[Crown Copyright Reserveds PART ITE. ——___—_- CIVIL SERVICE. CLERKS, STENOGRAPHERS, TYPISTS, AND ACCOUNTANTS. GOVERNESSES., TEACHERS. ISSUED BY THE OVERSEA SETTLEMENT OFFICE, 59, Vicroria StreEtT, Lonpon, S.W. 1. Office hours, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Saturdays, 10 a.m. to LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY’S § To be purchased through any H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE IMPERIAL House, Kinasway, Lonpon, W.C 37, PETER STREET, MANCHESTER ; 23, Forra or from EB. PONSONBY. TABLE OF CONTENTS Civil Clerks, Gover- bah Teachers. Service. &e. nesses. Page. Page. Page. Page. CANADA— 3 20 Dore: 26 Prince Edward Island ... oo — — 26 New Brunswick... ey) eo a — 26 Nova Scotia sy co woo 20 — 27 Quebec... Ae ia: ae 20 — 27 Ontario ... es ze eo 21 _ 28 Manitoba... mE is pO see 21 — 29 Saskatchewan _... oe, oo 21 — 30 Alberta ... See oo — o 31 British Goliumbia a ool 21 — 32 Yukon Territory... ae io — oe 33 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA— 5 22 25 33 Northern Territory of Australia 6 — — 88 New South Wales : 6 — — 33 Victoria ... 8 — — 36 South Australia .. ax oat 9 a _— 39 Queensland se ste hk ake — — 40 Western Australia a1 — — 42 Tasmania... 12 — —— 43 NEw ZEALAND Boe ee Sigs ee 22 — 44, Union oF Sourn AFRIcCA— 15 22 25 47 Cape of Good Eo a Pe icc — — 47 Natal sit dy ol 22 — 50 Transvaal : ies LN eee 24, — 52 Orange Free State Br savant — fe 56 ALAND PROTECTORATE .,. 16 a — _- 17 2 — — 17 — — 57 18 — — 18 — — — 19 — _ —- asterisk have not been revised since 1915. paragraphs must not, therefore, be advice regarding definite ste with the Secretary, w) Women, 5th Floor, PROFESSIONAL HANDBOOK. PART III. CIVIL SERVICE. Canada. Note.—A new Civil Service Act was passed in 1918, which has made material changes in grading, salaries, and subject- matter of examinations in connection with the Civil Service in Canada. Full particulars, however, have not yet been received, and the following information must not be regarded as correct in all details. The Dominion Civil Service is divided into (1) the inside, and (2) the outside service. The Civil Service Commission examines Candidates in May and November. Appointments to positions in the Inside Service are made with few exceptions after competitive examination. The subjects of examination (fee $4) include writing and copying manuscripts, spelling, composition, arith- metic, geography, history, typewriting, and (optional) stenog- raphy and book-keeping. (Regulations approved 22 February, 1911.) No person is admitted to such examination unless he is a natural born, or naturalized British subject, and has been resident in Canada for at least three years, and is, at the time of the examination, of the full age of 18 years and not more than 35 years, and presents the required certificates as to health, character, and habits. Appointments are thus practically confined to persons brought up in Canada. Application should be made to the Secretary, Civil Service Commission, Ottawa. Salaries. In the inside service (which is mainly at Ottawa) the salary of a deputy head is $5,000 a year, and of other officers from $500 to $4,000. Under certain conditions officers, clerks, or employees under the deputy heads in the inside service who were in the Public Service when the Civil Service Amendment Act, 1908, came into force, may be granted an increase of salary of $150 a year. (Acts of 1909, ch. 7.) Post Office. In the Post Office, city postmasters receive from $2,000 to $3,250 a year in large towns like Fredericton, St. John, Halifax, ~ (8743) Wt. 4466—71/664 500 2/21 H&S Ltd. Gp. 16/18 4 Edmonton, and Victoria, and from $3,500 to $4,000 in Quebec, Toronto, Hamilton, Ottawa, Montreal, Winnipeg, Calgary, and Vancouver. Stampers and sorters are paid $500 to $600 a year. Third-class clerks in city post offices, who must pass the Civil Service preliminary or qualifying examination or be graduates, and must be not more than 36 years old on appointment (Civil Service Act, 1912, ch. 14) receive $600 to $1,000 a year ; second- class clerks, $1,000 to $1,400; first-class clerks, $1,400 to $1,800 ; and chief clerks, $1,800 to $2,000. (Civil Service Act R.S. 1906, ch. 16; Civil Service Amendment Acts, 1908, ch. 15; 1909, ch. 6; 1910, ch. 8; and 1912, chs. 10-16.) ‘Telephone operators at Ottawa (Ont.) get $5 to $84 per week. In Canadian post cffices men and women receive equal rates of wages and therefore very few women are employed. Department of Mines. A Department of Mines is constituted as a Department of the Civil Service. It consists of the “Mines Branch” and the ‘Geological Survey.” No person may be appointed to the Department as a technical officer (1) unless he is a science graduate of a Canadian or foreign University, or of the Mining School of London, or of the Ecole des Mines of Paris, or of some other recognized science school of standing equal to that of the said universities and schools, or a graduate of the Royal Military College. (Geology and Mines Act, 1907.) Geologists and assistant. seologists receive $1,600 to $3,100 a year. Superannuation. Members of the Civil Service appointed after July, 1898 pay 5 per cent. of their salaries into a Retirement Fund. (R.S. 1906, chs. 17 and 18.) Provincial. The Civil Services of the various Provinces are governed by local statutes. Thus in Quebec candidates pass an examination before the Civil Service Board; members are paid $500 to: $4,000 a year; pensions are given. (Revised Statutes 1909, Articles 689-706; Statutes of 1912, ch. 11, and Statutes of 1912 (3 Geo. V.) ch. 15.) In Ontario appointments in the Public Service are made by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, and he is empowered to classify civil servants, to fix their salaries, and to determine their qualifications. No person who becomes a. member of the Civil Service in Ontario after 1 January, 1898, is. entitled to a retiring allowance. (R.S.O. 1914, ch. 14.) In Manitoba all candidates must pass an examination before the Civil Service Board. (Revised Statutes of Manitoba, 1913, ch. 33.) In Saskatchewan all appointments to the Public Service are made hy the Lieutenant-Governor in Council (Revised Statutes of 1909, ch. 7, and Statutes of 1912—13, ch. 46,. sec. 11); and so in Alberta. (Statutes of 1906, ch. 4; of 1911—12, ch. 4, sec. 12; and of 1914, ch. 2, sec. 25.) In British Columbia clerks and female stenographers are appointed by the Civ Service Commission. Junior clerks are paid maximum salaries of $60 to $80 a month; third-class clerks, $90 to $114; second-class clerks, $120 to $148; first- class clerks, $155 to $200; and chief clerks, $200 to $250. All civil servants retire at the age of 65 years unless specially retained. (Revised Statutes, 1911, ch. 37, and Statutes of 1913, ch. 9.) The Commissioner of the Yukon Territory makes appointments. (Consolidated Ordinances, 1902, ch. 5; Ordinances of 1911, ch. 1, and of 1914, ch. 9.) Commonwealth of Australia. The Public Service of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into the Administrative, Professional, Clerical, and General Divisions. With some exceptions, candidates must pass an entrance examination before appointment. ‘Those for the Clerical Division must be over 15 but under 26, and those for the Professional Division must be from 16 to 55, except in the case of telegraph messengers, who must be from 14 to 16 years. Successful candidates, on appointment, must be medically fit. Members of the Public Service must, as a rule, insure their lives. (Regulation of 10 May, 1904.) They are entitled to retire or may be retired when 60 years old, but may continue till they are 65 or 66.. Regulations of 23 April, 1903, establish a Fidelity Guarantee Fund. Salaries. The Clerical Division is, divided into five classes. ‘The salaries are 60/. to 2101. a year in the /if/th class, 220/. to 319J. in the fourth, 3201. to 400/. in the third, 4201. to 500/. in the second, and 5201. to 7501. in the jirst. (Act No. 26 of 1911, and Common- wealth Gazette, 30 September, 1912.) The salaries in the Professional Division range from between 72/. and 294/. in the lowest division up to from 648/. to 1,250/. in the highest division. Salaries in the General Division range from 391. for messengers to a maxamum of 420/. Witu few exceptions a maximum salary of 132/ is paid to officers of 21 years of age, and of 1502. to married officers. Salaries in Post Offices range from 132/. to 500/. a year. Candidates for positions as female telephonists in the Post Office must be from 16 to 19 years old, must pass an examination in handwriting, spelling, and arithme- tic, and be medically fit ; they receive 110/. a year when 21 years of age. (Commonwealth Gazette, 1 November, 1913.) Female typists get 781. to 1621. a year. 6 Examinations. Candidates desiring to be examined must give notice to the Commonwealth Public Service Commissioner, Melbourne. Candidates for the Professional Division are examined in hand- writing, dictation, English, arithmetic, aleebra, geometry, and elementary plan drawing; in either elementary geology, elementary physics, elementary chemistry, plane trigonometry or mechanics; and in either English author or history, or Latin, French, or German. Candidates for the Clerical Division are examined in handwriting, dictation, English, arithmetic, geog- raphy, and English history, and, if they desire, in any two of the following optional subjects—mathematics, Latin, French, German, elementary physics, or shorthand and typewriting. (Commonwealth Public Service Act, 1902—13; and Regs. of 1 January, 1903, and 21 November, 19038, and Notice in Govern- - ment Gazette, 28 January, 1911.) Entrance to the Clerical Division may also be obtained by passing the Australian Uni- versity Public Examination. NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA. The Public Service of the Northern Territory is divided into the Administrative, Professional, Clerical, and General Divisions. No one may be admitted unless he is a natural born or natural- ized British subject, and of sound health and character. Officers between 60 and 65 years may retire or may be retired. (Ordinance No. 6 of 1913.) Salaries. Officers in the Professional and Clerical Divisions receive from 80/. to 7001. a year. » (Nortbern Territory Public Service Regs. 1913, in Commonwealth Gazette of 27 March, 1915.) New Souta WaALEgEs. By an Act passed in August, 1902, and amended in 1910, a “Public Service Board” was appointed, with power to make | regulations for corapetitive (see Regs. below) and qualifying examinations for admission to the Public Service. The Service is divided into five principal divisions, viz., Special, Professional, Clerical, Educational, and General Divisions. ‘The Special Division includes such offices as the Governor may notify in the Government Gazette. The Professional Division includes those offices or duties which require some special skill or technical knowledge. The Clerical Division includes all such officers as the Board, with the approval of the Governor, may direct to be included therein, and the Educational Division includes alk 7 persons employed in the work of public instruction under, or in connection with, the Department of Public Instruction. The General Division embodies all persons not included in the other divisions. Except in the Department of Public Instruction, no married woman is eligible for appointment to any office in the Public Service if her husband be already in the employment of the State, unless there be special circumstances which would make such appointment desirable. The Board, amongst other powers, is authorized to inspect departments, to grade officers, and classify work, and determine the salaries, fees, or allowances payable to officers. All appointments are made on the certificate of the Board. Officers must insure their lives. Officers in the Clerical Division must pass an examination in at least one of various prescribed subjects before being deemed eligible for promotion to the higher series of grades. Superannuation. All officers may be called upon to retire at 60. A Superannua- tion Act will operate from 1 July, 1919, under which every officer retiring in the ordinary course will receive a pension at a rate conforming to the scale provided in the Act. Regulations for Competitive Hvaminations. Clerical Division. Candidates for appointments as junior clerks in the clerical division must be from 15 to 21 years old, and must apply to the Secretary, Public Service Board, Sydney., The salary com- mences at 60/. a year. The subjects of examination are—(1) Handwriting, (2) dictation, (3) English, (4) English litera- ture, (5) history, (6) geography, (7) arithmetic and algebra, (8) geometry and numerical trigonometry, (9) Latin, (10) Greek, (11) French, (12) German, (13) business principles (including shorthand), (14) physics, (15) chemistry, (16) botany, (17) geo- logy, (18) agriculture, (19) trade and transportation, (20) history and civics. All candidates must pass in six subjects, which must include (1), (2), and (3), and not less than two of subjects numbered (4) to (8). They may also take additional subjects, but not less than two such subjects shall be counted for this examination. There is an alternative examination which is rather harder, and the commencing salary is 100/. a year. (Regs. of 30 July, 1917, in Government Gazette of 10 August, 1917.) Professional Division. Candidates for admission into the professional division, as cadet draughtsmen or architectural cadet draughtsmen, must be 15 to 21 years old, and must pass an examination in nine of the following subjects, of which the first six are compulsory :—Handwriting, 8 dictation, English, alzebra and trigonometry, geometry and trigo- nometry, drawing, history, geography, mechanics, economics, business principles, Latin, Greek, ancient history, French, German, physics, chemistry, botany, geology, and zoology. Candidates must apply to the Secretary, Public Service Board, Sydney. Salary begins at 85/. a year. (Regs. of 30 July, 1917, in Government Gazette of 10 August, 1917.) The examination for candidates for the Scientific Branches of the Department of Agriculture includes English composition and dictation, mathe- matics, French or German, chemistry, and one of the follow- ing :—Entomology, economic geology (New South Wales), commercial geography, physics, botany, or bacteriology ; candi- dates must be from 17 to 22 years old. (Regs. of 30 July, 1917, in Government Gazette of 10 August, 1917.) Salaries. There are ten grades, and the salaries range from 60/. to 1,000/. a year. In the lowest grades, before promotion can be secured, officers must pass a test as to their efficiency. (Public Service Act, 1902, Public Service (Amendment) Acts, 1910 and 1912, Public Service Superannuation Act, 1903; Regs. of 31 January, 1911, in Government Gazette of 2 February, and amendments of 20 August, 1912, in Government Gazette of 21 August, of 29 July, 1914, and of 10 March, 1915, in Govern- ment Gazettes of same dates.) VICTORIA. Appointments in the public service in Victoria are made on the certificate of the Public Service Commissioner. (Public Service Act, 1901, No. 1779.) The Public Service is divided into the first, the professional, the clerical, and the non-clerical or general divisions. The first division consists of a few of the higher positions, with salaries ranging from 800/. to 1,000/. a year. (Public Service Act, No. 2383 of 1912.) The professional division includes offices for which special professional skill is required; there are nine classes; the salaries in the ninth or lowest class are 72/. to 192/. a year, 372/. to 482/. in the fifth class, and 700/. to 1,200/. in the first class. The general or non-clerical division consists of various persons mentioned in the Regulations; candidates for this division must be between 16 and 41, or in special cases 46 years of age, and must pass a com- petitive examination in writing, spelling, composition and grammar, arithmetic, and british history. Single. women may be employed in the public service, but they must retire if they marry; but sewing mistresses and female warders may be exempted. All members of the Service may retire or be retired at 60 years of age (and female teachers at 50 by No. 1829 of Acts of 1893), and at 65 must retire unless specially retained. All new members must insure their lives. (Public Service Acts, 1890—1912.) 9 Candidates for the clerical division must pass in writing spelling, English, arithmetic, geography, and English history and civics, and must be between 16 and 21 years of age. Salaries are as follows :—The clerical division is divided into five classes. The yearly salaries in the fifth class begin at 60/. and rise to 2041. ; in the fourth, they rise from 2162. to 336/.; in the third, from 360l. to 456/.; in the second, from 480l. to 576/.; and in the first, from 624/. to 720/. Promotions go for the most part in each department by seniority and merit. (Public Service Act, 1912 (No. 2383); and Regs. of 1 July, 1909, in Government Gazette of 2 July.) SoutH AUSTRALIA. On January 1, 1917, the Public Service Act of 1916 came into operation. This Act provides for a classification of the Public Service and for the appointment of a Public Service Commis- sioner, on whose recommendation all appointments to the Service are made by the Governor. Except in certain cases—which require a special certificate of the Public Service Commissioner— all appointments are on probation for six months, after which period the Governor may, on the Commissioner’s recom- mendation, confirm or aunul the appointment. No permanent appointment from outside the Service can be made unless the Public Service Commissioner certifies that in his opinion no person permanently employed in the Service is available who is as capable of filling the position to which it is proposed that the appointment shall be made as the person proposed to be appointed. Pending the reclassification of the Service no Regulations under the 1916 Act have been approved ; those at present in operation provide for the appointment of junior clerks and messengers at a commencing salary of 40/. per annum, with automatic increases (subject to satisfactory work and conduct) until 125/. per annum is reached in the sixth year or on attaining the age of 21 years. Candidates for admission as junior clerks and messengers must be from 15 to 20 years of age, and must have resided for two years in South Australia ; they must pass an examination in reading, writing, dictation, English composition, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, history, shorthand, typewriting and general knowledge ; and may also take up two of the following optional subjects: algebra, geometry, chemistry, physics, French, and German (Regs. in Government Gazette of October 31, 1918). On obtaining a salary of 100/. or more per annum, every person appointed—if vnder 32 years of age—must become a member of the Public Service Superannuation Fund. (See Regs. in Government Gazette of February 4, 1909, and subsequent amendments in Government Gazette of April 9, April 30, and July 15, 1914, and January 9, 1919.) On reaching the age of 70 years all members of the Service must retire, except that the Governor may extend 10 the period of employment for not more than one year at a time. QUEENSLAND. Classes and Salaries. The Civil Service in Queensland is governed by the Public Service Acts of 1896 and 1901, and consists of the Professional Division, 7.e., where some special skill or knowledge is required, the Ordinary (Clerical) Division, and the Unclassified (General) Division. In each of the Classified Divisions there are six classes and a probationary class. The first class consists of under- secretaries and such other officers whose pay is not less than 600/. a year, as the Governor in Council may direct to be placed therein ; the second, of those who receive not less than 400/. and are not officers of the first class; the third, of officers receiving 300/. to 400/.; the fourth, of officers receiving 2001. to 300/.; the fifth, of officers receiving 120/. to 200/.; and the sixth, of those receiving less than 120d. and not being proba- tioners. Every candidate for admission to the Classified Division must, except in rare and special cases, pass an examination. Superannuation. Every officer shall, unless specially requested to stay, retire at 65 years, or may be compelled to retire before he is 65 years if he is in bad health. By No. 28 of the Acts of 1912 members must make monthly contributions out of their salaries to the Public Service Superannuation Fund, unless they are specially exempted. (Order-in-Council of 26 June, 1913, in Government Gazette of 28 June.) Promotion. In promotion consideration is given to seniority and merit combined. Examinations. Competitive examinations are held at such centres as may be fixed in November of each year in conjunction with the Junior Public Examination of the Queensland University. Candi- dates must be over 15 and under 19 years of age, and must have resided 12 months in the State; they must apply in their own handwriting before the 30 September of each year to the Secretary of the Public Service Board, enclosing certificates of age, character, health, and length of residence. The subjects of the Junior Public Examination adopted for the examination of 11 candidates for admission to the classified division of the Public Service are grouped as follows for this purpose :— _ Group I.—English (General Paper), English (Commercial Paper), dictation, handwriting (to be judged on Dic- tation Paper), arithmetic and mensuration. Group Il.—Algebra, geometry, geography and English history. qroup III.—French, German, Latin, Greek, steno-typing, book-keeping and business methods. Group IV.—Chemistry, physics, geology, drawing, geo- metrical and perspective, trigonometry. Candidates for admission to the Ordinary Division shall take the following subjects :— (a) All the subjects of Group 1; and (b) Two subjects from Group II; and (c) Two subjects from Group [II. Candidates for admission to the Professional Division shall take the following subjects :— (a) All the subjects of Group I; and (6) Algebra and geometry from Group II; and (c) One subject from Group III, and one subject from Group IV; or two subjects from Group IV. (Regs. of “a4 Sie i 1918, in Government Gazette of 16 Novem- er. One fee for both examinations is payable to the Registrar of the Queensland University. For six subjects 25s. is charged and 5s. for each additional subject selected by the candidate. Appointments and Salaries. Successful candidates are appointed, as required, into the probationary class with a salary at the rate of 70/. a year, rising after six months into sixth class to 85/. (Ordinary Division) and 847. (Professional Division). After the end of the first and subse- quent years following the completion of probationary period salaries are then paid according to the classification of the Service, provided that the Bvuard shall have certified that conduct, diligence, and general efficiency are satisfactory. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. By the Public Service Act, 1904, and Amending Acts Nos. 10 and 38 of 1912, and amendment up to May, 1916, the service in Western Australia is divided into four divisions: (1) Administra- tive ; (2) Professional; (3) Clerical ; and (4) General. Appoint- ments are made on the recommendation of the Public Service 12 Commissioner. The candidates must be British subjects and must pass an examination. Persons appointed to the professional or clerical division must be from 16 to 25 years of age. The Act does not apply to the Police Force, the Teaching Staff of the Educational Department, or Railway Servants, or to certain other small groups of Government servants. Salaries. Junior clerks receive 60/. to 108/. a year: other members up to 1,020/.a year. (Regs. of 3 December, 1912, in Government Gazette of 6 December; and Regs. of 17 December, 1914, in | Government Gazette of 18 December.) Insurance. Every officer must insure his life. Married Women. The employment of married women is deemed undesirable, and is sanctioned in special cases only. (Reg. 110.) Examinations. All candidates for examinations must give notice to the Public Service Commissioner a month before the examination. (Regs. of 14 September, 1910, in Government Gazette of 16 September, and Regs. of 3 December, 1912, in Government Gazette of 6 December.) TASMANIA, Public Service Boards. Divisions. The Public Service of Tasmania is regulated by the Public Service Act, 1918. ‘The Public Service consists of the Profes- sional, Clerical, and General Divisions. No person is admitted unless he has passed the prescribed examination, except sometimes in the case of the Professional Division. All members of the Service retire when 70 years old, unless they are specially re- tained for not more than 12 months. A superannuation fund is provided for and all new entrants under 32 must subscribe. The Act provides that a reclassification of the service be made every five years. Salaries. In the Professional and Clerical Divisions the annual salaries range from 721.—750. In the General Division annual salaries range from 481. to 3721. 13 Examinations. Every candidate for admission to the Clerical Division is examined (fee 10s.) in the following subjects (unless he has passed the Junior or Senior Public Exaiination, in which case he is exempt) :--Handwriting, dictation, English, arithmetic, geography, and English history. He must be, as a rule, from 16 to 21 years old. ‘This does not apply to returned soldiers who are eligible up to 50, Candidates for the Professional Division must first pass the examination prescribed for the Clerical Division, and after 18 months’ probation must pass an examination in such subjects as may be arranged by the Board, or (Reg. of 10 July, 1914) this latter examination. may be substituted for the clerical one. Appointments may be made to this Division of specially skilled persons, without examination or probation. The subjects for the General Division are handwriting, spelling, and arithmetic, and special subjects if necessary. The candidate must be, as a rule, from 16 to 50 years old. A pplications. Every candidate for the Clerical or Professional Division must forward his application to the Board at least 14 days before the examination, and enclose certificates of age, and, if successful, candidates must furnish a certificate of health and character. (Public Service Act, 1905; and Regs. of 4 March, 1913, in Govern- ment Gazette of same date, and Regs. of 10 July, 1914, in Government Gazette of 21 July.) New Zealand.* No encouragement can be held out to persons going to New Zealand with the idea that they will readily obtain employment in the Civil Service. Divisions. The Public Service consists of the administrative, professional, clerical and general divisions. Salaries. The annual salaries in the Clerical Division are: Class VIII, 50/. to 1102.; Classes VII to III, 1200. to 425/.; Classes II and I, 4401. to 6007. Annual salaries in the Professional Division are: Class F. 701. to 180/.; Classes E to B, 210/. to 575/.; and Class A, 600/. to 7002. (Act No. 23 of 1912.) Superannuation. There is a Public Service Superannuation Fund, to-which every member of the Service must contribute from 5 to 10 per cent. of 14 his salary. (Public Service Classification and Superannuation Act, 1908 (No. 158), Act 250 of 1908, Act No. 32 of 1909, Act No. 28 of 1911, and Regs. of 13 January, 1912, in the Government Gazette of 18 January.) Regulations and Appointments. — No one, as a rule, is appointed to the Professional Division unless he has passed the ‘“‘ Senior Examination” (see below); or to the Clerical Division unless he has passed the “ Entrance Examination ” ; or to the General Division unless he has obtained the certificate of competency in Standard IV under the Educa- tion Act, 1908— unless in any case he has passed some equivalent examination. ‘ Persons subject to military training must also. furnish a certificate from the area officer of the district in which they reside that they have performed or are performing the required military service.” (Reg. 157.) Persons appointed to the General Division must be from 16 to 40 years of age; and those appointed to the Clerical Division must be from 15 to 25, and those appointed to the Professional Division must be not less than 17 years old. (Regs.156and 161.) On the marriage of a female officer she must resign her appointment, unless the employment of a married woman is specially sanctioned. (Reg. 195.) Nor may any married woman be appointed if her husband is already employed in the Service, unless the Commissioner specially allows it. (Act No. 28 of 1912, sec. 42.) Examinations. The entrance examination for the Professional and Clerical Divisions is held every November, December, or January. A candidate must give notice to the Education Department at Wellington by the 8th September preceding. He is examined (group 1) in English and arithmetic; (group 2) in any one of the following subjects he selects, viz.:—geography, or (all being elementary) physical science, botany, zoology, geology, practical agriculture (not to be taken if he takes botany), home science (not to be taken in addition to physical science), hygiene, and dairy science; and in two or more other subjects he selects from the above group (2) or the following group (3) or both; (group 3) elementary mathematics, Latin, French, German, Maori, British history, shorthand, book-keeping and commercial correspondence, and drawing. No officer is entitled to receive a salary of more than 260/. a year, unless he bas passed the senior examination (which is held in January) or its equivalent. A candidate for the senior examination must pass in English composition, including précis writing and correspondence; and in not less than four (or in the case of Professional candidates in not less than five) out of a long list of subjects given in the Regs. of 1 April, 1914, such as English literature, arithmetic and algebra, Latin, Greek, French, German, Italian, Maori, geometry and trigonometry, general history, chemistry, general agriculture, 15 mechanical engineering, &c. (Regs. of 1 April, 1913, in the Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette of same date, and Amendments of 21 May, 1914; and Regs. of 1 April, 1914, in the Supplement of 8 April, 1914.) Post Office. Married women, widows excepted, are not eligible for per- manent appointments in the Post Office, and women must resign when they marry. Members pass examinations on promotion. (Post and Telegraph Act, 1908; and Regs. 43 to 89, of 24 February, 1913, in Government Gazette of 3 April; Regs. of 20 May, 1914,in Government Gazette No. 54 of 25 May; and Regs. of 27 July, 1914, in Government Gazette of August 6.) Land and Survey Department. A candidate for a certificate of competency as draughtsman (1) must be an officer of the Public Service; (2) must have been engaged for not less than four years on draughting and com- putation work, or not less than ten years on draughting work ; and (3) must pass an examination in computations, instruments, plotting, &c. (Regs. of 7 July, 1914, in Government Gazette of 9 July.) Union of South Africa. The Public Service consists of (1) the Administrative and Clerical Division; (2) the General Division; and (3) the Defence, Police and Prisons Forces. No male is ap- pointed to the Administrative and Clerical Division unless (1) he is between 16 and 25 years of age; (2) he has passed the Matriculation Examination of the University of the Cape of Good Hope, or its equivalent; and (3) he possesses qualifica- tions in prescribed special subjects of a prescribed standard, or he has passed the Public Service Examination. Candidates must apply on prescribed form to the Secretary, Public Service Commission, Union Buildings, Pretoria. Female officers get 90/. to 2041. a year; they may be called upon to resign on marriage. Clerks receive 100. to 7501 a year. They are required to qualify in both English and Dutch before they can be promoted to any higher grade than that to which they have attained in five years from the date of appointment to a clerical post. They are further required to pass the promotion examination (vide Regs. under Government Notice No. 1475 of 1918 in Union Gazette of 15 November, 1918) before they can be promoted to a post of a grade higher than that of a first grade clerk. Pensions are given; officers may retire or may be retired at 60 years of age. (Public Service and Pensions Act, No. 29 of 1912, and No. 39 of 1914; and Public Service Regulations in Government Notice No. 2093 of 1914 in Union Gazette of 28 December, 1914.) 16 Candidates for the Public Service Examination (fee 2/. 10s.) must give two months’ notice, and forward certificates of age, character, health, and freedom from legal disability. Those who have passed an examination considered equivalent to the Public Service Examination will not be required to pass the latter. The subjects are selected from English, Dutch, French, Kaffir, history (with special reference to South African history), mathematics, book-keeping and commercial arithmetic, Latin, science, &c. (vide Regs. under Government Notice No. 1255 of 1918 in Union Gazette of September, 1918). Union Civil Service Law Examinations. All approved officials in permanent Government employ are eligible as candidates for the Union Civil Service Lower and Higher Law Examinations which are conducted by the Joint Committee for Professional Examinations. All enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary to the Committee, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria. The Civil Service Lower Law Examination consists of two Parts (fee 2/. for Part I and 3/. for Part II); Part I is held once a year, namely, in December, and Part II twice a year, namely, in June and December, but only candidates who have entered for Part II on a previous occasion will be admitted to the June examination. No candidate is admitted to Part IH until one year after passing Part I. The subjects for Part I are (i) Roman-Dutch Law and (ii) English Law of Contracts and Torts; and for Part 11 (i) Roman-Dutch Law, (ii) English Law of Evidence and Criminal Law, (iii) Statute Law of the Union. Approved members who have passed the Lower Law Examination, or its equivalent, are also eligible for the Civil Service Higher Law Examination, which also consists of two Parts (fee 2/. for Part I and 3/. for Part II), taken at the interval of a year. This examination is only held once a year, namely, in December. The subjects for Part I are (i) Roman Law and the History of Roman Law, (ii) English Law of Contracts and Torts and Criminal Law (N.B.—questions may also be set on Roman-Dutch Criminal Law), (iii) General Jurisprudence. The subjects for Part II are (i) Roman-Dutch Law and History, (ii) Law of Evidence, (iii) Roman and Roman-Dutch Law, special subject, and (iv) Statute Law. Bechuanaland Protectorate. Before appointment to the Public Service of the Bechuana- land Protectorate a candidate must have served six months on probation; have satisfied the Resident Commissioner by exami- nation or by the production of certificates or otherwise that he has sufficient general knowledge and education; attained the third grade of proficiency in the local native language, %e., is able, as proved by. examination, to write and converse in simple colloquial Secwana ; satisfied the Resident Commissioner 17 as to his general fitness for retention in the service; and have passed the prescribed medical examination. (Proclamation No. 6 of 1915 in the Official Gazette of the High Commissioner of South Africa, 1 April, 1915.) Pensions are granted to persons employed in the service of the Government of the Bechuanaland Protectorate. (Proclama- tion No. 26 of 1906 in Official Gazette of the High Commis- sioner of 7 December, 1906; Proclamations Nos. 6 and 61 of 1908 in Official Gazettes of 6 March and 25 September ; Proclamation No. 60 of 1910 in Official Gazette of 1 November, 1910; Proclamation No. 15 of 1912 in Official Gazette of 19 March, and Proclamation No. 39 of 1914 in Official Gazette of 80 June, 1914. Rhodesia. No person shall receive an appointment in the Civil Service in Rhodesia :— (a) Unless he has attained the age of 18 years. (6) Unless he shall pass a medical examination by a medical officer approved by the Administrator, and _ shall receive a certificate to the effect that he is free from any physical or mental disease or defect likely to interfere with the efficient discharge of his duties. (c) Unless he is of good character and temperate habits, and free from any legal disability. Appointments are made on a probation of not less than i2 months, but no person can be placed upon the fixed Hstablish- ment until he has received a certificate of fitness to be permanently employed. The term of probation must not exceed 18 months. There is no entrance examination. A deduction of not less than 1 per cent. per annum is made on account of the Widows’ Pension Fund. (Civil Service Regulations, 1898.) Officers placed on the fixed Establishment shall not be entitled to retire on a pension unless they are over 55 years of age (50 in the case of telegraphists), or are disabled. A deduction of 4 per cent. per annum is made from their salary to the Pension Fund. (Government Notice No. 257 of 1910.) Applications for appointments in Southern Rhodesia should be addressed to the Secretary to the Administrator, Salisbury, and in Northern Rhodesia to the Administrator. Applications for appointments as telegraphists should be addressed to the Post- master-General, Salisbury. No applications can be entertained by the Board of Directors in London. Civil Service (Lower) Law Examination. The Civil Service Lower Law Examination in Rhodesia consists of two Parts (fee 2/,for each Part); no candidate is . (8743—Gp. 16/13) B Cf ft af 18 admitted to Part II until one year after passing Part I. The subjects in Part I are Roman-Dutch Law, and English Law of Contracts and Torts; and the subjects in Part II are selections from Rhodesian and Cape Statute Laws, Roman-Dutch Law, and English Law of Evidence and Criminal Law. Further informa- tion may be obtained from the Director of Education, Salisbury. (Government Notice No. 42 of 1919, in British South Africa Company Government Gazette of 31 January.) Civil Service (Higher) Law Examination. All officials in permanent Government employ who have passed the Civil Service Lower Law Examination, or any examination which may have been declared equivalent, are eligible for admissicn to the Higher Law Examination. This consists of two Parts (fees 2/. for Part I, and 3/. for Part II). The subjects in Part I are (1) Roman Law and the History of Roman Law; (2) English Law of Contracts and Torts and Criminal Law, in which questions on Roman-Dutch Criminal Law may be set; and (3) General Jurisprudence. The subjects in Part II are (1) Roman-Dutch Law and History; (2) Law of Evidence; (3) Roman and Roman-Dutch Law—special subject; . (4) selections from Rhodesian and Cape Statute Laws. (Jd.) Native Languages. Members of the Civil Service may pass an examination in the Matabele, Mashona, or other native language. (Government Notice No. 41 of 1910 in B.S.A. Company Government Gazette of 25 February, 1910.) Salaries. Salaries in the Fixed Establishment of the Administrative and Clerical Branch of the Civil Service range from 200. to 1,250. a year. (Government Notice No. 291 of 1914 in B.S.A. Govern- ment Gazette of 10 July, 1914.) NorTHERN RHODESIA. The subjects of the Civil Service Law Examination in Northern Rhodesia are Common Law, Law of Evidence, Criminal Law, and Statute Law of the Territory to 31 December, 1913. All entries must be made in writing addressed to the Legal Adviser, Living- stone. (Notice of 4 May, 1914, in Northern Rhodesia Gazette of 9 May.) Basutoland. Before appointment to the Public Service of Basutoland a candidate must have served six months on probation; have satisfied the Resident Commissioner by examination or by the 19 production of certificates or otherwise that he has sufficient general knowledge and education; attained the third grade of proficiency in the local native language, 7.e., is able as shown by examination to write and converse in simple colloquial Sesuto or other native language; satisfied the Resident Com- missioner as to his general fitness for retention in the service, and have passed the prescribed medical examination. (Pro- clamation No: 5 of 1915 in the Official Gazette of the High Commissioner for South Africa, 1 April, 1915.) Pensions may be granted to Government employees in Basutoland. (Proclamations Nos. 13 and 60 of 1908 and No. 59 of 1910 in the Official Gazettes of the High Commissioner for South Africa of 6 March and 25 September, 1908, and 1 November, 1910; and No. 16 of 1912 in Official Gazette of 19 March; No. 34 of 1913 in Official Gazette of 25 November, 1913, and No. 39 of 1914 in Official Gazette of 30 June, 1914.) Swaziland.* Before appointment to the Public Service of Swaziland a candidate must have served six months on probation; have satisfied the Resident Commissioner by examination or by the production of certificates or otherwise that he has sufficient general knowledge and education ; attained the third grade of proficiency in the local native language, 7.e., is able, as proved by examination, to write and converse in the local] native language; satisfied the Resident Commissioner as to his general fitness for retention in the service, and have passed the pre- scribed medical examination. (Proclamation No. 7 of 1915 in the Official Gazette of the High Commissioner for South Africa, 1 April, 1915.) CLERKS, STENOGRAPHERS, TYPISTS, AND ACCOUNTANTS. The openings for auditors, accountants, book-keepers, com- mercial agents, and clerks are so few that none should go out without a previous engagement, or without at least 100/. in hand on arrival. The salaries are often lower than they are here, and the local supply of applicants is excessive; without influence or special ability of some kind a new arrival would have little prospect of employment. Women are largely employed as clerks, but the supply is generally greater than the demand. No Colonial Government gives any assistance for clerks’ passages. (See also under Civil Service.) (8743—Gp. 16/13) B 2 20 Canada. In the large towns of the east and middle west of Canada a certain number of secretaries of good education and exceptional qualifications should be able to find employment. Such work is almost always with business firms and seldom with an individual. Salaries for these higher posts range from $60 to $100 per month. A first-rate stenographer clerk may also be able to find work at pay from $50 to $75 monthly. In Hastern Canada, however, it is most desirable to possess a fluent knowledge of French. The most favourable time to arrive is during the summer holiday season, as it may then be possible to obtain temporary employment by replacing some member of a staff who is away on leave. For the less efficient stenographer and general clerk there is little demand. The demand in Canada for female telephone and telegraph clerks and typists beyond the local supply is small; and they are not advised to go on the chance of employment, unless they have means of their own, or go to live with relations or friends, or at least to live at some place like the Y.W.C.A. at a cost of $5 to $7 a week. The inception also of automatic telephones in places has curtailed the demand for girls. Bank clerks throughout Canada are paid from $350 to $550 a — | year; tellers from $700 to $2,000; accountants from $1,000 to $3,000; managers from $3,000 to $10,000. Most banks pay a living allowance ranging from $50 to $500 per annum, and furnished quarters are often provided at a nominal rental where premises allow it. Pension funds societies have been established at most of the banks; no clerk is permitted to marry until he earns from $1,0)0 to $1,500 a year. All statutory holidays and two weeks’ vacation are allowed. Nova Scorra.* No person may use the designation of “ Chartered Accountant,” or any other title, or any initials implying that he is a Chartered or Certified Accountant, unless he is a registered member of the ‘Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nova Scotia.” (Laws of 1913, ch. 154.) QuEBEC.* ‘The: Institute of Accountants and Auditors of the Province of Quebec” is incorporated by Acts of 1912 (3 George V.), ch. 94; and is required to enact bye-laws respecting the admission and qualification of its members. } 21 ONTARIO. No one may call himself a Chartered Accountant unless he is a member of the ‘Institute of the Chartered Accountants of Ontario.” The Institute may draw up regulations for admission, and shall prescribe conditions, which must be reasonable, upon which persons who have passed the examinations of other corporate bodies, having the same or similar objects, may be admitted as members of the Institute. (R.S.O. 1914, ch. 169.) MANITOBA. No person in Manitoba may use the designation of Chartered Accountant, or any initials or title implying that he is a certified or an Incorporated accountant, unless he is a registered member of the “ Institute of Chartered Accountants of Manitoba.” The Council of the Institute is to admit as a member any person not under 21 years, who satisfies them as to his character and com- petency and has passed the examination of the Institute. The Council may also prescribe conditions under which graduates of other corporate bodies may be admitted. (Revised Statutes 1913, ch. 29.) Further information as to the examinations and standards of the Institute of Chartered Accountants may be obtained from the Secretary, who may be addressed at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Skilled female typists, stenographers and book-keepers at Winnipee get $35 to $65 a month; and female telephonists from $30 a month, the average being $44. SASKATCHEWAN.* The “Institute of Chartered Accountants of Saskatchewan” has power to grant diplomas to Chartered Accountants who wish it, and certificates of competency to book-keepers. (Rev. Stat. 1909, ch. 109.) No person may use the designation of Char- tered Accountant, or any title or initials implying that he is a Certified or Incorporated Accountant, unless he is a registered member of the Institute. (Stat. of 1913, ch. 46, secs. 28-32.) The entrance fee is $50, and the annual fee is $12. (Saskatchewan Gazette, 29 November, 1913.) The average pay of female store clerks is $12 a week. Britrisu CoLuMBIA.* In British Columbia efficient female stenographers can usually secare employment at $40 to $75 a month, retail clerks at $3 to $25 a week (average $10), and telephone operators at $35 to $45 a month; or $1.20 to $1.50 a day. 22 Commonwealth of Australia. There is little or no demand for secretaries and clerks in Australia, and at the commercial colleges large numbers of girls are being trained to meet any possible shortage. New Zealand. There may be some demand for well educated and highly efficient shorthand writers, typists and clerical workers, but they must have attained a high standard of general education in addition to training in a business school. The market is overcrowded with inefficient stenographers, who can only hope to obtain subordinate positions. For such workers salaries are low, but higher rates are paid according to ability. Women should not think of going to New Zealand to take up such occupations at the present time unless they have friends who can receive them in their homes. No person in New Zealand may describe himself in writing as a public accountant unless he is a registered member of the New Zealand Society of Accountants. A candidate for registration must pass an examination, or be a member, fellow, or associate of an association of accountants, which is incorporated in any part of the British Empire out of New Zealand, recognized by the Society; he must give notice at the Office of the Solicitor- General, Wellington. (Acts No. 211 of 1908, and No. 26 of 1913.) Union of South Africa. Wonien are not required in any part of South Africa as clerks or typists, the supply in every part already exceeding the demand. Since the demobilization of the local forces an ample supply of women displaced by the return of men is available for this kind of employment, and at the commercial colleges a number of girls are being trained as typists and clerks. NATAL.* The Chamber of Commerce at Durban, Natal, has opened a ‘register for clerks seeking engagements in mercantile offices. The pay of a female typewriter is not remunerative, unless she lives at home. The Council of the ‘‘ Natal Society of Accountants” regulates the admission of Accountants in Natal. No person in Natal may call himself an Accountant, or Public Accountant, or Auditor 23 unless he is registered under this Act. No person is entitled to be so registered (fee 5/. 5s.) unless he proves to the Council that at the date of his application he is resident in Natal, is 21 years of age, and (a) is a member of any Society or Institute of Accountants whose membership is declared to be sufficient by the Bye-laws of the Society. for the time being in force; or (b} shall have produced a certificate from the Council that he has passed the examinations from time to time prescribed by the Bye-laws, and shall have satisfied the Council that he has had such practical experience in the business of a Public Accountant as under the Bye-laws of the Society renders him admissible for registration ; but any applicant shall have a right of appeal to the Supreme Court of the Province against the decision of the said Council in the event of their refusing his application for registration. The Council may admit to practise and enrol as a Public Accouutant in their Register, without previous admission or service under articles in the Province, or the passing of examina- tion, and extend the fullest reciprocal privileges with (1) Any member in full standing of the Society of Accountants in Edinburgh, incorporated by Royal Charter, 1854 ; or the Institute of Accountants and Actuaries in Glasgow, incorporated by Royal Charter, 1855; or the Society of Accountants in Aberdeen, incorporated by Royal Charter, 1867; or the Institute of Chartered. Accountants in England and Wales, incorporated by Royal Charter, 1880; or the Society of Accountants and Auditors of England, incorporated 1885; or the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland, incor- porated by Royal Charter, 1888; or the Institute of Accountants in Natal, founded 1895; or the Transvaal Society of Accountants, incorporated 1904; or (2) Any member of any Society of Accountants in South © African Colonies or other British Colonies, approved of by the Council, and which Society in exchange grants reciprocal privileges to this Society. (Act No. 35 of 1909.) Regulations. A candidate who is not qualified as above serves as a rule as an articled clerk in Natal for four years, and must pass three examina- tions. The first or preliminary examination (fee 2/. 2s.) is the Matriculation Examination of the Cape University or some equi- valent examination. After two years’ service of articles or four years’ practical training in accountancy (if he is unarticled) he passes the Intermediate Examination (fee 3/. 3s.) in book-keeping and accounts, auditing, general commercial knowledge, &c.; and after not less than a year’s interval the Final Examination 24 (fee 5/. 5s.) in similar subjects but more advanced. (Bye-laws in Government Notice No 2030 of 1918, in Union Gazette of 27 December, 1913.) TRANSVAAL. There is little or no demand for lady typists or clerks seeking work in the Transvaal. They should have definite employment to enter on arrival or should, at least, have relatives or friends with whom they can reside until employment is obtained ; other- wise they are warned against going. ‘The high cost of residence for even two or three months in a boarding house while seeking employment quickly reduces an immigrant’s resources. In the Law DVepartment an expert lady shorthand writer and typist receives 180/. to 240/.a year. Clerks in the Transvaal are paid 102. to 402. a month. No person may call himself an accountant in the Transvaal unless he is registered as a Public Accountant. No person is entitled to be so registered unless he proves to the local Council of Accountants that at the date upon which his application for registration is made he is resident in the Transvaal and (a) is a- member of any society or institute of accountants whose member- ship is declared to be sufficient by the bye-laws of the Transvaal Society of Accountants for the time being in force, or (6) shall have produced a certificate from the Council that he has passed the examinations from time to time prescribed by the bye-laws, and shall have satisfied the Council that he has had such practical experience in the business of a Public Accountant as under the bye-laws of the Transvaal Society renders him admissible for registration. (Accountants’ Ordinance, 1904, No. III, Private, of 1904.) Regulations. Persons who are resident in the Transvaal, and are members of one of the following societies are entitled to admission to the Transvaal Society of Accountants :—The Society of Accountants in Edinburgh (1854), the Institute of Accountants and Actuaries in Glasgow (1855), the Society of Accountants in Aberdeen (1867), the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (1880), the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (1888), the Society of Accountants and Auditors of England (1885), the Accountant Institutes in South Australia and Victoria, and under ' certain conditions (see Government Notice No. 637 in Union Gazette of 18 April, 1911) the Natal Society of Accountants and the Society of Accountants in Cape Colony. The entrance fee is 5/. 5s, and the annual subscription 3/. 3s. Other persons must—unless exempted in part—serve articles for 44 years, or otherwise obtain the necessary practical training in the business of a Public Accountant and pass an Intermediate and Final 25 Examination. (Government Notices No. 295 of 1905 (30 March, 1905) in Government Gazette of 7 April, No. 175 of 1907 in Government Gazette of 15 February, and No. 481 of 1910 in Government Gazette of 29 April.) Rhodesia. Junior clerks in Rhodesia get 7/. to 15/. a month, and others 251. to 351. The average expenses of an unmarried clerk are only 8/. to 10/. a month, but those of a married clerk are at least 30. a month. GOVERNESSES. Canada. In Canada the demand for private governesses is very small as nearly all the Canadian children attend the public schools. Such demand as there is exists mainly in the east. Languages and music are the qualifications most in demand. Salaries would vary according to qualifications. For a nursery governess they would be about the same as for a home help, that is to say, ranging from $15 to $25 per month in the east, and increasing to a scale of $25 to $40 or $50 in the west. A governess or nursery governess in Canada would be expected to take a share in the general household work in addition to teaching and looking after her pupils. Commonwealth of Australia. In Australia there is a certain demand for the specially trained children’s nurse. ‘There is a branch of the Norland Institute at Sydney, but there are more demands for its graduates than it is able to supply. There is a fair demand for governesses and nursery goveruesses. New Zealand. In New Zealand there may be a demand among some of the wealthy families for really well qualified governesses with good language qualifications. Governesses must be prepared to identify themselves entirely with their employer’s family, and must be ready to turn their hands to anything. ‘They are required generally on farms or in the country districts, as children living in towns are usually sent to a day school. The Governess should not accept a situation up-country on a farm unless she is fond of a country life, as social opportunities are naturally limited in the less populated districts. 26 TEACHERS.t Canada. British certificates are recognized in Canada when endorsed by the Provincial Minister of Education. The Minister has power, by statute, to accept equivalents of Ontario academic and professional training. Teachers are trained at the normal schools in Canada at the public expense. There is little demand for private teachers of music, singing or drawing, as nearly everyone makes use of the high schools or colleges. PrRINcE Epwarp ISLAND. No one is entitled to receive a licence to teach in Prince Edward Island unless (1) he or she is at least 17 years of age, _and unless (2) he or she is of temperate habits and of good moral character, and has attended the Provincial Training School for at. least one term, and has obtained the necessary certificate of competency or holds a diploma from a chartered College or Uni- versity or recognized Training School. Examinations. The subjects for a second class licence include English, history, ‘geography, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, Latin, French, botany, agriculture, school management, scientific temperance, teaching, and book-keeping. ‘Those for a first-class licence include English, English literature, history, geometry, Latin, Greek, algebra, Fr ench, education, trigonometry, chemistry, botany, acriculture, physics, school management, and teaching. Salaries. Salaries in 1919 were as follows:—Men $400 to $2,200, and women $350 to $1,300. The teachers employed were 102 male and 492 female; there are not many positions for first-class teachers. (Public Schools Report for 1919.) New Brunswick. Teachers in New Brunswick are appointed by local trustees: under the general superintendence of the Board of Education. Before being qualified to teach they must hold a Provincial Normal School Diploma, which necessitates a course of 3 to 9 months’ duration in the Normal School. The salaries are not. high, but are improving; most of the teachers are female. + The Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W., the Scottish Education Department Edinburgh, and the Commission of National Education, Dublin, will, on request, forward a confirmation of Candidates’ qualifications to the Education Department in the Dominions oversea, to which applicatiom has actually been made. (March, 1912.) 27 There is considerable difficulty in providing qualified teachers, largely owing to the low salaries. The average yearly salaries from all sources in 1918 were: male $339 to $1,075, and female $297 to $560; in superior schools the yearly salary of a teacher averaged $843, and in grammar schools $1,332. (The Schools Act, in Consol. Stat. 1903, ch. 50, and Stat. of 1907, ch. 49, and Education Report, 1918.) Pensions. Male teachers, who are not less than 60 years old, and female teachers who are not less than 55 years old, are entitled on retiring after 35 years’ service to pensions not exceeding $400 a year. (Acts of 1910, ch. 17.) Nova ScorTta. In Nova Scotia all the public schools are under the control of local school boards. All teachers must be licensed by the Council of Public Instruction. The higher classes are as a rule trained in the Provincial Normai School at Truro, the tuition being free. The certificates of other training schools may be accepted for a year, if approved, but a permanent licence cannot be granted without a ‘“‘ pass” on the school law of the Province, and the prescribed Physical Training under the Department of Militia and Defence of Canada. (Manual of School Law, 1919.) Of the 3,037 teachers employed in 1918, females numbered 2,852. The averaye salary of male teachers a year in 1918 was $280 in the lower class to $1,366 in the higher; and that of female teachers was $252 to $915. After 30-35 years’ service, or if totally disabled after 20 years’ service, teachers are entitled to retire with an annuity of not more than $600. (Acts of 1918, che 93) Application for a temporary licence such as is referred to above should be made to the Superintendent of Education, Halifax, Nova Scotia, with (1) a certificate from the educational authority which granted the candidate’s teaching licence and (2) details of professional training and experience. Examination. The subjects for the minimum professional examination (in which freehand drawing also may be required) are school law and forms, theory and practice of teaching, hygiene and temperance, school management, history of education, and pedagogy. (Reg. 116.) QUEBEC. Teachers in Government Schools in the Province of Quebec must, with few exceptions, hold diplomas from the Protestant or Roman Catholic Central Board of Examiners of the Province. 28 (Rev. Stat. 1909, Articles 2586 and 2717.) Pensions not exceed- ing $1,050 a year are payable (¢d., Arts. 2992-3039 and Acts of 1913 (4 Geo. V), ch. 23). In 1916-17 in the Roman Catholic Elementary Schools the average salaries in country districts were for males $540 a year, and for females $187, in towns $758 for males and $295 for females. In the rural Protestant Schools, where there are now no male teachers, the average salary was $287, in towns males $1,875, females $754. The salaries in Model (intermediate) Schools and in Academies (High Schools) are higher. The Protestant teachers of the Province are trained at Macdonald College; there are thirteen Roman Catholic normal schools, the two largest being the Laval Normal at Quebec, and the Jacques-Cartier at Montreal. ONTARIO, No person shall act as a teacher in a public school in Ontario unless he holds a certificate of qualification from the Department of Education (which by R.S.O. 1914, ch. 265, is authorized to issue regulations as to the qualifications and duties of teachers). Any British subject of good character and health, who passes the prescribed examination, may be awarded such certificate. Teachers must be at least 18 years old, must be subjects of His Majesty, and must pass the prescribed examinations. Certificates are ranked, 1st, 2nd, and 8rd class. By the regulations of the Department of Education certificates may be granted to persons who attend a Model School, a Normal School, or a University Faculty of Education in the Province, and pass certain exami- nations, enabling them to teach in public schools. The Faculty of Education certificate, followed by two years’ successful teach- ing, enables the holder to teach asa First Class Public School teacher or as an assistant in High Schools, if the holder has © also a degree from a British University. Appointments as teachers are thus practically closed to any but those who possess Qntario qualifications. Teachers may be married or single. (R.S.O. 1914, ch. 266, secs. 87-8, and Regs. of Depart- ment of Education.) No person shall be appointed Principal or assistant teacher in a High School who does not possess the qualifications prescribed by the Regulations of the Department of Education. (R.S.0. 1914, ch. 268, sec. 49.) Superannuation. By the Ontario Teachers’ and Inspectors’ Superannuation Act of 1917, teachers in the schools controlled by the Province contribute 24 per cent. of their salaries towards a pension fund from which pensions are paid after 30 or 40 years’ service. Retirement by reason of incapacity after illness shortens the period of service to 15 years. 29 Salaries. In 1917 there were 12,762 teachers in the Public Schools, 90 per cent. of them being females.) The highest yearly salary was $2,500. The average salary for males was $1,038 for the province, $686 for rural schools, $1,637 for cities, and $1,174 for towns. The average salary for females was $650 for the province, $580 for rural schools, $795 for cities, and $628 for towns, all salaries being much higher than formerly. (Report of the Minister of Education of Ontario for 1918.) There are a large number of schools for the professional training of teachers. There is some scarcity of teachers in Public Schools, owing to the departure of many teachers to the Western Provinces, or to more lucrative positions, but the supply and salaries are still improving. MANITOBA. The legally qualified teacher in Manitoba must hold a certificate or qualification issued by the Department of Education and Advisory Board. Applicants must be of good character, at least 18 years of age, and must pass the examinations prescribed by the Board. The Advisory Board, however, has power to recognize teachers’ certificates granted outside the Province instead of requiring an examination. There are two Provincial Normal Schools for the training of teachers, one at Winnipeg and the other at Brandon. Before entering Normal School, students in training must have com- pleted at least a three years’ high school course or its equivalent. The subjects required are reading, writing and_ spelling, literature, composition and grammar, geography, botany, agriculture, physics, chemistry, music and drawing. Having completed the course outlined above, the candidate enters the Normal School, where he is taught methods, educational psychology, and history of education. This professional course lasts for nine months, but may be taken in two parts. Graduates of any University in H.M. Dominions, upon production of official evidence of standing will receive a certificate of such class as the Advisory Board may con- sider suitable. There are no special regulations regarding the admission of teachers from the United Kingdom, but their certificates should be forwarded to the Department of Education, Winnipeg, when standing will be granted according to the qualifications presented. There is at present a strong demand for qualified competent teachers. Salaries. There were 8,097 teachers in the Province in 1918, of whom 2,573 were females. Salaries have increased slightly but are not high. The highest annual salary paid any teacher is $3,600. ‘The average for the whole Province is $794; in cities and towns $962; in rural schools $678; the highest salary paid in any rural school is $1,000; while salaries of principals in High Schools 30 outside the city of Winnipeg range from $1,200 to $2,500. The supply of qualified teachers is by no means equal to the demand. SASKATCHEWAN. No person may be employed as teacher in any school in Saskatchewan, unless he holds a valid certificate of qualification issued under the Regulations of the Department. (Rev. Stat. 1909, ch. 100, sec. 150.) There is a Provincial Normal School for the training of teachers at Regina and Saskatoon. The short session commences about September lst in each year, and the longer session early in January. Tuition is free. There is a good demand for teachers, especially in March, April, and May, but the supply is at present sufficient. Persons holding certificates or diplomas not obtained in Saskatchewan may be granted such standing as the Commis- sioner of Education may deem them entitled to. Every applicant for a certificate under this regulation shall submit to the Depart- ment (a) the certificates which he holds, or an official statement of standing, (0) an official statement from a Department of Hdu- cation that such certificates are valid and in force, (c) a certificate of moral character dated within three months of the time o presentation, (d) a recent testimonial from the inSpector under whom he last taught. Persons who hold Degrees in Arts from British Universities and who have also taken the required training (two years) at a recognized Training College may be granted Interim First Class Certificates. Teachers who submit evidence of having taken the required two years’ course of training at a recognized Training College, but who have not obtained a Degree in Arts, will on submitting the required documents be granted Interim Second Class Certifi- cates. Interim Certificates of the First or the Second Class may be made permanent after one year’s successful teaching provided the holders thereof have completed the Teachers’ Reading Course prescribed by the Department. Certificated teachers who have not taken professional training may be granted Third Class Certificates upon producing satis- factory evidence of scholarship and experience. These certificates _are valid for two years from the end of the term during which they are issued. In order to obtain Second or First Class Certi- ficates the holders will be required to take the prescribed course of training at the Provincial Normal School. Persons who have passed the Preliminary Examination for the Elementary School Teacher’s Certificate or hold other certificates accepted by the Board of Education, Whitehall, or by the Office of National Education, Dublin, which entitle the holders to admission to a Training College will be admitted to the Third Class Session of the Normal School. These sessions are held twice a year. If the applicant has had successful experience in teaching, the Department may, upon satisfactory evidence being 31 submitted, grant a card of admission to the Second Class Session of the Normal School. Teachers wishing to obtain standing in the Province should request the Board of Education, Whitehall, the Scottish Education Department, Edinburgh, or the Office of National Education, Dublin, to forward to this Department official evidence of good moral character, a report of an Inspector, and an official statement as to the validity of their certificates. Applicants then need forward only their certificates for identification. Pupil Teachers’ Certificates are not recognized. Notr.—Certificates are not issued to teachers outside the Province until such time as they arrive in the Province to take charge of a school. All documents submitted must be the original ones. Copies will not be accepted. A candidate may be examined in any prescribed object which he may not have taken in the course of his training. (Circular received April 1914.) Salaries. In the rural districts salaries range from $840 to $1,200 per year. Board and lodging can be obtained from $16 to $25 per month. ) In the city, town, and village districts the salaries vary from $780 to $1,050 per year in the junior departments and from $1,000 to $2,500 per year for senior departments and principalships. There is no pensions scheme in force, and there are no regulations affecting the employment of married women as teachers. Further information may be obtained from the Deputy Minister, Department of Education, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. ALBERTA. Teachers in Alberta must hold a certificate of qualification from the Minister of Education, Edmonton. Certificated Teacher's. Persons holding certificates or diplomas not obtained in the Province of Alberta may be granted such standing as the Minister of Education may deem them entitled to. Every applicant for an interim certificate (which entitles them to teach for one year) (fee $5) under this regulation shall submit to the Department (a) the certificates which he holds, (4) an official statement that such certificates are valid and in force, (c) a certificate of moral character dated within three months of the time of presentation, (d) a recent testimonial from the inspector under whom he last taught. (Regs., August, 1907.) 32 Uncertificated Teachers. An uncertificated teacher who desires to qualify under the regulations should forward official evidence regarding his academic’ standing to enable the Department to determine whether or not he is eligible for admission to the Normal School to undergo a course of professional training, and also to determine for what class of teachers’ certificate he is entitled to enter. In the case of a University graduate a certificate of graduation signed by the Registrar of the University is sufficient evidence for the time being, but in the case of an undergraduate the statement should indicate as fully as possible the scope of the work covered in the various subjects. Persons who are not University graduates or undergraduates. should forward such official evidence as they are in a position to supply, and accompany this where possible by a calendar or syllabus defining the courses covered. Appointments to the schools are not made by the Department. of Education, but by the Local School Board, the only restriction being that teachers so appointed must hold certificates issued by | the Department. The demand for teachers is very strong. especially in the newly organised rural schools; but they are cautioned not to resign their positions here until they have been advised regarding the recognition of their certificates. ‘The schools in the west are open for four, six, or eight months, but. the teacher can get employment throughout the year by going from one school to another. In country districts the cost of board varies from $20-25 per month; in towns and cities from $25-35. Normal School. The Normal School is at Calgary ; there are no fees, but books cost ‘$15-20. Graduates and undergraduates of any British University may be admitted. , Salarves. The School Act has been changed, making and establishing a. minimum salary of $840 per year for any teacher in an ungraded school. The salaries have been increased and vary from $840--1,200 per year for rural teachers and from $1,200-2,400: for principals and vice-principals of town and city schools. Britiso COLUMBIA. No one may be a teacher in British Columbia without holding a 1st, 2nd, or 3rd class, or academic certificate, or other certificate acceptable to the Council of Public Instruction. Applicants for 8rd class certificates must hold at least a Preliminary certificate 33 of the Provincial Normal School at Vancouver or of other approved Normal Schools. All applicants for 2nd and 1st class certificates must hold advanced certificates of the Provincial Normal School, or of other approved Normal Schools. Candidates must produce credentials of character. Graduates. Graduates in Arts of recognized British or Canadian universities are exempt from examination in other than professional subjects. They must however attend at least one session at the Provincial Normal School, unless they are already Normal School graduates. There are also certain exemptions in favour of students of a High School or College in the Province. (Revised Statutes, 1911, ch. 206.) Appointments. Certificates obtained in the United Kingdom are of no value except as testimonials, and do not exempt the holders from any part of the non-professional examination. Temporary certificates to teachers are granted in certain cases, where no properly qualified teacher is available. ‘The trustees of each school district appoint the teachers in that district. Salaries. Teachers’ salaries average $70 a month (with house) in the rural schools, $50 to $240 a month in the city schools, and from $85 to $300 a month in the High Schools. YuKON ‘l'ERRITORY. No one may be a teacher in any public school in the Yukon Territory unless he holds a certificate of qualification from the Council of Public Instruction or of the Department of Education. (Consol. Ord. 1902, ch. 66.) Commonwealth of Australia. New Sourn WaALEs. Training College. The training of both male and female teachers is carried on at the Teachers’ College, Sydney. Persons desirous of entering the Education service in New South Wales may obtain one or two years’ training in the Training College, on passing an entrance examination or on proving that they have passed an equivalent one. (3743—Gp. 16/18) ¢ 34 Teachers from Other Countries. Persons from other countries or outside the State may, after due inquiry and test of fitness, be admitted to the service of the department as teachers, provided that they hold certificates or other recognized evidence of qualifications, and are between the ages of 18 and 40 years. Upon appointment such persons are required to serve a period of probation, generally about six months as unclassified teachers or assistant teachers. At the termination of this period of probation the classification or grades of teachers and assistants admitted in this manner is determined on the basis of the original certificates presented, or qualifications held, and of Departmental reports on their efficiency and skill in teaching. Applicants must be physically sound and healthy, and they must be prepared to undergo medical examination at the hands of the Department’s Medical Adviser. They must also, before appointment, state in writing that they are willing to accept employment in any part of the State at any period of their service. Applicants should communicate with the Director of Education, Sydney, and give full particulars of their training and the nature and length of their subsequent teaching experience. ‘The application should be endorsed by some recognized Education Authority, and, as this is essential, it will save time if the endorsement is forwarded with the application. Number of Teachers. At the end of 1918 there were—including 697 students in training—8,523 teachers altogether in the Public Schools, or 295 more than in 1917; of these 4,875 were females. High Schools. High Schools are organized in Subject Departments—Classics, Mathematics, Modern Languages, Science, Commerce, Art, Technical Training, Household Occupations, or a combination of two or more of these. High Schools are graded Class 1 and 2, and are so classified in accordance with the total attendance and the attendance in the upper portion of the school. There are 23 High Schools in operation, 10 of which are in Class 1. _ Salaries. Male classified head teachers and teachers in charge of schools receive from 156/. to 3481. a year, assistants receive from 1561. to 2041. Mistresses in charge of Girls’ Departments receive 1597. to 2311. a year, of Infants’ Departments 144/. to 216/., and assistant female teachers receive 117/. to 153/; unclassified teachers-in-charge male, or female, 156l.a year. At High Schools 35 for Boys, head masters get 528/. to 600/..a year, and other masters, 240/. to 440/.; at High Schools for Girls, head mistresses get 3517. to 4501. a year, and other mistresses 2041. to 330/.; at Mixed High Schools, head masters vet 492/. a year, other masters 240/. to 336/. and other mistresses 2041. to 2520. Primary Schools. Beary Schools are arranged in seven classes, numbered 1 to 7. The classification of schools is revised once a year and is determined by the average attendance of pupils during the two quarters of highest attendance in the preceding year. Examinations. The attainments of teachers will be tested by written, oral and practical examinations. A teacher may present himself at any annual examination for any grade provided that he has satisfied the requirements for the next lower grade in point of attainments. (i) No certificate of classification will be issued till after the expiration of two years from the date of entry into the service. (ii) Promotion to a high grade of classification will only follow when conditions as to: both efficiency and attainments have been met. An examination of teachers will be held in June of each year. Teachers who desire to be examined must inform the Inspector in writing at least two months before the date of examination, and furnish him with a list of the subjects in which they are prepared for examination. (i) Candidates must show satisfactory proficiency in reading aloud, in handwriting, and in a dictation test as a preliminary condition to admission to Class 3. (ii) Examination papers will be set as required in English, Education, History, Geography, Arithmetic (including elementary Algebra and Geometry), Latin, French, German, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Chemistry, Physics, Botany, Geology, Zoology, Agriculture, Hygiene, Business Principles and Practice, Office work (Shorthand, Typewriting, and Book-keeping), Economics, Practical Drawing, Handwork, Woodwork, Music and Art. (iii) For Class 3, candidates must pass in seven subjects which must include English, Education, History, Geography, and Arithmetic, and two chosen from the remaining subjects. (iv) For Class 2, candidates must pass in seven subjects which must include English, Education and History, and four chosen from the remaining subjects. (B743—Gp. 16/13) c 2 36 (v) For Second-class Infant Teachers’ Certificate teachers may take as selected subjects Infant School occupations and games, music and singing. (vi) An allowance for actual and necessary expenses incurred in travelling and accommodation in attending examina- tions shall be granted to teachers in connection with their first sitting for their respective classes when the whole examination is completed. There is no shortage in the supply of women candidates for admission to the service, many more offering than the Depart- | ment requires ; but the number of men seeking employment as teachers is less than the needs of the country demand. Music, Drawing, ge. Certificates may also be obtained for drawing, on passing tests in blackboard drawing, brushwork, modelling, and perspective. As the Department trains its own teachers to give instruction in drawing and singing, there are no openings in the Government service for specialists in these subjects. Apart from the State service, teachers of drawing, painting, and the decorative arts are numerous and are badly. paid, and for black and white work there are very few openings. Teachers of music and singing from outside the State are not in demand, as the local supply is plentiful. In private schools there are occasional openings for teachers at moderate salaries, especially those conversant with commercial education. VICTORIA. All teachers in schools other than State schools must be registered by the Council of Education, who have power to make rules as to the training of teachers. (Art. 2,644, secs. 83-108 incl. in Government Gazette, September, 1915. Rules and Regs. in Gazette, September, 1914.) No person may be permanently employed in a State school as head, assistant, or relieving teacher unless he holds (a) a trained teacher's certificate (see under Training College below), (6) a primary teachers certificate, first or second-class, (c) an approved equivalent. | Primary Teachers. Second-class Certificates. Second-class certificates are granted to qualified junior teachers and to candidates who pass in English, Geography, History, Science, Foreign Language, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Music, Drawing, Nature Study, Theory and Practice of Teaching, &c. (Regs. in Government Gazette of November, 1916, and October, 1918.) 37 Primary Teachers. First-class Certificates. First-class certificates are granted to candidates (who must be over 18 years of age) who hold second-class certificates and pass an examination in (a) the theory and practice of teaching, (6) English and three other subjects as prescribed for the learning certificate, the Senior Public Examination or some higher examination of the University of Melbourne, or alterna- tively Drawing, Part III, English, and two other subjects as prescribed above, or (c) who hold approved equivalent qualifica- tions. (Regs. in Government Gazette of September, 1917, and October, 1918.) Junior Teachers. Junior teachers must, as a rule (1) be not less than 16 years of age, (2) have passed the School Intermediate or some higher examination of the University of Melbourne or its approved equivalent. (Regs. in Government Gazette of Sept., 1916.) High Schools. There are in Victoria 30 District High Schools providing a 6-year course of secondary education and 30 Higher Schools providing a 4-year course. The former course leads up to the School Leaving Examination and the latter to the School Intermediate Examination. The preliminary education of teachers is provided in these schools. Pupils pay 6/. per annum and after passing the examination have a preferential claim for appointments as junior teachers. Singing. Certificates of competency in class singing are granted upon examination. The subjects include memory of tune, voluntaries, sight singing, ear and tune tests, voice cultivation, staff notation, translation, harmony, and the art of teaching. (Regs. of 31 August, 1914, in Government Gazette of 9 September.) Drawing. A drawing teacher’s primary certificate is granted to candi- dates who pass in geometrical drawing (Art), perspective (elementary stage), drawing from a photograph of ornament (advanced stage), drawing plant-forms from nature (advanced stage), general design (elementary stage), drawing from memory and class teaching. A secondary certifitate is granted to those who pass in perspective (advanced stage), drawing ornament from a cast, drawing in light and shade from a cast, and general design (advanced). The candidate must also submit satisfactory examples of work in certain specified subjects, and in addition to passing the examinations must give a satisfactory 38 class lesson in any one of the above subjects selected by the Department. (Regulations of 31 August, 1914, in Government Gazette of 9 September.) Science Certificates are issued to candidates who pass in any of the following subjects:—Inorganic chemistry, agricultural chemistry, metallurgy, dynamics and heat, sound and light, magnetism and electricity, botany, geology, mineralogy, petrology, agriculture, psychology, and physiology ; any subject prescribed for the degree of B.Sc., M.B., B.C.E., B.M.E., B E.E., B.Agric.Sc., and the following subjects in the courses in Arts and Kducation, Neutral Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, and Education. In fant or Kindergarten Teachers. First-class or second-class certificates as infant or kindergarten teachers are granted to those who complete the prescribed course of training, and pass the examinations and teaching tests. The subjects of examination for a second-class certificate are psychology and child study, biography and kindergarten principles, infant school management, mother play, nature-study, gifts and occupations, drawing and brushwork, voice-production, physical training and games, English literature, music and singing, and practice of teaching in infant school. The subjects of examination for a /irst-class certificate are psychology and child study, history and principles of education, infant school management, mother play, gifts and occupations, games, myths and stories, art studies, drawing and brushwork, voice-production, nature-study, physiology and hygiene, physical training and games, and practice of teaching in the infant school. (Regulations of 31 August, 1914, in Government Gazette of 9 September.) Sewing Mistresses. Sewing mistresses must be not less than 17 years of age, and must hold the merit certificate or possess equivalent qualifica- tions ; if there are more candidates than one, a competitive examination is held. (Regs. in Government Gazette of Sept., 1914.) Night Schools. Night schools are established where necessary, but they are not numerous; they are not necessarily conducted by the teacher of the day school. Teachers’ College. The Teachers College at Melbourne is open for free instruction to selected students who have served as junior teachers and to 39 others on payment of 10/. 10s. a year. Courses of study for the Trained Secondary, Primary, Infant Teacher’s Manual Arts, and Domestic Arts Certificates can be obtained there. The instruction lasts from two to four years. (Regs. of 10 August, 1914, in Government Gazette of 19 August.) | Salaries. Teachers must insure their lives. The salaries of male teachers are 1201. to 500/. a year; of women teachers 96/. to 316/.; of junior teachers 30/. to 60/.; and of sewing mistresses 40I. Every officer in the public service may be called upon to retire at 60 years of age, and female teachers at 50. The Principal of the Melbourne High School is paid 600/. a year ; Headmasters of District High Schools 312/. to 516/., and Assistants (male) 168/. to 432/., and Assistants (female) 144/. to 3367. (Government Gazette, 1 July, 1913.) Head teachers must pay rent for residences when they are provided. (Reg. VI of 4 June, 1905, in Government Gazette of 15 June.) Allowances. In addition to the above salaries, (1) head teachers are granted an allowance ranging from 11/. to about 147/. a year, ac- cording to the number of children in attendance, for keeping school-houses, &c., in order. The Government has under consideration the question of increasing the salaries paid to teachers. It is probable that the proposed increase will come into force as from June, 1920.’ SoutH AUSTRALIA. There is a demand in South Australia for male assistant teachers. Monitors. Monitors are appointed after examination. Male monitors receive 18/. to 50/. a year, and female 15/. to 401. (Regs. viii, 1—13.) Junior Teachers. Junior teachers must pass the Entrance Examination into the Adelaide High School, and have reached the full age of 14 years The period of service is three years at the High School, and one year in teaching. They will then be permitted to enter the Training College. During the training at the College a main- tenance allowance of 40/. a year is paid them. Those who have completed their course at the college have a prior claim for appointments. (Regs, ix, 1-—25 and x, 1—23.) Teachers from Other Countries. University graduates, and persons who hold approved cer- tificates from any recognized British or Colonial Education 40 Department, or the diploma of a recognized Agricultural College, provided they gave satisfactory proof of general education and skill in teaching, may be awarded such status as their qualifica~ tions justify. (Reg. xiii, 7.) | Appotntments and Promotions. Teachers are appointed by the Minister controlling educa- tion; promotions are influenced by teachers’ length of service, efficiency, and educational qualifications. (Regs. vi, 1—22.) Married Women. Women vacate their appointments on marriage. (Reg. vi, 18.) Salaries. In public schools male head teachers receive from 150/. to 475l.a year according to the size of the school; and female head teachers receive 120/. to 1701. A deduction is made from these salaries for living accommodation provided by the Depart- ment. Male assistant teachers receive 140/. to 240J. a year, and female 100/. to 2007. Male junior teachers receive 24/. to 600. a year, and female, 18/. to 48/. Teachers of sewing receive 12s. a year per girl. (Regs. ix, 23; xii, 8 and 11; xiv, 4 and 6; and xi, 23.) (Education Regulations of 11 April, 1918, in Government Gazette of the same date.) Superannuation. There is a Public Schools Teachers’ Superannuation Fund in South Australia. Persons employed by the Education Depart- ment may subscribe to it, any such subscriber receiving an annuity on retiring. The subscriptions are 4/. to 16l.a year for men, and 3/. to 12/.a year for women, Head or assistant teachers appointed in future must subscribe at least 8/.a year if a man, and at least 6/. a year if a woman; the minimum annuity paid to any subscriber is 3°25/. for each £ of annual subscription. (Teachers’ Superannuation Acts, 1896, 1897, and 1904.) : Numbers. At the end of 1918 there were 614 male and 1,722 female teachers. There were also a large number of teachers in private schools. QUEENSLAND. Primary education is free in Queensland, and teachers are paid entirely by the State. Candidates for appointments as teachers or pupil teachers must apply to the Under Secretary 41 for Public Instruction, Brisbane; and produce testimonials of character, and educational and medical certificates. Female teachers must resign on marriage. Classification is determined by attainments, as testified by examinations and skill and experience in practical school. management. All teachers on their first admission into the service are appointed on pro- bation. Salaries. Classified teachers are divided into three classes and sub- divided into five grades in Class 3, and six in Classes 1 and 2 respectively. Male head and assistant teachers receive 110/. to 3007. per year, and female 907. to 270/. Unclassified teachers in charge of State schools receive 90/. to 270. per year in the case of males, and 90/. to 150/. in that of females. Married men in charge of State schovls are provided with residences or allowances for rent, and teachers serving in the more remote parts of the States are paid a sustenance allowance to cover the extra cost of living. Male pupil teachers are paid from 50/. to 90/. and females from 30/. to 70/. Before admission they must pass a qualifying examination. Examinations. Examinations are held at such times and places as are expe-_ dient. The subject of examination for Class 3 are English (specified methods grammar, composition), arithmetic, geography, history, school management, drawing, music, drill and physical exercises, geometry and algebra (for males), and needlework (for females). The examination for Class 2 includes all the above subjects and three of the following optional subjects :— French, German, Latin, Greek, Mechanics, Trigonometry, Botany, Physiology, Geology, and Carpentry. Class 1 consists of the subjects as required in the Queensland University exami- nation (first year). English is compulsory, and two other sabjects may be selected. State School Teachers. - State school teachers rank with other officers of the public service to which they belong according to the salaries received by them. They are entitled to such privileges as regards extended leave of absence after lengthy services, and super- annuation allowances as are granted under the Public Service Act. Migh Schools. Classified head teachers in charge of High Schools receive 365/. to 5002. a year; and classified assistant teachers receive, males 130/. to 330/., and females 110/. to 3007, (State Hduca- tion Acts, 1875 to 1912; and Regs. of 3 July, 1914, in Govern- ment Gazette of 7 July.) 42 Technical Colleges. Technical colleges are established in the more important towns. Assistant teachers receive from 110/. to 290/.. Teachers or heads of departments from 250/. to 4407. and Principals of colleges from 350/. to 550/. Numbers. The local supply of primary school teachers is sufficient. The number of teachers in the State schools in 1918 was 4,169, of whom 2,540 were females. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. As a general rule no person will be appointed as teachers in Government schools unless they have satisfactorily passed an examination. But (1) persons holding certificates from a recognized training institution in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in the British Dominions; (2) university graduates who have had experience as teachers, and (3) teachers holding certificates of the Education Departments in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in the British Dominions may be employed as teachers without examination, provided that they satisfy the Department as to their knowledge of practical school manage- _ ment. Male candidates must be unmarried and under 30 years of age. Married women will not, as a rule, be accepted as teachers, and the appointments of female teachers lapse on marriage. At the end of 1917 there were 2,040 teachers altogether. Classification. Classified teachers are reckoned as civil servants, and may be placed on the permanent staff after six months’ satisfactory service. Teachers are divided into three classes (subdivided - into eight grades) according to their attainments and skill in school management. Examinations are held annually ; candidates must give three months’ notice to the department. Monitors. Monitors must not be less than 16 nor more than 18 years old, and must as a rule pass an examination on appointment. Salaries. The salaries of classified head teachers vary according to the size of the school from 130/. to 450/. a year for males, and from 120/. to 3870/. for females. Those of classified assistant teachers vary from 120/. to 270/. a year for males, and 120/. to 250/. for females. Male monitors receive 500. to 60/. a year, and female monitors 40/. to 501. and some free instruction. Assistants in secondary schools receive salaries 43 rising to 430]. per year for men, and 300/. for women. Teachers of sewing receive 15/. to 20/.a year (Ree. of 20 August, 1914); teachers of manual training 140/. to 3001. a year; and instructresses of household management 120/. to 2501. A Training College for Teachers is open at Claremont, near Perth; resident students receive free board, lodging ‘and tuition. (Education Acts, 1871, 1893, and 1899, and Regs. of 29 January, 1913, in Government Gazette of 31 January.) Inspectors receive 408/. to 5761. a year TASMANIA. Teachers in Tasmania are governed by the “1919 Regula- tions” in Government Gazette of 10 December, 1918 (and the small amendments of 16 April, 1919), the more material provisions being as follows: All candidates for employment as teachers in Tasmania under :the Education Department must furnish satisfactory evidence of good character and reputation, and of their physical fitness. Except in the cases of probationary students and junior teachers, they must be between the ages of 18 and 40 years. No person may teach in a school with or without pay unless he has been appointed to that school by the Minister of Education (Reg. 213). The first appointment of a teacher is on probation and is subject to con- firmation by the Minister at the end of six months (Reg. 214). Married women will not in future be accepted as_ teachers. Appointments of female teachers lapse on marriage (Reg. 216). Promotion to a higher class can be gained only by passing the prescribed examinations (Reg. 29). All teachers retire at 70 years, unless specially retained (Regs. 501). At the end of 1918 there were 276 male and 678 female teachers in the State Schools. Certificates and Examinations. The Certificate of a teacher is determined by his practical skill and attainments, and is of the First, Second, or Third Class. _An examination is held every Easter in Hobart and Launceston. A candidate must give notice to the Director in February, A candidate for a third-class certificate must pass (1) in practical skill, (2) in six subjects at one sitting and eight subjects at two sittings at the Junior Public Examination of the Uni- versity of Tasmania, and (3) an examination in reading, writing, dictation, school hygiene, education, music, drawing, and drill. (Reg. 39.) Teachers from Other Countries. _ (a) Graduates of a recognized university who can give evidence of satisfactory teaching power, (0) certificated teachers from other countries, and (c) persons who have passed public examinations of a standard judged to be equivalent to that 44 prescribed for any of the grades of classification, may be appointed without examination on a provisional certificate, which shail be subject to revision at the end of two years according to the estimate formed of their skill and usefulness. (Reg. 215.) Salaries. : The annual salaries of certificated male head teachers are from 1502. to 450/., and of certificated female head teachers from 1201. to 180/.; 10/. to 35. a year is deducted for rent of a house, if any. Uncertificated teachers, male or female, are paid 110/. to 120/. a year, and assistants 95/. to 1052. Male assistants are paid 200/. to 3002. a year, and female assistants, 180/. to 2107. Infant teachers are paid 180/. to 260/. a year. Masters of method, 4001. to 5001. a year. Teachers of manual training are paid 2001. to 2201. a year, and teachers of cookery 110/. to 150i. Classification of Schools. Schools are classified annually in accordance with their attend- ance. (Regs. 52 and 53.) Training College. A Training College for teachers has been established, for which there is, as a rule, an entrance examination. Students must be over 18 years of age. Tuition is free, and a maintenance allow- ance of 60/. to 90/. a year is provided. The Principal of the College is paid 550. a year, and assistants a special allowance of 20/. per annum, in addition to the salary prescribed in Reg. 69. Technical Schools. Technical schools are conducted in Hobart, Launceston, Zeehan, and Queenstown and Schools of Mines in Zeehan and Queenstown. These scheols are managed by local committees, under the control of the Minister of Education, in accordance with the regulations of the Education Department. There are also advisory committees consisting of expert and practical persons. ‘Tuition in the Junior Technical Schools is free for the normal course of two years. In the Senior Technical Schools and ‘Schools of Mines the fees are low and a liberal provision of Scholarships brings the complete course within the reach of all. New Zealand. Teachers in public schools in New Zealand are appointed by the independent Education Boards and not by the Government; but no person is eligible for appointment who does not produce such teacher’s certificate or licence to teach, and such other certificates of fitness as are required by regulations (Education : 45 Act No. 56 of 1914) (suchas character, health, &c.). Certificates of competency are issued to teachers after examination. There _ is no clause in the Education Act prohibiting married women from teaching. Salaries. Head teachers in public schools receive 130/. to 4501. a year, and assistants receive 120/. to 3701. a year; a head or sole teacher receives also a residence or a house allowance of 20/. to 50/. a year. Pupil teachers receive 60/. to 65. a year and board- ing allowance of 25/. per year if obliged to live away from home. Nearly two-thirds of the teachers are females. Superannuation, A Teachers’ Superannuation Fund is established by Acts No. 250 of 1908, Act No. 32 of 1909, Act No. 28 of 1911, and Act No. 44 of 1912; and Regs. of 17 December, 1908, 29 June, 1909, 22 May, 1911, 1 June, 1911, 22 December, 1911, 9 February, 1912, 9 December, 1912, and of 24 April, 1917, in Government Gazettes of 18 December, 1908, 1 July, 1909, 1 June, 1911, 11 January, 1912, 22 February, 1912, 12 December, 1912, and of 3 May, 1917, respectively. Under certain conditions, relating to length of service, male teachers may retire at 55 years and female at 50. Training Institutions. There are four Training Colleges for teachers, viz., at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin. Principals receive 500/. to 600/. a year; as to this and as to admission to, and the curriculum in, Training Colleges, see the Regs. of 21 December, 1914, 14 May, 1917, 21 May, 1918, 17 December, 1918, in Government Gazette. The ordinary course of training is for two years. Nine-tenths of the students have completed their course as pupil teachers or probationers before admission to the College; others qualify for admission by passing the matriculation or a higher University Examination. Lectures are free and training allowances are provided. Certificates. The principal regulations affecting teachers’ certificates are as follows and came into force on 1 June, 1912:—-There are five classes of certificates, viz., A, B, C, D, and E, but Class E affects some existing teachers only. A candidate for a certificate— (1) Must have taught for two years in a school in New Zealand. (2) Must be of good character and health. 46 (3) Must pass the regular examination, or prove the passing of an equivalent one held by some sufficient public authority. Theexamination is held every January, and the candidate must give notice to the Hducation Department, Wellington, by the 15th October, pre- ceding. (4) Must be 19 years old. (Regs. of 13 February and 25 March, 1912, in Government Gazettes of 16 February and 28 March, Regs. of 7 July, 1914, in Government Gazette of 9 July, Regs. of 11 September, 1916, ir Government Gazette of 14 September, 1916, and Regs. of 25 March, 1919, in Government Gazette of 27 March, 1919.) The supply of certificated teachers in New Zealand, especially in the smaller country schools, is occasionally inadequate, and at the present time there would appear to be a demand for fully qualified teachers in New Zealand. At the end of 1916 there were 4,818 teachers altogether in the public schools, of whom 3,453 were female. Schoolmasters and Schoolmistresses holding good British certificates, accompanied by recent evidence of good work in their profession, would have their certificates recognized and, although they might have to wait for a time before a specially suitable permanent vacancy occurred, would have good prospects of employment. Before proceeding to New Zealand, teachers are recommended to furnish themselves with the confirmation of their status and credentials of service from the Board of Education, England, or corresponding authority. Employment in Primary Schools. Applications for employment in schools for primary education, or inquiries on the subject, should be addressed to ‘* The Secre- tary to the Education Board” at one or other of the following centres :—Auckland (controlling about 600 schools), New Ply- mouth (150 schools), Wanganui (200 schools), Wellington (275 schools), Napier (150 schools), Nelson (130 schools), Christchurch (380 schools), Danedin (260 schools), or Invercargill (190 schools). Employment in Secondary Schools. In respect of secondary education, the following is a list of the incorporated secondary schools of the Dominion. In their case application and inquires should be addressed to “The Secretary to the Board of Governors,” the Grammar Schools, Auckland; the High School, Whangarei; the High School, Thames; the High School, Hamilton; the High Schools, New Plymouth; the Collegiate School (Boys’), Wanganui; the Girls’ College, Wanganui; the High School, Palmerston North; the Boys’ and Girls’ Colleges, Wellington; the High School, Dannevirke; the High School, Gisborne; the High Schools, Napier, the High School, Blenheim; the Colleges, Nelson; the 47 High Schools, Christchurch; Christ’s College Grammar School (Boys’), Christchurch; the High Schools, Timaru; the Waitaki High Schools, Oamaru; the High School, Rangiora; the High School, Ashburton; the High Schools, Dunedin, the High School, Gore; the High Schools, Invercargill. Union of South Africa. First Class Certificates for the Union. There is a Teachers’ First Class Certificate for the Union, which supersedes the First Class Certificates hitherto issued by the Provinces. There is an eighteen months’ course of training com- mencing every February for such Certificate at such University Colleves as may be recognized by the Minister of Education. No students will be admitted to the course who have not obtained the B.A. degree of the University of the Cape of Good Hope, or who do not possess qualifications deemed by the Minister to be equivalent thereto. Exemption from any portion of the course or the examination may be granted to holders of Teachers’ Certi- ficates obtained outside the Union. The subsequent examination consists of two parts; the sub- jects of Part I are:—(1) Blackboard Work, including Drawing ; (2) Vocal or Instrumental Music, or Book-keeping and Type- writing; (3) Manual Trainmg: Woodwork for Men and Needlework for Women; and (4) School Hygiene and Physical Training. The subjects of Part II are:—(1) One or more of the fol- lowing : English, Dutch, other modern language; (2) History of Education; (3) Scientific and Philosophic Bases of Kducation ; (4) Theory and Practice of Education; and (5) Two Secondary School subjects to be selected from English, Dutch, French, German, Latin, Greek, History, Geography, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Botany, and Zoology. A Teachers’ Provisional First Class Certificate is issued to those who pass the examination; and a final certificate, styled the Teacher’s First Class Certificate, to holders of the Pro- visional Certificate who prove three years’ successful teaching in an approved School, and who obtain acceptance of a thesis giving proof of ability to present in an appropriate manner the result of an investigation into an approved educational subject. Applications for admission to an examination must be made to the Union Department of Education, Pretoria; they must reach the Department by 1 April for the June Examinations, and by 1 September for the December Examinations. (Regs. in Government Notice No. 2,019 of 1913 in Union Gazette of 23 December.) Tag Province or (1) THe Capz.* Certificated teachers who may desire to settle in the Cape with a view to obtaining employment as teachers there should either 48 apply to the Secretary, Education Office, Cape Town, or, better still, should try to arrange with a friend in the Province to make applications for them to the secretary of any school where a vacancy isadvertised. Women teachers desiring situations should also apply to the Education Secretary, Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, S.W.1. The syllabus of examinations may be obtained from the Superintendent-General of Education, Examining Branch, Cape Town. The Reeulations for the Training and Examination of Teachers are contained in Pamphlet No. 2, and those in regard to the examinations in Science, Art, Manual Training, &c.,in Pamph- let No. 16, both issued annually by the Department of Public Edu- cation, Cape Town. Seventy-four per cent. of the teachers are females. A list of teachers requiring situations in State-aided schools is inserted in the Education Gazette, published fortnightly by the Department of Public Education, Cape Town; teachers seeking appointments should send details of their name, date of birth, place of education and standard attained, place of training and list of certificates gained (with dates), full record of service, statement as to health, list and copies of testimonials, and subjects specially offered. The Gazette is sent gratis to teachers on the unemployed list, and also to teachers in State-aided schools. Training Colleges. There are two Colleges at Cape Town for the training of teachers, viz., the Government Training College, Queen Victoria Street, and the Normal College, Roeland Street, and there are also Training Colleges at Grahamstown, Wellington, Stellenbosch, and Robertson. The Training College for Women Teachers at Grahamstown trains young women as elementary, secondary, or kindergarten teachers ; British candidates with certain qualifica- tions are eligible for admission ; the journey out costs about 261. ; for further particulars apply to the Education Secretary of the Society above mentioned. In addition to the Colleges men- tioned there are a large number of training departments attached to First Class Public Schools. Ordinance No. 16 of 1913 provides for the establishment of Training Institutes for the training of European teachers. British Qualifications. Teachers with British qualifications are eligible for appoint- ments in the Cape Government schools without undergoing the examinations mentioned below. For many appointments in the Western districts teachers will find it advantageous to be able to speak Dutch as well as English; and in future “ both Dutch and “ Enelish shall be included in the course of instruction for all ‘teachers’ general certificates, and shall be likewise included in ‘“‘the subjects of examination for such certificates, except in the “case of the highest certificate where the examination is of a ‘fully professional character.” (Hducation (Language) Ordi- nance, 1912 (No. 11 of 1912), secs. 11 and 12.) 49 Third Class Teachers’ Certificates. Candidates, who must be not less than 15 years of age and must have passed Standard VII, serve for three years as pupil teachers; after each year they pass an examination (increasing in difficulty) in reading and repetition, class teaching, blackboard management, physical exercises, manual training, dictation, com- position, grammar, arithmetic, class teaching and school manage- ment, geography, history, penmanship, nature study, a second language, and any two from a list of additional subjects, the two usually taken being drawing and music. After passing the final examination, they receive a third-class certificate. Pupil Teachers. Pupil teachers in public schools receive a Government allowance of 12/. in the first year, 167. in the second, and 20/. in the third (Reg. of 20 April, 1893, in Government Gazette of _21 April.) Second Class Teachers’ Certificates. For 1914 the regulations for a Second Class Teachers’ Certificate were as follows:—Candidates holding Third Class Teachers’ Certificates are eligible for the examination; they (1) must: have passed the Matriculation Examination or its equivalent; (2) must as a rule take a two years’ course at a training college; (3) must be at least 19 years of age at the end of the year in which the examination takes place; and (4) must pass an examination in reading (English or Dutch), recitation (English or Dutch), mental arithmetic, handwriting, class teaching and school management, psychology and logic physiology and hygiene, history of education, drawing, music and woodwork or needlework. No certificate is issued till the candidate’s work in a school has been satisfactorily reported on. (Kducation Gazette, 12 December, 1912.) Salaries and Pensions. tn. public schools principals receive from Government, in aid of their salary, from 60/. to 300/. a year, and assistants, 30/. to 175/. The average annual salary of a teacher in Cape Province (reckoning board and lodging or rent where given) is about 128/. as against about 227/. in the Transvaal, where, how- _ever, the cost of living is higher. After 5 years’ good service a teacher in a. Government-aided school is eligible for a good service allowance. From such allowance 5 per cent. a year is deducted and paid into the Teachers’ Pension Fund. After 15 years’ service, and on retirement at 60 or from ill-health this allowance continues for» the rest of his life, with an. addition of 50 per cent. for a service of 15 to 20 years, 75 per cent. for one of 20 to 30 years, and 100 per cent. for one of, or -over, 30 years. (Teachers’ Pension and Fund Act, 1887, and (8743—Gp. 16/13) p 50 Regs. of 21 November, 1892, in Government Gazette, 3 January, 1893; and Procl. 286, 1896.) ‘The Principal of a first-class Public School should be capable of instructing boys up to the standard of the Cape Matriculation; his emoluments are from 3501. to 6002. a year and house. In the High Schools annual salaries for men range from 150/. to 400/. with house allowance, and for women from 90/. to 300/. with boarding allowance. Numbers. In January, 1914, there were 8,748 teachers altogether in the © State-aided schools, the female teachers being more numerous than the male. Considerable difficulty is still experienced in securing trained yaale teachers. In country districts untrained, and occasionally poorly educated, teachers have to be accepted. This dearth of teachers is principally owing to the lowness of the salaries, and the poor prospects the profession generally offers. Male teachers, having University degrees, will find various superior positions open to them, as there is a scarcity of male teachers of . this kind. But the supply of qualified female teachers is larger ; and women, if uncertificated and without friends, should not go out on the chance of getting employment. The principal demand is for those female teachers who can teach English or Instru- mental Music thoroughly ; they must present certificates granted by bodies of recognized standing either in South Africa or in Kurope ; teachers of needlework, woodwork, or vocal music are not wanted, as many are trained locally. (2) Narat. Teachers in Natal are appointed under the provisions of Provincial Notice No. 198 of 1918. Applications for employment in the Government schools must be made to “The Superin- tendent of Education, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.” Teachers in Government schools are paid salaries according to the scale laid down in Provincial Notice No. 198 of 1918. Women teachers—- other than temporary assistants or those married and in the employment of the Department before 15 May, 1903—are required to vacate their appointments on marriage. (Govern- ment Notice No. 97 of 1914.) A system of retiring allowances is in force. (Ordinance No. 7 of 1913.) ‘Teachers contribute, as a rule, 4 per cent. of their pensionable emoluments to the Teachers’ Pension Fund. ‘There are more female teachers than male. Qualifications. Teachers must hold recognized certificates. There is a Government ‘l'raining College for teachers in Pietermaritzburg « ol where approved students may, subject to the signature of an agreement respecting the rendering of certain service, obtain free residence, board, and tuition for two years, after passing an entrance examination, which is held every December ; after the two years’ course they must pass the Third Class Teachers’ Certificate Examination. (Government Notice No. 176 of 1912 in Natal Provincial Gazette of 26 September.) The subjects of this entrance examination are—Hnglish or Dutch, arithmetic, drawing, class management, physical training, &c. (Natal Provincial Gazette, 28 March, 1918.) Examinations. The syllabus for the Third Class Teachers’ Examination, which came into operation for the first time at the examination in June, 1914, and is held thereafter in December of each year, is— English or Dutch, English Literature or Dutch Literature, Arithmetic, Theory and Practice of Teaching, Manual Training (i.e... woodwork for males and needlework for females), Physical Training, Practical Teaching, Drawing on Blackboard; and not more than four optional subjects may be chosen from the follow- ing :—Drawme, Vocal Music, Hygiene and First Aid, Elementary Mathematics, Elementary Science, Domestic Science. (Natal Provincial Gazette, 9 April, 1914, and 11 April, 1917.) The examination for the Teachers’ Second Class Uertificate is divided into two parts and the whole examinations may be taken at one session or by subjects at the candidate’s option provided that Part II] must be taken in its entirety at one session. The examination shall consist of Part I (Academical) and Part II (Professional). Application for persons to sit should be made not later than Ist of August, of the year in which the candidate desires to attend the examination. Candidates should possess either the Third Class Certificate of a province of South Africa or an exemption from one or both parts of the examination. Exemption from Part I may be claimed by candidates producing the certifi- cates of passing any of the following examinations :— (i) The Intermediate Arts of a recognized University or such an examination as nay hereafter be created as its equivalent. (ii) The Higher Froebel Certificate. (iii) The pass L.L.A. of St. Andrews. (iv) A degree of a recognized University. Exemption for the whole examination may be claimed by a candidate producing a certificate of :— (a) A degree of a recognized University, plus a teacher’s diploma, such as (d) or (¢) below. (6) The teachers’ honours course of the L.L.A. plus a certificate from an Inspector of the Department of one year’s satisfactory service under his supervision. 52° (c) ‘The Honours Course of the Higher Froebel Certificate.” (ad) The English Board of Education Certificate (Parchment). (e) ‘The Scotch Board of Education Certificate (Parchment). ' For the: First. Class Certificate, see the Union Regulations on. ps 47. | ‘Teachers of domestic science, commercial subjects, physical. culture, or manual training. must pass special examinations. (Government Notice No. 198 of 1918 in Natal Gazette of 22. Aug.)., Salaries. At High Schools, headmasters receive 500/. to 600/. a year, with free quarters and table’ allowance, and assistants, 250J. to 4001., with free quarters and board to house masters; head: mistress, 3501. to 400/., and assistant mistresses 1201. to. 280/.. At- the Training College the Principal receives 5000. to 6002. a year ; assistants (men), 250/. to 490/.; and assistants (women), 190. to. 3002. At Primary Schools, headmasters receive 300/. to 500J. a: year, with free quarters or an allowance of 50/. a year; head- - mistresses, 180/. to 400/. a year, without quarters ; male assistants, 1501. to 340/., and female assistants, 120/. to 2801: ; ; headmasters. in Art Schools, 3001. to 4501. a year. At Preparatory Schools (Secondary Schools), headmasters get. 300/. to 450l..a° year with quarters and board; male assistants, 240/. to 3400. 5 and female assistants, 120/. to 2807. Organizing teachers, Technical and Industrial Education, are paid—men, 3002: to 420/., and-women, 190/. to 320/. a year. Gases Notice No. 198 of 1918, Ch. IT.) (3) TRANSVAAL.* Teachers in the ‘Transvaal must serve on probation ‘for’ six months and be fully certified before being placed on the regular teaching staff. Every teacher must hold a certificate or licence to teach, issued by the Education Department, Pretoria.’ (Educa- tion Acts, 1907, 1909, and Ordinances of 1911. and No. 7 of 1912.) Candidates for-vacancies as teachers must apply to the’ local School Board concerned with copies of their testimonials ; but before appointment they must submit a statement of their teaching experience and qualifications, supported by original testimonials and certificates, to the Transvaal Education Depart- ment, Pretoria. (Notice No. 40 of 1915 in Transvaal Gazette of 19 May.) Application for admission to the examination for a teacher’s certificate must be made on a prescribed form, which may be obtained from the Secretary to the Education Depart- ment, Pretoria. Normal. Colleges. There are Normal Colleges for training both male and female teachers at Pretoria, Johannesburg, and Heidelburg. Candidates for admission must have passed either the matriculation examina- tion of the Cape University, or Part I of the examination for the 53° Teachers’ Third Class Certificate. see below. (Government Notice No. 77 in Transvaal Gazette of 12 April, 1911.) Married’ Women. No married woman whose husband is’alive shall be appointed to a full-time post on the teaching: staff, and a woman occupying such a post must resign on marriage, unless the Director grants special leave in either case... (Notice No. 61.of 1910 in Transvaal Gazette of 26 August.) Language. Both the Dutch and English language shall: be included in the course of instruction for all teachers’ general certificates, and shall be likewise included in the subjects of examination for such certificates. (Ordinance No. 5 of 1911, sec. 13.) Third-class Certificates. The written examination (fee 1/.) for a third-class certificate is held in July at Pretoria, Heidelburg, and Johannesburg, and at. other centres where sufficient candidates present themselves. Candidates must apply on the prescribed forms, which may be obtained from. the Secretary to the Education Department, Pretoria, by 31 January. Candidates for admission to the pro- fessional part (Part I1) of the examination must be not less than 18° years of ave on 31 December of the year in which they propose to take the examination; any candidate may enter for’ Part I only of this examination. The examination consists of Part I (General), Part II (Pro- fessional). The subjects are, in Part I: English, Dutch, arithmetic, algebra,t geometry,t. geography, history, and nature-study; and Part II: Reading, recitation, dictation, composition (all four in English and Dutch), theory of class teaching, organization and discipline with the elements of hygiene, practical teaching, blackboard work and penmanship, drawing, needlework (women), woodworkt (men), and vocal music. Candidates who have passed. the matriculation examination of the University of the Cape of Good Hope, or an examination considered by the Director to be equivalent thereto, are exempted from taking the subjects of Part I. (Administrator’s Notice No. 422 of 1914 in Transvaal Gazette of 4 September.) Second-class Certificates. A certificate of the second class will be issued to a teacher who either (1) (a) has taught to the satisfaction of the Director for not less than from six months to two years in a school, class, or institution maintained or aided under the Act, and (0) has t+ These may be omitted in certain cases. 54: passed the qualifying examination (fee lJ.), or (2) possesses qualifications regarded as equivalent (see below). The quali- fying examination (fee 1/.) is held in June, and application must be made by 31 January. ‘The subjects in the qualifying examination include English or Dutch, arithmetic, history and geography, languages, mathematics, and science (some of which are optional), theory of teaching and practical teaching. Equivalent Qualifications. Certain qualifications held under other educational authorities are regarded as eae to a'third-class teacher’s certificate of the Transvaal. ‘Teachers will be required to show that they possess the following general or academic and professional qualifications :— General or Academic Quali- fication. A pass in the matriculation examination of the University of the Cape of Good Hope, or an equivalent examination. Professional Qualification. hither : One year’s training{ and a professional examination§ and one year’s experience|| ; or Professional Examination§ and three years’ experience,|| one of which must have been gained in the Transvaal. Certain qualifications held under other educational authorities are regarded as equivalent to a second-class teacher’s certificate of the Transvaal. Teachers will be required to show that they possess the following general or academic and professional quali- - fications :— General or Academic fication. A pass in the intermediate examination of the University of the Cape of Good Hope, or an equivalent examination. Quali- (Regs. in Administrator’s * Professional Qualification. Either : One year’s training} and a professional examination§ and one year’s experience] ; or Professional examination§ and three years’ experience,|| one of which must have _ been gained in the Transvaal. Notice No. 137 of 1910 in the Transvaal Official Gazette of 23 December.) { Such training must be at a recognized training college, and evidence of satisfactory completion of the course will be required. § Such examination must be of a standard at least equal to that of the examination for the second class teacher’s certificate of the Transvaal. || Such experience must have been gained in a school or schools, proved to the satisfaction of the Director to have been efficient. Evidence must also be given that the teacher's work was satisfactory. 59 High Schools. A University degree and a certificate of the second class, or their equivalents, and four to eight years’ experience, of which at least half must have been gained in secondary schools, are required for appointment as principal or upper assistant in High Schools, but less in the preparatory departments of High Schools. (Government Notice No. 1441 of 1909 in Transvaal Gazette of 24 December, 1909.) A certificate or provisional certificate of the third class 18 required for any other post on the regular teaching staff of the Department, except that of teacher ofa special subject. Salaries. In the High Schools the principals (men) receive from 600/. to 800/. per annum, and the lady principals from 400/. to 6001. Male assistants in such schools receive from 280l. to 560/., and female assistants 200/. to 435/. In all other schools the salaries are as follows :— Principals—Men. Classes I, II, and II] Schools «0-1 } 3702. to 7002. Principals— Women. Classes II and III Schools... .. 2601. to 430. Principals of Class IV Schools and all Assistants. Men ... aut ao. Pe .-- 1502. to 3902. Women tee re eer Seat L AEs oe" SOULS Ungraded posts are paid according to circumstances. Licensed assistants receive 4/. to 7/. 10s. per mensem. Licensed teachers of Dutch in farm schools receive 3s. to 5s. per hour. Teachers of other special subjects for limited hours, e.g., drawing, manual instruction, modern languages, drill, &e., are paid according to circumstances. (Government Notice 'N o. 1441 of 1909 in Transvaal Gazette of 24 December, 1909, and Administrator’s Notices No. 249 of 1913 in Transvaal Gazette of 27 June, and No. 192 of 1914 in Transvaal Gazette of 1 May.) Pensions. A teacher must contribute three per cent. of his salary to the Teachers’ Provident Fund (Public Service and Pensions Act, 1908 and 1909, and Rees. of 1 January, 1910). Women have the option of receiving a gratuity, which may not exceed in amount one year’s salary. A teacher may be retired at 55 years or be retained till 65 years (Government Notice No. 1441 of 1909): or even till later (Administrator’s Notice No. 418 of 1913 in Transvaal Gazette of 24 October). Many teachers are now being trained locally in the Normal Colleges of Pretoria, Johannesburg, and Heidelberg, but the 56 demand for British teachers is fair. \As the cost of living is high, and suitable lodgings are difficult to obtain, women, especially if uncertificated, should not go out, unless they have friends to go to, or have secured employment’ beforehand. “Teachers, even though fully certificated, are greatly hindered in the chance of promotion if they are untrained. Teachers in Farm Schools. Teachers in farm schools must be prepared to do. without many of the ordinary comforts of life. As nearly everyone is, Dutch, they will find it necessary for social and school purposes to speak the Taal or local Dutch, which is easy to learn. Quarters and food are rather rough, and butter, ergs, milk and vegetables are some- times difficult to obtain. The teacher may have to rely on tinned foods; prices are about double those in the United Kingdom. They should bring clothes and general outfit with them. ~They will often have good opportunities for growing vegetables, Kc. ; for shooting, riding, &c. It will cost a single man 90. to 1651. a year to live, and a married couple (exclusive of children) 125/. to 210/. (4). ORANGE: Free Srate.* No person is permitted to teach in any Public or Aided Private School, Class, or Institution, in the Orange Free State, who does not possess either a Professional or a Provisional .Teacher’s Cer- tificate of this Province. (Act No. 13 of 1910, sec. 13.) Numbers. There were 1,179 teachers altogether at. the end of 1912, of whom 606 were females. There was great difficulty in securing teachers ; the Report for 1912 states: ‘‘ The difficulty of late has indeed been so acute that the Department has been com- pelled to requisition the services of persons as teachers, who are entirely unqualified, professionally and academically.” Hxaminations and Qualifications. In connection with Secondary Schools there is a “ Normal Course” of four years’ duration for the training of Teachers; applicants must not be less than 14 years old (Secs. 17 22), and must go through this course or its equivalent and must have a Matriculation Certificate or its equivalent before being admitted to the third-class Professional Teachers’ Examination, which qualifies for employment in Primary Departments of Schools. This examination is in Bible history and morals, hygiene, mathe- matics, English, Dutch, science, &c. After passing this examination, and a further courseof instruction, andafter taking certain degrees, they are eligible for higher examinations entitling them to become Second and First-class Teachers. “Persons may bécome kinder- } -garten teachers also after examination, and “after gaining the 57 Third-class Professional Teacher’s Certificate. (Secs. 29-64.) Examinations are held twice a year. Candidates must give two ‘months’ notice to the Council of Examiners. (Sec.107.) Applica- tions to fill vacancies on the teaching staff of' any public school must be addressed to the Secretaries of the: School Committees concerned. Experience gained in local schools, other qualifications being equal, gives a candidate preference over. candidates who have ‘gained their experience elsewhere. (Sec. 50.) A Principal or Vice-Principal, Second Master, or Infants’ Mistress of any school must know both the English and Dutch languages. (Sec. 52.) Where a person holding a Professional Teacher’ s Certificate is not available a person holding a Provisional Teacher's Certificate may be appointed. (Sec. 7 0.) Salaries. Male assistant teachers are paid 150/. to 3751. a year, and female 1502. to 3502. Principals and Vice-Principals receive: men 1801. to 650/. a year, and women 175/. to 525. ; free residence or board is not given to anyone. ‘Teachers on retirement may be granted gratuities. (Act No. 13 of 1910 as amended by Ordinance No. 9 of 1913.) Languages. Both English and Dutch are included in the subjects of examina- _ tion for all Teachers’ Certificates. (Act No. 2 of 1912, Sec. 17.) Southern Rhodesia. The schools for Europeans in Rhodesia range from the one- teacher schools on tarms and small mines which embrace work to the standard of Matriculation in the University of the Cape of Good Hope. The Boys’ High Schools in Salisbury and Buluwayo have an attendance of about 2U0 boys. Attached to the Girls’ High Schools iu Salisbury and Buluwayo are Kindergarten Departments with about 100 children each. Inthe Upper Schools there are 100 (Salisbury) and 200 (Kveline), There are Kinder- garten Departments in Umtali, Gwelo, and Que Que, and in other schools similar departments are being evolved. Salaries. In all the High Schools and Upper Schools principals (men) receive from 360/. to 800/., and lady principals from 250/. to 650/. per annum according to qualification, size, and standard of school. Male assistants receive from 270. to 6145/. in such schools, and female assistants from 200/. to 465/. per annum. Male teachers in the farm schools are paid. from 163/. to 3002 and female teachers from 165/. to 266/. per aunum. (B743—Gp. 16/13) E Or (o) Boarding Houses. There are Government Boarding Houses in connection with the High Schools at Salisbury, Buluwayo, Umtali, and the Public Schools.at Gwelo and Plumtree. Teachers engaged on resident duties are provided with board and accommodation in these houses at a charge per school year of 24/., which is deducted from their salary, The equivalent to the assistant resident teachers of board, accommodation, &c., is about 1201. per annum. For married male principals who are Superintendents of boarding houses the equivalent is about 3602. per annum. For lady principals the equivalent is about 200/ per annum. Superintendents pay moderate fixed charges for guests and additional servants and children over five years of age. Qualifications. (1) Candidates must be unmarried and between the ages of 23 and 35. (2) Where secondary work is undertaken as in High Schools candidates must have quulifications similar to those required for Secondary Schools in the British sles. A University degree is essential in the higber posts, and it is recommended that canlidates should be trained teachers either in a University or other Training College. Where primary work is undertaken a full professional teacher’s s certificate is necessary. (3) Candidates must pass a strict medical examination before the Company’s Medical Officer in London. In the case of ladies a certiticate of good health from a qualified medical practitioner will be accepted. Applications. Applications for appomtments should be addressed in writing to the Secretary, British South Africa Company, 2, London Wall Buildings, London, E.C., and should be accompanied by copies of at least three recent testimonials, together with a statement of qualifications and experience as directed in the attached schedule. Successful applicants may be required to teach any subject professed in the schedule or certificates. Male candidates should add their experienee. if any, in cadet, volunteer, or scout work. Preference will be given to candidates _ who are proficient in games, who have had experience of and are willing to undertake residential duties, and who have been on active service during the recent war. Candidates should make formal application to be placed on the list of applicants for scholastic posts in Southern Rhodesia, and they will be advised when suitable vacancies occur. Selected candidates will be ae ae ona three years’ ne ment in the first instance. eh) Salary. If a teacher takes up duty on the first day of a term, the salary for that term will be three months’ salary should the term be duly completed. Otherwise the teacher will be paid pro rata from the day of taking up duty. There are four terms in the year. Duties. Teachers must be prepared to assist in the organization of school games and entertainments outside school hours if required. They are not allowed to engage for profit in any business or occupation, other than their official duty, without the sanction of of the Administrator, Any teacher may be required to take up the duties of a resident post and to share in the duties of super- vision of pupils and boarding house in return for board: and accommodation at reduced charge, during term time. Passage. The Company provides the teacher with a second-class passage to Cape Town and a first-class railway ticket from Cape Town to the place of destination, on the understanding that a proportionate part of the cost will be refunded to the Company in the event of the teacher terminating his engage- ment before the expiration of three years. Leave. Subject to the exigencies of the Service, ordinary leave may be granted to principals and teachers at the expira- tion of the first period of 34 years’ continuous service, according to the school calendar. Such leave may be on full pay, and shall not exceed one school term with the school holidays preceding and following it. This means usually leave of somewhat over four months. Subsequent leave may be granted on more favourable terms. There are special rules where teachers apply for leave on the ground of ill-health or urgent private affairs. Pensions. Teachers are eligible to be placed on the Fixed Establishment after six years’ continuous and satisfactory service. After ten years’ service an officer on the Fixed Establishment, if permitted to‘retire, is entitled to a pension of one-sixtieth of his average salary and emoluments for each year of service. He is eutitled to retire on these terms on reaching the age of 55 years. The following pension contributions are payable by all school- masters when placed on the Fixed Establishment (married or unmarried) :— 5 per cent. of the salary, which includes 1 per cent. to the widows’ pension funds. 60 The latter may be increased by schoolmasters who wish to. secure for their widows a proportionately larger pension. Con- tributions to the pension funds are made by monthly deductions from the salary. Lady teachers, when placed on the Fixed Astablishment, contribute 4 per cent. of their salary to the pension fund. Marriage Allowances. Marriage allowances of £36 per annum are granted to officers in receipt of £300 to £340 per annum, and of £50 per annum to officers in receipt of more than £340 per annum: provided that :— | (a) The ofticer’s salary, together with his marriage allowance, shall not exceed £500 per annum: (6) The officer shall not have less than three years’ service : (c) The officer’s wife shall reside in Rhodesia : (d) The officer is not. resident in a Government Institution. As lady teachers are not retained in the Service after marriage, no marriage allowance is given, but a refund of two-thirds of the contributions to the pension fund will be made. : Printed under the authority ot His MaJEsty’s STATIONERY Often, by Harrison & Sons, Ltd., Printers in Crna to His Majesty, St. Martin’s Lane, W.C.2.