a. 6S 4: Bue 7 Bulletin No. 47 iM ME LEIGHTON July 16, 1922. COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA | DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS ‘ James F, Woodward, Secretary BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George H, Ashley, State Geologist MANGANESE OCCURRENCES IN EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA By Benjamin L, Miller* - Contents ‘= PP OOMO LON ee) x ‘ en ses Manganese deposits associated. with limonite ore PS ale santa eee MMU ie owe e eh eS A ee Te , RULE LUCIO Y AS: a. + HUNG Vie “A UY Oe ee Sa a Manganese deposits associated with mage tite and hematite 9 9, o 8 er , ‘ BA ig 2 aA ng Ae a ta Manganese deposits unassoc ia ted wi th iron ‘ores Say Rh aE future of the manganese mining industry in eastern RI eer LO IS eo kg - ” . * 7 . * - a * ’ > ° 2 ‘ ¢ 2 Introduction, Prior to the World War the general public in this country v It was probably known that mang little interested,in manganese. entered into the manufacture of certain varieties of steel but th source of the ores was a mitter of little consequence. been mined in scores of loecnlities in the United States, but mining wascdesultory in character and the cou: 128 cs A wre er. tune Wi + h few exceptions, such as the deposit at Crimora, Virginia, most of the 1try imported practical 2 — all the manganese ores required for the continually increasing qubpnt of manganese steel, India. * Professor of Geology, Lehigh University. Note: This report was prepared in 1918 at the request of . R. then State Geologist. The bulk of the manganese came from Russia. and Hice, +/ Sal wel sae Me ; ’ are / le Dae fs i .* ‘ j « y ? ? tvs > ‘ vee Ape te eee dm ane dadeeenmbepare hvrt Smite cues 7 4 y ] s a eeiew., “iy aie kid M ‘ re, met eae a3 The outbreak of the war entirely changed the manganese situation in a very short time. The importations of ore from Russia and India practically ceased and at the same time the demand for manganese steel increased very rapidly on account of its use in the manufacture of munitions. The deposits in Brazil, which until then had not been worked extensively, for a time supplied nearly 211 our needs but on aocount of the scarcity of ships snd the high costs of transportation the price of manganese ore continued to rise to a point that stimu- lated search for supplies nearer at hand. When the United States entered the war the Government, through various bureaus, put forth Strong efforts to develop our domestic supplies md with such success that it is now believed domestic ores may in time satisfy our needs under normal conditions, Some foreign manganese ores may be utilized by the steel plants near the Atlantic Coast but certainly in smaller quantities than in previous years, In the revival of the manganese mining industry an inventory of the manganese deposits has been taken and all available infomation concerning promising localities has been sought. Although Pennsyl- vania has not participated in the mangenese mining activities for the past few years, the fact that manganese minerals are known to occur in many sections has not been overlooked and frequent inquiries have been made, The purpose of this bulletin is to call attention to the manner of occurrence of the ores in the State with the idea of directing attention to the most promising localities for further explorations and to prevent the useless expenditure of time and money in unlikely sections, Throughout eastem Pennsylvanian there is abundant evidence of the wide distribution of manganese in both the sedimentary and meta- morphic rocks but more especially in the various gneisses, sandstones and shales, Dendrites of manganese dioxide are commonly found in the joint planes of the weathered rocks and in many places manganese oxides segregated in larger quantities in the residual clays as wad, psilomelane, or pyrolusite, The most important manganese occurrences of eastern Pennsylvania may be grouped into three classes as follows: (1) deposits associated With limonite‘ores, (2) deposits in association with magmetite and hematite ores, and (3) deposits unassociated with iron ores, MANGANESE DEPOSITS ASSOCIATED WITH LIMONITE ORES, The original source of the manganese minerals is found in the ancient gneisses which almost invariably, on careful analysis, show traces of manganese, usuelly less than one per cent, The manganese enters into the molecular composition of the amphiboles or pyroxenes which consf#itute a considerable part of the gneisses, The percentage of manganese present in these ferro-magnesian minerals is variable and in the case of the Pennsylvania gneisses has not been carefully investigatec,. It seems probable that most of the sandstones and shales of eastern Pennsylvania have been formed by the transportation and o~ 2 = é r ~ ‘at ah Hen way NTN “rb om § Mate 0a 1," y P ..% ‘as tay 1 é 4 aad, Wei ha q Sane we ’ hy A ‘ \ yy . o Mo it } > Di eee Me . ted 4 ef. WO ae ees rs Fe he PRAT ee ei} s iT a MS + : > ae. >. ey ; iy Bad 7 ne a PSU AAR } cP ae eure: Sa fin nest ‘ i ¥ H A : Koen ed of ® yh aoe “te i ’ ’ ' o AN wv ma 4 oa . a 2 bs Ae nb ad ret aR “ ' Wa bod wit ‘ ENR A eo ot tiel, Waa as Te Re ¥* Mento : nee ee ink te 7 . “s z J ed egy i es \ me a ie Aera) “ee " wey 0G ; At fe = % 7 ~ : Rasal i i , . ih ha JE x’ re Rave ad ae Sia pel: RY O we eas ha aye r on : fe cads ae oie a wee P “tM rope PIE man ly Mae ee hy Rete at! Ve oh Ghee mays 2 Petes} Biers, ere Gia: ut é | ru ot oad @aKO MOONE aMIET Hae ORR HOM Mente ok Like > SOC ROOD : Oe PRs Gs re ag Mat ger ede ad of Ker ed a Lee yy! i? ater ae eubie a dual) tee Snite Sui Me i \ - Ale . ey a pe C ft A ‘ A oe, ve « % si A v \ at | ont iF si At ahh el a q oe RE DR 8 COT. Snoeaat Bae sae a CS Rea ae ' . : 33) cei he eS Ie SR aE Oat es Phas: wm BAL a i2 ay Ua tad tk > CENT Ae Ce ee a aS ay in ton BR ie saan todd Roek ocd PNRM M ; ’ ; : ? ) —s .\ = ’ - : A a M . , 7 » — i ~ : nnn Mee ate id p AK Ae ti ‘ at shee Fea Lou aty or er ee et ae eee gee ty rae a July y et aa ied ol eT Ree: ry bh SS Sb Get ane. PRE Bite ty yo we % , , ai ; , ‘ ; ae ry rn ahi: sp “ : 7 an ae DS y Pee te ee, SM ) OY Sie ee ©. AP Hy tT OLE, She) Be ae he es 22 . Pa ’ ht oe ad V h, ’ bs ™ Pi ee COs Me aie we ' ‘ i ,. oe pm el iw Ph a 4 wt “e o make va io RE on ie aie bo b 5 ‘ > - = isa ap “ yay in \ beg aes 1 Wwdoeth APS tit of eb i irs fas Wy hie i “uy \ 4's x i mh i 4 fl ae | ye Ga 2 7 it haar ALD Had ey Wh ie ey it bal NR St! ‘ : Py Lids \ Aa i a , Av A ‘ by fk fe ‘ iy ait ) he Pie ay i patie 44 ret iy by 0 by ral ry 8 i vat Sere ceatyr AM 6 aha hed: ob. diaaeote freee - Die ee tembia dick f 3 its: ) fai eRe: odd 2 A ale age eee Sie eae Chi rea MEK aes Mee he Chaise at Ke Hh We ne are Trae Toe God reg ae ee SC tr EC. POR: isos gabe: Ab en ees pur Or re oun q ee, %, wee eee ae a | Suge ds SORT Ra” ae ae ee Fuss ee Stake ont Died it oa | | | othawkerer,: 20 On re LERENANOTIOS ROS ie ae te ee eee “y Seadtrogisg ’ wai vi eTiebyas (OR Sem oe, Beg poanot Go: Gawa Qk 5 or i¢ yd ihe auntie debe ae gat ae e ene “iy (3) pied Pavia i Ota TEST. 2 he ee aio % cea te maa 5 $huor oh te) pe 8 of =>, + He ‘ : Sy me sb hlatel oblate oti udlan abt: “cua eal 2 ia ep 7 Y EO UE CI Se ee Eat eons songousm re oot, ik Soto'y tad Wh Oe arn, ie mann gee mm Maen iS ee po Kuo: oy nent Li OE: BLY, 2 fo Puta He. eee ii oun: tekst th weet th Tae 45 48) a Mogae pe me Ge ne com hig tele Cea seaiiaae 3 ; r a - a cs GA ah i ie Cia 3* om HOz hey . oh Migs Y : cae ” is i. ae fered). i oe vor oo ~~ at by AO go #4 ‘fh wa ae we r ie Wah | Bi uke 5 be ba “AANS ree DI OA an San a crak Ora nite ve pt , 7 d ; t ( f ‘ : , H ‘ ‘ ny sy fi ty y ed ~ ; Te Ae tus as PF \ ee Bae CK, deposition in shallow seas of the weathered products of rocks similar to the gneisses still remaining in the southeastern part of the State. Consequently it is to be expected tmt the sandy and clayey deposits should likewise show traces of manganese minerals, The limestones also contain manganese but in the form of the carbonate which is not recognizable in the rocks, The residual limestone clays in some instances contain appreciable smounts of manganese oxides although in general in lesser quantities than in the weathered residues of the terrigenous strata which in the main accumulated closer to the shore. The original rock minerals that contain manganese also contain iron and in larger quantities than the manganese. Under the influence of atmospheric alteration both the iron and manganese are converted into hydrous oxides that are dissolved md precipitated under prac~ tically the same conditions; for this reason the hydrous oxides of iron and menganese are usually found in close association in the weathered products of rock decomposition, In places the manganese oxides are separate from the iron oxides but generally not. Workable deposits of limonite ore (commonly termed "brown hema- tite" by the miners) formed by the segregation of the iron oxide by meteoric waters are widely distributed throughout eastern Pennsyl- vania. During the latter half of the last century several thousand iron mines were operated in the State, most of which were working limonite ores. A few mines of this kind are still in operation despite the competition of the higher grade ores that are brought into the region from the Lake Superior district, and Adirondacks, northern New Jersey, and from foreign countries. Many people believe that the time is not far distant when it will be profitable to re-open some of the mines ‘more favorably situated with respect to transpor- tation facilities, provided the supply of ore is large enough to warrant the necessary expenditure for proper equipment. Most of the deposits contained limited quantities of ore and were worked for only a short time, but there were a number which yielded upwards of & hundred thousand tons and were closed without being exhausted, Almost all the limonite ores, formed in the manner indicated, contain some manganese and in many of the mines the general run of the ore averaged from one to three per cent of manganese. Where the manganese is associated with the iron ore its presence is indicated: by the darker color of the ore, In’‘the case of the limonite gecdes, Which are abundant in certain mines, there is a tendency for the manganese oxides to be present in largest quantity in the inner layers thet commonly possess a fibrous structure and have betryoidal surfaces. Where the manganese oxides are separate from the limonite they are found in pockets or in thin streaks within the iron ore masses. Instances have been reported of the miners picking out and discarding the small pieces of pyrolusite and psilomelane under the impression that. they were impurities. On the contrary these ores were actually more valuable and in localities where the true chrracter of such ore was appreciated. there was an active demand for them for the production of basic iron, Another rather common way in which manganese occurs in associa- tion with iron ores is in the ,soft, or even pulverulent, form known - Ae Digitized by the Internet Archive | in 2022 with funding from University of Illinois Uroana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/manganeseoccurre0Omill | { as "wad." This material was always lost. Seldom was it removed from the mine but if so it was washed away with the clay in the log washers. During the nearly fifty years in which there was active mining of the limonite ores many deposits were worked in which the manganese content of certain parts of the ore body was sufficiently high to cause them to be classed as manganese ores. It is difficult to obtain accurate information, but there were probably many cases in which small shipments of mnganese ore were made from time to time. So far as known, however, mining of the manganese was incidental to that of the iron ore and is properly regarded as a by-product, Under these conditions it appears improbable that there sre many manganese deposits of special promise thus far discovered in eastern Pennsyl- vania that would justify the opening of mines, On the other hand it must be recalled that the geologic conditions of the southeastern portion of the State are similar to those of the southern Piedmont plateau and Appalachian regions where a number’of valuable manganese deposits have been recently worked in Virginia, Georgia and Alabama, Notwithstanding ’the exploration thet has been done by the iron mines in Pennsylvania, it is possible that promising deposits of manganese ores may have been overlooked. In the descriptions that follow only a small number of places are mentioned but they are typical of others of the same class, The limonite ore deposits are divided into two classes, the “mountain ores" and the "valley ores", so named on account of their location but also distinguished by their geologic occurrence anc characteristics, The mountain ores of Pennsylvania are situated on the slope of the mountains’and occur in close association with sand- stones or quartzitic rocks, whereas the valley ores are present in the valleys underlain by limestone. In both cases the limonite is apt to be associated with the more Shaly portions of the sandstone or limestone strata and these shales have given rise to the vari-colored clays in which the ores have been segregated through the action of circulating water. Manganese minerals are, in general, more abundant in the mountain ores although high manganese iron ores have been obtained from the valley deposits and occasional shipments of manganese ore have been made from both classes of ore, Lehigh County, The mountain ores have been worked in numerous places along the northern or northwestem slopes of South Mountain (also termed the Durham and Reading Hills) 211 the way from Easton to Reading. In most places the ore bodies occur at or near the oon- tact of the Cambrian (Hardyston formation) sandstones or quartzites and the underlying gneisses. Northeast of Emaus, along the slope of the mountain, iron ore has been mined in 4 practically continuous belt for several miles and to the southwest there are many old mines along the outcrop of the basal Cambrian rocks near Macungie, Alburtis, Topton, Fleetwood and other places, Nearly all the ores from these Mines contained an appreciable quantity of manganese and one can still pick up numerous specimens of m=nganese ore on the old mine dumps. Prime* states that in one of the mines northeast of Emus » 1g Tr pena test a te AS jee eh A RE cs - m amg R F R emty ~—r Yero- RRRRDRACD OnERT— WeO an oad Prime Jr., Frederick, Report DD, Second Geological Survey of Pa., pp 27-29 1878 an : i] 7 ‘ ° c . f j ‘ + Lae “— ‘ y 7 . : OMad Te eh Soe Tey POP % *1y un , ®. OR sb 50 Rit Bee Atha Fee | sa AON fog SA NRE oe >’ 7 ‘ : y ny eat Ne eh e | . X a* } i‘ i ' a+ , ° yal & Fj nt > ; . 2 . uf ; eee | s : , on wha . ae He : i os 1 S » * ’ ; ‘ by * ; wis : { ’ “* . ) +39 ) ve) NY 3 * / ca 3 : ; al fu , iy , | BAe dp ? roy i ' , n 1 alt Pig ‘ ¢ i . A ics Wiha tg Se thane, 8 a U t ‘ee ww - A ‘Y of } ‘ ¥ ‘ * 4 ‘4 ’ r , « , " fay 1 i | 1 . Pu n a ¥ ri i J ' ne ; , ’ 4d ae hs t i “ af uy Lois ae iw hiss .artog Ba 4 Reiser 5 nee: oan \ cd 4, ad bd £ apt aR ed niga =| : “es ty eo) ah donbe to ga bPas ne He aca A 4 re ast ol Co Pe Ray ORE OTE BE aes ne ify ‘as one y hie Pocus a VOLE GVOL SY = ae BR Nera: HS aa preity Per mtn e Su ttngee TTD’ 2 A 8 foe 3 eee AD): ak agin Oe as OS ere Parone av 0 ent, ; > # As wee “ 2 * ae VE, BORE Roth teed | NORGE SoC a ee LA as 6.3 2), shoud . i : 7 4 re f a K ‘ , “, » $4 ERO OM a: ake) grit 17 fe rei sa oe vs a %y : reat tie 4th : ‘ fi tall ¥ Eber ¢ Ceres CA Mie She Ue Me CL Ee Sai "S50 pi gy Wi Bos wat sa bach {% 4 Be, s «04 4 iy yr Be rh ade a: ® . : wen’ } cee it i root rt ony ey Py pel 2D “ eo | ; SE: LOO: | oe ee eiadton. ett Hoset CF } ’ \ \ ’ - ¥. vw ye | idsarele 7 aes wept Lek Fae BON ASS tt oa a Li oA ie) } ] } ‘ jt) Vane aS eS Rw : wT oe ai) bait : q ia sak dt dade. Sabena eae ex | if ” : ee ; Aas itp fae iT 4 sigh ay Q he: 7% w sy : ho » if if " * $ VAS & ny pe sical * hs Gi ray m five: ages! | ict So See a ee OT it . vir . é ' ‘ f 4 5 , a ma : r 4 bigey Ve en fers rey rs 7 f & abe ey 1 t ‘5, : : P f nid - t Fed dog fy ayatt ¥ ry é A Sade eeaee pilee) hit e: | REE BONY EONRS RF ) oP EQSR RI EO, S34 Tet) { : . A ,, 4% wou ‘ i - ya ins | oe é aa OF iy MU eee EE FA 5 @ . * ny 4 " ,) “ . - we - , + - “ ~ * ‘v ; {3° j 4 ae ee ee Se ee ee hid gale 29 elias ‘ ae , RR BART ES i H . | ee em NW W gee | ¢ , % <3 a : i ' , pr 4: ; ‘- o * ) ? ‘ o va “ a : ah r “ vr. i 4 Saat Pe es pe $e Atk ree é bit te : 7 oe ow al , * , wr 7 i indore ‘J. ae bbe PAS i ; / Oise nines YE Fue a GR Me aR ae z » S , - ; ae * p 1 i eo oi ¥ w ze - ve ~ ~ gbixe a i Uae i v whl i aaa ; pa aha 40 ai ame oh) ee ha - Ay h | a f° ~ we Prk ” * ” « “ te oo ded > i ; ‘ Pi vib mr) 4 - — . dy ee lee j ’ ; ‘ ied 7 “~ ae oy ue ~ - a A - Cn. Se Si Na es SE aA ec a eben une: ries | en aoe) oa ee is oad ¢ ¥) i ie ky ghee ~~ - a “ - pe . ss - - ei, OM & j n tad " ) j a ha if ' ‘ pw" ba ‘mated beieetiniit ie edt fad te Sy boy ag nef ie re antl é gk hae rth ‘ at, F 4 f J : Ss } a ay cys a. pr, ; 4 ‘ P - ay i ‘ a | ae * i Ma Aa. } a iat , - he i yy hy ' , ; te sete ampie sn Nees eden stinniehcnes 1 ra Per cent Per cent iron -<- = s+ we we ste mee 2.562 lh er Manganese ---+-*#-+-+-e 7° 52.601 56.58 Sulphur - - ---+--+-- « -- Trace ~ a Phosphorus - -- -----+e+- 0.63 Trace ")., Averege sample, analyzed by Mr. A. S. McCreath: "2, Picked specimen, analyzed by Mr. Henry Pemberton, Jr» "The greater part of the ore hes been shipped to the Cambria Iron Co. at Johnstown for the manufacture of spiegeleisen.” "A sample of the average (iron) ore taken from the wharf of the Ironton Railroad Co's. mine No. 182 was analyzed by Mr. David . McCreath with the following result: : Iron ee ee 6 eee) Sear | ae OR OR a eae ee 26 »400 Manganese - - - = - - - - - 17.648 Sulphur - ---+--*+-7+%-- 0.010 Phosphorus - - ----- - ~ *0,095 Insoluble residue - - - - - 21.860 "The low percentage of iron in the sample taken is due to the high percentage of manganese." The above analysis as given by Prime does not represent a typ- icel specimen of ore from the Ironton mines as indicated in the quo- tation but an unusually high mangeaniferous specimen. The ore on an average contains less than one per cent of manganese. When the Ironton mines were operated by Dr. Hartzell, bands of manganese ore were encountered several times. One of these which was struck about 12 years ago yielded a considerable quantity of good ore. It occurred in the form of a lens which had a maximum thickness of about four feet, It was carefully followed in the hope that it might lead to the discovery of 2 still larger deposit but without success. Up to the present no mongenese ore has been found in the ploce where mining is now being carried on, although analyses of the limonite ores almost invariably show small percentages of mangenese. From a 1imonite mine ebout one mile south of Alburtis, Lehigh County, Prime*™ describes an ore which contained a large percentage of manganese. The analysis is as follows: * Prime, Jr., Frederick; Report D, Second Geological Survey of Pa. pe 24, 1875, wee + ! ® : . 4 : ” - » % sy) vs j , ) > 3 . ’ } f i} « ‘ , % / - / ‘ ; . } ‘ . i 4 4 - ee ‘ : aS xi th ht we - . . ‘ ~~ tr F 4 , ™~ Fi mit ; My Pa ; é ‘ Le > fl ¢ ? ‘ Yo ae 5 y 4 7 %, ’ 4 ty s ee i I j 7" ih ; 4 in f Q r | : 4 . y ; { , - ; ' "4 hh } ‘ { i , é er ae y | i \ ) ' . ’ @ swt d ? oe * b C ) ehiid Py a1 ¥ A, ‘ 2 ’ ‘ 72 UL: = * ‘ J t Was i ® ; ; \ 2, wie ow im pide ged tne shdelng ty Acti lad arene i dpeatiatig hf reer ; 1 a a .. fw eoeLy ep” % ory 4 ‘ é a 5 rai ao oO Nan iy. PPh ee d } oft i eal ’ 4 a N f > . —— al * oneatatiadt ye assis oe a i” , Y ed ay “3% r iy ; “ t Mig i m e LF ‘ aye ee ~ ; 4 Y / > ; ~ Che pl dah rate (us 7 (chy ir 8 oy “" R ro Ch VEE a yi 4 ne* * y ~ tet ‘ellie by fas uk nese agent Re a iy ~ PL RS tel wy is Ne feo | . te ‘ | He 2 y ] y “ r pee “i iy to: re pie at i S bsah: ce a “) a ‘ / HS ER OE See GH gnateG: On oy: ory) jo | * i rr hel Mt peer hy ps | coy c i i si ; athe A “< baad vs ges csi ene at GY DPS ERE: Ry v . J a a 4 ¥ PS! { * ds "i fad ] ; ere ey, ; bs a Shy aa - ¥ bas! ad Re ee ha br a im OcLx . re et) . ae” wee ae My raene hea pat , * sd sag Ce? : oie) ha A SD eat ane Ri THsaons M “ ui Lo ao ORL 98 0 r ‘ e \ ; y i J Soe gh eae Pane a m 4 aA wT Oe! TH ee if ‘ 4, bay Rar SRY ne Se .

; ‘ % , ; haa 6) ie Ss} ‘ rn mi A : ; 1 ‘ fy Lal .. aye NN ie, + lie by! / fm Ri salhat Pao + f Lh Di nm fi : ay dR TRC day) a ae Mae y ee he emu Da F Douce, &H eae ae ‘ iy | ) ian Uk hae te | | Fi: Age oo Fe! Das Rtas i 5 ome aii Py act Aue ‘ ‘ 'y SEL j ey ai K) ee Sit yi Bes) , ; rat 7 REPL a heroes tals aT Bt LL SN LEI “BR io sihy.k bg i { } OPT Le | oR eS te ‘to \ 4 ‘ } Rs { j ‘ : . ‘ 4 + } . . . We Pyy'A ‘ ‘ 7 hh ee iy. ‘ v ’ " ry av ’ dat ie Wie a'ey é ji i " 7 f j 4 , " a a i 2) pa J ‘ Lf MEM mes De ; Bh ay en 4 , , , ‘a 4 / y y , 4 2 ‘ ” ¢ ay pM aad 4 r EN MIA EM te f . 3 ‘ 5 2 EA aA ae ) | | UL aM eareMampict ee CY : ‘ ofl rey? | : y ia ae AE A my sh ; eo keiew. aa is y i} fe GA 9 bef GE blah isd) yy Pr aan" . Ty Ay re tnt Ane ere r i ay ‘ ‘ var . P , ve TL tk % Ca yt TORE st? rm) : ' aa } +s , i ‘ ; Ast oA f - re we ROT mae : , ‘ ; ed . - ha, ty A * ” ¢ ~ pee rive = asin i . - of b A / pais ; , . s a ‘= a ra ror he 7. bee ‘ x ~ a mae}: sungazalh " rn rs! oe P . ; i i VeiAg, Cw A ‘3 « ‘ ee a “ » oa Me if r ty : é r 73 Seaton chguitan nae ‘ A rh Lh rel A sdeipee . aah arr . " This corresponded to: Per cent Metallic iron - ---+-+-+-+- + - 324400 Metallic manganese ------ - 15.934 Sulphur -- ---+-+--+-+-- - - 0,027 Phosphorus ---+-+-+-+-+-+-- - 0.651 Another mine about one mile south of Hanover, York County, 1 furnished some ore which was high in manganese. aA picked sample yielded on analysis 5.070 per cent of manganese. The specimen, how- ever, does not seem to have been typical. Manganese beposits Associated with Magnetite and Hematite Ores. Throughout the area of crystalline rocks that occupy the south- eastern part of the State there are numerous occurrences of magnetite iron ores which, in the past, supplied a number of local blast furnaces, The magnetite occurs in lenticular masses within the gneisses and parallel to the banding of enclosing rocks. The ores are believed to have been formed by magmatic segregation in the original igneous rocks, ‘but have undergone considerable subsequent alterations. In many places the magnetite ores contain appreciable quantities of manganese as indicated by the following analyses made by A. S- McCreath of ores collected from magnetite mines formerly worked in Berks County. Analyses of manganese ores from Berks County, fa. a a 3 4 5 Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Metallic iron - - = 59,100 29.600 24.650 41.900 27 «250 Metallic manganese- 7.607 Le BOLL Lde4 2.478 6619 Alumina - - - - - - mo rap 1,501 3.787 --- Lime ~- -=----- ir sae 25,410 3.880 = Magnesia ---- - aw eye 4,396 1,048 nh Sulphur - --- - - 0.000 Menke’ (3128 e175 154 Phosphorus «<< ~- 068 » 044 024 .055 -058 BINS oa te G Gr iS .860 20.750... 102100 «18.610 34.010 1, Ore from Clymer mine, 15 miles southeast of Pricetown. 2. Ore from Talley mine, Oley Township. 3, Hard ore from Guiterman mine, Gehman tract, Seisholtzville, 4-5. Soft ores from Guiterman mine, Gehman tract, Seisholtzville. Rone Cit. pp. 41-42 a) es a. ar esr 4, Vs ine 7 i Prey are ‘eh Liy add ¢ abies Lonias: paren hyo olde Bier buna “pedine CTOY, g BROOM RE TR PERS ¢ A geRoueiioa th ard Sow, SOLAW GRO as08 bye Ht AED: RE NR Ge RD: RD CRG: ghey tans oe) : LOO Ee CHT OTR a Be Ce (Fait 2 ‘ea one ni ae Reh Suge aL a ott. Bs (ie, Ces | 2 ouput a owen - ny eed oa dm he 1° Aaah ditions fale intr tratn eet ‘ “ sds a earl gan oR ae OO SS TN gi , i me ft . . . ‘ , 0 . ny oi Hes byes Otte t Lae eo te 0 Bee th. ‘oar sd ancora. Beal VLIODD Aan OTM OO STO weave seh Bo ¢ ten uni’ Kaoed ba med a Dae : Ceroure eEq oe ai a bit Get) fu some ier. “inl yGead sie Me Beh Oe oe a cee eet py sats As al > * 7A +. it Se { hie? Biles. q ‘ p. at dard fis. ie Letiisag as es) ace Soest eRe oR ol vacuo CO Bako h game dy ae OF baw eo 2 wy ep hpaweo areok Te Die. ay 2 hash aGot Quostai + . - i i. tile : \ ‘ 4S We n ty f Ta ais t i a Pets ome Ce Mase OS AS yo, a) ht OOS Go ar. baslos q {fee BA ny i sane ‘sony fads wa kORLOS. “att % hotsolbet. BA Ge oMss epi ahs ok % fh, , VT Ete Ok | it ET oAME IO a bod oe ltas eeto 10 Bees rant R a5 node 4 bn NOU ho OS ff gayvt eats. 6eR am age ‘Bi ae at ; n it NS oe . e ra % * us wren a) "ht i, uf at 7, { oh s 4 oh fe > ; SS, ; . COR, Li DEG .25 Kn GA QOL GG ee oat oh! ‘ 2 { rt ak rita a f fi Pe ’ 4 i 0:3 * y je “gay dngst en - atte el ~ Wr ; Y i f et ; t Ma , Ps 7 ie ” Ry . ” eek & ; rs ry ts ‘ a % orrwer inde! in 0a all Ee Rik Y f i 1, Hee th hate. mney, wil sie \e i” UF “ ™ at j + cr a / ig, fi, O00 f wh an 1a s ne r if 4 Als Peet ae gan CO Lis hid 7m 8 O Lace POTAOE 2) 30a vetee oa NN Ne ia A tA : ; pi : { bi 4, ; foe Aly wa , uhet on Ht 4 oa. 2 : : : nwotook th to wetedenow eelin et‘, aii ha agi fen i \ - f (ni0e,., dower cit, evade + Ga sat dere of} In a few localities where manganiferous magnetite ore bodies have been exposed to weathering, some small deposits of fairly pure Manganese orés have been discovered, although none of economic im- portance is known. In sinking a shaft recently at the magnetite ; mine near the Falls of French Creek, Chester County, a small body of wad was struck near the base of the residual clay which was here over 40 feet in depth. The material when dry became a fine powder. No attempt was made to determine the extent of the deposit as it was not believed to Be of any commercial consequence. While carrying on investigations to determine the size of the hematite ore body opened by the Manatawny Bessemer Ore Company, at their property near Manatawny, Berks County, a deposit of black powdery wad was discovered a few years ago, It was drilled 20 feet in two horizontal directions at right angles, according to Dr. PG Wherry, without reaching anything different. It is unfortunate that at that time further exploration was not carried on to ascertain the dimensions and character of the deposit. Manganese Deposits Unassociated with Iron Ores. In a few places in the State manganese minerals are found unassociated with iron ores. Two deposits are worthy of brief description despite the lack of much definite information regarding their commercial possibilities. About three-quarters of a mile west of Joanna Station, Berks County, abundant mamillary concretions of psilomelane occur in an arkosie sandstone of Triassic age, The concretions are a few inches in diameter and are fairly pure except for the occasional quartz pebbles which they enclose, A few shallow test pits were dug there about 10 years ago but without discovering any richer deposits. In the report on the geology of Susquehanna and Wayne counties by I. C. White” is the follow*ng paragraph regarding manganese de- posits in Susquehanna County: "The Chemung Rocks which line the valley of the Susquehanna, as well as those of the Lower Catskill above them, contain considerable quantities of binoxide of manganese disseminated in small particles; and in some instances it has been carried down into the bogs and deposited in the shape of wad; at one of these localities near Great Bend, several tons of this material were once mined and shipped on the Erie R. E." Deposits of the kind described are probably rare except in the glaciated sections of the State, particularly the northeastern counties, where small lakes, ponds, and swamps are numerous, There is little liklihood that large deposits of this character will be found, a he White, I. ©. Report G5, Second Geol. Survey of Pa. , pp. 93-94, 188i. nL) ins SE iy ant . W. an ; ry ‘ be t . > \ ead 4 ' a 5 : 4 +P rhe by 3 t . x 5 j \ : , ‘ m a es y ‘ a a ’ ‘ ‘4 a - ' P ! i “e wi p | \, a * { i A? j i pit A 5, eat j 4 ‘ > / yt has ; ae oo * ay; me a as ne : y * vy - ne mer : , ' e eae Wipa his CUDDY & 3 ae PC Me} ie . ve: ice nd ve Ser ealy 3 j 7 He Pine A BR RE ae tidy ese Rs tn onl ge Beat Og: BBOY bay \ Ree thee ORI RS yt i 4. Gnd. Io. 2 “tts OUP “f ont NaS, «AEG ty go twod Los Sit at. ese ve a Pr. an MNES rose LO MMEL TCA Oe Du is 8 ga: Pease Abe BUG . ge a: 3) hk 7 7 nc Yaad 4 iu mh: ED ebay i Dig ahaa ehek py Sita ‘ono: Xo. ‘ i q 4 . oh | rey 4 ay f AB he AG iA GHD EY. Se nie} 153: ‘ mont TOT AiO teas WB Ae Land ie Esa ecb cet i 7 § pee Dt meh ae has BAOG (2 siscaite ‘oon RWOh. eit isa eet bg Poy ee cede: Ap ta eae (ae: BAS BOO o 4m dh , ode Re ed ek ae An : 1 Ws Ne Ht} ‘g 4 4 it Lies “Ani i td he aa " aah aa! a3? : AP iy, eee ii o. bide SL Lag dagor aki if cea i a & Ue 4 ye ER nee, taal ei ae a “anteet eh. ep ee dike See One He URINE ie ae at. oe : baie ro ao iene wae i pekieredinby. pete As TSG pen hater ie en butagg yawn ie ; 4 1 ray. ee Fae bald ¢ S 4 he a) 4 le Meigitinn, Sh dr alha, Numer iron yo 1+ f , 7a ied APR i* Sy ote By bidiar ‘ ate doe kd iy ‘ wey it 13 ri ‘ ry t ae t yy { z i 4 f wer Pe m “ f at ony a : i he 7 R 1 cy . , , ‘ , ; ot f hs hts il Rae rch i an Fe Lay eT as tem Wo ee ts "ta0ns We ‘ " ; fi egseh ik: 3. } Pade ? ; *P sty 2 Ty ewe 7 Ade ae ot WLS OTe oe nt 0 ‘ (ar AB ’ Fat by ue % * z is Je “k “ 5a 8 x ) ir 4 iat mys hi Wiehe y ere ry Sela pn Pn K spa 4 Wh A eRe ED Tat Bo Bae Gis LY go er) het erie B nee e4) ARISE? hap pie at secs oh I hg A | ins _“ ‘ , rh a 2 a4 . / - § sient eatnh-mnsidilflinea ender On gh Reign ata Rae Rte Meee mia ‘ eS OUSLY SS MR TE SAMY ch Oa Mee ee aD raat H af , ES IE ROGER OIL te et. oe cay Lids kes a Be WOR Ee ode VOTE SO) RA Ree toe tga nh gph hE SS tem Diba oem th Pichia Ltr a Ava anes ‘tenps om tlt read a ; : 4 oy ta ae FE LOS. NC Mh Det ren Sie Der nhhan’ ne oe) datbssdhakoniuist aap Pec may Ost eb a “jaan aes ides CARA ASO ORO TO a AG cate Ne mh ae wae ot Lori coms A | i oe | wee ae Vile By Xa Nae ie ; : LA a i | ofa Coma Ra £4, w RR wn Mea Te eae Wadd. Hoty! od As OF AE AME. TOD 20 wee sorreeovd bi. ie ER BS a ie Beats ne oe Decie 9 toes Wed oag) oie Hod taowae, babs ‘ete Neg adreg Bre } HM a “ Ui keg aes UDG Dg RAC hes & 3 i fas Tai «4 is 5 > ines tie Sloat aap, Rogie has i - ops ( ‘ee oI yh) hone, siiidi ony Hernan Future of the Manganese Mining Industry in Eastern Pennsylvania. The above account of a few localities where manganese minerals are known to occur is not especially encouraging and does not seem to warrant extensive exploratory work for the purpose of discovering richer deposits. However, it must be recalled that practically all the data which we now possess concerning the manganese deposits of the State were obtained indirectly while searching for iron ores. Under these conditions some occurrences, much more important than the ones enumerated, may have been overlooked. The future status of manganese mining throughout the entire country is to be determined during the next few years. If it develops that low grade domestic ores can successfully compete with higher grade foreign ores, it may be well to investigate further some of the Pennsylvania localities but for the present the prospect of an important manganese mining industry is not promising. ahs by ae LN 3 0112 077640628