89. 68/4: Gul (3 Bulletin No. 63 February 16, 1925, COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFPPAIRS James F, Woodward, Secretary ees nee et te a ap BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George H, Ashley, State Geologist | eee. ee Rocseenaetepeiicter bated eceeamuaaell — BROWN IRON ORES IN PENNSYLVANIA ' By Je Ross Corbin Production. From almost 500 000 tons in’ 1889. the annual output of brown ores in Pennsylvania has fallen to 10,000 tons or less. In recent years much of this amount has been the yar ciety known as bog ores, used for gas purification purposes; but some small discontinuous Operations have been conducted at a few other deposits. Also, some brown ore has been obtained as a by-product th quarrying operations and in digging sand and gravel. Reasons for decrease. The reasons given by former producers for the decrease in production have been the invasion of the markets by the Lake Superior ores, inability of the local ores to stand the freight charges, increasing labor costs, and similar causes. These are of an external nature. In relatively few cases is the deposit reported exhausted; hence it is a natural conclusion that under favor- able conditions brown-ore mining in Pennsylvania may again become a large industry. Future Development. Advances in the art and machinery of mining have been great during the last two decades. Various experiments have been made tending to improve or beneficiate the brown ores, thus giving a higher grade product for Shipment. It has been demonstrated that the ores can be made magnetic by heating in a reducing atmosphere. Subsequent magnetic treatment will raise the iron content from about 35 to 58 per cent. In attempts to remove or lower the phosphorus content, the U. S. Bureau of Mines* conducted leaching experiments. * Winslow, R. M., "Leaching Iron-Ores for Phosphorus," U. S. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations, Serial No. 2266, July, 1921. nity ae " ee i Pew rn Rann) os ya i pale fsb iw As a ae; Kins eras ” oh ah dat hee¥ 4 iL same Jit Although not successful, these tests were of great value. Experiments have been conducted in the metal industry, using material containing much more phosphorus than allowcée by standard specifications.* Although the results were remarkably successful and startling, the iron and steel trace is not yet prepared to alter its standards, The lake Superior ores are by no means exhausted, but the tonnage which reaches the open market will gradually GCecrease and the compara- tive price will rise. It seems probable, therefore, that in the not far distant future the brown AS ee | : ; : Py: of et ae xi 7 nh ca Ne A hige Rye * +) re ‘i ea Wa . ) ag fy aoe ee 6) ; ‘ont Ry = : \ yn tee et 5 yeh) eas ’ Dy ie) Pe i Mii, Nh ot ye ‘ ie N j Mt eye? Ms ‘ ae i ae 44 ef Pane Lea A pa he ti it j ‘4 3) "? Ww i? 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Deposits in Lower Devonian vocks. Deposits in rocks of Lower Devonian age are found in the Helderberg or "Lewistown" limestone (No, VI, Second Pennsylvania Survey). As a rule, this horizon is unimportant, Occasionally, however, where conditions for underground circulation were especially favorable, ore bodies of considerable size were formed. The mines northeast of Altoona developed ore bodies of this class, In Pennsylvania, ores of the Oriskany (No, VII, Second Pennsyl- vania Geological:Survey) have been mined at scattered localities, but these ores, also, are relatively unimportant, Deposits in Middle Devonian rocks, The Marcellus ores are brow ores in Middle Devonian rocks, This formation was designated No. VIII by the Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Marcellus ores were of importance in the central part of Pennsyl- vania, particularly in Blair; Huntingdon, Juniata, and Perry counties, Many of these ore deposits, occurring in Marcellus shales, were 15 to 20 feet wide and were worked to depths of 100 feet or more. [In the deeper workings iron carbonate was found below the iron oxide, and oyrite below the carbonate, It is obvious that the surface devnosits were due to alteration, Deposits in the Coal Measures, At many places along the outcrops of the Pennsylvanian and flower Permian™ small pockets of brown ores are found, such being due tothe oxidation and hydration of siderite (carbonate ore), Frequently, also, the various limestone beds of these Series have small amounts of limonite associated with them, These deposits, however, are relatively unimportant compared to the ores of the Vanport limestone. This limestone (called "Ferriferous" limestone by the Sccond Pennsylvania Geological Survey) contains or has been replaced by considerable masses of limonite in many places on its outcrop in the central western part of the State. It was formerly of great importance, and many of the early small furnaces derived their sOle supply from this source, Analyses, The following analyses indicate the qualities of the brown ores in Pennsylvania: od * The Upper Permian is not represented in Pennsylvania. $ cn $ i 4 ; ‘ i ee le a ane \ ig ta we Slt aaiac, a eo ae Oy a Ptr} oe i ik! S my" i oe” th has w) i oh tied Xe lh " tal Wee 4 : SA yi e din." hi! dA) at I 9 be Bee wrihe” ‘ ety 6 ‘ ‘ A bey Ab at \ shy 4 { . ; < eee # Wood eae a py db Oe APETV 4 At DH ns ¥ . mb eh to w. > ex ‘ oy \ , iy fe we gh Oey ‘ ' ‘ ’ , i ’ \, \ I f cA r 14 oo i yr \ “i hese y . . yt ‘ P i ‘_h i + puce ° ‘ % Ve . ee a eytis . i 4 eae aye j z age, iat ¢ ~ " ba 7 alktis MNGi a : eves ‘ ‘ iJ 1 ‘tia . j 4 " i \ Lane 4 jabs iy \ i Y [2 i i , f " 4 ‘ } j A Gaye yore : P / ai! t b PR P ; ep Tay, Vane aol hat 7 ae. i 4 ‘ - ; Ly \ As 7) “ ' ; ( bi P f iy ‘hig ? i vey ’ j Ae Priawy * " ’ iT year f Wood bd r i a “4 ‘ : : * AiG P “hh « , hard ai I a oh ¢ “t ' ; , , i (J Ohor . i! P | : a i ‘ t ila 7 ; ni" ; : F 4 : Ryka 2] Vit Ve i f . ¥ + ¢ ; f\ 40 ; ‘ 4 . ‘\ j , ' Wheat) . ' ; I Cn ie ae Pa Pe r ae , De " x ey 4 int hres Faw ’ , ‘ ' ' 4 4 ’ re : G re Ae Se a 6 iy lh : ide ‘ he 4s ‘ er 4 f as) et A " ‘ Hi , , " aay 5 i A { oe ‘ \ : . A f “ 2 ’ ; : 45 rey f ) ee , bit cay ] AG wile a ae ri ; / by Vea hs 7 4 Y Oat i ve if ‘4 vr Veal te eek at TT Ae i ; : ea y es " AS i + ‘ \ bi ‘ ‘\s ; ~ J 58 Rone fy weed i YEE TRY be ETAT st tat j ie ) VA ada / ' f fi yy ‘ f 3 { ‘< i } : { i i VAN ‘ 4 , j , * yt y/ \ ‘ j | Sat ‘5 ‘ ; eile ; ae, Ly, aly FR 1, i f 2 h - ' ; 4 i roy { f f { Wi j ' ‘at A j Vines fT etd Ve " Analyses of Pennsylvania brown ores. are et me tne ee ee me mn i is re re bes Pilg Os 4, ae Bisulphice of iron ~~- ~~~ -=- --- --- Sesauioxide of iron --- --- 76.428 BO POO V6 Se yo el: Sesquioxice of manganese --- --- 1,456 Seid eae Cobalt Sesquioxide --- --- 0,066 --- 0,050 Alumina --- --- LOO} Pee: rag A Lime --- --- O.230 0.270 OPY shai, Magne sia ~-- -~-- 0,147 OT ome Oe Loo Sulphuric acid --- --= 0,008 Ole: Oy brs Phosphoric acid --- ~-- 0.602 O.Gae 0.116 Carbonic acid ~--= --- ~-- ~-- -~-- Water ——-- © ==- Meet tO as bn ets: 9.584 Insoluble residue ~—= --- ice PO WOOO Overs ~~- --- 1OO 260 99.218 9S.661 a a en tr a ts Pa Ga Sa an OAS NETS CRITE SE STALEY AE ITC CRD ALE IPS SEV oa BPR RR ee RE REA ABA ERLE SAE OE OREN Bo HARES HI NTS Iron 47,200 43.900 53,000 42 DOO. 45 (B75 Manganese ew he Oa ie dy O15 2.44E 0,273 Sulphur 0,039 5B #003 6 OGBrt 3. O70 Phosphorus Or OplGs Gre Gs nous OQ, 052 Insoluble residue ! 144080 el, eo0 --- ~-— --- ‘ 6 ¥ es 2 8 + 9 Pa LO e Bisulphice of iron me Ste, --- ~-- 0,041 0,054 oesquicoxide of “iron 67.2814 —-- -~-- 85.57.29 oe Sesquioxide of manganese 0.985 --- --- OLGye O,845 Cobalt Sesquioxide 0.102 me A ee --- --- Alumina 4.440 te tn --=- ror as aes Lime 0.290 --— = 0,380 19.950 Magnesia — 0,479 a ae OAs ae) Sulphuric acid O.E8e --- -~~ trace 0,007 Phosphoric acid 0,506 --- --- 0,600 0,195 Carbonic acid Scape ~— = --- none 15.370 Water 9.660 -~- -=- 6.806 6,060 Peo UO DGS ROME WAU yi intempo RBG Dele 100,078 --- --- VWOORZBS 100.062 Tron 47.050 $3,260 44,700 hy OLS 34.729 Mangane se 0,685 --- --- 0,482 0.576 Sulphur 7S) werace ERLE TE Oe 0032 Phosphorus ead O3945 O.197 RD yee 0,087 Insoluble residue ~-- BP OO NE. Beo0 --- -=— : ' sh Ahem Wee Foi: ae 1. Jessie Kline's mine, northeast of Emaus, Lehigh County, DD Dp. 27 - vgames Kline's mine, Orefield, Lehigh County, DD »p. 36 ». Chestnut Hill Tron Ore Co's, bank, Lancaster County, CCC p.. 219 . sarge open mine at Henrietta, Blair County 7 p. 198 ’ . wneotia bank, screened wash ore, Center County, T4 »p. 222 ‘ 6. Bombshell ore, Dr, Baker's mine, near Altoona, Blair County TOO eV Lae 7, Ove from Oriskany shales, Rock Hill Iron & Coal Co., Orbisonia, Huntingdon County, Bogs LEO GS. Marcellus ore, 5 miles N,E, from Port Littleton, Fulton County, PS pales pVrkees ore Grom! too) of Vanvort ("Perriferous™) limestone at: Houck & Granniss' mines, Jayne township, lawrence County, QQ op. 42 10. Vanvort ("Ferriferous™) limestone ore, Mr. Ziegler's mine, wayne township, Lawrence County, QQ op. 42 The references above are to reports of the Second Geological nurvey of Pennsylvania, oy Cl sed on data from U. Ss. tion of the yearly production a LR Peon One "in Penwoy lL vai a. ny i) Geological Survey reports, show the rel of brown ore to the total procuction of 1889-1922, ey Cy : ry Z Ly h Ni yy nevis , i a wi als 5 \ ; es he | Lasne F } é by se \ fy “iy yb 1a | ( é BN wa Ree: : ys" huh Wh? daly TG MR AY AR AE EE Ny ir et , t ‘ . 1 i A ART HAN i Vishal } Paget, it ea ah 1 , iy ; ; t at ‘a Hm J ‘ \ oMy ' \ re aS - { i RN Nie { weet Wa © SAG han nt \ * y r i e Re Fa nh fe Rae } ’ \é \ 1 } ¥ { | ; n 5 , ‘ i d 3 i ; eas BY} 1 : ‘ ‘ \ \ i AL DAE age? ‘ag A dk - 4 ) i i led livre ty , { by i Avi The, na SARA See Mei 4 aay | u \ i | " 1 5 \y | ; bah : } \ \ An en rel tine, : ia etd < at Tons |,600,099 1.5 00,080 | 1,400,000 | { i - t H bench { i He t | | v. At other jvon ores s ¢ Ai ye Pu . ; iG | preety MS ae 6 Fae a) F ee BS Bee argc Pen vo pI) Me a OL OV CYCLO oh ie OP Ay ae é AU eRe ae aie cil ab pr aie all i ies sea ga eee Oe vehi") 7 alter rp aN or dae Peg : ee, Tolat ye arly producnror “ Ls | Pennsylvania iran ores ‘ \ . awe - Mrown ores aa ah ot ae i905 bam SACS a Baer, ON Sasol 1319 Teena ne ee, a Ne ee ieee Lad = 1s oO aS] ie fed 1921 ra 132 a nae A re ee , NR unis >