- sed in the most commonplace way to an a CRONE economy. But the open demonstration of all structural conditions forms the life principle of Gothic architecture, and it has in this case led to the arrangement of a passase opened to the middle aisle within this thickness. of the wall, i.e., to the triforium, Placing the back wall of the triforiunm,. Now assuming in Figs. 913 and 913 a the floor slab of the upper passase as extending through the thickness of the wall beneath the window sill course, the triforium is formed by am arcade standing on the inner ends of these slabs, which is pla- ced on the horizontal cornice above the dividins arches, and t the walls closing the passage at the outside. If we now assume for the arcade, passage and back wall thicknesses of 30, 45 and 30 cm, which are to be regarded as about. minimum dimensions, t there results a thickness of 1.35 m, which the width of the di- vidins arches exceeds. Therefore occurs the need, according to the total dimensions, for extending the back wallijof the trifo- | rium entirely or partly between the piers above the junction of the compartment turned against the dividing arches and placings 4 thereon a concentric arch, so that thete weight will be transf- erred to the rounds in the side aisle. This necessity disappears, — as results from what is said on piers, with a widening of the dividing arches resulting from the total. dimensions. To illust- rate this we add in Fig. 913 a a perspective view of the entire construction. a As the cross section in Fig. 913. b shows, the window wall pro- — jects beyond the outer face of. the triforium, on account of its 7. fi as . | uJ < 7 rs ' ‘ wilh om '§ ics ry ae . ’ rn . 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Sit oo bos .nopti sa smeG esto .cerdysdd. .ewieda i }) ofamte to beotesl it) ewan ods foo efbbio gattestord elisups edt cot eetad as heristds ed of i. . . « stobatw bas astvotkiat to aoivancivwod yin oad edam of stovesbne edd esesetont eyenta edaocr evel ot yosa to hasteni sokdasm sf -noboin sd to eokjeunitgoo s anize ~wobsain odd esedn ~atevood si seteG..2.%t0 ¢fawers sit xine pea ed? davoidd m10t hbexasdony qiesedamos oi Smojxo anoil mutiotiat of3 fo ztooll edt bra wodatwisdd to [fla si Sabtoust fed eootifum baiid cs cilequsan: dois pathividS adé.ot awed agve nop ase yous sotcico sid woled sachaotiad ed¢ Sas ocodd coor @tint edd to t0ol2 edt svode bas egaso dtin sedouw xs bot pe yaliotertaus etersgse to xotdeierod ebatteuled yrooead @ si) ia Asibedise sit to oven odd ni meiriottas add Io ebsanoloo oii he pp at eeonted beard vedors Ladaeudee yd Seosigey et nase Je F nent! on . sek afody eds to tostie edd srt {082 spre) pista isaai mic geet Oe i e lagbitpatatze. ett fle dtiw egase edd ai | . SSL gal swobckw to d¢hin vollase atin euirotiat Ps wil - Tus “9 é ayes uae | isa oa radia haienyagh aks 39 Athin; sol fons & 705 vad i sg % rho 4! . of [a ne i” if rts er ys em in oo ny ry, te we ie ot . ; ’ anh A Pes act x ay J ae aa ay A) A i 90d to,taeneguenzs eds Ledizosed ostedstd eved of 7 eatdas end gatyquoco. enobaiw soin esods tot ylac 560 large window mullions also contain the inside moulding forming — the groove for the glass, which in this form is superfieees sha the columns nf the triforium and correspond to the little col a mn c on them] The latter then in the development of the elevate | ion of the triforium can only be utilized for the arrangement P of little tertiary columns ec’, which also leads to the subord= _ inate division not existing in the window, i.e., to the doubling of the number of divisions of the window for the triforige:“aboie cordingly the window sill receives only the thickness of the } small mouldings, and the projecting edge moulding either extends down to the lower tolumn of the large support (Pig, 922) or to ow broken around it. Examples of such triforiums. appear with wind- ows divided in 2 parts in the cathedral of Beauvais (Pig. 847), with tose in 4 parts in the nave of Ghalons (Fig. 918) and the minster of Strasburg, with 3 parts in the transepts of Ghalonsée « We call. attention here to the peculiar corbelling ousiet there columns of the large mulliéis in the last Pig IX, vhich has its reason that in the transept. the corresponding columns at the wall jambs do not stand on the floor of the triforium as in +t the side aisle (g in Fig. 918), but extend down to the floor ott the nave (Fig. 919), and therefore only these corbellings were 1 to be obtained as bases for the equally projecting middle columns Gombination of triforium and window. 7 In late works always increases the endeavor to make the trif- orium a continuation of the window. We mention instead of many only the example of S. Peter in Louvain, where the window mul- ia lions extend in completely unchanged form through the cornicess denoting the sill of the window and the floor of the triforium — even down to the dividing arch, naturally as blind mullions bet-_ ween these and the triforium. Below the cornice they are connec- ted by arches with cusps and above the floor of the triforiun q is a tracery balustrade consisting .of separate quatrefoils. The colonnade of the triforium im the nave of the cathedral. at Rowen is replaced by seSmental arches turned between the inner piers. (Fig. 920). But the effect of the whole is violent in the sense with all its originality. Triforium with smaller width of window. 4 We have hitherto described the arrangement of the triforiun ; only for those wide windows occupying the entire length of the bay. For a smaller width of the window the saciabamealcoiie ie either — r a ridin vl iO (re sea) aniog? to deaado estht ‘8 GO. Ad ong ab il th totsel eit robo ly eet 30 ath sefoo-aoif{ion edt to ackeasixo. beactines ato rsd gnoLedd de ened) estou nt basct elawkapteat, odd 3 pied | | j onee 003 $s eovise soncl poiist odd gnols anizeaq oe npr @iut 2 es exstow 195f : be to feesent ie adtso omataaos selanie to Bamoloo od? ti dtiv bas spone qleritae enseseg obtent & jead. yd awede si cissh s iNssonat & 2a spsazeo eld ¢ int avode eh: medeys edt to nottecitifewte tadixet A .o! 4 eieig one ag BOEHs Ss ie. phate ‘ a ; + | ss arn hon yg fi ey stmt .oleis ‘eb: eg end ygatbrooss eeso treserc. edd af von BNO 2 ioisd of tigvoa. ed of ai ‘see to enviteonit tol{sme.cht dcosesode af beaeqat ‘egat ego ssotst ails ‘ares tq eit tolonls fiend .c to euninoliad edd vo Davo ots eroteted’ tay: {ovat eae pera enuuioo dtiw. batoniteaes estwie bi ye penne § esaviadsy ol stood tees faeaeye ce i ii L a a4 Aye ee, ony, Tet a oy ee ie hua ; Dy. ae ad cies ne ed, ae ae 561 Me stand beneath the wall surfaces remainins beside the window, as on a little churbth at Rheims (Pig. 9.1), or only within the width of the window. The latter arrangement in combination wi- ~ th the before mentioned extension of the mullion-—columns of the floor of the triforiumis found in Notre Dame at Ghalons (Pig. q 922) and S. Remy at Rheims. q fhe close spacings of the little columns serves at the same t. 4 time for the complete safety of Those passing along the trifor- ium, and therefore at. least. on the older works as a rule no bal- astrade is placed between them, but sometimes instead of it the q plinth of the columns is raised above the floor, that is either — effected by raising the moulding over the didided arch, byas steeper wash, or finally by the arrangement of a low parapet w. : wall above it. But the omission of the little columns, as in t the cathedral at. Rouen, entails the need of a balustrade. , Window over the back wall of the triforium. : . When we proceeded before from the assumption of an external F passage before the clearstory windows, the triforium is also s. still found with the same right, if that upper passage lies in the interior, as om the churches of Burgundy, and there is only the difference that the upper window walliis placed above the . back wall. of the triforium, and therefore all relations between _ its columns and the window mullions vanishes. , Simplified designs. q With lesser proportions of height or simpler construction then — iz also indeed disappears the passage and with it the colonnade © of the triforium, and there is found inside passage entirely o open over the dividing arches. Such a design is shown, by the c church of S. Maria at Liibeck, where this passase has a tracery balustrade. A further simplification of the system is shown in the same church, where also the openings through the piers yan- ish, so that the separate balustrades over the divided arches are only connected through the attic over the side aisle, into which they open by doors. [f now in the present case according to all probability a concession is to bé sought to brick const-— ruction, then also in stonework the smaller dimensions of the whole and hence also of the piers, make those openings impossi- — ble. Therefore are found on the triforiums of S. Ouen in Rouen, — otherwise constructed with columns after the usual system, the same arrangement as at Libeck. 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Seagate ttodo ‘goal ot anviaodier gible: Of (¢%8 mao? vitestif eved qed? weRaeusy eo atiw haa S@paisitod teivoee hes eedoids oh xlinespert oteswente iy 562 cathedral of himoges, likewise avoiding the opening through the pier, and then the passage of the triforium leads around it im a corbelled semicircular balcony above the vaults form covering this balcony, and accordingly there also disappe- ars the opening in the upper pier, as well as the arrangement of that external free column, and hence the flying buttresses rest directly on a buttress projecting from the upper face of. the wall. | oP A further reduction of the design of S. Ouen and in a sense a ag that of Libeck is fouhd in certain nerman works, where the win- dow jambs and mullions, yet the latter only in half their plan extend down to the wash of the moulding over the dividing arches, and the attic over the side aisle opens to the interior through 4 doorways between the blind mullions. While there also those at- qi tics serve to connect the separate divisions of the triforium ‘ with a passage, they here directly form it. q Strictly taken, logic is here in favor of the last arrangement, | yet otherwise the effect of that high window of the middle aisle with its lower half blind and directly above the dividing arch q is far below that, which results from the insertion of that row a of columns as the richest coneeivable frieze in purely formal. ; conception, which by the contrast of the columns of the trifor- ium with the piers of the nave and the rounds, the graceful ar- ches of the same with the wide spans of the dividing and window arches, the greater part firstareathed its full effect’or was . thereby enhanced, this would be clear even without consideration. _ Moreover the motive of the insertion of such galleries nf col- umns between, Over or under higher stories with greater designed a parts is one of the happiest occurring in the history of archit- _ ecture, and beside the position designated here, also reappears 4 elsewhere frequently in churches and secular buildings. We refer q to the Tuchhaus itn Louvain, where it extends beneath the windows. of the pricipal story. Even the form of the doge’s palace in V. Venice might be referred to it. But the root of this arrangement is to be sought in those so-called dwarf gallerités above the s springings of the vaults which characterize the Romanesque buii- — dings of the Rhine provinces. q Triforiums with windows in the back wall. Triforiums in the choir and transverse aisle. r i wteer feta to nal) odt mort ems yilevigizo ampryottat 11 gibiiwd to edseg svods ao favot onfe eve yods .elate shia sss wisdets 40 etelguco af betveexs .vntdosl ef sasso. giisd sreEdw. poi eds niedsa oF ydersdd Joixe seu yodt beebel .atot Seunorc his ; Was to edisq dow! .etescagq 8 unfivoes to eaoytua bevosa s efgnie « déiw enslq sot edgsenest oct bas steto odd ote o — mot etd to hue bae teow odt Yo allew eldeg ont oes tnd 0 nefg ent ot ebsel too1 odd to eowseds odd exed yind .sleis > nedt medial sd? .mutsottsd odd to: Liew dosd edd ar enobair © abnidego pedots edd ot xeitie tremssmerts tiedd of baogess ‘tin yllecwsixe weds eoubotgst youd gedt of ,mplaotias acid ona "ved? 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B4remnicoticd oft oF avrobain edt Yo toleaact Baetaoiind. ods doidw yd avely bedaiec edt To eoneoi tin yen nici itl fies dd Sdota sven eds af exoveta tlets eainesvo svods bedinoges Pyiatootio suse odd vedvel ons oF orwene ov sovsebas eid of bael a £ sgnsdo 5 belLoquce wobniy Sad to ngteeb eas, oven oot ‘at tye 3 & to Yoor bede ot tot etutstedse s solltie endd.too1 ond IB qerdne 6 dttw toow efded @ yd to ntednsgod ag Bs 358 (gundestse sdi bas etnof .6 no ce dLew yrodersele edd gacles seb oxidase edd sodle ot Ba01de ood elétil ec deds eon Tr YF ¢asvbs esol mot s otniisf asolensad of base ,ioor edi io {46 en grtbtins ertine edt te woltataecesg Yass eds 0% . Hie edd nkaddo of giro yet elutsdsoo sedtel ods Sra peinenre: artcciny pais do hte BAR ede ty peat i : io ‘ sy aY ‘- ; i i t he a - . ’ { ‘ , i 563 : | tf triforiums originally came from the plan of shed roofs over the side aisle, they are also found om those parts of buildings — where this cause is lacking, executed in complete or slightly 4 changed form. Indeed they must exist thereby to attain the cons nected purpose of securing a passage. Such parts of buildings | 4 are the choir.and the transepts for plans with a single aisle, a but also the gable walls of the west end and of the transverse aisle. Only here the absence of the roof. leads to the plan of windows im the back wall of the triforium. The latter then cor- respond in their arrangement either to the arched openings of __ the triforium, so that they reproduce them externally with the addition of glazing and the parts required thereby, they are in a different form, or finally are also arranged according to a 2 different system. Thus on the transept gables of Rheims the back 4 wall on each of the three triforiums spanned by round arches, ; but in the choir of. Notre Dame at Dijon the entire back wall be- hind the triforium divided in two parts is opened by a sreat a round window, while at the west side of the transepts at Compe- igne is found the peculiar arrangement represented in Fig. 923, a whereby there is found in the back wall behind the three arched spans of the triforium two pointed arched windows separated by 2 Slender middle pier, and further for the first arransement is afforded by the example in thet transept at Ghalons represented in Fis. 932. It may be that the similar division is more favor- able to the effect of the glass paintins in these windows, and | thus we must award their rights to the contrasted lines obtain- ed by a diversity of the system as in Dijon and Compeigne. Transfer of the windows to the triforiumso6f the nave. ’ The magnificence of the painted glass by which the triforiums described above outshine their sisters in the nave might then : lead to the endeavor to ensure to the latter the same effect. . But in the nave the design of the window compelled a chanse in the roof, thus either a substatute for the shed roof or a terr- ace as in Oppenheim, or by a gable roof with a sutter arranged along the clearstory wall. as on S. Denis and the Strasburg minster. ff it was then a little too strong to alter the entire design q of the roof, and to transform it into a form less advantageous for the easy presentation of the entire building, as at least the latter certainly is, only to obtaim the effect of some sta- 4 ‘ined glass, for which the entire system of the building otherwise — f 4 ‘ae NLR Seen ‘ eink WR ae sede ,eeca. anotokrtut ‘betetio gous Bh sett: =a ataeq se0dt to noleeimo eid o¢ bef toor eft to Ye coiteninteseb eft omticesl esw dtod ai 10k .betsateroo 7 guano tafvoltisa edd siotesedd bas ,muitotiatd edd to sduted j ous oo of ton .wepacol badetxe saoaset on fue ,oonedeize eit peonted gaiteixs szetdn2 edt to sosrted edd of mwod wobnin ietdo oc stdzied eit nodd 31 .ffen quotaiselo edd bas Toor est tevoetom bas beoubos od bison ¢i ,tsetR oot bertseccs egetnavbs Isutos aa gaimvocs ydored? .ofeis slhbia eds Yo Pae we%00g ems0ed 1Oite¢at od? boobct ydetedw ,etoeqeen Laizot id ylieups ns to dnsushreti1s sigaie tadd betiosotgge tostie sai ” mmo Sediisesb teito doas asyo awohaiw to ewot ows déiw eleis Senofed {ftte atoor elded idiw baid sae edd to elqmaxe aa a4 fuof to {stbedteo ed¢ woiduen er ~winineo dé €f odd. ot oat $ & isin acitosanoo at iasmazeeits omse eff .(d OC8 .0¢ rere tettad atedueggd ts entisiie? »o doiwsdo odd ao bawet ei aa “Visine dt bf edd ae ot eslaie ebie edd “evo 260etI1ed sdi vdewsd? @ noleeiuc od? ot baol ,nottsoinymnos to enaem tootaevnco teom Syredt ddin ofidwase .oeogisy ocee edi soiiirtivt asesesen odd WEN Tol tediue berivpes ydeteds edt bos toor efdsg « Yo aslg | Beeoos Basvens bas ogesesc « Hewrod [Law yrotersefo ofd anols b Sddvvilerenss noid as .eloie efbbtw edd to ewoboiw, odd of oitonuy odt SVOGs eheaesq tsagu ear to mek ent at boisedds PeRSO eit ni eas toods bemtot ed fluog has .toor Sede odd to * *a sidé to efgusaxe pues noitnes ot eldsaon aouleeiyo timbs sw mad sdi to ecleis obia odd seve esitsileg bedlusVY .¢ ae Pert * _* lsd od? $o. se0dt sort settib solliead aft to eersellses sat Madd ~diOSC.3i yd mwotle as oebdd ai yino (£8 .q) dozedo sibbia edd ofai asac goluelisp szedt dobav ¥d sonors ode efo sit bas toot ede ost yd betiwpo1 ddgted odd et [live hy ay a : . e2agcertsiue i » .efets Sfbbia edt oint eeicelisy eft to epained? BeMevaeIts ett of (S8é-.a) evede berzete: ybssals sved of edits Bodavels o1s eeedt ydsiedw ,setvelieds evoddy af systic udteog tashaéqebhi cron s sxuees fas setnoolsd to soassctocni bu tned toga deom+ods ai bawot zi exedd slow a as ylaynibrooss ‘aetheasad hae 808d to eleibedteo ed3 edif .haty edt to J te penentne efits bas eetnay, re domuddo atelge bi, * : % ‘8 tt) Aa ye oh ad - Ti “ a 6 ates? edt bavot e1s toor ded? oveds bas toivedxe add no dud a Sa eee te 564: : offered sufficient Space, then shall we see how this arrangeme tb. of the roof led to the omission of those parts for which they originated, for in both was lacking the determination of the h height of the triforium, and therefore the particular cause for its existence, and no reason existed longer, not to continue the window down to the terrace or the sutter existins between the q roof. and the clearstory wall. If then the height. so obtained a . appeared too great, it could be reduced and moreover the height — ‘ of the middle aisle, thereby securins an actual advantase in nae terial respects, whereby indeed the interior became poorer and the. effect. approached that simple arrangement. of an equally high aisle with two rows of windows over each other described on p.356, As an example of the last kind with gable roofs still belong- q ing to the 13 th century, we mention the cathedral. of Toul (Pigs, 850, 850 b). The same arrangement in connection with a terrace _ is found on the church S. Katherine at Oppenheim dating from + the 14 th century. : Thereby the terraces over the side aisles. in Oppenheim, this | most convenient means of communication, lead to the omission of _ the passages fulfillins the same purpose. Meanwhile with the | plan of a gable roof and the thereby required gutter for water along the clearstory wall. formed a passage and ensured access __ to the windows of the middle aisle, as then generally the gutter — appeared in the place of the upper passage above the junction 1 of the shed roof, and could be formed about as in Fig. 924. But we admit ourselwes unable to mention awy example of this kind. 5. Vaulted galleries over the side aisles of the basilic The galleries of the basilica differ from those of the hall church -(p. 381) only in this, as showm by Fig. 926 b, that above — the arches by which these galleries open into the middle aisle, still is the height required by the shed roof. and the clearstory, but on the exterior and above that. roof are found the flying b- : buttresses. | Openings of the galleries into the middle aisle. a fe have already referred above (p. 382) to the arrangement. of altars in those galleries, whereby these are elevated above the importance of balconies and assume a more iddependent position. Accordingly as a rule there is found in the most important works — of the kind, like the cathedrals of Laon, Noyon and Paris, coll- q egiate church at Mantes and the cathedral at himburg, the arran- ; sop ottedtes “i poatelaxs ulstsrse?. Paodeisnenis ao yd asninago qsileme ott febivih ek dow edt to asge | eft tadd nl tefeoaoo enoeres oldadiee seedT .enunfoo $ as sodto dose 19v0 egtitasge. bsiiors Laupe yf{teon ‘ond to vod otedim yewode (OS? seit Y) mewcl to even edt to notteve giboms .paivaaw ons eedots teqou efit faidied eotrolisy odd [attt Yo sasweynerae edt -bedwborg ed téum Sookie enoazerts . shia ae’ mifoiisvead geow esteed ok howoldvebh of ef gama a ty nism odd Gd Sakbeodeerroo ssid bos esdove batbivih ed% to ig ps ffewi es sedt enitoeonce asiiows edt bos enuuloo saadt Tadd Eb h8o gaia tewol edd ot bacgesss0o moeteds ynitvees aunsyay? Dieomed Sane ,sesvel sit gatérogque ehavot ond fas asdove yaibiy i es ‘emse ond aie et asic vanol sdd. to. 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These esthetic reasons consist im that the repetition of two nearly equal arched openings. over each other, as the el- evation of the nave of Rousm (B Fis. 920) shows, where however the galleries behind the unper arches are wanting, an ugly and a tiresome effect must be produced. The arrangement. of little col unns is so developed in Mantes most beautifully from the members — of the dividing arches and that corresbonding to the main piers, | that these columns and the arches connecting them as well as the tympanum resting thereon correspond to the lower ring of the dna viding arches and the rounds supporting the latter, and hence 7 the memberins of the lower pier is entieely the same as that of the upper (Pigs. 926, 926 b).- Vaults of the galléries. , The vaults of the salleries mentioned as a rule correspond to those of the side aisles. Only in Mantes do we find im a very peculiar way that the bays over the choir aisle are spanned by 1 radiating tunnel. vaults. These tunnel vaults are almost const- ructed after the amtique fashion on stone beams, that are sup- ported by two little columns standins on the lower ¢ross a The trapezoidal plans of these bays then led to no raising of 4 the tunnel vault externally, but by the horizontal position of the top and a prigressive alteration of the arch lines, as rep~ 4 resented in Fig. 926 4d. ’ But there the side thrust of. the first tunnel vault at the 7 beginnings of the curve of the choir is met in a very skilfal way 7" in that the bay spanned by the cross vault, the quarter of. the 1 compartment concerned is transformed from the cross vault toa — tunnel vault (Fig. 926 b). | Over the choir aisle the arched openings of the Sallery then become so narrow, that the division by columns in front is imp- ‘ ossible. But still. this system is expressed, by the insertion ; of a smaller arch within a higher one, whose members correspond to those of the dividing arches in the nave, and thereby as Fig. 9 926 a shows, coincidence with the lower dividing arches is avoided deQver the gallery then lies the roof om the wall of the middle q aisle, and thereby is givem the motive of the passages and the arcades in the triforium, just as by the ordinary cross section without galleries over the side aisles. piles alae re iia dt dla a ak AKA, ¥ n ra girl aie A ae ee iS a So PS 7 wekuet tay: ont vane ry eégeceed fron of eedacess evedis to aiiiro bas seoqina edt sootd '%o epnetetxs edt .esisveliss sit to tend dtin bséosa Wiakebes ~noteetuo atedt. cot sovetady banety on shrotie eisai opeds tect .wotle yavdeid bes goyov .nos] to els1 q vove wobniw edé bas yaolleh edd to esdowe edd assrisd ) besoliasa ‘eysow ed¢ ni boohal .tostte {utesssd yiev 5 ba «ausloo olttks 360 vino yd Sebiveb exe yrelise sds to it > fife pntbiovs ydstedd .eeduel bos etuel ai es ond ya | tned. 26 Isibedéso ett ni .mntsotiad edt to asbsors edt dtin Bi tod [entgizo edd at fnemegnstis Snersttib. s bavot ear rn ahauous yileiduetedse dordw .(08S .q IT .onG-el-sell ; eit catia teouts mgisotiat 2 esosborg bes gaidd suse | ‘| -Svyods benolsaen DP wtink) at wiefisy odé sevo ood eit ylistoeqee essed dpuods ila A tader on uttotint & 4023 eoace buotts Jon ee0h fi sacs .oeit f aatseae uteliay edt Lo setous oft pattem yo benisido ef 2ids ined emee eft to notsoant, edteends bus oleate sliiim eds otut Missy euse eff to sesors ebfe sesiuo odd aedt stewol doum ed Ivey ry vino 9986 .yiY af aorode aoftoes exoso eit yd aHode as tuods TT Oo edt ak’ bemrot ei benisido apdt sadylied edt af epanceg oH Sen wodseye eeoatind etttce es Letensy ai eonte ,ilfar oat fo F “$o gpolesescqeb eidt tevo ossqe oct Gguedd .doue tot behastat Ne bavox gse1g Eovtooot acct dottin done betsoits tiver yoreli«n | eldmte md beLlit bas eles eLbbim edd d¢iw botoeanoo egninego git yd nvoda at uctives exody ,zetas¥ to dowmio edt al ,ytenssé Jegezeeg on sot Setelwoleao oaiwedil cL woteyse) ezentiod edt ,8S6 | ne tedd ,esete dom os @et6 Baucktenscmih ets bas .eriscoti¢: ef? «ft 74 edt: sebleot -betvoexe od ton bivoo efted afi ca tnomegnerss a Saivottiteq basvedduls yisv eh dowedo esterase edt to nottoutte mtw edé to exsia I[fewe edt yd otutostidorts eupeenamosd elIsoes Deiisw bus etetq edd eotretlay bet{vay Yo tnewegnarss edt yo bse ai ted? ,ydetse steteoty nistdo wedéaqui elala elbbim eds to sae fuev ont evods zeasortiod yaiyl? edt yd beeeedont ceva ei he ow oct ot bel asd eldt sedttwt tu® . toot edt dtsonad if{tte Beeniss Fareed sks Lo; segqs ed¢ to iegted seevel 6 of hencitaem cok edt. evocs. bawot ats seecenttud Raint? efgate vino Bi gat sy Se a ea any eS SS . (yved ian ed¢ to toon es oy ae sy ekéqerastt es ai ectxolisd Le ais to peanoktet ene she tatiareas rae won on tE s 566 ‘Passages above the galleries. . Since the purpose and origin of these passages is nowisi conn necbed with that of the galleries, the existence of the latter affords no greund whatever for their omission, and the cathed- q rals of Laon, Noyon and Limburg show, that these little arcades _ between the arches of the gallery and the window story produce a avery tasteful effect. Indeed in the works mentioned the arches. of the gallery are divided by only one little column, and not by two as in Paris and Mantes, thereby avoiding all competition _ with the arcades of the triforium. Im the cathedral of Paris was found a different arrangement in the original building (Vio-_ llet-le-Duc, II, pe 289), which substantially amounts to the a same thing and produces a triforium almost purposely like that mentioned above. : Although here especially the hoof over the gallery is made so flat, that it.does not afford space for a triforium, so that this is obtained by making the arches of the gallery opening i into the middle aisle and thuscthe junction of the same cross. . yaults much lower than the outer side arches of the same vaults, — about as shown by the cross section shown in Fig. 889. Only no passage in the height thus obtained is formed in the thickness of the wall, since in general the entire buttress system was not intended for such, though the space over this depression of the 4 gallery vault afforded such, which then received great round o openings connected with the middle aisle and filled bg simple tracery. In the church of Yanmtes, whose section is shown by Fig. | 926, the buttress system is likewise calculated for no passage ] in the triforium, and the dimensions are so moderate, that an arrangement as in Paris could not be executed. Besides the con- struction of the entire church is very simplerand particularly 4 recalls Romanesque architecture by the small size of the windows. By the arrangement of vaulted galleries the piers and walls. y of the middle aisle further obtain greater safety, that in Paris is even increased by the flying buttresses above the vaults end still beneath the roof. But further this has led in the works mentioned to a Lesser height of the upper clearstory, so that only single flying buttresses are found above the junction of the roof of the gallery. Galleries in the transepts. If we now ask concerning the influence of the galieries on > sa Whe be ‘ 7 att td Peal ree. 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Jen edd at acfeke shie sac to débie odd ifed yiao sua dotdy | eonte let slbbia ods to débiv edt dtav0l s sod opis has 9 9 sm10l sasupe to ef dinsy stidrzsysxon oft to meteye 2aitiney ood oundaay Sseia edysensss set se yislisy eidd Yo eelgas sid ead) .CSC -Bitiat awode es yloathtoook .tedsal sid ynives [3 —etseqgs @igsensit odd at nottose ceczo odd to axot ad¢ to met x eidt To ytilidiaeog edd to& .ofeie odt at ef yew owse sdt ot ~ 4 a0 benislqze dipnev edt Yo aslg sft oo hbsead ek gottooxtence | Wyydtew olds: odd Yo olbbim odd ts ebaete tela s dotdy yd bth <8 90. .digev ezomo gusalfic odd to malg edt mi beycgord esw bas poor parte medo yaoolsd s te sosmegnsags efi oF baal sean edt Whee ».0808d af bovot es ,zsiseliay déod déiw acitosnaos ni (efate. ‘sexevensxt ited sigute to aoktose acord .3 BAY isa +Bok{tesd ed? to solded fas iodo Abs -aoirotis edt to wohgiw a3) to nolesstxd | etdgiod at aoleivib sittns edt .evads bedete eitoted eA + odd bas solats eble bas elhbin.edt to eetuote wobbix« edd 2 ound se tedt oe .wolitoy Seleks-algaie edt at coals .woix ond .swobaiw sewel edd a1oted bavot et stsersq « > thane ‘ont ee pethrapes, howto? 918 sogseesa. [enteixs exo vied ae ‘ 4 f a 5 ¥ 4 On ay Ley yp mntaottst ces : baila ak Seeeose ek eetwroiso. teat: stunts tewol soa’ i SAY ae ee Vs if Viet Cat a Bk ae J my) i Jee A ; e aia) . P ry : Fe k: f ‘ ry ~ ® uae a ' Die & . ut ae ‘T) ia A aA AA we Serr) > ae ate | = we y >; ifen efdeg esd a0 ecigelisy: bsiinav. oad evdd bas bosom” 567 | the form of the transepts, no esnthaSions are siven by the Fr ch works named, for in Mantes the transverse aisle in general a is wanting, but is single-aisled in Paris and Noyon, and hence galleries are lacking therein, or rather those placed over the 4 Side aisles between the nave and choir open into the transverse aisle just as into the middle aisle, without being connected w 4 with it. Also even the usual plan of transepts. with several aint | sles, this connection before the sable walls could be made only by open galleries above as in Laon. ixtending the side aisles around and thus the vaulted galleries on the gable walls are found nowhere. Therefore the gable walls are only carried so far in sympathy with the design of the galleries, as these have ; double window stories over each other and above the triforiun, While they are removed from all. such influence im Paris. Only the cathedral in Limburg shows in the peculiar construction of its choir and transverse aisle at least a substitute therefor, _ The two last parts are surrounded by side aisles and passages, which are only half the width of the side aisles in the nave, and also but a fourth the width of the middle“Bisle, since the vaulting system of the hexapartite vault is of square form. Over the angles of this gallery on the transepts rise then two towers | flanking the latter. Accordingly as shown in Pig. 925, the sys— 4 tem of the form of the cross section in the transepts appears a in the same way as in the aisle. But the possibility of this construction is based on the plan of the vault explained. on p 414, by which a pier stands at the middle of the gable wall, a. and was dropped in the plan of the ordinarry cross vault, or. ra- ther mast lead to the arransement. of a balcony oben above and q in connection with both galleries, as found in Laon. : 6. Cross section of simple choirs, transverse aisle and gables of the basilica. Choir. Bxtension of the window of the triforium. As before stated above, the entire division in height, thus the widdow stories of the middle and side aisles and the trifo- — rium, also in the sinsle-aisled portion, so that also here if a passage is found before the lower windows, two internal and j one external passages are formed according to the usual system. © / Triforiums. a Fach lower passage, that otherwise is bphieis site because a ‘An i Ae Nak ashi & : et ee ‘ oo | : “a i tle Lis Reane fe : ee oe | ns yen in “ed %o ellie edt ‘to ‘dibted Fie eft to iiveoq-8 as ‘wedtes pebtsze1 ed of af Fett bos , si | fe soos edd Bug sogequat ,ybnwgang Out! eadthes nt dt to: rnener ats oly woxt yew atatiod 2 a F qtoite’ efit of etl 73t a I Bitoae evo3o ai betnetss¢e7 28 ast oe af .uttiotiad “tH ‘fans isa opie eee e af ~S er sig dows. he auet of yusersosa saeduéele ean dr. 2 Pa sekt oot dtin soslq sesnado neds doidw .eseecatiud 8 0 .oFF shie edd ni aveia tasneyostts ont tadd oe mow boli eidt to selguaxo ek .2 égeeasq seWO! s ddim e wth x07" smindesepet ts Lerbocd@ ed? fre nol iad ts ened 32 ia ih gel donoo ed sliswosem Aitmo otasses [envetxs as bate sabnes at ezn0 eft o@8le af aide ea +8, VES 38% et won 21 edt ~aolsourtanos edt @oxd Biilaeou tatii eeiwetti e& fas 1 seas most biel adsfa te bentot yLao af muiaoifat ene to timem eoesd oft to eno ativest ovest tiex nobciw odd Puebite ¢d% Yo wtol beiniag eft doide o¢ Suibscons ,fte ie ted Snot ke af Bagot @i ti teY .ie«civpert eac edt qisesxe vse Sidbts edt at o@fs nedt es ,2noilium tyodiin tas Loaeg “@ gatosls wd bentesdo elac si sottantwtet Lataosiaod odd We kiteiniicse edt nO . (888 (nit) ebse oo oble avobaix bedatos t poLY tant” bua aé6uuertiicd eft ys eeolont etarpe® ect gisdenes Bid coves (yisost#? Bedats yd yeu teodoty off ut holLtt st dale ykeiwid @tetaqee eit ghtnnede dore betntod « hk ataizaco ov ae bioaeee eds woled fas aferbasge edt svode tadd os .anctifvum x4 7 A ; ~Tisoes? 26 Bmigt tedvo af hemeqo at P ybabasd %o eedotedo stedto si ea doth te $n00 sTtoN al ‘ad es ebseenq Ssdt to soolt edt of awoh Baedxs don ob ewobaty é {fan aielq s yo ti evods bectes verdes ore tad .urudansnet jan) 6 banot aedt ef cotta ts sakined .o ta sfotic st oI .oos? ® ddatl sénol eid Gedd s83 oc .goteyp sds Yo nottouber 1 ‘ent edt Oe ,botiiwo exe euiiotint sed evods Envot eno 299 6 bonorce Dapot et ELen wobain odd wort wedtst edd to nolttost fear & ast ssid ‘2 af es antiaen coritenoe ee evess eatwexti goad dant 08 auttotitd edt to [few dosd sd nt wobsiw st ae Tew otely 8 qd Botetsces ets tofsetxe edd no aaixodse eu ere Latitne -mutrotins: edt ‘to ‘tigtee sdt o¢ Baibnogesrt69 Diy aha Cin Rae Cont anne . “wedgeenet? ‘ hitignsy ee AGN Sean i, fli: ine nee | iis i. ‘ : wal ce Bl ay o*. D's ' My Ty . i osls bas ogexeds againtesosqqs s8eegeq odd oefs ‘sonsd Das © ’ A Nae uA J, , sik An J Ww Lt oe + f i) re ys Ate The aie as on AIR 9 - 4 a ih Me ARENT AS) hate tes bea Wath 568 of the small height of the sills of the windows in the side ai le, and that is to be regarded rather as a peculiarity of cert. ain regions like Burgundy, Champagne and the upper Rhine, resu lts in the choir in a certain way from the arrangement of the triforium, in so far as represented in cross section im Fig.’ 9-,, it was elsewhere necessary to turn am arch b between the buttresses, which then changes place with the lower window wall so that the arrangement shown in the side Fis. 9 / a resukts w with a lower passase a. As examples of this kind we mention No- tre Dame at Dijon and the cathedral at Resensburs. From Fig. 9 also an external pagssase could meanwhile be constructed. If now in Fig. 927 a, as this is also the case in Regensburg, _ and Ss likewise first results from the construction, the floor of the triforium is only formed of slabs laid from the arch to the window wall, there results one of the cases mentioned on pb. 851, acoording to which the pointed form of the window is not exactly the one required. Yet it is found in Dijon, but in one panel and without mullions, as then also in the middle aisle t the horizontal termination is only obtained by placing 3 smalle : pointed windows side by side (Fig. 848). On the contrary in Re- gensburg the square inclosed by the buttresses and that floor ‘ slab is filled in the richest way by arched tracery, whose sche me consists in a pointed arch spanning the separate divisions by mullions, so that above the spandrels and below the disk it is opened in other forms of tracery. In Notre Dame at Dijon as. in other churches of Burgundy, the windows do not extend down to the floor of the passage as in a Regensburg, but are rather raised above it by a plain wall sur- 4 face. In the choir of S. Benigne at Dijon is then found a furth- er reduction of the system, so far that the lower lisht stories, — and hence also the passage appertaining thereto and also the up- per one found above the triforium are omitted, so that the pro- jection of the latter from the window watt is found covered by 4 & wash.’ 4 hikewise there is sometimes wanting as in S. Leger in Soissons the window in the back wall of the triforium, so that both light stories on the exterior are separated by a plain wall surface ' corresponding to the height of the triforiun. Transepts. . wy ae | CY Be fel we Oe Wists todas 20 asig edt, tio, btew et ject f Ayan to wilew (entbotinaol edt of yee ewse eds ci lore <8 tenets edd to dégael oft clas 6 o6 Balhroocs yao gnotit bets, to esdows edd to redmun edt ef .eed oft to Atgaod , stzae a ayy gonel .bezsetoai wobnir oft Yo dtbiw edt cele bas ‘elbt : a ody ni -musdd aeel ek ayenic elete eeseveneid oft at gad Toe FEB 928 ewobsin edt stodw .enolats of eeso say. ae .eleis | oh at aestel odd ni .edasg £ ota tews0% odd ol Aye oa ty -seseout ud bite abeves am secareanit beleie-cinate odd to mottonet edd yd i ' Ei esinsynsye fstosga nisizes etinect oven beleis-serdt ent | paren? ered ef deitnotte doldw od ceargritnd bie gbavor jo edt tovtena e howe to waia odd at Bee. seit elqmaxe 10% | : jenctadd te meteye edi? of geibrooor geods hoy medts gas | ode ° t9tg fis etiscqqo ed? @ .veiq patesors ose yuted « % | Depaetts ed of oxa eepeered fas .eleie elbbim odt b ,oleie bess Ned exnit nos node dotdw ,velete ebia edt Io emohaiv edt exo apeaetter eit vot .efais erserveto ts edt to ewobaiw revel ode ntetoqgee dots e@@ox ebiv etd cot abauos sorxds 2eckopot ® ieee % fe tk gadteoem dows tcoro sfaake edt efidn ,ifan seays to wetiewpont goltiness ef’ aziioxvys of sbapod efgnta s bees / emaz ese #s bas do % bose 2 9 eebhis ex? wo ebauot to tedman.en3 5 9a? te sdigaenrte Gaototiiwe to nelq seieges 8 eouboug ows gt edd mort .§ ofans ot ts ooo yiro tad ebavos ows tooloag A sates {Low ec ,t budeor, edt soolt odd of waved gbretxe sett xe edt eouta- bas ,@inx BEOTS eat eieed tedt. .o gnibaogsers0s wh 1g id mOd fac? ce ,{CL@ .nit) setq Liew eft Yo enwwloo tetuo edi b youed @ gpoitioest at exeat goitoolorg ewer e4s dilv eno ofdbin tod. utiesoors Sbenoliaen ylauoivedg ous eaKooo .ecotoued? . ceded ex# bevlos aedd af tuemegnetuse aciluoed cidé x6 [ak soneia etom atiw neiqg edd .of Seivietetgnie o4% 15 teeyesos BiB Getevenest ess Yo yed dxeu ec Ofidwe. pyeasanm -seoiqgead ods ea 0 Set Rad & abaozorgen EXP .gi8 doddw Yo jeleie efebtu ms errco eted ende tedt of ,0 d dome palbivih ede seve cat ue one Hea 2 abssog edd of ce bvextil kre L benor eds " Li he a bs dad Sa eh sa at "Thar My, Mis ' oi J yea “8 bewot odt ao eeeex yboetis oleis eaxevensxs edt cl Bak A rr bee Geltas: (Ole .ett cl) .wede yaks (edt eats eftosxe m { dots yoibivib edi evets Lfew teqgs ozeds Picaen ae. wh iar Sets se mroat evosa \ Dine ys a brercit ee iy 7 i af id 2 ; of, ii 1a f iia al a es vm jul Le 4 at Beret ok AN Heat lay 3 569 What is said om the plan of a choir with single aisle applies — in the same way to the longitudinal wallu of the transpts and only according as a rule the length of the polygon axceeds the tencsth of the bay, is the number of the arches of the triforiun and also the width of the window increased. Hence the length of bay in the transverse aisle always is less than in the middle aisle, as the case in ahalons, where the windows are divided in the former into 3. parts, in the latter in 4.: Rounds aid buttresses... 3 4 By the junction of the sinsgle-aisled transverse aisle with t q the three-asisled nave results certain special arrangements of rounds. and buttresses to which attention is here called. Ror example Fig. 928 is the plan of such a parttof the cross- _ ing arranged about according to the system of Chalons, therein a being the crossing pier, b the opposite wall pier, ec the side aisle, d the middle aisle, and passages are to be arranged bet= | ore the windows. of the side aisles, which then continue vetoes the lower windows of the transverse aisle. Now the wall. pier at 4 e requires three rounds for the wide cross arch supporting the : upper wall, while the simple cross arch meeting it at f only needs a single round. To equalize the resulting inequality of the number of rounds on the sides ¢ g and f h and at the same 4 time produce a2 regular plan of sufficient strength, at the angle h project two rounds but only one at the angle g. From the forn- | er then extends down to the floor the round 1, as well: as the corresponding 2, that bears the cross rib, and since the latter an ee ee ‘in the transverse aisle already rests on the round 3, they form the outer columns of the wall pier (Fig. 919), so that for the middle one with the same projection there is Lacking a base, ant] therefore occurs the previously mentioned necessity for corbel- . ling them. (In Fig. 919). 4 By this peculiar arrangement is then solved the inharmonious a contrast of the singlesaisled to the plan with more aisles in 4 the happiest manner, ,while the next bay of the transverse aisle, — whose upper wall above the dividing arch 1 m exactly like the : middle aisle, of which Fig. 9€8 represents a pay, comes to stand ; over the dividing arch h o, so that thus here corresponding to : the round 1 and likewise to the rounds 5 and 8 continued in the 4q window mullions, which belong to the dividing arches, extend a above these in smaller size as seen in Big. 918 at g, and accom= (yas re a. ; sot: eat ‘ive arse ate ofbbim ec? 9# gatgacted eaots iy nae , a mi es avant treqye ‘gomuloo elttil pevvtots > teoven exe Lae Reitinetlnoeg dove to noxeor yh |e sets aerse ffeo o¢ aenconed ef fk (etaor [svaction hae ‘oni ei oo shor cnobtces neo Pebetnad yLortias ee ie: ibis t ouptost tors Sirton Yo val Peis a i aed? eee apgt® ane of water won ex 27 ; “20 srmufoo sep1sl edt to bes Sen vohaiw tedqu ed% to opie hey edt entmreteh x 8 a veri herrer ost teas of make Ata Pi 7 fhaw toed e2i Yo'eeentotdd odt Bae mutrotir obte ett Yo to velvia efie odd Yo nofiens]) edt gore . 30 ese: ebies yino ,awobsin ont ott moonted noitseup at tetg ey Ss &@ f cetometh oft sotvieces ,egaeesg eg? yd Soovber o> Pod ,éfeay ods to tarcdt ods esogge of ¢meliottice ealu 14 .soeta eidt ¢6 sathasia aeigae tdgiea #5 veevtine « to nale fh tee et HOLtM ¢s omed ortok ni cotteewp af seta eft conan een Leds, wyvode qilfsed eihtetred ef tect moktbeca cs .ylisao dt ts heatsicxe ton sl ecrsxzeqce sti bas ,ofeis ebic ott Yo i seone ly ¢eart? | bate «erel eit etoted ekesesq oft Sant etvere wor enw FT Me at yieo Bavot et ofels ofynie dtiw nald edt wort eatetuee feds B4yo000 nedt ,elesis ebia edd mi foe bas siets sasevegss? je et eese edo ta Qutkclo .weoxsind hegaado ed? to dnewegnsare ‘ah a edt ‘te ,benteonoo olfats shia ed? te wodniwn ond: to tac ¢ - # to ebia edt asifase soverot tadd pReesesid- gaty{t 2 Jo vete ao nia? $6 gricedt¢ncuwte & redsie eomed bak ,ecerttincd teorses bite SAS Oz0edd (fk .heriroes af aasitiud Gxeo Oks of cage sobru son te a6fq edi yd teonem teootsse eit af beovfos ed biuox een ) » (eseupe elbbio edt yaisioijie Fivsey eaoxo ecaupe et te asy he aeeeee srodw one pattooets @ ylno ektute Blyow F te yon * emus) , et ” ' «teel wiistinatadue a ae Hira | 0) View sides as at euntéaes’ tdnted at ‘enoketvib. agobreay ed? xivootuseg bas wektel odt wo tesel ta yer tel cinta teeter a6 elfsw efdeg edt no ovle hen aia nina ‘agitate saiteoste: to mpteye odd to word ail) oh. ie ie a ey at sh ren seas Pag 5 Si rn ' Vy. 4) 3) Ne A le i tine . co oat ones pa Ciacrh tee’ lacs Pivdiwisss $ sod conenzed 6% to tavooes oo patios! ak etecd taetoitios . i Where Getevedss off to'ryad pucldo owt eds ye 886 .—tF at 570 accompanying the window mullions, but here the corbelling of ¢ those belonging to the middle mullions makes equally projecting — little columns superfluous. ® By reason of such peculiarities, that are never oapriciousee en medieaval works, it is necessary to call attention to this nog. | entirely banished conception, which see in taprice=the naturéur: of Gothic architecture. a If we now return to our Fig. 928, then i.k gives the thicknesal of the upper window wall and of the larger columns of the triteum rium, so that the dotted lines s s x determine the width of the q triforium and the thickness of its back wall. 4 Over the junction of the side aisles or of the side choir, the pier in question between the two windows, only aside of being 4 reduced by the passage, receiving the diameter i k #.k t fsono- wise sufficient to oppose the thrust of the vault, but for the 9 plan of a buttress at right angles standing at this place, as 4 sufficient basis is lacking on account of the passage. For this reason the pier in question in Notre Dame at Dijon is set diag- onally, a position that is @ertaifily peculiar above the junction — of the side aisle, and its appearance is not explained at the : first glance. If we now assume that the passage before the lower windows resulting from the plan with single aisle is found only in the transverse aisle and not in the side aisle, then occurs the arrangement of the changed buttress, closing at the same time a part of the window of the side aisle concerned, or the neces-— 7 sity of a flying buttress, that however strikes the side of the a nearest buttress, and hence either a strengthening of this or a wider span to the next buttress is required, All these aifferen- ces would be solved in the easiest manner by the plan of @ hexa= partite square cross vault adjoining the middle square, occupied | in Fig, 928 by the two oblong bays of the transverse aisle, whe- reby ab f would strike only a bisecting rib, whose thrust is 7 substantially less. Gable Wall. The various divisions in height continue in an entirely simi- — lar way, at least on the larger and perfectly developed designs, | also on the gable walls of the transverse aisle. With the adop- — tion of the system of bisecting ribs for the parts concerned, ™ as at the cathedral of Limburg and the collegiate church at - i vy aoe ‘a ‘ One Ii me me ie o t Li aici 4 Neils pn ae EA ai base $00. UP bees « ese. or ba oats 5 bee gras calatet sivas oneal Voor bebivih ek elels eeterenssd oct ae ape yllsitasdadne eilewve idspvezent: tot etiuess i wih: so 2k atbte cred? es set oe ,elisw Tenkbsdiaacl rot es ol eat giseern dotiwy to dose eadI18G ong at | Dgulréd eit to gatgqorh edt Atiw fv8 ued B to shiz swoote vobmiw To m103 svaiive .urote FOLaIK segdd . opt ae wobare teqav eft anteones, wert?) dad) # Mabie to ywifenpe eteeizorgce ce ad od Ff to fokéreqosg | ieonei bos ,29@702 ofs Io somentwatetg & nove "0 tds cm bas dthin. suitos odd yisson polite? roshiw betotog . "tc Be fos wobeke eft tovsoif banos? act dokdw me (eaotiiva yd petetieki sl sveiveed yiletinassedsa chee od, bivow! .¢iney edd 2o a ee as sn, ‘nottanpEees of2. 20 doidn .soaqa sad to ollie. of9 nin Leeda eddito tadd esteciful ¢eult: wobatw)io oslo olbatas “qainatt feusot visang af osfe tt tadt dogtredt aest obice ot papandoodidots dassettio est ai sealq of efdsdiua szon saa | *eifew oldeg ekdd To ae | | | onOhatw LeodW .° 'Eo 6tdnso edd yatoelq ni etcienos guomegmerze saciid ont ena ainey ad? to gead cit So tdoied sat de wobsin: Loedn s mottotiad edd 6 gniievco sit bas sloike edd ‘noewted “bas segom esob eloris sit to evibes edd td soldw \2lorbaage ond 2.088 Yo gododd mort gotuevoo teft to ddaied ody ddtn setpe bredd a0 se@igactoer a yd bes{ite sd bluow \bavor ett to Lat ) sot 20 davomed sxtoh hos emiodi. to Lethedteo sds oll eden 8 ‘Bos obtenk wooneysitib odd Yo evostave edt (ALC (£9 a ot irate edt of studiatuce qilettoesas Bae elisa als{y 12 yvaedpid shan erotsisih.ensing to Isthedteo edi to etqeens # eoned bos ‘~yekoutcinee bedtitts 6 et dots ebke edt oels tedt ist peepast Note: okitaeonco sat Id setemelh ietnosinod t Sfodw edt eat bas venidiévecetds to dauaus edd vd on GB aokarebicaos teal edd dod .tdgted seaeel ootieg e io tedé ylovianloxe tod .eceind sian BH ra gegasiane sogerettib @ BF beuscanamihdah GAR AS tog, Whe if i till os of ebssf. Agete to noftrozoig beyasdo edt tacnenas & shisieds fas: eietio 2d¢ neswted eer dnpoesis gal sisdt | 3 odd MO ‘sedt 918 ovods ascstise draceeto saodT .elodn ead io “aa Na Wea er tke, cyerea 8 1 Oe PanT a a oP ah i 1 cae ee \ Wee ASSOLE Sere Ce PD 571 Ries 2 Wetzlar (Fig. 936), also as Fig. 929 shows, the outer bay: of. the transverse aisle is divided in 7 parts, and there generally results for these: gablewwalls substantially the same areangeaaa as for longitudinal walls, so far as their width is now divided — ‘in two parts, each of which nearly correspondstto the former. Side of a bay. But with the dropping of this Harly Gothic =a ansement the chansed proportion of width leads to a certain pes culiar form of window story. 4 Ubper window story. What first concerns the upper window story is, for the general proportion of it to be am approximate equality of width and he- q tent, or even a predominance of the former, and hence the design of pointed widow filling nearly the entire width amd divided — by mallions, on which the sround line of the window must be that of the vault, would be made substantially heavier. It is here the ratio of the space, which on the assumption of a more conc- entric plan of. window first. indicates that of the wheel window, aside from the fact that it also in purely formal respects is the most suitable to place in the different archi teohmass form of this gable wall. a Wheel window. The first arrangement consists in placing the centre of the wheel window at the heisht of the base of the vault, whereby there is a crescent area bstween the circlenandithsiside arch and between the circle and the covering of the triforium remain two spandrels, which if. the radius of the circle does not quite asree with the height of that covering from the top of the capi- tal of the round, would be stilted by a rectamsle. On the older ' works like the cathedral of Rheims and Notre Dame at Dijon (Figs. 9-3, 934), the surfaces of the differences inside and outside are plain walls and essentially contribute to the quiet effect of the whole. Those. crescent surfaces above are then on the tr- ansepts of the cathedral of. Amiens therefore made higher, so that also the side arch is a stilted semicircle, and hence the © horizontal diameter of the concentric wheel window is raised by the amount of this stilting, and thus the whole requires a lesser height. But the last consideration did not control in Amiens, but exclusively that of a perfect solution of those difference surfaces. a But on most works bBhe wheel window is set in the pointed side q wate | iste pn pean sscokian tneoes19 sold: tad os. dou pineimo edt .yrevs iw to amtok yd) belli ete to hsaego palenee edd ak betosite ylieso nedd eewsLonbseqge tewol pend yd tiseltith esom yileitaeaes ebed cew elidunsen ) eval ot ebiosb ton binos nes doidw olgusioey tadt to B eft hosetio ean tedtsl end L1L% of saitow. vedoin edt, ae buens 8d 180 ft feds evetiod of .acckilow to medey2 « to, tasm | pi mottatoe eis eomid nxebom ak Jedd ,eotkolens Lesovea aot | drag ont feds (eit ok betetenoo yltérddieved bivow nofteonp # bstator yd bennege Sne anoiliiva YJ bobiwih 2akii{sz? ards to -temiaeangaeins yw slosio eds. ot betqebs need eva hisco a2 > ¢nomeyneTIS 26 ou6 .esaig nepso eail sebie dod. de aviz b-stit to wsdmon weissiy s cain fostte fed bos esonetonan & ; aaom get esx mot to sence edt sogs sibbka edd ai to8 -axct Go nettetabtetoo fecaktnoo edd ycysaseetg te mort bogcisy Z ib ad eedots eew noteoh) oft yiertbigoss bas .eiaow tas Joo gon bserotdxs et eso1s sopetelirh (iene dowe to aeiduloe ofd-ai s kmo donnso ow ancteied? .beaocitaer setdicatiuess edd yluselo | mas, edt to ssrosge teanretti® eloesitge ont of consisted snotigoun ai hat edd of eetaaoled exolns ta olaia aesavened edd ago esdl } be ed betetaqer st efoxto odd sehen afyastoes sedd .qindase Setd bedaiog &.t0 megeye 2 yo atid woled bas ,mokeivit L[etnoss owl Pied Bakbaoqaoti10o: ond vd alesbnege edd dod ,eadois baile od bse sattas. eff .eforto sit ob bellit baa eacdd to Sod edd ewode ybectis bae \bedneled yldosxe tow bas \revelo vl isO00 vino sence s at tans ,wointw [eodu, enc to fetash gutant s SH .wobaiw Sodotea baoot tseud a to dueg dasnimod edd. ca ininaevtnag to dgezneid edd to one gaifmoqesii09 eat asiwitt . 99 eth eed yLloorsce votiscexe bfod hae ngkeeh tagortiages ai § fedntog « es ankswen doze obie aft e198 .(e SEO SEG sent) -98¢ 30 r90Lt edt oF awohodk yd. besolome asta stitae sdf bag bons yd Betecqieob si aso? eeode .wohaiw a yd belli ad moisol | ehh ati. ddocdtis ,vew bohioeh s at wobaiw leadiu besies vtadd af e1ed? aed? .dois shia odd te neqe edd medd peel gniaewol so? sfels edt gi hoyoicms ‘euitom odd. {Ob 10 he to. s00Lt edt of enot{ium wobnin segnol odd to eaaaloo oltiil a6 nleneg edd 0 on tadd».sennem e al fetooexe boa minoiias Raton > odd ot bebis oie asraloo eltsii ezedt ed be19b sae ybeoaly 7s esiora todatog seeds, ynotaty feedw-odd a oe é =, ea SS ga hene ee 572 | arch, so that those crescent surfaces above are either simply opened or are filled by forms of. tracery. The omission of the lower spandrel was then easily effected im the same manner, and — meanwhile was made essentially more difficult by the addition q of that rectangle, which men could not decide to leave unbroken — on the richer works. To fill the latter was offered the arrange ment of a system of mullions. We believe that it. can be assumed _ from several analogies, that in modern times the solution in E question would haveschiéfly consisted in this, that the parts | of this filling divided by mullions and spanned by pointed arch- es could have been adapted to the circle by tihcreasing the hei- Shts at both sides like organ pipes. Such an arrangement causes _ a monotonous and bad effect. with a greater number of the divis- _ ions. But in the middle ages the sense of form was far more de- 4 veloped than at presentyby the continual consideration of corr- ect art works, and accordingly the design was richer. And just in the solution of such small difference areas is expressed most. clearly the peculiarities mentioned. Therefore we cannot omit a 4 reference to two entirely different species of the arrangement | in guestion. Thus on the transverse aisle at Amiens belonsins to the 14. th century, that rectangle under the circle is separated by a hor- izontal division, and below this by a system of 8 pointed bisec- | ted blind arches, but the spandrels by two corresponding to two of those and filled to the circle. The entire arrangement is on ly clever, and not exactly talented, and already shows the bes- : inning denial of the wheel window, that in a sense only occurs as the dominant part of a great round arched window.’ We compare it with the correspondins one of the transept of Ghalons, which q in magnificent. design and bold execution scarcely has its equal. (Pigs. 932, 932 a). Here the side arch remains as a pointed arch, and the entire area enclosed by itedown to the floor of the tri- q forium é¢s filled by a window, whose form is dominated by the in- 4 serted wheel window in a decided way, atthoush its diameter is a less than the span of the side arch. Then there is that. mention — ed on p 407, the motiwe employed in the aisle for lowering the ' little columns of the longer window mullions to the floor of the 7 triforium and executed in a manner, that two of the panels bor- dered by these little columns are. added to the outer circle of q the wheel window, whose pointed arches are placed at the heights ‘ ‘a meee 218d A Ries alah The i lial Re af ss in rig eteohe oi? .abrrot odd to elatigqas edt to fuaateb cals orsd bas etree ecodt at multotixd sdé ne i dewated bainisas? oosc2 oc? .wobate Lesin edt to sete “rf edd -beaottnon exasloo edd bos antiactiad edd to qot ofc yd belli? veted af gonotoh nics enckifua to modsye & bated te a BSLItd) enotetsad bar ghosts sit o3 hotgebs eltoterssup > set? este at baidetukmib afreterteup yuielbbin odd e eds dost yedt .»a.i ,ytsbsoosea ai setisl cassis edt So bavot detec eft bus hbenottaen enwuloo oad fold yp ectentt sedtel doidw .d10tis mont of Sutbaogests0o wobniw bedetoxot glao [iotewtsnp edt atoted moitestorg «© on lliast brscos -enoiliua wobaiw slowke eitl teimedo Sas of re ee go .elorto odd to Bed aswol edt drogqa2 alrotest ‘Bak eesotg otersqse ods to Paiblety odd Saszesq bas Jf ul x Wad .eblesso besnoexe ef asteye couse odT ,noitoorrh {saat ‘edd ds Bao scanfoo elsdil esodtt iedd somerstitc odd dtin # restos dows ets srotesedd bes motrotint eft Ralieveo edsle 5 ateys auisotias sit to ewodsiw sdf .seitedat odd of ; 6 evisse1 bas .,eenows odd to eaotua Lawistatk sat ot ylicexe Tae seoldes gatnworo edt yd tcondsetd doit ylasivoit ia olden eds oi eodors bethieg déiiw erobniw { betas igag2 od ot basbive® wobuin issdu odd adtow ssdsl a” t desfoia-sds af pentobs bsshat - -,wobaiw bedatog yrenlbto 2s “Shewetost1e oideiustosisdo s euds ,yteosst?d bas enotfiua yd open .Steinyievs ayoo° aso tedd ono 6 dows yd soslg arai Aa Ls «e Sidtod ylisi ai bavot phsorle sta bald sids to eslquexe we s(@£e@ .a¢2) emoesio? nf ze:0d .a sats 8 ai wobatn edd mialoose ct hebesgourg nem semis stoetal ai feabeddso odd nt sennem teodeia edd ei Savcl ei sect ,eldas ‘ fof aemtel edt Yo ofteluetiosieado es xueok to bos engolod 0 . ) ee eine .aetere ost 4O egnerpernoe *eqou1g ods naimwot Sae bres eees0n asmred teow Yo migtto ede gedt ,eucs “ei chad to en neuyaxe ntetveo ‘as neve doide ni eorit nt effet yredolke. ef! Yo gteppexe seat ‘hae tdpwoe yiisnoltaetal 2ax geifsotsiey to moit hie fo wetexe off .elfeted (ls of mroh youetatznco bet etcey gattentmoberg a of yi leacoor ‘etttno cttw absel gottoust awe e (Yo teslquta ost at sevewod dotdw) ,eLode ea¢ to toette _secntetatgta nod the see Heean ak owode as ,eirow t0d 573 of the capitals of the rounds. The little columns thus strengt , en the triforium in these varts and here also determine the dian- eter of the wheel window. The space remaining between the whee *: the top of the triforium and the columns mentioned, then instead of being a system of mullions as. in Amiens, is here filled de guatrefoils adapted to the circle, and therefore filled toward © the middle by quatrefoils diminishing in size. The membering of | these latter is secondary, i.e., they lack the strengthening w which the columns mentioned and the outer round of the wheel. q Window corresponding to them afford, which latter therefore for- ms a projection before the quatrefoil only furnished with a pla- te and chamfer like simple window mullions. Accordingly the qua- trefoils support the lower half of the circle, or rather stress _ it and present. the yielding of the separate pieces im a centri- fugal direction. The same system is executed outside, put only . with the difference that those little columns end at the stone ere covering the triforium and therefore are much shorter than | the interior. The windows of the triforium asain correspond q a eM tn the internal spans of the arches, and reteive @ par- ticularly rich treatment by the crowning gables. a Windows with pointed arches in the gable. €n later works the wheel window wsufdund to be sppplanted by an ordinary pointed window, indeed adorned in the richest forms ~ by mullions and tracery, thus a characteristic arransement for this place by such a one that cam occur everywhere. eanwhile examples of this kind are already found in Early Gothic works like S.: Leger in Soissons (Fig. 935). In later times men proceeded to proclaim the window in the gable, that is found in the richest manner in the cathedrals ef Gologne and of Meaux, as characteristic of the Berman Gothic and forming the proper conseguence of the system. Only so much : of this is true, that the origin of most German works, at least ~ of the richer, falls in times in which even a certain exaggera= tion of verticalism was intentionally sought and that exaggera-— ted consistency down to all detaiis. The system of Gothic cons- q truction leads with entire necessity to a predominating vertical — effect of the whole, which however in the simplest of the eari- : ier works, as shown in Figs. 983 and 984 representing the tran- sept of Notre Dame at Dijon, is already just as powerful as in the likewise great wheel window, indeed contained as the chief p baasa s1ce tan? potequuess edt toe heeded? ao ecko 940 (eedt bos (etiatoh efi vitro betareo at eforw ef? r “sino eattine dtiw beidace febrtoxe 60 #enm emted Lert be eoned bas .yreosse tt bebpfont aelosto If, to Levomes | gotds at) ee inte seivetbroqied deiiga® efs to eatot ‘ py Getaiog oat xa het oei{qqre erednyTeve Saw wobrir bevot foo een vee Yteoass ect to enoleivih stasagqes edt onfe tre sk pahaddigaaa to mtol afew oft Yo enokritages Lenoliuoqorg f siete seteveasss edd af dors ebte eft sazolod nt elidt Sey awirotiad end dae ous emse of¢ ta doxs rofetiw s , bevod ek eredd: weobsadenlad ebsots ne to at0% efamte ord > eas ‘Yo noldtoco7q off Siena fnowebanite befoetie ston & é B69087 oe moteye ecodu praca ak rob aefiaie e élareq soo - wobain edt to dtbin edt sash .dodede ydeen 2 mort HFC .okF ta S@ foods ef yreoess dof dtir hate bas ettiag © of feb et atiewtoteds funk: iow shie edt to asqereds ned? evel pdivamtsotins est asedétal od¢ Yo tect evods beetes at enti > efensc Bet. bobtwih asd? eit bese fcbin smee edd to yi[otanixo a Re besveces i st sesit To dose hoe ,welte2 yo beaword Dis: saotilen ofb L bre ‘Sbteei buoot/ oalai ei mcinetic® oat ovods Sxeseeg oat : Of yohenterind yteoass s cit bedetase? wi weiszolias edi ae et ,efele obte edt. of paihacqsestoo' meitolins edz woled Saas Bk ,meteet odd Yo yrote wobotKe eb# Herntraoo ec FIuoda okeivid 8 qd ofeis eztevrenest off twiad bes Lint edt af heane be peibod toig % no soideR vd bourcte be wecove betatiog dite a8 miage puted sefdep cit ,eefoanate yd henwosro bese yifaccpete jose .eeotiive [iaws One opvel to weteye @ xd elonag > st bob! ‘todwem Lataostnod s ed tho tho ef Sobiw to braids aewol ent ( ‘edt sevewod doidw ot epaibivew wobais ect of gnibaoyaes | sRattcoeerges auds ,sooft edt os ebhmetxe evotilae fo meteye. | ib. ssh : eohsox (e: > dads @# poieve bengiceh xyliqesst atad etequos cela ew tt . Satedo eoneseiiit fatiostedwe 1 etinees etoded pono fads me Feenne edt neoe st eet -ebotteq elyte gnevetthd oat betetsges eettode omd quoug gaites ylisoitcev sofas ee es whed? of yrbbtonse sedto wose mort xl tet). xirw on: gk bow xeqqn ea¢ ddin mpiaoetins eds “he meat bite Batdd edt «eo ,yxote ony i etn) we a mer ‘he ie a, " Hi : ‘ , ’ a a ; ‘i . = : i a \ 2 : \ y ra ¥ ae a ' ; - “—0 . > Pm A ib marae rs) i iat : olen) Aa Ls ae iy ie Are ta ek) ee i Aaa: 574. object in the west end of the Strasburg minster, On that of Co ogne cathedral. But the assumption that this grand character of the whole is carried out in its details, and that all more neu- tral forms must be excluded applied with entire. necessity to the removal of all circles included in tracery, and hence led to the forms of the English perpendicular style, in which certainly the round window was everywhere supplanted by the pointed window, but also the separate divisions of the tracery presented only _ ' proportional repetitions of the main form of the whole. : While in Gologne the side arch in the transverse aisle is also ™ &@ window arch at the same time, and the triforium yet retains the simple form of an arcade balustrade, there is found at Meaux © a more affected arrangement, where the proportion of height does — not permit a similar development, whose system we represent in . Fis. 931 from a hasty sketch. Here the width of the window divi- ded in 8 parts and filled with rich tracery is about a third 1 less than the span of the side arch, and thereforeits ground 1 line is raised above that of the latter. The triforium is appr- ~ oximately of the same width and is then diwided in 4 panalse crowned by gables, and each of these is asain bésected by a mid- dle mullion. a GhS passage above the triforium is also found inside, and like the triforium is furnished with a tracery balustrade. The height — below the triforium corresponding to the side aisle, in which q should be continued the window story of the latter, is then sp- anned in the full width of the transverse aisle by 3 divisions with pointed arches and crowned by gables on 4 pier. bodies set diagonally and crowned by pinnacles, the gables being again div- ided in 4 panels by a system of large and small mullions, about q the lower third of which is cut off by a horizontal member cor- q responding to the window moulding, in which however the same system of cullions extends to the floor, thus representing an arcads. If we also compare this happily designed system to that of Ghalons, there results a substantial difference characterizing the different style periods. Here is seen the endeavor to unite i into a vertically acting group two stories separated horizontal-_ ly from each other according to their nature, namely at Ghalons | the triforium with the upper and in Meaux tith the lower window Fs i story, or the blind arches replacing it. But in the first place — ale a. n ek testuta i dacs eda geal seicks bas baawnred ‘bebpetxe enanloe efagit a eds sebng eDege edt Yo yatmeqe Intecesy odt- 580 est {fie xusoX% «i ytacd 200 edt cO .~efdtrac@e od Ifen ton a6 pte $nemegnetia eft yd yletem yer evitesooeh yleceq s af | | ‘78 py sodtguexts ot elseif oz betudicénco dokim .Bweiday baa aet | Sa glexttce teomis of bivoo qed? tod? ,aottoursacas a } «vartal ua By f D hawatees eft mo motsotiad odd ofn1 oF Saibsoo0s If 2 eaottaons2 oeis ara evedd evar edt to esodd détx 2eetaou ‘ded ddated smse odd eved.qgedt etedu ,emiedh at as eins oO ieemofoo anibivih efisil owee on? .eneqea seadd yiao to oed etd ot 2athnotxe eioold cacte afd to ebas fnort esd ort maipoitoiass selweki{ odd to samigaizgs edt stot dokaw cee atx 6 at ae eatizasy ai Bors 4Xuete trobnin- toved 7 ean eoteniaohe7g dibeerd edt yrote wobnin aswol edd 108 J thé ipse2 eddated omse odt sot dedd .eno 1sqqy edt sol aads send Simzed weve ton [lin elofw edd io nokioss azote odd awe dade e2tdd mort ebtes ylorttae .wohain [eedw edt to tnon Bowino ealemos e1eds ead? .doctio oft usisow deun noitiveqes if ea .todto fidse svods beoale awofatyw [etoveq to tasmebasite | gi ik Hefaesstge2 osic to tsonohnotee sedis mort divest osiwedilt | Hc Ost bewot ef ecdT .tivev aeecto edsisgse & doin Oxf .Bie " Paese Shtced bes eftey ont ai bebivib ewobnin ond (S.C 63h) 0 eebEG at wottevels) eacasio? és sohed .2 bas eutedd nz se | ndtb omsg Sisor nt eve dowe ovit gov .ee00 elgate esadd 1s (DEO. bi 8) . by pe sid of aseqqs esed ewohnin sewol oft sisted eegscasg sal MERSO .bi¥) costo ttodo edd wk es ,woitcoutence ofd sowl yeu 0 @dé tO mgtsoltiat sai to Liew toad edt od de del O€2 .8f% i fave sci enoled® to wotaya sit o¢ Patbyooce sedi lew wobsin: te ig efzaa divin ysseesoss era vedo .eobsots msitotintd odd Roki | : sq oF ‘nedd dotdu .o Yerq olbbim edd diin 2edoue yd, bstosageo ; ae oge ene yd feosliqes od teuvn to botsitensq ai epsagag, di 4 n od. te woteivié odd of Seibscoos enzoloo sissil bedoad A vakds. 20% bomuses oals ei eatedi ni se nedd tI .dows edd a seuddys avtsotiad ead | Yo bubsasge bediaoeeb sxoled add van ie “6 nedd ,enmoloo eesdt yd ented edfuay Senant - “ane Meat kia oft adil wobaiw edt to RoR? : teh inal iit Shisha a ; 1 al te F i oo on ay 575 this purpose is attained in a structural way, for withen+ Mae Little columns extended downward and the erches turned on “a the graceful opening of the space under the rose window would not well be fossible. On the contrary in Meaux all was ob tatu in a purely decorative way merely by the arrangement of: :piten ae les and gables, which contributed so little to strengthen the ‘id construction, that they could be almost entirely removed riethel out injury. i a If according to rule the triforium on the tramsept gbble har-— monizes with those of the nave, there are also exceptions to ti this as in Rheims, where they have the same height but consist © of only three spans. The same little dividing columns then bear © the front ends of the stone blocks extending to the back wall, 4 which form the springinss of the lizewise semicircular tunnel. vaults. Lower window story. ‘4 For the lower window story the breadth predominates ivem more — than for the upper one, that for the same heights resulting fron the cross section of the whole will not even permit the arene ment. of. the wheel window, entirely aside from this, that. such a repetition must weaken the effect. Thus there remains only the 4 arrangement of several windows placed above each other, as they likewise result from that arrangement of plan represented in ; Fis. 929 with a separate cross vault. Thus is found im Chalons (Fig. 952) two windows divided im two parts and beside each oth— er, in Rheims and S. Leger at Soissons (elevation in Pig. 935) are three single ones, but five such are in Notre Dame at: Dijon. (Fig. 934). . The passages before the. lower windows here appear in the same way from the construction, es in the choir plans {#is. 927). In Pigs. 930 let. a b be the back wall of the triforium or the lower ~ window wall, then accordins to the system of Chalons for suppor— ting the triforium arcades, that are necessary with angle piers — connected by arches with the middle pier c, which them to perm- it passage is penetrated or must be replaced by one or more deé- tached little columns according to the division of the width of the arch. If them as in Rheims is also assumed for this passage — the before described spanning of the triforium by three parallel tunnel vaults borne by these columns, then a harmony of the div- ision of the window with the arcade thus formed would become a ’ + famegcerrs Levan eds of ea tee eae babes a sent 8 ‘podows yd hetosnroo yino ete sumuloo siisrl 52 , w wobuix eft of biel exe adele toolt edt dotaw mot ; vais 20 doemesaeiss teifsoed yiov - .1sedgsetd taenoorgs ms $e1s8 . (60-6918) wothd seemed esdo¥) mt fawot ei batd e edtes . betasnooo enantoo elttil ond tobiedni eid ni 89% 7 ova Paaasist cust bas eofove ietnomses yd etelg eftus ead ne Bvilsotos eis ilen doad ed? oi fdotde butded isy .asorat ! gu9% / jewobatw bstateg tebnsla evit to tasheynsiie bofwiedo Bethe in: svehselozet astssts scl soitenst od sldit ney: _yBLatrog basot aed ete ytote wobaltw aswol edt wofles [adG-at ee eyswroob edd .edosenett edd nk yf{isvenes 3s - » bastxe ovle aso qodd ,xoddal oft s0Y Fasiolitns fon ore Bo edt to eelets ofte sdt mi as nedtd foidw .easraeq odd ge eeyo7? ts doisds nesasidelj edd to bse gucdansZok to Bs. fi 3 ; ' s@oble déod ta gafeta ertete revo * edd To tteq 2 deact ta s2olo Jeue eletiog asises 109 wiw Sdd to ecoled) js endT .seldss bus eedo1is abess yd if ah eLosto secqe sid yino ,soksesuyp ni eelatvtb edd ot ofd rol ost - wesslg bas bovsge ylisutoa af dors sit to avsegued ii nedt ear ysieecoen eidl .esdows baild ylao be taianes sdasg /BhO. w’ to Snemexcsiis eit’ to aciesino stsiIemoo 6 oF vilspey edt ai es*esdoia baild to movaye s to goisgohs goorkb edd dns B sit of ebioceeti00 ‘seit stosuchastTIA o8.,ensiné to etasensi » el wdoveds 28 ist cent .seansm oftf af eaoisrbooo [easton asaga°edt to obiesh edd sol diheerd heiisper sd Sents “to esods dotdy itiv baa .sostawé Ifew sviecooxe srofsiv sbebesiae [lew es sent sie Suse es 5 selagrog ag? Yo totastctl “> ) doortsin aismet readies ab eyenqood edt esoledd st eitdt = edad edt deiw Isdtog sensi ne dnd .anotenentd oder ya heiashéee &.8t s98yo eedeta Gabidto goinss ant otnt edt at ffe te tog sdbvon sd denn doidn ,sesttal satito iisw stttas edd yauaod asft Ofnow .oblent aottostorxg rs soit enol) 908: ebufoxe sxolessdd fae autiotiat edt 190 iefatto Jeevan te bauct yltetdo S18 eduemeastis foue * owdnse aye weented sosqe odt-entodz ot ee earee. tedusen ed3 ‘bas. ast ed? ith r=) ) Kea P35 La eS a Ree . a. (i e - : i mn cep ec ye bh aa 3 dts iy? ue; i co 5": : 4 om q , 7 a by 2 ae il ‘a PAA TOS & ‘ “yay ht TR bh exigos sdt acti? galtigess efdated sdd tz ded .(Sc0 . bon: beobai $gsu on0 tididxe exelmd Yo atqoenstd ond ,nolget- ‘without excessive wall surface, and with which those of the pass by TRS eae ny eden sets i 576 : : necessity. But according to the usual arrangement whereby the little columns are only connected by arches and so form a wall, — from which the floor slabs are laid to the window wall, can this agreement disappear. - very peculiar arransement of the last k kind is found in Notre Dame at Dijon (fis. 953). Here sre arranel sed in the interior two little columns connected tosether and a the angle piers by segmental arches and thus forming three div- isions, yet behind which in the back wall are actually a very _ charming arrangement. of five slender pointed windows, very hor- rible to fanatics for greater. regularity. ss Below the lower window story are then found vortals, arranged — as generally in the transepts, the doorways as in Chalons | (rigs 9-2). But if the heights reshlting from the entire dimensions 7 are not sufficient for the latter, theg can also extend into | the passage, which then as im the side aisles of the cathedral of Regensburs and of the Liebfrauen church at Treves extends o 3 over stairs rising at both sides. But greater portals must close at least a part of nr windows — by their arches and gables. Thus at Chalons of the windows ne a ble in the division in question, only the upper circle im the tympanum of the arch is actually epened and glazed, the lower parts remaining only blind arches. This necessity has then led. usually to a complete omission of the arrangement of windows a and the direct adoption of a system of blind arches as in the transepts of Amiens, an arrangement that corresponds to the str- uctural conditions in like manner, in so far as thereby is obt- © ained the required breadth for the design of the upper parts w - | sage are just as well arranged. Interior of the portals. While in Chalons the doorways internally remain without deco- ration, the transepts of Amiens exhibit one kept indeed in mod | rate dimensions, but an inner portal with its sable extending | into the series of blind arches over it. A greater development of the latter, which must be sought not at all in its greater - projection inside, would then occupy the entire wall surface un- der the triforium and therefore exclude the lower window story. Such arrangements are chiefly found at the western portals. Thus in Rheims the space between the internally visible members of. ff the jamb and the nearest rounds is animated by 2 system of blind nie ih dae ta) US ale OM i ee Ver igi ahd me mt pi ee ‘ at | Ju 4 ui * PR "vy 7s sit ui ee 7 ig eee wee byeves nt bobneine bas Yotise xt vewwhit dein bellit eedors Oy tase oft svods basixe coals: aokdn (gedso doses wovo eteli ga mtol codd bas rattoting edt to so0lt eft isbas ‘flew ost ongolod ts dqoeneit wen sdt ck .sivgclons dois 3 yd botemtns ots sotsotiat edt to ysntoob odd neswded ‘edd yd dotdn ,eedstn [lease to sedman teetg & to Sasuse MP $0 eecsl¢ tot med? reve esiqoaso sit bas medd ot beowls j e908 doldw saeusysetts fie ek eid? sotteiassoxisdo wssq08 geetoxs es .eoeu @ gatsimenooe to moivfhnoo Latstonia ont : toudots. Ietcoq {satedat edd be eastuA da sedous ball odd fmeve god .soastrogal fasaonento yieasg @ enietdo bas .eo ‘se Stieogge edd at boseeqss aosd evad bleeds eqadiusq etol x0? selivte ylisan tad ‘ylottine al sad me? ~teaev odt tga yretiisy neg7d yas 30 emailing edd yd seooo yea etokteotitbom ahatis9 Bilure eIlew gueteen edt: oo yrelias 5 oid ebtent havot .meldor¢ eidt to sotiofon Istasugaon 247 s 0qesnsis ends xo enozetoS de {arbedseo odd to eldas aaet | a daoushustis oft to wotenoixe os heated od aso ,noa] ds r; Seuss stsd? .olets olbbin odd to yac sdf otsi olstea shre | Batbsoges1100 ond so oro erefq To tlag aseteew odd noowted gébitw. odd oF Gaifioces shaste sety telienn dose tnd .erete \to adka ant Liew aveteow odd of -bueixe dotdw worl .neye end + ot haogeeT10> od beantit et tinev # baw ,yyeils2 odd to sooli S sibbim s« to dnomepasiie odd dstw fag? .alets obte edt tots is OF Hranet diiw bezasize sd of al edit oft Yo nottostib aud ad fetisent ns yisecsosn exeu yem bae dots I[sitoq t9Hnk | 7 8d bivow exso zedd of ofkdwesot .toedive-2lse si sisav h to {sabedteo oft to atowod Letiog,end..o Jasweyaatie sit oid Wevedse ssiq elbbin goows ritnetortive ont wot evede latre fregsioo edt to ediz yotdoseiv end benist sts exysutoob owt add ee -wewol sac to iIbew st i a tain Issistnt sa dove. to snseregozite siktae edd worl it beyolgms ed seanof on wao watsotias sedotax 8 ¢sds .ekofLot tedd mio) .3fseti moirotiad edt tc aziesd edd JeY.eleis sdv tw deon od? dtsened Lisw eid Io aeemiotds sad at saseeayg a a Pb sasat0 odd to eizow edd of essooe sod san Jsexn to sd yen ae idieeog es tst en tdbied esi ni betimtL edi ot eb ashto sit ‘Patemes wobain teow gutter: oft tadé .bemxot of ad ot ai a meat ee eae sidé du8 -tedlies betste ySsexls 2aw , bers “TON i , Th) AA ; f ; oe a ah ‘ee 4 ' ‘ ‘ * ” voy ae f vEY eT ay Sean ° ‘ ny rae | } a \ 4 i ; bs + ih iit St as Bie: hie) ds ayy Wa Fe Ay oY i | arches filled with fisures im relief and arransed in several. tiers over each other, which also extend above the enner arch under the floor of the triforium, and thus form an extremely rich enclosure. dn the new transept at Golosne the wall surfaces _ between the doorway of the triforium are animated by the pe gement of a great number of small niches, which by the corbels placed in them and the canopies over them for places of figdresll appear characteristic. This is an arrangement which goes beyond > the structural condition of economizing a mass, as expressed in the blind arches at Amiens and the internal portal arch of Rhei- : mS, and obtains a purely ornamental importance, but even there- { fore perhaps should have been repeated in the opposite sreaeeeey but. in entirely but nearly similar form.’ 4 Organ gallery at the west. a Certain modifications may occur by the requirement of an organ gallery on the western wall. . | The monumental solution of this problem, found inside the wes~ : tern gable of the cathadral at Soissons or the transept gable | at Laon, can be termed an extension of the arrangement of the ¢ Side aisle into the bay of the middle aisle. There came then a between the western pair of piers one os two corresponding aisle piers, but each smaller pier stands accordins to the width of @ the span, from which extend to the western wall the ribs of the y floor of the gallery, and a vault is turned to correspond to th- ) at of the side aisle. That with the arrangement of a middle pier . the direction of the ribs is to be arranged with regard to an | inner portal arch, and may make necessary an inserted triangular vault is self-evident. yeanwhile io thes case would be prefera- ble the arrangement of the pertal towers of the cathedral of Paris, where for the sufficiently strong middle pier separating 7 the two doorways are turned the bisecting ribs of the octaparti- te vault of the lower. 7 | From the entire arransement of such an internal sallery it 7 follows, that a richer triforium can no longer be employed from the aisle. Yet the design of the triforium itself, or that of a passage in the thickness of the wall bemeath the west window map be of great use for access to the works of the organ. That P| the organ is to be limited im its height as far as possible and is to be so formed, that the existing west window remains uncov- ered, was already stated earléer. But this care may lead to pla- a — : + cia a o prise te Sas bahia sokevess ai iss edt ea ioats dqsensts p00 » preteen edd to soktentdmos edt no oven 107 ytedsel aid tuttsets noitoee edt see .etewod sdt ditt | hey a ,toomoegnaxta Selifiquils ; ihe gi et edgsanest ait to teenggderts bonkéfque: erotsd edt ay eel ST .enotenomib ateds eotiupet bae elarbediso tee19 of ‘a Mueet o1sdt bne .betimil ex)om ste etdgted edd nedd ,gnittacr * smoteys Sadd gniytifqate to yiieesoen edt i deaf cat (niote wobniw tegqu eit to moktowber «2 ef gaxti ‘tl eld getl{ti wobsiw saci s io Tuomegueits sds yd bedi im wayne to taemepneiie teens # fet9ney ar 10 ,tqeens1t oat i sgotdevele edd ot Ilsu odd to sostluve osidas odd uoabdeat ‘ied So nolvibaos s ef yrote wobstw efdy to sousnimobasg odt 9 ed moineiind ety Jaca aois ,.metere saitae edd to Joette belt ofdsot moo odt bos .sqeeasit edt to [few eldeg edd oo bsiti ) ifew fentbosigeol eft so wekiotint sft svoda okeezsg edt to Hewad #e erswodt siste vd ebem od todtal ond diiw sqenasis edd “r (eas asvicenods emaktotins edt elitw .tqeeasis edt to asta ‘- / ,ewobodw To eetrex tewol edd evodsa eabecsq 3 yd betosa i saptd) mop iG nb smad ettol at Saeot eb, tasmegasits as dove ; 5 beliedtom eve nokiescd ai siswot tiste sid ovedw, (BEC ,€EC P s toom sroteveds Sus .ozeceeg towel edd woled yltosiib betitiguie suse eff .svods besoidner enogigy edi yltetias tesit BR anounio® nf tebe] .@ to dqsenstd edd 20 basot i eh gesa rages i} edd od beisiss Ilive exis cvewot tiste ocd axedw (GEC .Bit) fe sm0ed ‘nk aiviey «6 GO as teat, baso ni seqqn edd tedt .eidd ao beeed. ene etacmeynsiis seodd [Ik mobsin od¢ yd-neisd ddated edd eL{it eldsg dqoenesd odd no wok | “seottersbienco tobne oleta edt. ol wgitetiast bas yrote rc feaotinom es weds [edxoo s to tneasyasate odd Ys gtnoxtiod eft tevewos shettioo ak yrota wobstw rewol edt | e@beeesq edt oele .cldteacg tevevetin bas .Sicis eft Yo nots + odd m0 dz0108 bsisiso ed tenon eoisie ebie edy to dngied edd Rue dtod Isody edt dtiv ¢& toennoe of 6510 ai ,alisy toeens | a ee 2 = A a * 5 i gofetvib atds giow of .futstesd yllgoitedtes es ylls | {ite edd of awob aatbaetxs wotriws yd ofded sqsenead odd hives agizeh odd déiw ,aewst yltofase .eleis ebia edd io gal > otat gait ot betenitenco olde tasensit s es yrodetse Bi. Ba Hate ‘ene a Te fo, 2ofets to medeye es not | OTe tee SRR Pee A ori tk rte gaan v4 Pe 4 . 7 ad FRE fe skh i cos 4 j a i 4 ) 5 Tn . ah i) iN h ite? 578 Bass placing the vaults in question lower than those of the side aist For more on the combination of the western or a transept gab’ with the towers, see the Section treating the latter. - Simplified arrangement. cam The before egpiained arrangement of the transepts is peculiar — to great cathedrals and requires their dimensions. If these are | wanting, then the heights are more limited, and there SCERESES 1 the necessity of simplifying that. system... 7 First is a reduction of the upper window story, no longer penny mitted by the arrangement of a rose window filling the width of — the transept, or in general.a great arrangement of windows dom—- ~ : inatins the entire surface of the wall in the elevation. Since ; the predominance of this window story is a condition of the onic @ fied effect of the entire system, then must the triforium be on- | itted on the gable wall of the transept, and the communication | of the passage above. the triforium on the longitudinal wall of ~ the transept with the latter be made by stair towers at the an- sles of the transept, while the triforiums themselves are con-— nected by a passage above the lower series of windows. Such an arrangement is found in Notre Dame in Dijon (Figs. 933, 934),where the stair towers in kuestion are corbelled out directly below the lower passage, and therefore must evidently fisst satisfy the purpose mentioned above, The same simplified arrangement is found on the transept of S. Leger im Soissons ( (Fig. 935), where the stair towers are still carried to the gr- ound, just as on S. Martin in Laon. 4 All these arrangements are based on this, that the upper win- ’ dow on the transept Sable fills the height taken by the window story and triforium in the aisle nnder consideration. | By the arrangement of a portal then, as mentioned above, also the lower window story is omitted. However the horizontal divi- Sion of the aisle, and wherever possible, also the passage above a the height of the side aisles must be carried across on the tr- .4 ansept gable, in order to connect &@t with the whoel both natur- q ally as esthetically tasteful. To moit this division and to fill. the transept gable by a window extending down to the sill mould- ing of the side aisle, strictly taken, with the design of a cl- earstory as a transept sable constructed to bring into connect- . ion a system of aisles of equal height. q shui ; i A a Ws ul co ie oP ine I. | 7 4 meee ye Hig Wed ential te spoatsorT Tetas x iy : i Sty ; A) a Ate ers, sided ord va flew sewed ib ont digess erect tooy od. Yo euad, edd of QU ages win Sise seed eed tedn most dnowk eldey ody to ataon et: eb aedoty so telamta tit of gativoces ,etotosesed nottoss i tata nae ari sas Sack abil gesit on ototeved? .toored? | soe? ,REC HE «nelson eds és asexestind to exewes fiend. y ett oo .dueuteest evivostte ue ot Leivacace ansom 4 ft bench biog se ok sort ,evid ehserls noltoantenco fo ok to asceedsiod yd sodiie efday oft aotktasl? af .8OA8 Copan dvo8 .enewot ofune Llaae yd to conedsogsl ) goddis .tntblind eft to enticue edd t0% ,ebtoatoo' ast is eeoeentted edd ac dec? 10 PER deg ng ee sedsezos betoennos “agent eft 20 noteivibnisizes = t@ atsayed elyne ond con evo Saati vadt t00% edd to seth edd ot gnivbeoqaesi0s yils j ba -ofdaz sat to. xeqe sid Liaseées geum olace oft to tnénteers eid To somessogms edt Adena gadt yd Llew sidso edd te Soknece edt Hike sae07905 Neds to devils ond oredw .cace eatiae ef¢ gatyyuseo woh mouse 20% been [erntonite s ooteero ybsorls elceg edd yd sb ; 92 beoubes et ti ylectevacd «Juemiucs eis To Stbhin, edd yakss “tin Beouben cale ot bes Lisw ofcay odd to Jnoatesat bewate B | SD eaiekiho ede to gacienonth ods of wokaiw to athin tellewa © xe etetisd efaon osodt gniisew col one aedt tedt oa azar pet ers sossal odt otoiw got .sideb edd to xeca sad syoda bat utd ai ss ,toomtade oAt 2aieed#tanette to bsen edt sxoddin sat @eces # ai wmtol ated? somke ,(08C .8i8) telsdet bos ge sosig gextt edd at seeds .oelo oh7 Yo mao. ext mort eidvao ydoeensit edd enotds sepseesq wot1ss to taemehnss n ts O62 ,b°8 agli) setq efgae denaetsi ait to dedd mov? Sinerere syiiootte yLlemavdize oe efdd 3a cen edt bedttiazed He OHRS, 96220 tmomohassts ‘ne % eélomexs todd swrot of doeq \fsibedies odt Aid nwone ors gohotv odd to ttbhiw teflene s a ME ay Je =etedehgal to cadé boa saae re duke bu: dawaehih| seqqu odd vaon sedoie hatle. 4 edt gaiuego wobsin to. Pabesh seds to coetie sit’ y e1, exdtoo! eb aistnan dads seciereneente oe ef ,{isw efdeg ead seach th pie etiih. # yd sotdy, .edemedd | bentsiq Caneel vd dostis vids Bos ne i, —/ ¥ ih en Sh i ¢ id it wie karl dick i eiaalaalia 1 Penal bt Sy hh ae TRG ioe Ree Se Te NINE TI UN Gat, ME ORO TIE CNL, 0 ha Se a ae 1 ee f Ms in) able A ae oi 579 7. External Treatment of. Gables. Lower wall of the gable. a Up to the base of the roof there result the ditterawe develop~ ments of the gable front from what has been said in the cross section heretofore, according to the simpler or richer design _ thereof. Therefore we first turn to the examples siven in Figs. 931, 932, 933.° 4 Small towers or buttresses at the angles. 2 A means essential to an effective treatment, as the principles of construction already sive, lies in a bold handling of the an- dles, in flanking the gable either by buttresses of increased importance or by small angle towers. Both arrangements then of- _ ten coincide, for the outline of the building, either occurring | connected together as in Fis. 934, or that on the buttresses are set. two angle turrets at a certain division of the height, usu- : ally corresponding to the base of the roof, that extend above the apex of the gable. The importance of this treatment of the angle must. naturally increase with the openins of the gable wall. by that form of win- dow occupying the entire span, where the thrust of the arch load-| de by the gable already creates a structural need for stkensth- 4 ening the width of the abutment. Conversely it is reduced for | a closed treatment of the gable wall and is also reduced with 4 a smaller width of window to the dimensions of the ordinary but- tress, so that tken are also wanting those ansle turrets extend- _ ing above the apex of the gable. Yet where the latter are found without the need of strengthening the abutment, as in Limburg and Wetzlar (Fig. 936), since their form in a sense is derived from the form of the plan, thus in the first place from the ar= 4 rangement of narrow passages across the transept, on the latter from that of the internal angle pier (Pigs. 854, 936 a), which ~~ permitted the use of this so extremely effective motive in res- — pect to form. Other examples of an arzangement of the same with = | a smaller width of the window are shown by the cathedral. of. Mei sen and that of Masdeburs. Blind arches near the upper windows. The effect of that design of window opening the full width of ~ the gable wall, is so overpowering, that certain designs are ex- plained thereby, which by 2 different construction approximate this effect by variously treated blind arcades. An example of. a = é ' i f ‘ ns 4 i UF! oi Ne i F he ALN 4 ) se 6 yd ebie Hose gs benatotbs et wobeix Leetw edt gnteolo ete! dokdn ,peeaeiiied edt of Ts0n eso“nge odd Ruiilit ono i qoqqneeunaloe efdeil edd yd yimo one tee7g! eds word bad ue odd Boecongxs ei ylatsiq oxcm sevi ,egseasq badots edd petetpelico edt to oldsp tqeerest divoa sdd ao heaoldnem a abbabuts bedaiog ets 26 obfe foae fe dotdw ad (serfod te Sess bedolo yd beagege bas ,#end anwd bedetagse glouttae cots hehe ) + ypeloeaniq yd feds It aslise yd bonnets Sas aero we CS es \olda> edt to ofzaztst Brie ae ,efday add’ Ic efgnsiss edd no opereed “efgnetat edt to cottevele. sit to msot eft eaiecmoo non dodh on Ohieds os rettel eid to moldiogesg sid. .bidnp oft, 20: segang _ eedonaagiana too etamitor tsom off cl is “ preticy eit to to Thor ed to eshe edt So Jnasmehnetts belwav on ‘i qfowte sobie pool edt ta sods es wedt TT Leevao oct baole © posi Sdsidge yilexene> Ti 20 \soinieo edd Yo sate edt revo Bqo ct bese on obs et susd¢ \babot ef ehettenled on toot eft To sags be S00 sehool. on si conte ,efceag odd ototed ti hakgasite paekad efdes eds to [lew fisig sot’ sexetor1en? .gol¢ésoinamnao ¢ f wos abnsve be oe" ‘ta 7 aay me the ax»sr vev dd ee Bh S yferi¢gns eli ae teomem ros af beusqo ef 4 4280 REO sear? ni ca Lfew rewol edt 2 Ae re) me sult at aotioee efi dtin .g49 testi oft gisqaoo wok a Be ag eorteret dots satbhivib edt Ye eesavoids siitae eds rend gt eonsiseqqds yes sucdtin . cor eds dieenesd [law wobgiw oad poqdferenes et ti to moktexilid! saokduvels edt to tasmgoleveh sondoids [fut eid to wotdese eaoto to w1ot aSigute s of t990 A ‘= Bry? wi “e -ofgaeini sidey edd at meitot tho nO edt to'elds: teseaasd ddroe edt of barot ors edt send tovo Bieigq to eeixzes & (ALO .eLF) asiate'l! vs doxarls yecenean eidtety ef 4:8 .REY ai wedd evyods bas flow robo iw Saote doldd biel exe notda sort .iIew aldap begolo edd bus ‘ete plang sot droages tesiaxogmi: brolites stadt etetg eeodt of exoold y odd. todd OB \tetg od teig mort dentut etivsy Lennyd betaiog Reddo «Len eldes odd bas ereky, svewdod exsseag eft tevoo mst 2b aa mh stinpos tevewcd dotdw ,batd omse odd to’ eslomsxe dose add 2 i NR enthtyto BamB Loo. elas od? vd seem, 1 Mt a Me ‘iy eur a nua woe or re F , \ Y a ‘ee, » ay oe € ‘i Py 44 ; an 4 ahs Ay + 5 af) ‘ily i) ath i + nay i A i pid Na, ‘ Ww 5 w20 ; Aa Wil vets So ait eb oqeeasad éx00 ‘eat a ‘aaa ek bald rey, Bi va tod: batid dees e6t dottu Bo \nidnons 2 to dounds - Ih 8. ek ,eldes ody to atbtw edd te P\S trode enil([oi, eaotety - tat ode to een sas ci setenos Teal? veo bus flew. sided sat, to 580 eae this kind is shown by the north transept gable od the collego church of S. Quentin, on which the great blind pointed arch en closing the wheel window is adjoined at each side by a smaller. one filling the spaces near to the buttresses, which are separa : ted from the great one only by the little columns, sapporting + : the arched passage. fiven more plainly is expressed the endeavor _ mentioned on the south transept gable of the collegiate church at Colmar, on which at each side of the pointed window in 6 di- visions filling about 2/5 of the width of the gable, is a blind arch entirely separated from that, and spanned by closed trefoi arches and crowned by gables flanked by pinnacles. Triangle of the sable, Passage on the triangle of the gable. What now concerns the form of the elevation of the triangle proper of the sable, the proportion of the latter to the lower. — wall portion, it stands in the most intimate connection with the | varied arrangement of the edge of the roof or of. the gutters : along the eaves. If then the water at the lons sider simply dr- E ops over the edge of the cornice, or if generally at the base 3 of the roof no balustrade is found, there is also no need fom arrangins it before the gable, since it no longer has to form a 2 communication. Therefore the plain wall of the gable triangle is opened in any manner or is entirely closed and stands above the face of the lower wall as in Pigs. 934, 935. Now compare the first Fis. with its section in Fig, 934 a, t then the entire thickness of the dividing arch remains up tot ~~ the window wall beneath the roof, without any appearance in the development of the elevation. Utilization of it is generally on | near to a simpler form of. cross section of the full thickness of the gable wall, and may first consist in the use of the tri- forium in the gable triangle. Thus are found in the south transept sable of the collesiate church at Wetzlar (Fig. 936) a series of piers over the proper | window wall, and above them in Fig. 854 is visible internal pi- ers and the closed gable wall, from which are laid thick stone blocks to those piers, that afford important support for three p 3 pointed tunnel vaults turned from pier to pier, so that the lat- a ter cover the passage betweem piers and the sable wall. Other examples of the same kind, which however acquire sreater rich- ness by the little columns dividing the span of the arch are . holies nay a a! i ae. fata oe Si Wa ait $0 ee tiey: dqsensad add yd Asis peli) “fo. opazess elds to snemegesiie fetecesg afueiootized , e Rte) anow emge edo so eiévos tLe%3 yd beeolone sldsy fo? botts yfasen stom yeu © ui anode gedtier evidon suse aie glezbeiteo etd to esidag tqeeaesd odd yd gelatek to eld att» w6h snsenediahl ai seteal@ .@ yd bas nandehps bos ase menenze babwoto « Wd hoorice: exe eseiq Zao1te heosqe ylobiu sent wollot abene doidw ,elediqso tsodtiv aaoilinua ko oem fenand [lotews vd. betooendoo ots fas oldspE eat to i 1a sedi eted? .{fen dosd odd of Snetxe e}ataatigae tiedd )felferes sioofd enote vd ifen xosd odd dtiv Gookot ota enctl ent ,tnemezasste emsesdt goiniades .egnioece seodd petis. godied dtin eamufoo slttif qd booelgsx ed bLvoo anoil as ee erorvosaaeo fads miot aelefizso caote poet SHES ROG OW beateloxe yitoseuget) sonaem sit ak TI “ppor qd bosgoonnce yino ote aumalos elsdtil a0: unotilsa woo to been ond afiuse: oxsdt .etinav feannt to) Sastent n @beore edt most biel ems dedd ,adaiu eaode yd Sshesesq esd fd 30 deomegnert6 sa défi sifew eldey bifoe edi o¢ bemtot end @ oeedd .ofdea oft to oolient{osi s47 gnivoliol ssdois : _ eitete s gaimrot egos ated¢ déttw tedto dose oo biel ed Basset Site tact .eldes ocd. to xeqe edt ot eebte dtod nord qu oa s(eelded es8) soitecsloxs sefict « oni? Be 7 segseecagq eat io fottasinte? {Istnoziaok fant odé o¢ eshbeoiws seeds to meticgietsq odt efidwasall | kbeceaas to Bsstenl .viieseoen & seknon ei elded odd to "easee2eg offs bas .yiiaincsixed ehsots edt to tdpion Lsups as ipoek @ hemr0t ed aso cxtete ent lo bestani 10 .bersveo ssdtts Biinelt exencd isot0o ois aserdsd edseesg oeitosmnco Seasvoonn 8 ? pekeeesg anivosanco sid déiw gdgtes cael eviavss isdiis yen fa sides sid to elgastis, edd to drsq wsqor sod dead oa di e oidad add to ddgies onktas sad‘ yquos0 ven fi 10 tk svods af edd stactl teow edé to motisainies [svnonfttod s miot eudt to dowsds etetgefioo edt to bao teow edt no Savot ef seta «ined to ferbedtso edd no has (d CE CFC .aRi®) ) aoltoyxtesco ssiivosq sai woud feyoleved gaisd feebat Pe ot 8 bauo®, ai eased sit asewted eyed asodeew ow? odd reve gto « senate esas,’ ot dosd, toe. al aegorwg efdsem edd elie bash peti = a) mw absote of% ..9 wi noldoust anos ssigvas sos aod? .sfidsh odd . SSE vi ‘eet Sty Py, ace ms a i} 581 ee shown by the transept sables of the cathedral. at Limburg, and particularly graceful. arrangement of this passage of the west gable enclosed by great. towers on the same work (Pig. 937). Th same motive is then shown im a way more nearly allied to the ble of Wetglar by the transept gables of the cathedrals at Mei Sen and Masdeburs and by 8. Blasien in MU&hlhausen. Here those widely spaced strong piers are replaced by a crowded arrangement of mullions without capitals, which again follow the direction _ of the sable and are connected by trefoil tunnel vaults, so that. their springings extend to the back wall. There the himher mnul- lions are joined with the back wall by stone blocks varallel to those spacings. Retaining the same arransement, perhaps the mal lions could be replaced by little columns with better effects, whose capitals form that connection. a £f in the manner frequently explained we now assume that the | mullions or little columns are only connected by cross arches 4 instead of tunnel vaults, there results the need of covering 4 the passage by stone slabs, that are laid from the arcade wall. J thus formed to the solid gable wall. With an arrangement of the 4 arches Following the inclination of the gable, these slabs must. be laid on each other with their tops forming a stairs leading ‘g up from both sides to the apex of the Sable, that will later f find a futter explanation (See Gables). Horizontal termination of the passage. Meanwhile the paraltelism of these arcades to the inclination — of the gable is nowise a necessity. Instead of this can occur an equal height of the arcade horizontal}y, and the passage be either covered, or instead of the stairs can be formed a second | uncovered connecting passage between the corner towers flanking ~~ the gable. Then the entire construction, i. e., the arcade wall © may either receive less height with the connecting passage over: it, so that the upper part of. the triangle of. the sable rises | above it, or it may occupy the entire height of the sable and . thus form a horizontal termination of the west front. the last is found on the west end of the collegiate church of Mantes (: (Pigs. 939, 939 b) and on the cathedral of Paris, on the latter indeed being developed from the peculiar construction, so that ~ over the two western bays between the beams is found a terrace, while the gable proper is set back to the eastern face of. the 7 towers, whose western sides are then connected by doubled arca- 4 7 sho pple i. el AUR i a a iit a ih) iy ania te Re ar ae ee Poa aes yess Yes Be eae | yhY | ' ; ; 2 iL ee a alae ere ree | , 1m a | > hoe i "_sepeeeng Brceie eid, teod degd .eshsois By a et onde teas 2 A6ITS tresibzo ed? ot ateter en Jud P bs feuds bas ,exewod odd neowied ebsetxe elets efbhim odd de cntaten yeds no (absote edd batded qa Bnedxs tedtts elfen laud yiac $nort edt of buogesy100 noid bes m103 seluznelad = efdeh edd to cofienlfonl.efs oF balbrolis i9% sagt qeedt fne olbseint efdey edd reensed eomotetieh aid dn send gaifevel ebeoas snot elit yd motvsvele eds at heat ‘to elcusxe oA .o98ne59 yuttossnon teqgs sda to adsle tiebddye tice edt to Sa9 tear ess yd owvode-el. Jusmekaes Pitads .eidt of eted noitwette feo of «(fC .vk2) eednall f enote eniei yd ‘ifaw dosed edt dtiw betospnos 91s eameloo tn sloo-tewol edt to alesiges eid wrot ahaa ta0a% esodw .etve q 866 ‘gout bawot ef ccad ni Levhsditco oft to bas teow saz a0 ‘edt Yo toor edt seddex xo elds? ond dedd saousgasdis wii jvayaeasc anitoosnes eis dgvords etosioig eloneseqgs slaie hiker dork: Secoloyytotitas add dens of ,eiswoOs ssn709 sds beosla $¢ es asecas astiel edd fo aedove baifd yd bedseaias Stites seem ond Tot evods bedssta ovefiow es ,olgastas eldsy edd | ett: ai awohaix Hhagot .efdag ers engted egaeesg cert BF a hn is ,elyaaiz eiles hatevoonn ns yd tsemetcsiis stitas sdit esnoded asiqmfs? Bidsh end ydetedn: sides oi3 to seed ext to sigied eds os hte) evobuiw yd. bensqo sd aso fre ,efdieiv ylesisas ef of% pale go footw odd bedsolbat at ered. ylatadaen ,etddgiod dae "eds oalt .benteonos ‘sk tuentsent aeictz s 28 soos es wob -qiev ef ewore skus? nt .emsd extork fo Sgsenas? add, doidw huabedart yoboain feodiw teetg © to jnsmenastme edt dtiw edi Ski ieahh aelisue yzsesecen edd yd neve bos woled, tgsnaatd feed sataedqwe ot betgshs af apieed aeiquia gnidinesr odd ee: evotaomiad ait .eao ssvol off to soneoitinsen bas “tovsorsibbe odd yo boonedae od ‘ned? nso algasia? ofded Setatog yreantiz0 10 Lfetsas ,basor oeinsdil Ons Lizws Wi0 epoctng smac odT .eldes odd to eeibns cords said ot py sides sdt to wiot edd fitwegatnego edt to qyaoa1sd )efgnatas:6 ai’ Jen. exobriw Sauer soudt qd Senisite 0 mean Susmegusiis os done Liotess ~ to Jostis odd edest b usenedal]d Yo dosudo ent to. dqsaness ddéton edd ae sb Oadmi efdeh edt woled eosly tneret ona] oe banger fovea. to peter aif @ a ‘edous © ( ; =) o, : ; ; ‘ ¥ | i 7 +4 b 7 ‘ “ i a ot ” a a . as ’ i>" 4 ; ‘. ‘ OU eS rR ee a at 6 cr FS SERVES a! SE CE. 3 SRE ae ha oy eee - ar Ae ey a 1 582 arcades, that bear the connecting passase,: But we return to the ordinary arrangement, where the roof. of. the middle aisle extends between the towers, and thus the gable walls either extend up behind the arcade, or they retain theeir © triansular form and then correspond to the front only by short — a columns set allordins to the inclination of the gable which su port the defference between the sable triansle and the rectangle formed in the elevation by the front arcade leveling the floor Slabs of the upper connecting passage. An example of such an ar— | rangement is shown by the west end of the collegiate church im | Mantes (Fig. 939). We call attention here to this, that the fr- ont columns are connected with the back wall. by large stone bl- ocks, whose front ends form the capitals of the lower columns. On the west end of the cathedral in Laon is found then the pecu- : liar arrangement, that the sable or rather the roof. of the middle aisle apparently projects throush the connecting passage between the corner towers, so that the entirely closed front wall only ’ animated by blind arches of the latter appear as if placed on the gable triangle, as welhave stated above for the rear wall. Free passage before the gable. Round windows in the gable Nae ; a triangle, = Simoler becomes the entire arrangement by an uncovered gallery at the height of the base of the gable, whereby the sable trian- | gle is entirely visible, and can be opened by windows at differ- ent. heights. aertainly here is indicated the wheel or round win- dow as soon as a richer treatment is concerned. Also the’ same 4 which the transept of Notre Dame in Paris shows is very compat-— ¢ ible with the arrangement of a sreat wheel window lishting the. : transept below, and even by the necessary smaller dimensions of @ the resulting simpler design is adapted to emphasize the sige 4 and magnificence of the lower one. The harmonious effect. of the gable triangle can then be enhanced by the addition of three | small and likewise round, trefoil or ordinary pointed windows ~~ in the three angles of the gable. The same purpose of 2 complete harmony of the opening with the form of the gable is further : attained by three round windows set in a triangle, that approx- ~ imate the effect of a trefoil. Such an arrangement is found on @ the north transept.of the church of Gelnhausen, indeed at a dif- ferent place below the gable in the circle of the side arch.’ 4 The design of such round windows is very compatible with that , ey e i wi ' , AC y ° Tt ane y y a t ) joe oe ’ i wane As! i zi] a) y i +3 a - Hl baie of ren i a . ; ro bor sill ivi ten edd weet Ws epscees pBansn 8 to. edd tea, {semen Bak soddsl edd d3tw soltoonnco edt yd evi | Ha) ‘al .evitostie atom ef tad moftvotinat edt to Ilan aw ‘pecege el ehsors edd to sosgqe fone te Ifsw efdsk edt Ter | eH ewobain Sasot ' sop Ba eeidey edd al eourgit yd noitescoed me: ete siaiee edt. ot ou bastze von eeoh eksensq ebsore ont if eldiziv entemes olansiss ides odd to desq s aed? egbia 5 evad 30 wohsiw 2 yd bemeqo od tefitte nso ted#el edd bas (di ere & tebas Gayot edz ai esmubit « to sotdistusaetge2 | edt no beyolgne Sasol ef. teel eff .tsilexr s yd lege * it -O@@d al aitush .2 to s{dse he od to ofées Seen oft yd awode af taenqoleveb asiiveeq yiev A » oldsy beqgeta segosq edd enoied ete to% .sésold de doando i bth, edt ylisen Rakyguooo seis ns tue helledaoo si doaude edt | in oted gaixyt efdag elqute & mi got t6 aetsnintest doiin ,dtbir a s #eeoned .xqouso feaeoloo s emzot ends bos ,efdey beqqeta edt \ atex #2 g¢iw ,xftiouro edd bavor edt oi hetneceaqex si doids Beis. «weds ebised esfigns 4 Bas adot if J : xe ‘exten ‘yow efdd. ai iia il bree Intkiussd tgaoe oft iud | hate edi yd betnocesq ai eldép eft Yo Baiflit s fove to etitne edt yarooo ton seoh el¢sy erode e29vorT aj dextdo ° i 4 betuesnt wt elfucatad ofdes edt sebaw fads on 8008 edt to [t2 eoiatoo honifont ma yd bezolove sets otitoe etait .elyast ews fotdw e2odots brild etic ojaf bebivytb medi ai ezeveol vd ¢, Lies & bevalg ak eno efbbim edt exoted seesois banoxr elfamie seeders ehie edt nt beste nfol «abbas atteM .3 elidw ,xitionrdco # -ofgasiag eldey edt ni ewobnipy botaies t eidt ak natn .etnort deew edt to esivote wobsik odd nt sh betaiog s yw beoelosx ylrommen ef wobatw Isedy edd elas | $ détwenneti low guibivib dse1g vd bellil gated isitis besbal 4 } ssedse dose shiasd beoale ewobhoiw oltate fatsveae yd.s0 .yI99. bh b odd buewot sasstont 10 ,degied [supe to ed ysm vette! ed? oe $0 soitenifoni edd eatsnixoraggs quomh srigas add tadt o& [ has. ernitn, vedayies msotiau duiW .di of Lefletsq sé to elds Ay watt go ofsdasonoo nisgs bos foooee & havoli sd. ysa quo woh , ey es seldeg ytooss# otek efdep edt to noltulozed g ud bob ss on Sais edt to sets erkteo sid sidow totel 00 esosge to Asdmun 8 oat eolosanig déiw eis x) Palade sadd nesone we epee bas exstesliq. © oad AR | ‘ cS y i nen ae MS ere ; Ven) fn ae ee x tn A 5 4 i a hel 583 Hota: of an arcade passase before the sable wall, indeed it is effect- ive by the connection with the latter in a manner like the back wall of the triforium but is more effective, In Mantes (Pig. 959) the gable wall at each space of the arcade is opened by a listigg round window. Decoration by figures in the gable. % Tf the arcade passase does not extend up to the height of the ridge, then a part of the sable triangle remains visible over. 4 it, and the latter can either be opened by a window or have 2. representation of a fisure in the round under a canopy or be adorned by a relief. The last is found employed on the entire . sable of S. Martin in baon.: A very peculiar development is shown by the west gable of the a: church at Pforta. For here before the proper stepped gable of the church is corbelled out an arch occupying nearly the — width, which terminates at top in a simple gable lying before : | the stepped gable, and thus forms a colossal canopy, beneath which is represented in the round the crucifix, with 5S, Wartin, © S. John and 4 angles beside them. | a But the most beautiful and perhaps in this way unique example 3 of such a filling of the gable is presented by the hiebfrauen @ chureh in Treves, whose gabdle does not occupy the entire breadth _ of the roof, so that under the gable triangle is inserted a rec- tangle. This entire area enclosed by an inclined cornice filled | by leaves is then divided into three blind arches, which are s ’ Simple round arches. Befors the middle one is placed a closed : crucifix, while S. Maria andS. John stand in the side arches. Pointed windows in the gable triangle. 4 As in the window stories of the west fronts, also im this tri- ansle the wheel window is commonly replaced by a pointed window, — indeed either being filled by great dividing mullidéasswith tra- — cery, or by several single windows placed beside each other, T q The latter may be of equal height, or increase toward the middle,) : so that the entire group eoproximates the inclination of the g & Sable or as parallel to it. With uniform heights, above the wine dow group may be found a second and again concentric opening. | Resolution of the gable into tracery gables or steps. | On later works the entire area of the gable is divided by pi- 1 ers with pinnacles into a. number of spaces usually divided by | pilasters and connected by arches, that again end in gables at all é Pony , dart ae SSC. | peso. “ereteatio seed¢ neewded basdxe dotdw .gov teed Ens festiass edt os Snvdt el snometaentse oe dove 19 ‘ecto taf odd pandas ok diedeatiG .2 to dossdo ect no oly fisiv ‘fod et bas ,beqqede edi oOtuk eseeeq boobal atot 8 tt bouiiat of esd? .eobsoik edd Yo euaimego odd davoidit ot ‘Bevomet tet .mobseit dseagreed [lite toswetasiss fs a Waadch avin voomgolsysh xetel edd to fostte brarr Jeon HITE Botatoc eoudt al bebiytb ef efdsy oft to ag¢bix edt 109 xe mal enc elbbin odi ,yteoett bas encilinm yd redots a's a ‘ot teomLs yerzooh toirgasioes & yd beicwooo bes atento Bsveas en? tuo belledsoo ets L[eotnil zone mo4i ,dows eds to os. ne odd trodes th .eedota Baiid odt to tasq t9eqqm edt gaibhives rs ‘esela. Ifav bas sisibemreiat ed? wont belfledto0 o1s Fegiod . fr neerted ~welgnsiat [etetalinga te prod edd nt seloen omae eit ts bao egninego esodw ,zeane0e4 efile edt sage zoel pews detsel odd tevo yifoesiG .elatnit edt te exzodt as tdy ie ye ows mteaze etetq etaltberisetal edt stoted tuo hetle pso000 @lbbia ott ansace elfdeR s dotcn meedvied ,seloancia salt saakg besotsinoem teal edt to yoiifediom efi 16 guinied eds tA 7 bobosiis sk yrese wba tw, sd¢ to ewobntn sit disened sgeeeag Ete Yo Tepe2s ont getis shite tehced adi no ea oase os efit To ened bp to spied out ts 900 i9qgu Sdt yot 584. top, which extend between these pilasters.: By such an arrangement is found as the earliest and best exam ple on the church of S. Elisabeth in Marburg, the triansular f | form indeed passes into the stepped, and is but partly cia through the openings of the arcades. Thus eo Marburg the conve al arrangement still hascgreat freedom, far removed from the al- most rigid effect of the later development with pinnacles. Por the width of the gable is divided im three pointed blind arches by mullions and tracery, the middle one far exceeding thet others and occupied by a rectangular doorway almost to the base — of the arch, from whose lintel are corbelled out the pilasters - dividing the upper part of the blind arches. At about the same 4 height are corbelled from the intermediate and wall. piers 4 pin- nacles in the form of Equilateral triangles, between which gabou les span the side recesses, whose openings end at the same hei- ght as those of the finials. Directly over the Latter are corb- a elled out before the intermediate piers again two entirely siu- ilar pinnacles, wetwheen which a gable spans the middle recess, At the height of the corbelling of the last mentioned pinnacle 4 are then found a horizontal: cornice over the side gables, on ie” which are then set 83 little turrets, the middle one of them ste a anding over the crowning gable, and between which the horizontal line of the cornice is animated by two half battlements brite: ing the turrets and a giddle stepped one. a If this gable is in the most beautiful harmony with the West | window beneath, that belonss to about the close of the 13 th ont i the beginnings of the 14 th centories, like the Blisabeth church ; in particular, somewhat forestalls the contemporary development of other works, and it must be difficult to find a suitable ter- mination for the latter, then the other examples of this kind ¢ in Nuremburg, Prague, etc., are merely variations of the same : theme, that first differ from the Marburg example by more subd- a ivision and then also with the sables of the separate steps con~ tinue horizontally above the surface of the gable between the { separate pilasters, and divide them into several stories. ig Tf om the gables of the transepts and of the west end the 3 passage beneath the windows of the window story is arranged the a same as on the bonser side after the manner of Fis. 913, then | for the upper one at the height of the base of the roof is eith-— i y \4 ia 4 iy / y J ais y ee AS a ml a \ Pas Pals : BY ih) a A 4 4 7, Pal " ° 5 a ri i ba? F v us ¥ ‘oT. ual ‘de - # ¥, a? iS Nt 4 me ww lig y Ei mae oad ff i : wt F ; ye its yeRnOS 8st sale sot pons et Bets ‘eat to poaatont: nedate ; ont no eeso ett mive etd? »seinetisy toor edd on BSIe PiIseesooen oat bentstdo yltese ef sted toy e Lee edd to soxt ods obtent hearst dows oe ud emsod to01 ee: 0: edt no guideet bus taemttaqnoo odd to patiorigqa ode a “no stwoere of tIwokttib exom somoced efit .tlvav sds to m eth pathecaxe 18% yed to digael s to tnspoos no etgeenest ” } feds oe sets to eeol. tadt biova' ot sauaen el of andi baa ak bos yeu tenol edd sevo yitoaxe ell of eemoo sgeaneq teqqe done" .nettel edt co gniteos aotionitenco yous Ys bedasoggque ¢ jp enottaes peed ybsetls esd agtents grndesste edt sort elons © ae dee sbsors a8 to detecoo Sluow etmemegnniis iends0 ofGE 4G a }asewted hearst dows meso to epeaesg ‘gawol edt to shbe edt ‘ | nt oft no betiqqs satiel edd evteonaa ow Yi .coaneittad uf ai & satu egentwret yitiees ai dotdw .(.°@ -bit) .ecoledd to i | ofatasonos ¢uoda ed bentsoneo dows eft Hluow aedd toot : : henntsnen erotad edt ot ¢eattnoo al .fiove hotakog teaqu ond senloo te elder toeensit déuoe edt ao yielle: odd tnomegaszze ii. SwpLedteo yaitoetoiq ylgnoste yo betuoqque vigate ad Sivew e ‘eit exeguoo niske sw henoisas@ saaet sedoin sit Ile of i BS .enceeio® ts xezed .2 to fas eaad oasol to sefdss eiquis ,eloin edt to noituoexe daeteoaaoo yleiidas asin decd Toor sedoit tedd anctdtogotg f008 saidingss yLixseasoen Jeonls od etoetto waged a soubor od berttapex Ife te ton asw snamanto Me ne olde, Sbe toot to solttanif{onl Neaationt edd to soldéxoqoro edt af gonstiogat tasers to 8 Bais dedt ,fositash od of ton ei GE YT »toot yiodsissio sad to | efit yd beesela ylletoeqes eaw boiteg desl edd to das oidtol ae ean pleetevnoa seivedil bas .etoo1 qeote riev to tnsaegset | yatoot todtelt to agieob od sobsloxe caéwoa sind sedd ,boxit me ,acoasyed benotsinss ylésoupeti esd yd bedasastg sis oowe 3s | ee to etoor odd oals bas ,zelets shite edt to etoor wol yllsven0 a | Yo eegvod edd neve bus ,eetadavoofatedtsoe gi adeibflied tsle £ eogeretety edt Istenep ai [Lite .einsesog seofoty? bas evine oe ) -egoiblind dowsdo antisveo tot ylselookdasa etoor r9qo0%e 10% aes het ed usm etoor y1ederselo to nottanifent sit sot sdimil ed | tag ai sesetoni as cele de8: eb\t od C\C to emoitioqesa sat feb en cab dadt svods toor ytoterselo efd to seodt .s9dgid beisies fr eottes edt syods tooy 1swod edt to ,esleis sbie se cision meilecitaey edt sort vitvanesoes fai ans: Me 4 t i} ve ‘ “a vee 585 ‘ either isolated, or the area is lost. for the passage. connecting a the roof galleries. This evin the case on the longitudinal. walls, yet here is easily obtained the necessary area to receive the roof. beams bu an arch turned inside the face of the wall above the springing of the compartment and resting on the thickness of the vault. This becomes more difficult to execute on the ¢. transepts on account of a length of bay far exmeeding its width, and thus it is nearer to avoid that loss of area, so that the upper passage comes to lie exactly over the lower one, andis . Supported by any construction resting on the latter. Such an ex- ample from the Strasburg minster has already been mentioned on. pe 351. Other arrangements would consist of an arcade set on +. Pi the edge of the lower passage or ofaan arch turned between the : buttresses. If we conceive the latter applied on the transepts ; of Chalons, (Fig. 9°.), which in reality terminate with a hip roof, then would the arch concerned be about concentric with . : the upper pointed arch. In contrast to the before mentioned — t arrangement the gallery on the south transept gable at Golmar i would be simply supported by stronsly projectins corbels.: ; To all the richer forms mentioned we again compare the very 4 Simple gables of Notre Dame and of S. Leger at Soissons, as proof that with entirely consestent execution of the whole, and the almost necessarily resulting good proportions that richer ornament was not at all required to produce a happy effect. Inclination of roof afid gable. But of great importance is the proportion of the inclination of the clearstory roof. If it is not to be deniedg, that the G. Gothic art of the last period was especially pleased by the ar- rangement of verry steep roofs, and likewise conversely was so fixed, that this nowgése excludes the design of. flatter. roofs, as such are presented by the frequently mentioned terraces, and usually low roofs of the side aisles, and also the roofs of sec- ular buildings in southernecountries, and even the houses of Swiss and Tyrolese peasants, still in Seneral the preference is for steeper roofs particularly for covering church buildings. ‘As limits for the inclination of clearstory roofs may bs regar-— ded the proportions of 5/7 to 1/4. But also an increase in parts carried higher, those of the clearstory roof above that of the side aisles, of the tower roof above the former results almost. necessarily from the verticalism peculiar to Gothic art. For Seren SR GRAS Seg yee ee pg eee Lae gtees - R : ) ae ak thre os tral i 7 b. es ~ a at dl 0 tidtn toto 1 | pteny joing sit ods . eee aia gonietgene aibrocos betouidenos at dotdw .ebie ond 4a tawot s bos © isi bontesés yitese ef exit bes bonotteom tant elgtoaiag si feffasaq déin Peutot tedt SC .bf8 af elidw .tdgted oe cat gesttn0o efdt ytiise ai tey protrstal yldstoemel af 40! eat of oelt .evidoogersg to ewel oft oF Enthronoe debio else ivolé 84 aoleivigifeyps us vsiicosg ek aottsninied Isc iLont settealt edt oftdu .geixe tb to etzseq aedetd ofedtaeo . pemutonuiie to equows dectk nmi yilerosqes ,atcon edd to e8 gsie orinoss oels bas «acletoobak yonutea to gostte odd fo ashio oi ,ancitibhs Isinsouase to svitsio0eb ‘nistieo mutzeb - enqeanniae teotz od ai tdasoe ed od e8 ,eidd sJeNo9noo at ‘Beods Yo etoot odt to euoktosto1qg ebinw edd bas eisesd ,bevteates geri svad ew doidn ot .esevod . ea of nat be exogaue soqorg odd most paitiveex esnoesst sedt¢ud . otissq eta Broattie Sind o19 fostte 6d? senviwo sisoties ysev aw900 cals basd aedte edd oo a tect ~teatncd wevigo Saaiset? ,2et09 geugoed ovs talvorro PBenti{adige to eiyda sd% oiif aeviso Satkesio yldastenoo: Sada to gn70t tswol ed¢,no Byaeetqxe gifstivosed basot ore ta » afsm edt to otieved ed (istiqego eds te omit sysonoo oad eldon odd sidtdee of bevine ylaelvottres yeev oss yedt das | Sakbod aysula ek eoslg ai toatte. sdf .tetesm edt to anoitas kur baedespland oF yitaseoss? ehesi Tr ,ooktoved tsesg divin ) Isatzteacs: | of agtesot tnomfe ak goNsIssqgs seodn Lon “a ee aalooidrs7 yrev 2) ataege th ytitsorrnd elidn ro Tht Sed sonar ede te aiedgen ost al é Te ees lines ‘in each separate mouldings gives an énexhaustible abunda ings without expression beside each other. The curves are near ‘circular arcs, the expression of the mouldings is plain and mod- ‘ constantly changing curves like the style of spiral Lines, they ay "aX ofthe hack alee tie * 5 By Oe Nebo iat According to the succession and direction of the connectio the predominance of one or another moulding, the course of th: of expressions of form, which in every style speak e particul language without the addition of other ornament. The stage of the culture of the people, its entire mode of feeling, surroun- ding nature, climate, existing structural materials, and many other effective circumstances contribute their influences in the development of every anchitectural member. How Sreatiylthe same profile of a member may change its expression may be repre- sented by the comparison of a crowning member (Figs. 948 a, bye) and a base member (Figs. 949 a, b, c) an antique, Romanesene and Cothic conceptions. q Already in the separate divisions of Crecian and Roman art was_ ‘completed a transformation of the members, which even more deci- Gedly continued in Bygantine and Barly Christian art, so that the so-called Romanesone style exhibits a new seis Romanesque members. a Romanesoue members avoid soft transitions, but place the sep- arate mouldings directly or by mean and small connecting mould- est, rounds and coves exhibit a moderate extent of one fourth ie to one half the circle. q Gothic members. eo fo Gothic members are peculiar sreat life and heightened ex- q : ‘pression. Transitions are according to needs, sometimes soft and sometimes very decided, rounds and hollows predominate, and wh- ere bold effects are concerned the semicircle is important, but s on the other hand also occur very delicate curves. The simple circular arc becomes rarer, freehand curves dominate, that show — are found beautifully expressed on the lower torus of the base, : the concave line of the capital, the cavetto of the main cornice, — and they are very particularly suited to exhibit the noble inv- — entions of the master. The effect in place is always studied w g with great devotion, it leads frequently to a course of the li- nes, whose appearance is almost foreign to geometrical drawing, wbile -invreelity it exerts a very particular charm. P In the members of the external cornice occurs the necessity piace .saten entifst ed? yens aoitosbaco yistsa act Di iabapiicn herknpst yiereds esdesy Te ,2dd3ais edt _ etanenins Ao wot sat tedtaet gatonemityr 508 cotseerg f gteksetst eat ab esosiq ynem ts 19900 0afs godaew tal ate nol e wort deaw odd Qattsfoqoo biove of yuseeqoon ef ; ee | stavisedo edt to r gaon sake serene) okdto2 to t sceiatio tie gad at yifessvit: Bp kettaorees 00 abntbived neve Jedd set of ee03, fi ,bodiart a usa tididxs syouls onthtlkod exae odf af w9dso. doKe peat se add .stteq taetatixzS ed? to aokéelot sad of sarbse Bit edd .sevicado add to tetecbastaeed? ,gottsool afedi eins: dou enotéatter sac1ts yilereseg sfedd oetyredsO .9¢9 Sela ged ecards ¢cosetir6 sis. to atotetvibites edt atin bac ead af sdae ci eettivisos tnstetich yllsosl edt of gatbr00 2 yids Taitetem odt ylisivotiisc wai Oggestaxe at — $20. «3 93578958 od¢ mott sbtse yils sidn8/ .utkaioiv sdé iiuoea 79973 ytev avods enofe dso ,noltonrtenoo Boow ons Be gnoiem@enth ,1oloo ,exeveslo .seenttos aff of anthrojoe Si, Maow nt noitoeltoy ated boit godt ,Meticg bas atety atk Sfoty bid seven aoxe efbbim odf .evedmem to sonasssqgs sdv of oF bas bestitts ted ,edoogs geod efi af alsizsdam antbhlind ot “Saae 2 Pal ng yeas as vod? sd a ' ‘gnoktonsdacoo Aoted of ebateinow 60 softtagio7 @etdois saote ty. gort tneseitih vai af sintosdidois 40528 Bis) edd ot* :notesoagxro Lentedxe dra gies steast edi at ot oto aseqe ns> O00 tact oa .femwoo weve ect dood teve gf 2998 jeg. edt o% aed) at) bael esoosistitf ef selyte dofad adaisgqee boshom ati of setet redts1 fod .eacde L[atditicie to vettiuetl Be seosiq: ffsue yloc yigane auiams oe gntmto® .adtssssqo7g ita c syisoe2 yicousn fo ges geov3 edf tatifads , sere anotl -goye\eisiadoiad {faw yrenifso sesdd coil .miot offsueiqg @dzem notn toy pivowloisd of asifvosq asotmtos slate besous Mes Woon as SotimtL ore abatt eacdn .edotnd bebluom sttupet -sbakt dotad)ense odd node: .esotootte suse ond of oldie § a8 doisd: bebLb0m sd? .se0elq) foo1ettid at od yom oe xsi ps8 tars yteatihzo ed¢ to enoienomth edt of betokadeart af Levan sat s07% besagexc 10 Shleom {efoage of absex a toauenser quave: bas ,eald esosftaague odd tic onitsas ons 6Si3g8. fuom cdi ansot oeqgofersd .bedtove ad of 946 Bae ies cetecsecsnr ptwait bas saslyst0a P ba * os) Ca yr) rele gy . A ‘ih At ‘ : i ee i j CA Me UE a ee eee ee a One ) : 589 3 a 2 for safely conducting away the falling water, expressing ‘in ¢ its rights, ef washes thereby reguired assuming a particular pression and iyfluencing farther the form of the ‘cornice. Sim lar washes also occur at many places ‘in the interior, where it is necessary to avoid conctéelins the wash from a low position a of the abserver. a Siversity in the development of Cothic mouldings is almost un- limited, it goes so far that even touldings corresponding to ef each other in the same building always exhibit new changes <7 ording to the relation of the different parts, the height of t their location, the standpoint of the observer, the lighting, etc. Otherwise theie generally strong variaticns not only 7 ord with the art divisions of the different times, ‘but also ac- © cording to the lacally different activities in art. In the last respect is expressed very particularly the material at command 4 ' in the vicinity. Entirely aside from the separate forms of brick _ and wood construction, cut stone shows very great ene according to its softness, cleavase, color, dimensions of ‘oom its grain and polish, that find their reflection in working and in the appearance of members. The middle ages never did violence to building materials in its best epochs, ‘but utilized and brea- ted them as they deserved.. Formation od mouldings in brick construction. ‘= Brick architecture is far different from cut stone architect— @ ure in its innate nature and external expression; in the middle ages it ever tock its even course, so that one can speak of a = separate brick style. Its differences lead-in part to the pecu- liarities of artifitial stone, but rather refer to its mode of. @ preparation. Forming and ‘burning supply only small pieces of un- ‘iform sized, that for the great mass of masonry receive a simple +. prisnatic form. With these ordinary wall bricks are even const- ructed simple cornices peculiar to brickwork; yet when members a require moulded bricks, whose ‘kinds are limited as much 8S Pos- sible in the same structure, when the same brick finds use so : | far as may bein different places. The moulded brick as a rule % ‘is restricted to the dimensions of the ordinary ‘brick, it is a made in special moulds or orspared from the usual ‘bricks ‘by cutting off the superfluous clay, and sharp reentrant angles a are to be avoided. Developed forms like moulded angles and yet more plant and figure ornanentation must be shaped by special St Reh! ax so at ¥ .bulfabow basddext yd 20 eblvon dt cance ptnised & bb stntoetitore dotted at elisevesq otodt at tet", Cottons? ba. ot¢atdrs eff 1ovo vetosrsio: [atrsaabet ih’ beenorgxe ‘okgol bance ted ,etotoesidors snote of geriyoeq’ } tr eoesso .plodw ede to tnomegreste ent ot es gxredmom adt Bch es ; ~oleta of toegaes af tadt of roksetst yleousse ot “beanotd youebust s yrotnoo dt Ef edd ok [itan offaa Damian atsooane. to aiodmew oft seftesiwedd .anoai sban af fm odd etetito z00md .tnebneqebat etom emosed seve esoiaico bas S#e evote to eotteveo tae1> edd dtqobs ton of asoknt09 (20 atnemeknsita 20° esseiut hedoss ed botemins ass youd Megaooes 1. coupelg stfoo arzso avonaitaom yd ,seedd of boiltes eae sfeet oie efuoreban 10 esutbiros giv staves to elsuag e 06 eBart) {for 8 10 e3be no tor setHod 8 lo FARred odd ot fee gia A .t001 edt to ego ontvoeto1s odd s& List ton 05 bas @ bontfoat siamte sito aottoetota tewol ed? yd bemaot od asve Set a ousin fee -8t to [Ite wobninw sdt yI nwode ee Aor oe to! soetg szonol ‘eas ed bivew 8 baa eettoo dora Sari : oouaxt esi6o & evsd teow tL ,evitoetice ed ot gaibivom dokid s t08 So solos amorta edt ovods assqgs of tobe ni ,motenomih dase! Stato: otidw eit dtiw tr to tesstovo edt as Ifsu as ,ffew ant Ie yllersae2 end? .e9eas09 baxaf2-baiverretis yilssan edt 548 Baurhinow edt to asta ods ,nottuoors [eokndosd edt aot ebkes Bea’on £8 BbdT -ovetxet boa aoloo att (isrretem ed¢ co abseged pimseq sidtem to: 1tofoo bas atety eakt edd eolqued geioe19 no Snotebase bectets osisoo bas Atab madd ,eredmem essoties S108 Pat eredmen azicod of eldierog ator e& FF Soman .Suoseomt. a6 tex 66 S48 etzaq tne7mSttib edd sedy .xiistsosiy saon aden odd bao bas efgmey nstootsn set go abegr am .2attofoo teenretifo yw i nko tedwom dsew bas eftiese yrsvs tof .Xsondoow Iavesid d dolad makaasia yoeo of as .se750b daid @ al evitoetteni rer eSvo4g boatot ak agaiiivom to onte eds ot basgen mf noitgeoxe ah . BAtow tedoty odd oo dbatrsq000 eabaad [stnemsate odd to atetenod! dotdn ,xosdhd fs ets9 mtotafo odd to evartidors bent dots yaiwsot sowpsly besels bas Segede ylseifvoog staal } ,eredusn qued3 wode sont eanti eeodr ~etaousato sgaif{olt to oa sniandd to wotssteqo edd ess0 sorte .gseb tom deoxy sods ren * pee. at to asomiotdt odt ek eonetettio gseat s abssm fy h AR 590 moulds or by freehand modeling. There prevails in ‘brick architecture in a certain sense the ‘industrial character over the artistic .nd: fanciful, that is ‘peculiar to stone architecture, but sound logic expressed in all its members as in the arrangement of the whole, causes “it to be scarcely inferior to that in respect to style. 4 While until in the 13 th century a tendency toward stone forms is made known, thereafter the members of Supports, arches, sa and cornices ever become more ‘independent. ‘Anons others the main cornices do not adopt the Sreat cavettos of stone structures, q they are animated by arched friezes or arrangements of moulded allied to these, by tontinnous térra cotta plaques or recessed panels of plaster. Drip mouldings or undercuts are restricted - to the height of a course set on edge or a roll (Figs. 950, 950 a and do not fail &t the projecting edse of the roof. ‘A aripscoslae even be formed by the lower prajection ofda simple inclined bre ‘ick as shown by the window sill of Pig. 951, where p is the cov | ering brick course and a would be the lower piece of the window frame. For a brick moulding to be effective, it must have stond se least dimension, in order to appear above the strons color of oat the wall, as well as the contrast of it with the white -joints and the usually alternating glazed courses. Thus generally and aside from the technical execution, the size of the moulding 4 epends on the material, its color and texture. Thus as we see | on Grecian temples the fine grain and color of markle permitted 4 more delicate members, than dark and coarse grained sandstone or limestone, hence it @s wore possible to design members in ¢ 4 the mass more gracefully, when the different parts are separated ; by different coloring, as again on the arecian temple and on me-— diaeval woodwork. But every puerile and weak member in brick is ineffective in a high degrsé, as so many modern ‘brick ‘baildings © a 4 prove. g An exception in regard to the size of mouldings is formed by the ornamental bands occurring on the richer works, as on the architrave of the Holstein gate at Libeck, which consists of : 3 large peculiarly shaped and glazed plaques forming rich tracery 4 or foliage ornaments, whose lines then show sharp members, tha- neither great nor dsep. Since here the operation cf burning de- | mands a great difference in the thickness of plagues, as would Y citar ft o “ene sie , or ., ¥ oi! a a) 0 aa ij Oe ys dias vans i il | i ne ie 92 abe eno" haute TUN teed qeeh tot elisbiovece osed avs : at we qybserla sbhaad L[atnenento saodéd sonkt ,ysaeooon 9 satwisdtc edt nort betavages e18 toloo aitsdt to yi tel: ist sie etodnem atedd acd? searetieg beetnos ai: soetine Pe + ~ .efode edt of edi teditar 2zomisly edd to exis edt of } ross ek aoloo yd atedmonm edt to noktentdmoo atid god re ipabote no cele atnengaom fot nemtaD ddsogzteom no beak ie ‘pexelk div tee sue eaodd esate ,asveisidors ysatood . - sao Sinn begiata to ber off dtin destiaoo nedd dotdw bie eelaas ia alotsd besaly to oan add tadét dootatebas paotdoetoig @ aatvig to been edg yd Senolis saxkt ssa 1) tididxe C20 bas €.O -ndord --adisq) Seeogse faom ad? eo teit .doedB ai atzox sort aeist ylieido edoisd bebla | Bee eagtd at ovodt efi .setusdo edt sott boviaed o16 eifvoog ead? .82C .2£% ok owode basor edt wott ro .f .9..6 ¢ yen edt ot cottsvele af botysers yilateqe2 ef Sc .3iT to Bomdotds oft of tuo yiletige ete .d 0 Ys aonit atetages sdt | oll mottod eft no d gs eeroo & tent o@ ,xoit edd to gniblson dove got geist sd of ek e109) «e@wode @ SCO -8iT as “got fon 918 C20 baw BcO -ehiT ai b ts egbe smotdxe end Faas q ero & tesel de aiaget Jud us par sioind bebivom séatsqee ad¢ to aokteaidmoo dose 107 t awolls doftin ,evitentmisted aedd at baod, [ise edt secmen ts 9 eden stadseo a dfiiw teeqas of bakblyom enttas sdé to mit y: ‘pddaied tied so edoisd to dibin edt to aslzas talugnsdost - eam gvot bapomg eld? .Oce .2ff ab od & 8 odkl faretsa 7 ‘20m Le eR RID oid && ,naottsoitioom teslgqnis sat eayisoas sadd ofa iseoetraa.telh yd esooslg, af heteieqse oats edorsd be seas. 0 eories od¢ tad¢ of. .abinm’doiadia {sd guods To nsdt va of6 0 Gif 20 tT 6 8 .0 9 £ es Tinseg Aun eas otuediia botaesenyes suotbfaou etsisqee [id pensdogoense ee evtse edoiad eesds tadd oc .[sm0gskD odd Gain irgemaye aids asdw bentetdo ste sasot beitevy sito .arsbasd @. .82e sat ydenwode gs .heagorb ek adoiad bebluow to aqede bs Wd. edt ao sbosgeb ss os adoisad ofsusqee sav to sqsde eat ac aq) edd ni duods eeti nollod ad? to satago. add stadt a #dgta ts sasq evotot boo sdt ted? oa .éuto, das edi to s . dose to daod ‘68% etasasiqget 060 .3f% .8arbIvow edi cynosad - to ssguol edt .emee edt etuoers of ved? anodes bas det: grog if} a BB, 08). : Gated ath bepaedoas edt o¢ od ¢eon: adotad Bat A mr at ae Lt ek Witt : mers aN oN eee a Pe TORE 9 Sy oe a rn 591 — have been unavoidable for deep mouldings, then were rather le necessary, Tince these ornamental bands already ‘by the contin ty of their color are separated from the otherwise colored wa surface in coursed patterns, thus their members are in relabi fi to the size of the plakues rather than to the whole. oa But this combination of the members by color is thereby obta-— ined on mostsnorth German brick monuments also on window and doorway architraves, since these are set with glazed bricks, 7 which then contrast with the red or striped wall color. It-is _ understood that the use of glazed bricks at angles and ‘jambs was first allowed by the need of siving a protecting ‘coating to the most exposed parts. Fiss. 9,3 and 959 exhibit different m0- ulded bricks chiefly teken from works in Lilbeck, that either t are derived from the chamfer, like those in Figs. 956, 957, 959 « a, b, c, or from the round shown in Fis. 95%. The pecubiar form of Fig. 954 is generally executed in elevation in the way that the separate lines a, bh, ¢, are spirally cut in the thickness 3 of the brick, so that a comes at b on the bottom surface, eter, | as Fig. 954 a shows. care is to be taken for such mouldings, t : that the extreme edge at d in Figs. 954 and 955 are not too we- ak but remain at least 3 cn. | . | Hor each combination of the separate moulded bricks in a rich- er member the wall bond is then determinative, which allors the form of the entire moulding to appear with a certain number of rectangular angles cf the width of bricks or half bhengths 7 d most natural, like a a bc in Fig. 959. This ground form may t 4 then receive the simplest modifications, if the separate mould 4 ; ed bricks are separated “in places by flat surfaces set between @ them of about half a brick wide, so that the series of; bricks aa result as a ec, aef or sec etc. All separate mouldings represented hitherto are : woeeeeeedl 4 with the diagonal, so that these bricks serve as stretchers or, HF headers. More varied forms are obtained when this symmetrical shape of moulded bricks is dropped, as shown by Fis. 958. ‘But the shape of the separate bricks so far depends on the bond, that the centre of the Bollow lies about in the prolongation of the end joint, so that the end joints pass at risht angles through the mouldings. Fis. 960 represents thé bond of sach a . ‘jamb, and shows that to execute the same, the length of the ‘bricks must be to the unchansed widths as 3°: 2, so as to reg- > Md 6 eee My. Dae mre ee pA 44 Ty -" be a og a 2 43 “ Ue a7 Cane ; PaNe fast: ch ey suchas ont tekuoe’ st ciluets a2 stot eeotttas saancl on ddanss ekdt tof a ning ppp 5 d onki’ odd es aed sonta 82 nit at 26 , phen of etoteisd? .ifema cot coum entesex 9 ds dotad odd to bot yreassoes ef sk noktrbnoo sese ade ai sidieacg baod tat -dotid edt to dtgnef edt fait oe ,2 6 ra 9 d tntot edt ae ‘st iets. of es dtbiw ay tak bectstacs ef admet Yottd dove to as doat! A i Rie | eote ,2efbA .aionnesel to 7 ep 8 | eftouhoow to egarolool ‘ . wd wetodsan yd botfgase eiedwit edt to adtgast oct x3 de petoeanom désnette ai soasasttth & ,aeadtt sat tq gortse ‘eldtensa odd yd todtast .setudsanal bas aetaeeors sedd- p attseré rot betsoibul ayeu adv ors esitiistinosg ole @tinoed et of bstqshs yflesols os sis atoducm Ls1psou0tss ibbte add nivtootdo edt to eeeq7sq edt boa Lattetea edt to f @aeto yisisq edt satwodtd .t1e to worseivid isitoyos as Ga | Zz Seonidenca hoow at Heeastgxe uesostedo iieds ovsd arsdmem ; i on ek isowaote to ofoe atstzso:s Seebat exsat bas e198 eesco: notfantotedets ¢ eysule ef eted? asdt fad ,SoLdaed é etennen oitI ak f[etsastea adtiot 28 sacatsq sit of hid kbee tol emrot t¢ cottaler efdt ot sortovtdo na sue a 3 s@ ebtow bali soanso doidu oxbst wot tasef ta ,hebawotay st ! t) seat? guehom nt [Lita eno soit 23 .t58 naltoats te sehnow o8 i obvedud od% sbuloxe \sfonnso (otediec hes mand ,1e9gme2 to etige $4ts¢ Leltcecse eto0m edt tenh base \tose send cdottawuees edit te ‘ne ooo w otaoteisetq 2s to aeinomom yfetex e176 tebi0o of1r0d edt to Eveeq awiot edi totenstt of hetovaehas new tact edutsedidors 4 it ‘esca bas aeiveed edd of Lniaetem afdasosas ins astdgil edd o8 By f{ edt act eeelpainsem e1er a8 eerdt dowe aeve ,enots atoddnte . asd eae tE taG .eetutinm bas eoorh sill ,aoltouttenos set og eved taue yeds 2s ,betsemase sewitow {evestibew scot meds 2 jdtowenote of goinnoled darit fue ofddo8 Yo yshitdod of pottiages bus esontist ext Yo gisgq s edam o¢ evorte yedi t bearetensss beobat you? .xronlbasd nwo tied? of satfwoeq ‘ti iy ast feds of gatblofyan edt to sri0t ent @acee ésionos 2 at ee Hotstint qlbatid sor deebat hoe ,leiteten guts ig Gor? deo inees savot cebcow ot enota wost szasdo ard? 9 £6 dE boon ak elsow sodiiev edt ak geri? tA .anottibaca ie ae ) Bs : ot rey aan ne en Syaehe (at cencnog sondoug od Via te as pera SU 592 reouire the so-called three-quarter ‘bats. But this length no longer suffices for a jamb proféte: tore as in Fig. 958, since then as the line bic shows, the strenst ‘2 of the brick at c remains much too small. Therefore to make the bond possible in the sage condition it is necessary to transfer the joint b c to d e, so that the length of the brick-is to the width as 5°: 7 A rich selection of such brick jambs is contained in the wo of Essenwein, Adler, etc. : Mouldings of woodwork. 4 By the lengths of the timbers supplied by nature, by the dined ection of the fibres, a difference in strength connected with them crosswise and lengthwise, further by the sensible hygrosc- opic peculiarities are the ways indicated for treating woodwork. Structural members were so closely adapted to the peculiarities © of the material and the purpose of the object in the middle ages as in anyother division of art. bikewise the purely ornamental members have their character expressed in wood construction. | Here and there indeed a certain echo of stonework is not to be. : denied, but then there ‘is always a transformation cone ae to the purpose 2s to the material in like manner. % But an objection to this relation of forms for mediaeval art is unfounded, at least for these which cannot find words enough to wonder at Grecian art. If then one still in modern times {in spite of Semper, Durm and others) cannot exclude the duration | of the assumption hhat many, and just the more essential parts. _ of the Doric order are merely memories of a prehistoric wooden architecture, that men endaavored to transfer the forms peculia to the lighter and tractable material to the heavier and more stubborn stone, even such forms as wore meaningless for the lat- ter construction, like drovs and mutules. But it was far nearer _ then for mediaeval workmen permeated, as they must have been, py the nobility of Sothic art first belonging to stonework, that - they strove to make a part of the fullness and magnificence ot. 4 it peculiar to their own handiwork. They indeed transferred just in a concise sense the forms of the unyielding to the more yiel- ding,material, end indeed not blindly imitated but transformed This change from stone to wooden forms resulted from natural conditions. At first in the various works in wood it did not come | to produce monumental effects, but to serve the purposes of the — ’ j ‘ ei a . Dulee ean o B. yt . iy ey i, va “ vel t Ly Aa iy i ry ‘ Pee mo dah ets iat - mae Wy te ' ale , ry, , Y putsnotie coake ‘eftew af 10. \edseitio to: aavit prac yng eginow aod? .cen tot sometneracoe aistieo’ s akatde hoa y endé oye) edd seem bowel ylasttas taomfs erg asntosit (esode od ,harot edd. ak soemk to teeaeattes, zefss13 8 | sa tet s at yino zwo00 biluod soidw ~haktokeaq easo eyonls Meett [pivesem edt tn§ -stofostidow snows no yan best neti @catede ewolls ti es sat on ,gatiieted rote0o1g Bidd 18 2tb te noktoennod ad¢ to packsthoop ,eoasen asantit to oe qd bornses ytifidete to sinemetinpst odd ,atieg “etento stom bas t9ast a betovet madd See ,sasou sefg /tooteban Lis goktourtanco suote ai eh sofodw odd to s soneaTs f{sotttoes & anitosl aeel to e10m ote, toivetal eds it ot oa .boatater et-tostte blod edt ylno imo90 yedd Srenix fe conte ,visagsoen 6d ot atuemeiivess Lis dafaay itonbocw b teand: to ef sottostorg betkess wid orstoetidews L[aasedse | ef bevogxe tedw boow to siméean yrctiemesd oad? to cannced nok \@ed? .amiot banot ets Asonboow at ststn eTroiseqed? .eaenqmst elie epota) to sgakhivem bas sevintos ed? of baiiis 8 ends Hoe ebasd {stuessano bas yrineoto ae yloo etedd evi9e god ets goaso wot Sod nf eosei .eangang evktstosss yloiss Sia, yluousos etog 1st gud boon ed? io sass biloe odd at tp p efttoxa edote fentqys teowis edd wort yfaatbtoo04 «ao notine F +802 bua Soe -29fT af eslitouy boon edt howret eva LC gr? ‘ed! Joa teum wadt to tusq vesqeed edd .a0 ballea e178 seoat singh gO aatifst exed: aedt (ide .eki si os) {isu edt to 208% . {tea eds tet boow trotoitiee otemer tags o te fod \d s : ' grate oad 17 had to baa rsabe edd to ctot asanisd Sa8 asg¢iede od? sath fostto edt sot gaistvuonebas eedsm isddact etree ant “dtow oft sleotttks exom cedam ff soeso aketueo at cn8 4 fasnemanto «5 does etacy eigwexe tof .ysu ssoultasque 6 go) beniniet ei si .ewatt & to esbe edt ae elaas os easot sae ed of gaibtoooe betite gon ai Sako edt (400 .8f%) olgey shET ak) dg earl mtdt oft yd mevig et eoitoarg iebor Pted?t .8 BOL .2i% gid 9 of Sakbqo00s twleynatosy tuo: ef tas “to aottareg08 qgibu dedé sididxe {Liw datol edt to noksizog Phalsowboow at sateselyan oe ei sect .{4 292 Sue de 0) adisg it an japettoanzetat on cody 2E,boow edt to gntysb tenel saz nce “eu satan shuad gatmroro eds to Qnibloom edy ak ae i re dae onset ti pentt hen: out nedd bos doude a ¥ ‘\ rACY i ty A i of a pi ‘A F) ZI ii rm ¥ Mf ge sie Ne ” HAN ae % ; ‘ 3 x vy) a) 4 ‘ ie i , . me i) PY; a 12 LAD Al A ye 593 | a lives of citizens, or ‘in works rather belonging to furniture obtain a certain convenience for use. Thus works of wooden arch- itecture are almost entirely found near the eye, thus permitting & greater refinement of grace in the forms, to whose aid almost always came painting, which could occur only -in a far more lim-— ited way on stone architecture. But the material itself aids : this greater detailing, so far as it allows sharpes angles,use of thinner masses, conditions of the connection of different parts, the requirements of stability reached by lighter.and sin- Pler means, and thus favored a-:freer and more ornate treatment 4 of the whole. As in stone construction all undercut members in the interior are more or less lacking a technical purpose, and , where they occur only the bold effect is retained, so in the j woodwork vanish all reouirsments to be necessary, since even in — external architecture the desired protection ‘is of prief durat-_ ion ‘because of the transitory nature of wood when exposed to __ dampness. Therefore where on woodwork are found forms, that seen allied to the cornices and mouldings of .ctone ‘construction, they serve there only as crowning and ornamental bands and thus a » q merely decorative purpose. Hence in but few cases are they wrou- ght in the solid mass of the wood, but far more commonly are n 7 nailed on. Accordingly from the almost typical stone profile ‘in Fis. 9-1 are formed the wood profiles in Figs. 962 and 963. If ® these are nailed on, the deepest part of them must not ‘be on the face of the wall (as in Fis. 961), thus here falling on the line © ab, but at c must remain sufficient wood that the nail holds the strip. . q The sharper and thinner form of the edges and of the: project- ing parts further makes undercutting for the effect dispensable. — But in certain cases it makes more difficult the work ‘in guite = | 8 superfluous way. For example where such an ornamental ‘band 4 forms an engle at the edge of a frame, it is returned on itself (Fig. 964), the joint is not mitred according to the term, and modern practice is given by the thin line a ‘bin Pig. 964 a, but ‘is cut rectangular according to c bin Fis. 964 a. The first — position of the joint will exhibit that ugly separation of two parts (c ab and dja b), that -is so unpleasing in woodwork by 7? the least drying of the wood. If then no intersections ere found in the moulding of the crowning band, then each piece can ‘be s a stuck and then the mouldins be coped for the distance ac at the a ae | een $ tuorsbas WP sees eat é © $a) AOR: cyte at eflgas pest nedt tesa bns Sel{it eta te tootwortde .RLT ak baeds: doute yloiem eten Ones edd qo eefkos out) Th et , woud ot ye fiwortiL6 ssoultreqer sutwiedte as gntoubory 29 1 at beosboty qyliees oe at fadt .sgbe too ylqreds yrevd seogze ylleves. eeosty Lis ta efdsnciiseide e¢tno ai .boor set foetnoo edt Snead’ ono edd no eogia, ,soeiueo senad Sa hnadat eydeteds taof yitase ef tf 1eddo sit co Hae beinet st (ewobsaiw bas etcob to esversidows exif atieq) doce vofaas eisiiLe eds gafvores | got eradmax ind00 ..ote .elsned boa eitecm.amiot ated? setetuade ao dose ,berebtencs ed od yeaontoidd (inue odd yo efut «© se eioktsoitibos tosiseqat kisogosq edd sesetont of eldartced of goism Jadz. sonst rot out ginathrosod .idged ofk of tadmem oft fo dihin sdf ess B15 dotdu yd) \isotayd taomls amooed o cde bee ZC. .a3tt bee OAC Legit ai nvods ae) dove ,zacttaatdnoo saddo Sarot ca.s : taf?) beoaly. ora pomucetin vaw salbote e at .8 492 ddaite e*asot of sebro al.alsortwav xashoor wo codire ards fo etom sot .((de at lai sonof bn8 s9e¢qn edt to Bee EES: oF ¢ ei ao baeot vileven ous enatbioon lebhe nigh yiblod- Sto ol je Shi Gaestiotea: seqag: to-asoltestors eft weed sactt ,aused mereoate) (920 .ptt sit) orol gefngreions ont doaozggs sesdt ite eat gadd {fone od) daywielitowm edd to eqaede of? ylisisess enact ocos on Soonbet' ek wesd ea7. to bas Sabsol od to Gian Bre 250) .nnre yd) twode ote bckt eadt to eolasexd .atiaiseg yt ad yersed s43 to eine oft fo foiys ifte sit to aredzon, edt | “sama pale exettel e4% ao Rakvasd) tisds te eiecga esooed SD aisks you e798 “epnods 16%) hadins ehatolpom ot baoges ie ; apiset ce totecs od ucve Besbai (fin dotdn .geidtvors mo dea .ebas0d gurifrt ete co awed &ninget wort cedsen daet im enotocselobcatoas sd¢intates ted Seolvom tog ess oaods yl 186. jtaonk stedt yloo bas ,avedttidoss supitas sdtvedti aos ‘ a ree qo y1sestt to tuementc soetssce 2 yd botevso | to ‘woatites sdif ,ebtetno ne beltan eyntbhl[som coals. sis esd aetied mo: £900 .gk8 es duods ed yea estot seetiw ,eoh edt nodt S18, [atacvesato ylewl .seodd to aot¢soitit ea aes: tedd ,nlieax due elactdasy ao Aoute eeakionon | otk sHoisoeiong oo mot eydt. bos enelq oat igs,ate nas bas eaiahecaain 1 ean as is edt oi q N ee fs ie Ay me 7 m0 rm 43 $ < me f pals i r sk i oe ya a) Pans ‘ ‘y ™ mm \neus ay M Mae iis Ve NUR RY | 594 | angle in Fig. 964. But if the cavetto is undercut the piece e e in Fis. 964 cut out of the fillet and must then ‘be glued on aga- ‘in, if the angles op the band were merely stuck beforehand, hen- 'cé (producing an otherwise superfluous difficulty in the work. — wl Every sharply cut edse, that is so easily produced -in working | wood, is ‘quite objectionable at all places usually exposed to 4 human contact, since on the one hand the contact is unpleasant, — and on the other it is easily lost thereby. Therefore on all such parts like architraves of doors and windows, framing and ‘panels, etc., occur members for removing the sjuare angle are | to be considered, such as chamfers. Their forms uostly suffer important modifications as a rule by the small thickness of such frames, that makes it desirable to-increase the proportion of a the width of the member to its depth. Accordingly the forms of a Bigs. 965 and 965 a become almost typical, ‘by which are then ; also found other combinations, such as shown in Pigs. 966 and - 966 a. In a similar way mouldings are placed flat beside each other on wooden verticals,in order to form a slight :prajection of the upper and lower parts (Fis. 967). for more on this see pe 233. More boldly shaped mouldings are usually found on wales of | beams, that bear the projections of mpper stories. As a rile t a these approach the rectangular form (like Fig. 9¢8), since then | generally the shape of the profile must be such, that the stre- ngth of the loaded end of the beam is reduced no more than safe= » ty permits. Bxamples of thes kind are shown by Figs. 969, 970. _ The members of the sill lying on the ends of the ‘beams, that — become square at their beating on the latter, also mostly corr- — espond to mouldings suited for stone. Here may again occur und- — ercutting, which will indeed even be useful so far as they pre- gent water from running down on the filling boards. ‘But general-— ly these are not moulded but retain the rectangular cross sect- ion like the antioue architrave, and only their front side is q covered by a surface ornament of tracery or foliage. Hore rarely — are also mouldings nailed on outside, like railings of balustra-— des, whose forms may be about as Fis. 963, or better ‘be a simp- lification of these. Purely ornamental are then the mouldings 1 sometimes stuck on verticals and rails, that remain entirely in the plane and thus form no ‘projection, ‘being made with the etedia in the wood as a substitute for a mouldinm in actual relief. s 4 ee ee . amale ae, Seay “INQ era nt avoda ek -mrot s donz . | Pi eoriy | feten st ekabiinolt | $ 08 eats testsesy odd axolis Iatem teso olftdl ) gasot £fasteonla to scitstaseorget eft of tlosts | Meliabooyae bos Istem tdguetw ,elaiiaiem iedso al beruoe awos ops dome .ehatbinol .yleaclo saan etimil oft aneth sort aS ,nott sdhoomw. at tecqqeeth yIfodw tsouls .boon bas enote 1 eaitor sedit¢ yd tootte svidgexoosh off sosiget of berodel ot asatf edt to ,fsiseisa edt Yo etnsen oft of beriue av te Si asadh g nt dotdy .nevih oon 3nibloow sdt to 20369 Bod. rae banot ete ylnouwos ook .akhiieia tdatla yiae . ta to soesottind edt moit hetetiar asea sess siueaq. cox elaas es0% .@eodd 22 eanthloom ouce edt 186d etotesedd Has S jeefosntedat seolone stadt eelitsy nowt ai bavot eis ateog t to pekad eff .attedo to getmenle mot aeve to ..oto ,antad y totmed> B Qnived yino .eiguie ysev cod? sus elat 6 es ataog iia -ei.qeo eds yrertnoo edt ao ~Ste -8f7 ut nevis Satdinow edd SER .Oty ub ea tuods bomrct ,s9bt0d akdt & dtin tuo gla alist avounttace: yd bemseus sowidenoa coals ai anct setial .aneds so ,larbediss 2andebray to aolltad futtiessd ei* go | o(D¥O. .RET) aszctd ralqaoo e1om hanot oels ste lise ei banot seuttenos yrooest ateroltseqmi edd ad Be ectbircip hetommad otdsd owt tadt .xew ekdt sk ¢& to 19dmsm ‘edt Smoyed anitoefioug yewol ed? .gediq dose no beosda 48 edd to ted a Yo nofttoes eso79 5 emrot cYC -ai% aadt o¢ Bi con dotdw vd .eiaow estomd no Sesol oss akatbhiloom ass0rd eoneottinsss odt feoxe of svotte ylisoes eekus sf{bbiea odt os betusastq sae boti widd to asiquexd .otutoedidena snote } bos Acednid .nobaSil. ,gtadaihf to aevaot Isaeitqad oxnogd iad ota yleomettxe odd bas ,xobwaaui1d ta aisiuscl beet edd ‘epison seodd [le a0 -doedhd te eiltsy .2 forsdo edt to efo si edt yd cwods ae .itow boazsct dtin beakdmoo [stem saso. 7 \efdteaog esn Ji orudsco7g, aidt yd ¢u8 .t9tssl sat go cok @ to azenl{ntoos13 edt oboe eagot stateges to wobesst edd ofet ow nishom asituia eveds assesoq cisow sad? doidw ,antblioa woda OG .2i7 «cok tuso pesing ylduid to seodt ylistoeges gp seldeosedad ¢sdd to: sbsséagted nowof edd to oeasd Sake [ier aii: oe (stol): t9hq ssqdg as cto puad edd ef NTC .3ft P68 bao mint 8 7 7 toate saint o¢atop att, 99f «9tou | | See shottet: sevel ent nt. ii igh ‘itself to the representation of almost all forms that can ‘be. ex~ ‘iron draws the limits more closely. Mouldings, such as occur in especially those of highly prized cast iron. Fis. 976 shows the Fis.977 is the base of an upper pier (Note). 595 Such a form is shown in Fig. 971. Mouldings in metal. oul While cast metal allows the greatest freedom, so thet it Lendl ecuted in other materials, wrought metal and especially forged — stone and wood, almost wholly disappear in wrought iron, end men labored to replace tbe decorative effect by other forms more gs 4 Suited to the nature of the material, or the lines forming the q edges of tbe moulding were given, which in a drawing received only slight sinkings. Most commonly are found members on those iron parts that seem imitated from the ‘buttresses of stonework, — and therefore bear the same mouldings as those. For example such posts are found in iron grilles that enclose tabernacles, foun- tains, etc., or even form closures of choirs. The bases of these posts as a rule are then very sigple, only having a chamfer or | the moulding given in Fig. 972, on the contrary the cap-is- shar-_ Ply cut with a thin border, formed about as in Fig. 973. Bhe latter form is also sometimes assumed by continuous rails, as on the beautiful grilles of Masdeburg cathedral, on whose posts are also found more complex forms (Fig. 974). On the imperforate tracery sometimes found is usually made a member of it in this way, that two thin hammered perforated ‘| pars ere placed on eack other, the lower projecting beyond the’ upper, so that Fis. 975 forms a cross section of a bar of the tracery. — Richer mouldings are found on bronze works, by which men in the middle amges usually strove to excel the magnificence of gs stone architecture. Examples of this kind are presented ‘by the - bronze baptismal fonts of Yirgburs, Minden, Hinbeck and Libeck, the lead fountain at Brunswick, and the extremely rich taberna-— + Cle of the church S. yaria at Libeck. On all these works is found a Bg cast metal combined with forged work, as shown by the inscript- — ion on the latter. But by this procedure it was possible to at- tain the freedom of separate forms and the sracefulness of the moulding, which these works possess above similar modern works, rail and base of the lower ‘balustrade of that tabercacle, and Note. See the Gothic Musterbuch of VY. Statz awd G. Ungewitter. ‘In the later feriods of Gothic art, men sometimes toiled to ‘erica PT nee ee te Tees ala oh ies | m er i. atte: bas yoeotieb aids ssowoaods of ols asteaets m, gattootosg: sebtw ewollod odd ebam qed aodw ,Atonts 7 .ehatbfron aelogas yd ebavot peoslass bre ssaqtid mon domevy ost of bouct ets Jooqgez sidd ak acaesoxs | alain foy avountdd aidd [fe itiw siqgere a& 24 eOofdto2D em goof at ecitaut to socieg ad¢ cout sedmen s9gn700 svisost eit, o3X@...gft ovtee es “eeodt ets cinow exnomd edd asdd futeoesa exon LfiszZ oramheageta yrseceosth edd sted ti aeve .eisten oldoa at “fevesthon ead ht auitaes ett tof searet salnges assde ‘pg yd befvoexe sovede s ¢s tvods ,atehom diiw korsqacs io of wod wead/oels yods ,gdinerd fsokad onoe) futexso & oF ntofvom {nfoos1y teom edt so fanot ef gudT -oeso aids at nase sunaneit OVO .3h2 ak covtg cedt elyuexe got ae ,hbofieq ala? ig eer. snotratat (16 xakbtove toy ,uiedesbiih af soustta eamugealk edt to nottuosre Sue notésrsderd Oa ey San eennibivneor edd to sokisasqest a odd notfot od eeseq oeeds to eqooe sdé obtetne oot! ti ae ot antbso00e alfsteh aiedt cfai agathlooe fo noftaoexe ies: ont co biel efftorg add ot ankbroooaedob ak tr sande al Wied aigogeertcs akatbivom {soittsv tot sacs ,soeiine easiy doe Mucex® ¢anfet bad edt of zoso Istuosisod sot) 40 .tatot: bed adi pr beubtace ed3 tefts nedt dotdu ,stefquat odd céin onoh ef aok i, ss0ege cvo fue obs Aaois eaag Tanm TS ae Soisday edt dofdu of binow s yd ede es $i edotad teq e@gukdate edd tno etuo dedd, easig 8 dtin to ,bessetg at bd Gt Bbaogestt090: tadsy onsig odd yd Dedoette af tx boon al | ,tasiveynooas bi co gokttee for eecb etd? oredn bas ,stelqued | siaeatil e%H .doitiw ,asqasa tugzetirb te esguog oSae afseiio. yd ay ys, eeasla-ottt of ebie. as beyolq ok got ab vite bos .pietieg edd stake etgoo0 ti fetes Jdeso al giwo ,eisow ovedt [fs no Tokwd ck jhotleefio Daedesi? dviw et pottsvefs off toidw ol resnse eres oct af tual gdt aattge ae | eRatws7d at mordevaels 10 aale edd wout bas bonaot eati odd .xeatoo s basots ebuetxo anibluom 3 otedR rit ‘Boon sot: .erkt omee edt ¢s Sattiye #9 batuoore ut aid BS i ons gottos2g. of Sayot ese senrea emsa ads ul .gaiedtH yd jaibivos teovsttih to ee saan eds to dod ~guoitsstensq {fa to ly 1 acatala Un : . yevedmem 20 mottoetore “i 08 tormsend eosrite Istets@ rtf19 ne eee by chisels and sgouses of different shapes, which. are élso en- ployed @s eids to the plans. transfer also to stonework this delicacy and refinement of me alwork, when they made the hollows wider, prajecting,nouldin thinner and replaced rounds by angular mouldings. The sreates excesses in this respect are found in the French works in. pat Cothic. ‘As an example with all this thinness yet with a very fective corntce member from the palace of -justice in Rouen ma serve Fig. 978. ot : Still more graceful than the ‘bronze works are those executed il in noble metals, even if here the necessary handling opposed Sharp angular forms. But the genius ii the mediaeval work whic compares with modern, about as a sketch executed by a sure ha to a careful geometrical drawing, they also knew how to obtain | in this case. Thus is found on the most graceful ‘mouldings of new this period, as for example that given in Fig. 979 from-abmon- strance in Hildeshein, yet avoiding all injurious sharpness. Preparation and execution of the members: Preparation of the mouldings. i It ties outside the scope of these pases to follow the manual» execution of mouldings into their details according to ievernall In stone it is done according to the profile laid on the dres-_ sed plane surface, that for vertical mouldings corresponds to . the bed joint, or for horizontal opes to the end debatt Bxecut- icn is done with the template, which then after the moulding is — ‘cut must ‘pass along the ‘cut out space. “4 for bricks it is made by a mould in which the unburnt ‘brick * is pressed, or with a plane that cuts out the sinkings. - a In wood it is effected by the plane that corresponds to the template, and where this does not suffice or is inconvenient, In cast metal it occurs GiSh the pattern, and only in forging with freehand chiseling; in ‘brief on all these works, only exc- epting the last, in the same manner ‘in which the elevation ig made from the plan or elevation in drawings. Where a moulding extends around a corner, the line formed by a this is executed by cutting at the same time, for wood sometimes — by Mitring. In the same manner are found in practice the lines of all penetrations, both of the same as of different nonlieea ‘Projection of members. # the carlier triginal sketches breserved to us are ‘not found be} rere ae ¥, 7 aut, .boilaon qedd e& woth sense s sk vol -eenttootesy done. Fis go totfootor: yrovd .foeeqa mort bewiot ssw patdirw “to sedotete Ipatytso edt so 28 bae .bebiovs esw soatane Tenogetoo heationt oft mo emfootidors odd .exoWot engol | @ dmuoooe mo snedt tedt of ,fsottrov ti ee ylyoare anerb see “petnosoatet stew yods .xemrot edt to dihin evitoeisb odd yisatins a6 yd beteteus cow oxew vifsgotassoc yind tto Se stan etom on ak ti fuese1q #6 F5Y vevitooqersq Lanois Sais Sts Sn \hole¢siaessiges to 9dom eesfias os doom yoldue Yhottoeto7 to sottpoexs toiste s of Hasod oe sotend vd nts \boosttse Suotido sot coftos7g nk eolev elssil’ eso aidt sineb Sit wort .eotseessm fentoe sdt nevig et atdated at ylao Bok ao edt aisiqxe [f{sde sve .nword gaol gniddemoe gatiasqet 7 fiatatieo ak e1odmem Yo soltooetetat odd to saltatmeastgst Beas eamrot deoigute odd of Ssoubom soaso ylias eect! 2S ~nottwoexe to welqmsxe i ‘Pavers yllasnosizod ebnstxs (080 .att nt 2) > tee i Bemwode ef olitosy toot109 edt aottevels odd al .tscx0co stcupe tee .oldterv tog ote snoktosarsiat sdt exsdw .o en sa¢ vs Py ebatl bettoh vd betsotbat ers yeds eesnteeld to tnvose8 ae ole gedd et “cd $8 bomkfont ensig & ao nottoetowg edt af ty3 tn ag ent tevo a0tbluom eit to nortosasetak to entf{ Lantos oni Sada ti tse0qqs oslea feom Satf atat .8 O80 .219 nk b Oo sail th dee sueupe & siti beosts ef atatxe gntbl[yoa sit doftdn ao qe iol bseqrec betosiorg ets Bb Re © > etntog ett .#t werd oF ikiw dotdw eveda ,,y yd onti oat svods fb 9 entfL eesd edt oF a — ae = a ' > a ae ? ed 948 f fd mort senti seedt «O . ¢dxboe efitorwg oft hetnszoxrcet dota yelitong edt gninimioteh @tniog oft Yo etigted eft tro tH fen ed? cele tect oe ((082 .RED mi) & ts ose edt boretiel fog eds to ozodd of Lanpo ens fe most *a™y*>(*t*e etuiog edt to fa elttorg edt to statog stam ofteepdt sa 0 wort by I Ye eta Benil tdgisata to bezeqmos Ba wet Ce aweith ed nao ted? bared | pbavo? od ilfse tava ziatog erom eevavo od? gaiainceiod 20% Mt to sdgied od? .dtqeb teewol eft yrininteteh » at w tesel ef OF © Wott tito bisl ecotereds ef ao onil oft wort sotstsl @ Satoq edt ored? mort bow ,b o of owerh aeit ef q g enti ond Zo mot? m tnidq edt: 30 Sdpted oft Yto agaiysl ,t d eveds 4 Yew owse odt al .*m satog ods palbatt .t do mort enti test "| sfokventaresen btarwoos he moet bawot ed of etatog setto fgns-s - e nae bosoms eI abseixe aatbivom & 4S in eked } ( a res - a . ‘ . oll 7% ow éipae ua g eA ‘ i, yas ite > ' rat TR » ovr) a such projectinss. Hen in a sense drew as they worked, -just as writings was formed from speech. Every projection on an incline Surface was avoided, and as on the original sketches of the Oo logne towers, the architecture on the inclined octagonal sii’ was drawn exactly as if vertical, so that thens on account of the defective width of the former, they were repreientedeaaian off. only occasionally were men assisted by an entirely conven tional perspective. Yet at present it is no more expedient to employ such an artless mode of representation, we are already : by custom so bound to a strict execution of projection, although: this has ‘little value in practice for oblique surfaces, since only in heights is given the actual measures. Prom the danger of repeating somethings long known, we shall explain the graphical a 2 ti representation of the intersection of members in certain frequ- — ently cases reduced to the simplest forms. a Examples of execution. . 1. A moulding (a in Fig. 980) extends horizontally around a Square corner. In the elevation the correct profile is shown at the angle h, where the intersections are not visible, yet on account of clearness they are indicated by dotted lines. . But in the projection on & plane inclined at 45° is then shown a the actual line of intersection of the mouldings over the ground | line c din Fig. 980 a. This line must also appear if the body ~ on which the mouldings exists is placed like &@ square set discon To draw it, the points c e ng d are projected perpendicular q to the base line ¢ d above the line h, ¥z, above which will be - represented the profile sought . On these lines from h i are 1 off the heights of the points determining the profile, which are lettered the same at a (in Fig. 980), so that also the heights of the points e’f’1’g”’a’from h i are equal to those of the poi- | nts e f 1¢d4 from c k; thusethe main points of the profile are found, that can be drawn so far as composed of straight lines. 4 For determining the curves more points must still be found, at least m in a determining the lowest depth. The height of the latter from the line ec n is therefore laid off from o top, and the line p p is then drawn to ec d, and from there the poiat p a above h i, laying off the height of the p@int m from e k on the _ last line from h i, finding the point m”. In the same way are . other points to be found from an. accurate determination. i 2. A moulding extends horizontally around an obtuse-angled c nF 3 ee oe ein thc ‘alkane V hektaie out ws 162 tee basis) I90%00 eared gk aweab elttorg edt to etatog aatdnoqeen109 edt of gl dads 08 ,atettel edt to yiiisiiste edd yd aevis at > anode of [snopgesa“d d mort cal odt mo senil edd to ae a yn // ‘ed d wort elgtorg edt to atatog S8e euli odit dein senti esedt to acisovaresat 20 atakog edt £5 a S¢ dsim cottevels edt ak Stengs aneth ets efpas off yattoonid na tea autaterese! adi tedt of ,.ote@ ,evede eentl edt to atigiedt a fsiarereb eisineos etom s 10% .hecissdo ete ‘3*d onid edt to | ii wode. bas ose oBES at beotsolba: ae abeeoose eo seviss et To . fie 2 ‘Pesel to ei st to8 .*p po bes Rg 3 eentl bettod ods yd oted | ) atdglied geecesocy odt o10t soldw eialog evods bail of yiseae oon & bag O88 .giG wi m tatog edt of if ,eitiorg eds to enitqeh salad powot so wollod edt 20 enil ext tk ¢adt oe .p t¢aios oda Sttw exzedé to goitoeare¢as to sarog edt ,@ezasqges dtiv Aov ton ek acitooexetni edt ti to ,tibex Leotttov bas Letuoriarod Reoads onli odé dtiw efitoesa eds 20 eaodtoearetat edd ,novig best, yoltiorg ed¢ to enbe xainasdrevo eft bo tafoq szewoli odé (a ek tatoqg ode @oesieint m3x0% Savory ofgaia & dfiv yhod, 4 10 buibioom & +f ig so: Bind mr ufdr.e SSO .S8C ~attd) dean s etl sostq enpkiio as we: edeyvels oid nf asiq edt to tufog berfeeS dose to soltiaog: aag * ay. ~tenaen griwollot edd at bentatdo. ak teq & .@ tnfog edt mott es ,nelc oft mod awedb et seed? i [Bet soereds tio gatyel fe oe ~pi®) noktevele eds ak a8lu9 | ttose odé ot dasw edé¢ to oghe ef nord tatog 2idt 30 sonst I) 8G git) desy edd to nottoee edt at esig at © 3 t¢tgneL ots audi ; edd wort bas .*9 ¢4 seluotineguegt « paitoors ,*e bas Wo mond ‘ awedh et desw odt to ont eft ditw setisl eds to sottoseret ak bf nit 9 most awexh tertt [soituer edt eteo tadt ~fatoostaod « a goliavelo at *e tatog oft to solsigog ods yoiatwrtesed ydotedt 4 beta edt yd botsoibui ce ,et]edso {fe haveot eis ysw oms2 edt al. uino won ai sf .eenit hetiod edd bas esetsol edt to ydisal miedt moat sdgeos, adaiog ond to seonedsaid edé stadt boson od wr ae@isi edd to tied edi at sedst ed sysuts taum deaw edi to i auia bas ,ceitoetorg to enalg edt of *8D 10 eLgus ne ta beni Be) -oele tsdt of .desw edt of tetvotbnequsg sotioerth edd at ‘Bo btaf od tevm ¢ q dt¢gmeL edt .¢ tniog edd 30 sotsiaog ede Goce edt to soitoes edT .‘q 92 *o mort aoftoon OG Re 2 yo eo) t Beret anes oat xin os ton BS 08) od, teadTvenh! “et is iad ae 1 , y we) ey ‘ op he : . oa ‘ 4 . . Lee d ' ta, I | | ; ‘a aS) ee ‘i as i ef “ : i } i Mi 1 WATE os) Y ue ‘nd Qe eY ’ Nate gh mY Wits a4 yey ae RR VOC r ON © , ry Bs (ta ; Py. ls f a a : ah : ete? . ’ “ ; 4 ‘. von Fal he} Ken «A ! ? any ae’ i, nn ” 598 | corner (Figs. 981, 981 a). The relation of the points bic de to the corresponding points of the profile drawn in elevation _ is given by the similarity of the letters, so that the distanc- es of the lines on tbe plan from b b’ areceaual to those of be points of the profile from b h. ’ The points of intersection of these lines with the stead ‘bisecting the angle are drawn upward in the elevation with the heights of the lines abore, stc., so that. the determining points ‘. i Ri. of the line b’f’ are obtained. For a more accurate determination of the curves one proceeds as indicated in Fig. 980 and shown here by the dotted lines g g’ and qq”. But it is at least i essary to find those points. which form the greatest heights andl depths of the profile, like the point m in Pig. 980 and here q the point g, so that if the line of the hollow or round is ste- 4 uck with compasses, the point of intersection of these with the a horizontal and vertical radii, or if the intersection is not g | given, the intersections of the profile with the line through the lowest point od the overhanging edge of the profile, i.e., the point i. 3. A moulding or a body with a simple ground form intersects — an oblique plane like a wash (Figs. 982, 982 a, b). In this case the position of each destred point of the plan-in the elevation — is obtained in the following manner. 4 There is drawn from the plan, as from the point e, a perpendi-_ cular in the elevation (Fig. 982 a), laying off thereon the dis- tance of this point from the edge of the wash in the section, a thus the length f e in plan in the section of the wash (Fig 982 b) from cW and e’, erecting a fperpendicular at e’, and from the 7 intersection of the latter with the line of the wash is drawn @ horizontal, that cuts the vertical first drawn from ec in plan, thereby determining the position of the point e” in elevation. 1 In the same way are found all others, as indicated by the simi- larity of the letters and the, dotted lines. It is. now only to be noted, that the distances of the points sought from the edge | i of the wash must always be taken in the half of the latter inal ined at an angle of 45° to the plane of projection, and always i in theidirection perpendicular to the wash, so that .also to find the position of the point p, the length p j must be laid off in ] the section from ec” to p”. The section of the wash is drawn twice in Pig. 982 b, so as not to.mix the aiding lines. men opal sont ib tote a no ebnote ae Lesogylog? ta wotaq <- 6 imeryg s atocetstai aafrg & ,b8ek) aa0t [anoaylog 5 Gash. to ala edt. eevig bod s €8@ «BEt al .(s FOS oa sasetax daew sdt dotdw wott ,sasd sds Yo fadt er\5 Bere pane ete enogyfog dtod So efatog egos edd datiG 2 sfo evedt bas woled esad ok Yo eeods “add ,fotisvelte oe ~ydoew edt) Yo oybo ont gattsotin:: d @ enkfL edt evods weyers a -mouit eoustcth evces: .d eall of? ylistacsizod bts t¢nieog/ edt dysordt husnew coeds ,dese ocs to édrnied } on yteta eit Yo eebla Lenopetoc eat to eelbbia eds otoneb i to etaieg eat ovin § { epil etdt Bo eaotiogvaseto: efd edt ‘bas ~noystoo ods to eebta eft dtin desu edt to aot eras ell @ aale Sis ai. Jd word. werk cost -Sontaneseh eta “Lf ‘ayelo ect se Leotéxev'a toets bre ,e © onit adt of 2 ©. oF be ott at *L L enil edt etuo dsi¢w ,m aoitoeetednt ods wort atin getial ef% to secitoecreset edt .n wort Iétaoat«od & dotdwite etantog eft o18 taig Laaogetoo edi Jo eeghe i xawenze /a¢ntog edt ditw eeedt yritocnacg .dsen edt ao teen Ve id ae -aeoktoratenoe edt caetelqnoo Save? a-ten: setidoas' ot msok! bavesg ono wort goléienss? emsa edt SB endt bas .g COO -3LF at navik Joneam ody af sham od Vaelinte ef acitsainecsige: L[eotdqesg off .atot benoit gas ot 0) Rao \ ; eseeee ile ionosts00 ak dotdy to. aso .sasdseu begede yitastetteo owl .¢ /@8eso fose .1sdto dose goseiedar Laoiisev isddo eit ona sien behi{pos.& oo. qote dust) yertooh 8 To) arsdzea, edd: aodn Db caaeste g@ wd baseveo ysetoob s ef dows baild sehrel « ak Bf wae yedd sooatetat letnti edt to esadmem odd seddt oe ,fotnef @ dein nobuin yrsctht0\ 0s ak ascw so ,do1s edd to dmst ent to ‘ /Sntved: to bastent 184 moaned fateosivod, edt ,xeor enote pkiipom gizb yrsenrds0 as ddin bemsct ef ritaum eet to notices 2) a ; 1% [ Do: if \ a wi ae. pw kane } -contem sag G .dwat eds to atedwom of¢ to netq odtod » FOR RIT Bod eixe @ 28e “BIG oi dotdn yeaad ext bo efitorqg sdi od d be $ eenki edd wath of ¢2atS ai 21 190709 eartdo edi bawote * ain of aud? bea ,cotsevole bre aalq of geliiorg ated yd etatog dou .aottocersent do sents. off entmreted tad? etatoq . yee. te Rent gabuebiod sm sopbe odt doidw ak oeodt Bobet Bh sine : bitoni 19860 edt to beri: eGt exitte sont ex0d iy, wae £ nas me ON ay ot sotttos [fiw besertnen eoes0 edt to sexrrt sdT ,o¢s ho tS et Oe ns ponte Mit uy 299 4, - pier of polygonal section stands on @ wash of a ‘differs polygonal form, i.e., a prism intersects a pyramid (Figs. 983. 983 a). In Fis. 983 a bie d gives the plan of the pier and i ¢ is that of the base, from which the wash rises. First the angle points of both polygons are brought into the elevation, thus those of the base below shad those of the pier above the line h h indicating the edge of the washs then draw horizontally the line i, whose distance from h inddestees shel height of the wash, then upward through the points a k ad, that — denote the middles of the octagonal sides of the pier, so that the intersections of this line 1 1 give the points of intersect- ion of the wash with the sides of the octagon, amd the edges eo 1” are determined, Then draw from b in the’ plan a line parallel to e f to the line e a, and erect a vertical on the elevation from the intersection m, which cuts the line 11’ in n, and then @ horizontsl from n, the intersections of the latter with the edges of the octagonal pier are the points at which these edge rest on the wash. gonnecting these with the points 1 already . found completes the construction. ¥ The same transition from one ground form to another may also i. be made in the manner given in Fis. 983 b, and thus according to any sround form. The graphical representation is pienscrsk: ‘in all cases. 5. Two défferently shaped members, one of which is hortzontelll and the other vertical intersect each other. Such cases occur when the members of a doorway jamb stop on a moulded ‘base, or- if-in a larger blind arch is @ doorway ‘covered by a straight “q lintel, so that the members of the lintel intersect the members — of the jamb of the arch, or when in an ordinary window with a Stone cross, the horizontal transom bar instead of having the section of the muntin is fonmmed with an ordinary drip moulding, — etc. The first of the cases mentioned will suffice to explain the method. @ Let Pig. 984 a be the plan of the members of the jamb, Fig. 984 b be the profile of the base, which in Pig. 984 a extends around the obtuse corner. It is first to draw the lines fofmed a ‘by both profiles in plan and elevation, and thus. to select those points that determine the lines of ingSersection. Such points are those in which the edges or bordering lines of the Separate mem= bers that strike the profile of the base, on in which the edges © : i >. ~ yore me ty co 1: ies ’ 3 < rn’ ; Na oa ca A fe ta ” 7 one 4 a ‘eae ar sans: oft to ‘pace i PH T° oie ps vipaeedae est dotiw at esodt ,evedmem bervisoes déin by te g is 280 ytd nt gL x ore botd teakt ed? to stmtoe (¢ ebbs ote ezeds of .d t a o Yried baid daoves eds to oe bentt (eaNene: oft fo noitantnsoted Josxe etom sod hesrinp | eget at 6s vac .b tatog off enimieteds of .2 O88 Rit : p pan. ,2eluotbocqteq 6 *b te toens ,°2 ot “es mott d SEO .9kB at | . -ed@: to enif eds etuo onil atdt esxodr tatog edd dyvoadt a oenen te woliavele odd ai fsinosivos e wath ,eesd sf2 to oS @ale eid? to notsooaretei ott podt bas {O88 .g8t) sdytod ie ou eds avin ,*h yS betaspteod 289 wyit xt Letnostrod edt _ “ae taiog odt of {fiw nei¢d eft ai Q taktog edt csguodds | jssekh xaivgasdoor esodu ,f taioa edd ealateten of eaiwedid rth ogee ‘i of “s) wort noisoon edt ni ,anig ni a & eatk end coat cute eoat? ezed ent to efitorg edt e2uo tadée fz2otscev a ‘A at a beds duds bas ,aottievets odd ni anets o46 enoiteeetotni saeif r ’ \ ri } ah ay r le fy Ae 3 ad i Pgh + Loe vo. any wee i vi TF ee pus Gauordt elsoitsov ed¢ dsin serif teal of2 Yo anolioonaet ‘e a0 t taliog edt .b@8 .gtt at “d ,‘d ,*d etateog hoeriuper edt bs ooetsist edt sori soisevele edt ul etivess eno gaethnogeertoo } dédw-oeed edt Yo siitorg odd to henteonod ontl epee odd to un cats ee gpalhsooos s 28S +328 ot i dewoad? awseabh se lvoibneqteq fi edet eed oesd edt to eLitowg edt es hrsox edt eonta tu8 88 a 8 gwenil edt nods ,e2noitibis {ed nos itod yd noticelorq tessesR 4 bo eaaut Er ontt edé ditw feotinehit soa oss acttavefe odd of % RK dtist dosd sez et sectiY edi of xelbeogeedtoo anif meafq oft dud Puteted ti s s enti asig edt mort eepaseare eidt tedt o2 beohst — Ma fh at. Renseoace basoz o8¢ to x sadneo edt Bo soustaib ext yd he rane ei ooneteib eids esotenect -*a*s oclf sd mort aotioes aes tf eatl bettoh edt ane td ei oteds wfgeibeooos fac ,osiq ott uk b odatoq Seed? ,o 0 o of swat ene te efitorg ott eediate dotde f eveis fo enotfoceredtni edd endt Fae ,nolttevelo oft ni nweard } tayo es arog Sit eviy bavow odd? Yo sent! tebyed edd Ktiv so ae pee O16 Boys00 ed? to egricunizged edd spoidw yd ,*o*o ae) os edd. to sitsqg otesteqes ‘edt etewede’at bawor et dotdw ——_—” | pei eevaro aidt to tatoy emecttxe ed? eninweteh of .desf odd bd? mott baa noltavele edt of Leoitctov & o woth werd qu. tatog “ade oa .of of ssotos Let gos itu ® hnvod ents Yo x extseo ‘ Sh: ae reat tatoc 68% sevig aenil stood Yo aotsosuaret i spe doh sath Pipe ye bi -eooknae J oft wet Eee hawviei ye featoukad A ’ 4 « airy) "a. A gle ; a ie i gai Om ar "" M11 AS “4 SY i i i a : \ » ‘ Fy, onal s ah oe Ea ' an 600 or bordering lines of the base cut the profile of the: jamb, oe with recurved members, those in which the curves intersect. ‘Points of the first kind are k @ 1h in Fig. 984 a} points of the second kind being ¢ mi b. To these are added.those re-. quired for more exact determination of the curves, like = g in Big. 984 a, To determine the point d, draw ad in the section in Fig. 984 b. from a” to a’, erect at d” a perpendicular, and through the point where this line cuts the line of the profile of the base, draw a horizontal in the elevation at the same . height (Fig. 984), and then the intersection of this also with c the horizontal in Fig. 984 designated by 4”, with the veeioel through the point g in the plan will be the point sought. Likewise to determine the point h, whose rectangular distance from the Q@ine a a in plan, in the section from a’ to h’ rasoheul in h’ a vertical that cuts the profile of the base three tices These intersections are drawn in the elevation, and thus the in- tarsections of the last lines with the verticals through h are the required points h’, h’, h’ in Fig. 984. The point i or ac corresponding one results in the elevation from the intarsection of the @@ge line concerned of the profile of the base with the | perpendicular drawn through i in Fig. 984 a according to Fig. 984, But since the round in the profile of the base has received greater projection by horizontal additions, then the lines 6 and 7 in the elevation are not identical with the line 1 in the plan, put the plan line corresponding to the first is set back farther, indeed so that this distance from the plan line a a is determin= 9 ed by the distance of the centre x of the round concerned in the "i section from the line a%a”. Therefore this distance is laid off in the plan, and accordingly there is drawn the dotted line 10, which strikes the profile of the jamb in 0 0 @, these points are drann in the elevation, and thus the intersections of these Lin- | es with the border lines of the round give the points sought at o’0”, by which the beginnings of the curves are determined, in which the round intersects the separate parts of the profile of the jamb. To detemmine the extreme point of this curve, ‘or the point m, draw from m @ vertical to the elevation and from the centre x of the round a horizontal across to it, so that /theoip- i tersection of both lines gives the point sought. 2. Cornices. 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T9906 aed By. ea pete tasntaobsrg af sthefiot défiw befitt déssn ; ~oi aah | yeeotatoo Lagteatiq. eiftod , ane eslesiaiin; Dicheobee add ,sotaioo sedte mieve ait £) désensd. fisu sdt to sost edd gwéb buiaagt wort rotan 8 estos ok soduioo teens add toy aeDstaas thus of. vebas A aie orate enantenie:. vridananass y Ve a ry batt AA? AGIA SA PRR AS pee Vw eo eae aa 5 t 601 Romanesque main cornices. In countries where Romanesoue traditions remained nohin th cornices of the Romanesque style sometimes showed a great mass of corbélled members, but in general the ‘principal cornice ag. 4 well as the belt cornices at this time had already assumed a a Simple and clear expression. There predominates either the round or the cavetto (Fiss. 985, 986), or the round and cove succeed each other in rhythmic sequence. The clearest and most. copcaull ‘ive succession of mouldings to be obtained in the last way, =i be the combination of two roundu with & middle cove (Fig. 987). and it has also been enployed in manifold variations. It is preferred to term the last moulding an inverted.Attic base. Although a course of development from the Attic to the mediaeval base may be fbllowed, the assumption of inserting this member for a crowhing one is somewhat strong, and as we think is also entirely unnecessary. If usually there was an ol deavor to place round and cove beside each other, which Rouanes=| que art has done in every vnossible sequence, it was so sebf ow ident, that one must hit on this form, indeed on account of ‘ties a near simplicity in the first line, that to explain its origin | t does not require the traditions of the Attic base at all, so ¢ that at most a certain facility in its use could be derived fhe erefrom,. ) Those simple mouldings as shown by Figs. 985 to 987 eréinot sufficiently important for prominent belts or main ‘cornices, e¢ even if ornamented, and therefore subordinate members are usual- ly added, that consist of continuous slabs or bands lying in t ~ the surface of the wall, a frieze interrupted by small piers { (Rhenish works), and corbels (especially in Burgundy) or the a arched frieze employed on German works with such preference. j The mantfold treatment of the Romanesaue cornice transfers : itself to Gothic, in the lower members particularly developed 4 in ‘brick Gothic, while the art of cut stone rather returns to the upper continuous members and especially to thé :cavetto be- neath filled with foliage in predominant places. Gothic principal cornices. bike everw other cornice, the principal cornice must iprevent water from running down the face of the wall beneath it. ‘Already — the under surfaces of the Greek cornice in reference to this technical requirement gg either oblicuely undercut, as in the id ee River a Piatt agen vie . ae : £08 vive rete hes ogith soften 8: ee 20 (ee shi) sabre oft0d axe a8 seiveb of bevteaen si caw Tie otato9 oF tue (0a? p woR woh «(002 .9if) exoqteq: eidd to toomlrtint edt) mot bae § sizon yneo ys hwoderet eseqicg isd7 ao hebasasb sot elds 40 $nittrotebny sat dotiw'ao ,yaoue9e aistze0 6 ditin ber @) ean gutrev09 toot sdi to akbs bektoeporg eds yd. beaaot 6 betetenco sattel edt statessit fos .cotatceo edt tot anon Wo mods ¢2 .(i.00 Br) odvoveo Sue Sued to. teisedo bas baed cipal getan edt to List sat eyvorst oF gottoust eds ylad apg 2 fad bfvon daentasad nedorn yus fot .ffex edt to soat yOu! . sew ti anelne .toos odd. So obbe 9a te ewobseda sdf vd Piated tasicitice te soative Lactizev s ys) doses tisds rout y due , fak#necao ms as OGG -ard aie based: edd Hedinuct ysanod’ y to astesd od? of teatéaoo ot eotc tc toor te emtox fiove ifs et eos yilsiens: dor’n ak ,2e0trso0o aiebem to septtus obve St to Raysew sat xd belsoonco snols toa ai eabe tegag ey noiieab Hos no) Wi etcted g0rz068 setdun berifnat as zd) asve tod ,icor tna agg eben et evendortt {la ose ,(rotan to Levouer to Jago 6 node BP oftevso tdossbes of s basd L[eoktrsv ead yd gaG ti b sotey aniveres to oO efit tead¢ vpusnaweb. satcos ais Ripe sabied ou? sbellitivt y{lectoa 9d neo mint est ys bess i ‘@uHs ,point0s edt to aha ett bletos ellaxsas2 besd a | . SOO 2559 mh as bemiet nn | ~ephe te Gixh dtiw ottearad Bit -(eee ot O2e snatt) ydercev saelbae as sved avedmen edt be BIT yd anode al elitoxg tesiftes edd ton Tk comnmoD. sso :. $usooos no ;tuo ef ofssveo 8 dofdw mk ecole ods ylistosga me ebonoisasa ed| tatit yaw tf wot eforte baa seelo: att Fost oad 20 nbrared dotdn .porssoexe nk seeq yd bebusmas I uiNebibon sestsoe avuiata sit areth of asi tedduosnote aoe bie eds wad? .tetel deboouw od of wantdloom yi bevonot et do ite bdt oF R&tbroose sotteL sdf ok deo sarvkh ck J 5 sosiwca p ralugaats? no suotlio .gelsgnetoer » obsa ei oftevso edd Yo ne )selposto gotnksmet sdf todd Sos .2 y r9 10 8 6 Oo Rott vont wso' ods to ont odt bas sttvete oft to ashie ott nosnted vote to ogtesd sdt micyiseasora yiieressg ef tI) sbevowet web. ot bas ,cottudoxe to sbow. edt fasoooe ovar stat of sso ywerout .adson tevinoencda edd ae yaw Siwse odd at eltt retin fae atengetes vaey odd at “ava teom bobkove = -aatot i Sa APLC RAGS ABS OE NE SecA ere, ee NO ae i Fri eed ie TS ie ti 3s 0% dz ane 3 603, : Doric order (Fis. 988) or has a water drip as in the Tonic 989). But to Gothic art was it reserved to devise an art form _ @nd from the fulfilment of this purpose (Pig. 990). Bow much a this form depended on that purpose éspshdéws by many works execu- ted with a certain economy, on’ which the undercutting or drip formed by the projecting edge of the roof covering was supertl~ uous for the cornice, and therefore the latter ‘consisted of onl: band and chamfer or band and cavetto (Fig. 991). It then had o a Only the function to remove the fall of the water beyond the f face of the wall. But any vicher treatment would be uncertain q by the shadows of the edge of the roof, unless it was removed. from their reach ‘by a vertical surface ef sufficient heisht, t q thereby resulted hee band 4 in Fig. 990 as an essential part ofa all such forms of roof cornice in contrast to the design of ps- sude antique or modern cornices, in which generally the ‘very da q delicate upper edge is not alone ‘concealed by the margin of the 4 roof, but even by an inclined gutter hanging before it (on acc= ount of removal of water), and all richness is made unrecceningig cBat by the vertical band a the undercut cavetto is then again — moved scofar downward, that the function of removing water ‘indix cated by its form can be actually fulfilled. The height of this | -band generally equals the vrajection of the cornice, thus: being formed as in Fis. 992. Gavetto with drip at edge. i 3 The members have an endless variety (Figs. 990 to 999). The ; most common if not the earliest profile is shown by Fig. 992, : especially the slope in which a cavetto is cut; on account of = [ ‘its clear and simple form it may first ‘be mentioned. It-is rec- ; ommended by ease in execution, which depends on the fact, that the stonecutter has to dress the minimum surface possible, whi- ‘ ch is removed by mouldings to be wrought later. This the oblicue surface a‘t is first cut, ‘in the latter accordis to the size 4 7 of the cavetto is made a rectangular, oblique or triangular sin- j king c deorecf sae, and thus the remaining circular segments — : ‘between the sides of the sinking and the line of the cavetto are removed. It is generally necessaryyin the design of every member | to take into account the mode of execution, and to draw the pro- ‘file in the same way as the stonecuiter works. Thereby can be ; avoided most certainly the very difficult and satiny effective ‘forms. ets | . oii vk aia rth tek: 8 Fellatio: of $y thr0ods -ofgteaoant. ek ottevao edt Yo seiemsih edi of 3 se mort milnaet tad? .0 & eometect edt etote edd Yo onutac 6 pia mth. 0 etsotoslt ys ~tesd gatpasdieve edt te seeaiol ¢ to e\t = 6 8 dtbiw s bofsaptach od yam Gimil tewol eds a “Yo stqen edt mogneise ef Lefvetam edd ot Raibsoood od 6 ” tene e@s0 Of Gi «ets aeS ett ke eotedo edt endt bas ,otte soil 3 ¢sd¢ oc ,liexr edd? to ocad edd batded hnetxe ostev ers at eff flew vam satog atds oLidw ,f d eatl ods esta otteveo edt to eulbss ocd 86: bite extaeo oft to col A .melfens so tofeetR ea d e tetmedo tewol edt So dtbir ods Vato 6 ban 0 0 * 6 e+ 9.8 TE adivaen nettnegotg Yiotostal Ny) } “Fi, ) edt to colsousreiat ona wd Sento? sogbe off .€ : 8 26 tuods e baa ~atod walwyaetees edt nistem seed nelmado eds diéw otte ‘a ‘aa pal cl eda es tat ov efdizeimseg vino ef gxet betatog mn o-atimieg enote edt Yo misty oo Lose eit to sostaine edt at eflat & tafog edt -saso sl adeg osvevso ody Sus bedtime od asm slitota edt to tusq 19 geomots sav! ‘@ ut igo bated sicteisdd .soatiea Lsortreay ent to-e9st edt co f x duo fesnos riod & yd fa9% setvodtf yas tagino gatiasos & wd ober ed aro sottisased odd reddt07 batosg tedé,acr03 ssdoit at Oavoz @ yd to ,9 4 ieirado odd nk yem-eidt so (2 SOQ .Bk3) ostever.odt to evino add motte used ts aap sstmetio stegel sit oefe egdT .(d SOO .2akt) tadt Anersttts edd to noitentdmos gas as {E62 .gif)*teonshan e a | 19900 yer aveda betsotiakt abdod q bic? | seelitorg taiast B odd ud o8.,esct aei0is » eviaces oasis yar 338s weqaqg ETP fo 6.30 (SCC att) oo Sos a2 @ axetnsdo ont edt to aots o yirginot sass enctereds ain s astmado ect .cttevan 6 baw git6 ..notse oleseceqe thas edt eeitiovwi JL-eonte ,oidetrret n oct to gnivévonebau [stoege & #8 dads has aise neddo. eid? seagthlivoa edt uost baad teqgn eds setsieges sotnte9 h dgcot Go onkitoo ed¢ wrot yem SOQ .grt at aoktosa agosto of a e dee .€e2 e8ntd of govig atzot s9fvog bus tedoit add 102 ota bas ,aiton netizes moth asiat -yisrlisne ous wsttel edt 08 oy at aut teeny yievon Jey ..st bedotede aenil edt yd ' Siaauaiee SVI8R Yet rodt has Settel edt 90 hse prantand dye ae babs Tey ie) ay a te ; ASR wa ae bh - Se ee sin BS qmedoe Lecitdemoss ¢ otat meds gaind of beidqmedte) Se Spe eae may likewise rest by a horizontal cut k 1 on the face-of the wal ‘from the curve of the cavetto (Fig. 992 a) or this may intersect by the lines sketched in. Yet no very great value is to be ple- eed on the latter, and they may serve rather merely to assist | vie se bt Nh EO lad a hal at aN AD Met lea sree y FERS AS NAN en cli To establish a definite proportion of the chamfers ae aa to the diameter of the cavetto is impossible. Abcordimg to th nature of the stone the distance ac, that results from the th- ickness of the overhanging part, may increase or diminish. As the lower limit may be Westgneted a width a h = 1/4 of the wia ab. According to the material is arrangem the depth of the co etto, and thus the choice of its centre. In no case must the ca- vetto extend behind the face of the wall, so that g lies behind | the line b i, while this point may well lie in it. From the cho- ice of the centre afidiof the radius of the cavetto also veseiiall the width of the lower chamfer e b as greater or Smaller. A seta isfactory proportion results if ac +e b = ¢ e and a c'is + cb abs about as 5 : 8. The edges formed by the intersection of ‘the ose etto with the chamfer best retain the rectangular form, and ane pointed form is only permissible so far as the strength and tine! grain of the stone permits... . a In case the point ¢ falls in the surface of the wall, the low- er part of the profile ican be omitted and the cavetto pass into the vertical surface, therefore being cut in s lower-stonescIt Purther the transition can be made by a rounding oninstead of the chamfer be, or by a round in richer forms, that prajects ~~ that (Pig. 992 b). Thus also the lower chamfer can afteruards be undercut (Fig. 993), as any combination of the different me= thods indicated above may occur. : Varied profiles. 4 The ppper edge may also receive a richer form, as by the add- ition of the two chamfers 2 n and o n (Fig. 992) or a chamfer and a cavetto. The chamfer a n-is therefore particularly charac- teristic, since it typifies the indispensable water drip in all other cornices, and that as a special undercutting of the roof — cornice separates the upper band from the mouldings. This simp-— le cross section in Fig. 992 may form the outline or rough shape for the richer and nobler forms given in Figs. 993, 994,’ and 995. The latter are antirely taken from earlier works, and we have attempted to bring them into a geometrical scheme as indicated — the besinner. AM ir tO | i 3 nf eR pet, ae iy yey Wetents & tn8 ‘gh i : “nt been ed of ox yodt bar. ceed yea ai eborastat va pe yaltooenes ones ed? elfen Lbtaiog nelobitasg rot « xiao rs yiakog aeeods qLeert @ work #ouvmse et of et sefste pdt beboost¢ esoltdérob eitheoorg feel ed8 skasdcest? awazh oi geurts eren ecdo18 [ra sodr reve ,aobtentioreieoh Lsoitie iy ape Lewades eft yd Sevdowesod etatog ort eeaaaqmog oat ° a eds oale basot zenktence ate aitcow r9kives ott a0 beds gaat. o8 .si woled sedmem sd? wort Sodetaqer sghe todo ; i elqnaxe ga’ -qirh o25¢ tokbasdtsvo sat Faoggee ud ead tod | ia add to beost saow eis To sotatoo ed? yo Detasesta ea tt" (0008 .ax%) emteds sas eit pidtoS vist to yilueluotirsg bus aelktotg yosw 19 sat ot basd eft to sabe soqqn Odd wort bertetemes ak or at edt esiivest éxadd ted¢ o@ .faote no Bad To 23bs r8sNd pd yinelvotexes 8 yd bedetoenttelf at dokar ,d00 QET ak ano i enobeds to toerie a | -e0bates afar 1ecoe4 J atoe 6tg toot sd? to e456 sdf & See bas POL -aaiT of euat eet $607 08 ,byoo 8 To edsew yo [lew Std To gost ods baey fe ao Ruthbiuow basosa & yd coed Jee ef gyno * ookerot qiib as 2 ry te somtoi odd setetin£ cotses eis easog Tadf{quks eid al pho acids? qitotste gnitsnoisins edt sents to .{VEC 259) elfoe noc bo seed? saqot tacrettin « sevieoes Fi .asonttisqes stent Bianco qodt Srodx Seteotbat yileiosgee eas se0fatos te aytot = wie? gt onfs ae ,gedto doses so ariyl seragcs siow to ons To } aentiouce $8¥ .oLitowq two sti eed dato dose gedd of . VR ot “ent to goktsool oft to faohseqedat «ft olitorg odd to e102 6 Uno déie sedwem seidas oid atoeateicl tosial oat bas bia seed. sotiel edt «(20 -249) abba ads to mrad. Lotline sede vie dnebasqeb ea .betatog sdf gotveet ,atot talvgantoet dv shicitcohaen end to aaah ay ade wo foe esnoda godt to eoneters me . . pee xe age eds étiw saltas odd sofnies to axtol tesota ody’ al / bas. eqseta sao yd \bevtoqgee yileteqes ef ottevao dnote etn seeit .eoveef yd bol{kt yltieq 16 yosktad ef tadd kthgord soussiogut Latatowmte [svtea ns aitow terface edt a0 ved elon COOL: wgkt intgvaw teqgn Oss aeddgngste of Soci odd gencoed Serpasens: etom hata tus d 604 But a slavish adherence to any such network of lines must bd injurious in any case, and they are to be used in detebuiniage only a few particular points, while the same connecting cavetto. either is to be struck from a freely chosen point, :or is to be drawn freehand. @he last procedure doubtless preceded the geom- etrical determination, even when all arches were struck with the compasses from points determined by the scheme, On the earlier works are sometimes found also the undercut outer edge separated from the member below it, so that the lat-~ ter has to support the overhanging edge drip. An example ‘is a presented by the cornice of the west faced of the cathedral et 4 Rheims (Fig. 1000). s On many profiles and particularly of Barly Gothic, the under- cutting is transferred from the upper edge of the band to the a lower edge of the cut stone, so that there results the form sh- own in Fig. 996, which is distinguished by a particularly bnld effect of shadows. Richer main cornice. i Thus in Figs. 991 and 991 a the edge of the roof projects ve yond the face of the wall by means of a cove, so that also the ~ drip forming a cove is set back by a second moulding beneath ite In the simplest case the latter imitates the former at a smaller scale (Fig. 997), or since the undercutting strictly taken is here superfluous, it receives a different form. These compound a forgs of cornices are especially indicated where they consist 7 of two or more courses lying on each other, as also in Figs. 997, so that each course has its own profile. Yet sometimes the form of the profile is indspendent of the location of the 50inee and the latter intersects the entire member with only 2 ara the skilful form of the ed¢e (Fig. 999). The latter best suits the rectangular form, leavins the pointed, as dependent on the _ resistance of the stone and on the weight of the ashlars lying on it. - y In the richer forms cf cornice the ashlar with the upper und- — ercut cavetto is generally supported by one steeper and flatter, — that is entirely or partly filled by leaves. These latter have « on the earlier works an actual structural importance and serve @ to steengthen the upper margin, Figs. 1000 and a in Fig. 1001. 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The ‘bore of this gutter tehen has a parapet on the more richly formed - cornice in order to make access easier. The arrangement of th gutter thus leads to widening the upper surface of the wall, and the load of the balustrade requires a strons support by the ‘low er cavetto. The walk is then set back from the outer edge of ‘4 the upper part of the cornice, and this upper margin receives the form of a wash. a» Instead of foliage, these cavettos are also sometimes filled — q by figures cut from the mass of the ashlar (Fig. 1002(, cornice beneath a gallery on the south bower of Strasburg Minster. 4 Belt courses, parapets and hoods. a Besides the architectural problem to separate two parts of t the wall lying over each other, to crown the lower or serve as q & support for the upper, there comes in question here mouldings, for which the problem is almost entirely to cause water to drip off. Hither they have to allow a sreat amount of collected water to run off (like cornices beneath window parapets),or they have portions of the wall beneath them, or also to protect dangrerous ‘joints from falling water (for example hoods). Formation of the edge drip. Therefore these mouldings as a rule require anstrongly shaped wash or a drip, sinee they may be lacking on main cornices with — projecting margin of the roof; but to change such a roof cornice | as shown by Figs. 992 to 999 into one of the preceding kind, tsa conversely from the profiles given under Figs. 10038 to 1007.Ri 1003 to 1008 contain some transformations of the proportion of projection by the form of the upper edge. The most of these pro- files show projections equal or approximately equal to the height, only those are exceptions to this proportion in which by the om- ission of the lowest member occurs a reduction of the height. : This most easily results by extending the overhanging part a in | Fig. 1000 downward, so that by the addition of a cove tangent to the face of this member results the form-in Fig. 1003 and - that of Fig. 1004 by retaining the compound member given in Fig 1000. Both forms are taken from the west front of the church at Haina. This extension of the marsin may further occur by addi- tion of & round or of an entire or half ogee hollow to the chan—— ‘fer a b in Fig. 1005. If then in this case the centre of this . ere is “ , y yh f ie My a Ai . os 4 ‘ Pd if " 7 ' Oe ao ae i >. 7: : ; ysiy toe Cee ae, 2") be ry 7 hat rd puset6 F irae: et ae os On bane pes ‘Bd pate lined : an 2007 ad to ovaoo: odd ot. spegeet eyino telt a ot dese Als pQ00F 4948 ni novis! |) aes iistootetiee bexztelae, us to dineer emeo edt y yifewas tiokdy dors hetniog s sttevso edd aniism yd teor 2 88 sQ00L 23h ak owode ef 3h jroamedidhl at eedownds te 6 efrgathloos oft sedan ,boatsite tipest eens. at ylevia mi Ose ,teltze. ods to soetine teban Leteosizod edt at tn0 a ) -gtb {oon medio ta totmedo)s est, smote sft Yo obs tnost encoed. oefs yan noitoe{ioug ect Yo ankdsegere odd end? ost 98.6 sost as .facw odd to gotéscifons, seeeel a yo vases fpenbeesss geass t©..060 «3fU cro of d. moat? to cOOL) at4 ‘gatsece: J ends weqau edt vedtodm ogota edt to exten | $b foanedo odd yd efaae tata s sbam od ot 2k 10 def t eve Pebiotie efieaso etdt af soraiataus tesd eat «Sean oad Gy 4 Bato Loos a2k0° 19 anvOT 8 as anthfigon teqqa eddy to at02 y Pct $e bentiouk desw @ wode vidaow «enki anibsosig aif _ aot bavowy odé. wort beasde ap bedie20"% sd ysm yodt tedd ee pa oeis yeu sott)el edd godd Oot ,vilenognih ton esason iaoo: eeciw GOO! «oft 'ni cnoda ee Lerstieliups ost ye = a, ~feyvts goril antote ed? soetines ebteat edt arob aqua: gad? getacei6 set? t to goktoont: sit ,stowoltscote eXil efzeq teLisca ynen ag Pyeke ats) batbloom a{ttri edd srsda ,detoeiyen ai cess 3 ss 408 wkete odt oF Dodoetia ek eocttaa Letneostied snd dtin toned bas .potbivom sdi wolsd icd ovods toa neil caret oad Bes onis conte .acokiviai ed Joraso aosizse Lefacsiaed odd p wods «woled bobivoig od ton Sisor dasa siofquoo « neve ofa1 soe getzedo a 2s bebteae1 od of tedder ai 8 vs bnsot deaw Ra, Bani . 29268 taoTr ebook gods -etecaisg to agso sd? Sita etéw fe1tt te eA peaus Bantolvow boodseqo1g sds of saiwedil esifqqa Siee gat je duet) tedott neve to .aisidad bedinoest ,etebiss svods a0 pee ati oovis aolito1g odd botine o78 eecogieg doca to} -sanib poe ptekiase aevig seeds to Soeq ad flow ee ,COCL. of FOOL ee sBeetvoo t1o8 siduibde (peets0o tied yd Gomwene cele ste smtot ease sAt ‘te tod ,esivota (syevee ai egniolind to asoalt sit ote ne er et ) beato®- 018 sette!l odd at ,ffiea sat to saated s1ttse sas 2 to > woftent{onl emss edt. dtiw @ bes 5 .o atfed odd s9bn0 290. =F ae Na to satyab eit etatif{tost sedt soidu ,oter. edd ayobh Sofannt seten od? ylasluottast) .lian ‘Qetviab ed? .tied dose yd tto swowdstad Lhiw a ri Bink ; Fr a ta tila my Ree y Heo, . «7kib rsgtsl eft to tagg iZ as (gmedt: nofed ssostase [fen odd 925d qoext of svree onid ed Jefe0 sevisbh ates edd mi elrdw co? -wode e LOL ,sfor ae Sd tom e00 LLew edt tentexe Aosd. | 607 Patent ‘Particularly commonly are found such forms on the offsets of the buttresses, where sometimes the wash inclined at 45° may a seem too weak to transfer the load from above to the under and larger surface, but on the other hand made necessary the fora | ation of this wash in two blocks, and hence the arrangement. of. @ bed dividing them became necessary (a bin Pig. 1019). But a with a less steep form the latter would have had too acute an- © gles at a. On English works is sometimes found the joint made £ easier by fillets, chamfers or undercuttings, that break the surface of the wash and afford a right angle for the blocks. (Fig. 1(0 a). The same stsep wash is sometimes found on the sills of church windows and finishedcatithecinside edge with a shallow channel (c in Pis. 1010), which prevents the water . from dropping that runs down the inside surface of the window. On many smaller parts like crossflowers, the function of the ; wash is neglected, where the little moulding (ain Pig. 1041) with the horizontal surface is attached to the stem, But here ~~ the ‘joint lies not above but below the moulding, and therefore q the horizontal surface cannot be injurious. Since also as a : rule even a complete wash would not be provided belonx, thus the @ wash found at a is rather to be regarded as a chamfer of the a front edge. Hoods. 3 As at first were mentioned the caps of parapets, then everyth- ing said applies likewise to the proper hood mouldings, that oc- cur above reliefs, inscribed tablets, or even richer jamb moul- 1 dings. For such purposes are suited the profiles siven in Biss. 1003 to 1008, as well as part of those given cartier. a Belt courses. 4 The same forms are also assumed by belt courses, which indic- ate the floors of buildings in several stories, but at the same time serve to keep dry the wall surfaces below them, as Pigs. a 1012, 1012 a show. For while in the rain driven under b strikes - the entire height of the wall, in the latter ere formed dry ple- | ‘ees under the belts c, d and 6 with the same inclination of the rain, which then facilitate the drying of the remainder of the : 3 wall. Particularly the water running down the wall from above will bderthrown off by each belt. The driving efc *ropping water ‘back against the wall dees not occur-in &@ moderate wind on acc— ount of the larger drip. - i. pass oul To socecsatead megesta s va pit #6 rodtien dotdn etfod edt a0 .eebsitanfed to ageo cals @oetdus fstreten toiastat sedéors to xxowboow afotos datot cy i$ .acivelies to eebsitesisd to eqso edt sib ,ytoiat yess ee ‘wena ema ak Sus ,yiseeeoes ylevivsisqmi ed ot eocaso deaw, |G eC8OD .BIT at es costase [sdaostzod & yd heosiqet od ysa | ae ene o(@ €L0L_.of£3) bettino sd yam ¢uonedne edd ie one | | stoor #8 to soltoast re : edd Sie shis ot 2k toed adit to aslitiorg odd yItasnpen if 6 yifietcsqes fi ban .eleaivesew tnetettth owt neswted Sy edkh fade at totten on .fiew s Io eoet odd aniof, Toor s a i; arebom nt betoelyen asd noesn eft to eoitoesq Isnen ont | ‘pgntdeslt beet wat odlas. bre .1ottoetore aids ‘ermstoav ito gaeq esi to mottootosa Gdotie s yo tk eoslges ot Tdy m gostreg ston aet 8 of foot edt to molten, edt evods | Save yitoorts botreact giah dtiw died a yd Sengtadia aris Wee ous esd sean seolqute odd ni eodd dotdw .batnatot to sarf ge J getiluom off as [lew edd To cost eat of asoksalor i “%o elguaxe betas7t ylisefo yiov A .tk dgseusd dean odd ov 8 j y at gigaae .6 Xo dotodo sit te yteivoss sd? wo bavot st bard . e dd iw gobciw a hes toot edd to noitoant edd isvo osadn . fee | § bas saqif slides 6 si eoats gaihiInou edd .flen edt to pa i an Tr | stot ta rswoltsaoto 2 of a # . . -efisabasi .e1sdaem Sellod709 4) pittong. coves edd ni’ beatetnos yteq at ybsetla ots alsd109 me) 109 to atzaq eszond Ifs diin betagos od ot Ste sgert and? Btfovad asxol edd ands .sepauteciad 19 afennado sroqqns isdt == «hahaa edt ab antiisdsoo A .SOOL- oF OOOL . ee ~XQQ e8OF7 af S dizer Saf no ssolvioo gvogersg odd yd bons? neddint ef ean ee set of ak (Sf0r 26%) sedeniw aradesite edt to slats iK ofoo dust od¢ Hosts dotdw tentsne [fsx sat Yo sost s98egoy teri ousds to esesd oft aoaly, bra tewol edt beoyed footor7 .. a © etadmen edt to ©8355 omesixe sit revo too asvs eangloo | a @ begoetca son ef ylynibroooa noitoetorg geal e2idé 10% . ae to soltaenidmoo edt xd esols estoqqve ti tud .gatileddoa / s@enote eotri0o Lebhaod eft to eno dtiw easd 2ifd io eno foo edt to seed paltoetoxq ofig Yo elitcorq belledtoo « -entéme od? .bebaetal yifsnipivo eqadteq aew dotdw bed a Ett /at tue .~notteotorg plod ati yi feette teory © vad in Chee so Sepadt: ving ef heebat nen istitused gc EN is ey a. 7 ‘ om 5 # ; met My) ‘4 Cam) o nt as ey Wh: Say ‘ ni a ae: : yr een ee : age NNT, a PU ee ‘joint adjoin woodwork or another inferior material subject to between two different materials, and it especially occurs where 608 | aK By @ steeper inclination of the wash these belts may become also caps of balustrades. On the belts which neither at the easy injury, ike the caps of balustrades of salleries, the wash ceases to be imperatively necessary, and in some ‘cases may be replaced by 4 horizontal surface asin Fis. 1013. ‘Also a the undercut may be omitted (Fig. 1013 - nike ’ Junction of a roof. Frequently the problem of the bect is to protect the joint a roof joins the face of a wall, no matter in what direction. The usual practice of the mason has neglected in modern archi- tecture this profection, and aside frim lead flashings has sou- ght to replace it by a slight projection of the part of the wall above the junction of the roof. In a far more perfect manner is” this attained by a belt with drip inserted directly over the 1 line of joining, which thus in the simplest case has the same relation to the face of the wall as the moulding b in Fis. 1010 a to the wash beneath it. A very clearly treated example of this kind is found on the sacristy of the church of S. Wartin in qas-— sel, where over the junction of the roof and a window with the © face of the wall, the moulding rises -in a gable line and ends in a crossflower at top. Corbelled members, Handrails. Gorbels are already in part contained in the given profiles. : Thus these are to be counted with all those parts of ‘cornices, . 7 that support channels or balustrades, thus the lower cavettos in Figs. 997.4 988,. 1000 to 1002. A -corbéelling in the proper se- nse is further formed by the parapet cornices on the north side aisle of the Strasbure minster (Pigs. 1014), in so far as the « upper face of the wall against which stand the jamb columns a, project beyond the lower and place the bases of these little 4 columns even out over the extreme edse of the member. q For this Last projection accordingly is. not arranged a proper | | eorbelling, but it supports alone by the combination of the str & one of this base with one of the bonded cornice stones. Here is @ @ corbelled profile of the projecting base of the columnis omit=- ted, which was perhaps originally intended. The entire design a has 2 great effect by its bold projection, but is still not ex- actly beautiful and indeed is only based on this, that since i: a » MET ery ee | x Ra ene re Pre ee | ; a : ir of an ¥ toad J OO rete teeay on abeen baol tuodtin flaw teqatsg yrevo go? pentstio ed of sew Ytenneoen vineorses to dthiw reas a qtoivetar oft at srobniw ect eroted hawets gnifmeixe ens pen Y gatyl eno dtiv nottoennoe af bheoely ed of ak garifedtos m edt dgcened yeibnetxe ehaows beifd edt bra , ebient sewol : sgatifedres fencetat ede ecoted faete enmrfoo ezodr ew Bd ddeened abalfledrco dona breot ove elsoe reste! 5 00 ‘yeo “gon? sbeizote ortine neve to ,sernociad te edexcut .ewob Dae es deta 10 nepico s to Letiqes edt motY deste restic aedé poe Seon odT {fan ost to eos! std nt antog « mort so ,adiqlug ti doqabeci gatifedios edd aenasigde eftnogeyneits seedd to aos | p ef wobniw yed edt to rool oft ae Bnibiooes .tedtaR Toot # wort efoetomg nsdd doidw .edele saote ozem to sno to hes *tathivom qiab bobivom s to mrot sft ni wobain eit to so8T iP ed?’ saoitostotg edd to eesm edd wo wetl bne .(CrOr spit 8 to autens? betcovat as es 9880 seolqmte edd at Ssasde es Wot ed teow cotienifont to elzae ett dud .(2r0r bie) hime’ * ‘Buooed ton ysa etoold edd to eslyns eft Sedt oe .qsetea yl ‘ }e10H ~enote edd to sonatdekeet oid yd beddiwrea nadéd otuos F) .medto dose co beoala aredmem ewoda Sntiledios edd yltnus org etiqteg exit eaiesd eltttl cortsaedd to Letbeditao sad 10 Sofiw ,e2eneextind Sniyl? edt evods efetsented toor oat moat soe Meksiteces 6ds yo beebut Lettaso a9iq 8 mord ssiste aati ledice Beeb ofievss & to woled Bnttetenom COO! .bifl ot nevig tedd to ih * m “erom .ett to asot odd ei lmeet eidd yo .woveel yd betst Beent yiev ond osm of: dows nevitie eed offd09 tedel odd of fs yd yiotiqnize teotesip oft dtin exyailisdroo gatssno90 yf hiw YEG oie no es couttswoe to dnowban eodtovao To solditeuqes tgemoe ,(EFOr-,\fOl .egt) santa? nt eeved eteviaq & Yo wob fg@msexe as doidw to eantbluom to eacttentcuos dJeedoiz edd atin oLfot eysris doom arsduom steteger ed? .QfOF .8fd ni awode si | ad Lison asidel odd bos .snifl Leqronixg baecwmoo to eflomte a by esot setegustor® yiisatkiso edt mort geiviste yd yllewiss evtaiies edateges ads ip to Checbasd odd seogtug Letooge « yd betivpes tedusm & 2A. Pi baot ed teom wdmon Seghontig edl eed bobalont ek acts 4 eudte bedeated neg .yow duetncvaes © nt basil) edd anil Bods nt etertoat SOF Bri af ea hentatis et ezograq eid > ot bas ,e1elies febacd oft nt tuo ome [fsx efit to Saas ts -0 > to ben ‘edd Eeoyed Ife ts tostotg ton ob es eal eh emis fee é ot v 4 , ’ h: \ al ae wai 4 a Wns a a 4 rid ve me Fae hw B af Ly AY oe Wee . Z ‘ om * ¥ Al J ‘iyi od 609 every parapet wall without load needs no great thickness, the upper width of masonry necessary was to be obtained for a pass-_ age extending around before the windows in the interior, by this corbelling is to be placed in connection with one lying conerball | lower inside , and the blind arcade extending beneath the vies ows, whose columns stand before the internal corbelling. @ On a larger scale are found such corbellings beneath bay win- dows, turrets or balconies, or even entire stories. They may 4 then either start from the capital of a column or pier as om p a pulpits, or from a point im the face of the wall. The most com mon of. these arrangements ekpresses the corbellins out of the | roof gutter, according as the floor of the bay window is copos- sed of one or more stone slabs, which them projects from the _ face of the window in the form of a moulded drip moulding (a in Fig. 1015), and lies on the mass of the projection. The latter is shaped in the simplest case as an inverted frustum of a pyr- amid (Fig. 1015). But its angle of inclination must be tolerab- ly steep, so that the angles of the blocks mag not become more q acute than permitted by the resistance of. the stone. More freg- ia ently the corbelling shows members placed on each other.’ a On the cathedral of Chartres little basins like pulpits proj- ect from the roof balustrade above the flying buttresses, whose corbellins starts from a pier capital indeed by the repetition — j of that given in Fis. 1000, consisting below of. a cavetto deco-— rated by leaves. By this results the form of Pig. 1016.: In the later Gothic has striven much to make the very frequent- ;, ly occurring corbellings with the greatest simplicity by a mere | repetition of cavettos undsrcut or sometimes as on the bay win- dow of a private house in Urfurt (Pigs. 101/,° 1018), sometimes with the richest combinations of mouldings, of which an example is shown in Fig. 1019. The separate members must always follow . | a simple or compound principal line, and the latter resilts most. naturally by starting from the originally rectangular form of the separate ashlars. 4 As 2 member reguired by 2 special purpose the handrail. of st- airs is included here. The principal member must be a round fil- ling the hand in a convenient way. for detached stone railings a this purpose is attained as in Fig. 102. Handrails in the face of the wall are cut in the bonded ashlars, and in certain cases do not project at all beyond the face of the wall, but are prod : 2 he : oes bh , at nf he ’ 4 , ae i by a i > - . i Mallia ‘/ f fs val ed 4 ’ Bi ik a a 4 eal - Bie tS eee WI tg Tie Mapee al HAY - (asot pi) ‘wo Daw! vial pra ape esvoo “ boowborg vl wf pene 8 te agdmem edt soeatsink eielces ont to etal ’ pew tg efitnifg edt to evedmev a ae iy ~dtatiq enpeensmok tHOOC Csike deew odd eebieed .botreq espeensmol odd al ap scot SSO .28k%) di Baioetgoer odtevac dali edd 10 “ch ta 10. ot fod to Bimemegnsims tasqqys ssecs astntse ga doundo eat | tad peed oittA edd of baogeet2a0 notte tedt ,ebsvor bas eyo A .ebatbluon to esitzvee vodots # sididxe asve somid aodtiw’ otteveo sit et astto ylielooitieg Zaitisooo slrio1g a adatdoondto és dosdo sit mort SSOP RAH of as désensd ue ot @f bos .mso00d te doivdo yistesnom edd wott « BSOL .glY bss ,pamtbhliod ofdtod ylied yasr of begaedoay seonfe Basot | t ett otdtos selquta yneu oi eiseqqset oale ti sascw a jo edt sont golitog wets! bas wetlzee ai (@ GS0f \eS0h .aptt ; es sdoodalt®, te tebeexelA «8 to do. . seuoilod so eensiq, beritoal ‘te @ottonc? edt beeestqxe yfteelo at ensdmex seadd al quay tostorg zo esokat0oo edd evil anor doa good Ji ,dtai . n odd te gasm woqgn eds to oxveserq edd ymiso oc asd gL sud @ sbnleins eoié moisoojorg edé woe od bus case asbeotd & of ao eqole elqmie sad xd bellitint yletates ote saoidonst eiblind sigate no bayolous:evewle teouls st exotesiedd fotde ide eidt to tanooos go eyion dois etinp ac neve senitemog has j ‘ge ti Sedenim bicdeeste edd no sasc odd eong bas .easntrt Iss MLaiG mi bodneeetcos aso bebluonm yldott e disoaed dasw olgmts + vd weqselo dey ai eiseeeta ssaqqu edd io gakbssage onT .d. 08 A LASOl gr ai s foe £80) .ua1tF .O1e teil? s to magi at dean Bett 2 ; to wsdmse tedto 10 desw 8 to moltibds Jxsa odd eovisoss ») »(OSOr 827) 0 10 d ehbs 19 ‘a P y -etodmem hanogmod ‘to elitezq edd bemict ei dofdw to eaxsideer odd aeotaxe of ty ‘i ua Weld io ssbaiames 8 yd bddysdase yloonmoo ef woilod aidd .dtotlo Git olde ofat {fan edd to soat eff mort 2S0L «Rif aft o dese }asdmom efdt to notttecg wel ed? .aseaeg yhtoorth 6 wollen > gud .woiv doerih ai efditetv yitetdo. sd of Sk. aseuso asv meee, otom 8 esdam oye edd o§ eaasaisea esi basd sedto “se * rid sitter a ai bavot eomidemoe aan dads .oldartesh fe 2 sem 2 gis oe odt cuodn . (SOL .gi€) setew to wwolt meen Hee ane hoe ene edd re snesatnt edi 610 : om produced by coves sunk above and below (fig. 1021). The end jo- ints of the ashlars intersect the member at a right angle. Members. of the plinth. Romanesque plinth. d In the Romanesgue period, besides the wash always occurring 4 at 45° or. the flat cavetto replacing it (Figs. 1022, 1023$from the church at Yoringen), there appear arrangements of hollows x. and rounds, that often correspond to the Attic base, but some- times even exhibit a richer series of mouldings. A Romanesque 4 profile occurring particularly often is the cavetto with a round beneath as in Fig. 1024 from the chtirch at Weiprechtshausen and — Fig. 1024.a from the monastery church at Loccum, and it is asain found almost unchanged in many Barly Gothic buildings, and else- where it also reappears in many simpler Gothic profiles (asin Pigs. 1025, 1025 a) in earlier and later frofiles from the chu- . roh of S. Alexander at Binbeck. = Inctined planes or hollows. q In these members is clearly expressed the function of the pl- 9 _inth, it does not crown like the cornice or protect lower parts, but it has to carry the pressure of the upper mass of the wall © to a broader base and to show the projection bhus arising. Both functions are entirely fulfilled by the simple slope or wash, . which therefore is almost always employed on simple buildings, — and sometimes even on quite rich works on account of. this spec- ial fitness, and thus the base on the Strasburg minster is a . | simple wash beneath a richly moulded cap represented im Pig. | 10.4. The spreading of the upper pressure is yet clearer by ‘he . wash in form of a flat arc, Fig. 1023 and a in Pigs. 1026, that receives the next addition of a wash or other member of its orl er edge b. or c (Fig. 1026).: | ) , 4 Gompound members. a To express the ashlars of which is formed the profile of the plinth, this hollow is comnonly separated by 2 remainder of the wash e in Fig. 1026 from the face of the wall, into which the | hollow d directly passes. The lew position of this member howe- ver causes it to be chiefly visible in direct view, but on the — other hand its nearness to the eye makes a more complex form desirable, that was sometimes found in a profile hindering the © flown of. water (Pig. 1027), where the arc 2 ina sense.forms the channel surrounding the base of the building, in waich rain da sar Avon tal. “= if t eiay eonte toe te0 peteh Iktau Hoote redeunter “4 Hult HeiR: soatnod toed ence ’nh. mh wetwrerso tlew esd ben un aukesd aeday seve bes elonnrtio gedto vediast eonke bas prerels eidd ot tout, tsdaw to totbnate efit asic ,saove » baa tuo bedasw ets etntol, edt todd, tqsoxe . gitar os apna to sereod oft ni beveres ef agian tnord daitos gusdo ef (SOF .gfG ni oiriong yond One (tieest to expose f solisietis eldt yfwola wed ont ~mae% betsotbar sds t oe . etds Yo edéniig to selitotg odd yd mwode yitraq ¢ “9 (yende ,aeened (dB ,gindasie) nhoae wiwetdeo dé BP ods Bas Hie ek wxacgge mot eidd sey vntzaen beaker eldt beniades ’ » odd -o¢ softreset edt moat emt0r to astensty © ed of bev b ifeon ‘on eavtee bi conte ,bsfiova ed dave ssotersis bas Dhepnsds ait of gaihroces ve1tt ts Sewxdt sessed ef soned bus | er eros eteurds ay : 7 ie Bi viewer ie iu ( ial a dad 2 Pr pe Ne APE Se nee te WRAP AS) 5 TA i ae ta al ie de Mg : a ak e er 611 _Painwater stood until dried out. But since this lower part of" the wall. otherwise is in constant contact. with the damp earth, . * and since further other channels and even water basins made of stone, then this standing of water just in this place can do no injury, except that the joints are washed out and the proj- q ectins front margin is removed in the course of time, a removal | occurs of itself, and theporofile in Fig. 1027 is changed into the indicated form. But how slowly this alteration proceed is partly shown by the profiles of plinths of this kind dating from the 14 th century, as in Nuremburg, Mtihlhausen, etc., that have retained this raised margin. Yet this form appears in a sense to be a transfer of forms from the interior to.the exterior, a _ and therefore must be avoided, since it serves no real purpose, © and hence is better formed at first according to the changed 4 shape of the edge indicated in Fis. 1027. 4 Qn more important works the profiles of plinths are formed of two courses, and then also consist of two profiles separated by | . 2 vertical band. The heisht of this band is then decisive for the character of the whole. Examples of this kind are shown in | Figs. 1028, 1029, the first from the church of S. Blasien in Mihlhausen with an indication of the rectangular form of the a ashlars, the latter from the chotrhof the cathedral im Erfurth _ formed of the wash. Of such a kind are the massive profiles of the plinths of the church of 8. Maria at Muhlheusen. It is self-evident, that for the members of the plinth shontd | always be selected, as Senerally for the entire base of the al ding, stones particularly vermanent in the weather, and the same applies to all strongly projecting parts. On plinths and bases of columns and piers further see p. 212.° 3. Architectural Treatment of the Buttress.: General form of the buttress. Required dimensions. ; 4 The general form and dimensions of the buttress were specially _ treated in the earlier Sections, to which we therefore briefly — : refer here. First was demonstrated on p 128 to 127 what form of elevation would be most favorable for the effect. alone of the ~~ wind (Pig. 343), and what types of elevations are chiefly foll- owed in executed buttresses (Figs. 344, 345, 346). Om pa 163 and © 335 are then considered other side forces and especially wind 4 thrusts, it was shown there (p. 335) how under their influence — iia a ate “gud styoorte beesetonl eine tom beskupes ad sty iu five bekiags epotot obta elify .ncitevole sit to mich be {2 fae ,oldetinens geentiod edd ocotsuninth tee2k) oot shen ae Zh orotian yletemixosggs af qu bebutso ec gottes tenn telaxe esw tenidt butw vemieue yiltdate te aolis{polso sal eXtEh soi enotisiaolss att rzeddsut Bas (OL of Edi: .g ne ) deh 80h bas 286.9 to Sham etow egeaetttud to nalansre vpatwolfot OCe O8OL RIE Qo tede ext eneteind ¢ gaikeT tie beatesdo. ei teats. -bebacancoes od tarm asottayitsoyal to eiq edt ta notteook eat gewrds ¢inav ocd to #oedia ed? yl atone sa) 6 Il c0°1T Kéentia of4 20 got edt bne I easd eds at bi gmbiiu0so eeoute eds enas) neviy od as beaiaisteb si esod? net te teoette edt bebbe ef edt .f tar ov BBE .q) [stuot ee edt pods bas .tdgis edd wost neds bee bef ods mors gaxit bois * tr | ehasol af etvesera edt to icomeoalguih Rats Ly ‘B® echooo geonateuvorio emoa ai tdgia off mocvt baiw oft as ty as ovls eiqesneqaibat egilew moedt dotde .8 satot ela setsecy Pontad 21 UID notéosee oft sot ytilidsta ods to noitantszeavat y a a Sede Cale tehinacs sno tens secs ,Jetaosicod ylisen od & oo ow 20 wr ped ef% $6 xb0Oso sao ysncnem Keqgn oft to gaibiie « Be ed) of ef stdt ezeo ot . (Oe .q) cedgid Llite gaiyt eno to ae esas. eael sekasv ehsol odd bas & Yo tastivees eft Lt ,ce@.t) ese ebheol tw98qqu ods (astvothusqieg 6 mort esoyer Yo syns pdb 40. saeadeud ed¢ nO Ytunounm xf yigetheoqeettoo beeastoat of : } Bedowe Gbie off Yalbhulout aokiegiveovatl as nO .eifsw eble eSB) 08 SEB -g eee ,etde dtr ifaw of2 Io teeq s30eqqe odt mee | +8eenttO metob ess seetdiud edt to wick lesereg bos sactensath edd iI éeiwoles etaatrozgss to stemoos yd heteothot szsdiedw .benta poasd sodsuttes toerth yd +0 .(€CS 1c) eslut Isotatans ye buutoetidors of geort o¢ dxom ek If osdd .sonetteqze Isnceted ae et esoubor mobiee sao anoeset oldetias base Lsottearq 105 et wot od modsod sort swatsed so eqole elgnte 8 ddiw eae1 aigoo Sectwi fas’ ,eced end seopbes déged Oot sesmiotdd dod > brotte neo eeesttud sdt to sotsaniayed reqqn 9d¢ 2a Ilew es ee gewe souet eeem ed] .emrot beixey teow edt, 20%. ystnutrog ae \itegs: bebba ese! 20 exor om tem eosig ono! ts ates een To gbod edd otal ylqseb oot tuo sd toa teyn ates by Be Bt tme ly Sebesoxs ed fon teum cess yus et bas ot and ra th hh bese sate at aenks. ‘eoptt Tah ve ’ Bas vr mete pa had Ls > eee a Al a . 612 ; might be required not only increased strength, but also a chang- ed form of the elevation, while side forces applied very high made too great diminution of the buttress unsuitable, and it m must rather be carried up in approximately uniform dimensions. The calculation of stability against wind thrust. was explained 3 on p. 163 to 170, and further the calculations for different examples of buttresses were madé om p. 336 and 402.° Taking a buttress like that of Fig. 1030, the following course — q of investigation must be recommended. First is obtained with on- ly the effect of the vault thrust the Location of the pressure in the base I and the top of the plinth II or II a (p. 140), and there is determined in the given case the stress occurring in the material (p. 143 to 145). Then is added the effect of the wind, first from the left and then from the right, and the res— ulting displamement of the pressure is found. q With the wind from the right in some circumstances occurs a TE, greater side force S, which then makes indispensaple also an 4 investigation of the stability for the section III. If this tora ce S be nearly horizontal, then must one consider also whether a sliding of the upper masonry can occur at the bed IV; or '¥, om one lying still higher (p. 340). In case this is to be feared (ises, if the resultant of S and the loads varies less. than the ‘ angle of repose from a perpendicular), the upper loads are to be increased correspondingly by masonry on the buttress or the side walls. On an investigation including the side arches or ¢ the upper part of the wall with this, see p. 338 to 342, Offsets. a If the dimensions and general form of the buttress are deter- mined, whether indicated by accurate or approximate calculatiog, — by empirical rules (o. 273), or by direct estimates based on p 2 personal experience, then it is next to treat it architecturally. Bor practical. and artistic reasons one seldom reduces the butt- ress with a single slope or batter from bottom to top, bast in both thickness and depth reduces the mass, and whose copings ; as well as the upper termination of the buttress can afford op- j portunity for the most varied forms. The mass taken away by off- © sets at one place must me more or less added again, and the off- sets must not be cut too deeply into the body of the buttress, : and in any case must not bs exceeded limits, as indicated by ob- — lique’ lines in Pigs. 1032 to 1034. The offsets must generally 4 bear ab aogsedo toette ton bse taegk-ood ed .fon “Cy ee eenoitoos Ads ‘chad ead bibs +plt xs avotd 2s teatto. fquads ae th wh egbe edt chen ettiecerg Reowt)s a ssoxe blwow trzq a6qqs eds 20 .ts05, sewol ait to 0 tetoq edt of heaneteaast ed seum bee Baol on sed sade @ tutog teecsice ylteoorth ed? yoatinos in wennocont geisesde to sepash edt tedt of .0 * etueeetg & gonssetces LSare edd déivw oted goat at ft bas BD etciog eds Ra “ re # ultase ytey tivses ysa weeds to tentds OF YINOGeD onote eae Reds gt woled 223 veunttnon doi¢we ,etasq eft bo soisersges ‘wen bas blo no bevtoedo ylétaerpest ed nae ZH ykOatD A TO | lent seilwoor mo eobiaed atvooo yleta1 som $s teyoeso™ ) 6 en? ~fesxeoiq robaim bebsacl gigaorvie ebieed ilan togqeisg sit ye “£9 ened beew yeds wtaloq aitct dnolteyo ton Ib atotean gots! gi bes ,aqeerto bees coals yods cetoiace ggorte vi Yo enoitiaog of@ ened hesenioiss eomiteomoe san exedd apni "8 4 . «808409 meat! epasdo ede vfieuhety exen of exiteot2e exon ef tf: 358 jdw youneces¢ edi to gauibsexge eci of gHibeegessa0e soticon “aedto #0 eeldsy beineant .zesqeifs gesetu yd hetoettise ed of ef \ seats ele? to eelosnniq patbsol vltweaq: bad guistimecssid xlé eae Obati qilesoden di ,jeetio sno ylao esd seouttod edd OY # to. datbaicae go’ teiiueo fansetai edt to fdsisnh edd te bovely rt tines of¢ to ¢aniudd sdt easoco soslq elas te sol .dfesy yetoxg edd yd shbtswawob dgemtudae sft to gatsasloe as aeatuces fags Yo toiog eit sotiesxe oft no fotsothai ed onle bluow aot § eno to beedenr .(Seor ort) denade fenietal edd Yo. acitac 9) Isttaso edt nofed redo ete syods eso ,efselio ond ¢taixe 69 Ji-Jeds Hiewnwoh ust os beosly eddeso sedte!l edt .(EECI id ateetto fo wodmpn odd T2 .(SEOr Lakh) ceases Lilie odd dtin fe ed 10 este wictinn to ed yam gent .deeeston! teddagt Riintan gedite aso ¢dzied atchébaivib ad? .tellewe Sas s9g7el. ear bitesolq e iididxe to .ytilaspe os ,dasaisohesg ¢12aq cokbwead te nottela:,edd. dud» .atdgied oi egnsso oimdityds 8 16 tepe base boeazsiaqxs ylisefo ed gesm sedto doao ot etuag tus bbls alan »beyisoteg 90, enon 8 beatdnos. od yen gnovi af notseetorg eds dtcl ‘on itis seeensiad sit to sebta died ¢s noitosporg tascy i Bein eneeoees. {etod) sodoed to eaottoutteat edt aT) | Tae ee end nae err neteres toluednt edt al fa y bis) Tae ey ron “ ‘A. a fu Deira’ i a . in iy - Tote ee! oii ee aaa 613 a not. be too great and not effect changes in intermediate cross sections.’ At an abrupt offset as Bhown by Fig. 1031, the foree D tn ee upper part would exert a strong pressure near the edge A, that must be transferred to the point C of the lower part. On the contrary the directly adjacent point E that has no load and haw @ pressure = 0, so that the danger of shearing increases between the points 0 and BE. in fact here with the small resistance of q the stone masonry to thrust or shear may result very easily a separation od the parts, which continues far below inn the form a of a crack, as can be frequently observed on o1d and new works. iE (Moreover it not rarely oceurs besides on secular buildings on the parapet wall beside strongly loaded window piers). The ol14é masters did not overlook this point, they used here partieulae- 0 ly strong ashlars, or they also used cramps, and in brick — ings there was sometimes alternated here the positions of the . courses. . 3 But it is more effective to make gradually the change in oresein section corresponding to the spreading of the pressure, which 4 is to be effected by steep slopes, inserted gables or other par- tly transmitting and partly loading pinnacles or the like. = If the buttress has only one offset, it naturally finds itself placed at the height of the internal capital or springing of the vault, for at this place occurs the thrust of the vault, which : requires an enlarging of the abutment downward; by the project- — ion would also be indicated on the exterior the point of. appli- — cation of the internal thrast (Fig. 1032). Instead of one may exist two offsets, one above the other below the capital (Pig. 1033); the latter canbbe placed so far downward that it combines. with the sill course (Fig. 1034). If the number of offsets be further increased, they may be of uniform size or. be alternately — larger and smaller. The divisiodacin height can either make one. ; part predominant, an equality, or exhibit a pleasing reduction or a rhythmic change in heights, but the relation of. the differ-_ ent parts to each other must. be clearly expressed and easily ‘ perceived. With the projection in front may be combined a more or less great projection at both sides of the buttress. In the instructions of Lacher (Note) the height of the capit- al in the interior determines the height of the lower end of the ; ip tates a Ce Pyt aiee " i rae Peace: petbivos aiah beliae-or eft to "bathe: agi at betectdnt et teatie eit to eonst«coqwi' beroi foe ‘ea oredt henot si seette eidd to soienemibh eds 20% ¥ “i basta efcansiq s tt ,edauce ectemes ehdt evades aews ati . ‘ve BE 6 eteotbni oels emt? emee eis to tauw doitentmrotehi/etat — . be Aibion edt co aa oxedW .maot selawie et «102 acoituaimib to . f ota0 end ,settew of doardo ef2 bane Band+eN of ctedasilhs (eas! Pyeetfeme Fleet! efatt gaibivom clab edt evods seertitud Be ode to saoggqre eft ai ensqive efdianetac e¢i sdxrokr od ot i eon Hatttoqawe oct dtiv shue geoittud steqoiq oft slide alts er ig aa - ,eeosdiad ett to tdg tok oP ahiegiedg eet Pivdoe® etdoesmray sxvehveyeasiosek «avout ites ods Yo soltenimyes edt est{ dotdw te sdgted edt tol 2A fadé ,edeao yrsetbio 102 upxiren’s dea ei elag 102 ,1Ssic & edd ‘orro sotat0d toon sfid to motted sit dtsened eqota = = | m ja sotazcs. edt to shhe weqon odd ot yllenckiqeoxs abnacinxs 3T } ‘f bee eestidud ed¢ sevo atootorg gaifiiind edd to floor odd ssdt OF nr09 $o03 edd ro .{s Chr .eeCr .ebtt) satsk te fosodo att d edd gotstotis .qso etl bae easstiod said Onvote shastxe me eaesugs sted eesiitud oft doidw ot eetmaos toot odd to obs . Rte er Sioteisd? bas ,elodw end to spette heting eit 220 a eiton donett ylsss yusa co bavet ess ess? .rew sodsone nl sbis ifs no besshot tausq s tse et paaadind odd To aso wol ont ¥ fa7T) ianibivom ods to nolvos(torg edd afeave acitosto1g sect lage aacitostora dows tebnau ssote nodt exottiad edd to moktcog Wao dotnds statzeifos oft to [eqgedo skodo edt mont slomexs ne c ‘Yo gasq fads somidvemc® .e de. BOOP sdf ot awode et sitaend | s aba euoth Letiges saotw .ounfoo 8 yd Deoalged. af esorwssnd ~—(20P .9£%) setting edt ddecned otsevso add ond to ¢nomegtatis sdt wort tfueet eacltentdson asedt0 p eeeuertdudeedsenotesoe ls esfosnatg edt wovt es [few es eo! e stood ead ti ,mohooaxt zeivottasq dviw baqofeyeb sd nso wae? e 469 6dd to tdored edd ovods beset tse7) s evieser ot estir ; No .efeetto ttedd to bas seottind edd to eqsd | \ a oe me ee -too% bede s Yo maot edt ni gad ‘~gao To ctot teeloute odd aletnoo CEOr Hae SEC! .egkt & to efet of? .ilew odd teatsss patase£ Yoor bee s to tadd ‘iy bL2G6 ‘8 33. sn entabreten eid of gnibsooos betratie er soiveal 4 one ep sib Shan s boii obi ons “to “foktbeog ates by. | | i. p - v ii + br . Wit ay | ; 3 a . ie We ‘ i) vie ra " m ry 2, ‘7 io me T A} Pr | a am 614 offset of the so-called drip moulding. Thereby the before ment = ioned importance of the offset is indicated in the clearest weal For the dimension of this offset is found there the rule, thaew its area above this remains square, if a pinnacle stands thebeaan Thisidetermination must at the same time also indicate a lieis 9 of diminution for the simpler form. Where as on the church of 8. Elisabeth in Marburg and the church in Wetter, the part of the a buttress above the drip moulding finds itself smalles, there tel to be sought its ostensible purpose in the support of the garg- oyle, while the proper buttress ends with the supporting moulding Height of the buttress. Note. Revohensperder. VYermischte Schriften. Leipzig. a As for the height at which lies the termination of the entire pier, for this is set a’ maximum for ordinary cases, that the cap. stops beneath the bottom of the roof cornice or of the a It extends exceptionally to the upper edge of the cornice, so ; that the roof of the bulilding projects over the buttress as on the church at Haina (Figs. 1035, 1035 a), or the roof cornice extends around the buttress and its cap, adjoining the balustr-_ ade of the roof cornice in which the buttress here appears fav— ors the united effect of the whole, and therefore is effected in another way. Thus are found on many early French works ont the low cap of the buttress is set a part reduced on all sides, whose projection equals the projection of the mouldings. This portion of the buttress then stops under each projection. Such an example from the choir chapel of the collesiate church of 3:4 Quentin is shown in Fis. 1054 at a. Sometimes that part of the / buttress is replaced by a column, whose capital srows out ot . the cavetto beneath the gutter (Fis. 1055). 3 ; Other combinations result from the arrangement of the gorgoy al les, as well as from the pinnacles placeddonnthéebuttresses, t 4 that can be developed with particular freedom, if the buttress q rises to receive a great load above the height of the cap. | Caps of the buttress and of their offsets. Cap in the form of a shed roof. Pigs. 1032 and 1033 contain the simplest form of cap, namely that of a shed roof leaning against. the wall. The rate of inel- ination is arrarged according to the construction, as a horig- ontal position of the joint requires a steeper direction (Fig. » efd 8 potisnifont sit of qs{uorbneqieg totot & bas (Yt OF st todd as istaaes teal sid asim .(SEOh Bit) eno aedtslt am ‘ine Bubiabged edd ,. sisitsism bertm to oan odd wot edly 4 3; ¢e bebaod sé teuu d bas 8 te gniqoo edt to eeolo eft ase of Bakbtoooe tI .fisn sds bas anatdind edt of esinas ‘gatseteos bed « dtin got Js eell asides edd noitvousdenoo ec tadd ,ebasaavisath oft [Lite ei Sr tot ,xediscow 3ia0 #s ni nedt tetew to soidsiieceg odd of bezogxs stom ai: i | «moltieod Daoksostorg tuodtiv nisuer dens egeaettiad add to esbie edt Bend sid yd dove svieoss yom SCO .pit ai bempeze mtot edd at baa geddel odd to desw edt a(E€O!l .8f9) Savors saigos ine gai | | 'g¢) 30. t9rq odd Yo geo od to mottoowrh ext svad isdsis och she Q80h .gra) st temists beaxot bned s déin eoasd iid Boryaaquooes gaibiuon s ni efetenco woisibhs cxea sal Wo ees vo eqove tedt ,ssotttws sdt Yo Gmigoo edt to ef i2t070 uae edd 10 dnewettib ef seatte bas \(VEOL woke) dasw 4 edt fo gatqcoie s sedimst .etivgs2 yiered? .isdiel edd as Peeods a vino fadt of .costiwe obke edd ts Ratbfuon Lefnac a edt ywonte feo. .(CfOl .ait) r9snt09 edt Hbago1s ebastus } ud ((OSOr .Bf8) Letnocirod ocd sm10% yltoatéh slitorg La3 PB: ne ‘eiktoug edt to noidtiodvelb s tuodtin eldiavgog Lieu peat Hk dis) yilstnostsod pathivem efdsy edd Yo gnthued A > suid bavots Si antdsetd to anees teclqmiea odd anzod (Pho! o2°.gotteratitaco Isinostiod edt ddin ti gnivooanos oa has Dice ebait oals ti bas. .bebassonw a2ntsme2 elitoig ods ¥ «spotensnib rstse1 to asides Lantos of be lisel edd sad¢ oa Booubet 9d ago scetq eidt to déonel odT ives odd tach @ fh0l .gtF oF pntitooos etiste Toor edt to not bike? sgnibivom letaosizod edt to noliaspor y Sanat 998 egeo eeoitind co efned sist shoinsg asésl add al Be untqoo sd3 to noident{oci to sni{ avsosos s yd boosic fo Se¢poo nextordas os to seoomwg edt beebaT .ShON weit a bas , yeu. sootieyni ne ged ai Peaistde qereds ei sfitorg Sf diiw gateesioni tobsa edd to gottvoterh « earoco eysnis | \ edd godw Saitiate teow ef soned Ons .eviwa odd Yo avsths1 ee ete ee yo) ovddgtetse aisgs. el nolisntioat to " | [etnontved bas oldst edt to aoitsniduco eid? tot gs diin ,exader odd gatiting yd benistis ed sedtrat aes mage) sods Tecrincpraigie ap (OR0f .fb0! seat) wn pre 1 tp ‘i 615 i 10-7), and a joint perpendicular to the inclination allows a flatter one (Fig. 1038). With the last construction, that res-_ ults from the use of mixed materials ., the beginning aud also the close of the coping at a and ep be bonded at. right angles to the buttress and the wall. If according to this construction the ashlar lies at top with a bed resisting the Py weather, for it is still the disalivantage, that the joints are _ more exposed to the penetration of water than in a horizontal a position. | The sides of the buttresses that remain without orotection in the form assumed in Fig. 1032 may receive such by the break ing and coping around (Fig. 1033)s)The wash of the latter may q either have the direction of the cap of the pier or be flatter, hence with a bend formed against it (sis. 1033. a). - The next addition consists in a moulding accompanying the aay le of the coping of the buttress, that stops on the horizontal — wash (Fig. 1037), and either is different or the same profile as the latter. Thereby results further a stopping of the aa ontal moulding at the side surface, so that only a short piece extends around the corner (Fig. 1039). Most simply the horigon- tal profile diteetly forms the horizontal (Pig. 1040), but not well possible without a distortion of the profile. A bending of the gable moulding horizontally (e b im Pig. 1041) forms the simplest means of breaking it. around the corner and so connecting it with the horizontal continuation, so that the profile remains unchanged, and it also finds its. applicatial to actual gables of. sreater dimensions. a The length of this piece can be reduced so that. the inclinat- ion of the roof starts according to Fig. 1041 a near the extreme projection of the horizontal mouldins. a In the later periods the bends on buttress caps are found — placed by a concave line of inclination of. the copins as shown in Fig. 1042. Indeed the purpose of an unbroken course of the a profile is thereby obtained in but, an imperfect way, and there © always occurs a distortion of the latter increasing with the radius of the curve, and hence is most striking when the line of inclination is again straight. This combination of the gable and horizontal mouldings can x further be attained by omitting the return, with an intersection (Figs. 1043, 1044), an arrangement that allows entire freedom Bi eR ae es Pe Cera ry pee vip ed i sitll ne dr es sow ated 08! ul sadatbicon dtod %o asittorg edt of o tatoq edt booyad beynolorg evs exaiblmom edd ebolieg 18 a } eagean’ gua .eofnas sdpia Js Ite tuo neds baie noitoes19 ) ioe “fentuen & gntosig yd bebfove ed cals yeu aoitosered ion 50 .(e AOF of BOE -eb£2) eo died dotdw ao mods % edd cels tesnem stséteo © nf beeeetgxe et batt atdd to {She edsibomtece! etdd. sot boaress asot edd al taoqgnue to Hiss .eeottiud sdt te efgns eft gost antbaetzs eodulov MB cebtt) {sttgeo s to mrot edd Yo svidom bisexz ond obsm “ivengatel “mot lemine os cela ssw oeods to beetanl .(e Sd0f yifeges dc tix-,seeqge bfveo txef to mrct r998e1t es yilen of enor sett) ackbivew side oft to sednen sevol edt mort a @ftat won sont@ .stsibomtetar né Rataiet ylorsem asdi B eseoqig baiusy deom edt evtee oels astulov seodd hotieq of | ¢ pb eemtt setel nt ekdd .tedoriado eceibowiedal ylotsg § ba ak sted as90cs coals esotetsdd siotow .eslosnatq edt to oust ie ditod bas .ecoutiud oft to elane edt mort bslLledioo noidte ffs yilesene2 eudT .beob qote oso sanitbivom ¢aceetiib 10 geb Istvisd yitaersqoe eldt ci Ssfosites sie anolsibaoo om ; eaqao eltasy bre bere to oottesi¢dmod eqorh setsn eft geo fede olgake ont to tmomegnerte ons Ye f gevo tug .edventto sewol edt no afd To gathiuonm giah oad mm Sede eas to noisentduoo add yt bel ed nao asten fit solg snk) .eeomsdnd oft to obi2 tnork edd evods cide? a ditn aechennepetpe s tuodtin 10 dtiw Bemtot sd: yen efday sal #osanoo nih ad yem i to .gatbhlvom Isiaoziaed s ao aniteos Shs weddast .tsdnam yas af toon bede odd Aninebicd sdin 3d BaetAsan efdsh edt Bae beitino ed oels nso oSrtbivonm Lad | f xevo Sasitxe yeu sides edt ,soctine obie acd ai gliqnide tio p \ddbeerd aelisne £ eved wad 20 aecitied sit to débim etidae so .Soov) bode sit gnofe yifedaorizoc bustxe pea tooy oldad $e motvantion? sf3 oc Lefleteq sd nao suse add Yo eabic fou Seaifont dove {is to sailitozg edt eniscuco dsdx to} 26 ‘ec ‘Sonate .yiseesosn ylotuloads gon ef aoliovatedal as .egnt g fh ‘xo wollos edd nsyo awoh ebbe troti sit sevocgniane japan di setadistioo ti stotereds yeolkur sit ¢s yews wolt {lin 29 RN qzsmtbro oft mott aninett£5 mtot Pilate sank wsenh oot s qlistosqee\2i sootia yikge 20 .parbivom qiab } to ddgtod od? to moitiogoig toaxe ms sage .toesodt bade gem acoeet’s bn sonia .bsxt? ad of gon at Bi ai on iia See ° wd mee whey y z ne ba me at ana Late SRT ATE Ce Te iwAd aie wy 7 my 1a eg i eal EO cal o "695, baer E eee 616 to the profiles of both mouldings. Im certain works of the lat- er periods the mouldings are prolonged beyond the point of int- ersection end then cut off at right angles. But further the: in tersection may also be avoided by placings a neutral body betweer them om which both die (Pigs. 1044 to 1045 a). On earlier forms of this kind is expressed in a certain manner also the function of support in the form assumed for this intermediate efd free volutes extending from the angle of the buttress, as likewise | made the greufd motive of the form of a capital (Pigs. 1044, 1044 a). Instead of these was also an animal form, a head or fin nally a freer form of leaf could appear, which usually scrolls — from the lower member of the gabte moulding (Figs. 1044, 1045 « then merely forming an intermediate. Since now in the Barly ‘> ic period those volutes also serve the most varied purposes and a purely intermediate character, thas in later times is true is true of the pinnacles, which therefore also appear here in a po~ sition corbelled from the angle of the buttress, and both alike or diffegent mouldings can stop dead. Thus generally all semera. 1 conditions are reflected in this apparently trivial detail. 4 Gombination of shed and gable caps. By the arrangement of the simple shed cap the water drops fran the drip moulding of this on the lower offsets. But over the an~ Sles the water can be led by the combination of the shed roof 4 with a gable above the front side of the buttress. (Pig. 1046). | The gable may be formed with or without a projecting moulding resting on a horizontal moulding, or it may be in connection with bordering the shed roof in any manner. Further the hori tal. moulding can also be omitted anf the sable moulding be wut 4 off abruptly in the side surface, the gable may extend over the entire width of the buttress or nay have a smaller breadth, the gable roof mary extend horizontally along the shed roof, or the ridge of the same can be parallel to the inclination of. the Lette As for what concerns the profilins of all such inclined mould ings, an intersection is not. absolutely necessary, since the w water rammingnéver the front edge down over the hollow or oa fer will flow away at the angles; therefore it contributes a c | characteristic form differing from the ordinary profile of the ~ drip moulding. Of ugly effect is especially a too great height 4 thereof. Hence an exact proportion of the height of the gable is not. to be fixed, since in smaller dimensions this must be dat. “yfisredes Pastors {ewe 0% HEY TessESTB £ ofdea cei eased odd aribivee ” banot ed uso eno MMA) kei. "sOdIBG | = eldse oid ehoxtdud. eit to solgns ond svods b Lenibupigacl edt ao gatvi so eqole etfs gaotosgmoocs 9 sdntog gnizesi gaol dfuses yer ydereit bos ,eesttsud dd ioe s€QSOP sQrRout s) enote edd to santsn odd of Bath geu8/ si seddcot toh .o d ontl off ¢s Ito duo WMlerenss ove pylient? vo .gaitines1 oe Ssoaztzye add adsensd [adios 2 yD ebdOs .eb29) wt0t Letaosivod a d8@b eno 2 dove be dot webSeL noticeun at tntog sedé te olosaatg. & t¢ SuomeQ087 ‘edt no seldey gaitoseiedtai edz to seteye begofeveb yiini Boe sates eis to setvoo. edd Younsiae izes stolqumco s 109 ekdap edd to aoidevele ns yuseeccen you teddawt ai es fans 6 B .euyo desx) sdt yd owode es ,eostise toot edt evods sath eyed?) «gnedtun besister s yd bemsot ef elut & ee sited dedi 6n Odd soned bas ,eclgus ost svods entesd 19den honte? s14 4 1 sensaspasize us dowe eworle GO} whit .aelyogsaa wo etvoue re dene Pe “*ghood gid. to efday es etit mentee Bie Bonet ylleven ek abieeb loor bavegmod ont Yo Heodsentl i everiind. sd¢ to digob 6d? ynole baibnetxe toot wid 70 aldek MISO? .bka) Liew edt to cost ent ot noktoexibh [stooxtrod 8 jazdeneg ei $i ¢edd-o8 .wrokt asideia 8 svieos: yeu eiahe tol m | eO%0u MO sao vd eeiweble ii poms srel gif{sisns)sxs escelice loom etd cudew osmis) a0 Boo wo telusaatoss sat. banc? yilapen, one eiiow detign® ad otf edt no bas ,ersides eisvsqee odd To eeshe eid to mot Beate teivgasioe: diiw scosizce eft Io saemdacds exifeleoa edd Haorsettamias odd ot eotudiataco ylfettagere cin® .(202 422%) wos Soofetebay esuoioas edd qifeitide aod ewods ong ofodn ond synod: eent eth os gathacqeeti09 nolteroosh 2 s1aq 2 oF evig ov steden eat to Levoter odd stavifios? os emit enes adt ts ins F eidd ‘eidsp oft Yo wrod oddewd .C10P 2g. VW ond-el-dolfosve ots elitowg efi conte -.sonerltut ine ead: sostivea est no e. (#8 308. o(e Ob0f .5rt) efdsy edd Yo anil eds to moktetiatl Bis WAGROL git) vrettnos ont 'no oney FE Qotiiuew eidep nc oh eres ‘ed asphi0-mielq aieass soddte seldsy sat od eds ID) .Saemento eyaliol so yrssads . [tote ene ten to sead Odd da\ gnivaew at einai 9 bens ©. Leldeyg-sdt af eb dow iy ye, f Aq 4 vy 617 sreater than for small dimegsions; sgenerally suitable proport ons can be found by dividing the base of the gable into 6 or parts. ) a Above the ansles of the buttress the sable noulding meets one accompaning the slope or lyins on the longisudinal surface of the puttress, and thereby may result lons hangins points accor= ding to the nature of the stone (a in Bis. 1047). Hence they are generally cut off at the line b c. But further is arranged — , @ corbel beneath the surface so resulting, or finally is caploy- ed such a one wish a horizontal form (figs. 1044, 1045). The ara rangement of a pinnacle at the point in question leads to the r. fully developed system of the intersecting gables on the pinnacle, For a complete regihabionnof the course of the water above the angles is further very necessary an elevation of the gable moul- ding above the roof surface, as shown by the Greek cyma, and t 4 that here as a rule is formed by a returned sutter;. Thereby a are formed water basins above the angles, and hence the need of Spouts or gargoyles. Fis. 1046 shows such an arrangement. 2 Govering like a gable or hip roof. q Instead of the compound roof design is usually found a simple gable or hip roof extending along the depth of the buttress in 2 horizontal direction to the face of the wall (Fig. 1034), wh- ich again may receive a richer form, so that it is penetrated 4 sidewise by one or more. om On German works the roof surfaces are generally left smooth. On English works are usually found the rectangular or undercut. form of the edges of the separate ashlars, and on the French is — the scalelike theatment of the surfaces with rectangular edges. (Pig. 1046). This essentially contributes to the animation of the whole and shows how skilfully the ancients understood how to give to a part a decoration corresponding to its function, a and at the same time to facilitate the removal of the water. §Viollet-le-Duc, V, De 101). On the form of. the gable this work on the surface has an influence, since its profile can form the limitation of the line of the gable (Fig. 1046 a). For a raised Sable moulding it runs om the contrary (Pig. 1046). 7 The gables either remain plain or can be filled by a cirela, trefoil, tracery or foliage ornament. If. the horizontal moulding — is ‘wanting at the base of the gable, as a rule there a blind a arch is in the sable. uM pe Hs a ie ". ero .. “ad ino /bioom éidey edt to ‘to07 eit to egbia ‘ed? i¢ ti bas sbeducexs. ed of sokiestiont tdbila esti tedt sassao ‘10 basot Ratyssgucess as yd bewedt3aemte ed bLyoo 910% weduem etdd to slitorg off .(OS0F) pit mt a) yathivow ; a een Sit to sabowox to mo? sesfgrta edd wetv dtuozl pttono Satesla— yd benisido od bisor tr to mot soelrey stom 4 | histl(ers1 dnonegasiis eids to svitom ed? sdood détw aede | ) ymetsl owode es toot enote Ishiasiyq odd to noisonisenos ob s Sicsianee ti bas .toor eldsx asboor edt to ¢add mort seiweitl ; " ~este bus mtot ai gatbeclievo od hescgxs coum [isd io wetneugeloves emok ovis of Saiwclfot eds nk Fquedis Lisde ow pitow Isveetbea bo ewoiv no yino beasd yinisiis90 enol: tose tht sents «Gb ChOL, apie af voldsy xeiuyaciet ods ted est to tidied ede didgte ae eotases # dikw eaad odd Lauwpe $I eegbis edt dyuordt soltoes s anode 6 GPOr ,~gse ebLe ods moeteds tea uets odt Yo satol t98K08f eit? tad? emnesse wos edt te eaix edt ed te Lfin node ,@ tultog odd gyeords Miinieiee ede tc acitostoiq edt paointarsieb yseteds ,asidas Ldepas faiet efi to cottvaool aaiyisy 2 diiw aeve ezeo You at Eireue So wotteafed » 1 bac « te hetcete alaotiteyv edg yd etiue tatoo eldsy ad¢t to yalavoto edt to tedt. ot gniavor9 ecf2 To. it Bo sofesetze as yo bowot mods ei waote eds to onte sowol edt 2 0 of audt Dos efdsy scaiugostst edt to obie edt of I 8 enil te eae of yatbacook .¥ £ to aoleivib elqisée odd yd togqgn fe ot? tied to ,woled ‘betehbiznco wediaut ,wi0t bebastal edt te mt coltoee odg nt d % bus § © of Untewod A i 10 etsupS edt te ie eit fadé om ,elday edé¢ 20 wottostota ont baided « DOE .3tt t enottactvisish tnoaettita .eost Inox? eds mord tosd seen af btw emt etedw .o ,.f Got eg i8 ci beatesaos ats gnofenemth Biv! ts ,@fesm 8 @a8 feted exanis et Se ¢edt morl sotaworo ed? Jo *#ipied edt to taesqoloveb i Dmolisies extevnoo s teomis z1vece evens eldatineon at eldos— BS tad \Latre xd movin o¢ Ofwow utks to eonehtva .déed noent me bfwor mottroqorg fowsers cdg 6 GHOL .gft ab ofdey wok ods See >) 9B @RON wake wl eno teqeese edt ac betnevesqes sadd ete7q ei dosi bus mete to nettvee Ienoxylog s Lerene$ al | ed bivow exie sviessoxs oe doin yd ,9mc steupe & od edd dosetesni woddi nso mede Isnogyiog edt .«ylisnogetb xa sezoast ost ovede.ausuge eit ot nasties 10 esottisd sid i See re chnetas we snow eee, tes ae ; 5 irae of yen reeves 1G an Ny 618 a The ridge of the roof of the gable would only be sufficient obtuse that its slight inclination to be executed, and it ther fore could be strengthened by an accompanyins round or. poimteaa y moulding (a im Fig. 1046). The profile of this member forms ‘taal front view the simplest form of crowning of the gable (Pig, 10. A more perfect form of it would be obtained by placing om it a Stem with knob. The motive of this arrangement results from the construction of the pyramidal stone roof, as shown later, but likewise from that of the wooden gable roof, and it forms a de- tail much exposed to overloading in form and size. Therefore we shall attempt in the following to sive some developments of such forms certainly based only on views od mediaeval works. Let the triangular gables in Pigs.1049 4, b, ec, whose heights. equal the base with a cornice an eighth the height of the latter the side Fig. 1049 a shows a section through the ridge. If we now assume that the lower joint af the stem set thereon passes. through the point a, then will e f be the rise of the required — ashlar, thereby determining the projection of the crocket,. But in any case even with a varying lacation af the joint there re- a sults by the verticals erected at a and f a relation of the tae) aq of the crowning to that of the crowning of the gable cornice. . The lower size of the stem is then found by an extension of the line a 1 to the side of the triangular gable and thus to m, the & upper by the triple division of i k. According to the suns Oa of the intended form, further considered below, of half the side : of the square on i k remains to e g and f h in the section in Fig. 1049 a behind the projection of the gable, so that the ae is set back from the front face. Different determinations of the dimensions are contained in Figs. 1049 b, co, where the width ete is always taken as a masis. 4 development of the Height of the crowning from that of the gable is unsuitable, there occurs almost a converse relation be- tween both. Evidence of this would be given by. trial, that for the low gable in Fig. 1049 d the assumed proportion would exceed that represented on the stseper one in Fig. 1049 da. In general a polygonal. ssetion of stem and knob is preferred to a square one, by which an excessive size would be produced diagonally. The polygonal stem can then intersect the roof of. the buttress or return to the square,above the junction, and in any case occurs an intersection with the moulding crowning - Bais ehae sofat00 habeas end TE .(o eh0r bit) efdey otic t nevis noktteog edd esd yliaves mote Leaopylog sds evods ied bos .gith edt to exbe seqqu edd m0 gaig at OeOr /enthasd e qd nottiensd aejd ps O@OL .Ble ai es reds %o eumsoo noidoseietat elqute @ 10 ,~aote sdf to asigas } tr aerots aemoood sids3 odd to mot eff .ectourco oldse Fead nods exe dotdw .emoeeold axbe to abud deel yd bento «© OCOl .grT) mote edt Yo elbbim eds ds y sztoetto edt agafidevod —- sotdiud sét to eso edt Raimsecnos sted biee zelddyiovil f s-.steetto ods to ymitevoo edd ot a]emnem siil of eorlqgs -emiot bentdmoo [fs seid ,r9edieu eid to stndsn edd af ef Bs weetto ifoue yreve olidw ,goitiee edt to oste aissiso 6 im 2007 belie elante & gatgasiis yo Oeiieidee ei esdoni wai 8 | An ekatbivom giab 00 ad neo aeertiud ed¢ to esorenanrh sit mt e¢eetto obia ee bede faott end dtitw ewdd bos toott wf seeds déiw ba gnthivow qish od¢ .e eC! ,fCOl .axlt nh es teddies nods got es bodtimo ed 10 aestttud edt to sebhe edd anole bast “no etoot odd to mottsnifont odd a FCOf «Bit al od. recor montis s eodt tadt oa .eusa efd sd son been eshie tae1st la | »-hentstdo af sate Yedt Yo eqse edt s0% svods nwode eatol edd to dose tesdt0t ia souael edt uo beceiq notiracqsos & nxot copia Yeu eoceoutsud -etdd Yo dasmognatts hawogmoo 4 .eobie edt ao hedataimih otdsag s at Sexasdo ad gem mict eidt .bcOl .aLH yo owode iin erowtéud edt no coctg edd tedt oe yew avidostto me ber easidsted sid ao tee dadt ddiw heatdwoo od yeu NE Btewos edt no basot ete emtot dope .(S@0! .bit) dtqebh at yino tee bs Liew es acsd te Lexbeddso oft to tqeensit ddvoe adit to Bite foot s asouhorg bas .(CCOr .BtH) exes sowot Leataso odd moo edd a0 .eelans edd to ackisoiiqitinn edd yd yllsetosgqas to tetmsio siqmie s banot eoritemoe ei aitow deifgat ao ain mrs Lugassos yd beatsddo ei yew veda 8 ai vnedd doidu. .ol ad Bos gs ‘aide os ,enmuloo efstil hediseol déiw modd af asaes oe | \ eefgas ddzia edt of notttesex oft aot Dns debts ai geo edt dts oidto® to eboiseg aedsl.edd ol pends ‘Bas . San et itedd (eelgae add to notdsotiqttiom s eben af sain I 0. ages Tae asinoztoines 8 of eiton aistuse ao 7 oy B (eae . eae ih 619 the gable (Fig. 1049 c). If the sable cornice ends with a drip, above, the polygonal stem usually has the position given: ‘in Pig. 1050 in plan on the upper edge of the drip, and there ig ‘oT either as in Pig. 1050 ap b]aa transition by a bending of the angles of the stem, or a simple intersection occurs of. stem ant gable cornice. The form of the gable becomes richer if itis ad= orned by leaf. buds or edge blossoms, which are then best placed at the middle of the stem (Fig. 1050 e. - : Covering the offsets. 1 iverything said here concerning the caps of the buttresses a applies in like manner to the covering of the offsets. But it § is in the nature of the matter, that all combined forms require a certain size of the setting, while every small offset af only 4 a few inches is satisfied by arransing a simple shed roof with ‘4 drip moulding. 7 Side offsets in the dimensions of the buttress can be connect— ed with those in front and thus with the front shed roof, and : then either as in Figs. 1051, 1051 a, the drip mouldings may ex- tend along the sides of the buttress or be omitted as in Fis. ' 1051 b. In Fig. 1051 a the inclination of the roofs on the dif-— ferent sides need not be the same, so that thus a different Size is obtained. further each of the forms shown above for the caps of the buttresses may also form a composition placed on the buttress a diminished on the sides. A compound arrangement. of this kind is _ Shown by Fig. 1054. This form may be changed in a particularly a effective way, so that the piece on the buttress reduced in th- ickness may be combined with that set on the buttress reduced only in depth (Fig. 1052). Such forms are found on the towers of the south transept of the cathedral at Laon as well as on : the central tower there (Fig. 1055), and produces a sood effect especially by the multiplication of bke angles. On the contrary _ on English works is sometimes found a simple chamfer of the an= gle, which then in a récher way is obtained by rectangular rece esses in them with inserted little columns, so that cap and base ~ form the transition to the right angle. 1 7 In the later periods of Gothic art the cap is usually formed | by one or more of the ground form to the diagonal, and thus viKeal wise is made & multiplication of the angles, that is then led a on certain works to a semicircular ground form of buttress. (Fig ‘geaniena bes cedlors are yd susadorxed i Wav), ie ae -ebodone, batls. mon’ etinvess alent edg to rolttatasasato deodoia. oi? ease beitiexovih teom edt %o efdeqes ,2edo1s bnifd to ett. tot saomsbtefse ne yisarsoen esdsa seeds to noisgo — edt to evedwom eit bos ,eedots ‘batid edt yd yews Jeo (ei dI” -smedt to eyse asdoad .ylesivaa doejozg teed es pe oab ino eveol oz ,yreesid déiu go tr dedad tliw soar au ® .8 to dowdo sft to aeordted off “.seomtotss bas dé t otddod yiis% sa news ok ewsot OCOL .ylt uk py 8 spre fOr pil wk awode as TS ov ,vxot ekat to solves Pt most gaitooto wg enanloo elgsil yd beatot sss k2edows Bo fei: 2 fae aoitgoto1g aswel odd so Dnsde fotdw .sostase ssid be. eeen edd o¢ bentot eseesoes Balid sd¢ boteoloal esdo § biuow neds ,pnovttad edd bavows boedfo aedots boild edt Tt wioo edd to teds yo eeemioidd ati to. szsotoni aa yisa2eoss jp pootetvib sewol fos isqa0 mont tiveos adasmegasiis s9d0ih 6 40, snasloe sohsel bas zomrot edd ying ydetedw .s OCOl »Bkt WMO digvom Sts 29:0 qvolleme eit bos ,doetotwg soetg eaidas RC .ed neo semret edt seitie ydouedT -eveloua edt to exeldes Baek to. Sfed tdpia), exotesliq LLew yd es asttel edt. yd beinadg “ena BS istigss ett -no dose odt evieaoet ylno so .( VCO! .Qf8 omee ont) to tied tel So dowudo eit to yrotareslo odd to esagestivd oft of Bisiiqso stoié ban .enunloo odd no tor sefote ast oattosl ois ‘s -pasevnom odd cl .eeeattad ont to oor edd sased ylsooulb ita bedow edt ontt otsf sit ri etenimoberg of HSovot sts Hoo edd feds o2 .ocsd sdé ot nwoh gribsetxs zletinege Isotézev spoo1 gaon vs bas. betting ese asosta io Saiteiesoo eaux B eroduen edt to ebavot edt dokdw yd esesd hos alstigso sid ok Bb by. »betnenento ets biewawob bast at. haste eldsotiqgs ei yrecetd hae dsow Ssdows edd of moo noidibaos tetinoeg s dra .,yisosth wobaiw io Bias . » eedots botid odd tk eadivesa ecdors edd to tdgied ens G Roos sides ionic s ab gnttenionet eacatted edt to casq & : fed nos itor ent) woled uismer o¢ dois edt to aworo. edd s befdab sit oo dows odd etvotetsd? 200% afdsg edd to a8 Ro ents ost woled ji¢gqeb setsets 6 od shsoet taddtie 2 ‘iceatc-ahinat tedt o@ ,OCOl .att ab 5 te i] BE SSO re Peal wity (oho Fig ie Ley Me 1) Ne (ok gee 620 Rarichment by blind arches and shrines.- Blind arches. ; The richest ornamentation of the buttress results from Sew use of blind arches, capable of the most diversified forns.: The ad a option of these makes necessary an enlargement for the never ta Cut away by the blind arches, and the members of the blind arch es best project éntirely. Lacher says of them:- “It is then best. that thou wilt break it up with tracery, so leave only its les gth and thickness.” The buttress of the church of S.° Quentin r a represented in Fis. 1056 forms in a war} an Early Gothic iflust- ration of this text, so far as shown in Fig. 1056 a, the blind arches are formed by little columns projecting from the front q surface, which stand on the lower projection and Support. the ate | ches inclosing the bkind recesses joined to the mass of the buttr If the blind arches e?tend around the buttress, then would be | necessary an increase of its thickness by that of the columns. Richer arrangements result from upper and lower divisions an Big. 1056 a, whereby only the former and larger columns of an entire piece project, and the smaller ones are wrought on the __ ashlars of the nucleus. Thereby either the former can be accom- panied by the latter as by wall. pilasters (right half of Pig, 1057), or only receive the arch on its capital, as shown by the left half of the same Pig. | 4 Qn the buttresses of the clearstory of the church of yantes are lacking the arches set on the columns, and their capitals directly bear the roof of the buttress.’ In the converse sense ; are found to predominate in the late time the arched members tx 4 vertical spandrels extending down to the base, so that the oa umns consisting of pieces are omitted, and at most recur still ‘in the capitals and bases by which the rounds of the members ex~' | tend downward are ornamented. | a fo the arched work and tracery is applicable what is later s a said of window tracery,. But a peculiar condition concernins the height of the arches results if the blind arches enclose a part of the buttress terminating in a simple sable roof. For here the height of the capital is determined by the need for ¢ the crown of the arch to remain below the horizontal. cornice of the gable roof. Therefore the arch on the gabled side must either recede to a greater depth below the line of the gable as | at a in Fig. 1056, so that in a richer form above there can be br. a hh? la eo awh ed isena.te Co fe yusbner tot eoalq 8 basot ar gnotiind fas eagofoo ofttif eft to anoltaoqorq ont we “en vaor e2if to anlq odd of -eyaw ‘Inevettib ef beqoler Bi dense: at etedveeio henctinem 28 4 : 1 Yo asolsaoqotq odd m aes fobivibd oi dtbiw etitae off sade on ,enotifvm wobaiv ye ‘on § geguun beditoent edd aerteset gotetvibh tose deine to ‘otodw ~2entona nego Settee eno oels af nolicaogorq aint joudotis edt dtin sootgs tudds $k eoute ,besLusy ai s0itet ms ane at efidwosew «dots edt ab ceorse odd sot ¢aemsuce ett 2 edd o¢ bisget dtiw etvooo eecetont eltsti s tex bhenokiaen ) Lgotttouoes eit ebsel aifveet asliate yleakliae of .atot etlsae ois sid a atde ai .d VEO . git ak betnecerqes aoiton a meth odd 016 o d bas © & ,henteomoo sostive edi io dibin P weeneretieh eds tisd tsdt of ,ydeteds? Hemtot etanp2z and To @e8upe elyas odd To efanonefbh edt eninreted edéyaol died “pefela gifenogeth edi dtiw eeedi to colsosaieiai edt bas 96 mxot odd sot etnieq gaitiasiea sod¢ant certs a2 £ dy gots ‘ssacnee beosiaq zamvioo oltsit eft to bos etedmsa dots edt To nA ™ sf dttw wetaye dow bemidmoo ¢ to nottqntess edd oo -andt e , qo? Hetatini gaied seiteg ect Yoinsfiq odd ,eociilom [Lens | | BE .gfY oft to eovisd ited a geuitsl edit Yo tase gakbaodzes1160 . ma batid olgnia s of besgec nt ozle olidwaset .2eyen daoesetifh Lg otf ay « ae posed asiq So mrcet ed? yiieteney bee detwav aaotiifivw fleme ess. if mestt afi betnozeiqes Leinti edt yd awote es iuoda ,beitifaats ; 2g baa to tnemegueire < ‘te anotitcoqotd steofifamea ni yfileteneg 2A i iw betocanco. exndOtecemib aftattoo Yo rolttiie oe , eixtaq poticet re fig tects si edo « dove tadt 62° ,axvo0o enoltibnoos Ieiniean ons | ‘aa eefosaatq to ybod edit to esders Soild suoxolens oft 107 ) eeereeesce* toe1s09 Yo dood elterd” edd ai sozoiao® yd wa | ~832 .g hassle VSO - hima odd xnissvoo bas avoloun vietbesii eis to Isvone2 yé itiw bedetniot eoaeettiad edt to stusa sdé emsoed eosqe asgo ae: ‘eviooen ot evise tevit tsdé ,asenstinfed ts estiors baild neh | epattevoo Jasaozitod déiw eséid8 — ' te Bue svods bonoitasm ¢sdt at etdd to mrot teeloute od? | ct yedd giott bots sqse ylertins ,estnsm to ssacetitud odd of me bs uBtew stosd gdt ot samyfoo $823 offs wort elidw .cottoustenoo | a ed aetisl edd co ban adendtud edd reve biel et dele & a - # ddvoe edd wort mrot!s. dove ewode S@OF Rit too eldeg Toe hase sanos0 sobdw A sned sen oapeunsh $6 vee, ’ y ty wey as i i cy ie i it : ' iby i fi f ‘ ‘ ' 4 ¥ ‘ » i 5 i ’ eh - 7 | A yu \ i b eh, “a LAT a | re é ri } { ; p ; nt i) 1 > a Whaler uh ae, aq 7 i yey he : 621 found a place for tracery, or it must be stilted. The proportions. of the little columns and mullions may be de- veloped in @ifferent ways. In the plan of Big. 1057 we employ the proportion of 1: 4 as mentioned elsewhere in regard to the window mullions, so that the entire width is divided in 54 par of whieh each division recsives the inscribed number of parts, This proportion is also one suiting open shrines, where the in- terior is vaulted, since it about agrees with the thickness of the abutment for the stress in the arch. Meanwhile in the ease mentioned yet a little increase occurs with regard to the square form. To entirely similar results leads the geometrical. constr- uction represented in Fig. 1057 b. In this a b is the entire a width of the surface concerned, ac and bc are the diagonals . 4q of the square formed therebdvy, so that half the difference of b € poth lengths determine the diagonals of the angle square adef, a and the intersection of these with the diagonally plaged equal. ‘ area g h i k gives further starting points for the form of plan of the arch members and of the little columns placed beneath them. Thus on the assumption of a combined arch system with large and a small mullions, the plan of the patter being imitated for the : corresponding part of the larger in both halves.of the Fig. in . ; different ways. Meanwhile also in regard to a single blind arch the small mullions vanish and generally the form of plan becomes Simplified, about as shown by the finial represented in Fig. 1057, As generally in smaller proportions an enlargement of the a jectingsparts , an addition of certain dimensions. connected with the natural conditions occurs, so that such a one is first given | for the analogous blind arches of the body of pinnacles as given by Roriczer in the “Little book of correct finials(Figs. 1067 to F 1067 e)aand p. 458. q By removal of the masonry nucleus and covering the resulting open space became the parts of the buttresses furnished with blind arches at Gelnhausen, that first serve to receive fisures. Shrone with horizontal covering. The simplest form of this is that mentioned above and allied : to the buttresses of Mantes, entirely separated from the vaulted construction, while from the free columns to the back wall, thus a slab is laid over the buttress and on the latter is placed a | sable roof. Fis. 1058 shows such a form from the south transept of Strasburg minster, which occurs still later on the south tr- ey | ‘a ‘iad is Na) a ott ac one ee [lor es ,zemfop ts dowdo eid to tqeanes ae asioit a ol -ediow sones® reiso bos esttrzsdd to Iexb | gfda3 poisosessiar ond esodt no Bagot si tnemegacstis ‘eidd .galeesct0 edi asve eninwor 8 to gotoelq odd t rea t#nemgoleveb efdt otf ,sloanaty Iseeoloo 2 od Bal pots soo to fnwooos nO -ematiacgotg wol ytev ai beebal oxsds ibs itsdeb adi to sstossero esevee odd mond yllersae Das j gaisevoo {ethosinod oft [Lite .euid plise feds o¢ asilvo bt ped of ef bas elyte acitkansiat eft oF teilvoeg saiwon eal. $1” enoltourtencs to elafcaize okdtoed efit of yrastaos es 2 saidluce eds bogoleveb ed yem ce sot .settel sod ton yléas é sttod edt bebuloxe ek botireq on ai evdd Boe .ayents nod +30 notensixe as 22 tediel sdt esseqgs stedwyisvd .snitsyoo ) y gtedw .watrevoo to mici snebuogebai as es deebat .TemT071 . ai ylbebtiosh ei st yiaatbroook .bersvoo od ot asge sit yd hed ? Leastouise ostine edd gefeveb ot tas otddog Yo emsten sit gt .eltateb seoit Ife yolqus of ..6-k) mt0t dis ss otal taut aed’ ebapotget0% edd af etseqcs tedgeasio Svyidisioosh esd # mott beessg noos gasaqoleveb bicet yrev elds af tas: oidvop beonborg Inteost: eton eeodd ot botteg piass edd lo earot ides oats a0 esom etecr noidgovatenos bet{vav to ¢aemqolsveb “aOidinvoos: edt co asdt ,aliateh to aa102 Isinemento sacdd (edt dt¢in esvidom Isesd setiise-edd to yilid neh edd snoitogtssnoo To rict begelsevesd A a Vou t f | : ¢ivev Lensut.diiw entise mufoo edd aesdw adivess dela odd To Sroqque Leciatewmys A . fas avotcsa biel eased snove yd [few iosd & dtin besosagos © ieides & tasd to asec stitse edt miot tedéie doidw ,sbiesi tos ~ ) dose eiitdidxe C@Of .aLt .edele beatfoni to bevonasenoo foor _g od absel dnengolevsh todsard evi oi gecd .taomeyasrie 6x. floss Lioteut odd eXif bouvet ono, o% setit besdat ,sinev * awode mond OOO! 1.82% got ts mict Ledioo edd to aoisiteqey "7 bobdtiw bebelont nedt ei dove Ketatog seodw .dfusv Lonaué ods eti ato? emasd snode esodd elidw .oidag sslugasiad cater s te enmsloo sitsif sit to aelq odd ewode 2 CBO! .8i9 eit bas tivev edt to dnowt edé.de gabbloom odd déin eleoce e at patdatoy! ed? .noitoes odd at d O80l .b19 boa .emssd ath solisme ot bos efotw eds io shastagem oft o¢ Snibrooos fat heor sat déiwsiosv edt to nottentdsoo edd ot basTibisow ; wd Be. sevoo readme & To cuot oft Ye talol © déiw eeoetg 622 | | transept of the church at Golmar, as well as also on the cathe- dral of Chartres and other Frence works.’ In a richer form ae arransement is found on those two intersecting gable roofs and the placings of a crowning over the crossing, this almost lead- 7 ing to a colossal pinnacle, like this development in Golmar, there indeed in very low proportimns. Qn account of conditions _ and generally from the severe character of the detali. forms 7 culiar to that early time, still the horizontal coverings becomes — nowise peculiar to the transition style and is to be regarded j as contrary to the Gothic orinciple of construction. It is evid- ently not the latter, for so may be developed tha waulting sys-. | tem always, and thus in no period is excluded, the horizontal 7 covering. Everywhere appears the latter as an extension of the former, indeed as an independent form of covering, where permit- _ ted by the span to be covered. Accordingly it is decidedly in the nature of gothic art to develop the entire structural form into an art form, ise, to employ all those details, in which the decorative character appears in the foreground. When further — Gothic art in this very rapid development soon passed from these _ forms of the earlry period to those more graceful produced by the development of vaulted construction rests more on the choice of ~ these ornamental forms of details, than on the recognition of : the incompata bility of the earlier basal motives with the fullg@ developed form of construction. Shrine with tunnel vault. q A symmetrical support of the slab results when the columns are connected with a back wall by stone beams laid across and proj- * ect inside, which either form the entire mass or bear a sable roof constructed of inclined slabs. Fig. 2059 exhibits such an arrangement, that in its further development leads to a tunnel vault, indeed first so one formed like the trefoil arch, by a repetition of the corbel form at top; Fig. 1060 then shows a tunnel vault, whose pointed arch is then included within the triangular gable, while those stone beams form its abutments; Fig. 1060 a shows the plan of the little columns at a. greater scale with the moulding at the front of the vault and the stone beams, and Fig. 1060 b is the section. The jointing is arranged according to the magnitude of the whole and in smaller dimensions wouldilead to the combination of the vault with the roof in two pieces with a joint at the crown of.a member covering it and i: Bx = eenbia eft eatatot stiuavy eseo4xeo dtiw eniada Fades bapot moos cele ei ¢ivav Senasd edt omttnest 6 bsebni ef ered? bac .(F30F satt) sfnav exo10 eid yd sree eit soe -.eetv0o aidd to tigeot daetsqgs teas! & > to meteve oft efuc sonie tadd .bedetidates ed Lion jaeh oi bas sausdousie edt to yboo siléns edd esartmisied bac ass to mokéieouxe edt ,aredmem ati Lis to sacugoleven | y emtson0o St ee gooe es ,betinpet ef enokessarb Ife at + goty ,bebavoss aseqgs yeu noftsasique eidd bas ,eosqe & mie 6 to gatisvoo e1liae edd mtot of tI wolfe esonetauso sp Losatoste & to sotsstiat edt ylso aateonoo ti sonte 290 te enctizoqoug edt nodw iu3 .ezogzsg svidatoosh & sot OV ‘ti yeentot {sntos déin anidivav od bsel beteveo ed of sosqe P edt toobs of dent .timeot tedatd 6 yd te9gGs ot bexinpet sd ‘eud? .ecotenomth bas anoltibhos edt of betine deed tivev te line gent odie) to botisg teed eft ai tigsy Isagsct odd haltt se e63 eyods ae .tivev eaoto edi ablesd sosiq adi enisinian Md sevo se Elen ee .(@c& .g) evobatw odd stoted gnibnsixe 208 seu bas esefimA to isrbsdtse edt Yo eedoteg Snitosjo1g job ti see agva ow hesbal .cconesrdiud edt noswsed sLiad ame oliaae. setei fis efeoxs jadi ,ezendota s of yitelootiasg he oan escoo8 bos sonseatens# end yd ddauord es dose ,ci to eno o esail boltsay ston eat 103 etuditvedye doit « abicitie asvs bas je otis sotsel edt ot yviaaeluotineg baa oodt tI .tiusv beddia od’ Bbawoms oft to enoissoqoig oft s1edr eseso ni ogls tiuev aagoxs | steatt wobie ati to sonetettif Isdsiehiasoo edd bas w10t bas ,boncitnon tas! elowaxs edd mi es ,cisev [eanst edd yxe od [itw omafd on .notdstoeiis aisdiso s dtiw eissqos Yo 220 odd to modsert est beteasee cd [fin yfoo ted .exsd tf ‘ tie mie a a ae rt ye by; fo ae pelbvedte 10 ibogsersa ed eben vikiees edd, ot koe go Sauer s \aatb{ocr eloute & akofenemth LLewe iS dotde gt etosmttagmes odd yd beoslget ed nso eidd 16 < oe + 4) jentade oft t0 tdpted edt to coktdoqexs pe febon shsu ore eniude edt to tdgted to aotsaogoxg sa? ee BE ageb 2st oc base .P 2 > of F : E toods ,edtow weblo sac | . } to besd end seds 08 ‘ atgitd bedetldstes ed of sipati : i onan ~efor & es [etiqss edd to got esd. svods oaia Jon yeu £ io ene enottr0v07 tebuele ero .dt woled aniene: yinoances eiid flotiw no aleteebog 10, excold Yo Tnemegnetie ead YO 7 ote B .omefoo estt 6 ot 3i Botoala yw geivasi bos ,ebnsde te etodones nowt gatunavia yo feyolque meg sve Bray a nt tfuay edt to eesed odd to das a ree ,enteds eft fo nal to w20¥ SP itopastos: 70 e7ape: eb eatate sat tooasle hasorh af ay neo sotzetal sid civ’ S ; I to solsaogoug eft ot wrod asdd8L # ) rencion ods nk solttotxe odd to mzet susv0oe sat dtiw foatdmos aioe bels ef wot telozastoot edt geoY «FOO .2tt cr awode bede 5g° to wtot ofisassnoS « asin fotoeanoo move @f bas ,boae ft baoyed asivel eis to ebie sit to seeoxe edd ¢edé oe , 200% ) te eeesignd Sit to cost odd etoserstni asidis eniide oft To Pte sat efbbin sid soued bas ti mort motsootorg s no etest P emienth té es bedetegqse yloaisne ci ebie wsllame edt to ico eu edt conte ferest' seven stew ecititelepzeiti dees t9evoetox “late ,tostts encestntotg edt benstdgiod yl i ‘gexkt .favot semtsenoe et asig Lsaokylog Ssdt ostwexl i estele: ilew sse1 odt mkt sbhem ctlofa s bos ,nossxed edd to b edd e808 Slvow asbia stomiitty aokylog 4 .ackylog suites b Fo¥) sesh? As Leconoo Hilvor eauloo edd sett .cgsdusy ‘om tort void eds tnioalger ‘yd bobliovs seuttonoe at tosieh — aa ews | ‘,aedota To enotgaings bobmegense xd SPOTR ON Gri’ * if -@nivde e422 Ralévord dc hamege peor sit to Sac sit to saad edt te Qatyl sebi est % Legtontzq sit to motvsioosh edd dacdt ef elisteb eodd it de MM \acteestoxe sttaited Jaow ed? eemoosd sfodw edd Bd ovat. ene eoiniwo fadaosited tiney edd revo bone on ay eran ) 48 evo 28 tent, toot. eit seve vedas détw toon of¢ . a fii : bis eves toon» 8 Gtiw ae send pailiso faset sre , a a eet i a pie i hrs ; ie Bi aig wee +.¢) wie A ee sf a << itr VV eoky ed? .enanloo elttil: pedoséts dsiw seout - 2 99° wort etoetorg. saeTy Snivde edt Jedd oe nohsxed ond 624. | -to the earlier mode be arranged, or according to the later b tress with attached little columns. The ribs reauire by thei small dimensions a simple mouldings, a round or pointed bowte or this can be replaced by the compartments in which the rib Proportion of the heisht of the shrine. Ns The proportion of height of the shrine are made moderate on the older works, about 3: 1 to 4%: 1, and so far dependdon thal figure to be established therein, so that the head of the latter may not rise above the top of. the capital as a rule, but more commonly remains below it. More slender proportions are. obtained by the arrangement of blocks or pedestals on which the figure stands, and further by placing it im a free column. Smaller col- umns are usually employed by arranging iron anchors at the hei- ght of the base of the vault. Form of plan of the shrine. i The ground plan of the shrine is square or rectangular. The latter form in the proportion of 1: 2 in the. interior can be combined with the sauare form of the exterior in the manner 4 shown in Pigs. 1061. Yet the rectangular form is also fully exp-— osed, and is even connected with a concentric form of pointed ‘a roof, so that the excess of the side of the latter beyond that — of the shrine either intersects the face of the buttress or __ rests on a projection from it, and hence the middle line of the roof of the smaller side is entirely separated as at Rheims. M7 Moreover such irregularities were never feared, since then mere- ly heightened tbe picturesgue effect. a fiikewise the polygonal plan is sometimes found, first that of the hexagon so that the shrine proper projects from three sides of the hexagon, and a niche made in the rear wall completes the entire polygon. A polygon withwmore sides would cause the disad- vantage, that the columns would conceal the fisure. Yet such -4 defect is sometimes avoided by replacing the two front columns — by suspended springings of arches.’ Crawhing the shrine. 4 The idea lying at the base of the use of the cross vault on 4 these details is that the decoration of the principal form of the whole becomes the most definite expression, if there is as— sumed over the vault a horizontal cornice and above theis a a ble roof with gables over the front, just as over church vaults — are found ceiling beams with a roof above them. With a square 4 val i is A ae de wes oi . ‘ie shsel 2 b 3 valle he ta leiapedats eneg ott aelq bovo% pot ys r. | Bas .wobke odd evods aelday. edi YO nofsitoqes & paeateat jetoot sfdsh satioeatetal ond to tromepastts beknod ‘Ro noteetmo odd od ehecl eeontdgil s9i8575 XOT %0 4 to sotsesat eds Ot¢nt tinev sat gatelet od bas eoinioo 6 oft yfno atot aedd esoative eeodw .utoot gutdoos B etoor edd to wottosetetor oa% to@ .adiuev av to ese x onhaae noidoseretal to tatog edd to Baltueoos Intosqe ‘fo mottosetestat edd siti ¢evt ,ytieseoen otiediee as vet edt Yo ¢aomepnsrie eft ebnenoh eles oa1eveaert he t eet vbimetya oft et moktibbs wile Fo st03 secisss dT gt aces shinde odd to sedsossiio edt fobdu qd elosaniq tse73 ide aa ‘gis to tdaten edd ydoted? ,iskait wollod s to stadt ot * beletuatt odd Yo dsdt yd beoslqex 2k aweloma betsino ody it tdanots yqaed e ylaiatres bas .eatade edd mk beoslg tates Biss noktonisenco cacte oft ai balagougne to Jedd .cidd at p sbnee oad Ro sosetroqat edd yi foxusio sdf of betasqer de 3a i cy Sxattrs nt eatide odd henidacs ec you cassited odd atin teal poten aa 10 tb to ooitéscivyet « aniai0t toddie .2¢en i edt eveds eeatsiso costave Lfen edt pi soil Ti sna test? patiud edt to got ait oroted eell Wodtte si setial edd ak esidors eit dgadd ce) .gtbastd ense oct agd ao dibin seliewa s 3 > ener bitos ond etoted barid es cesuitsoo saiuds eat to ste eaectsud saz oi 5 bas aedtuy Yoor sit of wotivetxa zeseettto8 ae »ti avods < # sedt SRE PaRENEER ois to eta apotdsios odd oelh * ane " satgvore ba. ersiiss edd od ead seendtud | eae re ~totew tot twoge edd gaitroqese — fo Jueg & tedt .etdd at etetsnos tasmogcaiss teolqute oft 9 oft mo ae .teoge odd aised seendotdd adsl of sesasiud opr dadt'oe .¢i hesoxe yom cud ,tuoge odt as -dthiw ouse edt ol sebau qso 8 éviese1 essous eid bus stadt baoyed sootord Sra pean elisil e eadieeh siento eros roY bss os adtoas ecvisoss tioge eit Istiqas seody ao .gesiddnd oft aed: no bebuetal sd of stasqes “dnemozsatis ne dove .aut erat Ai ean wR edt to eee a ie "ay? ries vip ut ; heb ar Bree: oe ? hi . a ' Siectgnets i ‘gee0 tealowte odd ot. (S80! .9ft) tedtel ek dorwsdo sft : ' ww ye ‘a ay ‘ iv f . am oe aE leah ee, Fae ao ~- : RP ee oD Sale a i Oe ane a 625 | ground plan the same treatment Sf the different sides leads a repetition of the gables above the sides, and thereby to th arransement of two intersecting sable roofs. Further the endea: or for greater lightness leads to the omission of the horizont: cornice and to raising the vault into the interior of the inte: secting roofs, whose surfaces then form only the external surf ces of the vaults. But the intersection of the roofs makes 2. ha special accenting of the point of. intersection by an ornament. an esthetic necessity, just like the intersection of nave and transverse aisle demands the arrangement of the central tower. — The nearest form of this addition is the pyramid, i.e., the 4 great pinnacle ty which the charcater of the shrine passes ins to that of a hollow finial. Thereby the weight of the mass of 4 the omitted nucleus is replaced by that of the figure of a - Saint placed in the shrine, and certainly a happy thought lies q in this, that of expressing in the stone construction the stre- _ ngth imparted to the church by the importance of the saint. sl With the buttress may be combined the shrine in different ways, either forming a termination of it or an offset. In the fe first case it lies in the wall surface or rises above its top, in the latter it either\iies before the top of .the buttress in a smaller width or has the same breadth, so that the architect-— ure of the shrine continues as blind before the solid mass of the buttress. Buttresses extenlins to the roof sutter and carried above it. a Also the relatioss are of the greatest importance, that the buttress has to the sutters and spouts. Supporting the spout for water. a The simplest arrangement consists in this, that a part. of the buttress in its thickness bears the spout, as on the choir of the church in Wetter (Fig. 1062). In the simplest case it has the same width as the spout, but may ekeeed it, so that it may project beyond that and the excess receive a cap under the spout, and for more ornate designs a little column would project from 4 the buttress, on whose capital the spout. receives another pear- — ing. Such an arrangement appears to be intended on the buttres- © ses of the castery bay of the south side aisle of the church at Haina.’ a On $he cchurch of S. Stevhen in Mayence is then found the ar- elk * hd € wns, kr rans als, 4 ease elke i haut oh i Cay rete Fi Pan VU: amare o. rey er iP she my , } joo) die Michaal 9 Aa iets a . o ek...) 3 ead no etedy (£60! .giteak eseeeddek toomeynette s dotdw ,suploa bodosteb a:te2 ek agortind ent to Deca adi hos bead bedetererh ylgoowle & sasdw ,dyoge dextt edd emtol ylienogsrkh Lied tee sismoe & as $i dteened wick Savo1g eid? to mottqoke odd sedd ov irakanbs sonol end Sutsobsod vestmedo ofc atin aoldoonsoo yitnoupext edt) besad addtast ¢i moldioustenoo suse Bees s vd beos.gst ef wenfoo edt doide o¢ barhtoces ,agie nkdeateceg odd fotdw to ybod eft o@ (S00! .2f2%) sideanta Be bit to ybod edt so tase soqgq 243 tedd oe ,2e1n00 & sutot bat Rit snetdonisanco exiéae edi guthsol yd becveas at or Welt af owvode mrok ode basot ee anole aii engiacd .a a0 bes pep of tnowegaati4 off a0% evitomw eldative & exelto dolar @et wi heitinos vifisitastedue ed of ateeqgqs omae edt becbal ne wostoosts gakteixe ods niastdo of of{ds assed toa vad sw bas otede B most S002 .g29 evig ew oroterent .aleteds ratew edt Pho. potithhs eda yléo dtiw toot ett ts beosla inoge edd dete Oe descca edt teve RaitoeLorq troqge att Yo dtnou Fanos . total 2 toiysilicieeog oct wituieq boodnt tnog# odt Yo sone > Leotrcer & Batsiaoce to amsot eloanakg oft tact o2 ,epaedo pus 04? gelyousey oft of botouhbooe eziiietaw eft doltdw dyvorde Hdgvods .xtivisoe Pfot ef banct sedtawt si aoitsssp ak taonog " ides nmoatawexiov ja doaudo saz to etewot e643 no wi9t. selgata a: eMORKUEILN af tas? ite Piet das oidtom tovsmid ylase eds of Satgucoted= skiesh A 62 sit yd besolone et eestétnd est sredm .COOr weft. yd anoda ¢ seten s bemrolt af esoative seggmietsi co Jadd os ,serntce sfdecned. Bsosig guoge odd cial assur asdisn odd dofdw oort jt to debin oft ydevedy .tsemeyneris, desl edd od floow eidd Bbie dose ¢s evsel ot ee 08 Yoor eldey s yo bebivib et niesc | edd eit exoting sedi si9ed? stooge s od Satbmetxe sediah Coal na beosiges ed tuoge edé bas .beatlont ed ysa toos ~wilenogelbh toe i wii Davowve aesing os pokisedxd aN exstéos owt otek costsue tecqu odd Yo noteivib sa? gq @ sed eesatsud sdt Yi .ytiersoes saténe avin essoso yl J rstew eit ,sedieg) ood evods Sater isosaniq s 10 teaq dei nit < seth: adwords to Beeteat tusq teddid edd bowors betrse0 each tae eiewos to asercattad edt no ylaslvoiixey seeds eetatirs meee: ak cecelg tedto ai nnenen re he ei.) Lif i ON My, : ei : ra wi art i “i ld mM eR at ie * : "TAS Ra “0 J "y Bea, » yt va ee a he ‘ t {eee ve : .“ SRC ce 1? Bi hal Eyer 1 ee Ty re ee Ne ia.) . Cait t 626 us arrangement represented in Fig. 1063, where on the gable roof of the buttress is set a detached column, which Supports the Spout, where a strongly diminished part of the buttress formed a as a square set half diagonally forms the first support of it, So that the adoption of this ground form beneath it occurs in . connection with the chamfer bordering the lower edges. On the same construction is further based the frequently occurring de- Sign, according to which the column is replaced by a detached pinnatle (Pig. 1064), én the body of which the penetrating spout. forms a course, so that the ppper part or the body of the finial — is ensured by loading the entire construction. On S. Benigne in Dijon is found the form shown in Fig. 1064, which offers a suitable motive for the arrangement in question, Indeed the same appears to be substantially modified in reality and we have not been able to obtain the existing direction of the water therein. Therefore we give Fig. 1064 from a sketch a with the spout placed at its. foot with ohly the addition of the @ front mouth of the spout projecting over the pinnacle. The abs= om Snee of the spout indeed permits the possibility of a later j Change, so that the pinnacle forms or contains a vertical tube, through which the water is conducted to the gargoyle. The arran- gement in question is further found in full activity, though ti a Simpler form on the towers of the church at Volksmarsen.and on i that in Wildungen. A design belonging to the early time of Gothic art is further — shown by Fig. 1065, where the buttress is enclosed by the roof 4 cornice, so that on its upper surfaces is formed a water basin, : from which the water runs into the spout placed beneath. Next. this would be the last arrangement, whereby the width of the basin is divided by a gable roof so as to leave at each side a gutter extending to a spout. There the gutters like the sable | roof may be inclined, and the spout be replaced by two spouts re set diagonally. Extending the gutter around it. — The division of the upper surface into two sutters then chief- ly occurs with entire necessity, if the buttress has 2 rojese as ing part or a pinnacel rising above the sutter, the water being — carried around that higher part instead of through it. We find these particularly on the buttresses of towers and on the arran sements in other places in connection with the buttress systen, sete Pe ee me A SAL ae Rees eral, fe Oe ee Re ae aye ur eee sf ‘ Wa} if ) of fi j ¥ ia ie 3 lh etioncat: 4-8 edt Yo esos vlag ewed noitaem bas Sp ienee toon efduct eteigmoo edi nd Sevologe efrceentéud oct tg ‘odd bas cosine, seqqa ony noowted sonerettib edt tedd oe (iitbie edd eovis nottoctora aidt yd bentetde eloaantq sid to cme -dgnoidd bedoste ei $evew edt dotdw worl ,sodtes ode stan pivow geostaae edt Yo eonesetiid etd? .yLisnogeis “ent cen bos ewetit bosoepo1g sfosanitq sit eestano .eaolean Ang sasontend edt to sort oft Hacyed ivo. belle ie ' -TOTsu ene gckvovbacd w odd ‘Yo Sehkekbaco. & wore boacivnem erueusgaeaie oid 114 ye ye tadd .ehataavbse odd brotie euit bos .tks nego edd nk pauwoze ‘setew adt abitoubno) .bevewss bre noon yiiese ef eds % Heit egstnevbs oct eorrene yLiscre yrertnes ons ao eeetdénd ot srom yilseteaeh ote ateidgo dowel .ecisges tadt0 g edd ditw beqissaisn si mottod edt bas todtal os ae {asvo yd bontatds teed ei cagcune test odT y ydaisiaes mf 2201 spit)-tedaw edt Yo noisoowtB edd ni egiab déin ede venofe teowid edt svods sizec ed? goavetsind a2id r)6% saneng ¢eow el goisibaom eist .sonstaies? ond bec zthedt ¥d palorcs toor edd evods eszccisdud odd Ratbastze yi besestquo Rtoor eldah © déin eodsuturet case teolquia edd ai nodd dotde ig@ ¢dotl edd revo zi sgodite astéief okt suiwors doai ed? agdw favo .beosiq: sd mao oake beasetool we dtdfwao .seddsh ated seve 2 Mr gosset eii cad sesetont sift) .ezbia edd to slbhia est aed potdiogosg ofnt'gntawc1s edd to Suigaiq¢d edd earoongs os got shesd tnsixs fentaett aed of bee. .akbic edd to dtone.s ond ih seloenaka Jeexy o Satoais tt craebtud' ont 40 gage otas te solifeoq si? gaiateon0D b Io, duengolevel 8) ,eteizs gogsuh.enede on ti ted? .be¢ste sd e43 07 Haage1 ai eotdivelttib mbstiso e4aues toar odd goat Sitoenth yd Soeitte boos, ca eaquboug doidw ,tooa edd od noid ‘ fet bausobe add 10 ,eastéded edd. spate décor: act to gee. i atds bas foor.eds Yo sostwwe dpwot edt ddiw, .eedots batid G.edt batded cozesq sofnipo. too edd tedt 98 .Seblove series jewels: neduted. {svagtet [leme a.eovee! neve bus gesatted Sci # eoubexot ensomns. soviz at guiheol o slgleaing odd ya. ahd “ieee euds .weeiddad edt to goratpiest eis. .etosost resto eg ett? enti. edt ontesete& andi bas .p 3 & = gt Jods on wi xX gy 2 ee ed? Yo aeottoetosg ed? acaimterzeds { moxd nxath edt Geented constelh edt estvedl, .2@ gp m f et neta or tasoo eldsy edt 20 noitrelosg ent socimseteh setaupe ) sremotto' Reeererarennnan tnctencnre re ous epcaaey., 680 Wye eis rae j hia a RMA OL ee i nts Merete aN y eed! of i 4 x 5 +? ry fo ee 628 offsets and their caps sometimes ornamentins only to a few in As stated elsewhere, buttresses risinm tolerable vertical and quite strongly loaded above are in place, particularly where yve- ry high thrusts occur (p. 335). The upper loads at the same time. afford the welcome opportunity to develop tall and gracefully | tapering crownings, that in the course of time come into ever increasing use in the form of pinnacles.’ : 4. Pinnacles. Construction of Pinnacles according to rules of the old masters. | Chiefly in their connection with gables and tracery, pinnacle form a particularly prominent group of Gothic forms of. develop- : ment. and in their extremely diversified forms and combinations — substantially contribute to the richness of the whole, but like tracery extend almost to overloading. Thus were regarded fron the 14 th century as given magnitudes, and as the common posses Sion of all materials and trades, they were employed for almost every conceivable purpose. If then in the middle ages such exas geration always occurred with skill and good luck, such is not. to be praised in all modern applications. A Pinnacles according to Roriczer. From the last times of the 15 th century the “little book of correct pinnacles” (Note) with an appendix on the construction of gables, which gives correct determinations of. the dimensions of certain kinds of pinnacles, more ornamental and kept within smaller dimensions, that we shall follow here in an extract. Note. By KMotthes Boriczer, cathedral architect im Regensbur ds; Reichensper ger, Ternischte Sconriften. | In Pig. 1067 let a b be the square plinth of the pinnacle, ¢ a then are determined by the inseribed diagonal square the two sq- uares nekt found, the plan ¢ d of the shaft of the pinnacle and the bottom e f of the recesses formed therein. Then divide f g in 8 parts, lay off 2 of these to h, and thus is determined the - quadrant struck from h with h g with its fillet forming the mo= ulding of the body at the recess. Then describe the rectangle > g gk k, so that k g = 2g 3, and thus determine the line 1] m drawn from 1 determines ths projection of the crocket, whose ae plan is 1 mg go. Sikewise the distance between the two outside Squares determines the projection of the gable cornice. From th- ese results the elevation of the pinnacle as follows:- the heig 7 a Bdiied i a a ia apne Jy: a] sii pe a rey bi Wis i ” We ; er | af eds Yo $44% do 8 © dene yolbwIont ybod oft to ba shad wait suo of devin se d's ¥ * efosaniq edt to stadt bas athe B = efosnntgq edt to dthin vegan offs ,etedann erse ~ tdypted edt to 2\6 neds ei ofdayg odd Yo a ogbiz edt 1 atinees & nottoetoig edt to tniog emextxe ont nedt souks wo yd bos o @ #f elday odd to eqole edi nest .nsigq os oe ‘seotatoe ofdsy edt Bo sagied edt havot et smaz end of eo teqqu edt of eotaroo eit Yo onif tewol edt to soke te edt, to dthin sewol edt es qo ¢ dtbin efi aevig gq oF 0 Be eaale eas to pod yd bomtor0eteh ef eibhitiw tun seqgqu eaodw ) ote B22 tH eouvesoe owt edt hae .asig ont so dg ti” a ra ef? aevis dotdw ,sehlte owas edt dttw enti afbbia ect no bed r Hee »sete edé yeiavoro doadk eds to softener 1 edt to sejbe teqgam edt evin redt Sf bas if etniog edt Rexel? edi bas tewoltescso edd post efosratq odd gattateqez js etenpa aelq edt yd beokwriotef af notssetotq ezodn fee Rides ed eocateib ef? .¢ a obke ots to S\It yd wt tdylted ett Tas aa est 2evig tedtert sefg ed? oct £ 9 bow d & seteupe ows ) uae Yo B\S xd benimnotoh ers x TI hoe w v edktbinw ed ofidw tebas $ethinow edt %oihie dowd qot edi ‘to tipted eft ae [Ler © etaupe ede wort etivees coat sdt to sokstoejotq eit .t]enolt es 4 Bo eseute eds yo esiacvoo ofd Lo tect Bas .usalIa oct al | EbEtvis wd nevis yilentt ore sisvoors edd 30 exbhe «shan ont Sebb edt yd eidgted tteds bas ,etteq xia otat 8 2 eonesaib Bes? .aely of oo . eer pend tenooro edd to mrot sit to nottivosxs aedtunt ya i f Bas saottsatduco nt yifenckeib sawrs slosaniy to atct saz , eri odt ni .ofdag wobnin heviwo edt stdin sottoansoo nt dnesetiib - ilive fayot ei tedoei to noltouttaal benobtnsn Bsi\geods asbiced aslocaniq *o. aidstfed sit to aenoitaniw Muto ebod odd Sloote sno of Sathsorod .tosoito® to ssodd tiv es. teliso od tedt uottsogowy. 2 dé & 6 to stdzies evad himatyg Rveed yhed edt seito of? of daibtooos ,"notaivib deeat” @ 98 egoitsogoty sebasle deve to aay odd Sod 18 binatya rer sediw? bas: .epote sit to eesaboos edt no Jnehaeg : < canara do@ .gotwesh edd nt boete Iisde sfosaaig A 400! saidmoo e1tine odd mott ‘bectagooey ai Ji .istoel at ae ph s0aten Das eelosanig ot stelen enoitsnimisieh novia odd a tise « uabbaed (20 Ratotothe acseertine a0 ncttoant (atosms a ne ge haath versie poet ultatoorss ai Petco? ee ia Neat ee) ais Pa eT ee ee 629 of the body including plinth = 6 a b, thab of the latter = a and that of the pinnacle = 7 ab as given in our Pig. By the Same numbers, the upper width of the pinnacle = 2 bh g on the p The ridge n of the gable is. then 2/8 of the height from 6 to 8 Since then the extreme point of the projection a results fron the plan, then the slope of the gable is an and by o P parallel to the same is found the height of the gable cornice. The oxtenm Sion of the lower line of the cornice to the upper one, thus fre om o to p gives the width » p as the lower width of the stem, s whose upper am& middle is determined by h g of the plan. Further 8 @= f h on the plan, and the two squares ars s are construc= ted on the middle line with the same sides, which gives the ance mension of the knob crowning the stem. The points 11 and 12 then give the upper edges of the mouldin Separating the pinnacle frog the crossflower and the flower it- self, whose projection is letermined by the plan square a ob and its height t u by 173 of the side a b. The distance between the two squares a b and ¢ d@ in the plan further gives the width 189 while the widths v w and 11 x are determined by 273 of t u, as 4 well as. the height of the top knob aidtof# the moulding under the flower. The projection of the knob results from the square e6 r 4 in the plan, and that of the cornice by the stkuare c 4 there, the under edge of the crockets are finally given by dividing the distance 6 @ into six parts, and their heights by the distance j mm iin plan. 2 By further execution of the form of the crocket then results a | the form of pinnacle giwen diagonally in combination and drawn . in connection with the curved window gable. In the frequently 4 mentioned Instruction of. Lacher is found still different deter- minations of the heights of pinnacles besides those agreeing 4 with those of Roriczer. According to one should the body of the” 4 pyramid have heishts of 8 a b, a proportion that he calls the . “fresh division”, according to the other the body has 7 afid the pyramid 8. But the use of such slender proportions he makes de- pendent on the Ssoodness of the stone, and further whether the pinnacle shall stand in the drawing. But generally in Roriczer as in Lacher, it is recognized from the entire combination, that. the given determinations relate to pinnacles and rather an orn- © amental function on buttresses adjoining or bonded to wall sur- faces, and especially when combined with window gables and kept er oe iii ae ei Ea ORS ‘exon ends ot ton sud ,ssotenamth efsrsbor oristw tives gfest eseninzed bra vecsowtted,ssg Heol tedt Sel s seedoteonl od Uribtoota weoldsy. wobair “ko notsoussen00 edt wolfot cals ssf [isda of - iv rey | »texolioh ot gakbioogve sptrat acfosnaig edt to eextieo eo consteth edt Sareea edt @hotds bedtapewvortto b o dti «hd 2 8 Sete bbbe efosnety ena? to Ss ettnes edt 50.3 6 82 aevig c THOT bd ee ontrox tt tedét dtiw motteotrret¢nt oft ci bas efpas eda . on jedée Yo noteivih bas Gmwat eft Yo anoieaenih off yile ced henuoto od {iiw doide. .wobatw ea? so ddae Keild end Situpe edt coct eiivaer none sedéal oa? Lo silior eat Tee cies teroisom wi «dd 9 obia end dtin betevisecos olgns a doin Bedt .6 YOOt .pit ebte edt ri nvode seutem ed¢ ak beqo Le ' : jen ffs ‘ et ae Seettoo to miot sHetettih 2c ted ,natg at boos ereones /gutbnoqeensoo oct dtiw efasd thocettio o bane soltev ae eliseors ede Yo oetsvpa fomroe eft to eaif eibbin ess 2e ; Oaf to baiq odt yatninieted etesipe seivo eetody ,elday ede ya onesse baooes ent «bo dttw sebienios sofievele ni f£ 1 ee eae) ,wotfavele uot o a yotifwom wore eft to nelq oft seviZ te oa Se fant ut.¢ ee déswot edt ,2 pp Goad qot ens Yo tender one to salq qoe ens ef vy w teal ocd Snes ,o o exods 5S ate : Sioa: ‘bexusio si ore ens act ¢s tadéd Beton adv of sect et 42 re ‘ .hORetoo irae 0. te sedt-conteteteb asad efoenntq edd to tadnied eat ry oa Latot eeotiw ,olday ef mo tewoLltecoro edi to tatog ens é%. .eloeanig out to) ¢Hgied ed? S\t se hextt al & of v » most Vemas ed? yitosxe ni meviy ere steds to atagiod sisiades edt toi ebte edz tot tadd Ce eloananig edt ne ee gots ag Lote yoted) e16ecce m i ebis edt ,osdst sexed? d s setgupe twatmed ode. neat etivees .btaurwoh hearoovoo ezentl edt: to ed £12" entl sedt0d code ao ,wtewol? eds to mete ad? So omeonyanlin -eldag etd to evsvo ett Lo dots se¢oo end “appanage ed? Mo asig odd) wexh sectt \awollo? ea hesoriee ¥ soars, el? te eLoenciq ed¢ Yo. meig odti nt & t XR eLitorg baile e | roMuottoctore eee. bi cedd eted ,op Lisde ab doin Hae heents svetencecersdetale evtcte net? .elosanta ets te | | ee peat sece wobatw ed? do efitaxy end hal ay an Me ; i ee i ; si y Vv [ iia! mo ie A ’ ‘ id ' ¢ ) On if * ; a Bab Caren ee PA ay OM GN CORY i). pam eae Yo # bue ed? dgroats aevys1h x «x ontl ect .f aA*R te aes ent Bas viu Bos t @ wote off Jo netq ekt te noidoeasoo ve' an te 7 : T. ‘ : ’ SO 630 ey) within moderate dimensions, but not to thus more structural. us that load the buttresses and terminate their forms. Window gables: according to Roriczer. We shatl here also follow the construction of. window gables according to Roriczer. | ; The distance on certres of the pinnacles in Fig. 10867 b meas-— ures 6 a be. With ¢ d circumscribed about the squara ab in Pigs 1067 c¢ gives as e f on the centre ¢ of the pinnacle set back asa the angle and in the intersection with that likewise set diagon- ally the dimensions of the jamb and division of the mallion for the blind arbh or the window, which will be crowned by the gable. The profile of the latter then results from the equilateral tri- angle constructed with the side g h. By Roriczer this is devel- — oped in the manner shown in the side Fig. 1067 d, thus with a concave hood in plan, but 4a different form of corresponding ele- vation and a different basis with the corresponding form given at g hi. The line k k drawn through the end k of the hood giv- | es the middle line of the normal square of the crossflower of the gable, whose outer square determining the plan of the 4 lea- ves 1 1 in elevation coinéides with c d. The second square n oa gives the plan of the stem moulding n o in elevation, the third 4 q rthat of the top knob gq vr, the fourth s t is that of the stem at deabovess o, and the last uv is the top plan of the stem. It is then to be noted that at top the square is changed to an octagon. The height of the pinnacle then determines that of uv, thus the point of the crossflowser on the gable, whose total height from uv to x is fixed at 1/3 the height of the pinnacle. The separate heights of these are given in exactly the same propor= ~ tion as on the pinnacle, so that for the side of the outermost square a b there taken, the side 1 m enters here, ete. By the connection of the plan of the stem s t= and u v and the extension of the lines concerned downward, results then the diminution of the stem of the flower, on whose border line will be tangent t the outer arch of the curves of the gable. Thelatter can be con- structed as follows. First draw the plan of the gable, thus the profile g k i h in the plan of the pinnacle at the place from uy which it shall go, here then in th@e projection of the plinth of the pinnacle. Then strike the separate lines determined by the profile of the window arch from the assumed centre, here at et Pabteoe eferaqes ods yd sediaut bas o veot «3i@ ai t6 toore ged? .efttorg eden edd wot sgitivecs eontl E- Ro enif gatdataint’ edt of «séluelhneqieg yx entl ex cae eG se0 dotdw tot? ,extneo s tettel edd ao devoe bas T Mestwo edt) of haw mote edi Yo eatl eds oF taeyned dors dtiw olaémeonco cud extute yignibrooes hus tore ef se Yatbrogsortes 8 fl .Gidag ed? to sentl dows certo edt wetenoe ec Bivos .otB a0 So Blad tikka edt alt aovig ef els Bo nofisetorg edT .eontl idginistea dtin el{dsy reins gentoo emexrtxe eft mond eofday edt to deew efe ao gaitses bese (x o éaptod «feat cetwedtif fas .t p ante .slitoaq " b xherotie. niselimie acelq oft no edipaet edt OF yaibrooos be — eit to dome tetvo ost ro meds Yo woksudixteth edi a tan «4tetosd of gaibtoses eloaanit — Sutiw yew s mi ecsiks evods bevolevah noisoustenco odd sad? @ab & neve hroiis ylao yodt tex .sedesd yd sewiy eolonexe edd rs) ; | . «mobsse1t 39 aa te dzbiw edz to cotérogote eds enreonos sartt ted 6a vino ti ,seloennia ect meewted eometeth eds wk elas sige Re dtbie eds” ,zoloennig ed? asonied constett odd seus nl Nedt to ssanpe eft to eble oft yd beontoieteb od Litw “ef bitfede hte eidcs aedtede eect ttef ait ti é@cd ,elowenata sad Yo pele @d42 to taemeoleveh adi c0 .¢k sod somite SI to OF A nodatd é ‘. emg Pay = oi. ® ef seoviy od enoteivihb iseqionteg eesedw ,eiday edd to not? wth notioutienoo edt aeviadeb on {etot) ataoroiuod Qf £a0qG node” wore eft Yo esodt mort eerif{ dows edt to a TSOL ,@elwt oeedt to oxlaV Pe lieasi a mevibh ton eved sw isdt xasa9e7 oW e ode a eced. seeresannd to. gents fnetal end mort gaidsb iii ‘ are bites ORR ee ee Re ee | | 631 ) Zin Fig. 1067 bo and further by the separate toncentric arch 4 a lines resulting from the gable profile. Then erect at the poinam x @ line x y perpendicular to the diminishing line of the stem, and seek on the latter a contre, from which can be struck an arch tangent to the line of the stem and to the outer line of the arch, and accordingly.strike thus concentric with this and. the other arch lines of the gable. In a corresponding way, a given in the right half of our Fig. could be const#uctédzan an- gular gable with straight lines. The projection of the leaves § resting on the wash of the gable from the extreme corner of the @ profile, thus q r, and likewise their height n r, are determin- ed according to the lengths on the plan similarly Lettered, and the distribution of them on the outer arch of the gable is <7 Pinnacle according to hacher. 5 That the construction developed above agrees in a way with t the examples Siven by Lacher, yet they only afford even a great- er freedon. What first concerns the proportion of the width of the whole, & this is the distance between the pinnacles, it only requires 4 that the distance between the pinnacles, “the width of the gab— 4 le,” will be determined by the side of the square of the plinth of the pinnacle, but it is left free whether this side shall be a taken 8, 10 or 12 times for it. On the development of the eleva- tion of the gable, whose principal divisions he gives to —— pond to Roriczer’s (Note), he derives the construction given in 4 Fig. 1067 b of the arch lines from those of the stem, “when shoul hast the stem of the gable, thou canst draw the arches therefrom some gables have only a half circle, also some are higher.” Si- q nee he now fixes the total height of the gable to the point x in Fig. 1067 b as 2/8 the height of the pinnacle, it follows f from this that the radius of the upper partof the arch causing the ogee curve is in an inverse proportion to that of the Lower, and therefore with a straight course of the spandrel of the gon 4 ble = 0. Of the crossflower he says further, that some need a great and a small flower, since it will indicate in the distance a it will show as well also the knob, so that by thickaning is: to 7m be made with the circle as a basis. Value of these rules. We remark that we have not given these rules of the masters dating from the latest times of Gothic here in the sense, that eT ee tae here ee yepe iki gisele ties aaa , ee Me ELIE a OS eRe j Dias is : yi 3 ed blucda mess Md: beateddo eadheroqouy eit ee a. toate to hota odt of dese! ts esy aielo 2 dove '.evit gf sobtonsi ont att evag aeluctéasg/nt setloed neds conte a 94 b stots pi mobsert teetsesy eild sredwyteve boisiecedqae tad rn enad orit toiadae2 gifstent> ow sdbin saed ook .acitso g nieces eienntbed of ovis vedd tadt .eidt oF celu1 dove ~ geal mot nofietiso s wet blvode setwoa dud ,anoid ‘Wakbaeose olosanig yteve deomls wilser at .mtol sento foukb eft to snomodleveb Istosce s ‘eetkwoss solsteog geoktinkte: fre Saetcodat toém edd .anoivsogouy tlsotiisg jomen ybetisie ew fokdw mort .dedd et slowantg odd To aoks p sroteredd sen oW sevetddus edd to nottsataved fue gatbeol Bae tk no mr0% eridae odd to sebi yathass oft golsveh od B epee tessons ni ,m2or yomndo & 9es5 ono AI dedd wore stor puosstie BA .coivies stieds sruted noce yew bofyeq sitel a exedwytevs to entt tedd of ylno sisisx of aseqgs eslot odd he ees yoasile coldiw .eslosnonig Istosemente stom bas salgot | Pelgnie 6 io chen es bevfeoncs mead sven oF tasqys Yond “Medso su900 etedd .nokiassp at 632 aloold Isveves nodk ed idkw SOOr whit at Betaesevess ofomexe ns no es. .on0 “a ‘ ‘~eatowots sdt to nolvoojorg eat oc Dragged of beg I tease o6 mo 2¥ sel. ,(880f . git) d w@ dé#gnel ohlia ode i0¥ 'Uesofederth otateiom to¥ seig eft fo eeendoins yrantihso os ¥ 2 tg B of tavows fiftw.elesoniq edt to tdgfed Istot ent eoncek .osad bevevods 21 .avoold Lerveves Io bezoqmon od cafe [fin ti bas ayq edd to vot end tf has ,mo O> et onctea ods Yo aseandoigé $itow Sedd ,excods 3 9 8 o ee mets ,Bne no tes enote « at © Betacd edt to enoitoetore edt ti tdytod sat Biad gv extem ‘20 waite s aoiahbendil aa dove enotstoetorg tent o8 ,etimil eeods me is seebbi¢daolt yitaeblye etn ned? te ‘mete edt to eteteses yatavors edt Saor Sit tuo at edt boe wete ed? .d yg Ralbicom s 44 slosanitq adé mort the ‘ot gatBbrooos bentetdo ei tx1eq cide Yo Sdytet ent bra paeerers ete yiedoa’. vd nepts ylimoxpet? stasq & st cot iS T- exoniohdt sewol ed? ,b 9 d#btw edt yd Beton " ie "eee a: it “a 3 ‘ot ‘Stupocanl edt to entiine ent natooe ey ae \ 6 ee bas benteosos aftéq edd aisef od mid Sagso ot ylao Sang e*tsetesm ond eudd .gosla oi ct eflosantg sebnels mi : WW semts b ea tio bial ed yea P 8 & Himatyg odd to ¢dgied edt hae tw Bebelont yliaiutes csls wk dent st/¢8egqqy edt .¢f of s¥emex 682 propor tidad sue see the proportions obtained by them should be generally determina. tive. Such a claim was at least in the mind of their inventor, Since then Lacher in particular gave this instruction to his s only to cause him to learn the parts concerned and their forms. but emphasizing everywhere the greatest freedom in their appli- cation. And here might we generally restrict the true use of all such rules to this, that they sive to beginners useful explana: tions, but nowise should form a criterion for the value of any — other form. In reality almost every pinnacle according fo its position requires a special development of its dimensions, and — particular proportions. The most important and significant fun tion of the pinnacle is that, from which we started, namely the loading and termination of the buttress. We must. therefore seek to develop the @eading idea of the entire form on it, and there- fore show that in one case a Stumpy form, in another case a more slender pinnacle is in place, thus the master’s rutbes of the late period very soon hefuse their service. As already stated, the rules appear to relate only to that time of everywhere spr- inging and more ornamental pinnacles, which already results that they appear to have been conceived as made of a single stone. When several blocks are in question, there occur other conditi- ons, as on an example represented in Fis. 1068 might be explai- ned in regard to the projection of the crowning. a For the side length a b (Pig. 1068), let 75 om be assumed as an ordinary thickness of the pier for moderate dimensions, and the height of the pyramid 2 b 4 may be laid off as 4 tiutes: she base. Hence the total height of the pinnacle-will amount to 3 m and it will also be composed of several blocks. If the availabl thickness of the stone is 40 em, and if the top of the pyramid is a stone set on end, then as c def shows, that would not make up half the height if the projections of the bosses still remain in it. The upper knob is also naturally included within these limits, so that projections such as Roriczer gives for ye them dre evidently forbidden. In our Fig. 1068 the erowning consists of the stem supported from the pinnacle by a moulding g h, the stem and the roll knob, and the height of this part is obtained according to the divis- ion in 5 parts frequently gieen by tacher, the projections as noted by the width ¢ d, the lower thickness of the stem by ext-— ending the outline of the pinnacle to g h. ; | edt: gaiches yd tivvet fis amrot ¢aetettia | da pateenac es 10 nena yd to ~Hd249 Ono tuode ‘mete 8 (ve (6 800% ef) gatbizom ioanaig ed¢ Yo Satawosd , epatnrors edt 10% yileseook a raseritanieres grade edt ogni doold isqqu edd Saidiud ¢ tad :istsoten oft to ounten oft yd hovebaid et binsryg 6 sxc} tostsecnt ns: eeviy bimetyo s to assent s to aokigay ) mokisniaiss s to nottqsonoe edd of begogqo ai enotesedd $ paticirtod gatawoto s to wiot edd bakit of yaseesoen ei ii sit nt guttaixe eintog {fe umtawotS tot beea edt .eacksibsoo | nen wphotveq Leiwstootidowe Ll o¢ mowmco of sao es ydias | 19 edd besot ei gud? .sebi stennt os tot teomlse seaq aso edd ,soobnid edt to ssbogeq eft so daiog xoqga sit to ‘96 .essieA niedesn to aduow iafimerya edd bas seenidd sad P igiw eeghia bas eelquos siedd to esnomibsq addhémvone axesid - | egal bas estietoxes dtiw a0 Bboy odd to eomdhit odd - paed ai olog sit dguodéls ,zaimvote agit vortepss smob edt end? Inoey odd yd ton bos acitieoo edt yd aevig daieq s ylao ~ ish s eotispoe yllsvuen ti stadt exwasom edd at ,ybed edé fo feneh edd. to zemob dakd edd vd bevowg vi tI .moteeesqxe sot of? .etnemgen teluorto to beeeqaoe asuo08 edt of bersqmos jp ones edt bas ,ybod edd to tedé iin aeisev gainwo1o edd to pace & omob eft ,gaiteois exoratinoo 2& aetiupes toot sdd ob gneD bas biasayo odd tnd ,spoo 16 oworo & sudd bas. sao bas senwoll ,bud edd déin sete oft endt .~w7Gt gatteniafso 3 > ott s0% ,an 0¢ owontos yisoitae se to heen acet IL eonell wt Bbesefamos odd to ehhix ody no deud ed& ocalg od eisineg bak ydeteds .sitetotos ousd ¢ be Ynttasio sdt .tcor edd tio eatafog to emtzol Ssissv edd wok .noitelqnos to emit end Sak aeds swsito ysis oss datn ,dte ofddcd To aaninworo odded fa enote oft ‘ni deer0 odd neds orit tedéd Yo snobtsoibar sno 7 egntawo1 eesdd to noltesziee® nommoo oe aiid to stige oT :, ti bes .wods titiw of od Saiditos aad esoto odd .stewolteco Bie yileven “edd evods booslg weve ylécoups1i estos 182 based ibinos yeds dotiw ,weo10 2 heoslg bed atnsions edé¢ etedw Enid se bobsloxe casos a ai bad dor ab bas, .xlotidug bib bas | spalavoge ed? to nottostor®) rr whe 4% wE8Od. pees a0 cf. shh ti wok Lo sf et a 633 Different forms will result by. raising the moulding on the B., stem about one fifth, or by simplifying or by omitting the stem moulding (Big. 1068 a). Crownins of the vinnacle.: Necessity for the crowning. Cutting the upper block into the sharp terminal. point of the pyramid is hindered by the nature of the material; but the ass- umption of a frustum of a vyramid gives an imperfect form and S| therefore is opposed to thse conception of a termination; Hence. @| it is necessary to find the form of a crowning fulfilling those conditions. The need for crowning all points existing in the u unity as one so common to all architectural periods, that it can pass almost for an innate idea. Thus is found the crowning of the apex point on the pagodas of the Hindoos, the towers of... @| the Chinese and the pyramidal works of western Asians.:So the | Greeks crawnédthe pediments of their temples and ridges with the figures of the gods or with acroterias and facing tiles. T Thus the dome requires its crowning, although the pole is here only a point given by the vosition and not by the peculiar--ty of the body, in the measure that it usually acquires a definite | expression. I[t is proved by the high domes of the Renaissance compared to the Roman composed of circular segments. The form of the crowning varies with that of the body, and the ridge of the roof. requires a continuous cresting, the dome a concentric one saat eye &® crown or cone, but ue pyramid and cone demand Hence at isna sip of an ses eval unknown ne us, for the =| penters to place she bush on the ridge of the completed frame 7 of the roof, the crestins as a true acroteria, thereby indicat- ing the time of completion. Now the varied forms of points and . 3 sgabbe crownings of Gothic art, what are they other than perman= ent indications of that time, then the crest. in the stone style. In spite of the so common designation of these crownings as cr- ossflowers, the cross has nothings to do with them, and it is | found far more frequently even placed above them, usually stan- ding where the ancients had placed a cross, which they could - and did publicly, and im fact had in a sense excluded a completions Brojection of the crowning. a Now returning to our Fig. 1068, there is determined as we have seen, the side c d as the dimension of the ashlar. and as. the pr- pha REC ' De ae) ted ¢ gtatoisa ton Lg en Sil alion, edt to elbwcusek 2 vliedob eds to encidsnimieteb ffs es Llow es nots eon [scttamedéen dtiw enote off Yo enokensakb edd s DLiw bh o débkw edt patbseoxe 92 noeset odd seso eins ni Wah | ‘emote edt to enotenomif oid aniashiascs wort tug .aedel Bart win oft to mrct oft tot snsisogat ylisioeqes atatog owd 4, ) sessional gos ecb eninwots sdé Yo sbysiaysm sdf tect of @ tedést dedi .slosnniq odd of aoitrogo1g Josxs at deinigib a iLissottrogoxe s settnos: slosaatg edd to outa sldesehbiesos a 3 ae i 30 rawowo ran 1a ee baogesmt0o slosaniq sit to aenoisos(o1g sistieo ted? . ‘ante edd ai bodivoeni exe etisg buitos{joxg sao scale Biss e8298500 ‘est of soto ow benottsem taxit taiog eft of fisget at ot stor ~B80r .eyit ai hetaoaetqst enotenemth totsery to velo \eloanaiq {ster edt bas somotiof# to esods of teaathnoo ai VIOL Moodts da abtaw .2 a@ alLosaredst edt mogqt OvOr Rig nf weoyts Dé xoukspes atooild Istever to setieankhimoo edt 880L ak ak eh of Mol edt COOL .pit ni oz aokavors ed¢ to mofenemth sefiawa (i) ian me of whacl fentmrot eldeg edt evoda d @ saiol edt to aoliso ai ba uo bins tya eg¢ to weegatotdt edt ciiw awoto edt Io saomeostys Hy £ eacte eno to efosunsiq sxétne odd to. wtot edt tesoti0# ab bas 6h bas ,ftuifq edi déin avoio ase lo #nemesiRs as of ahasl Lelosaniqg ed% no yutnavace aotteotorq teetnotg edt atin vl bot¥owrtenco, od? bemmeese ei 2niactess ent to aefwt seods ai tad? ‘ Bit faxeves aivooo ,ecote eno yineo © slosdaniq etitae ent to " B Gaeateidt owas ois obivih bas* -:aedate Bh! e:ad .t]8edoad at ; Bi 2s emsupe s exam 2ttsq omse edt to yaddag Sf oFat enota add *“,elongatie¢ edz to ybod edd tas eb | Lestiae avolfs parinkrow Istem to ¢1a edt OFOL »n2E at eodT | aro buoyed arote a etoteteds fuse ,eneitolaéiass cgne mort mob $b Isutoe edt bivow emoittoqgetgq, to ytilidixel? eidt teuoad iv bs ,efosantg edd? to aofanemifb- © atetnes at t9edtas? bas ,exuoedo yletitas emoced enotene ieee 1 Vv N } wort siveot, bivgow dona .asooo fivow anoliemioied eielqwos — eft to ted? of paibroses agent sud & towisganoo of tymet oa. pegofLeveb elosnaia @ ,PYO2 .git at anode ee swods dosudo or wepl® af peviy selownatg edt to eno 20 .woders z*tegol tol * ptde ot gatbrooos ‘betowitance avoto « dtiw TOL of STOLE barb “el bang to riouarieiad ent xq cence eetevnoe edd ak +0 4 Ate A, - Vy , eee me: a i iM i Mee) ol 4 - P OO eet eee a bf ah i aay a 634 ; = projection of the crownins. We do not maintain that this propor- tion as well as all determinations of the details should follew i the dimensions of the stone with mathematical accuracy, and just in this case the reason for exceeding the width c da will appear later. put from considering the dimensions of the stone result two points especially important for the form of the pinnacle. 1. That. the magnitude of the crownins does not increase or: 4 diminish in exact proportion to the pinnacle, that rather a 4 considerable size of. the pinnacle requires: & proportionally sn- 4 aller crowning. 2. That certain projections of the pinnacle correspond to each other, since the projecting parts are inscribed im the form of = DOSSES. .4 In regard to the point first mentioned we refer to the pinna- cles of greater dimensions represented in Figs. 1068, 1072 to *. 1077 in contrast to those of Roricmer and the metal pinnacle 4 given in Fig. 1070 from the tabernacle én S. maria at Liubeck. As in Fig. 1068 the combination of several blocks reguires a Smaller dimension of the crowning, so in Pig. 1069 the low lo- cation of the joint a b above the gable terminal leads to an agreement of the crown with the thickness of the pyramid or body and in Roriczer the form of the entire pinnacle of one stone 1 } leads to an agreement of the crown with the plinth, ana general- ly with the greatest projection occurring on the pinnacle. But M that in those rules of the masters is assumed the construction a a of the entire pinnacle of only one stone, occurs several times a im iy G in Lacher. Page 144 states:- “And divide the same thiekness of ee ae the stone into 16 partsy of the same parts make a square as lar- ge as the body of the pinnacle.” ia Thus in Fig. 1070 the art of metal working allows entire free- dom from such restrictions, and therefore a crown beyond any @ - dimension of the pinnacle, Without this flexibility of \proportions would the actual dia- @ ensions become entirely obscure, and further in certain cases , complete deformations would occur. Such would result from an at- tempt to construct a buttress according to that of the Friedberg church about as shown in Pig. 1074, a pinnacle developed after Roriezer’s system, or one of the pinnacles given in Figs. 1068, 1072 to 1077 with a crown sonstructed according to this system, — or in the converse sense by. the application of the proportions ibaa hi io alia Perenren e eet Hl y vi ‘ . o>, ‘ i iar “ gio a ’ aie 868 ke Wi ierise ut ab wtot oft roxt e8ot she al beqoteved at Sgnereviib edd evivodti tect .oefls ered e¢on en so¥ nr 4 ‘ ett to eeodd teri? (ecottostomg edt ot aortalos . r yfnisiues ase setfise edt af deat bare ,yvsen Ute j tellene no neve nolidoaterr telfenc pe of soneretend S! q a*nesotie# to noekteande & yd awotle ei eidd es ). retlase sissy Ocl 7 texot yrudias} edt wost eidv - py ait Write | (ear ail se a | V\ebiowose to. rtgtek : “st qs ent ts ten off neo dont ede to tatog saodgit ect | p domudo edt) Yo stodo pdt mort 280 SOF seit) Bkaerya move sees tesljont al .ob SOF .git) aawol yd a0 (tosd § Bes teboole s sloenatq odd ehast tt ,besrsbnoo etinyp ef bibies gnindor odd to cottentaret a .(SXOL »Si%) satosrado @iyteties yiao nso yisttnoo edd so bimetyg edd to xegs od’ S40 selquers edd of es mot nt rebsole ylemettxe ei deds Yi M baknworscertite guidasée edd teur yfnoumoo seolh .IVOL ,OVOr | ea ted edt ti yiletoegee .birertyq odd to rege sid evods puee! bimety¢ oft to xegs edt red ‘tonoltesorte a to mrt abate »tdgted elt to noteivid. Inebive na dtinw cehiont om meeggn edd ot Srabo tnt (VO! .eVOr | SVOF .bkt yd wowed - “ Atnkog heseitode s ved terol edt ¢linw) a Setrad te askeeane +8 Yo. welostnig bea aleintt oft co elias | ee: Sf guots ote bimerys od? to etobisoqoi¢ edt (GTOr . git) S bie Sob twodse etd mrows ode To Piyten exitae sds do saodd $040 Bolbidom et? tc qo? odd ss -yltamroe § datcq aoieivib ended q “vee seortind paudbelet offs 30 eelownalq Los zeLatatt edy ,meie y edt end B@ of a rott ends, thoes? oteacyq ot. at (aver gia} fo geibivon ede te ported ede eevig ed safoq oft ,8 3 £ ore benimrotes at ykiawo¥e ode te Sdyleos Latos wid bas eda hi *6 ,@6a0 68% to hts @ to Lenogeth edd of: gat pp ssotaes add toegainwoio sis gntoreoncs betsts ybaetle sf ph add RG soticee Isnopsioo ait berrste1 ecod sk Larones Betba0cos hse .eactct slowke of yiosiuotixeq .eno exsupe edd yeatnoiecenth to ensom yd tert of bowsitmedo ef aste sd? ymopadoo edt to: ohte aetuxer r eamooed setmado edd -to st ese eles salugastoes odd ct aoitteneas ed? .domi ed i gatb ition sid nt so, Meath mode est nt redtice bet ion stale aedsel add at sovbimatyqieds of ' See atunnbta de beat baa" Serer ts \ i * xe, ae o Seow A ar i Ae J Petia Pt a Deine pl, : isis ds a, BY hth call ou SU Sa th, it tees Nan SR haa | Ray aul ak RiNey D me 635 developed in Fig. 1068 from the form in Big. 1067 b. a Yet we note here also, that likewise the different periods. aw relation to the projections, first those of the crowning were very heavy, and that in the earlier men certainly rightly gave. preference to a smaller projection even on smaller pinnacles, { as this is shown by a comparison of Roriczer’s pinnacles with — this from the Freiburg tower perhaps 150 years earlier -(Pig.: | 1069). # Height of crowning. | 4 4 The highest point of the knob cam lie gust at the apex of the — | pyramid (Figs. 1068, 1065, from the choir of. the church at Clea | bach) or by lower (Fig. 1068 du. In the last case evem whem it is quite condensed, it lends the pinnacle a slender and aspiring character (Fis. 1072). A termination of the crowning evem below the apex of the pyramid on the contrary can only satisfy the eye _ if that is extremely slender in form as in the examples of Figs. i 1070, 1071. Most commonly must the starting efftheccrowning be above the apex of the pyramid, especially if the latter has the | i form of a crossflower’ then the apex of the pyramid usually co- incides with an evident division of the height. Examples are ge: : ; siven by Pig. 1072, 1074, 1077, im regard to the upper finial | (while the lower has a shortened point). 4 While on the finials and pinnacles of S. Chapelle at Paris (Fig. 1072), the proportions of the pyramid are about 1: 8 1/8, those of the entire height of the crown are about 1°: 4, and es the division point 3 normally at the top of the moulding of the @. stem, the finials and pinnacles of the Friedburg buttresses 2 (Fig. 1074) in the pyramid itself, thus from a to b has the res tio 1: 5, the point 4° gives the bottom of the moulding of the e stem and the total height of the crowning is determined accord= ing to the diagonal of a side of the base. - As already stated concernins the crownings of the gables, in q general is to be preferred the octagonal section bf the knob to the square one, particularly in simple forms, and accordingly 4 the stem is chamfered so that by means of dimeosioning, the wid- th of the chamfer becomes 2 regular side of the octagon under @ the knob. The transition to the rectangular angle is then effec- ted either in the stem itself, or in the moblding joining this to the pyramid or in the latter (x in Fig. 1074). Pyramid and body of pinnacle. pal Pay ' yor ‘ _ a) ae mi Yes DP, ere | r a i Het re a i Bideteg odd .yeu eotees bas teolquie eds of gnthroood 1 tt gntésnimiet geo (staosivos s evoda ybod edd mo bso 0 otg s qu bentmisteb ei blurtva edt to esed ods a9dsts “ea s to soatte edt aed weds doide ,bulbivom eidt | Bkmaryy ed? to sesd edd to (OVOP -pi7) sebt0d te Geis iti gso odd stolesedd bas ,yhod-edt to deds ony Te (POL BT) bas bimesa meowdod nottevsqee Ledmostiod s 2eeso teom ni | ; ev ef2 yd bovot eli déod %6 uoftoearesnt ae bas .beneazel ei meld #6 ybimnzyg ot Yo asbie 190} wo etoor aldag to sasmey #8 SRi9 seo nl .elissopsrbh asiewnts1 odd. botgiadoeth oars a sbimetyg od¢ fo ¢dgied oft D\T et oldea}eaii¢ to sdapied MENA 4 ~eieteoors tact .bimexryd eons aoa yzev s “ vino’ nisl ntemer Ficatys offs Yo : densi gat (gattoc~org 2 déin beteew ets vod? to (EVO! zit) w103 SE io eds .erowolt.eissif détty texed sas yedd olny a 2A stom s esutiino Isctosiag edt evte doidw .etsxoots Isel bodem cedevs q#oddt yd quid omme odd ta Ona’ .seteeotugxs of ‘gam edtow toblo od¢ nO) .teetsqce stom biasiyg ocd to ogie Sudetedw ,eloitcoiag bexil s to crottsasze of¢ begiayooed sd ions bas .bimeryo edd? to safe odd wi absoqeh ylaoorth tedusa Woo sad exli. dnstanoo ed blwow edexooro sly to cate bas dthin Mia bus tedusn tastenco % ei siedé eutd bes probes oqotg seTev s/sdt, to eeadd of etedsora odd Yoverte edt Yo nottaogord meat isod .Sf od { wort settey edeigero to sedmun sid olnt-= aA ie Reutedi to [erbotitso eft Yo eontede teei2 edt oo (f of eoze Peredseddol2 coy sioinll to dacs edt mort eslosanty efstil odd fynissr90 20 yisrtnoo ed? no tad .# et asve astenia pisdestie pelt) b ac € oF adate th efron dogetG etel no aeisannig. tsea8 etdsted [supsay to abtmearyg no etsdoo1 to eonte Leap? a! oy semderod essit to noiiosamon eid yd bexkupes sosivenoe xO Tesedaes eit omits total ont at yilatens®: (VCP .2it a hoasstoul esta atedd fas .bseubes ei Aa Het ek edd ot baogeerted ct weds Yo)anotetvih edt x08 . S fo tékeescen « <8 .etodnoto oft nsewted sil deun dotiw. # eféups Bteiooro sid to trace eeoneteib abd slus 2 2d siaaanede es wove sit fo gnifblgom odd mort sac teqqn oct ul ter) be ~wobtw st eoecg deel edd eoukieaoe tu8 830! 9 of ofat wets off to dottisnat? odd eben ali ti atddtin. tt ares Sette at, iedoos9, eds to acitostoxg ent, a ae | ee 7, | > Lt vie me y 636 : Accordins to the simplest and easiest. way, the pyramid is ples ced on the body above a horizontal. cap terminating it, whereby — either the base of the pyramid is determined by a projection of this moulding, which them has the effect of a member of the low er border (fig. 1076), or the base of the pyramid coincides with that of the body, and therefore the cap projects above and belou. (Fig. 1068). 4 In most cases a horizontal separation between pyramid and body is lessened, and an intersection of both is found by the arran- sgement of gable roofs on four sides of the pyramid, at the same _ time discharging the rainwater diagonally. In onr Pig. 1068 the ) height of thissgable is 1/4 the height of the pyramid. = Square pyramid. Leaf crockets. The angles of the pyramid remain plain only in a very simple form (Fig. 1075) or they are treated with a projecting round. As a rule they are beset with little.flowers, the so-called 3 leaf crockets, which give the principal outlines a more defini- te expression, and at the same time by therr number make the ; size of the pyramid more apparent. On the older works may also be recognized the execution of a fixed principla, whereby the numper directly depends in the sige of the pyramid, and the width and size of the crockets would be constant like the con= verse proportion, and thus there is a constant. number and a j proportion of the size of the crockets to those of the pyramid. — As a rule the number of crockets varies from 7 to 12, but incre- ases to 17 on the great shrines of the cathedral of Rheims, end | the little pinnacles from the tomb of Ulrich von Lichtenberg in Strasburg minster even to 26, but on the contrary on certain — 1 Sreat pinnacles on late French works it sinks to 3 or 4 (Fig. 1071). Equal sizes of crockets on pyramids of unequal heishts are sometimes required by the connection of these together (as in Fig. 1077). Generally in the later time the number: 6f crockets is reduced and their size increased. For the divisions of them to terrespond to the bed joints, w which must lie between the crockets, as a necessity of construction As a rule the distances apart of. the crockets equals that of 4 the upper one from the moulding of the stem as assumed in Fig. — 1068. But sometimes the last space is wider, and preferably so, q if within it is made the transition of the stem into the octagon.” The projection of the crockets is senerally reduced with an Y suttas odd te resostsilo eit mo tug sgottslet “peo es ,souenltoi sesh £ aivexe gnissge tebin 10 spet deakbasa: oe sfVOr bas CdOr .esiT gntreqmom yd fev ie a Boor bas GeO etit ol .woled tedtuat owollolt eurct ote sto sea edt sott eqede edd{+ntod anond [low oft sauees ae ‘ot [elfLassq enoietonr ong yd eit eeofogs bes Lett dr Mei -bimerya eds tito eelnss end 46 too yltoerib worwp sedtis esodooto sd peborg 6d uso wodd Yo ytinaitaoo 2 to (830r .2ft nt se) digas d tedd G6 gota vectio hus aelgns end aedtuaesse dofdu edia yd fads0o 972 to ,eeldaz paitovasetat siz ro gnibivon lfetaost agmai slomte to ed of 78 ebathivom ed? swords ovode tno @ epbis Byd bensdtgaeste od osle yew tedd ,favor to tate Wedd to) costase ess moit goisee_ora Joll{ft selognsioes s geta eit to vatbloou ee¢ tvehau sitan teddies edia seedT Ps Jenies stesoe s ts ao sdt dro od osdt to .(SYOr .827 feeaed bimerng edt to wsitose sds erso datii odd al ,5G0F Bit ito ,8Iscoe sid to mot besow? s esvit gatbloon node oad erdedd ce .gatbivon gedt yd yiilectiatneonoo bsbasorive asdt mote femogetoo edd of nokstieness edd shan ef tes eft af pie HENCE .bi@) bimszya ods Io wr? bavowk edt entstoy weds Se satevn0o: 6 ot etfingasy oels ssdvetos eisaooto edt to aottoen Tas gain thane mets eftito avot [saogsioo edd dedd oi .08 : th fanogst’s ods at. tatyi soystioo esd to eebte sat Jsdd ,t98 ; io eeidey eds sno gote tedtis bar ,(etOr +2i8) bimsayq odd to save! selugnsice1 edd otal ezag rofed 10 ,teioeto zsn0l edd «molirenext es lebinstyg feasyylod ae edd et endo? betsineds aeeds wott tnervsttib yloattad pAif etolersds bas eelnac .Laups tdpie digesz s19h .enoienent ides emzot ioue i9vewol .etedoor yd femtobs adia sdgie ealw OPP INae @mossd ototersds has .esswod to amtot of gaelsd ro bak? bos nogstoo sit ot steupe edt mort enottic Loa at eted scitacq*ow qisnimifeiq ef .ersdt enol Ht 20% jo \dotdw mi Soiteq ofdiob yfuet edt Yo eeLosnnta 16! Ets Ce One bi au oi ae ee Hae? tat ae iso fupot 2b Geaak ter. saat 4kenit of sesotoat pedt°no ashin omee edd ni eistmsdo es hrawawob bastxe nor Ste nt betisiesq sc of bimerys fecozetoo as to Leiatt edd - 1 See hag exsnos edd asextsd soosiive tastettib qwot | na teeateal kigsr apie & to etesd odd to tisd odd Co a 637 ee increase in their number, yet there is found here no distanct relation. But on the character of the entire pyramid the closer or wider spacing exerts a sreat influence, as can first. be pro- ved by comparing Figs. 1069 and 1071. More details on the sepa- rate forms follows farther below. In Figs 1068 and 1068 b we assume the well known horn-like shape from the shape of the cap- ital and enclose this by two incisions pazallel to the sides of the pyramid. 4 The crockets either grow directly out of the angles of the py ramid (as in Fig. 1068) or a continuity of, them can be produced a by ribs which strengthen the angles and either stop on that hore izontal mouldings or the intersecting gables, or are corbelled : out above them. The mouldings are to be of simple form and con= sist of a round, that may also be strensthened by a ridge or by 4 a rectansular fillet projemtinsg from the surface of the pyramid. i These ribs either unite under the moulding of the stem (as in Fig. 1072), or then turn ont the end at a square corner as in Pig. 1068, in the first case the section of. the pnramid beneath the stem moulding gives a éround form of the square, whichis then surrounded concentrically by that moulding, so that either in the last is made the transition to the octasonal stem, or the stem retains the ground form of the pyramid (Fig. 1078). A com nection of the crockets together also results in a converse sen= se, in that the octagonal form of the stem continues in the man- ner, that the sides of. the octagon lying in the diagonal direct- ion extend downward as chamfers in the same width on the angles of the pyramid (Fig. 1079), and either stop om the gables or t the lower crocket, or below pass into the rectangular form by a transition. | a Polygonal pyramids. :) Entirely different from these chamfered forms is the shape of e the finial of an octagonal pyramid, to be preferred in greater 4 dimensions. Here result eight equal angles and therefore like- _ wise eight ribs adorned by crockets. However such.forms rather belong to forms of towers, and therefore become particular tran- sitions from the square to the octagon and find their explanat— ‘7 ions there. As preliminary we pention here only the very pecul- — iar pinnacles of the Early Gothic period, in which each of the e | four different surfaces between the square and the octagon forms — the half of the basis of a smaller pyramid of a pinnacle, which — sii pail il i, a po Sl Mate Al wh gwen Th eed | . ir i. is si ae ce tiph ioe Rt .tigted dd to taemgolsveb eft at sort iho fevhedtes sit to tao1) seen odd mort mot 4 © Sebo ewertxs cfs of bastre abimatyg {Je to ebostias Te bgundnirins dia odd gedt 08 .getbivom edt to nottost, cig egots teiter 10 .du0 helledioo ef bimesyg odd to tune aodtaut A wbtswtuo gaiess! desed s co bimsayg odd 2 efSbis eit eroted esti dad .eldes a yd bemret sonttemos eat heey bedteel? ef eodd bae .bimeryq ¢se1ty eft to 290 ak pe | eebimet “i pares i ,m70%,. begsde-e20%0. to eleiatt BSgn078 fenogeioo edd io .oliertotsnssd wsifgesg mtev & +. 280r. SHEE aL cwnode ‘ak atol es0%9 eit oat bimetyo edt to o Istbedice edd to eoeeessind edt mort efosantq edt gattase ate eae odd agowted woled gutaiewst aecespe efg a0 .noonse bensig edt es bas ,ebiaexg asifsue teesiq alegs ome eect S: $ mb gattosiorg baifivon ec yd babivib sts ved? ,ewode 8 rsof edd vat G@ ,devoot0 desl edt déiw aeteninied doidw ,asedooss x sukdae paibloom cidt sont .evade aaisuet atol saci elgmis msotenenth tot been oft eteixe neodd .cosizes Jooxl edt exevos is %o notdoubes [encidseqoxg « eebolont nies dedi ,bsenqn ot oto eis to @tct bovota oh? .tasgs seonedaih ufedd one eisigeyo x ~etmott edt isdt .yew edi al goiswoxo efé¢ ak eeenkinos sada fe 2 tect of .tdpoomw noid ese eiwotaco seodw ,eollil ofbissed edt. atods elds cows neanted ded? es acetia noltosetednt weil )s. ged ‘yLao bimerya ecf isds .gt- d¢iw agnied saeméserd exttas bons yieeope) s eilozet yiatsiaco dotiw meat ,ncteeeisxs yaauta eigoeg orsd dieds Soiaeh sd od ten ek Ti neds {1 »toeite yvsed Uete onrt wicse sid to extol sees? goy. .ytuesd estentaeh yt fueo di $f oft to eeodd dtin Senegnog pevitoutiaal yiisiosg midobde ef CT ee bimerqa taotk odd déiw ewots tsi sedto etki ai jad qea tI vtnemqofoveh deedgit end. cee of Seaetevoos 18 } ah weds 30 Spongolevsh & enisoge> ti exedw .ytiersvib rods . “Ear cates Rey Manes aren Seer Oe ee aes Oe 7 ee . 638 | in its other half grows with the great pyramid and will become free in the development. of the height. Fig. 1077 exhibits such a form from the west front of the cathedral of Rheims.: Here the : surfaces of all pyramids extend to the extreme edge of the pro- jection of the moulding, so that the rib accompamying the angle of the pyramid is corbelled out, or rather stops at the foot of) ) the pyramid on a beast leaning outward. A further enrichment is © Sometimes formed by a gable, that lies before the middle surfa- ces of the great pyramid, and thus is flanked by the little py- — ramidse a Finials of cross-shaped form. A verry peculiar transformatio. of the octagonal ground form of. the pyramid into the cross form is shown in Fig. 1081. repre- senting the pinnacle from the buttresses of the cathedral. of. Be- Sancon. On the squares remaining below between the arms of the _ cross are again placed smaller pyramids, and as the plam in Fig. 1081 a shows, they are divided by a moulding projecting in the crockets, which terminates with the last crocket, so that the simple cross form remains 3bove. Since this mouldings entirely covers the front surface, then exists the need for dimensioning it upward, that again includes a proportional reduction of the erockets and their distances apart. The ground form of the cross | then continues in the crowning in the way, that the fronts form heraldic lilies, whose contours are then wrought, so that a sim- ilar intersection arises as that between two gable roofs. The 4 entire treatment brings with it, that the pyramid only has a stumpy expression, from which certainly results a squatty and . heavy effect. If then it is not to be denied that here peculiar— ity dominates beauty, yet these forms of the earlw time are es- pecially instructive, compared with those of the 14 th century controlled by the monotony of the pinnacle forms, in which men are accustomed to see Bhe highest development. It may be that a the forms of the latter period, with especially the types of Cologne cathedral afford unsurpassed models for all in smaller ~~ dimensions, then will everywhere be allowable to strive for gre- ater diversity, where it concerns a development of. them im grea- ter dimensioss. But the motives there lying as a basis are cons nected with the construction of the spires of towers, and there- fore here we must refer to the Section of our work treating the © latter. 4 juaiel ea Tite’ i wig ey ye We eo I eta , blmaryq t6fegnatat dis 68 nodad ad ss0 eigaeias {isieteltooe ont cela’ a. To $i gelsns enthgetsOFasdo yd’ nods bas, binstyg | wfoe Intédynods yftsivottaeg A wnodgsxod xslugetit edt | edt ‘Yo pefosnniq eft to shiseryo odd nO bawol ef bata aide 23 Lo ea no teet doldw .pasdaey of dtadsetli .¢ Yo assis . q ak awode mao% buyots sdf of tarbrooos ybod odd anttsnin 4 shat edt to eolgas snd sess o8 OBO! .8rT af syvit fo notzoostt eft ot 6 9 bus o d esostwe sid yd Berstasdo 518 roy te Becetiwe obie ods bas (nomsxed teluse1 odd to eeble ent Pe nn edt to eneom Ta .wtet sveon0d 5 omaees biastyg | $ fas .9 ds a9ipin entdmoo exretuedo sit noedt biustya odd ® Odd ni bountiaoo nozexed isintss 6 sit to mrot edt efloves ai idbabiges sextt elgustit edt mort beqofeveb bimsrya oT in Sab Hesooanes sd oels yam dey .yhod sdt to mi0t basorpy asit , ii ih } y eft yd hodnemenro sd net yeu esostive obie eft .ted yi suctenout® geteotd ak ,SVYOl .oIf of os dsow efsoe bancttasa ‘yam abinsiyg sci yflentt brs .(VOr gt at es posed “sevitos geslomte oft etasesta SSOL .git doidn sot ,badsrotieg a Seoeiq et? to hoe | tears te ebom edt ef olssantq edd %6 ¥S0d odd enrso9s00 ted¥ bs 0 ‘bus eeordiud sad svods {fe Saiteafurtet to hodtem ‘sed? .Jnem god69q ond 310% -aleneg botid antaysonos bise cit tedw yiage g8teb eft 022 Ene C2b .c no mevis ybset{s stew tHafor oct to medeets 10t ylatsiies tedd .sodosl t¢ bas rexoit0# to anotien _ a opanaeaee edt to eaotfone? fegtoutte Bae ecoltooemib weit mott bogolevseh ed of Sse aud .oldves efemer r9g00f iol whod bas bimeavg to sseta Davoty edt To yoonted s TI bess e@ eaoto sldsa 10 Istaositon uritezsgq]en diod dads o8 tas ittsq tou bY alead e aé@ Bao0it4oqoqrg e*tseohron evs? an $F +snolsoqebic ea tees yotevoes ~eobie OB te sipted a event bfwow yhod tert 1 a idt ,8\P tuods beorher sax brooea ont to ebie tage od ot: bated edt ‘Qulaveok Ledyted at tacit edi to . oi eH? Han webte Ped ‘hiner tt nedd (8\t Ye nti a smso? adil te eolosnory bovieoex seivediil ezersted edd to as ah eh thee wen eebte. ays 8 at Pa abies iarlid SR Oy ar aa Oo 641 } height of the crown of the arch. Im both cases with greater a mensions this cornice can have a tracery balastrade and angle pinnacles rising above the latter, which either stand directly on the gables or on the horizontal cornice. The sreat. pinnacle 4 from the end of the choir of the cathedral in Paris exhibits a such a form. In the later veriods the buttress evermore tended - to express verticalism more decidedly, therefore to place the : angle pinnacles on the capitals of the angle columns, which were then added to the jamb columnsof. the arched members. Acordingly the gable cornice intersects the angle pinnacles or extends on their bases, or if these are wanting, on the projection of the capital of the column, and then each side of the pinnacle shows _ the completely developed stem of the form of the window gable 4 bordered by little pinnacles, hence a reproduction of. the whole at.a smaller scale. 2 This system of ornamentins the smaller parts with the tapered ’ principal form is especially characteristic of the middle and later periods of Gothic art. and includes the possibility of an. endless multiplication, so far as for example those ansle pinn= acles could again be formed according to the scheme of. the lar- ger, etc., until the conditions of. the execution put an end to the principal infinity. § The use of reproduction in the development of height then led q to placing on the body of the first pinnacle a second of smaller — cross section, on this a third, etc. only crowning the last by = a pyramid. Also there results by a similar arrangement. the trans-_ formation of the pyhamidal finial into a stepped form in a ser- ies of prismatic bodies, and a lessening of the difference bet- _ ween finial and body, thus also here again by the diversity on~ @ ly of increasing monotony. This would so one step farther, when such a compound pinnacle was set on a buttress, and the offsets of the buttress likewise received pinnacles of like form. a That such a sequence must be subject to certain laws in order - not to lead to monstrosities, will come from the following. con= Ssideration:- if we take Roviczer’s proportions as a basis, the q first body would have a height of 6 sides. Assuming that the oe side of the second was reduced about 1/6, this would be 5 sides 4 of the first in height. Assuming the third to be again reduced ‘ by 1/6, then it would be 4 sides and the pyramid terminating it — is 2 3/3 sides high, and hence the entire form would approximate a gE ytoy etuerotion Yo Poetaci O08 tt Yo oftat eKs bisow. ereds Orv Bteztto edt getonbes m@’ v@zi's°2 gt dew eR of te tigted lo notitogesg edt eeas omar out “dotdw ab eergeh edt ot gatbvooos sigied hetimifaw sa 4 eat senile ecoteted? .gedvto dose dasotaqa eethod eff to Nady ert Yo nokttogong edd ao woleivib eviszeoane dose to oy Papted ut eeseroet dant timit of belfoutace od efodw oct ain euspe aN ei {Ph .g .teateqeuedoiek) vedesd ai oonel pee hee etd¢ dotdr) eelosutedsd Laveqmos dove to mrot od? 9h tes buoook edd ..0.2 ,ofoswxedat broose. edt stadt. .nok p to eneups budsee eds of Baeibscoea bemict ed of 2% oioeantig » pends eds ot galbtoons batds ode? wetwestl yeao tedit edd to tne edt Yo tdyten edt ofelvoles yLgaibigoes won eh, .e1eups da ee glisettid«s otiwp enoltsoqovq etiresoii0& nedst beohri fouw edt totdgted edt to axotiagingetol. oa eexky tedoed esate OL t .gtt Al +sewolfot ea beret od Flueov tigted aL iaowgolevel woneds elosncig ext Yo yhod ed? od bod a elanbioss ods det Ato moe ont ed {fede teds tigien edt te. coltseceds edt cmpaca ihe e a @uods tsd? sf{qraxe “od sedto dose ao beoalg sitsg ont fo ylyatbiooos foodtancs Bas ,(8 : I voetsacom tsbak? edosnonig rT sa nescdo weet eciuredto ent sebufogi tadd .e b&b & himswyg 4 Spagna ed? ovfe eudé bas ,a wet 4 .f Ad & Y eteatto eta | best0ves # gotetvib dows ai stineer yored? ~tedteLl ent to i, phi we sdtbsord oft 08 tagted z2bdg to aottqoe 7 pea? dist ede te ybod eit Yo etoetts teliama odé cogh 1 bemtatdo.al soit soqoug beowhest a (REO .Bit af bncoer ods o noliquoges ed? yd to paoklousa beifd edé to soltouborged ye gies bowie: elietizasq od {fir abd? sotsoee Lnaogysog « them sxoted edit dtiw hecidnoe ed yam ewades efdt yeiaredT ag aelbod eit Yo nolitzcg ianogsth ent yd eiiseed ifeats to -etedto dose £O Fee eloaacigq ott end. to and aie geoto s borot ei IS0r .alG ot ef. a ne eouculini as duexe o1ed uso $f bas .eter ob: eds aélvest ydeuedd @8 182 o8 .notéisysle . Qetsworo est xoatz doida gost ,ebia ts 2 tee edt a0 mrad bise gaidtyreve ee on pany Cee Lis TF ; ae le ae. P ini nae ey a Oe aGe ) apods od biwew ebia et yserotw ,esutachawn doaso% geati - fou ex0H «8.02 2+ E Yo wolianoqorq edt owad Lltw elas bas mtold . Shab ged yrodosd yd sodto dose atdtiw eaela off Yo aoltseani potent ‘eels a3x9%, evore: edt e1yo00 ov ,Lesogsioa to beodant oo —_= is insertion of the plans within each other by hacher, that indeed 642 the ratio of 1; 20 instead of Roriczer’s very slender one of 1; 18. By reducing the offsets 1/10, there would result for the same case the proportion of height of 1: 22, and aint an unlimited height according to the degree in which the son ttem of the bodies approach each other. Therefore either the offset of each successive division or the proportion of the height of 4 the whole be controlled to limit that increase in height. Hence in Lacher (Reichensperger, p. 144) is found concerning the form of such compound tabernacles (which this is) the decis- ion, that the second tabernacle, i.e., the second body of the pinnacle is to be formed according to the Second square of the first formed quadrature, whereby its side would be about 7/10 of the first one; likewise: the third according to. the third Square. We now accordingly calculate the height of the entire form and this. will have the proportion of 1 +: 16.5. Here we have indeed taken Roriezer’s proportions quite arbitrarily as a basis, since Bacher gives no determination of the heightof the whole.A development in height would be found as follows:r- In Fig. 1082 — let the rectangle a b ¢ ad be the body of the pinnacle, then we assume the proportion of the height that shall be the sum of 4% the parts placed on each other (for example that about a simple pinnacle finial measures 1: 6), and construct accordingly the pyramid e de, that includes the otherwise freely chosen sopar= —| ate offsets f g hi, k 1 mn, and thus also the pyramid mn e 4 of the latter. Thereby results in each division a reversed pro- s | portion of this height to the breadth. @ When the smaller offsets of the body of the pinnacle (like ¢ the second in Fig. 1082) a reduced proportion is obtained, then by reproduction of the blind paneling or by the assumption of a polygonal section, this will be partially raised as in Fig. 10 Thereby this scheme may be combined with the before mentioned of itself results by the diagonal position of the bodies. of the pinnacle set on each other. As in Pig. 1081 is found a cross shaped form of. the finial i instead of octagonal, so occurs the cross form also in the off- | sets, and it can here exert. an influence on the richness of the elevation, so far as thereby results the development of 4 pyra- mids, from which rises the crownins terminal pyramid. Everything said here on the development. from the sguare is pe Te aaa Pee | ee ee Ge ee ee Wt ea) , ite My f 4 ‘ cat ae eon VG cH ‘ ao ik) setgaeits ods i todd 40% eunt oeiwodtl sevortiad ed¢ dtiw efosaata edd to nokteounod to testic os so noitsninies edt mtot vem efoenniq odT ‘si6m neu ybod sit to sdated gessois B Yd IO sesutigd ; seeousied euttas siz to tis¢ toant ee a ,eotatoo toos edt evods eslosanty Daciesaty edt 2i eigo0o noitvensiciss Letnoxisod sertt od? beedd steH .esexstud edt Huwots noxotd estnses toot est go \ed yam olosuaiq edd so ,biocos yew adteq déod ‘to anole sete edt to moitoetoig bereenont edt no dedt doum 08 | efesanigq sc? .c0elq’s batt yen (ee ono. bonottnem a9 | ed¢ gaft og 10 .Sbeiteniad odd dtiw noltoondoo ai sitae ® #usq odd 10 .(8C0f .Bf8) ti wo tAYeow, od yeu sessal edt ‘to ceed eid to ySod sas at besgasemh ek ebeideclad odd Meetqoecs Ti yifsntt 10 ,fots wobsinw edd ni yisoand edd oni eadenied ont to elisw katdosnaco eft tsdd of t9oddsat etoscoxd ie aottzov0s9 etigns oof .elosanic edt to ebie sse1 ont ‘atot { oct fo ¢éhied odd sautarsteb of ebhasl saxti neds ebastentad Oot sidt ydemsin .ehsadesisd edd to sdzted oft o% sakbsooos | ¥ feds so 42 2°I Yo mottrocorg sid tuods eed enotenomth yisat : Gas 0d Sathroood sotsnoe ofs te [seohetbh sat of abke sat ebhaitenlad edd to. qs edd tsdiis ,eved teow elofontg odd teds ot et ti to god edt so .(S6Cr hi) tk howots nevoud’ st of ef i .b28) Loneo odd tnttaniayed doce eft to oesd & en nered od tsivev Bagot eae bsebnt dogted edd to nottsntunsish 2ekds mort Togs iS) se edt to eelosaniq edd no eudé. yashia dood busnod eno >iqsD ed dteensd bavot et olde edt te eead edd etsad ut “es toveshne edt ediow tedsl feom so olidw ,ebsewenled oft Pawoss geides edd to gadd ovoda alornnte sit to sdbied. sad gerkt sdgted omse odd nists of tesel ts to .ewobain sdt evi teitoe ,elosaniq sd¢ Yo yhod sid to mrot bersbaele 5 Bs ,Sbeisvesied eit to geo daddy evods.ust boris: ef noident | eleihedteo sabolod (abensdion ead to gnitevos adé nO eLoannt? . eaut Istaosizon.sdi no elosantg sdt to gatsalo odd t08 D188 ‘edsmizorggs a8 eetinoss Sofaies gaiawois edt yd beat ft nu seestiged sii to fedd déitw sete sid to iwiao . toot fevtos as déiw aetentwned esotstad oft tk mee) Baoubes tidsrebieaco tse rendste st eflosnaniq’ od¥ srensse ok Babsetiee e6%s ‘of a0 Lute ai to St ‘hi, hie join the rear side of the vinnacle. The entire proportion of the 643, likewise true for that from the triangle. Conncetion of the pinnacle with the buttress. The pinnacle may form the termination or an offset of the a buttress or by a greater height of the body mam make the predom- inant part of the entire buttress. a Pinnacles above the roof cornice. . The first horizontal termination occurs if the pinnacle stands on the roof cornice broken around the buttress. Here the dimen- sions of both parts may accord, or the pinnacle may be reduced 4 so much that on the increased projection of the cornice the sut- ter mentioned on p 457 may find a place. The pinnacle then app~ ears in connection with the balustrade, or so that the beginning © 4 of the latter may be wrought on it (Big. £098), or the part of : the balustrade is tmserted in the body of the pinnacle in a way like the tracery in the window arch, or finally if. the bien q projects farther so that the connecting walls of the balustrade © balustrade then first leads to determine the height of the body — according to the height of the balustrade, whereby this im ord- ; inary dimensions has about the proportion of 1-21; corsthat of 4 the side to the diagonal of the square. According to the form that the pinnacle must have, either the cap of. the balustrade is to be broken around it (fig. 1068), or the top of it is to. be taken as & base of the arch terminating the panel (Pig. 1085). from this determination of the height indeed are found variati- ~ ons toward both sides; thus on the pinnacles of the S. Chapelle ; in Paris the base of the sable is found beneath the cap crowning — the balustrade, while on most later works the endeavor to carry 4 the height of the pinnacle above that of the gables crowning t A the windows, or at least to attain the same height first permits a slendered form of the body of the pinnacle, so that its term ination is raised far above that. cap of the balustrade, as on @ Cologne cathedral. q ‘Pinnacle on the covering of the buttress. q But the placing of the pinnacle on the horizontal surface for-_ med by the crowning cornice requires an approximate agreement. of the size with that of the buttress. Greater freedom occurs if the buttress terminates with an actual roof, on which. then the pinnacle is either set considerably reduced or diagonally, 4 or is placed on an area differing in form (Fig. 1076), so that ‘aod an Shine aa " ete felt Meee vat sty Beaad® et ROUb NERS sit @ arusaate: ‘efhbin edt to noitsatduoo eft yd tue 63 wag lade seems ok ooabsettib tadt oo tee eelosunta sizas sem [snogetso \nevei ok re90 .8 to seesentiud ri¢do psaork eit 6 foe ots eeloeraiq elgae telIame ows dole q end yeete allege ett to sovoces no tstétel ods no baa PettesetexT .%007 [ebimeryg wol elquie e yd heoplger ef onal edt to ytote Lenorstoo ~eaqu add Lo ecnestdéitud ind eas Of s3neusgnexrte saee ait TOL ytinet4oago Sro7 ioe ewos Rusdier® eft ao ecanpe Lemogsit & to mot nt fe te efgns € dtiw elosraig efbbia Lenoseth ont ac fet Bedto edd dud .eeotitud ed? to elfbas oft tevo ei not 10 et ebient dtivo? ed? elinu ,ehartactad oft to gso sit uo 3 nt /geeuttad ody to qso edt Yo eelosautg edd ssiitre® De iteirasass ybeetise 16 (OVOr sRis sb os beste sotnsco toot Peiige fords odt¢ no es ,red3el eft ddin noktentdmos ai ybod osig of txon ek St enotensnth sefleme. 0% . (ATO?) 259) seed las tives edt to goitsotf{ocs to tutoq ost da sfosnoiiq ont # ayewle aso ybod ath ydeisiw .veeadiud odd to gectto adt no 996 ‘dade ‘ebirtecled sdt to oso sdé to iegked scat doses + gitbesoxe tdgied to motitoqortq snsdsequi ns esaindos yw )@622 Basia sedite aso elosnaty odd sudt .bimasyq sft to Sieh ttep ebavsenisc Sdt fae sotatos toon oft dtiw tosnaoc bs 4 sifew ofdt’a yd flew odd diiw neve te .tzoas ; -eneativd od? to t¢etto as 20 eloecard jo sae nt esfosants syisoey aso 2ee1sdod off to eteatio sit : P 4 ditw sham od yew seeds to ,egeg aegge sd? ee ysw onee a aah gto? wedois sat aedt soldw ,sfosanic Yo s10t bavog a 9 vasatechetq sd# emio? Sas gathizom aso efé ovods ested “ae aétinoog ylteids ek mict dofricvo zis? .eesvidtud afd to issaig to een edt yd neat bas vita ofddod to ebotzsc tecsf to wotveaidzoo ud ,snottsisenso Letotiisas yd ,yifenoseib ve : " i uk eaic y an v) vt YS t a, j ¥ f tt ody Saidiogqna yilsvenw elateebeg oft Io bas estgonso io [9 ‘ot piselwottied .bsagteeb ove sai0t gaigiado sttvo .2e e: stottenl-n0-paudiext te dowede edd Yo ttodo sdt no ;ynoxs? ates eemtot dowe basot sig ,dsuduveli da ddaodo ysio est to dike Aiea eeitoveesos sit nove dadd .heton sd ov nO Sapien: isin brloe to motisavedis sit .xorsRit caeaagd Se sbae bebe boop tot yuseesoen yletites s1ed _o8 Neat Te gna’ ud qeKd exOw Cammenga te enottentdnoo sta) _ . : } ” eG / ae Jo ity ae ee: ov aud + j das A herah ls a " 7 ‘edd yd ,gomwdit bos sontide ..o.b ,eslosantq wollod dtiv Bee nr ae ane, ae Mi CE Wig APUGN sei the difference is formed by the roof. Richer forms further re sult by the combination of the middle pinnacle with smaller angle pinnacles set on that difference in area. Thus on the. . choir buttresses of S. Ouen in Rouen, octagonal middle piers with two smaller angle pinnacles are set on the front side, a and on the latter on account of its smaller size, the pyramid is replaced by a simple low pyramidal roof. Preferable are the buttresses of the upper octagonal story of the tower, that af- ford opportunity for the same arrangement. So the buttresses _ i 3 in form of a diagonal square on the Freiburs tower, conesis “7 on the diagonal middle pinnacle with 3. angle pinnacles, one of them is over the angle of the buttress, but the other two stand | on the cap of the balustrade, while the fourth inside is omittedae Further the pinnacles of the cap of the buttress beneath the a roof cornice stand as in Fis. 1076, or already appear with the @ body in combination with the latter, as on the church at Fried- bers (Fig. 1074). For smaller. dimensions it is next to place ; | the pinnacle at the point of application of the vault thrust 7 on the offset of the buttress, whereby its body can always | reach the height of the can of the balustrade, that accordig- ly acguires an important proportion of height exceeding. that | of the pyramid. Thus the pinnacle can either stand free and o 2 connect with the roof cornice and the balustrade only by the : spout, or evem with the wall by a thin wall. 7 Pinnacle on an offset of the buttress. f The offsets of the buttress cam receive pinnacles in the : same way as the upper caps, or these may be made with a com- pound form of pinnacle, which then in a richer form already begins above the cap moulding anda forms the predominant part of the buttress. This overrich form is chiefly peculiar to the later periods of Gothic art, and them by the use of placing diagonally, by artificial ponhchineaks by combination of solid with hollow pinnacles, i.e., shrines and figures, by the use : of canopies and of the pedestals usually supporting the a es, guite charming forms are designed. Particularly in upper a Saxony, on the choir of the church at Freiburs—on-Unstrut, on | the city church at Naumburs, are found such forms. Yet it is e to be noted, that evem the accessories mentioned, the use of figures, the alternation of solid with hollow forms, etc., is 7 here entirely necessary for. good effect, and that the mere P| combinations of pinnacles, were they arranged accordins to ty, Aaa ie EL i agin - a ee ce A ee ete am i) beh | aes b he + . i ’ x, | Satads due Soubo' q tess ce TaWalde fatottiese og doa’ od dove 0 aoketvie: evkegoore rs Yd eirelnoktaey tadd bas b gata st wi tnotaqgs ne beenso yltese et ecloshatg {satanat eee attad ead Meented Ii .teacan paidiste @ @ooe ak Sash ee oS sescatsve ifew olderatiernoo nianer ewobntn ead? ented kidd cadet .terataco sainiste eto £ hovel yilaas.Jon in me edd So etosdd bos ettcr getal egsdi to Jostie ont 53 yi yiesitas edd fotdn so ,Sour0bs yltoha Li seve eu 20 eedetdwlGk venciatn, to ebtot Iwheosay hae Molt fas ,ee , a oe E mont neonted:bobtfioal (esviceeti soritga | iy Reuss - ,eeldad wobakt: brs) selded: +e Dad wh i sbaideh sid patowors bas getqod yoo ic S edd) peiw esvoce sidsak edd 26 burrovesitagiqnks eT “aéboow Bimot eas test ob (i few slqep 33 tevo eb.etxe Saris pdforross co bial esdsle zo e6lid eft te. essndoiad sis . fd pg eddss bas ,iise s{dad eit to coitsaiwyst tedqu odd Bator, 7 givestom cosets tee .soat saott esi 104 soktoetorg [laws ® wd yeezneb aeid.s at babs eit Yo sostio sid’ oF Seecaze ese Sig emoe to vens aniased fas yoieies edt hoavse ed yeu tio’ c % too edd tetleds dz edostic exodt most mettestorg 16% eixe us itor befuooxo giintei1ss ro benot ef exsiy ,badw edi doidw Loos siz to aoidonst’ sdt evods ilex elvsy odd Yo sole Th nad $& wnigoo & diix Saemiisg's yd bedostic et efyua s aa). ‘a -etdag edt. to eybe ent Yo tnomqolerved © | tanied Sa2 (te) toor edd do nolvoan), ‘ads. Kostotg of tedta09 9 notéertensd ed? out! datot eds ‘fun? .tataed Beekses eids to Sm@wom ,eltiorg ¢eorzeiay cs ever eed Eoigon cusve .tetswalst “8 gatets) ~esil toor oft to daisevoo ond doldw caesaad gith is once w).eidss s dove pwolle PSSf spit isgaigoo eds osewod ole ga ont eyods Sivtil s eseds Ginb Gtr ddin pothlven acage ee olde to poltoarong briw S Gur0t bas oor sad. to | n xec0%G @d¢ sebiget* .¢ BOOL Voit oi d 6 aottose secre sit mene dtod ““aveqmin™ to tect nomics ef “eyuegniu” to . lai ere ofsSii edt dal cele bne Satgoo ede ao® boyol | iy ees ae ae | apis yidose wobolw ede vevo ¢lind gsde il se08 baste gnigoo etd to asuode tuo etssages aT wedd,od atbgocos ydotedw yexaoesm efdsa edt cdtw >, deat .onoye, odd to erpted sult bas efdey edd to hieatt Yo, ied, fief odd mb 28 Istocsiton ebse x ph ee a ee) ve t ty Ree “ ee i bP AR ee Oe eed y P 2 eA ey hi POO ENETAL ee Chis eo} Fe OR LG OR een aL Mae, eae a [is Gees epee asa rule is effected by a pediment with a coping at top. Such an artificial scheme, yet easily produce a certain dry and that particularly by an excessive division of such forms rf: terminal pinnacles is easily caused an apparent vanishing, am deed in such a striking manner, if between the buttresses ang the windows remain considerable wall surfaces. Really there is not easily found a more striking contrast, than that between the effect of these later works and those of the Harly Gothic even if richly adorned, on which the entirely simple buttress—_ es, and rich and graceful forms of windows, in which the wall surface dissolves, included between them. 5. Gables and Window Gables. Coping and crowning the gables. ij The simplest coverins of the gable occurs when the roof cov= ering exte ds over the gaple wall, so that as for a wooden ga- | ble, the thickness of the tiles or slabes laid on each other forms the upper termination of the gable wall, and makes a small projection for its front face. But these projecting edges are exposed to the effect of the wind in a high degree, by wh— © ich may be caused the raising and tearing away of some pieces. For protection from these effects, to shelter the soof from t the wind, there is found on carefully executed works an exten— Sion of the gable wall above the junction of the roof, which 4 Development of the edge of the gable. a Further to protect. the junction of the roof at the inner side of this raised coping, thus the joint from the penetration of rainwater, every coping has here an undercut. profile, a cut :, drip beneath which the covering of the roof lies,. rising a lit— 4 tle toward the coping. Fig. 1084 shows such a gable, where the © upper moulding with its drip rises a little above the surface a of the roof and forms a wind protection or gable, as shown by aq the cross section a b in Fis. 1084. a. ’Besides the proper name. of “wimperge” is common that of “wimpers”; bobh names are emp loyed for the coping and also for the little Sable, especially — when built over the window arch). The separate cut stones of the coping stand best if bonded with the gable masonry, whereby according to the inclination of the gable and the nature of the stone, the bed joints are made horizontal as in the left half of Fis. 1084, or are per- pendicular to the line of the gable as in the right half. a ‘aa. aa bre, ws rn Jinn « "ore Seen’ Voy: MO SUPT Lee were he ah oT a; " ‘s re ee ie aa ay? 5 bh TP i Bs) tats te ge mh aes Vis" A ye | « ' 1 i) “1 tr, tm Wager i> Ort es avy 4a vue i ae eo “ae |) iy “te ts Me re . ue f Poy ny, Diy He mee ib H ‘ a ia i! eon i a } wy, j eanoee: g biotite of tnedotttvs ad xine seus ona gorge donyheen: bas Lise eidsy edt ao goncie edges cob x62 6 eeomioidd nedestd tot dedd of beebal aaltoyes weoxs eidéd og sedw tives atnenogassi6 qodots ‘dit xo roe egeds bewtot a26 Sisu efdey edt to eeeadotdd tteotanumoo 2 gnintol bat sides edd to tatog sdeodatd Gab dno $d uso x Qivh sid Jedd .eostwwa Yoor edt ovods douw @ deates yd etee ofem si entate add Bas ,nepbe gawol tired . gyseces1s s to. msot ond sted aaa TRONS dotdw ,ehtatgo % Hat git no .pisdmeit of sae tod .¢ # to dounde edd so 2s | ge0ieg wobaiw off to m103 aslquia ent to ,pode ~nieveod te adenine’ dis dtbiw edt neds, .8 BS0F .i% od axuded won ex tI oe elder eit to xord edd gatmiot sostise ais got vs mevesug yebER) geo zalisostots edt so fucdxe yine wodeew sid tsdd aul es yilsnit t0 fo A50r oL8) Setiioo elesttae ed yeu 70 etitae ods sot eschexsdtod mort baodas sedegu od? .s paos dy Aohenbis edd to antoodstacite 2 etivees dasn od? to modes fake PRO alte bbe poidsvele edt exode 5 BEOI, 5th welaay Le entgoo sot to paode & to mela i hii, | ,eidet beqqntm bea eievtoo19 BS cy dis FS fooled ed¢ to-sgete telesasiges yllegigico, sdt nosh, pte _ edf mort Raitostoig sendtow: adi. to evitom sdh edluess RO mrt! edd sol ytiagtroggo sevig sh em Jeet ,Zatqoo elt pattdors nelvoce to exten ao gotyiweoe Yisoamoo sion sidse beg . eno dose eicold. edt to seste Leype dtin yieatbroosd’ .oxsd hae ides batd sesl eft te telded ,gote s emuod. rc, teisoro 8 an a2 mobeext, cot 10vesbag ait og veteldes fesever to, gnital 2 egal: ot. bof papode:. eit to eate edt yd beepag nodisoisicet med mot o¢ 10.,gntgoo edt to \dasd add ot etodgoto. edd va giidascl aye’ sal é pene Lethe H & siascink as adit G 2 bon od? 208 or tettal odd to o18q 4 oLidu ~ilewiest to.” otk aaets edt sess eidd al .too7 eft to eovao ont eft Loom. Se lccabs gidtin dorer ,efhbin edt ta, elgae a8 ai.seom bas | j evdtom sesibl saz et endl seaostg: taossitih. nl bacot satean: gebrsl te dneossanris eft of phael ating edt sort oa BGs pipet ee Ts ee » smoiveussenco. taal snd yc ve er; » PE | Fafa SL Ege 646 ae The thickness a b in Fig. 1084 a under the projecting coping must only be sufficient to afford a secure bearing of the sep- arate stones on the gable wall, and meedsnot agree with that of the wall, while a part of the latter @xtends under the roof covering, indeed so that for Sreater thickness a rafter lies on it. Richer arrangements result when on this excess in the . thickness of the gable wall are formed steps leading to the highest point of the gable, and formins a communication bet—-— j weer the two eaves of the roof. In this case the steps lie so much above the roof surface, that this drip x can be cut in ¢ E their lower edges, and the stairs is made safe by a parapet o outside, which either man take the form of a tracery balustrade, @S on the church of 8. Lorenz in Nuremburg, on the city hall a at Louvain, etc., or the simpler form of the window gable. a If we now return to Fig. 1084 a, them the width a b also ex- | presses at top the surface forming the back of the gable, so “a that the washes only extend on the projecting cap (Fig. 1084 >), or may be entirely omitted (Fig. 1084 ¢), or fimally as in Pig. 1084 a the washes extend from both edges for the entire width q and meet in an angle at the middle, which with a steeper inclin= ation of the wash results 2 strengthening of the ridge of the gable. Fig. 1084: d shows the elevation afid Fig, 1084: e is the plan of a stone of the copins.: Crockets and stepped gable. From the originally rectangular shape of the block a bcd q results the motive of the crocket projecting from the edge of a the coping, just as it gives opportunity for the form of step- “ ped gable more commonly occurring on works of secular architec- ture. Accordinsly with equal sizes of the blocks each one has @ erocket or forms a step. Gables of the last kind are now f - found in different places. Thus as the latter motéve developed — from the origin leads to the arrangement of larser steps a isting of several ashlars, so the endeavor for freedom from the restriction caused by the size of the stones led to insertins q the crockets in the back of the copings, or to form them with tonsus and groove as in Fig. 1085 c. But nowise was the form 4 of the crockets in the mass of the ashlars entirely- supplanted a by the last construction. — Crowning the gable. The crockets extend to the middle bo form the stem of the 7 ep fei oe \ anih Ti ¥ saa aay } h fi Gea) ae Oss 0 hi a u" j ee ] of ie aia is hel eee ped at a aban hace * Ak A dlleanal ito ao: dis. eds ittw vais oc ,efdsp sit Yo gatavo78 | ro .aede eAt..t¢ elbhia eit eotiasa roddic. eveioo1 Baie Shoyluntbrcoos yetedooze owt deel edd ni bien ft dit cdM@to. d1eq batbneqest100 off exif bne mote i 20 ebie odd Yo dégnel edt at bodteent ei temact edd ti edt atin saete emee odd oi oben od [Lite teum old eetit morh .% S80! att ot nevis mot sit eevicos2 asad b oat etiuees ylzathbrocos © débinw odd bas asidee eids bed. onaso tsdd ,gakawotc edt to ehetiaben edt to qolten 5 dthesad edd (21 .olds3 sat to exka eat ot soktrogcetq g9e1 sted ef gainwor9 edt to sortoet org eit sends ,ezwel oas ef i: : | gatbrocos guid .sldsh eft to ezemlotdd, edd yo benkaioteh ft eiderstor exyecage fi tk ned? ,9 ASOL .BtF ot x Addhiw odd ae, edd to sonetiogmt ad? seazecioga£ of aeaeo afetass eear® ed Yo -eisten ott at ef ti yeldsg edt to exte oct eas xd .tdgied at oasston4 es qd .eidt dsee of eldsiive o-08 “ad medt eatitss(,oig snidimse L seéit aotstiw erot edd fo Ca snoltosicity avie 3: teuts s gntoalo wort tives eiaranote sviaesm dou? aban edd to fetsoq edt ao ee .eldeb ont fo xegs oft a0 | gt et ybod edt etetin .ecoledD af ITatbesies edt Io ige openie 30 ,¢i guiteantntes eelde tent siz yd oalse boteoth ; ® 2 ovieoss yer ydetods bus vasaqoloved sisiqnuoo sion & ime eds ot ebrogaotz0o ted? .eeentotdd meteci2 8 hse Jneutegut Bat etoetorc eioteters bas , flaw efdsy sdé to etemlotdd ostd 6Ldas edt to ebig wsant edd tsvo Toot edd ifedy als ticeer tedéaut gatavoro eng to ed#eted sratiess2 j sm -sedtio doidy yea1ot [smtas 20 e0%nRit ddin noksoennos eaet eed eti wo qo mete edt 20 Batbiuen sav no beoslg ee baat ,eeoTeo efdat 8 bigdgvoe sedw .cidiesco vifese sis snoitostioig tsés910 se (.880%0 Sainwoto edt to meot oft oF gerit soaed bas ,dale sdotdw jente nietieo's eexfopes tetiesl edd {is s10ted oiss ¢ gostth ot goa ii mave sides edd Yo Sead ont dtin 7 ait iy th oF Meche: epereg ree to Rotmeser of telex ated sonaao of 26 hidthcncd edsie ‘ulyelbtooes bas ,etdeattoqze cishow of peeert xe Y gattwasem 2eots a #2 a8 Yo evad & Atte OTN etide peanrsie s Mah cahided el tatog He “cs il “~ r Gh 7 " rr oJ "he E ‘ vs on iy he a " vor a Ay a ial back i ; r fh | ais | . 4 a A ts oh +, sy y" ‘ ei a eee by ily Rial he a Oe : oF ao ts ah i a: Aw . . iva fee Xe Me ley | fa ‘ Bafawors to wr0t edd of baok base .ithiw to taawcoloveh — 18 oa ms alert nis PN ate ws ae i part eee aie Pus pact cae <2 c ef ee a le Oe Py rect proportion to the sigs of the gable. If the breadth m na 647 ee Crowning of the gable, so that with the rib connecting the crockets either strikes the middle of the stem, or rises up— ward in the last two crockets; accordingly it lies close to the stem, and like the corresponding part of “the rib itself, and if the former is inserted in the length of the side of the ga- | ble, must still be made in the same stone with the stem, which — then receives tha form given in Fis. 1084 f. Prom the size of this ashlar and the width m n accordingly results the determi- _ e nation of the magnitude of the crowning, that canno. be in di- © is too large, then the projection of the crowning is. better determined by the thickness of the gable, thus according to the width x in Fig. 1084 a.’Then if it eppears preferable in: certain cases to increase the importance of the crowning with . the size of the gable, it is in the nature of the matter more Suitable to seek this by aia Bncrease in height, by the choice ~ of the form within thése limiting projectiins than by an exces- Sive projection. Such massive crownings result. from placing a simple finial on the apex of the sable, as on the portal of the north trans- ept of the cathedral in Chalons, where the body is further in= dicated also by the four gables terminating it, or passes to 4 amore complete development and thereby may receive a superior _ treatment and a greater thickness, that corresponds to the en= tire thickness of the sable wall, and therefore projects into the roof over the inner side of the sable. Greater heights of the crowning further result from their connection with figures or animal forms, which either may be placed on the mouldings or the stem or on its terminal knob. Gable cross. sy Greater projections are easily possible, when sought im mere development of width, and lead to the form of crowning by a s g slab, and hence first to the form of the crowning cross. But before all the latter reouires a certain size, which. increases with the base of the gable, even if not in direct proportion to it. : We cannot here refer to measures of mediaeval works but only @ to modern experiments, and accordingly state that on a gable - with a base of 8« ft. a cross measuring 7 ft. from point to p point is entirely a mistake, white another of 3 7/8 £% over a. ie a ae fu ass el Dat ks . ¥ we ' “ih 1s x / we Ab ar fe _ , a ke iat ; ; as of Hides .tootte tretotttwe & peouboiq »#% tS to eased ‘mets Inotttev o diiv eonersoqge sok top og eri 2 ape bres ett he ale to maot goisoetorg vistdgite e of ago vail rage pict eft ni betebLeaoe ed of et $i codeang ,oiisevg ae nat tdyted ené @a segzel exopa ead Istnosinod edt teat. t ai acitonbos * seilepes epned bone ,orbolapi¢srer < oat nek? sobtenbes ata .setted edt to este odd te goetsed oft tedt of ,wbtowenw meta Inolicev sad to gal 5 bas aekroosretci ex? te tomato? odt ea Cata ome oft oved a” a. sebme atl of s198cat © Wtanel fortupo: edt enckenenif setse1y 102 yignibreco b benterco ed of anotenenth edf.beeoxe yem ps0%o eds to emia Fe mckienidnos eds enisney exsid of89 edt al .dale ano ay mo sponalead isd [stoosized eit tent 0 ,emasd eaote se -sdT snoe7eds ose ef mie tegen eft Ome esoto aft to m6 ® belisoece on? nt beyolors sd cele yea noltourtenco betidele ~ mort ecovo tsel s to rso? sad of shes eredd bee | on? seged)eanote aniqgeizvevo oxt To t6.,medea ect 20 Bae er abier0t sting ek nolvonsserco eiit to assosiads beget es tstted 2t tk dads .erode ylairlg bose enote eit to sacten 2 oe. edt to mete od? .¢t antakoost eatcot Lls biova eg @ dtiw seditie .ekhis odd ac qeo eldsh sdt atin sepb Vawtot fowos: ef to usitianets 8 erso00 esedt tk fo oe i be etée So \gasmesaess ns eitdive 4d ye OGOl «Rit .zeddo dose a es -eeidsey heqeese diiv aeloenats fe ce .eside: to egntawono odd eopbosg eolosanta 25 tant beibbse otemen etedt wedw weds sonlqed yom svewoit ofzns, sat itiw yoolsns ect eveeqgs c1sh .ersides. eft to evan edd wort a devd .easte slish wsitserg to wrot bowotiaem stoted Mol sne n1steen oct s6, 88 ,eefde> istes1$ ao brrot ‘neve ex 90 (hop guodeeisé to elsibstitso edt Yo Iaiteg deew odt ated fRidsow ods 00 Thanlod te socio 2 tetgelfoo edd to bas ,enzol #o ,sondoigiausn gegserh 8 yosds berisdido 3b -benoitdaem tex erates: gotbiaete eeropitedtin steaied{s eofoenutq sat aa oe pone tedg .betaed ed dooneo ti toY venus de ods to nokegezqmi edt nedtagnette vec yleaclo deat bop sidt booyed op eolosagiq to enoidtiaec peneteds eat exc? sittvaniante vob feotisev io. tady wet ls Le De ee ae a Ags ve ier” Ss ae a caer Pe als tLe ae ee OE Boe a le NO le a ie a ed feaicdn a 20 aoitibbe odd yd aoitioqorg evievey: ‘eR .beldsy Istzoq co as Llen ae owgerS at doavdo aye? 648 base of 24 ft. produces a sufficient effect. Thus in general — it is a pepuliar appearance with a vertical stem, that devel- \ ni a ops to a slightly projecting form of crowning, will give a sug: gestive proportion by the addition of a horizal bar becomes p 4 puerile. Further it is to be considered in the form of the cress. thatnthe horizontal bar sesms larger at the height than the v verticaloone, and hence requires a reduction in comparison vie the size of the latter. This reduction then occurs by a taper— ing of the vertical stem unwards, so that the horizontal. shall have the same size as the former at the intersection and also tapers to its ends. | / Accordingly for greater dimensions the required length of the arms of the cross may exceed the dimensions to be obtained from one slab. In the case there remains the combination of three : stone beams, so that the horizontal bar balances on the lower. arm of the cross and the uoper arm is set thereon. The same 4 construction may also be employed on the so=called crossflower, and there leads to the forn of a leaf cross from a. slab lying : on the stem, or of two overlapping stone barss The entirely en= saged character of this construction is quite foreign to the nature of the stone and plainly shows, that it is better to avoid all forms requiring it. The stem of the crowning then a goes with the gable cap on the ridge, either with a penetrati- on, oh it there occurs a transition of the ground forms into each other. Pig. 1050 a, b, ehibits an arrangement of this kind.) Pinnacles with stepped gables. Just as pinnacles produce the crownings of gables, so also : the angle flowers may replace them, when there remain additions from the mass of the ashlars. Here appears the-analosy with the pefore mentioned form of greater sable steps. Sumh arrangements are even found on greater gables, as on the western one of the | Teyn church im Prague, as well as on portal gables.’ We mention here the west portal of the cathedrals of Strasburg and of Co- logne, and of the collegiate church at Colmar On the work fiers rst mentioned is obtained thereby a greater masgnipicence, that — the pinnacles alternate with figures standing on low small col- umns. Yet it cannot be denied, that first of all the crockets closely set. strensthen the impression of the gable slopes, such — positions of pinnacles go beyond this and lead the effect into | that of vertical developments. Thus the ekpression of the mn uh "ae : oeseaqueeth | Sietiads bbaie sat to aokiventionat " Kha to sedmnn aietico 8 ni taol aueee totisl oct ‘Esottss Hibacataatite: & to [is ,eeldsy ,stnomento yd beanoi9 ae | / yistoateds Beis y | -seldey to egataniged nike paneoo idee eis dolidw ecolieles sas oF bigseq al fase eofa100 [stnositod ait of svad efdaz eft to ebne te it io Bisa guidiyesve ylleidasiedrs eotlqas exedd ,seble 193 i9e outiass¥ .(CBOr of YEOI agit) sougestind to ealdas [al sencittinoo Isfosys efd-y¢d bettiareq ed neo enotieot patie siitozq edd bae . Poor edd Yo onif oft eb b 6 bS0F ‘gigstizoooh .esnil besttob wi heisoibal ek eeed atk te , Sits weiv doo1t edt ak eotavoo toot sit ss [fom ef 133 Me jagtT edt to Men tiel ed? ut ee elitoag att ewote redste fay) edt woled eldah odd to aeenvoids edd nt Ilew sidey odd lasoaoo ef slitow tedi yweisedd bee .[edice & 99 -syostorg BG cemuees ts dso efdsh odd tO saisco Letnositod sai tag alien edd Yi-\nedgid eetl Sk rt bsol oft Bae .ddgael s52 Me .eit fo Mad sdbid odd nk es .shwisanted s ead v8tewe ‘eidex edd to sereco [stnosticof sidT .{S DBOP .3f8 doe ov Reed to bessent oso eldsh bonifont od# Lt ople Heiti¥int ak as doin $f ao Dish eis{[ies Yo etatenoo .ilaw sad itiw bebnod Pedewids edd [fe gettsuds fae tateoggo Li seogine I)6diss? Sion ui noivevels sbie sii swore & BEOL ore .sxoold ensdd yp oad Bomsees sudd fas .eliiowy ett swede gqso efdaa ont s is Ssveds Sotave ifs ovoteishd .seettdod 6 to oldaxs to mx0% she edd motl coved sosig efi enaeyniera setdel ed? vatuaso * wre ~y i : wi | ‘f nitty Beesce odd cals tediant bus ,bimesyg eLosanig etelqmoo s be ed sad. to a1Ot eos of alensq Onild Miiw Jf dtecacd few sat eee) To mxol edd otnk fegasdo ad weve to .elozantg sid Yo to mtot relerte edt weve to .yem eloedniq edt ols od dedd to elbbinm edt of elas odd wort bergohensad od Od ‘esie testiogu | etox #¢ fron yieisdy fos .dtonsl Ldietinst etttse oft of moiteles at ed binow eins oonte | \$eY .be@Or .or8 ab 6 iden eltsil edt o¢ sebaol aq nevyntosiq yd eldey edt, to Xafasvos sii comoned ctinele d02 -gakqoo Yo sesio Istnostsod tad? ro ols ene Fane ef sorosgtaa té atiovex mroi *, i —— Ags ee ow — Py -— “pi en gefuydetst edt Yo sostine eft t9v0 owoh dSaetze. eyed ed testcnt yoo » SOO! .o8% yd OWede as Saiwnot olden. Soom -f ste oy poo Neng nF 4 Pies 649 | inclination of the gable entirely disappears" whennthe on extend down over the surface of the triangular gable, so that the latter seems lost in a certain number of adjacent panels ; crowned by ornamenta, gables, all of a predominant vertical character. Beginnings of gables. In regard to the relations which the gable coping at the low er ends of the gable have to the horizontal cornice of the ldp- ger sides, there applies substantially everything said of the q gables of buttresses (Figs. 1037 to 1049). Meantime some. modif- ications can be permitted by the special conditions. In Fig. 1084 ¢ d is the line of the roof, and the profile of. the gutter at its base is indicated by dotted lines. Accordingly the late ter as well as the roof cornice in the front view of the gable — either shows its profile as in the left half of the Fig., or the gable wall in the thickness of the gable below the gutter. projects on a corbel, and thereby that profile is concealed. But. the horizontal course of the gable cap e f assumes a érear q ter length, and the load in it lies higher, if the edse of the gutter has 2 balustrade, as in the right half of Fis. 1084: (aie so see Fig. 1084 ¢). This horizontal course of the gable cap | is fulfilled also if the inclined gable cap, instead of being bonded with the wall, consists of ashlars laid on it with the a further purpose if opposing and abutting all the thrusts of. | thens blocks. Pigs. 1034 ¢ shows the side elevation in which at a the gable cap shows its profile, and thus assumes the form of a gable of a buttress, therefore all stated above con= cerning the latter also finds its place here. From the simple gable crowning as shown by Fig. 1084 ¢ may further be develop- ed a complete pinnacle pyramid, and further also the part of the wall beneath it with blind panels in the form of the body | of the pinnacle, or even be changed into the form ofia shrine. | ‘Also the pinnacle may, or even the simpler form of crowning, : be transferred from the angle to the middle of that horizontal — length, and thereby would a more important size be reguired, since this would be in relation to the entire lensth and .no longer to the little gable a in Fig. 1084: 8. Yet. more massive becomes the covering of the gable by placing an entire vines cle on that horizontal piece of coping. But the most complete — form results of the-gable is flanked fy the pinnacles set on Spal See see ere *, ae ; i nd re ; 4 ‘ vy? i 7 eyes) Benen es" po vetessa? elbra yd ameve 20 Besgidad sod peer + (, Eien ett agtke eroitoacnes ban exoqgru% ! ‘edd Yo. @newegnst1s enocbednevbs elsaoitxe oe edt phiadabent tnd gaobeeyobri fas bexit meewied aliey edt to | wobniw oft af teztt to etiuect: eelosaaig ak Snide LloltV ve \.dne obtited tc elyte szedeoiaz edt Zotslaeios ) 6nd vo bestelqxe et cusregaetis elas Yo aisiao edi Laks Yodtpneute edd Qaiesetont .gotbeol yd gadis 101 taqmeo alsiieo to denaudt of3 gefess of Bad tedd ile 8 a mh ofdsts, edd 10 sawoto odd wort gathnstxce eosa09 * ets Homteint os ch sSKE .d soe-ofdes wobnin od? to eoasdiiog excons: herieeb ext RartIIEtibS ovitom.eds ovad tdbin teda0em gataod geste cs o1ed hodisenk.od ddgin .yew Jacensen oft af Piméonsed Henind dows olwiasoroo s yd dove wobuiw odd to taraze é betispe. enogaueg Lefooga eck tot vedi: ,eseeoriisd g ent to Seat ot betiue wret siden edt beebdbat bas .keataevoo soa egotq edt slidw ~C308 skt8-yd awode es calAéA dows bed Puebetdenisd fos tettus déiv [lew ascgn odd Bdroaque s cous side $4% to eaeniotds add aueed d dois Eaiaeddbooats elias Prpesorstenos sd yen doidu ,eldse wobaiw edd yd bazevoo LLen ieedt cgvoxis noigoos edd s CGO .bf at eA weew Taosvetilh es it Be ast es ebaste {sw odd to eacndoidt sit .evode awou jodd déin noitoonges nt soirioo Yoon sit to shhe regan Seteisges ett feds of ,dois wohaiw teqgo1g edd. no betoors Cari. A : we as Presitent oviscegeieg ni hesaeesiqss sqede edd govisoss C30 eoied bas [lew eldep sit soteroo toot edt eyodA va. G80 08S e8 ,ncigoanneo dvodtinu tedto wisas: ebiead breagve acdi 68 GHOL .8i% afegoktooe oft steven edt gritenba0d ign eit. to Pali eit dasmegresis to ebom elit yd tus (Sheteds bné elder wobtiw est Yo moitoctorg addine uotifed. few sd? to cost edt of dean edt io coitanaitmoo 9nd tedtic Pe sberispst ek dosed edivco wsties s to iacemognetie oft 10 WW at anode mtot odd at: tuods berwess sd. ot eh oyteeb. text se ee es hewollo? viletsneS ei setiel edd-elidw .b cecr vad evitoogerea aimeose .@SOL .kf8 nr y x ac cotiose $ ott wo. edeeidi o1sdm! ysldst»wobsiw edt to pesd edd tA te dtin bedoonmoo ef dadé sefvonten & bavot pegs et TORS fo Neh aa hae EDP eee is CG! ag eters | : a ih i i 3 est, rt pe at @ aooid edd e¢ned‘fas .bebnod em oldss aobetn sdi to a hate Ve iks lee 0) Star Pelee ek ta UME RS lee SE Uae 2 At ake ee ‘ ba AS Ey Re cea es a ies RPh ‘ re Wah or Synors Li Vy FSA “y rel 650 the butteess or even by angle turrets. ! Purpose and connections with the wall. ¥ ae The so extremely advantageous arrangement of the exteaehien a of the gable between fixed and independent buttresses termio— atins in pinnacles results of itself in the window gables char- acterizing the richer style of Gothic art.’ By Viollet-le-Duc — : the origin of this arrangement is explained by the necessity for aiding by loading, increasing the strength of the window - arch, that had to resist the thrust of certain compartment courses. extending from the crown. On the static importance ined portance of the window gable see p. 322. As an intermediate q member might. have the motive @ulfilling the desired purpose in the nearest way, might be inserted here a strengthening of the window arch by a concentric arch turned between the buttresses, that for its svecial purpose required a separate covering, and indeed the gable form suited to that of the poin- ted arch. Also as shown by Fig. 1085, while the proper window _ arch a supports the upper wall with Sutter and balustrade, so this strengthening arch b bears the thickness of the gable wall covered by the window sable, which may be constructed in ~ a different way. As in Fig. 1085 a the section through the 4 crown shows, the thickness of the wall stands as far as the < a upper edge of the roof cornice in connection with the masonry : erected on the proper window arch, so that. the separate ashlars | of the window gable are bonded, and hence the block c im Fig. 1085 receives the shape represented in perspective im Fig. 1 1085 .b. Above the roof cornice the gable wall and balustrade then stand beside each other without connection, as shown by the section in Fis. 1085 a. Gonducting the water. But by this mode of arrangement the removal of the water falling on the projection of the window gable, and therefore either the continuation of its wash to the face of the wall, or the arrangement of a gutter on its back is required. . The first design is to be assumed about in the form shown in Fis. 1085 ¢, while the latter is generally followed as seen by the — section on x y in Fig. 1085, shown in perspective im Fis. 1085 dy At the base of the window dable, where it rests on the buttress is then found a gargoyle, that is connected with the channel. Ss 9 Be ” Crockets. 4 " ma | ° ry ah ere Feo Pideoees abies eis to aitvaow edt eved ow QSOS .5£8 aT Etineot encttotites: ed? seldrs wobnitw oft Yo etoold ont um bed eit to tnsmekneiie sid Sainisonoo noivouitenoo & ove i¥ to miot odt mort gnidivess seods sadt ,eidd of sgetenool ada Wedd co bas .oldsh wobniw sdt dtuordd eeaq-oels sotatce oot § Sd neo bocbni ,icold dose ao bemrot ef Fodoors s sadtel taom .gtoold otetsgee odd to m0 xslqmoo stom s yd bs 2 tose edd at texooro edd to sxdgot sit to notixeect us yd a ftieog sort eid? .o CECl woke at nwotle es sldst wobsiw odd if to Shefnsvbs rvedtint edt ebtotts nedt tewolt sebs odd to pes: “e8900 won ve besutat seors To Sntoaelysi sit Soidstt . ~,eelday wohnin betedct«el ina eattss edd to mrot sstaelo bas betextns etom 2 107 edt to nolttexctisg & sonedsocwi fsore Yo veddant ecivéas monetetes -ni oxsd oele tod .b de CSO .BE8 of nwode es {lew Rovsekd of? de gaiyl sedtun odd bos {few odt dtte gntbacd of : © of saittsosnote sit ylasluotiasq es Llew ee .tcor est fovs of [fs to featt foe .bavot sd od e718 esoldwaseta riednso © 03 betine mot A .ffew sdt to east edd af antyl edatot bac | ) seats Gf fetneeorges ef fd bos > eisides soit sot eSO!l ara eas Yo ddynsl edt ot Saitbtos0e eszasdo sidt inf .Y boas w wsides sii bipow nest .sedaks eet{ teal edd t1 snotteno ‘Ao eeemiotdt entice edt dhvoidt bootxs zedtis Lonnado sxd exctied sd oidtin beosla sd Flyos taiot bas as to etias Lope ti blyow aSdt .betsino evew sotsaxotisg sig ti due stds odd odnt sonsteib ttode s Leanedo edt to exote edt ef 4% “i éf eldsi edd to eeen Sm ot ebsef nedd noftealoet eitd ‘to soienetxes tedtavt A . wae vistttns eel[dse wohniw uatowors tied Dae seldss sii ... of .sidez onivtostosq dads to voad odd ts yrnoesn ent exo tiie’ ,fatdsd Lonossio tetan sdé to? eoeqe eatewss [lite exedéd ni ee sfose eat Yo satl eid gniwolf{ot to beetvent ylantbroocs wisd. fogs wobniw odd dtin olateesnos sasvoo s esd .280r Ere Sacisvslost cidt sud .ffew sldsy eft dns [lew edd to sost ott ested ap ama ov teiteut ebsel {iew sldep odd to fuser pind etosgest evidonitenoo ai ydsred? .emedos yreosst is wobniw: seqqu adit) to yreceat efit YO wxot sit word sro ealiprbidan motuke edd to edootd edsisqe2 edt entoi, bas Scary ‘aad sd Datded ;dows wobatw edt to eaodt redial (er ernggteens edd défw sotatoo toon ois danoudd a ite “ me hii is ue bas RS i TAR Ne a 4 Oe (eh et ee I ee al tA eed oe SSS ae Cea ee ee ed Oy re eRe ak I i Pies a ie itis Miia ee oe te coches hy Scone Becca r BR See eaten i eon Va ¢ ars My h re eal : 651 | Rapti ic In Fis. 1085 we have the working of the crockets assumed the blocks of the window gable. The restrictions resulting from such a construction concerning the arrangement of the bed joi- nts,consist in this, that those resulting from the form of the | roof cornice also pass through the window gable, and on the latter a crocket is formed om each block, indeed saatbanacel ed by a more complex form of the separate blocks, most easily by an insertion of the tongue of the crocket in the back of | the window gable as shown in Fis. 1085 c. This free position of the edse flower then affords the further advantage of. facil- 4 itating the replacing of those injured by new noes. Perforated window gables. For a more animated and clearer form of the entire. arrangem- enbtis further of great importance a perforation of the gable — wall, as shown in Fig. 1085 at g. But also here in: reference q to bonding with the wall and the gutter lying at the base of the roof, as well as particularly the stonecutting in general certain precautions are to be found, and first of all to avoid end joints lying in the face of the wall. A form suited to 4 Pig. 1085 for the ashlars 3 and h is represented in Figs. 1085 e and f. But this changes according to the length of the veri oration. If the last lies higher, then would the ashlar with . the channel either extend through the entire thickness of the ‘ gable or an end joint could be placed within the perforation. But if the perforation wers omitted, then would it suffice to let the stone of the channel a short distance into the thick- ness of the gable. 4 A further extension of this isolation then leads to anise the gables and their crowning window gables entirely free veto ore the masonry at the back of that projecting sable, so that a there still remains space for the water channel behind, which. a accordingly instead of following the line of the gable as in Fis. 1085, has a course concentric with the window arbhsbetween the face of the wall and the gable wall. But this isolation i. of the gable wall leads further to its complete obening ina tracery scheme. Thereby in constructive respects it differs no a more from the form of the tracery of the upper window arch, Ff and joins the separate blocks of the window gable just as the latter those of the window arch; behind the gable them extends — ¢hroush the roof cornice with the balustrade and becomes visi- 4 ihicaeapialieiidiadisliaaae ti eee Hee 7 ee | a wat , ’ 0 Ae Sb en ae ee a -s>aineqe edt favors efdiciv ainpe* anasivs enxoleo ts Saitiso°o acksovatemoo sid? ppertast tk ovedw eeno eelleme ai ue ,anokenenth rotte7 wiiénaedo edt bue emsed edd 10% woot nkstdo of gi ivolTiip Dadi are 3 8 ebusmeb ,dibsetd Sestenoo © Snitinps: ebsiteuled 8 basot eomitemos ei stent «dors wobaiw ont to gottostote B edd! botlltt yrecest ois dtiw sotn too toot edt to nottantd [aw end to costed entot yltoesth tedsel edd sedt o8 .eld Op esedmem eft to t18q & his ¢f eiosensint eotntce toor odd fag) 36) mtot yrocestt ond webivib exit bas .eldsk webaiw sad y ef azine etitns edd te aclisnrotensat teats ydeweds tog pio edt to rteds edd no fanot ef dotdw ,hettisean;, vieris ote gedd .eidd ao etetesoc bas ,reenedleBl mi sine’ .€ ede GO etess ,yrsce1t nego te hemvot yflotidne ak eldes reluy ae sshsstenisd eft ssoalgs? fuse eotnroo oot ei ea ' | Yed@ey edt fe wotésnifont MOL ylovitele: Ilite si golgeniforil ect Ye enokidooa1q scf me .ifsue ei Sdzted evbéne edt bas eelquexe teblo sad ai age ot enad: toxroites edd slleqeid .g to eefdse: wobatw bus lanctcib Med est ot oxvsure oft: to shie ent os tuods f Sas Ati erolles edt Yo esbe eft evods eats Bptawono odd EeouyLog todo Sid no tHo00 a8 done .eoldey smoe to dthiw see : J wiisves fotdu .anokisatloatr secseatea erveas of txen seu Ti | ef rfl .to offset sit tuoda sedtd oc .¥vam7ed nt etentmoh Ye mMoto oft to xe¥e sdt mort seats elosnotg edt yliasoush ky. 4: wodaty ss .eLoeoteded ocd Yo eldsy Isitnensasd ith | {ism eldee edt to seendorat edt dadt sisesem ods oY tel sh wobain eft to sonstitegal L[evuvourt2 yiflentyico ede BS - evods guteis adysgq edt ot ylac beszetaxs et .benescel et Was etaeggselb ti bas .iisw sd¢ to nottsninrss Letnosiqes a AY | .Wxeostd Saitoejorg exif dwode st medtynends Litse neo ti jes venoosd has sonsitogri Letaenento eatetta yilstosqee soy t $f oenee elit al .notetvibdye te to botawors To mot sig 1 bas aslosnisded ssfquis ed¢ ao sen sommoo ylisluotiasy s a Iewionute ot btewno yuwtses dt .f edt mort ¢ads .aotsoti Szomie as Sididxe ¢esel Ja yaemie® at etooqees {xa102 conmertd owe \Cfts s to.etekenoo aldd slwy s eA veays } few s to sort feotisev edt ertot thoted ovktas egt node ifat a ‘to. bevoqroe ylisweds et seds ala te oe oT ay itories, that from the 1- th century onward in structural and i a Pee B hilahe Bie La Vaud) Lo 2 & As. Ae iain Beye. ae: 652 visible through the openings. This construction occurring at colosne cathedral requives | sreater dimensions, and in smalles ones where it is already a. difficult\to obtain room for the beams and the channel with balustrade requiring a constant breadth, demands an exaggerated | projection of the window arch. There is sometimes found a com a binatiou of the roof cor nice with the tracery filling thea ll ple, so that the latter directly joins the face of. the wall, a the roof cornice intersects it aid a part of the members of. the window gable, and thus divides the tracery form of gable. But thereby that transformation of the entire design is en-. tirely justified, which is found on the chotr of the church | %. Maria in Mihlhausen, and consists on this, that the trian- gular gable is entirely formed of open tracery, rests on the . roof cornice and replaces the balustrade. Inclination of the gavle. The proportions of the inclination are still. relatively low in the older examples and the entire height is small. Om the window gables of S. Chapelle the rationof base to height is a about as the side of the square to its half diagonal, and only the crowning rises above the edge of the sallerg, With the les- ser width of some gables, such as occur on the choir polygon, _ it was next to assume steever inclinations, which usually pre- dominate in Germany, so that about the ratio of 1: 1 results. Generally the pinnacle rises from the apex of the crown of the — window gable. a Ornamental gable of the tabernacle. * In the measure that the thickness of the gable wall diminish-— es, the originally structural importance of. the window gable — 3 is lessenéd, is expressed only in the parts rising above the — horizontal termination of the wall, and it disappears entirely when its entire height joins the vertical face of a wall. Then it can still strengthen it about like projecting tracery, and : yet especially attains ornamental importance and becomes a sin- | ple form of crowning or of subdivision. In this sense it. finds a particularly common use on the simpler tabernacles and repos- formal respects in Germany at least exhibit. an almost. general type. As a rule this consists.of a sill, two jambs and the co= — yerins, that is usually composed of a tall angulas slab set ; eat cont eeenedet cove ent 2 Bi ,enbe “no mh Payer ues, Brsdnodaesh Eads ct ve: & pitblvom befledvos © dtiw attase [fie edt Litas’ Bo wost edt exbted ,ebae edt ta benauted to yliquuds 200 to estese ont tdyworw oss dotiw no evods Hear 6 ativ pores ececoutiud eigas eft to as Ileow 2a ex|edcem cael aghapekennal gabyquoso edmat ets 20 .vilesogeih 20 exeupe 1 seexteud eft 28 {fen oe ¢ tedmem eft ttpuorw aoedt 2f e280 jeatinud éa¢ feunteaes ers dele talwgas bas [fat tedt nt sree exedmon dmai edt ,@eloenatg ai daw eas hae ‘ee ~utIétaosizod ebae caso ode tol eosqa edd sud ,eecors be (Mo egatict dtin measemys 2 atiueot aarot setoby ak tant ous ba Gbne Hottie of¢ey wobniws yd bhoaoxox neodé 2k dona od ) Bt evode eeolo stete weoloenciq eds tadt Oa ,2eecetTi sud fantnret {etaosinod a silaewer ef efdep wnobalw edi evods note wo O812 ease ef% ci Guo cedtio ,atnometiiasd dgtw est eaeil ae Bae emetixe ect of abswogeersoe noksoetotsq esodw ,acet “eS baetxe dotdw déeones ,enel tadwemos ei 16 eeszoxtind qoet ydetecs teat of ~etoanatq bes eldsg wobsais ond To eyni 7 bw one eid? .texotied ed mevip cals stdinied omsae ot beodite bed Gao tut (dors edt ovods ataeq cord? otnt bebivin wi efdax get ayteeh excttae edt Yo gutdaow ed? weyew auottey ai hentobe " senottoetord [sseves Yo yoomrsd eds es imseg nude ecote eno | Jefosanta of? ditw efdey wohaty edt bo gaiaworo eds dtin mE bas Io noitoeiong ois or nokiterebot atetsetd a sedicnt gat ia 20 dan ent entoh vyitoosth t0odsfe e{itowg esotw jeldag mob ufotem base ,eoateue Liew aeqgu eft fo t1eq Istnosinon isose de heeds fed? bo sofestsdo edt at yltetde mio? s of ebsel Rn ey re vee @WROL gh ab seme? w he 7 UJ ie -antot ¢aeret2 £0 a ri nie eviid at taibsol ed¢ to vatosisde Isnoisgeoxe el? 785 p deck sidt dedd ot ,edvow tetel ai efooantd sag.o¢ exysxia . Snemoyaszss as ,eldsg wobaim edt ddinw aclionng sat evods w@eve ai beaeecoxe et sedsl coun eels bae .\SO0r .8i% al | id $0 xbod sii? BSTf .eit at ee seeds oe .2notementh seolleae eteos dotdw wo satbfvom s yo bebivgh {fide eat efosanig i edt node seen edt at seol et di dnd -eidsy wok no tospin0# yd es tedgis beosiq at ef{dss wobsin an eiseqgeath yletisrs gsomls bas ,eloenaty oat a ia oe igtaddsoe. ome oe to sail Bavoxg sit so anarei ¥ i: : t Me aw "a an le & a : rt 3A 1 bass, , . , na Sistas) WE iy aT cn ay a a \ , se | 7 Sa b ; ey ae 1 i A 4 ¥ f rH ey ny 7 My Ta) i oA ; > é d ) : aw hn 8 2249-6" Lar Gin me Pe i te aft eenatd 9° 653 | on edge. Fig. 1086 shows such a tabernacle from the church i Hrankenbers. 3 The sill starts with a corbelled moulding a either cut on abruptly or returned at the ends, before the face of the wall @ with a wash above on which are wrought the starts of both the jamb members as well as of the angle butteesses set either , Square or diagonally. On the jambs occupying the height of the case is then wrought the member b as well as the buttress ce. } In that tall and angular slab are continued the buttresses and the end in pinnacles, the jamb members combining in point- ed arches, bui the space for the case ends horizontally, so 4 that in récher forms results a tympanum with foliage or figuress The arch is then crowned by a window gable which ends at the a buttresses, so that the pinnacles start close above its ends. 3 Above the window gable is usually a horizontal terminal. corn- 4 ice with battlements, either cut in the same slab or laid the- reon, whose projection corresponds to the extreme end of the buttresses or is somewhat less, beneath which extend the crown=_ ings of the window gable and pinnacles, so that thereby is pres- eribed the same height also given by Roriczer. Thus the window : gable is divided into three parts above the arch, that can be adorned in various ways. The working of the entire design in one stone thus permits the harmony of several projections, as. with the crowning od the window gable with the pinnacle-mould-— yy ing, further a fertain moderation in the projection of the win- dow gable, whose profile either directly jotus the wash or a short horizontal part of the upper wall surface, and mainly leads to a form chiefly in the character of that given by Ror- = iczer in Fig. 1067, * Different forms. 7 The exceptional character of the loading is thus also given q always to the pinnacle in later works, in that this first rests — above the junction with the window gable, am arrangement. found | in Fig. 1087, and also much later is expressed in even the 4 smallest dimensions, so that as in Fig. 1126 the body of the 7 pinnacle is still divided by a moulding on which rests the win= ~ dow gable. But it is lost in the mass when the junction of the window gable is placed higher, as by Roriczer on the base of the pinnacle, and almost entirely disappears when the pinnacle stands on the ground line of the arch, so that the window gable — oe ee; lial ‘/’ pees | aco | car Meats betosance et ydotetT .ybod ett dshetd bese df en as «led209 & yd to munloo elstif s yd eeouttod odd to, rc t dtiw ¢eY .olde) wobsin « vd beawoto ebsoss haild « ao 2 mT . rasta! %o noieivib odd ofditeqaoo steks ef snomegasiie taal : ie yedt to gutosig edd 10 gnfbluom s ys slosanigq sdv to gs ni yLlstoeces ee fer es ,eldss nobalw yattoozsetni ent a0 gh wobniu oft bas bettino evs eelosanig edd enotenemih aefie r te ssatifedioo s no tas acl beiisy yiey 9209 moo er1ot tnoweltih seeds nor wbat goisetith yitserg eelosaniq bas esldsa wobatw to "i det gmr0t ot tiv sedis! edd Yo acettsqmoo.s yd bacbive 26 JS Hatbtooos bosnoexs OSb sq ao seodd diinw outs bas bedisoaeb BER et tesitnoo zaidinse teom ef dnd .esiqionizg e‘isdosd sddad sewot edd mot eoldish wobolw edi yd betmenexg et YOO! bon: Mmoxt NEQL £0 ni betsossige Lerbedéiso esgolo? to ase mszole a8 yilerens uodd as .“sedosed2 fantgixe sdf to esiiale kget foidw .rodtsl eft tc edasa fis of asif{nosg, at mot ic soa | teklase eat yhsstie osdw ,elebow Sellsupeau fs medi einsees peeest wetseis iidinxe yiiseven dometl sit ellafoequs bas adtow Devks ew .batd setts! edé to elqusxe as 2d stnewacleveb to sob pret to geeeextiud st9wod of¢d wort eldss wobsitw s PBOl ,ei% ak | esatedh gs Lsibedtieo ,." ¢ ~tefdse wobain beaasoed Bia. tsitneeee etetive elds wobsiv edd to snilioo edt ocala ea g65r) at-evd? .tue-otdtod to ebhoiasg aedisl oft ni eaoiisos feiviom afd .SCe «q vo Henoitaen tad to gaiswor sad benoid e°%6 tassa yd tewolt fae note Atiw fous edd Aviw olavasogos none o¢ mada eft to woitonnt edt to Rataaigsd eft to gatSasd Biesoiz08 efncessges dokd®),eldeg wobuiw bevisos1 sit to arot pgeds bas .({OOl .2t7) tasmgoleveh let edi of cottomrwanocs: stex af derti .ddated to ancitsoco1g hotsev toom od¢ smuees te\x tatoq edd to ddgied sit ot gathrocos YOOL .2i3 of gon edt Ro eset edt) ot Saibzosos redsaut bos ,dotws. edd looxege sid to dedd ..e.f ,teddel odd to avot sowol a yi .tLeeds 1 efodu ead to ddgted bexasdons ma addin aedéte nedt .sforto idea sit weve eviso setovst eft to eoasalaobedg 2 tinaess tetiel odd $s .elodu ed# to dtigisd segsotss so- (C80! i Latanes « to noidqueees odd yd beowben teddast ILtte od Sakae = dois Sewisoss ed? to soitonateaos add yd 10 88, done, alge rabS. ab id ahnaes horton 7 7 A [ Phil » VA 14 fale ‘ Ts ‘ ort, * : SRA ee PBs Com: Gis 5) aie a? , Chee Sa tare ie 2G ea |) ae ee lg To = a P a ee) Ee Te Es 2 ee ee i id aa at teh 654 | penetrates its body. Thereby is connected also the replacing of the buttress by a little column or by a corbel, as may oce- ur on a. blind arcade crowned by a window gable. Yet with the q last arrangement is again compatible the division of. the body of the pinnacle by a moulding or the placing of the pinnacle. on the intersecting window gable, as well as especially in sm-_ aller dimensions the pinnacles are omitted and the window ga “ les rest on a corbellings.: ; From these different forms nom come very varied erepseneill q of window gables and pinnacles greatly differing from Roriczer’s as evidend by @ comparison of the latter with the forms just described and also with those om p. 460 executed according to Lacher’s principles. But the most striking contrast to Pig. 1067 is presented by the window gables from the tower buttres- ses of Golosgne cathedral represented in Fig. 1087 from “Fac- ij Similes of. the original Sketches”, as then generally an elega- nce of form is peculiar to all parts of the latter, which rep- resents them al uneoualled models, when already the earlier : works and especially the French usually exhibit sreater free- dom of development. As an sxample of the latter kind, we sive in Fig. 1088 a window gable from the tower buttresses of the © q cathedral at Rheims. Recessed window gables. j Also the outline of the window sable suffers essential nodif- ications in the later periods of Gothic art. Thus is first. men= tioned the crowning of that mentioned on p. 352, the mouldings concentric with the arch with stem and flower by means of a ‘- bending of the beginning of the junction of the stem to the form of the recurved window gable,(which represents Roricger’s a construction in its full development (Fis. 1067), and that can — assume the most. varied proportions of height, first im refere- nce to Fig. 1067 according to the height of the point x at the apexcof the arch, and further according to the form of. the arch itself. By a lower form of the latter, i.e., that of the semi- q circle, then either with an unchanged height of the whole would result a predominance of the reverse curve over the arch (Fig. 1089), or anlesser height of hhe whole. But the latter would be still farther reduced by the assumption of a sesmental arch | or by the construction of the recurved arch by four points con- i nected together as in Fig. 1090, such as produces that form of a as ae ae oe. Se ee ae i 4 ul en Raa ye erate i et * i an cs ‘nae @ ey: ta vas a etranone + visreupstt ‘robain ‘edd Quisevoo | a phe ete Sia beh et esorssogerg to ehh tdtxert aid? i WE @bkas zo? .ee1z0b eaef on at eldag wohatw to enrol selties o ns 1 ons" seblo edt oc couuoo sidsg odd to sske sellene ode ig ole y todd =~ = : an yionk eetwon. “fedigeo” aved oid gedt ea .Ceb of ach hiya /,dtoggea to. neitgqesorco tutoy enoce (afer mote eft to Iapeattea oft anct (ibaa: ibtaweoo ylees) uaive [fed eft to eybe odd yniidog in ‘faateres ed¢ avoads odt Las mete edd womoned tlerti [lod vow baqe0 to mtoY becoitnenm atoted ed? oxses atdt 21 .dood Tee fides bivew bat yganiavota s otat hewsotenst? ed yliese | coe ee OOLL .gfF nt .wtot Latnomento tobnele etom «& b betaenetqos tstiqso to m20l et moat tvoda .taenqolovel « oth Oads¢ ak neoee d & Orange emarixe odt erent .08d Blt ‘vai ~aote suot edt to enoitce org edt eentmreted 6 vOrr 9 bento? Heyetoo eds ,ecevect Yo wou tenol edt to stodt «6 b © * ¢ at BS td siasupsa edt bas yyathiuor wete eft to eaods ,i? b ete eeiwexis *eese odd to miot hauvorts tewol ed? sanes oman GB sersuss beidesnt eat soyt noliavele ofl eidgied eds bheaoier Weeeth edt yiesedw ,nafg odé to 6 & exsupa edd dtiw gatstsom Hea e820 @mee e063 Levetiol eousizih eft of ebaogsert00 £ 6 i es ene te exontoids odt atint{ aevis ewai AL enil oft bas | “ao Aa ' sefod etd to ¢ed@? bre dont Le at q ‘etokte teqqu eds Ralmrot eateioy eof COLT Void af ek eae iy “ride PerevELS edi ei sed? .won aonwel ed? 26 Beveel edd boayed oxe wot dewol ocd to noltoefortg edd ydenredn. ,lewey agokico c ot ¢nemgoleveh inataogrt esom ‘pewe #O ,~tegqn acs to tadi i) sexerpa @visesoowe oft tnd3 of tuoda 2boooxe Tegan ond. ,ta dnesedtin odd sot msfq.edt no soste edi eviy edaoserbaup odd am ek meteya eidi ot galbroooA ,eonenpes mevig odt oi exos bee \800f . ft at hetneeetqed vewold eatawors 94% betoud "Seiinte edd yi oaly edt wort taeaqgolevsh ed? noviv ei wi eit sud? e2WOT OF8TLGeR edd To ategied edt estodl .yaide No \eeteups gnibnoqeett09 ed? to eebie edd yd beaimaetes ors Mado O62 ni hetotive et coktaottifhow Leivustedus A .nelq exe Pdgied en? to exoitiogotqg Fmotettib eft yd ofodw ed? to sod at o2 2eviy ested eeodd soxt eeble atvod ac yi6y Biuoco doinu i? yd beatmreteh ed biuoo atdgied oft cove TEOL weit ut va at ‘88 TO ,Yiestevaoe to henveonoo ezetanpe ods Yo vlamogeth te Lisaolisrogong oat sziwedtid .efaconsibh tled ode yd 5 YeOr e003, edt emt0? ealwou snotanerih aslq edt Yo atdpied eds ort | yliaven: oxa rb et YtEtt ROO ks so tnd eter “ooh fae inte ) ) \medto dose i Luo rT ont te sehen en natq eat agor dk al 657 ae 456 to 480, as then the term “capital”. nowise includes the conception of support. Thus the astragal of the stem moulding, those volutes sup- porting the edge of the bell. swing freely outward, and the tn bell itself becomes the stom and the abacus the terminal knob. In this sense the before mentioned form of capital woula easily be transformed into a crowning, and would first require a more slender ornamental form. In Pig. 1100 we attempt such ~~ a development, about from the form of capital represented in . Pig. 480. There the extreme square a b seen in the plan of Pig. 1106 a determines the projections of the four arms, the square e de those of the lower row of leaves, the octagon formed of 4 it, those of the stem moulding, and the square h f g in the s © same sense the lower ground form of the stem. Likewise are ae~ a veloped the heights in elevation from the inserted squares nasa monizing with the square a b of the plan, whereby the: dis tence im a i corresponds to the distance lettered the same on the plan, 4 and the line ik thus given limits the thickness of the termin- al knob and that of the buds. : i As in Pig. 1100 the volutes forming the upper circle project — beyond hhe leaves of the lower row, then is the canyerse prope ae ortion usual, whereby the projection of the lower row exceeds 4 that of the upper, or that more important development in heig- — ht, the upper exceeds about so that the successive squares of ‘| the quadrature give the sizes on the plan for the different rows in the given sequence. According to this system is const- ructed the crowning flower represented in Fig. 1096, and there- in is given the development from the plan by the similar lett=- 4 ering. There the heights of the separate rows, thus 11, 22, 33, | are determined by the sides of the corresponding squares of t a the plan. A substantial modification is suffered in the charac- ter of the whole by the different proportions of the heights, a which could vary on both sides from those here given, so that. as in Fig. 1097 even the hsights could be determined by the (9 diagonals of the squares concerned or conversely, or as in Pigs 1097 a by the half diagonals. Likewise the proportionality of sf the heights of the plan dimensions nowise forms the general rule, but on the contrary the heights. are usually ejual to each other. In Pig. 1096 the plan division of the stem moulding is deter- i, sida hal ag | Sin itl in a) an icy da ian a BBS 4 fasebine: edt no heetot ropatoo edt xd boldtudetiot aie ot apiiueeq Lis Yo tetit. ef maot blod ymteLeces anaes abba dtestexq: yatbigeom efdt Yo muot tedet® # dotde ao | £2 ple) eovoel Yo wor ed? eeserinoh th tudt esxyob edt | 1” hi ae «bud of¢ 6 atot eds of wsLisie semooed efodir eds af Y zs bebioob esom & of entatte nottoetth Lsotixev ext j ,etis¢ eteisces edd Io tigied ‘hsesert0nr as yd vino ton $ ydersdn {Col .ekt) sedenn wkedt to oezeront ns vd o@ J) sneveol to egntneiged dtir mete s to ted actlosoracs “qdotodw \tcsatscbetg yhsetss at caswepnetts ciot tI | ntbec pone eit bas yllecokeié tee 2! wor sewol oct To sexs + fetes On ef otodd asdd . endo does ot Lsnoksid sta aexs peso doses o¢ noidivzog Isncksté sci batatadet setwetif bre y fet fsrec edt ef exspps aswel edd to notdtaog Lellsrsg Pe la ssedvo soss of esisspe eds he z weds yd SLoces mock to mrot and to unoiteottibom rad Be gieies sso ott) yd to ,CCO! .gt2 ai 2s amse & to sovmeyne te cits eid so seins te to ,fanckexed sat 6 4 oniera Beas 8o so eeoutiud ed? to aeio Senohexed 8 slut s es LLise seers ond tend o6. -baluword! Sesnpe Sad dtix Bet>ennon sé esse eid to aac ene eit mor} ont Ens wooatape sid nowt ia ‘vemta edt Yo gakbtsuact Sei Saubetabose edd To eedonace edd said vekicass sedi al puifaed ylblod tc 19 eetulov toitastxe to eysde end eve “a Wawob Helteo vevact to dicnnd s weed shc30 ‘atedy ts fotdy meno Cals saodt stentroberg sorted .(AC0L .aki¢fottist +t) Mpatbneoss eovect to eatod ,xenis qitee ynev ni bavot yilene ra Miata) aste oles oft moxt ylioorib ii yiisuen dsdt brew ie | s(OCOl . BFE to re) tied. igis ons of noee Rieabiaiebec To oaff alomte sdf a | baeeetont ne yo nottaokS bow Jroa ent exsttes d20r . mt ee niogn. dotiv \(QQ0r tid) eevasl odd to ebae ons B.tuODG yea yiersin fied 2 sdéf asot © ofni ebne ett eb 10 ont JSAF)\ 02 'yccoo wem hetesanos salt est to. moists ne if edt seevulov edt to teat of beblile taowle ntake eh tostis “eget ai beseotgxe ston {lite ei widte!l sit to aoidessot ibs ook bas. sonediogat yodeord eaved sevas{ edt dotdw nl ned dota co eate edd elkiw ,btewnwod to fssdani brewgn Peed hevtast here eovacl ened? Sse edt tip algus us crxot a¢ a “hehe beh mee Sncde bud 20 mrod | a1) te ee Da eee | \ ah * an aeons) Hid ae! Ree ab as Rou? by. ye Hy ] , Zz ) 4 7: i? 4 4 ha " ae aa amet sy TT ee De OL i ea Oe ee ee ae PUNE hot id ey 0c: abty 2 Oe Rk NR a i i v : é Assy i iy 658 determined by the octagon formed on the outside sxukeel eee resulting bold form is first of all peculiar to French works, on which a richer form of this moulding predominates, even to the degree that it dominates the row of leaves (Pig. 11012)and the whole becomes similar to the form of the bud. : The vertical direction attains to a more decided expression not only by an increased hsisht. of the separate parts, buat al so by an increase of their number (Fig. 1097), whereby the fo approaches that of a stem with beginnings of leaves. If this arrangement is already predominant, whereby the su: are of the lower row is set diagonally and the succeeding squ- ares are diagonal. to each other, then there is no rule in this, and likewise retaining the diagonal position to each other, the | parallel position of the lower square is the parallel position — o€ the squares to each other. 4 Further modifications of the form of plan result by the arr- angement of 8 arms as in Fig. 1098, or by the more rarely oce- urring 6 on the hexagonal, or of three on the triangular stem. | Still as a rule a hexagonal. plan of the buttress or of. the stem is connected with the square crowning, so that. two arms project from the surfaces and two from the angles of the stem. Formation of the arms. In the earlier time the branches of the crosstiennl mostly have the shape of extendins volutes or of boldly bending stems, which at their ends bear a bunch of leaves corled downward. (heft halfioftFis. 1096). Later predominate those also occasi onally found in verry carly times, forms of leaves ascending @: ward, that usually grow directly from the main stem (right hai of Fig. 1096). | The simple line of projection seen in the right half of Pig.” 1096 suffers the next modification by an increased bending of the ends of the leaves (Fis. 1099), which again as in Pig. 1112 leads the ends into a form like a ball, whereby may occur ad flection of the line connected mag occur, so that the entire effect. is again almost allied to that of the volutes. The trans- formation of the latter is still more expressed in Fis. 1104, 4 in which the leaves have greater importance and decidedly swing upward instead of downward, while the arms on which they rest — form an angle with the stem. These leaves are derived from th form of bud shown in Fig. 1102; from it. by the opening of the - A oe l ; eid | US ge Beane Pe Pe a 10, em Te Wed We ts we Ax. iy Deh lS bar Dt APT ey ut ron 4 bale kt f v, a Wire ) ve 7A >’ ' : ee APD Massisds yd vestiet esdd Boe ,CCrt VEN toiteds oF gsvesl ee So .sexit edt .20Lt base OOht seek wk boseadacl li ) euoe enoda “era fey call ofsw aitbstoes Jere Wi 4 Me. ei semaot tested peasdaosizcd oto s eebiesd emcleteds enft satel add 10% ied to emtol to tedaun bessetont-ns at exe? ,noitostorg to sie 20rt egiG ee tvode .olvefisetos7sds & ee edeent trode diiw ¥ T8084 gixcotte s gemoosd moigoetom -26 enil sdt acoe ted im iiewe Stom bos tezs01§e sis ehaed edt ,sao nfaiaic s niage q2 exons Nd betesins ota coves oft to a2t1se¢ etatscse edd bos nse ybsotls ovad ow Sadd {dO .4i%), egatifewe Lsotre yemse edd to eeveel asdto sO velsiftqse to sevesl edt no dd bos .yaw anitdtzds esol a nt exoldsvexsaze saodt xv000 Bias: @igquexs os dost .emtot [oti¢nsed S98 blod yiev tinest ad arent et seteaim grodesitd to rewot sid: ko eosT Ted ‘t9qqH 6. Oberg atedsso wollol nedd ewiot bellows saedt .¢ fart roe a & sort wats ot elguexe as ovig sw dein to ,esto afatsaosh tas peeodW ,biedisay ge wswost sid to shettenlad asGqn ed cod? e. g%aq Jesvasth edt to vedé dtiv etesidnoo vibaoste noite Batodistts od of sesnol on ci Sit bra evedd bawet egetiet sad noted edgy eshiesd .ortqe edd Io roitoete edt to steh edt ‘33 i oltetiyte edd to anoiticgerg ert ni esitisrevrs besottnen e eit of betaiex stom eiaew alsdreo wece sé ot ots satosex il -Ot78 otezeqse odd to emt02 Sd? aeewted eeitiv coitox exutiae ef} Yo asia to msot ent ,t A, : % A eeylit af beteoseiqges amact edd mi Heewecqxe vk tact azote © .yid eetenimoh sediat taht eLeurios dt bua ,SCOL bag BeOr y tend has Lhotewtenp. edt Yo emtot eft off neodt nedt asserted pot J. pobre. sesel eft cS anilwoeg erom ets doiin ,exaupe ons a‘ a be \ | bation sRi3 GE beantatnoo eae aedé¢fie ai soitactavet seequ Ts oO eit ott aos bas sefg to wiot sase edd gatnietor geds oz ~iatnos trod y Batot oft at seceveltib edt asi peck oxen? sCttosiorg to @ sovled owt: edd at awode 28 eiteq tnevethibh-eds tot seazod VAe . sOETY .ei8 py & ak tigwocr tediie 2f eLitorg od? .é Sanna Te .ttaq exitae ed? seve asibius seqgqy edz Bi aeth ee taeda ee est Yo aoneg tnexettin 2 ed of betescettis? 182 oa aeviton tnotettird ais todor the foliage found there, and it is no longer to be attributed 659 ae leaves to that of Fis. 1103, and thus farther by thescat ae ion of the different motives so far represented to the forms illustrated im Figs. 1106 and 1105, the first of which with an ever ascinding main line yet already shows some complex bends, and so permits the transition to the later forms. Later forms. For the later time therefore besides a more horizontal line ~ of projection, there is an increased number of forms of bends with short breaks as a characteristic, about as Fig. 1105 shows, but soon the line of projection becomes a strongly recurved and again a sinkgin one, the bends are stronger and more swelled, a and the separate parts of the leaves are animated by those sph- erical swellings (Fig. 1067p), that we have already mentioned on the leaves of capitals. On other leaves of the same period sl occur those exaggerations in a less striking way, and there . result very bold and beautiful forms. Such an example from the upper terrace of the tower of Strasburg minster is shown by ; Fig. 1115 b. These awelled forms then follow certain predomin- ant geometric ones, of which we give an example im Pig. 1108 a from the upper balustrade of the tower at Freiberg, whose exe- cution strongly contrasts with that of the greatest part. of . to the date of the erection of the spire. Besides the before ~~ mentioned diversities in the proportions of. the stylistic “9a keeping are to be seen certain marks more related to the main | forms of the separate arms. 4 4. The form of plan of the entire series varies between the cross, that is expressed in the forms represented in Figs. 1096 and 1099, and the circle that rather dominates Fig. 1107. Between then then lie the forms of the quatrefoil and that of the square, which are more peculiar to the later feriod. iriower! q contained in Fig. 1077). s 2. The line of the upper permination is either ascending or horizontal, so that retaining the same form of pian and line of eee ees there results the difference in the forms of posses for the different parts as shown in the two halves of Fig. 1110. 3. The profile is either wrought in a direction parallel to. the upper ending over the entire part, or is changed in the different parts of the leaves. According to the first mode of Besta sx00 Aiih' cat ‘soothe ont (80Lk spit) faoataont Pited faxot ek eis Sos wha eotok letrsaense sion esendd Ils eesasvt exedu costae Lew edt 1sea oil dotan 2X 6a)'80 et geenveds tect oe ,bedviao ef sedt batded gutyl Lenasso gfe tril BER) costane Lfaw ost so exif Istnosizos Jxode tiw dit to diwoxs:s of ebeol toxoore edd. to aotéleog fnoliiey ‘eb eateta cyenfe teol oft to grifas edgy yieten? tian odd sevisces eidex wobsin sis to el{tio1g sf3. 30 oyhs segge one i bemeyoo et dees edd to soative edt gedi oa ,buswiot bass Fins €fif) .eoka of ‘gestoors edd no boodt ef dcemedaasiis afaT fheket ak dowieces? Xo eloenrsded Llew edd aoxt .6 SN ies e88t0 dntoq gcidzete bdd Bretus of sheet asdiaut eid? ‘tobe ,desw ent toveostiee cd? mo nwob ashe teqga oat ror? ''o3 ensigq {eoitiev sar most daamevon adi to sati edt evastic co eid to snil edt of telootineqteg fos banilort exon eno ye FE edididxe won Yeo! edd tedé, ystusifivosd ens edinsea sous v dost edsiatvelritory sind to hesdant .tueegoleveh sostaze Bin qd a Ae tewod ddnoe ei to uence edd to ytote tegge end ae Lng 1eteoin bo yee Bats eds gevit nedteot ef nolif£ecg beissy etds yo at ts Clty bos dith, .agt® yd hevosq #5, taontecd rse23 8 ‘an bak: ag nee ni dorado teseioges% odd to Lattog diuce set | | edd Lhtns tasotmobssg entenes etedd $03 Steed ue 0,89 : yy its are i , j es als ais : os i ions Me ue “a } a ie =f 50% Geel to 10 eexct utes te kevtbon 4o eokagobe. ed “sapen oi hesaezetqs elden wobatu sit ak deatsdnoo ei hatsioo70 dope woe a PST bow CLES wegkt, LID sat af es” peta: Syiton,sés fo, gatniater.edt dre 4 wees. 6, Hite, aoltentdene, at Batavor> 4 Coe Tene i pe ALN Da ae al : ae ay eh a ii bi ey ‘bp y a ye eS P wees ‘.@, ; AA Wa) Os ee ae we |e BN, i Aw LY 20 ie ee ee TPS ey oe SRO vi’ sty NER ANE ne Ha eh) oO G A ON OS eg Be oh tics ; ye =a, HY, Fi 2 oR as , f art. the retaining of the motive resultins from one arm of the 7. by adoption of motives of volute forms or of leaf forms der ed therefrom, and may lead to the omission of the stem, and hence results the form shown in His. 1084 f£. The continuity of the crockets with the arms of the crownins makes itself felt even with different size and shape,when the middle line of the | crowning extends in that of the crockets, an arrangement which is contained in the window gable represented in Pig. 1085, bu it also reguires the profilins upward of. the coping shown the 1G... & considerable projection of it, and requires the termi nation with an edge or a rib. connecting the crockets, as shoun — by Figs. 1111 and 1111a. In this case the crockets stand ina vertical plane, so that the cross section on a b recalis the 4 form shown in Fig. 1111 a, and there can be employed all arms of the crowning shown in Pigs. 1112 and 1114 as crockets.: Crockets on the wash. In all these more ornamental forms op window gable nensicseill BS on p. 474, which lie near the wall surface, where further the channel lying behind them is omitted, so that the wash is a short. horizontal. line on the wall surface (Fig. 1113 a), the vertical position of the crocket leads to a. growth of it with. the wall. Thereby the endings of the leaf always rising from the upper edge of the profile of the window gable receivesa bend forward, so that the surface of the wash is covered by ited This arrangement is found on the crocket in Figs. 1113 and " 1113. a, from the wall tabernacle of the church in Priedberg, This further leads to extend the starting point of. the leaf from the upper edge down on the surface of the wash, and to change the line of its movement from the vertical plane to a one more inclined and perpendicular to the line of the wash. Hence results the peculiarity that the leaf. now exhibits its . Fy surface development, instead of this profile in the front view as in Pis. 1111. Figs. 1115 and 1115 a show such crockets from the upper story of the square of the south tower of. Strasburg | minster.- a By this varied position ts further given the possibility of 2 freer treatment as proved by Figs. 1116 and i116 a from the 4 south portal of the Pranciscan church in Pritzlar.- a But. there remains predominant until the last period of Gothic ~ . ey ‘ y, crowning in combination with a nearly perpendicular position er |! ee eA oe me bi oe he o- PRE } yh ieee ; yp oy z , A Reet hae fsdt 40 etntog sit Ciwedn: fiaew, sit. to eati edt to ee to Sati edt seve Sidtely atsne1 ebte hetrsye ond ec10? ids) wobutw edd to skhe eft asdw move. ,efodw sda : et ga et .o .o Xtht seaktont bos © CLF Blt af octusbte g aetal edt od naif{noes emit ease eft ta et ti eb t4 b odd eldtety ef ti of asilnees gatwesh Yo ebos sis nowt axe ocla ei dads ‘nokistooresaes svivoegeisg oF norte q ied sJeol ed tidbit Bre semtot gaeitet 120 £ ost bestisdosiedo dokde -pevrio. talhasoes 10% otaat ect ‘Yo sari edt to-aortscitibon s of bel sedd ozle ,bofte aid 6d¢ of Suteks to beotent ,cexooro %6 teel sit ydeasin “8 nf bosd astel « yd nostsds adact ,efdsk wobaiy edt To baiond birt 64 bedossis ne wout eldd bas ,portoerth {sino eclaaae uiaesio teon ei acittqsoroo aid? ,of a0 biel aortkhh : eono Aasl odd to datantoed eit wode tadt Samtot seont: ak au oid wo Sotyl bas cobte déod ts tic tuo donswd ducde e gott iaeekstes « boheen et yisoises beobal,.(e Sith elit .eghd) 3 most Meeti batqefeve s10% setises edd 16 saatasvbs edd | tenolt efins odo to tostte sdt bas .gatgoo edt to ersdaea Ee: ef bas sotéelamoo ydew)ed? ,yevsl odd tot si ue faédtuas ea . 7 seottetead tp Suodtinv yiledinosisor sosterg gemisedor stodoors edt intiteds ek footie sisdt bos eldest odd Yo sofdsatloni sdt of mierg ssew meds dégactse aiedd to dnvocoa mo dad .yar Bont ‘eBD0M at wibosV .6 to eeldad ed norl siguans . eeholksaeolLrityait eit mo boiseqas testi yedt ee ,saoiesenih seifeag ol Mot ytercsoon sis emotisotiifqmie nistues ,selosonig Jo ens: \Nedesico1s” brow edt mk beveesqxs voseila .etsioorw edd 1 edt n0% benteter cele eves su dadt ,s9soined at (ose onfag eft eosonsh ti “ezod™ word .seldeg woboix «ac ante *aSsituosnote edt foidw ,belieseb sedsast ybod edi wot oat Feit ot ebsecosq of stoted sas dgror edt to 30 At08 dad A apjan heyaatae ai yokltezeb seaolo eas woa enaie t ee eo nt ,eye ons wort eousseih est yd ezta Leusos m “oir oooh spe ea ne gzod ods Bes bottono et e Mes Hie | ay r 2) ee r ' ‘i b ; j 4 , , " ‘at mi i he a y wT fe ¢ a eo fg yh, - re a eee 2 A Oe ee np ee ba. f F * yeas, Wall, jhe i Wet } ane a oe CO a OP Ae of : et gedd .teioc1s s done enote (IT! oie. vontt golsisde e edt had footie eit Yo Satdtemoe sonic asdsd Saw 9180 9790 a done ewode Offi .ail ssbud neiiows bonoisaem etotead sit of a" TS Sane ly SE ee A ae sg be Py ge ONY A OM ib he a i oh ‘ i if My , yam : ‘ Pa de he 2 Se 662 | of the line of the wash, whereby the points of the leaves o: the averted side remain visible over the line of movement of the whole, @ven when the edge of the window gable forms the Starting line. Pig. 1117 shows such a crocket, that is seen sidewise in Fig. 111% a and in Figs. 1117 b, c, is projected at 45°. It is at the same time peculiar to the later period, . from the mode of drawing peculiar to it is visible the inclin- — ation to perspective representation, that is also expressed h here. Gare was taken since somethings of the effect of the leaf might be lost. ‘ Differing forms. a The taste for ascending curves, which characterized the later period, also then led to a modification of the line of. movement, whereby the leaf or crocket, instead of rising in the direction of the window gable, rests thereon by a later bend in a horig- ontal direction, and this from an attached part becomes an ad- dition laid on it. This conception is most clearly expressed 4 in those forms, that show the besinning of. the leaf. ancoilins. from a short branch cut off at both sides and lying on the ie (Bigs. 1118, 1118 a). Indeed scarcely is needed a reference to © the advantage of the earlier form developing itself from the 3 members of the copings, and the effect of the angle flower str- ensthenins it for the later, thereby completins and ina sense resistins. The crockets sometimss project horizontally without regard to the inclination of the Sable, and their effect is trailing. a in a way, but on account of their strength thery were preferred to the before mentioned swollen buds.’ Fig. 1119 shows such an example from the gables of S. Vaudru in ons. Simplifications. os In smaller dimensions, 31s they first appeared on the pyram- ids of pinnacles, certain simplifications are necessary for the crockets, already expressed in the word “crockets” (Laubbos- ( sen) in Roriczer, that we have also retained for the richer forms on window gables. From “boss” it denotes the principal . form, the body further detailed, which the stonecutter must work out of the rough mass before he proceeds to the latter. Since now the closer detailing is arranged according to the a actual size by its distance from the eye, in smaller size it is omotted and the bosses become the complete form, but this me mh ” wih MW bldg La hy hi Ot ela e ' " in A a é ’ i 43 9 ,nottoubes bewcktineo nt hetrisqate dc of BE “vate ui) ferlarnoo teel s a6 geunod/ etd etackes y anto. dtod Baa O8ff .yit af scteod edd Unisys 4 0Stt ohm s(eelosiaiq no gvedoore} eegeecd Yack 24 166 Z 1 Panctencat! yeiisas 10% aiinees hoksthnos exes oft Stet giv al eececd 6d) efmeserces 81h . Rit tede on ,selday SelG at aoviy ato! edt evteoes gatichom ofamta yd seid dotdu ” $0) buawod qonehaes s bavot eqswfe ei etods get 6 ISTt bactant eeveet to eutet-seicute aisiseo to sevison eds shee Swe cotutas to moitesink toonth & gwone d PSOr sid (eaaiie eitfretsiov #£¢ to exiioeg acbhio af# gatniater ¥a Laat S30 emeses edt brwot yLteee teom ek S60 & yd Sennace wrot IssoPylog « etiveat yfeathooood zaulos edd ylqaie ysev dedd oa .yqgomso fo: sqys odd es © Solioeio1g ofnt Ssyosdo evs eladticean uledt Baa besst ie Saitde cit aot movi evaenstraats [fs aso exnse git oF ysoted snsmyoigts Salt ovls eolfenntg to 2eoueta xsigaoo sit a ~ ee tanegi edt sdoetoug dann esiqonss .fstste vbeotls ef mott dadi oe vetaiq so saarios .elodi0cs co disenisbag 9d add to saodt od enaig atodd Yo dotts(ss nisdteo se sits > edd to dé@biwstselo teani edt deat of exaoco wileves doidy (20 rrnomted A .istesheg edt to eao Dsnretxe ent olavos yy pietisies Suied toodtin doy .bevol ylisuen ei amicot Sasore a Widen edt Yo ommten ont jelaos o8 ssostine beats 2 of botosite ef mrot stiine of? a 54493 om A i rf ie 7 » etaptos s sepsture ensia & etoled utol nidmos mi aisooo yllepes yqouss end saso seit edd: al! Seg siidoe oft of uelg edi Qntesetosi edgia s dtin ed% to guibeinge edd tled sect og ,(vStr +BES Yo tles @ ei sioia odd co .*e bee @ eoovloo eftetl odds no edser it 10 ,feitino ei $ dia tedt of .dnemboa tslso7lo 8 as be > eens manana sat gino gatbaste boca le exedd tah os as Ree ay 665 . (oi where the cross ribs of the canopy of the portal arch are held by two angles projecting from the mouldings of the arch, whese & abuttins wings form the side arches. A simpler arrangement of this kind is found in Viollet-le-Duc, Vol. &¥, p. 437, where 4 the angel rising from the shaft of the colunm with expanded ee : wings forms the canopy. This freer mode of treatment is predominant andel the close of the 13 th century, es the west portal of Strasburg minster. exhibits very charming forms of this kind,in which the most intimately developed system of pinnacles and window gables ale @ ways makes itself more distinctly felt. But soon also reappears. | that freedom resulting fron the nature of the matter, which ma~ es itself known in the gracefulnass of the endings arches. The- ir size simulates a structural need, and they are forméd with 4 greater ornament, so that the idea cannot suffer any manual awkwardness arising from its increased size; they rest om pro- jecting and more or less compound corbels (Fig. 1126), or the q pinnacles or buttresses flanking the angles extend down to the @ corbels, and the arches and gable mouldings intersect then. a Accordingly results a polygonal form spanned by a cross vault: 4 as the type of canopy, so that very simply the columns are on- itted and their capitals are changed into projecting corbels. : In this sense can all arrangements siven for the Shrine and t. the complex shapes of pinnatles also find employment here. As already stated, canopies must protect the figures standing underneath on corbels, columns or piers, so that from them res alts a certain relation of their plans to those of the pedestal, which usually occurs so that the inner clear width of the cano= py equals the external one of the pedestal. A harmonr of the , ground forms is usually found, yet without being rejuired by the nature of the matter. The entire form is attached to a plane surface, an angle or — a column. Form before a plane surface. ‘In:the fist case the canopy usually occurs in combination With a niche increasing its plan to the entire polygon (left half of Pig.) 4427), so that half the springing of the arch rests on the little columns a and a’, or the niche is formed as a circular segment, so that rib 2 is omitted, or finally 4 shere remains standing only the little columns a, a, and they — , a Ae ¥ ' te RE a wee! te a ee! le 4 mS Th “a4 if iad - y vi ve Ae " ] ’ “te { : ” roy oe il I bi Wr eye "yy 7 , , : ' ; ae yee ae | 5 eso teolqmie odd ol .dosa ebte s yd hedsennoo e1s A jeer s exnigatige dows oft bas beisinc ceils sie ean G edt etecthai of elderstety redd ei J tu8 «Len edt a0 dita yqonse eid to dibssid eft to} email edt To Savoy . santtsoo howolco syd tesel ts 10 ox8 ni oo ‘egbe asivo edt wo Susie tefsie s enmuloa elttil edt geen goa eeok tettel odt to melo od¢ 22 10) \Lataobes me 4's: . (elatasSsq edd evode tuo felisdice sis yodd Ay: battle») cs ,elgns as eroted sang tt Whetetnsiio ef eid elut 8 2s .oltre ne sitctsd yqonss & T0T we) »isduoo Gane ygonso asented fdeted eid -tauloa 6 oeteted etus it Bas yaoneo ody soetord ongor e to amoloo & si0ted P gisiies teas oe teemognerss 1silvee odd of antbhioscose gedgie er otudit odd elidr .bonot 20 nmeloo edt mot tc 40 ,bre no Snifasie one Prided toold {solvbatiyo s sori pede Geis nocd 9798 .1sdto dose efleed beosiq owt to taltenos ¢ amnlos & ,bavow edt of awob faiztse esmisveuoe et Letesb m Sao moult tdsvoiw si Ji smae ent ditw baa fF no booaln t boxes “6 amploo edt to tasq eat attow ‘sstel no efet « oA as bon Sado aeddgis feds of .betdiuc ei s1nbit ses to tiated add Barnsod Ietiass efsaegee s ddin aetsnimies amyloo dé to svaq bevtel ods s0% bosnetie ef [sdxom pattsetord 2 no stoped sid Oo, fe ge OSIf .8if) eqote sem102 sft sgbe teqqu seodw dtsoned boxes tasmedost1s setines odd doom qisv wot .noiiss: gerteoes Mgorieint edt yd favor sit to noitonut oltete oft ,rstel ond | « ., , s®@@BEn—9Se009 af Sutesetsnt ao as Seiwgii edd Io elatecbag odd .avodsa betste ybssortls nA ) £E3iot noitowszteaco stedé yd Jedd {etetg vo eamuloo .alsd bk mativoeg nissiso jletosep oi rettié ton ob ,enolvoant wt bovapitesvai ed yiao ase elsdrog to ewtel dtiv bedtogagos cs wtoddel edd céiw todd thastedebay edt sot vod Shs .q OC arode ySsatls eer ev He baegel s yd bobis yiflewen eh hetneeexrqon toeidue edt to ot yliaeupoxt oats et soltsasicqxe emse edt -Ledtos eds a0 82 pace Scolistaeserqes sipgit yisboooee yd yew tenit a ci . ° ) Yd to yitoerib sen¢ic elcdw ed¢ to gninacm od dein , ce Beasts eda at wevowretai cede e%s eeedT ys ‘ : A Me ) ¥ ‘ i H J * q Ja, a ’ » ; an ; ay i as i mM i - 4 " re } Brine 1 avast el Seah ap Be ¢ Medsos teisie ef yqonso edd sveds zotenttnos 3989 sad ofidw masowsoe JI .ti ao eteot ro .(d te OSIS .gi%) sedd svods tuo Arar e a Bn, Cie ea aE 666 on are connected by 2 side arch. In the simplest oase these colu mns are also omitted and the arch springings a rest directly on the wall. But it is then preferable to indicate the back- ground of the figure for the breadth of the canopy by a patt- ern or at least by a colorsd coatins. The little columns a either stand om the outer edse of the pedestal, or if the plan of the latter does not suffice, or they are corbelled out above the pedestal. Figure before an angls. 4 for a canopy before an angle, as 4 rule this is chamfered © in the height between canopy and corbel. a Figure before a column, Before a column or a round project the canopy and pedestal according to the earlier arrangement, so that certaim headers form the column or round, while the fisure is either wrought from a cylindrical block behind and standing on end, or both — consist of two placed beside each other. Here them also the pe- destal is sometimes carried down to the ground, a column being — placed on it, and with the same it is wrought from one block. — As a rule on later works the part of the column or round for the height of the figure is omitted, so that either the lower q part of the column terminates with a separate capital. bearing © the fisure, or a projecting corbel is arranged for the vestes aan beneath whose upper edge the former stops (Fig. 1126 at a), s while the part continuing above the canopy is either corbellea out above that (Pig. 1126 at b), or rests on it. It scarcely : requires mention, how very much the earlier arrangement excels the later, the static function of the round by the interrupti- on increasing in consequence. 4 As already stated above, the pedestals of the figures as cor- bels, columns or prers, that by their construction fulfil other functions, do not differ in seneral; certain peculiar forms c connected with forms of portals can only be investigated toge- ther with the latter. We have already shown on p. 242 how for the understanding of the subject represented is usually aided by a legend placed — on the corbel. The same exvlanation is also freguently found in a finer way by secondary figure representations concerned fi with the meaning of the whole either directly or by eee These are then interwoven in the ornamentation of the capital — A lehing ee OY ME onen mi “0 efarcog edt, ao ‘to fedtoo 10. | ae atk. reban “weoneo wol & to msol ede zex feats 70 ) Pe Lee ae Le ri ea) Weta t He 12 A oF it ane ae aN ae, AT OE iene alien ae re o whe ig ae: eee oe aoe aH wet, é ery pee 669 Siow that were found in the Byzantine period in perforated marble slabs often richly carved. (Whether and how far these already exhibited partly inserted pieces of slass must remain an open question). Since these slabs stopped much light, the window ; openings were not made too small, and only later when first in the 10 th and 11 th centuries they employed more and more the then very costly glazing with colored slass set. im leads, © these were reduced to the very least dimensions, so that. even early large windows sometimes appear to have been reduced later. In the sama degree that the manufacture of the glass was per- fected and cheapened, could all window surfaces be increased, the more because at the sane time the development of the syste of support of the wall was more substituted in the place of the Simple enclosure of the room, when men could freely open it w q without injuring its durability. Thus in the beginning Gothic. men, were in position to develop at the greatest. scale the sae area according to amy practical or agstistic requirements, which was done more willingly, because the ever more splendidly dev- eloped glass painting in the meantime supplied the charmingly effective ornamental@ecoration. : 4 Glazins the window. Size of the pieces of glass. The size of the easily obtained pieces of plane glass was limited, they@#@‘not exceed in amy direction much more than. the length of the human hand. These pieces must be so joined that the joint allowed entrance of no air or water in an annoy ing manner, and as a suitable material was employed the very ~~ flexible lead, which until the beginning of our century maint- ained its unlimited importance for the makins of. window bars. FE tead bars as shown in Figs. 1129 to 1129 b in nearly natural Sixe in cross section have a middle web and two flanges, whose widths are between 3 and % mm. The bars are cast in moulds, and the drawn lead first came into use since the Renaissance, whose use is recognized by the impressions of toothed wheels on the web. Accroding to the cartoon fasterned on the workins table : are cut the pieces of slass, and then at a corner they are ins serted in the grooves of the leads laid between them, which ; are easily bent and as far as possible are made in ome piece; Where they abut against each other, the ends are cut. off square or oblique with the knife anf soldered on both sides. In this iy oh 9 be : ¥ is ‘ ‘ in ‘ ar ‘ a! ‘ ’ : b ‘ f ae f wi y Vite pine | hee a 2 qedto yor 56 ‘aalegnsios?s ,stanpe to fleasg 2 29 A 10 is i B ,yreosid edd %o motdrog edt oF Haogasii6es oF pay ove tf. a Sui eno y to .#ed heel nommoo » yd Sseolons ei st ve nus ot bee! abit dywodtie (aed ogbe) ebie sno cad go Is ak elven Levestbeu no bavol evswle dom at Lonag odd | ! wh siea oF ab16¢d olbbe? .Leaag to saobenemid e wuszasces edt to dnvoess uo ,eleoasg edt to dobsexd sat s ylisnen td sgho OOl of O2..besoxs [fon toanso 08 ia OS; yd ddezael ap Od ssd¢ stem eased efbhse Antu sit . 91g genm yous if Gs Bret ORS! BAS BP GE) Ev Sev PY - OF Re SP Ob, 0.8) (EF Re, dye) an Oe: Be OEE ORM) BE) OP i ABE Ry), MH OF One Co eee ae) ee wat x : 0g teliae raglyesheaies ‘ee SGERS eke Ol sucHtosat sod on orate of pale eb eomonia att -S70% ae Ww rit rh a) S2ReReeRze B : Riri SEE Ae eS. Wl, be Sy. 36 Ni Pigeek x On 673 am foiled windows a storm bar generally extends around at the ¢ of the cusps (Fis. 1136 c). It is natural that the entire des ign of the window should be in harmony with the storm bars as much as possible, so that the latter may assume a rich arrang ment, an example of which is offered by Fis. 1137 from the we front of the cathedral of Rheims. At the crossings of the storm bars is a bend to avoid weake ing the junction, as one must extend over the other (ates 1138), as the old works show. a One of the cover bars extends through at the intersections, : while the other abuts at its ends, but the ends of these bars reguire no fastening at the jambs. In recent windows. sometimes . a narrow cover bar is carried around the entire perimeter of 7 the window in order to press the glass panel against the stone _ rebate, but this is useless as a rule, for good puttying mostly suffices, and the wind bars ending at the jamb are fixed in little holes in the jamb or in the sroove. Dimensions of cross section of storm bars. So that the storm bars may well resist the wind anf not bend too much, they must not be made too thin and their ends must a be firmly fastened. A bar vith movable ends breaks 1 1/2 times _ easier and bends 5 times as much as a fixed bar of the same eross section. Assuming a wind pressure of 120 kil per sq. m and a permiss-_ ible stress in the iron of 1000 kil per sq. cm, there are cola! | lected in the following Table the required dimensions of storm a bars for different lengths and distances apart. : Sizes of storm bars. 4 Proper size and deflection d under wind of 120 kil per sq.” ‘De -Span e “Bist. We sas it Fog a eoWs e a days d * We’ e ig ee qd e z CMe CMe mi ne mm mm mm nmi mm mm mm. 75 60 25 9. W980 30 8 52.401 235 ane 2x3. 9 75 90 95° $4) 406) 590, O86. SEPP ivg5ey ee 10983 100 60 95° 42°" 256300" 446 Q08e% 35°. 10lamaa aan 100 90 BO. hare DPR 195° S48r Boh Cagiaes 2uy 125 60 An at Oa 035 Eg See 4.1 £25 99 30°47 DAs 96 46) 1 358- OORON GS 364. 150 Ee ee A a 150 90 30° 920° "8.5. 1850" « 198 B88" eke Ae 4.9 Note. The thickness is given in entire mm for fractions over 1 ais ree une ue nore 4: MB REE mor aul ar | : I a patties. :) wose elaRe gerley selodst of R | 2 edt eXtaleiies dtiw bemuens ed tonneo seeks conte tye + tedt oe ,8\t suods beesetont ed of era 2ted adé to zea pPegnowta 6 dove jemse odd exismet [eitstam edt ai seer shane Gentt essit eluson ehned [fkte eyswhse ehne efdervon .efde? ed? nf sad tenclat hexit oft +04 seviy P02 yino sottebup mi emoo yaol mo C8F of BEL exe stse2t oe eterly (SOLE ISI paytd) amotetvib Leotiacy atin t0V ‘quot eat to #oette gainetti¢a edd sot beinuwoo ed ot Slide: us efde so taus encls ated wetevensis edd tans ,2isd age ) Mietever seel. ni eizgaed tseip doug to, ernecose bate ¢ Swe at eeonsrbs odt yatelilite xd .wom epntblind Iso * exody -ebin me 2 ci S\i 8 ancitosr YY dbeyolgme ed oefs yen }pyet aut ayguowt? gaisasy tot beetfitu yltoerkh ad oso ds (@ Beutot ek ‘ec of # wort eghe getuo edt gutbwod 28 (gers a tes eseqzng omas Gdt itch to ,tulol towel edt gokioet wag ) @oidew ,oale 40 usqqod (bse to cinta 5 wed goat ads 1e%0 « 4 or | Ni ga wtot cals HSiluoo baa teur word ecsoovorq omits oman aa denoo edi Lerveney ai svt .tetax Beaoebnoo tot feasano ca eda #2 tadd ,bevissesg Glew on oi .aeys) eLbbik ett to Bite bas Educt wesakit pi <-Ouat, to mio 987 ofguie s cad Lisw odd (gnigels tuodtin eominsqe so% emo APBEL fot OSSP gt) eleever diiw ono 20 dust. self sy 6 to so [lew srt to sostare eds tenis3e ‘sil exatiode “COME *.2f%) etedor (Lewe s o¢at tit yout Ae Orre -Ri®) emis Jeeliase yaev edt wos? ewsd swobsix beselg yrartace BY “i Kohaiw to dvbiw Cleme edt détw doida vd yam bofeiidsizs os eetinolons eft to eonetsegx a | & Mi Q74 The tabular values again show a-striking agreement with experience of the ancients, are established for fixed ends, bd ‘but since these cannot be assumed with certainty, the thicknes ses of the bars are to be increased about 1/5, so that the s ress in the material remains the samegs such a stronger bar w movable ends always still bends nearly three times as much a given for the fiked thinner bar in the Table. : Bars 125 to 150 cm long come in question only for windows w with vertical divisions (Figs. 1131, 1132), where so little to be counted for the stiffening effect of the long vertizal bars, that the transverse bars alone must be able to meet the wind pressure. ,or such great lengths in less severely histor= cal buildings now, by utilizing the advances in our technics _ may also be employed # sections 3 1/2 to 5 em wide, whose we ab can be directly utilized for passing through the keys. ( 1139). By bending the outer edge from a to a’ is formed & dr pretseeting the lower joint, or for the same purpose may be b over the iron bar a strip of lead, copper or zinc, which at same time protects from rust and could also form an internal. channel for condensed water. But in general the construction of the middle ages is so well. preserved, that it scarcely needs protection. j , | Window jabs aha siiis: Form of jamb. For openings without slazing, the wall has a simple rectan lar jamb or one with reveals (Figr. 1140 to 1141). Some clos: shutters lie against the surface of the wall or of a rebate, . (Fig. 1110 a), they fit into a small rebate (Pis. 1140). On th contrary glazed windows have from the very earliest time onwat splayed jambs, by which with the small width of window im rel- atively thick walls the light must be admitted. The splay is shown in its plainest form (Figs. 1143, 1143 ea), or it ocenrs in combination with mouldings more or less rich (Pigs. 1143, 1143. ¢), or it is entirely lost im mouldings (Fig. 1145),lik | the jambs frequently occurring in Middle Gothic (Pigs. 1144, — 1144 a) or in Late Gothic (Figs. 1145, 114) a). As a typical © example of a stepped window jamb may be taken Fig. 1142; Pig. 1142 a shows the same transferred to brickwork from the west— puilding of the cathedral at Riga (middle of 13 th century). — Further examples of jambs 3re contaéned in Figs. 1146,1148 t o pbte Qaisevoo edt of wobain odd to enoitslen org} ) Yea @9680 Sm0e. ai edast wobatn edd tedd wbetete yhaotis t ob swe sd move 40 pnteeestdnd ot Yo eebie add déin bk a" RA eGRAS: sedohiine {fae | p tnenyoLores snbeae eds anckiive elbbin tiv ewobnin ack © eieduon eit awob gnityriso eetispet (wolsd’ sos) yreosad ond om tisd t{neot oret todd oe ,edmayy ebie ods go noif{un sd enoliird: Tek heflss-orn edt aus | enadin 20 adeet oid déiw betosnnoo oi eaorlfoo Ifen ar Sedetages siedt sais of yasesentind sad ddin ,Joseds e18 are > weds glows sry seen]. edd to ddgted.edt ai aiemet erste | suman ec af asdt dofdw .bne wo tse efocfd List to gaienoo ext dust edt diiw betgennoo e118 arsoait 10% astel nnoce paren mse odd ai benidmoo ancisvifaco diéod awo95 yitnenp eR ete: sebavor edd ot bieker wi SY 4g oo anode , Shee Pea . efite wohabpere , edd sot taste edt entaner sesid to doold deemol edt 20 meded ylisvense sie sdzied seodw ot .{abtl .2i@ ot 2 ) Life @dt gniarct to gniynsqmocce od enuuloo elttil sdé to eseed AiR glaommoo tedt ot beaoqyo ei woitouweanco sid? .enotl etitas edt tot sosig sao to shsm et {ite wobaiw sig ydst etetq ei fas ,edmst sdt dtssaed esesag Bas wobniw ent to is “tuo00 gaum tedt {fie edt to Brtiserd odd ebiovea gi esate edd désentebot bointdo et dmat eft gebou tutiaesxs [lie edt ‘ masveth A .etuooo Gmst: sdt to snswalttes gnowte s bas elbbin 9q: oi odd apdd bas exsdmse cmat add ov’ Sabot’ bas sit to ; WOTl tesew daeverg of yreeesosn sie onctes ede To mrot fod buibroooA -Oarot eit baisrotas yitoedtih bos dust ead awob Ton 10 sa te edafenco [Lie wobmiw adt .{fse edt to ezeniotdt 90 | Beef 102 sao sad to 10 .redte dose no bisl ersides j ’ eat eit tedt of .°@d dais tedsexy Lite edd to noltentfoni es saoge 8 to sham et [fie ofilte snode aeqgn ost Cert RLF i /@e0b deew tewol s tedt o2 vey .ootifom edt to ushinw end seeped apache feoitzey elttil s tud .sn0 aeqqe edt sunitacs “ay (eg vem th oltiw deer odd sennizace doidy woled P Sas bah od Sivode ¢I .ebient sostice [stnosivod « ieee ee re it Onc TO ot ede huah sid to sottentlons ml i.’ ; Ns hae ry me Wt m) a | APA d $f eetwoiil ons (ORE .q) evode Ssdizoeeb need yossath | | Said edd guiism of ehssi sedt etniot bed to sonsteixe ef? fhso00s 2omtiomo® .etvos cot ed ton. ‘YSN oMote tuo odd to - 675 The relations of the window to the covering side arch haye 3 already been described above (p. 350), and likewise it has been already stated, that the window jambs in some cases may comnc- — ide with the sides of the buttresses, or even be sunk in them. _ Wall mullions. a For windows with middle mullions the regular development of the tracery (see below) requires carrying down the members of the mullion on the side jambs, so that here result half mall- ions, the so-called walt mullions.: | The wall mullions are connected with the jambs, or where these are absent, with the buttresses, so that their separate piers remain in the height of the courses. yore rarely they consist of tall blocks set on end, which then in the manner ; shown later for tracerr) are connected with the jamb. More fre- — quently occur both conditions combined in the same window, as” shown on p. 1/2 in regard to the rounds. Window sill. 4 On the lowest block of these remains the start for the window sill (a in Pig. 1146), in whose height are generally taken the — bases of the little columns b accompanying or forming the mul- lions. This construction is opposed to that commonly used, whe- reby the window sill is made of one piece for the entire width — of the window and passes beneath the jambs, and is preferred since it avoids the breaking of the sill, that must occur if the sill extending under the jamb is chinked underneath the middle and a strong settlenent of the jamb occurs. A distance of the end joint from the jamb members afid thus the hook-shaped form of the stone are necessary to prevent water from flowing ~~ down the jamb and directly entering the joint. Accordins to the — thickness of the wall, the window sill consists of two or more ashlars laid on each other, or of but one for less thickness. The existence of bed joints then leads to making the ansle of inclination of the sill greater that 45°, so that the edge c - of the cut stone may not bs. too acute. Sometimes according to Fis. 1147 the upper stone sfiihe sill is made of.a stone with. the width of the mullion, yet. so that a lower wash does not. continue the upper one, but a little vertical fillet a is left, @ below which continues the wash, while it may pe continued in 4 2 horizontal surface inside. It should be noted, that a steeper inclination of the wash is ever favorable, if possible for more a eee. é [ Ten ecer waite? AP ieiecy a ae va wy mi MS One ee Ap Ws ie i See ik Ree a ee (|) nis, * 1“ : r n > ' : i, - i ( si +) a Le Seat ate aw 7 ;t) | Loeenpla seito oft of deettnoo ‘ede qd fae . °c ages O\AY 3098 edt ,tostte bedsmtas ag eeoubory esostiwe Lats | ¢ a edd ftiw betosmaoo emasfoo elstst£ edt to cousd sat p bhotte: anottsnifont tsétalt ct hevoqgo bus ,soiese shew he esesd of? .dddied wteei2 oF oldiaiv gated to exstaay o. ib B60 tizied omse edd de sif (fe tetitie yam enmuloo b te eéntot bad ed yd beréwtsdeb ed yam sesdd .ansy »sifte wobatw edd ovods ii mobloe yea? ,atdared eeaciiina roharv 2 bold Iles to ebem ene enotifnm yntkbtvtb botefosr ont / Stedd aistaisa eitow aeffo edd no bas .boe no gaibh d non euounitacs tuottiw enofs ddutew ifeds yd noisteod ’ eis anoiifum edt eiaow tetsl ynem no ytsitnos odd 00 © sb sottenssoxe oW .beaiupet ei bie eidd sedi .asbesle niev ores ‘Das yew toblo sit et oldsieiesg doum yiIsv yoru .bebsen t seaoroai 6 sonte tuG .1sd nowt tess emooed yau enotuyt ido yaous > ONES ee We tea Je , A! Bee sed Maree lay SE), 676 than 45°, and by the contrast to the other vertical and hori | ontal surfaces produces an animated effect, the arrangement of the bases of the little colunms connected with the mullions isi madé easier, and opposed to flatter inclinations afford the ad- vantage of being visible to sreater height. The bases of the columns may either all lie at the same height, or as in Hig. 1146, these may be determéned by the bed joints at different a heights, They seldom lie above the window sill. 4 aT ‘a Window mullions. a fhe isolated dividing mullions are made of tall blocks stan- ding on end, and on the older works maintain their vertical is position by their weight alone without. continuous iron bars. | E On the contrary on many later works the mullions are made so | verry Slender, that this aid is required. No explanation is needed, how very much preferable is the older way and how ine ‘jurious may become that iron bar. But since an increase in pro- portion to the increasing height has its limits, amons others the appearance must lead to a greater width of panel tham is q favorable to the plan of the slazins, it must be advisable tory restrict the height of the mullions, ecither by a reduction of the height of the entire window, or by a lowering of the aa ery, so it already commences below the base line of tbe window arch. By the latter procedure (as we shall soon see more clear= | ly), the weight of the tracery and thus the loading of the mul- lions will therefore sometimes increase the stability. Om many — works of the 14 th and 15 th centuries is found a stiffening of the mullions by cusped pointed arches, that are also some-. times connected with richer arransements of tracery, trefoils, — guatrefoils or squares with cusps, thus creating a cross conn= ection of the mullions at half their height, commonly the are ches bein’ omitted, the connections merely consisting of squa= 7 res arranged side by side or even of horizontal mullions. a On the lower block of the mullions remain the starts for the — sill im the same manner as for the wall mullions (Pig. 1146). q Insertion of the trecery. aa The whole of the tracery is then inserted in the window arch “in the same way as the wood paneling in the frame, either in 4 an angle (Fig. 1148) or a hollow (Fig. 1148 a). Besides there. ~ is frequently a recess (Pid. 1148 c) or a groove and tongue, 7 (Fis. 1148 b), that is only short by the nature of the stone as ¥@ sbsowd tnd gaol we 20008 ~esoging odd a al os aliath ed nohtonisedos sedione beaottsem of stk hii oF g eqns migiago yd bas dow wobaie edt seban ylégusds egodte _ thiges edd te sredseqque edd sottel edt wort gottoot Boe ec . eeetwebie ¢removon Ife danisge bosg)eat eens gnitetaso s umtot ress onoe of yrsosat odT . Pgatavat etotsd betoere sd oedt Jeon Soe dots wobsin i i: () -seootifum edi to Bathsol bas enctenouts ee aarie 2' ~motioen reer to mre? bas orto nooudéd apotenecib to waoitrogesq etintieh deildstes of io Motel ott ca . flew sid to eacaioisds eds Pas enoillom 6 od Gian of olfquaxe 102 (RCE vg) Bevol evad oF moce pogs ie a edd .te eesadotdd edd to OF\b 10 £\f aoklium edt to ae feapbeoosg 4 bos omit qiise ft to nottibaid » bomisd sd fa goidton cen ered? secnonsriupes oitets to gauoose elsstl ew | »ifsme to esorifua ott enooteoanth ai yatesstonk to yax patie 10 exnibiven dmst edd dtie yoomted at medt ovalg oF ov! b Rniddoa ait stedé Lasenes ri Jud .ewobuin gaivoddeies teat 08 a nahate eid to tdated edd yileioeges bus gate sit tae ~ PD ylevitales yd boiteiése ad nso ellen Anidd ot ewodaiw [lame BD aktd) nt ewobaiw datd act yleeimsyroo slides ,esolilow sshasl a ot beaw sd deom {isw to agominids oxtsas eft tsonle Appa pace ie 3 -eldste D eaoretes dtin nidt obsm ei notifvn edt to. agig. bavoth od? preeoanm Sas ebietco beysiqe ei bar .ddgil to nciseimbs ods od b edt yisiwtnoo edd. oO .(@StT .oF9) dmat edd ddiw yoowrsd wee moiésoxih cids oi Sonte ,elderebienco eft noilf{nm edd ko ‘ ijegoiiiuw to ensia bayor: Jeo¥ \.stvece1g Patw edd tetees te .OCL! sett to ocala bawotg bettisgquis edi tnods od sevuetee naig goo1s 2 doue .enolseecod bas saoltoeco1g gaisilance 19d 2 bos: foreddiiw. teenk bas neduo ,d asendoids spsceve, edt) te perth. Teteery ods at bae .*d, 2,230 wets 16.284. .d 8 te dtqedb foeatb. selleme oft ni to, a> to sitisal to daemog 8 soit pitiggecl 2 sed oxsd edd to ctubt? botrseat afl .---- and a depth of 2 b, has ar area Sfui Subs, and in the greater direc- — ed under its load, that it does not bend sidewise, and finally that it is not. bent by the wind. Maximum load fot resistance to chkushing. With not too slender mullions, the loading that cam be assi- ~~ éned to them depends only on the resistance of the material to — tion a onent of inertia of --- , or in the smaller dices one piceee The inserted figure of the kern has a length ore The mullion must be sufficiently strong, that it is not ers es = iy = » sesaes soll a os UV 2 ene ‘yutsxne00: iether cae $0 tanooo8 50 ehniterro | Wi¢iw anette eid gesd otteldecivba ef i .bsol citésso | sof ietse bLloi-0. xitosbords os dtin bas .etimil ets “(gsit0n omt{ ni dtowsotad. s0t wo .p2 teq Lid ¢ yino 3 he .Stose Juo ywenibro to setion tnomeo ak siotad bees i! 9004 .8180 fetooue dtin tee enote too bred acl Lid 0 oe bas tots wo @f ,0@ff sb£@ to r10t odd to sotdoee seord & d yisalozo ni betosexs Ii be este mo .p2 SE esd geeb mo ade tuo busd) ai to ,Lit OCel = SEE < ¢ evisser binos ator | fete Gaebaw 30h .o no A ofdeT nT [iv OS{A = SEE x OS aedmun 6 101 (idaten + beol) ebsol Ietod eldteeiureg ent ise | ps eacoiiium ts eaoivoese ezor9 M sgattieud $0 ¢anoooe no notifiew to thpied bas gaibseod fi ik Se tegned sit .tdeted nisssso # becoxe enoif{inua edt II x Soneupeence mi .Saidew1o to tsat nedd tatset od {Lin anarl velaetbhnogest100 aidtiw ¢qex od ot asdd ef deol aids doidw [ eldtevinres edd sfownxot asvibz sft yd otaluoleO .ediail sol eds yd Buthestesss bas) woiliom edd ftextdgted sdt sot t +ssotidoud tol alumi0r da A i = ¥, ey Rt iF a>) on edt déiia bales ces ti ao Rakteos beol = Kh otek r | thneqeh énetoitteceta et a ‘itd af aetitsum eds to tiled teqay scenos ‘toet109 ud oted bas ,2bnae efit gaixil to’ ebow ef2 co BW + ebsm vino ei-ytelse tot gud .B bas f£ soewsed setl nok eXtiotitesio to exiubow = G ;etedmna bavort af Of = Satie = a +02 enoiseayiteeval evitoeteh Iftite yintsseo eit o¢ gatbiooos ,000 oa te onote tuo tY0e sot (000,082 te novig et adoiasd “gt eft@aent to toemom eds 2it & - 000,002 te orote tuo baad } yan Sed? ytotse to taototiileco a ei 2 teadbned 20 soitsetib ng 2 . ; ! m0 ai dtgued = [ yfieatt bas ,Of te Hetsd yeetwehte Booed bivow aoiilwm edt ,daixe asad ssote of t1- ’ a. ottoee 22010 tro af br -~} sitteri to tnemom taacf{ edt haba: a. com eed ate’ tebav seviy olde edt .beiebienoe ed ot af ad a2 codtvent has *8acitoos sacro fneseltib tot atixeci to ‘hm paenrnes edd to tdgied eldieaztmreq edt ai yf tohsw zaanivo 5 ao toetto edt a0t has rheol secs Bled dtie 27 Beolt {fut s Bi dat mo 0& bas Aotdt wo 8! sotlium & .adgtosn uwo ett SS2B Baot. Misd s tot ,ymol m 0.8) cf 8.2 hoof fut s 102 obew “yd = soem ne aw Ores St enois feol avo eth 10% hus \m PS yh a orion vient pontene {i bawoee BLor-or eldat 6 7" he y & my rd ‘Ge as ‘ o i 1 a Leh Mi t ) ,* Bir lg “h ab Pa eae : 678 centric load, it is advisabletto keep the stress within moder- © ate limits, and with an abundantly .0-fold safety, to allow . only 5 kil per sq. cm for brickwork in lime mortar, 10 kil for — good bricks in cement mortar or ordinary cut. stone, and at most 20 kil for hard cut stone set with special care. Accordingly | a cross section of the form of Pig. 1150, 15 cm thick and 30 em deep has 338 sq. cm area aiid if executed in ordinary brick- work could receive 5 x 338 = 1690 kil, or in hard cut stone _ 20 x 338 = 6720 kil. In Table A on p. 496 under P are given the permissible total loads. (load +. weight) for a number of cross sections nf mullions. Loading and height of mullion on account of buckling. If the mullions exceed a certain height, the danger of buck- ling will be greater than that of crushing, in consequence of + which this load is then to be kept within correspondingly smal- q ler limits. Calculate by the siven formula the permissible load N for the heiSht:oflthe mullion, (and conversely) by the sener- al formula for bucklins:- N = 14---- ° Here N = load resting on it oicckes with the weight of the upper half of the mullion in kil; n is aheoefficient depending on the mode of fixing the ends, and here by correct construct= ion Lies between 1 and 4, but for safety is only mate = 1:7 2 = 3.14% = 10 in round numbers; E = modulus of elasticity, that according to the certainly still defective investigations for bricks is given at 150,000, for soft cut stone at 250,000, for hard eut stone at 400,000:- J is the moment of inertia in the direction of bending; s is a coefficient of safety that may be taken at 10, and finally 1 = length in cm. i If no storm bars exist, the mullion would bend sidewise, and - thus the least moment of inertia (-- 1% in our cross section) is to be considered. The Table gives under J; these moments of inertia for different cross sections, and further in three: calumns under 1, is the permissible height of the mullion for a full load P, with half that load, and for the effect only of ‘its own weight. A mullion 15 em thick and 30 cm deep could be made for a full. load 4.8 to 6.0 m long, for a half.load 6.8 to 8.4. m, and for its own loai alone 12 to 16 m, to have the des- rable 10-fold security against sudging sidewise. we ae ; 2a f 7 i ies Ms iy ve nee i Shit se geen, PUN Pas eT ee ro. eee! en b ote if ee Siti ined mote’ ois tees eaves’ seds ec tt 3 pein oo elu neo patgivd hed? ,enoldiivn sit avented ysts ad ata fo ¢aemoe meutgem £0 .ftqgoh eft to eoksoorkh adeynel ofé0volis ocd oltde ,xau t «#how olds? off at bavot bis POST gf debau saoneloo ¢ oct ni havot eis noitfcgn est to pga wornté OF teodsa ef heol [fut tefau digaol eldia— eyethe geetroy baa dalsuoexe Lehor dttw It .cotilvs of * 2,800 8) qrotsea seifsee yd ‘Pettattce od bitow eco alate “i ai od Bivoo geulav neludss eg? aeade e(bIot-Ot To band 4 e gaiysie tagiotitva dain tsdt of ,ineo tey 001 a3 08 _ oer Gybd se uemts 905 to OF ebhem of Hfroo aotliva si ‘eit co ebieged cotifum sebaets « dove 16 yiididieecq eal cs: igpnove’ ou te eocedaines Bas “eictiesle séz to saolsrhace ig . ‘qfewitclet od nse exote to exel¢ stage to bared. oafe | “ano ae to? elidt -aout to boow Yo enod? asdt vebueiz eton } Meute Br og OF ot feuwpe dtgaet o atin #204 sebocw stexsce , Hhiétde Netdanre Gadd ullees oxom etuooe galktoud. retews th ie, Ob of 88-5 fail? wooo of tetq stove #@ x0t hasot i¥ \etneions eae ye bestutcret ylscesttoo arege vost 4 ,tSesoes ev npadeahii ei siedto geome as ,bexilisnu need ovat seum tt we ar & ¥ é ris SHU te feqedo teisd edd ,giedaefies t6 eltises edd si eteig prereebocts o4¢ bea , spi to farhbensacd edt Po Leqeds eble s Yao@ .26senio giudeett2 Yo wobriw exct efis stoted sanutoe Boss oxen of #06 ilew cb Biwow ete tevostom 4aeig bebael vii ie ahs? Meas 438 of Evo 08 ot f asad etom szortebaese a ssingezeag hoin tertegs sdpled eldawoilts iow sas to @tanol eft o# Stel ei ehr#itel astse1g ycousds 31 bedd {itw yorolo edt ,ynigiud to wegash sad of bregey ok soil : jrbaiw snouts e ot begooxe ekywobrin edt tihnozoto ad atintl _ yeidsT sdi to ensuloo Setdd gesf edd ai owode 22 ,stvage bie doiad A swoled ceviy alentol edt yd bsisluslso ar¢ _dtade seoustetbh atin ylsetbroocs qseb mo Of bos dokst mo. pu: goitnoexe dtiw Raol a f.€ 30 ¢,€ sd eno neo uo COL of je 00 bisd.act 10 onode goo nb wm €.b of E12 tO .sateom toon —t03 Lftde bas edtensl dsetg on ors, ovedT om f.0 of I. on ous itt, OSS to exseeesq bow etarebou s elec dXid Beosiq eno a : en Qe noieserquoo egbs. guovte s-elidw. eoded elo % savory e mt [41/08 satren sail ni Asixd moe 28! d iy $1 hbiad ses hewolis ex Lid Oh bss ,enote tao 104 ele 5 ton sheauler pe leene edd nvede £998 08 | eal ae hi 5% 4 ms : i , 2.0 7.) its ’ f ¢ i. i wy > a < OTT Any ee oe ete , > we " i ant in Ant 4 t = nA.’ ’ : i , 4 eb rd , ary UP) Al br 5 oe te Aerts Ah pee re = 4 oe 679 stay between the mullions, then bulging can only occur in the» J directfon of the depth. The maximum moment of inertia is. then : found in the Table under J max, while the allowable lengths © of the mullion are found in the 83 columns under lo The permis- | sible length under full load is about 40 times the depth of t the mullion. If with model execution and perfect building sae erials one would be satisfied by smaller safety (5 or 2.5 ina- 9 tead of 10-fold), then the tabular values could be increased | 50 to 100 per cent, so that with sufficient staying sidewise the mullion could be made $0 or 80 times as high as. deep. The possibility of such a slender mullion depends on the conditions of the elasticity and resistance of the stone, and also round or square piers of stone can be relatively much more slender than those of wood or iron. While for & round or Square wooden post with a length equal to 10 to 13 times its diameter buckling occurs more easily than crushing, this is found for a stone pier to occur first at 25 to 40 times its aie | ameter, a fact again correctly recognized by the ancients, when 5 it must have been utilized, as among others is shown in the p piers in the castle at Marienberg, the Brief chapel at Libeck, a side chapel of the cathedral of Riga, and the slender little columns before the rose window of Strasburg minster. For heay= ily loaded piers moreover one would do well tot to make the s slenderness more than 1 to 20 or 1 to 25. Allowable height against wind pressure. If. thereby greater latitude is left to the length of the mul- ~ lion in regard to the dangsr of bulging, the closer will: the limits be chosen if the window is exposed to a strong wind pr- essure, as shown in the last three. columns of the Table, which are calculated by the formula given below. A brick mullion 15 em thick and 20 cm deep accordingly with distances abart of 75 to 100 ecm can only be 3.5 or 3.1 m long, with execution in ce- ment. mortar, or 5.3. to 4.3. m in cut stone, or for hard cut. sto- = ne 7.1 to 6.1 m. These are no great lengths and still for wind- ows placed high only a moderate wind pressure of 120 kil per ‘sqg- m is taken, while a strong edge compression up to 10 kil er uskSn tor brick in lime mortar, 20 kil in cement mortar or for cut stone, and 40 kil are allowed for hard cut stone. To go much above the tabular values is not advisable accordingly, ie ne ie ; a , a r j ‘a i P idan ‘i eh org est 7% 0 e1aupe edt. ni esenerori AE ots Jsis exon ead pagoos ) sogaeb edt boe ,sotifur edt te dtgnol odd ot aot heb esoxe S108 eoulsy eat. tt -seaner90i noLkeseetenoo p 96 Biso goidoiasesh 8 snoidibaos ceoltlvet dae neve neas i oid , eben ed ylao bluoo enoillum sobcele cot baa .bedosg ded: sen -q) eved azote avonnifnoo bns dokds yliaotoliive mbhant j edd. moxt shiek »admat, edt of enciifom 905 covnst yf fort & pend gtsd gout exosntinos mo soneiasqst sit sbattend to 2 fesdiv ods bas boosid, pte enolline deeds .sonteb tse ne ioe Tiehtenths gaooed eisd efdixel? edd ovoied etatoi, os ees, t- edt yd gatbaed yaifaererq t03 baof fused Aaypdlog Ot telimie Jootte ue aorilum s a9 22uexe Soin edt . bas segs sit dotde to soneupernoo ‘nt’ iove tdaiaste s #0 $ of ah esanegeig ns sviscos anoillym ond to ebns 48 eds no Battess yrcoasm edt dcoldw .dows efit to tepadd ana qivaoiottiuve s e1olezed? 22979m09 of «hast got ts bed ead? .néifiow osc to bus sequr ed seaggo as6 yrnosem I gare edd ni 3) noki{fpm edt no -heol to tint teqgu edt 2eb bene peeud, doo ecob baiw odd It ,dinil sosol & oels el siodd pam Aasash of Pogesaones faefoitire to ef goxt sidt .aotilon 7a soidstabreacs 96 b enedd ey ne. 7945 a ‘ec “A m2acig baie = & ,wo al nollinw edt to tidgted = 1 sisdd ot. ge edd fA . & | i é he: fo - | hoes eee & ns ee AA La ble). f SEVER AS G > A i ’ AS TA , et iy a Say 632. For Tables A and B see the original work, p. 466, 467. Note on Table A. Lengths over 10 m are given in m, over 25 m are not included. In flexure by wind is assumed no resistance, but the scldouuel occurring edge pressure is taken as double the average compres- sion, thus being 10, 20 or 40 kil per sq. em, according to the material. : Note of Table B. The Table applies for a wind pressure of 120 kil per sq. m with the assumption, that in each cross section — of the mullion the compression “eee within the middle halt, 9 (Rise x of the pressure curve = ste see Pig. 1151}. It is req- uired that the compression remains within the kern bay ees q so that the values of D ars to be multiplied by -. A continued — reduction of the tabular values of D with even this best. exeoasun visi would lead to destruction, even before the limiting value of - D is reached. ; Application of the preceding results. Limitation of the heights of mullions by tracery. . Fength and dimensions of mullions. [t has just been shown ae limits of the height of a mullion of definite cross sect— ion are given by the danger of puckling, and even more by the window stress (p 495 and Table A). To observe these limits, io is simplest tot to make the window excessively high, and to : give the mullions themselves 2 sufficiently large cross section. But now in some cases an increase in the height of the window 4 may seem worth making without too great strengthening of the mullions. The nearest means for this was already provided by the earliest Gothic, and was afforded by window tracery exter ding far downward, that has a practical value not only, in an: 4 architectural but im more than one respect. also eng? 500). A Comparison of the date Gothic window (Fig. 1152) with the Bar- ly Gothic tracery window (Tig. 1153), shows how markedly dif- ferent are the lengths of the mullions in windows otherwise made of eaual dimensions. A second means of limiting the free length of mullions is afforded by a tracery arcade in the lower part of the window. (Pig. 1154). Ce Transverse stiffening of high mullions. Also where these do not suffice, there remains as a third means an intermediate stiffening of one or even several places — noe ; aoakeks wen eae + bs 8 Be lise as wyoda om 9 sith. getors to eetise s to ,sed sotllum Letaoniqed o. afensg to esizse syd vilerit so (d @2il bit) eoldsy § baodxs yeu sbseseaq s seach emoe nt i(o Gerf «br2) ya | fies we Sd aso tedt .2e02!4 dove $8 wobatw ent batdostsw aot fat nwsh8n eticague {atosge yd sO edmst edd wort gor ‘se yd ) spinettize edd of eer stom etndiataos aso oe bns aA Aha > ewobsiw ond y , : i ‘5 . xd ebsr 16ci¢gedv eheaeinetiit¢e eatevaanexrt seeds S14 o sets Yocan edt yd to 6 o fe ehaotse tewel edt .d 6 colcivid ma? vino ton tucverq of evsih ,2 © Sdgiod oft ta yrteosis ad » ae babaiw edt gd pathuod edt onke ted enotifvm ed¢ to paifiond ‘ae i tos. tews {6ELl .wi®) asigq af ases yninetiice edd etolieredt i eiiua edt tenteys exrvesescq bair off .doas Leihosidod se si ee peat ts bas Welisettise eat oF sintiacianos [fiw eas{e hae . ? WHO Sunsretq bale oct efeos (earl .gkt) pntnetise edt to q peas Baixviaiifam yd betsivoles yliese ai dotdv ,eoae hedosed ate Pe teqiiid OSf) ee a - “WN NO: Re te am Al Ss - rer ; 5 = ne f ay eh 683 above each other, as a b in Fis. 1155. These may consist of a horizontal mullion bar, of a series of arches with or without gables (Fig. 1155 b) or finally by a series of panels of trace ry (Fis. 1155 c); in some cases a passage may extend across for watching the window at such places, that can be supported by an arch from the jambs or by special supports underneath, and so can contribute more effectively to the stiffening of % the window. | All these transverse stiffenings whether made by the middle division a b, the lower arcade at ¢ d or by the upper area of the tracery at the height af, have to prevent not only the buckling of the mullions but also the bending by the wind. Therefore the stiffening seen in plan (Fig. 1156) must act li- ke a horizontal arch. The wind pressure against the mullions and glass will contribute to the stiffening, and at the point p of the stiffening (Fig. 1155) acts the wind pressure on the hatched area, which is easily calculated by multiplying the area of this surface by the unit pressure (120 kiliper sq m). Thus each intersection recsives its definite wind pressure, as: fe Kas Ko, Kay in the plan, Fig. 1156. These forces combine in a line of supportewith the rise x, which can be followed further by graphics or calculation.. For the last method a small example may find a place. Example. A window 3.6 m wide may have 3 mullions averaging 0.9 mon centres, which are of cut stone and exhibit the cross section in Fig. 1150, 20 em thick, 49 em deep, 600 sq. cm in area, 11 em length of kern. At mid-height the window has a hore, izontal bar of the same cross section (a b in Fig. 41155), and above and below it the free length of the mullion a ¢ @nd ac is 5 m.. The wind pressure on each intersection (the hatched area) accordingly amounts to 5.0 * 0.9 = 4.5 Sq. mM, and 4.5 * 120 = 540 %il = K,= Ko= Kg (Fig. 1156). Establishing the requi— rement that the line of suoport must remain within the kern, then also x = 11 em, the moment equation for the half A B of the brace on which the pressure Ky and half the pressure Ko, eith: tee! pamet Maw) as Rye Oey Ree ee Inserting the valueu of x = 0.11, Ky= Kg” 540, the thrust in the brace is; H = 8383 kil. This would produce oo cross section of 600 sq. cm an av erage compression of Hai 2.280% Kills lor with the assumed rise , mein i : pie rere rae Pecos vetaitetned os oube a ale & row eft to degeet ek Ne q 920d? .a0 spe req noietorttos: egbe Lid 8.08 eons is feevéttup 40% notinooexe ae wcev diiw eidisainceg ILite bigs -enote tuo {i beans aetsety [Lite a 19 d@gaedtea eeol to enota oF ss : EW eo Fi _ 5 Oe es f £ as j aii , . ey sD f - 4 P - fs gk lt 4 aie! vem Ry aiceas on binow ied soif{lon fai owes iano siqmiet edt ,wob* Ls 4 If (scomegossss “settize « aegedo ed of eved binow neds. dae ) dotda (yrecast yd Setoennos bas testo dose evods 298d ort oq od tenm peicetii¢e relielte & .dxon ed obtvib sedd ibae temofl ex? ¢@8 8b © ebsore O44 Yo 2 & notinerib sedi eeeel tednewoa ered ef buiw edt to sete sapeserq efi ics fstmoutiod. en son of evad aned eaor 0 edt eonte 8 ,baeoqseqit09 of yloupkide suo od ifise meds oi staiot hae Baeet Ons! bOh .g) eveds ssdiize% .eroifive edd Yo anibeod .8 id “Be0 potifnm esd beol s seety wed awode ai ssedt ,(@ bne A Saumtoia jedw buat rodte eds no bas ,peerte deeth ood syoddly i sham sbaiw.edt yd newoud sd of ten webi0 ai sved teun sé deol oa Sysm 2i ymotiinw ods co ylfvtiie beol eid soaly ot ned? ft evico) exoosd yea cf vo noillua edd no yidsieoimos seer f , i he epotilum odd baed o¢ ebaet buiw eds vn i) Br wy »Wreo0ett sad yd Enikaoi vedé petiw beonisico eyswie ei neiduloe slderstetq od? . gnetoitiwe « e@ oviss o¢ yweor ylénetoffrine er saole vis menobaty yiscsis cidiod yiuei teor mk seso odd sk dotdw .20k te: is yisoe3t bane enoltifon sad nedw stuoco soifosttanos seed edt Bt ‘a sexunoesm dedio sad to enidiee oad tstte betasent tert ae Pudows wobsiv bore yteosts edt nsexted enisxer sniot nese os . PB bewgnos yo Hodnsverg ef yteos3? sat to tuo baifIst edd sli ey ee | (0 dl of SMT .ehtq) .ote .wobtoen i Sais -tous wobaiw oat yo gaibeol Iisnoteaosd | : fe fom ai Bovtt to yreosat odd mtu eanooe seso tadtond 6 iw Off o¢ tnetetcor ed. ot exorifog edt rot iid @dinsioit o] eeeiaies Sted ted ce ,dome wobeiw edd Adsened eokl +4 tod’ pA mainoo ont co tadd .atucod eoxot to retenesd sidarebtenco vie Boas, gifessse .bsbsol) yigaoive ad meo yteSea3 edd Baty ci y 7 deum vi wo gotyl yunogsa sds réiw doves wobaiw edz %o tag oa | on mo dud ,(G\ elds?) beetex sd-rso #i tedt wdaese of soso! ‘5 shit duces bessstont ed [fiw eesm seqgn aldd boned tetiso Pix “ine ree am snr eit ao-sessq\tos-asob yffsnes tt eonte OF: ca... es¢ Yo soltetes Fopevae ba ) e ‘ ae tle avs eB , Fas ys ; : PRE Pe aM ck 1) wit ee an erent Ste OT 8 Se Dat Neuere hs his | , Maite : MTS) fies Tesibe ae) ¢ Sets Tig 7 1 ORs ots " stele MAAS ain qa eh : - 684. a = length of the kern a maximum edge comperssion being dounien thus 29.4 kil edge compression per sq. em, These pressures are still permissible with very good execution for quite save cut stone. ‘3 Ror stone of less strength or a still greater breadth of win- dow, the simple horizontal mullion bar would no longer cts and then would have to be chosen a stiffer arrangement, like q two bars above each other and connected by tracery, which would then divide the work. A similar stiffening must be possible in a the direction e f of the arcade ¢ d at the lower end (Pig.1155), the pressure area of the wind is here somewhat less. Since the cross bars have to act as horizontal arches, the end joints in them will be cut obliquely to correspond. | B. Loading of the mullions. Farther above (p. 494jand Tables A and B), there is shown how great a load the mullion cam bear without too great stress, and on the other hand what minimum load it must have in order not. to be broken by the wind. It is then to place this load skilfully on the mullion; it may either rest comfortably on the mullion or it may become effective when ; the wind tends to bend the mullion. 4 Loading by the tracery. 1. The preferable solution is always obtained when the. trac- ery alone is sufficiently heavy to serve as a sufficient load- ing, which is the case an ost Barly Gothic tracery windows. The pest construction occurs when the mullions and.tracery are first inserted after the setting of the other masonry., so that an open joint remains between the tracery and window arch; uh-. ile the falling out of the tracery is prevented by tonsued con- nection, etc. (Pigs. 1148 to 1148 c). | Occasional loading by the window arch. 2. Another case occurs when the tracery of itself is not suf- ficiently heavy for the mullions to be resistant to the wind, 3 but it lies beneath the window arch, so that here usually no considerable transfer of force occurs, that on the contrary in wind the tracery can be strongly loaded. Naturally the wei- ght. of the window arch with the masonry lying on it must be at. least so great, that it can be raised (Table B), but on the o other hand this upper mass will be increased without. limit, s since it usually does not pesss on the mullions.: Phe correct relation of the different parts strongly depends te: ever qty oe we i seid Meda, he ke Hee eds ao ° edt bak). ti wo ef! Ifiw dove wohniw oft ,elt nets RUev be sows wobeiw ont no faol edit 2h med? é eh gego na ef dots wobain edd Sne YreoKts © ois neensed piano bate at quo90 etedt fois wm fT so S\f yino ed eins 28 bei ‘pipepevom evoiavint enote ed? to ysibipha edt io énso : s08 .a) goinemsh emooed Yer astal Ouce nt @edée , ofdieivy si sivasa neve yoo ass ond ylno dneseiges dows ofd Lite tasaeltiee odd. to ipssery odd co ({cit .k9) © t b yraoaen sd¢ to cotdrog bedo ws xLoons0o #end sldraaoyg ad osle yeu #i. sm a.d s.m noisiog » eoShireiame ti boiw of tad .ti no edéeet Saeq [isae oft wogeb, eat a ee ‘Da. edt pratt om Fak: Musee: aoltaaifont sevededw ta tet, Oh ee pees iain scene me to galfaod edi 20 foun ocd hefitec even. anotidom edt ti yYsatsaco ele a et ed. ®t elizvom 2t toette faiegey obotk .aottovatance aids . | spodsgiokises [fensedt Io.eoeiq msie1h eds .snsioilise odie Bins Mee ' ‘ 685 on the mode of execution. If the mullions have settled too lit- tle, the window arch will lie on it.(And the tracery and crush — them if the load on the window arch is very great. See p. 501), On the contrary if the mullions:have settled too much, so that q ‘between the tracery and the window arch is an open joint, and q if this be only 1/2 or 1 mm thick, there occur in wind on ace- ount of the rigidity of thse stone injurious movements and edge pressures, that in some cases may become damaging (p. 502). 8 Therefore in the construction according as it settles more or. less later or at the same time, in the last case the tracery can even be utilized as a centering for the window arch, when it can be recommended that between them be inserted lead keys at small distances, which can prevent too great a transfer. of pressure from above. Just as in the manner described, the tracery under the window arch supports it, in windows of compound systems the smaller system stresses the larger one in the wind, which in a similar construction of both is also done with greater security. Since the strong cross section of the larger mullions are also carr- ied up intthe tracery, so as tts weight is advantageously ine= reased, so that such a compound window is to be termed a favor- able construction, whose general effect is mostly to be refer= red to Gase 1. Permanent loading by the window arch. 3. The third case consists in this, that the window arch with its load presses permanently on the tracery, thereby keeping | this and the mullions under compression. This effect can be m more safely obtained, when the mullions and tracery are execu- ted in a material settling less than the other masonry, and the window arch is turned over the compound tracery as a cent-— ering: now if the masonry settles at. the sides of the arch, the arch itself will rest on the tracery, even hansins on it, which © may even result in visible cracks. According to the proportion : of the settlement will the arch represent only the little hat- ched portion of the masonry d f e (fig. 1157) or the greater portion mab cn; it may also be possible that commonly but the small. part rests on it, but in wind if its weight is not sufficient, the sreater piece of the wall participates. At whatever inclination the lines md and e a rise depends on the bonding of the masonry. The total weight of the arch a): ‘pnoltlue ede ‘yd bectes gon #t Gate of yxaanceam ods Repob ot veds sadt ,tee0R Oz of Seow ts taum bas {¢ olds? eee ak @ eos) timtl eldssolis ost woled eatamex nol filam Ai (gé edaetroget ot dove ytev egtot yroens! edt. ,c0alg ci Bike Betolisec: yiycorts ei of bad 02 wottourteanoa to bom too EB nods est anotiivc cis Boe ,besttine. yploritas od neve “e a ' i otdted aise to ettow naam ci ts dois wokolw edd dtaenes @ teceli2zt yilsaoney doltiv staisuoexs to ofom #eidi 39 eae bea afnicl edd Jo sobsnoexd .o ebienod ied ot cr ti-or9edw..ssti0om Je to ont ok bee pene otteaiyg eniaust baa etou eslifeos isdiem sats isi eebusde eusloy eti endd base aise ylicive asivom Josmse j-tose mt gino bsbiosb od ot .ei eldstive erow ci isdr0m doidt So butbscl odd tolvsoitersbtenco gaibesorg odd sists ena hot {ifm deid agit ,saciveoibal -yisessec)en is btotis ancif{ing | Wauiite, sian of tehi0. ei setsom ¢nomes ai enote tea Yo oo Hen talot eno {{it of bobasamecss ylanoise ek Ji youseseng Ic aie sn ,eatatfot seri rotted 10 ,gewol te isqaw .odalg bael @ PGoko, edi sand oe deed beeiad .eawol boa: slbbia .q) exuencag eakwitgnel teeqy 4 atae | pBuow encte ods ,eseeseotq eits gimecaat. ton binoe toatnoe mq 8k sets tosingo egtel ylineloitiwe « Lisay mens js des , feos @h4 to to getttilas oa etuo00 aedt hase ofa O8rt ate) ny at / enoss Bass ytov to nokilwm « tadi oe ,{¢ ostt +3th) stag “eel Lost Petoetoug nismet Alior bra ,fe0x of suee bivow een te noitizog Isctpixo ea% of satuien soitinum eat tedied® wget ieee ede eo yne of ied .tutddwoh ef batv ed? fo yeiagqosta ends aa ——— aye ee, . ne, alee ena sot, ae Beit, eheyoutseh ed yliesea Siuwse setaomevow ecodit to moliké i ts, air ~atol neqo aa te cetling sit ico gartdsoxd ie a ‘a : : ; _oneahehl ed¢ 2 takoi ceco ed? ti avotenceh sacl 324 —— Re SS SS ee oe *. Pedé Dae ,betnevesq al dtynel ecitne 2e7f£, nf notifsua edt y Ab sete pit) yrifenoh ye bebicve ots chne edd fo atensded juts nit +0 eo TOLlf. of art septa eh ee etniot ef? »aeltesno, xd ead eehne tonol bas toqau oft ni aiad atote ete gaivoore yd pede ot anooo eletiaiiebci yom Rainsgs ods sade bevsel ef rf hsedaaa od: 0% zi dnvureosiqail eft aunt ,etebot cewol 20 kot meqo us 2et6t woifinm off Yo ballistee ofa 21 .settal ed?, | My t ,@eer git of ea daetd aaa solitum 24% tedt ox got ¢a 3 a a taktol edi To eeontotdt s tsete ba aeomit + ¢geeoi sa bh aids | , geot @-6 sotifem gulfeoeig off .PEIL .gif wt ee yaoiqgit sot its tfevel gett o¢ se5bro et go €\f @ to yealq 6 ovad aodé tena B om -# alto ,hocebience ed of $00 @us coxwacesq tae1y ovate met aed? .08f! .ytt at owote ea ,betoeqxe od of ct gnibaed a aie) Peds ,beatelt 21 0.9 & seocgra Boe gaiis See nego eterot ; 5 pte sf oer Rid) vletensdaud aed yae ent Yo pakdsate secnas | Wete seoeiq eyrel nedW .ta0% of enkwoo evewls tuodtinx don | A 64 ta ssonte ett bos deete «s et lugos asent (a O6rt enid) 30 ine to dimil etafLoede eft hisnot aevom t8Vve toateon to etstog ay s0 fom ed? of etcte, aeqo Jest esivect ti dolce most ,eoagtel ; Pe e Raot wd eeolan ,oldaviecnoonsl ylesiins gen esa anobaix to 1 4 } seats -eldtescqri ohise af notioicieeh e1asd atota evountiénos cain pein seed yheexls sed eeoelg tonto ta setistiedt Yo foal eds, Ot goticet?s Yreeteoes ou? etcvebh of efdsaivis at ¢i (ody exente. tite eldatios te0¥..encokiinvm eds to aofsousd iners jab, saoilivs od¢ eyo at fetxeant xyseos1s yvesd dtin pe shies Rese ss: all nedtaas if gaedel bos beedane, ed of. BS ‘9 are eh ory 3 % 5 Ph) ey Sipe Aut) at | ' iii i He , ag iy ? 1 Sy ah Sa ‘ rome ; abs, Pp ’ 688 But the mullion would not probably remain in this position, would break in the next moment as in Fig. 1158 b. Then a line of support would be formed through the points F C B, which ex- erts a great lengthwise prossure (p. 495). Since the deges in contact could not transmit this pressure, the stone would cru- sh at them, until a sufficiently large contact area is produced (Fig. 1160 a), and then occurs no splitting off of the greatertl part (Fig. 1160 b}, so that a mullion of very hard stone in the] , case would come to rest, and would remain protected from break— s ing. Whether the mullion returns to the original. position af teen the stopping of the wind is doubtful, but in any case by repeale tition of these movements cuuld easily be destroyed. om Breaking of the mullion at an open joint. Far less dangerous is the open joint if the overturning of the mullion in its entire length is prevented, and the opposing © thrusts of the ends are avoided by doweling (Fig. 1161 da), or 4 by cutting the joints as in Figs. 1161 to 1161 ¢«, or finally 4 by grooving the storm bars in the upper and lower ends. If i¢. 4 is feared that the opening may indefinitety oceur in the upper or lower goints, thus the displacement is to be prevented in a the latter. If the settling of the mulliow forms an open joint Gg Z at top, so that the mullion can break as in Fig. 1159, for 4 this is at least 4 times as. great a thickness of the joint as for tipping as in Fig. 1153. The preceding mullion 6 m long must then have a play of 5 1/3 ecm in order to free itself.But since great pressures are not to be considered, onlin a moderate bending is to be expected, as shown in Fig. 1160. Then three 4 joints open and aline of support BC Gis formed, that again causes crushing of the angles furtunately (Pig. 1160 a), yet | not without always coming to rest. When large pieces are broken — off (Fig. 1160 bd) there results a crash, and the stress at the. © points of contact ever moves toward the absolute limit of res- i istance, from which it results that open joints in the mullions — of windows are not entirely inconceivable, unless by strong ¢ q continuous storm bars destriction is made impossible. Since the lack of thellatter at other places has already been illustrated, it is advisable to devote the necessary attention to the cons- 7 truction of the mullions. Most reliable will always be windows with heavy tracery insertei in over the mullions in grooves, .. as to be emphasized later. If further the mullions, as in many ay "en Y wate ek ons + eer Pl! eels ee Pe i iayy Ven Ma at ey 2 a bi or ” a atl : ‘ eee an oe ye y ft ; ) i wer | 688 a -qenose gooste elfgata « to seiensoo ,eelgqmaxe oidsod Ylset # x00 od? désened guitodons yd gniggit mort. betaeverd af -oonbe gaom tegash Ife ter ydexedt ef yllesusea “ead ) iitw gottiwesxe {Luteteo d#iw esnomoegnests todto oft oels > serbaseng fsety eeelan ,efdanelis yltnenamteg sevieaneds Beene SF} sQ0thLind edt to s4wtoucta extsae ex: meeool oF biel (o> (fersm02 nt yregsys wobain fas eedord sg” Re? ke seIsoett to Jasmgoleved oat ek yitow siedased 19Ssk ,(yteostd) daeweesW Buow sd? > bused sett s yd Bemreot taomento of 10 sasilot ot teeat Deets yfomg wort wottiearrt edt eosoneh aedpitincea 9 Ysnebnes edi bas eoslg edt ot Patbtoook samgot Letnomsate ” p dosmels szotsel oft eenttonoe to aset0t od3 tmomyolqns ati mat (ss ti gt estsnimos | adds emtot banots Isoiademos$ to etaienoo yreosx? Mgube tied? ‘nteto1 toddic ssdé .retto dose nidéiw bedreEnt ‘10 a bt seddo itiw nottsatdnoo s yd beltedsh Si90m eta TO vito idtoD to wal fayo1 edt hbeseeiqzs ei at0t weddo on at egadas? *yisve bos eecting teedgid odd svree denn fle tadd <2¢¢0 Ugqreosat est af ylasolo som lodu edt of stantbrodya ‘ad bs yd sidseotVitetomsit Lsotdensdtan tositede coven neve | feltnsess ent ylaisiy orvom eedrasenomeb ylno tadd ehaiite a 3 eSTil oF Sdtucxd yrdeuoes sxil ek ZT ~e6litasif “e83 sdf noidsicssb sostave otsm on 2k yisosat eds S08 ets wneem yd sud .eectl te egaicsfyesal delsoold sat fas text a gebseqehnt te .sosge at mtot « ai di déqeb suived arednes $18 cidtod sont? .boeolo +0 bstsietied tedtie ed yam dedé pelgnciie se déin sesn Lesutostiders suttne edt mio% of absos RB ignotecuraxe aishon sdd of bnibtosos to ,nételete betosmros praeteteie edt yisosis ak asit (£8 TOL désnoise stodidedee p edt eestunit Jastettib edt anteolone aveduem odt te ‘etelte af bostinn eseeen sit esosiqes nanil est to itaneyte oft ‘ zfontig svidourtenco ort bas ,eLensa asdase 20 bederotred 3 ial ered betoeliex aods ei dten Isintosiidors otttas ed¢ -elsce 8 vel believed Sociedad: eidt to goslsen s at tug sTO985 oositse & omsosd yIe0s8Ts {setogieo ed? .ceseia to ot gaidr0co8 dod ,Satasedo brs dots ytev et besbat dedd 8 odd at beosly ad‘ylno neo ¢t .entsv edi to etsuit a odd Bate seit) th “itor, saatane datrooy dads atin OG heh, wl as eo? « m2 rs OE ER oe ory 2 IN “See i ae a. VE TON Ret ead Coy a Chagas a Oe ete , 2 u : Pea” AL? reheat Pi Mee Fn : Ji ws Set * ems Age sis — r5 Is ; wd etre t ; F *P 689 | ee Early Gothic examples, consist of a single strong stone, tha is prevented from tipping by anchoring beneath the tracery, t then naturally is thereby met all danger most effectively. Bu also the other arrangements with careful execution will show themselves permanently allowable, unless great pressures occur to loosen the entire structure of the building. + ed 2. Arches and window tracery in seneral. Development of tracery. s : The word Masswerk (tracery), i.e., measured work, is im con= trast to foliese or to ornament formed by a free hand, and it © accordingly denotes the transition from purely structural to ornamental fopoms. Accordins to the place and the tendency of its employment the former or sometimes the latter element. pre- dominates in it. | a Tracery consists of geometrical sround forms arranged beside or inserted within each other, that either retain their i city or are more detailed by a combination with other forms. Perhaps in no other form is expressed the sround law of Gothic — art:- that all must serve the highest purpose and every part be subordinate to the whols, most clearly in the tracery, that even makes abstract mathematical figures serviceable by a det- 4 ailing, that only demonstrates more plainly the essential pece- liarities. It is like geometry brought to life. q But the tracery is no mete surface decoration like the Greek fret and the Moorish interlacings of lines, but by means of it: members havin’ depth it is a form in space, aii independent wa that may be either perforated or closed. Since Gothic art pro eeeds to form the entire architectural mass with a strongly c. connected skeleton, or according to the modern expression, to @ substitute strength for mass, then in tracery the skeleton cons sists of the members enclosing the different figures. The tlas- tic strength of the lines replaces the masses omitted in the a perforated or sunken panels, and the constructive principle of the entire architectural work is thus reflected here at a smal scale. ! But ina neglect of this structural importance lay a danger of misuse. The corporeal tracery became 4 surface decoration, that indeed is very rich and charming, but according to an es- timate of its value, it can only be placed in the same line with that Moorish surface work. At the end of the middle ages y ae ba . as me). ee Pee) eee Fh eta, ae rare VAT TT rom erences Pee \ an ] é ‘he Tf ; o mn ; Iseonoo of elemcore’ Bas worbteve of negod secetsne Ils fs cl eliteasdexges ytev 8 of sotelede Letotegste beeen yisosts eft Yo wtero ott hae Lersm92 ce saw co » bLuco- ‘Sonsentsneh gaidgovistat ed¢ neve tedt .antd¢avis o beisey teow edt sor ax cull .tleest vert sono y stit ni asvo dnemeniton tesizesa add déim bevissnco yu | bas ogotias ot exit egaibivom .eamnloo neoesT ‘noswiad i edd ots y1soesd to snotvsotiegs tostroget feou ai? ft eeobarveuled beileo-oe edt ,etegatac aniasqo 107. .¢ y Buibtvib sd3 gaifsol bas got te gattosnnon z07 Af a i os “se9beo%s nego bins ewohaiw bessig of Svedt .{{sw sit to edasq seeds Ontsitesyosisdo tog Fy od Pmobcin sift ,zoiseesig dsert: to etosttea eddy uost bevo ‘2 ys -O¢¢ ,e8ldsh Wobaiw bas esldsy ) oem ens at Helltifnt ed ot st mefdeorg teadtoget geom ai? t bas dealt ati bano’ oele ti eed ereit bus ybsnoktnes tes 4 eSeemgolsyeb tas +@ucineqo sdt to yatqroetd * ebeore bas wobniu to tnemcolereb oft nt wien gexit ect | atotbe egninego bedows [sievee wedu ,haatet ybserle cew yrs Ke #2 ew elds tol ytiawdzoqgo ex? .quosh 8 ai beniduco euey eile om dois yey to guinsqo diweitiitbh odd yd Boead sro edt co | rar eceatince & to acleivié edd yd sento edd no bo fi sayod heat tuodtiw el Lew phan ei agartasqe stew ouedd tI bad: ‘of aetetolo s to asbaots edt to tenet #30 ewobcin sad w eboinsg eupesnemc®? hus neideiaid yloat edé ni’ .tedisgot beg setevensit smesd smote edif+qeo artoasg wWwuetdd bogfed tent? pe dégael ecodn .enmilow goibivib ett to elsdiges edd no ge els & io Sseteat eobtesd bus .lsw edd to cosexoidd agg ‘96i 300 .usdic sat batded eno ows Secefo srew nov pa ahhtosbentat edt yd dgevit ds ymeeacoss shex ellen xoise fielding yedde yd ffow benistis eshnol on saw bes sod atin fad) .ei¢sit beiseqgs samples sd? bre enol ytev. emsosd asgo Miericas ett bas gvacd eroy medt evade eadors sit to sétt toe ¥ } aan, deiwibas tdstl sdy Yo dora tno sods stottel edd ended io 4 edt yd cogess booyed bebscl stew eouuloo ishnefe sid O esm benoitaen Sertt Live ed? .elley tSqq0 sd¢ to eee “roe ‘seintigse dé evoda redox bald bas efedroo vd nt 2: pence eons neta wedday gene 38 i Hi rau may all surfaces began to over¢grow and frequenthy to conceal the structural skeleton in a very reprehensible way. This domina ce was so general and the charm of the tracery was so vern ¢ tivating, that even the interrupting Renaissance could not at. once free itself. Thus we see the most varied ornamental trac- ery conceived with the greatest refinement even in the midst between Tuscan columns, mouldings like the antique and balust Phe most important. apolications of tracery are the follo 2. For opening parapets, the so-called balustrades, | 4. For connecting at. top and loading the dividing mublions in Sglazed windows and open arcades. 3. flor characterizing those parts of the wall, thates are rem- oved from the effects of great pressures, like window parapets, — | gables and window gables, etc. aa The most important problem is to be fulfilled in the use fie | rst mentioned, and there has it also found its fisst and rich-— est development. i Grouping of the openings. The first germ in the development of window and arcade trac— ery was already formed, when several arched openings adjoining were combined in a group. The opportunity for this was given on the one hand by the difficult opening of very thick walls, on the other by the division of a continuous wall into vaulted bayse If there were openings in thick walls without glaginsg, like the windows of a tower or the arcades of a cloister to be srou- ped together, in the Barly Christian and Romanesque periods men first helped thiss ‘by placing cap+like stone beams transversely _ on the capitals of the dividing colimns, whose length equaled the thickness of the wall, and besides instead of a single col umn were placed two, one behind the other. For the particularl thick walls made necessary at first by the introduction of va- ults, the end was no longer attained well by this; the cap ste ones became very long and the columns appeared little, but the soffits of the arches above them were heavy and like tunnels; thus the letter shut out much of the light and what was worst, © she slender columms were loaded beyond reason by the heavy mas— ses of the upper walls. The evil first mentioned was opposed — 4 by corbels and blind arches above the capitals, as shown by Fig. 462.’ (Abbey church at Laach). The great stress ‘in the ih a 7 vee Pant es ee ‘ ties: ’ hea Hadi ' < ve iti . iy | fea [ = Lay tibdnlabie Hadeseds bevetier ¢on asx) eagnLoo bas t8e%g a yd becalges eyow sosete etsteqss sds it anieesq etdd .eyainero Eff tevo0' Bethastxe dows eed’ -fo1s oniveifes & es (fen odt.to etsodetds arit dp hanaigaame aihbeeiges 99 nirgs bined. flow etdt Ateensd @8o edd antddimo .2anuloo to wot efearte a no beoelg Peirpbliie ad €£ to gataathed .2hf8 da detetofo .¢drt we ti asdiede ,ilaw evouritnoo 2 103 ybeouls enct ont Bainiduco of SSL eeenkeidt teoxb odd ton to atl ) eeeestsind déiw sdiver stom to nolsoghottnt edt baa itoek os elds Geteofbat .elease ssarsyoe oft {isn sat . edt mi Satéfuey to soneultat silt bexcllot ed seo tesd ned ad ss0iftesd oft to sleis elfhbim od ak. ewobsty 20 taae qee to esixes beuntinoo « ewode gailies msed ditw sof e encteivis ody of noitelor on fad nedto gwiesge esodw .ewod b evobaty oct etiuay eeoto to eer edd yi .ebsove tewol sig \oskuoniteaid efante A .llew shite edt ni beoaiq viaelween od aq Gass oa .ddgil ofssil ood Hictis ylileweed bluow ved ys) asito doss gbhieed beoslq ed vasu etedto serdd.1o ond as qveed benisiet neds eosoisic supesasnos sat syd (cert BRR Nei iG =< ! sedvbin ilsse tot edmsi i ae senolaceo fexsver evods dows Raiveries ) gniveifess edd betasee1q atsis sisd es vneloeqrs ae eh 683 To eeontold? edt foitx sebay ,ewobniw edd taintdmes dors etetsgee)s 28 evise hives eins ae ~beouber ed bluoo ah sgvomts antessq doze shia edt to sosfg edt eies binas ti 7 Sten don of cow eiss bas ,ifsw edd to eeendoidd sistas a8 ‘ees Zaltiogque sit sonia .otdtod butanthed sid at oft we isbay flew odt es (6 All .BIY) aeiq odd of beoroienatd oeig odd baldtyax troqgve of bed aedaool on dows Retveiles ) Beoubos Sd osls blues ewobstw ond noexted Baintstior ffsy ang 2818) testo doses weer bevon éwobsiw odd foe .stbiw F.s8F9) edast beyelqe -yrenthro ond tsgnen eldd ni ned¥ Go nidt s weds asowded bentsrey sion .t6dsegot sdano7rd betas £2 ewohniw ows Tigo .e JOIf .ett to nella edt atin Hylientt etedt .(Xalh .8i*) tedtesxosd seolo smad anat eT snantos (OST sete) Llsw to sosig tel? sit yioritas oisas? edd bas) sumploo efgais 6 int beaidnos sie se Ort +818 ai bossothai ‘noifivm edt omemed [Lew i Arges oars xP ace ig latiten hewepanite ae af box . aaah ata Nic ele) te} yraree ae rt, aie Lin a aie A aR Muto ee eae ge t te 694 columns was not relieved thereby. This could first occur when the separate arches were replaced by a great. and oe arch extending over Abb opsnings, this passing through the e tire thickness of the wall as a relieving arch. Then the wall beneath this arch could again be redheeddin thickness and eve. placed on a Single row of. columns, omihhing the cap stones (rig. 14163, cloister at Riga, bedinning of 13. th century). Thus already for a continuous wall, whether it supported va ults or not, the great thickness ded to combining the opening and the introduction of cross vaults with buttresses dividing the wall into separate panels, indicated this so much the mor Best can be followed the influence of vaulting im the treat— ment of windows in the middle aisle of the basilica. The basil— ica with beam ceiling shows a continued series of separate win- | dows, whose spacing often had no relation to the divisions of the lower arcade. By the use of cross vaults the windows must. be regwiarly placed in the side wall. A single windou in each bay would generally afford too little light, so that groups ie two or three others must be placed peside each other (Pigs. ae 1165), but the Romanesque churches then betained heavy and deep jambs for small widths. ; oy Relieving arch above several openings. As an expedient was here again presented the relieving arch combining the windows, under which the thickness of the wall © could be reduced, as this could serve as 2 separate arch, or it could take the place of the side arch passing through the ul entire thickness of the wall, and this was so much more poss- idle in the beginning gothic, since the supportins mass was t transformed to the pier (Fig. 1145 sa) as the wall under the relieving arch no longer had to support anything, the piece of wall remaining between two windows could also be reduced én . width, and the windows moved near each other (Fig. 1165 aj. 7 When in this manner two ordinary splayed jambs (Pig. 1166) were prought. together, there remained between them a thin mullion ~ a with the plan of Fig. 1166 a, or if two windows flanked by eol-4 ums came close together (7ig. 1167), there finally ae entirely the flat piece of wall (Fig. 1167), columns I and IT were combined in a single column, @ and the remaining bit of the J gall bewame the mullion indicated in Fig. 1167 a. Thus was ronal med in an Siti natural way the typical plan of a mullion d ihe ji See eben a es %6 gala edd ot .e Vor! bae 6 doll EEE ak der sa is syisoes ot asdatbsotesnt visevesen sis ftseni of bel poo dviw esfuors ‘nt bebbs ed of ase getwals nedn ot on > wobntv tneostés yiseeolo edt asiW <(e Solr .3f%) eng iol 50 Vegi -k2%) dows ebie edd yd besclone yLtcotth een a? -yquoco von bib vod oedw dose Batvetist tefleme esarsg ee sbodsate teed ‘ybacils ead ,yed edt to dtenel eats eas i. -dome ed? to mureqryt edt gcttadotaes | bd dion flommoo 6. dtaened wso50 & Betnsyo stom to ont woa TI agin w(GOLlT .2i§) wedd evods Ifew ounesquyd 2 entensa eso ieee aot bus .betssibat qete teen odd vitetutsen sex eidt Pdeite emo s0 eslorto sion ze 900 beyclque ad bleoo eco s gwode bOrt .erY .(Ltotesseup ,Licteis) eimgitt Leoiad Ade seterolo enpgenemo)l uleritas af most measguyd bed $s weveioio oidtod yltsh edd roti sro S8If .5tv bos .xad Fr ae wobain edd tA .(aeedosereheill e*seak moat dtod) xoed : fos eltotess semis (O3IL .akt) vodteW te dorwdo stetpeifoo 3° enoaegays od¢ qlderstesl .bsyofgus sis isidegod seolo yf¢ Bessie. sad gatoiaisésh [sisodeu oft .Asimtd to siddut to shan Boitaomqolevel sdi to sheta sexi? eids nov? ‘suahrogo edd te ers manineyo Sdd 31 .mtedo [sioete 2ii foal tom esob yrs pad BL selobesioes dtin too wlonie teor ed Bloc yond ,Sessly son mee Bengt edt déin deol} cif yem baisealy od? .(OCID .ebe) ed “ Yo eLbdin ody of et witeido ted ,m eteder slstil sat gt saz | we Ne i steduocle 2 O¢ 6 ONS! .B£9 ai el ftowg odd erode ted , daet Bh 2 | panoitfar edt ao Lsren ) eae °e8260 yasoste Sato pb@ bas ssie fae rodawn si berestont cooe exatasco sat ined ¥o sosiane' odd to efssit ste! yeas tact of ,asddo does ‘diets seolo of Sst9K admet ag fudt bas ,ment baoysd es 8G tH NOLS bas 2 SSll sepl? wivmwode eelitorg a6y cele dads anne bovis es Seunidsoo osdt eeltiotquesad? ered boten p 903 Je aeddo doze ofl’ boezog ysdt tedé on saiasce yvisvs \fo @ @ aciiose sit dtiw cele Fae .(£ttt -2f%) toetnon Yo t fns etizove? & edididxe s INIT .pit ot cottses azote anes ood “mp ssw ydsieds tod .ted edt to a a noktose eeors one y oftnte © sisdw sereosat edd to tmeagoLiveh ysdo7x aisa tte nh senatrpeaplg edd ewodriw gse12 tot bebfs tey esr be tb vd tieosts stenibrodre Settogai elds ak yasdscd “Oye “ge pcierte encit fon exdd Sas yreoand ne if ee eae oil ot ae vane Wich i patie es + ae ‘ i> ah ea in Pigs. 1106 a and 1167 a. In the plan of Fis. 1167 a men w led to insert the necessary intermediates to receive the reba te, when glazing was to be added im arcades with coupled colu- mns (Pig. 1162 a). With the closely adjacent window openings were directly enclosed by the side arch (Fig. 1195) or by a se perate smaller relieving arch when they did not occupy the en- | tire length of the bay, has already been stated. - Perforating the tympanum of the arch. : If now two or more openings occur beneath a common arch, ‘the ere remains a tympanum wall above them (Big. 1163), aod to open this was naturally the next step indicated, and for this purp- | ose could be employed one or more circles or some other. geome- trical fisure (trefoil, quatrefoil). Fig. 1164 shows a perfora-— 4 ted tympanum from an entirely Romanesque cloister at K8nigslut-_ ter, and Fig. 1168 one from the Barly Gothic cloister at Fisch- beck (both from Hase’s Niedersachsen). At the window from the 4 collegiate church at Wetter (Fig. 1169) three trefoils wie bly close together are employed. Preferably the tympanums were : made of rubble or brick, the material determining the character of the openings. Even this first stage of the development of tracery does not lack its special charm. If the openings were not glazed, they could be most simply cut with rectangular jam bs (Pig. 1170). The glazing may lie flush with the inner surf- ace in the little rebate m, but chiefly is in the middle of the jamb, that shous the profile in Pig. 1170 a to c, elsewhere u usual on the mullions. eon al Tracery bars. = The openings soon increased in number and size and adjoined a each other, so that they 1sft little of the surface of the tym- panum beyond them, and thus the jambs were so close together, . | that also tbe profiles shown in Figs. 1166 a and 1167 a origi- 4 nated nere. Théesecprofiles then continued as curved bars around every opening so that they passed into each other at the points of contact (Ris. 1171), and also with the section mn of the same cross section in Fig. 1171 2 exhibits a fayorite. and freer cross section n n of the bar. But thereby was completed the p ia proper devilopment of the tracery, where 2 Single enrichment 7 was yet added for great windows the arrangement of the main tracery in this inserted subordinate tracery, whereby in the begoate and the ngl isons equally originated the combinatioas &ee ., gost pee artnet’ bas wenial odd to he ae a Upmonrt yobain dt of vilut exon gesq on ov0te? soto tosateset. sdd Ao eeriot tnersItib edd. teens od yr02 ) ettotylog. es dore pksoras Ic gare? Solaunset evs ga saevionned? yd s10% betosanes & ab vente sebbeld” . 7 es | ,ams0? eupeensmon perl ysev jie eogkenawe? . dota bawos olquie edd ashleed st ekaisego ea [Low 86, sagertt befow at ivod Seyofiss vi pqao: eee “2®) sows Lioterd evitnoge ois .piocbh bas tdhif ier cate honor s esbiesd ted? .pors isipotts {svevae % y sone ch bers900 hetaasckh forte yim) yoo. patnieg spe pate: suodt so Megste-scotre (PNET Rid) santnego tefnorte jot gatbrooos i 7 as oe tae i % ig ann yi i a A ae ane wen Nableabicert ods snd¥ toe’. ans betietsoce i; slg dea i stor ed biveo ytilest bea eons. pang 00 »seinitgnel eogeexta telensis of betine [ior as: - eddzael reteewm yd wetiad beniatia sen seogisy etait } 80 nove bus ,enil bevdob ond oi oale Lenskidnoo sew 28d ES. | ean eiods nesiatinahe oi testi stoud ylfewey doin ,ef6 is i, ) epororanemin belduob aiaelens dove tioterd 6a¢ 00 68 dows betatog ead no. diog nee @6 .gathivon notiinn {ivi ef% bowers beisiso of olwoo st Lrotesd sit to geno add tu .BVST sbi lo Med steel odd “ot qosetis titwtud .yvsst bos yib tedisx emeee aect > ,beoubes tedusudtsh taibison eft to sthim edd 1. (uteosag ye @ dthaeid edt €\S so S\E ylao ef is ‘sostena Sook smmgeidy ‘edd al wrt +819 t0 Bled ddpia @ds ai ge (deta betaiog odd Fe ooeegngiaata bas bedutoa edd asswdéed Enabuban-t0 99695 ot B ee2so omce ai tc.0 d & Robie aslogestad & 101 esdis tgoktose 22019 antbnogesixco edd bes ,anteset 1 o b Balaege mumenego off so GXif bua d GUIl .akit of axede ete gas sit ae @ to colttersit sis yd bobieve aoutsemoa et Lovdaeqae sid " ) ab gaigocesodal eis tuado wedtslt yd besofome et gt 1p .1eneq Sih) (6 SUT .er9) antl 4 il ia | -Reeacdoins anel to aqenwd & Liehbsd: has beintog sco zatifleom to dtqeb smea aft toe eer, 519: qd bentaloxe tect es ,emt0? Levenny oF tentes egactod ugesi to antbinem s'ewode dows Lictesd hstdeesi eft efor 4 ee ¢llastrove yeu ‘sotiolog eidd to sihieo ei? .(CVri .bit) ddass . te beetent tadt aletiaog snpseaagoe eactt oc bertstet edgy io Siitoe sdi shient note [ietend s eves muneaqgavs fit Snenof ois bavot el tetentm otudeaste edt to even edd al : BP .8i%) dois: batstog 2 ai botregri tote [rotess bayer srpee Be Setatog « salt ems odd Js yheovla banot ek eeowlg tedvo da /@ 09 beiger9 efiydetedd tod .dose Patoatog 243 of dows Lioterd mi Omf9 Tt es. boa, CVIS .O48 ni nrode at teu edd voloioninzg “4 > speysatase dd €f edd te oibdin ett dpode sen: gave 0 maot oft et QYfl ait oi naiéaloe edd ot hellls mvetze yoeorls qeus eid to elfiong snd ated ei) Bas ett ait pes ect etididsa fer Rit? bas, , oot live edt to. elitosg edd at ‘ra pba qisossth ebnesxs'd 2 soattae odd tadd ytiaetio - ale yay 6 S6If, bee SELL, .eRtg to axxo sdtal -foth adi a ee rs herome tounol ca ai qeavo nt mn ; ; Ke ; ‘ ¥ ad + “iy | € ae a af ’ 694: contributed the fact, that the free bar in Fig. 1177 im appear-— ance and reality could be more easily broken, and did not seen | as well suited to transfer stresses lengthwise. On the contrary this purpose was attained better by sreater lengths, when the A bar was continued also in the dotted line, and even at. the mid- dle, which usually broke first in buckling, there was obtained doubled dimensions. a Both on the pointed arch as on the trefoil arch enclosed by it could be carried around the full mullion mouldings, as shown in the left half of Fig. 1178. But the cusp of the trefoil arch then seems rather dry and heavy, but will already become more sraceful if the width of the moulding is somewhat reduced, so. that the front surface n is only 1/2 or 2/3. the breadth m of the pointed arch, as in the right half of Pig. 1178. Im the .. space or spandrel between the pointed and trefoil arches, the sides form a triangular sinkins a bc or in some cases a free. opening d e f remains, and the correspondins cross section of the cusp are shown in Pigs.’ 1178 b and 1178 c. The opening in the spandrel is sometimes avoided by the insertion of a flat . panel, or it is enclosed by flatter chamfers intersecting in - a line (Pig. 1178 d). Gusps of less thickness. But the same depth of mouldings on pointed and trefoil aréthes belongs rather to unusual forms, as just explained by #is.1178; as a rule the inserted trefoil arch shows a mouldins of less depth (fig. 1179). The orisin of this solution may eventually be referred to those Romanesque portals that instead of the solid tympanum have a trefoil arch inside the soffit of. the arch. In the nave of the Strasburg minster is found the Roman- esoue round trefoil arch i1aserted in a pointed arch (Pig.. 1180a), at other places is found already at. the same time a pointed t trefoil arch in the pointed arch, but thereby is created no p. principle; the cust is shown in Big. 1179, and as it came into use about the middle of the 13 th century. Allied to the solution in Fig. 1179 is the form of cusp in Fig. 1181, and in both the profile of the cusp already exists in the profile of the mullion, and Fis. 1181 exhibits the pec- uliarity that the surface a b extends directly into the span-— drel. In the forms of pigs.’ 1182 and 1182 a the moulding of t the cusp is no longer carried down on the mullion, but on the 34 gine f ‘hee Eten oid | i } 1 gene hones wens te oben ptatop ofa] omes odd ai ti | ete oa) wetq odd motd dix ef? to gatuniaqe ety af Ifoz n ‘dmetetiie Yo aotsoeeteint efs of abesi yliaerpert sadé bans bas eBnolisutenedg dobm sooo ytsoest nt cstweiil .eya ae ‘ge domrid efteao edt Jo norzettind eds no yreoaxt end rs ame i hein oreo has etelLit to beeoquoe aedpte gevo end ‘ a dol . . «hewnet elqmiea « to gaitaienoo aoiltina ‘ea kh ae s@gavo edt to yanibek a ™ ‘a ies ‘etssimet pedd oben dud tootote eqeso edd 11 et bndtedvos ns oved bivow egeus anor ASEIT Eft .egtt) elpas ia # yd beosices eb eidd osoteisdd bos .eLiberti bas vite. ef dofdy er dows edd to awiber odd nodw . (herr «2 eett o2Qth) be tebis ‘ eosae 6 evsel tod dosetseiat von ob 2ote oid seas beastacde os ; ‘attends sogwied a inkiavne add ab eavoco ubseate dead qewo heorwd eit =_Dz ne dpa sd aso .enobaiw isedw bas eltety£og no yiletoecse Sons Ooo botatet soil 2 no tuode ,eceso seslgsile eft ci ors “b sone test aeitust bebuetse ei ti YT .(eSIE 6d ye BSED) sees s hae w{X6rt yOetl. .o SM .ebtt) ebae slkedd de afsge ahisyth ‘ ‘se Wuptido ord ydvstues efan od .paauon tho Jno) ed ntear neo iogote gem opbe edd to antiluon adit ~ETOLE PSIT.antt) esos’? e.benasiet sd-vyem to .(OSPE ye DELL .eavtt) bas sit Js‘ beet ut : Magen paisvoetoag knol .( (Git .@eht .o do POIT went) sk Bypns 863) de sisin soso yam seved to aretusdo bsoid wout bni peat ‘olaiuasgieeddaal edd cela tod .dtbhiv ads iyivo fon, bosserant ef i Ceneahe ot SFI eet anh senit) baod s yd toktuciwred tedela 2 eved yom qauo sal vances ult{ otpiered 2 yd .enta gs dows si¢ ob 2a (e BSI <2 if; bas tesiicse odd ni bavot ove dotdn to eelgmexo. seeltedaun | petietics uileiosgre ese Snid tettel» eds to entre? ,esxte teed ae ae ae * eLtotext xo. Ltetviog eite aedors Ishnenaaso tot | pesao egieogge ont dedi 152 of bratxe gasps eid eoutiomoe a) i eds dotdw ni: re Lahakeatie S78 Ged e(fOll .&z%)) beandexg | L MSI IHR esos cl © i aoeg top ek amtd e, wear Ne) ste bdo cihosatl ea%, to ayant i | rad oes oute seket: edd ni borsetere ecqese edt of 7 teu odd os nisy “pegs ifeme geitaeaai yd) bexist ,eqeno baveg Me oa renga 4 sadeses, eaten dotan dices aise Bqepo - via | ape iv aye pre ie laf ne i iy 1) wid ‘eh a! i ah a Ht rs hs AP a 4 i "a a> OY i Seba PEND Ae he 695 contrary in Fis. 1. £83. the es projects freely from the side. of the mullion. It is the same Late Gothic mode of treatment, that shows it- self in the springing of the rib from the pier (p. 99), and t that frequently leads to the intersection of different mouldi- ngs. likewise in tracery occur wich penetrations, and thus in the tracery on the buttresses of the castle church at Altenburg the cusp arches composed of fillets and cove project from the mullion consisting of a simple round. | t+ Ending of the cusps. a if the cusps project but little, thery terminate im am obtuse angle (Figs. 1181, 1182). jong cusps would have an acute angle, _ which is ugly and fragile, and therefore this is replaced by a : ij wider end (Figs. 1183 a, 1184), when the radius of the arch is so shortened that the arcs do not intersect but leave a space ; between then. ; This broad cusp that already occurs in the earliest tracery, especially on polyfoils and wheel windows, can be cut off squ- are in the simplest cases, about on a line joining the two cen-_ tres (1184 a, b, 1185). If it is extended farther, the arcs ad diverge again at their ends (Figs. 1184 c, 1186, 1187), andc can again be cut. off square, be made acute by two oblique Bur- faces (Pigs. 1186, 1187). The moulding of the edge may stop q dead at the end (Figs. 1184:., 1186), or may be returned around it. (Pigs. 1184 b, c, 1185, 1187). Long projecting cusps Brbend—- ind from broad chamfers or coves may occur, where at the end 4 is increased not only the width, but also the thicke = 1186 to 1188}. The cusp may have a richer termination by a head peer 1188, 9 188 a) as in the ays at Haina, by a heraldic lily (Pig, 1199), numberless examples of which are found in the earliest and la- test times. Forms of the latter kind are especially suitable for ornamental arches efica polyfoil. or trefoil. Sometimes the cusps extend so far that two opposite ones are produced (Pig. 1191). These are exagserations in which the late time is not poor. Gusps of the second order. To the cusps preferred in the later time also belong the com- cound cusps, formed by inserting small cusps again in the main a cusps (Pig. 1192), which mostly srow out of the main bars, like ark gi da. ioe of wecans py sad ns: ont aie i oe, f bevaiso ‘yltueupett: Gig O18 tedso. does, at ped4eent » (nae wpa bind aqeso {feae Hae shtsf oss doidw ai ,y29081s to amtot 1 Bf BEST esi8)-earsco medotday ai yeibivom sed stelquoa odd yd 2; Pit ry seqeno bae dows Ltoterd edd gailisted a -foqs LLote1T 8 = exevee éaom edi ak dots Liotes3 supzsaemo® saf wet ) efooin edt af efouiscinea s« débw etosabdeap ond geble eit 3° “ itdgtes ert te) botlite ad yom testel ocd fae eerr Coaduba ston donm tin eosote space yltitenpet? cele siedt revo " it edd to iibes odd .(20if .af) yiilenredal} anisvos;, omg ge Lak « “@k gooneTestiid seds0e72 sonts .lavgo yissow e16 corse est te} auntbinog dott at bas. ,.sye edd seaeiq ton of edtunol mult no woled seods no s10m) sooltoesieini eet os. esituolitib We ghthes edd to sone1etith sdé eewoosd teeth eliaioesan .(S0Sr mms Gatbroocs elotioissa e to esise wot acts ebis ows oft tt j elbbia bavor & dtiw ydetsdt boowhowq wrot edd es . cell .ie Pp eibbia betaiog 2 diin yiestsoo edt nC .evieestaxe ton et or pyretasg 8 eo1s shic ows ods wash et sidicaog sting ef ti os fy eens edi sot eutber omse odd ser ashi bus gg aL &. to — daetetiib seadd ovid SCit bas Serr dell .28i8 oss bedaiog oft eved edsiois edd to ett reg edt etetw .bntd eidt to eedous wol sedwence & to tootte sat esd OCIf 8% .autbss erse Saisitmes odd no gated esrdéaso. tegqe sat. .dote Liotert star iio edd to ddhiod odt of beete: ots eeninso sad VOL weit ni Mas tet ot beetes ots yedd SCLf .2t* ai Sue .elotioiwes sit tc ) Lftw tesl of? so bos a evortog sit ve bowrot sie celane dats I 8 bas b asxsaco ods to eoasieib sd nedn besistts ed eyewis 3 cctson SOrh .alG of mrot eff .F es Brodo. add alenpe o adnt | s.efbbim edt to edentebuele edd tot dintl owewtxe edd dnen | gone eble edt ti ,ompesor slettes.s oi ytovosteitse et tt r bay oalt ceaps svat of 8s yd betltve ; 2 hy ai as ffs 38 ton ted sidisatatec beshat et ti itaiog sezodo ond yOS 10 .9 dnlog emse edd most eenc tewol edd a arene ston ef th seiwexti .(6QN .gf9) beyolame ed yem bac o ae Rope 9 bas b eottneo teqgs edt usented esossdulb edd exam ot tie eo seeds .2lgmaxe fetoeles edt ri eisose ee ,euthes sad og hi ther to véifewos odd nove .stace teddtst 10 te19e90 heoslg ns na zo exree jascen benisd ed ot dor si tod ,eldsatvds olao et Se panier ony % i rae a doa een Weegee nett aad 696 | the ordinary simple cusps. To be distinsuished from these cusps inserted in each other are the frequently curved Barly Gothic forms of mata in = the eee and small cases are formed Detailins the Saha arch and cusps. Trefoil arch. The Romanesque trefoil arch in its most severe form shows at. the sides two quadrants with a semicircle in the middle (Fig. 1193), and the latter may be stilted (Fig. 1193, right¥.: More- over there also frequently occur arches with much more acute angles projecting internally (fig. 1194), the radii of the th- 6 eet le aD cua ie GBS ASE PUNE SOS PRS Mee se, ree arcs are mostly eymal, since greater differences in their lengths do not. please the eye, and in rich mouldings introduce > difficulties at the intersections (more on those below om Fig. 1202). Especially great becomes the difference of. the radii, ia if the two side arcs form varts of a semicircle according to 1 Big. 1195, as the form produced thereby with a round middle arc is not expressive. On the contrary with a pointed middle . . arc it is quite possible to draw the two side ares as parts © of a semicircle, and then use the same radius for the upper pointed arc. Pigs. 1196, 1193 and 1198 sive three different arches of this kind, where the parts of the arches have the s a same radius. Fig. 1196 has the effect of a somewhat. low sepa- rate trefoil arch, the upper centres being on the semicircle; . in Fig. 1197 the centres are raised to the height of the crown of the semicircle, and in Vig. 1198 they are raised to far that right angles are formed at the points m and n.° The last will always be attained when the distance of the centres d and e . fros c equals the chord a £. The form in Pig. 1198 must repre— sent the extreme limit for the slenderness of the middle arch, it is satisfactory in a certain measure, if the side ares are stilted by a Ss to have egual rise. It is indeed permissible but not at all required, te strike the lower ones from the same point c, or any two chosen points c and may be employed (fis. 1198), likewise it is not necessary to make the distances between the upper centres d and e equal ea to the radius, as occurs in the selected example, they can be placed nearer or farther avart, even the ecouality of the radii 4 is onln advisable, but is not to be termed necessary. Moreover 5 the simple trefoil shape not enclosed by an arch allows the i 4 ae Rr i a Pe * Mirth a Phe tae i mt ; ” ad bi ba n ie vis vid i at wend of se0bhea0} fon ek eh baa, Wenn ted sexy | pe ‘seeensamoe to ecu odd duodtiy ZeavIso Sil ; e@edota hetatog af eqend te Liotesa od yiletuisc ate bstoites Sion 16% Peo cose mé of bomiel sie wqene eid to nokdteent sit yd qastiel edt stanimob of sved den asob ti tet 02 eto bet Bye fous selet cloz edd iesiq deeeut sit di ebsotts, osls ti i axon ont cfd nt Seatednos ova tuo yx180 oF bobremooe7 § tuoasin Goris Lagionizq edd atot sedore qeuo edd gaat iS bonoensd tod (mw .y yw 2 .8) etukod noldicasid sdé te ex -2%% geuo odd to eovish ows edt aot tihes odd tant .s sieaiieg ence beinsesiges ore JOSE ,OOS! Cr! .enkt ak dd tadé sousoo al svad Ife doldu .eqavo to noltouttenca add iy, -eatnemertypet betsoibai end Wis eitse ddto @igaes od¢ ti bsllitint exyevSs ef nobtibno@terit sat o exis. mort nwesh enif tdzisite edd oo well (8 10 S$). soe tence Réteness to tatoa sit od (b) dots Llegiouteg edt to eaxtaso yee «8 J onil cit no sd tenm € totoa sdt cers «Bi@ of endt sede 0 t esil edt no esil § ¢aitog od¢ TOSS .ebt nt sein + to € Ons § sertacs edd tadt .evollot soésibaco broose edgy ei sf ettaes Isaitenizg eds wor? Aogti2 of¢ as wo Sue gauD meeecttotg otxtacsnoo sit .ssdtel sd¢ yeto Jon edoh ono YI radix eeUST, gaieolone eit ni eevoosg at bedseent reddis sue ate so .(d SOFT bit) dose wobstw eit ai yrsoesd edt A eSniiivos Smiyasquooce add dtin saote eno af tdys to tedt eit heasd et eforké odt af sqene os ¢u0 gaiysd te f txonnt ot ee elovio eft 16 moletvib slomie edt no Liotyfog ’ (8 SoMeTeImuCTio ods ai cowie ‘® tte btel st extbsa edt egeno € ia Yo 2evtve ed¢ to seriseo ond bas ,betoonnoo eta atniog ezedd ne eth sted? .becistdo ardt ex]edemetb edt ao oil aqeto ode 20. bfel at 2OSr .pie ot g 0 .oferto ene té SttHe9 edd wott B thexae- eebie dose #0 6 d geno edt So dibfw ed? Med ¥ 0 word )ee? (502 eutaco edt tdysos et = 5 ro fas 3D of aweth eve els | 2 Ser welotto %$S6%R odd bas eecif eset? goidews? esdorts gqeyo petode, jedt 6 POSE .etd at es betaiog ed of ere eqaso edd. 29 eeaesuoe 2ti to eespebh ent of Raibtooes ebaw at ontacs ext ‘to seney al od bas os ateilog edt ameented oF bettas ad neo bas © edt tadt of ,ynof Oo%-etalog ec? odsem of Yon Setieod af ¢t a 5. toer¥e fneffesxe eft ac S tewsen beoaltg af aa ae -@¥ode nepolh ts {scthedtae edt to Lettog aidon edd nt. 3 we cote 12 6% (* beniatdo ess sencasa omer edd of yLleutin® ce 20 moi¢emzot edt so egeno “S to Gofiseenci e4% swode S08! ate - Stohena edt cads miro? edt of peisrocos YWlodedw ,fictertevs oft p dawees ebam od vem otines one te eoioss edi , a rOViaset. at sas of bass ‘ae Ready pets ibbiexd ai eqens _ytev ak 18990 yen Liotert ed¢ ni ceve end Yo moldisent eat dowidenoo edd ei taxviy doer Bit tb ovode es ever tneteltzb & us sidieeoq od of eslotioimes sends ve Liclesd ‘edt to ao S 28t to seble edd to etniog elbbin odd iguowdt nels aos: | ee Pat end Yo wot eds Senietdo st wieveds (O08! 1319 at 6 ends) \ BOgestI00 bas olttil toetory nedd ecaus sd TOS! obi? ni Sto? =f! i Wet 6 KOS! .BLG exEE mat & OOS! si0 ci even qauo ent og Ae wisorts lad m0 Off OOS .BIT ok vedow odd to gottaoo edd 3; Nae ’ “) 1) weshs \teods satt .6 bas 2 meewtsd fe fe 8 2 eaten one) nox xowite sd cals neo esvius. ‘gaye dtod ted " OAS Re od VOSD .git at, 88 Betnicg oksmer Lise geno ait aK } ie ‘TO ee Sar naneely “= WOOST PT ab 2 tuods te. foosigeh = | wr anes. icasnoish 8 dh opie wane Hock ne ee ei ei Ca a hs 699 oe interior of the circle, and only in a few cases does the latter remain visible between the cusps struck with small radii, like ~ the pointed arch between u a and v s in Fig, 1201. The cusps. are either inserted in grooves in the enclosing circle, like the tracery in the window arch (Fig. 1148 b), or they are wro- ught in one stone with the accompanying moulding. | Laying out the cusps in the bircle is based like that of the polyfoil on the simple division of the circle, as to insert 3 3 cusps the radius is laid off 6 times in the circumference and | Pet bi 2 these points are connected, and the centres of the curves of the cusps lie on the diameters thus obtained. Their distance from the centre af the circle, .C a in Fig. 1204 is laid off from 0 f half the width of the cusp ’b a on each side, parall- els are drawn to G f and on C ¢ is sought the centre for the cusp arches touching these lines and the great circle. If the cusps are to be pointed as in Pig. 1204 a, the choice of the centre is made according to the degree of its acuteness, and can be limited to between the points a and b. In general it is better not to make the points too long, so that the cen= tre is placed nearer a, as the excellent effect of the tracery in the north portal of the cathedral at Rowen shows. Entirely in the same manner are obtained 4, 5, 6, ete. cusps. Fig. 1205 shows the insertion of 4 cusps or the formation of the quatrefoil, whereby according to the form that the cusps are to receive, the choice of the centre may be made betwhen aand Db. Gisps in trefoil arch: The insertion of the cuso in the trefoil may occur in very different ways as shown in Pig. 1206. First is the constructi- | on of the trefoil by three semicircles to be possible by 3.sem- icircles through the middle points of the sides of the triangle (thus a in Fis. 1206), whereby is obtained the form of the tre- foil. in Pig. 1207. The cusps then project little and correspond 4 to the cusp curve in Fig. 1200. a form like Pig. 1207 a results if the centres of the arches in Pig. 1206 lie on the circular arc a ad between 2 and d, thus about at e. But both cusp curves can also be struck from one point and the cusp still remain pointed as in Fig... 1207 b, af the. centre is Breas at about f in Fig.'1206, and finally the form shown Fis. 1207 co with a square cusp may result from a centre pla- : oo WS itera eee’ i ae a ‘5 7) tee i ee | wr Wort, RP eet ry i A he ines et ul y i , : - ’ Tie vk Ws j h 4 ’ ; DP a eh 6 Ak o) ie wok I it ¥ Vs ee . ; 4 d J i 6 7 oP : Lie ; in vote o Yosr ‘of yosr “Bei? .dOSt o3i8 ai d 3s beoaly | Etibom ddsife dows yd bertatic od ‘aso etootts dne%8 st ab 1000 aes cult viene ai ‘eqena balduek to noidseent edt Bi sewace - sayBu beizev dowe ie -euotiey aft awode at onenpe ons vt egeno to nokvsesst edt Ap? Hod; ase 808 eb SH nk ae a: Wenitivht opp edd nt bees everp2 eft oi aqeus s eteute edt to sebte edt to eslbfia edd ted sdgts sdz at sms et heme} eudé steupe [encaeib eft ni bas .bstosaaco % | Fexe .ot@ t movt bas t te hetoeetd ci o 6 O16 ofc .slorto piedd uso t brs 6 etolog odd nesrte® Jegeso edt to eoxs edt x oy) s@eno edt to egade taotsttib e niatdo of bevonw ad eetd *$G8B0 Sséioe 6 Yo mI0t odd eRode -8if odd Yo ied steel edt edt Iisd eiEnpe eat gnivoostd omk{ sdt most tio bral cit srs? a eiteisg S08 .2i%) esble tidod no aeuo Bebasdni edt to ddbiy oe bas ‘£°3s\staupe eft ‘to eshte eit tuo dadéd & 9 oF swetb ore 8 déiw f mort bae’.f ts betoseid .d t omit odd meesh et neds piadt Yo bors sdt Yourte 2k eisupe oct to obfe edy¥ tt enthes isin pitetetiesp dé ni eqeno tasld Enos stuos exods POSS B59 “ bstseeat oxe eevino ewor nl .batese5 odit ai beteotbal soudass ere Tiis Set oo. etacwetete asdiae® .aebe0 Baoden edt ic. sqage ¥ VP ehetsimo ed yen eoutuse edd to agcitteo: eldiecog of eee Sed lar & be Se ae sélensq telwoato evoicdsyY ed neo effotyfog fas egewo te ariot rode yievoivesq [ls S-I€tt to ebom taorstTis 2 tué .eloito edt at yltelinte betase Z “Re awed ctiw acoietvib edt yd cedtis Hsaiesdo ef aidd ant Megat odd yd to .egavo yd toeed ed podd ysm dofdw .vifatbes eis Isofatewos: reso te a0 . STS «Bit of ee eeloris to go a yeereamgg astel odd ok nwode exe bait sid? to eno? rwelqare By . ebwobniv eset fos ewohatr to retyohd bye y eft wort yvigmie eitiveer Orer ~BIG to moltorateancs Sot Psa: ies! shinies edt " botroibat er ,ef{gasiad, leceselinups bed a i -aeaif | Pebsubs soto fereteliupe * Sedtoeni eas Ihr .yie al Rejisdes $2) Be MA a | eolgaeiat LenetslLinpe & P (aT seLotte ens bt peoerq ous nedore eraupe @ SIS) .yte af * eee ae styee afk iad neol twodsin. meds wath of tsh10 “bootranedbaee “biel at dotew oi ys Stet .sig eteutbrodus jt hegaet: it dtiw doe seat EIs¢nosizod « no de ig a ch a ° Hepreadiesnt: edd d bas a 790 iid Jy a placed at h in Fig. 1206. Figs. 1207 to 1207 ¢ show what. diff- erent effects can be obtained by such slight modifications. The insertion of doubled cusps in these Piss. can occur im just such varied ways.’ The insertion of cusps in the square is shown in various ways in Fig. 1208. Gusps in the square and in the quatrefoil. In the right. half. the middles of the sides of the sjuare are connected, and in the diagonal square thus formed is drawn a circle, the arc d c is bisected at f and from f etc. are struck the arcs. of the cusps. Between the points d and f can the cen- i tres be moved to obtain a different shape of. the cusp.’ The left half of the Fig. shows the form of. a square cusp. There is laid off from the line bisecting the square half the. width of the intended cusp on both sides (Fis. 1204, parallels are drawn to 0 ¢ that cut the sides of the square at 1 and «k, then is drawn the line ik, bisected at 1, and from 1 with a radius if the side of the square is struck the ares of the cusp. Fig. 1209 shows acute and blunt cusps in the quatrefoil, with — centres indicated in the drawing. In some curves are inserted 4 cusps of the second order. Hurther statements on the different possible positions of the centres may be omitted. , Various circular panels. all previously shown forms of cusps and polyfoils can be in- serted similarly in the circle. But a different mode of fill- ins this is obtained either by the division with bars placed adially, which may then be beset by cusps, or by the inserti- @ on of circles as in Pigs. 1214, or of other geometrical figures. 7 Simpler forms of this kind are shown in the later succeeding . figures of windows and ros? windows. . The construction of Fig. 1210 results simply from the insceri- t bed equilateral triangle, as indicated by the inserted aiding lines. In Fig. 1211 are inserted 4 equilateral arches produced by 4 equilateral triangles In Pig. 1212 3 square arches are placed in the circle. In order +o draw them without long trials, there is employed as subordinate Pig. 1212 a, in which is Laid off a desired lengta a bon a horigontal line, and with thés length is struck from a and b the intersection c, a b is bisected at e, e ¢ is drawn © : @tmnotto od? mest .R 2 O78 oft wo A taiog odd of hoxaol aa 5 mi bebivib af SIs ott aism edt nk elorio sds to ad bos DA OA hibes edt orecb e1s eaoteivih eeeds of ak ds of Lelferaq ecil s nawash of of 2t f mort yieo teat as batt ot “0 wi DX etHo doidm .6 SIS! .ylt etentbrodue y b aide moat boa ,e sottocetstal se 0 f enibsart 8 dtin o bas gq i “a Kid *21@ O78 Off outta eur tte ‘guottoceretnt bos (soiesv) asbbeld dei® aa. etebbeld dait 8 $o gabiitt bentelqxe dest edt ot galbuocos bua eshiess q Gatti edt dtin geds. .powelt isoistsaoss betipeni yd slowte tietidtdxe €IS!I .att evasdooo dé cl edt ni bewseqas rebhseld 3 wedd Bae seddo doss dovod dtod tadt ,eslouko € vd getflit ened ~bodttno ote ventl edt to cited botteb edd tI. .eloato pya@idein bemict sis iconen eme2 odt gl .erobbeld deit ¢ tinees > bas wiecsianne bessseant owe mort evabbaid.dett owt olozin siz cy ty | ~etebbald dezt moem es sie esforio 3 .& .D mort , gredgived eat -eoeloito.¢ tio aotivseai edd ewode &ISl .3i9 realtone ee edaicoa saibivib ed¢ wort .ettaq OF otnt bebivid ipivoseid siisogao eid of onil sd dbgords owaeth ef. nad? .d bos . te aaedet: eid yd mevign af. if stines eAd tedt oe ,b 0 to dated - Be oi D eakl oft dtiw astiéal ead io ‘ . odd 2 to. dtbin sdt of rebbeld dett oft to aottaogorzg edt 10 bonbees edt efor 6 es deds ,oted bise ed yloo {fin baibluos t-oels bas ofozic edt at Sano1 aeos yiscsst edd to botbluom sat eforto ost yd beiquoso nofidieog edt oft cele .eforto edt. to 9 to daemebosize .sdv etoteredt ait .yie0csdd exnitss edd ) odd notin detaimth teom tedrua ati gad? rset of .sebaid gaan at eqawo to sodiseant ect etididxe nods erst .gt¥ B. s0%, asooo ectwedil yeo dotde ,ayew taorst3ib af ar]bbs Ps vs noses wt “poems ei omedos ed? 20 endl oft terd® .orom a, b eg bas oe aut sort moat auibivem edt oh ‘Con oi wok) eG . hills ni i seg B ban ¥ hipaseat geeeeq tect one eakuottn > ise 2 bauct cussnketog sodto odf .g 0. a m douse otenpe edd to: va hietthi yd bavot ed neo cots eteupe edd 0 sous adT .xfgai mi 2 te etcennes odd tuo oF beoubcig sts esedd bus .Od .D 8 ‘“esomsib sit of moidiogora att of batbacoos .tobbald dett edt > bas ehafilvom edt to débty ert of noissogore al sacl si 1 ae 701 and divided in three equal parts, marking the first foint d, : then on a b is constructed a square a b f g, from d is descri- i bed a circular are that passes through f and g, and c e is nT longed to the point h on the are f g. Then the circumference of the circle in the main Fig. 1212 is divided in 6 parts, and to these divisions are drawn the radii iG, k O and 1 CGC, so t that only from i is to be drawn a line parallel to a h in the Subordinate Fig. 1212 a, which cuts k OC in om, to find an angle of the square arch mn oo p. The other pointssere found accord- ingly. The ares of the square arch can be found by making from p and n with a radius ic an intersection s, and from this is struck the are p n. Fish bladder (vesica) and intersections of tracery. Fish bladder. Besides and according to the just explained fillings of the circle by inserted geometrical figures, that with the fish bladder appeared in the 15 th century. Pig. 1213. exhibits the filling by 3 circles, that both touch each other and the great. circle. If the dotted parts of the lines are omitted, there result 3 fish bladders. Ia the same manner are formed within ~ the circle two fish bladders from two inserted circles, and f from 4, 5, 6 circles are as manry fish bladders. Wig. 1214 shows the insertion of 5 circles. The periphery is divided into 19 parts, from the dividing points are drawn radii aC, b C0, and these are produced to cut the tangents at f an ¢ and h. Then is drawn through h a line to the opposite bisecting point of C s, so that the centre i is given by the intersection of the latter with the line C f. On the proportion of the fish bladder to the width of the m mouldins will only be said here, that as a rule the assumed mouldings of the tracery goes around in the circle and also in the fish bladder. Accordins to its proportion to the diameter. of the circle, also to the position occupied by the circle in the entire tracery, is therefore the. arrangement of the fish blader, so far that its number must diminish when the diameter ~~ is less in proportion to the width of the moulding, and conversely. Fig. 1215 then exhibits the insertion of cusps in 4 fish bl- : adders in different ways, which may likewise occur for 2, 3 or more. BFirst the line of thse scheme is paralleled by the width of the moulding taken from the bar, and the cusps are then con= ‘¢ ip = - ’ Pet pre le eay tA A hae *y vaA fol ee He ; vi j ae 4 nore L 43 vi beg pin -ia bemrot ef tedt Snemyen asvoxto tetsery & ai <0 ofoug edt bas ‘ote ont edd do tiat ste¢geH tel oft of gat © alt ao tense oae geil ested? cotT .3*9 wolf eds to b*o aot Bee ‘>, 2 @ 048 @f€f Yo pro ents Be acs ‘s dtiw bao enebbeid fatt anode yleooivesag [LA ‘to mot ei¢ tidtdxe SISf od SFSP seRit yasntn0c edd epi ee Tebbeld dest eds gaibivin ‘ot seanti od? aveth tenvid ete O'St .gi¥ aI Hiei aoe 0 & bos o d oO 5 edt sed tag fanpe sexdt otmt of ba permed feupe cess? ofai behivih ef & © exit sent seetit io 4 eufneo edd testson goixi aociteivib etd? to f tuloc ott moat t oY ends gotde ,& f enibes edt dtixy sota tomrvse ek elouto ec? Bt sf sentos edt .extceo oft tvodse 9 2 © dote Laaeialicoe oft 3 Peowborg ows ood? bas ,eonll tigisrte yd bertot, ene F bao ent wi of f moxt enit ,elorios edt Yo seneretmvorts ods baoy ‘ing vce tatieaeaa most ,f soewiaso edt serif evsed? mo bawet e1s codd — ete teri? sarebhe id det? @ fetrzeent oxg VLBI .32% of ; Vee Betooeld 2h o a’nedd ,yroteivif ot fer aqexeh 40d Bonk! one = ont getw d moti nedt ine ga Ose .b Of © moet anerk at do —oegeanehea ed? most sakweuts (hb 6.018 odd tonate ef Ga 0 # ots ent dousta af 3 wort Bas ,> of Bb most te biel ai d b BEE satatog tedio ef? 62 Fesdsogou zi eevnoxy edd bos 4k .atebbsid dett ® to goleseent oft anode sods SYkt .git yetsag Bat colcivib edt tot Bb o baa d # eenit ont anexh o4xs Bi moxt ® ft gweds .o of 0 UC wonetedh edd F2o Btal ai Gd most asi? / ete d % © O7Tarpa tsatetal edt ta egbic oft .2) bea cd .k 0? os ry atoe ,f 2 of ands ,obte veto eft of keowboug bow nuadd a Beatl edd fhtiv cetéei eft to motsovetsaat of% mott cea ee B ~f a Bots ent g hee w eteicq eit sowt ends bas a % may eda y. oy bade yi coiltoustenoo edt gnitefques ‘Does e | no. Bacoea off ,o'o entk «6 £ ewtbes ett dtiv £ k& ote oct dou je o ons edt yg mort .b ¢ ote ods Yomaite ee 6 ud anbbsa dtiv A iatetDR:to, ‘foineg sant oad eaitetoarado doidu sho 702: constructed either on a line drawm from the centre c¢ to ¢ in the semicircle, as shown in the right upper half of Rigetsus;. | or in a greater circular segment, that is formed about aveordeam ing to the left upper half on the line e’c” and the prolongat- . | ion ec’d of the line ec’C. Then there lies one centre on the q line e’e, the second on c”f and the third on the bisecting line ewg of the are ef. All previously shown fish bladders end with a round arch.On ~~ the contrary Figs. 1216 to 1218 exhibit the form of the pointed fish bladder. oo In Fig. 1216 are first drawn the lines for dividing the cir- cle into three equal parts, thus ac, bec and dec, then each of these lines like ¢ d is divided into three equal parts, and from the point 1 of this division lying nearest the centre of the circle is struck arcs vith the radius 1d, which thus forms the equilateral arch e f g about the centre. The points 1, 1 and 1 are joined by straight lines, and these are produced be- yond the circumference of the circle, thus from 1 to h, and ¢ then are found on these lines the centres k, from which is. st- ruck the are il with the radius 1 a. In Fig. 1217 are insertei 6 fish pladders. First are drawn the lines for hexapartite division, then'a ¢ is: bisected at b, ec b is drawn from ¢ to d, stc., and then from b with the radius a b is struck the are a da, likewise from the points d, etc.Now d b is laid off from d to f, and from f is struck the are d b, and the process is repeated for the other points. Fig. 1218 then shows the insertiog of 4 fish bladders. First are drawn the lines a » and e @ for the division in 4 parts, then from b is laid off the distance b ¢ to e, then f 6 from f to g, h and i, the sides of the internal square e g h i are drawn and produced to the other side, thus to k, 1, ect, from h with radius h b is struck the are b g, from ¢ the are © ee, then from the intersection of the latter with the lines h k and g 1, and thus from the points m and p the arcs n h, g 0, 6t0., completing the construction. Intersections. Varied forms result. from the intersections formed by the cur- ves of the fish bladders. Such forms are shown by Figs.) 1219 to 1225, whose construction results from the lines indicated, and which characterize the last period of Gothic art, the last sb ha eis to .evodse mote velotie to yi rees eit ‘al a Dass enous seeds asunhtt {solitomesg batssent yd bdsatostsq oft otenifiodwe ybreria yedd th jsonebnecoSnt ) geditnt to etinsrl sad stoneh yilainsesechns ¢ifss1 ey 4seqgs dedt.anxot piaiteo wooso heebat sted? .yst Be-euot2 «© yd eiisqg $ ni bebivibh ef eqavo ) dvtw elotio i Eiisted siri edd to sonedtoonl sat ducdtin .eqeuo yatv fen es gen ere eloite edd. no, becaly ageua est 161i ,xdeusdd pees wntenttt ,etastbshp Snimvot eeodt 16 en0 of betalot Bs : eS | ssore sheid to awitet tetee1k sit yo meds iD ts eis Beteicty teszk tebbsid deit sdi Yo acidaobs oad? seecl gud ,a703 haebsuegeiai rs 2s besa stite seonsenos iGo noligioass 6 Siti doit'w .acibae air ta steéoe7ad6 B wehe0l on bed ozle egevo edd wot .sonsyeogqsslb se of . fis bas .beddino sisw sxolsisdit fas .Stadtcixe olde B yteddenos betbned Seccdsl bns bestsiekpexe ae go beosle eax sGrlewed od) to sedis2 10 eczntbae edd to anoidvoeeretal asvs peas noe sodtel eft Yo notfoeniesat beaseisai 44d oT .wedd Sat to cokeetac eas yd Stel eiiov edi sol stutitadse se sdisoe men Bae eted Untecots seed? to wolenetxe edd sosies sa «sqace Peomds [fe yilent? hue met B&70 gos. qi hetolstaes teano da yilecoitaetsi blo eft ofai chags bsel ot a0 noatsevo at | ida tifousedt vo of nodd ecaoe on beskemet stedd ,pdteg £9 a “ ecSSfioot ESSf hme CGSf .edf3 oi. snob es > sit to ea ost edtow ati of etasastgsy Jve oiddod B tdgoor nox gact yse von. ob ef .ooasteixe af Anidivasave ive oe eetew di ce qu keve If) .cvednyisvs wetlodaye a doga d - ti: ar vei ed +bnadesnt, cea [fow ae L[eotrienoss .emtok efdevisones sz, eat ai coltoosisint bloiows « co heted ef etinev to B peers dad tilossti doze betaiog edd ek dadW .2k désonsd has occa edt ts gabtosatetal eefove to adiveg ons xd bewte? : ittamosh beeofo ect ,3feeti ai eutod {fs sebulont U) moddscol aiedd ot hatorooos tedd¢o dose of bevan at st is a tM 28 eeostymedd Gus .wr0l ae ie ne lay et? Fa or ~ yer its. oD vg eo a Trae AY ads n- itesine’ edt bus df @f edt to contd shin d0% .sgero bedieredi eds yd beezetqxs of cofdw toe. f eres WSSSP FET nF Hesnegerges vans exit 6Lmwoaeiid tok : Matt edT .soqshit steieqee sit to soashaegebal edd Yo. ofits tiseti ni cebulont hae eeois edt to tedd ek aro? Ect, sted thde bas .elenopsib ed¢ Yo es Shem, 98 eebhe sit \%o. Da ah et a PPD eae oe ee Na ara ' ELA wre penis & Saved. tis Roe cei. ART GON, SO TN ORR RS es Ad, > we ANS ek its 4 i ¢ " 703 ae times of the 15 th and the beginning of. the 16 th centuries. In the filling of circles shown above, of the middle peradd — by inserted geometrical fisures these alwans assert a oaeeai independence, if they already subordinate the principal form, | and which is expressed by the inserted cusps. For the cusps a really andoessentially denote the limits of further divisibil- — ity. There indeed occur certain forms, that appear to contrad- _ ict. this rule, like that represented in Fis. 1222, where the — 7 circle with 4 cusps is divided in 4 parts by a cross again ha- 4 ving cusps, without. the imoortance of the rule beins lessened therepy, for the cusps placed on the circle are just as well . related to one of those forming guadrants, differing only from q them by the greater radius of their arcs. 4 The adoption of the fish bladder first violated the principle | of the independence of the separate figures. The fish bladder | commences at its head as an independend form, but loses this character at its endins, which like a resolution corresponds to a disappearance. Now the cusps also had no longer a justifi- ~ able existence, and therefore were omitted, and all emphasises was placed on an exaggerated and labored bending together, and : even intersections of the endings or rather of. the bars forming © them. In the increased intersection of the latter men further | sought. a substitute for the voids left by the omission of the cusps. But since the extension of these crossing bars was no longer restricted by any organism, and finally all threatened to overrun or to lead again into the old intentionally abandon— 7 ed paths, there remained no means then to cut thems vofftabraptly as done in Figs. 1219 and 4223. to:'1225.° ; Gothic art represents in its works the supremacy of the cross ~ over everythins in existence. We do not say that men sought s such a symbolism everywhere, it grew up as it were. The basal. form is that of the cross and includes in itself all possible conceivable forms, scometrical as well as freehand. The system of vaults is based on a twofold intersection in the direction of the sides as well as of the diagonals, and shelters. all fo-, und beneath it. What is the pointed arch itself but 4 cross f. formed by two parts of arches intersecting at the crown. Ii. includes all forms in itself, the closed seometrical, subordi- nated to each other according to their location, magnitude and form, and the spaces as if serving for joining. To such a part. oe it Pay ae a Wii Ce ie ek eae a ye, ey oy au ra we wd, ~ ae J rey ' ‘ \ ( i) 4 i} Rayo bits evase pine Sac dose. pha & sévid ai a mg ‘pales teun noitentoredse gin, «eso7o. oft chogta p20 cpa gainsot io beoduni ,yiolusy 1t9tee1y, 108 doqses | askesi: edt ,ettan tesistith eft wort seeds bos etzao edt i ob ofan sefodw ott of nolisiss doovith ost Sdgso1d gett tata tow ainioredeh edt ef [totyiog ent exsow cidtod xl Pe sete gests .mr0i eldatine [lkte s se asivies ce asceqe teomsEtt fapiutemons beeclo Sorte} yeds Jedd exvesen 6 gi 9 bas 2eosce ong ‘Vd hetasteines oie dotdw .altotyloy ene amodd cen tokmol og Sivoo yort es . esis soon os ylno..bs » bezols to @teienoo bolieq elbfiw edd to qresers ont enti? 68 yaefotto ,altotersno .aftotet sill couabtt Isotad Picky teen tI: seonegeistai beileaio yiderebienoo evniiemos sad ey mods fae ,tesie{ odd ex Lien es temt6t edt aedo ot ssa (ves) erebbsid deit gatainoco yllerotssoce ylao moi of Jexit 703 Piteotsiswos: sdt to neidafoek edi beoslgs1 evedwersys git waegoisibace fee baisingite odt neanted somoetettio Lie ce tat edt yd bomrro? ylasia ear, ile yiflegtt bee ,bexrseqcsaks . es ‘wont! pektiatl ett to mos © teoan Boe enoriied oloata dtiv yisoex? .¢ aa Ri. in soidiod piagsd Ie ewobatw aoilink my Bee | ,2eoitive. Yo aa td a “done eid tdptt to ‘cokeesiahs but ysilidade to-enceses x08 oikdt. dfisme Oos dthin seoty bovieoss anoiliug to erotioes 2 fexsinedo eeolous itiw eipastosr 6 ylygaibicoss ai nsia sig 78135 on? .aSSt .art -$45th To potseiobs edd sovat tes tant se 20 ei sagloe efttil s ti asiees 8 et0d elds noktqeore tuoddiw teonle Soiseq ylras tétsq ean dade .yiessit sad tofknioniyed eis ddas C bekettih RIOR megan oft to eltior ent ti eldskte @ efobix edd al s(€ESE°.ar9) notilom sat to edd mort aesl lee sbestiac evew eoad aswel sit cele osdt bao Letiqes edd Mi@tal bedousad fedt onthivom yottostot s emscad aanloo ® P bawct Hosehat ef amufoo oft omid te4it edd oT .evode Maos-er ti tod bce no tee bavot brivoetots bas stsusose « as | F-s'Ssoled otf yeu nucleo sd? .en0de ense sat ook tdgwoiw Sat Toeerssot yeu siso (cod OSS! BIT) neilion ode ie ; “,taotted (ESST .gi%) svoo zo Petom odd ‘aehennad et eaotilon srltno sdd\ te ssette sat a soet easuemerh eff yd eesndcidd edd eotentmob ntnloo sltsil maproe @e0lo cot sroo tonblwode elatiaso oft Yo nobdooiorg edt tt he Os .Peesoidnl od ch si mok{{nm edd to dtgok eft eesls POlSSil eds nodt nevE .eeondoins ast Blotavot yiteon 8d yea cg if Yo nan SF ‘mo1t Sodsisqese sd si ti gosto teélo 2 54d gay ee efe OSSE 62%) gosa Beveo yo Sdgtette s yd elftors 2 ‘edmem olvemetig s L[etiqso toortin baoot of3 to beodent or (ig a0 Seiwsuil tsdv .OSSI .bF9 .sotlinw sat exoted sd cele Ra oh ewreoets ef? te ated edt ak begosdons ‘sigate off .sdese Snivostore of esd viscedt off nedt > eft {fs etusdo tocdtiw wollot. gen {St zo assr -2gt® al Hersey baogeattos oeis encliosa reors ceed? .yisosnt odd te Bes BEST seeis at Yreoett cided glied ic agciézsvs{s sdt ot | 7 déiw bearct od oels blyod eeeud dkvotdle fcr Sue ESL ORlT uhves eqeso eieistse Yo seaotsixne edd Atre eaeliTtorg p afitony eds ito daomqgofLeveh odt af meted od of ei oreo Sass “eh b omit ylas® of? LEIS of EXIL .eRld at emob ylevotvesa iS of beaeorgze ybserls ad of geno edt Yo neitose saorve edd cen sat seogisq eftdt act srotsiedw .motffom rawol 72 >) wolvose sit doidm oi .botine (Lew sue OSSr bas Sect Son Bib new outt toss! edt o} .gatdetad yd bedssibat et ort. Daina ey bide ot aaey edd Skwtog oF 33 a enh 4 - . bt - he 4 ta? ity ne Dah ater spin seRSsr. .ossr Bit. ty ‘ ready og a | a se Sect bonaant nebte oe at stone tue , , t k Tua ye AS es ™ RS OS De - te beet: we \ ab Cbd, hi x mh : Pay i f ‘ A i ead DN st ari, m4 ne ak a Spite Fst 705 can also extend in a flat ¢ ¢ (Fig. 1227, bottom left), or so times it is cut deeply into the mullion (Fig. 1227, bottom right) Far. richer and more graceful is the effect of the mullion, a if a little column is formed at both edges, His. 1228. Io the. early period almost without. exception this bore a capital ben= _ eath the besinningoof the tracery, that was particularly unay- oidable if the profile of the upper tracery differed more or q less from that of the mullion (fig. 1233). In the middle Gothic — the capital and then also the lower base were omitted, and the column became a projecting moulding that branched into tracery above. In the first time the column is indeed found detached P as a. separate and projectins round set on end, but it is mostly — wrought in the same stone. The column may lie before a flat of j the mullion (fis. 1228, too), os it may intersect. the chamfer or cove (Fis. 1228, bottom). The effect of the entire mullions is increased, the more the little column dominates the thickness by its diameter. That t. the projection of the capitals shouldnot come too close to the Slass, the depth of the mullion is to be increased, so that it may be nearly fourfold its thickness. Even then the little col- 7 umn has a clear effect, if it be separated from the rest of the profile by a straight or coved neck (Fig. 1228 a). a Instead of the round without capital a prismatic member way. also be before the mullion, Pig. 1229, that likewise continues unchanged in the bars of the tracery. 3 - | When the tracery has no vrojectins cusps, the simple moulding 7 in Figs. 1226 or 1227 may follow without change all the curves of the tracery. These cross sections also correspond very well | to the elevations of Early Gothic tracery in Pigs. 1234 to 1239 and 1241, although these could also pe formed with richer ~ profiles. With the existence of sefarate cusps as in Figs. 1240, — 1242, care is to be taken in the development of the profile as’. previously done in Figs. 1178 to 1183. The Barly time desired the cross section of the cusp to be already expressed in the q lower mullion, wherefore for this purpose the profiles in Figs. 1228 and 1229 are well suited, in which the section of the cusp © is indicated by hatching. In the later time men did not hesita- te to permit the cusp to grow out. of the simple mullions in F e Pigs. 1226, 1227." But where in the older works thefforms of 6usps occur with i eee ee hs 1 = boi ‘ aed I igs _ nen as fab Labane. pial ai acer vat at Boktoeca ‘stands 4 ke a 8a Bilin: eds sao ende fas ,bnoqeert0® of degnsdo ons ae od D6) oliove od? .predssy tae dowds e*htedertig .2 to yieks bh pstbee « Mad egqavo d¢iw Lloters edt of 858% «BiG of noiliua A. > auc wotg boobot gaum sede ting hetoted eds yd beteoiich | sy paste Fon of elatiqao eonte ,dors gaibivib edt to eesm ots # eetros Ssswidiwouk edt ¢edd ,wovotg O88 tesl edt tug a «Lebiove gidecotetg vino tod: ,emit yfrted: o¢t at ne ea: ie. - ah +;Mebaiv edd to seltevels ‘venti “al abbas edd. to goivsvale sit to mz0t Jaragss oft. . 1 9G a wetaoo' ei coitiun effhtm edt tedt .eidt of tieienoo enacte oe yotaies et sosge edt bos ,encifive dust ond edt dtin eedors vd. he £i i eb Mote wobaty odd sidtin bas eofote aoksivip seodd syods Bre premgot xelguoo esl to eto s9dtons Yo elotio s ys bel Beslitissleosio edé ei etneweznests spodd Yo seeloute sav ta 603 .eneideirsy Ieitnssiedce [eteyse etimieg eidd toy eSCSI od OSS. pBSlt of bewi{ $ tow esdoxs poieivib sd to serif aiam edd OfSf .akt el Batift? sionio eff to eutist adt Gra dows wobnin gases aft to . Pel Peees01s edt to atcyied edd yd bontmretsh ek eth edd A Si Nie 4 B* : Ml 4 ie so c na id i sé yenibss assests © diin xoutte ef slits edt FeSt .orT ont po beaswel Stoteteds sae eedow: ecicivibh etd to eects whem odd + . 989%8, TASTh eas ASBd enc t mtea edd to aotsaone1g suse edd bavod si SESH wath ot psd 79 eenil aisx Sci Jedd soneistiib edt yino 2t eteddé bas i haute Wietenm tud .fESl .okF at ee wiob: don ob. eesiors stetsg fe Boro sad at heecorges yliselocver eomstettib eka .ceddo gore Mi ee 4d o& 2 bat de te nokitse i, ns “ee yOfdtoD ylasz of asifivoess ef) togrenoatis jeel edf RG OGs cl es ,encilinum to enalg dovodei3ib ao beitaqe bavol MTOM $6 Wiedseile® .© to doawwdo off ,nevedt i6 doacks never? Dntstvecs Betem $1 .60ksH Yo yretesmor ext to doris eds bos ‘a - ipl elfin ,emtet xelqnoo yaon total ceee eg [few es a iis Dae ,noitsninvet tachaeqsbri ne of ‘eaotiinn to megaxre = § 8 ett noewted esosqs odd so) eiet efdative etom bes Leiqey ; * ake eivdé oontd toh .eLorio ed? bos eodone solsivih dors Batt at) betnesosger soiteoee edt of gaibsooos tt ehetiis ext he } #. ead) tegoTg Yieo9stF eds barors beibdmedxe bavser eds Yo aay “boa ecotliva ede BRinasqmoces sent asdt yevidsr i a “ogi Be faetstvectrepettnsseet ont» eds a 3. fo ¥ ; "eee, | 3 A uF ’ a apy OD yaa a) (tay 1 Cee OM Pane ors is Se Me a De TMB Aa AiR td he ak ETD PO ta tec wi ge ie) ue eM 5 ay 1 k ees 706 a simple section in Fig. 1226, there the parts beset by cusps — are changed to correspond, and thus on the windows of the sac=- risty of S. Blisabeth’s church aat Marburg, the sectionof the mullion in Fig. 1226 in the trefoil with cusps has an addition indicated by the hatched part, that must indeed grow out of the mass of the dividing arch, since capitals do not exist. B But the last case proves, that the growth was nowise unknown in the Barly time, but only preferably avoided, Blevation of the window. The general form of the 2levation of the window in two divi- sions consists in this, that the middle mullion is connected by arches with the two jamb mullions, and the Space remaining above these division arches and within the window arch is fil— led by a circle or another more or less complex form. fr The simplest of these arrangements is the circular filling, yet this permits several substantial variations, that are out- lined in Figs. 1230 to 1232. | In Fig. 1230 the main lines of the division arches join that of the great window arch and the radius of the circle filling the disk is determined by the heights of the arches. In Pig. 1231 the cirtle is struck with a greater radius, and the main lines of the division arches are therefore lowered un= der the great arch. In Fig. 1232 is found the same proportion of the main lines, : and there is only the difference that the main lines of the se- parate arches do not join 4s in Hig. 1231, but merely pass by each other. This difference iscclearly expressed in the cross. section at ab andf g. The last arrangement is peculiar to Barly Gothic, and is. found applied on different plans of mullions, as in the Bieb- frauen church at Treves, the church of S. BHlisabeth at Marburg 7 and the church of the monastery of Hanna. Tt makes possible, as well be seen later, many complex forms, while it brings the system of mullions to an independent termination, and allows «a varied and more suitable form for the spaces between the great arch, division arches and the circle. But then it is especially q justified, if according to the section represented in Pig. 1283 @ of the round extendind around the tracery proper has @ smaller | radius, than that accompanying the mullions and jamb arches, so that the two intersecting arch mouldings bc d@ and f gh rest. yBédoted ‘ots ioleee: cool i ive es to TN eey, ete wo Bie +@ S860 .ph ai awode wret okt seovteoes sest ee a esceevaigai ond to wobatw cds 102 ewedoe sommes seou edT Sntog 10 Savor yd ebiesi tered sd efortoe edt yar sat? Sail 5: ei netiote noteivib edd oLisy 8B of € ydcbeshat ib laeto goletvib siguie sdt to seaitace efgmts odd xloxoi __ atetzee ® etiexs eforio ¢setk sit fo noitetnemenqo doit ond ‘yen tow pbetnicg olymie ost to beotenl .beSt Sf .mreds (err #6 ,e9d0%8 noleivih sd¢ act eoede ficterg sas bexolg Lee eps sOEST CES ,egiF nt encbaiw Ekotylog otdse® vice? | 8 notetvis quooo ylinoupe1? yteyv vawiaeo dv FL sit to olbbin . odd mort wobain oviivegiaés edd ex .eqero bedaseni dtiw ecds [sb Selmoxit tads .OMSS .ei9 ot enede tueteS ge Lerbedees i Abt ts: ne ee) -Olotio sdt- ot [fetyfog hetniog s-%o elausxs as x sRteocs! ode tuo naivad Be cetsbacese. Faerstiib ows .wobaiw yxeosis & deo vel oF aap -80¢ awexb ous exsdt. sexi? eff of BalbroooA .hevolgnme od ) biel wedt eld¢hin sdt tee ,emsd Sua enokifum [fs te seal i ienanh, Persiers siedd baooee edt ot gaibroods seshte tod de tad oft 30 eod5iw edt (aatct atar edt. to einioego issio. eid ve@eniiipdise ody to epoinecc tesf{e odd medd boa to biel eve yiak tf bealidzos sd ysu ebodise ort sitsesemoceage al .cutct ; seas Bad enctitoqosg alec edt enirsst]eh os tacit {len events dung, esail gossloxe ctstomced edt toshe oF bac .dotsie boed » @08e%stal so zsdfo doxs otaf ebsq ered ont atedy sooke Dae ws elitotg [eater ont ewode tadt ncivone, s bemtot af Bei ed? dade nesd asds0n od aso eeso! on nt sud .s0slg teswor teeb geodatd sdé at cnkdeuters #oSitS a8 ted etdt nk ¢lust eth sRGiList eLoaio diiw ecotelwis ows ok wobait ea agin Leacktssm od won use ewobriwv pointed. elera® omok ¢ ylisencest A «tno gaiuel ni evebecerg sit to. tasgesedu 6 dtemgolevsh Leinées 23k to farcocs 0 d807 .wobatw aot isthe Sowers ef% es nsist sd teoals seo ySiobiquie sidow 4 ab aves ce esoletvib om nt robntn wisosid ofdted ylree if 20 este edt dit hésoonnco. vietamital ek goette esT .becr sat 183 ep ‘oMo 2¢h ag doifw .yreossd-20 eforis weqqe sis Feds to fw ted edd to nptisoyorg siz ne: sonedasyet nists ite “nt ates he nena dheadee imam woh Tea bY: Sie mies Winw a es i he Ad ak 3 Cy AS oe ee eee ay _ penlagty eaoto eg? bas let ione edt a0 Brottoolor | Casa to afesd edt eure? godt ESE .QkT yd bowrot. 707 on the capital of themmullion, hence the hatched portions form projections on the capital, and the cross section at fg in P Fig. 1282 receives the form shown in Fig. 12383 @. The most common scheme for the window of two divisions is f. formed by Pig. 1231, that forms the basis for mamy variations. First may the circle be beset inside by round or pointed arches, indeedbby 3 to 3, while the division arches are simply pointed. Merély the simple contrast of the simple division arches to t the rich ornamentation of the sreat circle exerts a certain charm. Fig. 1234. Instead of the simple pointed arch may be em- : oloyed the trefoil shape for the division arches, as im the farly Gothic polyfaid windows in Figs. 1235, 1236. After the middle of the 23 th century very frequently occur division ar- ches with inserted cusps, 4s the tripartite window from the cathedral at Erfurt shows im Pigs. 1240, that likewise affords an example of-a pointed polyfail in the circle. Laying out the tracery. To lay out a tracery window, two different procedures may be employed. According to the first there are drawn the. middle lines of all mullions and bars, and the width is them laid off at both sides: atcording to the second there are. first. drawn the clear openings of the main forms, the widths of the bars are laid off and then the clear openings of the sabordinate forms. In pomeseasesethe two methods may be combined; it is always well first to determine the main proportions by a free- © hand sketch, and to agapt the seometric skeleton lines to this. Since where two bars pass into each other or intersect, there is formed a junction that shows the normal profile at the nar— rowest. place, but in’ no case cam be weaker tham that. The least q fault im this has an effect disturbing in the highest degrees. Window in two divisions with circle filling. Kae Some Rarly Gothic windows may now be mentioned with a brief. statement of the procedure in laying out. A frequently occurr- ins window, that on account of its natural development and its — noble simplicity can almost be taken as the graund type of the Barly Gothic tracery gindoy in two divisions as shown in Fig. 1234. Its effect is intimately connected with the size of the upper circle of tracery, which on its own part is again in 4 ‘a certain dependence onithe oroportion of the height of the win- | dow, the breadth of its jambs, the dimensions of its moulding yen Leroze3 fated § i eat to 2 Raa ie ony ba 0 set ni edt déiw eessdtoni dots (otetest sit sens beauaee | oes 23th te gosiisqmoc . vd cwode ss ,elorls sag $ edt woled swob ebnotre eforio sis sh tesl oft of sah: io ewobakw sdv co elidw ,foxe wobniw ent to d s dp mares: tuoda of nwob bevor et o Sitass oft neva ented sa me eiis dtin neve ged? stove oft to d a sntt seed oad Bet betudtorts ed o¢ el iiuledest [five ef eniodi te wobaiw edt ae J peer d#tw wots toa esob tedmor elevto eft tant gost sat ‘a | 3° edd "So esate odd yiewsew .dadd nk bedvoent ef tud ,se dren ca Be ine) Nobdikstber ddtile « bereitce esd of | ‘hewm ~best $20 af awrath ete anad edt to aeatl efbbta ent wie F wWeredw eOTO ot om etniog Sonta06 oft te tecdte Hose wtot } Bi eee : f bate eso sdf .feaaergxe al avédnea oft to iiwory steLlameo ie efbbia eat s¢ beesiq ers sea witt ok Kote wobntw eat to @ i oy. eine fasetslispe 2 miot syotedte did yeda Ses ,e@hebalwou ond poe fedetéltnpe etdt to exteeo ot th 22 tafog ods détw See Sais. eite gedt .elotto edt Yo o sttinen odd peated ced? al ee to , 08 to enottsaifort ts 5 0 bas 9 & semii eft aniws + ne eh pias i i ¥Y10 as @ middle line in the way that its inner curve ‘ne that this eentrésis Bic for the upper arches of the trefoil, while those for the lower ones ean be found on the line h k, é according to the acuteness of the points. Fig. 1237 shows the filling of the space with the compound gquatrefoil. Here to show a different procedure, the division | arches are so constructed, and then increased by the breadths resulting from the cross section. Above is placed the quatre-. foil and to this is adapted the enclosing arch of the window.’ There is drawn the tangent a b to the outer side of the diy- a ision arch and inclined at 45°, which cuts the middle line of the division arch at c. Them is laid off about a third of the distance d e on the line a b from c to f, a peppendicular f wu. is erected at f to a b, which is cut at g by the middle line of the division arch, and thus the points c and g are centres: of the outer arches of the compound gquatrefoil. If a eireular arc is drawn from the lattsr, which touches the outer arches of the division arches, then are found the extreme points of — the guatrefoil, that in like manner are drawn at all angles of the square a b v u. With equal radii are struck the short ares of the quatrefoil in a skilfully appearing way. gare is. only to be taken, that everywhere at least the full width of the flat of the umllion between the quatrefoil and the division ; arches, where it is ‘onbiee injurious if the moulding concen-= a tric with the quatrefoil does not intersect that of the divis- ion arch, but extends beside the latter. The same is true in regard to the proportion of the quatrefoil to the pointed arch. The form of the enclosing pointed arch then in Fig.1287 is arranged according to that of the quatrefoil and its. centr- j es are found at o and p. But if the pointed arch must be struck according to the equilateral triangle, it would be difficult to avoid, that it would remain separated from the gquatrefoil at its apex. Another construction is shown in Fig. 1238. Here the ground i lines of the pointed arch, whose centres a and b and the widths | of the mullions are all given. The inner arches are first str- — Pit ge ages e Tatars Cae nis diene on? xoundes e882 as ap tbae env.d¢iw @ fae A watt | | bh stedota noieiwis eit Beo ye. | 9 e BLEOV eT Gount ditw wobndn | asin e9eqe Sedose.od2. Io QuhLit? ofd eéididxe CFS sere it todd wi0bto does of talinte ave eltotest oAt sade .eidt at | ri pads eenil Leottrev no ifet efiotexs tewol ed? to Bexe0s Pabiens Uliotest consis od bos ,2ccdovs nobsivih edd to eaody i ae od elansisd Lexsfslinns odd od aobtetes teloges std as woes se so £{e% aedtis tars “eo » soxtmoo oda eroteredt beetd seniedw of get brooos 4%0ea betuing edd to onail sead pet feted? eonek .itexui teteani Lesalig evs ¢o b és eis ap inees peach exes dows betniog eft to eeatt toani edt aette / Senase odd ni © ettneo eit MOE Lisa odd To dibinv edt. work P@ihhie of¢ eto brn .e dyspxutt semenq kclett teak ose bode ve sell o aéiw L[sotrtemuge .xeqs sidaiivg « deiv ee rasihe- weue ent 2a “o ef ciod wyods ins ,o ext oHe Bus & & to @ Ge eteloy seito ent hacot ef extmoxig .ofpasias lesetalinge m@eork hebnesxs dod? ei geiiincw eaf .a 2 © oioasixe egret edz }'so tet os gofdin'‘at .pawot at i tates ead fine Ifoteds ea¢ USF ad 6 ec ent efbhta exis ai geamed ni 1¢0men oi¢ bo baro¢ oa “a noielvih Lioteds ous polio? ¢£ dieeoet . tons gn id imal jens to eno of Hulbaooce bd ROMS Hod Hoktorecdanco ‘seedy ¥ ~ Rie.4 ees A »eicdoom eat t bas i Mites ois to teenesuos 40 euunsem eds of aetdacocd ee ere Soutde ssom ede ee Ilex es ,noilion ods to atbiw (08 ons Mid. eertnss ed? aed? .@ tuiog sit sede gtewol eit of dpuords 2 most soucte seodous Learetai edi #ed2 of ,tdguoe ete Ram ¢extt ods rodsie med? ctald edt x0 bared ace dowos Ob Baoved TO \Keqe eit haswor ¢oedaco to takog ons bsoved en. (tated bevames. ‘*& #585 ce ,Thotoxt edt to dose 6s trot Gayot) YSseris ers kodore neyo doum sdore seicivtd ont ent ‘al vein Baty aber 2 a Io ane een i” a _. - Bs oxen baa 8 Boe « te boisers e1a erekueek” ma — 3 — sob pebove stan edt 6% 2iniog toatl ef eytexz doidw .*d y hepa sven sehed e22bat ‘Legooe. détin weodote sbadake 4 to - eae ay eS a isis eg ‘Ifew es dots bstateq off go esrtaso off .eliotesd . pheavo' prot evttne edd Yo yiaslvhet ent vasvin eve nisd to. —. ~~ =e _ ——— —-. 2k ee /edt Yo xeqs of? +02 NISSh00C00H ec Kem tf done cokeivis i —— = a Sro ~—s ‘ 4 ~~, » a te < a aes i a SS ee a - aa » Ss aie” 5 =" | oo. — 1 struck from the points a and iy ¢ b and ¢c a are drawn, perpen- diculars are erected at a and b, and make ad = be= ab, then from d and e with the radius af are struck the onch ee, g h and g h”, which serve as first points for the quatrefoil: nanan of separate arches with equal radii. Under these are then pla- ced the division arches. Window with three trefoils. a Fis. 1239 exhibits the filling of the arched Space with three _ trefoils. The centres op the pointed arch as well: as the widths — of bars are given. The regularity of the entire form consists. in this, that. the trefoils are similar to each other, that the apexes of the lower trefoils. fall on vertical: lines through t those of the division arches, and the three trefoils are in t. the resular relation to the equilateral: triangle to each other. _ Therefore the centres c co” must either fall on or below the base line of the pointed arch, according to whether its centres _ lie at d or are placed further inward. Hence there is sought, | after the inner lines of the pointed arch are drawn resulting from the width of the mullion, the centre e in the manner that the inner trefoil: passes: through a, and cuts the middle line e e with a suitable apex. Symmetrical: with c lies at the right of e e the centre c, and above both is ec” as the apex of an e equilateral triangle. BRikewvise is found the other points on + the large triangle ec f g. The moulding is then extended around the trefoil and the point h is found, in which the flat or round of the member intersscts the middle line e e on the outer limiting areh. Beneath it follows the trefoil: division arches, whose construction cam then be according to one of the preced-= ing methods. According to the measure of acuteness of the angle i and the width of the mullion, as well as- the more obtuse shape of the division areh it may be necessary, for the apex of the latter to Lie lower than the point h. Then the centres k k are to be sought, so that the internal: arches struck from c through h touch the round or the flat. Then either the first may continue beyond the point of contact toward the apex, or beyond it join the arch of the trefoil, so that a recurved point results for the division arch. Such ogee arches are already found a the traceries of Early Gothics thus on the windows of the church at Haina. In the Fig. drawn the upper trefoil lies below the ~ tedwemos’ heves ed b{roo yreoand exttas ent cele Bb serdd, iti ewobain al siuzes esoitenidmos betils ute encieiyit eetdd dtinw ucbath & to Jacmegnsrte af ees sotttbace dsetgiae, giderefot,a ak fnuct ek CSst uit phat. eROty .di% .wetteW te dotusia oft to rto0to "a send apoticey efoséio difw ecoseivih es1ki to wohfalt as Gpasy e pevisoen eaoteivih sows te wofatw 6 nedt id keds mewol feosiq ef dove roteivio more ad? .eloits motéieqoig eifd exteds of .ORSS . seohiea off tr £ , bas dors bsintog edi ,elovio edi as aN bedvegas ad , ing as .medd satfovod otenit stelboareitnt oc dose netet | we toette at elostio edt ni eedorn betnios @ to fottusect ed? svi em S4oe teloget A .ORST .ytk at toamem gakmoifot eas ni bed beak a 8 ofoxie ood bak eiecico ods gi owagh et etnies P ymette Of fo nogyleq bediceest oft to shia edt det o dwods ‘wrot b b ts sete eit doin efotts cine toanoktoesvedai sa? Bite ey) segauo ef? to 2eytus oc? Yo neoviaee _ flowe eds WL oosge ocd oesx eilgeor opheeh oitchretoeredo | eudd yooleivis Sigisd sdé mo bsesd. wiol baecth « yd balled et Sooapiagple eibhia odg oxvedw..G€Sh .2i8 at onibtosas Spode PM AO Ca iictert eds to setncgo.edt wcled xeqes stt eved yew eo ak cota ~Btn0 1a te crvedseilé..F te. eee prose ong fo webai« wir!’ 5 eye SP etele..E sr2q .dondrertsal obtto sit of hotuesss Seve ftotect bac (hoterts dtiw snoieivis oertt to robair Riot Panet.ef ftoleit basogmoo.e yd) soeys ed¢ to gatflrs act tase e602. .(20SF. .2i8) exis to wiedeerom oct to seteicio ot seeds OSs a0nIs2 et. dealt .d Sua. a te Sit Save Hetatroa edd. to © doin @ bas & ott gest sad ond Yo di biw cay stu? Smidivess pi caeeaneaseale bas .& ecigoestedab odd chen ci ds esiber nN ‘beytvo od? cl .e bidove.edt ¢ & avibes ed dtie nyec ana 28, woled Des ,etwali quecext eds Sadssent ‘nedt el eof : ods Attn: dtbin een to. sedavs {iolei sould silt bsosta ry ean oa peobie eft cadz sedatd tedwonce enc goege ote pnelits to Shon Enixvtuooe yltnempest yrev 4 ang 4 etedbouys ail ai efPee. ib ecd' - ‘WORE itoiené PL : ' dc ead 1G 2 = : 52 to -dota eokaiy oat to patbinom, dnst fakdaogeo%x0¢ | oat ; eat edt $e ee teat noitonnt 6 basot od bisee Sten, 12. ; corresponding jamb moulding of the window arch, but instead a also the entire tracery could be moved somewhat higher, so tha here could be found a junction just as at the point a. | Allied combinations result in windows with three divisions. An arrangement of a window with three divisions similar to | Fis. 1239 is found in a tolerably original: condition on the c 4 choir of the church at Wetter. Fis. 1169. a Window of three divisions with circle filling, When 2 window of three divisions receives a sreat tracery circle, the middle division arch is. placed lower than the two at the sides. Pig. 1240. To change this proportion there may be inserted between the circle, the pointed arch and \the div-. 4 igion arch an intermediate figure touching them, as im Pig. 12524 The insertion of 5 pointed arches in the cirele is effected , in the following manner in Fig. 1240. A regular star with five . | points is drawn in the circle and the circle a ais described 4 about C with the side of the inscribed polygon of 10 sides. 7 The intersectionsof this circle with the star at ad ad form the centres of the curves of the cusps. A characteristic desfgn resylts when the space in the arch is filled by a ground form based on the triple division, thus. about. accordins to Bis. 1235, where the middle division arch may have its apex below th2: openings of the trefoil. as on a 4 Window of the sacristy of 9. Hlisabsth at yarburg, which is. rep- resented in the Gothic Musterbuch, part I, plate 6. q Window of three divisions with trefoil: and trefoil arches. _ The fillins of the space by a compound trefoil. is. found in 4 the cloister of the monastery of Haina (Hig. 1241). The centres _ of the pointed arch lie at a and b. First is: struck the arches. resulting from the width of the bar, then from a and b: with the radius 2a b is made the intersection e, and from this “is drawn with the radius a e the arch d e. In the curved triangle des is then inserted the tracery figure, and below it. are placed the three trefoil. arches of equal width with the middle one somewhat hisher than the sides. A very frequently occurrins mode of fillins the space is. the trefoil: shown in Fis. 1242. It is already found in the works: of Harly Gothic, es in the choir of S. Severi®§ church in Erf- urt, but also reappears in the followins period again frequent- _ ly during the entire 14. th century, and is recommended by its: Paved pecbilbsble eae to eeataso oft .etd elds of etait tied? most atinee1 ered? boa B & bas 2 d as etel? s besso08 eLyostat edt Yo eebre ed) wash wed? 19 ecduneo ede ¢ ons 2 Vb 2 eude (df0K ‘ter eft of aevig yfho eted ,o oO 6 atest to X sottoerretmi Yo taleoe edt yo ethveen sexed: at a beds worl Yoursta elLotio edt sot aviber edt ¢ 3 ddiw ontL “plas ororte ofbbia od? mort anoiteeioig yrecess esendés OAT 4D » ebam ots yodt es gatbrooes ,rolesetygmi toerettib yxev 6 uRhie eitsti edt ted? ,bewstot oe ese gens e410 .baord *o 45 | #8) Beoate eert coo thede eved yem elexvbaswe tniatsaces oft ot et tahoe gukbives Ol etitae edt to aiead eit 26 anivt edt eeossiw to. esesd déiw buede emoillus {ether eed? ste } o6% Io sosiive ef? .eforto aseai us te eonstetmuozis odd “Weed neds bas josie eti ot asitrooes nstosday tedsis ad oso ante | ed Ysa ot 10 ,agheeh Letasusnx0 10, tiles 8 tedtis ons s bob a ebleal geeed ed eribs: tetesuy 2 déin bas . » Vv ae seat aso ion ore. Lieiacere vaestveadiaons Bt), W ossetalccns: enettxs | | peieions Yo venti efbbta edt yd hemor eedets ent woud nedt ya te oon hi T5 eee ae SE he Gs a eae one . he Oy eae we avi he wiki Tes ee 8 ee ae ty, Oe Me | a avi” rid a re 913 ; ie extreme flexibility. | ae In this Fig. the centres of the pointed arch lie at a and b. fhen draw the arches formed by the middle lines of the outer q flats as bf and ¢ g, and there results from their intersestign | the centre a. Then draw ths sides of the triangle tocated at /. abc, here only given in the left half, thus f g, £2 and then h i, there results by the point of intersection k of the last a line with f b the radius for the circle struck from the centre ; C. The three tracery projections from the middle circle make a very different impression, according as they are made slend- er or broad. Here they are so formed, that the little trefoils in the remaining spandrels may have their centres placed at the dividing point f. | ia The mullion member lying at the basis of the entire form is. that shown in Fig. 1229. The two trefoils filling the angles between the trefoil arches are only formed by the inner parts of this member. The flexibility of the trefoil. form shown in Fig. 1242 makes a it particularly suitable for filling such spaces, that depart from the ground form of the equilateral triangle, so far as a diversity in the upper foil: from the two lower ones does no F injury 8t all to the effect. This difference may either lie in & the length of the foils, as if c C were greater than a G, or in their divgection if the point C is in the actual centre of the triangle, but is to be moved up or down according to the > proportions of the space to be filled. The origin of the entire trefoil form is to be derived from the wheel window, so far as it results naturally from a hexap-= artite wheen window by the omission of each alternate one of the arches enclosing a space. Simple wheel window of the earlier Gothic. The name of wheel window is to be limited in the strictest sense to those circular panels, which are substantially formed by: radial: mullions placed to correspond to the spokes of a whe- © el. These radial mullions stand with bases or without them on the circumference of an inner circle. The surface of the latter © can be either unbrokem accordins to its size, and them bear e either a relief.or ornamental: design, or it. may be perforated and with a greater radius be beset inside by suspended arches. (Pig. 1246). Im the simplest case the mullions have their cap- iat An's Oh Ab Ap) p c oa ve el, ee a i oa , i 1 Ds “to. Nets ees out ies “liege! bothtmis | Sap ee qedéie dotdw ,emtel evottey to.esdoms yd bes 7 pit moti yltosaté gatica eaeds to toatl gi to eles mer] oe betneaouqes e2als suoidin yrooeit baifd sd? .( East pues ,oeeh) soedislleg ts dowwds enpesnawol [lize alt x07? eri)! : yake 3 to tneagolevel dxen edt enote (exeedosetebeiy wlKa oa B #edt .oitaso edd wort geitcibsy eomuloo déim wobnin Leese ge Brarentte #8973 6 yd Beeofone bar eedots bao yd botooancs res. “@9ee0 tiedd ditn emanloo edd Yi etiuess wot daetottis bin son oa ONS *8i8 yd awode es oloaio detoo ads oo ylioarib ee. } swobain tedjo Lié sot 2s somes edd st enotifom edt to gar , ie b SmereTIib Jidisxse ob$i of FaSt .adsre .(Osct og deer -ovébuin L[oody 5 edd to notetvib etitiscotoo edt no beaed ab €aSr .ain { fe issdw ,,.6 af 2s) ssie mtotian ni Sasdxs enot lion ed? i). ; Mf otat Bosetd sisds bas shiatuo et of elottoe elbbim eds rort | ) Pas sisi oft te betsiog awsth ots fads yesdois Lioieds edt #6 Sil aedéel oft to 8 bos o esitnso od? .didia add Se meveliupe ne to ® © Sus t © eerii Ynisoerid ond to slobin a «alonatat (ens: to asdaga sas Phere ead $0 tsfemsib tevse7 s 19% © 2 otek aoieivib s te bestest ..e.t ,bessoxeat ed deow noi dT .eiesd 8 as novat ed teum- St a6 Of otat wsdt .otrvaq 8 4 SO. ea0teivih sisisgee silt to ctasel sid to aoivroge1g sid % Bmestode oF todvie oldeseterg ef Ji bas .ptenimob [Lin eqoil M ier yessid s syneits o¢ tO sonexsturonits edd 3860 eeoilion odd ui P genit seoqieg sdt bnigtedia 102 even. daswsitig .nctdoeunos ; eivib daevetiib sti nt-saidévo ob ABST +Bil yd awode ove bea a okey \at of | iv wotes, Wan Beones tedote maneenne: ne ets stom Ros Ve en a ae Pe r. 4 2 Tope CIE ae O17 Be are here the more in place. But. further advantages. reset aa already noted above, for the treatment of the interspaces. and. finally for filling the window with glass paintings. Simple tracery of. the middle period. a The characteristics distinguishing the middle from the early tracery have been already explained, that. this. composed of pol: foils. was: entirely: supplasted, and it is. to be particularly de duced from this, that it afforded certain advantages: for. the 3 treatment. of windows. in several divisions. het Fig. 1231 be ey scheme of a windou of four divisions, im which each of the two q dividing arches are to be filled im the same way as the great. pointed arch bn two smaller ones and a circle placed between | them. Accordingly the upper circle b Ss will: have a predominant 4 Sizel and hence in some cases a division of it would be desira- ble, which as already stated, may then be effected in different — ways. On the contrary, if this circle were a trefoil: (as: in Bag. 1235) or a gquatrefoil. (as in Fig. 1236), then would a further division by possible only with difficulty, an so far as: just . these forms indicate the limits of divisibility. Window of two divisions. § Hach Early Gothic form is: amcordingly transformed easily into © one belonging to the middle style, if instead of the polgfoil: the corresponding ground forms of cusps. are taken. Thus Big. a 1247, whose construction results from that already treated, ac- cordingly corresponds. to Fig. 1239, and thus the trefoil in ey Fig. 1235 would be transformed into the three arches: with cusps — and the division arches into pointed arches: with cusps, and the — guatrefoils in Figs. 1236 and 1237 into the four archegs with ‘fi cusps. The Fis. last named is particularly common and recurs in different proportions. Thus the four arches with their upper — Spandrels mag either join the enclosing pointed arch or may be 4 ’ free from it (Pig. 1249). S The construction of the first case is the following. het ab be the centres of the pointed arch, then erect 8 perpendicular to it, make a c¢ = a b and strike from ¢ the arch d e with a b as radius and also the arch d f. Fhe four arches depend on the | location of the centres a and b for the window arch. The closer 4 a and b approach, the larger will be the four arches and the 7 more are the division arches forced down below the ground line a ab. The centres a b g ¢ mist always lie on the angles of a squar. /Sbetso ebb od piven Cuiawue. “oan 03 Jalbde idk labisns ti ‘eters netaeny oi 1 © edt oe btu ek beowben of ti tawm 14 to ot > ateaoo edt. i , gnibeoesa e632 of teiiveeq gottsicet siatemos? odd. ta nottal fot Re ytterevib bas mobess} # siciesos gatien eudt yadotisy | Basil Keeaity it: pwn | astiel oft, -gabtfieoxs 16% con imide, 4 a | p8tebhbald dei } nati acti Steg bce yfiet oft Toventot edt te ered enscee oelaOFSf .diG neds eB sede! sad otal a yd, side hah to gatliitvedd ylno ¢séd ox ' 2 te 7 re 3 ; ho : ; , ' 4 poo ‘ iby, : - m A , : - wl Bite Soe te ty. mes TA i 4 AAU * pe ee p dod AOE OME Aa Sire aoe “to .eceq2 edt to goti{it edt diin ee seddeazod acttos- ESds int sats oted edd .to s9doeeisdo edt boezsagze iat ylla . ie og aathyonon): betostte 0d oo gti: Atel ra Fs 2, MLE) OME Rie isa ead vac OTF cg os Wet RO Ra an RE St! iN | 19 x ; A simpler form is pelea whose condition result of itself, and all: proportions. of the arched space can be adap ted. This is. found especially common in brick construction, w where then in the simpler works the spandrel.a bc remaining between the division arches is often but. partly opened or is also left entirely blind, 4 In all: these cases the division arches are in intimate conn- -ection together as with the filling of. the Space. But an enti- - rely separate group is: formed by those traceries in which the a space forms an independent shape, beneath which the division | arches abut with their apexes. In a sense Bis. 1255 already f forms a transition to the traceries of the last kind, and would - be entirely counted with them, if the lower arch a b were ent-— q irely closed. | Very decidedly is the space of the arch isolated in Big. 1255 a, which exhibits the skeleton of a window of four divi-. sions from the cathedral of Erfurt, which otherwise is: to be with the compound traceries (see above). Likewise belongs here the form of Pig. 1242 very frequently occurring in the traceries of the middle period, and especial— ly when the trefoil is also closed beneath by an arch. Sometimes the form of. the tracery on the old works also has reguired the sround form of. the arch, so that.its: centres ars. © placed beneath the ground line, when thereby is: aided a compl- ete development. of the tracery. Such en example is found ont the church of S. Jacob in Erfurt (Gothisches. Musterbuch, TI). But. already in the Barly Gothic period were allowed such free— doms as are shown in the east window of the church at Haina, Fig. 1265, dating from the first half of the 13 th century. fracery of the Late Gothic style. “a As we have already stated concernins the fish bladder, gener- ally is expressed the character of the Late time in the disso= lution of the geometric isolation peculiar to the preceding periods, thus making possible a freedom and diversity of forms far excelling the latter. Fish bladders. The forms. of the Zarly and Late periods often still extend into the later, as then Fis. 1230 also occurs here as a scheme, so that only the fillins of the space by the fish bladder is effected (according to Figs. 1213 to 1218). But more decided he nue ee ie i i } q aes ee 6 pare Sy Oya al tt tedtel edd. Weebtnes e718 i = Pot esr ‘eRiG ok anode as sosge erttag end Iftt pede a eas ebl fovs bedaboo edd to esséneo ego NQSr bit ak ‘etesd £ Gels gent ck nonttdoqo7g eusa od? wee © 9 d dedd oF Ved? a--- = s 9 cals gads o@ ,aolots noteivkh edt 10% qt oft doi 1d da b © Hove oft etuo d de hesoere telyot Ss Ipedatot £6 iors pdé bas G A tow sdt somite, pedd ef id Por isbbsid d2eit edt to notsfeie oft tect on , dows motrivib Besides { 6 evince coho odd emit emes odt te bas Setousdenoo 93 at Sasol at ao d cope odd merd aestA «dot moteivib adr a D xedata edd 201% sattigess dow: ofawaoon0s odd .t9n0ee Sase re ebetaegnt sd gesa oft bur dowiste ed Geo nobiles ont oot nwone si eviton eldixelt Setseges ylénoment & sie Peosya adt to-Gali{tt edd mort ylleitngtedaa: egos eid? Sgeforto owt ydeetiows noicivif aslooviobuee sdé agve yok eds to sail elbbia edt of vasured que doid@ .& sutoeo odd 5 Asetd on es .o 6 lous oct ovode niet bee dow noted , aeatae0 edt déiw eati 2 oc st! teen 9 daliog moiticessd ont een: - es, ok Sas pierwobale e.cot bsyolone sd cele flocs emetien emec sh “Rast sBtG nd cact sedoidt ac nwode es enofreivih ja anda nO .hoas hetaiog ekt to zendneo ode ota dbhac & ti al iisinios toh of% ,vettel edt of toognat o tuode efforts oft edt Ro apibat eft d¥iw wedtant bee ,entd siibiw eft bas doce a1 fem) aa ous betaiog yatecicns od¢ yalwxot bo dots eat vordet @8t' wath aed? .eolLosiciaes texit edt yotaret © hor ed. 26 Ny Dbseki webibenvesat eids.mott boe ,°&b to efyes a6 $s Yt 6 ods ‘e1taeo edt dguotdt zeoy dod +4 & dots O82 eXliqaie eLonxts sae | oF ad taiog & mont es flew 28 ,fois betatoy adt eutot bas o | ot @f euds ,efontc od? of dneguas Yo£ dote ed¢ ecxiséie. ,bavot 24 Soiitib tedden? on esd notivoexe seddavt edt das ,goselexe ont - a Bey ke -Dbeiste need esd tadw ot gatbacoos ytlu ingared re aan qebbaeld dait sf? to emtot S8EIDH old of tf sigmexs os ovin cx dotdu to ,elyte Jaeyodasl? dogger ons : ye to domds edd to rowod [erdneo odd mont medsd SESE og kt , “chanosaiuepeaoinied odt neented sorsistitib ont «seve ai volo HY eit yrooett doses edd at dedt yeidd nk yfieisc daguoz S2m109 ‘ube bus ymoitossiP eno. ni siow asvon sebbeid fasne Wa inc ot ak elise. ,zenel? to axot my ee ) yt wh ; t ct hile o¥ - ht ie y he Z ay @efe boc .¢d + hoe f & telortiscimes edit Aousts ote onif basoua 20 are employed the latter, if ae omission of the circle t thery fill. the entire Space as shown in Figs. 1256 to 1259, — In Fig. 1257 the centres of the pointed arch lie at a and b So that b c = ---. The sam? propobtinon is thég also a basis for the division arches, so that also c e = —--.: The perpend- icular erected at. b cuts. the arch c 6 at h. With the radius . b f is then struck the arch k h and the arch h 1: joining the division arch, so that the skeleton of the fish bladder is. constructed and at. the same time the ogee curve h 1. replaces. the division arch. After then the ogee h m is. found im the Samé manner, the concentric arch resulting from the plan of the mullion can be struck and the cusp be inserted.- A frequently repeated flexible motive is shown in Fig2256.° This comes. substantially from the filling of the space remain- ing over the semicircular division arches by two circles about the centre a, which are tangent to the middle line of the @iy— ision arch and join above the arch e c. Whéh no break occurs, the transition point e must lie on a line with the centres a and k. The same scheme could also be employed for a window of three divisions as shown in richer form by Pis. 1259.: . In it a@ andb are the centres of the pointed areh,. On this g ground line are struck the semicircles a 1 and t b, and also the circle about ¢ tangent to the latter, the great pointed a arch and the middle line, and further with the radius of the latter the arch ec &@ forming the enclosing pointed arch as well. as the arch ¢ e forming the first semicircle. Then draw the line ec f at an angle of 45°, and from this intersection with . the circle strike the arch g h, which goes through the centre ¢ and joins the pointed arch, as well as from a point k to be , found, strike the arch i f tangent to the circle, thus is: found ~ the skeleton, and the further execution has no further diffic- F ulty according to what has been stated. To the german forms of the fish bladder correspond those of the French flamboyant style, of which we give an example in Fig. 1258 taken from the central: tower of the church of S. ffa- clou in Rouen. The difference between the two kinds. is to be sought chiefly in this, that in the Prench tracery the fish bladder moves more in one direction, and thus comes nearer the form of flames, while in the German this: movement occurs. from i we om moe Sas ao btowth beatesh ‘vas, lahinaulee steb ie edt o d Ot sesutaoo nl .sidizecq ousoed elatepiss por itod ¢ goiimoysstres yreoRts Yo enotetyih sdt ove eor0t fed 2 soleie taivotinegeeg daifya? edd of comalt to erebba ld ) eooage edt Qe esavideoinis wsliste yLerktas sas297 i events baetxe yodd ,wedow sorsivif bas @notifoa edd Babeican ont to eoege ofd Ifk% of bane .seodd en nottoerts ss ea Ww ma a laine Gols & goubotg dud yvew wtotinne y{dere Bias sedoitoortetol fi esvies ante edd tetia tact ,evods hedste vheerle eyed ef, i. > egirstoatsdio foltw eooitoreietnl ede ylrelgotiisa et ee Sas nies netic tk deroeT .otdtod ete) att to xo § foeetodai eedote nofletvibh sid seit .yrutaes af AF alt. to b noleeino eas stiwsdforisines es yd besosnsoo ath soorilon, od Peeicess pottoonrstss ozotiv wort mars nsewted eaiet ene ete seitens .(fdSt 849) dove soteivld botnioy env Pest dein «ots ,ltotsweup ,eloito = yd twae0 ysa snes i nove. Sed¢ ni sebbeid deit og vd yleloe to mets teen erok SBE dorado. etnitiya 12 wort revat elynexs ge ,J4Sf Bre 3 besesiceb sds ef tsi o¢ ,yoredelenco Istoege » cxnscan iach gattooetatal ows yd bewdo? zt sosae sdt Berilit dove f seno #£ ef eobie edd te terse? evebbeld said oft a7 vino bas yeti wi nevis emedios cit ylairsrso ‘seERe is ent: ot tates mene eGo yYOssile shez esw someseter gotdy ot eres ensolsd tod, argteq sav .to avito eeiodat S04 to toekts sit sued siinw Mid, fotetess ston tet et dows bodoiog deer edd dein dose edd ii asvs — fiose Atiw(/fO8! spit aivasiotintzee sit to sent ey 3a | ~sidsinetan wale eh cssay2b wisdéeas 2 sited Leedw bose ‘noiiion baoogmes to yrscasT .2 ue | ota | eencbalw sokilon baecomoo to, asf oa senotifum {Leme Svs egusl te cokdosenan cake. eds obtaed .orddo? vesiieas odd ok ubsor ts. teat teas oe beavol aedé ons doidw .2eno baseymeo £u900 enoh aa Ot events o1s yiecsit lo modeye sanel olowiz @ Yo etueg edd Yo asveye betteval as 10} ,wateve yrebaosen vel {age faite bas-yveed Sdtiyd SOSf pi nt Hedéotbat ze .xesc0 - d meseye brooee betusent ert te cusd fue geonilva: sat bs + fier yods fue ' BAN? PaaS 2 a ei tn sie 4 AP bai See ee eh ce! ON eee ee * 4 prey the middle outwardin any desired direction, and so more vari motives certainly became possible. In contrast to both continen tal forms are the divisions: of tracery corresponding to Frshc bladders: or flames in the Unglish perpendicular style, that rep- resent entirely similar diminutives of the spaces enclosed by the mullions and division arches, they extend always im the sam direction as those, and so fill. the space of the arch in a tol- erably uniform way, but produce a rich impression. ‘Intersections. We have already stated above, that after the osee curves it is particularly the intersections which characterize the trace ry of the Late Gothic. Though it often occurs in the second half of the 15 th century, that the division arches intersect, while the mullions are connected by a semicirchéawith the omission of one lying between them, from whose intersection results then t ; the pointed division arch (Pig. 1261). Another filling of the Space may occur by a circle, guatrefoil, etc., with fish blad--~ Jers next them or solely by the fish bladder in that given in. — Fis. 1261, an example tekey from S. Martin’s church im @assel. : appears a special consistency, so far as the depressed pointed arch filling the space is formed by two intersecting ogee pars. and only in the fish bladders formed at the sides is: a cusp ins gserted in the middle. certainly the scheme Siven im Fig. 1260 belongs here, to which reference was made already on p. 523, wW while here the effect of the intersection of the part c bof ta the arch with the great pointed arch is far more tasteful, than that of the semicircles in Pig. 1261 with each other, even if here a certain dryness is also undeniable. 4 4. Tracery of compound mullion and wheel: windows. Plan of compound mullion windows. . Gonnection of large and small mullions. Already in the earliest Gothic, beside the simple tracery win dows occur compound» ones, which are then formed so that. in the © parts of a simple large system of tracery are always: found a smaller secondary system, or an inverted system of the second ~— order, as indicated im Fig. 1262 by the heavy and thin linesy. The mullions and bars of the inserted second system have a cor respondingly more ornabe cross section, and they are termed “y *“youns» mullions in contrast to the ‘a dor peioipal ssllionee The small mullions. are partly isolated (e aud b in Pig. 1262) 44 i‘ We | v ee fa oni i oh 2 Youle el I RL aks ae bi Ee bro eect tae Eni boning sit of bedosiés ylirsq ese bus Laqioniag sid to, enokices georo edt .(S0St sit wi tas mee wort gofeveh relisme edd tadt .begne ms of ed ose Ya eR re omodd, mort asad stow yodd wt vad. ®w ee ,eqevo yd sesad yssoe1t sloake odt ai ybseosIA SGxs' ovSsy ageno odd Io enottoes agorw oft ,svods asec teat i beavengxe etom set nove dad yfrslimke bas ,enokfLow odd ai bai benisdaos 6d snoifinm ilsma sit to escitces seois add. od we bae ebtel dttw wobntw s ni 21 .eeho togisl edd So seo @ Légtoniza oid medt .emid emee ect ts egeno spo00 ancii bhai edt dae eolitong ¢nousttib coidd atedaoo neve LLiw iiin 6.) 5 8 ylgatoroson FOS! sebh oI .omt sved Lliw Be bo ea0ilion seolleme edt od i I b.0 bee tonrzal odd ebgeno edt aattas ~ a gif snotlion edd suthivon to bebaloxe wiilidieseq sat ef setuel tin yasosat olamia's rot slqwexe sot ,sedoia ylovitsier feds Brivis yWorsds .£09P .yiF at elitort evitas edd gniyolqae ae a val oe Bal. ome =) aed seddo sit mo bas .t 25.6 goibiuon xedoiy edt egeuo og « yelentos ef notittevels and doidy ni eeteszesogr 9 isin wooage edd od anibroose ered oft to asly adt Jtadd meosge tol beyolqms seodt goat, taerettib sd tenn 1x0 blyos ‘ejierdnia yOseals oved ow as .setow solatvib wh 19 caeno duc a eitasteqqs as dose 10% swoiulthy SisdieN sot of brassy gi (Sc ea ond .dascmenisise isigake 6 ylleisien tnd bateo is dowdo yustcsnon sit to thodo Site stacensss add ni crak ssoiquexe [yliduned seow silt dmezeng (OSI DSS! .A379) to Bied eds th weiq edt evotie a DOSE .yig sems0d odd to¥ Lede etbBods niowedT .toktetat ed? sxen e2ad bos saci Livi thane eis Yo ¢sdt wohsleost dobdw ,aciiinw eyral edt to aatg | ) omen es aed agexo tuodiin docs coleivihS ssf .b 9 d aotl 1 efoxto. edt ot seuaitaco cele ti fas ,notlivm ffeae odd es ber felq eeodw ,agevo bebbs orm ebieni edt oo tedt yloo yt MOAG EBLE | ‘TO medsagsotta of .e AOS! wRkT mi Fo yd hesso im seKos edt af qevo edt to aciioant edt etoted adgoelLeoxe ohne et alde efide .s 4 detoned ixeq edd atin | “holea dyrorse- ‘molvoe® earove add $ei2 92 jefoutes Pi: be nny hiniiubaie todhre dase in Pig. 1262). The cross sections: of the principal: mullions. mu also be so arranged, that the smaller develop from them as if they were born from them. | Already in the simple tracery beset by cusps, as we have fur- | ther seen above, the cross sections of the cusps were expressed | in the mullions, and similarly but. even far more expressed must be the cross sections of the small mullions be contained in th- ose of the larser ones. If in @ window with larse and small mul- lions occur cusps at the same time, them the principal: mullions will: even contain three different profiles and the small. ones . will. have two. In Pig. 1263. accordingly a ds h will.represent. the larger and b d f i be the smaller mullions, cd @ edt to wobatw teow edd do Buct et tt es ,neco Beesetcet eve zi acieetwo ebdd tus (BEE Bie nz wavid t yllenit bas .ae{q sdt to notteoitifamte seddagt og eheot io eniiinn egisf odd eevitg 2 fb 2m ment dotdw at .¢ Last be pitaays say mott déqeb beesei0ont ra yd bodelubeisaib ylno ek 1 nad sedvivt A i» oeis. es 2 foes m ono [Ilene yords a eqevo est to _attot Sedostis ef sredt enoiffon este! sai no ee ecived tg t 'eIs soY .o00 [leme sit to mala odd Bled enotllya dast a vines to eizvow oft at vifeiosges .anctéibaos gaiyisy Vasa be ay vs gfotot Iftte ei eesntttie tend fotdw of 7 ars we ) -Cobifnua efhbie heldved 3 to ebre Gétos edt to esofeivébh } mt srobstn od at avd? i + $0 Saifdsob s to wtekenco notilgm eldtim: o8¥ retest atHd -axotis ste o dsr e8fT ni soo ilsme ott vent of Jnotllon ra Pies d bas ocilinm dmet edd s 9 wnoiiivm (fema odd fh s etsair owt to etetenco ylkatbacosr dadd .ono sibbim est Sind teblo edt ac yisiésce edt nO .wolod s yd botoennoo enanlos *O2 eriéns 698 enoillua dmsi odt selateP te ferbetiso sit to asieg se redd 20 dno Yliootib wo1y eedows rotelvib edd due yaidsal yf | a prekiten ead to eesmicidt eit to woisootib sf ‘nt pote ed al easly edt evisos: of evoord edt gyc sd Stoteteds tenn e to acto 6d? to Enitusse sdt ellecet [Lite teowegasrie Bist nae 78 sit to dtwors sid stedw ,etesetolo oupasusno8 Visa ¢ ot ewode outs omse oft ts dud .) it Of edd to elbbim ens stuods nsasd yheoxle ned: rovanol ve efdkesog ssedd¢ sism os denii bes , accidsizay dese od may ? + enoi b @ aivwobaiw odd to esivissifwosg ad) patzisienent R6 bard moo eno olbbiw edd .equoty secdd gatmr0t (A dtiy teds 0 pattie ey $00 bentamat doiiv to eshte tiose Js .neosge ont , to seizea doit s ct anode Iasbedtss tyntv to ttodo 2 das oF agpadliit ent d@in batvoencos ei JosnozassiIe aidT _ eommtat sysnis guod,pcSf oc SCSI SSI oot OMSL .ekit ul anode icy {gate gad? essogisg bas utinels to dosl afretaso 6 of g meegt® od. beeoggg ca setisa ea3 to exsten ed? seiztietosssdo imgoteiyib ods to ywilscpent eidd yresdcop Sat no dud cds! bas asda “[ecoens se al ystoeas sc} saemogasiie Isdedsc. edt amrot “aan 4 ae s@motnivib V.bas % ut exobut® poveqneny ge1t to sebenoe aso ehoretvib @ ixk yisoss¢ sone ees efbbia olgate s yd hetsisysqeroisivib eidvod ont to ylew i toto. ,eceue elgate onc yd bstexsosy aucteivib elqist ows to ~ /odtite eeno oidvob ond bas o{boin odd ai ccietvib elqiat “dpa - /20 Bescense egnonn.o6t seontod ebsce eigete edt Bi \emoliiuw eytat ys aebke dsod sa bevokone abut ef ecoieivis ‘im en n91 ry at eeéore golsivid ec aiswer dot “Sapte vi ne Pets roee ict eae anibisor out so poaguagged siitosq ad? yd eift esevoo fas 22d .70 ,asosge to bi yequo3 esadt to gefzcos setwexil ysm adtag. Yat eno bus | meet seta odd ofidw .otkt tekyid 2 eéteqmd yey Be: 7 st sano } » iv : TA . shih Ae iter wlesitae ef - ‘ "y AK ‘ i 1} . Nan . a : . ‘ 7 i a! } y vi) N vt + : = ele int AAR. shea? et ra ee os, OUD ae ak | yee the division arches will be ineffective, and the filling of space by the latter is no longer sufficient, and makes. the eft- ect have a certain heaviness. Generally a tracery in 4 parts arranged in the manner mentioned, where including the jamb mu lions are found four large and but one small mullion, lacks b one more step to the Late Gothic, being without all. main and v7) lesser subdivisions, thus being a window consisting of entirel Similar spaces and mullions. Window in 6 divisions. antl Just. as here the characteristics. of. the arrangement of the w window of three divisions is combined in a capricious way with — that in two divisions, this combination becomes natural for tra- cery in 6 parts. That. either consists of two groups of three d divisions each, or three groups of. two divisions in each, so q that in the first case the main arrangement. of the whole corres- ponds to that of. the window in two divisions, while in the last case the converse condition exists. The first arrangement is . found on the west side of the Gologne cathedral: according tot 4 the original: design, while the latter is: by far that a prevailins and is found on the west front. of S.° Hlisabeth in Marburs, the collesiate church at Mantes and the church of the monastery of Haina. The two examples last. mentioned are ~oveeul ented in Figs. 1266 and 1267, —. The extremely rich window at Haina belongings to the image half of the 14 th century is in striking contrast to that represented n Figs. 1264 end 1265 from the same church and ee rp th century, which illustrate the superiority of the tracery — about a centurn older to that of the extreme richness of that. later. } ‘dl There is found in the drawing of the earlier window" 40° Biges ia 1264 and 1265 the clear arrangement ahdithe wise restriction of the ornament of cusps to certain spaces, which thereby fully 4 q dominating the whole, contrasted with the uniform spreading of this ornament over all spaces, which is peculiar to Fig. 1267, 4 so that this condition comes more into the light where the sim- ple treatment of the older window with its surrounding architec tural: details of rounds, side arches and vault ribs, remains in the most beautiful harmony, and the entire surface of the walk: | imparts a higher life, while the richer form of the west window is entirely leosed from its surroundings, its effect is restric- q by lh hj tu ee aii si se ant 3 r poet bavbaok: etakathek | ome. iO doen sede, bore bienco | 9 Leaakued 98 aN os @ hs evsee of 2b cott omse edt ta ted | sivaien e00ss, pat, of blagyed oxsteveds. tem eomed wiease 2a6l5 4 TREE ton ry siat. aot broits eo ,Bokilt? 2fat ecevos seat ) neo aisee ete efnewetinpes eeodt Sik .mt0d baa osie Ses chee in _wporneb anig-s ni S68f bac b98f .eydt al yieoece shies: 2 8 eve hotauezed geno £tin gedel gulsaninobderq 19% coat ot oat ,ent ao seel ulsietaeo, et Quast bas ,2008¢a betoistae. etten ot Eeiiot tea ecerctals ens mec? .iLtv owo ett xe seep ni oe eeasue hetinif baa, ffawe esodd ai bee enone theié ee Op anoltatcezetqs+ Ietacnetro tna eavgit dokaivero ) Iiewe ciodt 20 tamooas ro woled\ mont bedetuyalvurs Od 4s Ile dtiv teisesy nove eogatasvbsaib edd nol , exon ei encis Blox vot sonesaixe afd? shaitniag sealy ngpeed besseroui, ed of yilatoney ateeags fas ise sathom od # coals of aaped cey .botteg sibbte £3 Yo yest dolitero A. FoF veL 6 dq#ttee eat vheoectia 2a ,&t oo eonaessxoqnlh emet? W wobuin deen Seerxy edt modn vd .exote predaert{h to. bLowt | (Pat 56 evots™ doilso ei cd Aotde at 868! ab bosete } recent ots Getinpes éta cidtod sedi ting ,.tisowensés fatvce hevorg 22 ,bewnaas ylisves ci aedt ovet 141 eon 0 pst Tevencteivib ow? at ewobein ofawie ect yd fLa eretod peniavne Rfao binow sootte Raistewogievo cecdr ,2et3aed0: to Lark faltnieg seals iuttebaov edt egeie ,yxeocss tedele yo e¢eol Baik v2 ,gWewedt bhetolatse: peed sxad ee, Mois Lifte tas ol¢eie 6 to febom ogst a: Bh [feo sd to siete ehie advow ed) to wobsiw sad nous livieptal gidadowq 2h doide 8398S .git ct oovik eetas¥ ve dor Mee — a{bbin ent dvods covt efi done seid bas ,dorwdo: 9x3 iz dat -betasreiqes ef nobiivn eit to asig od? ,ysudneo dt bl ewe: rs yf wh OOSP yee Qo Bag a fest xe errr es boa elguts er noitouttedes eat mb eekt sifnen ett «dia wi dove edi Yo eatfl bavosde ths etter edt ad wedge ,eeotetwib eble edd to enil ce agen bawoxy edt dein °hS te eali s vexh © a bapuva cheaiboge @e ftotert ed? to 0 ext 7) ia 3 b OS. tated © ede imaee sWobain Ta ee wot 8 ua | £ - . : BA eins joan, akoteas <6) Bowed jth ae y > ; te : : “- ; ; s eet Y : Ane inne” Ta ‘ Ch eee ee 27 restricted instead of being in It is further to be w considered, that such window tracery ais not there for itself, but at the same time is to serve as a framework for the inser: glass panels, hence must therefore beppaid to the glass paint that covers this filling, to afford for this. a not too restric- ted size and form. All: these requiréments. are Satisfied by tne tracery in Bigs. 1264 and 1265 in a high degree, while the unio form predominating later with cusps inserted everywhere offers restricted spaces, and thus is certainly less. on the whole than” by its own will. Then the Zlass-worker toiled to master this hindrance, and in these small and limited spaces to insert avian overrrich figure and ornamental: representations searcely to be distinguished from below on acconnt of their small. scale, mak- q ing the disadvantages even greater with ali: the beauty of the glass painting. This existence for self alone is more peouliar to modern art, and appears generally to be increased with the a overrich tracery of the middle period. yen began to place an x= treme importance on it, as already the epitaph of master Reing 4 hold of Altenberg shows, by whom the great west window was com-_ pleted in 1398, in which he is called “above all. the king of a stonework?, But that Gothic art required rich tracery in a deg- ree far less than is usually assumed, is proved satisfactorily _ before all by the simple windows in two divisions of the ecathe- dral of Chartres, whose overpowering effect would only have been lost by richer tracery, since the wonderful: glass paintings must have been restricted thereby. a As a true model: of a simple and still: rich arrangement cam be taken the window of the north side aisle of the collegiate chu- rch at Mantes given in Fig. 1266, which is: probably later than ~ the church, and that must date from about the middle of the 13 — th century. The plan of the mullion is represented im the right half of Fig. 1266 a. 3 a The construction is simple and as indicated by the lines. The ground line of the arch is a b, its centre lies in the middle 4a line of the side divisions, thus in the points ce. At the point | ec draw a line at 45° with the ground line, which gives, the cen- tre OC of the trefoil at its intersection with the middle line of the window. From the point C draw the line C e at an angle ; of 60° with the middle line, erect a perpendicular at the point | f, found by dividing the ground line into three parts, which a wg aii oars LG iaiiilal ea BE bares. Lie as y ts 99 enti en? ates eo Rete ah. bane. od neo etedt¢ ‘edt dotde wort .fova Rs sien. Lenkyteo RIeW sodsavt edt Yo gi kitdterog gaa) ot snatbivos eft to d¢htw eat a@ shroges medt Lio _ theme oda fo dthte ed? teset is clases tacm fa | | pemedexa & atin asoltatvib a te wobal® i rand eonos eneizivid aot So Smowegsetze odd eA ia ort erotnivib Sitiw guonetd to sass Seqoleved et ca bs oe. ri gq eve oted?d dus sacisgeotigisivw « yieisd ef ti ,190T o oa Rit. eSasmssext tedots sietx6o spage sdi to sste oad ito Istheddao eds. to dgacactt diiea ens wort olgzexe of . gh sak to eusdoa odd oF ebacgse x00. ylacidas tads aig Pe + o8 BSL. 4828 ak nevis et nottourt pe aotntets ede ink e¢inecs ecasteib doidn ,b ta o 6 tooetd q edt fo entree 2 si b ged? om «phteqg & of@F oml{ bavory ot oa... en¢-to ted¢ ocala ch ext Ano CTR paodea ,cote bas a ely aw at .g bee tts e&L asttineao exe . weapwouls hehe tei weck bea © od 4 mol o & Y40 eal acds , wend wedt t,cte (@ 4 dots ef3 Yo oail Gentry ods et Soide es ) totdy cfatpor ined & ma tpcomit wreath tas x OF 8 mot? “= Lott ylgukbaooss sRedots cobaiwif efiail eft Yo opti hiewaes ose eLkese ogg asfonaio y¢ beonesge eecage tHeve% 4 RgeLo eit) Bae Tto bisl ov» aate of¢ mort beldfiveed aftiin mt edt 26: 888r BES vG awode ef aefq ats tod . botreant b S88). gie ‘nt d a pawélfol ss heoloutieauo ef eloytio seqay edi pelents eat ao b ds dows of2 to etineo edt Sus ,f & Yo fad eudd eebhigalt edd baawei dignes, #92 te 19ttarp & Sobka al ved siseq $ af eloatio eds yadbblvis ud evecseadw .2 basa & oF =r tf to aotiourisaoo eidieneg & “ios.enes ovit oh , etloeot | aerate ai vediecy oaimueteh ylovisns tomceo en dotin ,yseo wy sono fastos ed? dtiyv vel ct Tet »-yonsLs geod syed yusosts gift io seyatsevbe off a a ti. Beregnoo ed Sivon seed fne ,229S bas MOST wets at ‘’emraaeiiae botuey 4 NOS! -Bi% nt dedt ogtf sequen Pak cnode Inns ot pomogers100 dotgw .esobetvib 6 ai bos woba m desw oss. big dnees hen sBaeletyit &.af wobain edd aot Co ea iielapag Sogn ods to dowude edd a: Prva om peniscis (igi : | Th cama ce i hem bd sgt gt basdassih to enoieivib. ® ai wobuiw Jeon teiois 16% | PEO Rat QC Le N'Y OSE ea Sl a ‘ ‘ = a y BT Baie ahh LON eel ; x 928 3 | cuts the line ©C c¢ at g and thus gives a centre of the trefoi arch, from which the others: can be found in the same Waye The possibility of the further very original detailing of the tref— oil. then depends On the width of the moulding, so far that at h i must remain at least the width of the small. mullion. Window of 8 divisions with 3 systems, As the arrangement of four divisions comes from that. with t So is developed that. of tracery with 8 divisions from that of 4 four, it. is merely a multivlication. But there are permitted by tke size of the space certain richer treatment. Fis, 1268 shows an example from the north transept of the cathedral. of Meauz, 4 that entirely corresponds. to the scheme of Fig. 1262, The cons- truction is given in Pig. 1268 a. 4 Bisect ae at d, which distance results from the division ot 3 the ground line into 8 parts, so that d is. a centre of the pein ted arch, whose ground lines is also that of the arch f g h, wha ose centres lie at f and g. ; a Then lay off a ec from a to e and draw a horizontal through 8,14 which is the ground line of the arch k e, etc.; them draw e J. “4 rte from e to m and draw through m a horizontal, which gives. the ground line of the little division arches. Accordingly the ate] ferent spaces spanned by circles are easily constructed, the «4 widths resulting from the plan are laid off and the cusps are a inserted. But the plan is shown by Fig. 1268 b. The filling of: the upper circle is constructed as follows; a b im Big. 1268 is half of ¢ d, and the centre of the arch a bd on the line a db 7 is about a qguanter of its length toward the inside, thus moved 4 to e and f, whereby by dividing the cirele in 6 parts the rest results. We give here only & possible construction of this tra- cery, which we cannot entirely determine whether it accords ful-— ly with the actual one. 3 | ‘ The advantages of this tracery have been already emphasized a in Figs. 1264. and 1265, and these would be compared with the f far richer west. window in 3 divisions of Altenberg in the same a manner, like that im Fig. 1267. A varied arrangement of tracery — in 8 divisions, which corresponds to that shown in Pig. 1254. f 2 for the window in 3 divisions, as shown by the west window of q the church of the Minorites: in Golosne. Its eisht divisions are arransed in theee sroups, themmiddle one including four spaces. _ While then the two arches of the side groups stand on the ground ‘- die ie) de | ha iti f : ie IeeukainbPase dak’ tea | Pree edt Yo entl | weed: to xefisy edd bos .bCSI L1H ak eoace efb 6 ool sd0%8 betatog tse23 sdt to tedd diseqed ato tia y beeserqsh edd nett etivset daeueshnedis sit ainenged wedgid edt yd bebtovs ei tsit (wobatw ettd oie omse sit te ewode: tI stove efbbte edt Yo snif ban @ te atodo sds to-mobaiw edit te wick off oF aottsler at One edt elsoxs 1st gud 882 .¢ n0 besottasn Lerbs Pitul pie fy ‘~eamoisaogots L[aeed eft goxt edines ee .potages Be, Bb atlet venoletvih ogom so @ to ewobary Lhe act to [etbetiteo edt mt-e2 ecoteivib 0 at enobatt ram as oe e ayes rts ab sno elidw .asotaivih seit to efgtouisq edt o¢ be’ i + ana to megeye edt to nottsokiqmao syd bomtot 2i eso a me ee | sould sisl eds to emoiliue mrotiad te ae ous bedets eolgtoning dt moi? yLsnerettiC \\'pesqohs leone: sdf ml .atdted sted to yreoest FO enci¢eanidmos pie sAmea oat) bauot mem bad evehbeld deit to eee2o to earot bas Petat coteivth yok .cosgs to mt0t qos gnbtlti yidses > bot tmifay eit bevshaid even bloow edaeg HIRT AHHN 3 CSAC RR eLeqoosh erotstedt sew bos eusen seedt % stog %0 Bago yd Setoensoo e178 .10t mee odd bowtaoet pa mae o¢te evebbeld det? edd of grifo tostel edd bos .bedou1s ee Pianesidts equois ni betasiis teddie sis tedd .ydeinav: betot Dae atans Gost) dasbasgehst ro esd xebiw yd besolone sated UME seuntosssesi oivelias aiedt yd asdsce edt Ii enole ysis mm) m@etnsgic oidiod sat to noktelossib eisiqnoo sit seodt Ife ak “ovis edt yd besitgrss od ono Seum -aodd -eidisgqesteq shaa vegan Sid nt stest oid Sue .tosrszastis ‘ni {itde oss: stb pb a gaidses ‘noe edt to eye steel od¢ oca ease? .taemtesrd sah chake ‘pods dail {etottitas edd sictiw rot ,atesavon sdé 7 spin: i , redudsdadve ofdsissia s ea teeti bs ake MPa igre: -enobaiw sso1 brs [esdw bagoaaod A wi a a *Rifsibs: heoaka anotiice | + xd fenofiot oale ef ytsesad basoqwoo to elgtontag en? cS ube — | ete" amto? eloute tied? .ewobuiy $807 bes fosdu ss i fe eentts 86m Sedu word .ObSl oF ESSE vest at heatel AS SI ¢ wes > BRT ab awode amtot edd begoloyen viizse ed Shai es a a0) yencbaty aneat(t sousdttingsa Balvenimobsyg. — | d Se ere am caepate Seed ak ate Basen red to. [i be peated-ecdt .enoleivih esidt to eggork ossts nt berasiie | : a ik oa Ae Se . sek > Be ye. ee 2 oi S94 Wea) tae cosine ths ae en Fe ee a y j ? : Mh Hy lua ba cro Ne Tae { te ‘ : +: ep 429 line of the pointed arch, the Us one is higher like the dle space in Fis. 1254, and the vertex of the enclosing arch ab uts beneath that of the great pointed arch.’ The peculiarity o ! the arrangement results from the depressed proportion of the tire window, that is avoided by the higher position of the gr und line of the middle arch. It shows at the same time a cert relation to the form of the window of the choir of Erfurt. cat edral: mentioned on p. 528, but. far excels the latter im pure caprice, as results from the basal: proportions.’ Windows of 9 or more divisions, Windows in 9 divisions as in the cathedral of York, cam be arranged in nee groups of three divisions, thus: being referr~ : ed to the principle of three divisions, while one in 12 divisi- ons is formed by a complication of the system of that in 6 parts Uniform mullions. of the late time. a, Differently from the principles stated are formed the richer combinations of tracery of Late Gothic. Im the once adopted q forms of ogees of fish bladders had men found the means: for d rectly filling any form of space. Any division into main and subordinate parts would have hindered the unlimited developm of these means and was therefore dropped. Accordingly all: mul ions receiwed the same form, are connected by round or point arches, and the latter clings to the fish bladders with unrest icted variety, that are either arranged in sroups without the being enclosed by wider bars or independent from each other, © they alone fill: the spaces by their artistic interlacings. If in all these the complete dissolution of the Gothic organism made perceptible, then must one be surprised by the inventive — Sift, the skill in arrangement, and the taste im the entire treatment. These are the last rays of the sun setting behind — 4 the mountain, for which the artificial light then kindled shay) “1 ed itself as. a miserable substatute. a Gompound wheel: and rose windows. BMullions placed radially. The principle of compound tracery is also followed by the on at wheel. and rose windows. Their simple forms were already exp— lained in Figs. 1243 to 1246. From what was there stated will — be easily developed the forms shown in Figs. 1269 to 1271. Th predominating magnificence of these windows, attainable by no other means, such as the minster at Strasburs as well: as that ah were | TO an ok —aile eee per kor at ‘ >t i i mi ‘ia sue fi detache lad ha leben est WHS ot Saar -eath xt anode “fie pean ie sBtaem teiso on yO oldanissts .ewobaiv. seeds t ont to seom ¥g swode sedi ce [lew.es guadeasie Je ba betguetits seed: asi ti ‘+gistoeswoo on gheer .elexh t q ead edd io nottibnestnaos gi emedd batt ot deitw of eau de eBufoxe of .yivestay ex of exsecte ti tud ,cidso® ‘to Saeqebatl rv900 asdéie yodT tise stenc) dor of of fo. $0 wots betetog ¢ ci betaseri ets to elerbedtso sonst noble 2ns to Scomegeatie ofT -lite Sdeierte 6 déin mot gre Bas. oF # et foie Sstaiog oft etedy bavol ylisresey oels ek doi oe beable epigoasb edd tadt .venees edd ni toedt eteotioen bos me ae i-fencktaco siséfonetinss rsqqu 40d ynivofons dow tit Riek enetos altiifiae sizer 10 das; isoivaev odd nt obie it YLLidicecg ond Bmivowes vitqged ,ilie odd to desy edd ao i sax GO gaibasdixe egnibloow edd si tosilos biuoo asian oct : d sdeLqnce Ovni sneatseit etttas eft esaidd es .slotioimes y: abst smobastze fas toitesat sad te acail. asate edd dtin vac 88 Dent offf .edeb vlase enev Yo eivon ai bagot ybser Le fo tosecexs edt .eamiedi to lesheddsc sid .estnel ds doves , ee efor bisis@ toqgu sit conte won ted .ote ,cite% to Lsthadses ett 10) 8o16 bedaiog ond nidtix betreeni ei votretat edt ¢ bas ,soitetxe edd no bsesetgxe sd onis ven t]eddsl add \ dows Ssiateo « at wohatey eee & Io dusasgazais odd sogh fSenj, (fot eft ead Iiite fotdu .selygud vd boetoitizc -adiito’ edt 20 snoitolitdanoo edt Yo enuden edd 60 Seeed, sated psi ebeoet gesw sid nostifesrateasy dads BIeESscgs es ot ‘ y Wegnowe ofc ni yqqed eesl .eirow retel vase o¢ Iaexbediao ponte rbio? & uiddiw efoto eft to saweolons odd Yo ants “On Yo ‘movig ef seelqg @idd ot etegge eft to ebis teogy edz ead yleisg tnomsasetts ne etuerenges anoteteddt bua puoks a Larecuitod sit déiw bedoennco ef dt arsdier® at) .esivaas bas dove £2079 BIsseen dc svoled shesasq wovIsd eds. to = ay eoitan ne dooe isdtedu sed? .(fetnucid ifer ex oct » saotetos’ edi ns ot titel ed Dba futissuesd: Sawer uileutos 6 Wy eee an ) s@aotmdvtb: Latbag fo ohsos’ Si oe ey to. dade eae .eeobaty Lesdw etal vreem ox. Ao a0 med pfetber ed¢ A\St .2it) gredwexwy af sast0d pitas sini sate Sacau er et bas beqqorb ei st “tie » omshonsexésee o47),e9hke feflereg dtin bs ‘i a creesiniteee teSeecenc> exe: dene sencoxo goizons aay, 4 n 7 7 ry aT oe | ee) EN a ee et 30 ane shown in Figs. 1269 ee predominating magnificence o these windows, attainable by no other means, such as. the mins’ at. Strasburg as: well: as that shown py most of the Prench cath drals, needs no commentary.’ It has been attempted in modern + mes to wish to find these in contradition of the true principle © of Gothic, but. it. afpears to us unjustly. To exclude them would © be to rob one’s self. They either occur independenlty on the aa French cathedrals or are inserted in a pointed window of ordin= ary form with a straight. sill. The arrangement. of the sill, ma | ich is also generally found where the pointed arch is wanting © and manifests itself im the manner, thet the deeply moulded sofa fit arch enclosing the upper semittrchéais continued at each Side im the vertical jamb or rests ontlittle columns and stops. on the wash of the sill, happily removing the possibility. that the water could collect in the mouldings extending on the lower semicircle, and brings the entire treatment. into complete harn-_ ony with the other lines of. the interior and exterior. It is q already found in works of very early date, like the colleggate — church at Mantes, the cathedral of. Rheims, the transepts: of the cathedral of Paris, etc. But now since the upper. semicircle — the interior is inserted within the pointed arch of the vault, — the latter may also be expressed on the exterior, and then pro- — duce the arrangement of a rose window im a pointed arch before criticized by Kugler, which still has its full. justification as | being based on the nature of the construction. Om the other hand” to us appears that trensferredifrom the west facade of Freiberg | cathedral: to many leter works, less happy in the stronger ace tins of the enclosure of the circle within a square, Since thea the upper side of the square in this place is given by no condi- tions, and therefore represents an arrangement purely based one caprice. (In Freibers it is: connected with the horizontal: root ~ of the narrow passage before the western cross arch and there- fore is well grounded). Then whether such an untrue form can be actually found beautiful may be left to am open decision. : Radial divisions. on mary late wheel windows, like that of the west facade of. : 9. Lorenz im Nuremberg (Fis. 1271), the radial position of the. mullions is dropped and is only retained for D200 ed with parallel sides. The entireescheme consists of two inter- secting crosses, each arm composed of two divisions, therefore — $n ioc 4 od? penct ting ebro f we beeolont taa¢ 2 bated 105 baked ‘sysi peot> eno of nedt tetts! edd vatdoen 8 ots Io b sgh’ ‘edd ak teats odé nivhas .sforto ssd00 a } \ 820%) Serr? etosmagasixe ied: neended etsthemedal noistecq A 6 Beobuiw Tesde odd Yo oo yd asked et INSf Bos east ‘eb S6iorts eit siofin ,hroficegqd nt eateodset «2 %o so sO ‘etetexoo doidu to ¢18q fose elictestanp a ya bodes sa sieve evilsitbey tea-ers ifs tad .nobiles Iiswe end bas edd yLao ‘dokdw ni yetento wot bessly exe ‘emcteivih aot ezeid i modes Mfeut a yd betsothot ti bos ,Lethes et snit elbbin ) Beteted oat snotiina sgref beteolone odd oF Lallarea at dot Sess edd biswod beawit ei teddsl odd attosance dow Bean ro) Lkotetssnp edt to eaokflum shaal ode eniet ny 2) he +efovio edt akdtinw zom3id Lsokstenoss Bike ocuie eit ad OS? .g oo Skee et tedw oF gathroook ed senneo 3t .eloato s to gei{Sit odd go Ite ‘9 a0 Bas wo bbs SSuxtenco oF wobniv sco to batd batdd s 04 F[nordseLh "Yd bovolone el sets otitas sdt dotdw si .esfaesrs teers} “6. bb qiborth bes ,eisd beliiosg yleroste svom bas begeds yline © Ba doue .e18d toxsea ys borebred estesit fesintdspoes bédeee T snee7e WaststItlh et wi ..0¢6 yeltotssteos: to aliotess ftow eat yd f ody 'éevoos “xa lop ong edd Io adatot edt ditwiete Sah ai-at- bee Pest oaody vedale seeds no tdzrom seny mid a wi Ene at ens 30 #etanoe edd otetdo as ae “iy een ni carat, Oates eis , vos wee a - a ee et Tee OP ah ee a i Se PR ht le tN ot a he Mi PA oe hoe BN A a Yh) 2 RT a SP a 931 being a part inclosed by large mullions. The pointed arches. c necting the latter then in one cross have their vertices: in t outer circle, and in the other in the angle of the arms of the first cross.’ A position intermediate betweem both arrangements in Figs.’ 1269 and 1271 is taken by one of the wheel: windows of the chu ch of S.° Katherine in Oppenheim, where the circle is first. ene losed by a guatrefoil, each part of which consists: of two lar and one small: mullion, but all are-set #adially. But between +. these four divisions are placed four others, in which only th middle line is radial, and is indicated by a small: mullion, wh- ich is parallel: to the enclosing large mullion. The pointed 4 arch connecting the latter is turned toward the centre,oand t joins the large muliions of the gquatrefoil.’ Geometrical figures within the circle. According to what is said on p. 520 tn the simple wheel: win ow and on pe. 511-0n the filling of a circle, it. cannot. be ver difficult. for a third kind of. rose window to construct. the di: ferent examples, in which the entire area is. enclosed by diff: ently shaped and more stronsly profiled bars, and filled by in= serted geometrical figures bordered by weaker bars, such as ci cles, trefoils or :matrefoils, etc., in the different. areas.Yet. for their effect such rose windows: remain subordinate, consist- ing at least in their main parts of radial mullions and space: if already for the technical: execution, the ddfferences: resul ins from the great length of the mullions are to be aiisiatck: 5. Balustrade tracery. Balustrades with mullions. @onstruction of the railing. B On the construction of the parapet, that. is further more fwai he- ly explained om p. 363 above im connection with sutters: and ar- ips, there will be here mentioned only, that the tracery balus— trades consist of separate slabs 15 to 20 cm thick as a rule. “If possible they are made of one piece in height, so that. the separate pieces meet at their end joints and at the base by the moulding on which they stand, but are connected together at t D by the reildlaid on them. dence the joints in this: rail alterne- ate with the joints of the slabs and receive in grooves the to gues wrought. on these slabs. Where the required height is har to obtain, they consist of two pieces separated by a bed joint. beg: edd dotdw gd elewob aott ¢edt oa ecomlotdt PL bat iain gaote tO easu add vd bios ‘ed geo .beJood 7 08 ek woltoeanoo edd iter sit stevoor edd eistae tedd tba: ame obettecied eit no £a ~Batg corr is siedd shsm & eon0 omg wos¥ .lexzbedtso gartsi coats deidw no essq19d h @f% to dthiu edd medt etiveet adeie.sdt to asoxtsins Fegatueno. eit to emits edt of bathieoos yiesesd edt to aisd +16 By) ei = , shedoobs smedoe eid yd heakvpst » exond ve eeemss yisosts eharden[ad to golioas eeoro sat is0et MOtiietisl off tt svootk ods tads TYSORE LWISOLIZ vobalw o te mio? edd atiogess etctetedT .bottino ef gkaiaale ocd goly g Isaogsit eds Sayot ek yitaeupers .SVSh eit ‘at mavis ncisvoss 3 bemzo% gogsioo edt oels (dsle edi to uesavotad sat nt orsy . jouebitve sdz to nella efcate geote vteifisae ond ee Liew ea eins ue wu a ae : Puinecii OLssil bare eaori(sx% to eatetenoo dbdsdie lad yioosit € to foemsinsits teolonis A Lew eeeds to ésot ont -eotowe yd fetoeonoo enoiffum to ror 3 sat eas ao tiel eced Letnositod - yd bétoonges aodt ote sno to gedoss nobeivid i) to biee ef tedw-estigas eedots afi oF q oieedots beiatog 16 bower sfamie ed yax youd ryascerd He ‘a 7 % soia emoosd yer? .suede [rotors War Savers yam to .sqend dtie ai0 Betusent oys eedorws edi asanded eotatanss esoege edt nf ti * bY e€\SI 58570 wd arofeias ..ots arene .eelo ue fteas Sat ni esil echeadesied woiilsy seeds ede Sas Yo dsSiw [fama ont gadt gost sft at exe archaeon ydeiend has ,noiditeqet ¢a9upe7t etinveq #90 »8 GO einste sieraienisd e dove TI .ayetta vefuo & $ne «isis peatesse Yievi .eiol zwslever siedd atater Sciweiit enoifinn edt or ‘gaits? ei eodews sJnsgast xs0t c¢ 28a St men duageb of pads oF gaibaogesztce Saist edd fae .setian odd eyoten ons aia eid galtlite yo wre heowhorw ed nes pants vee To. seit enw ,enanico sistil es bemrot sd osle ven elsottisy ect Bhs. ezotx .ohsitenisd edt ac dele emse edd nt obew ci batiias ito edd al .eved fae fettgas edt cot esottive srotersis 89a ering ea OF ,zueleer ylentias ad. bivow aoltospoyg eidd os ft to contac sildae haves eat +to beaeerh ed ot sosaiotat 5 entered atta gr Lec ft Poviiie an wo ea aoe: t enote edt te bsesvenI .guedbeitt ts ao St ak acontoiss | eae ed Sta © : ——- Path 5 (on i, oJ ae ae ee el 32 as on the church of Ha htc therefore must have sreste thickness so that iron dowels, by which the bed joints are co nected, can be held by the mass of stone enclosing them. The thickness. is 22 cm at. Friedberg. Instead of the stone tongue that. enters the sgroovein the rail, the connection: ie 00 made there at iron pins, as: on the balustrade surrounding the © terrace on which rises Erfurt. cathedral. Brom the once assumed thickness of the slabs resnlts then the width of the mullions. or bars of the tracery according to the sige of the openings: required by the scheme adonted. | The cross section of balustrade tracery agrees with those otis window tracery, except. that the groove in the latter for a ving the glazing is omitted. Therefore results the form of cros 7 section given in Fig. 1272. Prequently is found the diagonal so- uare in the thickness of the slab, also the octagon formed from this as well. as: the earlier shown simple plan of the mallion, Mullions and little ctlumns. . a The simplest arrangement of & tracery balustrade consists. of. a row of mullions connected by arches. The feet of these aaleial ons are then connected by 2 horizontal base left on the slab. To the arches applies what is said of. the divison arches of “4 Window tracery; they may be simple round or pointed arches or with cusps, of may assume any trefoil: shape. They become richer if in the spaces remaining between the arches are inserted cir- cles, trefoils, etc., as shown by Fig. 1273. 4 The advantage of these mullios balustrades lies: im the easily understood scheme, in the fact that the small width of the spa- ces permits a frequent repetition, and thereby produces both a 4g rich and a quiet effect. If such @ balustrade stands on 2a stair, the mullions likewise retain their resular form. Every attempt to depart from it, i.e., to form rampant arches is foreign to the nature of the matter, and the raise corresponding to the Pr rise of the stairs. can be vroduced only by stilting the arche The verticals may also be formed as little columns, when the © railing is made in the same slab as the balustrade, whose thi ness therefore suffices for the capital: and base. In the as case this. projection would be entirely useless, to require the thickness to be dressed off for the entire heisht of the slab.” e The latter would be superfluous when the mullions assume the 4 forms given in Fis. 1272 a, thus consisting of two little col } ! avd, } . ERE gli hss HAS he Oe GBD! 208 sa bid Lin bath ngedbics! eldest | fouborg ‘got ennai ovidootte yey ee Maoigmbag hE 4 | ; Keble [fags edt te bevieo,, id oss | Pie 0. jobemteutad to gdyte® cece. ek Uiuadeined eé& ebaetieolsd ed? to tdbten sit fed sone odd 38 BBO yon [tet god eff tedé ce ,tabied- nagud 03 oxo 9818. 036 eseds voy. 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Fo sel geoxs afoe .eton ‘a4 We i 9 0He ad ~toSSOFY Po iN arene eliotoss to “Gedenoe hstteuled 6 ewode ATSE .Bie f) , aw 4 | 8 S\SP «Rr? af ea Shotetisoh © taetdo ef yissstt edt Ro toaite.edt uf egnsio Isttasiedga 4 a. “eas Wedd oe ,ovenps 2 ci besolene ei sivei? elynize ya 2 Bape Gin Gaoocol off OCIS «2% oi bee Lieteitaso ed? VIS .228 Bi: yeu sadiel suet? «enoiilus leciisev yd asdto does worl bedaa Tt 598 ead So eiaiot bao edi cont of .dtiiw astesth « oven 19a) S eiienes ned? olinn .,aslbbie aieds dgweoqsd eesg adele 93 “de Of B& O19 ‘seetuQit edategse of3 Io sleacovsih ead ak | $00 ‘od Statot odd act Usifasears iis to tari cid yasoaid wo Ms eds gf etatoyg teen nisdxeo to encidosjo1g {fe .eolins stuoa ye BNE Fas +Gand to efbbie eai.taean dinoadd tg "a oats th | ~tebewarled eted i iecs ere git b suesoe ond to aoitsnietsasat sdt cord SOS 4 eiton oidtee sted ak Salumose sezitones ativeass [retour mes elsiaopitcd towol bus ssqqy ed? od sedove odd to coltennad ed to sen boeaovont add ile. to Jecu cidteg edad to sebssd einotes Jz0m ond to Wilidiaeog oti -h5a .syitom rebbald aso 918 etebbeld dett oeed? .Seovbo1q yosedd encitgaid Lt odd 10 vaatol Saver, tedie. to eelosto 19ecsio 7 Ya pao by ‘ edd... cuI0), eerie os reiivosg per neenerebes Yass a DO } iii coatiies AI ay 2 ' 1 te OE ee Pe ie aoe a he fe 7 5 wi eeere va sae) 1) ef [ 7 ’ iF 0 (Laat wal? TK re m *| os rey, 7 is j fh) wad Ae F 77 ol ht, earn ye a : ee ay! v if 4 yo =o we fk A ite | hon q } a ‘ ie he) ioe | po Bs f a he 4 a4 ‘S r 7 4 . TO ageso edt te eefors eds meewtacd Sarneqe edt al pedi bies . ils ideo? eos .edlans Sinis 46 eldfesog es ylasen se sted edz ° uess efotot edt ti tivset sesval oft conte .febiove od agaiog pied edé tot oiveizvedosisso ei gatwieit0 sOVSL .SiE yd ovode de: ediga al ,9osiave siigse sd ezatosizveini beitzey.: To A | ee bir A hie Pe tae a Sp. ah Me eo aa AN ial Lee in BAAS 34. | it by a circle, etc., or by ee the motive ind dene another, and further py the repetition of the scheme in two over each other may be produced an infinite variety. Big. 1276 shows a balustrade composed of guatrefoils, which contrasted in Fig. 1277 with a corresponding form of squares diagonally and beset by cusps. If already the treatment shown Fig. 1276 is more peculiar to Barly Gothic works, it is someti- mes found occasionally about the middle afidtend of the 14. th c_ century, as for example on the roof balustrade of the church at Hriedberg and the Wiesen church in Soest. Peculiar combinations. further arise by the alternation of horizontal and diagonal. Sq- uares as shown by Fig. 1277 a. Im both Pigs. 127/ aod 1277 a 7 the skuares are replaced by quatrefoils or square openings wit! cusps, as on the west. facaie of Gologne cathedral. Particniamiae Characteristic is the occurrence of the apex of the square or ‘ guatrefoil. in the opening between the arches of the cusps or. ote the quatrefoil as in Fig. 1277 a. 4 substantial change in the effect of the tracery is. obtainedia if any single figure is enclosed im a square, so that. thus in ( Pig. 1176 the quatrefoil: and in Fig. 1176 the lozenge are sepa~_ rated from each other by vertical: mullions. These latter may a then have a greater width, so that. the end joints. of the separ-— ate slabs pass through their middles, while then usually occur a in the diagonals of the separate figures. Here as in the wind- ow tracery it is first. of all: essential: for the joints. to cut the bars as nearly as possible at right angles, thus that. ali: acute angles, all projections of certain weak points in the joints be avoided, since the latter result. if the joints: are ‘ cut. through near the middle of a cusp. : i Late balustrades. a Prom the transformation of the square in Fis. 1277 into a qua 4 trefoil: results sometimes occurring in hate Gothic works. a con- ’ tinuation of the arches to the upper and lower horigontals as: q shown by Fig. 1273. Otherwise is characteristic for the balus- trades of Late Gothic most of all the increased use of the fish © bladder motive, and the possibility of the most astonishing com binations thereby produced. These fish bladders are inclosed im either circles or other sround forms, or they fill with their varied interlacings the entire surface. In spite of the lack of — easy understandins peculiar to these forms, their effect is. still ‘ag a 5 J ‘wen i Ki } cu : ais a Un ae : Dig Sue A EOE wwii lesatna vilereas3 7] ot beteegse ry) paore? at Ee aay 6a) tate b eyed ior otso8 osna oft to aoléiedesd edt ineses 1 epptiot 4 cham of Liveo acttensotenert eeot dein |” eer. — fenaevaes gdt to ,oreiat yxeoedt ofdrod etng a greseoty @d@ apdt .vedteget fetoenacs Bawek vfflen |” ae os iap shoot seioece dose of emnol eseteqes ede a enced & is tedto. dose ofot setooqe eiataqen | €i3 26 sais tansss ee eee ees retodwu e4% ‘ak qtintotiag of eriatek ak vtebwey i, s to amiet wen fo agkeoh off mi 14 dtel too bivew one vipat i 1 bebtove: et oldiveod ypatdtytere fede ,Aeitodem con ak ont zr efetaeies.sedious otai bentatzceud od glteee biwoo es ‘ 08 wolidortg taetued tilsaxesey odd ai gi sonie ,ceioeda | ne eldfeeog ne ylguede as tiag yew To soOtcsrede edt bi -eidiseoqg ne xiteefo os ti trees . gen, deers nt cave eve eebartenisd ~reoets siddvon eéau oy peotpolencido e‘dosdus lish) yasmie) to 22egivoug fie ‘ak: m pot eeost toebot Berebienos ed of .e%a celgqmexs teed sAt i aan memomd ti mows .emtol. yaizoloas odd Sotacigut ilite om ra batt eidt fc shsitetlad [otisvesd yuev & .fegolevel yiin a ig a0 dantre bi ivayee «6 to yrolist aagrxo searot edt no. Sanok _ ie ~(ONSS .ei5) tgeenesd ison edd. to Liew teas bP moktewsensos. eidt yan beta gikt Yo ofamexeo olggrin o 2h AY: bi ie ¥ to Tt 6 00 beged si emodoe esiiao ed? .oted eoslg otf iP) ad Meatog ef¢ mart oto .¢.¢.%, a % © telgadias Latese li ag 2 most ree oe O2O 4B 3 so ¥ & B cose qefvorto of% isutia exe ig bfe-ai wexh anit :.0%0e FG 40 M ym { gedots ef? .4 &t d etatodg : a - eoeiq ..0%0 et eo hw (tf © pe RY senkl Yaktiooeld ens eolnasizt | ; | — m { dots e82 o8 eedt feqo bass a0 Senzeqwos sh? | olan authss ease odt atin ¥ most oodt 6 of O42 sah ih id ee Wd cede (wv Sous wd w word edicts bee © noliooesc?ts Pea oe 1 ,Wotelexe exisne cdi boteunteros at oxwheoorg edt- to a oe Naga Gthiw eft d#an sk wovoc of yYreseeoen ylac ci i yeas ease etelqmoo OF agave edd dnesct of baa toisgoos eeoxo ae 7 T/gefheockoas cit Ye ebke Incitcey edt a3 tw soltonng ay t aetonto. teosy | eae Bo, autbsn edd dtiry sBWOLIO gs hse DR empl way ce fy iy Seakt elbitn beonbotg od¢ fo tated & #oxt ediate .x p "tes setseate edé ie ty bos 0 « eebis eds of galgaciod | adel zi eek 4 Sid Mens iN ae ‘+@ 8 Beene oft went et <\)" ‘ nya tu ate ath neebawrantes bees) .) oe ne « : H ANT ee s Pah a aa Ce Fs bm ‘intl wis Ris LOI iy sy ee See RS Ne ae IOs oe ( t C An an Pot 35 a But an increased interest is attached to them, since they re resent the transition of the Late gothic foliage friexe. Thus with less transformation could be made a foliage frieze from a bate Sothie tracery frieze, or the converse! hence both are us= ually found connected together. Thus the greatest diversity of the separate forms in each species leads. quite directly to shell transition of the separate species into each other, and hese : variety in details. to uniformity in the whole. Perhaps accord= ingly one would not fail, if in the desigm of new forms of angola kind, in any material, when everything possible is: avoided, th- | at could easily be transformed into another material, another 4 species, since it is the generally hardest problem to conceive 4 the character of every part as sharply as possible, and + oa resent it as clearly as possible. q wate Gothic tracery balustrades are found in great numbers in all provinces of Germany (Kallenbach’s. Ghronologie). As for 4 the best examples are to be considered indeed those im which a ~ are still. indicated the enclosing forms, even if brokem ahd not ~ fully developed. A very beautiful. balustrade of this kind is: 4 found on the former organ gallery of S. Severi in Brfurt on the — east. wall: of the north transept (Pig. 1279). 4 As a single example of this kind may this construction find its place here. The entire scheme is based on a network of equ= ilateral triangles ec x k, k b s, etc. From the points “a, b, c 4 are struck the circular ares d g ve, fin g, etc., and from the — points h ik, the arches 1 m, n 0, p q, ete.; thus draw in all: : triangles the bisecting lines r s, ri, ak, a t, ete., place the compasses on u and open them to the arch 1 m and carry the. circular are to v. Then from v with the same radius make the ~ intersection w and strike from w the arch v u, thus by repetit- ion of the procedure is constructed the entire skeleton, and it 4 is. only necessary to cover it with the width resulting from the cross section and to insert the cusps to complete the Fig. The junction with the vertical side of the enclosing rectangle ise.) made as follows. With the radius of the great circle, thus with — gq k, strike from a point on the produced middlé line the arches ~ belonging to the sides. x ec and y c of the triangle, and place. in them the ogeés @ @. Blind balustrades. Os ee OPE tye hs) ote BA I fas Th sper] Pa Ne pe rieat as - L's” B 7 ¢ jing ae a ene ‘eat ov text e716 pbiassatad yreoss? babe vs e008 fue ctsd edd to seeudoids seecol s tiwte9 t to nelq odd Gornye0000 .emedog. 46t to aeiqexetqmoo niess eto et seem od¢ wk toelis edt zeadt .betste ed of jo etptzesto dtée ti as banoty eds aout esostoxg efblod st f sosa2e odd nein to ,asokiive odd Oaided toseievoi cedt itn, » ) «> ydoouhes! daft 6 ea hewset af saolilua edt yd o oted neted OS of [Le ylleisd toetiocoo wiays [Lede ot Bt ast -obetieuted 6 36 nhieeh off af oofics | ta hayee i) ty . »-ebartterisa « nt at nous stoped Soda hexiniesebh ci Liss edt yakbofont tdgied eritne edt .f ae sosig oft <¢badt@@vied ad? to seogdavinnedtd of tat of trecanma baa engolod at ae) atiméy ntaiseo abidiv Sac ,beteo . snathiind ett to eroteromth edt of eanibsooos " beakuroseh yiiereney ei dele edt. to evenveist ect .% vere to S\f of s\f of etawoms eLue 2 2a bas tagted. sii oF ‘pywen edt to tpemeolévesh etlt Boa xteonst ods to maiod oct «8 hoe metoidan eft uo ,motsieoq off to tduked edd co ahaoged pent @sOtetedT .etuaq tnenet hs eff Po eaokenowhh edt no bas f mesto oe o@ ,.woled wort efLdaringene:t ylortine of taym ome etal a*velitib fine .bootasebar ylbese zemooeé ti fadt be t ent af yiooasd to as¢o? ¢aecet ha eft to ecebeaes th ed? mib selisas 10 rapaess teddte yd esloenate 10 eoidsy gntt | et0ebizace sk xa? ©2 eewon eted efettauiad ext to dégnel off? (ana od yam hue odd ta yuesert ef¢ Yo wokteainies edt tat saetis st yeeesse betstotseq eft to raed ods to Sssoty edT .t ‘edt to. ewedos eit ,dais edt to seoodola? oft oF Kathioens bey Wide one to dehiv oct .aleicetsm edt Yo srntsa edt bos yreoes2 cS }es0 to eotode edt .8.: f xo 1; f 8s anemiotid edt of ef yon : cae te yttetiquia teseol a0 Teteo1s ent ao ehaeqeh grotioes “rn Yo stegdotdt eft 20 taut es epniaegc tentel edt te dabty “ees ee ef [aisetss oft te eupten eff .tdgied dtedét of date | vberédizew ylieso cot a 26 elatif ee bed oot © ee \eoceuttat pe ee,’ jidbel y: Gieemees Baa ecetiion is te ex be 41feae a eiinieg encoic en a Severs? efded 0 2. Sate wl Se 8 peeddey webatw to yreoast), nation been Yletda et yreoet olded prec enntt hneus eredd bas em ‘odode €08F «gti edt ebasdesisd batid edt 2a) og 1 et wotftogetq omee eft at deed ai es1ed es% to di bkiw edt eu 6 on Blind tracery balustrades. are formed in the same manner and permit a lesser thickness of the bars and accordingly a more it boldly projects from the sround, as if wish chamférs or coy that. intersect. behind the nmullions, or when the space onteee a by the mallions is formed as a flat segment. 4 We shall again collect briefly all: to be taken tisevssesae ation in the design of a balustrade, : 4 Requirements in a balustrade. . 4 1. The entire height including the rail:is: determined accord- — ing to theppurpose of the baluétrade, the place where it is Low a cated, and within certain limits (as in Gologne and Rheims) skal according to the dimensions of the building. 4 2. The thickness of the slab is generally determined according to its height and as a rule amounts to 1/s to 1/7 of the het ghtua 3. The form of the tracery and the development of the scheme 4 depends on the height of the position, on the unbroken length, y and on the dimensions of the adjacent parts. Therefore the sch= eme must be entirely recognizable from below, be so often repeat= ed that it becomes easily understood, and differs. somewhat from the dimensions of the adjacent forms of tracery in the intersec- ting gables or pinnacles by either greater or smaller dimensions. The length of the balustraie here comes so far in consideration, — that the termination of the tracery at the end may be clever, q 4, The ground of the bars of the perforated tracery is arran= ged according to the thickness of the slab, the stheme of the 4 tracery and the nature of the materials. The width of the bars may be to the thickness as 1: 1 or 1: 2. The choice of cross section depends on the greater or lesser simplicity of the sche-_ me. The width of the bars is best in the same proportion to the | width of the larger openings as that of the thickness of the | Slab to their height. The nature of the material. is so far an influence, as a too hard as little as a too easily weathered stone permits a small: size of the mullinns and bars. 6. Gable tracery. Tracery of window gables. 4 Gable tracery is: chiefly used in the so-called window gables, © and there fills the irregular spaces remainins between them and , oe) pee) we eA) eee nt ee eee ee vi Uae A ne oe ae AL We ir saie an —A t rr ’ Sake Riss et: ati sewoknin ‘bre Brook edt ‘To eeteng end cus, oft nedd »ilew edt ak bebaod ste yimosem ont sd eezt ebusta oldes wobmiw edt ti tnd ybeterotisg ..5et * . iaeq ef yrocsts sd2 .ebsidenlad 10 [Lew edd to cost odd venta fot: eft ex [fem es emedce eti bas’ .batqoo est essed bas eh tac ed teum seceig edetezes odd to a sse0gieg Letsd edt let aici. ebsef belLrt ed. ot sosge edt to srsten sa? #3 21 .(OES! *bi) Licterd odd of erdd Bus .noieivtn elqint.te ox vedi dtiw ebaste beeed ef setts! eat doidw no elgceiad , perueyv ef{dss edi to xzsgse edd to rokdooath sdt tf godt .boew aks ftoiets edi aeddis ,slgasixd Leteteltuve sdt to eobie edd btaingeii ns to O88! .bit ot es efded odé mort beteneges tat egebdlit odd yea [fotesd edd to bestant .bemgees ed seus ee \ ,eiissopsth to ylletoorixod becelg Itoterseod s to sods to xstiev sd¢ to dugied eft enoianemib retsexy ati of iw Ob ot itseth cot ed yam L[icteateup so [leterd sdt evode ai-eipooo nets oes nokéibnoc smse eit .trocgun sedtayt asddaut of testssa ci ti .o.¢ 2 e20eqR zswol ont afd od ersyisossd to emyol beivsani tedéo yd Satatemsa ooegs ant to: desiog taeudtvoe odd worl nedsd ei tromesaerie soselede £B aso Beobai tect ,fSSt .gi% of avode ex ewiede to fstbeidso rice fonext edd to sonsoltraker dbid edd te sebt on bim-edt etoted bas \eettozor yd belli exe eeosge tesib sdt ppemedn biswos .sitey saibsorstat efd to eysede odt ebaede enc aie Bee.) agmyolo0 nk) dorwda edtite [eitoq. teen sad at bovot Besceance eaotilom Lsoityey mort et!ueex anit Lid snerettib 4 * dows edd to ont! tivo sit go Qoihonate Jeet satedt esdors yd . dra ais dvedseti2 .2 to dogstio edd to tedis dati edt ho as ened, +Sif ni awoda el inswegastae os dove to nogeleda est be pet eeosqe o{dsb seeds tot yisesit to wot eldesine viov A % terlnosg eth ya «SBI Bef ot bentstcos lteterd edt xd asy ot ffe-ot febbs ed of bodqabs ylasluotdseg et si Vilidt pains Lerets lings ed3 to sqsde sit mort yotyrev eeosge zeit ‘doidw togesl edt .enckifom (lene ae sttal to sen oat ¥z é v ae e10m 10 owd wi L{ktotert sdz to t1eq dose nists sb Pgatatemes elorbaege eddint 2orust? seddéo to noitasent Se botenine $0 ysm Jostts edt yetisg stnetet2ib ony oe aa Jf@ excted es 897898 Pi die ts Son @iessgaerts tslinie A .owd elise daeosibs edd al aéniss oft we 7 the arcres of the doors and pe If. the ashlars composi ‘the masonry are bonded in the wall, them the tracery is blind, ~ i.g., perforated; but. if the window gable stands. free. before the face of the wall or balustrade, the tracery is perforated and bears the coping, and its scheme as: well as the jointing ~~ of the separate pieces must be formed according to this struc-. tural: purpose. a The nature of the space to be filled leads first to the scheme of triple division, and thus to the trefoil: (Pig. 1280). If the triangle on which the latter is based stands with its vertex up- ward, then if the directiow of the apex of the gable varies from the sides of the equilateral. triangle, either the trefoil is s _ separated from the gable asin Fig. 1280, or an irregular form 4 must. be assumed. Instead of the trefoil may the filling consisty, of a kuatrefoil placed horizontally or diagonally, . . With greater dimensions the height. of the vertex of the canal above the trefoil: or quatrsfoil may be too great. to do without. — further support. The same sonditiom also them occurs im regard to the two lower spaces a bc, it is nearest. to further. eid 4 the space remaining by other inserted forms of tracery. Such a skeleton arrangement is taken from the southwest. portal: of. taal cathedral of Rheims as shown in Fig. 1281, that indeed can seal no idea of the high magnificence of the French original, how a the great spaces are filled by rosettes, and before the middle one stands the statue of the interceding yaria, toward whom { the saints in the adjacent sable turn. A similar arrangement. is 4 found in the west portal of the church in Cologne. ) 4 A different filling results from vertical mullions connected © 3 by arches, thete feet standing on the outer line of the arch, as on the high altar of the church of cate ae ee The skeleton of such an arrangement is shown in Fis. 1282, — 4 A very suitable form of tracery for these gable spaces. is: gi-- ven by the trefoil contained in Fig. 1242. By its peculiar flex ibility it is particularly adapted to be added to all. forms. of — | these spaces. varyins from the shape of the equilateral: uriangle. By the use of large and small mullions, the last of which divi- de again each part of the trefoil in two or more spaces, by the insertion of other figures im the spandrels remaining between 4 the different parts, the effect may be enhanced to the highest. desree, as before all is shown by the cathedral of gologne. ha35 ag ie AA ae % e © od $ to tances wo \wiievérsy eldean noltourtenos A ia. pane it to bas. eldeg edt Yo ,eltne xeooa eds ‘to Sho theoknne atverdés oe xino bas eldteeogct ei fois betaiog od? basins tis ed GhO ebeo edateqee igse ai yniyisy Loict to yess ss tog -8SSf .ytt at aevty o16 dotde to etntog gni¢cece — obietug eit ed © & ine elday edt to ecole edit od $ tots estues eldesoral » batt of ¢xoa si di .mobain edt to “ od. maa efoaio @ iadt oz sedoio feed at tt Bee ,Ltotent ecti¢as simone edt aedovot emits omaz oft ta doidw .tL wont douate oo Hee lorg elict eT80s Ts seudds eff .d 6 otf odé fag dors ie § ot aso vod? ieaoktxedorta womises TO ebinr ovrad vam ofbbia ed? | bedizoent as tdgmoe ei b o s Leabesqe ef ni tadd bontaretok ti & Youegnst to tatog edt mort bre eS Ott Reo O¢¢ udtin efortis math .8 @ Gall edd of taegust st sk tadd oc Md i Due ent Houdes as teqqu edd of .% £ os tedgo ed? Yortin ef exiBar emae ond /douste vf # woul .p © q dows Getuteq eman eds bomveng gi Leah 7 tt 8 hetteeat ei etdé «at of 8 346d to euthsa « dtiw eforta « 7 ots bet atog edt bas dows [ftotest edt avath wk nade bau .ftet at 2 G eat! tneynss oft omit omse odt te ns po q@.%0 ok @ 960 sidT .fieotert edt to wotolede edt bauot at eudt eto te tedéant @@ 6n8 goisfvder eithin edt xed herevos ed yisat goleves od enclancenth «eteery ai to ,eceno betusagl eid ddiv eae ‘@ut neoried betreent od ¢igiw bre edd 14 .e10} tedot« & ai f vtgatbiooos bas emtol wedto 10 eLoxto oft tetitte caoteivis ofiiua eyusl edt tg aoteleds edt G6 w102 ertine odt gatbray Wi ; >in ‘iteme yd bobivib ed asdé yem enotetyis eecds edd to dosed efes bes .v x .« v at betaeresqes ova sontl efbbto ezods ,enot } .BeuuRtd berrovai ed Bebivibdse od vw oferto oss itso engofod te shaost teen sit to cottavels (satgtao oft oT simeqo Oavoe rsqau edd evods eldey odt Yo Baillt? edt Lerbs aes ei dedw ot besoqgo sense nietiso s nt ef rewod og to $7 Lerbasge Sit To esfoug ytsosxt Fee1 sosdd oid slidw .svo ‘ )vodd fotdw ni .sotm oldest edt to ondaeo sit brawod begat pt ont @muees esosye semit sdt to fose stadt os «eisibssge sds ) Lfeme yo sofetvib sedtact ed? .robbeld dakt feeeofoo gs to | ode te ene ont arcane Llite emtot yiseeit bas enol a het etehbselc sei? 18 10 stot Sdt dotaw af wise obdsor to sholieg 1stel edt nT soe oa im spoaatasoos iottarees ovat 9100 fae bobbed dett de 4 D3 ile Mf. ae 4 u es al SP Ooh 38 A construction usable generally, on account of the changing oF proportions of the apex angle, of the gable and of the radii of the pointed arch, is impossible and only an abbreviated method — of trial varying in each separate case can be employed, some ; starting points of which are given in Fig. 1283. fet ab there # be the slope of the gable and ac be the outside concentric 7 eof the window. It is next to find a favorable centre ¢g for the | entire trefoil, and it is best chosen so that a circle can be struck from it, which at the same time touches the crown of e arch and the line a b. The three tracery foils projecting from the middle may have wide or narrow proportions; they can je inca determined that in the spandrel a c d is sought an inscribed . eirele with the centre e, and from the point of tangency g ber 4 struck the arc i h so that it is tangent to the line a d. With. the same radius is struck the other are im. In the upper span- drel is assumed the same pointed arch p o qe Prom k is struck ; 2 circle with a radius of half g h, in this is inserted a tre- foil, and then is drawn the trefoil arch and the pointed arch a mihor po q and at the same time the tangent lines p vr, r bh, : ete. Thus is found the skeleton of the trefoil. This can sone ingly be covered by the widths resulting and be further mene with the inserted cusps, or in greater dimensions be developed 4 in a picher form. At the end might be inserted between the three divisions either the circle u or other forms and accordingly re- garding the entire form as the skeleton of the large mullions. _ Each of the three divisions may then be divided by. small: pulls ions, whose middle lines are represented in v w, x y, and also the circle u be subdivided by inserted figures. q In the original elevation of the west facade of Cologne: cath= edral: the filling of the gable above the upper sound opening 4 of the tower is in a certain sense opposed to what is: stated ab= ove, while the three great tracery arthes of the spandrel are P turned toward the centre of the gable. area, im which they meet the spandrels, so that. each of the three spaces assume the form | of a colossal: fish bladder. The further division by small mull— q ions and tracery forms still heighten the appearance of the q fish bladder. a, 2 aa In the later periods of Gothic art, in which the form of the | fish bladded had come into general acceptance, the rectilinear — - window Ty was almost generally supplanted by the ogee arches, a) 4 nits f he Ai ia | a ee DAS eiy ate A | ewol ef: iy dotew x08 edb Sektenieg ot eit neensos cance bes: an tel srotevedd ‘Dae dots ent ee £ follit ed otftupoet asit evs yo! weaeoesd yaillid ‘mera: 3 TO BOTwRit ,egsilot Aitw aedt viscosa 4 vis Hf i sreIvsy teetR nk yroossT baw scenes Yo ,eigoenest eds to eeldsk tseak od nt yascett atk ante seifies edt nk bawot ybeerle ef ,asevod sieving 2 deer To ,.yreos1s yd bstoesroo sacltifon soteivib to ed g busdxe tsdt .getsgit isotytsroe® telfeme to a0 eliotoedd pede eis wifvosg ylistceqa ,eoriwea situs eit revo yl” ate ‘gdotid guea no edsiad bebivom to Seeogmoo eoynkifit — " gE tedoo carat eai¢ ylise yrev o ai tus00 yoeoils doidy ssonsecisae® eit sf ovoltaoo yilsatt fos (skia bas .staevexc? poms welds: asdai dower to eofursxe soit vivsluoitisg sok iq soe bas fied ytto ati al santana ni bissiasve yd beb Abi. serokbitud a WS EMU SES Ser setters ok Wie) 3 So, Santas ea oa + see x , hLDA a a Daly) 03) nee te may U MeL we 2 VARY 1a eS if the so-called ass’: back, toll tat the ioecnseas se the arch and therefore left mo open space between them for filling tracery. They are then foundcts be filled less: with tracery than with foliage, figures or symbolical representat Tracery in great gables. Laven Tracery im the sreat gables. of the transepts, of towers and private houses, is already found in the earlier time, it consis- ts. of division mullions connected by tracery, of reat. roses, trefoils. or of smaller geonetrical. figures, that. extend uniforn- Some particularly rick examples of such later gables are affc ded by Stargard in Pomerania in its city hall and some priva oo buildings. gil eeysw7zc0g To edmal brs esdoit +f ae ‘sedmst Bas eedo1e to eisdmek olauwte | bao esos ai bodreq WATCH ea? Fo eel qxoxe e382 «otc fetus oes diorh et es 70E ne wotsireys oad roteaK BadoetAtO® ef ros ; sat to mrot add od seo eileen ors yedd es Meme @enists welesnstoss sae yous tad fotail Ladnosinos ads | | $23 nt i ied ‘Weee ovecet e ai .ilaw edt to goat Leatstnt nl hepid es2 .dote fstaomsys2 & yd berevoo essost Baifd 2 wi x0 ‘eeatt (yewtoeh sdt to noi¢avese dosd edt one s COST «Btt h) Ay 08 OES! baa a dd iw beanies 6¢ nso Lethil sco sit to ftenasl seolo odf va 55) adust eds mozt gattostora eledioo ow ed ebatnsvb Beevon ei tedsiot nent .ffew « yd behsol aedi ei fetetl sit SI eontl .d dows eniveiloer feliso~ce s te tusaexnsise ont yas $1 Kottine ei tcob eid Yo eteder sit sot ee ffow se [ g Biers: qi nsve ao Ob oF OF Swode Yo déqsh Bisex $f yeceso {ls yliesn ni esom at {few edt tod .encis a edi ‘osis bus sniasgo isisgraioss edd yrans of eeoleay n yfnc ef sing ywodots Wd besoeanos enmefoo tolfleme 10 anoiliom to weteye Gp,edt bas .dno1t wi esodsd neented 10 balfiod tsoslg 19 “to efstiges edd to ebisieins eff) woled baste sedouws erode — pte-eds ebsotoloo iser eidt. sd s(3 FOSE POSE .erd) rested & ed yelge oat ao obs poitelos eft faz) betsimo ed cele gen edd mont uatbactxs svyoo evowaltuos vo ysibluon Letaogivod +009 & yd sbsa ed ylient?.qo ,elatioss ofs exis doidw wottedes ee ie ledissa ifede of .rodto dose fitiw alediges edd to aotiesa Bah! Phe Ff i. ‘spbasl Juemstasetis 2ldi enotsoubss Jsde Wifes [Sn phe > i ane elese coxvt bos behuokd od ineortane bas seostgvenitns to eben eomnion elttil odr eons" doe et iatonnga vadast) sd¢ to ynoesm hsexeoo sat lhe a himotepanslanphcmngnd oi favot yfnommoo enol si yn ee oi at seep bi ine «vit eee fesol ads a’ x ¥ = oid Ce Lk. SRE oa! On ta ee eee ae An 7 eee elie) 942 more strongly projecting angles a, e, sg. Within these limits a moves the dimensions of the members of the arch. The rectangaa angles may be broken an animated on both jambs of. the arch by chamfers or by richer mouldings. There is. a certain relation of the doorway arches. with the more richly treated side arches, and liekwise to the ani Gi of. the doorway follow the motive of the pier. Continuous Splay behind the columns of the jamb. . The arrangement thus: far explained is common to the Romanesqiil and Gothic portals, and it makes no difference in the form of. — arch, since a no less. number of Gothic portals are covered by a | round arch, like the main vortal of Notre Dame at Dijon, the s 4 south portal: of the church at. Haina and two side portals: on S.- Hlisabeth’s church at. Marburg. An actual difference therefore exists: only in the details, as. well: as in the more slender prom portions of the columns. But as a decidedly Gothic motive is rea garded the rpplacing of the rectansular angles of the ‘jamb bet- ween the columns by a continuous splay, but where the arches. q retain the old stepped forn for structural: reasons, as we have mentioned in rebation to the side arches of Freibers minster. 4 Fig. 1290 shows the plan of such a jamb with the arches. and the _ capitals of the columns, where the splay adjoins a rectangular reveal. a, that can be moulded om the angle. Just. as. those rect- angular angles of the jamb between the columns (fig. 1288 a) i. q were usually moulded, so may also the splay be animated by a a system of mullions or smaller columns. connected by arches, eith-— er placed behind or between those in front, and the croms of whose arches stand below the underside of the capitals of the latter (Pigs. 1291, 1291 2). On this rear colonnade the arches may also be omitted, and the solution made on the splay be a ‘s horizontal mouldings or continuous cove extending from the cavée- tiosfrom which rise the cavitals, or finally be made by a con= : nection of the capitals with each other. We shall: see a to. what reductions this arrangement leads. a Bonded and free little columns. 9 the little columns. made of entire pieces and set free before the coursed masonry of the jambs, which is: the rule in France, ; is. less commonly found in Germany as well as on the piers, and the local position appears to have had no ‘influence thereon. Thus they are found on the Rarly Gothic south portal. of the 29. iy si z; De oi? 1 BO bebtove- ets yess effin ,eaied ts dorgssc on Pog ta dowdo e*iteteatif .6 to eqartooh to eletiog # edd a0 Iseges enottibaco eaee ec? .tasteib eavod wets saoled nezsditicl base seaexsedicY te asdoasdo yisiogusines ogi qtietevib A .quotk Issuivedidotws neiladates® eft yottnon esosia ad? te eorovettrh ebit eauso goa bib tilw sbacods uiteen doidw .eledatoq edd te enotesenih ead # bovine® ed ysm teste! ods wort deni, acseed buiteixe edt. ok ) soito edi 10 sno to ecfodo ait 10% soeses gntaiwiedeh i. a3 c ‘pitsil sath ate sort afd to tacvopaerze oft tot ,nois | semofenonth gi enciiuredoig nistiso etivpes of exdoe yinisixso Sat @ Y86L «327 wt eanvloc eott eltiil eosly ew tI Pi * . 4 + ‘eat «wm & of S\t @ to tdnted s bes yesrroob ent to # &.E eth isceu edt xd bontmaeseh gatti ate d sigebie sat to sao te gottqehs tact. bued ono ed? ve eouta ,eretiesn et to one ‘8d @tefot off to eowsetqecoe eft co boted af weig beqgots a edt ao aeshaoqeh ateye 2f dc aclecowtdS ent tektio eat no ,b ¢ [pneatb: erent oso edt yd bext? al ‘utsgs dotdw ,dows edd to digqeb HOS et BS sesel ta pated clvs s £8 sosed ,oa0¢a od? to sols eo Uast efertii ont tot etivess yialistiso ecedd ylantbuoood Wlese tT). Sst .git of orodta es erot®@togosq yvsed yilesasebom i ¢ fae o ¢ etotot eds bivcw sed? .¢ a colenemih ef? covboes “ee ye 2 ~weises eno af hemtol ed teum seluae owt bow beteigo eat ‘ot befiit ulomen 2 ds {ee edt ts od tesa seldes eno Seaerioo eltsti eft ,atdt wont ebies ons tos .enmuloo elstil Biles: baingecs o8 besogxe coostg te eeentoids satires « exrteper i pede wO .mo FL cf Bf Sesel te eldate ec of sebto at tos egal euro? f{siaomsaso to gaidinue ods. Lettinesgq od blrow yt eidtod yliel to selomaxe sedoia oct al .teldae edé Yo aaam (doe8 .enmplos efttii es bevoLeved xi{wd e@s areduowm bhebaod Ar iw ,OO8E .3it alonsla eds yd avofe a6 ex1)9ds .gaedieMi ds dod ovt has tetcery 5 ¢fgworw eve edmst edt to sofnas sat ul ) tadd: avota aoiisvele edt eredT .erotiod yd betaraqe2 seno) 12 yd severed dolde \Letigés nwo tied’ Ciin alge enneioo oleett & ds n6 at. eticn emo elbbiw edt to naktostowq ¢eser3 ene : ae » rca ebad yd sadt oe ,nogetoo ma to eobdte & yak pee ret i eiiats a di oe ase te spatbinom edt tot seed berity isha el + ites Pascoe, ode te. wottoen odd mol tte webiw ae dtitew sdaay, est to secgnse talngnatoes evode ditiv a dtedesils 63. 9a faeivoge devoe eds yd hetaseerq ef efanexe he rrree ay ad t of, j 943 | , church at Haina, while they are avoided on the scarcely later portals of doorways of S. @lisabeth’s church at yarburg, only . a few houss distant. The same conditions appear on the almost contemporary churches at Volkmarsen and Wolfhagen belonging to. the Westphalian architectural: group. A diversity of. saterinteotl did not. cause this difference at the places: mentioned, nor even’ the dimensions of the portals, which nearly accord. Meanwhile | in the existing cases just from the latter may be derived the determining reason for the choice of one or the other construc-_ tion, for the arrangement of the free sta ding little columns. _ certainly seems to reguire certain proportions. in dimensions, If we place little free columns in Fig. 1287 in connection with those sectangular angles of the jambs with a width of 1 to 1.2 m of the doorway and a height of 2 1/2 to 8 m, the dimensi- ' ons of the sides a b ara first determined by the usual dimensi- ons of the ashlars, since on the one hand that adoption of the q stepped plan is based on the acceptance of the joints be and ‘ bd, on the other the dimension ab is again dependent on the Ee depth of the arch, which again is fixed by the ordinary dimen= Sion of the stone, hence as a rule being at least 25 to 30 om ae Accordingly there certainly results for the little jamb columas moderately heavy proportions as shown in Fig. 1287. If one would reduce the dimension a b, then would the joints be ana b ad be omitted and two angles must be formed in one ashlar, i.e., in one ashler must be cut the angle a b a, namely filled to the little columns. But also aside from this, the little colums r require a certain thickness at places exposed to frequent cont- act in order to be stable, at least 12 to 15 om. On the contra- _ ry would be permitted the cutting of ornamental: forms in the sae mass of the ashlar. In the richer examples of Barly Gothie the bonded members are fully developed as little columns. Such an : example is presented by the south portal of S. Blisabeth’s chu- 4 rch at Marburg, where as shown by the plan in Fig, 1290, where q in the angles of the jambs are wrought a greater and two small- 4 er ones separated by hollows. There the elevation shows. that all 3 little columns begin with their own capital, which however by the great projection of the middle one unite in an abacus form- ing 3 sides of an octagon, so that by this: is: obtained the rea- q uired base for the mouldings of the jamb substantially differing from the section of the arch.ani jamb. } * hs ' bask, pink tote ay dh inion | a eo. jadi'y eit Yo wrct edt to ncksersese iscT % ob boed ‘aedto ast ne ,eliow élomke. no Saitngn ei dotde osasd o2tis9 ae i¢in bas elesiog sstel ao betuvoexe hago? gat. beat WB ‘gdoveds elstiges oft To mofaatmo oft foe gynthinom te ats + tb 40 fos edd to saad edd mort sett avoflod eit desis dé, BoLLtt eis ,fetatl edi to sbhieiebss silt wort .betiise oxen fa A, etrowento tnelg believ deou edd sorgoors ese dmat edd mort dows eft to notieteqca sit 00 p edt etedacn telimte ylotisns dviv seve dads ,2gerd2 down 08 4 ha bi Beiggoco caw coely ati 10 .betiino migeillinon ew Lodi me 82 eames to blorie 4 2c -iswios oe .ao bisl donetd 2 tots eGt estsisgse ylietoagn.ilite sisted Jeeta! edd aovd edmat Sia bets + bes: esiote m0 noidertnemsatc e7sRit bas epedhio® webis eg s8OTk O89 KO exatict iyo siea £ XO bebtettes een exstou beryosze ylomte yin? | bas eupasaanod ni ybsorls a6u tI .sreyel dows add to ieeseneh asdois sdjvoe bed olfyte coittagest Seilse-oa edt ‘at to pulae oidtod ylist .2ysw beissy taom end gi eodois seedt to ‘Bo exevel eteteqes eds betnemeuto bos sexyoo smau odd aL bewat to, {ie boskai ,easiiot to exici aaimvado deom sii sttw dows seit shasc718 edt .eono heblucu déin bebeatstls bodercosh tad3 08 | tievso doo ylamie dse1z A .ewoliol as suede ai sastlot edd? Yo int tio ef costae dalt-sdt no beowic abavot sittil atiw one x0 Uettevao eid? .oxsifot yo berevoo ons steldes 244 to algae odd = asipznstos: edi otai Yosd Iadicso adé svode sescesg asdéis : a olua & as Tey _fetiqess oft of afauodxe ci to ,tenaem yas ot B odd to gnifusd s so .fsatos oc .faed & .wtot Slod omoe tant Veabeaint edt of botine ci Weestt easifot of? .moittenesd edt | gies dors sds ddiw oiatasonor oatl s nt baste atasig 260 uf @ 18. yodd go, ,woilod edt eao10e endd bas ylisibss so , BCS! } 970m Liite bas evounitnoo & mot yedd yileatt to .wleutifdo ans solguexe doaexl teilise edt a9 yinemsnto Isuottaev ft bas ,esvest to donud begsde edofov ald sasd bawot oats we ss Baitoeio1g 1sddie enuit bose anoitiaog suse edt at ab ne ae aaah: odd mort epbs asgas ati gaisroqgae 10 nee eateste. se Bro! inh cohi * as Suods omnes. wd Paice, apas Das sostave etsibeasetal gact ao ef ebsifot eds to to eesoand ,govsel etsisges edt bas .eiisq svassges edt sk SP has M2 Las ey ONS Rites | | een We As, aie He fa AEN. a ty if a " chs rate rr + 44 Separation of arch and jamb. i ee That. separation of the form of the arch from that of the Jt which is wanting on simple works, on the other hand is: frequent- lry found executed on later portals and with an entire Fae 4 of mouldings and the omission of the capitals thereby caused, that the hollows first from the base of the arch, or. if this: were stilted, from the underside of the mee are filled by the most. varied plant. ornament,.- On the separation of the arch from the jamb was. generally eid So much stress, that even with entirely similar members the Cap= ital was unwillingly omitted, or its place was occupied by a. q branch laid on, an animal: or a shield of. arms as a. Separation. . 7 Even the latest. Gothic still: menerally separates: the arch from. the jamb. : Poliage and figure ornamentation on arches: and jambs. Foliage on the arch. a Only simply executed works were satisfied by a mere monidimgin of the arch layers. If men already in Romanesque and capeotally in the so-called transition style had sought richer decoration of these arches: ig the most. varied ways, Early Gothic art cont= inued in the same course and ornamented the separate layers of the arch with the most. charming forms of foliage, indeed call so that. decorated alternaded with moulded ones. The arrangement of the foliage is. about as follows. A great simply cut. cavetto — or one with little rounds vlaced on the flat surface is cut.in the angle of the. ashlars and covered by foliage. This: cavetto either passes above the capital: back into the rectangular ansle E in any manner, or it extends: to the capital, yet as a rule so 4 that. some bold form, a head, an animal, or a bending of the stem of the foliase is on that intermediate surface and thus forms. 4 the transition. The foliage itself is. suited to the ‘jointing “7 its. sepazate parts, and the separate leaves, bunches of leaves — or plants. stand in a line concentric with the arch as in Pig. 1298, or radially and thus across the hollow, or they are placed | oblijusly, or finally they form a continuous and still: more con- ventional: ornament, on the earlier French examples. Usually are also found here this volute shaped bunch of leaves, and indeed in the same positions and thus either projecting from the hollow, or supporting its upper edge from the lower one, generally con nected by leaves, about as. in Fis. 1294. These volutes sont N a ae b yr x J ba G ’ he . we i we bos hist ane © } si iii a(t “ ae ‘sf spt ‘ easing’ petal ot; ‘e6or ek 40 fora sit to ge! ive buoyed a vA ‘A ay 4 a! fant 2 ab ‘est ao oefe eatulov ont yd beana? goitoisges te: | Pen lag a8 a p eitaxe: dots yser A «(ESI ih) eowsel etd to tacmevem — | Hitwoe tadt yd cwols ef eevacl dikw estwfov Yo ‘wohtoensos % i pts Oyeilot edt yifetones osla .(OQ8F seit) Saoctsk de e dod te Saror edt pattensqes ewofloi sit wk fenaly ef ofgoe ed Bearobs etins done ‘ont iadt oe .etostine dalt sid nort eb i ees 4 ome fises sbhiesd PSwTOT ets eovesl ps a mt ts Hote od?) ai soap it * Base Peet suéi tu080 cele eveds siyte Sesioin oid nT * Riese: edt Yo ene oF Bol good ead ee Bseini for .sheffot yfouen Mesershsetane sidtod ‘ot yloviesloxe wetlaced esvidon + ie yeosnplt antinete so fetsses to Snsgetnetee Hibaelye dais of ad Hersvoo .aqwo1s Satmset ic e1is¢ ‘nt beznesve co eisas P satearcoe toltsnissie eidi-ni ,scodt no berse2 aise ‘bus vod done e683 no estnyit ect .dew ess te revel ervitns end — edi to ousit 8 es bialiciatihn fatise « nt beegeld ‘ad3 et @a¢ unted dows venni sit no .moosgnwd edt no vonece £ etesqqs isis siline eff wots .eteddset fowds add éxon ost ie Oat “shegeeld oft ns etnies yo belooe noveod Yo sfoay etd ? ber ef svyitosyeteq ak Sedetaiwks aedote Ye eeiree oft to } poe nwo atk ahort dotdw .S8fvVIb ent yorssn gete ot athe By ha -apaedays ‘ods | B08 3d al sewollot «6 Suods ai nolttnoexs farsetouese wat land #taq oft codt ,tevel foie on? Yo gualhliwen eds od ¢ &@ tel ~aaelq od? nevi deb efeine sania @d¢ af hadfroert acy elog edt at two ots -estweit eigaseee eta 2s tev, \woroaes ed@ to Welty s eoviy WLI sete iwi & daem owsé edd. word tedice % ize en0 mou) ebam ai evwhit dose stodT .iees cid to sostg « 4 ¥ qqn edi bre beet aif avovied eeog taftot fethes 64% test oa ‘lpiettensenah dotdy ‘\feot sti tebaw Bawot ceté eh oh 16 UI OnSD te ie 16 ,e0ad eds to epeta 2 ic nititoLo eat Gheowds asoy oO | ) Odd eudT Jdekot s Baied cteye shot tas wee dateeiey wot ( eden Ratwory eefqouse | ont yc heanot woddie et dove ads nag : £b efeear oc eaisrst dete Mei dose-20 yqoneo taal ect re kemer ree aedé Reowted enoveyod eds Wiexedk twowe edd ft be i, of oh ratte hindatonn ng s witenevbe af 40 = Ae f neviete et Sheffot fo emiot 1eakl to dtemesnerie est ci ine Ts ties Baas weeette YS to beou iv ees, bent NA ay »** nf j vi aol f 7 , . 945 oS srow out. of the rounds instead of the hollow and even project. beyond the face of the arch. It is to be noted, that the sharp er separation formed by the volutes, also on the older examples, The arrangement. of liner forms of foliage is striven for by the . movement. of the leaves (fis. 1293). A very rich example of the connection of volutes with leaves: is shown by that south porta at Marburs (Fis. 1290). Also generally the foliage at smaller scale is placed in the hollows separatins the round at both si des from the flat. surfaces, so that two such bands adorned by ~ leaves are formed beside each other. ; Figures. in the arch. @ In the richest. style there also occur here figures instead of foliage, and indeed it has been led to one of the most. ingenio- us motives beculiar exclusively to Gothic architecture, namely — to that. splendid arrangement of seated or standins figures, sep arate or arranged in pairs or forming sroups, covered br. conse ies and again seated on those, in this alternation occupying t the entire layer of the arch. The fisures on the arch eapeenel the blessed in a serial arrangement as a frame of the sacred scenes on the tympanum, on the inner arch beins the angéls, on the next. the church fathers, etc. The entire arch appears like the vault. of heaven peopled by saints and the blessed. The sig ht. of the series of arches diminished im perspective is led fr om step to step nearer the divine, which finds its own place in the tympanun. The structural execution is about as follows. In Fig. 1295 a © let a b be the moulding of the areh layer, then the part of oom polygon inscribed in the right angle ad ¢b gives the plan of t 4 the canopy, just as the sevarate figures are cut in the highes G relief from the same mass 4c b; Fig. 1295 gives a view of such @ plece of the arch. There each figure is made from one ashlar, so that the radial joint goes between its head and the upper canopy, or it is also found under its feet, which then either goes through the clothing or a piece of the base, or finally a ; low pedestal is united, again being a joint. Thus the crown of : the arch is either formed by two canopies growing together, or the last canopy of each half arch remains a little distant fro the crown, whereby the keystone between them either remains vol or is adurne@iby a separate figure like one standing upright, a. head or by foliage. ; pe 4 i a i ie ce ie WA cei . aia od a} i: i i ae Se “ My made to all slucpture of the kenst- one and further to all covering ornamentation. The soaring pos~ ition of the figures can here offend the less, since as stated, — such usually represent the inhabitants of. heaven. 7 With: the construction of the arch of several concentric lay- ers, there results from their unequal: length the necessity to. increase the number of figures toward the outer layer, so that in the innermost. half are 5, im the next. 6, im the outside one 7 find the same space.° a /Figures before the columns: of the jambs. On richer works the jambs as. well as: the arches are adorned by figures, which by their dimensions usually exceeding life gi. | size are distinguished from the latter, and therefore require ) a special mode of placing. On the older French works these have their corbels in a way similar to those of the. voussoirs, they are wrought. from the little columns of the jamb forming a monoliths, which easily furnish the required mass for then, sin- ce these in the rarest cases cam be quarried only in the dimen sions required by the diameter of. the column. Om p. 485 we have already mentioned the same arrengement in regard to the rounds, which is the following. For the shaft of. the column (Fig. 1296), which in its round form stands on the bonded base, close above the latter is wrought. a corbel, that is described on p. 486, uf usually assumes the form of a low canopy, on which stands the fisure connected at the back with the column, so that. its: round form of the column appears above beneath. the capital. a According to this earliest and simplest. arrangement. the figu-— re thus occupies: nearly the entire height of the shaft. of the 4 column. Over the figure is then required 4 canopy, which in this équality of height cam be arranged in two ways. On the , h eh i ie iDesancs ‘ t Pies gaktostotd 8 abot ,SCSt .df4% yd nwode es enn 2 t ebeebnt bos .joold emse eff al tuo bus s§etfot yo. bakded d otss2t « doepo%q afetiqes edt 10 (stelamoo aSsdtis ei gakatot We & Awaba edd evede miot yodst ydoted? we sped ert Snoysd FR Y eRe ai ds dest eds to yelee is9e¢ oft of feflereg SOs pees odd ni ssdtis fasé ,eetgones oft tostows dotdw sort a aaitat 88 encylog besotted to baidiuds Letevea to tefence Hog teow sft no us nsige send Ot Ieflersg boo es mist ro ,eeos Pie detidod? .(ECSF .BET) saukeds %0 Deskedtes end to fed piddson baad to fsttog edd ao fre saoledd ak bond? of toon oe santedd ta ta | olor was eltoorrh wsazie béoalg net af ygoneo odd evods “2 S-asinsnstos1 Leatbixo odd Ssd¢ oa .battlise Yedd a0 s204 C Sab we yd Helltt ewollod oft deoidw rortt .eattoeenov sid to aaron ydotedu .enauloo eit tevo baste of omod atsas .Jixo $ To disgq # alstiges sit to noivoejoxg edt to eaotassuib ond we 3) ‘- a miOw Hissieo Go dud .ti Hotded enisaox to¢tal ons ‘xe StNe it jel To redm0n edd towdidsier toerth dove on bawet ck stedd i AQCSI laid) samsfoo dmst edd of fore sit ‘et Seds ygonse edd to stnersaestss add %o bodtem broose eat " Medso Snots nop id se sms esto Fo Laticq saew ond go Savo? eon hae .sewol seasco eno Deoelg ef Ff tedd yetdy ot edetence Vaait ntied ef latiaso sdé svode ‘Satyoo ‘sno sated To besdent dias So Sdd Yo Llod ead wlemibrcoos -[stiqes of3 déin escnos efZ Bi a Os ‘ ~~ Das (~ygotss odd to dows slitil odd dvty efoston osla fe fstenes edt oF botdr00es Atsoned videso eot{ set fot PONT yqoaso odd Yo elShia asl (FCSN pre) vesssl ost to Fwexcted Jeit of .Istiqgs eds te othe astyo sad stotad ats tho ‘eebtibba a8 9bsp oc [ifte yeu aediel sdf no 2ettest dows eat “YYorso beih ned? enstus to Lexb)edtao ods '%¢ elstrog eid 20 5 Esser SOF Bos sershit oft Yo atddbied eat to Tromeerge iB dao} odd \benoidaom axasmeynstis odd OD dmet) stid ‘to petals efao ¥GNS00 Sud .seed eft ovods hotagol "onse wol s es 9 odd bavot sett et atdt sveds ;amuloo sid to digion edt qG 90 eer sdt $s dobin januloo edt adie botossnos oetwauit hae | out asenssd Sae (dest edt dttw aid o¢an00 8 830nD. ohn i teq seu? bas #7 vee a a8 #7ode 6 ateys eh ropa mae hacer sdelbsh fae watens ‘nade beaks) | Io asd edt to% boskittn iedéis et wgenss eds to goldpepoig iar’ wa i | " aie Pata Cee bag ha saci tee ba Neat Tat a7 cathedrals. of Paris, Rheims: he qhalons the capitals of the Ct umns as shown by Fig. 1298, join a projecting member decorated — behind by foliage and cut im the same block, and indeed this joining is either complete, or the capitals project a littie yi beyond the face a. Thereby they form above the capitals a surf- ace parallel. to the rear splay of the jamb a b in Fig. 1299, a from which project the canopies, that either in the ground form consist of several abuttins or detached polysons as im Bis. a +299, or form a hood parallel to that splan as on the west. po tal of the cathedral: of Rheims. (Fig. 1298). The first arrange- — ment is found in Chalons and on the portal: of the north transe- pt at Rheims. | nel Above the canopy is then placed either directly the arch nem— bers. or that. stilting, so that. the original: rectangular blocks. ] of the voussoirs, from which the hollows filled by figures are cut, asain come to stand over the columns, whereby according to the dimensions of the projection of the capitals a part of the — projection of the canopy is either utilized for the base of the fisure, or the latter remains behind it. But. on certain works q there is. found no such direct relabionnof the number of layers. of the arch to the jamb columns (Fig. 1299). a The second method of the arrangement. of the canopy, that. rv _ found on the west. portal of Notre Dame at Dijon among others, : consists in this, that it is placed one course lower, and thas instead of being one course above the capital, is takim from ‘4 the course with the capital. Accordingly the bell of the rie al. also projects with the little arch of the canopy, and this | foliage lies partly beneath according to the seneral ee of the latter (Pig. 1297). The middle of the canopy thas: pregeell ets before the outer edse of the capital, so that before the d arch resting on the latter may still be gade an addition: on the canopy. ‘a On the portals. of the cathedral of Amiens then disappears. this agreement of the heights of the figures and the little columns. — of the jamb. In the arrangements mentioned, the former stand ong 2 low canopy located above the base, but occupy only a part of — the height of the column, above this is then found-the canopy” 4 likewise connected with the column, which at the same time pro- duces 2 connection with the jamb, and between the latter and L the capital is again a short and free part of the column, so eins eLody edt uO ,eotconso baa esusbit yd belfit ‘asia seiyte setfase edd ‘ni eevuzit dein ebanor tinavy sdt his | eeameloos elftil mo serey tt ie pir to nottoas? segetq oid stedt es tent: to8 i hellead bessine ois yeds dedt of ,besnedo yWeteds sew edtow . odd OG beyolqne taemeynsixe owes edd bonot ef es)edd .eomert Bao baste vetuyil odd gent .ysw tadd of Ledtoq sit to aduxt, > aiedd dtinw weds ishas eveninued ovolereds dotslw eaculoe bas fetéino 218 etauloo to esoltisg weve seod¢ slidw ete -" fo yldsorlh teoyv eowssit yd belfit asdows odd ot ewollod Pseatoecers eit cont eisltib gnemezpstis fesitue 26? .cetgonen gisoe yemoo dae, ody to eetwRit to esiqonso odd Jedt eins ui si baihebesq end oi es ton bae fiove odd to weods ddasred & beddiae ylesisas eis enmofoo dust sltsil edd aud? swede aot -Slivel scodt atsmet seat to reonsoetatwet exif yfao baa Aodatiha seo esiwedi{ tent .eotrgit edd xettroggns eanwios ia -eio50Id befostah “2 iM etes yo doette of niet dows eft to sorwsett off ee tanh | mse Sis siwane of tovsebms odd geen caw 02 .srolfor si he “easageouap eds evds bas ,edmei, eft of Sntbnese seod? oft eoretus i bewaiteoo stew gso teconi 10 yoonso ent tobes dows odd at edt ov neve 10 ,fedt gaitaogqwe elatioso edi of eqtmmsrt sid MOTD Foeforg comet? dast adt to esigqosso osf% osfs VWdersny /fo etedmenm ed rot gntsvesd a brotts tognol on has ewollon a -Cnsmesasiis oe dove to asig sit anode IOet «35% .G078 j is bevisee7g ai ydersdn ,baid aids to wrot rstInceg yxev ft £ gatbasse sort tedd to toetts oupeetwtoig edd Suid ouse ond BY secnnte Rtedies€ to Isivoq taen odd no bawot ak nuofoo siz ay Vs é oi ee a 1 Se SSelfot'yd heatobe bas boifwow ylfetnsmento en dtiv seme Oo Slétil yd betqeotetni era edremexneate dtog ewollod sad eit of awob noitesi selimte ylertiae at sanidnoo Seiwredio sud os ot beosig 9 eannloo elstii # ets awollon odd at Too .sned _ nedst Sas elstiges esodu SOF .bti ni oLgasind Isisdelinos “sant set Boamoc 8 Hi bas bas dmst edd Yo weysl sdt wort et i Seow ,g1ct bavow emse ods to Isdesbeq « po estess eee nods npemaU oad. hikes’ *qsoTy hah 8 aed datid ’ Le ‘ = hs ie bile is 4 AY oe ee oat iw de ae tee - Oe het Aa Piya » ite) bee 4 aie” ie we ee eo 2 ih outs hapanks tine ibe ves etd no etedexab Stilt ies © Oals base .eBS q ao benoltasw ei dotdw ,INSHSTHETIS i Oyd Belfit wolfot s dttw zeyel s fos odd nt noteaisdfs otek teiler bas asdota baiid ¥o beerobe yliisia ets aco 48 that directly on the capital. again rests the hollow ef the arch filled by figures and canopies. On the whole this is the same arrangement, which is mentioned om p 485, and also customary on the vault rounds. with figures: im the earlier style. | a Figures on little columns. a But. just.as there the proper function of the rounds on later works was thereby changed, so that. they are omitted behind the figures, there is found the same arrangement. employed on the j jambs. of the portal: in that. way, that the fisures: stand on short columns, which therefore terminate under them with their capit— q als, while those upper portions. of. columns are omitted and the hollows in the arches filled by figures rest direttly on the . canopies. The entirel: arrangement differs froc the preceding iu] this, that the canopies of figures of. the jamb come directly — beneath those of the arch and not. as in the pregedins stand be- fore them. Thus the little jamb columns are entirely omitted a 9 and only like reminiscences. of them remain those little short 4 columns supporting the figures, that likewise can be made of 4 detached biocks. E Jast as the figures. of the arch bain in effect by being plec- | g ed in hollows, so was next the endeavor to ensure the same adv- antages to those standing in the jambs, and thus the hollows 4 in the arch under the canovy or impost. cap were continued behind | the figures. to the capitals supporting them, or even to’ the base, whereby also the canopies. of the jamb fisures project from the 7 hollows and no longer afford a bearing for the members of the arch. Fig. 1301 shows the plan of such an arrangement. a A very peculiar form of this kind, whereby is: preserved att. the same time the picturesque effect of that. free standing lite 7 tle column is found on the west. portal of #reibers minster. a Here alternates in the arch a layer with a hollow filled by fi- sures with one ornamentally moulded and adorned by foliage im 7 the hollow. Both arrangements are intercepted by little capitals, but otherwise continue in entirely similar fashion down to the _ base. But in the hollows are 3 little columns c placed in an : equilateral. triangle im Fis. 1302, whose capitals are taken from the layer of the jamb and end in a common abacus, which - | rests on a pedestal of the same ground form, whose sidessurfa-— a ces: are richly adorned by blind niches and relief figures, and q that. bear a figure group. Above the latter then begins the nsua ‘a 4 ag Mees Pies sa -) yeetgonse bas. peers yd wollog eas to Praaees: sat to tegemeib tevesl 5 vaiviepd? eepo zeiisms al f te tnomeguatsze os7t & to ydilidieeog odd arseqqeekh v" m foezs0o edt asin: aokdosanco sieds des ,eeoeia esidas pol Lot i ent Ro gnistuo edd dedt of .ytisesses s asuooed dus, sad 7 jo odd bas settsl edt neouted Sas .fettime ei saad edd of nwob Gat at dy oftl homrot sedmom & sivztt edd Yaivieoes [att ’ ots nuitad #2 to “a idpoa oid mo as .soalq edd asiad fel yes he ; -noaensd lag i ig fe Wie. »alatechsg aco eerry i @ odd bavot aeit ct “odcatm guudaatée to Istr0oq dcew eat a0 jt aakbroocs ~b3enao *oqy wort edaow wedois ao aossco tasweanett edd to miot odd nohusds sowsit edt Yo edaogque odd dotdu fxs “iotdin ot efatzobeg [snogstioo to stsgoa To seods 102 aus a “Maweu odd ek asiqouss bas eeisgit yo bellct ewollod odd mob heii 4349 Yo asic eddratvands test oe .dow bas dust: at yar Peds to dads cio b s bhs Iatesbeg odd, io oalg add etasesuyss p ddgied end teal ss oved neds alsdasheg sd? .ti evods wollod , y gedois batia yd eebie afedt ao beteito°ceb sta base nse 8. ne2 yieosed yd bennowo eesorws yd bearsqe .,eteife1 yd bednsasnto me ay ,1snnsa teodoin sdi ai esid @ 66 coteoisile susdd eomploo difw edast: teiltse seorld ‘a0 » dso eds (nedt sonie .one nielg 8 base omglt dtiw nmrloo 8 metia. oases sit .ennsde = dope cexispst sicail odd to esnotens HW gatbrolis tod .aad \@ .39dunim Sredis1? edd no. bowel et aot? Metiod edd Yo noitstsqee aid? yrudestii ds dust edt to nalg ot BO beitow egaibloon edt yd ylod betoalte af asisgit yd beLilrt j fi ME ae in. saieifies ense sat ewan cals benotsssm sd tevm etodd aedtreat o en st0tee ogee oad to suenssesd to asdeva voilase tedt tc enoksoub ~edt noyok to fatbeises edt to elatrog teow sid oo aunt > es besevoo eoxwsit sft bas .bodtino ess dmet eds to enwsloc (beided tuo ysige cisiq s stotac ylioe1th beoalg ess esto est @oosad .bettimo ogis ais zewsPit edt aedt edaow sedto 00 Mg S fope we ,eefoie Soild dv bebivih ei yaige Jadd baad tatiso - »8a¢ %o eameloo elstahi odd dtiv noitosnnog wi! Snomegnetae | hat, AE MMe» d2 Ob¢ gmo Ssaoldnea ybsesle ean hae syatttsde cot case an &ntaaot re ond: to mihi ti Leavstat edt, 49 filling of the hollow by Pe and canopies. : In smaller ones: ‘peguirins & lesser diameter of the columns: disappears the possibility of a free arrangement. of the Same in entire pieces, and their connection with the coursed masonry of!) the jamb becomes a necessity, so that. the cutting of the hollow — down to the base is omitted, and between the latter and the cap ital receiving the figure a member formed like g h i.k im Fige: 7 1301 takes the place, as on the south portal: of S. Maria at Mihlhausen. ) Figures on pedestals. a On the west portal of Strasburg minster is: then found the ar- rangement common on richer works from pow onward, according to which the supports of the figures abandon the form of the coi- umn for those of. square or octagonal: pedestals to which extend down the hollows: filled by figures and canopies im the usual. a way in jamb and arch, so that. thus im the plam of Pig. 1303.a de represents. the plan of the pedestal. afid a dc is: that. of the h q hollow above it. The pedestals. them have at last the height of st @ man and are decorated on their sides by blind arches usually. — ornamented by reliefs, spanned by arches crowned by tracery ga- bles in the richest, manner. an On those earlier jambs with columns there alternates: as: a rule a column with fisure and a plain one, since then the sreat dim- ensions of the figure requires such a change. The same alterna- tion is found on the Freiberg minster, p. 544. But allording te | the plan of the jamb: at Strasburg this separation of the hollows ~ filled by figures is effected only by the mouldings worked on | the same ashlars. | a Before we go farther there must be mentioned also certain re- ductions of that. earlier system of treatment. of the jamb. 4 Thus on the west. portals. of the cathedral of Noyon the little — columns of the jamb are omitted, and the figures covered by can= opies are placed directly before a plain splay cut. behind then. On other works then the figures are also omitted, but on the other hand that. splay is divided by blind arches, as: such an arrangement in connection with the little columns: of the jamb: was already mentioned on p 540. Strikins jamb and middle pier. Side jamb for striking. . The internal projection of the jamb forming the strike of the — == = a i 7) An ny eae: a | ab ee o teelanic edt .fors edd gnivsogqus das, sd¢ io exedmon = 07% «460 son eesd tetities ftin etsde1t nislg s to Jedd | shedadl eit sot sledi0o gaitos({or tsinomoe sdd yloo vers , tga iq s to-wi0t oft eevteses ti sivow sebLo yaew 20 ) amet, odd to eead- fine Letiqes sdi yd bebeuorigs ai dot hemlet edd to Yesl edd déiw dealt tio duo sae dotin gai maetiots s nevys to svoo & ,etmedo s sed eld ne edt . p sesasce eat of bonwute: sd redwen stitdne odd ssdéie nso ledi ae {etsepe yigniea nisms cele yer Lodei{ eid nedt Soe bisdhosizod barose usead .letiqaeo sit evods enaitaod ase nal ude nit febei stat) .letatl edt to exb)e efit, yasqmooss sydd hae | tadd eldsreterg stedt ef. ti .(prudrsll ts déedactlY .2 Yo dos eRe. bedetugaisterh ed 1006 edt to ediade edt to batbliuon ent Bi: per yi _ gimet edt ko dest work taerenites ‘Tese9T3 } doidw yd .sotviee gseth to ose eledioo sdd seao greve ol ee to débiw ivtoen sft .eno ni Levnil edd to dtemel seat wglositne a2 ni beousber ei tedtons, ni foturl adt te ani i haan: betway teow edd ni bentdnoc sd aso coidw doe . yew Bai b winoo Sd weidéie yao ti slidw ,fenoidsenm ecatot odd to foes i es setnobie gottoetjorwg eld ¢oiessvoni yd aladiqeo seodd détin mibipow odd sbieri-dazi ntefq odd sovk gostoxg to ,OCSS .8if whem @ 20 Horblvom gedd yd bedavotawe od geo yilent?t a0 pometedsoc eesiit to etaost oft edtow hsinoexe vidota 20 ii ne 7 ne , ae ofd yd nevik ca ashin Isveenu gees ditw to8 F dsunt.\ebeon evotgiies wort gaitivacy yldisg .edton redsox § yewTOod edt Yo (stati eit to ofbbtm sit to gntdroggne so omoo ~telig olibin “atl seosies sicisgee to to eosig slyahe s to sedéis bs dasbrogshboat stom s esmrees tf es saibreoo”a settrh sea gael off wl .yewioob edd to dui, edd to mokditeqe: s © ohh gest? bas .somnloo déiiv inemisess 6 o3 o10m ebned a 7 Saiad evotersdd .xoold esuntsa s nt moigvouatenoo edd — diod ds elsdico sii ,enotanenth etsaebon at ylao weno k andnat snode add wo Jeixe yosorls yeas 2k ,betdiuc is, aeet eric. pichhoninaed ak #hited: tela cowustnal 8 aon 0 ee oe ie ie a A, 7 a Bis ‘~BOIwSit antdovoro yd hed - x 08 ed eiansie eas sattzoueua hie sob iia), a% Bodeineniterd ed ot yiSeven ci” ‘noktocotf stets998 | om odd ye vistiqes & dtin bavot s setanimobesq nieges doidw ai — eos gew dotin .s9iq elbbia s to taswekosiis odd enit bas , “Ne 7 i 4 got 4 hue : we in) a ols 1p Pa eke rk } -_ ayn Y ee ee ee ron ae ee ee oT ee, Beans i 50 ‘ door and Supporting the tympanum of the arch, according to i separate) functéon, is usually to be distinsuished from the ot members. of the jamb: supportins the arch. The Simplest case 1 that ofa plain rebate with neither base nor. cap, from which 2 rise only the somewhat projecting corbels for the lintel. q On many older works it. receives the form of a plain pier, wh- 2 ich is surrounded by the capital. and base of the jamb, both of which are cut. off flush with the leaf of the door (Pig. 1290). The angle has a chamfer, a cove or even a richer moulding, 4 in which again predominates: a round with a capital. By the cap- ital can either the entire member be returned to the Square, a a and then the lintel: may also remain simply Square; or she moul-— ing can tontinue above the capital, break around horigontally — and thus. accompany the edge of. the lintel. (main portal. of chu- rch of S. Elisabeth at Marburg). It. is there preferable that _ ; the moulding of this strike of the door be distinguished by : greater eefinement from that of the jamb.- 5 In every case the corbels: are of sreat service, by which the — free length of the lintel im one, the useful width of the open= ing of the lintel in another is reduced in an entirely anlimite ing way, and which cam be combined in the most varied ways with each of the forms mentioned, while it may either be connected q with those capitals by increasins the projection sidewise asi | Fig. 1290, or project from the plain jamb inside the mouldings, q or finally cam be surrounded by that. moulding or a part thereof. On richly executed works the fronts of these corbels are decora- ted by crouching figures. Middle pier. « i But. with that unusual: width as given by the proportions im 6 sreater works, partly resulting from religious needs,. further come @ supporting of the middle of the lintel of the doorway ai. 4 and thus. the arransement of a middle pier, which was: construct- — ed cither of a single piec® or of separate courses. Its: forms: : differ according as it. assumes. a more independent importance or] @ repetition of the jamb of the doorway. In the last. case which — tends: more to a treatment. with columns, and first. departs from a the construction in a single block, therefore being possible o only in moderate dimensions, the corbels at both sides must. be omitted, if they already exist. on the stone jambs. Also someti- — mesa middle pier built in courses is connected with a freely dete byl Aaa agk ya pa Oe ess Sines | eae, Reba eds ri antets eiepkd efbbia edd aS ak Otel? efkhkm of# to tnowegnsita tablvoeq yrev A e4dtoo vital off mo reig elhbto est aotee tao ead o st dots Sehoeqene ext to metaye edt ered 109 ,talete® ya (oer +3it) e etiosasor ond Od ted of ~.wenaquy? edd o¢ iad Booy ni £2uete tw s¢eoexrit cs ecti ¢ erhoterver odd 4 dotde sectors eiaemtods edi ¢entoir aed? oie cetsel edt a0 aS \ y esnglt ade: , yerecob edé gaisevoo o sedans Lictex¢ edd | ie Saga dete, Gt ebrate tk dotdw ao ledeoo ets Asin aigci¥ gfok fig see gotoaae edt elidW .dool? eno ai tvs 6418 enotvazyed bebned ae “ ede olyte aolitcdaut odd nt belieces oale ef dean kiovedt ee Fe es igi a oly 3 7 7 Pd f Ms TS git eo: ne a i io ae i PRewentiocieque «a yfno ealwiodto af soktredti anoo ett ‘ ee! ,OLL3 09 otad odd oF . t | “vd bento pdmsi, atin afzdicq to engieel wedots edt at on2 q i Nesting oft Yo st0pit biatodias 10 efpbim edd yeotmp rd b tot: $adé eleeonos st sedi ce .d cowloo edd etoted beoals pedoed acia Sipbia odt déin #1 to notdoonnoo 4 .tdzied nwo Pehl ilew 6 Aatcl odd Yo encienemid seeth odd yd sidiseog 0 velbbio end sot Jaogges & aud? seseises9 at noldvouatenco end | borg Syed ‘Gavct ed ‘neo teddie feidxv ,yseeesesg eemoosd sat bb sid tatesotsnt yd to [ntiarge bebaod atin nenloo olsdil Radaent bas aevol eic? svete odd Yo wolsttoo tenol ott to eae a jete eebice sdodw ,letesieo s esmoosd ydeteds z6eig six to ‘iy - c ‘Bi @issonpost beshat ,eodois baitd yd botevousbh yliots e B Relhhie sis ot guignolsd yqonse oa? testo dose evoda swot i ¢ Ment peed ..9.i .usig olbbiw edd dtin bebaod. aed¢te certs ef : D\@uneguyt odd ot besele yheetls ef Gf 10 ,Sewoo teomiseas ¥ i aedd\.selc elbhio od¢ no tb Gbiesd adeet aedsel odd tadd y-s018 gaisieg que srt beiasoiert elsdyoo yd. anidesd sti ancty ‘i "ggoaz0 offs to {eiati end oeec eakT odd ei vals ol iduns | mypasagyd sit etoisd sati W Beatot eotiocs yd Seonfges esmitomos sax elLedgino edi hi i Sta doitin .edmet ert of eoty sl hiim eat mosh [osail “oF stea? bus (eqevo déiw i istosnente emsy t 98 aisaer Yang yet esso votts! od3 ul vyresasd sabi ie yd aowste ton 1h ysdd Jedd .s0ob sad Yo oxlate odz a baoesee® et Letaih oat asattonos cals -toeb out ; en donoth pists. nc. BIG000' 26 SO fom 6) 4g hie sitOu a0 x ene! Sat bes anni eee: 1 See Side yh cr. ou f n08. ys — projecting column by its capital: and base, on which is phaced the middle figure rising in the tympanum. | A very peculiar arrangement of the middle figure is. found wi the omission of the middle pier on the Early Gothic church at F: Wetzlar. For here the system of the suspended arch is. eae on the tympanum, so that the two voussoirs 2 (Fig. 1300) suppe the keystone b like a kingvost or struts in wooa construction. — On the latter are then wrought the abutments. against which abut the trefoil armhes. ec covering the doorway. The figure of the q Holy Virgin with the corbel:on which it stands is with: the SUus-— pended keystone are cut in one block. While the spacing oy anion ay trefoiliareh is also recalled in the transition style, the ent-— ire construction is otherwise only a superrefinement peculiar to the Late Gothic. 4 But. in the richer designs. of portals with jambs adorned by a figures, the middle or principal: figure of the entire series is” placed before the column b, so that it tonceals that for its own height. q connection of it with the middle pier becomes in- possible by the great dimensions of the former as well: as by : the construction in courses. Thus a support for the middle fie ure becomes necessary, which either can bse found by a projecting little column with bonded capital: or by increasing the dimensi- ons. of the lower portion of. the pier. This lower and larger. part of the pier thereby becomes: a pedestal, whose sides are most r q richly decorated by blind arches, indeed frequently im several. rows. above each other. The canopy belonging to the middle seu is: then either bonded with the middle pier, i.e., taken im the uppermost course, or it is already placed in the tympanum, so. that. the latter rests beside it. om the middle pier, then recei- ving its bearings by corbels increasing the supporting area. yen g anwhile also in the first case the finial: of the canopy may a rise before the tympanun. The corbels are sometimes. replaced by arches. turned under th lintel foom the middle pier to the jambs, which are usually made | verry ornamental with cusps, and their spandrels are perforated — like tracery. In the latter case they must. remain so far from 4 the strike of the door, that they are not struck by the leaf of the door. Also sometimes the lintel is replaced by a segmental arch, or as occurs on certain French works, by a horizontal arch. Usually also and particularly on works in brickwork, the arran= . sop st ae bibor sae bedatoc dears edt, Yo Guaaumes eae f Lae ‘iy | sista sibbin edt to sed eho a Lex09 bas fara to. .edust efzite soak Binge. 7 sft -sedw boniedss aeito wedd ei dinifg di Sits neva bas OHetocel dove tiiw bomvot af said otal oft of Ons Mdadt S82 oo Sc sepiG of botexwsaulli Caw, oft ai easndots bed 2 i Z cae seiotv ad¢ io woidexoosh secteszh edd ewret yléeotines ®eds ove eds to Jdgiod, edt da ,vedoid ski ongo o10%94: pbepronis. et bold elas to slousxe beso chabae a p pis sPanigh al xtiewevias bie.edt to fedtog aad hes tenn th {{eue to erc0eh. ofddeD gfrsei ao yisezovacd ebuvos bos. .wol nev ceil aN edt doidw ao .OGST .8if selsticao yo. gino betsiacash esutsomoe D atitedy vedast ods ts camslos eott to nobtgohsa edd cdin eo efgute & 10 asig fegqete s stoted bene [a S88 b DetPesendet mio} odd duods seiq odd Io eaed edt 108 edt mppectanntinse adi ebolt tedt to bise Yaldtyrsys bas AEC emeent. Tenousioo to nelg bavdgwoo eds 20 beageds sit hea déntic Letens$ goivosaros s ao abusta cals yliers i ne yt Pa a ee mae er ee 5 f a is ai selquos - re ~eacules eltiil diiwvedmat .asee sven ite to elgme tauox} edd Gavors gowoid ab dead saigsed ait galbnit .efikeok odd of movnhide Oe ain here det Z Nea ie Hh gh i i ar a] um; ; ‘ 4 nT ag “4 Ay abet : 4 asia Toe M ‘ ne a i ye ae ‘a at: ' ; : “ i. My : ee! oe ia ‘ iy ae rf RATT UNAS eS oan men ee = a — =. - a eo AIS FPR) er ee Be ee eR MIN SRD BN Cn a a PANDA OURO id SS Sg MT glean ; toate Nahe | iin PENG 2. arrangement of a BONEN... igi the entire width benea: the tympanum of the sreat vointed arch leads to the omission of the middle pier. Base ofithe jambs: of doorways and portals, Plain and stepped bases. : Be Simplest is the form of. base for small: dooways, whose ieee form the simple continuation of the arch members. without. cap- itals: or base, and intersect. below a projection or a wash. (Pig. 1304). This. plain solutiom occurs little in the Barly but = much in pate Sothic. The lower part of the jamb thereby become @ plain splayed surface, that. extends in an obligno: Seppe from the external face of the wall to the strike of the door, and its top or lower part. is surrounded by the plinth of. the : building, in case this does: not end beside the door. The portals of the earliy and middle time mostly hed, as we : have seen, jambs with little columns, that were completely fur-—_ nished with capital and base. The base received a little rect : gular or polygonal plinth, whereby the jambs had below again a regular stepped form, which rested on the steps or could have separate simplified plinth (see below). On the whole the plint- hs of the jambs exhibit much similarity to those of piers, as already described on p 214 to 224. a The plinth is then often retained when the capital is. nt and in the late time is formed with such labored and even of ioe ted richness in the way illustrated in Figs. 572. to 582, that — manifestly forms the greatest decoration of the whole, and the- refore came to lie higher, at. the height of the eye when poss: A particularly magnificent example of this kind is afforded by B: the portal of the old university in Erfurt. | 4 Conversely on Karly Gothic doors of small. dimensiags: as. in Fig. 1290, om which the plinth lies verry low, and rounds are sometimes decorated only by capitals. | With the adoption of free columns: at. the jambs, wien these are placed before a stepped plan or a simple splay, there resu- lts for the base of the pisr about. the form represented in: Fig. 558, and everything said of that finds its application here. The stepped or the compound plan of octagonal. bases: then gen~ erally also stands on a connecting general: plinth as lower base, that is broken around the front angle of the jamb and extends obliguelry to the inside, finding its termination at the angle Vom ee tt ‘ a a a Rane Pia \ydeteobeq +o ttaitg sont | 3 asioxd désifa edd yd Beare ad aso f¢otlg weban ist d vbeonls eelwebin to tewol egets eft atsom ti DE sdmek ods i fone (as ni dmet, eit to eredmem eft te “Ankan dyed eit st i bi pel @setaqee s fotteeat oq neo so0lq avi nt ‘nedt ,bedtiwo et Br deebeq 6 stil tisq & Jedd of .sloor badsecos ylgnordts srox mt | edt ot Qatbtoces heesotoni sd nedt neo shkied secdw .atetxe es 8 wi beonbora ogle et gntootdeiend siat senoLiiocorg [sven 5 bidéey wobamota ti Saideontd yd gerblind eds to dtanlo euvepaid 4 de hide Bedetarst ogi od diag nwo ed} co yas [sdeabeg dost” “at Patsiies 6 siatdo ydoredt bas dtutig bas gso gaitoe{orq we ' ot botevels ei ti sisiiog dosevl ises2 odd no nedd as (eonsh my j beat ydenrsdd dedt ce .mkiseh etitne ots to iieq Léiuzednt rs. ed teode of boeisavesé cenit edd hos enunloo odd to ednem > "tort besuane kaisd yderteds ,bawory end evods ngm s to tdbied vane By. a) ; s80eTte tehast? set s batowbowy bas geptad 2 +olooa ea¢ to taemoolsred Sone meaner yisv ek eslooe ozedt to trengofeved yediagt sd? pekerbedtso donst% nistieo hoe toverl ts doeudo meneridery edd P Dediietais ex Sisow bas aes edt neenisd sostroe oupifde end Sb sercosb 2718. eleneg seodn (2958078 boifd fetnensoto please fotiw bas veteifor stvgkt yd yvdesg bas erretden qd ¥fss ies eldd at svods esbhensoloe edd os enottet! 98% omss edd wk (@ac03 to vedors old ovigces stadt anwoloo olstel odd iddiw @ elbbin Sao sacisd to due, edt fo enodt stoted, Baste tedtis [8 ov ebsesl ecowitsncs osde sosmekoriie Ciol -tisydiesak edt wee aerol eft neewted daai odd Yo nafc bequsde odd tewottoxh y i inidd edt) yd betsoifbai yf[no et yefoe ett ydonede —Boaolos deo edt no yreitioo add nO —[eteshsq off Io SLooe sit bow bd Beteveo si eoloca eeedd. to ssarting ebie oft nated to B Seeeste snd sit Savcas beunivnoo.oels eb dedé . yre0sab bey t 30 B0isedoomento sis sxiL .eleduog ntoteow secs edt ‘slelad 206 b.gf8) eowwsit Sas enauloo evidsreoeb edd yd adnet: Latvog —* edd wi atatesco Jasadssxt to stom ‘gommoo Jaom ext i wi) “4 j I a) \ @f eelnso eterscse end to bovor® ons doftiw at benoldnser \eomisenol .tai? ont ni eeiustt ditw belLit aisas y{le. ee Sis eobte seodt \ (coyok vs Soe wneiwh to Lewbeddas eit Regge sit bua déoowe guied rewol oad toddie ,enoiekvib ows at ve ted ‘ose most wetith enredisg ygeds 10 \avedteq = geived 4 et) Reale edd anole 906L -Ul@ .emindon bas ‘este ‘Saleen is Beat tis ae -uneiaA ak Lsvbedseo gai vevedt dapat evened ert ened ifag ener oF +. t ein a ke ‘it pe ; iy N , Ay ee a : +) or paige): a & Aye PAS ees ena we ery <) Mais yo As i tas ay is 8a) tne ede at cee bia gsned bee wae: ‘te nohucpuiiin ie bobacd edd. moai ¢dhworw ots eemmloo -elssit eeodw ,efss | ft ao teties wol grow at ti>yoiw atediag yadacuad 3 A Co ee eee . eA a ee A eet eee ie wee Oe a, ON) De ane ‘! ~ Je Shs PON eT RAN te REE OL REE P47 OW an ge een ‘ iy act" ts arrests da! t ; be pa Sacnty NN] vie =v). a i } Boge i eee pod. subdivision of the columns, which still.in the entire proport: was to be elevated in a far more expressive way to be a subort inate division of the jamb. Thus the socle mentioned is omitted on all: these jambs of po tals, whose little columns are wrought from the éended achlawe courses, while men busied themselves it other ways: to appoxim their effect, and just here might be sought the real. reason of the origin of those richly decorated pedestals, which occur as supports of figures on tehe portals of Strasburg, Gologne, Rouen, etc., and whose relation to the jamb pedestals, from we started are even more clearly expressed by the rich mode of decorative treatment. ee: Development of the socle. e a The further development of these socles ‘is very varied. Om t the piebfrawem church at Treves and certain French cathedrals : the oblique surface between the cap and socle is: animated by purely ornamental blind arcades, whose panels: are decorated pa- rtly by patterns and partly by figure reliefs, and which appear iu the same relations to the colonnades. above im this: relation, with the little columns that receive the arches of these arcade either stand before those of the jamb or pefore the middle of the intervals. This arrangement. then sometimes leads. to a repro duction of the stepped vlan of the jamb between the lower littl columns, whereby the splay is only indicated by the blind arche and the socle of the pedestal. On the contrary on the cathedral of Rheims the side surfaces of these socles are covered by car— ved drapery, that is also-continued around the buttresses: sepa ratings the three westerm portals, like the ornamentation of the portal jambs by the decorative ‘columns: and figures (#ig.1305).° The most. common mode of treatment. consists: in the adoption of — a tapestry pattern wrousht in verry low relief on the surfaces mentioned, in which the ground of the separate panles is: gener- ally again filled with figures in the flat. Sometimes: (thus: om the cathedral. of Amiens. and at Noyon), these sides are separated in two divisions, cither the lower being smooth and the upper having a pattern, or ther patterns differ from each other-im size and scheme. Fig. 1306 shows. the treatment. concerned on the ~ cathedral: in Amiens. s We cannot omit here the remark, that these tapestry patterns. w#Esch es ot ee = iy i a Be. ane eat RN dosent ni someon os one ‘gent gah a vee hoe fatiastedre 6 mio} .e0ooslq yuss on eb) zeoadipe & temo asd yletesantcoten tous +mod?. ho olveinetourede eLvoey ae pibi tenes ‘wanes edt ut gasel ts .veu 8 ab YasmTe® of agtero3 er pwn te eau od dtiw deredal cot seomss saw doidy ,hed hid + Uiilsoc ai ,ecelg etitovet yor no emret tewmteotidose a 4 teeny Balaiat¢o 10% eneom betwoexe vilaae ae mo? enteti ag | S@aetigies evs amtot texV98ever azodt to toette of? bas .esen tales ot evieneh ytotataes yods ylgntbtooos haa ,teed2 avo mo i j A i Ee <_< ¥ a ; a nt rs ANY Pokis -@aH Quome oats fas ened? bawol ove weuoh de isheeleo edt Yo Letaog edt xO | edt af Lesuoexe ,enetwa ni tedt of vslinie yrey yen 6 ok om ¥ ay hee yorrgtt edt to alsiacbhed oterages ed? to aleasa bat Mare S- -toig oLbbim edt to czods ex bf . «istteq sit to averagayl ss ; , ‘id bo SG a8o YEewrcoh sid to kainege ssqotg bas wsani exit an paeiveit .{totert tedtese .evods nesaz sved on es (dove ne Digeie onote ods to Letvail edé sntot olva odd dud idote tid as mies agant sdt so :2tess dadd .monsqayd oakine edt gat pie oma edt ddssnad yliquide ebnsde 31).eledieo edi 10 dust ' b edt o¢at tol ni xo .otsdet barbearoiumss sak batted exeer aM oo: ‘elO SbIf od Cali yeast) yxsostd oXkL eodows ¥% Mp be Ni ‘ Be *savaeguyd edie sintot pheno avasguys outine odt fi wolls evotsnenth est nod Biieeeisoo feveyee To seinzeito ,ATOST. 620) ensote eluate « cies @dail edd Senidnco cis yletey gok «(OLED .eth) asada cons no 12 rye Seansge serii civsatneqo end wedw ,yobtLit dele oid bas ai lg To Sno to beaoguco ayaeqeyt Suv edrea doitiw po used hnovte io Byswioch ofdice yited, bes espasnanok erotemad 20 .8908iq stom . sea ef iegail edt .saidh eft no bes vroxse tewol al at i) meivorq oidsie e¢i to saibuatetsban asolo s cttw slbbin | 2 io anid nO .(so%9 ,yosdteLlis Jobyed ¢s esdoasso mett S0ef — al edies of tebto ni (ishosdnotbal astts .COSl .Stt) stanks te edt bns,st teve Jiel need move esd fio, nego ne Ietoil edd be udinsopet? elstioq texted .avioeevov s#it duo ai mone spony APEL 829) soetwoo ni gnk{1it s Ledeil sid ovoda ae ped? :to Lstx0q Iegionisg odd sodst od yem olgmexe bi er: plogs osie ots ylers: ton snd: 310098. Je désdsats 2 Se wektact22e ead of betive ,(SI€I .2t%) edele Lact t . stsistel ts Sexbedtes edd no es cetg Masih may in Ya 4 i) ae 3 “fe ys: Ae a it) ys sat ‘i i ALN Nien ee ty Wi} ety | fc Roo hie el Rect) Osiege yi! Rie Lunes eee tis” eT ee ; pes that are so common in French architecture and animate the pla surfaces §nm so many places, form a substantial: and very adwaat geous characteristic of them, that unfortunately has remained foreign to Germany in a way, at least in the sense here indica- ted, which was almost too liberal with the use of more severe architectural: forms on any favorite place. In reality these flat patterns form an easily executed means for obtaining great acum ness, and the effect of those severer forms are heightened dy : contrast, and accordingly they certainly deserve to be in treaee ced also among us. a On the portal of the calendar at Rouen are found those patton ns in away very similar to that in Amiens, executed in the be ind panels of the separate pedestals of the figures, and just like those of the middle pier. . 2. Tympanum of the portal. q The inner and proper openings of the doorway can be covered by: an arch, as we have seen above, whether trefoil, flat or strai- © ght arch; but the. rule forms. the lintel: or the stone slab: clos- | ing the entire tympanum, that. rests: on the inner pier of the 4 jamb or its corbels. It stands abruptly beneath the arch alone, rests behind in a surrounding rebate, or is let into the Jaa arches like tracery (Piss. 1148 to 1148 c). ee Joints in the tympanum. When the dimensions. allow it, the entire tympanum consists: of a single stone (Pig. 1307), otherwise of several: courses: laid on each other (fig. 1319). Not rarely are combined the lintel: and the slab filling, when the openingsis first. spanned by a strong beam on which rests the tympanum composed of one or more pieces. On numerous Romanesque and Harly Gothic doorways: in lower Saxony and on the Rhine, the lintel is enlarged at. the © middle with a clear understanding of its static problem (Bigs. €308 from churches at Leyden, Billerbeck, etc. ). On the church a at. Sinzig (Pig. 1309, after Redtenbacher) in order to relieve the lintel an open joint. has even been left over it,and the tym panum is: cut like voussoirs. Larger portals frequently exhibit above the lintel a filling in courses (Fig. 1311). As a splend- — id example may be taken the principal: portal of. the church of . 3, Elisabeth at. Marburg.- But. not rarely are also employed vert-@ ical: slabs (Pig. 1312), suited to the distribution of the fig- ures 2S on the cathedral: at Wetglar. ie omapaa olqute tp susasqovs edt Yo Fuonseos¢’ % Sotlit edd end selqnaxs elgatea yisv ak yiad ct tas .eusw dosteliib ak betnomento §t et efor s 2% dod | ) Yo ebosw geelgmta sdT .siyte suosenamod edt nk cdvor e seuy 70 ‘esloits .eeesors tdavotn soatase edd no entet not it, jedi .gatbivos to teimado & yd Sewtot et snifdvo seode R aiky egsilot bas usttesor yd bel {tt to alefy seddie tat 7 } eodsoz07 dove vemttemo® shod to dred eit oxif totfer Leot ce PSaff s tovewod siedw .seit sdostotg tetfor at euret tengo ti H ob ttasonco aonegays edt Yo exbs 3astvo edd esineqmonos ‘nots BOnttord sewol es zoole eeuntsnoo ols weiitte bre dors odd | pet “dust, ect to daay deomrgert eft no eqote 10 . ent! ah 4 ris #2 @ 8 avin homtot at to sisupe iso yfouke ei dele edd to 3 if att tev0 ebsesxe ebto bebivon Jadd eomisemoe oelhs .entilson ey Bo | \;dots Lroters 6 ab moasg 9 f smuRts & sort etisces annsgesyd edt to tnenteest tefiota & A fivecioas sedi alisiv socttce stitns est sntrevos notésdnesct be oe yitesges 8 yd .OCS! «5rd nt as xaowléotoe yd p40 & teean Jeon teit hemes ed yen snomeznerte test od? .yres Bo @ ste} nissi00 MO a8 evondola sldetabtenoo semunes +f gedw a! pee .atewneze®) ssowdoiad af yfasleottaeq bas’ extor Ba . e8olons oF evtee Jon asob bas .(.ods .1eib) .mesuedleseis a | ‘enantio edd gi bsasge wohniw 2 407 10 eginredto ceveteqes _ ” b96°0s besuoexe si of eitox won sot ylisiosses Sn et: Hy m0 Shon tedio yne 1siex of be ,efdbeeog es doom as YISSe4 ia Bobsda yilse: 2 nieoro> ton eso si stein .tedd ot mn sehen a $6620 Tortetoetsie end of Snoveedt0s seed ‘neve 4 spoqing fs | »2yautood eldwob seve asreguyt? t6 toenteat? F pon eidsod eeotit sot satis atnensgrsits bsdsoilomoo ston rh. 999 O89 OF Isilvesq sie tedd .aetq olbhim s yd Sstsiscvee ae ia evads emai? eos bart derti on sie .elesass to ansiesh | is cabases sedsio vedi .dh@ .g vo benclisnow ybasrls 4siq sIb is eds weilit bne Ladies s ab gi wott baivospo1ig genfos elssit ie bOtmesio sis ¢i Eee{{it z9edFawt 10% .moseqmyt acd to ofh d oda Seo, Npttion ak ¢éguotw sis gest jnewwhit ebie vefLeme et MO @ert-hsoela setwexil aie +o ,avoegayt edt to ‘S290 y deen edd no eorundtt eveds boided bowers od? meforiges # Totedoees. yieusidxs yd SeLLrt et dowpdo a‘désdseffiz '. a q°sad to tdgte oft ‘ng eeaty to evetenoo Felt rok ais ass tg 05 nus +¥t9l 9us no esto: Ye poe oa My my ¥ . * wt A + es in = ‘ , . Te +4) iy j 7 : } ae a 4 » ie Dae Tae i, ad meet £ “ Si phe Sin . o “as Se ei ea een fee oles a. me ‘ ey NS $3) ae he wi “Ai Ny Wied A, 9 ETD te eerh f 956 Treatment of the a of simple portals. Only in very simple examples has the filling remained plain, — but as a rule is it ornamented in different. ways, and indeed on works in the Romanesoue style. The simplest mode of. ornamentat- ion forms. on the surface wrought. crosses, circles or qunerol ll whose outline is. formed by a chamfer or moulding, its: ground be- ing either plain or filled by rosettes and foliage, or a spab b~ ical relief like the Lamb of God. Sometimes: such rosettes or 0 other forms in relief project free, where however a Like prajec- tion accompanies the outer edge of the tympanum concentric with the arch, and either also continues along the lower horizontab — line, or stops on the innermost part of the jamb. The lower edge of the slab: is simply cut sgquara or is formed with a. projecting moulding. Also sometimes: that. moulded edge extends over the tym- panum in a trefoil arch.’ a A richer treatment of the tympanum results from a digure rep resentation coverings its: entire sufface within that enclosure, by scroblwork as in Pig. 1290, by a tapestry patterm om by: trae cery.’ The last arrangement may be termed that. most. unsuited, w when it assumes considerable richness as on certain bate gothic works and particularly in brickwork (Essenwein, Norddeautsche - Ziegelbauten, Adler, etc.), and does not serve. to enclose cael separated otherwise or for a window opened in the tympanum. G = erally and especially for new works to be executed to economi tracery as much as possible, and to prefer eny other mode of a decoration to that, where it does not. concern a really ae ral. purpose or even best correspond to the character of tracery. a" Treatment of tympanum over double doorways. wore complicated arrangementr arise for those double soorneys_ separated by a middle pier, that are peculiar to the sreatest. designs of portals. Here we first find tne figure above the nids , dle pier already mentioned on p. 546, that either stands om a 4 little column projecting from it ir a corbel and fills: the mid~ dle of the tympanum. For further filling it are often found two smaller side figures, that. are wrought im relief, from the thick ness of the tympanum, or are likewise placed free on inserted corbels. The sround behind these figures on the west portal. ot S. Blisabeth’s church is: filled by extremely beautiful scroll ork, that consists. of vines on the right of the principal fig- ure and of roses on the left. ail bad colts « ae apardee) eet Teckesennee: eton rebboat Prseie ile edd of aetg elbbin sdt soit baedxe scedorws bat oe 302 ezateego telognetoss eeiustil oft svods sitate ead ft bts end beviso ete madt yd beebni elosag odd ok sads 08 Mona sectose dSciid edt to susadotdi oct te tho Yeiler at mis ,ibesverebod se egosiayo «2 no bows ek dnenepas | ak Bedasenrt oefe et yaones s etnokstit Leqioniiq eat szevo0 ) aiid eds svode myneqeyt acd Jo Sacoig odd bose ,wooeg ip as Liew ga yyone> edt bas evvgtt elbbia ext obtead | eXtowlfotoa wd bel{it et dows letaeq’; Ee cketsreun eenoatdtob. west iesdat bau wiote setan ae Qo teatsesifoyY al dowsdo edd to Letiog dino. edt ad Negnats esninego 1006 sii seve wedois boltld eaeds ere BEY obte eeodd sot sosge on ai ested sadd of .enokterotisa iss Pakvedmet oid erclod feoslg exe enarfoo es1k exoterssdit bebe eds used doitiw velo sibbin of? ssoled se tenmeu meg Fence @ole wisdel osf .esitcoce ond ° g sdt eved eet Wete Dat sasztt deqtoniagq adt ce diat mee oft ts baste saiduets ylages emis omee es Se doce .~asigonso ‘yd be ot BE weit elboie oid Yo ygouso ett slidw..eldak L[sdapy edd to} bi Hi dassog Sa¢ Yo onoteyod cdi disened hedaeant ei apasqays sagt Loy harem edt to onti Istaoxtiod anorattnos sai nO cdova Paereneirs tesic bas votso yleaeutxe sdv beazsed ef werd : Baueico siz eleiiogq sedio 20 yrettnoo esd oO .tosceansete teibbia Oat tedd or ~sewol tqou ote boads sete tk? edd dotdw } Pp Re (008d -t%) retigkd ebaate enn TTT btawgy 4% so heesd {ia ese bencttnser sinemegnsais ed? bet Getivoes e2imet, exs to aclistcomesate bherwiaiagoe edt to rel | tvs edt bas cuseqayé i of ,Bapieal Laesi0q sresaotg edd wos it pettow cedto off no eLids ,otor]edé? galbaocqeerios iigies i "ede .tamfod te {etuog détpoe sdt ne as tie elsuebom to és 29 * wbasgmys ods brs (Sameioo ei#dil edt yc hewacd yiao eae peas fo tebhom tneneTtio exzed¢t tu ,teeweanco Yollet ewo eit Tsvesibex ett esu tEnoptifecat won ,toora Laeltneiadwe beottes 2 tron meteye ect yaitnevel at ,boinecr soiluies oft to sootids host (Oa68 e2tqmetia [is 162 wod bus .ercitacerth eft «co side E ab noittteses « ené vo weolisoqotg Msc Benevsen thdd) wha botnets . fat yenotenomkb oft. [ eerg devel of begudiutte ad: aso dywode son) eter 08 ahaa “fe 30 tue yatyerac: meeinciat eet ons, i ny ind arches extend from rive middle pier to the wall. ie torial the strike above the likewise rectangular openings for the doors. so that in the panels indeed by them are carved two side figur in relief out of the thickness of. the blind arches. Such an ar angement is found on S. Cyriacus at Duderstadt, (Note), where over the principal fisure a canopy is also inserted im the weil panum, and the ground of the tympanum above the blind arches. b beside the middle figure and the canopy as well as under the Bu portal arch is filled by scrollwork. NOVSe. Stats und VUnsowritrer, Gothisches Musterbuch.: i On the south portal of. the church in Volksmarsen on the cont- — rary, these blind arches: over the door openings: change onto ac’ . ual perforations, so that here is no space for bhose side figu-o res. Therefore free columns are placed before the jambs in the a Same manner as before the middle pier, which bear the side figu- res, here the princes of the apostles. The latter also come to Stand at. the same height as the principal: figure and are cover- _ ed by canopies, which at the same time supply starting points for the portal gable, while the canopy of the middle figure of the tympanum is inserted beneath the keystone of the portal. a arch. On the continuous horixontal: line of. the ee figures: is based the extremely quiet and clear effect of this arransement. On the contrary on other portals the columns on . which the figures: stand are kept. lower, so that thk middle fig- ure stands higher (Fig. 1300). a The arrangements mentioned are all based on the upward trans- fer of the sculptured ornamentation of the jambs: peculiar to t the greater portal designs, to the tympanum and the division of — height corresponding thereto, while on the other works, likewi- se of moderate size, as on the south portal at Colmar, the jambs are only formed by the little columns, and the tympanum receives its own relief ornament. But these different modes: of treatment _ afford substantial proof, how intelligent was the mediaeval ar- chitect of the earlier veriod, in inventing the system most su-o4 itable for the dimensions, and how far all attempts were from a him, that weakened great proportions by the repetition an lit- tle dimensions. " Here not enough can be attributed to later pressure, since t 4 the last endeavor, the carrying out of an unlimited proportion, a ed war tye. i‘ 6 ie iN ie a? ae ; ee re f a4 } : =! eye OS ay: we Y Se rer f 4 ‘ rv ie al 7 ae || i re | Jk ae a Ki ig ma . AI 7 ig bods @) ptedaezcang wd? of bebbe fecade off eted aotiaom ev ‘bos eonecitianam Ifa atte foldw ,gxmtdeo dt tf ed? i sh aces ¢£ sed? at aote sey .e2lisiebd es to sottanxat me eagoton Hae pitdeedts to afattog ods ho saeve_ussss exit Su 4 VT io . : +eackesemth iis Bayes: -munseays ed? nt etetled . J 6 ssle tit Hisken ddgia ew erotesei? fiz sereriquog r bas ,Bvausi, edd no eetuslit.sd2 tot eucieoemih deolisee wpes don od doidn ,emotansnif done of hedoitiees es atag een ~gotsotsge ont to diated eft evoda seke of antngtt Beetb fone ol .tduied eng tied to th sebau Letecbsy & wolls Vesiquédcgakexe asssquyd ons to moitetoosh end aedd oale con ula s te etetenco baa .aciticog snebasqebst ylextins fmeaseq yiod ods of staior dadt .tetisnr ot betusesige: aon Ma glereyee ef Zovesbas sit bos boisoibeh ei Isdaoq edd wow ics, Seody .ovrsgmyt eft to este eds .botste ow cA .SoRne MW potisaxc? ati eebuloxs on odd gnitiite qd) fsesesont Llite Ppeeteges to goonehseits ns 2ids moxl alive steit dale sae Seoee GOne0 .T9tivc dose tove cwor duerstiib of anoltadasaergas bivc | edeoned So ddiu eexwkit Yo asiase evownisaoo « asd dels emeegouss to seisse « 10 ,e2oveal yo bsisi0eceb ro okalg del ess, Mot essed 4 £6 onid suse edd tg evise settel ef? .beviss peenweoas stony stot Yatasvos & 22 Sas .dale emse edd no eats erat goleivih edi dno puiao od obetcevis n@.9d sted yam of biet Slamaxe ve doce cowneqayt edt no cele dost odt cohbtaped S egedw .enckws de chsoet teow eit to Lataeg obte odd vd boxe GO%q waeseo Sis to sobied edt vs dele sewol add io sbieisbas mi igeti qot ods bre . (dae -q) dust) edt to ampfoo oft motk eek $8 deed aco ebaotxs enucsde esti tads oe ,Lediqao eit. to ted vanbsheicercso éyad ,1sdmem getstnouied 8 10 omes ody Adin Py is r a r e\ 7 ©? testtaco ai olbbiw aft of teds pnoitareey astessas g déin onbe so toe dale iiskdanas astd « Seyolqus ad yem sro hha -teiler sarkheoage ios aedel igen Llade ew pnggtsinseszge: edd of | mete aboapsay edd dadt .betste ed yfoc ti ysm toomsteest » yibiod aiedd dtiv dows sid to esatscs goitoetoug tes oxtoves osia ,ewokfod edd af esiqoneso dtiw. eet re r ' iy et: ar “peo yal eriyia okt bo: alataoy nisiies a6 ersoqga bitte’ » od yeO\uckervié {sdwoxtsod sid cl .didted nt tasmectge | Sent &, boa presen? ond to earpsqloog ann y5s still appears on certain: portals of the later periods. Theref we mention here the chavel added to the Prankenberg churbh in the 15 th century, which with abl magnificence and puristyyin the formation of the details, yet sins in that it reproduces the “al tire arrangement of the portals of Strasburg ana cologne in sms all. dimensions. a. Reliefs in the tymvanunm. Somprising all, therefore we might. regard life size as: the smallest. dimensions: for the figures on the jambs, and regard 1. thém as restricted to such dimensions, which do not require the figures to rise above the height. of the springing, and thereby — allow a pedestal: under it. of half the height. In such dincasigull ns. also then the. decoration of the tympanum again»oetéupies: an: 4 entirely independent position, and consists of a series of sce- nes represented in relief, that. relate to the holy person to ; whom the portal is: dedicated and the endeavor is: severely arr- { anged. As we stated, the size of the tympanum, whose height is still increased by stiltinsg the arch, excludes its: formation by one slab, there results. from this. am arrangement of separate representations in different rows over each other. Hence each slab has a continuous series of figures with one beneath, mould-_ ing plain or decorated by leaves, or a series: of canopies is. : a carved. The latter serve at the same time as a base for the fig- ures on the same slab, and as a covering for those underneath. Et. may here be an advantage to carrry out. the division in aeight — founddon the jamb also on the tympanum. Such an example is off- ered by the side portal of the west facade at Amiens, where the — udderside of the lower slab at the Reisht. of the canopy prejenil ins from the column of the jamb (p. 544), and the top lies in . that of the capital, so that its abacus extends: on that. slab: with the same or a harmonizing member, thus characterizing the agreement in height. In the horizontal: division cay be caused vel a greater variation, that. in the middle in contrast. to: the broad one may be employed a high placed slab set on edge with a corr= esponding relief. a fo the representations: we shall: return later, on the mode of treatment may it only be stated, that the vicinity of the high projecting courses of the arch with their boldly effective figu- res with canopies in the hollows, also require a strong relief in the sculptures of the tympanum and a crowded position of the ‘ot ereiee We Seka eds |) i desenesitin Parry PF, | ‘ai’ bos 9 oa Ste fifen oct to icuudiles edd an beqoleveb pan mielo Ss ediame: shite doso te tatit [law edd Yo cost B 26 iets hee ne ¢¢ivest wodd taecerto deateem odd th vitew PSfagte « diitw dofdx ,Aniifrom hood gaktootorg orttoes Sana! 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Sasweynet 4 ect wost yliees ywiev esl ness ft ebte ea? tovo esiqoves ftin neeismextLoY si etstgigoe Is mies aesisis sotizos slds_, ect stedw (MCF .q 00! bed bxoesb bi eatct 760 ,Daed & yo aaitoss15 Istgosized 6 ak zayniénoo 615 me thatcd to nolstsoqgoxg yrs send of ,moltieniion! to snilf one mibtnl? Sistas 10 eoloeantg tess of rok .ydpteds hentedis gc poe tie edd wBetqoneo Skt a6 noidgicog Setispes ond nt. baste yaw ro 2 ses Gela.ewdit .benietidoe ei eelde> yassent bas aleiatt te @ 10 eledsco .ehmivloo wo sisiail sinuie sotileog ta62) at e stedt bua alstalt ‘eit exzor teited edt mo teacl +4 Sie gnibyloxe Lateoesrre yloiwg Sns ddgil ebem yLao yletoege .bats2ixe ylileer fon sonstroget (eontoutite to ete tsisfiyeem io welv er .noconeds biel ad ddpia fetaog ons e1ctsd feoala e1em coavetstud eviaeam ent oie & wt beetftaw setwos ci sobdectorg goin Raton wardton: eyel Sudioted? dordw bes ,tous Lasrod ‘a . “oa tT: Kee adh shiaed bien 4 (08 baste bet eke. ak ra! bya wo & he oo ni he nf bass < i Tes ¢ 4 _ ti basa f es separate fisures. 3.. External: enclosure and crowning of | the portal. oe | oT Crowning moulding. ‘i fiecording to the simplest. arrangement of portals with jambs 4 developed in the thickness of the wall are so placed in the face of the wall: that at. each side remains a plain part. of the wall. As the nearest ornament them results an addition of a con- centric projecting hood moulding, which with a simple profile 2 can be ornamented by foliage in the cavetto, and on whose arra— ngement and solution all: necessary has been said on p. 352. “4 The use of this results abmost of itself, when the hood moulding, instead of passing above: the arch joins it, that. most. Simply c 4 can be produced by making it. concentric. Instead of this is. gens erally found a rectangular or gabled carryins around of. the cop nice concerned, the last. sSenerally being stilted vertically ace- ording to the proportion of height. Pinials and tracery gables. on Meantime these forms of crowning do not. require the motive of the cornice, but. can also be independent, so that their spring ings may be corbelled ont at the height. of the base line of the arch, terminate in a scroll. or any other projecting sculpture, run to a head or an animal: projecting from the face of the. wall. Such a solution results very easily from the arrangement of the — | portal sculpture in Volksmarsen with canopies over the side sige) ures. described on p. 550, where the gable cornice either as. th- ere continues in a horizontal: direction by a bend, or forms its own line of inclination, so that. any proportion of height may q be attained thereby. Now so that. pinnacles or entire finials: may stand in the required position on the canopies, the effect. of finials and tracery gables is. obtained. Thus: also are found in that position simple finials. on columns, corbels: or priers.: _ At. least on the better works the finials: and their supports are — only made light. and purely ornamental, excluding all conception — of sthuctural: importance not really existing. Special: weight. a might be laid thereon, in view of many later experiments, where | the massive buttresses were placed before the portal: jambs, but whose projection is nowise utilized for a deeper form of the q portal arch, and which therefore have nothing more to do than to stand as guards. beside the doorway. If it be allowed to men= mee Pe a ner Nige . Misthe, 3 ee aT “epivas onto ee Lod to oka uae | ads tikes 5. sasagoleveb yidg tm dedt eteagtesh tdain ov Lsbom: a Sod edt bas etgeenett od to edmst fafaog add nsburhdst)/ a i$ \ootsees es eclets oble sietit aost tettel odd snttersqee 7 eo tntog tedéons cuit emse sid ds ind ,bobbovs tedted enkie es ih Mateueste bsileo ew doidw of ,sied ‘nolvetebiencoe ovat. | 89% eda to edmet to dtqeh edt yakesetoal es mS 7: ,oeu tiods eved yen eoerenitivod done olidwudsell | een feds ,stvott seid ditw dell wodé neowted boatud ef 1 botevoo sit to bes dow Iadaog oft to diqah sit sesonvat aa pele eid to d7sq & eeeiza ydersdT .yswt0ob eft eroted | 7 BS edil Sninworo dadd bos ,ilew edi to sost edt work yal ns ioumsais eidT .smoisos{oxq edt to loom Leavos ns eemooed [30 Longengele nkstteo no etetsto gnomes .baorct® ylnomaco neds ars dead svods tmieiy sesiussed edt to dasq ded} ,yow 8 BE Vbeliedrcs qlédbife e Yo moi edd eomuaee ofdey oft Yo. | eM © eit defi ce .bstitmo ylextias ci eaco Seefquie edd af a0 Baye a t0 Saeadests eit 10 .ofdet sit dveaned sil seum nolioei ong be 1 gniawors bua stnsmsnte sluwe .ecintos gciteros atin sider cy inse eeldss guimicones erode Oise vileisass Sulidiyrave dal iy ‘ elder gue a ee. fedrog eid sued betttoo sd don bleote ered? i in B (yrtueo dt @f to yaionived) soneiY te dowdo neketsentusil piesogexsd to fenogsiaeg & eed esidst yieoass to Rsodeani dsdd oar ‘bos dten edt to eesnioisy end af rot! ylsisg tedé .ygonee ss08t Jsatetus sotid stoted eest vwitasg at - ee ie a » BY Apes ir; (i, eedored elqnf2 | + basot at eeesesiiiud ef3 to mokdgatotg sat Saiessioni ye 4 4 a eibtas edt to sesedyoumi bas dtqeh sdt yatesorsal to easom ti o8 YO taeagoloveh odd ot yllenders hecesd audt bae ,snavole a es soidn ~etetq edd to esostina wisiq es Sataevoo yf sito ‘ meee etotsd beoelg camufoo sliiil .asdote ba tide ‘wd tetssms + j olgns yd benentynoate od ‘nse igh se janis 320 ,asaweatl yd eS et wtivey oid to daomezastze edt ti ylisioeces ,ese i Rcrnteera edt mort notesssgqxe tran to sldageo ek ekdd ie -eaendois qendasy, Sid od. paseasieo owt 40 vakenoo dotdw. @tntoed tdois ai peeveese tons, yo ti déiv bogosanco fas Lfsar edt p ond od ovead idoze eno ott heated et ee ¥ . sue + Ge my bani Pal \ 7 y i, ries ry < aL ae ih Seer 7 Tas hae 60 3 4 mention the restoration of Cologne cathedral otherwise than model, we might designate that. mighty development of pinnacles — between the portal: jambs: of the transepts and the buttresses _ separatins the latter from their side aisles as examples: of a signs better avoided, but at. the same time another. point. comes into consideration here, to which we called attention om p. 556. Increasing the depth of jambs of the arch. - Meanwhile such buttresses may have their use, if arches are turned between them flush with their fronts, that. accordingly increase the depth of the portal: arch and of the covered space _ before the doorway. Thereby arises: a part. of the portal: project-— ing from the face of the wall, and that crowning like a gable becomes an actual roof of. the projection. This: arrangement is. then commonly found, among others on certain Westphalian works in a way, that part. of the buttress rising above the beginning 4 of the gable assumes the form of a slightly corbelled pinnacle, — or in the simplest. case is entirely omitted, so that. the entire — projection must lie beneath the Bable. On the treatment. of this gable with covering cornice, angle ornaments and crowning appl- ies everything generally said above concerning gables and trac- ery Sables. @ There should not be omitted here the portal: crowning of the Mariastiesen church at Vienna (beginning of 15 th century), that. instead of tracery gables: has: a pentagonal or hexagonal. canopy, that partly lies in the thickness of the wall: and is. partly free before the external: face. Simple porches. By increasing the projection of the buttresses: is. poe the @& means of increasins the depth and importance of the entire en= ; closure, and thus. passed sradually to the development of a por- ch. By covering the plain surfaces of the piers, which are orn= amented byoblind arches, little columns placed before them or by figures, or that. again can be strengthened by angle buttres- ses, especially if the arrangement of the vaults. permit such, this: is: capable of everm expression from the greatest. simplicity | to the highest richness. 4 It. further leads to those portal: structures peculiar to Ital- | ian architecture, which consist of. two columns. standing before the wall: ard connected with it by architraves, where a tunnel: 3 vault is turned from one architrave to the other. The spreading r Et snort a Vebnavone) eeds Keehad) Bt rteas odd to © eesive S63 OF Besoqqe isd? og fas .itsoe sid at Ww i <0] Soememalae me yo .oldieecg 918 somutoo rshaele tO ed pegasiie berzev Yd ofyte su0 ai sldiesinisg wltecotd Nas Waites goozasiiud sdé dtiw aotéesonos yd ,eameloo belaw tor seedore YO svertidois dsdd gnsivoqque to gatintidedss a . aipeet to elyae as Wess cans .ctcesen adt at edazow setel ico asgseta senoosd Bs | -s90e7%0guL bas esis teol eved eoylacuudy a me ,9L68Q° 10 usteqay? to todmwies et odd gutdegmyt slide ec snottectiont ELave eseds. dei iw ites to & Ua osvasmento ylas zo ,risig dtel: ylferensd soe Bc? ipeezose: eivtil sowdt yd befsutas .{lotylog #210 aden iO ebne edt .essadit eesit Io exveciona es? .eisibakae Bt ra “ySest£ot vw bstsioeosk yiilsser stenoods \muothiun safe nofetyib agit yd dirsea aedd euro xedois aii ' ‘nesnsod efemsy edt oasl dexit off af eyYTSOAIs Lo asteye Basrietsten; exe dotiw .eatusit ea belli ofese.sd aso enoit sa eee mgacgnys sdi ao usoitstacreiges edd to sae nye basse fdeg Sat no Roptetanenses, rites edt a | Ts \ ‘ FONE) 8 P Pe ay) edt to tated ect te gail coetese agin’ b o oon i buttress is in connection with the passage at the base of the Side aisle rsof. But. since the width of this terrace socortsias to the projection of the portal: structure may exceed the dime Sion required for access, it is next to cover this surplus wit th by a separate shed roof adjoining the gable wall. and slopi down to the passage described above. This arrangement is found on the cathedral at Rheims, formed about according to Pig.1317 whereby that. shed roof cd is placed on a detached pier a, which is connected with the gable wall: by a header b. and so increases the stability of the latter. In similar works the gable is also then omitted, and the portal structure then terminates with th passage alone.’ Removal of water. me Removal of water from the floor of the passage can be effect ed in different ways. In the simplest case as itr Rheims, a sp- out can be carried through the buttress, endinginéfore its mi dle. On the contrary in Amiens: the perforation of the buttress is avoided, the water svouts beins doubled and thus lying at 6. both sides of the buttress, and are arranged at. the base of tk gable extending over the portal. Instead of these the passage can also be carried around the offset of. the upper part of th buttress, thereby arrandins spouts accessible from the sides. The inclination of the gable is sometimes small on the old works, rising little more than an angle of 45°, and meantime becomes steeper on later works in the measure, that. the porte themselves have lost. size and importance. Treatment of tympanum of gable. With these small inclinations bhe gable tympanums themselve are senerally left plain, or only ornamented bry a circle with cuscs or a polyfoil, animated by three little rosettes. in its spandrels. The enclosures of these figures, the ends of the cus ete were usually decorated by foliage. a Richer forgs then result by its division into mullions and system of tracery. In the first lase the panels between the m lions can be again filled by figures, which are related to th meaning of the representations on the tympanum of the arch, s é ose 09 odd Bu sok Decline. e ies aes Sate inte 3 ) gone 8. ole th odt St yYused Istoeqe 30 pexpElt io afoyo east ee a ee oq Tedeain Studer we Yo Latgaq' Leqtoataq sit 9) | \ 0! & ofdae edt to pottoloser ods ctin eeso. baoose edt nol ted beriti oc yau efsnsq starager etki .yts0sts to antares aiiy seer $f Tf Ssemborg et torts boot elselyotined & olone Sted ef3 evods yudusth to ebne sat asve 30 Sgnin aris — dsolttomoe: eit batizond audt .yteoe4d Yo elenay ait. Betog S0t yO cuode eh bald stds to ofqmaxs doit yLtelpoitres ae i «mevol ve Lerbottso edd to sbhP2 cdrom odd no ‘ Deehestoq wotten ebhieed zsosiaue [Lew ott Yo tuentcest $i enegosr te $neseliib eds evade benotinen yheorls saved s¥ pieetionivg s tinieg ton ob encisthuco odd sastw Kokde vo Risatke SAF \Boneoistid edd nesutad Shiv evitwe odd sabEitt Pb etot mevigte sc desol gs (lin, tnewetreiie side of yothdocess pddpi ft sidsalisve *o éladtog tol tuooc eele Yen Sako sree opt Saioe Beliey soon edd oft beef bn ftbinw edd wo 2toser tadd f edt dsc 08 .eiisq ond af bebivift sd yor dtbiw [estine off Bad eistryoc ond Io vedi ot semoo soltevels. ear te | Riise metbentso oft to teow teen odd mo’ beool EL etdT cee Bs cs al @tvetenoo tremehastss Letoemenve eon "oatork - lee ei fassog eid fue eesestddnd edt neewlad $5292 ‘and fehom Sid ot Bathrosoe bekusite reddie ek tend .Vtesess Seite PaO Sheted sont seods oF onion vine sett .eebsone San, ond $ at Se6ttve eiitne oft esieuoove Ft 16 ‘USRTOOE elly To fees iL $ yocs esynttro> cele end? bas .wobetvib | . Eid atod eief .astenim auncduensze co es : BI odd sted Bary! eeaors doid golburde se yt & Shoned yrepeds geen Dapot seecesg oid to wooli aft bised ted . flex siz to EP \istcoq eds to sldag yreoesd add ofidy Secs ke Lsadw eds yr ersia Fe 4 oe etand ,Obeote efit to exotiinm debnefe txt god oe: -Gleraft Yo emsot Sota ofst bevtd ads ddiw-oiste toaesvosvis Scucesys? aft tesisnos tenn af mbemteonse cage sit erode jeletrog soeeaand oagolo- Spa 8 ,eeloenditg eff Yo inengoleveb sviseen eid vd beigaoss te RRGNGSS: Fes Saigedtdstfl es Lastuesae igadeemee nt ayede ut Sesszont efdeisbienos * beoshess car erent esheous sss ext of baedxs. edrat wobaiw edd sass sidd pissecotd Onis oxse odd ts {fie wobatw edi, Sas .ti seen dtnbla” I ts. donudo e‘eoatinos .6 a0: es ,yewrooh sit to Letall edt weer Iffe vodnin edd t0obss Aya oft eomitemoe fax sal ) eid toidssdsoq dion ods no ss-,do1s bsdateg s yd beaaaga Weds bettino et aeftal sat aN Oe nO ~aobedilo® ta p sad no ylsoorsb teow enot{lun wobuin eit decd oe . file c ak. i WATS | enseusdidBi ts tdoosL .8 no ss sous ‘ok base} eemiveoroa eb sasmegcsits salioke fh) oe, porate: S dl oe adit co epee ane ese a ; ne 65 that are bordered by the es above then. Thus the south side portal. of Preibers minster exhibits. the arrangement of three erches occupying the entire width, supps orted by columns and crowned by tracery sables, of which the middle one forms the proper with a further extension: of. little ‘jamb columns and arches, while thus at both sides are conan in two divisions by little secondary columns and arches, dboweag is then found the window of the side aisle. Windows over the portals. If the doorways first only open the wall beneath the window Story, the upper part of a great portal: structure nay pees or partly close the window, as shown by the example of. Chalons — (Fig. 932). With smaller dimensions of the whole these parts m may even rise into the triforium or farther into the clearsto 4 and then also may restrict the design of the latter oe The same case occurs for portals: found in the side aisles, or. also in transept portals: found im churches with aisles. of pei heights. In such cases is senerally found over each portala Simplified arrangement of the window, thus on the north transe-_ pt of Gelnhausen, with all: three round windows placed im an equilateral triangle, or as on the south window of §.° Blasien: in Mihlhausen, with a single great wheel window or even a smal round window, as on the south side aisle of the church at Pran eénbsrs, or with one of less breadth and pointed above the — Sable. Finally often with greater extension of. the height. of. & the portal, the window above it. entirely disappears as on the south side aisle of the church in Volksmarsen.: But the converse arrangement. also occurs, that the risitow crowds the portal, at least im regard to the treatment, so that : the latter only forms a subordinate division of the former.- Tata this case the window jambs extend to the sround or down to a ; plinth near it, and the window sill at the same time becomes & the lintel of the doorway, as on S. Boniface’s church at Fritg- lar. Yet sometines the doorway under the window sill: is: stall. ‘g Spanned by @ pointed arch,.as on the north portal of the chase 4 at Wolfhagen, or finally over the latter is omitted the window sill, so that the window mullions. rest. directly on the pointed 7 arch as on S. Jacobi at M@hlhausen.- - A similar arrangement is sometimes found in this way, that OW above the lintel of the doorway is placed a window of less height cookiatal aa ipdatant gale) ste 46 avout J essoagd) bre! ,alefati otab bevloess ereke pee eke dowdo 4 veiaad maqong cif Ilite aiyhetiw wvo (ald ay de @fiduace? .ectsh te dotgno eit a0 we Soslg edi shart pxgiseaivence bas yuptuec dé hf aft of tend d Snoled’ angot ee agnotisoqess to -eaenrehaele Jest: oot yo, Poetie, Doge on i seedoraF y Afi seyentoons. Bae 22 | esib aosozcs elatif aeewiad ebsi: ‘s puetudoediiots afeis sebiesd sent Ledtogp > eas Paes wot kod peibacits to ono: [estiossg meee ea2f emoot to ecozduey sbent baer .! af Severo: noye ae0 bre shel AGOCN Tk i 30 bdust eat to anxoienedys bigtiode 2c Saedxe Gens . fcc IE poms Seegas [lrte aaccl DE ttcbarecss B eysegde 8. en0 97% sonze etistns sat tevo RY eROTS salvynegoes vo fentiod s mr BOad Fel Cows oseto 8. uA p basco? RGOt ‘Gii to aides ost ment yo beatedde: 44 yer sonotog cs mare eben od sels yee teii .esenori y baad Sidé to etnewegnsats .do109 peeiaee ede ni cale éud .eosestituc eas 30 esfets shic ead i9 KoLtoet o74 ee gig JeoK bie. oleis ‘of bie asented ,eTeig Gentoo a> br ebie | ad Nak eado109 HoKe to cigOl Savors Peden Séiotnt sedoes v6 betoenaoo of me oo at ta ePITENOn “Toseesata henkeddo\ sd nso, Whee inees: 0: qv b .geezemdind gn sgasions - ~ aad > a Ware! Soe ran $ to: dgonness idton gud exotst, Gapet @i Said ets, to asta. ows yd beisvos ei gebie os qidabask lo iethecé 2 iota en Pape reali RANTS. ood ibe gs loos et ‘just.as in the angle between side aisle and western facade, ete. DED i eee oe ee a ‘4 Aes (NSS SCOR eR WE Oey a yA NT a ea GR eee Oe Tinie oboe t WEMEE CL =e OUD) UF AREA Rati Cre TR ey ee tk ed Te Pha itarcratata | ant WA ; Nas Wie (iti .* t i M 366 Somewhat like a transom, the entire part then being filled by piers resolved into finials, and bordered above by a tracery | 2: ble, over which is still: the proper larger church window, that finds its place as on the church at Haina. feanwhile all these forms belong first to the 14 th century and sometimes produce 4 no good effect by too great slenderness of proportions. | va 4. Porches. Smaller porches: and doorways. : 4 distinction must. be made between little porches direstigal adjoining therpportal, that. besides their architectural. problem — | have only the practical one of affording to a few men shelter from the weather, and these porticos or rooms like halls, that afford space for a great. assemblage and can even increase to church vestibules.- Porches between buttresses. Aa To the former already lead the extensions of the ‘jambs of. the | doorway already mentioned on B. 553, that extend as: short. tunn~— el: vaults between the buttresses. These still appear ag. direct-_ ly parts of the portal, and thus appears a separation when the — “ doorway is narrow and still over the entire space from one. out tress to the other is turned a tunnel or rectansular. cross. vau- lt, which is terminated in front by a cross arch set. back from the front of the buttresses with the gable or hip roof found above it. eq Greater depth of these porches: may be obtained by increasing a the depths of the buttresses, that may also be made wider acc- ording to the span of the porch. Arrangements of this kind are found not only between: buttresses, but also in the angles. oa een the choir and the projection of the side aisles or renee Porches with free middle or corner piers. ¥ The strongly oblong mround form of such porches may bg one. a more intermediate piers be connected by arches. into Sepntnee bays approximatins a square. Greater depth with less width can be obtained by detam bin com ner piers instead of projecting buttresses. A very beautiful: p. porch of this kind is found before the north transept of the cathedral: of Masdeburs, which is covered by two interesting sa- © ble roofs over the cross: vault, and opens in front. by two door-_ ways spanned horizontally, where then the tympanum of the side 4 Le ie s ee le a isos etéoes’ Pia ore 3 sad to visage edd evode Snetxe oletnit asbisie ,eoussttind alias ois -esdotoq taLugasivt | rlyeabhadi fagaeg odd yd Heise) al dotog wakiuosg d- a get et dotdn dowds etetuellos tris sit to tyessstt da a es gedes asvs tedt yelonsine Saustaliaes ‘ne ea bobnet He jo O48 eobie ows asdio eft elbtin ,Syesneid aids to dtbin edt at Lisve Gmedsye ons nt ylextitns elsd-oq teae7s bas dott qd Se e) 28 Pnoce7q sd? .eugtesh dope tol yrataso dv bf odd nf al Rito boxingooss ylotrarteh c& .yuote Snoses ati ooiv uae saslg [entra eds govt ewsisyeb * Ry i Bede Sroted Snscl*rerden? ef doweg talegneiat oeqo aA i ‘shtedeae39e8 to [sibedtso ott to Leaxes 4 ,sooiétod daohrecsbat tehdsd ©) * Ba, a mr . vant tod toe alztad | m 62 stoied eootixnog tehtel eoiblisca To wetsno si? ‘9 men deetines of3 ofgat xoed sinetrs esiotnds to esoneadae a DST. f-e8n ettovece bas etustiosg eviecot co? .yiiesiveigad Big neste eeu Sade .zeddian eid (Jastye etsishom to oloditceay fhe 3 Bednela taacoostct « .seibazag edt atin ncidoonden wk Se pyifetenss fos sebsang loc yd bebnoowses asw eidys bas ,esent . enelh yilesbeis gavoos10t stil welbbla edt ak ntetucot « eneh bis pa ay &f ont Lite hentsnes Biota efi sud Seaneend suites etl sol baifastxs yebrosi taew ext eyoled sen F o 5 deew SAt B307S0 ‘somroo naelL taw “Lr yortneo ve ef eas verts i eit ot0ted Befioess sien sgeds sot scortiog py gag tod Lad a seven sdf to bos utgeaastd edt to evoob ebhial | 2am Bees: (enk8 Hoe gtnpel doed Coe Nigsguds'ten maSoow 10 etizsy qd harevoo sidw acoitreg sd? Wistosass: bos seaassl eft dud .nago vliace stew seae gollenme mopeds tue .cobis ‘eds ge hoaofo siew esxo weifrzas siz pdeds (yaeloxsl). esdowrds belete ooxds daatrogqai smesad wmvot) : Cha ir Va oe. dea ot. eb tiase od wort tad e700 ‘boe etiasy ef3 10 qredte 20 peoaeaon enois & se Byewx0oh baer evobsim oi etidtixe yitaenpert ToLIsexe. | stnomdasend uimisio ak beshat .oidted ylist to Lad ait ylsisq .aiton doasth ro ise00 eooitsog asa J efit ot bothaoled Bnvct et sro s cowa aunt etoemgols > edd to obeoat trew odt sxctsd .yustass at SE edd to Bs Mess somdd esr .dgBin Lint att bnlfoaetixs bus noyok to of 248 So. dtbin edd fins celate sbis has sibbtu edt of gatbao tudes ci dnouegeetis eldd to fostis evotetrtotq edt 5 dn07? edt no slasy odd Yo. deuwit ocd eensoed .beousdas | j bouoezet gd ted .meds Satnedticette yltoerib yd beeoggo don ai fewd temr0t edt Hatin betoesnoo .yoed olsiil s tee esoestt Wit o& .s0RTION sud bestevop si cotitoe etitne odT sseatoadiad - ; anita “eqcu ect eatol sbaatentsd ¥ . a ale fy | a yte Bus jee oo. Yen sosii1e) bieee eyicoot 63 wsitis toi evise yeu FL of a ane vifent? so .disd stsisqse 5 jo taomegnaits edd 20 | Siudo oad otek sntasgo g onde: meget? sat. af tacot si fatd eisd to tnemsgngats ah 7 wi P © mogylos & bebbse ei txog, 1slegnsioas sat steady ,prednsinl iD edd es gdeten oc yvistemixouaae wed tedd ,euntoutde | ~s@oando sad to oldab oft etoesisint Toor 2¢f Jedd of Bueadsonttrog ent 101 beatalo 2i sonstaoqni tetectg cat tog at oi ebnstxs pt ¥ote dead oiil dotde .soctd uk eased sate to i ieqqu wet ati yd Poe ,sbsosi ¢sonm otitas sts tevo esleis ae eer etaat seh baa ci eiiah eseiat faid s yd betsrsqae esebs | 88 ovice ov otew seltoce wsaqe seend nad essaca onG-al. nl gited savsc duc eslets ebie sft stated ec19n0ot ont zat sbie depen odd yincisiseo doidw yd .ostesth fentaico edt ni - Soqaeg309 | Sno taeso1g edd mort guiretitd docite ne bad eves maletc deo dadd mozt shizs toY .kofbiied ssleose & of sx0m 9 ultosne gzs to adtow tesidon eit to ono to noteatao edd re edt a0 efodw edt to noivonitence sat of asthaog 7 | ~Vepsed Lotareds, io, Joy kb desbom-aivcoitiog s Saoct ei noi id af sagtocd «2 dA gS gefats olbbinweds aadt vebin, olttil ¢ ebsm ef dedé B00, a 90S no Sdsy7s shu 8 ‘4 pRege arptonececeane, oe nes >: 4“ | | : Tt eae 68 from the early 13 th century, ak in the interior yaden & strons Romanesque stamp on the vaults and piers, but: om theed exterior frequently exhibits in windows and doorways the fo of Early Gothic, indeed in charming treatment. a pen porticos. occur on Brench works, partly in very rich dev- elopment. Thus such a one is found belonsins to the begénning of the 14. th century, before the west facade of the cathedral — of Noyon and extending its full width, its three bays corsespas ondins to the middle and side aisles and the width of. the tower: The picturesque effect of this arrangement is sthstantialig 7 enhanced, because the thrust of the vault on the front piers. is not. opposed by directly strengthening them, but. bry detached but i tresses set a little back, connected with the former by flying buttresses. The entire vortico is covered by a terrace, so that. a tracery balustrade forms its upper termination: k Two story porticos. oe According to the special requirements, the. arrangement. of a second story above the terrace may be preferable, and.the space thus obtained in it may serve for either to receive the organ i or the arrangement of a separate hall, or finally for a loggia opening into the church. 4 An arrangement of this. kind is found in the Frauen church at Nuremberg, where the rectangular portico is added a polygonal structure, that has approximately the same height as the ehurch, so that its roof intersects the gable of the church. c But far greater importance is claimed for the portico bnildi of Notre Dame in Dijon, which like that at Noyon extends in th ee aisles over the entire west facade, and by its two upper ar : ades separated by a high frieze entirely conceals that. Vaolle le-Duc states that these upper stories were to serve as connec ing two towers before the side aisles but. never built and not. in the original design, by which certainly the west side would have had an effect differing from the present one, correspondin more to a secular buildings. Yet. aside from that must. one lamen the omission of one of the noblest works of art exactly corres— — ponding to the construction of the whole on the church mentioned, yet of charming beanty.: 4 At S$. Benigne in Dijon is found a portico in modest dimensio- ons, that is made a little wider than thexmiddle aisle, and who- Se superstructure obens by a low arcade om the exterior. y rt RAY fae dtu es wade oc2 + 1800 too ob beshat nie iedeu ows seented. x0 uO 208d ot eels 038 sen Shekt yd ted jeciptontde atetecce Io a ae - WROD LTIOg ttle ‘A ton ct cisketc ts ypistet«so nosiseoe to saedennergg ofT pees: eiselvoltees ben ,ooltovbossnt siest 26% j heen tose “Saidonortone sedoreg bakw yige erodt dtiw eeweqgeib brow ‘blo teen on bekfs soed sved eoxtt tasoss ct ted? ,soktotad mes pons Soemt00 to elfdéqno ete v2odt oxls send tedden .eode —aenhe won avot Deaoqqa odd of bled eeiwon ens efyde al “tn Oveb ydiciw etom te22 A .edaon sonecetenes rosn yd bey peinhass esodw ,ciyte otdiog ett af bedoaex need sored hives Peisow aditouctesce hoon to tnemgoteveh edt ni yfintosaee yee? To yeae teetg ys hotsinhs of ylerotoenooan co ylevot | 6 d -etnecoade Se uit stnerte bas ,eecttia0og neoge seofis ovls olidvnrdot ¢ meeseepesth sQeiseloos ebietne bebhs ors detiw o¢ esddcuns obhie to Batanlgey edt ertoted tzasl te crevct edt Yo oan ods Pe B29 etotw ect to toetie ods dofane vent sedt bas eotyaes tone to reese at todd steeblivyerifee ei ¢1 .yeae boos eopeoitat poor sade iuo sgtiaveoen & von &£ enote ni trisivery bn in | sohetoevis dtinv eved TEEQGIR LekJat Yom aortovet seise%og to potistacusnro bovetalvo? ,2 palettes ds To efatq Sasrettes add to tasagolevel > berasgivoe ons to tnomeyparse sat Seckrseeh o2fe aes Gels osenifai sfteivd of enir ser [fite eebia 20 @efgioning sat ot zathero B se2ndes000 eit teat box testans oo: ov ile. d weeom ck dove 2s hae .efosw hatosanos « tates S67. 30 oloet) eich edt bo) 244. 93 -q0its ) meqinee: edt > yitnm etal .bstenibeb et Lagnon add nese eid wort eietvog ei¥estbea Ils.no bsantteso shottesaesed it Jot. ol ane gifsieseh haa taenerrasts tasttots aad ot des Be ae | »Bheost sakd ~ a oft y A ee - eles tq Sflomia pe of ene. setnigitiot sottie nt eergo Iselgnaie edt al rts a4 bebeuostse Jeindd tichixe seodt reagays ede: sh a 88 to Mo Sid ee, tatodd ro brea ak se rig uae ih 9 ae at x oo 1% dei oe rir. Sota, en p69 Porticos beneath the towers. The numerous open or closed vestibules placed under a tower or between two western towers indeed do not. bear the characte of separate structures, but by their use are also to be counted - with porticos. a The arrangement of porticos certainly at present is not a act rect need. Yet their introduction, and patticularly it. encloaead would dispense with those ugly wind porches encroaching on the — interior, that in recent times have been added ho most old ohene ches. Further that also these are capaple of correct treatment in style are nowise held to the opposed form now common is pro= ved by many Renaissance works. A far more worthy development ora could have been reached in the Gothic style, whose superiority especially in the development of wood construction would conse= iously or unconsciously be admitted by great many of its. presents opponents. a Meanwhile also those open porticos, and especially for such . churches to which are added outside societies, dispense withoy the use of the tavern at least before the beginning of divine ; service, and that they enrich the effect of the whole by a pice turesque tendency. It is self-evident, that in cases of the last kind, vaulting in stone is not a necessity, but that wood cons< truction may rather appear here with advantage. " 5. Sculptured ornamentation of portals.’ i In the development of the different parts of. the portal, we ation, nai it still remains to brieflw indicate also the objects for representation according to the principles of christian tae nosra spay. a is first. of all to be eG that the soxtiemeeen wis: direct relation to the ord, the ee Virgin or the Saint a whom the portal is dedicated. This unity of the sculptured rep- resentations continued on all medisetla portals from the simpl | est to the richest arrangement and generally extends to the en=> tire facade. : Simple portals. In the pqowae cases in ee sculptures are found = on \e the evangelists, or Christ as the judse of the nonne with the 4 Pe eee mn pe } Ps pa | as 4 ra ats bi : ; #,, comp : Be , P a 6 i y ; ; al ‘ 5 Es r 7 1 y : ideal ee petsier Letrob cre 93° dado bes size biGabsetsiae 5 dsiw yrofond ettey o19d bavot et -nedd .atorty WP Od Huibiooss seltaogs edd te neeup 2s bstheous site 10 § eoonias oifeseoge edd yd bedasaciqex nedd ove on pyoad 2 opis ei solisinsesiger aniaisoes ‘qlinsgostt & eiued. bas ei es per, «teradd yd etre to noiteco a. Meat ,etnise sat to eno 08 bessoibeh ef \Lasroq edt 2 | Weor odd ei tt elax see bebhbnt stil eid wort SNSOk 2 podiett edgy ef s21009 .& tot eudé {Setnsesiqe1 st tadt a0 Bete ste0o: eid to gatbivih eft aiical 62 tot .nogend odd ; PA aie io" s@lethedseio Ssote To afesae9 fypoieetupi? eds to dusaescaita eft sk xslqnoo stom 169 aD ay rolbie | , seleibeddso testh edt ‘to efstiod preeat eelons Ait ‘ai oeifioed tooddin fsoela ose Bamutcs slestis serena ysio basox 26 Shem ersw yond \(HSED ,2tT) agsdte feo tebaele tof ste edd at sezda0stA ¢6 ndaedc ocd oo ag Hees ne ¥ el oe j \ J wy Lenny he it iteo s tt sebinay’ fer send vd baaheattet pada: $ yllsioeges bac ontblisd edd to sieaq wsdokt ens .beriwslS Pbavel at moltqeoxe as jSnote tno ri yLectias sow efetrog 2 20 eetaioes edt ulevet gon S{roc eaeds Letsittanath fisme i bebiscn eAt bebsad nem. bas bas: 26 gestae ea RPes Mics | ma | Hs te ons SositHE Sesqqnp sectin mo fife otinetz ofelo a sead ge P gescutt in dius odd nt beunissoo bua ¥tgords befyasa ediors es Seewe ed Hoxpidas esu Latcog siticae ail secktessqes anaes | a BEA ,yuscesosn Ti ono dud asve 190: 8istad Bbahines sea denote pribenitstdc sé of giao .eberbluct to ysiq « botasserd Maeve ne gididxe sletiog rips edt end? .Babdduosnode yiseor pi efatrea 50 yatbitod edt to) ermsen oft ot noitosba hbeeson ot Ey ext .efetdcoq L[eqgticoaisaq edt To SxemisetT os sovicemest tofsatsss toa O45 alatuog teqtonfam edd feF ebivow gaidssre iis ssoit Seviscer ved .énemooisyeb alomta « mee alt ier -epyve .¢sfo at edoold Seblyon tss1 neve bore) edotsd ) @d¢ no es folobow vowiionce stew eeigodso dite aereert ifet Hisoetorg yizocise Lexsusy of srd .gisdssinvey ts dorpdo pie + 20 weneaeqas edd suuges Idgia veds tO {nebbidro® srown ‘ went age) abayot beteins berssays espsig tisit al séae ) eoretisg Jslt ,teéion deli nt sevoslg sido Bt ny At hee of ‘try tre a" hope at si -suamacegel vi si fii be seaiccdh > n, ee ty Bey ee ’ Ps bs dhe ibe Hi a a ile is rat BeeG Te hee eK, : Ns . Bee ean ak OR aN MR Seka ? 3 columns, as by the same BY ie Arondsee. penean tne wilaed free are also shown such slender banded shaftssof columns.: bondins were soon formed dovetail: projections on the cy lind: on alternate sides and entered the depths. of the jamb. courses (Figs. 1322 and 1322 a). In the arch the rounds turned in the same direction. (Fig. 1322 a). The diameter of such little col umms or rounds mostly amounts. to a half brick or 14: to 15 cm, yet there often occur smaller sizes of 1/3 brick or 9 to i1- cm The projecting angles of the stepped jahbssatithe besinning © were formed as for cut. stone, but soon the convenient technics of moulded bricks and the dull effect. of the clay soon led to arranging boldly curved mouldings beside each other, that fins ally in the later time received such deep recesses, that. they could not be wrought usnally in cut stone, while they were eas ily possible in bricks with suitable joints. By increasing tk animated sequence of monldings the simple round little column receded or entirely vanished (Pigs. 1323. to 1324 a and also p vious: Figs. 958, 959). Treatment of smaller portals. At the sameitime the capitals and bases lost importance and one impost moulding remained onlry on rich portals till: the ly er time, and the smaller doorways already quite eesily assum a definitely simplified expression. They almost. always receiy as base 2 plain granite sill. on whose upper surface the mould bricks started abruptly and continued im the arlh without any © further separation. The entire portal was: entlosed by two or three moulded bricks or even but one if necessary, and thereby presented a play of mouldings, only to be obtained in stone by costly stonecuttins. Thus. the brick portals. exhibit an ever i creased adaption to the nature of the buildings material.- Treatment of the principal. portals. Yet the principal: portals did not restrict themselves apd Su 3 simple development, but. received richer alternating moulded — bricks and even great moulded blocks in clay; even foliage fm fisures with canopies were sometimes modeled as on the castle church at Marienberg. Put in general: strongly projecting reliet were forbidden, for they might assume the appearance of affects art. In their places apveared twisted rounds. (fis. 954 a), ter ra cotta plagues in flat rel&ef, flat patterns composed of mou ded bricks and especially treatment in manry colors, among whic A { tnentmorg dna: Pe owcn trom edt hetquooo betsals 6 1 PENS | nage tine botnica so bawstealg etinw ong OT BE edusi; bus egdow ag to adotid sedi to batssls ed? jo si tnd eiedaen sit gids détw tad .wttlidewb efb aot bebne Soa vase! gisi190 s to dookie edt ber yliese edoind besalgnes ai Pense® dison nO seotusls gd benotigtod eaw sett acon ar ies wneud .oekd et gatssly eit elwi 2 ee egatbiiua Bai -wuneqmyt $seq ddin itowiotsd ai botucexa od oels ‘neo avaagay? eit j erbdd o12e cistisa eiohit neve fas oshasecnevities Besmnors Ret ieresqct ets todd .attoo sriet to covpslg batasenk ¥d Sele to aoisainecoige: sedi szedi to besten! ( aubasa 710 adoutite Peers O2s dois « feoubong ante wegen ig elgnta yd ood G@enottesol ent to? (sone1sté10 yd bavolans esw ¢h bas to det Sted aan stead abides sedust sid te siqeb edd vd sd ne blot d¢iw tasateoss bestisneitnetnos ylonorte [Ls @edate ,toikd shede dove tvondtu esoloo tdbil nt esotl bytazede bas olgnte edi dtiw nottoenaoo wi tenssm toe J a0stte ated? betuioi eved bivow etusostidors edd Yo esntl Houm me efetaoq elt Yo ecnaclonr’d peyaasie ef2@ eldatine ei [attoqg wet seve sexe aldsyn edt wok f boroione eqece {iotettero to steaf{vortfo to efisnad etatede2r to supsig xd Pellitto bovetania sd aro Save seolw .yrnoesa: togar Bobivib od ysm soutipe sattoe sit 10 .sitoo erred esas Saote Ssioatseh yd bel[Lit oad nao ¢sadd .sodors bok{a | saistesbeq 10 elsdxco ideas xoled to edtoy cevel ahetuen at yoesale condi SHoomS .esisoessoos ond dgiIw eelceg presets to noitucexs ‘a iD i 4 vi , eidbesod viletitso sham ad geo erentolrs beseieksexe atiwv Bd .suinodest to eneom [sredouste ywlioiasve ton otattes Yo ene ee cence eeedd tect .asooo esootenemth ([feme dove lao ¥l Seon sisttog s to anciisogotq [even add diiw desatocs ar oft iB yteoaTs eas tiwisq Jon ob esonstravotio edt ‘ses6 ‘ab ory Mehen edit etisg foveeazenso ylioin stom edd fle ylisnen bas Gow elder (iedzceq olgnie s tonsdence o} tetsed ef th ents j abo7g . Mine eer iec0o noitogtieaeo: Aotad. of galptosos aebt0d Se imrot-od ti af Ieanten eton neve yoeteo0 .bagos § vss a) Ad ain og a eo 9 2: Hae excoco wtaeupet? ytov eldsy edd to besteal » haa ites “en ; 7 Ae | Gove gait exso et to simiea oct ot ei fk \botqwetia ef glazing occupied the most monumental: and as the white plastered or vainted surfaces, , , The glazings of. the bricks of. the arches: and -jambs:: ‘was recor ended for its durability, bat with this the members: built of yn unglazed bricks. easily had the effect of a certain loamy soft—— ness, that was heightened by glazing. On north German brick a buildings as a rule the Slaginsg is black, BROm ereen or. - yello Tympanum. The tympanum can also be executed in brickwork with particul richness, ornamental: and even figure reliefs are there. produc by inserted plaques: of terra cotta, that are improved by glazings or painting. Instead of these the representation of the objec 5. by simple surface painting produced a rich and grand effect, a and it. was employed by nr&ference, for the locations: protected — by the depth of the jambs. Meanwhile there was: here first of all strongly conventionalized treatment with bold and pronase lines in light colors without much shade tint, since a modern’ soft. manner in connection with the simple and sharply distinct — lines of the architecture would have injured their effect too much. Enclosure of the portal. 7 For the gable area over the portal is suitable the arrangement of separate panels of circular or quatrefoil shape enclosed by masonry, whose ground can be plastered or filled by plagues o terra cotta, or the entire surface may be divided into vertical blind arches, that can be filled by detached stone figures on corbels or pedestals. 4 When already in certain later works of. brick architecture @ execution of tracery gables with the accessories, crockeits, is attempted, it is in the nature of the case that. such works with exaggerated richness can be made partially possible by m ans of certain not strictly structural: means of fastening, par ly only such small: dimensions occur, that these must seem pue ile in contrast with the usual: proportions of a portal. There- fore in case the circumstances do not permit the tracery gabil and usually all the more richly ornamented parts to be made o stone, it is better to construct a simple portal gable, whose border according to brick construction consists of a projecti round course; even more natural: is it to form a stepped gable Instead of the gable very frequently occurs an enclosure of the t talnxastost ot bewors ‘gezo%ud vohuiene a ¥ iicn s ofs to Rol{{td sdd dtiw .(zaiblseom boos edt sigue. ily déin eisiad Bbeblvon to Atowden hetertolisq & asi oe veetotxi? itedé bas eosaet- 100d +t) as eli wie. 820606 belish | | Bewest of teerteoo ut eljsrsietg o16, e1¢0b delish 1 ated ‘ait yLlisvene) sonie eacthlind forest ao seu ovat ; 9368 resis | oid sevo gxeketaeybs oistaso tie uego esd. ai seat, of stnalag to yvilsrassdéxe efatesod r0ooh adi to Teel sa? is e278 scidw ,eseycos yd beanie, sc tedto dose sastess | BEOT @tom.%0 ows to becocanoo. ylouie sgeon, oust I[entetat betinelg to seyel bacose 2 to 10 ,soetd bentloni, as bas g usin Bestot (isn sd deur elien edt .remy0t edt sniseore etn ie smomaee cds oiil begace bene tial yletes ,ehsed gatsos; eete 20 betoutfo-Llew fae .bstaomente ¢ificis Stom IO ,oTSsige ! seapeed {isa of2 to botinte odd trevetq of .shtent out go ead beseig. Sts eteneen nork cerdd .Boivisd ak Soow said ved yen pels elie) .svidon legsoermrato isivoss bao tie’ tedd sBWOtO8 gel befise-oe edit yd {few egel cud .Bétod wd Bec p ostbia edd oi dowond ilsx +vsev saw exoios yd neivoeaseo fen sepociso eigt s6o?2 aommoo, gon ean si -shasd Boa eioor Seema soettoe dooms « esi r00b sit to isel edd oseo yo ol Be endarotet sewnixit ends to noigvooxe bas tasmetdeeta odd Bae - -1stos7edo. Ladasusnne p ebiaiué sfigico bscstest ers ecbhusd sat yaw teslomie odd al ddiw Beoetg eeovo lentedai szodt ts dent, beshot ,s00h sda > tek eid to skbe oft ts bolioo bas zlien evokisy bas evhod bees HO Bnet cove sasidy boa (CSES .bIB at andt) acckh aad aot widevonmt bexit 10 .dzeo Sas srose 2 Otnl. gel ers cent “aioe pent oi siood ni-dlinc done -evolid asended ai dLind Deis nnate edd bos .a GSEf .arh ab wrod edt evad seeo pepencnen Got dtuasl uteds .forad 10 asides ns Saided bee D eddizd eto déynel sft to mo O€ of dub¢nuoma stocb yy call fn nov elfqnexs eff .d CSEF sRef ,etood stifles edt ote “pia oto Seg bas baisvoshow odd eredignestte gedst ,feowob ib ede ae agate os ehnad noriSdt ele2 s 28 tod fa eo ity, mh fos: Ae ea hs pedloniga ehom sodTel eft al .oncts s at svoorg dro ylluies © L tpemezisine ns Due dnoad eds ge asd seit je Lerdodiso. a a ent a ee SN RC UR in cee ice MLM eMiiaaaes Noite ie Sa 1 ok og it) ls 75 portal by a moulding broken i heal in rectansular form (for: ample the hood moulding), with the filling of the enclosed a by a perforated network of moulded bricks with plastered grec 7. Door-beaves and their fixtures. Nailed doors. Nailed doors. are preferable im contrast: to framed, whiabs into use on church buildings, Since senerally in thein postidilil in the open air certain advantages over the latter are peculiar to’ them.’ : : The leaf of the door consists externally of planks abutting against each other or. joined by tongues, which are nailed on internal: frame most simoly composed of two or wore cross. piece and an inclined brace, or of a second layer of planks: with joi- nts crossing the former. The nails must be well forged with. pro- ‘jectins heads, merely flattened, shaped like the segment. of a Sphere, or more richly ornamented, and well clinched or riveted. on the inside. To prevent the sinking of the nail heads into t the wood in driving, these iron washers are placed under thenm,. © that.afford another ornamental motive. Nails also may be repla-_ ced by bolts, but less well by the so-called lag screws. Altho- ugh connection by screws was verv; well known in the middle age it was not common for this: purpose. Hooks and bands. ; In any case the leaf of the door has a smooth surface outside, and the arrangement and execution of the fixtures determine its ornamental. character. 4 In the simplest. way the bands are fastened on the outside oft the door, indeed just at. those internal: cross pieces with toe bol@s and various nails and coiled at the edse of the leaf of the door (thus in Fig. 1325) and these eyes hang on the kooks: ~ that are let into a stone and cast, or fixed immovably in a ca 3 efully cut groove in a stone. In the latter mode they are also built in between bricks. Such built-in hooks in the simplest.c 4 case have the form in Fis. 1325 a, and they clasp at. the plain | end behind an ashlar or. brick, their lensth for moderately hea vy doors amounting to in em or the lensth of a meen: are. the split hooks, Fis. 1325 b. The example given from the c cathedral at Risa has: ae the front. end an enlargement like a dowel, that strensthens the projecting end and nakes: it. immovable. But as a tule the iron bands: are placed on the inside of the 6 Med Sah Fat Béosiu azo srodt #9" beaker: 2008 Palo belten ete ebaed Letneursie beligoios afd ofksn a peots ed¢ go Helian te1tt ase ebmtd patgned edt Geterd bisk ots ehnad (achensoi0 odd betevia ais elisa migeas .etiod ewoe? yd aboard tntgeed edd diin betoommoo | ‘f Nene 66% gaibuicni web odd tc -eegaioids sttine sd¢ digo | 0 add pOtenvetin' ebfeat edt so cli wodt ao, eten eds One esos BA O%8 dad? .elien yd beaesee) r9itist ors abned, fe mg? es ) | betsyia ¢ce ete bas set ; Bi Oved echaoeo (a¢merantd. of? emgan axftod? te at¢ige xi iris ‘-Gcitount @nsstoqui edd versac nents seoqisg evriict Eben gASSG! .yfG) alien setiada Siiw eboad eovt oft 84 bw. Boer Peeieis t0ch edt yeiiveane his yimait etom exnale edt , "a 8x . : ~exteatq ed? to gpalistilfca eft xd wotdonuaséed 6 to. delenoy ebasd [staccato sas bie tutboed sad st09 i,deat eni+to dtbix snitae edt ylisen tevo Sosixe cedd .ede pedd Seuetide e¢s .ebas oot se uscatdt bessolt ers .so0b og? yi eo 4G) bSVivs. sts ererar dfod fae .peess teslonia oft. ni . bp. emot: ont pas ef0 25 2etlvasi.etsse goxudt otnas gotexvib ys basg, Sue cary wrom wG.e(. YWSE,,att) .wlll ofblesar Eso Sem eoLaw Glat ,ecr0os siveeot tO isel Osicay teom sat } Ge .2376° Oresie> suisgcilos vd vaw orea sdi nl .S3%0ed weddsald Baeantes whose edt Rathtot yd ,eiaec seodd Qnihned bos shiz ei meee Hesegtoe eve conti o:bs tegzeda etd duo satvsused , to esbou SaeaeTIlh syode (Sef .Prt aasd ef® to asutizue tr ip. boriten ene sects ssten oait ease ef Js Soe (bard etdd sat dd, cord petet ei 2 eedouatd, sittii edt fo dose so) .aatecor dota ‘heist ids to tosudee:? 1d) 3s seed G8 sad. sid to cose Fbertupes witsiosees af ted Yo dibin ifsue § so% eino tade7e So e688 eftdw .cssig abet tesa fi o¢ beoslo kasigaed asd meas? to vinbs sositca teoxh © vevo Sarthssage nbusd fe iT gf eviige .t to 7iiara oat takosbe vc bastot ed mes obAt aderager edt snedw has ,eseseraai yifetoten dégael ats Mm Od wa VSE! -Rik. eiil heteeds ed neo tiene este ods ey et: hose edt to noteivibh ed clues eaxot segd0 .bsbivib ao secdie doide uted stom to ond ota patanty dvgpii behfan od ceo soidonut) sted? ts +0: boad eis Ytedio fevoved Stdides IE6h ot RSEi asd? bos RSet . aise mone 20% ysu gottstaguzasa' reddo?, A ebats A ¥ Azentt sds dotdu yd ,bf00 eifde geo esalt. ae I 63 @ ; Mt oe door, indeed on those cross pieces (right half. of Pig. 1325 while the so.called ornamental bands are nailed on the outsi The hangings bands. are first. nailed on the cross. pieces and nails are riveted, the ornamental. bands are laid thereon and comnected with the hangins bands by tseme bolts, that pass thr- ough the entire thickness of the door including the cross pi and the nuts on them lie on the inside; afterwards the ornam al bands are further fastened by nails, that. are naturally sh ter and are not riveted.: | In spite of their name the ornamental bands have less a deco rative purpose than rather the important function, im common ae" with the iron bands with shorter nails (Pig. 1232), and neléagau the planks more firmly and ensuring the door against violent a destruction by the splitting of the planks. e : Both the hanging afid the ornamental bands consist of. iron: fl- ats, that extend over nearly the entire width of the leaf of bis the door, are forged thinner at the ends, are split at the ends. in the simplest cases, and both parts are curved (Pig.- 1326).° By division into three varts results: at. the end the form of tI heraldic lily, (Pig. 1327 .). By more divisions are produced t the most varied leaf or rosette forms, into: which we cannot. so farther here. In the sane way by splittins certain parts: at th Side and bending those varts, by forsins the ends thinner and hammering out. the sharper edge lines are animated the straight outlines of the bar. Fis. 132/ shows different modes of execut— ines this kind, and at. the same time makes clear the method of workins, for each of the little branches a is taken from the m mass. of the bar as seen at. b. Treatment of this kind, which is oroper only for a small width of bar is especially required fo the hansing placed on the inner cross piece, while the ornament— al bands spreading over a great surface admit. of freer forms. : This can be formed by reducing the number of splits whereby th- eir lensth naturally increases, and where the separate bars, if the size permits, can be treated like Fis. 1327 or be further divided. Other forms result by division of the band from the t sinning into two or mores bars, which either branch from the en- tire band, or at. their junction can be welded together. Pigs. 1328 and then 1329 to 1331 exhibit several: other forms of this. kind. A further ornamentation may the separate parts receive b lines cut while cold, by which the finest. engraving can be rep a eteneace « oat A se id pares “areas tna ia a NS Ra tieeed yd sabiebom salt a gate 2 sie Sdt ete poléataemsoto cidt to stosigqaevean feof b betitec ods 20 L[edtoq Yedwition sit to e100b ‘eft to coves! 5 80 meongisie Sas noitnevnt to c+leow ost Ht sant ,eteet Hapetia eal betesio utow Lotiivesd teom edt eotsiume not | pip’ teel dose 10) hertvdes ese esoyasd crt dese fede 2°. | hgeve Eos baiad # soy #2! Yo tdgted sldsybisach w wet asad me FP Oeed clus s es ebosd [sttements sd? .fsibe sd yam daa i ma) Shs Yo nottoesib Istnogiaes 944 wost sotcsuads fecis yf SeewiGotse c ch oals beatol -asuttenos sts seeds sufitosén ae weeequ & ofif sxom Sae usstt ,saitos Lautnen s work brestyo a Sd) olbbin oti ao bacalg sinad ait to tootte edd ek Soeliéo . | ie ) edt Batanedigaoite seditui Yo eeoqtwg ext eved dokin (teal ) i as non Betsotibat eds tedd ,enolfol bss geod ean tedn nog my Head? bos ,ctime ed? to Sxow Ost wort Lehosootq taceztcoend i (9¢) .@enheecon od Siwow sort tess a> extot sees to nodsadh ‘en ie bin a50 bas evoyaiaé wot eldative vilacer 53 otew Ihinetan todvtel | Péfégest agi to teecooa ao ezao sdt ton ei icidw ,chned fee oY oct YO Smeomicot? toosetils ylexit¢he sa eeco vieve ni neds ‘ os das M26 eG? to yatiiuo ect tenn saireaid .hertuped ed bipow © fF dneoet nl betaastts seomitewon ze sift geede woat ebaag ee S i m Retiaeh ed? patios! ylettine eiutisecue «© beweed ef gaya 1 eG vonnes eboe sd? ¢s zeentetd? 3o aottodbedx eng eoate Molds mtoting edt nt eteteroo ettien cseodn efeatem teade «ati | E Bed? itnemisett Scorettifb yletitas me ebosmed stdtoueus bus gaiseros fattaeq 10 ottine oct es Ilew ee sepbe ont to ‘unite | a but ‘a as bebsarer od ega0 vifceenten {feyjen teede atin sooh edt ef | , Res Aree Tre efde ft of m qoasd sort cdgcotw sdd tot ontttwe ton secb calle Fi tee +2 BB yevods fencitnen ai fede to apiiqeoxs end dtin of teos “ae Say webss' swll end xi Sovegeca fas boo ofkin vac | Me gehash edd déitw nove ere yfourios ed vag efkt sat Seu ef goidnu .bsovboige: yigrede yaew jon ot saineub sad > wom oF eyed alts tz rv ai woitsersgeto cdhite edt iety "fo Bonsdeiese yess oit dime of Bt ti ExBH Kod sonata ¥ dove 0s Sogttne ott Yo secattoora adit gattosiss yeasty 7 ebkes emitncs" -Doutoi webbe eit to somspsle odt bra aes 5 OW Mow eds to dnitnieg edz rissoge neds een westant ® eenone ef: est to i1t66 yieve Sones eBttnaoes, ra ane: ~ yi, ae iia represented, and further ee the separate leaves: aud | sins a flat. modeling by hammering. | Real masterpieces of this ornamentation are the bands of th leaves of the doors of the northwest portal of the cathedral: Paris, that in the wealth of invention and sharpness of execu’ ion emulates the most beautiful work created in a pliant mate Tf sbeleast two hangers are required for each leaf of the di then for a considerable height of it yet a third and evem a fo rth may be added. The ornamental bands as a rule take their prin cipal character from the horizontal direction of the hinge bars, meantime these are sometimes formed also as a scroblworg moving outward from a central. voint, freer and more like a rosette. Ex- cellent is the effect of the bands placed om the middle bfsthe | leaf, which have the purpose of further strengthening the doo Prom what has been said follows, that the indicated mode of treatment proceeded from the work of the smith, and that’ anim itation of these forms in cast iron would be nonsense. ff the latter material were generally suitable for hinges and ornamen=— tal bands, which is not the case on account of its fragility, 4 then in every case an entirely different treatment of the foun ; would be required. Likewise must the cutting of the pee bands from sheet tin, as sometimes attempted in recent times, y must be termed a substitute entirely lacking the desired effect, since the reduction of thickness at the ends cannot be executed in sheet metal, whose nature consists in the uniform thickness, — and therefore demands an entirely different treatment. The cov= ering of the edges as wall as the entire or partial covering off the door with sheet met2] naturally can be regarded as a justi- fiable strengthening. e 4 Qnt it also does not suffice for the wrought iron band, as: “| must be with the exception of what is mentioned above, is. laid ~ out while cold and prepared in the fire under the hammer, ead the file must. be entirely excluded, even with the danger that the drawing’ is not wery sharply reproduced, which is: unavoidable with the slight preparation im art at this day. We know from exe. perience how hard it is to omit the easy assistance of filing, i thereby rejecting the smoothness of the surface so much favored and the elegance of the edges: formed. leantime aside from all further. use then appears: the painting of the iron work as a rir cht. of necessity, smnce every mark of the file becomes a spot ual oem Lf iu a OG Os Po} a rl Nis PG | " ii aa a hte i alti ts ‘ittae Metal edt Yi sede ‘08 ers to 9d 08 ‘won ei Ils to dexti asdd .rtieesosa 8 gakéniasg ‘bas m igetetiat esid doldw .s0foo anid etFrovat edi bs Seeneste yigu ag soouboic ydorsds bas .sivest toons ~Igtded "Bl sidoo “nwo | 74 ea e400 900 a escob edt To shient edd ac tea sd ot Bk dool sdTt Pogsel seco add .svausoos od ot ei Jed sdt Yo sahicon me ah ev ia mrot oid batwode ewid ,eldieece tL aocig suo to By ostbe gait bos eshte baiqola déin S€Ef .bL9 at notsose i . yoo od geod sostise ond to etacat edd desel ts do yeni Mek 6 20 deswexnesse odl.s SCE. 4RIT ot wo bedevia o sosia s. m tool osnre2 beliso-oe yientbtoe edt bas yiseesoenng et davol : b Seresom S ai scoging edd of ehsocesiies diseased eosia dundd 2 ; Bar is enosa toot * fom fined Istnessox0 edd ebnogretioo bhasd her edt of oh ee O86ig Acol sit Aool eft to saso shicct eft ot abeogeeates plo ateviz ods exevoo ocala doidn .,z00b edd to sbigtao efit ao pomentes Si. to .x00L odd to sere edt gaiastest sot elien eae @eas S00 sdt to ceendoidd odd dbeoadd guteasg exesine 20% es re paye : my 8: 5 pile Séiw slanstes1 s to oto} sat esa stelq eldd slut a cA > £ +320) woled bobuetxe ei bus serol sit bas seabe bevanc a piss me gd bevebrod ex tect ,eicdyed oft ¢po et sf desord? ie tt oels todiel off .( SEES Off of ¢d) sozk aidd Bo Lforor . a * 00s slodyed odt oc not oft antbisy to seoqwa Istinosse “h Beegtin Bedeinecticien- eto0obh Lis tor omktt sestixzges. es? al i “dows eeuol so ese¢ yi eblesi hensize} $aeq af esew yer tue a 2 p@ti Gi sizea Sna bevaseerq {Low {ite ak dotds wo cS meng ae (en ee i Svig ot tamior ¢& coivds add to took ed? Saided Slew edt at Tae «Wiutineo dé Cf est to griasined ods moat goitsad } bp e +haiaetast S08 gots -. - a tiLieg x0? gait edt cals hbobbe ei beroitnem sapdxtt edd of ho dated & de bos isef eit io elbbim eft te hoxt? ,a00b edz Pendeod olbbin s jsodtin eroob gnthfot nO .m S.f of J tucds OL edt beoslg ci dotin so teel edt no vino somo yilewiten cect sGCEL .eRiT al awode es es sye ns et gotet Sots oxt ve@bfent bedonifo si bes yo0b edd. dgo0cdd aseaca coiae -Stteeor & to aict sd? gi.due teo .d stelg.2 beoaiq, ai eh bos hg Sis efisg afadiso sieda, ,bedssolieg eemid > “ahaa 3 preeteta: one eesisieeo’ »1006 edt .to sbietuo PAL on a fh bbs ns | cra) me chs i > ie La sack al Via , pe To of rust. But then if the manual: skill at command makes the f and painting a necessity, then first. of all: is now to be avo ed’ the favorite. blue color, which blue imitates: mouldy iron : thout. result, and thereby produces an ugly effect; black or own ochre is better.’ Door lock. ; The lock is to be set on the inside of the door, and if the working of the bolt is to be accurate, the case is to be made of one piece if possible, thus showing the form siven in-cross section in Fis. 1333 with slopind sides and flat adjacent. ma: ins, oh at least the fronts of the surface bust. be covered by a piece c riveted on in Figs,1333.a.fThe arrangement of a latch lock is unnecessary and the ordinary so-called German lock witt a thumb. piece beneath corresponds. to the purpose in: a more ver fect. manner. a As to the hinge band corresponds: the ornamental: band, so there corresponds to the inside case of. the lock the lock plate set ~ on the outside of the door, which also covers the rivets of the nails for fastening the case of. the lock, or it serwes as a ba for schews passing through the thickness of the door and the ¢ As a rule this: plate has: the form of a rectansle with slightly curved edges and the lower end is. extended below (Pig. 1334). Through it is: cut. the keyhole, that is bordered by an applied - scroll of thim iron (b in Pig. 1334). Bhe latter also fills the essential purpose of guiding the ker) to the keyhole at night. In the earliest time not all doors werejfurnished with locks but they were in part fastened inside by bars or logs. Such a beam 2v em thick is still well: preserved and rests in its place in the wall behind the door of the church at Wolmar in pivland dating from the beginning of the 13 th century. * Ring and fastening. a To the fixture mentioned is added also the rings for pulling the door, fixed at the middle of the lear and at a height of a- about 1 to 1.2 m. On folding doors without a middle post. this naturally comes only on the leaf on which is placed the lock. am The ring turns in an sye a as shown in Figs. 1335, 1335 a, : which passes through the door and is clinched inside. Under it is placed a plate b, cut out in the form of a rosette, and some times. perforated, where certain parts are wrought and nailed om the outside of the door. Sometimes two plates are placed on eacl otsa ate Sela T RG) votiads e1om ¢ apde base todas ive*aoli egnomd 8 sted baoot ek ooktwoexe aedota al i 9 qt Au Lu0ILS 2 ntniiiw déess ci} aeentoad Saka edt abiod se at rig miot sat eexss aonitomce ants edt Vroob edd’ od 60 (mo ylteid® .stg¢ s uo eyo edt at ented nedt bus Q6EF ‘fedtio .sifuat s yd boseicest yilevses vestdent ct 32 16h 5 Heskiie ebos divin soxk to sostq slants sto gbae ESET oH cng ond to ebsm et GED .bit stl yo ,a0 belken ee Betevia bus soob edt Yo azemiotds sist danomwld oatedeq ) feottrev & Giiw .d eetsig sit bsosle ate dotdy sobad as : std & F ks ‘Oa ehocw exit Lefystsa gsogsttib a to ed lod sit hebbs evs nedd heacliasm eevotyt? odd of pis". -28s{[ bsastesi ylsasnsntsg eds no [Lte s00b sda gexd Bet scto7 ng memitemoe ek ants off Yo eb6s edt sveitreg Metts ntosisy-tesl © to tuo tuo bne st co biel gitte Ls oe it -eviica I[sinemsrio evidosits yiev 5 est lie . * ~-Sitite etedek | moeeel edd teoqg slbiin s ducdtix srs0b sidsob r0f se 8 CACEGE 085) eroob edt no Sexeer1s ylomie yrsy stad eet et gens .Snieolo tostreq stom act | beuiuper ef nostad st bus anoOL edd Ssoelg ef doidw no ee taxi? teel east a0 nh, 20 show cid? .cbeot sldtety dttw elien noxwk vd Bsus fF esstine 4 svat sane $f Jsdt .waot esi esdttousty det. og a elisa odd Satvimb s0t | adit oven ao floeved ylno of tsedite tron ylonmthrooss tek FI WaveRvedktne ett entmueseb of elisa ont gaitsool tettsa ao Wd ecsiave $n07? $id sosasnio of pll#ait to {OBE ware ot a2 Hesastis os ed of meid si dotdw rowLLoipe bevaeo teft tani Sai oO «yew isgo%qg a nf ti dgvoadt eesq ys efien edd f Se Sas wiosesz¢ ucol edd to saso edt t00b sad to tasl edd mo 6d todtis teun si eintorer! ssotted avountincs © to sean regione est tnd tool edt yd edesq ort of bebivtb sd so Did CEI .Bit at & Boed novi ‘ns ddiw be dekoryt ef yet $t neented beonhorg tatot edt dotrw yd .aottsd edt of get Syse basd ald? .beeolo ei tssi reito eft no exiade eft Di bdeecitie, has seghs anitotiorg yd benedégaetde 4d pean if aoidstossb doke s mio 08) bid ea kt Th -AvOwomen) cdEY giood SAF Ro noitivoquos beaottnes stotsd sdé rethesiadses we We ' ‘ A;-< aoe poe ' ’ Te | ur a Sef sbonist to Hawor ci tedtd .asHt0t edt otak Hhsnoasd - 79 oe other, and thuss more oie ee made possibl In richer execution is found here a bronze lion’s head that holds the ring between its. teeth within a circular frame nail to the door. The ring sometimes takes the form given im Fig. 1336 and then turns in the eye on a pin. Chiefly om inner door it is. further usually replaced by a handle, either like Fis. 1332; made ofa single piece of iron with ends forged wider and. nailed on, or like Fig. 1338 is made of ee ee passing through the thickness of the door and riveted inside, ve under which are placed the plates b, with a vertical: handle c _tenoned into the former, that is: round or turned? it. can be nade of a different material like wood. | To the fixtures mentioned then are added the polts: entering the door sill. on the permanently fastened leaf. 4 Further the edge of the rind is sometimes: protected by a met— al strip laid on at and cuit out. of a leaf pattern, which supple ies a very effective ornamental. motive. Rebate strike. oa For double doors without a middle post the leaees strike a re= bate very simply arranged on the doors (Fig. 1339), a streke va batton is required for more perfect closing, that is fastened : on the leaf first. opened on which is placed the lock, and tact ened by iron nails with visible heads. This mode of fastening ~ 4 so far prescribes its form, that. it must have a surface suitable for driving the nails. a It is accordingly next either to eee bevel: or cove the cage, or after locating the nails to determine the entire form aboany a.¢ in Fig. 1340, or finallry to ornament the front surface by ~ flat carved scrollwork, which is then to be so arranged cael the nails may pass through it im a proper way. On the inside of the leaf of the door ths case of the lock presents the arrange= ment. of a continuous batton. Therefnre it must either be omitted or be divided in two parts by the lock, but the case of the lat- } ter is furnished with an iron band 2 in Fis. 1335 b: conreaaaaa ing to the batton, by which the joint produced between it and the strike on the other leaf is closed. This band. may further 4 be strensthened by projecting edses and perforated in various : ways: to: form a rich decoration. - Doors with framework. re Instead of the before mentioned composition of the inner door ay ee . a Cras ’ > to at qsleast s ‘46 anes vu efit con 30 sinss? opengl aedoka tol ycinnivooco baiviy sonasw sids » lea ebbe efi to oatvoory ont (omen? efit to gaeudsend jo yldor ed ys asovwemest ont ci bentsitace alensg eid tant ssa ae[don s 26 Boon to elensg hesenotise to bsitas me ibepene evols; .sapoicd ni L[ovigqsd ri sive .8 no Be .behas ms to obow ardT .ydedsdd ble ssa bos omett ont sobay pase Sit to ship sasiq edg Semuees ofsedtid eved sw TI Beneath eft eontsemoe bavot [Lite ei steds ,ebteduo benwd ik eebie Lenisixe exit emiot aacewemsi? oft tedd-o2 Vitnenedaed 1 pmo doa ed bos obfetso sil nao estat eit oveo etd at sete -egaid edt to esdonstg inomstiibh edd [Lite salted Istaositos “ Bert sit to dibeesd edd ynifseoxe egqetia 8 eved son sepm od , | vegatasvis asin Dbeyolqme od vem ISS oie eirl shaed rerr0o it t divest ee fone ,eevsel to edtviin dnostaogmi seontd tok § yess tol evosheinevhs ei di .exvow sedusl to eaoLeromibh euee .9e0 ytenibro tot meco ot te5f s to igeg s vlao wolls o3 ) od ILin Sgnit off to Based l[etnsmento sit tedéie eeoging etdt go oc @r 3006 siivil eds es gntficooos ,inict ogotd se yd bebiv “ biswive 10 biswat s@yetceve bas paitatsa yd ss0ooh to tnomsiesat azedoisx Sbive-ifes ef gi etooh [enisint to tasmtssid aetota a to® - Sidsotiqgs ei s1e2 .evitosite yrev eq yea tottatso ded piesat Sav of wsilnosq tnemsesisd to shou adsdd shatueybhbs tesxs Monesxe bused ytsostsd go sbeiict elqrie s stsiw .eess olbbin mentc tegomq edd fede -hstaieo of af Posoté. dosld s oo Baroxs ‘ag tage dioome eit no andt .boow edt to yolos sd¢ antstex dae Met eo dtiw to .IfE! .biT yd awote ei s00b odd to Yeol odd Yo bevaveo ton etisg sé#i-no .xtowemevt ens to notervtddre ve Ag eisw emsexi ot ai elonsy odt no yilscit 10 .eegnis, edt ‘ -entetiso sheilol sc fasingemoesd to sen siz vd gnitaied tot bentetco ef save tedearh A & to dbemict dexti cew eint vo baunst sid es gayvise Visedt jae de dtederifi .2 jo e10b ond to esvss! odf endT L208 st ston doidw no .dnoutioted yd sbrant odd nt detavoo o1eK beeoloas feneq fiose no bas ,goiirit reddo bos esintd ood (e8lgse isiusqri acd betnteg ew obasd y 8 uocgesnavbe ei oi gutvevao @ fose to sey ‘eit ye bf ‘e oy is : a Oe teed ; " Sistas : eetoch Hofonsq sid oF nobttensas edd emnct Me edd sod¢te exodw ,obiani oostane déoone x gaitnegstg erooh | 1 id 80 : frame of pieces, this may Gonsist of a regular framework, in this manner giving opportunity for richer forms, both im the t treatment. of the frame, the grooving of its edge, ete., as also that. the panels contained in the framework may be richly ornan- ented or perforated panels of wood or a nobler material: be arr= anged, as on S. Maria im Capitol: in Cologne, whose edeges extend under the frame and are held thereby. This mode of execution f : forms the transition to the paneled doors. . | If we have hitherto assumed the plane side of the door to ns * turned outside, there is: still: found sometimes. the converse ar~ rangement, so that the framework forms the external side. Like- 4 wise in this case the hinges. can lie outside and be set on the - horizontal: rails; still the different. pranches of the hinge pla- te must not. have a shape exceeding the breadth of the frame, and corner bands like Fis. 1341 may be employed with advantage. . For those important widths of leaves, such as: result from the dimensions of larger works, it is advantageous for easy access to allow only a part of a leaf to open for ordinary use. For t this purpose either the ornamental band or the hinse will be di vided by a hinge joint, accordins as: the little door is: to open inward or outward. Richer treatment of doors by painting and overlays. For a richer treatment. of internal doors it is. self-evident — that. painting may pe very effective. Here is applicable with great advantage that mode of treatment peculiar to the late middle ages, where a simple foliage or tracery band extending around on a black ground is so painted, that the proper ornam— ent retains the color of the wood. Thus on the smooth surface ~ of the leaf of the door is shown by Fig. 1331, or with a regul- ar subdivision of the framework, on its parts: not covered by ~ the hinges, or finally on the panels in the frame were placed geometrical. or foliase patterns. “ A greater area is obtained for painting by the use of double doors presentins a smooth surface inside, where either the wood itself serves as the ground or this was first formed of a coat- ing. Thus the leaves of the doors of S. Klisabeth at Marburg were covered in the inside by parchment, on which were fastened the hinges and other fixtures, and on each panel: enclosed by th bands. was. painted the imperial: eagle. By the use of such a covering it is advantageous to protect Sad ’ of if hd, ‘ rae } y ” r pi wt ve x ihe hee in ‘ ih as eqtaia con... bas bietieed ed. solpan vat age ) eved ebned odd ti véletosese bas 200d to s7evoo ogee teovettlb to otrdst e bialteve ef modd aebas a eysltevs ices yo revostol -bsonbowg ef pase ches) i kaon ebeoiblind wilpoes ni-oals soneoktingem teers be — Yaitin eqote ofyr 8 28 tedt .yroxul satteize eds eyods fe8 at sevia ceoatdB? asqqn wert 21006 odd ekdd tof “an tsufsv ber yd Setevoo str doidw .sonebive haotts ore nishe ei dotdw dfsensd .1sqgoo bebiin to ebned ie eehaftasgo edd cacoist sidtetv: sey _. sfosq ,T STOEL wtnomun7d “edoFS ast los ateER : y ‘ TF : ™ % i d , ee wes | 4) a ‘ aL a: ae * ; ‘ 1 : } ows ' % 7 . = am f i Were. i Ae be OSA j yi) Ss Our Oa. lh? Te. ha Rap ae ae ait , Ait “ asté ew poe : - >, oy oe 82 ee IX. DEVELOPMENT OF. ELEVATIONS OF ‘TOWERS, 1. Treatment of Towers from Early Christian + the Gothic period. Purpose of towers. Towers occur as: parts of churches since the 6 th and 7 th centuries numerously in both eastern and western countries. : They were little added stair or wateh towers, the latter usual= ly isolated before the church. About. the same time also extend- ed the use of bells, that were hung on open: frames beside the church or at proper places on or above it. If towers existed t © that. were suited to reccive the bells, nothing was more natural: than to place these in them. Where this. was permissible, men adopted beforehand the form and width of the tower to this. pura pose, and sometimes also the buildings between two small. stair towers was carried sufficiently high to afford a belfry at top. Gradually the safety of the bells increasing in number and we evermore determined the erection of one or more principal: towers Besides simpler stair towers also retained their value, that w with the bell towers that. together with the bell: towers: became the most prominent external characteristics of. the House of God.” Detached towers. Aided towers. , In Italy the bell towers usually remained separate from the church, while in northern lands they were organically connected ~ with it. Aside from the earliest.woodeu churches not renaiaaa only in certain countries (Bohemia, Silesia, East Friesland), did the use ofa detached tower receive anw consideration in ‘nel middie ages. The more difficult. but laudable problem was plac before the architect by the combination of the design of the towers. with the House of. God. According to this tendency, Roman esque and gothic art busied itscéfidless creative powers again in astonishing abundance and diversity; one may well: decide, te that. no possibility of the solution of the tower has remained a without trial. Especially arose a competition between the east— ern ard western parts of the church, and this was not alone in the plan with double choir, but also with the plan developed —~ expressly toward the east. a Towers. of the eastern half. , @ At the east. the crossins was emphasized by a structure flanked by two or four slender towers, which in combination with the t transverse aisle and the rich choir endinss furnished a wonde Sa ‘geo% bare tedto oft +h ~toetts articanales {etaobagu ‘eit gnisnsoor eonadroont edt ot enkbadces stosouste Wiedt to Iiso odd wWoacicetmts seitiva® \ferss% sdf oF Ra nnoonc hafecoro edt 10 ebedet wreteen aft es yleathroo enter betsy ed¢ to bis eit yd ytotisy seetaery seisnod JoowetiiTh Pmod? eisuce eet2t bleoo Bateror1o edd ssvo ssnod sat Svods ddgted tostisqai ne o¢ eetiote: stom ao ¢ (Sint @ 26 St3095 .8 ,enzolod te nifis¥ .& destd po aa’ , Set Oe wacko .ezcvol 26 eedoxsdo edt ,asnxcel? ts traedélidd 42 Betoo as 22 betuosxe ad gania tf two yetaow dekibad vasa i ddeense vbsorle 20 .setiuichinSh de es toor sdt swoda a9dd ; g odd. Bo e@stistedo supzenauol odt oo as toor edd Yo eostane Meeak Decesa cela edivev snizeose ywtiol seein .eeorivess p esd ‘miack ck oxol és [stbediss oct .totsetai sdf af wooded fa sbie Sat io eyed sad:tevo Srese vee i ae oy we erets .yiilenpe nletaes s ak benisnet afod so soko “geriesi end einen pontine te ok nedt aefq oat: ae i- we yar wa 83 } . wonderful: perspective CANE fe the other end rose the west structure according to its. importance, accentins the entrance to the fhurch, inviting admission by the call of the bells. A cordingly as the western facade or the crossins became. predomi- nant, or both remained in a certain equality, there became the greatest variety by the aid of the varied developnenti@ioahe 4 different towers. : fhe tower over the crossing could rise Square fhom the reat in 2, 5 or more stories to an important height above the baila ing, as on Great S. Martin at Cologne, S. George at. Bocherville, S. Philipert. at. Tournus, the churches at Tours, Cluny, and on many English works, or it. might. be executed as an octagon, rhe ther above the roof as at K8nisslutter, or already’ beneath the — surface of the roof as on the Romanesque churches. of the Rhine provinces, whose lofty crossins vaults. also passed into the oon tagon in the interior. The cathedral. at Toro in Spain has a two © story sixteen-sided crossins tower with four attached side tow- ers. Such with angle or stair towers starting from the. middle a structure also occur in other examples: in the number of 1, 2 or 4, and on Great.S. Martin at Coblosgne there still: rise two stor- ies of the crossing tower above the main cornice. | Par more common than the directly attached little towers are the bolder side towers standing beside the crossings, that either — stand over the bays of the side aisles and east of. the transver- se aisle,as at Laach and Spires, or west of the crossing aisle as in Paulinzelle (but where the crossing tower is wanting). The combined occurrence of 2 crossing tower with four developed sid towers is. rare. The side towers are Square, octagonal: or circu- lar )(Worgs), and are covered by wooden or masonry spires, while the cpossing tower itself has a slender spire,and flatter hip roof (S. Apostles at Cologne), or is crowned by a dome. The sid towers were soon extended higher and also the middle structure. If one then considers that also at. the ends of the transverse aisle and beside or over the eastern end of the church occur single or pairs of towers or turrets, then the diversity of the forms of the towers of the eastern half leaves nothings further 4 to be desired. 4 Towers of the western facade. ae Almost as manw: changes occurred at the west facade, evepif less in plan than in elevation. While the Italian basilica - i doles excised ones? paekes> odd ot hetzetet od 09 umeenag S14 eiisie edi caso tee! cr a6, betevoscets bas notsaciinal Bawewoe conia ti Ti otgdousta s muer waessin .{(nebath ts Lerbedt bbia' “sicquis” to drongofleveb merenwevyecnsts edi ao ddnied. bees: mereee begecezg yifectussio0 so J <, h goend Yd neess ef tacaqgoleveh B besarte ®@®f ares sit ,aedbid seit ai ita sigue & bad big ar 27% bas new1sd, ,drwooet0t = to eluditesy 2 peonlg De eiosace 8 Sidfixe emis piace eeepre o¢f ge bobaatie o15 aisr ecadtad .xeerevansé 61s qoie oot ol .thedo eldest feotetze toodéin soiterne -t000 seisvecedd Idgissds 6 betsaigqs sion 18% so. ASSES .BER) elESta sat eft tc szeta teqatt ong bs af ef gsionf vee te seeta dolan « ‘ie a 4 a ¢ a * = J * } = ’ . £, a0 HSShiLg Va Gare %Sa3 58 ov « 7 ale “> ~ % 9. oh , 70's S900TO Veetsi2in « eyed wists sede ,bnrbigcao cages Fart: it) esowod atessew oud to Aires end | Soe per.ets) Btewo? basot 1 Sabwod eldnod eis sen: ehées gathiivd ¢anoTtt ef2 i107 meuwenee).(eonueysk eoe) ofeis seaevenens ect So a ‘ ei ate dediaose! iS Sesevencats ccd tedi .yhbeotla be RD yawotrisehs? ta fe mieyes dein ecdowro tsovh ait oli Muetimoeiewvedise oni ylisicagac eytebet syed (ail) bas Ssadier% a a 2 $a Soiugoo 4 ac Enatea yods +o we anacqqe emis omee eft ta dosed wid? xd Sf bemfaese2 asd sxrudourtiea aveieen BS Oe -etts of bee sevot seibbirn maeee O82 oi exocoo yliswise tesro3 of 3 seanpdo yedda edt «0 bedostia ous bos 31 no beoetg sewed eff eniteiexe alt srestoia 2iat ROaeau £4 Howrteao saz “eioecedo oa¢ edt <03 avewrea? eesrd? edd etuooo *£ yilicerpeti etce ‘gid so dtis be¢senaco at shbedauo odt of cud?) .avewos? ebbe bebie de .5ed bea cedotaso ystio jeslete risdiste> eiil) sacist¢ges Steno? stésaer pLblind: esasve nest eat atia ge fetes s20 etenod ont, off Ddetwoticed do [adkixey, savciwor EP PREW) wooxed tewol ‘ai analeli § & dwocs ie steam efgeie ud blo yass af sa ,ooteiy | s(saleod ¢s dourds Yeomwed Met AO 24 jouvsoorss sotevenntd ous t0 over odd To sdgted 7 ¢ worl teeqge visowls ylliasli <0 elosatebga Yo deguiig del 5 une netiacqquea yd tadeods .eeso Snebeoegetat ae a8 Try gh ad? go moltoetoag « xe Boagont sud 20 BEOd eee sont edt %o gobgoototq edd ys to s{wodoiseb) ne $a uhaeate viisnes 84 yay. unsally had a Simple wall: in front, before which at most. Ww. placed a vestibule or a forecourt, German and French churches usually already at an earlry time exhibit a western high struc ure transversely, perhans to be referred to the design of the double choir. In the simplest case the stairs are placed in t+ interior without external indicatiom and areccovered at top b & Straight transverse roof. a Far more animated is the structure if it. rises somewhat at t the middle (Fig. 1342,,cathedral. at. Minden), whereby is obtain= ed the first stage of the development of a “simple” middle tower which rises. at. any increased height on the transverse building, either simply placed on it or organically prepared for beneath. A different process of development is taken by the western b building, when stair towers are arranged at its sides (Pig. 1342. a). As soon as. these rise higher, the Serm is planted for. the development of two western towers (Fis. 1343, Liebfrauen c church at Maestricht). | 8 via On the abbey church at Laach at the same time appears a mia= | dle tower placed on it and two attached round towers (Fig. 1846), This: richness is explained by this, that the double tower of t the church at Laach has retained for the front building rather. = the character of the transverse aisle (see Mayence). Risevhenne | the three towers for the western structure described ara rare, — more frequently it occurs already, that the. tvanetenee/ Seeaaaay is connected with a high middle tower and to this are directly — added side towers.(Thus in the cathedral at Paderbonmn, Pig. 1347) The single western tower naturally occurs in the. small church- es with single aigles, while the great churches with several. a aisles, city churches and especially the cathedrals with few ex ceptions (like Paderborn, Freiburg and Ulm) have received tao western towers. , ea The two towers can extend up with the transvarse building in, | @ Single mass without a prominent vertical. oh horizontal subdi- vision, as in many old buildings in lower Saxony (Fig. 1344, 4 Neuwerk church at Goslar); or they stand on a cornice at the height of the eaves of the transverse structure, as on the par- ish church of Aadernach, or finally already appear from below as an independent mass, whether by supporting yertical. progegeum ions or buttresses, by 2 projection op the middle structure , (dJerichow), or by the projection of the fronts of the towers. Pebbhecesne: seeds wend etexc?d of te nhs etan Libs Sit biswot bas omts yises odd ak etgo00 yhactls ei... $2 lt¢an onlay retseas wesseto orit supzcne tous Ste otettemietat edd evi? .sietod ent a£ Sousntmobsig onre uisalvoti¢sq ean tens ,locd seteress4? ati nisiot iB 186 elfets efs cis ed% lo efdeg ous 10 .¥moxe?s wewol nai sae fnode mo yltee etiup MLeati ewodke si es ehadetd seoow edd eign exe O& sh .2adoisdo Aameow bas fSaexT divog .aense— tee a” i 7 +Teliondes 3 dotudo ,886t gt . 2 ays : *870W0td Atetderow to nelgq Yo me0% De chdrany een eionot snote blo aft to salg to mict edt fed Méivotio ted .(elleqed0-sl-#it ,sanovel te slegiv 2) pebatiot yitnerpstt ore ereKos brpor -feanove?) spo00 cals i vetomrot asingnsdoet odd ofna « ps sud .yeenae® nk Saiar a iss ebas iio toodtiw evode eata doidy pi ylao ,eodowde L[satnss mort obtes ,xfaoumoo ly baididxs ot aelgnets wet ted ard vasaired ‘(bnelga3) 290 |e m0 .(etudests6 ni asaod? +6 .eisedeogcO ts onliusddak 2 Destéor tedvougasi omits oisto® edt nt etevot uk dtleow edt 2 recto a ee , he ‘ o a i ts fh cs if a) oe Ds ie fs wae 4- | | passage. Yet as for the towers before the middle aisle there can also here be built balconies. in the towers, if then are wan- ting in the side aisles as in S. Elisabeth at. yarburs.: The third story of the tower. a The succeeding story of the tower, thus the third if we pass over the division belonging to the triforium, first fulfils. the purpose of raising the belfry above the roof of the church, So that. the sound of the bells can spread at the sides, and thus forms the substructure of the belfry, accordingly RERetee cont= @ining the lower part of the bell cage. a Therefore the next determination of height results from the Wf height of the roof, yet there is no direct urgency for it, and there are found examples with variations upward and downward. = 7 With only one western tower the church roof adjoins the eastern wall. of this story, and for hall: churches must. also project ins | to the next. story, if it extends. iver the entire width of. bag na 3. Passages and external. arcades. a This story is most subordinate of all. and appears rather as an intermediate story between the lower part of the tower belongiail - to the aisles and the bslfry. On simpler works. it therefore ex- hibits only cosled walls scarcely opened by ‘windows, which how- ever may be made lishter by internal: blind panels. The externa 9 recession of the face of the wall from that of the lower story, that results from the offset in the thickness of the wall, is. . 3 most. simply formed by @ wash, but in larger dimensions. way also © ; serve for the arrangement of a passage connecting the roof 7 leries at both sides, and is furnished with a closed or opened ~ balustrade, and thussprovides a richer termination for. the Lol | part of the tower. From this results a motive capable of ‘very! a important and most varied treatment for development .of the ele- vation. let us assume that above this story is arranged a second. 7 passage at. the base of the belfry, which certainly can almost 4 be required as an extension of the room occupied by the latter, — and then the thickness of the wall scarcely permits another off-— set. sufficins for this. Therefore occurs either a corbelling of — the upper passase, or the utiligins of the lower recession for 4 an arcade standins on its edge to support. the upper floor slabs in the same manner, that.in the aisles the passage found before the clearstory windows is borne by the arcade columns of the t 4 triforium, or like the floor of. the latter on the sable walis. — " 7 Le cen eves a oes, ¥ — ide Lat Mil Oi Li aaa TT ee ee SOR Deus to gansios absors siz vo slets Ratinare:. odd Lo 9 bas (rb «g) gabised efi abcit ewobatu szsmol edd ezod easing .eTed ofdeyolome ogie c1s siedt Deduoexs enoke ) eas bes eiszso to eleatbediso eft yo Detussetg ets Said ek | 4 (CEP .8f3) eotasli at downs it aso olzia sibbin. sit to toor sft esowot belouob it it at woes: qeddng oti sredt tey .gbic tnoxt edd of Seed #igedein boosia sd sxcteiedd foe .fiewgl tocdgel ed Tepe Eebeentedue ci gi eonte .dowdo edt to zabke sexa0l odd | yteiios edt to ilew eds to mottieog [eoltisy ont yo Dawe ed @idd wort fas ,todtus? Ifive toed toe Ti is¢te@ 90 | wt sonie wor pein roxot edt dixon. ooatape toot siete & [sy obsors ess cyoords toott odd hiswot astew edd To Levomer q enonod sis ow pepingy base sain gasw edt stolted gaihaesxe ito mokseniazes ott entsiaze etd esttivuelitib amos etas 2&6. eas Dac ata edz te prhncaienee) sit dB loou dotndo : Pee yeletse cibbim ed To ysd seaw ors avo soarted & to one HIRED oeodd {Le eevones doidw fos ,eiqsd to farbodiso sad ac [Sieyniaeqo bedous ,eebeors feild bas esesecet hail? nae Sis baided tsvod etd to yrove huidd off to Liew ont potie fbetentos od niszs bos .awobuty vd beneqo ed agg eobaeots wifsn odd to eoeu edd nonest ot oaiviee serioss batid qd ylovr ee edd tc-.sbie doss no hegre o18 eftet to Laabedtao edd 20 We ent tedt of .cebso1e bailc | Jearetat tt sewosy Sdz Io 378 pefgas tuot end eobiecd ,beateouco grote odd te meceye Letat to manoto edt no baste dadd ,e1sig elbbin yoam es entedace eaeces botid ove etom to owl anchoin senol edd to eorous ent to evisou ent ev th obigoo eabsots to zoel edt al oe $5 elethedteo oad no se . re Yow Raby a ; ' 92 of the tspassverse aisle Bh canbe columns of the passage fore the lower windows finds its bearing (p. 419), and const tions executed there are also employable here. Examples of thi kind are presented by the cathedrals of Paris and the collee™ church in Mantes (Fig. 939). 2 With doupled towers the roof of the niddle aisle can: then ex- tend to the front side, yet there the sutter between the towe 4 must. be farther inward, and therefore be placed higher than at the longer sides of the church. Since it ‘is. substantially narr- owed py the vertical position of the wall: of the tower, it woul be better if set back still: farther, and from this be arransed © a short roof surface next the tower wall. Now since further the removal of the water toward the front through the arcade galiler : extendins before the west sable and connecting the. towers pres— ents some difficulties, this explains the termination of. the ; church roof at. the eastern face of the tower, and the arrangen— ent. of a terrace over the west bay of the middle aisle, as foun¢ on the cathedral of Paris, and which removes all those difficult Blind recesses and blind arcades, arched openings. : fhe wall: of the third story of the tower behind the enclosing arcades can be opened by ‘windows, and again be animated effect ively by blind arches serving to lessen the mass of the wall. On the cathedral. of Paris are arranged on each side-of the squ- are of the tower two internal: blind arcades, so that the struc— tural: system of the story concerned, besides the four angle pier contains as many middle piers, that stand on the crowns: of the 2 | arches of the lower windows. Two or more such blind recesses: al- so in the lack of arcades. could give the motive of the treatment for the tower story in question, as on the cathedrals. of aon | and of Strasburg, on which the blind recesses: are placed one or even become actual: arched ofeninss j In the arrangement. of blind recesses howeyer, there must in all: cases be a certain visible relation both to the openings: of the story beneath as well as to that above, and we shall: further return ho the investigation of the latter as well as: to the pos- sible preparation for the polygonal: belfry. The decorative effect of the passages and arcades around the roof story can be striven for in smaller dimensions, so that with the omission of ths passages, the columns quite or nearly — adjoin the face of the wall, and are connected to it by capitals ebse exe foidw tod ,iicw ont yatoat edaele cistsxen' to 9 ella to emedorn edd of ff heterotreq ¢40 has ¢26 | roe. -bebnod edt ni ¢igeorw eneuioe elis ii eft pommvo osla od $e pnoliive ys beoaiges era sexton 1etel wo yffantt bas saedote edd to elitorws yieosat elorie oft Ratvateaoco sleti Mm eigas shot evodt bebtezes ed of ots Ofoe azofesesd bi bewe’ einommos ote dotdw ,eoaetact hbedorws as yd bet oennos a S862 aodor1s czodm ,bolieq teedel edt te etewot teLania ie evoda, basors nexowd ylotem tea at gathloom sient Yt .aled ae eGeieivib {staosinod tenol on 0 yNtote toot oft to ednewoprryis [egionisa ow od? park stedt Gf 1iiibh ylisit¢neece aciiae ed¢ to abataseo bre ofasaostsed & tedtat seoutow mwsu1ct eft rot .sstesrado dn) tus i woled Bae svods basolt zsirote ets seonted gor pao moitosnnoo Leottrey einseetget tscéel asdf yrertaco imevoetons ai sbeots 1s ame eau oT .octvoswrb Leotisey s me Sdsosis nso dud .sued Lercottnem sosf{q edt of betotat ome gels ss asvs be ae bos ,sewod sai, to esisode sSdt0 a6 ) ee +Batded Jisw eds ni ebafusco wobotw sears! sact est . eYtote Atrsct oT Be hn basen 40% atatcocd: id) ci i Shisd: sds antistuce isxot sft to wrote dtaget sai ‘dooe es Peteotbat'ed germ oidd Bor fis te danadtogat teon OGeging ati o¢ saihbtoccos ‘iuenvest? bos ddsied yd yilen i 80s Btiaseg doidw .aysw dnsisttib of bhetevoo coor & sa GO, H6d5ts dGkic bas ebiw tiguowid soo seq os alfod edd to masta telleuwe oct of Bathaclsd evewot sefaqsie seodd 20 bisge suc gilstsae: a1 dadd .poiteouateace Astad ve siddgt . ete Dacca 1c] sgainege edd to osie edt: osls bensgs ong to ecac oft aedtte otsnimose3g ot9s dane seso ttsys abit Mies exainsgo edd to spie sit to wOzer sarq nivgs tot etsnse to esixiled déin etsrod dogotg refhist sit -90 Side.bou0t sis steis (OFS bi) eotas fas enoeeto® ,2iae® vibe vad lo sohsdoevis ed? .asainego bssots fist ond -eblte @ Oupescseo® ao ySsecfs havo? asziiemos adxeq ond of cohen odd siod eapees iow ti stoedvoqut boa bokeey Ae: 3 ~tewot eft hago a: Heeste Off mo bauol ogfs ote enotatvtbh otsathrodsr redea0d ‘ ; atHoe| at yrtied seqots ed? oxedw ,groedte<® af 2a estsote ’ Vre ‘ ss ae geomtegqu eft fo soteivih etentbyodus « hte gee ¢ ‘4 tet , 4 mie | 4 aes 4 Baby. es* 3 .Muvden setel Ilede ew doitse of itemepactia | f eon RC any perce Lie “a ae hit. Oh ee rn Be . While the heights of the ide stories im a sense are determ- ined by the different divisions of the height of the church, Ss. such a limitation vanishes. from the belfry. In the simple buil- dings with sreat closed wall: surfaces, that predominate in Ger- many at least. in the conntry, the height varies from about. the a half diagonal of the external: square of the plan-to its rarely exceeded side. More slender proportions up to twice the side are found only om richer works, and already belong rather to an expressed pier construction. | 7 Variations from ths given division of stories. Every heretofore assumed division of the tower into four sto- ries must not be too strictly taken, as it lies in the nature 4 of the matter and in the conception of artistic freedom, but as | already mentioned at the beginning of this Chapter it may suff- 4 er mamy changes, yet where must always remain the suitability of the church. We have already mentioned the combination of the portal story with the window story resulting from the hall: chu- reh, and have given in Fig. 1852 an example for an at least for- mal combination of the two upper stories, which according to t the conditions can be extended to an actual one. Purther by sim- pler construction and smaller proportions the entire tower woulen remain undivided up to beneath the belfry, and the latter could . even be placed in the svire, as will be shown later. An increase in the divisions in height is already contained in the mentioned carrying of the triforium around in the tower walls, and is even enhanced on the towers of Amiens, since above the triforium is found 4% second lower arcade palustrade, in which the intervals between the columns are gilled by figures, whose heights form the difference between the heights of the clearstory windowsin the nave and that of the western base window. But also the fully justified equal division results from the : arrangement of vaulted galleries over the side aisles, as on the towers of Mantes (Fig. 989), and it would be here the con—- ~ nected arrangement of the triforium lacking in Mantes, that wO- uld inerease by one the number of divisions by carrying it aro- ound the tower. | Further subordinate divisions are also found on the higher s stories as in Freiberg, where the proper belfry is contained in : such a subordinate division of the uppermost story of the tower, _ an arrangement to which we shall later return. . 4! i‘ ' yilerdes teom ef dotdw s esfosonto obsextesled ted gdoidw .(@Ee. .219) pit ve eotige sid evs tonol dsdwomoe -eimed .& B 800g gs stots sts rsba9le stom yisituco. edd no dud .(B\E @) -pistieo dey .e7e1 besbst ei I : 2 to sokdzogozg A .atndrel jesuso odd. yifsicoges ~ batesor sd eatqs odd smit smeg edt te a Sgoanos - yIev sit sieas erent ,esf{da> ts0l ed lo eexeqs sad a ¢9) eteor bebfol oalA’ cart: —_ sec ‘lpia to snoiveeetetat bei le penne ems desl edd ie er f el . J y ; E 4 : iL u Ait hg is . hy ; ae A si 4 ee Soe Pa a i ee a SD eg YF Pies ah Nowy Mite Tm yo either leads to a horizontal break in the line a b (Pig. 13 or gives opportunity for a recession downward of the’ jaaeegeun line a c (Pig. 1858 ¢) from the apex of the gable, the tebien solution with the lower spire is not very satisfactory, the eam rst one with én angle above the apex of the gable is just agifed and allews the spire to appear stunted. To avoid both, probably | men came to the peculiar Romanesque form of spire with alterna-_ ting hips. and valleys represented in Fig. 1359, which is. goneeuuy ally found on the Rhine (S. Apostles. at Cologne), both for ee agonal: and square towers, and it is. even transferred to the ch- oir polygon (Mfinstermayfeld). Such roofs are built of wood ei out difficulty, but for stone the valleys must be strengthened, or still better be supported by steep arches placed beneath then The valley may also be replaced by, a flat rounding. Spires of square towers. Gable or hip roofs. i A rectansular tower can be covered by a gable oh hip roof. with or without a ridge turret, but this particularly suitable cover— ing for rectangular plans is rather restricted to secular build- ings, aside from the oldest towers afidilater village churches. The most natural and simplest. covering is also afforded here by the pyramidal roof (fis. 1360), it car be made octagonal: or cur- ved at. the base (fig. 1355); on the other hand the Romanesque rectangular stone spire sometimes is: swelled with great advant—— ase for static reasons (Pig. 1361), which by a greater curvature passes into the square hipped dome, Fig. 1362, monastery church near Zambek (See Kunstdenkm&ler der Sterreiches Kaiserstattes). Above the four sides the spire may again be placed gables; if at. the same time the spire be rotated 45°, so that its: hips: meet the apexes of the four gables, there result the very common: fo— rus of Romanesque terminations: of towers. represented in Figs. 1363, 1364: (Halberstadt, Limburg, Haach, Coblenz, Maestricht, etc. ). The height of the spire in the regular construction amo- unts: to twice the height. of the gable, and the four sides: of t the spire are resular lozenges. Variations of. the relations of inclination between spire and gable are made as for octagonal: towers, Figs. 1358 to 1358 ¢.. tag Other forms of Roof. Also folded roofs (Fis. 1365) can occur over the skuare. To the last are closely allied intersections of sable roofs (Pisg.. ’ ; % 7 he “(pet ae Boat ds Fanet 918 fel Bs ‘eset gale elqusss frill etd ai ,vevone! ts. donuts tedtes ey eoibbia adi ts tensat Toos yiseseosg f i, | thers to’ otigs ck bebifs ylusen era VOLT of BASt cepts. | 7 Ptdplaiie eeusces tinnes Lia yeds conta ,xshasevib tee § ae Bae & soxoqs baa 6 agniog eved ed? mort baotxe lated sige, ed? to tdyten edt 2 .etice oft Yo xneqse ed? of eelday 2E ed ince oeteds ofdey of9 Yo tdgteod eat ca teocyh aw sotwe (68D e2v000 wedé duks en eowit S ¢ F ek tf BE Sud heer y? f iia yolley ef3 beouborq ef ned? Laupe ess yess 22 #ed “ dt to fdyied edt eotwi code esom of exige. oft Yi bae ,O98f POSE «BY .himarvg Asaoyssoo as ativesr ylieacit eredt ,elssy Oo VELRBE og eee ,etentebretla bag aeghe ext. ta eefyas eth. 20) ro toos bebfot edt fenoitses a6 yor wtot Lenokiqeoxe na ed Ph s(seet, sett) expoded ¢a aceted .2 20 eelday aint odd a = sepucds Sidkdxe (REE of Fest «8pta) eelqmexe gael oct } eves ew gedt of .et00% So amsot Barciy tedoin of etaupe edé peimora. witeizoiiaeq @ eciqthoce totdu getqedS 2 of emoo gdoxe iptious. maoO sence to twongofereh aft to yrotetd eds of eoetde stenoo ot meocetettib {euvtiowiria tneeensg soaigq2e dalognesool © tated ed? gciynedo «i vottacd bua {woled ese) enote at not Oe ey @ ahom et Watowe? yilawpe jon ecifiuo paiytey visser, 6 cotew th ttgie 1) lemem eno cei ,honinigxe alice ef dotdm ,#ebis ffs mou ode as obin cs somts of0.! ef yflsnogsth nesn etsupe © tadt dds0go7G ed¢ wed: ¢o01) ai bowedy cedu extge 2 aude ,eblte oo. ef =: 8.8 to seadé vileaoogs?i anode ylao gue .f : & penis sento yrs. to enodd nant 6tom 2ers elbbim off at atetcan tad Peetsos t helieo-o8 644) eavioetinota ielt on bengized tnt BPenties viemetixe eczeu yer! ,cosca gatydtoao gethited 36 be edd tase! te bemactenst? veds eroleredT .takoq eidd co gat sabe edt to aoti4oe tTeaqu eaxizgac ede yléinenpest ter ine \e 220° geta teinotic e4% seositemos ,m1603 iez?#nse e¢onm 6 octal - bos GOyylog od¢ yiaommoo etom ,eeaoo hos aemob te imrgt odé ati yifesuten feon igi et deidw ,nopetoo eds xitafo >: Liv “ae , OseND 2 a 7 veterot easepe no setige [sgopatod | | Hite serede gece sved ae es .Seeteb, out esd stamps edt 31 ae eict wooly fenogeib odd of agbin ylderebtenoo sot sh bvje 2 denogels wth rol ,nogetgo sdt tot qiextine tee is us io gent at 10 ,dtbte tesel ssi 26 sneee 25 seat ae A \; or Zim. asi 7 ane aa Laur ee “goo 1366), as such are found at. Paderborn (Fig. 134/) and om th . market. church at Hanover, in the last. example having an almos | necessary roof turret at. the middle.: Figs. 1364 to 1367 are nearly allied in spite ‘of their sane ent diversity, since they all result because straight lines ( ters) extend from the base points. c and apexes a and b of thong gables to the apex of the spire. If the height of the spire. be. twice asggreat as the height of the gable there results Fig. a 1364, but if it is 1 3 2 times as high then occurs Fig. 1365, © but if they are equal then is produced the yalley roof in Fig. 1866, and if the spire is. more then twice the height of the gable, there finally results an octagonal: pyramid, Fig. 1388. 9 (On its angles at the edges and slenderness, see p. 584 below). AS an exceptional form may be mentioned the folded roof over the twin gables of S. Sereon at Gologne (Pig. 1368). a The last examples (Pigs. 1365 to 1368) exhibit changes from | the square to richer ground forms of roofs, so that we have th-- ereby come to a Ghapter which occupies a particularly prominent place in the history of the development of tower construction. Rectangular spires present structural differences in construct~— ion in stone {see below) and besides by changing the point of sight it makes a greatly varying outline not equally favorable from all sides, which is. easiln explained, when one vemeubere a that a square seen diagonally is 1.414: times as wide as the side, thus a spire when ytewed in front has the proportion of 4; 1, but only shows diagonally that of 2.8 ; 1. But since the | masters in the middle ages more than those of any other time @ designed no flat architecture (the So-called facades) but mass of building occupying svace, they were extremely refined in fee ing on this point. Therefore they transformed at least the roo and very frequently the entire upper portion of the square tow into a more central form; sometimes the circular plan occurs in the form of domes and cones, more commonly the polygon and espe- cially the octagon, which is developed most naturally from the square. Octagonal: spires on square towers. If the square has: the defect, as we have seen above, of beco ins considerably wider in the diagonal: view, this vanishes alm ost entirely for the octagon, for its diagonal: is only 1.082 times: as. great. as its least width, or in other words: the diago ee ee eee en Meet es toods Maobatenosh dt ct colssonote ‘ab et” wetv 8 enctia ded? estge A Wateupe eit rot es Of ¢ bP to best Prssqae tonnes weiv daowl oi I + & to nekdtegody odv af voy Mat: Jefleaogets nsee now rot Vek ae Ohefoo ss bach sd syeds etscoe s no Ih yltgarosencd a veneecos ylineninotg eton ted (dove cs begismt ek ertce adit Gab erkoe oft 2s feut tot swotv Lenckets oft nt sosteb x4 tdidxe $i dtssasd wwot ods dod .ddhin test, edt ‘ewdie wetv Enns sasons 30 noitvlessiy ftostib eft itbhssad testestd att eT Seder aft) ses odd ot lye gasv etool signe oft iInfed sit ents bas sbsceaa 8 tovet of Ssaremoe beoubes 8 thivee Woetts vise edd .jtaq wewol edd eleaouco sotial sds eee movt ‘nese ‘med vliatoeqze .beseetent yfdsishiemoo exe: ‘eidetuqetbat na eodt ei dtod Yo stnondtent hs beos & > 9%. ge odd nt se1to .eyerw evoiiey al viotostertee 4d wes tadt ge oss os Szsuoe edt soctl molttenosas « betefqmoo ed aso tHoeett imo Detoeits od a8 Borntoorte stethbamiedat ned? fae soRs be seace es sedmea etelbenrstni oa voddiet fas peattns asst Peek? You goivienssd et ylf{eatt ore .ettoe Sus tewot nee Mia iis vrkGati sewod ody of wolsd tedtist to svode dhta ‘soak hl edd eolyte bfotinsn nt beeestyxe need ‘svsd snottefos a ena rhovstea yltered sd vem dofin to) wosdso i ere. Pdewaatoe edi o¢ eciqn stados @c7 wont aotit Peneat i Rika 5 synitetmeda aba eetG Yo chow sit nt Ifeesi etice ont ot ‘nobtrensat & gate eis OVEL «gif at weiv [enogeth yotbsodesr1os sd¥ te hit ida tsan ody vs beitsTmedo et ,woled srsugs weonsiunos cf if sei MM SaTOT i Sdgiod atetweo adi te Ysit oa (senety supkide os Pear .binetys ({scobetoc as 8 senotiago ted? fas mogetoo 4s ne OUbGA G eB esoti edt ste xed ddsife & svah eecetsoe slugs ans ens II ‘.essig ant dbasize sehfe sefito swoet odd el trv 364 6 tdpicd eit oedt ,fesbsss sd weiv fecopeibh ede ni S ko Ski dese! te oF binode ted olstil cot od ton eum ‘ty? Bibs of evietoia taoups7® . etiqa ond to ditbinm getdod: ons Jon e18 snciticnsas edy gadt of yevawod ven sive an ets ek 7 ~Sigis to totog wol a womd bevisnisg x0 @ esd stads otge gro bem ed aoigtans«s aidt 27 # tte edo [fe of daead s ativeet bredt oles mole , (Foat odd word obfed .o {VEL INET Lentd yerige tte Bainoacel s " hotriteut eentsence et rodtage ‘ 4 Ww Di * \ * if ; ‘Ae Se ; va a“ e ‘ \* 4 Rwy & te 4 ae Re (aoe Py i i ae ' voor | | view is in proportion to the geometrical about as 13 2 12 (4. tead of 14:: 10 as for the square). A spire that shows. a hei in the proportion of 4°: 1 in front view cannot. appear less 3.7 to 1 when seen diagonally. | Consequently if om a square there be placed an octagonal: ‘epee the spire is helped as such, but more prominently appears: anot er defect in the diagonal view. for just. as the spire in this: © view shows the least width, but. the tower beneath it. exhibits its greatest breadth, the direct transition betweentthe two a . the angle looks very ugly to the eye (Fig. 1369). If then were reduced somewhat to favor a passage and thus the balustrade of. the latter conceals the lower part, the usly effect would be : considerably’ increased, especially when seen from below. A good adjustment. of both is: thus an indisputable requirement, that. can be satisfactory in various ways. Hirst in the spire 4 itself can be completed a transition from the sauare to the oct- agon, and them intermediate structures can be erected om the 4 free angles, and further an intermediate member may appear bet- a ween tower and spire, and finally the transition may find ite a place high above or farther below in the tower itself. £11 these solutions have been expressed in manifold styles, the most. imped Wea ortant. of which may be briefly stated.’ a ag Transition from the square spire to the octagonal: one by a chamfering. \ A transition in the svire itself in the mode of Sig. 1370 and of the corresponding diagonal view in Fig. 1370 a és simplest, a if it. commences square below, is chamfered at the angles: by four _ oblique planes, so that at the certain height it forms a resul- ar octagon and then continues as. an octagonal: pyramid. The four ansle surfaces have a slight break at the lines: a b and c ad, Ww while the four other sides extend in a plane. If the transition in the diagonal view be gradual, then the height ¢ a of the ch n- fer must. not be too little, but should be at least. 1/2: or 2/3708 the bottom width of the spire. Frequent mistakes in this: respect sre mace in new towers, so that the transitions are not usually perceived from a low point of sight. If this transition be made on a spire that has a low inclina= tion below, there results a break in all ohe eight sides of the spire, Figs. 1371, 137k a. Aside from the fact that a slight ré fe auction is sometimes justified by a lessening of the thrust, the i ‘og na oe , vee af y ne, ae iy. ean | i rua! 2) ‘ ? tae Ps 4 . | ,eldaroved T29qggs tox e60b ewot sebisse oft to toette Po stqutds yrov siage weiv Isoogald edt at eemosed nottta ciao ound beombes ydetedé 2t ertge edt to tdyptes e tv oa y bas gateogmt as of setudietcos visalvottisg otige Apeasnes Isionant? sot cals sebteed bas .xewot edd to toet :woe Stasvis etox ait tewot edt to texted hecimaoteh ylisntt am gotsl ei teY .eifeaw dyitd yo nsdt ectae dotd « yd hentstta be jane ons fae sodoasio epelity yasm Yo seciqa cehoow ent at rh & gq aa deus se beosbet need aad erica eft to ezad oft ,agnt rehaot ‘eds ydexeit tud .dtaifaq bevtws to taft s to eep oct ve goto Ifsar a0 +(SN6f .Rit) .beasetont 2% biuwatyg edt Yo azen . es sont ted ‘betti¢est boohrt sas eevige dona serptontea Ist T YGenase eno ,beakieaeh ons yous dotdw yd Line ott. date rou of venetinoc al sokefook atatzs9 2 Yo tinem edt ment eee, i Baa: a pga | | -atqmeits wea ie | -eolday tm0% xd soltiuaast? d besedilioss ei evice sd of tawod oft mort aoitiens dt off Bn Avouewod eco fo eebia eid ssvo ecidrs snct to soseteixo eft pes mem a] s€NCL -8i8 yd anote ef sidd Bniteetixozgqas ybsorle dine ae peigas oft Snitcoqque yd aestie sisnigicoe of bevytos Oseio0 ne to Saiosig ytantbio eat yo to ofl 224 ak bim Simatyo ayot Suswaroh antinstze yd tewod steupe 2 no biwen ti ce bn” CXEl .e8l9 .1swot ond to. axenvo0 sdJd tio Joo of eebte oD mit I] .[enossth sav bas asbte ext donordt enohdtose wore bout Io, Sosiise eas mow sett sets sedsie yedt .baawaw hod POG, ta Asoid oa Il .ddaic sit ts, D\ EL .Bk8 ni ea .Sooe @, Sofnd Si Saiiew wort etloses #i Fas ,etdeg edd to sdeted wrebneie sion sa ot simetiog edd 2T .sideg edd to sdgted baelvonuvy, to eail edd to .o.o anil. odd ai dssad s easooo bat “Oo BRI of « Sect -eBLl cop widt-n0 .(o QED .BL8) goad pat awe7o as o1c oalliue neatnte to eranot ‘doe weiv asnonerb ee Bee 3 / : 2 OVEL «b29 $ edd neo nodt ,evouaitncoe prom ef of at notéelasaxt ont 2E ‘ong ANSE eB28 af eelyne oft sa nwota Poezegtiud bebba to sini a pty os eeiges edt no beosig od bemxol yineqong tedto emoe i omni SB eptatoo olday ect to eiatdes of? .enatyerbs dein be ge@) bra ¢ STEP .eQil ok seer amtod hateotiqmoe ene agent? eideg naa te ps earl etoetor eldey og. to oe ' | ’ Pe ae A. Y ic is : yy Os 74 + bo 4 Pwosesednt eobie sti so .eVE!I wer? to. eshte HteL sat $8.28. b m0 Piamideiees ef etias edd to sdpted odd gedt, Jauo0e of at apor effect of the earlier tower does not appear favorable. The tr sition becomes in the diagonal view again very abrupt, and the height of the spire is thereby reduced unnecessarily. But a hi spire particularly contributes to an imposing and beautiful. ef fect of the tower, and besides also for financial: reasons theta finally determined height of the tower is more advantageously attained by a high spire than by high walls. Yet in later times in the wooden spires of many village churches and secular puilae ings, the base of the snire has been reduced as much as poset tay by the use of a flat or curved plinth, but thereby the slender- ness of the pyramid is increased. (Pig. 137%). On small ornamen- tal structures such spires are indeed justified, but in any case with the skill by which they are designed, one cannot refuse ¢ 4a them the merit of a certain decision in contrast to many flet new attempts. : Transition by four gables. The transition from the tower to the spire is: facilitated by — the existence of four gables over the sides of the tower. A form already approximating this is shown by Fig. 1373. It may be con= veived to originate either by supporting the ansles of the pyra- mid in Fig. 1304 or by the ordinary placing of an octagonal: py 4 ramid on a square tower by extending downward four pyramidal: — sides to cut off the corners of the tower. Pigs. 1373 and 1373: b show sections through the sides and the diagonal. If ke comphe- ted upward, they either rise free from the surface of the spire, as at the left side of Tig. 1374, or its sides intersect like a roof, as in Fig. 1374,at. the right. If no break at. the height ° is to occur, then the height of the spire is dependent on the © height. of the gable, ani it results from making it twice the height of the Sable. If the spireis to be more slender, there | occurs a break in the line cc, or the line of junction bends back (#ig. 1374 b). On this see Figs. 1358 a to: 1998 cee in the diagonal view sush towers of simisar outline are as drawn im Pig. 1370 a. If the transition is to be more continuous, then can the fin- ials or added buttpwesses shown at the angles in Fig. 1375 ope q some other properly formed be placed on the angles to load them with advaytage. The ashlars of the gable cornice assume the ra- ther complicated forms seen in Figs. 1375 b and oe. If the apex. of the gable projects like a window gable (Pig. 1875 da), then me janes ou -eto} pabbooqsettoo s« eviecet safe {fiw asidesedi 004 oldeg sot edt ,beorbes atk eaige edd to eeed ods ned Bono Ont dosttgas yllealkt coeds fives redtas} toelouwg {ity ) eatgs (eaises s dtiw toette «ler? ai (Rest oRit) aeldey fh : aebde edt to soliizoe Laenonsgid (eas (a aot tedd oe yilenopeth saigqe ett eniosf a ya Be eo fans eit oo x¥0% tedto edt bos eefdeg oft to eoxegs edt (er poidfensts ([sssne2 gniesetg ySaslvoidieg s .sewod exfd fier LTEL \WNEP .2at€) eveiv sapildo bas daoxt dtod nt bso cs rit to" eati edt tI .eaoxot oupesmamoh ro. bavet doum nbssuls ef Ww ge ef of {[elisveq 6 to sldah oft to ebte sdé so alflet sort MSIAP.E ei xocs teedzid sdé o¢ saiog teowol edd wort ¢aige odd ~eides edt to notdsnifont as atiW .eldse odd a8 did ee comes meio sbte edd could YO\.f somoosd esioe odd to sigied edt ed modded ot ts arsupe sft to (saczeib eds eomts IS. a0 avenue A $f ,°OO ds sidsy ods to notienifont sa atin dud .s « Peb@noperh ett esmrs QO.$ 10 & & déhiw towol edt samt 3@.6 Pasi Steds ,setislt 26 seqgosta shaw od of zt exige ede TL bon fies Soltonut to enti edt 10 .2 © enkl edt wi xXeeud & xO oe Yllenty .ofésyg edd to opbe oft of Seifeisq o¢ sogaol is, td a too selug0% ent wort yrsv of .tsetbeces saotwoliet edt e¢rane te Os extgs eft to nefq od to © © tdvted edt ds tadt oe hOB tdpia ond gud .4f oF ehaogeettoo SYP I .epif to ebse «tol ede p atowos eds no #tseqqs nolisiiavy tesi ocT .etiqe testelt «& of@ ta eeiteogh .& to naithblind adetasw e#f3 no atetxe bas esttak Det eveds Cele said noteasoo alés ao betoa ef of Bt ¥2 -eanol Sidvakk vtec Gti eesigea ae{iwiea betogres od ase exoro? aalurae : GEX aeds ,tesveeit eomooed reve etiqr edt YE .eekstastuvete? penoo bas .o w@ oanif edd oi [Let ILiw (ONEL weit) G éntog eat . elated to etige sxsupe edi ss fuses etiga L[anoRstoo edge mord xlta “hae etigqe edi ic xeqs os ltt bee geseeos treniand 2 bos ,s9bL pnt Bintog tentoo patbsoqeettoo eft dike tf to sottoennos BG a nely beqade-taze odd difw exiqe Peblot edt of Best, witea #2 ao eels exeatoo edt baol bas etamtne of (86S ORE Seis) i lead aeewted efestyi 16 efeinit heostq e¢ aliens vale atewad sée ““itisq 10 tewot edt to alisw edt ao heasd o1e vady eeldss : * mae eqs siestut olyas edt tné ~e6eeeq8tud elens ene O08 96 eufootis? .2 bos ,ofdsy edt to dtbiw ede oF betoras beto9eb etew a2oidsy~od? .akdt to elqraxe blo yrey & stdenexg Jeaeoen TO aodous Daifd ,eltotvLoq ,egmindye bedors ys ita aBos the ashlar will also revteive a corresponding form. ‘When the base of the spire is reduced, the four gable roofs will project farther, until they finally approach two godasaln gables (Pig. 13866) in their effect with a central spire. Diagonal position of Gilets ddan’, By placing the spire diagonally so that four edges stand on the apexes of the gables and the other four on the angles of 4 the toner, a particularly pleasing general transition is produ- — ced in both front and oblique views (Piss. 1377, 1377 a), that is alreadm much found on Romanesque towers. If the line of junc— tion falls on the side of the gable or a parallel to it, then the spire from the lowest point to the highest apex is 3.1414: i‘. times as high as the gable. With an inclination of the gable at © 45° the height of the svire becomes 1.707 times the side of the — Square or 1.21 times ths diagonal of the square at the bottom aa, but with an inclination of the gable at 60°, it becomes 2.96 times the lower width a a or 2.09 times its diagonal. If the spire is to be made steeper or flatter, there will cout cur a break in the line ¢ c, or the line of junction will no 1 longer be parallel to the edge of the gable. Finally some@ines occurs the following exvedient, to vary from the regular octa=— gon, so that at the height ec c of the plan of the spire so “a the left side of Fig. 1376 corresponds to it, but the right ic to a flatter spire. The last variation appears on the towers © Spires and exists on ths western building of S. Apostles at cout logne. It is to be noted on this occasion that also above rect- angular towers can be erected similar spires with ose deaa irregularities. If the spire ever becomes flatter, then: finally — the point p (Fig. 1376) will fall in the line m a, and consque~ ntly from the octagonal spire results the square spire of Pig. : 1864, and a further a rey, the apex of the spire and a i connection of it with the corresponding corner points would fi- | nally lead to the folded spire with the star-shaped plan m oy. (Figs. 1376, 1865). To animate and load the corners also on th- ese towers may again -be placed finials or turrets between the gables, that are based on the walls of the tower or partly on _ the angle buttresses. But the angle turrets are preferably res- tricted to the width of the gable, and S. Patroclus at Soest “13 presents a very old example of this. The gables were decorated by arched openings, polyfoils, blind arches or tracery, and so a's uJ F nie. |g) = ay nad we a) hws 4 ) oda bl ni al island aha ayer ' » mi 7 i i , jut Tue ‘ett Yo crode one a bavoe to¥ egckeeqo ont vontioror ; ae Has k nay «veldey oft otak Boe Be ehith aecert. te eubaut thifvoeg eft Fecoltinem oufs et e16f ‘feqtented ‘gue oft neewted sofday euptide. veifeme asd tect a nettcs edt to eqta @a% evieoes oatwondif sexega ezode ,ael yes . . »ebinerya elsans bedosteot ot oct sit oo ylfoerih eteot bimetyq Ienokstoo edd ned¥ VaHot sexi wisnet oreds oadd .eoldsy troidin yiletaosised ce S.8as moist ti .Cd&t .2r9 Boe sez «q ,woiv Lenonekd ¢ iow p et ee eved teom eslame nicd .seter eyomet bus antitce sit | edt atte éddnied Diod vd bexineutsd ed of ors fsoldw ,agnivoy joa asrod edd to anttoot off) .exiae edd to exonrsbaele Ga peeiets cords to dotsdo led s to guttoor edt déin bereq Scint £5 dtiw toot eibbin tee1n s 26 30% comnce a aed teddies yetgte eved tatit yew eslduatad edT .(etoor shin autztothe weaeeds to ator odd stat doidn ,Otige aiem edd oF salints os meoas tevo sift yam shimetyg sid tc voxotuaevy sat scbinssyg edd mot? ORFI brs QVer ebid see (EVEL wert nt so) sisgteo pelpasizs Sit te siiaso edt svods [let rsa vedt .rsliewdsS af Paa-b olibiw sit seve bevom sd yo .SSES .Rie ok F39L edt gs es stegia de IGEl bus SVS .aBtt me ae elvasind sdt Yo shis ved Geenied .weiv Lacoksih ai aegao teal ond edd enode 2 IEE? @ fvin soil guste s‘bemyot ei siige ebie sit bye eyige atan Heldag siasii & goiviseot yd bsbiove deed .wolsd Yeditve slttil yeeG yeu yigqute sto .entl beitoh. oft yd Hefsotbal ea . too | B. ov Simetyyg welosasiat edt saotecetoni a fo gesh oft Bs feet 2 Bevo eboate doids (ifsd isoiasemzye & eaibbs yd Simesyg Meas to costae ont battoserstak enfs ras. |ett BLES .BF8 oi P® bas SGEI-.2f9- to woty fanchsié edd ob anode gt ee et te -ea4 enisuet cotiavele Isoistesosy edé stostis futesens snot ¢d bebovotiwe siige Lesogesdoo se ove to goshis eat i @onst% fas cauis) yasa oc bagct et sedt . abimetys ‘efeas westetail bis goleoqui plisivotined ei ,boow bas ssota ni . bREL .bf2 .eecotasfo bnsyitotigaie ett ko dmgooos pate piedieit to.erige eteribiodue efssil' s to ely Bs: nh me | oottsaL font emer est ules 3 + ehlarayg eig ae bevontea At prentes: fo; tiocot edt bas .(8VEP .bi¢) esenice sft de gele. isles ascot beyolgme ton ege-SVél of OVEL .eart to gestae oe etou tod anion {gatonizg edt nade tegeets — ~~ he) ache ago sometimes the openings for sound in the story of the tower e2 end into the gables. a Here is also mentioned the peculiar spire of Treysa (Fig. 1410) that has smaller oblique gables between the four principal gab- les, whose apexes likewise receive the hips of the spire. Detached angle pyramids. . When the octagonal pyramid rests directly on the square tower horizontally without gables, then there remain free four trian- gles at the corners (Fis. 1378), and the result of *thissis the 4 ugly diagonal view, p. 582 and Fis. 1369. If then the covering _ spires of Figs. 1370 to 1372 are not employed, then to improve © the outline and remove water, thin angles must have separate co- verings, which are to be harmonized by bold heishts with the a Slenderness of the spire. (The roofing of the tower may be a : pared with the roofiug of a hall church of three aisles, that either has a common roof as a great middle roof with different adjoining side roofs). The triangles may first have argle ee es similar to the main spire, which take the form of triangular pyramids. The vertexes of the pyramids may lie over the extern corners (e in Fig. 1378), see Pigs 1379 and 1380 from the chur in Gebweiler, ther} may fall above the centre of the triangle as at the left in Fig. 138%, or be moved over the middle d of the side of the triangle as a Figs. 1378 and 1381 at right. Fig. 1381 a shows the two last cases in diagonal view, between the main spire and the side spire is formed a sharp line with a a little gutter below, best avoided by inserting a little gable roof, as indicated by the dotted line. More simply may be avoid- ed the deep cut by increasins the triangular pyramid to a sgqua pyramid by adding a symmetrical half, which stands over e £ g7 in Fis. 1378 its rear elige intersecting the surface of the spi at k, as it shows in the diagonal view of Fis. 1382 and a more © tasteful effect; the geometrical elevation remains the same. e. 3 The effect of such an octagonal spire surrounded by four little angle pyramids, that is found on many German and French towers — in stone and wood, is particularly imposing and interesting on | account of its simplicityand clearness. Fig. 1384 shows an exan- ple of a little subordinate spire of Freiberg minster, that is. 4 steeper than the princival spire, but more seinen both have 4 the same inclination. Attached angle pyramids. PF ele er 4. . \ AJ eiie'y Y H y a i ’ ee | 7 Ly J ‘ b ‘ ’ t isa: ti vansiy dso tt t.df{nze1 tesrettis pleritee ah fe dddix so tel reer .biG terdts Yo m¥oY ed? to bites ba ESos gateia stige odd.to ebie ect dékw toor sidsy acyd foes pees ybsstie eseoqge di iéiel s SSE2 e8eF cages at oq edt 3i Seso etd esom ei Molden .sitaa [saloataq eft of bot Ren dt ct ota .etige eid 3o ebie edd saaseq boosly ek 2 beaiesis ei ydeten? stdhis © SES (SORS. .eRke (eesg isa godaB{? 30: se90%¢ ed qgeaith,sen100 edd te gaktayes sesigake th: eGas yeeris otel tor ylese sai to esewot euorem@a-no..2e ies Gter »i@ to sakge sommes oft of cisks Jostice nat stan Wi ne yo stiqe lencastes ed? ot sottierer? rat, "» ygoekg doe setiqe to eead te egessed _ wisegers of eldizecg Ifo et si gad¢ asee eved on dyncdety ft Salseo: biuetyo [scosssoo sit dtin tenot erecpe edd sges7is is mbedd ti .sodied-acve beaistis ed seo mie aldd tex . oder iMbigu@xo 22) ezige 24% Yo eead edt wosed sham ybeesls ef, aotd qnelierces d@ tenot edt to shia tigi ont bus SCE .ptP ase q tose edd tO) mgot baibpocesizce 2) yd bontsits ek eta? .{2SET mee, Szeds tu .(yxiled) t9v0s add to eaote teal edt to. taeq edit: .yxtLod eft svode tniels actalvib sterbearsetai [levee snae eat Hebis ylisicsaes ei doidw hos .earqe sit to diekle to Behia ons, gniekeoss yi .batste vosorie at sedeice sbast fo: eebie edd) mecwded eosg2 efg esif ise of. dxen eb 2B stice ) fserstxe os 3c idemegast41e sd¢ so} aenot odd to fue sabce | ytsoens ® ydi beectons. ei dotdw ,esice ed3 to.eaed sit te obs OF t. Mewos,ouidas ghd of Jnenense dole i ace ao GLeosetq yltent ef eefav tetesrp & aedt, eonis | SB Gates intes sdgiod oldsrebizcos eid ¢@ oBaeeEGg & fbue Yo eet? geade «stata oued Liste ew .elyoog ed? ic xreiy Perey Geyol wit co Rothwase ebsaore ae vt enatod 81h SReareg bot etasp2 edt Yo notttasert edt .(PPEL .9it) extge Sint oss Te ONS Uywords oldiety eniswes egaeesy e4%7 disoned noastos en Oo). ° ,yxote es pibentesa? erekts bezogtednl: fa 2 od to noievesen edd déin cotttens7s book s tng) sunny HRettvlo7. Siom weve ei ogecesg edd to tnomegaegase . Po OR Oe a, on ie tee ; ’ ; 7% i¢ rat's Bg hea ag ; saleeanee to snonppnerse adé he pts 3 © ‘santa en od amine new Roe egos seoat a, Oe ae ie ek. cae hmer “ \ rx j ' , 4 eee ee se ree ee « ee ae * ae f F iY i8 in the finest harmony wath that represented in Big. 1472, and further the turrets corbelled out above én the Spire, an this arouses the most vivid surprise, that the master underst how to produce such apicturesque effect on the basis ee ur favorable motive by the consistency of the development. Angle turrets at the height of the base of the spire. The effect of an intermediate part inserted between tower and spire is thereby attained, even if only apparently, so that the angle pyramids represented in Fig. 1382 are raised above the b ‘base of the tower by a vlinth with vertical sides or an arcade, thus being made an actual turret (Fis. 1392). These may also a appear in direct connection with the buttresses, if two of its — angle piers stand on them as shown in Fig. 1393, so that a ani Sonal square results for the angle turrets . Teer the buttress- es either terminate in the returned cornice of the belfry or below them by a slant, the latter being placed on the angle _ below the cornice of the belfry. a Then there results for these angle turrets the ground form of the octagon, if ther; rest with two piers on each buttress (Pig 1393 a), so that thus the width of the buttress agrees with a Side of the octagon. The angle left between the buttresses may © thencbecfilléddby corbelling as shown ir Fig. 1394, so that it — forms an enlargement of the octagon. This transition then resu ltus more readily, if as in Fig. 1393 a the buttresses are ren a oved from the angles of the square, so that the latter forms ag single or double offset between them. Cee ¢ ~ Such a design is found on certain French towers, but were in- tended on others like Noyon and Soissons, as may be recognized | with certainty, and on that last named at least in the form of little angle balconies vrojecting from the terminal terrace an carried a few steps above their floors as constructed. The interiors of such open angle turrets receive a horigontal floor, from which the water is removed by spouts, and made ace- essible by doorways opened in the diagonal walls of the spire. se ea to the ground form of the whole there may still. remain mall horizontal surfaces between these little angle turrets, Tega for the arransement of gargoyles beneath the angles . of the spire. With these angle turrets mar asain be combined passages at of base of the spire, that lead through the angle turrets, or ext id t Mee iw § M4 a VA i an é a Ny ah ne | Kan b i ae a sy ; B i ars n'a) i. : i ’ ee ; he ae soi 2 eb ienebgatisnt eal si? Sphttiniaas ao meds honk tute He at ot 08 to omit etel eté oF Botgooled iavaog ts ewot {ede no beoslq ets etenind elgae. besolo edt stadt rennet jnotueg: ed? eaodd bayors deo belledtoo ef exsaeeq edt bas .eoe ‘a ‘tnd seed etaupe.s titiw baided entesd yacosst dttw estge bod ae f Pdd Yo rzcolt edt mort ylsoers rogetoo edt ofnk eegasdo = ee tb eOVED .8L9 03 geibrooos Seaict noid teasid 2 gd i, Ba ‘yes aut eaoble anol ed? ao awobatw texm70d - I asasid eignes odd ud beouborg goetie ass ezewos gonetT gO fe,” ports “edd to eshte edt no sade abdd vd Ssocedae yleo yilaven a) i edt @e eeinedt£ exemioh tlLind dre siscpe sit ot feflereq Dgens Gedd .esoistoqows 3asbasia dope to fod: .see8d sai to tho estes ood sealt doidw woul ,eteasud slane edd déiw oxoto (edd sts exsmr0b sess? .isnnsm yletese yisv e sk terot b ihatatoc vd x0 ,aslagnstoet olut # ea .eetige ed bitealates et Soative 1651 tiedd Jedd of 2871] Seste sevenod ted? eel dius & eseso dtod al Gia qeete s to sosiame Ieotiney & await ae: veer e(SCET i285) eiigea odd bas 3i apented gelf f ' BE -foxige moboow no atetapt olyaa - ‘onghagad 8 e& bae .esseetiind Ivodsin erewod asigute poem 90 a peeotes yitisy sie evesiut olgns edt .estige asbhoon diiw szodt > a Be} ¢ edt ac @8 Yinoesm to lind sasitie cedt bos osdt bos ,8ko. be eat" iSd¢ eibL boox to bstonxtenco 10 ,foodHd al tates 8 30 49 Be. let ISNT .eeeeh ol-escoisdo exelitv to tedaun tea) @ ne as ee f afeites to noivostotg sid yd bestlisu ef otige ed¢ to zoel? , & wisemsds edevint sfzas edt shatffecaco yt aueodsit 10 ems ve st@n0gefon exs ylicsoostt Giom [Lists x06 feabksioc sbhem sxe St ed3\po etemrch ileue yd bos etige act of Yewiooeb « yd be » ef@CES .524) otige eld sxtl soters Yd BStsvoee base .esbis \f aassd 26 ebas Satdootorg qd goilladtes. to avitonm enke ent odd. Raiiem: 103 oale euociensmib aslleos af beyoloms comivenas — y. sakes fecosylog edd of sewed exnupe odd wort noftttergssd - “" fe ats We? ee A eXSL s£e8) asKod ote to s89 daebe add to aoistensaT « MOzsToo odd a pr lsnbakoe saz ot sanod suence eft motl noléfessad sat Lae ai betelgace sd ago Ji Lk ,xetess Widerebigaos ebsn Oh) ae b itited edt ¢lislusitssg bos Yaeq tosge sit sect eT Eecegieanectye aed eldteaog yino Pi ¢h tod \Lencgetoo yke aha aha ie nagraperee ous bas. botany St: 302 es: ats Gy ‘ by ue vi 5 ern foe. a " an ya a fag P . Pay [ea Ae pee a a, i a ' ‘e 5 eg 7 vs ' Pe lg rea im z Lay ibe “Q09 around them on corbelling. The last arrangement is found on tower at fouvain belonging to the late time of Gothic, in the manner that the closed angle turrets are placed on the puttres-— ses, and the passage is corbelled out around them. The perfora “a ted spire with tracery besins behind with a square base, but a changes into the octagon directly from the floor of the pacsagay by a transition formed according to Fig. 1370. Dormer windows on the four sides. On French towers the effect produced by the angle turrets is usually only enhanced by this, that on the sides of the ‘spire ™ parallel to the square are built dormers likewise at the height | of the base, but of such slender proportions, that they form ad crown with bhe angle turrets, from which rises the spire of the tower in a very stately manner. These dormers are then either terminated by spires, as a rule rectangular, or by pointed gab-_ les, that however stand free, so that their rear surface is ei- ther a vertical surface or a steep hip. In both cases a Sutter @ lies between it and the spire (Pigs. 1392). a Angle turrets on wooden spires. On many simpler towers without buttresses, and as a rule on a those with wooden spires, the angle turrets are partly corbell- © ed out, and then and then either built of masonry as on the ton- er of S. Peter in Lilbeck, or constructed of wood like the spir | as on a great number of village churches in Hesse. There the ~ floor of the spire is utilized by the projection of certain be- ams or tiebeams for corbelling; the angle turrets themselves a j are made octagonal or still more frequently are hexagonal, onem ed by a doorway to the spire and by small dormers on the free sides, and covered by slates like the spire (Fié. 1395). The same motive of corbellins by projecting ends of beams is a sometimes employed in smalles dimensions also for making the | transition from the square tower to the polygonal spire. ‘Cige@ 1475). 4 Transition of the upper part of the tower ott) to the octagon. : The transition from the square tower to the octagonal spire is made considerably easier, if it can be completed in the to er, so that the upper part and particularly the belfry is alr ady octagonal, but it is only possible when sufficient space | renains for the hanging and the movement of the bells. 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As an intermediate stage between the square and polygonal bel- fry may be those arrangements, in whilh is either found over + the belfry a low and recessed octasonal story (Figs. 1387, 1388 or the transition to the octagon is below the base of the spir ; in the mode of Pig. 1396, or is similarly effected. In both cas , ses the walls of the sides falling in a diagonal direction parts ly stard over vacancies, as indeed the case in like manner for 4 the walls of the spire, but here by a continuation of the inéleg nation of the spire inside to the square, it may be most cecil attained (Fis. 1413). The vertical walls of the octagon in a d- diagonal direction, that according to their height exert a grea- ter pressure downward, in the same manner may be placed on steep corbellings, and as a rnle are however supported by spherical 4 or conical surfaces (Figs. 1397 to 1399) or by arches (Figs. 4 1400 to 1402). The latter consist of two or more concentric courses, which are turned between the internal faces of the walls of the belfry and are either corbelled out with their squere springings or "| rest on a projection of the wall. Figs. 1400 and 1400 a show a the latter arrangement from the towers of the hiebfrauen church | in Worms. These arches thus transfer the load partly sidewise to the walls of the belfry, but partly to one another. and thee’ finally to the angle. On Freiberg tower is found a similar arr- angement, except that the separate courses of the arch do notinm join by horizontal but dy inclined bed joints with each other, ae Ne and thus approximate ths form of half domes or of domical seg- | 4 ments (Pig. 1405). Fig. 1401 exhibits the corbelling in the cathedral tower at Paderborn (after a communication from Building Gouneillor cae denpfennig)there). The arches there partly rest on @ projontiong from the wall, partly svring obliquely from the wall. With round or pointed arches the parts of the arches projecting from the | face of the wall could ve supported by corbels or little columns Fig. 1402 shows both, and also in the lower part is a very tro- quently occurring corbelling like a pendentive. Especially var=— ied transitions are shown by the higher dormers in the crossing towers of Rhenish and French Romanesque buildings, from whieh are also taken Figs. 1897 to 1399. Internally octagonal and square belfrics. ‘ Solvoolt ‘sis duleetd éshaut dektienes? seedd gatiwetad eo pas 2 bosors fsaogesoo edd nedi ik t0% etinest eredd yxtied | 5 abec ffed edt Satkestis tot sldstovetubvak usverod tok B safitec:« add earanesy 10% healuoox phshibaso- pine end giatl oc? | $ ofbas add. atin bedoernoo diroteoned af yatied [enotet 18" re at ur ered bas ,s00f} eds to sdkted odt te actbaete ¢ ‘egatasyo bedsores oft to easom vd (SIsvpe edt oF soksle if te ted of .Ullemogsth batyl aoxsioo edt Yo sebte ofé at i atsys ei melq eteupe edt yrtied esd to xetcasat ess 20% BS a -(8 BOSE Okt) bs te ae -stedint elpas eft Wo m10% pat 0 toolt 943 Yo sdgted edt je ebaste nods Seams alage Koad Wigiod of te exsdvecle as ,eeentiod odt nc yltosith yrtied eg D bebrev teou edi Yo sidages ef ins .eitae oA% to sead oie te fed suse edi sved meso SE , Staion oid eai9o000 teakd sad. len jaa WG Sebayoitse gated eedt .(DC8! Bre) vItled ett ee D aitessibd anked szeit svods due ,noad bas emted$ ar 29 ane Oi hebnetat fese{ ta cay trewsssetts dotde —esulge yd boeiy ed Pitie Sivos xzsigode wol eves Jo bsetenl .besolsase -elgns 66% yifenit 10 .stige sid sa0qsus of Boinses edt evods puoig cs e903 dest on eIiled edd asit aswol 9d, bt eteusys bied Scitas ahedd wok so ¢usq ni eSisn ati siobhs yeu eos a prey e2171609 Sus alfose al es give te bemto? ed tdzyiod ertine «ted Tot tendap? ago ved? oa od to wemiods ef et cede teeye heteersoo enuulon eltserl eros " sao 63 bas oosd st ae swodit s- UC eoldose ond ofsf beoteta jae meted Hawow emsen edt eyed Yee selitose seek? -Steduwst Yo idino exedw ,ooed ni Re tedso dose roxvt tettib a6 Tower at freiberg. 4 On the tower of Freibers minster is found a peculiarly spiriag ted change in the motive of the angle turrets corresponding to all requirements in the most beautiful way, into which we must enter more fully. er 4 As already stated, ths purpose of the little towers is sanfea old, they serve to establish the square ground form of the saeeu erior, to load the corners and at the same time to form the a transition from the square to the octagon. Accordingly in Frei burg the belfry rests on the square of the tower according to the ground form given in the lower half of Big. 1404, i.e., it is internally square and on the exterior is made the transitio: foom the square to the closed angle turrets formed with equilat-— eral triangles (Fig. 1493). The latter rise as accessible space to nearly the full height of the belfry, thas retaining 6£ the square plan in the interéor so far of value, and it terminates a inside by the before mentioned angle vault supporting the diag- onal sides of the octagon, Pig. 1405, which represents the tatea erior of the belfry in iiagonal view, makes this arrangement "4 evident, which was already given in Fig. 96, but the posts sone porting the ceiling of stone slabs above the ribs are not dramn. Above the belfry is then found a high octagonal hall: crowned * by the tracery spire, onened by eight great arched windows on q all sides divided by mullions, whose plan is represented by ~ 4 abc in Fig. 1404. a At the height of the latter the angle turrets have only tho purpose of loading the angle piers, and accordingly exist in t the well known tabernacle form, whose terminal finial rises abo a oye the base of the spire. The effect of the additions like tabernacles is thus height ened, in that theg project beyond the arched openings found in 7 ‘- sbi ea ta? e168 A OEE ef? to aehte bexieady mage races F Olyas aelvgasiatoseds To sestqe od@ e8 bobtages od a access fae enctiLom xd bed axo0 © hy o% My aebte henodo e4o Yo yrtole t3OKOL. elqmie edd to noiteewnos yoqsn ysev 2 , ae Ifad facoystoo ett, to esarot ysis bae Aoit cdd base ‘edt ecate .xe2clo ytexed? ci sotiantdacs etd? .oafqe@ 8 gnei«t rot ed# dtiw wopsicoo sdé esd bas yaiied ods Yo | paktakh trode. & o2fe nvoh baetkoe sebie f[snozalh ed gatate bod. Ctni aedesw Yd e05q text? deft bas .evespe. soned eae 0 saue atene Stiw todicl eft fo soeeoctiad odt tact os yetanps eae faiw fos \eliew selwgae 42 eaod? to ssblie edz of bao? tian Dyyatfed off te ezad edt no bewore sabe tads soksooteorg vat es shad ods yd settote etacagea e8s te nofesetqui queda on? bydeat eas @t goidsrterb soodsin sey ,ele@roo yd bottoqqua Batis ; ,tetto mone of etaeq ffs Yo aoltaies otsmivat bidetwRetyets eetelzetigosc oft tedsegos’ tosifoo won ew 3T Be cites hones becoliaem yleuoivesg od? vost sewot predioxt ent qe @ antes to beotasi efiew yu bevoloae slersud efgae ent eved om , s efqein ont te heetent weds xoinwoss maot slosniedad 8 .ae Be ceases wo exige « vd herov0o ylioorltb yrlfed eit to baetant Rb cbenes “@GS aotsiftbe aa as fas ,soorteds begeig {ied 4 af axe mS kets -etige edt to bus yrtied edt to eaad ent te “gene 03 eu¥oqnng ede at hetsentgino ylsretines eeyseasce eed? ut a6 sie @odi Hrotte of ,eolgoeq ed? of ssatvetel efLidieseoos fea ee @pd? bes ,ytinvoo edt tevo doolino tasteib a to ysis 12 b> ,.se@tki at doastio oft to aofiaevretal 6d? towed et od ; . sev0 ‘Sos119% iaveu edi yaw footiteq exom & at eoaiqes yorT tate benidsco ed teaaso ted? tekontnds dowett no elets ofbhlu teeeazog woot efyoeq ost ged¢. {eS .tevod olgaize & to aaly est Bt beyolae yiiastenoo asd fae seit of beftaaete tooft ed? to ib | an oroteroat ~eecaela pxet? sieer tadd evoig So ytere aso se a ' ‘ghedt ot etetents gandestt? bas predtos® odd rd be fteLoy ein sey youtw outih ceblog tasth iftte exsso0n foide te tt sodee:dolde aad eft ton ef setente siodeante ese as dour «tie ed? of ovodsa yoanieD to etusg e2003 Xosl yon ; p ageceo?: oLRes, Yo beetert hinted elogoveds? eshte dis dim erewos elane edt to aoktoennos ent to a: 3 epi ome asares total ost no Rok s ey ‘4 : . * : ; ; ‘ > \ rl i %, , * > 7 A ; i :- : ; 41613 : |) and the rich and airy forms of the octagonal hall and of the 7 Spire. This combination is thereby Closer, since the ground form of the belfry and thus the octagon with the four triangles adj- Oining the diagonal sides extend down also a short distance into the tewer square, and ther first pass by techer into the full q Square, so that the buttresses of the latter with their caps “7 tend to the sides of those tr angular walls, and with the wide projection that runs around on the base of the belfry, enhances the sharp impression of the separate stories by the balustrade Supported by corbels, yet without disturbing in the least the intimate relation of all parts to each other. If we now collect together the peculiarities distinguishing a the Freiberg tower from the previously mentioned French examples, we have the angle turrets enclosed by walls instead of being op- en, &@ tabernacle form crowning them instead of the Simple Spire, instead of the belfry directly covered by a spire on French tow-_ ers is a hall placed thereon, and as an addition the passages iq at the base of the belfry and of the spire. These passages manifestly originated in the purpose to open accessible interiors to the people, to afford them the opportu= nity of a distant outlook over the country, and thus to transfer to the tower the intervention of the church in life. | They replace in a mors perfect way the usual terrace over the middle aisle on French churches that cannot be combined with t 3 the plan of a Single tower. But that the people took possession _ of the floor granted to them and then constantly enjoyed it, og can every one prove that seeks these places. Therefore we may . not lack those parts of Germany above in the air, such as offer-— ed by the Freiberg and Strasburg minsters in their terraces, to | which Goethe still drank golden Rhine wines yet his relation to a the Strasburg minster is not the last, which makes it of value 4 to us. Tabernacle forms instead of angle turrets. 4 The connection of the angle towers with the interior is want- ing on the later German magnificent towers. 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TAN 4614 : might well lead to elevating them as the chief object, i.e., 0 constructing the angle turrets more as angle piers that ever m : more artistic combinations of figure shrines and finials, and 4 thus finally forming mere show pieces, that rising from the aa of the octagon as solid masses, only serve to load the angle pl piers, but with all splendor missing what is found in Freiberg, — namely the fulfilment of a purpose increasing with the whole. , On certain later works like the tower of S. Bartholeme@ in _ Frankfort, these tabernacle forms received a broader purpose, for they were characterized by little flying buttresses turned to the angle piers of the octagonal belfry and certainly as ane ports of the latter. = Sontinuation of the octagon downward. 4 As before noted,on the Freiburg tower the transition from the — Square to the octagon is already prepared in the story below t Gg the belfry and corresponding to the church roof. A further “i ance consists in this, that the begirning of the transition is. : utilized as a motive for the treatment of the next to the last story for its full height, as on the towers of the cathedral ag of Cologne, on which the buttresses of the octagon of the tower _ extend down to the walls of the square to the cornice Bixed by q the height of the clearstory. : @n certain smaller towers, like that of the Nécabad churca in #rankiort and the chapel at Kidrich, the octagon of the tower a extends itself down to the portal story. The transitions are1 found above them on the first tower simply by washes, on the | latter being effected by a tabernacle form adjoining the side of the octagon. That the carrying of the octagon deeper already occurs on Romanesque works was already mentioned on p. 571. Placing the octagon diagonally. The complete openings of the sides of the tower square by two 4 windows as at Cologne and Ulm brings with it, that the angle f. pier of the octagon comes to stand on the arch od a window. The — height of this transition is found in §6logne above the second story, on other towers above the succeeding story. This arrange- ment brings into expression the homogeneousness of the division 1 into separate heishts. Tf the octagon of the tower is displaced — so that two diagonals of it coincide with those of the square (Fig. 1407), then results the necessity, on account of an reased thrust of the four transition arches at the angles and A * ' v y ee io f ay | a ae isoaerre pa emoe skasane oy ,siete eft bed bepsof : a pat 20 ,sten,.2 eds tO Bsbia ect to elbbia edt te egssotd | a @tivey coistenest eeodt etodn v0 ,\OM .BE1 to ted 10 F tg eikes gegorg edy olidw:. Fish azeqgon edt wk ae ellen oft p4eite1 « of bacesoet eta bas beveiles e186 e1suta sad to ps tewot ecs to shia odd bes aoivoseid eat .molviaog adh Ré6d .édcied af sofeivih ye £ eoredid n8o goiq olbbi« agen efbiia edt .f0) -3f9 hime Tatsog baltongesd, ed 10 | a Ah” efose ge to snoto edt ne a Pagdalp | game etd wott tiveos: ole acids yen oottoneid arat ebfa beldcot of Boofed atowod aif Ti ylleioeges ,oslg ont # n0 beblove viso ai bas .oskolod te [etbedtso sit go as 68 “sowal edt to dmomennstia asifgos¢ weft yd .efust.te ([stbetdao a ot PTE ag a6 vwilod otom hedivoeeh texned. edd to Tiwav ).46R0F ef) To Hopetoo ett te gaolanere bas seemcoleyed aie ve boueqo sis eebte [fs 1swot edt to aogatoo edt oO id tetisl ed? segenoe edt tc oeont of Lelfersy seeds ylne to y: efgne weoane qd beiguoso sce eebte ws9t sedeo edt cedn . f ~enoidigass? aedto 29 sihdy bebivih to eluate sis eevisamers ekotasqo bedows sdf ebhesbat etes e538 eaoilio -emotersmtd of kaibrogoe ,enos | io even Sod: besusenoo toa zi antssiz etedu .cetaomenzo yi lars meets) evoteradt hae ebssod orvuel edd Yo anbosia etd sLyor sti ree A | ~exowod flones® asblo teom so baiteasw | eS Sigete es 1s90G2 tevcos eft lo aoketoo edt ie selene sit tod womslos. eluas elssil gutsoejoue yd benedtaasada sis a0 ee -s1sitq to saaot vd to. etaoeen edd dtiv Paletiqso xieds sved seddie ¢sx enwofoo elgae elstil event oa Bite at ee tewod six Lo sogsioo edd gaiktentnied eotnteo edt fo enad edt ¢s ealyowusy sit cot évogaud a buctts 10 ,fOM ” @yisoes yitootib yen ,potinen ote tesdal odd Bi vo .ontae | i ogesess e ti vilfentt so ,OGEL .gfF af es siide out to edfa ) otdo eeloenaig ost asedq ,etige sdt to sesd edt te begnette ~is: de @@ ereiq. cline off .obatdeanted edt sediggeste ot seta pads tc eebie ont ot daiftosos Seai0t sd yaa (hOB! .Rt4) ig96d se #8 eqs9 afedd diiv .eseesitied afodo yaseris0 es to sisupe edd to seodt nici offs to .xrtied edt to eefhas eds ot Bo | fa yd becwors od ebsatentsd edd evods gateia a0 pecreetce hos (EOR .Bi8) arodtesl at es ,eeloenaig | Peds arestent ai dadd .eist of aha Yc tfge, va - Soe os 4815 | loaded by the piers, to annange some piers strengthened by tresses at the middle of the sides of the sjuare, as in the 1 er half of Fig. 1407, or where those transition vaults wie the walls as in the upper hatf, while the proper angle piers — " of the sjuare are relieved and are recessed in a rather idle 4 position. The bisection ng the side of tae tower square by ea middle pier can thereby a “any division in height, butfirst ov- er the projecting portal agin Bigs. 761, the middle pier stand ‘ming on the crown of an arch. This bisection may then also result from the arransement of : the plan, especially if the towers belong to doubled side aisl- : es as on the cathedral of Cologne, and is only avoided on the " cathedral of Paris by that peculiar arrangement of the lower . vault of the tower described more fully on p. 313. Development and crowning of the octagon of the tower. 2 On the octagon of the tower all sides are opened by windows, or only those parallel to those of the square. The latter a when the other four sides are occupied by adjacent angle turrets. or other transitions. a The arched openings themselves are single or divided by mull-— ions, according to dimensions. Mullions are here indeed substan- tially ornamental, where glazings is not concerned, but make nore difficult the placing of the louvre boards and therefore are n wantins on most older French towers. * 7 The angles of the octagon of the tower apvear as sien edges 4 or are strengthened by vorojecting little angle columns bonded with the masonry or by forms of piers. , 4 These little angle columns may either have their conta ini the cornice terminating the octagon of the tower as in Fig. q 1403, or afford a support for the gargoyles at the base-of the a Spire, or if the latter are wanting, may directly receive the 4 ribs of the spire as in Fig. 1390, or finally if a passage is arranged at the base of the spire, pbear the pinnacles uhich rise to strengthen the balustrade. The angle piers as at Prei- 4 bers (Pig. 1404) may be formed according to two sides of the 4 Square or as ordinary choir buttresses, with their caps attach- — ed to the angles of the belfry, or also join those of the spire, or rising above the balustrade be crowned by simple or compound — pinnacles, as in Freiberg (Fig. 1403) and Cologne. We however 4 call attention to this, that in Freiberg the inner of the four ons btove oF. vsb%0 at Bsdtiuc et aoloeanty elisit (OBS .Bi¥ 4k 6) saee3aee odd +ETOWOF Tlste S| ee edt bnodxe eseds evetq signs s20dd seowted P Bedows eds anos taht .2usdto yrez no.ge eretqg bise sit Sreeaassts aovewod fotim ,eebewtertsd edt evode antett Ens " ged seocalg ssdio ui kuiaaunoo seott gort toeges: Lettuce L ep Halied sesq von oh sobersegsad yrooeut edd ayediery | | te eid? .esbie dtod no mend te stscinist ted eeldas s exetio Mirosante edt dtiw aeldsp yrsoett edd yd bemiot awoms (@hiee sis to ests? sbie eLSirL fhe odd tot ethtivedpe S Haets sit alsdis ton csch dt dads yoo feum ow toy .sateg Boo) eWeeudots oi St eleoxs ybsort{s ti Ti wove .yediel oft te ie ots doidy -dou Ledgautas ent evods aterm wih | fae arsaen Sid seve ederant oféay Yo beodanT fi ee SFHet al waits cham: oy r a J “4 rg i ey. ie, ee! er is ie oY a MNS fe na ei ly ie Pry oe 4617 being made visible by ovenings. 4, Smaller Turrets. Little turrets above the western gable. : We have already given in Fig, 814 a an example of a little t turret, that is borne by buttresses projecting from the bable a wall and is corbelled ont from that. If the buttresses are war ing, the corbelling is naturally from the face of the gable wall and then must be stronser according to conditions. It is to “a noted here, that on account of the corbelling, ee at. q both sides must be approximately equal. : The ground form of such turrets can be the square or any an ferred polygon, and indeed the small dimensions aida here make the hexagon particularly suitable. 4 The form of the corbelling is first determined by the souedl ; and it may be in a radial direction by means of separate projec- ting and superposed courses,or be made by separate corbels cov-- ered by slabs or connected bgp arches. The first arrangement i less adapted to the square than to the polygonal form. The size of the loading further makes a steep direction of the corbelling preferable, which can be obtained by the profiles of the a as also by separating the projecting courses by others bonded in the face of the wall. i The corbelling must always commence so deep, that from the ate tic floor is an access to the interior by} means of a stair or” a ladder, so that an opening car be made through the. sore (Fis. 814 a) or above it. The mode of treatment of such gable turrets is derived from 4 that of the great towers with regard to the reduced dimensions — and the changed @onstruction. ; a Thus we have a belfry crowned by @ spire and with open arches on all sides, under this being found a room with closed walls : above the corbelling, which gontains the bell cage. The angle - piers of the belfry can be strengthened by buttresses. a On little chapels the Hable turret sometimes shrinks to two. side piers, which directly receive the axles of one or more bells. The piers are joined at top by an arch or are covered by a protecting roof. Turrets above the triumphal arch. Instead of gable turrets over the western facade, they some times appear above the éable rising above the apse. Finally se q , ) Betoezs I isn eis oo beoslq evs yest seso akdd pl cumilied s enc bus ssao0l vs veTigt doit s edil .dows Isdawe rat odd nae dtseadd bas dow fedgausixnd sdt svode Ifen sdt ped? Geos ,YIodeisel{s ody fo débin odé teom{siot bensao ci tk woe ei dads .so1. beitaieg tae13 & Yd eaxod ei detxud too4 i W) .eflew gostinis Sfod ydeeleie ebte odd sve ylevidns ee dennis edt bebasge1 ed of et slqusxe veectt edt eA @ af eeontoras: tsaz .negulod te snivtsy .2 to dowdo ant oo hides eti (fe dtin aewot zaodiexd to mgiesb sit anctenentd _— betows ssyo seldeg yiserad ,aelosanigq efgas .eo ez aati - -Stide sods badsrolisg bas eshsitented yx Piaksteos0 oels eveiisd ebte baa exewod atsde sweliewe eit SYS aS Kod Isgitonizq edd odff extol tiditixe estoxsds go enedw 4 frnesq visvaeupssi yedT .miot berti(qate at vftsom cels tt me tay -(Isici¥ se?) nelosanta to mr0t sit a wu reTSWOT TO. estice sHote se. § ca ee we alien Fe -Oacse@ t9S to astigge slants A # -eotiqn esote t6 sev bre argic¢o is roast: edd zevoo ot toot 2 es gnivise osfs bas eviesay es eis otal boow guodiiw esivtuwoo arediésce ak doed basize a od ylinsupe1t sis tue eniinssyS nl .nottesilivio Yo bettas i? .2toor soois fsbinsiyg bas {[soisoo vo [eoimob vInouroo "TST Baib qemu to ,eacot exil evsd yeu eeoetuwa Leatedmt bas fsniesxs mob s ai uflenistat doidy SORE .BiT not ae resto dose moxt t23 ‘asta fe esmob doné .snco & so bimsxyo 8 enode ylfenretss bre 16) ,ofddu1 ,efororog te yldisq 10 ylesidee ebsu ed. sas Bovtseggs eenots siege odT -axoied to 10 ausldea telozsa to fy ea ‘move sham todtie ef yinoasm selederst edt slidw .yiieois b w8elid fo gnitevoo tnitostorg gs 280 Istied 10. tes10oe recoxg preend: bio seoit .(1sg00e to beef) iasem to neve to dele Tira) ‘90 [soinos yd betenins yltneursst o1s enesonsd oid nt white ete tedd ,noidsntlont etssebor to etoos aened evigesn “teveo ere einic, ssodw so .encteemil to edele sasity yd Re ReE ant? | . wetoot asmof 20 Ysen) noes PME PO) °2 pettaw Isotmog fs # beeolo tevo etoor pee aint ahaa asixinves atedtsem al rs to baiveone sit to tanosos a0 eldstivess eas emo . at too at eidd Phino cBoINF StEgaaT seh banat: hi 9 efeone godt doldw wtoo7.4i¢ voz sein eoultenoe cedd ‘Bs dows stis¥ edt co -obtte sdt ott baasgo od neo | bd ' yo) oe 4818 the triumphal arch, like a rich turret at Clomar and one at Peet Then the wall above the triumphal arch and beneath the turret — can be opened into the attic: on the Maria church at neeneneeay it is opened to almost the width of the clearstory, so that roof turret is borne by a great pointed arch, that is aveteaalll entirely over the side aisles by bold abutting walls. - As the finest example is to be regarded the truuet mentioned on the church of S. Katrina at Colmar, that reproduces in stall dimensions the design of Freibers tower with all its magnificen- ce, angle pinnacles, tracery gables over arched openings, trace- ry balustrades and perforated stone spire. The smaller stair towers and side turrets also occurring else- where on churches exhibit forms like the principal towers, ‘oveey if also mostly in simplified form. They frequently pass into we | the form of pimmacles (See Finial). | 5. Stone spires of towers. Simple spires of cut stone. Origin and use of stone spires. 7 Massive and also serving as a roof to cover the interior, they extend back in southern countries without wood into the earliest period of civilization. In Byzantine art are frequently found very commonly domical or conical and pyramidal stone roofs. the external and internal surfaces may have like forms, or map dif- fer from each other as in Fig. 1408, which internally is a dome and externally shows a ovyramid or a cone. Such domes or spires — can be made entirely or partly of concrete, rubble, or consist — of regular ashlars or of bricks. The regular stones appear ext ernally, while the irregular masonry is either made even by ‘ial proper mortar,or better has a protectins covering of tiles, st- one slabs or even of metal (lead or copper). Those old puildings in the Gaucasus are frequently animated by conical or pyramidal | massive tower roofs of moderate inclination, that are covered ~ by great slabs of limestone, on whose joints are cover stones as on Greek or Roman roofs. Domical spires. In northern countries somple thin stone roofs over closed ro- | oms are unsuitable on account of the sweating of the inner an in low external temperatures, but this is not in the way of thei Br oies: bas °Of meswied to mokdentloni aa eved BE Teotitev ton o1n ageve Liewe oft nedw ,eelev to yloo xt on Omee ehed ofT .(Olh! .bit) deex sid oc seleotkaogreq sie ted : tan to Roitstse00g dé teniese bedosdosq plevitootis saom sd g RENTED geote m0 ..8\lhl Soa Vier .2blG odif adasmegnetazs. gd petaoe Teatetxe diocta e yd beiteites resid vitgom evad naw een jatiadh exe (6fof pit) anottosjoxg ed erewod. doset® yasa 00 # ems. etntog bebosor to telnbee eeodw .dton elsoe Saiviso yt | etttas eay eisvoo dsow elsoe od? .(. Srl .2i®) besvawob bon f eotanist ls tH to .eined .o to wewot dtqonm said ao es esetene eat .ces te ert9ty 1% Dns cuwotd® .2 ao as ebasd steal dt » nod? in 40 dtiw edia Sninedtgnorte toitostoss evteos1 stent obiebasixe dedt Saiqe edd ta.geo bilce tea0H ed? Laseitoo kas B yd yilsniesxe besiustosisdo ed oso (wm b OF & Edtsom) soloeania [saecico & io mot edt Antided slomexe act .seontdeout Bie! hin, x (QPat gi) Baik wth, - pmiawono enoda sai ‘stige eat to mogs of3 to bolnwows saota acmcoo seom edT P : i “e i edt ‘Beissoiggs bos mot s sedifedhe ti (amr0W edit) erent * roc ‘sepia yltnougett ered? .edvo hrs etedge & to gobtoegse _ ‘elegas to nem ,elsmins Yo emtcl osle .esoro enogse & donk edt 8 70 sn00 6 Yo msot end esded osls dead odf .1n990 eewittenos om nods: eoveel to. nofenedxs edd yd egolevweb dolcn a3 hud my ae efetat? 10? bise sen Sedu ezatswor edt ot sldsetlage | . Bebe ne Me BROT PWOT, to aokss aa ; 7 | went Gad My ‘a7 ( . ; . peat Beil tetot edt dedd) ege¢asvbe ett bonistdo ek sedéaut ~ : eve x gitooris gedit .dond belitorg yldets 20 welvoitess paver pRenemot eo ymote. s yd bsates at so ediz edt to xege edt no “sees Jdgte to xia diiw viewet .ts0l diiw tenol} i a PM . n = ea ny wre Ay eee e 1621 purpose of removing water more rapidly by washes on the projec— ting ring surfaces, afpears to have required the animated notive of scales recessed upward, as on various towers at Ferisuex, M 4 Wassac, Poitiers (Dehio & von pezold, pls. 249, 277). Better is the purpose served by a slope of the surface of the rings (Fig, 1415), whether flat as a b or steeper as a c. So long as a lit- tle vertical part c d remains the acute angle is avoided, and further is obtained the advantage that the joint lies in a ver- tical instead of an inclined surface. As shown by Fig. 1415 a E the advantases of this stepped inclination predominate over th- ose of the simple one particularly for flat inclinations, and me in fact it is employed in southern Fraoce for roofs, that only «a have an inclination of between 30° and 45°. For steep spires it i.s only of value, when the small steps are not vertical in space, but are perpendicular to the wash (Fig. 1416). The beds can then be more effectively protected against the penetration of water 4 by arrangements like Figs. 1417 and 1417a.. On steep german spi- res men have mostly been satisfied by a smooth external surface. On many French towers the projections (Fis. 1418) are utilized i for carving scale work, whose amgular or rounded points are tur- ned downward (Fig. 1418 .). The scale work covers the entire s surface as on the north tower of S. Denis, or at alternates “ic G th plain bands as on S. Etienne and §. Pierre at Gaen. The hips © | there receive projectins strengthening ribs with or without orale ockets. The upper solid cap of the spire that extends downward (mostly 2 to 4 m) can be characterized externally by a special | treatment, for example takink the form of a colossal pinnacle. (Fig. 1419). Stone crowning. _ The most common stone crowning of the apex of the spire is a round, lenticular or richly profiled knob, that directly rests on the apex of the ribs or is raised by a stem; on Romanesque + towers (like Worms) it #f£tefthas a form and approaches the int- ersection of a sphere and cube. There frequently rises above io g the knob a stone cross, also forms of animals, men or angeis : Sometimes occur. The knob also takes the form of a cone or a bud, for which develops by the extension of leaves the cross flower with four, rerely with six or eight arms. Otherwise is applicable to the crowkings what was said for finials. Projection of crownings. E i ; ary -evigeeoxe von e8H Batanors sid Io adtideknsd on: jaktioes sit estat ylbese bison caiwssdto ti soote. .eatt 4 eo els Io noteeotgmt edd nodser Boe stigea edd to 1St08 Mea ylevitsie: svsd of erawet tes15 10t Iaiwdas grev st bBOisos(o1c edd sefosnata tot es omid steal edd ak sexkd piemeced esa? bes .eaiqe adv of roite{e1 bext?- ani 070m { teers. atin betuoexe yino ,ebiw am € sant atom asenoltagoss @isneoe® .aszatlecd ts dowlio-nersutdetd oft yd awote ee | beoets goutsie at as agstesoto ai Hhetdianoo yitosups2zi sas a pGee10% sidsdotg edt io taycoos doum ood odast nom soaks efou peetasttoseetc) yd hevieceb slitil ei ays bellide « Jed ¢ | woitaoc teagsel @ to gosmiseoncos est hetoeagoo at ti détw saa om est ss _spottavels Isctitemos: teomi{s ot galed ea .sutog oe ¥ | -worditevo.teaisyse yi bawoee | oS wdotse act) boiw rd benwstceve yllese ote aantawer Weoin itd OCS of OOS desei te neice: nom ,baodstandiv: to Bootes eeoi to ease teetsera sit toys eat 139 e19e88 has tipicw tasioitive eved exotsteds seum eonote tsaqu ee OShP .2f9 Yo oniaworo edd v0F .eeed sldstive ¢ Ils jgeve GiGeescen tiisod .t % te awoh desel ts Seos{q sd bed stottice ad eas Oloow stod tea .e © dood sid to el obiw ond > dibin moO of Od taast ts ster) enctensmtbh teeth ysoy arte bk eon Y 2 bed serft oft aooiememth relies tod bua . {bed ae -1swol dose os bod s to i beets edt tad? bexoolievo od elldse Slow ¢% 4s is ] a end, (adetier bas msot zit ao enole ton ehaegeb Baty taniare a). t} (Be seteal tnorom painteicevo off) .eaccteaemih stwlozda att wo Ppmotssogotg ofxhsupid mi ytiiidste lo teds Jad) ,ok6um ot ylao Bio ebth 2 dii« edvo owote s elLtiw .(aaotenents teenil ena ) te @bte 6 din odvo ecole & yw ortepe “ec Lit O8r to ote \ dtiw eeiwexid .ctot to? -o8 tec Lid COS extupex bisow Oitepe wo OOF « OO enose omee ete to weitg s e1penei¢ bate | biwee, hwo O08 * O8 sasd wa tod (a SL) sdgted sede aeats BE emse od¢ aol . (mo 88) tdgted ¢ed¢ eomit S&\2 & yLeoteoa hae -tts eft af teyb so antssy to mrot eat at > ots aicides sedd ,ddgil ood ei Zaianor ent bo die J ee 4 uy * ' \ ia a Ay 2 uh ae 5 p a ~5 6s ee ey UE er , ae Pg ire aap nS ie) ray tA nt nw 1 $ ods to enctenesf£b edt no ebhasqeh noksonatanoo eth, Bigtb @ act? tostts booy s evsd oais exton tus beiosteh dads | bates yd Sentatisvo ed yam S25 Yo xstivery oltlosqe s dity Rvbed UL Ieottioegs eeiad yao bair oct tadd benisiqne ti: 422 | The projection of the crowning was not excessive in the bet time, since it otherwise would easily injure the aspiring cha acter of the spire and weaken the impression of the whole. As its construction depends on the dimensions of the ashlars,. it ¢3 is very natural for great towers to have relatively small crowns. First in the late time as for pinnacles the projection isvplaced more in a fixed relation to the spire, and thus became colossal crossflowers more than 3 m wide, only executed with great labor, as shown by the Liebfranen church at. Esslingen. Recently faults are frequently committed in crossings and in statues placed high, Since men take too much account of the probable. foreshortening, — but a skilled eye is little deceived by foreshortening, unless _ with it is connected the concealment of a larger portion, so t 4 that detached art works also have a good effect from a distant — point, as being in almost geometrical elevation. Security against overthrow. Crownings are easily overturned by wind (for safety on account. of vibrations, men reckon at least 200 to 250 kil wind wind pr-9 easure per square mof the sreatest area of cross section). The upper stones must therefore have sufficient weight and before all a suitable base. For the crownins of Fis. 1420 would the 4 bed be placed at least down at f f, but if necessary even at a. the middle of the knob ¢ e. But both would only be sufficient 4 with very great dimensions (here at least 60 to 90 cm width of © bed), and for smaller dimensions the first bed f f must lie eve en much lower. 4 It would easily be overlooked that the stability of a body a against wind depends not alone on its form and weight, but also | on its absolute dimensions. (The overturning moment increases . only in cubic, but that of stability in biquadric proportion to the linear dimensions). While a stone cube with a side of 5 om 4 with a specific gravity of 2.4 may be overturned by a wind pres-_ sure of 120 kil per square m, a stone cube with a side of 50 om would require 1200 kil ver sq. m for this. Likewise with 200 kil wind pressure a prism of the same stone 100 * 100 em must have 12 times that height (12 m), for a base 20 * 20 cm it could have — scarcely 2 1/2 times that height (48 em). In the same manner is @ it explained, that the wind may raise specifically heavy bodies — in the form of grains or dust in the air. ie If the crowning is tico light, then ashlars are drilled vertical ay aoe i cus 10 18d 8 ob ded ae aed sore ne bes vilsoidasy hae Bi (18d not oft. tot dtsede es sedésl edd .ee89d YO bags sot xete yincesm btice eds dtsensd bled et bas. sano pe mo ete{a s ,1sttoo edt’ .(d gs IShh .8r8) vox 2 Ww seo nddgis & dite. benidmoo yilevens: ese ehousegedé ylénsosz pPifoe od! .o1iga edd shient 1 Sbieivo,awob sagt dokdw om 50.9 OG ct CS .to dtbhiw [anastai sd¢ of awob gece ont to oo {sottste bas Leottoatg t0%t eldseivbs ylisuen si seiGs 10% yuaeesosa ton ef istasism dogs Bs . sapgataworg soxt ti polis ot xeon af tt .bees sone et aed aoak sot oodk O70 8 Seinzot {sion sdgaomm to anode Yo dond edt eveds bued Z S 8 @lomexs 10% .aainKotD oori edto 10 Ise snaviedsasy botevis Boisvosioi¢ s yd fShl .ok8 oF Enibrosos mtct & sysd yeu hired Gi beoel> o e1sd Sainetiits bevire beizey dite asd eeoro oa tdgvor s 46 domi edt evods dazid sbsm ei JI .eelfdas ap0t | Svods eantdeslt best 2 oale yd yilentt osle baa s goites a Sal .bi% to show eft ot 28d o1gHpe oid betetwe ak dond 3 al Giotinn asides: shen et garbaed ot sonadstees aff yderedéd O Zalasttice aettups2 wsd odt aeeeoto s68ehtel 30% eanoiioorks © don ett ao teot doidw ,(SSb -2i7) motdod te gsesad Bb 10 S feLtot¥ sovth) .EShf .af8 oi es twode ti no swob Sbastea vedted 46 eds egoiaworo soit oo seddant .(8Sa.q VI .foV loud-sf -@%9wosy soboor no esa ,omid vrilisae prev epi berigoce esigas. to gnomdoigas ,eezeeceq .ctawot to sovige bedsrot«e fg eves yaa ti a0 to ofbbin sds ds cela S08 eefass edd no egatdinom entosdd — yd bedotwes ost eobieed bus .(euohael ,geataedD) eobie -e908ttye. ed? ieitow -siiie bas ateri0d Yo Picatice edt yd Bevisost ei noitemina svifostte as tS 7" s paoite tod .sis sdé to eqecee odd to sauooos no xsgs edd teen 80 VWoserls atdizies ineretith ts eveduseis esoalg bait oele s23aineqo 10 exsarob bobbs es slyte noitienest sat to exexod fotodo Mepeticeid odd yd betaseesg eit Dnid eidit to elfguexe ne. fe reams Seoidin tyo:0 yedd oes -tehasle YIsv sbem $16 east, 28) éesiga eit fo eeostave edt of etile salognstoss dasa de tod .obsm yfltese viey ere yout -(emiedd 12008 Ati ad y ‘ p eldsticot ete isdd ,anoitetotieg asotsuga to slonie yd otice enedd Biswos dosez? oO .s ASBS hae bSef .e3i% of ewr08 de, 23 vertically and an oron bar a a bar or tube of coppers or brass, the latter as sheath for the iron bar) is passed thr. | ough, and is held beneath the solid masonry apex for this purp- ose by a key (Fig. 1421 at b), the cotter, a plate or a weight. Recently thesesrods are senerally combined with a lightning rod, which runs down outsidé or inside the spire. The solid masonry of the apex down to the internal width of 25 te 50 cm or more . is usually advisable for practical and statical reasons, but : much material is not necessary for this. : Tron crownings. a When the iron bar is once used, it is next to allow it to ex- 4 tend above the knob of stone or wrousht metal, forming a cross, weathervane, star or other iron crowning. For example a cross may have a form according to Fig. 1421 by a projecting riveted — cross bar with varied curved stiffening bars c placed in the q four angles. It is made tight above the knob by a wrought proj- ection a and also finally by also a lead flashing. Above the a knob is twisted the square bar in the mode of Fis. 1421 a, end a thereby the resistance to bending is made rather uniform in all directions. For larger crosses the bar requires stiffening by 4 2 or 4 braces at bottom (Fig. 1422), which rest on the knob or better extend down on it about as in Fig. 1423. (After Viollet- le-Duc, Vol. IV, p.428). Further on iron crownings that already — accurred in a very early time, see on wooden towers. a Perforated spires of towers, passages, enrichment of angles, et etoPhe spire may remain entirely sm@oth, or it may have strengs thening mouldings on the angles and also at the middle of the sides (Chartres, Vendome), and besides bac enriched by scale worken the surfaces. ) Dormers and slits. ie. But an effective animation is received by the surfaces of the spire by sinsle or numerous perforations, that are desirable up near the apex on account of the escape of the air, but which a i also find places elsewhere at differenh heights already on the towers of the transition style are added dormers or openings. an example of this kind is presented by the Liebfrauen chorch a at Worms in Figs. 1424 and 1424 a. On French towers these. open- ings are made very slender. also they occur without caps as long rectangular slits in the surfaces of the spires (S. Denis, Sois- sons, Rheims). They are very easily made, but at too sreat a heig 7 ie w oidt (assy tie ‘ponte gldebees vitesse. tou S28 eesenstes daft tesisognt ak fous, oot 489 sethotyroy, — i oO to eyainego sseqgs tetsuiss ezom boe sotete’ S. eid gt 10 dale onote sates hetasent-as to: Fao tuo 845 and pioss syods eooastakh resas1e fs oil yeu youT VINCSEH @ fo e0etsue edd séetotreq pedi ered .meed ts’ enoslhs®..2 ao ed P ateestoeh anoteasmib ak ebaed efeoa odt noerdde exige 3s. god ge yifenti? bug ,itotesterp ,Ifotento .ffotxea es onl yous ssef. io siswot off oO .eSiotert antdetntatd reve HS 1@Ot erodes woot sism bas isdto dora svods ezclo elictonts ‘ra ‘eas atifa boa eltotyicg sdi vam ylf{etonep .etlie 19h Bi A, sedngsusaz0 eosiana doky atin yleteasstia iF i ai y ‘| oa dae ; «YTSOSt? LO Vxt04 # me) enotlivn ed bebivib evrohntx dtod ,yseosty to eayot. [1k A Posse Gort avin move hasiiad ai bletttotl ts r9swod saleeord | e8807 bua elictyiog bentdmos ca [fou es} wodd sevo seidek (gees meoeo foes dosorgas yord ydsvert sadd of .Sae¢ golevob Seats Maens ,eostine saline ost seve Postzce yllentt bes yleeo sido sacit “4 er) at AO24 are not strictly favorable, since with very thin walls ba eak too much in important ring stresses. Polyfoils. “ Bicher and more animated appear openings of central forn, that are cut out of an inserted tarsge stone slab, or in the coursed _ masonry. They may lie at sreater distances above each other as on S. Etienne at Caen, where they perforate the surface of the _ Spire ebiween the scale bands in dimensions decreasing upward q as sexfoil, cingfoil, quatrefoil, and finally at top as three ever diminishing trefoils. On the towers of Seez they lie as 4 Cingfoils close above each other and make room above for slen- der silts. fenerally may the polyfoils and slits are connected alternately with rich surface ornaments. | Forms of tracery. ™ All forms of tracery, both windows divided by mullions (on the crossing tower at Lichfield in England even with rich tracery 4 gables over them,)as well as combined polyfoils and roses could develop here, so that thereby they approach each other more cl- 7 osely and finally extend over the entire surface, their original and extremely airy and rich development of the spire, that chi- efly occurs in the provinces of the former German empire and in deed finds its most perfect example on the tower of Freibers minster As other rich examples may be mentioned the minster of Stras- burg, Liebfrauen church at Esslingen, whose spire was charmingly enriched by a passase near the apex, church of Thorn, the little tower on the eaxneavan of Meissen, the minster at Basle, cathed- ral at Burgos, the restored spire of the cathedral of &. Stephen | at Vienna, and the particularly rich spires at Cologne, Regens- 4 burg and Ulm, that only came down to us in drawings, which have — remained till our time for completion, and in part still so con- tinue. There is adready much dispute concerning the contradiction in the design of a perforated roof. If already it is not a lie, ¢ that we have here to do with a developed structure rather than a with a form developed from construction on account of its formal — effect, certainly in a more perfect way, then the current appli-- cations are unfounded, and the princip#® that lies at the basis — is indeed carried to extremity, but is nowise false. For first as the Freiberg tower shows, the perforated spire is not at all ~ a roof, but it forms the upper hall above the belfry only enclo sal tha He . i “1 hala ne ee nae ; n bis » al res rhea wer os hd aa bitin me ie fi 28 tec aw ; % My a ros , oe Wal Ree, a ie Sate ve i ees "Le | a. ye , avd? fos eetorve ed Mend Gelvaos ateig ‘aehoste eyes F uw ae “4g | (han | | -pelveoztes vd betebbaoe ei ‘wetsent thee ies bebaotnt seven ssn lad tet grediea@ at ven? 31 } sedy oe od vitesse blvow 6enee fadd ai sf do een 6 SOK ngadd ate G exev Bectatdoo nheted: effed ode brs esso Lied oat box) beol yo Berevoe sbssod eryuol isiv evods toon ¢ a inate (YS Lerbedsso dt to cewot neoctuoe cis ai ease ods ee bee ‘etede setisl of¢ nt (e0t °G e3T .fOV .opd-clefeli{ott} Nevers 990 Botots tee78 8 off dowosdd hot eimbs yfeavt si xesén gai 50 Seni ttiw ekaineqo hedots ett antaofe eonle exolexoadt “at etwoce C245 Ge ett .2soultieque smeoed egso Ife¢ Gad te we fe od $eue ti ic dotisrotise & ends Doe ,toor edd of braves em effet 8 tuods «i ceti aa ode to moltentte edt viseibcosok foidy ‘towed edt Yo tolvetni edt ci tarot at gakdion 86.16) 8 se s bree Woifs ot beititeut yitwd oft ~aaiton l a tine | ~siltese od bite x Roisevoo ytanibso ex? & beterodces edt of seilvosy eonetitirses ods to tostis edt Biisao’ Mt awoltaiini nzebow 2td ni teol yLentine 2: ertee ero ot Tatsetes seitvel edt Lsgmen of Bebi to totacdwos « ef ¢f B ytiieer at at Sonstes Yweve seh of gylowot vleaisue waco! o ee qmel oui inso s etiuges of even eno ti seit ,eale pnt too Qf heshal .feds06 & Yo Kétwenda bos axok ai o¥sd o8 | tarot ezody eprebsod Senna Re dat iui bas, aid: ae - em ta 3 pe Bud Isvaosisot dors eonte .exice ausdisa® edt at besse . | he os. . ‘igi. . ; ‘bs v 1627 ? | importance and those ribs are set with only one tonsue and f ther are connected by single iron pins. For the height of each division the ribs consist of two or more stones set on end 3nd on each other, between which are in serted the separate tracery slabs, so that the plan at the hei- ght concerned shows the arrangement of the joint in Pig. 1404, — A further connection with the tracery slab is then made by a 2 header a, at the height of which falls the joint marked f. on a the headers a are then Laid the long pieces b, whose butt jotaae ts sometimes are at the middle and sometimes in doubled ivopenae at both sides about as at x, are again connected by the piece re lying thereon, so that a bond is formed at each division of then tracery in height, whose permanence can be ensured by a connec- tion with tongue and groove in the bed joint, as shown by the a eross section in Fig. 1428 a, or completely by dowels. i In the succeeding divisions of the Preiberg spire the headers a are omitted, and the ond joints f extend through to the hori= | zontal band, which then again are connected with the ribs by a the pieces b and d as headers. “ The peculiar system of this construction is not clearly expr essed in the Freiberg svire, since each horizontal band is no more indicated by projections than the ribs. . From the original drawings of the towers at Cologne, there 8 pears to result a consistent construction of the ribs and ban in so far that both parts are indicated by bold members, and t © thus form a framework, in which are inserted the slabs perfora ted in tracery. By this may then the permanence of the band “7 ther be produced, the two courses lying over each other being — alternately end joints, or with this alternation of joints is a produced by its connection with the tracery slabs lying above and beneath it. | oi Development of the ribs. The ribs, which have such an essential place in the construc tion of the perforated stone spite, are also found on the unpe forated spires in order to strengthen the angle connections aud chiefly the angles, and they are then either and indeed best - a formed on the ashlars of the separate courses, thus requiring 2 greater thickness of them, or in rarer cases, like the piece r on the Preibers spire (Fig. 1428), they are attached to the hip and fastened there by separate headers. mag dh Ath le nl ’ ut Bei) VN ad hig ae, yaa re | citi bails, iil OMe ts oe ae Ey. Aine he ¥e : Ano ats @ biuow sets .ofexsoi end baatszs bites eisheed adz n0% te | t glfenisixo ton ovow yodt Ti .feonof 1stbetd 8 ot itost pds 08 .eeldey to sexeys bas eoloennio sat axel (eeoalo redto iS evisercoeh atedé sot exigs sit od medt Yo qelensis edt 5 aed exige siodisrt edd gO wbeakutsteb as bengses of oF 2k atgem ybeorls es eslana seed diiw esoeta emse ot at eben a ee ei): ots AE ; i ‘ f ’ eee nt ~ Soe ee weg (a ah i « ‘ i ’ 7 Cy a at ths a we - ae a; ar seo Chee \ ry " 4 at ue vine ve r) » Below the vertical wall results no difficulty. Since here tii , pressure in the bond equilibrates 41 (p. 614). The thickness of the walls of the two portions may differ. J Stairs and pinnacles on the angles, a The grandest and most spirited application made of the supp- orting power of the spire is shown-by the north tower of Stras- burg minster. The construction of this is so well kn@wn an is : represented so masterly by Viollet-le-Duc (Dictionary, Vol. V, p. 439), that I shall here limit myself to a bried description of the system. ; For at the height of the base (Fig. 1431) a stair tower proj- ects from four of the six angles of the spire, whose newel sta- nds at the angle a, and which only contains the steps from c toad ad. From the first is then developed a second stair tower, whose — piers e and f stand on those of the lower part of the tower, a while g and h rest on the walls of the tower, the front corner _ pier being placed on the newel a. This second stair tower cont- ains the steps from d to i, and supports in the same manner a q succeeding one, so that the course of the steps follows the dot-— ted spiral in Fig. 1431. There are now developed on eath angle six of such stair towers over each other, by which one reaches : the height of a landing from which a stair winding around the a centre of the spire reaches a middle turret crowning the spire. Between those eight stair towers the walls of the spire are richly decorated by trasery. Such loading of the rib of the spire is often very favorable statically (p. 609), and in another form is expressed by the change of the crockets into pinnacles, whose supports are cut on the ashlars of the svire, while the body and finial are made of separate pieces. An example is shown by a stair tower on the south side of Strasburg minster. Yet this produces a peculiar Spiny appearance. Brick spires. The erection of sipres in brickwork follows substantially the @ Same principles and only requires simpler design and details, 7 and there the bed joints may like cut stone spires be normal to | the inclination of be horizontal. Yet horizontad beds either de- mand bricks of special shape or a stepped surface. Still on ac- count of the height and the steep inclination, the resulting small width of the steps is scarcely perceptible from below. sti ) vigute. veom ns fpeet qoarine ait 6 nottatnenses0 | aa Ke ,atofos trerettib Yo exoiad to shen ntedteg a ye bit pom Biloe Yo od iitw sottaniwrtes odd eetiae euote ai Bh i m os satiev y geo beef s wd xiao wifsait 19 .stteo Bars to tasme ~opend ei totdw (eéaiet edd bas for nowk odd to sead ood et ps -evot sedofa you to ) eetice ecota to dads of sadinite yleabine wsonaw’s gt pane yebyade tasrsttib to sgninsqe osed: bexr0t ad oats yan Bee musmsob oil bearct ehoinsgo seods neft .esile efgnte Bni ths Bee fatocnt sos dtiw yoo aetiel eds teq \SEDMP sED at ex Wieezog aeien aotéenilond edt oF leaton’avniol to aoitieog sit & skuinogo etom suds \eeceds Lanogviod so aslvorko afeieo Re tites setic ylieseden exe tedd .(woled Sebf .yt) ersoesd foin Sas to noiseigiieg eiefqu0co A .eeontave sutel yqusoo bre ‘Swot i etuec yroosesd begeda [atooge dtin saote to ono ofl extgea Alive sod eae to edingil edt besoxs too esob asve -oldseivis Jom ) oats St eieiszetem Aoted hooey Yo ywillideted eft ellardeasd Nast kvusbes OF besogxe onelg-« ni eacttasinil alsices of tet bie yeareteh Istnemenio cot hiove devo ono ,setgob fede @ ious ‘ed “ot atiew oie a fied yfeo to eusedoid? a-to eas edt dite avn aon setewo?d togteal to fxbq¢ seqgqy off to} 20 weniqs tofieme Senedniie. bred feeals goed) Lokietem seed oft. aaefou Intecao’ od | by ete (fnen06 deta ¥ldeselos) tatiew lotuqratsr oféaifey bre lotsd fo Biel teed ef3 cesorone wilaftnrastedce nse Relteciz hood edhd ts Heuct ewld belieo-oe efi xd roviz of Dootq otis s0% Penos ets elfew ohodw .xtotnso dt PL eds Suede soak yaigeb Ialed sestolk ot ,eiotid beealy dosld bas how yoteenstetice diiev , @ Leniyite eda elitw .d¢esk ni gedonot {stevee +63 Beboateso me Oefe bos belinoxrn yibsad potsel{O .vetial ett co theaen neo he ; ; . Poeteh « sh .ivtees astt? euokautot etoe sd ysm e8oaes viad 4 een yoiteieor eiotrd tedeo so gairsiy booy 102 otudiiedce oeis dotds euaéton bidgesog ta0d edt To patisoo a evade’ Yer 048. a6 Bewot ei bos ,yinoeow eiddet to sexsige snote 26 exue 4 semtodnedocd eds bas OFDD .ytd ai betaszeiges sayeif ts ve Wes tte a: dteened s¥oiad “ettos on? eastwaetito eoate’ (xe to teed ect atekesoo cist af bra ,seosig hedubab to be a } ft s) RA ‘ \ f } ; pu ke oh : ) . ‘ ‘ Uy) al BB ,oseds soe cocks Suo to, ed sedtte [iim gatewor edd tas Hed vaelor setts beoslqer od teva vstcom of? .tcotdnesh te! ee tatiet pecs! 8 Bs eacunedte) dolar. eeLaB00 ee en y ™ ee - ae aa) et ; Pea, ae! AY Oe a Fy ii ee :) hn ae ery ‘i tae AG30 Ornamentation of the surface results most simply and suitab by a pattern made of bricks of different. colors. As in stone spires the termination will be of solid masonry, and the crowning will either be of cut stone set there, an orn ament of terra cotta, or finally only by a lead cap covering t the base of the iron rod and the joints, which is then capabbe of any richer forn. In a manner entirely similar to that of stone Spires, there may also be formed here openings of different shapes, Birst be ing simple slits, then those openings formed like dormers about as in Fis. 1432, yet the latter only with horizontal ‘joints. The position of joints normal to the inclination makes possible certain circular or polygonal shapes, thus more openings like tracery (Fig. 1432 below), that are naturally often enlarged asa and occupy large surfaces. A complete perforation of the brick Spire like one of stone with special shaped tracery parts how- : ever does not exceed the limits of possibility, but still is : not advisable. itn a a Generally the durability of good brick materials is also sub- ject to certain limitations in a place exposed to weather in 5 4 such a h#ghhidegree. One must avoid too ornamental details, ates a with the use of a thickness of only half a brick walls for the smaller spires or for the upper part of larger towers, men must | be careful unless the best material (best glazed hard linkers) _ and reliable waterproof mortar (tolerably rich cement) are used Ja Good glazing can substantially increase the durabilitn of brieken for which proof is given by the so-called blue tower at Ltbeck : dating from about the 15 th century, whose walls are constructed with alternating red and biack glazed bricks, the former being 7 corroded for several inches in depth, while the original surfa- ces remain on the latter. Glazing badly crumbled and with many a hair cracks may be more injurious than useful. As a defective substitute for good glazing or other bricks resisting weather :. may serve a coating of the best possible mortar, which also coe a curs on stone spires of rubble masonry, and is found on the tow- er at Treysa represented in Fig. 1410 and the Eschenheimer tower at Frankfort. The mortar must be replaced after injury by weath- er, since otherwise the softer bricks beneath it will be attack-_ ed at injured places, and in this consists the defect of the a coating, which otherwiss as a coating is inferior in style to c — bezinpss Sts seus eat to noitonatendo sid 20% | sisal ,elgze sevédo oft to ¢tucooce no ghsewle asqada Lalo pebds tuf .tedeen Snttootorg © dtin hedataret sd aend 4 edz. to gninentyassée sidattesh prev ont of elteid cud ae “B aedded ak o1rctervods bas yetiqge sd¢t to eléatins dhio*i cere agar eli cc gnibtooss rmoesn Pebaod ak sottestow heb $s 40 Sninedtgwesse Lentetnt edt fae aatd dt te baod bao a 7108 Mesosceiuevbs giev ei elimeoedct to anillit fannesat be ad aso edia tuottin sofas, seaseéis oft colvatasasar 79 on Huet?) .eanete to wetied wo sitoo artist to résioote divin ft fas bentvoes ellen to eeoutokds ,esessis2 2 et00t (pidceasm Yo eseua seetiaqg Isolnod otds ond aefite doses ganinas duoggra ot botiesh od ¢i 3E | fed? Cony weld af 88 notensd detaet of efdsan sediom al de 1a motitog sogqn ott Ra fytiso setie Poswer [let Liliw winogaa | megan edd sede oe eldeish shen ed ylno bluco gk YL Zid jae bat? nao siogqs2e yo enif ont tert oc .fiios ebem ed aged Si biel od beol gaath 6 dows 10 (OFS! of) Ff oidtin soBkg Sia benno: @d/ aso dyocqne ic ontt qeate ylonihnogesisco 8) sane mee giity | La . o(QESL QL) ake By odd eels exod ,mxot L[eofaca To Icot 2 tot sainsedvoe ef 3] Bimein ,sedto dose tebstd 1 List bloow sett atwite edd to ett B) & 20 mot sit ak isdto dose gentsge cevieemed? trogaque youd Raia 6 eobdor, brawat Roteessq egavean adt .(GSl .8k4) aoka epmoge add. cessed ait ,sotsers eft ef dotdw .notesosomes . pie RpofLesotquco tenths iguos tea. aofevesgq@oo yah y to ebali ond peers ed of ota saoo odd ot esotesed? a waaemqmoo bois s .f -~eosiase gaitevoo sdf af goleasuqueo oe f ig Bid ef wenose sdé to dayton edt to toatie sft yd dedd.. basy ui-qileabsrs osis ysetedt bas ,enote of enote word. bedtin lentbytinncl bemrst od ven Ji chaewoeob svode aott se a pa i Sealer nvc ssi to sonenital eft sasbas on00: 6 tog, shot siboltgaol edd ¢add .yoeayoos tostoktiwa déiw bompeep io dcoedtib e exe) Bluow at Yt E tot af Lae edt es ve Coat t - ay : f a * * ea rae © ae a 4 » yr Ay As BPA ee Seah i iS ae badass to sibbio eda 4¢ awob reeeag eebie edd mt oote, t 5 -* hi . aa 4 ora. ¢ Huengu sotieicimib yliewbesy bae woled desguoade eb dedd, b Bedventb noieasiquoo expiide as \$ yxoqs edt ts .0 esmoned ae 4 : : ‘ =e. Me as 4, , " 3% i 4631 the appearance of the proper material, but is not to be rej so long as it does not imitate, a different material. For the construction of the angles are required bricks of spe- cial shapes already on account of the obsuse angle, which can a then be furnished with 2 projecting member. But this contribu es but little to the very desirable strengthening of the hips — with theithiniwabls of the spire, and therefore is better a bon- ded projection in bonded masonry according to Pig. 1433. A str- ong bond at the hips and the internal strengthening or at least an internal filling of the angle is very advantageous. Bor rich- — er ornamentation the grbscor angles without ribs can be combined with crockets of terra cotta or better of stone.(Pis. 1434). | 6. Stresses, thickness of walls required and th- rusts of masonry roofs. a Conical spires. . If it be desired to support against each other two thin walls in mortar unable to resist tension as in Fis. 1435, then the m a masonry, will fall inward after carrying the uppor portion uph © high. If it could only be made durable so that the upper angle ) can be made solid, so that the line of support can find its q place within it (Fig. 1436), or such a great load be laid on it, thab 2 correspondingly steep line of support can be formed the- rein (Fig. 1437). a It is otherwise for a roof of conical form, here also the pa- © rts of the struts that would fall ir hinder each other, when they support themselves against each other in the form of.a ring (Fig. 1438). The masses pressing inward produce a ring compression, which is the sreater, the fiatterrtheeccone. AG Ring compression and longitudinal compression. Therefore in the cone are to be distinguished two kinds of 4 compression in the covering surfacez-- 1, a ring compression tq that is strongest below and gradually diminishes upward till it becomes 0 at the apex; 2, an oblique compression directed down- ward, that by the effect of the weisht of the stones is trans- mitted from stone to stone, and thereby also gradually -increas- a es from above downward; it may be termed longitudinal compress- ion. Zor a cone under the influence of its own weight it may be — assumed with sufficient accuracy, that the longiludinal compres- sion in the sides passes down at the middle of the thickness of q the wall, for if it would take a different direction, then the all st hil oe ‘ my owe Ma mE bevzeiques tenok (1s Adin convo at ced tfuev Lepkaoe ia (22 .g) Sats @ To moksoetts Bere) sy | tk mo tanzds bos tremtués @4% co beod * ape Leifsn sdt,uo ettge Leofnoo edt to sokeeetg@oo ont etbos tgaos sis tent ei dT -acivenoses aids ssiag sigake @ bacon tartovos eat Ito gpoktentloss sad of boalvos golerss Map @ort seies ei signeiat wovige * ,ti Sait of .enco said i esi gh.,.fPF OE .bka) Batvevoo ods To sesd ent of a BI 0 wort bone .0 tdatew batsowoo evi beilgqe ef © ya as ive Mou @ awerd Bk 4 movr asd? ,6n0o eis ic ootvaniiont spd eg bn gottoerib. ai favot ei tdguen € ootacesgaco sét Bas .f bd B .noitenpe edt yd bavot si ak @lomie yLieun® shasta ar dads o@ ,em0D. As 19 gold fecifonr to S iis Ke , sleqoie.to dienel yo Sebivif tagied = Meerene oO yleoptide Satses c.nciezergmoo aids to Sestent dé eae) Pinorogmco esi dtin ne a ot dJneiaeyace sxe meemencs sao ebeo! tnscoquoo Lecisiery off «(Bit aay te mot Ga Oa% to cott1ws sathaogessi99 [ man sen. seniase tesinds sdt emrot ¢ tnaesoqmon MAN B49 odg ae molitod ¢@) seox0t to ce std yo Srook sf, bos Botton? Becoiinen ybseris eas mort vigaie even tay ‘a0, Lack PHsevenl .ohstiazss nes siueusigs1 ea2sd scodw ,@ AO sen} ¥ = Ey t.- ce — ETS es im €D te he 3 , na ta s ‘¥ i eeinolvsvos edi ost beseiwolso od usm ead $1 Letvath Pe 1° ; fe i eit »(==- = BE go) & tos 9 #8 ; ff kort ‘Senet tnvorlo' est?na 6 ed3 ¢e eifatheas esoe NH teerd?. ot7 esi to ¢dptew edt hotovhtedue at 3 10) cotinwpe yetbasery edt Sapaehias Bisuadt ile Yo mus eit healaida cl med#? .enoo asitue sa fewtdd eit ctetdio o% houtzes ed ¢i tI .eeGexetayorts edd ¢ tiede qoenhotetmnesic ens. to ry silgaexe® 102 .coktaoq seliana om DE ienbe sa% to tdatew edt to SI\e elas sinarod gatloonnd end? eds (O¢t .g2¢) eonotetawcite ed¢ to ewottiog Iloma doe wow: -e¢ LLtw fosiivaet «xtodt sedé ou odwence egrovid Litve dol edt to déyres eit. oF goltroge na ni) woe shed? code teligue item tas el eonetottih edd tad. :fece es to Stpoel edd. of ee BNE. t teods of shdgseteuario eas GENE 242 paltane & 94 t\P sod .¢n00 tee. 8 Soods of coconptagolite, a\t mer S\r eoF ae ens Tr tooda of. @\8 tet, Pian v4 . f ALD ia -* wif 4 Ea, b S¥etuevde ne gut gdendifinos ot ados nokeaerancs aolt a @otl ont avach si 0 sort bose .yilecticey 2 tdptew odd. Mh Betetitedrcea at exott 10 Sk va bebivth «dh tenadce L[atod “tp - j x ' Psy me ni dt A vee a | i re 432 ring compression acts to equilibrate it, an advantage shat t conical vault has in common with all domes compressed in the direction of a ring (p. 55). boad on the abutment and thrust on it. i: The compression of the conical spire on the walls becomes very Simple under this assumotion. It is just the longitudianl conn ression acting in the inclination of the covering around the en- tire cone. To find it, 1 narrow triangle is taken from the apex to the aes of the covering (Fig. 1439). At its centre of gravi- ty O is applied its comouted weight G, and from 0 is laid off q the weight G vertically, and from 0 is drawn the line S with 4 | the inclination of the cone, then from A i8 drawn a hordvon tal H, and the compression S sought is found in direction and pag nitude. Equally simplg is it found by the equation, S = -----. ~ (Here @ is the angle of inclination of the cone, so that on ae = height divided by lensth of slope). 4 Instead of this compression S acting obliquely on the abutment, it is more convenient to calculate with its components (see bots tom of the Fig.). The vertical component loads the abutment and — | equals the weight G of the corresponding portion of the cone; the horigontal component H forms the thrust against the. ee and is found by the parellelosram of forces (at bottom of dram- ing), or yet more simply from the already mentioned triangle of 4 forces 0 A B, whose base represents its magnitude. Instead of drawings it, ae may be sepia ha te from the squation:-- = 6 cot @, (or H = ==). The thrust H acts radtally at ay entire circumference’ if in | the preceding equation for G is substituted the weight of the entire cone, then is obtained the sum of all thrusts acting at the circumference. If it be desired to obtain the thrust for a | smaller portion, for example ap of the circumference, then this total thrust is divided by 12, or there is substituted in the preceding formula only t/12 of the weight of the cone. Also for such small portions of the circumference (Fig. 1440) the thrusts still diverge somewhat, so that their resultant will be somewhat — smaller than their sum (in proportion to the length of the chord to the length of the are); but the difference is but smali, am- | counting for 1/12 the circumference to about 1 1/2 per cent, for 1/6 circumference to about 5 per cent, for 1/4 to about 10 per a cent, for 1/8 to about 17 1/2, and for 1/2 to 86 1/2 per cent. 7 Bre ; at a 20; loxe xidé ok heoubet 6 ends rao ateasdt betuqnoa of? ed ano {few eft to eagiigog opisl ylynthacqsort9o eft a ne ‘Orol etavpe 8 TOq .tedtoyze? betooanos yltnetottine ae tin peobard aetistebtencos oi tetemiseg odd #\E nexet ed neo De ainisys T7109 oxica bavot dgin tenot [snopstoo asa aot (elas pL edt eokees {fsw et to soetg & allew seivotto 103 bas .8\t Secw (aetemixveg ois to m sesnkf ws cele to ,egnkreqo wobatw rey > vdt eatwros sc e@lee xltashbavds beer ei noltalwofso ent yd , piety etal tot as emse ofd yitoaxe al taemtuds eds to. nottafso Spyies woutqe odt to etduled taer9ettib cof atenad? De itiotss edt atigied gacvetiib to esviqge yysed ytleups yo% Wek Slguexs tol as ,eddzied ocd oF nottas stasupi at ¢aods N2oO\l ei sentds odd .J od € to sdbied s wt ptigtsw sat it s\t bi ti .f of f rot =i gy ef t£ ,f of S$ 10% eaten Ribeauis oat (°Cb to nottanifort) fahbted odt thed 10% ,i da Loy Bes io —féafow ond. ot [supe By hase tdziew lespe to eevige to wotsézogexs adt eetwredsO ¥ Weetede ,cilsw to ezsudcidsd Ieupe io seodd dud (bereqmoo a mivcexe teocle tedd of .nemo dgic asdt eestfdgten serige ted sfdnob to Slotyact .blotzie te razige tot exuseo tacts Pe Beesctoni gideton sauzdi ent ,rowel toy 916 youd th teakt ye -((0d'.q mo ofdst to ampioo tesl ike: ynoaoce to daveoos so dad? ,shulecoo sno yeu beet ost edad .2otielt eorige etam of sldexeterg od OLvow gt Eetsedt | Siige did edt Yo tdziey tesset> ont tant set .oe don ek fe e06fy eldevovet yrev 8 no eet bas ,6kb9 te0nk ef¥ nO ednet OB .ystiliccte sevsexk « ¢t of ehnol {lew bettetses est ibe £5if weit ail tasasuds edd to batdor esotet sad to nos byifese stom 21s estigqe [Let «svosse¥ .eids atneestgey geod Stidors fostie sldsioltsrg stom ai)edt mort obras yleatine , bed Meagaaae yldgosxe teomfe Toot L[sotnoo mo sted biae et sent i'd «(wolsd see) setiga Ishimsryg to fenzdé fe og obi -egnia moteaet yd tawadd off petadicutuet ms, ace fofenss s yd bevieoes sd yeu en00 edd to Segudd oo? eene= = 2 pofencs © storie .[fen att to viilidste sit to bast bai * oat to deren (stod odd ei 2 .eSisverg , a Sees = § 10 rr eostsve oft to @ wpe f to tdgten edd e o ,ilse ed 2 vB ‘adie Soldex sii aia bas .wotssrifeat to ofgns sad et 2 ig b danas eit 16 ebudicpsem eds meee Lk ed. sho/eied vt og ae | rg ss Bate a ai Bs eee & Bates hs patie A a ee ‘9 Crates Ce ee o ' aaa ay *! WAS ys a a a i Mi ie yo vit hie } iM wa 3 le ae Bey ; hn by PE ae BOF a i Oo) ea en A ed a ‘ ae ee a} ; ee A ee } fe el? tenudt oft .f ot | ce epi nottod sit of ed tiger 4033 The computed thrasits can thus be reduced in this proportion, the correspondingly large portions of the wall can be regarded as sufficiently connected together. gor @ square tower as a Pu can be taken 1/4 the perimeter in consideration €indeed with ie angle) for an octagonal tower with round spire correspondingly — a 1/8, and for circular walls a piece of the wall between the teas ger window openings, or also a linear m of the perimeter, where- by the calculation is indeed abundantly safe. Otherwise the” eae culation of the abutment is exactly the same as for vaults (p.1i4 Thrusts for different heights of the spire. 4 For equally heavy spires of different heights the thrust is a about in inverse ration to the heighis, as for example if the = height be to the bottom width as 4 to 1, the thmust is 1/8 of the weight; for a height of 3 to 1, the thrust is 1/6 of the weight: for 2 to 1, it is 1/4, but for 1 to 1, it is 1/2 the weight, for half the heisht (inclination of 45°) the thrust is equal to the weight. ‘ er Otherwise the proportion of spires of equal weight be not om compared, but those of equal thickness of walls, whereby the low Spires weigh'\less than high ones, so that almost exactly the sa thrust occurs for spires of sizfold, fourfold or double hesgnewel first if they are yet lower, the thrust notably increases (see last column of Table on p. 607). | From this may one conclude, that on account of economy of mas 2 terial it would be preferable to make spires flatter, but this is not so, for just the greater weight of the high spire that a rests on the inner edge, and thus on a very favorable place on d the resisting wall, lenis to it a greater stability. A compari- son of the forces actinés of the abutment in Figs. 1441 and 1441 best represents this. Moreover tall spires are more easily erec- ted, entirely aside from their more preferable effect architect What is said here on 2tonical roof almost exactly applies als to the thrust of pyramidal spires (see below). Neutralizing the thrust by tension rings. The thrust of the cons may be received by a tension ring nbs tead of the stability of thé wall, where a tension 2 = ==-s=== = ot a 2-sin a or % = ------- , prevails. G is the total weight of the wats. 9 ta se weisht of 1 sq. m of the surface of the covering, . 3 is the angle of inclination, and r is the radius of the base. et there be obtained the magnitude of the thrust and of the ‘ 7" ‘ 1 ae at f ' ut a lotsd to etiqea feoinco s ut eesd edd te gates ct wotenet ‘heey B .bS toq LEX OOBL gatdsiew bas Aotdt wo 48 ysaos “eMt RB dtiw .sesemsth ebkatuc » 8.8 e10oteseds bas ebizal , - sebletwo a 88.88 base ehient o tS sonmed ,tidxyied 1s mo23 woliod edt to softossidua ve. af sdgter off ey 6 * . = 9 {08 s@acces eidt Soe ,enoo edt to emu tances stot ode ~fif 000,%6 * ong? (ts * ~ x She Sp x ak ponies setedmun uses of ££x 000,85 © = * 000.38 © g 200 5 © F pats fi b | et pe. eane? em OS tuodse oF Fe erne : eonetelauortio edt Wa * i. a = © = goin edt a2 notenst ed? om seenii req ¢ Bc = fiens ytev 8 ef efdd t08 sevedenn bawort ak fia 008 .& mo see @ to gaia sort ae yd bovtecet ed ybheetis yam ted? nob t won oc Gagia coleset Liama eidé ti. de bestenl «notices ceorte ie PRO bexoolset ai etaides so edale eaote to eioxio «¢ yd beatles silage teqqe. so etiqe ef? to t+aq s9] Wel eds te sedtenot beque iat ZO eoastzize: bas pottnedai elomiea eft ovis bas cifaw add aN moesm eng tl .ti sot eotitus ylteom. ifLinx noktenet of YiIcoeen ae wO «pe weq Lid S\I yloo to eonstatees efLiane? « Bad 3) & to Iflen galeolous as eucsd pais Ifen oft Yo noksoee azote thtae ont esifaitues Cf seoitive zoids edtolad & to & eeeasos ec @d¢ fo tdgiod totsesy & eonte tug .oataa ot to seemed seat eEGSG0cseth teomis zseste elieast ed? .to0tte ce eved “% f ieeeizes eficact Lisms oz neve bas aitstteo s ao atasoo en0 zoe t9 Géoftiser yas to invooosg so vinisicos tags .V%GOGew ads ond feat Mokterebteado otetteo s ted taemeliior laupens at ped fon heen efisw aco aetige tewos geete to tevads to toot ~ffs ts here bs sRoneosia Bait bas famtbesivool to neltéaleoled toc ges ¢s exco sit ni aseeetic fentbhrtiecol edd stugaoo of 6 ,8009 eds BeOROS 3als3u0 onslq I[stnosfied & soviteonos sao few = 9 ocedn ar gee = & -sueyip yhserls slowiot ext exoleue : atypia 8G to ,.t10 dno soo sid to tasq teqge stkitne ett to @Ut setoneb yid aibaoqssrt0o & efidw .eidt to slanstnd 2 {eda ta 26 sonsistwnorto sitéas eft gs soleeestgaeo lenthy Ye Ho 8 ~beveblesoo sigaeiad |d% to me = U -:slonvot, sdt yd Seatatdo ef seerte gata off b Xd Sao00 sit worl duo at gait 2 sedt eovisonoo. eao 21, bots Sdg govig efdd .slomxot aidd oi & es. boonbortak hehe to mae odd IL .d00 two aokt odd Ok gaktago = as te Le ; Bas al - he W ,betoguoo ef Sigiew ali bas ,eonelo {stoostrod felts 7 , “shy , 4 ' ' 7 Ra ‘ ns © oak ~~ 1 rv ie Pir 4934 tension in a ring at the base, for a conical spire of brick m sonry 25 em thick and wsighing 1800 kil per cu. m, with 6.0 m inside and therefore 6.5 m outside diameter, with 8 1/2 fold h ~ height, hence 21 m inside and 22.75 m outside. The weight is by subtraction of the hollow from the solid can ume of the cone, and this amounts to; G = ri 6.5 2p xe x 22,7500 a 6° x7 ~ x 21) 1800 = 97,000 kil. The total thrust # — H = G cot a = 97,000 x - = 14,000 kil in round numbers. Since — the circumference amounts to about 20 m, there is 700 kil thrust per linear m. The tension in the ring = Z * pebble = tate 2,200 kil in round numbers. But this is a ionpscdaae nes tinge don, that may already be received by an iron ring of 3 sq. cm int eross section. Instead of it this small tension might pe neutr- alized by a circle of stone slabs or ashlars interlocked or shea amped together at the lower part of the spire or upper part ot | the wall, and also the simple indenting and resistance of the masonry to tension will mostly suffice for it. If the masonry has a tensile resistances of only 1/2 kil per sq. em, 1/2 sq. oa cross section of the wall ring, thus an enclosing wall of a tae courses 2 or 8 bricks thick suffices to neutralize the entire thrust of the spire. gut since a greater height of the wall may have an effect, the tensile stress almost disappears. Thus when | one counts on a certain and even so small tensile resistance of the masonry, that certainly on account of any vertical cracks -% in unequal settlement has a certain consideration, theg the t- = fect of thrust of steep tower spires on walls need notre cons- idered at all. fl Calculation of longitudinal and ring stresses. To compute the longitudinal stresses in the cone at any. point, one conceives a horizontal plane cutting aCROsS the cone, and Pe employs the formula already given:- S = -:--- o. where @ = nesgnt of the entire upper part of the cone cut tt or may represent — a triangle of this, while S correspondingly denotes the longit~ udinal compression at the entire circumference or at the base of of the triangle considered. | The ring stress is obtained by the formula:- UJ = =---=5- « If one conceives that a ring is cut from the cone by Ke) , pal allel horizontal planes, and its weight is computed, which is — introduced as ¢ in this formula, this sives the ring stress 0 curring in the ring cut out. If the sum of all ring stresses a Wer elds (beatstdo ad of si setiod oF god mor bakin, Rss sons ed of et dadd,ence odd to BD tdgtew sakdne, ona vedd onlay ems2 oot visooxs. beakatdo wd none > stenaedt oct ssileitesn of Baia coienet s ak gogate sfienet pet, to% y? Raltevoo edt to tdgtew arotian Bo 28009 108 si M0tgaos zatg buna aokeretqeoo (seibrt teeol eda (sete -t¢aeleotod eds on Envod oef{s ets tauads odd es ae T £ oy » oe 8 aie & 8 ad & Pe - Beeeetetevorioc Yo m 16d nofeseigmos Lenthbotiygnes * e ereH . a a , Li B .totzoce fastttev ai gaitevos to d#gnel © tey dooiée Baia apie oce ad fas 2 nedT .sosetotarotto }o m t6¢ seveds =. Oxebtenoo Aaisevoo edt Yo takog oft word epoo eft Yo séptod ‘ffar. to asenioidé Lenps coin eomoo tds ,heten od of af aT odd Sed ,fflas $9 ¢agtew farps, to 2eqoo atin ehomononve son 4 et beare tes etfs @Qaotegecrhs iis ti iiswe af eguesollib end B BAegrxoics: elbbin e63 at poiy{ ooatvua Lestooo Ieeiteretion $6833 Witenpe ets goidw ,senecite gri« bee Lentintigaol esi feteat @eteredéo bas .cottentloni °&S Yo bacon & 10% tntog doses pease pais @i2 gongs teostel{l 169 .sdpied edt of aoterogote oi ligne fay tot Wiestevoo sud ,ncolteestanoo Jaenibuitagnol ad# ehseoxe st Bathocone off .tallfame ods dom ef seonte Rais ede. ence tie SOP Zeeseite gaits bee Iaaibssipaol to aokéslea @i2 eevis | ; -800Ltantiont tae -Ywocesa tc etoor Erato ait eegesase . o{{03 .q o@ efdet. see) baa (a 8 + ediabiyceee es esige senot teens Kh .olqwexd o fia @ so} ,@ 50 %0q [kx OODS gottgiew enote tro. to. .dsid or seq [id ©6¢ = 04,0 * OOS8 = p Yo tdntan & zed iokdt ase Ol @ ofe¢ te etxexe oldest edi of yuiftooes ads base ,eostane ‘" sosee beszetts ed Efron mo.pa T eodel, SIEt 006,68 = * yiao od $ivow exad edd te evedte gris. edt ,yLeedoynod , It audd ,soetave fontiogt to & .att weg fi% O8% + 8% one) ¥ . # segeosis esse ecT .eseate Lid 81.06 © vane ai yflao #1 eo ae oe a os 2 : ‘ sfiew odd to Been AR | -eziga ‘Ye ffow Yo sreavolds besivped pduobucgebat as fsizeden eng nk eeoute edd soaks 4 : ' m - ” A q é ik a a ad SARA. 4.8 iit @ woetasgnos 6 eidigecg toxew sisut0} gnibecera ed? .tLow ode ke ose x ais? * 20 esnerstasotis to @ sed nofiseeignes fanthos a hid TO toveoty Tol singer ozfe binow aaciteerts aitod - ; a nm 7 ¥ Ms i] e ‘ \ Ty. } <= bi , : oo Le ; ‘ , ‘ a’) = ms ¥ ay Me aS aE CSN RRL W Came pee tics Totti, OIE RG LS Ae ks) ee Uy t} Ph Sh la Ris a ta Fae | 9835 oe acting from tep to bottom is to be obtained, this is only th entire weight G of the cone,that is to be substituted for g: t then is obtained exactly the same value that occurs below as — tensile stress in a tension ring to neutralize the thrust. For cones of uniform weight of the covering (q for 1 sq. m area), the longitudinal compression and ring tension as well as the thrust are also found by the formulas:- 2 P q ag ; r 2h mie 2 sin a S s Here s * longitudinal compression per m of circumference, a <8 ring stress per m length of covering in vertical section, and 4 > = thrust per m of circumference. Then r and h are radius and height of the cone from the point of the covering considered. Iti is to be noted, that cones with equal thickness of wall igi 8 not synonomous with cones of equal weight of wall, but that : the aifference is small, if all dimensions are referred to a — mathematical conical surface lying in the middle thickness 6f a the wall. The preceding formula makes possible a comparison of. the longitudinal and ring stresses, which are equally great soem each point for a cone of 45° inclination, and otherwise increase in proportion to the height. For flatter cones the ring steonane exceeds the longitudinal compression, but coversely for steeper cones the ring stress is much the smaller. The succeeding Table gives the relation of Longitudinal and ring stresses for differ- ent inclinations. e Stresses in conical roofs of masonry. (See Table on p. 697). Example. q great tower spire is 12 m wide be = 6 m) and 48 n high, of cut stone weighing 2400 kil per cu. @, for a wall 40 om thick has a weight of q = 2400 * 0.40 + 960 kil per sq. @ ot 2 surface, and thus accoriing to the Table exerts at base a Longin tudinal compression per m of circumference of re x 960 * 6 = 23,400 kil. Hence 1 sq.em would be stressed peisres = about 6 kil. Gonversely, the ring stress at the base would be only * #960 x 6 = 720 kil per lin. m of inclined surface, thus per sq. 6m 2t-only 38° -<>~ * 0.18 kil stress. The same stresses in 4000 poth directions would also result for greater or lesser thick= ness of the wall. Required thickness of wall of spire. Since the stress in the material is independent of the thick- ll at. og plies ot efde ed nedt bloon ono ede 46 misd sit to mottaecl edt a0 -softsashiecoo odak d seddse% oo2 ,fetw yd wokeeseaco asfodne 20 bare. acta Bc *f -oleserggoo talconio : Sn ti ,bewmens deed et esigqe edt t¢ we idste off. A | : : sxe Taare a = om Le ‘ ri ; if rl vy aic\ le aaa ot han: $ dagiox ar esousteih aistaso ge ti viletoeqes .notdouxtenos 98 36 thickness of the wall, one would then be able to build a cone loaded only by its own weight as thin as desired. By unforesee oblique loads, but especially by the wind pressure, that may m materially and substantialln displace the stresses (chiefly in the direction of a ring, which prescribes certain limits. Under — the effect of wind, the ring stresses no longer retain the neon urately course, but at the windward side and opposite this on the external surface and on intermediate points are moved near- er the internal surface, whereby sreater angle pressure as well as tensile stresses may be produced, indeed most easily on spi- res with very small ring compression (slender spires and domic- al curved spires are opvosed to the wind pressure rather at a | disadvantage). When the masonry is only rather more secure by strength of mortar or by indenting, any danger from wind almost — entirely disappears. In general may one assume, that a thickness of the wall of from 1/24 to 1/30 of the width for light material and of 1/30 to 1/36 of the width for heavy and strong material suffices, but that one can go yet farther for particularly good construction, especially if at certain distances in height are puilt internally projecting and strengthening rings. ig The thickness of the wall can be made uniform up to the apex 4g or be diminished upward. Brick towers can be made 1/2 brick th 4 ick for & lower diameter of 3 or 4 m up to 1 brick for 7 diame- ter. If the spire must be less than 1 brick thick, then itis | most advisable to carry this thickness to the apex, because the lesser thickness in the upper part reduces the weight little, but therefore requires more careful construction. For somewhat Sreater widths the change to 1 1/2 bricks may be by internal projections of rings and ribs. The conical spires of brick on medigzeval towers mostly have a thickness of 1 brick. Overthrow by wind. The danger of the overthrow of masonry spires by wind is not Sreat’? it occurs with 200 kil wind pressure per sq. @ of the . fall cross section for brick towers 1/2 brick thick, or corres- — j pondingly heavy towers of cut stone with 5 to 6 fold height, f ye for spires 1 brick thick the danger of overthrow no longer comes” 4 into consideration. On the location of the kern of the compres— 7 sion and of angular comvression by wind, see farther below (p. 627). Circular compression. - The stability of the spire is best ensured, if the thickness ‘ ‘qetensss heqede-Sofe vids yievsdu cela Bayosg sud, al P etotered? -enoo edd ni es oliiceo ebam,et nokererqmos a to tS\f teee! te Yo eliew edt to eesadoids a nokevod oe .OS\f oxet of todsod et ti Sud .yiseesoea st dtbip yliees “ -sgibns odt mort eonedcif a ts atenss ysu-sIoris | sive bas ,# eslgns edd de obfent etug sforto atid oe $ yisv ef b 10:0 40 tninedtonesie lagzetat ga ZASeSST Pt alt to ackeetaeast? begede-hnit a efdiecog sedem Ji Sonks thin’ aeslo edt 26,0E\! acve to SS\I to alinw doin noferet iia : . -nofasesqwoo Lenopylot | 2: ed. asgnol ong nso efotto «2 tent aist.oce ove alfsy ed? Ti ss we, ROE wot ,bobuloxs gdoseit ton ei ytilidazgs mode aictin " ae Bebie off oititiw aowre75 od aso traggwe Yo aenti besow peetg S1odd .o tuiog *@ «i eoluae sd¢ 48 taaegevar hofan i ois So yvinceen ot cadd eid! .bientun betooutbh § tnatioses Pe pesige sat So eslane odd: ,gitvets esi yd babwat. eeeegetg sen heh €0 beterdiiinos o¢ uso setiel ed? s Je eaige eft to saeg a Peode eds wolsd ssdiveg »ybod Batbeol bstosanco yelwitt 6 a6 me) “eaegnen Suse odd ni gos atsbe yeu (BbSL, obit) 2.2 eqkiz on wiinovsgioes: aciios to eeidilidiesey Snsxsitib st epate ‘el. Bigsid & ee etesaqus stiga Iepegsieo Pd? ,teddo dose exseq itxoaogs af hetourttence sd ago si tsdd oa ,w10c) Slestows? eliaw edi 2c cascdoidt nevi .ec0o oft as esoctoids (lene et 1 O8\T qsbes aelgns gotned¢gneste ont Yo ted? xo ASAD 28d gh ee ; A ‘ 2 — ieee 4 aa Bereeepenest ten: & YS wwooo yrutakl os binoo yllese teo8 / 9d mes sloito a tedt .dee75 of shea od Ar oti 16..." > yiuafnoisiey .dsensareg od (lide yam savesotg bute word, gl guoo saoe nincean edd Yo sonstetees efienss flene yaev . 6 26 bas obic aose ta ot bate end tebap: tier x . ] a f ; Wt f (ee eh Feb i a a4 - i L ; “Tee? cae ae ay ii i ~ ae J ci on Ee Ets AY) Bi 'i4 st DB) Al ee Ce DS kt Bee nh i 1" 5s Pee wry ne: > uae k é i wh 5A 4 4037 | of its walls be made so great, that a circle can be describe in the ground plan, whereby this ring-shaped transfer of the compression is,made possible as in the cone. Therefore for the 4 octagon a thickness of the walls of at least 1/24 of the clear. width is necessary, but it is better to take 1/20, so that the circle may remain at a distance from the angles. Yost easily + _ the circle cuts inside at the angles a, and therefore for other reasons an internal strengthening b, c or d is very advantageous, Since it makes possible a ring- ‘Shaped transmission of the comp= ression with walls of 1/24 or even 1/30 of the clear width. Polygonal compression. If the walls are so thin that a circle can no longer be drama within them, durability is not thereby excluded; for sesmental — arched lines of support can be drawn within the sides (Fig, 1463) which intersect at the angles in @ point P, there producing a 4 resultant — directed outnard. While thus the masonry of the six des presses inward by its gravity, the angles of the spire seek — to press outward. The latter can be equilibrated by sufficient — weight 9 of the hips or ribs, that presses inward with a force = @ cot a (see further below under wind pressure). Ef the a of the hip including the strips of masonry connected therewith at both sides does not suffice for this counter pressure. Stresses at top anil bottom. ae There finally remains also the possibility, that the hatched | portion © D in Fig. 1444 is thereby preserved from falling, that it acts like a straight ascending arch, which at the bottom 6 S| and the upper point D naturally produce great end pressures (re- ; action compressions). It is therefore a condition, that the upper part of the spire at a sreater height downward can be considered as a firmly connected loading body. garther below the shorter . Slips & F (Fig. 1444) may again act in the same manner. p. Since the different possibilities of action reciprocally ince rease each other, the octagonal spire appears as a statically favorafle form, so that it can be constructed in aporoximately is small thickness as the cone. Even thickness of the walls un- der 1/24 or that of the strengthening angles under 1/30, aside ‘ from wind pressure may still be permanent, particularly of a ~~ very small tensile resistance of the masonry must come in question. Most easily could an injury occur by a settlement of the mas- Omry\under the middle of each side and as a result of this a b a: H bee sie od? to etrag wedto ect diiw notteennoa ast sesot y . suodeinv afk ifet tapia aqotesetgmoo gake goktoss oii ers tecod ed biuow eid. save stuf .evtqe edd to feet eli a bate ef% vd Posewat betesia 118% Pek Ons ,ot leu off dawee”ot afadt ocvesetg heiw ost er sett) txeetue to entl 2 yi svods e@ beeogqo ed ss0%ems pibssoer th’ § soret ao oeltoe add te eeonbo1g ntege eid? be i a OT sqid ef? ao bool edd yo bextfeidsen od dese dotie me bos ehiciuc bainodtoucude edt atin neve ,tisetk gid oad veldestect et tf tedt of .eidt act (lene oot ylisom enole Bf pmemowe vd soostine ifaw ent to beol odd aaa ot teteaast ib ton d0e dsidw tod: ,(ORbf .3k%} med? ab ehviasqo: ssoitiw sb j suse edt ,fevradt sit to footie cit tc gavooces aa.tsit's Paere) epetseqo bsgere yiesoi sy Ye bsifrsini of a8D 8&0 co wd hatoette saetaue edi eouber owit omsa end de dobde erro gaia [lege e god ered dordw ,psuigs sabasle mo, dank sgh B atssq t9wol sdt ok of¢ireog zitese teow si pos US teteor : of 2 . fi? .barw sot yd Suancd ellew end tue Pen es08 oftts otets .{FbS! .SL7) baswise Sateeesg 2 as t to gdgsiew oat to norarbbe sag vd reve ats sid ko tiation sais svie @d° gece gatcivd senisas secatiive retse7g ¢add op .eitew . 198 Disaksseut ‘bas ylisnsaixre edia odd Tor moksosgo7g ga BEG gh ee dsotque to soil s beatot sd yeu ooldoce Len0kath & gife sensed ead eesetont nedt aso. tregque to ent) aidt .Sber Sade ods ctsini ton ev0d dokdu) orice odd to ored.ent de gi eS hopes tedtant . (ebte branbsta est no-yiao sius9o efd3d gonte ‘eitos egece edt to iraq 19cgu edd gedit oe ,d20qave to. sabi edt ied? to Botdgouhbs1 2 consd bne ,eeaw Rafbsol bap Hetscennod & Bs ; a me “4 -Sldexovst too ai evode eliew edt te geeetotdd é di. zor Agpetotiice ton et ole eknt widd ods fowe) elfen 100 Q. go%q olvsiubsus oevevat at yfseta ci bate etd wosd everdse ond yloo ots ovens bas ,elisw eit to essudotdd eft oF ate sf portostowm sdf 16 (isw efd of seeuse sinxeét ent a RAT) _ «-Bdia sisibeutetat edt of spats sale ee i .)) phabbaed of effew eft to) eohatekeot tsitvec & to soneteixe oft eouneas. custéel gotbosd edt. Ioo) of eLdizsog {few et 31 .yts0e80 (He: 84. pont sigan a | ee eee 4 ri ‘ ‘ i es _ a ' dete. \BRAL .gte ah mORGI6q Berotead edt To nwob nekteotd aaa hooy wd bexefakd od EBiwor bas cotesserty totae- wepoddiw gon yilsokteste oels sie chainsgqo sf?) .evre 8899 ed . ea taty ee i Vs i as of i ‘ i ai m y es i ia Oe (ie Me em ey ae ae et a 4838 4 breaking down of the hatched portion in Pig. 1445, which thereby loses its connection with the other parts of the Spire and with the lacking ring compression might fall in without endangering the rest of the spire. But even this would be possible with gre eater pressures and would be hindered by good indentation. Wall cfushed inward by the wind. i The wind pressure tenis to crush the wall in, and it would th- erefore be opposed as above by a line of sufport (Fis. 1443), and this again produces at the angles a force & directed outmard, which must be neutralized by the load on the hip. The weight of the hip itself, even with the strengthening outside and inside 4 is alone mostly too small for this, so that it is desirable to | transfer to them the load of the wall surfaces by arches with a or without openings in them (Fig. 1446), but which must not be a too flat on account of the effect of the thrust, The same fe ose can be fulfilled by variously shaped openings (Fig. 1447), which at the same time reduce the surface affected by the wind pressure. The openings 3re also statically not without importance. Just on slender spires, which have but a small rings compress- ion, is most easily possible in the lower parts a crushing of a the walls inward by the wind. Then in order to resist the forc~ E pressing outward (Fig. 1443), there often does not suffice Ee weight of the hip even by the addition of the weight of the walls, so that sreater stiffness against bulging must be given q by projection of the ribs externally and internally, so thatin 2 a diagonal section may be formed a line of support as in Pig. | 1448. This line of support can then increase the thrust slight- ly at the base of the svire (which does not injure the abutment, Since this occurs only on the windward side), further requires . | the line-of support, so that the upper part of the spire acts as a connected and loading mass, and hence a reduction of the thickness of the walls above is not favorable. q For walls much tbo thin this also is not sufficient, for the stress from the wind is néarly in inverse quadratic proportion 3 to the thickness of the walls, and there are only two expedients; — the féexure stress in the wall or the projection of strengthen- 4 ing rings in the intermediate ribs. q Resistance of the walls to bending. The bending stress assumes the existence of a certain tensile resistance of the masonry. It is well possible to count on that Per tr lS ees Te ey" Ay 4 199 eid tot ,estkeb Bisrobom 2 ai.’ ,eeaseseay gnoite 3 states. edd gebiesd etedw ,soitoe1th fedaosised’ se af sam | 0 nenote beol- bus betaebak edd to acisolat edt astaom eng aye pi tsétom efit onnee [acisisv s oi aciened 107 eitay $968 Sknsi7s ci setiaed eho ti tol .noksesny ak esmoo edar ay ied vind 10 [is te ao betfer ed ot bs6n toa Llsie actenst site ylemexixe na aa eilswiaidd tol aedt wrote tesivead Gileg to bebnomaooes od of gen edd ef Saiastitée to aneom am | (Obst .bif) abtent Eaitestoma viewre teom ebate a -epnie salnettite To @eendotds edt cenit oviews oF *dbke Hacsgs ore seoat ig dfhied edt to mottoeith sit af doris mo O¢ od OS ,elian 4a eKod odd to dtbin edt SIAL of @r\t to dé¢hiw [stoogriod s ao SINS So sostius sbile 98% to goitssil: onscamcotio 6¢ Sarh qi @ulisy s tc ,setisli tsdwsmoe et doidw .gid adt to dene eb orice edt to tdbien eis 211 .beeo ed o¢ ai ows edd gesneed ma00 6 olS06 sad seve ne0s vid eft yd awob befstso ylTeocs eee eae ef elds soake . (age co) tenreL eidstebiecoo et betw tentege yttitdsesa os Pa0t 26 tani, boteiquco si toomends off to notizeIsolso oft este | »etinay ed? to tsedé smoicesertgmoo Leaatintigagol ed? to solézsiszoisd ty gostive aaizevoo edt at motgeerquoo Isnibstigaol sat ~~ = & ~:alymset est yd befefvolso ef btsrawob Saties fr * oust ei omee odd & base 9 to eonlay edd of breper al ) Isdacsizod odd sedsed% .deoxdd sot gntawsomos bedste tent poe Gi e10g efoe biswawob gniesstoqt ylinstesoo soteseig onadeccs edi so abasqeb egid edd od bewisteassd et 30 -(evods (03 q) awode es’ stige oat eC | -solesesqaoo yric edt Yo soiteluels® — v4 sige edd tc tdptew ad ti scokeestgaoc gaig wah > >> A eh : Ly 7 el aV7r ? ' : H ‘, ; i) 4 i . \s ; ik a an ) ere R —— we) i | Oe i aie ji oan 4 ® a aE a ty oye. Be ine ers ss a eS e On i ; Shen Ween ema AR40 ee narrow piers of the belfry are adele 1/6 of the clear wid and are to be termed very bold abutments. Galculation of the thrust. _ The thrust of polygonal spires is again calculated ‘on the for- mala; H = @ cot a. wa If then G = the entire weight of the spire, then H = the a responding thrust at the entire circumference of the base; con- versely if G = weight of one side of of a angle (thus = 1/8 the weight of the spire for the octagon), then results only the thr- ust belonging to this part. As the angle a is to be taken ie ding to circumstances the inclination of the side surface or t that of the hip, which is somewhat flatter, or a value lying between the two is to be used. If the weight of the spire is | mostly carried down by the hip, then must the angle a correspond about to the inclination of the hip; since this is the most un- . favorable case for the amgnitude of the thrust, thus it is well to calculate with it for safety. If one also makes the somewhat _ too unfavorable assumption that the thrusts occurring for an q eighth of the spire act with their full amount in the direction © of the diagonal, then has been taken an assumption as a basis by which the abutment piers will not be too weak. +f Naturally the aputment pier or tower wall must be sufficient- _ ly strong, that it may resist also the wind pressure striking 4 it and the sfire. If the angle piers of the tower are connected together at certain heights by masonry, it is unnecessary to = vestigate the stability of the separate piers, but that of the ¥ ® 4 a ee entire mass;(thus of the entire hollow prism of the tower), who- se stability against wind is considerable larger {p 646). Other= : wise the calculation of the abutment is completed aie as for. e that of the vaults. : : Calculation of the longitudinal compression. | ) The longitudinal compression in the coverings surface and ribs acting downward is calculated by the formula:- S$ = hve a 4 In regard to the values of G and a the same is true, ie was q just stated concerning the thrust. Whether the horizontal com- pression constantly increasins downward acts more in. the sides 4 or is transferred to the hips depends on the construction of « the spire as shown (p 609 above). Calculation of the ring compression. ; a The ring compression, if the weight of the spire (or the lenge Pai nwob befares yisvienfoxs ek yiaténoo |8F Be Sdatsw siz p stsiborresa! tom segid edt ta sil asians erodw .cobyloq nor _ sbrsesuc bov1uo tsdwemoe cebie diiw sonylog s eélfeees ase aqmon ed? eloris noteesiqueg © eat 70% i 9Bs°. tevit sie gt Rapley Meares € Soeeren eo bt eee et -€ter tr” Bibi 9 poiezerquce end tof alae ty Yet > aitge edt mort tao su9 nate ak se rébten = 8 sea j peueed ef seso tecil ext at sofdw .notseniloat te efege saz Ob20 broose Sas of bas .gid sid to edt bas ebie edt to tedy Beleg Sdé to sebte 10 Tedt@on = a .g¢id sdt to Sed moatet oe OF ‘$99 10% Sige Sas fH lane = *, .nogetoo edt tot 8 = ends peeOS bas .noSstoo edd vot S\J be = enddy .mosvlog sit taaopatec ne 10t emoged Ifin S slumzo? neat .XS6E,0 4 ate Xe ae - , » ; ak - Cie al aes TO a ™ b a moans _— -_ A tae AA eye eye mm ca x FA * ‘\ at g f ‘oni to efnas oct za eo} i fy ener ar = ¢ = UG 4% ( efivmerot ai betaeantk ef eaceky TT 3 Golesaifontk edi « S$ stumtot nt bas ebia edt to of note | piticis Sewol fie asgqs oft bedisrdo ef fin dogs ecid ed? idat esr) eiigu fancyeioo sit ak aclerovqnoo natty edt cot seu Peds ‘ni esos soisestgaoo eit abatnedo tuodtin sige e 19% Bf Boavers $d yen dofie .berwshbteaco aria eat te Sdated evites oe i sf{ymexe Seitealoofeo ob dats -tetiqe bSesrtotteq at esasert? ite 165 eeyod eynks ect to ddbted saz neitos Deterotyag woof td nt'se ,eoarasgo to bati edd of buidtoose bebrerte ok be Peds To dthiw edt sisdw eset .CPRE 182% of ‘postage Sede a ed teom soLeeetanes sili oat .0 & 35 es hswotisn Bsfoé s tot isliwie ei f1 .nokFe %e wecis [fame okie davouts 4 tedghtapad «Bit af et ebosd bas edix did ofnt bebighs yierry Wsdd vedt ,wotedsyomos unt sft S$ elewrot yo Bapet 2k a Glo ewot ods Yo sitas. of erties movt stige Sas to: soeig te aitowematt feygofeveh ylsetelemas « Bt etign & tone Ls +26nad Yo seivee edt qd hevisoor er “fotenerenco ae wae ed? doidw of ,edis gid ode we ao ker atin ge% siensy rch te Jedd Pos ranean ce hae bid i tod 2703 aenotie s teode ai betdiwenssd et wiedemireg edd B heniot ek wasdt ,eerrqa feterotse9 ‘vase a0} as .eqid. etn 8 tot fodtecat ei » tudrew sid nody seivivene!l syie” | teetzeo 10 stoBsesetq gait oct » LoeRergmos £h5 tedren Pen ea ake NTS ON Rare enh Wea cea il ia et et i longitudinal compression) is pretty uniformly distributed over the perimeter, is transmitted in about a circular form, but : the weight on the contrary is exclusively carried down in th r hips, as for mani perforated spires, then is formed a compre . ion polygon, whose angles lie at the hips. por intermediate ca- ses results a polygon with sides somewhat curved outward. ‘ In the first avese t for ie G coupr caatee circle the compressio i. ao ean a” Men amare Ries svar For the conngessiog me 5 Es 4 im = i had thin . Here g§ = eight ye sing | ring cut out from the spire, a is aga: the angle of inclination, which in the first case is betwwen that of the side and that of the hip, and in the second case to be taken that of the hip. n = number of sides of the polygo thus = 8 for the octagon. # = angle at the centre for one side of the polygon, thus = 22 1/2 for the octagon, and consequentl sin. # 0.3827. Then formula 2 fee become for an octagonal s 28. Ug" 20.9827 | “aia If there be inserted in formula or a the angle of inclin tion a, of the side and in formula 2 a the inclination a, of the hip, then will be obtained the upper and lower limiting va ues for the ring compression in the octagonal spire (see Tabl For a spire without ovenings the compression U acts in the entire height of the ring considered, which may be assumed 1 high in calculating example 1. | Stresses in perforated spires. for perforated spires the height of the rings toibe consider ed is arrarged according to the kind of openings, as in the ha ched surface in Fig. 1450. Since where the width of the ring i narrowed as at a b, the ring compression must be transmitted — through this small cross section. It is similar for a spire eI tirely divided into hib ribs and bands is in Pigs. 1451. For & is found by formula 2 the ring compression, that the bands ? ‘eive lengthwise, when the weight ¢ is inserted for a horizon piece of the spire from centre to centre of the rows of pane Such a spire is a comvletely developed framework in space wi members all compressed. The ring pressure or correct polygon compression is received by the series of bands, and the long: udinal compression bg the hip ribs, to which the bands trans: fer their own weight ani that of the panels resting on them. ay 7.3 ee P ¥: \ ‘ j , A '@ J y of i uD : § pha A z > i £00 ¥ ‘ a te ey \ A : 4 ) i ce, yl Be. al j a i 7 pe wm Sag at 4 5 Pare 7 set ry via ii aa a7 fhe Hipsters dt © od ofp bse sae » ex vate one ie visable lane off a cot bas atin edd to dédgte ae, Yo tdgien oss aot af sooltquuaes dove 196"0 .qid edt to noitsaiko: | no efgee doas te gcltos senads fstacatitod = 2 #69 0 © A hs Zs DADA be ; | «tewod odd to isn | a pa daehotiive ditw eaode gaol eno to etebecoo teed baad edt me, ‘p tetenoo seus ti Yi @eh wtseord of tom sé o2 eblined o3 sonedet 3 i ie edd to senide s ttexe yflese af aso nedt seve, leteves to Cae DT tuo mode bued ot abmet slide ,dore ¢fgiesin o exif axetq efs i 4 08 eforec edt al ETS0475 edt @yesits of efdacivbs medt ef at _ afleasg ebin yiev 104 «bosd edt to eifhin eds afsoggawe st ¢ade a seseng anes tot Gwob belateo adix siaipomsetat nove Reibs ed awa | | i: _ eyaioacied @wee edi tani, ok pevacee elLonsaq ect ni yre@oant od? vows 5 oe setige meboow eft te aeosad-X edt se batw edz gaitebses sot . 4 reneeaas: wetev ess Latones at eectiqe enote heistotsteq exact doldw | iy ae ay. | ~(woled o88) .bekife ~~ ie a duene23te to setiqe to erase bas eseeauta to soeliagmod hae ~etdpted re a Aaacavis 20 eteutit bos cozzciga sid te nsiv isslo « avis of i z Sifot sit boseildetes 2t otedd ,edd>died tuexsttib to asiige pa sbhs S38 tad .betosts yleotese e348 atoct tel tartt edt sofdeT a) i -eeodd mowl afsiti yisy ceneette edt yJiessned .nogitagmoo. 10% | nt Wy eddies Lavoe to esxige Leotmoo to og va ‘ eehimatyg smote Lsnoksioo ni eesesate | Lan | «(S13 .q a0 sfdeT 933) | we ha sebtence datos oe evods eiiga edi to tdpiew Lstoe ent at DP . 7. oe 8 tin Isaogatoc ‘Bi dotd? mo G8 etiga doftd A .elfeuend =i 88 to Pdgted SLottnot eo diiw ydtbiw fear0eixe te 2.9 bas feove ah Pi. ror OGL edgiow. urondol«d to m suo A .eobtani m 2S bas ebtetso ae Tadualss, ed of evs eteutd? Bas eeeeett= edd to Beobutiagem edé a u thztxe edt ig “e 055.0 = Bimexyq Lategasoo bifoe 8 to eur tov ls ent hh .. dtin UUgsidroocs eauloy & eed. a xiaxdo wolfod oe ‘eEe OBR om, {26 4:59 ne x Sa.8) Cf8.0 ; te bilow edt mond on fii 000 tit Oost = 88 edglew aids ious o@ ,e1edwyn bavod Batt peetg ods of gnibtonok «£24 ESB,Bt adziew abdt to S\I Boe | trees. 9 = 800.f = tom te sotezexqmoo fenibsiigaol esé eidat iy trates whe, fid OST OE = = BO0.E © tecol te to ike vey tr oe peat te ‘sone maak dotdn. cored eds te, 8\t TOve, bers Ph: ao ni si ae SE ren seeaD ar ee) aera Xe ba, pe ese " s w 7 his ~ : Ne nee te e } x42 To calculate the magnitude of Abe FOREEARAS ERS compression « ordingly in the formulaz- S = ab Bare aré to be inserted fori the weight of an eighth of the Soins and for a the angle of clination of the hip. Under such assumptions is found Saenaill HE = G cot a = horizontal thrust acting at each angle on the wall of the tower. os | | The band best consists of one long stone with sufficient re istance to bending, so 2s not to break. But if it must consée F of several pieces, then can it easily exert a thrust on the an- gle piers like a straight arch, whilh tends to bend them outwa it is then advisable to arrange the tracery in the panels so if that it supports the middle of the band. For very wide panels can be added even intermediate ribs carried down for thin aule ose. The tracery in the panels serves in just the same manner for resisting the wind as the X-braces of the wooden spire, to which these perforated stone spires in general are very neon allied. (See below). Gomparison of stresses and thrusts a spires of ditterent heights. | To give a clear view of the stresses and thrusts of polygona: spires of different heights, there is established the followin Table; the first flat roofs are scarcely erected, but are adde for comparison. Generally the stresses vary little from those — of conical spires of equal height. : Stresses in cctagonal stone pyramids. (See Table on p. 612). -@ is the total weight of the spire above the point considere Example. A brick spire 25 em thick is octagonal with 6 m in ernal and 6.5 m external width, with a fourfold height of 26 m@ outside and 24 m inside. A cu. m of brickwork weighs 1800 kil the magnitudes of the stresses and thrusts are to be calculate Volume of a solid octagonal pyramid = 0.829 Be abathe existing hollow afxiie pyramid has a volume accordingly with a differe from the solid of ; 0.829 (6. 5° x -- --.6% » 82) = 65 iongiam i round numpers, so that this weighs 65 * 1800 = 117,000. kibass and 1/8 of this weighs 14,625 kil. According to the preceding — Table the longitudinal compression at most = 1.009 -, here = — 14,757 kil, or at least = 1.008 r = 14,720 kil. This is a uted over 1/8 of the base, which is an area of 2 x 0.829(6.5 eee = 0.647 sq m or 6470 sq. em and for uniform distribution = gee ites asce ad iver tod ,mo pe sega fia e.8 vesire Be vdtoiaqta) shoktudtataih Isupéow to enakiarotxeg ibeateq. golioes 6 to #edt tod ,askg edt Yo seus et% aed tod .nottsinoleo ods ni aevst ed teum ted dit ond Pay “aga sfsotics geoteweo? aometettibh efdcesitos yleorsos 6 ; 6 OTe, (et exed? ,moleseiqeoo gain teeteety edt hat? of presen Aborsod eometeliibh edt ek omufoy oacdw ,dytd wo t pai i st soso ein I suods henettode geied ehimsayg wollod fas os i otis Rathtoook .f£ik COO adyiow eandt dokin .w «wo 2 tHods | | fen 0Br = 0008 * 20.6 neovtsd aekl cotenstamog yak« ont ele {gaveoges Balt ef? fo eottoee: esoro edT . Lik HOE @ OOCe = BELO : txe ont moO ope teg efetxs ends bas .wo .pe OCO8S so mw wpe B\t - etivp ton evit ,ff4 OF0.0 of 830,0 to aokecerqmoo (Leone yilon : gied erttae edt 106% soleeesquos gait ec? «me .pe seq ing or\tr is ftw BYES = 000, Sf * SE.0 of etavome teom ts. bimatyg’ edt to vehi ead oft to Raina of coisnet edt od bineow teeape ag sevt ‘Naa .: Ves 7 steundé edt vet EO #aom 8 e¢ of elgns dose aot fetugmoo at teaucsés eat i O98 sebou nismet yfdsderg binwow ti tod ,fid ANGE © asa ar x too evods ces) ti ovisoer of eotiter teum sinentuds off bas a -@n032ylog seato te gesaige t Scene de) awese nadto son ob aobstaeg Sane qopexed odT sa00 eds no tod .(dwse to elguaxs ns inegerq sedomgdo yietesson Wa eaol eat .ouis yliss sit ni stst fou ss essive Sisupe ysis on aettivoi tt ip edt s18 e170 edd doom o2 .eebie te sedawn edz st AG tedefqnoont cxs eseceite 2ol1 tastroqat edd soate .beaser ee S hagsal- Pentege cipecesg bain odd axsooqe eldsiovstas ylreiust ) ee8ait guinettive es dove ,bencténem etnetbecxe edt .seosince ae eve wettel odd .edia olbbia edt bor agid edt gntnatiiysorte se nedt blveo atot bedote mi neve bus xetuey sed of gatbrotes yi as t to vogeondotss tse) yI9v sult hath nah edt sopber of SYTSE e be oa , . ebexolgue od oF *e i, ~2en06 feet bevaro dsiw vomig? | eenrotioee. a80T9 TretEtIEb to N@iLidieres } > tididxs: tad setoot oncie. bauot 0 lenodyled | ad. fe fasts se b. Shadi eontl tusteste to Seetent ooidevele ai By createed: #eurdt setae: cele tod peers ast, stan | 7 ad : F Ds ? 2 rea j j \bohteetiour ay, Bye evo inenopaie nabtast tend agee8 to aenicavhle da * ee ts we Riad hee aaah oni h cabal cfs 70% @bni) a 3g i yy t } wen ' 7 a ms ty . ~ el My = fae ae a a! J : b aia } — 7 ‘i a Le \ ’ Ab Ma te ; iy. i Py A sa) vat ite a 8 i‘ ? iah ahi »s ‘y fs A) " 7 oh bey AR on. y J PAP ete UA oe Te er. Oe eye es, Te Joes Ae i i: ose ~~) ri ag45 Hp = Gecot ag. The thrust Hg produced by the joining of the is the difference between Hy and Ho; Hy = Gy cot a4. > Gacot me, So long as this Hy remains positive, ring compression exists, but when it is negative, rifig tension occurs. gut the magnitude of the ring stress is easily found by the formular=- U = ma 4 a These relations are true for any outline of the dome, even when within the ring apvears a break turned out or in. The lowall the ring is taken, the more accurate is the result, yet one need not be too careful about this, and for high domes may generally — cut out without hesitation rings 1 a high without injury to tne aceuracy usually requirsd. , 4 For domes with polygonal plans apply the same relations with 4 the consideration of the little variations and the angle of in- clination already treated. The horizontal thrust for the entire circumstance is again H = G cot a, when G is the total weight of the dome, and the ring stress is found as just shown by the difference Ha of the thrusts, but where according to cireumst-. — ances its magnitude lies between 0 = —% and 0.“ eens o> ta is the number of sides of the polygon, and # is nel? pg ian at the centre for one side). By all this is it shown that the Calculation of masonry cones, pyramids and domes with sufficient accuracy for practice belongs to the simplest problems. 7. Wooden spires of towers. Wooden spires of masonry towers. ie The defects and difficulties mentioned above that are connect-_ ed with the construction of masonry spires in brickwork may have led to the so frequently occurring wooden spires covered with Slates or metal,in regions where brickwork is native, as well as the fact that not all stone is able to resist the injuries os of weathering in the exvosed position of the spires. Both reas- a ons may continue in the present, but the advantage of economy, : that was peculiar to the wooden spires in the middle ages, no longer exists in modern times, but it is rather the contrary in countries that furnish stone of sufficiently sood quality, even when men would make the walls of the belfry thimer with regard to the entire removal of all thrust by the wooden spire, that is however possible in only a slight degree (p. 627). Inclination. The advantases of seeo inclination mentioned above also cont- inue for the wooden spire in more than one respect, and therefo oe 7) NE ee "7 Lea ; ie 7° "i r | 1 aan wo A mee ) laa Nok, @ oe ie na d ar f my h fey 4 tI leu hy An y i | ‘ ; Per a , . ae ‘A Ww oes 4 Taey a h it J ee ee ") As a" sy oe bs pesige caltalatel 7 scales batei omee odd ‘ofad vets stew s1edt eets elbbin edt to eboiveq sedel edd i. tow e1clsrod? .eetige neboow 103 aa10t tebasle oot Jeom) +) y tetit edd nort satteh wesse® of dorndo edd Yo eatqa sae) SMI 6 * t 30 eaottsoqoxg odd ewode sotde .yiudaeo dé ol ont ite .itoxvboow off «6% etneweainped | do oe eietog osidd ithe i neboor to scliogatenao eds at e. te -bukm ot ¢ged od of Bl O14 iestiowtces bes cesd sldsvomni Yo Jugnezasuss od? of Riis is - -/ 4sesettar odd to dantdt ofS Rae Rive a eoatnuntyero decisge yiiauwose «8 a Wawed: boibeed pus jentens ellen sehoor odd goinettita: »€ Pi eeeds itis tenm teadi dsucwhoow-edd to Gaoinedagt adT siete .: peanaatco ne oniugees .betete od yar atdomeiiapss goetetiih i 2 20% bavor . Bee tumanetoo. edd ic Isaoksib eit to mottoorth eff ol as 1 : anoketoo edt of Hedticant eacto 2 to sotsoeath est gl. sd a hd we) gponyloo ofsy Yo aobhte edt to nottoetkbh edd gl so ‘f Be - ; .ecigqa odt t6 ceed ty tiuees @ieds .ecead odd 19% aoitoesib add oisd teskt on al , } evisoss of vifenossid gnicau: etedmtt te icowenert)s a sot a medmit [enoasib oxi fcom 4 .(V@h! .928) efvade bas erostea a oneal eat is vedtegot boviec ediine Gacotas Saetxe yes B Pap Se.ao% bas ,emked seous ienisge beoslyg od depm es0]eate edi he ito madsio core ebiesd etedmit ond sosly of deed af ef Snrae Fe 2ST #2 hedoeoncd od deom exsed dost of! .elenogeth asvogatiacs = ae iy -esetter sat to densudt odd evytaseasos noleget ay . : Pan! : ie pear oi9 of awode avedsid to seysl edt etingss \d. 208) ee . x : My ie ume Os exuooo eisdeis dgooisd [le batbhioys yd nedt 910% : i: bed) selgns odt ts bovied sodalq [few to basgequoo seize ete bas: ciotte1 sit svrecet of emasd odd bextt ots dofiw. ad y esaupe edt to elisw ed% so seii. aeivss Lecobtetoo ne, ponsstt prapot edi ve eotelg Iiew oss asst wAddais COM 4ekB) oe he dose ,(Odst .piT) elenogsif odd gevo beoslg esoe%d boats: op eva eboend-X evedt .sesies edfeoggo as so beyied fiend! Berecges ota yood bos ,efSbim ent te awsddto does zor od maeagoso deel edd evods .otige sdi to digied odd ni semtt seady a | efnns efit yd bentot et dsdt .extoe edd Yo move odd nodt 0064 2 $s tinsv 8 to ediz edd eiil .nonet bas eeleson adie et 1 end to gotionrt ont svods seeia net satge edd to mete’ sat Seat sediteli .extas sit Sainwoto asoto sdd exesd bas ets Serie sof .ecvut> bas exsed sxslloo yd Ssosicer nedte oels ave ; felfersa md benedtpoorte sd orla neo evoties elgns edd .eosige ps tae, ofat .soage 6 yd botessqse a0 most seban eldosdib atoase ei | -bevied osfs 618 seoerd-k edt ips x -tmeed Leezors yd goinet tesa ent ted dove | ef noktosnnco add to acitoetkb baooer sift mons pi dud ,eoasig lecoperbh est nt sii ton ob hsdicosed sept peer eteait scott to beotanl .(Gebl Pra) eeovo edd to aensiq. eal wexiga edt to dduted edt Yo enotaivib nisties ta booalg te jiedatecse ost tend oc SCN wRit ni ee boesor acodmid Co a Guid sad to. dxoqqua stucee etom 10% .etesies olgas odd odigte ‘ -sBi®) eeos1d bebbs sedt ows artnstiise retted 107 bss New scetias efnne eds otiate exsed to texyal) beoses ext Pee, he baton edt .\d bos d eistog edt ta hatdt ef% ,*s base & Beet” 9) ps to’ ee edt of bevied si dotcw ,e sunte edt yd mapas " 4 | ‘emee edt to g ¢ninog ont ovse aotwoee wetal si tt ba ‘ : ‘7 ny ay, 1 Pa i Bs cial ul sy Re 942 cal diac pe rn aa ale ‘eh Ny 2847 also very useful as a basis for the tension framework. (Fig. 1457). If the thrust of the rafters is certainly neutralized, at mose can come in juestion still merely a Sliding of .the en-_ tire base (by wind), which is made almost impossible by the 4 friction of the wood on the masonry, even if no anchoring exis- ts, but on the contrary it is not excluded that with mortar st ill soft, a violent storm may slide the upper courses of mason— ry and the spire. ; a fo ensure the spire asainst overturning must serve its own weisht or if necessary an anchoring to the masonry. 1 fo prevent the hip and jack rafters from bending, and general- 4 ly to make impossible any moving and crushins of the sides of 4 the spire, struts and purlins must be inserted, which may again Pe lie in one of the three directions (Pigs 1457 to 1459). Diagonal bracing. 7 The bracing corresponding to Fig. 1457 first consists of 4 in 7 braces placed over the diagonals (Fig. 1460), each of which is halved on an opposite rafter. These X-braces are so arranged as to cross each other at the middle, and they are repeated two or three times in the height of the spire. Above the last crossing — 4 then the stem of the spire, that is joined by the angle rafters 4 : with mortise and tenon, like the ribs of a vault at the keystone. The stem of the spire then rises above the junction of the raft- ers and bears the cross crowning the spire. Further the X-braces are also often replaced by collar beams and sgirts. For sreat gs Spires, the angle rafters can also be strengthened by parallel struts directly under them or separated by a space, into which the X-braces are also halved. Stiffening by crossed beams. The second direction of the connection is such that the braces jast described do not lie in the diagonal planes, but in the p planes of the cross (Fis. 1458). Instead of these there may be placed at certain divisions of the height of the spire (3 to 5 m) timbers crossed as in Fis. 1458, so that the separate beams Strike the angle rafters. Por more secure support of the caver and for better stiffening are then added braces (Fis. 1462). : 4 The second layer of beams strike she angle rafters at the re ints a and a’, the thiri at the points b and b’. The point a is supported by the strut s, which is halved to the brace x, so & that it later secures also the point p of the same timber. On . j ows off bial eve felletss eaods of a s enedmk? 080 a rotsac 6ct .*y baw gy misky edt seod otayge dotas A*Y aad paid etodeit of? to guttelepes roisovitence edt evierer iby betceqet ef dokdw .ecesd «o 10 t4eq #20 Raiteisnos iB Pos tooreltib « eedisosety erige sti Yo Rakmorsad ent aes» seanteh to ylotem hesogaco noitovetesoo Io setae th begsde-vecis edd to eseadutd sit xaca oils disened agold ee Ystisd tedd vietidezos eaols of ete (Sei .8i8 a9t%ts) gaow 6% awod fetsiso etige odd to meta sf? ment assuied omalo of ees seeuoce th bled endt See .eoetg pnid eat bomsed o2ia) = ees ,gehte odd to eersig edt. aot paisacd Wmebra sis to ookiosxtbh edd at eell gniossd batdd sit Sooes koaiuieted esonsteth nistieo ge Jacd elds ak etete @igtes ai cooneielb te ,cusiian edd to anoiememth saz od Baeegosizton hoaict esa otads (Sent .2f8) o & so & of Bat hse: wo ,8 ge eelans sds ako, cade , bie end ab toitentetic .6 .o esoaid-I $ yd Hetaogage dose ose bapslg Ste eeorrd~X eft dadct .Ssb! : Mueae ces One ,2cide edt to Lisy edd te enelq sit ot fells Sae-.eteties edi io achbe ussci sd oblest eel! aostame tei o wawof edd to vect ..e.i ,biswel ggoto dose to Iiet ed _ WH sxbl adexedé aaiirsin aecro sit to ¢atk odd yds botets 22) acottas efyna oct of¢volh of futery si bt oteg sudweitd ah iy 4 e351 ade # ¢¢ “otee od? wout botataged ei semed eds ‘enedw (COR. = a E i ta ee TA 3 & Led ~W sh iawn ‘a ofe a a, | ie = .s iit 7 4651 works of the cross and weathercock is never to be employed. — The ornamentation of the cross consists in a finer forging o: its ends, in the varied treatment of the angle bands that conn ect the arms, &n@ for greater height in the addition of two or’ four iron scrolls rivetsd to the foot of the cross or fastened by iron rings and projecting Lar outward (Pig. 1469), whose ends are again forged into loaf or flower forms or are connected with them. Small towers are often contented with wrought seroll crow nings without the cross. The iron rod has recently been asuavipene utilized for the addition of a lightning rod, as also for stone spires. Dormers. The access necessary to the outer surfaces of the spire requi- res the repeated arrangement of dormers, which at the same time | substantially contribute to the animation of the tower. In the — simplest shape these form little gable roofs projecting on cor- bels, whose woodwork is entirely covered by slate or lead (Fig. 1470). The effect of this sable hood is substantially increased — | by a middle part that réses beyond the apex of the gable like i the stem of the spire, or by the placing of actual spires which usually form the sole roof of the dormer, when two or three si- des of the polygon projected over its front (Fig. 1471), thereby forming little turrets, that grow out of the sreat spire. A’ pec- uliarly treated example of this kind is formed by the spire of the Teyn church in Pragne, that on four sides exhibits little hexagonal corbelled turrets about like Fis. 1472. ©. . Passages and intermediate stories. : = Likewise on wooden spires may be formed horizontal divisions a. of the spire either by external passages or by an intermediate — story with vertical walls interrupting the inclination.- The lat- ter are placed over the face of the lower part of the spire, are projected outward, or also are recessed, so that the upper sur- face of the spire falls in the line of the lower. The external passages are formed b: vcrojecting beams supported by plates and extending out according to the desired projection of the balus— trade, receiving the floor of thexpassage and sometimes bearing a parapet above which rise pimnacles, whereby however tne pinn- acles must be connected above the rafters of the upper wall of the spire (Fig. 1463). The intermediate story, of which the towersof Notre Dame at Shalons furnish a particularly rick exa se y, 7 “fF seis to nottovrsenos éacd wort tones Oui Cheat A or deed aistiey signs bsideoh dtim 483 9 ao becoly Be ha pet: . -esenee to shoot efgate | i. emtot toto miséaso ot ebsel dedéaut mottowatenos book do Seeds ,Bio0! gnenkhs0 of ene te vizeen et0n es Besinil stot tev .edvow talpos stom o¢ telluoeq ef 49 g yiierevii teers of deel yess Ss ulias tot heyolqms sd osfs Bipemisegxs | istsl edd asvo sonststaig eveeeeb seas yas at om af @Wol seupe ec din stige to miot faoiqug edd to Sntateset a gnoisd event .yuonoos Sakiinaer s eldieeog dakwves a meboow asin wove bac snote soku-etoor sideg ytsnothio ed? .f | oe | ae oF moitosaienco boow edd gatwolis yettal adt ,eelded ot pe sd uso isdissx eit most nottoetora rot dokdn r pytisiosaeocexss ids: est to xeqe tnort edt to toor sft To to exemzch edd odif yettel odd fas tevant toor & yd Fectt ent teas. 20 mottoaut edt svods Sotety teoq datd s yd lenkae edd a ¢ AD00TeNFLOR TO BeoTO 34% Batvieses bas eses Ae etoor eicses nads sousoo stom pe “38 etoor seed? .& SetOet Snsisliit yd oycdw .AVSI .8i9 ct owoda mit edd gi yl ‘ Wie Stanef botteeS yas bsuietdo od vem senst&ne od¢ to enct ) ni Beencs sc ofis yam stoor dove te? .nely SI18s038 £00 ASsTSs Diisevn eebie edi to edjguel edt ydewsdw .asla Feaodylon & ao Ma Bt bentloai eels et eno nes! weybia esd ihe: oft entmsed ° |) im BS HS 26 Yoor to wiot eaisaseoo ySinevpet? of skid Htsgot a sit ~Bpeen to vosf mort bestinwo aries edt sosloet Jeon Jadd ms POs gevis ec yen detz5t toor © to notithbbs oft. xd pentisaoe Bh pe ettdtars bYhS .ai0 .deqit de bebastal nolesesqnt edd sion» : kw Subequed>) ni iswot edd movt Saty etid te slymaxs sedctr ee ans il eh — an a -F & - > : ae % Sooo, A :: a ra Ae =) ~ ™ joe bch = g CNS lt Guat *, a ; —— \ ad ib , a || ae Te iy a rf oe -29eeers tod sit wv .etersisd efsae we din. befosanos yiteou ota dont eide: sattoseistnat edt .§ BS as Semtionce osls ,slbbim sit revo foosia sdearad Wd ty toot a efbbie Pegsvele yiunocwse s diinw ylfsett to sitge gebasis s “ bed gods dofaiw tenisks .Sraerediaew Bas esos edd aniaesd ° ay -erstteq gis eats tine TooH eat vais ,etowos slisil boosavebry sts etsaagt too yd @betreggue ois .ilew eldiciv s to yrmeean ao beoely pated | \steagh mott too oft to sostave oft sebay nottousdages 98 . i) egbix edd ebfates baste of efat 2 a8 onfasogge | voekr net : oo to [snokexen .ersupe ed bans a ere ar ho aL) = 4852 | example, easily result from that construction of the spire men- tioned on p 616 with doubled angle rafters (Fig. 1477). Simple roofs of sé%ers. . Hood construction further leads to certain other forms of “ ; ers more nearly correspondins to ordinary roofs, whese charact-_ er is peculiar to more secular works, yet for limited means may also be employed for churches; tkey lead to sreat diversity coms, edasg slesr ett 10 ‘9 aye | , ‘betes? ek ti cetst yldotate tert of COVED +Rht) settee? fiemed se7010 ost bos .toor odd desotds yatbaotxe eatge & 28 pe dang cor) eid te soitestiencq eat vd beteotbak ylao,. el yo Wad Demo? ei bait tosi edt to elowsxo. sf »hoksaroosb. sag a esoere sex doidw ,etssl Yo laubedvao edt to. tenaws, Boor E febos Balfeoxecs ne as bebiages ad of el bas o G-el-dellol¥ > ont @odit exettib i] .{ st .q .V¥ -Sov »doid) soaqeet. yseve wee Sdoicy cud eveliensit isdé baksesd segotq odd tent of 3 Ib eit Ween toot sid evods socis yliseg tasel ts evelq pacese Se Gevisicness of [iow tonaao terint toot edd, to ddgtew ares Seo at cedd ,nxeig $aieeoro eft 40 elisu astivo ene 08 fe Lellers. do anddaiber gool ano boorla .sd, yeu. th) Feete O08 @ eldiercs Ss pmsed yvoem es seve Sdbtew etki staodiatelh teag y essoc06 6 {few se yd sasod ed seve yeu steasps toos tderi axed Rpteats gig so betsle yleiiins. ene eivt a 83 stexset i009 » evous Batete suigqa sii to mate sat to gbno ond a 7 baa ee mm sids to sicnsxe oA..bseh td bstavoo eas oldag ro exige amor OEE .ot8 ot ovcde at indie ak siss 42 fotrdo ond Snge ot bos .besl to gnitevoo etivas a8 dtin tigesa emgor mite Pedt of toitotat jon eomgoiliiabsa 6 beatetda, ed aso 1% al 6 meew eB weasel gs of Ji bafeasgius seve ,noivonidasoes. sgesa boege Vesd pobitedselquaze bibnolge yiseifuosy eh .eeenblodefd tic bef. oF o#ls eve ,eiaeS ni dexted Soot wen bonokstaen yfego Py “af ‘oe eesitlge meboow ai esezende 8 a oa cease ) dorsis sotastneo at ZF Sea dt By oft o¢ satgnofsd sends, bsnao prepares to fethotteo ett bas sabolod ai setirosilf sat t6 bern of boilfis vinsen of ylisoitate s18 eeaige asbook pseoe od ovis yau teddai edt tot heswbeh eslumiod eff Saar peas ttit feitneses ch .otod sulsy thedt atetec bas Betaeio An So sonstetest sflbaned odd tedd yeidd ak ogee ed oF giao ) eds ob bateetinge yireloocitssg ef doide .besilits ed nao bos odd si dauidd oft gaiaifestssa yliese Yo yt itig tot bedede esv dedu io atiditeqe? e to Sasteqd « yxe aedéau> to bast ass, etod oviee | baer 18. _ 7 ellen taeptude to bis edt dpodtle AM ee rr “4 | : ‘ | a) ca ne rn Nit ke i \nihe 2 ag ind forietuscivers oc OF eiteide ete coifoustancs iy ee i, 7253 a sectional construction are chiefly to be distinguished two kinds For either the spire of the turret is separated by a formel ‘cor- nice from the story beneath it with vertical walls (Pig. 1478), or its angle parts are directly continued in the rafters of the spire (Fig. 1479), so that strictly taken it is treated merely as a spire extending through the roof, and the proper tower st-— ory is only indicated by the penetration of the lower part and — the decoration. An examvle of the last kind is formed by the:s 4 roof turret of the cathedral of Paris, which was erected by 4 Viollet-le-Duc and is to be regarded as an unexcelled model ip q every respect (Dict. Vol. V, p. 454). It differs from the’ others in that the proper bracing that transfers the weight to the cr- | ossing piers at least partly rises above the roof. When the P| weight of the roof turret cannot well be transferred by tassel to the outer walls or the crossing piers, then in case it is not too sreat, it may be placed on long radiating or parallel sills, that distribute its weight over as many beams as possible. very | light roof turrets may even be borne by a well supported collar bean. ‘ . Root turrets as a rule are entirely slated on the simpler nor ks, and only the ends of the stem of the spire rising above the Spire or gable are covered by ead. An example of this kind rom the church S. Maria in Marburg is shown in Fis. 1476. Richer f a forms result with an entire covering of lead, and in such mann= er can be attained a masnificence not inferior to that of devel- oped stone construction, even surpassing it in at least a visi- — ble boldness. As peculiarly splendid examplesbeSides the previ- ously mentioned new roof turret in Paris, are also to be menti- oned thuse belonging to the 14 th and 15 th centuries church of the Minorites in Cologne and the cathedral of Amiens. 8. Stresses in wooden spires. 4 Wooden spires are statically so nearly allied to stone spires, that the formulas deduced for the latter may also be scarcely changed and retain their value here. An essential gifference is only to be seen in this, that the tensile resistance of the wood | can be utilized, which is particularly manifested in the possi- = bility of easily neutralizing the thrust in the ends of rafters i | without the aid of abutment walls. a? Instead of a repetition of what was stated for stone spires, an example may serve here instead of further explanations. | Jette 26 srolanenti: oat Ce “a aire sebbnteat sede hetaivolyo od of 94a etate we be snot eece bas ,goatase eth to m& «pe seq Lit O82 edgier anh | 6 beuveser) eshte to tdgisd al m OF cotuaaem esed to Atbiw m Bb: eas. -,fnokttaaifont eat vnliag 82.8 socusson ohin m Of noyesoe os to ebte off eonts 98 66 = Ob * 21,8 * = be sets me eed stiqe eff to eoetawe 7 yah fix 000.0% * OS * CE to tdgker a of ebsogezetreo dotiws ae > efti O00 05 adgiow esiges setiine edi stadt of ,enetens : ae to. ootiextiertocer Metemtieg exitas ed¢ %@ tented oAF —efttogque edt Je tenadt al ebte $a% 20 nolttasntfoui te « eipae off (016 og) eh Boas (Oe Or ae por 2 pecs xltaetotitue 2eti ok dod 19d ~°6,38 eb gid eft Fo > RVeP 4 op, 2 & f00 o> = gewatd feaitct etfs tadt ce 61.0 © « too eoete oF 2 ont sehfaed tent bemuces od {fiw 87 .iid 002 Of = GOO, 0G & i og. eude , ¥ Bite | ‘a Se ad sine xtitusee tke? hoitoes exors Lotedete of F162 ae ed kek Ae © Eelinenes yo nedt egos henetert otuasem @ ak vino ets oH poe seus: re gottee ‘ows edt at @esdt? edi to aokiteoq edt ti bee ae Souw'e eae | te socesotaes ‘eds yoltet .bersede ed of son gaol yi se, Fee aa Weise of yiao #4 eengit edt to aoitoedth edt mt ageda iis a oe M3 == “leo etelg ods Yo: dtbheotd ao St itiw wong he hee he BE of EF ,.0.% ,saTdit to dégael mo 9a = : 3 oe Be gtpon rons »~bottapet ed binow sinaigq ond odd end geowted ae ttedt of biwon zatq neboew dpwotds edd syaeteroto ; -Qniw vd aocnivevo tanters viotsea Pa 5 Misia v esd ded? Bewdces of 22 21 . bate xo: enioxwtsev© ) ‘w Of solsoee [asitiey eslupeeiat eat no Stuasot¢g ir ' TIES edt TH wollot flvor sala 4 nad ukd m OF tyede on? aed? “@2ee%s 16 of Taupe eto ~- * o x Of MW tienes batw ia. 40% 0.8 = 60008 ot hirer dotdw t iccuie Cones oe eis Yo mottos eupif{is eft ti a pe te¢ Lif OSGi = oF mhe TOR. O Wigo O¢ Eiaow toetie sti .foxrgbianos etewW ebte of% : . sot ¢inees vino biwow gatourisevo nedé Boa foun es . ee p ermanes Saotw eepixan eff eoniS .c¢ .pe seq {rk OLS %G saHe node: ws .be se¢ fie 908 suede of ctaroms scodeh 112 bewne |B efe 0 rottodons ¢dypife « (litte Gud ,eolilive Sivcow ystiidese -etdt .bebaciancoe: ed aan Vicokem edt of etee¢tar qbd a piles ~Ssewod setdgis tot rrseeecen o¢ yints ood ysmr e1odens edt to eudfewewth ode wod wode ot gebao at e ynizevoe Ietem dete ertgs ehat tsdt ceed edt sot betalue! m2 i seq ££24 08 yieo sigiew Yrorboow tdgil vfomertxe ) bute 8 ¢elteey tune 8t ted? has ,edodtseit eet (lee yen ot .aottoom favittey [Ilut edd no wm ype cee fix oof p kevet xa esoneas (few ows oft ylao tadd bemvees sedtarh b atoe ‘fTede \ti word snatvero a €,.8 tyvode Re fovig ext at? gaivsnpe vv edt ,todors eno wt enerte elienct om tap Pine eb epetaesom galtaxwiters ane W ; etniek “gt * OOe * & & OOOOS * BLO *) ® B. apni dose nee «PEA OOGNT ed of betugmoo af F sore’ yo owed thon vo spe seq f14 O00r Yo trot] w dite i: acgnles awoh a doen 4 ad ym son aint te . Ae ae peace ‘ ar HA55 the inner, is sufficiently Sika PL to receive this tension, t is reguired a cross section of aT *) BROS es: Omg thus dimension of: 5. x k's em.But since it is usual to give wall plates a four- fold to eightfol cross section, full seeurity exists, if they are only in a measure fastened together by tenoning or halving, and if the position of the fibres in the two series is suffoci- ently long not to be sheared, Taking the resistance of the wood — to shear in the direction of the fibres at only 10 or even 5 q kil, then with 12 om breadth of the plate only os"o-o5 = 14 om to Eh ag = 28 em length of fibres, i.e., 14 to 28 em distance Ss between the the two planks would be required. Besides at the or crossings the through wooden pins would do their work. : Safety against overturn by wind. a Overturning by wind. Tf it be assumed that the wind acts with | full pressure on the triangular vertical section 10 m wide and: 4 about 40 m denishk Amex shen: would follow if the overturning m q moment W,* 10 * +5 * yr were equal to or greater than the resis- — tance moment ; which wéuld be 80000 * 5.0 for a wind pressure w, * 150 kil per sq. m. If the oblique action of the wind on +t the side were considerei, its effect would be only 0.707 times ; as much, and then overturning would only result for a wind pres= _ sure of 210 kil per sq. m. Since the maxigum wind pressure obs- 4 erved i11: Europe amounts to about 200 kil per sq. m, then the s stability would suffice, but still a slight anchoring of the 8 hip rafters to the masonry can be recommended. This would eptt- ainly be necessary for lighter towers. 4 In order to show how the dimensions of the anchors may be oni~ 9 culated for the case, that this spire with metal covering and y extremely light woodwork weighs only 60 kil per sq. m, obhaS40000- Ktliferrtheathoebejiand that it must resist a wind pressure of a 200 kil per sq. m on thse full vertical section. It may then be further assumed that only the two wall anchors farthest from ¢ the pivot edge, about 9.5 m distant from it, shall act. If Z = tensile stress in one anchor, then by equating resisting and overturning moments: - 2 2°* 9.5 * 40000) * 5 = 2060 ®) 10 * @A-—--e Hence Z is computed to be 17500 kil, i.e., each vertical rod with a stress of 1000 kil per sq. cm must have a cross section of 17.5 sq. cm, and be carried down so deeply that its lower p plate shall be loaded with 17500 kil or 7 to 10 cu m of masonry — ‘hee ben 96 bileoo anodonn eds ,enit bacoee eft. si it cove ,tet “to 181 et b feo7y tone tuooo moblen Ifte yilersonen igoanget fade iy. Lod ffeor exsts oeeatR dour Ro eesiqn conte gaiatnt reve: s antcodece eds i retsogul wow rode tave ofgmaxe ode sey ‘qifsven taw tt aegs elbbin od al .seneo oiadaeo af eo ‘Bao sredmit besosanoo yLpaibnoczert09 od goibneixze ye i ae My 3 eatetlet ai noieserqaoo —gmoo & etotias o4% to digeet oniéne oft at tiinaibos tycol estos pete: te Gose ot ~1t2 000, t6 * essay “ eiea end? pat: Holenery Ie wie 8 ov YL. 10 ,Lid 0058 Bode egenove kivor siettes ge | Cor or Gone so 6d binow exeds ,aolesergneo edt evieses emote z ce to fo, .p2a ONE bowinpes od bivow aoiteretqnoo Liv oo dtir | ) 262, to eotheupesaoo ot gniivond Yo sepneh eft) to trvoons oo me D anquoo on: to sesetonl ef? xd vilaloocee dae ,otgnet eovt teeny Pi A> -eetesseoea ote eaotenomid sersal ,beiw ods xd acters tise ost $i ,bote mord twoow bivow eaoute ejdatowetan thom ag? eet) eds no beteos tdnlen ocxitae g¢f fra [let of ybser eton 4 os To dose .exbe tovig odd ta strog efpas to wtetias gte Deonewolle oe div avdd ban .Li8 0Q0,0h seegque coeds. Jaum axed a ao 08 R «SE fueds ad cto gd .ge 888 éutuoet iinow ¢@i Ifa GB to es od vies Bbivos gaildoud ttutte seqous cath .aoktooe asorp me pes diin tud ,etsisn ows does aeenied tignel, oo1 ens ab oeloke BD kccae od ,{m & o¢ GS) Saaqs 14% 008 toe atctin bes eseémit optel ied Bipow aidt yotareoces encleaionos jnoiisesp mk emoo yloorser _ bes toeai ec of of sotdw ae eek o ao gevip sinmsot edt yo sorte Er ghoee 8 =e sort sdyvetm set) 900,005 = ¢ baa, Of “8 «;boow «0% outer doce to beesent norhge deers foua 10% . (000 ,000,.S * aden epist yletsiebom yino beyoiqme ed ifew sdgie srotter gid EraLvesec edt . (S30) .elt} Adaonacebsu tucie sentos gaorta & dein bis ene of frayet ditw heowhex tedwomoa sd biuose encieaemih bes Dives caetige besodons scot yllaeioeqee ated led toat teaito edt Yo i \patseed odd oiam of tneloliiue as bebisget ed bivoo a#i sede. ‘Sag BE. * OS inoda shin a Of of & setige set (atuate bas esettes ) eebinx ma 6 of } x02 tT 8&8 * BL ot ,08 x or ,obiw wo B of 8 tot amet ed onls aco actisogorg eid? a7 29. O& * Bt of Bf ™ Bt e aera ot sekeso doum. tt sedes dotir (dtergu ‘Spokanemts edt Oa a . ye ae ie tances atedd tooyted a aot & sete eration ss tt i ra Na 7 ] : , Pe... Pe. edd te aes eat 'onrta .tdptew oF ynibaoces Sonedt) .tt0 08. q o8 yatdigoos -gtp7ta Bee atettesn ei exerts a fy nar a H ) a ) ol ha : \ Vi 7 + 5 : F vA : ar KO: fi (DR are 4 A ee Se SE oS a: rete Ue beh. eves a 8 eT, rh hei i Pal 2656 | according to weight. Since the anchors at the other. angles ass- ist, even if in the second line, the anchors could be made some what lighter; generally will seldom occur such great danger of overturning, since spires of such great size would be heavier. Yet the example must show how important the anghoring may beco- me in certain cases. In the middle ages it was usually effected : by extending the corresvondingly connected timbers one story belon Compression in rafters. Stress in rafters and struts. According me p 604, 611, there acts doer dat Laban in the eaeaee length of the rafters a comp- ression -----, thus hers = “o7595 = 81,000 kil. In each of the 32 hehe oun ceanad average about 2500 kil, or if the 8 hip rafters a alone receive the compression, there would be on each 10,100 Kitz with 60 kil compression would be required 170 sq. em or 10 * 17 cm. On account of ithe danger of buckling in consequence of the great free length, and especially by the increase of the compr- ession by the wind, larzer dimensions are necessary. The most unfavorable stress would occur from wind, if the spi- re were ready to fall and its entire weight rested on the two hip rafters or angle posts at the pivot edge. Bach of these tim- a bers must then supportn40;0000Rki1, and thus with an allowance : of 60 kil it would require 666 sq. em or be about 22- x 30 cn in cross section. With vroper struts buckling could only be pos- Sible in the free length between each two girts, but with such large timbers and girts not too far apart (8 to 4 m), it could Scarcely come in question; conclusions concerning this would be given by the formula given on p 494, in which is to be inserted for wood:- s = 10 and B = 100,000 (for wrought iron s = 5 or 6, EB = 2,000,000). For such great Bbires instead of such very heavy hip rafters might well be employed only moderately large raftérs with a strong corner strut underneath (Fig. 1463). The caleula- ted dimensions could be somewhat reduced with regard to the aia of the other jack rafters, especially for anchored spires, so that it could be regarded as sufficient to make the bearing hip rafters and struts; for spires 8 to 10 m wide about 20 * 25 cm, for 6 to 8 m wide, 16 * 20, to 18 x 28 cm, for 4 to 6 m wide, 16 x 18 to 16 * 20 cm. In this proportion can also be reduced the dimensions upward, which makes it much easier to obtain long timbers. Jack rafters with 3 to 5 om between their supports only require Ne ae +eieese%g balw bas gaiverce Yo tdpten vd eamxel? sot -. gbniv edt to #o02%e off tot toeoxT .cotavetamoo yath ws ain betuamoo ef bane ,Clawe Beryl tomate ett af sokeaexy es ot foam el egeia seerted eonstedd est “a ehir » © guodée af S. bhiedd edt to nottvoq fLatrosizner ¢ apnoi« xide ot epacled ide pion hated « ead & .pe veg [ta OSF set deien ,seds m (oe OST | di | § [eiveton to een LIsae déiw beridwos eve dotde esewot noxt q 8 gasket tue d3iw tuo hofizes ed aso ,Pnoitose L[siromento rev / ual wa: -bedisoseh ylesokvere tsacsm edd st yoetReoS Ps eat $. setonot to efisw odF ak eseearte .° Re Hails 'stdeien awo diedd oc sub éoeeoste sLiecerqnot ) 4 etlae yznoesn edd to sentdé sid. cdgtew ave tieds exenodt 107 af fos * snotistohtanos af ewoo stpvestgq baiw edd diiw odissv bos j en ,eetuionite Leblwsiyg base ofteme res } "gatas aoteesq200 edd .eiewot to ddaied sldarebieaoo edt sot F ewss6 geve fos dzsq Jastacqai pisy & ayalq Jdstow ano aktods ey @i. 32 TL .eletudiem desw sedied to sess ol adiati worsens Pemas Gsiv aietq ofismeixzg 10 eeendotds avotiaw to elfen tosis ot )e «00-89 Ifx O0@f ettibter tadd .etstones enti weel 10. yelo beg | » spe seq [fi S$ uiso fo sotzessqmoo s beisSggs ed nso dotdw ot bas Ss yA Vsenoliot es bogslroles ed bivow dd>ted eldiestaseg sdd mo PQOCE tin mo .o2 000.0! to seme odd beol Rigpe sbie m f to 3d D raotsibbs foes 10% tio «98 tog Lid NO = sce- dtiw edd Cha ioe Wd Ssetetont sd bilson sotevsrguion eds Orda no bebelq sago spe seq fit S$ to notegeigmeo sidewolle anf mitenhe Ie osds Lid. ‘bono ts HO , St ,hecala od Sleoo secpo - Ef = geen ylno ao Shiyide tiind sd bios (stistsm eidd to rien teebd eee ® ,atoy oe ae etdgted ak « F\t Dis @ s94 tod [id OO0dL guidhiow yraorer doizd teasew stil at.\ | es gideve ed bivow soteassguco olgenotic. qo.96 199 £ti/C.U adie w 2) ),etedmen bavoy mf ao YR = H<-nox---- ot qo ¢dated s 7o8 eho steg Lid QOOS sHidgtew eveintio v0 O0¢ 20 bisd wot seteusitd 7 | yascsen .Mofees3zge0o Sag oeuizen mo .98 T9q [td Ch aod base o © enete Jno got so Gt = ee Yo tdbred is ot ance scute ~e i eg frat Q&: to. ee 8 bos om .tto teq Lid eo: fa iN ii eS ies its fii’ a sit ste 09 Behtie ems ,s088 \PgaiLtos tov. ett nent) edd et sues edd bas .besubet ed Aipow eddpied elds ee ef iy xe pi bsteoydink: at fnee essere thorn ) ee ee Se , 7 = Ret "| sa! bs ™ Jo - Re Pong a Ao eee te a =) Cy y a ee me Tne Nh re ks Oh ae a ie Od ani sis tstis{ sgt fressid-X Sas eda id ~etoctes A tw. a >» a is ait 5! j i ' ‘ " ,) a4 1%) fs te) ae . ?% Wi. ve eb : h 4859 varied warming by the sun’s rays may act together to produce c curvatures and even twisting of the entire spire, as such occur- red in a very surprisin? manner on the towers at Gelnhausen. wy Tron spires. ‘gi Iron spires of towers are likewise constructed as in Fig. 1462 with rafters, girts and X-bracer; the latter are in tension wh- 4 ile rafters and girts are in compression. The calculation of it iron towers, which are combined with small use of material with verry} ornamental sections, can be carried out with sufficient a accuracy in the manner »oreviously described. 9. Stresses in the walls of towers. Compressile stresses due to their own weight. For towers their own weight, the thrust of the masonry spire and vaults with the wind pressure come in consideration. Prismatic and pyramidal structures. For the considerable height of towers, the compression under their own weight plays a verr} important part and even draws very ~ narrow limits in case of rather weak materials. If it is desired ~ to erect walls of uniform thickness or prismatic piers with tan- : ped clay or lear lime concrete, that weights 1500 kil per cu. mn and to which can be applied a compression of only 2 kil per sq. en, the permissible hei¢ht would be calculated as follows. Ajicu- be of 1 m side wpplg load the area of 10,000 so. cm with 1500 kil, thus with 13005 = 0.15 kil per sg. cm. For each additional cube pladed on tha: the mompression would be increased by 0.15 ‘kil; then, tg reach fae allowable compression of 2 kil per sq. em, only 5215 = 13 = cubes could be placed, i.e., on the ground form, a Ba Ba weit of this material could be built only 13 1/2 m in height. 4 In like manner brick masonry weighins 1600 kil per gu. m and with 7.5 kil per saq_cm al le compression would be stable f for a height up to 735 18886 = 47 m in round numbers. Likewise for hard bricks or clinkers weighing 2000 kil per cu. m and for 15 kil per sq. cm maz mum, 5358 compression, masonry might be built to a height of ---x------ = 75 m; for cut stone noightR2 6800 ipa cu. m and a compression of 30 kil per sq. ae de rial Lh : if Bo Reh of ceilings, etc., are added to this, the permiss- ible heights would be reduced, and the same is the case if com- pression by thrusts of vaults or by wind is excentric, the com- My rales ., sheasetoat gdeteds gnied ogbe eno ts nokesetgaoo fee to atdgtod edt tedt songiseqas oft ead eidt vibmibrosoh pie #emiadiacs somes otinp bad eisiiesen yrrathro swo to esaib fw SE sonesn ods to soitedtateth Intitie yd sot .oe ton et eid? ipeemiotas edd ii elguaxe 10% .benisddo eoulev edt beotxe setiysm, i ees yen si 0 od beowben yllenbstg 9d ILew Leottsey 6 to. ; ‘eas, ei suee odd bac .eeentoist waolfav tot es Heid es sotnt te figien tactienoo déin enco wollod # zo bimaayq wolfod 2s a0% $0 Bimeryg Stloe s to atot efd ni od tenot & 2k tug .gatrrevoo gaa giesotian ellsy to essaiotdd doin biweryy wollod’s Yo neve Pass, bas .eldcvioonoo si tngted blotoesis o seve biswan gareast poaenat io Sot .m OBS yrnoesm Aotad sot yovoda enottganees sds 40% By bine i . ‘yu CRE snote tuo sot bee bree oc ~ ea f ‘o die i wie ’ -: €<72 ’ fai iy Tt a i’ L a i 7 hk “a : Z re Fi = aris ‘ Dig ie pir ytey ge) ant zev0 to eneeb oft ellatoeses bas gokbononteee ta D swotts ‘edt ef 4 «(mw ai) d yd teege Onateth ors sede {fs ipa sth ey ere ‘tan pol * (pdigd) teh gol neat ,.¢ soqeqr edt te saat ootwo Retvottsrs xtev ce 6¢ ton Siow dgis wm oon. bos OO8 feftegen sent #o mo ipa teq Lx OOF move to 08 détwiredd baol of eustared od . Sateen etigted doce dose of oldtueog ed bhivorw tb bas. babe f tewod Lettie edt edtl erowot Lapcolos atobom to tot emareets vag oidetoegees ano ¢edt eee ‘on btnagh: ott ny Le >= 1 ee a = a ee te ae ee cf Bee a ee __- el a -s a omer _~ iol — es > ae a a Real 4661 : of construction and especially the danger of overturning coer soon set a limit to the height. The law here unavoidable, according to which a structure must 4 be formed, that shows at each height the same compression per : unit area is:-- log nat (bdo : by)= Uh 2) ey Herein bo and by are the areas of any two horizontal sections (in sq. m), that are distant apart by h (in m). k is the allowr- able load (in kil per sq. m), and”}-is the unit weight of the masonry {in kil per ecu. m). | . Iffittiissassumed that two areas are cut out, where the De is twice that of the upper b,, then log nat (be:b,) = log nat 2 = 0.69315. Inserting this as” “— sts ett gives:- 0.69815 = 4 and from this follows h = --- Accordingly for asackah of a@ given weight and a fixed permissible compression, one can onl= | culate at what differences in height the ground area must be do- ubled. For example if we assume that the upper part of a tower of brickwork weighing da te kil per cu. m has been so designed, that it has a olad of 7 kil per sq. cm, thus being 75,000 kil per sq. m, and we wish to extend the tower downward without in- creasing the compression, we nity tae es 7 ancresse the ground area, so that at the denth h * ----- ia? = 82.5 m, it has become twice as great. But again at 82.5 m must then the area again be doubled, thus being fourfold, ete., and likewise eight- fold at the next division of the height, then Sixteenfold, etc. This requirement for materials finally increases so rapidly downward, that a practical limit is soon drawn. But in any case.we.ses,*that the heights given above for pyr- amids do not reach the extreme limit. For the clinker masonry mentioned with a weight of 2000 kil per cu. m, and 15 kil comp- ression per sq. om, thus 150,000 kil per sq. m, the ground area ~-69815 x 156000 . must be doubled at heights of eee -e----- = te m, or for cut stone with : weight of 2600 kil per cu. m and 30 kil per sq. -689315 x 300000 : cm per sq. CM, ----<-- ace -<----- = 80 m. To erect towers of the last material 400 and 590 m high would not be so very difficult. By the help od granite or basalt, which has 1000 or even 2000 to 3000 kil ultimate resistance to crushing per sq. om, it would be harmless to load thes with 60 or even 100 kil per sq. em or more, and it would be possible to reach such heights beside wh- ich our modern colossal towers hike the Biffel tower would seem like dwarfs. We see that our respectable cut stone need not longer 80 tsdt .welv spoenunan Okt exoeqo aiega eted team SH e. fue to digwerte ed? ‘get sou 30 sonetekees Lfame eat to ¥ BP aiicss to eonettlaes« eft uloiedtes «beektitte giivt ed ‘ton Buses pe eentene teomfe ebuegeb yinoecs olddrs bhoetvoe eleooy “Sad 4ut w dotad of enipued’o at ¢i tod ,setsom odd Yo oxmian tno9e irete te moitate Snemkcogxe Leokadcet edt nt aiosatiog Bei i to lebss bie udtaom 8 weds so? evap (08 1g ,FPRT mi ember 16 oo. fo constaheor ed? ciidw ,fid #9 hae 44 to aeoustetees b ew ef isn sexoid? bas gateebeas to emit sogaol « 10% . fist tee n0ffeme tev ed bivow yoooesm edt ai onaesetiisb ed? sadé eubat ) eotentte) edt etntot aids ylwaotion bes esreldes ogael tot tue - bemuses gated 2k .aseqqgacid ylesecne svomdse saum isiaom ed? fo ‘3 ektudaue -,eeitreqotq horivpes eelwsedso edt ead testal eft sade Bpetepieness es ewollod edt ofst boeeerg ei ti sads ok satanoo ta edt ee géatol edt feo atisg efsisges dt lo tua denectq yloriias D fecaleied i Bloow enolttibace eeeds rebst .soleeotamoo yatiatac Seton mack herebyog to afato ,beel ,emii ,tneweo csedéedw emaese ofd . w beans ed yLeselased sigin svovia Boop hesosles stadt Beyoique =e4 etasists ‘end to Of\l sesel te to OF\t of go Ratbsol 5s dite aM Hak geles elderobiecco bitud ydereds has .paidesto of ontatel q eliase eeesiz of Lisw tf ebait yvilavesey non ono ti. sect ,oase q paokioeanco Bitw) eecefetsos et? S\E seve so t\L 08 nowt Raiseues neu ,lef¢ntot istcew oedi ydtaxowteucs etoe- on Ota tasq gi sada ah 4 de.0002- ede af eT MPeTIE TSS bad vitootoitive ebsm ybaetls oved a ae -2opbhiad exotempn pealatreden daow to abetiiinud a6 soae ,akdt Ife wost ese of a i) na bsed asdic sat -ao tedd hos ,etadkied [fame ytev os bot it onsseices eaz ve esol nwexb.exs ediaif edd .aleiretsa boos en ~ebati redto. to sn0esei. [epitos2y yd Bee Vy: -sinsseig Soin deareas yiitidssé “Aiouee . .extpseote hatw to ebuétayged: te i bee dagter sth iddinivacweniebat yhod s lo esilidgse sd te esseront edd déiw esdetataib pisadaoo edd ao tad, seta fs . stoogui ai ti areteied? sdbatw edd ot betaeserg sostise | = henoo oF else ong dotds. .ettaq seqqe ods x0} yiieh more | Ree 3i) it ule GE mee Uy od es ee pots .F (teak of ecata orig. d “qakaentip ultdutie ene etetvom inomen bes ewki of atelsd owen , oe 8.8t to eonoiettih teeny ent bedteiaxe bevolazue satdom to 5.818 goccen eds to soltindiaseid evoszsinsybesth déin bas wd fore ai dake. rere ed page Gaat eidivecg €8 ins ict i ih ses 4062 | five place to iron. We must here again opvose the erroneous view, that on account — of the small resistance of mortar the strength of cut stone can~_ not be fully utilized. zertainly the resistance of concrete or a poorly coursed rubble masonry depends almost entirely on the n nature of the mortar, but it is otherwise in brick masonry. Ex- 4 periments in the technical experiment station at perlin (Report ofssame in 1884, p. 80) gave for cubes 3 months old made of the Same bricks in lime and cement mortars the slightly differing resistances of 44 and 68 kil, while the resistance of the kinds of mortar employed exhibited the great difference of 12.5 to 211 kil. For a longer time of hardéning and thicker walls we judge that the difference in the masonry would be yet smaller. But for large ashlars and uniformly thin joints the influence of the mortar must almost enterély disappear, it being assumed that the latter has the otherwise required properties, that fir- st consist in that it is pressed into the hollows without being entirely pressed out of the separate parts of the joints by the existing compression. Under these conditions would it be almost the same whether cement, lime, lead, chalk or powdered loam were q employed, that selected good stones might fearlessly be used @ with a loading up to 1/10 or at least 1/20 of the uktimate res- istance to crushing, ani thereby build considerably safer in any q case, than if one now generally finds it well to stress easily 4 rusting iron to 1/4 or even 1/3 its resistance (with connections that in part are no mors trustworthy than mortar joints). Yen have already made sufficiently bad experiments in the fall.of numerous bridges. We see from all this, that our buildings of weak materials and with disadvantageous distribution of the masses are. restric- ted to very small heights, and that on the other hand by using good materials, the limits are drawn less by the resistance than i by practical reasons of other kinds. sf Stability against wind pressure. Magnitude of wind »oressure. The stability of a body increases with its weight and its bas- al area, but on the contrary diminishes with the increase of the 4 surface presented to the wind. Therefore it is important espec- | ially for the upper parts, which one seeks to construct as light as possible, that they be disigned with proper consideratiio of «agile hag at ine dea as serteet OTUB2679 ‘botw Komi viesoivesg ewed! dt od gathrocos ebm asdt ed, 688. s gostsee & eeddase/ ak oorn tvotsety ef stagesig’ bain Siahost qeteeth & 9d gidarebienco bsoutss ef bas yisete ebeT s(E0F 9) walg 20) fokievels ai seddedw .soetans odd ; nose ci .tewot esauoe 6. to elgas $44 canlske erveseta ba ent ge t2o7y e@ VOX.0 xiao et, .dsPin Leaopsth weseers ed’ : Igo 5. teniass sts90017 087 »eostave ebia edd: deoispe o70e8 6 dosw es YO\.0 ef aeiat Lenogsico np tpalags sods 2B0.0 ak. . +eers:' fesve to eoetise wsiucibsogies e tentsas exneseaqieds oe ed¢ no nottotst escisy seeds Bainiwreteb ot sont? | | wWlsiosaes tedwemes weds essetoak of totied si tf ,betoelzen Bie spsoetsue ed¢ ac.snoitcetow eavel sie thie ORt Bacoyed veoy scbler eowezetg hails oft Te ebpiinrgems er™ / ftd) 098 fhods ¢6 bovioesde aees vlienoiesoes aad fund .o& + b8) T6q 9 Ht Beszonés to “dtésivoles edt. snteonco sidd exedW ,eqosnt nt | itenes ets wom ,Yinoses cl tetwezerg epSe to cokiousteaoo toor | =to0tone ni yiletoeges ym spa teq Lid Off poteweee yd boiteises: aeypents ont dedi isi oe ni bebueted ed ot af a2idt .eecetg be Sonepat pletdeo ni yiao bevzaonta af beobul istveten edt. to _) akoot e@tol anseonoo ti 21 .xsodse nistie9 & petatetes erarnis « “ento eds, sebou ofuavy sidd oasetost of el{deveivba af ¢f ,elien go _ bape. ecs ete ecixredto etigp tu wfin (Sf to CCL of Beonatamns 4 neboor & to elqmexe 401) guiauettevo to segeah ede cede ehoied a os eteixe gitcnseses os: exedw ,(betodons ton etige tevo? aonl tO ps Sete. geusé od icone ecouutorws2 exeupe ict ened {aoge Bet avo ed sop basos ao2 .welsas tdgia te Aonnsa secaiaue tod ifn O88 seagl sttcer ifet edt sot [it O0¢ teasel de worvtge a0 giewod {anoystoo ae @8it seuleyv soliswe een of wettooh eno ti seh .soddoee Lao tate exiupet bac ytetes aisis0e® « eouboutal cals teue ed. ite $ meeeree sve edt oolws tenet ta od yttiidada $o tnemom eat ie aid 7 -PseRet bo ttigigads | aq -it ont eno ,noiteliolsa vd bedsatdgevet al yiilbisie edd LT. ie deixs kafnredreve to sezash soerkd ‘on dada booniwnoo. od +87 ee eatmexe deux tnd foiteisee od giisuer topaes sno evedd 3 (NEL edd dsoqque boos isin oyeduem oft rettedw .aott) bua boowxot wy) anenes yliactoitive ens wouddteve ots sucted. Teh, sugourse .: preate etd wedtedw .esote tot Soe. (88d ¢ ao siomexe) paneseroatss dasl edz 208 -dore oot eeasioed: don ee0b pererns es: eas de sSahegesensie: bei nt tae 1663 | wind pressure. Farther downward can the distribution of thezmas— - Ses be then made according to the laws previously siven. The 74 wind pressure is greatest where it strikes a surface perpendic- ularly and is reduced considerably by a sreater inclination of ; the surface, whether in elevation or plan (p 163). Thus the wi- nd pressure against the angle of a square tower, in spite of t q the greater diagonal width, is only 0.707 as great as the pres- Sure against the side surface. The pressure against a cylinder : is 0.785, that against an octagonal frism is 0.707 as much as she pressure against a verpendicular surface of equal area. $ Since in determining these values friction on the surfaces was neglected, it is better to increase them somewhat, especially With large projections on the surfaces. Thé magnitude of the wind pressure seldom goes beyond 120 kit per sq. m, but has occasionally been observed at about 200 kil in Europe. Where this concerns the calculation of stresses in roof construction or edge pressures in masonry, men are usually Satisfied by assuming 120 kil per sq. m, especially in protect- ed places. This is to be defended in so far that the strength of the material indeed is stressed only in certain limits, thus always retaining a certzin safety. If it concerns lofty roofs or walls, it is advisable to increase this vaule under the cir- cumstances to 150 or 189 kil. But quite otherwise are the cond- itions when the danger of overturning (for example of a wooden or iron tower spire not anchored), where no security exists to be counted upon; here for square structures must be taken at i least 250 kil for surfaces Struck at right angles, for. roundior octagonal towers or spires at least 200 kil for the full verti- cal section. But if one desires to use smaller values like 120 kil, he must also introduce a certain safety and require that | the moment of stability be at least twice the overturning moment. Stability of towers. ; If the stability is investigated by calchlation, one must fi- rst be convinced that no direct danger of overturning exists (p 137); there one cannot usually be satisfied but must examine f for wood and iron, whether the members with wood support the Structure just before the overthrow are sufficiently strong ( (example on p 622), and for stone, whether the edge compression does not increase too much. Por the last purpose is sought the point of intersection of the resultant pressure with the base | bes és By tire: Bee (BOF .Obf «q) eee. By ee » @hhyot Ser q ot Rakbrocgs | boaistde a. -steta dyid mrev edersge2 ro, chaste sewot ete Tf Oto? yisainotsasa hedslyoles ed ot oredd Yot yrseesoes gileves sud. ,(eveds G22 gq bre OG£ a) Sathsed 10 gat pees ad? to eliew edd move bos esteta end eddeied: baibao joe aso tewot eqiine ets Gadd yseddegos betosanoo glanoute sb ene ef sove [seed edz oof? »eees bedosnaco & 28, bed She nt gait fost odd to etige ak ,euegtt Bstoennce ¢lerst 2 Seiel of wiseareoon ei ti Bar q@ 7o 4 sfumi0t yolqae of ab lanens ffew civ dotdw ,osla Rowdy edd tot situent to teenom att! 30 gottecasédue to aoltibia.cd ceerva, banogmos net baset ed ‘if aie Brot elgcsxe set ,e007e ctetegee eft Yo aiivent to estenom Mee, I eset onsit sennk one setuo ed? exe b Baa 6 TE gots salvo BE hos’ 8 wobte tetuo atis elfgaeisces wolied ef #3 Aha =» Fad - a ated wat .oae . (8a ad ~"H a) Sd a si ,f base ¢ eeble coaut AW eon pites 6 to ted? gadd sogdai ei ersytt woilod « done to q gee eer @ 66 § élwarol o8 ROLPLHDEP beaisinoltes ei bre aoisooe |e xotenets & etx efecto s at t2 get« salporto edt 10% elqnage oy dekw etenpe Ianonath « at otange wollon edt gaote pae ‘4 Fee Pal btw soxatoc ne si noyatso wollod edt #02 beer . feaogath + flew @6% Yo srepsoiti edd r8HHetot ec? Sonen 6.0 * Ceaonelb ot Giaw Oct tant oza gateinil esé cl :acot edt ef sesast ed? ~o8 SAe sod 8 ¢eoty ce sotrs ,.8.£ ,f& $8,0 10 Beye Fe) 2 ei vi09|ed perv tones edt tot ,efdsexcovat ysow eb fade i085 Habs oes aeoug Bit most gedtuat od oso exoktoss e2o%e wollod coma at hotaderamoe as 5. a9 gutesertcnt doue oot grodviw yoivete Yo eatneo edt = dtie Wesnpe xoliod odt at wofLasesouco edt cedn ylad .eaue | Aetue oa bedosordqa ,.o.k .8\S elbhio odt ebtatve effet eifes eid ot marets dtin jwk sQektnod. ab moleeorqaoe egebe ofa ,6\2 Reni é bos ¢eosdt «6 botw yd ewweeecg ephe ene fo easerort Pl ane BAi Yd aeotic ofdtontaseq eds ge titew gilpt dem suum eno sms te Of Gatbroooa ,Lls OF Yitss nals eecte veo 6 baer ei bgion ‘bg dala Nealghd atk yo Lik 86 10 08 dete bebeol ec yino SLi, eoouste nugd''oa © toed bg e¢ivev, fantedat bas eeriga snete dein exevol. | ef i) been: Saat qd bexegnabas: ton eb wthlidade ztedd. ied ev fy + Sucka y oybe edd cove dove seaosent-ot som mods nt [eaun ~S in ae suieig estetsces ofc boviogss yieiitns ek if esonsteaso | 8d to deter od? vitvievpenncos atid OS tof : 3 got bas fix OOS to f.: 8 fee C8l to fh eb ‘ ad ey -9oniape Lantetxs to ot. «pe 3eq 4 tnt 28¥0 fo sekneb edd ervoce doidst dokad S\P eentea gokad 708 = wedéDos ff 3: Oo of f : 2 to édgitod to ooitxogorq 6 dtin sats “ated blot S\f © of S\I S 2 sot axed odd obietuo asageg ookuesau 4 saan Hoint Aokwd S\f oxrtae s neo ytotse Inelottive dtin dey tz 7 os titod ef segs cit Li .édated blotwset 6 tuode ot belriso ed Sev foi :{X0c gq) batbas seqggu edd oF breg si acidncdde bas bi Siete wotad.t cortoe .fot S\t } of o8 oele aso sad eresaiio vvsed BD -dévet extapes ton 08 Sicissedd Bae ,eisnted beiduob timreq ick ' | -nottehiteevai ve a | ' ,etenot to etiuey bas sevice to tenad? Te -@etige sat to senadt Bit het sktze eis ito tenudd edd to guisifesiuon oldieeog add tT © eidsetotiins ed {ise eat tenm sedis .bstoslbon ef (308 9) tenor me 30 .newos ods to b\I opdt .olges as baivsd YO I9Wod Stsype 2 Pie weifsortcsy abnooceb tasmivdse edt YI -fokesoe edt tot S\L #astetiive.aedses x0 eesmioiiy dnerofsine got 3s evar vt team : 2 itege -otege ens to sot0t eupilio edd epasdo yliciug o¢ diaien eGdd th yrertnoo sit 00 .nottoorid seqesie = ofnt dhensude odd is ‘ Ley | weds most destotd asseetited so ‘brsniuol babes 8 vl Lapberh Jomtoone Jasuiuds od} lo seem edt \husKonob betesto ene Rl bee cae ed at antooshed Seton end beh vanes) t US Se Ae oS OL ee ys cy Ree by _s908 ex0os: vitesse ytew yem sattosnns .$80 q no ofgmaxe odd 10d » anit to ifew est Io soltisog isaqu odd Yo soneteateonr elienst eft 90h bevepiseevat ci tnsuteds od? ,denedt od? setest of anovte i A ws vA . ' ist ap | x: shh, u by . Bl ; ay wpm ie Fe 5 ‘ st vie . 7 AP RY rT > na a & > cre > * : ss ees 1865 : wind exerts a substantial influence on the determination of the thickness of the walls. Gare must be taken for these, that the wall struck by the wind does not bend, or considered as a stra- q ight arch does not press out the adjoining walls. Therefore not — too thin are also made the walls of the towers without spires and the thrust of vaults. ow Stability of spires. 2 @ When the masonry masses rapidly diminish upward, the investi- q gation of the stability also extends to the higher plans, but must particularly take vlace for the spire. As already shown for the example on p 621, anchorins may very easily become nec- q essary for wooden spires, without such spires presenting the 3 : full vertical sertional area calculated to resist the wind pres- sure of 200 kil per sq. m, if for a proportion of height of 2:1. 3 it has a weight of at least 75 kil, or of 3: 1 of 115 kil, for 4 4+ 1 of 160 kil, 5°: 1 of 200 kil, and for 6: 1 of 240 kil p per sa. m of external surface. a For brick spires 1/2 brick thick occurs the danger of erar tana ning with a proportion of height of 5: 1 to 6% 1, and the com- pression passes outside the kern for a 2 1/2 to 32 1/2 fold hei- 4 sht; yet with sufficient safety can a spire 1/2 brick thick can be carried to about a fourfold height, if the apex is built sol- id, and attention is paid to the upper ending (p 597); for very heavy clinkers one can also go to 4 1/2 tol. Spires 1 brick th- oy ick permit doubled heights, and therefore do not require farth- | er investigation. Thrust of spires and vaults of towers. Thrust of the spirs. If the possible neutralizing of the thrust of the spire by t the tensile resistance of the upper portion of the wall of the toxer (p 606) is neglected, then must the wall be sufficiently strong to resist the thrust. The abutment is investigated for a square tower by takins an angle, thus 1/4 of the tower, or 1/8 for the octagon. If the abutment descends vertically, then must it have at top sufficient thickness or rather-sufficient weight to quickly change the oblique force of the eves St the abutment into a steeper direction. On the contrary if thés : gradually éxtendsioutward or buttresses project from then, which | are offseted downward, the mass of the abutment can be ee ably reduced, indeed the more battering is its outer surface. . q fetioat! fe + at iw Fox: base ok ot ates i eg seitee ost te gies cal avot of yilsnietat bos yf ‘ce 10) te{noleo yd teentuds ‘eid to pottazideevat ed? sevige a ak dei ot 2aihicoss xtinortiib oa taessead oso wifzotdg hig aia od SSiid) sd{vev to edtiontuds. 00 -otinvay to Januedt lo eqoiasini oft at as000 teadt: etinay 10% sonté ie bos (838 91%) eefena edd de evyopo tenudds eittel yev a eefdet eft yo owode ve eineatede ont to seendotdt edt "9d: ytnoeie sit If .gdated ettnitni to edivey 70% reve (Set ot! a 3m guevieecors od ton bese ,idgiew aro efi vehies bedesio goa | $e Paeggy edd ct stiusy edt gntoelq sor wot nossot on eb ovsd’d | “ot Dia tak soviy esezotitud edd to astesrdoidd ed? .xewos add to Weetastk Hein .feochet yidewsbiscoo ed aeds bSnoo, berottnoa seld 0 > yd neve 70 noidiacg bonkfont yd ned? dud”. ap0D0 absol segqu Jased of ‘eidineoy yltese eysuls ei df haswat affer edt gatliod Megensogges sit tc elbbin edt ai sisdwyvsve s1oqque to sock sie | Poreare of .ytoovem sis to enoifose trois dsety tyodste at tAg pe oy stueeeto bain odd ontvebferce > yd aeds fas etait wot ant oat to efgfonitg edt of bnibsooce fisenreS seseear Lisa ote “ak toed 6 of edatog sdf ars seodt .(489 9) Seol edt to sexsyo tag éfind ed neo evewod dein yueY .erswods Seiegtesb ak bam on Bi vrsoeca to aseorm steew oefe eo eno ted ,yifasteonocs ner eo | -vsW sldsesorent et veal , The limit would be for the tower walls to be inclined externa ly and internally to form continuations of the surfaces of th spire. The investigation of the abutment by calculation or gsr. phically can bresent no difficulty, according to what is stated on abutments of vaults (p 122 to 153). _ Thrust of vaults. a Since for vaults that occur in the interiors of towers, where very little thrust occurs at the angles (Fig. 366), and there the thickness of the abutments as shown by the Tables on. p 150 — q to 152, even for vaults of infinite height, if the masonry be not crushed under its own weight, need not be excessively great, there is no reason for not placing the vaults in the upper part | of the tower. The thicknesses of the buttresses siven in the Ta- bles mentioned could then be considerably reduced, when sreater upper loads occur, but then by inclined position or even by co: belling the walls inward it is always easily possible to keep the line of support everywhere ih the middle of the supporting ~ parts without great cross sections of the masonry. To strive £3 for this and then by considering the wind pressure to increase a the wall masses downward according to the principle of the ine. | crease of the load (p 624), those are the points to be kept in * mind in desisgnins towers. Very high towers can be built vern 4 economically, but one can also waste masses of masonry in a ve- ry inexcusable way. is Perey poe tae a steal edd to noisetoosd besoloo edt «ft i | Wesoer, oat mor? bstRortony ovo TES of CRO e83c9 - ston -6d78q aistze9 to g0i¢atel _dnsesig. edt of awob bas coltuetaso teal edd ai movil | $0 | ~ nofiibsoo Lantgixo edd epasco oF exovsshne shen ‘need ‘Sistaes 3s eds aott beig ' oe setelg beroloo x edt ak Sotsotboh Jey fos whesevid s ssddat dod, perth fenes sft Soa téie situd exe etaeutasqmoo edt .22 fh @i eos yrove al t09 seevidom aedoia yd: 10 esemHeD - ep eis of Ratbico0A -baitoloe.belsev vw ehisteb Letaeuant yenane braids odd: gx oed Cae, onbs ef¢ nord dococs & ,wevaeel to Be. -lled oft. mort : | oa ont 3 ALT .SabzoLo0 add x6 beoatony od dead | edie they. Yo pottoteg. 9 Fi 1069 | indeed the &ffest gains life by the alternation of the color o: the bricks with the stone of the ribs. In the arcades of the p= palace of justice of Liege otherwise belonging to the Renaissan— ce, the compartments are built with not the usual direction ‘of a the joints, but by the most varied interlacing of them are for- 4 med the most ornamental patterns, in a manner similar to the q construction of the half timber work of the wooden houses of the peasants in the so-called old land near Homburs. The effect of the compartments may even be increased by dif- ferent colors of bricks, either by the alternation with glazed. courses or by richer motives. But in every case is necessary a correct execution of the masonry of the compartment, the joints g must extend through according to a system once adopted, and no : lost courses may occur therein. Painting of the cavitals. iq The next addition to the method of treatment before indicated a then consists in a colored execution of the capital, which must extend to the mouldings of the abacus and astragal. Here are first possible two systems. The first would consist in this, t that only the ground of the bell should be more strongly distin guished from the foliage, Benerally by the decoration by color. The other would add thereto a further characterization of the ornamental details by varied coloring. According to the first would the ornament be entirely painted white or gilded and the bell would be colored dark (Fis. 7 on colored plate), or natur- alism already makes itself felt by a green color of the ernam— ent or by a dark green Sround. Z According to the second system would only similar none be colored alike. Thus there results one color from the front sid- es of leaves, a second from the edge afidtbackscthe third from the stem, the fourth from the berries or flowers, and the -fifth from the bell. ft is here self-evident that gold and even the original color of the material may participate as colors. An example of this kind from the church in Volksmarsen is shown by Fig. 5 of the . colored plate. | - But further a diversity not yet indicated in the imate may first be produced by the coloring. Fig. 6 from the churbb an Wetton Painting of vault ribs. The next step in advance consists in the entire eohenene of the q A ade ve 7 * ,” yee ity _ We , _ j s | ae > AL , Pew i. ‘ =n y dy Rl b re ra, i] ; j \ b( ; nee i e vey a) Bd ie aaah» el e .. eas to Neadiedos o¢ dest ssedw dey date: sine) i bentstes sd neo stats Voces o#f Yo! eftéa taeosl bs bas beet wngot bos antinisg senols yd bosriayse 918 oneds Feat’ ae ore -edit edt Yo adbenotze ods Gort eroles 4° heads ysa aettiel eff Yo gnizoloo edd sot elas Levened a eA ‘geo yao tesdgil iestie 6d teem Soette fevemok ont sadt . bal ao aid ends @etnsatisance edd to ssostise odd to tend edt » sot qweitsh .beieteals. ton exotad to efnoutseqaoo ditn faqtonisg edi to oust yilsioedes ct cid? .etnortasqaes be | esd Yo dit-as0q bolleo~oe ody to etit .edix edt tow 17) ay .ounidinom tetel ont of Katbrooos enolled selt edt a 9 ont %o gotvefoo mrotinn s teditte eted oele sved ow codT Lab to exothison taexettib edy to aoiversqee @ 16 di1 $7 edd to elguexs ns wevis sveiq betoloo edt to $ gk .B70 Petend .wetsel edd of Sreges at ous tette® sik dowsdo edt novt | vitsat wzbieted to slatosiaa bawors eft $i ot bebnetes ed aD ” S to etoloo goswettib teven tedd .Jetfen ntot=bs ylno ase 10foo yaa goLo2 suse edt to senot snorstiib yiso ted .gttenetar Leo Gas o7s eefqtonixg grtnoifot edd resdowt .rodto/ dose abophs © avebess edt to toetie eds ezoqqe toa of aetoloo edt dand .f @ exEL. Geodees &@ wort tinil yd hetsseqee of woilod qeebh of teads ; ‘oenea dedi doum sevisoet ted? Sneed Pt ents sestone 2 to bic oft toette blod o atatdo of tedP 8 90 dole enpees to. .001 baiveb 19 mvord ,bex berebiod esfdn & YO ,eside mo AwOtd eeeeeitets etearsils eoivemco ed? -yoliee bershu0d dosid 2 em eseig bsr0foo edi to 0 Nie Sneed done dtkw etoloo [eteves | fo at totes ent moth bald edd Xo eiguaxe ge stigit sesettib edd so c1oloo eft Yo gearosia shd envecaoo Feat dats neeoto exswia too evs esedt trod .ei eds edd To esed aoa got tessl ds dud ,dnsctaoo edt to ooineddeied sot Br6 Maas smens to cavoth bedent bs ed beazot chains $18 ,ebaitivos Weibosct citdy eft of tel? ber edt aovt cotdbenand 8 ,ytad beaor eiias edt soidw o¢ yaetinoc .wolleg sdé yd Bom 2 ri 2 Huai: ’ -onid bas bes sseuisd gokteteqee eae “vos yfieitosevs etofoo petwsets bos eseg tedeue? #08 haath -er0fLo0o bexie ac. beorbes bersetestg eas 1 y Beyoigue yilenotiqeoko beehakl ef fet ont “okt yliebeeged) eentee fxied) betbem e#if etom bas sedteb alveucd yteutite fLiidve ov (oi emint ose sesh Foe ond? woud Y2° + (noted Uolocazvaes exit eeautouste soivegot Les memento oved Qh pent 8 dove -noliimrey exag Lhe enod Henle ra, > 24 bi | inion 7. » ‘ 7 Ree wets nh bios Yo bevetayixs oods of ot bas \eusow Iavetovsttone anaes pt te eae och aga als ie cNacaht nate & besolos to & sath) sakevnod at tete9, +2 worl etoloo ‘do fegedo eftess ess mort edsle bevofoo ad# Yo OF .arH af —— [fe uot efidw ,eemotersd exif etaiog tnenisorg aiedeed | Praftdw ,clisve7g soneottinnas seedpid odd ered jnotiteney |e oo a ae aio eet a a a, ae > ie = ae . +o we Re ~—< “> — $671 etc., so that also on that pointed round either the same colors abut against each other or are placed diagonally. They can fur- ther consist of triangles, cubes, scales, or bands, or panels __ enclosed by the different colors may be found for finer drawings. But such pabberns must always be simple to be recognized, and before all must all imitation of relief be avoided. . . Gontrast of color is sometimes strengthened by black, lines Separating bands, which are especially necessary if a color ad- joins white. Such an example is shown by the pattern in three : colors from S. Peter in Louvain. (Fig. 8 of colored plate.). Bands may either be formed by a single color,or by several +t tones of it and these tones then adjoin in straight lines or a are indented or intersect each other like flames. It is prefer- able there to separate the shaded bands by a single color or be formed of two strongly contrasting colors. For example if we assume green shaded bands, thhes are to be separated by a dark brown or white, or a white bordered red, brown or dark blue, or a black bordered yelloy. Thus sometimes alternate shadings in a several colors with such bands. Fis. 9 of the colored plate ex- 4 hibits an example of the kind from the church in Volksmarsen. | What concerns the placing of the colors on the different mem- ~~ bers of the ribs is, that these are not always chosen with reg- 4 ard te a heishtenins of the contrast, but at least for richer mouldings, are usually formed by adjusted sroups of them. Thus Fig. 10 of the colored plate from the castle chapel at yar- burs, a transition from the red flat to the white round is for- med by the yellow, contrary to which the white round increases the separation between ved and blue. But further pure and ¢leaming colors areechiefly taken for c von certain prominent points like keystones, while for all large areas are preferred reduced or mixed colors. Especially for the rei is indeed exceptionally employed pure vermilion, where the highest magnificence prevails, while its ordinary tone is darker and more like madded (burnt ochre, see below). If then time ani dust can injure it, we still frequent- tly have ornamental interior structures like tabernacles, where the original tone was hot pure vermilion. Such a dark red tend- ing to brown generally forms the local tone on those little in- ternal architectural works, and it is then brightened by gold and blue, white or by green and white. tote “ee catmpooes of | fi setdgil ed ean 8, tear bentasehes, ab ny Bt A cehek ass: fonnec. ookvengté ite, ieicititae ent ‘goneed etd 308 gite joxtn tod .kseh oot ef soktibnos erg ett nk dotdw .baye banal ee bet Berges teed ef enid palnidr A .gbbom nemooed sticw eae. seb sen gecoersde taeceliih elortiae as in .«tlawe ia seem ot bast neve yaw statg bexolos edi Yo e. +t at ef , ‘ emoe bee gatcise comitempe .doum eeitay seo4g eziwedig — ‘Name Brgatatovdos vd betnesetqes esse texit ed? af ,beaed Sox | y atin ecdoo bio, To seruixie foeszeltib xd tozsel eds ak ihe: ; oI8¢g onto aeeoR by | Bet | sedts odf ebtecd gbhaea . ys ye bepetdaied od seftach yew pdia sit Yo sootts sat (a0. ,dnenissqeoo els a0 bednteag. bas mead hoiaktojbse Ooad > add to J sbkt ,sevstl bednisa sata doide nogt baed efg en a pbredeesti ui .te.seded. .2. 10 efaditasv, odt gost eielg nget a Henoe ei ti weds sil bas .etefoase 63 alleoes evitsr hah ig Gt Batdakeg © soct Sf »2i% ghoeseoto siifomoo «yd beoal ai: ea Bifd-OF edd io Rainaiged sd% mout aatiab sesso’ te doagdo re gq nedd ew ff .gi¥ ai bstasee1ge% sevgal asatedse ssoit aor? a Pmord auiyt osel bae edix ocd coexted ofzns tewol sat od ay “e308 betseat coon ,aincwmsisomes edt to esosliss odo 20 BnOue Bais gi earot egcilot bas tnelg tetel edd ot nogebas, yliersten . Biase Plies '; soled t93aL nouto1 tana.se sotdw ot, 6iyde Les — ; ,tebsome bas 2bnpo1 edt paticics a tas od e889 puey§ ow edit tleav sat to anidakeg, odd aod ee ei eredasa gehusl edt io brave ased dent, aed tadh »edneot efg To) | zi i: gears! syewls edt to enid ylariesesonl et edia edd to | eee Bra mo ,secot ¢dgil fas slqute eifopst a 2 edd Bas ti evods sech edd .esbie edt ¢e odol tas ciisl dite Wedd Fatt o2 .nt0loo Leivtan edt at betnteq exe dteonsd soils ere et soilaso sit dteenes .dove oat to xege ond de ab Jeok J ed beeolore esaor otidw eerdd ditw arte to bletde sald s bacot ~Bue0b Meyetg te gnifesad eernpit ows sie.woled bas .ehipd asaay - edd baiisalused seissit edd to gakdtolo edt atin tweddel odd Tat? mottod ta noitatassarges eridt 9 enets ed¢ to ecostive sisly off to wnsmisett to show edt wae ods to Qoitiscisg [steneh sit wet basots tedt dékw eobto ‘eetesiso telvansios1 s to etetenco ese2o feolomta ed% ak bas bai hs bu stolisiai sit Yo Qafrtnisg Llervsned apres ~torreiol edt io taidatey. Isvene> & enrseneo gsdé¢ tedh )ieved exeds .etciy bos ellen Io eensivae .adseattegmon edd To DP retinsy sen doidu gud .sidt 2c eebom tnoezsitib esady eu o¢ saos Be Prat irs | Vieissv eeslins to gimbs n>) Al : ~Taemisety to ehom saeaiF Din seqqu ro soniverg of¢ ak baoset yltekdo Bf sexit. od? | EP epiedsel ge Loqsiio olieso ent ,setie?! ge sotedo sdt ai ewdt . oft exoted bacdsell ge dvedsekhl@ .€ te dousdo odd ok banot sew eSaogeciod ,[enisiao sdj ea bshisae1 od denn bor .pokierotees ; aa. ar. ead to soinntged 10 at Cf edd to bee odd of AnkSnoled f oe ay es eto HSS ee tok Dicechtes ai dotdw ,enoe Isoof bets te stefeaoo:. sist © * in at gnttetivi atetssq @ besaieg ef dobdw ao bos ,seston of htt -ooalq ait és estbhute stent one ot: Mew od. / xitfogto © & betaieq e18 doidn so ,bayoty edd eared nastiag vit | [ «aatzatacc dit BF sdt to gainnkges eds to At EL ens to Ens ede } bmoose odd asbhhw edededredsotvowd ody oo ssisegge of epake mes tela Bsemvoo ni ehbatins's ent to. dure sti edd seal ome / Py EN saad oo batons segues ona te efeaatas. sone to. rte hae at » A : : ; Dy id "ELaw oe vi Vas frat Sree ne i a) ETE, ht il 1% i, es as, ve SS ig Sp in Pet IRN Ay can a AN Ok Nae yh LORA I) 2 4873 do well to make their studies at the place. i Accordins to a paintins of the rounds at least on the richer a works, where the window occupies the full width of the bay, on- ly the plain surfaces of the piers between the rounds and the ay sround of the arcades found below the windows remain. The latt- er in the S. Chapelle are covered by a painted blue tapestry . with gold ornaments, as then senerally a tapestry pattern above without the folds there siven is most suitable for this. In a chapel of the cathedral of ,jeaux is found a richer arrangement belonging to about the 15 th century. Likewise here a red bapes- _ try pattern forms the ground, on which are painted a crucifix a with Maria anf John at the sides, the Host above it and the ch- alice beneath are painted in the natural colors, so that the ; Host is at the apex of the arch. Beneath the chalice is then found a blue shield of arms with three white roses enclosed by green twigs, and below are two figures kneeling at prayer desks, _ the latter with the clothing of the fisures terminating the en- tire representation at bottom. | 7 The mode of treatment of the plain surfaces of the piers coin- cides with that around for the general paintings of the interior, — and in the simplest case consists of a rectangular pattern. ; General painting of the interior. What then concerns a sgeneral paintins of the interior, those of the compartments, surfaces of walls and piers, there have come to us three different modes of this, but which naturally admit of endless variety. Pirst mode of treatment. The first is chiefly found in the province of upper Hesse, t thus in the church at Wetter, the castle chapel at Merburg, and was found in the church of S. Hlisabeth at Marburs before the restoration, and must be regarded as the original, belongons to the end of the 13 th or the beginnins of the 14 th centuries, | since it appeared on the tad forherbworkdiusder the second one belonging to the end of the 15 th or beginning of the 16 th century. Si This consists of a red local tone, which is tolerably intense in Wetter, and on which is painted a pattern imitating in white lines the jointing of regular masonry in courses about 22 to 28 cm high. q At the middle of each triangle of the compartments and enclo- — Milescinst crate beilzey benot ceds ot adie ost wh brat ae ca | stone selt oad .otidw age eodose antbhivth edt ot gait, . 6 lrar odd locSs.g28 yd Letasasige: ek dott to sag wollsy Rooute dékw besoloo eredt ete edia fees! ' “ee ia Rae’ et o3 903 9] .owoid detbber ¥1eb ste enollod eft bas wol aT aeiqgi ebasd woissy yd fetasqroocoe ete edie edt sfete petidn 2 co esvsel her ited diiw stmenogmoo odd to esoat esoetau2 Sit eXil betsext oss esetyg bre oiler To eecetane [f8 .887 to esoetsue w9esel sad vino tay _Btoomtisgace ene Yo fe Gtie ehoiniv ods to eobie fied se sue eéaeenard oat to efisn re tedots Sod .bedisoseb sent eeodd sifl esttenor to,erste ond vE lew robeir ed? Mnistisg tefots taevettib at botaisg ,sestas / eeak ietiny yd bevdatl bos nwosd dekibes aseb beroLoo exe eno “dw Bagot Sie edwe, wobaiw edd to eeigar odf ot slide .etobd baz P s€eev.pta) {fen edd lo eostave ber edt oti bedtood, sapode ott p eatbsoce: etooitseothni sevyin exs eliatoh taertettih eeed¢ 8 Bi | Niev tieett ci el suowssert to ehom exitne ods datiw of roneR Bx tatit evd? .acondol: vetgery of beqoseveh ed ase tud taaqnoo ed? a0 edia edt gaoiyasqmooos basd tedt to yateosia fe: | wettans 76 Beitecor ,exvede oii ,tsah wrrev 10 et fw sedtiec. ,et oa WHOds bas edits edt to eooctane tel) odd co betnieq sedonssa of ae etide d?iv efensg ho coktsmtot ed? yi vedtand bas) ered 4q fede ao test? 22 ifew es edi of3 neewted ,2zefgas vowel edt ni py PBR ytotoo bawoxpy Avsd edt ui beduted einemento diiw wenoteyed ; sbateve eft to avtec alatiso no evivom emoe to see od¢ ed cele Omen edd te heinisg etaemanito etidw yo asve to ,ffew one to toes das tedoi«x 6 seve befha eaw e2ide of . bawotg bow edé a0 £69 ‘ess to alyts okt ai wedtle .celgne bee adust wobnin edt Yo Pitino x05 tc Gtiv betuoexe epsifolt yd geo ,edia ode Saiyasquoons 4 eemote res eaato. iaemiseett doig 68 bebfs osla saw side of Lesa 8 btyoeis doidw ,excioo exunq hos bfoy ot betroexe afatiqes bre fag to raonoxaezzs ed? ee ifew sa ,stetten ot edicw baa bos bent ee y tqox ed. tense dotdw (ewobniv eft woled sexredat. heieneg beiat - « fi foette as gatisiinis cases yre vd tuodiix olomie’ xiewk seh ois Bort aisitib solos yd taeedsext Yo meteye bacose af? edd ylasivcitisg 10i ,boareves ei gaisolso oad sadt ot ylao te Tt } bos ,Nofoo enotve tdail s ak. ro ethdy beehive @ of .et havo ite dese edt 34 -owond fetbber dmsb 6 oF Joex 978 noetedt sonkl on fises ‘@ esieh is doasdo yrstesnon ont ot nestos: boot sit. ba a ener ene! oe stiaaibroces) Setaead car, ci derby edt to sone nn hy Ae eG 4 . ort Ah me Ayes } te Mt ’ aA AL A he Ad ‘ Wes, eet One Ne cs Dy rn uli ae NO ih tea i lat CW a 4874 enclosed by the ribs is then found varied stars inclosed by ci eles, one of which is represented by Big.22bef the colored plate. The vault ribs are there colored with strong yellow ochre, the rounds in the dividins arches are white, the flat surfaces yel- low and the hollows are dark reddish brown. In the transverse | aisle the ribs are accompanied by narrow bands lying om the sur- — faces of the components with dark red leaves on a white éround. All surfaces of walls and piers are treated like the surfaces 4 of the compartments, yet only the larger surfaces of the.gable q walts of the transepts are at both sides of the windows with two stars, or rosettes like those just described, but richer and larser, painted in different richer patterns. The window mulli- ons are colored dark reddish brown and lishted by white lines and dots, while in the angles of the window jambs are found wh- ite stones toothed into the red surface of the wall (Fig. 15). By these different details are given indications, according to which the entire mods of treatment is in itself very simples but can be devecoped to greater richness. Thus first by a gener-__ al placing of that band accompanying the ribs on the compartmen- ts, either white or very dark, the stars, rosettes or smaller 4 pranches painted on the flat surfaces of the ribs and arch mem- bers, and further by the formation of panels with white grounds in the lower angles, between the ribs as well as first on the keystones with ornaments painted in the dark ground color, as also by the use of some motive on certain parts of the surface of the wall, or even by white ornaments painted at the same pla- a ces on the red ground. To this was added even a richer treatment — of the window jambs and angles, either in the style of the band i accompanying the ribs, or by foliage executed with black outli- nes. To this was also added a rich treatment of, the keystones and capitals executed in gold aod pure colors, which also rema- ined red and white in Wetter, as well as the arrangement of pa- inted arched friezes below the windows, which must be kept ent- ively simple, without by any meass similating an effect in relief. The second system of treatment by color differs from the form er only in that the coloring is reversed, for particularly the " ground is in a subdued white or in a light stone color, and the 4 lines thereon are kept in a dark reddish brown. At the east side of the rood scheen in the monastery church at Haina a small por- — tion of the plain wall was treated accordinsly, so that the sep ath oy ube bi SES* baers eenil we eid ud beeoloak ascot n ' ¥ AMeY Yo \dcee ebient Golo cues est te salt Bacoee, (sy wet / a dal ite 8 sous7a al ,eddeeom s hetoteq es sifpoin enh Ad, a a et tasq ot bas botosxe yinccroo ox0d ef tnodanaed to | |. i, Sguebat of (fed edt mort bots elds Yo elqnaxs ch eseio | oO Lbeiefoet seodd basot sta sven estweitt +TeliisV of pe din betse1t ef seeders edt to unttenoe ds siedd bas ‘ ; Ais eis Sivev eit to sanote esersges ait efidy uoheert bo: i taster (sfosezs Brel od ot af elf isteb dove no taut) cod ‘a =rsh > E aeerce boos odd js ezeldes edt to woktiaog feotdsew sae id fe .8isemeato bedsloal sift ae modt at eatiesor sat wa 0) & feutos to nottstiat Behasint us to sebl edt abuloxs aoe bore ei foe eassm tmereliih yd betostts cen setsal dokde | _selnte fstutosstioys archon edd to ytieet{sosg s 26. asdts7 beh Sh ic encer dote [le of goisiseggo of Sattaiag bedespe etsT ed ten feou te wads ,o1etisq costume #-emtot yloate yrey noted Sat of eresggs doide tod .sorttneval to doal a es benale o6i viiser th-as sent sys be Witootie ns dgue to esx bebnetxe elit tedt ,exed odon OF Ip ydas th .oguein of beol sey yom es Fouasto ‘beoseloek te ovis ak SHoreteey nt doredo wen tovrres sefvrsdto node Ratwed Ifsood Ber ipives« St adoiveiat caodw ,olyfe sotiienssé edd Yo smeot eds - lvgh eg ton stnemente weolt galateoceo tov ,tondem devin ext -fwode ed ot at *Voewicert to hoktem beidt even wsisict s ni edeienoo sasaissié io obom bitdé off anes bos efuelg to .eveds Seacitaen yheerle evitou eat to Hea Yo ceostisa bonetédw ent go evalos (swvea nt beta Leg ae ‘es I asea8 20 ifsw odi of seedy Yo, motesedxe se at bos .etnsaees i: . @ dorsdo edi io etlusy siodo sas -iroltasm ew eelousre dsge | if preivesc sit to ezntinteg vedelvest .aypdask fs fivedsail® .. © idosmuio yisdzcnom edt .ietse¥ zk Wovode end 4s \ bondtey ta = UN ea waver? oi comds souertdel eit levees “ase panettora ae ‘ a eseld ai eespost .2- downs a “Bovot sevit 91s eiesliien: eds to asostage edd a0) no be pnt ybast(s ssnosm edd ot bsdefoat stor acoe . atnsmed ‘Tg : ie rote a8 ,2soetive edd usvo patbnetze ylovidns acos kee g | T| | ‘a ele .rosdoW ts elets serevensid edd bas axydaey, taste) Ga dy .uonetior! ot se adosidue oat? dtm befgataretnk apm) | past edt th atts hg Gano? sas eifuey ieee | A ' Walt ae ; , op 8, iy ra Nee pane 9 a, | 4875 | separate stones inclosed by the red lines stand vertically, bu with a second line of the same color inside each of them, and in the middle was painted a rosette. In Hrance a similar mode of treamtent is more commonly executed and in part #s still re~ f cher. An example of this kind from the hall in Angers is found in Verdier. Likewise here are found those isolated ornaments, “ and there the squaring of the arches is treated with a certain freedom, while the separate stones of the vault are rounded at top. Just on such details is to be laid especial weisht, like ~~ the vertical position of the ashlars at the rood screen in dai- yi na, the rosettes in them and the isolated ornaments, since these exclude the idea of an intended imitation of actual aghlargwork, — which latter was effected by different means and is to be regar- © ded rather as a peculiarity of the modern architectural style. s This squared painting in opposition to all such means of decep- tion very simply forms 2 surface pattern, that at most may be j blamed as a lack of invention, but which appears to the untrain- | ed eye just as it really is. . We note here, that this extended use of such an effective mo- a tive ef isolated ornaments may yet lead to misuse. At least we recall having book otherwise correct new church in Séissons in the forms of the transition style, whose interior is painted in the given manner, yet concerning those ornaments not much good is to be shown. Third method of tre2atment. of The third mode of treatment consists in a further development 4 of the motive already mentioned above, of plants and foliage p- 4 painted in natural colors on the whétened surfaces of. the comp- — artments, and in an extension of these to the wall surfaces. As a such examples we mention:- the choir vaults of the church ofS. a Blisabeth at Marburg, the later paintings of the castle chapel at Marburg, sad the church ir Wetter, the monastery church of Breitenau near Cassel, the Liebfrauen church in Treves and the church S. Jacques in biege. On the surfaces of the compartments are first found these or- naments, soon more isolated in the manner already indicated on » 633, soon entirely extending over the surfaces, as in the ch- q oir at Marburs and the transverse aisle at Wetter, also someti- | mes intermingled with figure subjects as in Breitenau, where on the’ choir vaults are found the images if the Holy Pepnify, of ea rt P eatvedtad le Semen -P to bas nigaty, tat % a f \ ebte ad egpananmamida ong bia prvaeee odd Sawot ete igi & end W a Snivctiinn: ste vatéat edd pi diate eft efor ak ‘a mk ) $16 StoWOLS SweTSTILh bas nees1y JdgrAd gs ese covess ex 5 setae ont tey ,etidw bos box .wosfey eld ,erofoo zoddo #a0o att bas aedenimoberg asex> tend of beep ylgaizene | if ato" “usresiess fas sstseil sl .toette sid seoimseteb os idy oe). ¢ ~ hanetin sot ssetw bee aobl{ee sud evs eenif{sino aword al ei dou Jed .Toloo antotbhs toloo stedw ylietsd .yreeesoss an ree ati yistinoo edt 9D ebapors stidu ed? wort tvetial edd sta 7 | e id oi beailvno et taitwerh esitns eft exotd oi setwodtl Bae if) seacsm eviwoeteb s dove at sortq tert? oft ni bsebai bas tae MOldfbbs sedai « ti af seinkooss teonlé tHgim aod . edt to Sniblig edd bas Gnitniag bes [snktaixo of sesseR al a (benisnss bawous fsa xash ew o& onotevedx 6dt¢ to tneasnt0 teil edd fo eitsg gneceths oft es [few ee ekatbisos oft ylno boa shee e ai ylisotonixug Seebnt .bfos dpondtw esolod evcisey nk oe \Botnisg euct ,Ednemtraqacoyeds to Boltotsa sid dtiw koitgincarsd etely besoico oid TiS 12% .ofe .doeTé lotidw ~wofley (ates mes. sbati eidt to slonsxs pe esvth ~ Bc... Ben \PHOLIIOgeNh roDIsl Hi ylno .itoevifodos wLliate a). eas nO sebie déod ao iStitioe .effew edd to ssoetace aft ao boo ee gesvesl to eedonud moat existe qo erote antioore werd Bomsi, Dieede6dois at ewobotw sit ovods aaiesous das etoot af woled and rites Seent of betonstis coed bed new 10 nottsetse ene IT hanwenlaene beaicgooes nedw omid ost te ,epnte sebeoob fereves : oidtoa eis to atgico edd to yxoodt edt of bowedba (ftee tien tes @ geve bus ,svoty hergse eft to Yoo vleel edt mort of e ie e(setealg si yino beebot) ebsm ear doataists aor ntact to a, EL Arowre xe ty Yo seoete owt to docs Betaleqg ett betout? enoo &@ 26 nee ceed eved binow eidé Sgsdveg (Tesseteiesd a ) te piesd tSeebavotora ex to nofisotbat ne eXtoeds: tede | -Sedqio netiiaw a ei bessetqxe fre ‘Se stidn efqrie edt C&d ¢ so beackdnom ybsesia oy ah” as Eparetaess ito 2ebom sd to doses .es lew edt to Beds tive oie. a } at gotisinonsaro Seedgta eft Sedoset Osis svods bent | |i) > ulieoizteumyenn sove beosty ebalicisy [Lew feutos a 0 seavel #8 shods ed ai bavet eb ststt end? Jescalg °° ges ee serine: Ses to extuolg eft eLiate at i | - ‘ ree é Jeet Y - am iE sah ee ee NS bat ; rom ini bai ah ie oT ee ee a Ty = patie . i 4076 | the Holy Virgin and of S. Benedict and S. Gatherine, but in the middle sguare are found the symbols of the ovanaeleeys inside the given arabesques. ‘ As a rule the stems in the latter are yellowish nagnal the 1 leaves are a bright green and different flowers are painted in other colors, blue, yellow, red and white, yet the latter are . sparingly used so that ¢reen predominates and its contrast with a white determines the effect. In Wetter and Breitenau black or a brown ovntlines are but seldom used, where for crealness they w necessary, briefly where color adjoins color, but not to separ- ate the latter from the white ground. On the contrary in Marburs | and likewise in Liege the entire drawing is outlined in black, q and indeed in the first place in such a defective manner, that one might almost recognize in it a later addition. . In Wetter the original red painting and the gilding of the re- 4 lief ornament of the keystone @n a dark red sround remained, 4 “a and only the mouldings as well as the adjacent paris of the ribs — are in various colors without gold, indeed principally in a mode — harmonizing with the painting of thescompartments, thus painted éreen, yellow, white, black, etc. Fig. 4 if the colored plate gives an example of this kind. Similar schotlwwork, only in larger froportions, was also fo- und on the surfaces of the walls, solthab on both sides of the | jambs érew shooting stews or stalks from bunches of leaves, end- ; ing below in roots and crossing above the windows in arches. a If the attention of men had been attracted to these paintings several decades since, 3t the time when recognized archasologi- ~— sts still adhered to the theory of the origin of the Gothic sty- le from the leafy roof of the sacred grove, and even a4 statue — of Ermin von Steinbach was made (indeed only in plaster), asshéh constructed the pointed arch of two pieces of wickerwork like a basketmaker, perhaps this would have been seen as a proof of that theory, an indication of the profoundest basis of Gothic art expressed in a written cipner. As we aleeady mentioned on p 630 the simple whitewashing of | the suffaces of the walls, each of the modes of treatment expla- ined above also reached its highest ornamentation in certain a y actual wall paintings placed even unsymmetrically on suitable places. Thus there is found in the choir at Wetter over the ch- oir stalls the picutre of the Holy Virgin ane the Child filling | sah F a PLN int | ay antes val the Based aot fo af acess & sted bis se be wid bra ea ss Die tary ts Sele aia comes edd Yo Yoo yastogaetnoo 4: tof ( txen oid af sesetg hekecorw edt to ean to el he pee to bas 8! e¥ fotos le ie amie To staat ‘ mes Horsds asrettcelg « at. $ to Bnivaereg od?’ | “O12 aad @70H .cvods bediaoseh esos wotl atottlo | ettnetedoe | | pag ek eids so bss snot nso} twol! & vd bared at bag ] {j | . agaldee: Be ioiea neds ste bs detawoud” beiofoo to E | asin betatsy sino Too ies by ; | (alioisa th, rt tens mgt codec Aa ~ Pome Fe v~ik nena af > eee “er d | ve os Ore: at r¥ WS bf we WO Tt aus Lied , a& ww w VS f£H £040 ares | nm GPITS L0G | eid ko 3 | “euotaonses 189. al. ar ve natal is peaaate Bnaem ett eredy "Capessgeiia deste odd polish ei ould o1ng resgce of no erase “ied ed e1cteisd: Rue ¥YISV Ion ae te a ¥ an + BS08 Tue rr Hl ela ont: se) F | gress) | aces qetseW ts slosatedad {isn odt to tokietat ede end? ee )epoesedd beinie siete onld dtin snot neetases Jay wee P @ taensastt sig of song Teles featsito sat vésonle | alseRs7 J) on louahe thats bre. beviee oily oy th ee a * r] one ' 4877 the entire width of the bay, beneath this being the foundresses of the monastery, Almudis and Digmudis, and there are found ves-— tiges of a contemporary copy of the same picture at reduced sca le att one of the crossings piers. In the next bay are then the shields of arms of the slector of Mayence and of Hesse. The painting of the vaults in the fiebfrauen church at Treves Substantially differs from those described above. Here the gro- 4 und is covered by a yellowish green tone and on this is produced an ashlar pattern by white joint lines. The ribs and keystones are then painted in strong colors and from the latter extends — brownish red ornament on the surfaces of the compartments (Fis. 3 of colored plate), and the lower angles between the ribs are painted with white scrollwork with colored flowers. (We shall not omit, that we discovered vestiges of green color on certain a scrolls). + We have already designated above the coatings of the surfaces ; of the compartments with a brilliant blue with gold stars scat- _ tered over it as corresvonding to the highest development of | 4 magnificence, that however prescribed a similar splendor of col- " or also for the ribs, rounds, etc., in brief for the parts of | the church. On the French examples mentioned above the treatment of the latter is so bold, that the general effect is still harmonious j in spite of the almost too dark tone of the ultramarine. In cer- tain German restorations like the church of S. Stephen at Maye- nce and the Liebfrauen church in Worms, where the means misht | fail for a splendid treatment of the whole, the great surfaces partly made it more difficult, and then the pure blue is dulled by the addition of white, so that the golden stars on it appear almost like brass. For this pure smalt would therefore be most Suitable. a Meanwhile also in other respects the not very successful Goth- q ic church of 5. Husene in Paris has the surfaces of the compart- ments coated with yellow, with red stars placed on them, as we q have also already found similar experiments on small mediaeval Works. Thus the interior of the wall tabernacle at Wetter is painted in a light seagreen tone with blue stars painted thereon. If then already the original reference to the firmament can be se- arcely observed, and the star form is to be regarded only as a Bei. Jeotgnis st Sono vine ei it We sietiag ey | | yebehi toyelqne Miewe steom per fi Sinvesthes Yo: pith bat to rhatt bebtsy exens so¥ rae. } go% dokdn yw ibovones feeitaet exnbegosg ‘won. tedé ab -. vs Ddtin hovserequa Gon emit saad of gu galdeaweiidw ons ‘hee ‘~heonhotq yteted? yaotonon etd ot bse ns gektiuq Io \paaiepbli edt. %o toette euolavial edt gaibtove eat? enee idgite ¢eeseitib to ean od? ot sfatsaoce eid? -eeye eat Od yste daixvety bas gatakd ,defhter ,detwofley gnkteed “geats sobcel@e teefgid esi at hoe etasq tneretsid ede tine vifsieian et boide 2eybe to esedsem aletreo gat eivottesd .sonce cetord seed? of dearteod akiiestie tro i wil if eee sexeiqg oft ,etfver onli ytlim edt) eveds ets aoe me hy) + ; a PResetxuus Law eft ,2ioloo enota GatystR 10 slomedo dttP } Th =, ‘ein | ee -s% bea ee yliavew af besutinve beligeo-oe edt ye dotdw ,heoubory a ‘A fi va : betonn Beh eemitemor et aelatstito gribfiod ya sadd boa ,ylbaek if derive eow .elaiaceteam gaibited eft to tedt yeitxotnod ae pe ganvbe edd? aineeeig cint .stonevftasoobai asf yd matetnesee | fo beust ive edt of vnaigactod sredteal doiurdo od? Lo dose ved? mie pavks vitnebnecefat binoo tootidovs me yotiiuenoo tuodsiz tg B36 Ifed 2 dower ect bas jootnl dosed benetioe « bot stag x @ayte neds bas -tedoowomil. ect of epottoeth& yseaesosr | wlan on eat? tnoverc eft 4 .gottonhorg eit Lo esedo bi tw eae ne eQucous, Battin olieilaoot#es aletaec yd boseyved wiletee, bare $20 eticeaes ybaotia odw ,elatottio teiveoea baa dsottes ae | ilesok) .voléo babioek yreves at. enw arent .astivye ovem ebhrow gnfhooosg sah boasva «SFOu Bg Bed Soleadoc bio edt Fo bnébantersirw sit tasmavorgad’ Aoue om ! est ‘e@ evvrow Sorv0loo grom baw ,~esfoudo fstasixe Otat S8torss, | i, a i JSdos aoursey 20 Setontgire socd sease ido sat ai, hotyouze | ae eee pe retensecs besbnd fodt ,eguidatog fof ef? To seblison: sete. 1g id ot tdjword sasdtvoom sp deaweticw retes sat dtnsned vag * On Rigsnedode gadbsoory edt 90079 "dT oeeUuea teorg atl. ee eidodrey wstteos edt tedag oF tdddy o¢ OF 8b BFod se sont, > ae Pad) erottoand xe prpeessor teow aft soda. of» bab, cL sBavtazes fo eovadoet oft mo bye and wee ) i BS pelbbia sat at guttaie? to eofadoet: 6S oo. ty z oo setolpo» Gad, seek Ms aD it osene: oibbie ods, to poiipag issoes dost oa ev 4078 | flat pattern, yet it is only one of the simplest and therefore of the most easily employed kinds. 7 Bor these varied kinds of experiments of mediaeval polychrome _ is that new procedure farthest removed, by which for 30 years the whitewashing up to that time was suppressed with the view of putting an end to the monotony thereby produced, and at the Same time avoiding the injurious effect of the ground tone on the eyes. This consists in the use of different slightly cont- rasting yellowish, reddish, pbihuish and grayish airy tones on the different parts and in its highest sbhlendor Pises to gild- ing certain members or 3dges, which is naturally entirely with- out effect in contrast to those broken tones. Particularly com- mon are there the milky blue vaults, the piers, ribs, jambs, ote With chamois or grayish stone colors, the wall surfaces vetng 4 painted a softened peach juice, and thus such a dull effect is produced, which by the so-called cultured is usually termed fr- iendly, and that by building officials is sometimes designated as restoring that of the building materials. Most suited to aiin 9 ettanteism by its indecisiveness, this presents the advantage, that each of the church fathers belonging to the cultured elass without consulting an architect could independently give the n necessary directions to the limewasher, and then might enjoy the mild charm of his production. At the present time it is es- pecially favored by certain rationalistic ultras among eeclesi- astical and secular officials, who already perceive Catholicism in every decided chlor. (Note). Note. Since the preceding words were written, there has been much WMmprowenent, the UNGSrSstanaing of the ola Painting has pen- strated Wato extended circles, and many colored works Strvotly Sxseuted tn the O1G Sense have orisinated on Gernan soil. Like- wise vestiges of the Lod paintings, that VWudees everywhere slum | cer beneath the Later whitewash are wneantime vrowsdht to VWVsnt Vn great number. They prove the preceding statements. so far, LAAT we Hola UT to be FVEKT tO Print the Lotter verbatin in the oVG form, and to Sive the nost necessary explanations in the succeeding Chapter on the Technics of Paintings. 2. Technics of Painting in the middle ages, Adhesives and colors. The technics of the paintings of the middle ages is naturally based on the traditions of antiquity, that were inherited in [I noe : oa, * sires Aid sly ES a eo) oe as od : AA va , , a . - ' 4 if PAPe'd. WT y 1) si De 4 * ’ ‘avy ‘ P he ‘ % v1) i ba ‘ ‘ Lie sg .o i * ey Le bee qnils sertyme, entdnosv’ edd ‘an! eros a dud) eta tieguod és yliskooyse gninieses ezntigteg quem a8 ph! ' ee (om 26012 Bas acs edd Jo [iive. sdf to motdeanoled | © ou bieve eA od noligeoxe suondte seoule teeqqe.cedd eanisgnteg les | Op ites aut ‘stsmeh ,sean0G) -bofitem ooze1? osaclevel Liew ¢ boyok © 7 | oe i rs ‘e19dt 20btes® .(aokados? of brages ot eynitetsy Lewa pre sotensbaesget) ,gotsnigg stequed 6 wost of awond fhicool .baktsieg obtessone of hae (eyteodbe. 68, , «908 Bisestins atoios xBK sas ‘ellen 262 beep saw nottal odd #a’ Loon to base @ so bsesge ylaoldt aocd oved oF aseg baw 102 quseesoonns ei doidw .betsed zest Soe eloteca & -escloo xew Bielt 4 4 «pateniog lavesibem Eriavteonoo, sineapvood edd bus .beltiezevib Stem eointoet edd eoze sibbla edt al. G7 2 sedeinisy to noltexeqeig oat bos dettcieg [i0 bebbe otew ae ‘eveb caw sebieed bas \.ode fio ot betiom sang eldadsgew™ pga sobieed .bnitateq aeqnaselh avoad [few yleucivera edt ae oS fo sonsbive brotts anoidiners yistaeawoobd gnintauen 2xnon a -beyofaue gaédaieg Yo ebodsen Eu Sil ui aenimesa ese eyatsicwn patsolLfot ent : 8 iu ¢ e ‘od ges). ovitse moasarevib efpbedog .teeixzg ,apiidqoed? .f Me PA. 52 ge doodhback al evieyagid saom eit to seqtoesh .% | ee er ’ - peevest sue dot baatieboD yd sokiafanass degtes .eocth ste > aeuneaeo de 6 Lhiau acoteibbs tiv vintaneo dé BE af aedt dat anedia, es MokteLenavs exmieo bas éxed Janigic .aphioscok -& Re ff ed qgeOte ofdsidozege sank +82 ae iicdoasesiond at tee te, raipice Yo etab sdf .& .Lo¥ -8anei¥ .siediekd nov aegted | We Bs to ; setsaqehh at ef ,ytetuen at GL ot ¥ ‘ee feod Te yd Adtuhiews ,8alsateg co eattess? .iniaced onianeg A oobi og¢ of exacted ontmned .t ,fov ,néttindoanesien® at git ey , outntaen dé th eds to Sno od? tn bevil:- bas os toto 12 ay eudisoloo of ,tecebus .3 Yo exated esd oonatrogmh egod),” a. ss co tpods eetiedeth to eekteent ,G082 dsods tedit eih 1 Y tal ett) cxenred exomynonk bas Lvoteruk epowyzdoge to, eRe. | a # wtbseags ese .oemndls age to cokistaqesq ede ‘sainteeneo es Pt | ‘ niin ore) fo¥ aete shod tindosned, A = Adqood? to tedt et enaisine Soest ta! SaattnaWl seam lot ia » «% Ot aa ‘oa a v: sadness axidtae ten akin lng: eta 98. aa to. anh poe AaAnes Biers Wi , Sa £79 es Italy but more in the Byzantine empire. Pliny and Vitruvius, as well as many paintings remaining especially at Pompeii give us information of the skill of the Romans and Greeks. Por their neal ral paintings they appear almost without exception to have emp- loyed a well developed fresco method. (Donner, Remaining antique mural. Paintings in Regard to Technics). Besides there was also known to them a tempera painting, (Bssrdndowater. ony figemilkper etc., as adhest e) and an encaustic painting. According to ae the latter was used for walls’ the wax colors employed in it ap- pear to have been thickly spread on a ground of wood, ete.) lab, q @ Spatula and then heated, which is unnecessary for our modern fluid wax colors. Documents concerning mediaeval painting, In the middle ages the technics were diversified, and there were added oil painting and the preparation of varnishes from vegetable gums melted in oil, etc., and besides was developed the previously well known distemper painting. Besides the art works remaining documentary traditions afford evidence of the methods of painténs employed. ; The following writings are prominent. a aig 2 Fi 1. Theophilus, priest. Schedula diversarum antinn oaue below). | %. Recipes of the monk Dionysius in Handbuch der Malerei from Mt. Athos. German translation by Godehard Sch&fer. Treves. 1855. Written in 13 th century with additions until 16 th century. 3. Heraclius. Original text and German translation by albert Ilg in Quellenschriften ftir Kunstgesehichte ete., by R. Bitel- berger von Edelberg. Visnna. Vol. 4. The date of origin, 11 th. to 138 th century, is in dispute. 4. @ennino Cennini. Treatise on painting, published by Albert Ilg in Quellenschriften, vol. 1. Gennino belongs to the school ef Giotto and lived at the end of the 14 th century. Less importance has Petrus of S. Audemar, De coloribus facien-— dis liber, about 1300, treatise of Alcherius about 1400; writi- ngs of anonymous Muratori and Anonymous Bernese (the latter only — concerning the preparation of egg albumen, see Appendix to Quei- a lenschriften, etc., Vol. 7. The most important of these writings is that of Theophilus, who probably lived as monk Riger in a north German monastery, and deseribes in the claarest manner not onln painting but also the making of glass and metal works. Copies of the S$chedula are -teve bas as &t edt Gi foed Seotse vitreg tede berseaeng ne. tree at gf] taeda yo betibe [ler ysev eis yedTt -retrxenes a... namiep bobs ott) .saceiv .S .foV :ote .mettiade ® eat efamaxe to) 28 ,aeoeiq at wiotontetiee vlerttas ton : a Téyenlse of atdgil off entoete sot Boer “eteatmul fh” woke ; -ofditgiflotnian &e eBiood to patitnatsed Pesorla od ysm dotew exood to 10 tnemdoveg so Rakdubed | ar. itin biel sie ercioo ed? .eespotq- etegmet-s vifeqtonisg et ~~ mo Siem ton ysu di dedi sebte ai yflesotveig isnt .nomndls (ot setsed af tetted 10 dtolo « danvotdd beatarte ei .el es di of bebbe ei setsw sbelifael[s ed afege soit vavn ) BRe seek bas setew tod ,beew od oels aso eiloy bhe asdesd i ae sito eisoe ton aeob ti dedd, od Hobhs.sd seum oom. et tact \enintce bas deel ber best etidn tysexe euoloo [1hy © sottutoe & .oGsk ,eu2 déin bextit od cele apo bopudls ope eying - fiebesn tott aieet osfs bas amlq ,qit9do)- mpg elcasepsy a to pets sons eew Oidens nog opis bas ,codex aren nk (esert bev eda) mbuceles” to hsedtent bevolese zev-dotdw ,meety daeiasa®? ithiness $ud. ,memndis eye dtiw bext? tom vew ,eiood rot trolled wie 40 nize wseyecty lavlidqooed?) entry d#iw soorsos erotmar of he Pbext? exw (uolod sea) “meifot®’,.f(oainseS) sLoy gke so app 02 Denot atin betated sow 3k gatytd tette brs ,couwdis Rye 10 eats TiSaaee 4(Od),cedd jenlidqoed?) momndis gne ditw entwaso 1 ant easel \baek Bet to bavowg # wo biel eee tevkte +o etnoad oats 6 ,eey diiv tavedorsag ett ao yiioesib 16 ettdy yuo baa | Efegxo seule outs 10 .-ote ,tindelee ,sedtaol ,eentgaiai 36 ofeboold siin co dtcot s dtiw betetiog weisl bos boklaqgs san ed 188 of ©& .eqed® ,enLidgoed?) | Beme i «. fo so sseqmes ni gotinkeq feast S yetoob .elensq stevie to gutinteg edd sot gaidateq Lened Bip co dtin eleiretex feliis bas boor to eleezev .elemsg ant | | 2 esi hoe ,borshianeo ed ot ek ment! so 1eddsel to bakrevoo & a gas sobsl .bedisoeeb sani as .dostateq steqwes a ylevety |) am p tidin saitnis¢ dbehwloai deed ef aniiniag steqwet to noktea | ‘ae od Liw .yscod 2s doe eieiseten behlis doe eavy doalg tomy a ae gntds ylicow cew .cutd aeuel est of ulisioeges B28 ste Oe Bein fo suce dtiw tievs bas vader to besten cagenty. Se sie wedtexos foniol [fer sbisod etaxsébé is en8h. eh ike heat a £0 yemil olvenso for btxo to sae: Baorte oR ai at a fii ' ; f mri ‘ ‘ As rh ie Pate ie gar Sa ak il a a nae oe wae ae een ee Ye 1080 preserved that partly extend back in the 18 th and even the 128th” centuries. They are very well edited by Albert flg in QHai tens m chriften, ete. Vol. 7, Vienna. (The added german translation Th not entirely satisfactory in places, as for example the expres- Sion “illuminare” used for placing the lights is always given as unintelligible, Painting of books. Painting on parchment or of books, which may be placed first, is principally a tempera process. The colors are laid with egs albumen, that previously in order that it may not make a wrink- le, is strained throush a cloth or better is beaten to foam and must then again be clarified: water is added to it as needed. Beaten egg yolks can also be used, but water and then ess albu- men must be added to that it does not scale off. All colors except white lead, red lead and carmine, that req uire egs albugen, can also be fixed with sum, i.e., a solution 4 of a vegetable sum (cherry, plum and also resin from needel-lea- ved trees) in warm water, and also Sum arabic was known. ' a Spanish green, which was employed instead of “Salzegrfin (sée below) for books, was not fixed with egg albumen, but according ~ to various sources with wine (Theophilus), vinegar, urine or al- a so gum or egg yolk (CGennino). “Folium” (see below) was fixed by : urine or egg albumen, and after drying it was ainted with fol- ium or carmine with egg albumen (Theophilus, Chap. :40). Gold b bronze or silver was laid on a ground of red lead, vermilién a and egg white or directly on the parchment with gum, a size made of isinglass, leather, selskin, etc., or also alum, oxgall, etec., Was applied and later polished with a tooth or with bloodstone. (Theophilus, Chaps. 29 to 38). Panel painting in tempera or oil. Panel painting for the paintings of altar panels, doors, ceil- ing panels, vessels of wood and allied materials with or without a covering of leather or linen is to be considered, and was pre- viously a tempera paintings, as just described. Under the desigs- nation of tempera painting is best included paintins with ess, guml plant sums and allied materials such as honey, milk, beer, etc. Ess, especially in the later time, was mostly thinned with vinegar instead of water, and even with some oil. BaR6LS WEFS SF SBBarate voards well joined together and then glued with strong cement of curd and caustic lime, on this was a ‘Yo bavory gnitaieg 6 Bods jeentl <0 aeK2ser Botnbees | Mm ete to 2ehid mort béfred) oste dttw sueqes Beatoteo ‘an pHinpe itin dioowe heddna sedt bre eomtt feuevee heliags . i tenes hed offs bivoe ‘habowR” ¥fado ei? .c0fos oat engo vidi ad | ' be aoe “bertrs no herives0 vffLetoegte deotin boom ete ao ylséoos Va ytow Baleateq [sanm nt ovfa ba6 gattateag feseq af Biob . ve a! iia. (eew bas sreyel evom to eho Gi etkiw ue nO Itself Boy aa a rR z a evo betated seve co 'Bedegtog | IM - aetts decs .pristaisg Lousq Yo seleeqe & 25 galiiaies Lio Bee iéoasce mou) ,yaamaed at xlésdord Gon elise ytov boi sovat hosg "SS .q .¥seant ,teanod ees) Iho feseni{ henistdo selgoag | ~~, ¢ Baa Lio beesail sebau enoto ne bavo1g et])ew esolos off i D tone Sot eyeb {asoves sol ove eft mt vaotyrb « Adie botiaqgs ns ¥ (defetay s Soiigas cen vllectt 1408 . gedd- 2vildgoeat) taos 9 a mug teaq Tf has fio beesstl to etueq & gnitiod | be S a Betis wole ed¢ osm gaiteiag Fig ri soetes od? . (IS .qadd pi dete gokiaieq yd heosfqed sax tt Yor biest ot ertoleiods G2 UFiw Potooo catwetif ecw dofdw yuny Yo acktulée « 40 nkees Bie ; »6vods teiatet 4 908s i of sow bos eh wel duadsoums #e0n et boivaieg Letawy res Ssopesenuotio cwor tobau vadt ,evofLoo swil six nal¢oiag (8 obs mesogs Ssie diiw exoicd .a@senoiw sxequsd edd Yo bER ett , ey ii | _. ,foldsevo ak east omos See | yuitmkes comers “no proLos sian dtiw betotsg od od anord Ilo ef goper?. sper ' | i sd Wagon Bberiofdd siesBiae 2 dtiw dolly paiveteata feest sf? ad dete Asow odd ad Psiyrwe teytipes sostiv Ep eb eno vino ? hong {few eit no pidestl bedestets oedd ch Gakwees ey “Tete ewetsystg ylevolvesg « quon osetecoe stow Yo thedntet sexs | | sooo: ems eontisuo edd Ons’ gmiveter!o ety ao besetg bt goo || AY Peuodsin ceis sede beboloxse gon st Ti SOY .Jatog ofF adkq ni? oF ud beidderoe eve esuiivvo Lay toanted sa¥ noostes edt b aedsue goed sted o¢ wene cenetine gsve. een demos wiged . Ho Sid Ic shecis ne Yo avasguyds edd Yo ebiedwe eit ao se” and oft of eninetasly ent .febreyva de feabedseo aed ¥o ke } cg ot averb tend oti) basd velwbssiot 5 yo Seavieae ae t itive bas tednegoa’ conn Lonnenguted ete! hee OR) Oa > a ‘ar an : an ? ‘ : af > La 2 7 | the rt ‘ ' > spy hg a) fs ” ; : : f : nly kg ; ; n t at (es ae" yee rn a wy aan ds fe <2 Ry ee yt oie a FE ons Na OR se 7081 cemented leather or linen, then a painting ground of chalk or calcined gypsum with size (boiled from hides or deerskin) was applied several times and then rubbed smooth with equisetum. On this came the color. The chalk ground could also be laid di- rectly on the wood, which especially occurred on curved surfac- | es. Gold in panel painting and also in mural painting was laid 4 as gold leaf on egg white in one or more layers and was then polished or even paintei over. Oil painting is a species of panel painting, that already sac invented very early and probably in Germany, from whence other peoples obtained linseed oil (see Donner, Anmerk. p. 28 to 38h, The colors were ground on otone under linseed oil and then oft- en applied with a dryins in the sun for several days for each 4 coat (Theophilus, Chap. 20). Finally was applied a varnish made . by boiling 2 parts of linseed oil and 1 part gum (Theophilus, Chap. 21). The defect in oil painting was the slow drying, and therefore in rapid work it was replaced by painting uith liquid resin or a solution of gum, which was likewise coated with the varnish above. Mural painting is most important for us and was in fresco or painting with lime colors, that under some circumstances had t the aid of the tempera vrocess. Colors with size appear to have come less in question. Fresco painting. True fresco is well known to be painted with water colors on the fresh plastering, which with a moderate thickness. must be only one day old, which reguires carrying on the work step by step. The drawing is then sketched lightly on the wall and is then painted; by more accurate work a previously prepared cart- oon is placed on the plastering and the outlines are indented with the point. Yet it is not excluded that also without using the cartoon the principal outlines are scratched in to fix them better. Sometimes even surfaces seem to have been sunken deeper, — as on the outside of the tympanum of an arcade of the cloister of the cathedral at Stendal, the plastering in the tympanum is enclosed by a triangular band (like that drawn in Fig. 1502 4), whose panels are alternately sunk somewhat and still retain ves- — tises of red color. A similar arrangement of the plasterins is ; executed for the painting in a very happy at the recently built @ church of the holy cross in Berlin. 4 ee ae OH ol » 5 Wi a il . ri ven ms ii i ;, i : ea) eee i ho ' a : ee} “oe solsetat edt ai hetetesiq etew noon thee Ife eres? Poi a: Yo ¢avocos so nvode ed fon biuoe dofdw ,tobretxe edt no Smem Letutoucts ext bas senote tuo yltsen jeonsusenge ssivgetst yeaa wobaiw bus zohsois tot ,tetesl¢ inodtinw beniames e10¢- - Bdmot ent mo tnd ,teteenq tuodiin evael ot Semotavoos een aon toa Ben ti cody ,tstesiq yd betevco ed of saw.qitse elibia efit | et tasxtaco al .tervuel Yo taveoos no enose tuo 1o ebem ed of | gt yatretesis edt ,soewoHh eft to daoidt mo 8 of © to aueyel edd kh edt eeonc0e of hexivpet en aotds oe vino esw sepe elbbim ent Det uileues som e4u besetesia ed of Yincesm off .vobtixaluverak a gainisac: eoestanue esse edi to etas¢ sreostiha odd woled baseeo © fhame ett 1603 besseiorg tedisa gaisvetesi{q eff bas ,#k tuodtinv F ; -peuhe edd ze beloved sew Bos (mo S\f tuods) easavoine ~pattalrsa emil ~beltilgaia Pass ‘oe: nob ei ellis .sono ts botsosexs od ot Bi antéoisa edd tI rc Do csac @nob ed of ef ti 2i dud .(evode ect )enniueteely deert eid Se fads ,e2vbeoory saslgwie bas bseo doom s yd bebks et eno nods ‘ yr i9v: @ved svin of tnstrogni yitastolttvue ei ¢1 .bedat{dades Iler )pemed sited oc) ef gasp ni ¢i to exer enltdcoed? sedw cited | (II .fo¥. to Ob .g a0 Pife* 7Of .qedd to bee edt te newts ylteiad srow ek omee, od? So eaenw Dexim sd ot ots ersdto tehae [Sew edt ao bsoslg esafoo oe ea neexy has “deooen” could r9bat-.ysihiloe t¢ desooos so euki bss sitoo dieensd jeadoo ber gsoilimusy ssbhan {hesl bea beoslg V8) “,oufl diftw bexiv srcicoo, smse sit esveel Soke stie fidin hexim sve exoloo edt dadd ebssoomg dk ekdd work: . & dod yilen besotsion ylewoivesg edt ec beriggs eda bas earl | rite Brel ers ,iiew of earl atin saixin used gon ob tedd e2ofoo fos) tshac Ifeaw y15 ybsosle as go eeeoots sieqmed edt yd ebranse by pevS, dae eroloo omil ots exodmem onotr tuo Sue eletiqss 10% , p Ole aids bos .scode eit no yltoe1ibh becslg yldoenpert exe blog om palgay 2oivten sedte wilaxsse3 tu8 .eeostawe few 102 essood pedd bas omil to ulin oiguie déiw sedd tesco texft mem. elisy be | a0 .seencat! eidd so ylioinp grey asofoe oonsat ronto, edt gigas [net of dt €f sdt aozl ekasteisg ai Sovot ers basotz efidw etat \Mevig esecotebay nwotd to ;w1g odd drodiin oals eetustaso Ad : ‘Batfage: esa noilinzev bas se978 seqgoo .sisse dsdt .eolidaoss? . i" ab Baker asi sests 1¢ ,ontl et oo wisest redtorn ,xitoerth * Bi .nosen boe aloy 359 détw sulidgoed? qd bedtwoesb renmsm sad ) sid tebav cals eroloo sez, egedd sovooxol, ‘ataiiiien ot bred» < ele: ik m > \ | ce Mat A , y if L r Le lithe! y Py " - < - 4932 Those wall surfaces were plastered in the interior andisiee | on the exterior, which could not be shown on account of a too irregular appeapance; neatly cut stones and the structural — bers remained without plaster, for arcades and window arches m on men were accustomed to leave without passter, but on the jambs a the middle strip was to be covered by plaster, when it was not a to be made of cut stone on account of louvres. In contrast to the layers of 5 to 8 cm thick of the Romans, the plastering in the middle ages was only so thick as required to conceal the i irregularities. The masonry to be plastered was not usually eee cessed below the adjacent parts of the same surface remaining a without it, and the plastering rather projected for its smali thickness (about 1/2 em) and was beveled at the edges. Simplified lime painting If the paintings is to be aetna at once, this is done on b the fresh plastering,(See above), but if it is to be done later, — then one is aided by a much used and simpler procedure, that is 7 well established. It is sufficiently important to give here ver~ | batim, what Theophilus says of it in chap. 15 (See hatin text 4 on p. 640 of Vol. II). The same is more briefly given at the end of Chap. 16; “all colors placed on the wall under others are to be mixed with lime on account of solidity. Under blue “menesh” and sreen is placed red lead’? under vermilion red ochre; beneath ochre and leaves,the same colors mixed with lime.” From this it proceeds that the colors are mixed with milk. of lime, and are applied to the previously mointened wall: but such colors that do not bear mixing with lime so well, are laid aft- erwards by the tempera vrocess on an already dry wall under color. For capitals and cut stone members the lime colors and even gold are frequently placed directly on the stone, and this also occurs for wall surfaces. But generally after wetting unplaster- ed walls, men first coat them with simple milk of lime and then apply the other fresco colors very quickly on this limewash. On this white srouad are found in paintenss from the 13 th to 15 th centuries also without the grar) or brown undercoats given by Theophilus, that azure, copper green and vermilion are applied directly, whether freshly on the lime, or after its drying in the manner described by Theophilus with ess yolk and water, is. hard to determine. Moreover these three colors also under the 1b axe bas .ylbed ie erie wesiuntasa retel to nadhasete ete sdeeb 1s cogett Lo abindost edt tot exoloo eldating B | » st eodem omit edd tedt wisdon 102 betese vlatetreo el eg a) i 8 tev .ais edd ok yLfeshesb enedish notliwzey sseddelt. | _ -Lto stiw nedt omit odin eael ie j +Rattnieg emil sot eldstinge axolod . 6 a Revoigqe sien sedé ,etoloo emi! se oovent teromg cdf Wh y 1 -ovit gaiwollot edt xs eeys sibbin edd bab ysiup ez ps bexitliaw een (aesew bos eatl bedele) emit to afih .f pipe sedi e1oloo weddo et datiem rot toled 2 es .soloo edt eae” -Svfeeshs as 28 rn tase 7" eqooo (yslo déin bexin sdacbydexe aott) ,endog | £ nt? Ne. | enmolfey to esnoe ¢mevetirh ak i m@ eeel io siom dvtw abixo sort) ,etdod ber 16 tampa Lf e veer Uo Snibsosiq edt mort beatetde ef to sistem nt etmooo Ry siigos: ya Sodisoesh ean bus ,eehs sibbim edt at Ieven esw fotdy @ “y dtin @bnisateg solitstjeltnoo daeostbe as ys -€ -gadd ak ent a2 gomt .be% deifent a0 best Ssawd sertiemos exe eadoo wolley 3 ‘blo Ot dod .etouborg tslinie ste asetton degso boa bet nstbal erinee 2 veel owt oft usdt asédgtid bre se1selo yileisaes esx 59% : toon to Isoo1sdo soxt goals ab cbr emiss ,8bixo everest yd hexoloo eséotlia) ddese ns|esd .2 2 ptsenvor .ftiss sesnote’ 2s ysbos anond at sedt .fontaned ak = Of .9007 neers detysth asiomd @e snived .aesth enove bre nes Ba: Bakbicoss jedt .eclidgoos? to auntess? edd ek saad beaotinsr a) bavors Som at ,atoloo dosfd bas masi> sas éssiosongge © .andd ft press bee .teJsw t9bas dtolo dgeordd borisite af tnd ,adote sat | a 19) G@uiiosies .{isw dee1t 6 no aee72 es Laleau yteg ed ot eaB).) ie . j bA on fitin awolfer mott benisddo a0l0o § asteothat osla (tS faisg.Isive 1ci sidsiine ee msem ddise csmsq ef dotnw enim 10 he esotiasa piewvorvesg atolos gaiwollot sit tedden? ox6 erent p39 Balise ont Gas ,eutl Adin hexim ed wove aso tedd .moiliavey Beh re asdo Af esdinozed eultdgoed? yasorsm bre awigles wort dotdw ‘ges A evods e9@ ,cee%3 detmse ton tay). reerk 75900@ hstenine ps ‘ 8 alae meouh cs Sb .ged0 at bediuozeh st doidr ta noigavaqgesg J) 5/7) o : mients neared) sid asqgoo ylteom eau teddel sat .eutd bag) ae f Pen et? fos wold tfedeq: ctoxex .(omtaasd af sagem effeh © /)) # reeks, « -(ilesal eigsl betebwag) eniies stile enip fete a iti a ‘ * a: ; ; rx ts 493 _limewashes of later centuries, have kept badly, and the less s_ suitable colors for the technics of fresco are destroyed. (It is certainly stated for cobalt, that the lime. makes it somewhat flatter. Vermilion darkens sradually in the air, yet apparently _ less with lime than with oil. by Golors suitable for lime painting. a fhe proper fresco or lime colors, that were approved in anti- a quity and the middle ages are the following five. a 4. Milk of lime (slaked lime and water) was utilized as a wh- ite color, as a éolor for makink the other colors lighter and @ as an adhesive. oa 2. Ochre. (iron oxyhydrate mixed with clay) occurs in nature in different tones of yellow. D. 3. Burnt or red ochre,(iron oxide with more or eee ice . occurs in nature or is obtained from the preceding by heating, 5 which was usual in the middle ages, and was described by Theoph- ilus in Chap. 3. By an adjacent conflagration paintings with y a yellow ochre are sometines burned red. Our English red, iron red, Indian red and caput mortuum are similar products, but the old q red was generally clearer and brighter than the two last wen tioned. 4, Black from charcoal or soot. a 5. Green earth (silicate colored by ferrous oxide, terre verde in Cenninol, that is known today as Veronese earth, mondtein sr- een and stone green, having a broken srayish green tone. To be a mentioned here is the Prasinus of Theophilus, that according to Chap. 2 approaches the green and black colors, is not ground on the stone, but is strained through cloth under water, and appe- — ars to be very useful as green on a fresh wall. Heraclius (Chap. 37) also indicates a color obtained from mallows with vinegar 4 or wine, which he names earth sreen es suitable for mural painting, There are further the following colors previouslry mentioned. Vermilion, that can even be mixed with lime, and the making of which from sulphur and mercury Theophilus describes in Chap. 41,4 an animated wopper sreen (yet not Sanish green, see above), the — preparation of which is described in Chap. 42 as green salt, a 2 and blue. The latter was mostly copper blue (German blue, Azuro 4 della magna in Cennino), rarely cobalt blue and the verry valua- 4 ble genuine ultra marine (powdered lapis lazuli). a There further appears to be conditionally allowed the purplish ] color folium, of which three kinds are distinguished by Theophi- _ Be teats o D§atbroocs heel fot . ent ming omtf tod beaw ed offton es) ee ee tie ditn eebst {fo dtiw .ifew ed? ao sxsh eseoosds onin i iB axoaras Sot berimaeteh cofoo deolt « es sevty a lidqoedt ‘eng seat Bae .wotlingey has eptadtil ,beel ot tdw (2 qadG Beek hea enon Yo beecqmoo ak * .gadd of yatheooos ce tag hi addin Coolt sexia ef patinisg Lesym <0% -GolLlinaey e1om k al (eeeiein © ef exedt eqedued .(8t .qedd) soiiisvey Bae sadoo a gh- 088 asta moO eso cdt ci osce odd base ,sonilixvo betakeg end ok rea ysey eSroloo suit dirty beotaisg ylinetsaggs ainewtey edd ee VA . ‘bes ostbei ots fotdw gaome ,eroleos olnagto debe eas ¥lneal | ts 3) Veer i Yd Beyoulseh sre ,siptel ak fnenenteg iom vbsexts onlkm. a Bement setolos to egnsdoretat .sheds bas dpid | i a. a ~Lolxeq ylase edt to tnomtzend teife? ee : | esto WHSIA .doiwolflo? ext esw gattateq oi siubsoocg edt ey ts feqtontas edt , bapote eet ao egantfigo sgt ankdogexve “0 ni Bs b Beves eter seedy so bas tedto dose. ebleed diel orem esnoe | , % cs sah ay . eeeheda edd tot eoncs ssddhtl ebte asito. etd so Sas) 14, ie Yo soddal edt .exoloo texzeb at aalzin yd Benketdo etew mada Si vires text? oil of evidw to 10 profes taddpil to ao. it oo tie edd {itow .sewomed Stel teva stew senod, ‘sat : re Site [BAS Bein ddin feds es sooo ome oft to omks yaeh 6 pee ‘ febon cols font l deedsid edit bued tei¢e edd 00 -besad eren een st02201 eng bepors tebil 8 détw ted? eat fog te & Ot Sebapd 2 ‘ } d 1 ba 5 of suo gino seaod Tex4Ed uc vine tad) sai kde S18y of “3 tred00 of ee Liew ae a to! yeaa ‘todsin ar ae 4884 7. Theophilus in Chap. 40 fred, purple and sapphire) the first of i which is made of urine, calcined ashes and caustic lime, the o others are the same without line; ther are especially employed ‘in illum&nations in books, and according to other statements a are for this purpose fixed with eggs. A color very frequently mentioned by Theophilus is “menesh”, which was a broken blue ana according to the before mentinned citation was likewise used w ‘ With lime colors. The dark sap green was not brought into direct — contact with lime, gold pigment and white lead are designated a as not to be used for lime pain ing. Red lead according to Gen- nino becomes dark on tho wall, with oil fades with white lead. Theophilus gives as a2 flesh color determined for tempera in @hap 1, white lead, litharge and vermilion, and that for red parts according to Chap. 4 is composed of some red lead with more vermilion. For mur3l painting he mixes flesh with lime, o ochre and vermilion (Chap. 15). Perhaps there is a mistake in the mixture of flesh.tints (white lead, carmine, etc..), that cause why in old paintings the faces have become ontirely white. 7°43 On the mural paintings in the cathedral of Riga (about 1800) t 4 the colors of the skin have not only bleached under the later plastering, but have so far disappeared, that they do not reta- in the painted outlines, and the same is the case for parts of the garments apparently painted with like colors. Very particu- larly are most organic solors, among which are indigo and a car- a mine already not permanent in light, are destroyed by lime. : Light and shade, interchange of colors. Relief treatment of the early period. The procedure in painting was the followings. After soraten hae in or sketching the outlines on the ground, the principal flat tones were laid beside each other and on these were placed dark- er and on the other side lighter tones for the shades. The first were obtained by mixing in darker colors, the latter by the ad- dition of lighter colors or of white to the first sround tone. Phen the tones were ever laid narrower, until the deepest shade was a dark line of the same color as that with which the outli- nes were drawn. On the other hand the highest light also mostly on extended to a light line that with a light ground tone increased — to pure white, but only on darker tones only came to ochre with or without the addition of white, as well as to cobalt blue, ¢ 4 green, flesh red (burnt ochre and white). In Byzantine and Barly 4 =a J ibetaeresa et “rs + rans os a elie Hensedto yitnetaqga) esies ( z + as ‘ ’ ; eae i ff * , ies i ; ¥ f snibyooce 4 lok fen p bebety’' goed? «xs tusdebuobaee re {tties: si y bot tdsofo sot yl iat gay aria fetso yisy ead £1 of fi -éqedd vs bra. .efsec bacos fis ‘toi emis eid? | to span aD ti ,Toeme aso ae. 5 asiqee & oa an te od Wb a i 1 aby oe oe ty eds tr Ww / a 4 ie rate teancears ¢m9 8% AOLVCLaRete Ceti. [Luriduee 10 etaNvos Pre seceenk ~wenr 2700 siti pnune te laxhedte rea? tukt nf Bed avsreigs re - = ‘ne edumsxe porn ge ewe aviyt j dose tee bas a eyed syasis leeds, bo anos 4 eo seerti geinvot fiiw otidn ra “ee Ser$ . EavouR odd a0 ~Vuteede? atti po ower’ ead ode malas aes. Pa. (hes tobe potted sygbe «evel edt ts ebicisiv eenstave wefan 5 _ set “a pis a¢) tophd “ hae eaca ebsde & viao wend ey ad EOS pt ‘ to erott I ,eqede at ee dkingee saiedulahcty bas eave oe bas 5 sibbi yaltiea edt o sgoudd ari i "A Tan a ’ - & Ae ~ rey | dt everg enait. oY ni pattabed ott et to wokéegoa # ok ijaeced eveiges ad? veomp dy nt ei nomTap, Ho nee ~~ efiniot eis ould yiosausetic era evoda setseqgssh ex A u of x a A y) : mi tmanet be. ade to +0! of yte , iy = CM “ x hie 2 a Lina £585 Romanesque times men shaded quite in relief accordins to tradi tions of antiquity, but still in @ conventional Way. Theophilus describes in @haps. 14 to 16 verg fully for clothing, other ob- ‘jects and rainbows, and in Chaps. 1 to 13 the very careful | tre- atment of flesh. In this time for all round parts, such as the | limbs of men, folds of clothing, trunks of trees, towers, chods — offearth and scrolls in ornament, the lishts were laid at the | middle and then were a series of 4 to 6 or even 12 steps. down to the outline color at the edge, and sometimes then went. froa 3 white throush yellow and red or blue, etc., to black;- the cm color first laid underneath was then somewhat darker, according © to Theophilus it was the 7 th with 12 tones, the 4 th for 6, en the 3 rd place for 5. For44 or 3 tones the pure color was not the ground tone, but a somewhat lighter steb was chosen-and on this was laid only one shade tone to the outline. The old pain- | tings prove this. / For objects not round, that it was not desired to leave'in og | one color, they placed the light at one edge aiid the dark shade at the other. Thus were shaded also the leaves of Romanesque ; ornament as indicated in Fis. 1492, aig Flatter treatment in middle and later times. | The excessively stron¢é shading in relief is reduced in the t transitional time and makes in the Gothic time a flat painting with moderately strons indication of the shades and lights or indeed also without these. In the last case the painting cons- ists only of uniform tones and outlines, whereby is obtained a very quiet and noble effect and an arrangement of the surface. . An example that the first transition from Romanesque to Gothic modes of treatment very beautifully illustrates, is presented by the painting in the choir square of the cathedral at Brunsyw- ick, a portion of which is represented in Figs. 1491 to 1491 b. The aShlars beneath are yellow ochre (apparently changed to li- ght gray, which is elsewhere found for ochre, for example on garments in the cathedral at Riga, where the lights are spared i? out, the joints being white with brownish red lines at each side. The draperies above are alternately blue, red, green and yellow, % the under surfaces visiblae at the lower edge always have the color of the adjacent tapestry. On the ground tone of the adrap- ery lies only a shade tone and a light, (on Fig. 1491 the light lines are dotted) and then come the dark brown outlines, which Uebiwjee © cools et shtotielt te Hedsqeb okt ak nvaxb: area ia a aa orien. ater. yltzon ous ebiod edt oute ordeon. eds at be i a soa oh ad Uae fanottnevace & at betsntbat e168 yodd. an Bie) ee e623 aresned. beosla BE erelfod owt dose neewted (bas Bir.) Cae ey gntgead es) avaib- epbe erede & dtiw blot 2 soteseq a cn meson on vet vlao ytoqdsth edt oaes yatheossq eds ariel,” — : MEAD tébxod 2 Yé6 hetved tauh-et ephe:aottod edt has ,eghm oo. spvoda as atetieq 4 eeviooes ylisnan oostina outs ne ek? , are | . SBT od RDEE ee p biste a itsesed besesaest ef Aolvaaut® af) yct seqas ad? ee, 8 i) Sebade chovor voliey tas Ber vennan walints #02 ert | a Gis teat vyl@ ower opetiot edt woled bas evods kavsxe Ve ia bia eda fs, yilanipi¢o @¢ axegnol ea ote Savon ed? to°2tay © i ia Efc? ent vot tar vigsen so eietiina exes bas, ephe ene TH1s¢6HR CFE an erat OTs served! eibbia ed? ,bavowg evid aseh « sad boned ope : ae { ods gould See aoory eletantetia es nevee! tiled ect bes , ae . é7e aeno ve8eqau efi bee tefoiy 1éyif ets eevael Listen? 7 woe 018 bua obivw om © of & O48 continuo cwacd dish ed? fal bs BET? ebix cs € yleosveoe enil ectidw evisoetie.quie+v 6 xd mst gine ,bettiac ybooeris ote SCSI y2% at se seaot hegqese Jemgot buwown edi teen soles agebh & of baoaty ylbeort* ans | ‘Bebst ovsd atoloo ono8 .eaks aword quede « elbbim edt 28 x ghterca avons gasmanio edt ealetedto tad ,desvetidu cotel ede 7 Chae ee Gi dotdw .poinearh das exoieo edt te oottawbory (ods ab itoen N #069 weiqea seuso: wns ai troemanto fetaisq vd Seeeagive yieo vi eteawtas & tnd beaobande si teitfos wt exstiol et te snewts »bentstex ef exciloo Loqge?s edt to ysigq -6Rpetiot hbetoteq ext to Snomtaatt iamon edd ci sinooo cele eted? sseisot behsde ond eobhiaed ip pies ea bagoty i718 99 Idyts ated ,sgeifot emordoonos eoubh\) | pdasensd etom s eemmase sede di bre .basord td3il so daa. e1% edt wort swoidel oft Ob! \ECbP a SCI .epk8) eg > Oe 08 09. (basors téatl 8 no.mword deibbss gated tLe0o te, couse |) i pe eeatituo Assh détw roloo slanie & io ylieom ef. ager lod | “He te exon esvad tesignie eft ai yderedT (COD! .e bOdt weds) | a ee sok) kevesl aif rot eno evan tmetst32b eeadt be)” i elguaxe set) asni{ino bas elforon edt tod baooee more suid oefe aud .etidn) benomk edd rot drbdd edt bas Camosd) adam nee +( ade biog seeomp xmab! | ~ gi —- 4386 os are also drawn in the depths of the folds is lines 5 mm wide, In the Gothic time the folds are mostly left entirely without Shades, they are indicated in a conventional way by stiff ines, and between each two hollows is placed beneath the point of sus- pension a fold with a sharp edge drawn as hanging vertically. c In the preceding case the drapery only has an upper decorated { edge, and the bottom edge is just marked by a border or fringe, Tae entire surface usually receives a pattern as shown by Figs. 7 1503 to 1506, The tapestry in Brunswick is fastened beneath a blue Shaded | bar. In a similar manner red and yellow rounds Shaded in rohien extend above and below the foliage frieze, Pig. 1491 a. The Mie ghts of the round are no longer as originally at the middle, but a are nearer one edge and are entirely or nearly white. The foki- | age band has a dark blue ground, the middle leaves are flesh r red, the half leaves are alternately green and blue, the lower trefoil leaves are light violet and the upper ones are yellow,.. The dark brown outlines are 2 to 3 mm wide and are accompanied by a very effective white line scarcely 2 mm wide (Fig. 148% a}. Stepped tones as in Fig. 1492 are already omitted, only the ribs are broadly placed in a dark color near the ground tone and have — at the middle a sharp brown line. Some colors have faded under the later whitewash, but otherwise the ornament shows anrefine- _ ment in the graduation of the colors and drawing, which is scar- 4 cely surpassed by painted ornament in any other style. The tre- atment of the foliage in relief is abandoned, but a salutary : play of the stepped colors is retained. Treatment of the painted foliage. Besides the shaded foliage there also occurs in the Romanesque time monochrome foliage, both lisht on dark ground as well as c dark on light ground, and it then assumes a more general charac- ter (Figs. 1502 k, 1498, 1493, the latter from the Prankenberg i church,at Goslar being reddish brown on a light sround). Gothic foliage is gostly of a single color with dark outlines and ribs. (Figs. 1494 a, 1495). Thereby in the simplest @ases were obtain- ed three different colors, one for the leaves (for example —_ the second for the scrolls and outlines (for example reddish b> brown), and the third for the sround (white, but also blue, vio- let, dark green, gold, stc.). Greater diversity of colors could be obtained by the occurrence of flowers, berries and accessorie a i edt to eR Pe Ab i qd ylevitostie stow iltte dnd wenn tdnie [Lote suse edt no Setodtaderb eas audé, -esvesl | aq erst wink -»beveet bes bas mrowd dekwolley ,enld ,pee7 £58b ihe to nottansetis beterine £8 gaissoee to sneem tedtoak - aic ci etetenco pathade seif{is6e edt 1c etutiiedve & 8 peabsso2 bea has gees etquaxe sot .sedto dose ebisced sezolos seer opis) gevsel wultme to vo Beol edt 20 aedek est Jo eevlad f taseih te eafooil .2 to dormudo eff moxt B8ht).git of .fo of ) -bitue seals evad ecedoaneté Baa seveot edf ,meocp be bot sosuted /wineess ets eeno tefieme edtchnaibestots effounoe niempeds aes vi ae tte bexiw eeruRit edd to havowp ods oxedt eeniftwo inodein od featod e416 atnesénte ee er98ty ytd eft Rakbneons alioses edt otst edt al .etotad aevenu edt no yhtoorkh bial deswewtk ostinw e ¥ ae tiseluaes eeueitnes setto atoloo ont to aolteatotle ens onkts -pietaezeiges teadt. .@G2f .9f9 ai ea eifotoe bas soveol syeords / 30 doando es? Yo Leqedo e to stfiwev edt Yo gattatag edt? Lo freq | go ybetesctros ets nooty bas bet eto .epodtesot ga falooih »& Ss woktex metoadne boa wsali .seosg base xyoald ese solqmaxe todso Bic obdtod eted to asety. oft dtin Ler etatoonce yilecones exico A ste eecupit neve hoe evenolt teers dtiv bontcmoo tade ,etloise Bakers ettcoupest ,etnewsiteqaoe to esostive fos elfan seovo bae RB edt .oysifo? aetfqse ed? of teastaoo ai toolie bied tedteq #8 Leh esedd ter ,eocidw yitsom-et stnecsato oseds fo banody ) ebtted xgodcetul ta bencitaenw Legado edt at eo ,ebhauery boxoloo as gash ¢ d¢tw ceetn sanil eta vous es aomseiteqmos etigw i. ; . ( . -in@usate ewoudco py ede. ak teowlfotos Lettqe cidtod efad Ic toetto edt et rotten ease bow oonecaiaacei edi octet beeesq sar ti ,SORLT Lge to aiergy a eats: to ehfeid2e to etiemled edt to gaitrevoo od 4013 boule saek > at ef eas mort Atowboow cio bevaso oefe atwooe yitaenpesi bas etetet to geosttue tebas bas teaqn edT .yaptoeo di VI eft ofak to bea bas see eiguexe rot ,erofoo taeteltiks oved eoveod, veel ed 0 atatog edé etawot atoloo on? eobteed ,ouid bos To SePee Rees PA gL Li most as. cnet Lees cae sol ad |) Gage l sagegene ae | | . «Bhet.to arosg tdgil octet 16 ceers ad sarofoe ont af segnedd » useors vitor s et exolso [ange owt Yo aotizazetia oft. mitnoo ,yrbfersd at oldsod etel bes efbbhin ost Satasb feb | bepivie e168 eeqsiy to eedonacd edt tnd ,emotdoosom ons eovect of 8.90 osla bas: slaty canal to anksoteg eds ct dcop ae | _ 4537 but still more effectively by varied colorings of the different — leaves; thus are distributed on the same scroll light green, dark green, blue, yellowish brown and red leaves. ‘al Another means of securing an animated alternation of colors as a substitute for the earlier shading consists in placing 7 colors beside each other, for example green and red for the two halves of the lobes of the leaf or of entire Lhexéa (Big. 1494 b, c). In Fig. 1495 from the church of §. Nicolas at Wiemar them leaves are monochrome, but the branches of grapes are divided : between red and green, the leaves and branches have black outli- nes; thevmain°scrolis ateired’andrthe smaller ones are green w q without outlines; there the ground of the figures wixed with ¢. the scrolis ascending the high piers as ornaments are formed by @ white limewash laid directly on the uneven bricks. In the late time the alternation of two colors often continues regularly F through leaves and scrolls as in Fig, 1496, that represents a part of the painting of the vaults of a chapel of the chureh of | S. Nicolai at Juterbogk. Here red and green are contrasted, on other examples are black and green. Black and unbroken yellow ochre generally associate well with the green of Late Gothic Scrolls, that combined with great flowers and even figures ext- end over walls and surfaces of compartments, frequently haveing | & rather hard effect in contrast to the earlier foliage. The g ground of these ornaments is mostly white, yet there also occur colored grounds, es in the chapel mentioned at Juterbogk beside white compartments, they are light green with a darg green mon- ochrome ornament. Softer is the effect of Late Gothic spiral scrollwork in the style of Fig. 1497, it has passed into the Renaissance and was long valued for the covering of the helmets of shields of arms, and frequently occurs also carved on woodwork from the 15 th 4 into the 17 th century. The upper and under surfaces of twisted leaves have different colors, for example green and red or green and blue, besides the colors towere the points of the leaves too frequently pass into another tone, as from light green into dark gi green or into light brown or red. y Changes in two colors. The alternation of two equal colors is a motive greatly exten- ded during the middle and late Gothic in heraldry, continuous ornament, in the paintins of mouldings and also on 3 large scale © pidizr to Wakes HENe Antenie perp “OF Toles io qsig ovisoaite micv s aiedde of ansem {fen ay bel ewchnix Sacer ve ecusttson0o eft pigizednk ak | seolyte I Goovidors [fe at egasdo 8 dove bextw990 wI0% te a — ; Rot Pak ee [vileotnétess.erolea ont paitseger ddiw beoneawos bait A iva _ 7 ane Ar be “sph -gie akvenseags ybeeole etedwoal® .OSMt bas ‘som 4) | | sae > 0k: pazetia ne Sradnebaetg se Legedo berolooisay eds Boh ; Eeceestes kde edd. uebou noes bre, bot a9 Yeats bas bea) bono S68” - proloc edt osdy gostte edd ek msiivesg ytov tof . (tom | ben : ) ened }meapit ta tefookl »2 to, odamto edd mort ChE -Bit 1k as no duves edt to soviad oft ad etsateti« yioo ton weeth, bas » se ei rhe: f it bas edits e437 to shalbetige of3 go. besela sis ted; e088 7 sett a ' toe ¢i bererso ylénecoet? eved meY .sifoioe paiyneqrooon |) | capa alfsw edd to etteg wo efaondusqmoo. To esess otitne a ‘es elomene votsiedt ye10foo, sf soidentedis déiv betsos 7) am y ag Le eetoares Le bavoxs Sex no tnomanso edidw atin tae. | “ sbonovg ettdw co gvaougnte bet og ',etoomsare [eotaterceb. Io aaclod ged eonte mzebom bus dseioas tc -nodioss gue neste ok -e eidiceog siam oF srson elcrise vitsupo dtie ton Boo shi edi wd eohe elhbim ond er ,tneadssad beaclos pier, ne baiaitoo 4 dttes sfhuke 2 dtiv seve so setdd ro.owsd dtif .doemes | ih a “4 evtssseqnco Géiw betseat aan sodsetottus .edidw emkl of bob ib a mee ronraete ene tc eneon a yléaoinorisd i Dap neonto£y ; ae 270109 a 1) ouéls. eiing. han i mar. Pie meiy edidtdxe +1 .oti00 tnisd esw tofvo soatsoget teow sdk, ae o Gagan téiteo bose 2aowts 2 Seal olssil ee. ciin Serta a et09 yg a id mas es ef ylnoumoo eson-ded .nwomd odnl seecesg seuttemoe. cn zt vf BOs goifiwiey, to evpdxia B sf of eoge sye bentating as ie ae " tt ‘BEI ts Isthsdtao edd af aottssotes1 to exaow dt al) “shecont: nee tad lsuce to hizo sot nsebom @ bait of tiootttih bavod) MMStR .wonot yeor Suieseig eeviy oxdoo bor gui to ALkw etom dokH) stidn aiiv bas esbets tnerettib at toleo elgate efdt., a toestiae si asve. to .betetoceh ed tneq lewtocdidows. as Bo a poses beroloo dd agen +4 as Siew 2s df Bee, or eghT ne Lt ale ai sone eletsiet ae | MN ual ttli sahiduteh beh ‘_ Ma jx n sbanbe. 9¢ solos Boooes.¢ Hh, | if ene ‘al ee AY a * $538 in the general architecture of interiors, it was ronakbies with small means to obtain a vern effective play of color, to which in interiors the concurrence of colored windows led. In a more modest form occurred such a change in all architectural atyinecll ss f% commenced with repeating two colors rhythmically, as in Pigs. 1502 and 1489. Hlsewhere allready appears in Fig. 1500 and 1501 from the varicolored chapel at Brandenberg an alternation of the ground (red and gray or red and green under the white orna- ment). But very peculiar is the effect when the colors shift - ir Fig. 1499 from the churhe of S. Nicolai at Wiemar, where red — and greer not only alternate in the halves of the terminal ornatil ment, but are placed on the springings of the ribs and their ? " accompanying scrolls. Men have frequently carried it so far that | entire areas of compartments or parts of the walls have been om ecuted with alternation in colors, thatifor example a compartm- q ent with white ornament on red sround alternates with one havin red ornament on white ground. Colors of geometrical ornaments. “a No other art section of ancient and modern times has underst- a ood hor with equally simple means to make possible a satisfact- ory colored treatment, as the middle ages by its scometrical or- | nament. With two or three or even with a single earth color ad— | ded to lime white, antintertor was treated with comparative r richness and always harmoniously by means of the Simplicity of colors. Red ochre alone. The most important color was burnt ochre. It exhibits when p pure or mixed with a little lime a strong and quiet red, that Sometimes passes into brown, but more commonly is so fiery, that an untrained eye sees in it a mixture of vermilion and carmine. | (In the works of restoration in the cathedral at Risa it was found difficult to find a modern iron oxide of equal brightness). — With more milk of lime ved ochre gives pleasing rosy tones. With this simple color in different grades and with white may indeed ; an architectural part be decorated, or even in entire interior; Figs. 15 and 16 as well as Fig. 14 on the colored plate will al- low thés to plainly appear. Red ochre and black. If a second color be added, whether yellow ochre or black, + there is often a great diversity of tones. A beautiful example i i Ne my ives erdoo teayd Yo bla edt ettw eftdw edd nebkeot td te yfieottsev Hedetad) Bex deeft setdgil a hes bes Oxiw foide Yo tetdpif edt Aeilednoetrod bedoted) soncd Bich exe edt ao sed? ,Yorg omota tetup & eevlg emil seonm ot eee ae sed tedtal edt -bas ,yotp etele iceh s ek setcad a heats to enxtxim & woxt yottiveem eyanls ould os youebned sqexr O84! +Eie tadt ,hefoa ed yeu tf .egtt end nO .omil awe one to paiveote edt eta SHS hos FBSL .egtt dew seode 6 a a Besox ‘edt ors BEI of SBLt rege bas ,edte Lanogyfog 20 Vv ee? ~@hsots on¢ to aynineso edt bawore pak [a9 acbtesee « eit gd em10d ef ssdoeseso Islinis yletites aA. ) @Tednebssts $s fegsio Sedsseitsy sit mort esdow esos odd i nisy fenigiso edd of Qnoled dokdw .N@at bas OSbE .eeld ar cae } mommos V1Iev Si tsfito dosed shieed earot. vee bas bot tatoa ld 2 a. Jon eseost yetZ dtin bas hag oiibim bas ylaes amex ‘ ) pilbsgs 918 sioloo sit doidw nao ee eG ts Siad pe eh ais ‘ae cna Tee | ,ordoo wolley Bas bes Speth Bes ~ sdoltsbers eft ota T6mtsW hae svitcelts evow SIige2 a g woktoy eagoloo ont edt to 2eese sevip edt ot ®eA 0d xOm edt ok ~ i. i oC... OF @nodt "tno diin hetgesoxe epatinisg 8exfeo bes bae ) egies onid noitteassd od nk basot riletosate e7E o3 tdw are eat ¥ Go Rs ' -aeerg dirce bee aetoloo gathbeos+¢ est Bobas box .wolisy .etoloo eeidt edd to sooems0d0 mes Sth. Pbsbbe oeis.ci o1edd foe ,otefquoe aa ylotstves cele et doald 10° Bod eeodt at book risv .neeig dtuse reyolqus vleies stom edd ie. bale bee Bae tatoo ont dite patéatee & sod tid to > sakes ied 6 909 Yo iLiud sbtA So toseloLo eft ely 9 CRebr ot OBB) seRte) 0 ion fom) =x8.s2tnrssto soege sdt déin efdieengwt yiedsantsetan et nevis ae) eee sores tens d2vodt beitetize od garn on bas .{etok) bebeae, | eeafe man rereanstic? ai eedosede to tsdanm & eetelo ovd at poleesugmon’ |§- ag one a7 » sos sSaotdetassergen) ) am i meus Soa texd} sat of sbow bt sows Tsis7 SYO;STEAT) .oF OK ie he ts (pas paostorsbJeaoo To gé##z0w Jieo yrac.eatt sat rot vad a Rises ° ava ef OFT 10M gw dd aFOSFOUV oh sbadtatog. Jotnemonre (no sit | 7) = F496 sinedroK we fevelombaok) sdosttov +787 8808 sy eS pores ae ie ‘ Li guadesta? ave éartslourenadsS shoestos 18005 4 ABE og +6F8L Beh | fi 7? 80890, ,a/0% ws sdovétintiyoM ,eisensaed 68 .t6bi seus = ee pi : fey ae | Nee. mela oA sifowdoagunrd to Jorbsdico ,enoe pteawk We ° sent doled setmoheidainl’ +68EL eawnd .6 Pred) drednesren aR eeod if ae on vmaltoer sions baveetyotasuad ad seapaetede peel eeesenieey at tte seeendg asia sitoe, | | 4090 and harmonious, and it is scarcely possible to form with them a slaring composition, therefore they do not need also a separat-__ ion by outlines, which in fact are almost never employed with then. + Siege In regard to the outlines and the lines drawn elsewhere on ¢ the surface it may be stated, that in the early time and also frequently in the middle Gothic, men with refined feeling mixed the color tone of the lines as a darker stage of the correspon- _ ding ground tone as Theophilus prescribed. Later appear nore uniformly colored lines of dark brown (brown ochre and black) or blacker color. Rich colors and gold. An entirely different charcater is assumed by painting, when there occur the animated colors, vermilion red, copper green 4 and agure or cobalt blue, and eventually other tones. It is then — only necessary to add the sleamins sold, or as in the chapel of S. Katherine and the cross chapel of castle Karlstein, even pre- cious stones and glass bits underlaid by gold to develop the q greatest splendor conceivable. That the sold would be imperati-~ : vely required by animated blue as Viollet-le-Duc asserts, we n misht not emphasize in such decbded manner, with reference to many examples. fhab this rich treatment is restricted to preferred points a or can be extended over the entire interior is more fully stat- © ed in the preceding @havter, and to add to the examples there 4 given is unfortunately impossible with the space otherwise ex- ceeded (Note), and we must be satisfied though unwillingly, by compressing in two plates a number of sketches in Schematic representations. Note. Therefore reference is mode %o the First not extensive wut for the time very wall worthy of consideration, the Vitera- — wure ow ornamental painting. 1. Vaolet-ewauc. Dict. Art. Petn- WUTSe Be ae SOhBfor. Gotische Wandmatleret zu arburd. Deuwr. Bouse ABTS.’ Pe. B24. Same, Sotische Ziwmmernarlerer aus Frvizlar, Zervr. to 7] Bouw. 1884. 3. Essennein, Martinmikirohe za E8\n, Ordon fe. christ. — Kunst; sane, cathedral at Braunschweth. 4, Stesnoreckh, Roohechol Loss Zu Morienburd, Sent &. Bauw. 1885. Moreover are scattered oe Statements Wn inventories and architectlura monuments. Further } Works With plates. Aus wm Kterth, Wandmatleres des Nvitelalters ww den Bheintanden. Ungsgavirtter, Ornanentrv’ Cunfinisbned). Mural pain- | ‘9 oC ee ye . u Bee ay Pie | ‘e : ote “a sane: ce 7 , A, ,eaoieulii Lsoat go Bee Wbde seus ,OCkE of GORE wepTH Rebds cele ote abtala edt of ( ope. 30% «ebavor io bas enunloo to attede ao c6ovttom taoiati omoey ‘d OOS .gft) at0etésa osot edt tedid ,hotitao ed son bivocaleé eee he: Vempiigo'as to aoiexift fsottqo ns eowbotq yliese aso (mostiod “M8000 HB9 BoOKS! 2aLEt!o enon ai eids fae ,amuloo edt to sottieog | 66 085890 seoitiut aso tetiel eft Bas ,atetteaq aotveds tserR «6 G0 pakkaooes hiswevc’ 40 brawqe nerioo ed? 20 softtunainihb taeseqga | ev@OE .git to stadt eiil aniotsag se01P ,tdnia to taktog edt of enoftouses 10 eicemenziéine sonborq yem ,au0e0o yt Leorpott dotdy fe toe to eltti{ orm OGDf .9i% ekEL anvetiag .eoniLiso yeu 10 emwift dow® .(882 .5 a6 coe cele) amokenlit dove xd besoetts Ife Beat ysatiaoo edt so tind ,eovieemeds mi euoixtos toa exe tate ~otil e+e vous yeetup bigta oot s senmorts of has Siaming o¢ eviee -enem mo-yieo eitt ereds ,esntosiinoss Aeoxd of aztorot ton cetr Aged gatasns) onil evew botoogxenn ne yiletoeqee ,atert to ebats soto .eamaloco oitog hetetnws ovrond ifew farot neve ete ovedt bre \easek iuttewog etdt ezu yfaecoxrr ot herteper yfeukine wi tb seve poktemtna fo bsetant went ditw ysiq swoatan to evoloviat # conte tery ttoixas to seve 10 teennn to nofeeenqmi odd souborq yam Bae alt »Bedotdo nistveo to patintss won odd seob za | ify - eatebtod has ebaed ,2ortwacions wobhnaiw ne @tueofous ef2 sinerotager dotdw: 8k? .eft ni dotete ed¢ ati Biame ci entswor yino exitedssh .8 to deotude eft Yo vohboir « te _ fone Getto yiev tisds .beniot ef ston edt tol ,esif te staensect | @4if Héwexed ete isdt ,eodors wobaiw bas to0b oo baedxe eflore fo ff oeid bee OOfL agri af adit edd parynsamooos elioroe edt to xedtsv sit evode cfssinzed xitaenupes? bos ,etaely beaolos edt i ~anieidsqg [Lew ob aanotten $metettib to eiasd baa eqehsod efidtixe SO8b .el® |) qetivsy to atedrem co noktitveqes betasy teom ai hauet ere sade | tet Loose edf .of@ yeloncoy ,odmet ,eelitaecss hetuteg ,seotnnee Pesie: Ontinasys. ci Sertvooe yltmexupett yvev s SOL .pse ak vebsrod 4 ‘gatdtol£o Yo etebtod os Josd aigtdo eti sekrtsl bas .epathiind ; vi BOSE seit _at wrotieg Lise edt eetwedsd .zemote enotoerg dé iw pbodeaO ta ‘qrsdetegsd) semi? aetseiado yvined ai sauooo yhseorhe som edt at awodd” as Bemnono bas cettenot ,easte -leanoves “ . a by mi ill 7 + = = Jai ie DP hi e@yafaros9s tswolt to tees sedotre atk dew eddé | -48e4 paintings iv S. Chapelle at Paris, Mural Paintings of Notre Done aL PATS, Ste Optacal illusions. To. the plates are also added Bigs. 1488 to 1490, that show g geometrical motives on shafts of columns and of rounds. For th- ese itishould not be omitted, that the rope pattern (Pig. 1489, bottom) can easily produce an optical illusion of an oblique position of the column, and this in some circumstances can occur oh a great chevron pattern, and the latter can further cause an q apparent diminution of the column upward or downward according 4 to the point of sight. Great patterns like that of Fig. 1487, a which frequenlty occur, may produce enlargements or reductions or wavy outlines. patterns like Fig. 1490 are little or not ait all affected by such illusions (also see on p. 587). Such illu- a sions are not serious in themselves, but on the contrary theg % serve to animate and to arouse a too rigid quiets they are like- wise not foreign to Gresk architecture, where it is only on many kinds of frets, especially an unexpected wave line (running dog), and there are even found well known twisted Doric columns. More- over it is entirely required to properly use this powerful neans, since a frivolous or unknown play with them instead of animation 4 may produce the impression of unrest or even of anxiety, gust as does the new painting of certain churches. Window enclosures, bands and borders. With the sketch in Pig. 1498, which represents the enclosure of a window of the church of S. Katherine only remains in small fragments at Riga, let the note be joined, that very often such serolls extend on door and window arches, that are fonméd like the scrolls accompanying the ribs in Figs. 1490 and Fig. 11 of- the colored plate, and frequently terminate above the vertex of the arch in richer leaf or flower crownings. Wall patterns. Fig. 1502 exhibits borders and bands of different periods, t that are found in most varied repetition on members of vaults, cornices, painted tapestries, jambs, vessels, etc. The peculiar border in Fig. 1502 a very frequently occurred in Byzantine b buildings, and larries its origin back to borders of clothing with precious stones. Likewise the wall pattern in Fig. 1503: 4 already occurs in Barly Christian times (baptistery nf Orthodox, Ravenna). Stars, rosettes and crosses as shown in the most dif- VE XG Heeotone seven one By WA boar opie at beh tresettip — oat ‘apg tang edt mo yftwebnegebat bostxe netto tad ,rectl =” , a Va S0et Tere ia aBtO% sodode edt to erat et ’ i “ -tnewsaro Stent a a t bme tremsuee to yakveewretat edd sot elgmexe oe atnee ae ae pre te? © nt agetbiied sepeensmok oh etvooo yltrenpest dois | ei a: ‘Seek. sebon- gilaiosqee edelq aft hawot asd Ens ,tenaen xeiqueo Caton antics bes sexeis? hevaltmoo oo oetwedis , voto gatbivib ; ets efevins bos mew sboiseq eter bax y¥ee6 oft ai affew Yo 209 Satay eu) edt yloteantxoilcd .egsiiod ak betseent vfewst ¢on ay i iii -noitstebiaaos two mort hebwiloxe nismed teow prt Pe Mie -S0ftefxe Offs 20 Enteatsd _ edt a0 cele tens .efdg of sham od vem senetetes aokenlonoo al SUED ome dedi .chottnisg beatvooo egntbifed Go esostage {soxedzs : “ptpag esizesoscenc os beyolgms ems gedd ;erotaetnr sdt to eecdt | ste G8 etevsle of 10 .esbeceed to elsivog edt stil etasq bere ‘ - eptwedid sig0t boven oi sseqge doa ee0b doide ,sostone Claw ont one $i .bateei(f work shies ebattotsa ersooo egaibited dotad ae ! raat Bas eseetsd Sersies(g edd mo scsla teluotitasq edt esedé | ce Wh heyrsesetg netto {{ite ef bas .eedore a ‘gottes ea3 fdidn gnoms ,ynew1e) at esex oie setwtotg olsedu a eetquooe otpigoiss ts. fededo olteso ort n& sits¥ .2 Yo saphit | Lagaeaonon teow aft e{lsuntes ove dud .eoat Jasutmong Jeon end ia vt Ve rates eontinies Lensedxs to ncieessqns Ba; |? | ~-enotieuiotesa wi ‘sedstelv . Hideressev0 sig ebatblind Levesiber to nolsssotast edt aT ; ~ expn ld ede ine \belioge to betesfker vlevitas yllesen ef Soke -peb yfleat? neds nem SARIN .beteexs yLbed pasv oals ek aaktateq | -ttersd Sersvooas edd eldiegog es yliotsp es sattisges woxt sei a *srsini sid of iedwonoe add Bnovosees ylamte to besteat ,ebe ee. cea od ,avintey yiilsool end stein 10 ,edaeq Ratvosl Bas | | a (6nd woos bovatsey od Senn [le wevyewor IL .betovotay vette et | Aol Batvaieg betevooeio edd ylinigdiel vqoo ot ensem ese sdgta 73 ‘a ented ebfo edd) neds sesel tA .blo off reve etdt deidoterte meni louie eb sotaw .doveseet tot teol efdevevooerst gon ei gard 7. Soydbqedeodseqntetjedetted sesdystdous gaisnteges yd | at wisow ott to weenmuottwbtoanoo eat Yo toora sve |. Bes Seta tiene ~~ ado2 oe different forms in Figs. 1504 and 1505 are never enclosed ty (hem lines, but often extend independently on the surface, theceana’ is true of the richer forms in Fig. 1506, Figure ornament. Pig. 1507 is a portion of the geneslokical tree of Christ dite a covered in the former vestibule of Riga cathedral, which repre- q sents an axample for the interweaving of ornament and ‘figures, which frequently occurs in Romanesaue buildings in a far more complex manner, and has found its place especially under broad dividing arches. -ikewise on continued friezes and entire surfa- q ces of walls in the Barty and late periods men and animals are | not rarely inserted in foliage. Unfortunately the figure paint- ing must remain excludei from our consideration. Painting on the exterior. In conclusion reference may be made to this, that also on the external surfaces of buildings occurred paintings, that are like q those of the interiors; they are employed to characterize pref- erred parts like the portals or passages, or to elevate an ent- ire wall surface, which does not appear in naked form. Likewise 4 on brick buildings occurs paintings, aside from slazing, it finds there its particular place on the plastered friezes and blind ! arches, and is still often preserved. Mosaic pictures are rare in Germany, amons which the relief fisure of S. Maria on the castle chapel at Marienbars occupies the most prominent place, but are naturally the most monumental expression of external vainting. Mistakes in restorations. 4 In the restoration of mediaeval buildings the ornamental pain- ~ ting is usually entirely neglected or spoiled, and. the figure painting is also verry badly treated. Might men then finally des- ist from repairing as quickly as possible the uncovered painti- nés, instead of simply testorong them somewhat in the injured and lackins parts, or where the locality permits, to leave them entirely untouched. If however all must be painted anew, one m might seek means to copy faithfully the discovered paintings on linen, stretching this over the old. At least then the old pain- a tins is not irrecoverably lost for research, which is the case 4 by repainting Bynbheybest aesists}isingespostepityccanynevernzy- have proof of the conscientiousness of the work. In every case q men should never touch a paintings without examining its technics 4 ) : Bett otttte atts ot: pe a imptoabec: th yed of enctstbaoo add, to actqeoteg etvos eon ante dese eit to ceitinshisesy ets iis egotétogosg novia edt | ingiedd S4ia emis Jeedecay edt atctie ot reve tovectae edt Ie gl $o gest eacksdetopaés add Lis\to dexit tod ,ensem ¥ ydetodt eoasbhove edi baa mre?) ‘to suengolsveb sit me ))) Be esti tielisoes ottelsvetustedd 'e18 sotutesedue [ie Ta | ete | arenes goliz8999 eisnenpet? edd seve sBoisonttenos + Be .52903 to codssisq cidicd séed to adzow Seton ocd of Bot oe patted fo aatttilge «© .guifeofrevo atstaeo 6 yd ylao ents ts -fegtoatsq yasve of ago ) Bons: cele nateteatinvess seodt ste etncees ecadsom OL” Lys etiueet edd io ysiowsvih Iivi ess sadt oe ,sausosthiore ten pa ,zisiseiea bas eaoisibaoo ak soneastiib edd no bosed . POkbs02 Yo tnenaclevsh Yo sayvuoo sit bas e129 edd ak aedvaot © g edases edt qoleveb of aofttbsoo af beoely esw ekds ydeaedn | Vig Ba eetvotios seod? to oefe endd .edoogs das gaibesesg Lis. am sai smedeye awo ast oiat ,aero . ae ei ,o22 obdtod to tedostado [sncttibass ods oi afe3eh . | Ky eel og bas Envcse « aetl ,ythotvotain bavissesg yidguor a (ae Bost dom ov fos srettih gk ydovedn .tf to sekpqmt saat |) ee a i Petebes to yousbaed uistres a wowl e& o0000% edt bas soneneta «vile ») Levon g to aokinevai eid of ovedd ebooootg dotiw . dae gp emie an . rt pe to enssm vd slyte [atesossisors esosnsrogmetdoo bas a \$o-ofetdev edi ao gutbeosag ifs to eawixtm evotoizges. ql. a y ous to eslgtentzg sdd buidelinteee to bestenl .otutisedsa. » bestenl ,e¢loess esi gad pltetoer andd acm .eslyte gathso: > SdiL boixsg otshow odd o¢ Buigeo{ed eleiresea edt Snies a bastes fas .eetiéilago sidsniav yllaet eseeseeog doidn Honk ay ‘ pee baibnogestt0o & goléveb of Snidese .med? of earbr0006 a Lg beds toi Isisecen evitsdint m8 @8 yloiitas beyolgue. ak i ba $i ,moidoussenoo eaiéae edt ct ogiet0t eeendois @ to | ae iad ui .esitseqow edi oF euetinoo ylerisns eoqgede, opnk Bo ane feds Wiivitos otdattas se1l e yWereds nieste of Xeee 9) am co bas patbastersbas to ys ioeqen Lis eebuloe Py | Pipgesiy) gg it seat elds gninzeogo® : $993 and copying in very detailed form in its condition as found. CONCLUSION. (Unchanged in this edition). The most acute perception of the conditions to be fulfilled,. the given proportions afid*the peculiarities of the materials, . the endeavor ever to attain the greatest aims with the smallest — a means, but first of all the consviehtions fear of any untruth in the development of form and the avoidance thereby required of all substatutes, are characteristic peculiarities of Gothic construction. ven the frequently occurring conpeftion accord— ing to the worst works of Late Gothic partakes of these, and a Sins only by 4 certain overloading, a Splitting of hairs danger- ous to every principal. 4 In neskess measure are those peculiarities also those of Greek architecture, so that the full diversity of the results is even q based on the difference in conditions and materials, as well SB further in the era end the course of development of Gothic art, whereby this was placed in condition to develop the results of all preceding art epochs, thus also of those. following the Gre- cian, into its own system. a Herein in the traditional character of Gothic art, in its tho- roughly preserved historicity, lies a second and no less impor- tant impulse of it, whereby it differs not so much from the Ren- E aissance and the Rococo as from a certain tendency of modern a aims in art, which proceeds there to the invention of a novel . and contemporaneous architectural style by means of an entire-— ly capricious mixture of all preceding on the vehicle-of the substitute. Instead of assimilating the principles of the pre- ceding styles, men thus secretly try its résulas, instead of. using the materials belonging to the modern period like cast iron, which possesses really valuable qualities, and using it according to them, seeking to develop a corresponding form, it. is employed entirely as an imitative material for the display of a richness foreign to the entire construction, it is cast x into shapes entirely contrary to its properties, in brief men ~ 4 seek to attain thereby a free artistic activity, that entirely excludes all capacity of understanding and evenuallideeper study. Goncernins this free artistic activity, there is “now &@ quite conceivable thins. Whatever a titanic individual may sive or has siven, according to the preceding and to unite at once the f a i rn : edt ,eisoe Seite ‘8 60 y eoatden {fe ss se oy 30 hate adidas 8 dgnoxdd ¥i9; ek dane | ai bait of .eboiseq i. 5 ytkdoms Diusop conte: paar bus ,eelgtoaiag {Le to Foubory, bas. aeiesLloseo edd edaeeeigss ? oa SE voll .soddel odd to 9 ty 2 i) + % ; ak serik 738, to. ‘abel, 1) | -eaovaebas fove rsiese eden of eeneqg cabdd of Lad.) eek to mh 4 ae : V1 Nal ~ fps ve mae a meri ¥ al ey Paes elements of the earlier into an entirely new whole, and thus : make almost a real fact, it is still the belief, that it belongs in this category to regard every single one as a misfortune. mae wie all shai planned on a smaller scale, the ie: way to ing art periods, to find a conscientious sieneaue thedal struct- ural principles, and therefore since Gothic architecture ina Sense represents the conclusion and product of all primary oe iods of art, first in thecestady of the latter. May it be in the | 4 result in thése pages to make easier such endeavors. 4) a The End. sD us ; = = > + a Le Oe oe fee way a oF os eneno# sont | | | = $ ' -soitined paekiow ¢ st tinev to aoké ~ - neld tealegneioes ro tLuav ascx af § MK i + -glets stems Yo evad [sbiosegead patti fy! ~ + = - = Sfbsy oFft0d Yo e10l to mobeer™ ¥ -sobsound ees’ to hodvsm wawo8 of sextaa00 - ~ + -ffbey to ackionstenco (s1ene9 .S\ | bae etfusv ape7s Yo nobtourtesoo hae’ orO8 | et Luey g207o oldrol to elzeq to eemeM, ween eee + - = = ~edivey eso1o slgate .f $o asdore Jnetsttib edd to auoivevele brs ‘emr08 ce: “sal Weneitt .isbtosecess ,aved aslaseak s9v0 eerlowh mL. St em ~ oS bike a ols See igay Boe kednee vane | a= -~ + = - ~ adits Yo emoteye beatdeoo dtiw ediuav 2b mee ee + = - + aptiony otitiedstoo bas ethinsaexse See ee eee ee ee = 4 = atlosy ton bus tase of me etew ee e = & = SHOTGIE To edatod berretensat meee eee ee eet = = Ont THis to emr0% lass bus (ackiete ot etiney Yo pnotisvels bas atoT ed ~ eee et te ee RH ee BRIER jee 2+ + = + 4 ‘> Btaniog Baidooeteyni to enoktighg retry oe _ << + eensmteegnec si¢ of notesetqnes to tottndisdekd) (& + - (.o%5 eonob .fonant) edasrtzednco to aot toor193 | Brees os ee aS Gee ia hae, rik | ~ + + atlssv feddix-isdois to sazot Serene) ae ~~ +> + = btlssy To eedois edt 200 antyad | 94 s } ~ esfore Leghoeizg edt too ontysl sod eesbP eye =a == Sim mits: I aplilgiqeto BmroH 3% mm site bd ctiie - acer to Bn histed ‘ oe é ae -. hm - ~ ee fe PRA ae Se ees TE hos ed Ses 4 elie ted heli ahs | Pan ee holy oes ae eee NL pee i ste ne 3 gen by =: Nh i” a ga) ae : Ma hess . ivf re aw o es Day 7 port a ii, ae ae ahh ae ony " atte ri 5 Mare vie 1995 “| A. TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - ~----- 643 : I, Vaults < =~ - ~ -'-~ ./2)- ='2°. "Se 1. Deletépment of art of vaulting from Romans £0 Gothic - 1 Vaults of the Romans- - - - - - - ------------ ay4! q Vaults of Barly Christian period- --------+--.13 7 Introduction of vanlt in Romanesque basilica- -.. “Lge Change in cross vault on rectangular plan + = . 2" eee 8 Vaulting trapezoidal bays of choir aisle- -.- - ~ | ES aRE 45 Preedom of form of Gothic vault - - ---- - : 3 : i Re iage Contrast to Roman method of construction- indi ig 17 2. General construction of vault- ------- - : - ‘ 18 Form and construction of cross vaults and domes - 7+ -— Names of parts of Gothic cross vaults ---------- 23 3. Simple cross vaults- ------------- --- 24 Forms and elevations of the different arches of cross vawlt24 Arches over irregular bays, teapezoidal, triangular, etc. 27 Flat arches and vaults- ------------ ----- 29 4, Vaults with combined systems of ribs - - - - - - -- 29 Hexapartite and octapartite vanlts- ---------- - 29 Star and net vaults ------------------- 3] Transferred points of support -------------- 36 Forms of later time - -----------------=2 37 5» Form and elevations of vaults in statical and practical respects ------- 7-4-5 ++ ----+ = See Mutual positions of intersecting points - - - - - - - =~) oe Distribution of compression in the compartments - ---- 46 Correct form of compartments (tunnel, domes etc.) ---- 51 Form of vaults<-\<(-< = = = 52 = Se ee ee ee - ~ 47 General forms of richer ribbed vaults “rr t+ Se ee Laying out the arches of vaults ------------- 64 Ideas for laying out the principal arches - - - - - - -- 66 -.6.°Form$ of profiles ofcrips- ------------- 6&7 Gross sections of ribs- ----------------- 6&7 Cross sections of cross arches- —k e e ee pide arches — 7 a 7 a a Dimensions of cross section of ribs ----------- 73 7, Reysteues~ > iy 4 a oa Ree re Keystones of arohes << - = 29-55 4 Architectural treatment ----------------- 80 Intersections of ribs below crown of vault- ------- 83 =+-- eedorg pack : ne dtin e¢iuey 20) i 7 ~ ee oe & Seangoleysb, releger to. enoks, bette tte tee iE -criouency odd tne B beet et ete neers favosy te pliers | SS tetietieties -e1sig banosyae svods edit to gatgniage |) 7 es Elle tetiie iotined eset ex -etosmigsqnes to pynoesh + 4 hots eae - - - - ee eee a - o eisinoie 9G Bein ~~ oe we ee ee oH + = “noitogss To Bboy ee emi — ~ sinsy ob aokeksignes bas ednemsisqaoo to ict | Or---- wn ee ee eH oH RORt909 Lo InemoREsTTA me Oe ne et dda tldladiedlin -atnentuagaoo Ta ncktosetedal + | a: ee et ee ee eee tee BT Lae xeretolo eres) | Me ae pe Bebe ether te bd -noisogitesco bar gefo1s %6 eeatge6 +Of | ete - - ~ + ~'- ~ - ~ -9975009 30 gatosla baa soiteisgers ele —-+ -~--+ = = eigemdusgroo To edi bas goivfuay a + ~ —- ~ -'- sdgemtadh to suoteneaid bas w10% »1t | -- ee af iim en a: tuentrdea to atot fatene® sf) . ets ~ 4.5 + 7 7, SBRenedas bas ae Snemtods to aeld- 4 Peas (ie em - - - Boneeadiod pas el{sw io nokteve Ly ey ee ewe ee eee ee - = ~s+---- ~ =, 19hq Sib. oa ae ee we ee eee tnontods to stash to aeitenkmreded oe ig stosestg To soitizog bes shudingeM .& oe ae = eee eee ee et ~ s B ORES) ie a WET) = mee ~ = + = oneitsivoles 10 soiwenh ed ome sntoiasdd q Re bai ahedsag> ~ - - - ~i{way aeore to tagsad to ebidkepel, oo ei- - etinsy to eieuids [sdnosivod bus Tisten to eetdell ya | € rtasssnds ni esegette bas dogger to enrl gntatsid0 .£ er lee + =~ -aniseuto bas gotowereva ,ectagile mort visisg a | er... ws - ++ + )7-- 2 = = trongoe Yo ontt to noltpood i? ERTS = - - aoriose BeOS 790 Pere seeeeette to poidudiatesd ie 4 a ee Sanat lk ey Se i te “TIS08ER ot aoteoe®, ( | 7 bee ttt ~( ide) sfageig ede to sbadiagalt Ms Secliaiied a eountguate Sie. to. etnomtuds of eaoldscktoqh | | ka py bag gunn a Mba: 6ELG oh = -- = +++ - ~e00tene niniwts | meni “anaes Yo enokes => a 8. Spfingings of arches - ---------+---- 268 85 Springings of vaults with and without ribs- : : . 3a 85 Conditions of regular development - - - - - - - ~, yt haying ont. the voussoirs- -- ---------i_ 29 90 Restriction of ground area- -- ------ - =; : 93 Springing of ribs above detached piers- or Lal ~ <0 97 9. Masonry of compartments- - - - - - - - - -.. oo 100 Waterials — ~~ %- 75-47 Int cor cio eee Mode of erection- --~-----------~----~.-..144 Horm of compartments and compression in vault = ~ ae 103 Arrangement of courses- ------------ ~ : : =a 106 Intersection of compartments- Bi Tht Sh eee Se ae 114 Cloister vaults -- ------------------- 415 10. Centres of arches and construction- -~---:r-- Bue 117 Preparation and placing of centres- - eh ere i =. 6 - 117 Vaulting and ribs of compartments ------------ 119 II. Form and Dimensions of Abutments ~ - - - - - - - 122 1. General form of abutment - - - tae ce sm eas - - 122 Plan of abutment walls and buttresses - - - --°- ae Hlevation of walls and buttresses - - o.0 2 = oe : - 124 Widdle pier - meter corr crcl oS eee Determination of depth of abutment- - ---------- 128 2. Magnitude and position of pressure ot vaults = 437 Location of line of supoort - -------------= 139 Distribution of stresses, kern of cross section - - - - - 141 Tension. in masoarty- =.=,5 >>> tore tr HH = eee Magnitude of edge pressure €Pable)—'- = 2 --- 77-7 16 Applications to abutments of old structures ------- 146 4. Dimensions of walls and buttresses - - - - - - - - - 148 Determining the dimensions- --------------- 148 Tables of dimensions of walls and buttresses - - -- 2 > 8 )- Dimensions of middle piers ------------ - 153 Widdle pier of a hall church- -------------- 154 Basilica without buttress systen- dee tun inte act ys 1s. vd e, = th .% 7 is ie fo. i Ss ' : ‘ oy »” y ; teh f Pa ; ree e OF hake. the wir une lataga a4 5 = = tptpeeony bain boe beol too 8 aoe se + 4 a SS poe Yo tdgtew bee baol peed H) Ie - - -- - - - ~~ (eloet dein) sqweeerg bail (WOl- - - = - = =sctiised Yo eifsw senteus bivolsbiny or ts Wiis - = = + -oyatifedace bos eawufoo .etet? TIT” mmr = — 2 Piso PES \ adele ode to dsenuen ae | PY e¢r- ee By S “se eee ee = BISTG fenogyto® - He + 2 4+ - + sbavdr din erskg pave ay ~~ 4-2++- = (eedors asthtvih bas) eqetq ee070) ee mit -enid otef edt to erstq bebivibad 3 Bemyehs 2 2 he Se ee aS 2S aon pd ear ‘ * Berdor to agatuatage bes arate. to eootensmtb to cite Oy As MURS S 5 - ci s e SS oS oo ie: f Pe bere = - - - auleds stsace Baa Stede/ Eade no elatiqs) .— } ae aegis > Sf enosds favor so Legotylog déin eletiaed y 7 ) arehg fenoayiog to eletiqaed ‘ i YY eer- - + = -esnid retel bos slitin te elediqss exsifod hl ae 0 ebold taszettis to afetiqes to aago8 | | Be Bremer ee Sk Se “a8iq Sacoqmoo to Latigas te nald 2 DRUG Sc 6 a Se ee e's suse odt to sotdsvele y SiS" - - - - - - - = ataig¢ Snes comofos to seand .F | | Ww Ome < ae ee ee ae eee -_—-— = + -- seed to exodmel Pat Ree fia Ss ae gg 3's - = - - e8ed to nelg to emsct “ae Ber OCR. ao SS LSS. Spates Savogues te tefg to seed va. my . Mun esse oe eek ~-+-- + -998ig YoRud Bo pee t ~ Sacha hee eee Mens OSe+ os 2 Se es ae DOSS + 2 He ee + - Seed t0 end “Y@SS- - - - - = -2%8t0 befsioet bee eftede gSctiiod ny hae OD ) 8 --- - 22 +--+ - + -snote 20 artes anttted . i tees cote tee ees 2S Cedseg nebaol | cae Sr 52 oS Ses tien ori sea --- epatiiedses bas esnote zatwsed .elsds00 (8 ° ; . | eee lacie * MER alee nasificty gt 93 ~~ Oe A097 - Basilica with flying buttresses ---------- 159 6. Roof load and wind pressure- ps 2 ~ : 2 oS ae Dead load and weisht of snow- - ----- - 2 2 ee Wind pressure (with Pable)- - - - - - : : F253 Windpressure against walls of pasilica- - ~ oe -165 III. Piers, columns and corbellings- - mafia on =171° 1. Members of the piers -------- = se ee POLVSONBL (PLONE tei eo me me ere oe nis he oi =172 Round piers with rounds - - ------ - : -- = <5 Cross piers (and dividing arches) - - - - - - - > =e Undivided piers of the late time- - - - - - - - - -183 Forms of rounds - - - ------------- - -186 Ratio of dimensions of viers and springings of archi88 2 SDINOIS ee Capitals on round shaft and square abalus - - - - - 196 Gapitals with polygonal or round abacus - - - “ ~ -196 Gapitals of polygonal piers -~- -~-- --- = -S - -199 Foliage capitals of middle and later times- ----- 199 Forms of capitals of different kinds- - - - - - - -204 Plan of capital of compound pier- - - - - - - - - -207 Elevation of the same --------+--- - — =2409 3., Baseg, of columns and pliers ~ - -— + < ~ = -)eieeee Members. of “BRSe ce Se ae ee ee eee -212 Forms of plan of base ------- me aaa ae Py nS. -215 Base of pier of compound section- -----+- = = -226 4. Brtok piere~ a se ee Fores of planes ~~ nis ein Se a Forms of capitals a Oy ee mn OR Si en Re ae eee -226 Nerae of bageg— oss oer Te eg 5. Ceiling shafts and isolated piers- - - - - - -228 Geiling shafts of stone+ <)-'= <= = - + £75 7 ae 228 Wooden posts- ------ 5-7 et rt ttt 2 Brackets, braces, wooden caps- --------- 5 1256 6. Corbels, bearing stones and corbellings - - -— 233 General statics ------ raedeet ers beeline: nag Sp ee" -238 Gentrally arranged corbels- mie chides sere ake -240 Corbels projecting at one side- - -- -- - - — ~ 7245 Sonnection of corbel with stone supported Ln sl -~ ~-nsl¢ to exct Levene? wean enn - +--+ - ~ 295h)) Ske elfew to enotanentd PO a te) nw mw me, > BORON ROTO eUBCE a4 i eelets bas sfotis to soisonet e+ - ++ + + ~ esleis oxom 10 soads détw eedomndd LB | sas min = ye a eee! ee ee OP See ee 2nottiegos? @8------------- eelais sbie to soiteninied nsese8s Xes- =< —-— -gigorrsst teodtiw boa psfets ssrdd dtitw dowd}. ees- « - i ~ exei¢g Sus ellen bo epotansmrd ay Haw en - + + = » Beles ovit dd iw eedowsd Ran + oe we tM +eslets’ Yo neigiienoayles rwe- -volets Seysvern atin eefoaudo to etospper? 4h age os aera bs ~--~>- + - efets slante ttin edgeensst r+ eo a o » wesfeks ehie dite) esqgeenaee. oe —- - -colets lerever détw doasds to tiodo to nsfT .2) | ee Herre eee ee ee | - BYSd Ieteves to ecottibbl | meee ee ee - - - + oofeis shodo déiw akots Yo asf. LSS RS oon peepee aero ~elegedo atin tevedo fen0lone | Sort ct rt oo 4 reV0csqe gokoevresat détw seve) pm en -slets gpreveasad bas stole usewted neala to tesespcer7s . hae ke f= “ee me we em = etoNOe To enely to earot 3 a a 08: ee ee ee er erenot Yo enokdscod |e “iE “s+ oe ee ee = = BreHOd to statg bas efisk ‘i’ a sd meet pein aceies ee. afiw exemod Yo aol meme). os i rye re es i ' 8 ree ae rae a ey ee RE PP eg ee Se Ee ms fe, ra Transition to compound viers- ---------- +--+ === 255 4 IV. Ground plan of plier~.-.- - --- == ts sii eee a 1. Ghurch with single aisle - ----+--+-7+-5 7 =) 257 Direction of church fron East to West- - - - - - - ~ -- - -257 General form of plar of church with single aisle- - fonts -258 Ground form of,.chair .endisg i-inim os iseapt 3 ss ange ~259 gonnection of choir aisle of equal width- oe iat oi ae | Western termination of churches of one aisle- - + =e ~265 a Connection of choir with a wider nave ------ . — e 250): . Plan of transverse sisle-- ----------- - 4 — =e Geometrical relations in masses of plan ----- ~ 4 cee -273 Dimensions of abutments according to rules of experience- -273 2. Ghuroh with two aisles. -.-.- <-+.-)4.5 >~ sac ee General forn.of plan- - >-------+-+-+-+> ee Dimensions .of wallssaad piers -.-- -- 7-7-7 sae - -273. Wasonry on cross arches - - - - - - ee Janction of cheir.and stales- - = - -'-= =. > + = = Shee -279. 3. Churches with three or more.aisles -.- - — = =is§-) = =2ee2. Proportions .of bays :ig:0len ci 4 ger = tte 3 SS —282 Rastern termination of side aisles- - - - - - - - - =)— = =285; Church with three aisles and without transepts- ---- - -287 Dimensions od walls and.piers 7 -->---+- 7-55 54 eee Churches with five aisles --------------- - -289 Polygonal plan of sisles- ------->77>7%7 + =>) See 4, Transepts of churches with several aisles- — 7362 = eee Transepts with single aisle I2tS 3233S 2S 2 See -291. Transepts with side aisles- ----------+-7-+-- = -294 5. Plan of choir of church with several aisles- ~----296 — Additions of several beys -------------- - 7--296 o Plan of ‘choir. with .choit sisle-s.7.35> 5 s 3 SS See ~. -298 Enclosed .chevet with .chapel8—.-.-u- .<.-.= .- "4 eee ~301 Chevet with intervening spaces- ---------- - - - -306 Arrangement of plan between choir and $ransverse aisle- - ~309 6. Porms of plans of towers -<- -.5 377-7 = oe Locations.ef tewers == => 353s 3 eS SS eee 309 Walls and piers of towers oe Wie aie toer Mey he 25 = = tee ee Gonnection of towers with stair towers- -—7rttt time oe 7. Structures added to churches, equipment, roods - - - -320 Sacristies- ---.t7 7S CTR RET ST Atte Principal equipaent, altar, pulpit, orman etc. - to oe ie ve 7! ie mee = oy us a are z 4 my vy a di . re - j Y. ¢ jit Per ae ney i pid : ie: ie ee i aa - ian, fem f- - - anckesogoag festntencey | goat ts soitose at downdo .v a f&--~------+-+~ thodo bao dotoio belate-sibare ie a men em ee = = ROEseIDL Yo SdRtod to seared ie Be - = - ~~ - + 4 = + > + -doswid bolets-sinnte to toon | am UPD Bhe- ~ - - scveesssud tuodsiw bes itin eliew to anotensred i bie BEE: ewe ee - + — Eheve YrAcesa Sas web ‘obt@ i a WER ~ - - + + Hffen to axsgirenog =[iea to dseq anol to notetvid ” Ye eed een ene eo ee & = sBwObute fo Jaewezre rth a see tee Rh we ed + oponedER S40 BAR < “+e a + + + mybblidats mo eegseneg Bo goneeftal ae meet + - + - ~~ > = - BTuOTe .eredtoy \otan th horse) me Ser et en ee ho 8 lb pedodnde: Pad Sal: an - -esdonpdo [fed to qiklidsta to enolitbaco Inrenso Nae Sf ee a aly tw ee OTR ORR te wilideds ieee)” > + -baiw bas bsol Joos So tosite .eflew to whites? Gm we eee ee ee He He * Bante Eled 40 took i ot i | ! ' ~-+-—« « » effiied teiessk to elete olhpisl nae - ~elete ofbbte baa thodo to etizied evidales ) me eee ee = = = spefotdo [sd to eeiveliad (eam eeetiiod oidt fue yroteielo ddim doapdd .€ |) Uae Dy) 8Be-- - - - - - eefete sbta elanie save 2sucet stud. antyid ) - =tsleis sbte belduck seve eeseesddad Rokyle a! e _ TRE~ ~-+ +--+ ~-+ = godsye sesiind ftin ceten fo fsvoas®? | * SRE + - - - - ~ esecentind Roiyit to nvivountencs dedvene ~ - gyusestigd gotylt gniviessy esesettend to! amre®, - ++ = medgeys ecotdinud to etificede to noitelfeotsd wet He + =~ mixotiat Io doomgoleved V8. we ee ee we a OTe Yo aoivose. | i St ee ee eae eal ie RG Pe aes noitevel® — . i ess +--+ = <1 hee redg0 at ewobuix dein pine aa: 4 ~~-- ~~ es{eie ebie rove esineliey betivey \e he ~ eddai O98 etgoenstd \atodo olqute to noites2 2) ee te ee Bm ee si read teed ibs. hh: Rea a ee ee ere ae ae eee ee eee probate oom Ne hehe oe Nowe ss ¥ ee inns . 1 i ' ' ' ie nee > Vege 1 Ae Arrangement of rood screen- - ----------< ‘= =324 8. Different systems of seometrical proportions - * ~327 Vv. Church in section and elevation - - ----- -331 1. Single-aisled church and choir - - a < pence ~331 Proportions of height of interior - - - - - fae Roof of single-aisled church- - - - - - a jo og a Sa ~335 Dimensions of walls with and without buttresses x -335 Side arch and masonry over it ------------- 338 Lowengpart of wall- 7 + - 7 = = Middle aisle of sreater height- —------+--+-- t ~380 Relative heights of choir and middle aisle- ata: - -331- Galleries of:hald ‘charcheg=i~ - - > ee ee 381 3. Church with clearstory and this buttress systen- -383 Flying buttresses over single side aisles ----- - -383 Flying buttresses over doubled side aisles- - - - -— - -389 Removal of water with buttress system - - - - - - - - ~391 Further construction of flying buttresses - - - - - - . =393 Forms of buttresses receivins flying buttresses -- - -397 — Calculation of stability of buttress system - ~ - - -— ~400 4, Development of triforium ----------- - -404 Section of triforium---------- ttt tt he Flevation af tciforines 406i oS Se eee -406 Triforium with windows in outer wall- J. > See 5. Vaulted galleries’ over side aisles ~ - =~ ~- — > 410 6. Section of simple choir, transepts and Hable -- ae Choit, ri =o a SS Trassepiaiir i ot ri athe Spe Gable wali=
-secusiud edd to daouteoad Leapdootisoth: a --s- e e - m = Oootementb bas wot Iexeac m+ += + apesetto ett bas enéatded to Batqod ~ « ~ -genisde: das essous babdd>-yd tasmdstia® ~ 7a ~~ tedgid Bae dette; od tntbaetxs eosgsstiug (ae een ee eee s+ + + = + eps fosantd sb Me ‘-exedaen bLc to esina qd esioennig tuo belyed +++ e+ see =o -eloeantq odd ‘36 Gakeuor “-- s+ + = # = slorontg Yo ybod bas Leinit ~~ esloeavig to mrot bavogado bar bevtilqnte -~--« + avescaitnd bos esfononty bo noltasidue) | ss hee + + = + epehdsg yteoeth has selds, oa > ceenolteneno Bae estat | ie in ee en = evonoft afgas 20) ey ~ ser t ne ne , sletuabeg nue Nesey a) 7-7 = + = yrepETt bos erobakw LV ITR! “+--+ ab sae = = Eetenes ak ret - */ = ib soak. & Webdbeeds Sold fe ~~~ (S$aitatsq eesly bas) srodsin 20 uate as ~+ + = -(efdet) ered arose Yo t ph ini a ich ii Sp hreaiete he ee eh og my 1 Rachael : -") ; has ¢ 4 a re a“ i me | are ee WO vere ne tee ae ' iy i ei ohh | | sie © ee = is ; A v : WV? me Wee bi i 8 be "1 s , cae : SRA BA an ail i i iat ? ee oe ) ™ i é ae 1) ae x i) ee ¥/\ ial f \ 4 Wg ie ee 3 a Oe ee ARO wee Triangular gable- ------------------ -421 VI. Members and crowning of wall - - - - - - - - -427 1. Members. in general.~ <- ---i-2 - - - - - = = eee General form of mouldings - - - - - . - s tag eee ~427 Mouldings in brick masonry-------------- -429 Mouldings of wood construction- - - - - - > >= 3s ~470 Coping and crowning the gables- --------+-+--s A714. fracery gables ef windows and ornamental gables --- . -474 6. Crownings and crockets of pannacles and Sables - -478 Knobs and créssilorens - -~-+- +--+ > opgen bee eftetylog to isenvols#ed ie “| _ wwe ee we = aegen dviw tose Liokesd duo bokyed a ie ee ee lee ee ome = © eltote log tee Bohan ee Wie ein 4m = mm + yTODETE, to sgoltosetodni. bas sotes¥ |) WPrieie - ~ - = -sfecdn bos enokifon elgata dtin yreosa? 66/0) ae ten + ~—n mm eee — > im Obsd08 Plas Yo ewobsiw noliio |e - ~_e em -otdtod yitaS to awohain Isodn elgahe ) i, : =~ - -beatt elbbia bre gluse af yseoasd to esosstetiig | } mee te ee ee ee = > OMtt Sibbim to yrecent slots 7 Serer ee ee ee ~~ olyde oldsod eded to ymsoesT | (a = - - ~evobniv [eedn fae noifivn bawognos te yrolerh Bo Lis - - “eee > - + wobstw rokl inn bavogmos to aplt | ee rs ca eee a -~—s +e ee ae yracesd basegmoo to achisyslé ‘ 'e~ emer ee or ne + + Brobain o¢os bos fosdw beeogmop Oe BE aime ee ee eH Hw mm eeobentented preoest .f 1G ie BE als ke oe ~cehsitgapiad yisoaté ssgotd | . 4. per er ee er et ee ee te mo eesoee eieap +2 ey " Bice wie - - ~~~ H - ~~ + Bfetiog bas syen00G .TITY oda etm -- ~ + ~-- -— ~ 2yentoob to ecuet bas Snisevod Re pt : DeRe- - = - - - - - ~~ - -adust bus eefore to gnirsdase sigmee | Tbe - ~ -edmet Bos éedove uo seidetsorsstc ompatt bus egeeion - hal ebte Rie - ee eee mn + eig sibbim dae sediate deb | Mee - - - - - ~~~ mr rede Istrog bas 1008 te sened | 07 ie -- ---- - +--+ > > feteog to menegeg? Se . > ~~~ -Iet10q lo uotawots bas stucofone Iesnvetr® .€ : i Met ~~ - - - - + colnotteey ob 4 ja, a a ns in on omelet en oe nein i. pe ~yfetieg to 2uohiszoce® heridgiuoe .€ eee eer tee ee ee + - meledig soksg . ata = ewe tS eve et v Se ae a eee 8 oF Hoivelrd®d ylxad to exewot to ¢ ‘oor ms > resksote otot TS HE i SR CMR ROA. SMM ALE 3 ho -—-—-— = ~ mo - 4501 Application of the precedins data - tc eee ee He eee 2. Arches and window tracery in general en Employment of tracery ---------- ~e n= . ee Development of tracery- - ------ - ~ = i oe Development of polyfoils and cusps- - - - - : ~ im 5G Laying out trefoil arch with cuspS- - ---- : — « ae baying out polyfoils- -----+-+------<£«-. 2.6 eee Vesica and intersections of tracery - ---------. 3. Tracery with simpls mullions and wheels~ or ~~~ oe Mullion windows of Early Gothic --------.---.- Simple wheel windows of Early Gothic- - 7 = ~~ - Differences of tracery in early and middle times- “ oo as ‘ 521 Simple tracery of middle time - 22 = ts & eee : ee Tracery of Late Gothic style- - - - - sito tet = > ee bike 4. Tralery of compound mullion and wheel windows _ fies Plan of compound mullion window - - ~ oot me ot be ain Hlevation of compound tracery “OtotoTS Tot 9 Compound wheel and rose windows - - Tithe ee - - -- e - - D. Tracery balustrades- ------------- - -- -532 Wullion balustrades ------------+--- ~-- = -532. Proper tracery balustrades- ----------+-+--+---- 533 6. Gable tracery- -------- ---- 75 - - - = = 535 VIII. Doorways and pottals --------- - - -.- -538 1. Covering and jambs of doormays - 7 TT 7 + 2 eee Simple mewbering of arches and jambs- - - - - - --.- = - -538 Foliage and figure ornamentation on arches and jambs- - - -541 Jamb strikes and middle pier- ------------ -.- -545. Bases of door and portal jambs- - ------------ -547 2. Tympanum of portal ------+--+----- -— = > —segee 3. External enclosure and crowning of portai- - - ~ = 952 4. Vestibules - Ber ale > 7 oe ee -557 . Snail porchesiniy 2/2 yoy te tS oe Larger independent porticos --------------- -538 j- Sculptured decorations of portalg- -------- ~ 559 6. Brick portals- -~ 7755744 te ttt eee 7.. Door, leaves and their fixtares.- ~ — - -.— =.= ae 564 IX. Development of elevations of towers- a : é “ 56S 1. Development of towers of Harly Christian to Gothic - -569 2. Division of towers into stories- -----------572. Genenahor is Gitic iti a ise Set oe ay ir ae om _— -~ p= RORaroC ‘ 9 ry ] 5 : 4 ra we al Lb F im Vs ; ¥ — -_—- , 6 ’ > 7 Ve be a? a al Seal -~-+-+ + - gsot feissen bas ofota oh ee oo = + - ~ -tnkot bed to sottsoo) - -xedz Ae me = =raKod ko tccheenae mn 7 A Me ” ba aby , * ne Se. =< pee wee ne ew + + + saNOt Yo prods Ata0F ~=-=- +2 = + ++ stored fo scitsniaved seqq0 od stertizasat bes eovige to emzot Isesd .€ o~--~ + - + = =srgnod Lsnozviog bus bovot Yo ceukee m~_-e ee eee em ee = + & BHOWOS STBUDE To soTiag meee ee e+ = + = - BOWS STeNpE Go BoTige IsnoRsdoD. ; -yiote edaibentedat yd eertge Lemoxetoo al noidtensi? ofai (yrt{sd) sewot Yo tee0 s9900 Yo aolitessiT wes e te e ewe eee ee = BTS KOS TEATS, { ' ' t ' ' : t ? t : -~ -sistiss tsilan® .& ~ a eae ee tee ~~ -—- gsilge graces .¢ Ge at ee!) AS NM 108 oe ae 7 - ~ -bsravord wenn ewe ee ow sofe | , 66 peenad .eertge betsiotist atti incline Per fe ~ene = = = = =» wpe ige AOFaG etanuot bos enotensat6 berisoes (espestde 20 i ios eS a ae ~--+ ews = - = — ~estige [estaod ~-+-+-++-* eetiga srove [ebiastyq Lenotessd is aw ee we aw - - estfae stsvoe baa fsnobareh ~-~~--~+-~-+ eemob ,psbie heyieo diiw sestae NR a ae ena, + « + eee ++ ~ te 6. Stresses, required dimensions and thrusts of spires- Conical spires- -----------+ ~-----+--- Octasonal pyramidal stone spires- eee Pe oe x Hexagonal and square spires - - - - - - - ----+--+-+ee Spires with curved sides, domes Oe) Fl Set Pin’ te: i -- --- 7+ Wooden spires of towers- - - ---++++--+-ee Connections of timbers- ---------- -------- Covering and crowning, ste. - ---- - ----+--+-- Simple roofs of towers- - - - - ititiietiottndic tas. Roof’ turrets-)— ea) ee 8. Stresses in wooden spires- - - - - - - > i 9. Stresses in walls of spires of towers- veces ier Compression due to dead weight- --- <= rdet1og toon to neq Te¥Ol mort suetssq eoataue | | a oe, | eisexag ae p eee - - - - - isibedteo to geetdiad gotelt 96 {ensedo 4 i me 08 ------+--++- -siasl «2 to Leqedo stods 10 nef3 “ee oe eisvused BS ------- ~ -letbedtso to afotin to ysd to soitevelia MES - - - ~~ ee eH = tty Bo ES . e-es eit ott ow me Oamekss 16 to akodo Yo, male Vn i Rage. dh, pling Rig Mee ie ears Vfl hin Aloe snasish +C to suisotrs? ‘sooneess SYS - - | + Setbeddes wort dover Yo fed tged Weor tect - ---- - - - {aubedses to caenttod to sfosonsd eae i | oy) vy al 4d dosdyeiitg.. 5 (ae « «fsapdo to {esiteg 9%0 nunsquy? cat ia Bar ee mm ee te tt Me te ee = oe owe Ieee i | | notodayod hee “doris qieterson to moftoes fae aeiS map|: gindsebaass | a at 0022, Year, eee -- ~Lanbeaiteo pt Legeto. so7% ayatic ted a | foiwengmS i | Breet wot st ee eo Uesbolitso at poktckei > ee By weleend, ae ae > ert eee ct roc eo = > dotedo e201 gout Jiway 9) ih. ‘ oe | ) pleeensa . 9) A Mte- - - -- eiubud +8 99 lates efbbta aoxt esd to mitt Mi ) _ <--> 2 ~ = ompisbtiss. aa ht Mere fh bean to m mene? tn es i, a cee pai . uy o 5 | Bile od ons ie Mo = < re 8 eh Gtr ake hay + he Yas ¥ phy: ‘ re a, x aes as ea — een My i E: #5104 B. LIST OF LOCALITIES FOR THE ILLUSTRATIONS. Aix-la-—Chapeble Pig. Wall from in cloister ----------------- 279 Ahrweiler Plan of west end of church- -------------- 818 Section of S. Laurentius’ church- - - < —i- | 890 - Amiens NS Flying battress of cathedral- ------------- 406 Scheme of plar of choir -----------+-~---- 79 Surface pattern from lower part of west portal- - oh. -1306 Auxerre ae Water channel on flying buttress of cathedral - - - - - 899 Bambers Pan. Plan of choir chapel of S. Maria- -----------=- 804 Beauvais | Blevation of bay of choir of cathedral- - - - - - - - - 847 Plan of piers = > <-> 75 4 * = 4 2 Plan of choir of S. Etienne - OE ee ne 807 Triforium of 5. Eiieaae - - - -- -- = = os Se - 914 Besancon Capital of round from cathedral - - ---------- 472 Pinnacle of buttress of cathedral - - - - - - - = 1081,10812 4 Billerbeck i. W. Tympanum o¥er portal of church- - ------- -— - = =1308 Wheel window- io iat Baa ae Ck” es at orn reli Rie Ph Sr ae -1243 a, Bornhofen Plan and section of monastery church- - - - - - - — 758,758 a Brandenburg Paintings from’chapel in cathedral- - - 1486,1487,1500,1501 _ Brunswick Paitating in cathedts) = - =~ ee ee x 1491, 1491-b Breslau Vault from cress chureh — ~*~ 9 == Fo] ea ee = 3% Brussels Elevation of bay from middle aisle of S. Gudule - - - - -917 Plan of pier, dividing arch of triforium- - - - - - - = -9t7/@ Chalons op Moulding of abacus from capitals of arcade in cathedral -490 Foliage en sameic) + Sy Sn tee ee Capital of column of arcade - - ----------- - -520 tea Is 5 to dese # atu: to: ieturoaneg ee = = row0t to fei gugtiat to notifum wobaiw 16 rae s¢- a = -1ekg test0o Sf booa0 bee 19hd pakesoro to weet Rs - lathedtsc te tyeenamt .v to nottoes bra nottevels -s = .00 Yo igsenett 8 to isivog io elas to Sorawesd 7 71M aa ~ + sob to-tgeensst .% oi wobaty feeds to eisoas? f. ss = + gree To mesere eeertsnd fguoadd mottos ee i. ~- ++ =» gfate ofktin to yee to tluov Yo motstavelay) - -efets eerovanert to yed to sivev to aotsevel®? 15 Sqssnet “th Lo suit Seet tIeey fenond to [iste aa + ‘ ' es ae > : : eentied) co ae oo so-so +e eLerbsiisgo 40 ety even to Bele em - somee to tgonnsst sit 10 forog wort anufoo So seed’ 9) am See ee ewe eee } + foro omse edt ott siupre q | akrodd Ry ial dat ain a Shyrpio Kas ante ok ebawoa Yo gaktated an 4 | engtequod pens: = =~ -onfotad .3 to efete seveverss? to ysd to notdevel® Be fe tu, | ghyned oe, -- oned -4 to isdigss wozt dia to §aiksisqe bos doth | p Aastat 78 .dovs Yo sutzatage bee sety Batecose to aeft | Gee a ee eee He - HF emee to even io baved BO Lestqnd a ge Seen te ee ee em = wOMee to toon Slit Be avedisd Re , ee ee eH +e = = = ones mt reteye eeortiad Be elktory 4 we D-- +--+ --- - amas Yo ofets sibbic to yet tolnotsvelg a Bae = + --- + - ~ ones to tioto wort aacusdud to aofetved | isp a sto dows Bntbivib bes ebnoo: dtiw setq evea Yo feddged) |) Ge De ++ + + + onse of t0kietat ot amafoo To weed to. ofrtes? | alee ee ee ee eee sort rledvoo bae solares) too8’ ‘ Ba ; i= see we He ee + ewes Yo Ifoks ebie to noises | wae ee oe -e8rse to alets efbbin fe sodniv To toissinl bes norsos | A ¢ as ease to tosessat 68 to [fax aldey to sottevele isdreial ee eae 2 22227 rt nee te none teenty Bd fy 7 { ‘ o, ; a ee - ss me tb eh Sr ¥. » ih 561 a Figure from the same porch~ -~------ +--+ == = == iage Chorin Painting of rounds in monastery church- - - ------= - 1488 Compeisne Elevation of bay of transverse aisle of S. Antoine- - - - 923 Danzig : - Arch and springing of rib from capital of N. Dame - - -286,286b aq Plan of crossing pier and springing of arch, S. Bénigne ~ 468 Capital of round of nave of same- - - - - - - - = =~ = -§02,502a8 Pattern of tile roof of same- -----------=== 887 Profile of buttress system in same- ---+* > > = se Elevation of bay of middle aisle of same--------- 916. Division of buttress from choir of same - - - - - - -.- - 1062 Capital of nave pier with rounds and dividing arbi of Ned 443 Profile of bayu of column in interior in same - - - - - = 54). Roof cornice and corbels from same- - ---------=-= 698. Section of side choir of same - - - -'- - ++ ~ = = ==) =) gaae Section and interior of window of middle aisle of same- — 348 Internal elevation of gable wall of S. transept of same - 933 External slevation ofeame part - ---------+ >= =7oe Sestion ar wage sl = 2 soo LeDebhenoin.Coarland Profile of rib from ruined castle Rn a) eu nee a ae er 155 Duisburg : Plan of church of Minorites - -------------=- 735 Section of same - - ---- == -----+--7-=*+ = 7350 oe BRberbach : Fume: eS eee erg AL) ai 1% ae hw oe wo oh doves .e doxade te 4dbg atu 4 @30l- - - = + Bite ve aah hay to siatiq abun i | : | Lee: Tt: . -~ += Sido stetgalitoo si eats toto cle beet ae ee ee en em ee oe oomee of dit to Rakgnhseer ee mn ee sm tle sy omse) Yo \unslos to Letiass: me + ~ owse to sgecnsnd .# ok 1006 to [etait to Isdiod yy) ae ~+~+-+- ineve® .€ dotsdo wort qaoolsd belfedxeg > | ie | ~ +(dexbeddao) dowds bello mort déntig to elktosg "Re | ae ~~ mo = ~ » dosss.seffoo mol yseperd Wokath,) |) 7 ‘e8ar -ineyod .2 dorado wort ebsatenled yteosat Dep@eeoe ~ ~ + ~ - - + = + + = + testers® Yo dossdo most dLye¥ NGOe = + + - - + - ee = + donde Rotdds97% most Lod209 Bip) | | snis2 tsen aeeusdtent® et eee ee ee tt Logeio a lo ewok | | oaesh wk ebondosd: -~--- -opivedse) .6 to evem to noivevele bae agI? (== + = + -donedo gbstevey mort asiq evan to saad aa | ) | ' josddost® 2) eee ~ hee tee ee ee eH = TB bOfo To pebsot Pay, sraa® ok S1odnemnsys 9)” 4 ~~ + - ~ dowsio asisiind sntuhee ineunenue ae -~ ~ euss io L[ets0g .W ts Jotatl£ w6eb asbas Ledied. ~~ --+ ~~ =d0mudo setedéed Yo tenot So ald ; ~--- ++ +e ++ 4 - - case to oven to ofttor? =. +2 + = i Ret eo ORERe MIE elosnisde®? | a wee ee ee He + Omer Mort Ledrdo boa yaeray ” we ee te eH ee sotnto meredind to ten0F ~seee w sachdiue bonsoten babes ju) wor? . Ease ae “hice f* | Wig os rekeeg es ee Wee ee He eee vowsfedseas 8 word sekd’ evek ie rege - -dowdo sgueitdeld most Soper fo seed Oe a ss wegererS ni gsodiod® aoe ‘lg Bi- - + + wotentn to tenes af ytiled: it pabtcanait et SSR pbeiaetpeeapecter tens. | eS i eis iaeanice @iiB. | ee ee TE ee a pot) ' { t t - , Plan of chapter hall- ----------------- -765 Section of chapter hall - ---------------+- 766 Binbeck opie wes : eee Middle pier of church S$. Jacob- ------+-- s+ me — — — 898 ee Profile of plinth of church S. Alexander- - - . ~ -1025, 10252. % Erfurt a Keystone Srom cloister of babii churhe — — - ~ -218,233 Springing of rib in same- -------+--- ae ee 282,282. Gapital of column of same ------- - ~~ nee - 578 Corbel of lintel of door in N. transept of same - - ie ~669 Corbelled balcony from church S. Severi - - - - a . -694, 694a Profile of plinth from colles.church (cathedral)- - - - 1090 . Window tracery from colles.church - -------- - - 1240 Tracery balustrade from church §. Severi- - tel a ee 1279 Vault from church of Barefeet - - ------- - — - 9099942 Corbel from Preaghing church- ------------ — -637 Ernsthausen near Haina a Tower of a chapel :- -:- - ie - eee S HH- eee Se 1453 Eschwege in Hesse | } Plan and elevation of nave of S. Catherine- - - ~- - -422,422a Base of nave pier from Neustadt church- - - - - - - - = -570 Fischbeck Arcades of cloister - - -------------+- 6 1163 Frankenbers in Hesse Sorbel from present Lutheran church - - - ----- - - -662 Corbel under door lintel at ff. portal of same - - - - - -693 Plan of tower of Lutheran charch-:- - - -= Soe Profile of nave of same - --------- 7-7-2 = = 872. Tabernacle from same- - -- ------------- - 1086 Canopy and corbel from same PR tn Fee ee hr 1126, 1126a Tower of Lutheran church- - ---~-- = - - > - + 1387 Corbel from present Reformed church - - - - - ----- -653 Frankfort | Nave pier ‘from 5. Bartholenew -— = — + = = = = = > =e 432 Base of round from Liebfrauen church- - - - ~- - 574, 574,581 Freibers in Breisgau Stone ceiling over belfry in tower of minster - - - - 396,96a Keystone from middle aisle- --------------- 216 Capital of window mullion of “f side- mm ee aD Scheme of plan of choir or 1 ot eae er hc Di any am yr Se Loe eT ON i Sule 28 805 ~ a2 S - & Stesei ith to ofeis obre te pebenah ia Me +++ + eae = -ugteye asortted to etter 4 ~etedt spaeesg, dtkn) doag: wobain ‘seqqu Yo. aelt oe + Te MB Ps Se Sey Mee “yx ifed ddvoudd norrose | | ha ea te ew tee ee os OTtge: dyaosds sobtos® a ser : Aneesh tad: “= efit te Cae sexed To sttge most yusosal ie aiedbeine —. QBp, cdo- -- = dosedo seuetidedd af foss anibivib to elite me (RR - - - - - - -ouee gi neers boos to exmulon to sfsttqed ; ea ere ner eee ee = Ghis of ac seerssud, work efpannt? (+ +e the + > => Ogee satowero/etosantd ~s +++ - + glosavsast [fen mort, efedoord -~--+~-- died tewsl sovkt sagloo to fetrord safes ia sedirocty to doisdo wort ened eyed dousdo ucivabusct to 1eteltolo, work enodayed Le ele oS oo) + ORR es eer naa + = = = = Beditonth to dotedo to. opl® . | ngauedaled | em “tonpdo deiaag wort Savet to eens 7 - 7 > = geempe boor to ssfgq bas soktsvels ~tgeensyd 6K to Les7ot td. efdaa to Batmword melee 3) ie if i t { t - dears puegiedaest io siuev moqt antidotes ONG “---=-* -dorsdo avenue! to ebsost areteeW aa levee aseq nsiidegstahy |e + ~ ~dordo ogsmexb[tq to 16k even to weiV’ ae} ~~ + 77-22 > dodo edt mort, epotexed |) 7sas@ to dows wobsiv teda8 Bagot ‘to {sd tged ‘a , feeesd teea eftita? ae _t7 sc e-e er Tee ran Ree i. hie ta Sena i a ALO7 Arcades of side aisle of minster- - --------- - -845 Profile of buttress system- - ------------+--- 892 Plan of upper window jamb with passage there- ee ae Goslar Painting from vault of Prankenberg church - - - --- - 1493 Western facade of Neuwerk church- ---------- - 134 Gottesbiiren near Cassel View of nave pier of pilgramage church- - - - -- - - - -44§ Keystone from the church- - ------------- => -207 Capital of round under window arch of same~ — — =)<¢ > /4acgeq Grifle near Cassel Spine of tewercyer—seitey factiowsrses gigetee a 2 eee Haina . Keystone from transverse aisle of monastery church- - - -231 Gapital if pier and springing of vanlt- - -- - - - -287 , 2878 "ae 388 0d ee Wee ee ee ee -sae8 To meee boo “i notte, Fee -- - + - ~~~ ~ + = 20hpholo mort yrseert vobni woe Re cbse: cost. by pide stgeenen? oi ont yiecsis wobat ee. | ; thetered {al iy oS “| =e +e - =e -teshedtie ont wort eoepondtnd betel ae ee ~pot tnonil to fotndo’ to sig ‘eIbbEM . Bene rn te ee ee + + Htetg to cent | | asebedsensy | ~-- + -soredo yrid to sheds sok did to gakgarsae, ; ite -~ we eee ee eee + “thors dort bayer to end. lei, get ~ - eA a, ee a Sn Be ee isey 8 to. ssid : NE a ed al A ow ae yk ~evea Isvo sasat Fook “jade ee | ‘Whodwet OG, Pan 1 GO. - peat a Yo domrdo fo t{esv mo getdate? | aie Mae Hh |) Ca6t) sume too i Be Pe eetcoNr ~ -\- ~Lanbailte wosl Wks geors bos diy To a sits Be -~+- + += =Shhe go eeattiod Salyli Te mot Bie - - - - +e ~~ + = -ee098 IOs YO eloennig 20) ast [eae ee eee ee Beerti ae senad to sides yrsosa? i wee ae we ak -noeted 12 Yo “aemod $9) tooa! ee ' ~ ‘netheoati “to dotnds te wig te send - P+ ~~~ - -Lodiged cb aise’ 2 40 feqeds oY Sfuav i ee ee Ore -------+++-5--+4 by, yi Mere nt Yo Beas ' - ? i i i ) gen ri i ah ua a his f | is ahd 08 . Plan of crossing pier of same Be ~------- 424; 1421, 1e Plan of nave pier with besinning of rib =i = sg 427 ri it Capital with little column of window jamb - - - - - - - -595 Capitals of column from bitter chamber and cloister 5265532 | Base of round from nave of monastery church - - - -- - - 566 Corbels from transverse aisle, nave piers, walls eter - 633, 634, 642, 654, 655 Section of rood screen of same- - ---------=+- 822 Window tracery from cloister- -~-—-- - - - r i “ we ~1241 Window tracery from N. transept, choir,ete. 91263" 71265, 1267 Halberstadt Flying buttresses from the cathedral- - -------- 405 déxter ie Middle pier of church of Minorites- - - - - - - - - - = 429 | Base of pier- - ope es ek a ee ae eee oe er im s 572 Immenhausén ee. Springing of rib from choir of City church- - - - - 272,272a Base of round from choir- - - -----------+=-= 571 Plan of H. part of nave - Sy OES a Ce eee ee : =u 750 Roof frame over nave- - ------------- - - - 876 Jtiterbosk Painting on vault of church of S. Nicolai - - - - - - -1496 Cologne (K81n) Profiles of pib and cross rib from cathedral- - - - 170,198 Junction of flying buttress on N. Side- ------ - 903,903a Plan of pinnacle of buttress- - -------=- == ~= 9m Tracery gable of tower buttress ---=-5-55 > 5 > 5ie Roof of tower of S. Gereon- - - --------- - - -1368 Base of pier of church of Minorites - — - - - - = =e K8nigslutter | Arcades of cloister -- --------------- -1164 Laach | Arcades: of TOrecourGe Ss \ ay im oe ee eae -1162 Towers of W. side peidbanitiderc bir ~ er ee er -1346 Langenstein near Marburg Plan of rib system im choir - - ---->=- == +> = 26s haon Gentral tawer of casnedtaie = er ei a ee ee -1055 i -- ee puote we ake "ilps kc pati 08 iteved ii | | “shedcaatd ' ' ‘ i U i ‘ ' t i : ‘ : Hi 1 ' i f ; ss yosdfd ~ « « wlerhodted. ai geeioe Pooy woul aualos te seed ~ = «= + oie «2 ak efosozedsd) oxracd west, gato ooe “<= eee ~ ~ +ons6 oft aoxt slosants ZI GOREN ; ‘ t ‘ : be ” eons yst eae ot e - + -asige?é .2 to sedetolo notk sivsv to) gaksataga B -abab,s00- ~sgepoeis .i To dafacg to aouotoo ineg sort Lediasd Bey She, ssc- a {atheddao ai 1Lete gutholy noxt eledigad dim = ae ~~ ee sedgeda .f to shia .& work esentsed i, eed net psp ~s89,iioo wort slusv io Safaniver bas gore shedo Yo! antd aci- sles me eis ee > fORe Saibivis les deka, phe Te eels ap ~ ne me oe = = * » mee TO aseka ares to glow me eine tie 4+ = Behe Sven Ro ehever Fo eiesm -+~H-=-+ ~~~ epenod to isd to sotvoaee fantbestiganod wee ee ee ee ee eo Shosd of yee & to aoltsysié Bs an: me we se SEONG tnibevos sictea sheeeaqg to ael¥ | « « «9fod9 tevo ytellas to sigev leaass Yo ackiontteaod ) R6Q- ~ -efois sbie seve wieliea toyed »2 nol tlpev te wety VRee-- - - - -- + - - + -ebte of to dteq segqe Yo notsevels, 4p a gaibited .M to zekvede wwf diod Yo soft a ~--- - - stenot 39 setsets tad bos, b9 460 agid = Obke .t ao Leoatio enet waepest wobstt a oe netisy +8 dotuse mont aoe ween ese +s -ohpia obsa ot sinay 20 aatbesTNy, . fois yredeanom at oxed ‘to otthna: Rec - + + ~~ =~ ~ +mbsee 4B) dorniio 20 atoms to Garay, ee - 1 - ae om + + + & seiiegs Yo setetols novl fediey, \e vont oar ~ «feabedtes work dose Peors bas Gin to efftord -<2eenr es eno + > oee tspomds Boivoes satewnaaTy | 509 Limburg Inner elevation of cross gable in cathedral - - - — - - -925 Blevation of W, gable >> - > acc.ccs>5 7S Se Lippstadt Side arch from church S. yaria~ ---------+-.--. -202 Springins of vault in side aisle- - - - - alate -268, 268¢ Loccum ne | Profile of base in monastery church - - co. 2 = = 1024a Lilbeck oo) i= Plan of choir of church S. Maria- -- --------- +802 Corbel from cloister of cagtle- - ----=--.= ae ~650 Base of column from rood screen in cathedral- . cuttress from N. side of S. Stephen - - - - - - ~ — - ~ 1063 Mantes Plan of choir pier and springing of vault from coll.ch.- 424 Plan of nave pier anf dividing arch - -~-7 7 ttt ee 426 @apitals of choir piers of same - - - - - ------ 460, 460a Capitals of rounds of nave pier --------- - - - -462 Longitudinal section of bay of towess - "7 774-7 Transverse section through same i ae ree a ee -926a Elevation of a bay in choir - - +.- - - ~- 7 = = ee -926b. Plan of passage before rounding ef choir-.- ~ + ~~. 926c Construction of tunnel vault of gallery over choir- ~ = 9260. View of vault from BE. bay of gallery over side aisie- - +939. . Elevation of upper part of ff. side- -------=- -— = =939 Plan of both lower stories of W. building “2 = Si Plan of 3 rd and 4 th stories of tower- - - - - - - - - -939b. Window tracery from chavel on N. side - - - - - - = --- 1266 Marburg Profile of rib from castle chapel - - - - - ---- - - -172 Roun. and begiming of rib- ------------- - -447 Window tracery of same— Ran br area an cr mii rs als AEN 1237 UB. = = - - ~~ trodentio 48 m OesT es ~ eee se = Esta07 8 to Rees ill hk Bee -------~-+ += bites .f 10 obke 3H ao slyoRtAD. DBR------ +--+ +5 - ++ + +/+ Ones mont sented Sook ty ! ' en ' & Ld D Bees 0d EE8- -)- - - - - = domo Lief wort din to aotynteae tioiateesi ' flowssio aewstide lg to shsost .¥. Yo axswod to inomeoges sh xnusel of waane et - - - - ~-~-~- + -siets sb}e to weig ahod> to wel © 8s! - - - = suse to elds dqoeasts 1% to notisvele L[entetal ’ eG ee aecetsll Se--+------- +--+ + aslo at reseiolo sort sfosv ae seboill Deoeest --------- + = + = Istbestso, wort prasad woboitt — gest --------- w-B-- +--+ = ~908e to HOdDIR enon eore~ - - -~-+-+--- = -n1bss¥ «2 Fo sbia . work efyobisd sided xfodo mort se#o0Id noeved I oBu ease wm eee ee stisl e “to eiuaitesy mort diusV | ers- meee ee eee eee ee eH = = $ONBA MOTT SHOTEYSA | os ECAR RPE emerson - = #mekesia .2 moet shoteye? Gre arc - ~ siiex .2 moti eperiot bas nawloo to Latiqed e+ ++ - += -tinav to Roibcitoe bas w9ia sven to geld ~ « - + ~peteetg-.3 at-sifibes e nott noplos To Legigs) meer en tt er eee 9 -908R to bovet to Ietige? nae mei eM oe ena ea ae tigdipa wort Jedigsd RE... A, bins v jar ainin nie 44) 4 + ieta-al aan BOYY.OWN- - - ee ee et eaee -& to nokvose bus mslg an i | yoeash i g080,02\- - - - - - - - ~doawdo yusterdom to aottose) bas aes A os : girdyak ssea thatendt ete BRAN Site eR MES -towudo deited to noivoe? i eesed ai iosseN te90 sdqesiebslh — ie £e0! tr a tie em he 4 6. Se SO Se, SIS ee? ~ ~seetited to wet a. [eases seu stesil Pip a | | . 2 ReY- - ee ee Ase dened) RSimane ue bod | hea lip a4 ; ko ch ae Poe ye ee ie ae , TS ies, . a! gredmernil eile, oe MAS : / : . ie | ‘ia “ae } ‘ a v hy >» ss > . vw | ist - napesed +8 Yo soa +H 3 seine nae ont : Tae? Vy en Pam Cy be «+ - - - - slanbdentes to rete atodo to wolv bme sei) } A410 Capital of window mullion from S. Blisabeth - ---.-—-— 506 ¥levation and plan of S. portal - he eee a — -1290, 12902 . Gargoyle on N. side of S. Maria “Tl os = = 7 oe | Root turret from same - ----- - - -~-------- 1454 Springing of rib from Ball church - - - - - - ~2933 to 2830 - Maestricht Dit Arrangement of towers of W. facade of Riebfrauen church 1343 Meaux | Plan and view of choir vier of cathedral- 4 2S 425,425 a View of choir pier’ef side aisle- ~ - —. - u - = ae -771 Internal elevation of N. transept gable of same -- 9 - sie Meissen Vault from cloister in olan - - - - ~c ree ee ee te 92 Winden oh Window tracery from. cathedral - - - - - - ~-- += - = 1245 Window of same- - -- SRE RT Ee DR aie aaa ek ee ~\ ce ¥ 1245a Mons ae: ee Garsoyle from N. side of S. Vandru- “7 t= - - = = ieee Crocket from choir gable- ---------.-.--- ~te 1229. . Minlhausen . Vault from vestibule of 8S. Maria- - - - 7 == = | Keystone from samne- Fe ge i ao oe ace i ea ea ae ae ~219 Keystone from 8. Blasien- ------+--+--+-----+--+-+-.- -230 Capital of column and foliage from S. Waria - - , ~516; 517, 524 Plan of nave pier and svuringing of vault- ----- - - -433 Capital of column from a sedilia-in $.-Blasien- - - - - - 467 Capital of round of same------- - ——— = ee Capital from pubpit - a ee a re Nave pier - iE Me ae aaa e ls tiie ei Plan and section of E. vart ------------ . ~770, 770a Namedy Plan and section of monastery church- - - - - -~ +--+ - -760,760a Neustadt near Marburg Section of parish church- --------- “---=-«+ 273 Niederasphe near Wetter in Hesse View of buttress- EUs Ree ais a Regi ie ie ae et ee ee 1053 Wieste near Cassel Phan of chureh-\ey ... Profile of cornice of W. facade --------- === GOD Pinnacle from W. portal -------+-+-+---+--+=- 1077 Tracery gable and piimnacle from tower buttress- ----- 1088 Finial crowning W. facade - ------+--+-+-+-+-+-+-- 1097 Crocket from tracery gable~- —-— + +--+ *i- - - — = ae Canopy from portal of N. transept sili. at jl el lt re Canopy from W. portal - ---------------- 1298 Plan of jamb and arch of portal of N. transepé- ~~ - ~~ Gee Plinth. of: N.) portal + -\0% -—-— =< -- -— = + = ee BRlevation of triforium and clearstory of smali church - -921 Reval Sorbelled wall rounds in several churches - - - - - - - -866 Roof: frase ofr is) Missle. - 3 oe a ee -333, 833a Risa Profiles of arches, sids arches, cross arches of cloister, 156,157,197, 203 Position of courses of vaults of chapter hall - - - -299,300 Plas of(pierin sage- - - - << ~ +--+ == 5 = = 9 eee Corbel from chapter hall- i es, SR ele ie een ae eee at ag -457 Bias, O8nt- - 1+ pea o “498 stole, te steae to pate. uh Bebt=- - - - ~ ontandis® «2 moat wobsiv to eweolors betnke® , pROdl- ~.- Lerbsdteo to sindtvesy rewt0e2 mori anksning Lesa ie, | | nsuot 97) ae ee Se ae Go as eee ~p9M «6 pont seostind gorel® iia m~-+-- +> ~~ -letbedieo work telg sysm to BBS Pee ee eee ene eS = & teko sven to shi Xo gale i+ - += = = shhoge te aunfuo to exobds 30. i. | o Olea. efbote) tolvad. te notvevsla | i ‘ * - -.- ~ -Letigqss ai evods bas woled tetg to nel? 9» a i - = + 198535 .& to sgeenerd i to eidse Yo mbes : nidsere ne - {ned .2 bus asxed .2 bet ks Ba 1 1 4 t i] ie Be en eet otesaake: dit gous eeots 3 3 A TRE pment mga a ~aee ee: he wage sky ay. #12 Plan of church 8S. John- - -----------+--- - — 736 Plan of window ir W. building of cathedral - ---- - -1142a Arcades of cloister -----------+------ -1163 North portal of cloister- ------- ie i oe 1268 t01268e Paintings of vault of cloister- - seer ee -1480 to 1485 Painted erclosure of window from §. - Katherine ----- 1498 Mural. paintins from former vestibule of cathedral 1g ~1507 Rouen a Flying buttress from S. Quen- ----- - sim en 403 Plan of nave pier from cathedral- - ---------- 499 Plan of Rounds of nave vier - - ~ - - nS ye - 463 Profile of abacus of column of arcade ‘ a i ‘ - -- a YaReage-Tromcane + Se ie Se i i _ 7 ~4453, 4732, Base ‘of mave pler -------+-- +--+ =+--3—— 558 Elevation of bay in middle aisle- - - --------- 920 Gargoyle from choir of S. Ouen- - ----- - ---- Plan of E. part of side aisle in same - - - - os Cross section of flying buttress- - ---- - - ce 900 Termination of choir buttress - ------- x a -1083 Window tracery from central tower of ra Maclou- i - -1258 Plan af mave pier of sane ~ oe oe ee a 439 Internal elevation of central tower - - - - - - - - - -1248 S. Quentin “ie Plan of choir chapel of collegiate church - - - - - - - 794 Buttress of choir of same - --- ---- --- ~~ nn Buttress of choir chapel- aeigete rose “om apres ae arent eee es es ie ~ = -1054 Soest . Plan of nave pier and soringing of vault in Wiesen ch.- 440 Plan of choir in same ----------------- 77/4. Soissons Plan of choir chales in cathedral -----------—- 861 Elevation of bay of middle aisle- -----+----- 7 = 9% Plan of pier below and above the capital- -— so ee Oe Elevation of Sable of N. transept of S. Leger wo ee om vie a Stettin Vault in sacristy of S. Peter and S. Paul -- ---- - -56 Strasburg Profile of cross arch from minater-\- ~ + - -.- -- == 1% Gross section of same set apm tia fesben er envitaame a Raa lan Mee UN pea i 5, ~ ‘a 4it Plan of nave pier and svringiag of arch - = - - ----- - 423 | SLES oy a , iy ie vs st Létzog nowk Eat (+4 > 5/5 Btele oven mort abswor to fsthg - 2° oh) es Mie - 4 - + -efets softs to Liat © htedetiedatiati tielieed niece ~ugtaye eserstad topelitore,” FE Rtadintieties -sesrttnd guivlt to aciteant dtsedsd q ‘ "eli + oe) ale A em = mee Ons evode Teme woody Pepe ee 8 ss coeenttod tin noiddant to aah - = ~eibe dyin soktoaut Te elyontse) dbsozds aolitese « he is ~ a5 tee + + + -t9n0T 1G. mort estas to gt oa ma ~~ - + + -slete obie tort paibivom Lite to efftord 7) --- -~sidae Sqeanste +B a0 See7dsnd noTt sotite erg tt 4 roe CLS REEL 6 4 = ne = + m= mnaeNOs most pelea, fin en 2 = + toezesat 62 wk fled etlefas mort ygone® 9 2— 3% “+= — «= += = +4 = aime eet) Springing of vault above choir piers- st ory tine ed ps Be! pe . -235, 235 a cay -eaaisloo Ms o eed Ye oo notes jettobue to abode it Pe) to gatbataa Re - +--+ - +--+ - se + - sense ni Gin to boteaizad mete te ee te ee ee = Hoven to elssigga - ae ++ + + + = Oftie shies at t9iq [len to wohl ~siias desucdron ni dows to bokbatege - oo ON - - ~- - - + + = aateye rteiq to noidoes baa weld paw eee ee ee ee ee HH Mrioo to noiy Ienvesal SOGh = - - - ~ - - ee He = =~ HtiOMd. lo Boor Yo sotexcall ; Whe - + - ee eee ee = + = + -ense to sotdoer bas nel? She et eth wm +o} © OR RR eo) Beene eh Se he ee le le © a; ay ngenaded dootgetn | enn tet ee ee me ne H+ OTe omens eee | soGaeBLER s tie WR eee - - on - ~~ -domnso eee segerh: tm baioolk . istq- ae epetlot hetaped a ~ ee +e + o ~ + eptloey to battetee = Oe Bier fersed tae9 mohadtfoW# . 9 2 - + ~e--- + dowdio ptio si abesor 6: sesed to elites -———-—- = -~- oe Ee ae ist70q .¥ to sasica to eeag! ee ae a + Obie ok go ementtady fo, Shwe fs BO de axle + ~forndo bepiiiest 4c sveq To actkiel neal amt te ee te ee oe OTEOF wOTE sateenninne ‘a Dalit: cas os lecteacte RGU ~ 2+ = ee fe - 1 3 i ' 1 i : : : oy ~ o i } t - f } 3 : ~_—S- eo om piieiiasre WATER baa es PLA lee 0/7). . 4 } oe neh S| #14 Profiles of bases of columns there- - - - - - - - - -545, 546 a Wetter : Springing of rib in choir of foundation church- - - » - -292 Springing of rib in same--------------- . ee 271a Gapitals of naven ike HR si ee i es 2 -510,510a.- View of wall pier in side aisle i - e Springing of arch in southwest angle- - - - - - : ~ na ~664 Plan and section of pier system - -- - -- + me 731 to 781b Internal ‘view of :chotr- - -- -— - - - > - . ~ > = ee -843 Gornice of roof ofsdkoin- i -i-- ae - - ~~ Windew tracery< cr ri Se too SI ot 7 i 1169 Wetzlar . — Capitals from wall piers and rounds in choir ofchs469cto 471 Corbel beneath window mullion in choir of coll.church - -635 Taternal vier of S. transept- -.- =\--.-.- - -- - = =e Section and plan.of choir - ----------- . 856 to 856b . Elevation of S. transept gable- - - - - - - - - - - = = -936_ Plan and section of same- Se! See Son eee --936a,936b . Portal vof (By. side yor Sued Plan \of > + 7 >> 2 + 2 Wildungen fower .of (city cohurchsi > - - 4-2 eee Wolfhasgen near Cassel Profile of bases of rounds in cityy church - - - - - - -— =543. Base of cotunmiof ¥.i-pertal — 3 - = =o + ome = See -567 Pinnacle of ‘buttress op We sides — + — 4 3 4) = oe +076 Worms Cross section of nave of Liebfrauen church- - - - - ~ = =888 Pinnacles from towers - ---------------- 1073 Construction of stone svire a ce. Meath bandas Noe sient treucihay ers -1411, 1411a Stone dormers from spire- mR ns so SO Aa cn -1424, 1424a Roof of tower of S. Paul- ap a a ne a - 1408 PP cots 4/2 < eat. 5 6-4\4i0'4 od kona i ME - - +e ee eee - + - “erebsel? etdotlieids | ee + des we em eee ne eee ee eo = “Gotnsdd” Ganeestdh MPs res - ~~ 4 = + = = +“tinay etisuesetoo%edlOwed egiitedddod aM e: «= + «“ynttfuev to #6 40 .3"tenwid (8 edokigetydosl A Baste: /R8r. COL of 28%etfoev bas getiove to esaizatagG® euanion De) he) BOR BRE BED Bees eee ph Re ee ee eb oe ee H babsonl | be er —H ew er ew wR eH He ew eee ee +Enpiut ala ae OFs CE VS OF "aaieter® ,banlodtes Sbeks Lite” powaldtetus me) © BOE - ee eee +- = “aiuoqe .polvonted” .eearnend a my GOh, GES, 5ou ee * eonifisdaco”, sepagkeriess Myvi BO;CS - ~ - + + ~ = + = ="Besoge S80 zotyel* pognurertend 7 me ay | 3 421sduse 500 zarysl* negnudertenk Pater? ~ - ~“eliotyleg ,vresart suo gntysl*, nedeunsstend pem@es + + + - - + ~~ - “node suo vo batyel®, nohanperdend EE 8b eS me hk lie Go ee ale “vqones”, atdosbied Bee BObosPSElaer.eci- - - - - - a sotitess he Pe EIS a -'- ee + ~_“— 7 Se ee eee eee ~nwnloo to seed EOE Se em ke “aesite sldawolls”, oandoniaeness 7 NPS Lee ew te ~~ - + = oe = - Segetnnoto*; mepagaBated Lies, Oba omy OS8 + + - ~~~ ew + + = + “Qobtateg? banlamed 7) 80h - + - - ~ + -"Se0itate coc. enottelsofso”, negauadoesed |. i a eer “fe100b to seasdxtt" sieldoeeg reek tss.ape - - - . ~ « “efeneq brs eodote baild”, mobne le q Mae ---- - + -- eee “ganhote to extol", semrotaagod a” aed += = = = -“ehegeted: eehaadenled™ neagudetad “a SEI VOI .86, 00 Gl- - - ~~ + + + + Sativev belfens” ebtend sts Sete te AA ele = @ < = ~sobidons enkigan yg a PVP POE SCS, SES, BES ETS, CdS, Ces - Sqefq aiodo”*, aefsbasrs sodd ‘va oe to — — am oe Se oe oe MGekg a hotet eetietonnas O06 BCS.aIs + + - +4 + + + Yoletes aiodo* pasgesren® hae PRBS ASE, OFd AVE ERE + = ae = Os wi - & +) Moor ion Be eee - ~_-_-— + = = = = “sefogaatg too gaivel” aehonzav dey 4 hi ‘Sra fee sge - -- -- + - So el mate ~ *“sfode", s0f0 =“toor to. noitonal” seuldesnedos@ 4.15 Index to Details. Pases. BDO BS re mec me meee et a cel el eet a Abfallrohre, “leaders” She Rha SORE CIES ke a ae Abfassung,“chamfer” -------+-+---+---+-s4+- - 246 Achtheilige Gew8lbe“octagartite vault”- sah “a . - -31 Altchristliche Wlbkunst,“E. C. art of vaulting?- ---3 AnfSnge,“Sprinsings of arches and vaults’85 to 190 ,189, 484,346,505 AwoREes! 1 08 6h Se in Se re Astragal- ----------+-s-+522e+5--2+-5 196 Aufstelzuas, “stiltins”, Aufholung, “raisins“, 10, . 39, 210 Ausgusse, “gargoyles, spouts,” ------------ 364 Auskrasungen; “corbellings,? --'-)= -\-)="=.~ . -94, 238, 443 Austrasungen, “laying out arches” — --------- 25,64 Auetragungen, “laying out pinnacles” - - -- - - - - = 459 Austrasungen, “laying out members - - -------- 435 Austragungen, “laying out tracery, polyfoils” == . 5105546 Austragungen, “laying ou cut stone” - - - - + - = - = =99 Baldachin,“canopy”= ---=|=----8e ==-=+=+=<+=<8 483 Basilica+i=7] «= = = =< eet: a eee «158; 165, 383%0404 Base of columm- - ------------------ 213 Beanspruchung, “allowable stress”- -----=---=--=== 138 Bekrénunsgen, “crownings” - ------- - 471,478,597 617 Bemaluns, “painting? ------------ - 629 “ho 646 Berechnunsen, “calculations, see Statics??- -—<—- - = ae Besehlase; *fiztures:oef* dears>*-)—o-(+ + + + = + ee = 564 Blenden,“blind arches ard panels” - - - - - - . 346,421,452 Bosenformen, “forms of arches” - - --------- =28 Bristungen, “balustrades, parapets”- - - - - - - - 363,532 Busige, “swelled vaults? - - - - - - - - -12,50, 55,107,132 Byzantine? teGhhieas i> = i404 = 6 eee Se eS 4 ‘Chor,*choir?’- -------- eer crt 331,381,412 Chor srundriss, “choir plan? - . 259, 269, 279, 284,286, 296, 301 GhorpfetiehsSahotespier™= = «+ = 2.2.4 fe oe 298 Ghoramsans;‘*cheiraigle’+°* = + = + + == = 4 “4G, 298, 300 Dach,“roof? ------- ee, a . 333,377,410,527,581 Dachanschluss, “junction of roof”- Oe a eS 443 Bachbelastung,“reot lead? = 7 - = 2-55 75 . 162, 339,374 Dachreiter, “roof turret”- - ------------- 619 Deckenschaft, deh soos support”— rehar botliag that at ees ee Mics . ee 0% oes sp = + me aia ea dé 2 Sood aaa ise ee Pesreer.es - - + = emer oe tet + - 6 « - ie os eit 7 ~ ~ ~ nehdonide peyiiiariprietterien st - “Hone [totend dhe Lioterd™ esagtedd / «++ - + “etivev nt noteesaqaoo" wood)’ -“gilsn bas evstg ot nokersaqsoo” gout - Ss ue ee ~ > ~~ “etenot dpid i6 eliew ni. aoiaeetqmag”, douse © Bee eseisre.2es.crs.3e “gtathivor to sls oesatcd, Gusndteede da e bes If ONS ot TeS+ - +“eizis sao to donde” esrtitdoeals “OSt ot OL +--+ = - = + einourisgwoo to edit lousy”, gedlbnaid | TORS £82- i “eeite( [ep werogal Dy 88-4 - -- ~~ + ee ee ee ow = Netley mel”, {8noyt2d08T ee is Ae) ee oh a2, OT of 86, eee ROSE ert ~~ - RSR wie + + , ia ‘ Pe ee se i. Sen Ne 04 : eo %, ee } Wont ‘ A YY af, ees ty Pe aan ¢ MOF EF o ns Sa 6 Bera... oly \ aol Vic ia i (Oem : eo "ve « 5 ae Pals - 7" * - arte P va. Bee: —- ‘ws — = all -~ manecgo? (EP, OF8, OH, BOR, ACE CRE LES - = Senoinen™, rotene? ie oe kw a oe ha wobnin” sexodtedene 8 ~ ““elatisiam to: eonsteices” dieibisest 7 +++ =“Seleialt fae coloéankd deleli “ss -> ~~ ~ =“geotads atbplt" naaeets Smee ee ee ee Oe Bat EER | ~-~+~--+ = -"qebhsld dell" peesldsoued |. ~~ = “tobiisev dasdeota” sopipatadtss® | - ="asdoando boletthovkt”, opettivoe tase -- eee = + + -ocbeeeSo Boe asisette). ie Raves «Ga ae “senkadeY vei ice oe i cake vena tS a wane ee + 2H Seb Tbee garemed « = « = Sehnituries tivev* ezaRinssd {uo BEE SVay oF GTB. SSR oF Ges Rhee Sica aie “Bordsk™, cede» nds dnd byeieeaiednaiadlb *Sgnitnted eeery”, torsLewenI.), (tins ++ + > =Pensamea® nopnarenseia | -—_—~— =-|- = - 4 bate “erited a tt a Ss + oMeagtt mtong* hobs Hi se nS seis ae 9 Beg ea dats ae ha Ok i La A eC » te te tee d 4316 Deckplatten,“ceiling slabs om corbels”- -----=-+- - ~249 Deckplatten, “ceiling slabs on capitats” - - - - -.194 to 199 Dienste, “rounds?- - - - - 172 to 183, 186,208, 210 , 243, 2605413 Dreieckise, “triangular vaults”- -----+-----+--- 28 , 280 Breischiffise, “three-aisled churches” : sealed ns . 282 to 288 Dreipass,“trefoil add trefoil arch” ----------- 510 Druck, “compression in vaults” ---------+- . 49, 103, 129 Druck, “compression in piers and walls”- --- has - 141 to 162 Druck,“compression in walls of high towers” - na a - -623 Durchdringung, “intersection of mouldings” 96,223,436,512,525 Einschiffige,“church of one aisle”’~ - -257 to 276,331 to 367 Rinwélben, “vaulting of compartments,- ----- - 100 to 120 Emporen;, “galleries?! ~-i- - ---- = is eel 381,410 Fachersewblbe, “fan vaults?- ~2se- eo = = ot Se 62 Fenster, “windows? - - 261,349,356, 406,409, 416,487 t0,537,556 Fensterbogen, “window arches’- - -----------<=+ 350 Festigkeit, “resistance of materials” ee i -138 Pialen,“Pinnacles and finials”- - - - - - - 398,458 to 470, 552 Fisuren, “figure shrines’=-----\-+-----=-== 9 453 Figures ------ --- ee ee - - e = o> = 485,542,560 Fischblasen,“fish bladder”?- - - ------=-- = = = -511,524 Freiha’ndiges, “freehand vaulting” -------- = — =@jig2 Funfschiffise, “five+aisled churches“- - - ae -289, 3432 289 Galleries and passases- - -------------- = -532. Gehause, “shrines” - - - fie SO “So PRA SS -453 Gesiusestoorgpees =) +f ee ee ee ~343, 437 Gewande,“jambs of windows”- tet etter li 351,497 Gewande,“jambs of doorways” - -------- - - - -539,561 Gew8lbe, “vaults’-\-.-.- --—--/-"- - ---- - 14 to ORahO Gew8lbeanfange, “vault soringings? --- eer cee 35 to 100 Giebel,“gable8’ - ----- 414,420 to 426, 479 to, ,478, 535,555 Glasmalerei, “slass-paiating?’=} - <= - -.~ 4", Se) 5 eee 489 Gliederungen, “members”- mies Se Sees ae i, ee ae, 427 to 437 Glockenstabe; (belfry? ie - ee ele ee ee 576,589 Gratlinien,*“groin lines”- - -------- -10, 14,25,86, 115 Grundriss,“plan of church”- -- -------- - 257 to 309 Grundriss, “ples of toner?! -04'- - ~<- -~ — — 7396 Saree Gurtbésen,“cross arch, cross vault” ----- == 723, ot 169 Suertgesinge: *belt cornices? — - - on ee eae 441 Gussmauerwerk, “concrete work” - Prt ie a ie en a de 2 49,102 —_—~— = » ool ~ - - fipot L ) cans eed y NOE, OTS. aI BeI> 4 =e - -bopiemaerdy? ynschstsi |; DPE S - - - w - ~ o 4s 5 neo intos ofew” wratepgigual |: | , ee Seiya Seltey. brad” rothethuae 9) 1g Bat CC2.08e- - 4 ee ee} + etgros: yo eeiiae”, vee . MP PORE TEE Pesleats to addgied Yo! enciayoqs {> etins [Bavevnenbh ae ig meee He ie = “pom, of agatslooe efiteresfol: «| upon. b. - = 4 =“heon to eetias”, emi sceloR | ym aie ay + mo @ “gnibipom fiie wobnin",phiees?tsh) || iM - s+ + = - + + = Sgokceong@es oats” buueeercseteee |= ae wae mt ete te ee bdo tng”, Losnad root tt + = -“Bfegedo teveto” sassdsellegsh Lea ao ale 8 He oid) Meche egaits bebieianee BE oF COL ST. GRTH - - - - Sativey to ciadmsseqgoo™, dsqasH B---+--- +--+ +--+ - -“serige Deshanse” afediaael bie Se eee ee ee ee & He gOEIOBR Beto LoLdsen weer nen + +e + + “ots Lictesd”, cenbidvsldes la ¢ gs ~ Ser ee ee ee hy re Se “adorns eh Seon Be a ee ~~ suboor™ netidtack } | sscoddubd eas aeddays aim wee ee eee ee . ~"aeee ane et ey BY, en m-e en nn m= ~“Sntenoto ,B9eReDIo”, saved £ a a ie (ee ete eo = = ~ @ Nel nev e30%o" pg LOverRae wy Ey reges, eset Bet eh lem, a ee Sto be satesois”’ .1sfhetqapes) ns i db--+-+-- -"adfuev to eroitosbistat, eidavasue rt ay aia POS PAS ITS - - - - -“oleis osvowensth” Titdoesosad . ert rt te ee Hobe tifaey Sorte ete yTt ! By. ibeiectndtale. taliedtntiatteles Tei ie. 5S eee Kleeblattbésen, “trefoil arch” -ccr (7+ crt 7 oe Raagéen,s“kaebs” i530 5 ST DST SS 3 eS Kopf biigen, “wooden caps” ee a no ie ee a ea ~ 237 Krabben, see Laéubbossen Kragsteine, “corbels” esa es i Rea ere Gm ig ug ig ee, to 256 Kreuze, “crosses, crowning”- - - - - - - - - ~ - 472,597,618 KreuzgewSlbe, “cross vaults® ~-------~--1 telzg age Kreuzpfeiler, “crossing viers” - - - - - - - - -— 179,292,295 | Kreuzpunkte,intersections of vaults“- -- --- — 41,74 to 85 Kreugschiff,“transeerse aisle“- - - - - 2/1, 284,291,412, 413 Krypta, “crypt, vaulting“- -------------+--- 6 Rupe. © meme. ire cet se mee eae ae al ee o 2 4 We 19, 55, 613 Kuppelartig, “domical cross vaults’- - - - - - - - -55,63,65 Laubbossen, “crockets” - ------------7 7- 4/1,481 Laubwerk, “foliage of cavitals"- ------------ 402. Lehrgerist,“centers, centering” - - - - - - -109, 117 to 121 betiner, “rood sereea”’).<)- = =. 4 CS eee Luken,“dormers on roofs and spires” se a ee a eats ae . 588,598 Malerei, “painting’- = -.-- -)-.-. 4-447 US St 629,646 Masswerk,“tracery’- ------------ 503 to 537,599 lietallprofilierunsen, “metal mouldings” ----- err ce 433 Mittelpfeiler,“middle pier“ - - - - 2435, 153 to 162, 72, 369 Mittelschiff, “middle aisel” a, Ning aa te an Yeo 2 6, 165, 234, 330 ~~ ="yasossd ‘to sate abun) - - ="atodo shite” rodonedo ‘ - - - “et losy ton” od fweprtet | A se = Maeyt0, faa - -“yrsiisy nasso” eadfidishsd - += ="to tnemgoleveb ,seig”, softest? -~ +++ Senotgcemth teiy”,odattars{tetd ~ “ewoboiw to esotif{na’ wedteold - - “eyewrooh to exeiq*, astecid “egdefe to natifeo” siosbaadiels. S45 eee ee “sorofo Lanodyfog” pelanogyiod i thaad hee We cial! ae alle ae ee w= 6 “elation”. eisti0y se Fm i Ne es Sid gh - “elstesbheq”, sskavistineneseod sicalinatineticalibetieaina “esittorwd®, megastsiitiorg se - EL een ae ae “enoiszogo1g”, sesotszeqo1d PRR OPT. ESE eID ~-- + -~ + + -“evobote Loodw” setenstben 888.13, P- - =- ~"eineadisanes pedivey ysliuszastogi1* ,estdossdosz Was - - - -- --- eee eee ee ee “geliee” meszonuntel ) P, ONBH L008 . TOE, POR S6E ee ee ee et ee “esetoug” , sonnky ‘4 ~ engeeaby RE, CE,8E.ES - - + on » Senet Sh Saar’ Pane ‘ -“esiftors dis” aliforqaegakh ee eee “eofatosd sexo”, sdgeimGd ss i ste) ae! ne a oe ee a “ewobutw ecos” meson dic aa phcetae im ae ea as we ee = — Sed ahioses” ioteinded ~~ -—- =-“eoso aeboow”, texlodlstted Oe ne a ar -~- ~~ =“egongloo” ns lube ~~ ~ ="godors garth ivib™ sepSdsbiedsé - “stivev at seesuoo”, spalaetdordod -~++-+- + «+ “eodorws obfe” meghdbligo? - - -etiusy to ronoseyed” entedecentdog Ce ie ie - - «"beol wore”, tapleantio® | ~=« = = »“ativav to seerdd? dadod ~*ed Lusy ed }azeqexed™ ext [tedtadoe? “nopylog maiadiliogs” moRylegliee ~ =~ = + =“gdaoq seboon”,sedeoks | “sedorts Leqtoatag™,gekovYectsniad - pS > + om > ~ ~ =“silibdec" elibe® ‘++ + + “eleis ebts* ttidoxnetiee | _teate bas rausloo to meiner Nasen,“cusps of tracery”- -----------*--+-- Nebenchor,“side choir”- - - - - - : ~ - “ ~ = - ~ — = 296s nes NetegewSibe, “net, vaultietanne <- - -— — Si rier ~635 44 45, 51,63. Orgel, *orgea? mort eo ttt. Orgelbiihne, “organ gallery” ---------+--+---- 7 =~ 214149. Pfeiler,“pier, development of?— --- , oF ATU ~190, 207, 220-228 Pfeilerst&rke,“pier dimensions” - - -----.-- bas 153-162 Pfosten, “wooden posts”- --------- ~ + - — 233 Pfosten,“mullions of windows” - - - - - - . 351, 492, 497, 514, 525 Pfosten; “piers, of doorways” ~-- -------- = 33 545. Piscina----------------- ~-+-- 2 Plattendecke, “ceiling of-slabs*® =o <= — = = ee ae $ -38 Polygonale,“polygonal church” - ----- - ‘ é . - 290. Portale, “partaleata=- - = = 2 = = eS See 418, 438-568. Postementierungen, “pedestals”? -------- 4 rte re - 485 Prinzipalbosen, “principal arches” - - - - ~ - «nn -65. Profilierungen; “Prefiles? « ----=- -* <2 . 255, 427,431 Proportionen, *prepertions%<)= --------+- >= eae 327 Radfenster, “wheel winders?) < sf ee 415, 423, 549,530 Rechteckige, “rectangular vaulted compartments“ -~ > 5 61,233. Reibunten,;%eeties* esse 4 2 ee ee 24,40 Rinnen,“sutters%<-\-'- - se = --- =< = 362,391, 397,400,457. Rippen, “ribs? ----------- co 23,38, 39,57,61,86,119 — Rippenprofile,“rib profiles’- -- ---------- = 67573 | Rémische, “Roman technics” - ------------- = -tl/ Rosen; “rose windows*4i<°os si- ee o 415, 423, 519,530 Sakristei, “sacristy ~- <(= - oe oT STIS 162 Schub, “thrust of vaults”- -- She: 1 oles Neca tes nidtiaecth «Aer - Veh 429-137. Sechstheilige, “hexapartite vaults“ ie St ee Sedile,“sedibiatei— = 3s A ee ee 322. Seitenschiff, “side aisle” a on elie 285 , 368, 272,383, 389 Seilpolyson, “equilibriun polygon” - - (4 4 = ™ dh A oD Sockel, “Bases of columns and. piers” ---—~—-= 7+ BERu 207 _—_-< thos Yo hes } -~ + ="{fte shbuk es aaedts t --- “sore beiniog® senodaa ke B ie By = *eldap> begaosa® Lodexglotted? iy As re | . ~~ - = d 4 = *ageog" aban oe BOF,30,f3-13- - 3 —“esiuev lo eoldede® pedopiies® — Bebe —- - - ~~sleta ooo to estoindo to eottste® pedoehtada) RB - - ~~ -“gslets ond détw estiougdo To eoisedg* secoekisea, Meee + -“eolele coals dtin epdomdo to ecisateeedoeitece ib ~ = “weseye seotitud dain setiosudo to eoivese” eoloetiess BONS. 21.5 Ssh = -“elisw inonswds Bae eosasidsod” wedoeivase. ~- = “eqetq elhbin” eedoetias¢ ~ - ~“piedtoo* eestoersaeds usote bas enolliue wobete" eotoelteds + suatosga bes eetsegan” segorkdady “serfoe ninceam™”, esfosliss¢: iq? noboow”, nodoekiete? dns allow", godoertese 2opil 90° ssvosbaeddaloated? ‘etlssy sede”, sdibpwegntede ‘oigentieoras batatog™ esagedsoize | ~~ - =~ + “eopecitiad S0Lyli™, sepoasise apie BC ‘toeayoleve) ,nezzoidiue” rehkettedease , ees Schon emer, Vir. O8F =. 7 - “enorersath ,eeeesrsiod” selietesdsase a BE, bt Re -- - ~ ; - - “pyad tote” sssnsteainse Bb ck 2h &: - ~“etsormpe” nendhse gence! $a- ~ + --"“igoogne To sail’ sintistise -~—-_-= + = “gnob evidnebusy” fleqgqaistatea - “etfosy to tanide to seldss" asi fedst ~ «+ “sotapeigmoo shbe to es{das*yoslisda® -“gicemtnuds to enctesentS to seldsd® asliecet bi ee oe) se an is DOL FOO esidet® ssilsdeal ~=—-- = -“sageeetg Pal ecidas* asifecel = mia = ee “ehor st0ta. to asidsd™ nolledet ‘wile « =“Sepokifon wobniw to. eofdet osiisdsl > ~ + “etevod to eovian to selded” neliedad, — since the dheaal ca iat Pens Bran oo! tod eloender ag ween - ~~ -“teOM, x a } a's 4 Sockel; “base cof WARM ie ie in ee 445,547 a Sohlbank, “window sill? se lear hie em imme em em oem lane sane acme ee ides ee - 492 Spitzbogen, “pointed arch” - - cer ee ee eH = = Se 4 Staffelgiebel, “stepped gable” seem see im mm om tn? Staunder, “posts” Pie aC ee : es : is : és : e 2 2 -— 233. Statisches, “statics of vaults”- --- a -- 43 61 66, 104, 152 : Statisches,“statics of churches of one aisle- - - - - - 3355938 Statisches, “Statics of churches with two aisles’- - - - oe BFS Statisches, “statics of churches with three aisles”- --- 373 Statisches, “statics of churches with buttress system® - - 401 Statisches, “buttresses and abutment walls”- - 122,165,275,446. Statisches, “middle piers? - - ------- - - - 127,153,369 Statisches,“corhels*— -~ ------.- -4--- -=e 238 Statisches, “window mullions and storm bars” - "i ~ tee . AOL, 493. Statisches, “passages and openings”’- - - - - - — = Statisches, “masantaspires™ = = oe ee ee 603-613 Statisches, “wooden spires’- ------------- 620-623 Statisches, “walls and towers” -1-.- - -—--— = bat nie ane Bd Steinplattendecken, “ceilings of stone Slabs‘- - '-.- —- -38 ih aor vanlts*=(-.- =< eeeee aa 44 45, oe Stichkappen, “pointed compartments”’- -------=- 7 L995 iy Tp “flying buttresses” - ------- | 159,166, 383-404. Strebeffeiler, “Buttresses, development” ~ 262, 266, 304,315,397. 446-458,553~ Strebepfeiler, “buttresses, dimensions” - 125,140,147,151-153 274,336. Sturmstangen, “storm bars” -- ----------- 7 - = 490 Stiizen, Teunpar tales see ler ee er eer a ea ~52,-taeu 229. Stdtzlinie,“line of supvort”- -<- + - - = - - > -$2,05aee Stutzkuppel, “pendentive dome” -- ------- -— - -2,5,7,20 Tabellen, “tables of thrust of vaults” - -- --s 5 >> Si Tabellen, “tables of edge compression” — i+ (= 7 Sita aoe 145 Tabellen,“tables of dimensions of abutments” ----- 450-152 Tabellen, “tables of roof load”- ------------- 162 Tabellen,“tables of wind pressure”- -- -------- - 163 Pabellen,“tables of storm rods” ------------ 7 491 Tabellen,“tables of window mullions’- -------- . 496, 497 Tabellen, “tables of spires of towers” - - - - - - - ~ 607,612 Tabernsebe- ‘iii Tie eR oe ee 322 Pauistein,*foat"= i wa te ne i y bis i, : 4 : h / 1 Gas ile f 0 “a f ae ir PP ie “ aii i 2 a Pa dae Tv A ao: va ‘ - ole mr 7 . 2 e i ES ‘x . “y mead) ‘ie oe AD aa ‘ ys . mea ee en (aie t . f ’ J s ve y - — -~ - a” —_ _ os Oy eel ; 7 P ‘ 7 ny ‘ Fi ‘ i¢ SaGe -_—=— ~~ i he ri’ JP 2S s ; t: | A‘ >: ) , OF $-FOS- ww Ret Chas ae I A : a “op ¢ a _ > -—— -_— -— « by ree ; pr. nd a a ee ee f ds te i 4 ’) Vege : . aerummaneoc, SLE-C0F 5 st a : ‘ih e\e ee ee q 7 —_— ee as a - ~~ -— —_— _—_ = — OE ee Rierscot- -- -- - - rag es OMee.€ce- - - - - - -~-_—lUc oe huh! : -_—- = = = = «= \ 1s bec v. a " ARC co, ae OD, ipl oor ces bes F322! re Y iss iic- =“ 2 = = ="gello4 » 4 Se ed one Benn st a - oe - ~- — ~ oF ee - aa - _ “ ~ we -~ ~ .S8itelilen to eeemiotdd” siaesencen pit ret ax aw Bil cyt |} y et we a wl P by Pee ~-—s == = sete | 7 cotgny feb tvebyend; as Ciedgue cee ae an 6 “paghod ied d" omabsmeygest. 7 a ~ a ee = = “gg inotiad™ netas tat [ae me ee fedoudivd”, negotdonskyt) ~ ~ Sescddxtt soch* ek iioged dt oa we ee eee oar ht -“atovrss*, nodomte? iy fae eee ee ee + = mseoart “wodTeny to gndtltde” bawdodtedd HeoTo Ho prnctem” haspvenemiedy % ~“segrnnos bsaifont” coufeogagaldinaceds -------+ + + +“gegesgeq™ Shaekad “onieale”, sagneleved casiorl&daey “ei rotyiog™, saeegiery ‘ne elkoteasepo", sesodssi¥ ~“peisdisesy* gelisatoy . asdelolo™, feqqrialat ae -~"“eaoistoacors * ~ s.. -— em om SPOS vive See ee ee te eo ee " padsoanenare ‘ Wis Oech, 108, FBE+ a a ee a “so (yoous® tebeqeregesth a a ps. 00S~ > = ron ee ae Sige ned xen fedehgpiel a it MEME ONT SSi- 5 - - - + e+ - - - - “Simemtade® aegeltebih Dgee BYS-Ot bSt- - - - - -~ =~ - -“slups gtsoess> ehregmah ; ce 'SOb,cVE. REE ONT E04 -~#-- ~ - “Seauesetg Satw’ gontbbale | SS “jSgey ilec” edt Swesaediex | /@@s- ---------- = ="nozntc isatneo®, sdostd festasht MPIC, os wed £08v Tol ssn bre ersot, sdotid" nletelessae Jaa a ee ian + wo e"gaerg tot esan .edoigd” Biedalepeee a ein - + ~“ebniliaa aco 302 e6ay ,eloine™ ntotelopekgy ‘a mh - + +“ebetiitom 20% sean ,edoiad” pisdeispeeey (oem =a ‘in =~ -Yelatiog tol nees .exorad” ateselouekgy ay ~+-+-+- - ~— Ssettge got cons .etoind” whedalepery oe (Se 4, e“eeleia ontoddiw asdoundo , exotng credo tepeky i? m/e “Senob ovitasinge sot ese eiobs" nied Lepeme iar 4 . | ‘ “7 Terasse, “terrace” - ee ie --cr-+- e+ + + te Tonnengew8lbe, “tunnel vault?- . 5s 517 Vorhallen,“vestibules?- - --------- - - — +553,55/ Walmkuppel, “cloister dome?----+------c-+--=--=6 2 a Wandstarke, “thickness of walis?122,149, 169, 262 288, 303, 318, 334 ue Wassersthlag, wah" (