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 DOMINION OF \CANADA. 
 
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 ‘WEST OF THE FOURTH anD FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIANS. . 
 
 OR icity 
 
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 | -PuBuisnEp UNDER ‘THE Aurnoniry 
 : OF THE ' 
 Hon. THOMAS. WHITE. 
 MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR. — ee a a ; os 
 COMPILED. AND ARRANGED FROM THE. FIELD NOTES, 
 Pate PLANS AND REPORTS OF THE SURVEYORS. Be — 
 
 Die: : 
 PRINTED BY MacLEAN, ROGER & CO WELLINGTON STREET, 
 
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DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Hon. THOMAS WHITE, 
 
 ona MINISTER oF THE INTERIOR. 
 
 e 
 
 ORARY 
 
 6 1915 
 
 COMPILED AND ARRANGED FROM THE FIELD NOTES, 
 )  PLANSZAND REPORTS OF THE SURVEYORS. - 
 
 i hay OTTAWA: . 
 PRINTED BY MAoLEAN, ROGER & ©0., WELLINGTON STREET. 
 
 + 1886, 
 
a ie township in eee Rae on the lett side. 
 
ey TOWNSHIPS WEST OF THE FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 
 5. 
 
 Rance I. 
 
 Outlines —West, broken and hilly country, with a few coulées and — 
 some surface boulders. A running stream crosses the line in the 
 southern part of Section $1. The grass is good in the valleys. 
 The soil is sandy, with gravelly hill tops.— C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Kast, the line passes through a somewhat broken country 
 along the southern foot slopes of the Cypress Hills. Medicine | 
 Creek is crossed in the southern half of Section 24. There is no 
 wood. Soil, very gravelly.—W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 South, rolling praire. Soil, dry and stony. The line crosses a 
 small lake on Sections 2 and 3, and a short distance further west 
 the trail to Cypress Hills.—O. J. Klotz, 1828. 
 
 6. Outlines —West, undulating country, considerably broken by cou- 
 
 a 
 
 lées. Soil, sandy loam, mixed with gravel._—C. E. Wolff, 1838. 
 The east line passes through very broken country, along the 
 southern slope of the Cypress Hills. ~ There is a lake about half a 
 
 ‘mile west of the line on Sections 138 and 24. No wood. Soil, 
 
 clay loam, full of coarse gravel. W.. Ogilvie, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, rolling prairie; stony surface. Several small 
 
 creeks, with a northerly course, and some growth of wood, in Sec- | 
 tions 35 and 36, but not elsewhere —A. Bourgeault, 1884. 
 
 West, the land is very rolling, and traversed in different dir- 
 ections by coulées. The soil is good, and on the Cypress Hills, 
 the summit of which occupies the north-west, it is an excellent 
 rich black mould. The township is remarkably well watered by 
 numerous running creeks.—J. G. Sing, 1883 
 
 Along the east boundary, very broken and hilly country, with 
 some thick woods of poplar, spruce and willow, generally small, 
 on the three northern sections. The soil consists of clay loam, in 
 places full of coarse gravel. There are several running creeks, 
 which cross the line, flowing south and east.—W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 *  Sub-division—The southern portion, from the Cypress Hills 
 to the south boundary, is undulating prairie, with a very stony 
 surface. Numerous small creeks flow from the hills, the south- 
 ern face of which slope very gradually. The prairie on the sum- 
 mit of the mountain is gently-undulating, with a rich black loam 
 soil. There is no wood, except some burnt pine and spruce in a | 
 deep gully on Sections 25 and 26, good only for firewood. This 
 gully is about 300 feet deep. The Fort McLeod trail crosses the 
 township.—J. F. Snow 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—The north is heavy rolling, with numerous ravines, a. 
 few ponds and some small creeks, the course of which is usually 
 
 northwards.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 The surface of the country is very rolling, and traversed in 
 
 _ many directions by coulées. The soil is good, and on the Cypress. 
 
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 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. — Range L 
 
 Hills it is a rich black mould. The township is almost all tim- 
 
 19, 
 
 AX, 
 
 bered with tamarac, spruce, poplar and pine. Creeks of good 
 water abound.—J. G. Sing, 1883. . 
 
 Going north, on the east line, the country is very rough and 
 has many ravines. Water is scarce, and there is a fair growth of 
 wood. After passing Section 24 these features give place to an 
 open, heavily-rolling country, with a fair amount of surface 
 water.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division—Level, rolling and broken prairie, well 
 watered by ponds and small creeks in the north, and by larger — 
 creeks in the south. On the southern and central portions there 
 is considerable timber of various kinds, and ‘also scrub and brulé, 
 occurring principally along the slopes of the ravines and the val- 
 leys of the numerous streams. The soil is, for the most part, gra- 
 velly and sandy, with yellow sand subsoil, and may be rated 
 classes 2 and 8. The supply of grass being good, the township 
 
 is well adapted to cattle raising.—A. Bourgeault, 1 4. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling and broken prairie, with soil principally 
 gravelly clay. Class 8. The township is fairly well watered by 
 sloughs and creeks.—J. G. Sing, 1883. ae 
 Hastwards, the surface is much broken by ravines fromthe | 
 Cypress Hills, the foot slopes of which begin in Section 18. 
 The soil is a good clay loam, which would make excellent farms, 
 and the grass is very good. Southwards, the surface is rolling to 
 
 hilly prairie, well watered by creeks and marshes. The soil is — 
 
 good, but boulders are numerous in places.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and broken. Soil, grey clay, and sandy 
 and stony. Class 2. Willow bluffs are found along the creeks Im 
 Sections 36, 25, 26 and 23. The size of these willows are 4 to 6 
 inches. The creeks have generally fresh water in them. North- 
 wards, there are very good settlement lands; southwards, the 
 land is more suitable for grazing.—J. E. Sirois, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, with some stone. Soil, chiefly 
 gravelly clay. Class 3.-—J. G. Sing, 1883. : ; 
 
 East wards, the surface is broken by afew ravines. There pre- 
 vails a generally upward slope to Cypress Hills.. The soil is @ 
 fair, sandy loam, with good grass.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and broken prairie. Soil, some sand, 
 grey clay, gravel and stones. Classes 2,3 and 4. A few blufisof 
 poplar are met with along the creeks, and also in Sections 27, 28, 
 29,19 and 80. The east and north parts aré broken by gullies, 
 traversed by creeks. The creeks of this township are very numer- 
 ous.—J. E. Sirois, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—For the first mile and a-half, going southwards, on the 
 west boundary, the surface consists of an alkaline flat, and the rest 
 rolling prairie, broken, at intervals, by deep coulées, some of 
 which are stony. On the central and southern sections—more 
 
 particularly the latter—the soil is of very good quality, consisting 
 
 of clay loam. Classes 1 and 2. In the north it is chiefly class 3- 
 No water or wood along the line.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —RangeY 5 
 
 - Eastwards, the surface is much broken by ravines. There 
 
 are some patches of fair grass and soil, but very little water—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1881. nee 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and level prairie. Soil, clay loam, sand 
 
 and gravel. Classes 2and 3. The south part is much broken by 
 
 high banks, ravines and dry creeks, in the vicinity of which are 
 
 found growing some willow bluffs of 5 to 6-inch wood. The 
 
 a2. 
 
 C. P. R. crosses the north part, and here is located Walsh station. 
 Sections 24 and 10 have improvements and ploughing on them. 
 Water is scarce, except in Section 34, in Mackay Creek.—J. E. 
 Strots, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Along the northern boundary, in Section 35, there isa ~ 
 large alkaline lake, which is separated froma smaller lake further 
 west by a narrow neck of land. The water of these lakes, though 
 alkaline, is yet fit for use. In the remaining northern sections 
 the country is rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 The surface is broken and hilly in the north, and rolling in 
 
 the south. The northern half of Section 30 is an alkaline flat, and 
 
 AS, 
 
 in the north part of Section 81 is a marsh, 400 yards wide, on the 
 line. Soil, clay. Classes 2, 3 and, in a few places, 4.—J. G. Sing, 
 
 1888. ; 
 
 Along the east there are clay flats of sedimentary deposit. 
 There are also some gravel knolls, which rise fully 200 feet above 
 these flats. Section 12 is somewhat marshy, from a sluggish creek 
 passing through it in an easterly direction.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division—Westwards, it is mostly hilly and gravelly. 
 Classes 8 and 4, Hastwards, it is rolling prairie, grey clay, and. 
 stony. Olasses 1,3 and4. A large lake breaks upon Nections 34, 
 
 85 and 86. There are a few creeks, but they are generally dry 
 
 late in the season. No wood.—J. E. Sirois, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling prairie, somewhat hilly in the south, and 
 almost all covered, on the north, by Island Lake, which supplies 
 plenty of good water, though slightly alkaline. This lake is 
 about seven miles long, and five miles wide at the greatest width.. 
 It is shallow, and contains numerous islands, covered with 
 abundant green vegetation. Another small lake lies in the south- 
 ern part, which is also alkaline, but may be used. Thesoil is 
 generally sandy. Along the west it is rolling prairie, with allu- 
 vial soil, 4 inches deep, over sandy subsoil. Class 2 in the south 
 and 3in the north. There are several alkaline ponds in the vicinity 
 
 of this line. No timber.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Island Lake occupies a portion of this township. The 
 
 southern part is composed of clay flats of sedimentary deposit, 
 
 being washed down from the surrounding heights and deposited 
 
 in the flats around the lake. These flats would, if properly cul- 
 tivated, make fair farms. They have a tendency, however, to bake 
 
 -and crack into hard lumps.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 The southern sections are rolling prairie, with a sandy loam 
 
 -soil and several alkaline lakes.—C. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 13% 
 
14 
 
 15 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range I. 
 
 Sub-division.—One-third part of this township is occupied by 
 Island Lake. South of the lake the country is level and rolling,. 
 
 becoming more hilly towards the south boundary, along which 
 there are two alkaline lakes. The soil, generally, is asandy loam. 
 Class 2. There are some rich hay marshes in the centre of the 
 township and towards the lake shore. The Medicine Hat and 
 
 Red Deer trail crosses east and west.—C. EL. Towle, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The north is undulating prairie, stony and gravelly, 
 broken by a few ravines, in one of which, a little east of the mid- 
 
 dle of Section 35, is a creek, and in another, on Section 38,isa ~ 
 
 small lake. The soil is sandy loam, 4 inches deep, with sandy 
 
 subsoil. Classes 2 and 3. The south part of this township is 
 
 occupied by part of Island Lake, and and_ its soil resembles that 
 of Township 13. It is, however, a little better in the north half, 
 the grass, generally, being good. A chain of hills crosses the 
 centre from east to west, and deep ravines run from north to 
 south. In the latter, hay marshes are met with. Along the 
 western side the surface is principally rolling prairie, sandy, 
 gravelly and stony, with a few sandhills. Section 19 is broken 
 by deep ravines. On Section 31 the line passes along the eastern 
 side of a large hay marsh. Alluvial soil, 4 inches deep, with 
 sandy subsoil. Classes 2 and 38 on the northern and southern, 
 and class 8 on the middle sections. No wood in the township.— 
 P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 The surface of the north-easterly part of the township is 
 rough and stony. The soil, generally, gravelly loam ; grass good. 
 
 In Section 12 the east line strikes Island Lake, which isa little 
 over four and a-half miles wide, where the line crosses it. Its 
 waters are slightly alkaline, and appear to be shallow. It is 
 difficult to judge of the limits of the lake, owing to the number of — 
 
 islands and the depth of the water according to the season. 
 
 Wild birds are innumerable —W. Ogilvie, 1881.  - _ 3 
 
 Sub-division—Nearly all the southern half is occupied by 
 Island Lake. The'northern half is rolling, broken in some 
 
 places by hills and ravines, in some of which are living springs of 
 
 water. Thesoil is a sandy loam, class 2, and is fair agricul- 
 tural land. The water of Island Lake is slightly alkaline.—C. E. 
 Towle, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— Most of the surface along the north boundary is gently- - 
 
 undulating. Soil, 5 inches deep, with sandy subsoil. Rated classes. 
 one and 2 in the west, class 2 on the middle sections, and 1, 2 and 
 3 in the east. Going south, on the west boundary, these same 
 features predominate, until, in the south, it becomes alternating 
 undulating and broken country, deep ravines occurring at inter- 
 vals, particularly in the western sections, where it is also some- 
 what stony and gravelly. Alluvial soil, 4 inches deep, with sandy 
 subsoil. Olasses 2 and 8. No wood in thetownship. Generally 
 the soilis sandy, but good, with abundance of grass, and is well 
 suited for agricultural purposes. Pools of water, ponds and 
 marshes are occasionally met with—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. _ 
 
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 | pid Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range I. as 
 
 16, 
 
 Ud. 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is hilly, with boulders 
 
 on the hills. Soil, sandy loam. Classes 2 to 8. There is neither 
 
 wood nor water along this line— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Northwards it is level and rolling; southwards 
 itis quite hilly. The soil is generally a sandy loam, class 2, but 
 is in places mixed with gravel and boulders. In the valleys are 
 several lakes, marshes and sloughs, some of which are alkaline ; 
 the rest are comparatively fresh.—C. E. Towle, 18838. 
 
 Outlines —The surface along the north boundary is rolling prairie» 
 except on Section 34 and the western half of 35, where it is quite 
 hilly. On the former section, a few chains off the line, is a lake 
 of good water. The soil is clay loam, averaging from 6 to 18 
 inches in depth, with clay subsoil. Class 2—0O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 The west is nearly all rolling prairie. Most of the surface 
 along the south is gently-undulating. Sections 4 and 1 are nearly 
 level, and Section 2 rolling. Alluvial soil, 5 inches deep, with — 
 sandy subsoil; rated classes 1 and 2 in the south-west, and 1, 2 
 and 8 in the south-east. Generally, throughout the soil is sandy, 
 but good, with abundance of grass, and is well suited for agri- 
 cultural purposes. Pools of water, ponds and marshes, are occa- 
 sionally met with. Boulders are scattered about—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Kastwards, hilly and rolling prairie; granite boulders on 
 
 hills. Between Sections 13 and 24 is a reedy lake. Soil, a fine 
 
 sandy loam with good vegetation. W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 Sub-division.—The southern part of this township is level or 
 
 rolling prairie, well supplied with lakes and sloughs of fresh and 
 
 slightly alkaline water. The northern part is more hilly, and the 
 water strongly alkaline. The soil is generally a sandy loam, 
 mixed with gravel and boulders upon the higher lands and ridges. 
 —C. E. Towle, 1883. 
 
 Outlines Surveyed the north and west boundaries of this town- 
 ship, and find them undulating prairie, with light, sandy loam 
 soil, from 9 to 12 inches in depth, ona sandy subsoil. Class 1. 
 Some parts on the west boundary are high-rolling. The township 
 is, however, on the whole, poor for farming purposes. The grass 
 is very short and poor. There is no wood and very little water, 
 all the sloughs (and they are few and far between) being dry. 
 Their appearance indicates very little water, even in the rainy 
 season. A pond of permanent water was found in the south-west 
 corner. It was about half a mile broad, east and west, and three- 
 fourths of a mile long.—H. C Denny, 1882. | 
 
 1st’ Report.—The country along the east boundary is all roll- 
 
 ing prairie, of a sandy loam soil. No wood, and water scarce.— W. 
 
 Ogilvie, 1881. 
 2nd Report.—EHast, level prairie. Soil, light, sandy loam, 
 varying in depth all the way from 6 to 12 inches, with sandy 
 
 subsoil, and rated first class. No water or timber.—H. C. Denny, 
 
 1882. 
 ~The surface, southwards, is rolling prairie, except on Section 3 
 
 : and the western half of 2, where it is quite hilly. The soil is clay 
 
18 
 
 A9, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range I, 
 
 loam averaging from 6 to 18 inches in depth, with clay subsoil. 
 Class 2.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The surface in the northern and eastern part of 
 
 this township is generally undulating prairie. Numerous fresh- 
 
 water marshes were crossed, the largest being in Section 28. In the 
 southern and western portions the surface is rolling and hilly. 
 The soil a clay loam, with a clay subsoil, and rates class 2. This 
 township is well adapted for agricultural purposes and stock rais- 
 ing. In the south-west corner there is an alkaline lake, but the - 
 rest of the water met with is good.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Westwards and southwards the surface is undulating 
 prairie. Soil, light sandy loam, 8 to 18 inches, class 1, with 
 
 sandy subsoil. Notimber or water. To the north is hilly coun- 
 
 try, the hills being from 80 to 150 feet in height, with stones and 
 boulders on their summits The soil is a light sandy loam. The 
 grass is short and poor. There is no wood, and very little water, 
 all the sloughs (and they are few and far between) being dry. 
 Their appearance indicates very little water, even in the rainy 
 
 season.—H. C. Denny, 1882. } 
 
 1st Report. Eastwards, surface rolling ; sometimes knolly 
 and stony. Soil, gravelly and light. Poor grass, and very little 
 water.—W. Ogilvie, 1881. : oe 
 
 2nd Report.—Kast, level prairie. Soil, light sandy loam, 
 
 depth 10 inches, with sandy subsoil. Rated second class in Xec- 
 tions 36 and 25. On Sections 24 to 1, inclusive, the soil is of the 
 same general description, and varies in depth from 6 to 10 inches, 
 but is rated first class. No timber or water.—AH. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is very well adapted for agri- 
 cultural purposes. It is generally undulating prairie, with the 
 exception of the northern: portion, which is traversed by a range 
 of high gravelly hills. A succession of ponds and marshes were 
 found extending across the entire township, furnishing excellent 
 pasturage. The southern portion is much drier than the noith- 
 ern, and water of any kind fs scarce. Soil, clay loam on clay sub- 
 soil, and may be classed 1 and 2.—J. McLatchie, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The South Saskatchewan River flows north-easterly 
 across the north-west corner of the township. A creek, also flow- 
 ing eastwardly, turns northward here and: enters the river 
 The surface of Section 81 is very much broken by the banks of 
 the two streams, and the southern half is very stony. Sections 
 30 and 19 consist of rolling prairie, with a few sandhills on the 
 former. From thence, southwards, the surface is covered with 
 hills of drifting sand. The soil is class 4. with 2nd class in the 
 north of Section 30, and one or two spots where it is class 8. No 
 timber.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Kastwards, the surface is rolling, with occasionally juniper » 
 and ground scrub ; sometimes kno!ly and stony, Soil, gravelly and 
 light; poor grass and very little water. Classes 2 to 3. West- 
 wards, it is rolling prairie, with sandhills in the centre. The soil 
 is a light sandy loam and drifting sands —W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
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 fis _ Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—RangeI. 9% 
 
 Sub-division—The southern outline of this township runs 
 
 along the summit of a range of gravelly and stony hills, which 
 
 also covers the southern portion of the township. The surface of 
 the northern and eastern sections is an undulating prairie. Soil, 
 sand and clay loam on clay subsoil, class 2, and fairly adapted for 
 agricultural purposes, with good water in the marshes. About a 
 mile north of the correction line a deep alkaline valley crosses 
 from east to west. The balance of the township is covered with 
 drifting sandhills, which are partially coveréd with cherry and 
 
 scrub. At the extreme north the surface is rolling and undu- 
 
 lating prairie, broken, at intervals, by hills or stony ridges and 
 ravines, especially Section 31. Soil, gravelly clay, or clay loam, 6 
 to 18 inches deep, with clay subsoil, rated principally class 2—J. 
 iMcLatchie, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines.—In the northern part the soil is poor and sandy, rank- 
 
 ing 8rd class. The Saskatchewan River crosses the north boun- 
 dary in Section 84, and has, at this point, very high banks, fully 
 500 feet. The timber is only in isolated patches, and seems to 
 cease altogether afew miles south of the line. It consists of 
 cottonwood and poplar, principally the former.—T. Drummond, 
 1883. 
 
 Westwards, rolling prairie; with sandhills. The soil is light 
 
 sand loam, and drifting sands. The South Saskatchewan River 
 
 courses in a north-easterly direction, breaking the surface very 
 much. The banks are very steep and precipitous, deep coulées 
 extending from the river for miles. Seams of coal were seen 
 along the river.—J. G. Sing, 1883. | 
 
 The north-eastern part is rolling, and the soil very poor. In 
 the south-eastern part the soil is somewhat better, but still poor. 
 Grass very poor, and very little water. Class 4 in the north and 
 3 in the south. Section 86 is covered with juniper or ground 
 cedar.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—The South Saskatchewan River enters this 
 township on Section 6 and leaves it at the north-east corner of 34. 
 
 _Its average width is 15 chains. The banks are from 300 to 400 feet 
 
 zi. 
 
 high, and are so broken with ravines, from half a mile to amile 
 on each side of the river, as ‘to render that portion of the town- 
 ship worthless for farming. The balance of the land is undu- 
 lating prairie. The soil north of the river is sandy loam, and 
 south of it clay and sandy loam. In both cases it averages from 
 6 to 18 inches in depth, has a clay subsoil, and is generally rated 
 class 2. The creeks running into the river are usually somewhat 
 alkaline. A number of small marshes are found throughout the 
 township, but they do not furnish a supply of water during the 
 summer months.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Going west, on the north boundary, Sections 35 and 86 
 are much broken up by the South Saskatchewan River, which 
 flows north-easterly across the line. West of this the soil is a 
 light sandy loam, 6 to 18 inches in depth, on a sandy subsoil, with 
 an occasional admixture of clay. Class 1 on the two western 
 sections ; class 2 on the rest, excepting Section £6 and the eastern 
 
‘10 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range I. : 
 
 half of 35, where it is classes 4 and 8 respectively. No wood. The 
 west is rolling prairie, with light sandy loam soil, 6 to 18 inches 
 in depth, on a sandy or, towards the north, sand and clay subsoil. 
 
 - The south-easterly half of the township is more or less broken by 
 
 the banks of the South Saskatchewan River, which are, in many 
 places, precipitous, and consist of layers of sand, clay, friable 
 and other sandstone and clay slate, some of the last two well 
 
 - adapted for building purposes. Deep coulées and ravines run 
 
 2. 
 
 into the river valley. Within several miles of the river the land — 
 is covered in places by great depths of blown sand, with often a 
 clay subsoil.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Kast, the surface is principally rolling prairie, with sandy soil. 
 Class 4. In Sections 1 and 12 it consists of sandy knolls, covered 
 with juniper, and Section 86 is very hilly, broken and rough. 
 Through the north-east corner of the latter section the South 
 Saskatchewan River flows north-easterly. There is no other 
 water along the line, and no wood.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 The Saskatchewan River crosses the south boundary in Sec- 
 tion 3, and has, at this point, banks fully 500 feet high. There is 
 no timber here, although there is some in the township south of 
 this. Beyond the river the surface is principally level, or rising 
 gradually toward the west. Section 1 has some sandhills on the 
 eastern half. The soil is chiefly sandy loam, 6 to 9 inches in 
 dep:h, with clay or sandy subsoil. Classes 2, 8 and 4.—T. 
 Di ummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—-Very rolling and undulating. There is a large 
 valley in the south-east. The Saskatchewan River enters in 
 Section 8, and continues to 21, where it turns and runs tothe 
 north-east corner of the township, with a current of about three 
 and a-half miles an hour. Its banks are much broken by ravines 
 and coulées, and average 100 to 120 feet high—-some places measure 
 250 feet high. The soil will average class 2, and consists of clay, 
 clay loam, sand and sandy loam and gravel, according to the 
 locality.—-C. G. Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The western and middle sections of the northern tier 
 are very much broken by deep ravines and high ridges. Alluvial 
 soil. generally 6 to 18 inches in depth, with clay subsoil; class L 
 on the two eastern sections, and on the rest, principally class 3. 
 Travelling south, on the west boundary, the country is rolling © 
 prairie, with light sandy loam soil, 6 to 18 inches deep, on a 
 sandy subsoil. Continuing eastwards, along the south boundary, 
 the surface is all rolling prairie, except on Section 1, which the 
 South Saskatchewan River breaks up. The soil is a light sandy 
 loam, 6 to 18 inches deep, on sandy subsoil, with an occasional 
 admixture of clay. Class 1 on the two western sections, and class 
 2 on the rest, excepting Section 1. No wood, and very little 
 water anywhere. Probably 50 per cent. of the land in the town- 
 ship is fit for cultivation.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 The eastern boundary is crossed by the Saskatchewan River, 
 which is about 13 chains wide and 4 feet deep. The valley is. 
 about 350 feet deep, and has precipitous banks of soft, friable sand- 
 stone, one seam being suitable for building purposes. Small seams 
 
A ie eh CYA ELAS ee ees ae ee OE ie TT a " ¥ he iS 4 
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 Pei Th eae aaron a : f 
 
 i‘ « Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 1% : 
 
 of coal appear, but are of no value. There is no wood.—W. Ogilvie, 
 
 mies. | 
 
 2k, 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, sandy 
 loam. Class 2. The western and northern sections of this town- 
 ship are good for settlement. The South Saskatchewan River 
 leaves the township on Section 1, returns on Section 13, and, after 
 making a semi-circle in the township, leaves it on Section 25. For 
 description of river, see Township 21. No marshes or wood.— 
 C. G. Sheppard, 18838. 
 
 - Outlines—Rolling prairie, with a few sloughs (dry in August), 
 
 and broken by coulées, near the Red Deer, two of them extending 
 all the way across the township. Soil, heavy clay, except in the 
 river valley, where it is either strong clay or sandy loam. Water 
 is scarce, what there is being strongly alkaline. The Red Deer 
 River runs across the south half of the township. The river is 
 rapid, with an average width of 25 chains, but in some places 
 over half a mile. The main channel is from 5 to 7 feet deep. 
 Numerous sand bars divide the stream into several shallow chan- 
 nels. There is some timber along the river.—A. W. McVittie, 
 1882. 
 
 South of the Red Deer, to the west, the soil isa stiff clay, alter- 
 
 nating with light sand, and rated class 2. The western and 
 
 middle south sections are, however, very much broken by deep 
 ravines and high ridges. Soil, 6 to 18 inches in depth, with clay 
 
 subsoil. Class 1 on the two eastern sections, and class 3 on the 
 central sections. No wood.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Going south, on the east boundary, Section 36 consists of stony 
 ridges in the north, and a gradual ascent, covered with wood, in 
 the south. The next mile is rolling prairie sloping gently towards 
 the valley of the Red Deer, which occupies the greater part of Sec- 
 tion 24, and into which the line passes through one of the man 
 
 deep ravines leading therefrom. The valley is from 300 to 350 
 
 feet deep. The depth of the water averages about 2} feet. The 
 banks are covered with poplar, willow, small birch and analy fit 
 for fuel only, with few exceptions. The rest of the country along 
 this line is rolling prairie. The soil is mostly clay in the north, 
 and sandy in the south. Classes 4 and 3, the former predominating. 
 —W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, 
 generally a sandy loam ona sandy subscil.. Class 2. Red Deer 
 River crosses the township from Sections 7 to 24, with a current 
 of about 3 miles per hour, and about 6 feet of water in main chan- 
 nel. Some large cottonwood trees, 10 to 15 inches in diameter, 
 are growing along the banks, as also athick underbrush and scrub. 
 The vicinity of the river is stony, gravelly and sandy, and the 
 north is much broken by ravines.—C. G. Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—In the northern part the ridges are gravelly, sometimes 
 with granite boulders; the flats, generally fair, loamy clay; 
 good grass everywhere; a few small meadows; very little water; 
 subsoil generally hardened clay. Im the east there are some 
 deep and rough ravines, which are very stony. Soil, light and 
 
ray! tir. a Ws Ln bans? 414 Ve TA RUT Le [ hah tf RL. we: ee hay 
 Tau Sy ai hme ine RON, \¢ hy be 
 a ay . . oo 
 
 12 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range I. 
 
 gravelly, with good grass. Some scrub and small poplar in the 
 ravines. Section i is very broken, and the land is here rated 
 class 4.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 West and south it is generally a rolling prairie, with a few 
 sloughs (dry in August), and broken by coulées, two of which 
 extend across the township from north to south. The soil isa 
 heavy clay. Water is scarce, what there is being strongly alka- 
 line. —A. W. McViuttie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating and rolling, except in the north- 
 east which is much broken by ravines. Soil, generally a light 
 clay, well covered with grass, and well drained. This township 
 is well adapted for agriculture and pasturage. No wood.—C. G. 
 Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 25. Outlines— West, surface, rolling on the south and undulating in 
 north. No wood and little water, there being only small creeks 
 in Sections 80 and 31. Soil, principally clay loam, averaging 
 about 14 inches in depth, with a clay subsoil Classes 8 and 2 in 
 the south, and class 1 in the north.—C_ F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Hilly and broken in the north, and generally 
 good grazing land. Rolling prairie in the south ; fair land, of 
 clay loam. Classes 1 and 2, with good surface water-in marshes 
 and ponds, but no wood. A cart trail crosses the township.— 
 J. Dudderidge, 1883. 
 
 Along the southern and eastern boundaries the surface is 
 rolling and the ridges gravelly. The soil, generally, is light and 
 gravelly, with good grass everywhere. The flats, generally, have 
 a fair loamy clay, and there are a few small meadows, but water 
 is usually scarce.—W. Ogilvie, 1881 and 1882. 
 
 26. Outlines—West, rolling prairie, with clay loam soil, 8 to 18 inches. 
 deep, on clay subsoil. Class 1 on Nection 1, and class 2 on all the — 
 rest. Water scarce. No wood —C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is rolling. Soil, generally, 
 very light and gravelly, with good grass on it. There are some 
 flats of clay loam, but they are very stony. Meadows or ponds 
 are scarce.— W. Osilvie, 1881. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Hilly and broken, except in the north-eastern 
 portion, which is rolling prairie. Soil, generally, sandy loam, class 
 2, but in some places clay, clay loam, sand, and sand and gravel. 
 This is an excellent orazing township, with good fresh surface: 
 water, but no wood.—-J. Dudderidge, 1883. 
 
 8. Outlines.—West, rolling and hilly prairie. The soil on the two 
 
 | southern sections is clay loam, 12 to 18 inches deep, over clay. 
 From thence to the middle of Section 30 it is either clay loam, over 
 alkaline clay, or sandy loam over sand, the proportion being as 5 
 to 3 in favor of the former, and the average depth of alluvial soil 
 about 14 inches. The rest is gravel Joam, 10 inches, over sand. 
 It is rated class 2 everywhere, excepting Section 28 and the north- 
 ern half of 30, where it is class 8. No wood. The north-east part 
 is more flat, containing numerous alkaline depressions. An old 
 stream bed, with ponds of standing water, running easterly touches. 
 the north limit of the township.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
28. 
 
 ~ 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range I. ey 
 
 f East, principally rolling prairie, with sandy soil, a good deal ” 
 
 composed of pure sand, sometimes in drifted heaps, with scrub on 
 
 it. Grass generally poor. Class 4. In the north of Section 25 is 
 a reedy lake, along the south shore of which is a stretch of marsh. 
 There is another large stretch of water on Section 12, and one or 
 
 two small ponds on 36. No wood.—W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Along the southern boundary the three western sections con- 
 sist of hilly and broken country, with clay loam soil, 18 inches. 
 deep, on a subsoil of similar character. Olass 2. Along the 
 remainder of the line the surface is open, rolling prairie, and the 
 the soil principally sandy loam, 3 to 4 inches deep, over clay. 
 Class 8. No wood nor water —J. Dudderidge, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The northern part is rolling and undulating. Some 
 marshes and alkaline lakes occur in the east. The soil is a rich 
 clay loam. Class 1. Good land. Towards the west centre several. 
 
 _ small lakes and some marshy lands are to be seen.—7. Fawcett, 
 
 30, 
 
 31. 
 
 1888. 
 
 West, undulating prairie on the two northern sections, and 
 rolling prairie on the rest, becoming somewhat hilly on Section 6. 
 Soil, principally clay loam, 10 to 18 inches, over clay. Rated class 
 1, except on Nection 6, where it is classes 2 and 8. No wood, and 
 little water.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Kast, the surface is rolling and knolly. Soil, generally grav- 
 elly loam. Thin grass, and few meadows or ponds.—W. Ogilvie,. 
 1881. | | 
 
 . Outlines.—Kast, the surface is rolling. Soil, generally light ; in 
 
 some flats comparatively good. Many good meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 
 1881. 
 
 South, the soil is a rich clay loam, some 18 inches in depth. 
 The surface gently-undulating, and the country nicely watered 
 by ponds and sloughs, mostly fresh.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Is, in general, rolling, with the central and northern portions 
 inclined to hilliness, where it is stony in places. Water is good 
 and abundant throughout. There is no timber of any kind. The 
 soil varies from aclay to a sand loam. Classes 1 to 3.—JF. W. 
 Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The central portion, from north-west to south-east, lies 
 in a broad valley, in which there are a number of lakes. Land in 
 this valley is rolling. The rest of this township is very hilly, 
 stony and broken generally. Water of both good and bad quality ° 
 is abundant everywhere. No timber. Soil, very good in some 
 parts, in others very light and sandy, classes from 1 to 4.—F. 
 W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is rolling. Soil, generally 
 light—in some flats comparatively good, with many good 
 meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Outlines.—Is, in general, heavily rolling to hilly in character. 
 About the central part there are a few sand knolls. Good water 
 is fairly abundant. No timber, other than cherry bushes and. 
 
 thorns. The soil over the greater portion is very light and sandy. 
 
 Classes from 1 to 4.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
14 
 
 Be. 
 
 > if, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 
 
 Hast, rolling prairie. Soil, generally light and poor. Class | 
 
 38. There is areedy lake in the north of Section 25, and two or 
 three meadows on Section 1. The grass, as a rule, is poor. There 
 is no wood.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, the surface is rolling prairie, except on Section 
 
 35, where it is undulating. On 36 is quite a large lake of clear 
 water. Water is comparatively plentiful all along the line, 
 marshes and ponds occurring at intervals.) No wood. Soil, prin- 
 cipally sandy loam, of an average depth of about 6 inches. Class 
 3. It improves a little towards the west, being rated classes 2 
 and 3 on Sections 81 and 82 where it consists chiefly of clay 
 loam, over clay.— E. Bray, 1883 
 
 This township is, in general, of a heavy rolling character. 
 There is both good and bad water in abundance. There is no 
 timber or wood of any kind. The soil throughout is somewhat 
 variable, but at the north it is very light. It ranges in all classes 
 from 1 down to 4.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. } 
 
 East, chiefly rolling prairie, with light and sandy soil. Class 
 3. In the south of Section 36 is an alkaline lake. Section 24 
 consists of sandy knolls, alkaline flats and ponds, and in the south 
 some scrub. Along the southern portion of the line are some fine 
 meadows, in some of which there is good water. No wood.—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1881. . 
 
 Outlines —Is, in general, of a rolling character, with the central 
 and north-western portions somewhat hilly. Stones on the hills. 
 Both good and bad water in abundance. No timber. Soil, 
 
 variable, being excellent in some portions, and very light in — 
 
 others. Classes 1 to 4.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 Kast, surface exceedingly rough and,:in places, very stony. 
 Soil, poor; many ponds and meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 Along the southern boundary the surface is rolling prairie. 
 Water is in fair supply in ponds and marshes. No wood. Soil, 
 sandy loam, class 3, improving on Sections 5 and 6, where it is a 
 clay loam, 10 inches deep, on clay.—E. Bray, 1881. 
 
 Outlines—This township is a hilky one in general, though some 
 nice tracts of rolling land are to be found in it. The tops of the 
 hills are generally stony. Good water in abundance. No tim- 
 
 . ber. The soil is good as an average. Sand loam, principally. 
 
 35. 
 
 Classed from 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. _- 
 The eastern portion of this township is similar to No. 33.— 
 W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Outlines—This township is generally very hilly, rising on the 
 north toa very high range of hills. Some nice, though small, 
 tracts of rolling land are to be found in the southern part. Lake- 
 lets and ponds are numerous. The tops of the hills are generally 
 very stony. Good water is everywhere in abundance. No tim- 
 
 ber of any kind. The soil is generally very good, being some- 
 times clay loam, and at otherssand loam. Classed from 1 to 3.—F. 
 
 W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 Kast, the north half is exceedingly rough, the surface being 
 
 composed of sharp and, sometimes, very high knolls, in many 
 
37. 
 
 38. 
 
 hare Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian — Range I. 15 
 
 cases covered with boulders. The hollows are meadows or ponds. 
 Section 13 is an extensive flat of poor soil and much alkaline 
 water. The remainder of the township is poor soil, thin grass 
 and rough surface, with many alkaline ponds.—W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the eastern half of this line is hilly, with some. 
 low land on the adjoining portions of Sections 85 and 34, in which 
 are afew ponds and swamps. Section 383 is rolling and broken, 
 very stony and sandy. The two western sections consist of rolling 
 country, with bluffs of small poplar. The soil on Section 36 is” 
 clay loam over clay; class 1. Onall the rest it is principally 
 sandy loam, 2 to 4 inches deep, over sand ; class 2.— T. Kains, 18 83. 
 
 Is rolling in the northern portion, which rises gradually to- 
 avery high range of hills in the south. Ponds of both good and 
 bad water are numerous in the hilly portion. Stones are plentiful © 
 on the hills. Some nice clumps of poplar—fit for firewood and 
 rails only—grow in the extreme north of the township. ‘The 
 soil in this portion is almost entirely pure sand, gradually getting 
 better to the south. In the hilly portion the soil is generally a 
 good sandy loam, and classes about 2 in the south to 4in the 
 north.—F’. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Along the east boundary, in Section 86, there is an extensive 
 ridge running easterly and westerly, which rises about 200 feet 
 above the plains. Thesoil is generally light, but the grass is 
 good; there are many small meadows. The north half of the 
 township is rolling; in the south half is an extensive ridge of 
 sharp knolls.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Outlines.—Kye Hill Creek runs in a north-easterly direction from 
 
 the south-west to the north-east corner. It has ageneral width of 
 
 about 30 feet, is 24 feet deep, muddy bottom and good water. In 
 some parts of its course it is bordered by wet, swampy land. The 
 current is moderately rapid. The southern part of the township 
 is of asandy nature. A small quantity of poplar grows in the 
 south-west corner. The northerly portion is open and rolling 
 prairie land, with clay loam soil and some gravel. Good water was 
 found in sloughs. The westerly sections are rolling, sandy land, 
 with many ponds and sloughs, and good grazing in the hollows. 
 The township is classed from 1 to 3.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Going north, on the east side of the township, in the south- 
 east there is a hilly portion, about 200 feet high, from which the 
 surface gradually descends to the east centre, where there is a val- 
 ley containing the western end of a chain of lakes. In the north- 
 eastern corner of the township Hye Hill Creek crosses, flowing in. 
 a north-easterly direction. xcept in the low-lying places, the 
 
 soil is generally light and the grass short.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 There are high hills in the south-east, which follow the bound- 
 ary for a mile. These hills gradually bear south-west. Half of the 
 range is rolling country, with clay loam and clay subsoil. The 
 balance is composed of sand, with stones on the knolls, In Section 
 6 there is a considerable quantity of small poplar.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Is an open, rolling prairie. Numerous ponds and 
 sloughs appear in the south-west and westerly portions, with: 
 
16 
 
 . poplar on the south side of it. The south-east of the township is - 
 
 4D, 
 
 Ad, 
 
 ele 
 ; a «ek 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 
 
 good grass about them. Stones are scattered on some of the ridges. 
 The soil varies from a clay loam in the south to loam and sand 
 loam in the west and north, and is classed from 1 to 2. Eye Hill 
 Creek—running north-east—crosses Section 1—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Along the east boundary, Sections 36 and 25 are very sandy. 
 The rest of the township is rolling prairie, with many very fair 
 meadows, and good grass. Soil, fair, gravelly loam. Hye Hill 
 Creek crosses the line in Section 1—W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 . Outlines——Has an open, rolling surface in the extreme north and 
 
 south. The remaining portions are open, but broken by large 
 valleys extending east and west, containing large ponds and good 
 grazing lands, and in Section 12 by two low sand ridges, with a 
 small growth of cherry bushes and scrub. The soil varies from 
 clay loam to sand, and is classed from 1 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Going south, along the east boundary, the first three sections 
 are open prairie; surface undulating; some good meadows and 
 fresh-water ponds. Soil, generally a gravelly loam, which would 
 make pretty fair farming land, being open, light and warm, and 
 supports a good growth of grass. In Sections 18 and 12 there is 
 quite a large lake, with slightly alkaline water, and some small 
 
 pure sand.— W,, Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling and undulating country. The western 
 half of Section 82 lies in ‘an alkaline lake. Small lakes, ponds 
 and marshes occur along the line, the latter being particularly 
 numerous in the western part of 31. There is no wood anywhere 
 along the line, but there is some about three miles north of it, 
 opposite Section 85. Soil, black loam, 4 to 9 inches deep, with 
 
 sandy loam subsoil. Class 1—C. A. Magrath, 1883. » | 
 
 Is an open and rolling prairie, having numerous ponds and 
 
 sloughs in the westerly part, with good grazing about them. In ~ 
 
 the south-west, frequent low ridges, from 15 to 20 feet in height, 
 were noted, the soil being a good loam, classed from 1 to 2. Inthe 
 southern portions the surface is undulating or rolling, with some 
 large ponds and good grasses, the soil varying from loam to clay 
 loam, and class 1.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 The east boundary lies over open prairie ; surface undulating ; 
 some good meadows and fresh-water ponds. Soil, generally a 
 gravelly loam, which would make pretty fair farming land, being 
 open, light and warm, and supports a good growth of grass.— 
 W. Ogilvie, 1881. | 
 Outlines.—The greater—-and southerly—portion is open and hilly, 
 or rolling, with large valleys, containing, in some instances, large 
 
 ponds. There arealso many ponds, eontaining good water, in the 
 
 northerly end, and the surface here is hilly and broken. A creek, 
 about 2 feet deep, which crosses the line six times in Sections 30 
 and 81, flows’ out trom a lake a litile east of the latter point. 
 Along its banks there is some poplar and willow, and also some 
 poplar bush ina ravine in Section 19. Soil, principally clay 
 loam, 10 or 12 inches deep, over clay, as far north as the middle 
 
 of Section 380, from which point it is sand or sandy loam, over — 
 
44 
 
 7; A é 
 
 ‘Townships West of the Fourth Initial Meridian—Range I. 17 
 
 sand. It is rated class 1 on the southern, class 2 on the central, 
 and 2 to 8 on the northern sections.—J. F. Garden, 1883. 
 
 1st Report._-The soil in the south-eastern part is clay loam 
 
 or loam, and classes 1 to 2. In the north-eastern portion the soil 
 becomes sandy, and classes 2 to 4. Some poplar clumps may be 
 
 found in the north-eastern part.— W. Ogilvie, 1881. 
 
 2nd Report.—On the eastern boundary, going north, the 
 land becomes much broken, with a good soil, to the first large 
 lake in Sections 13 and 24, where it becomes very sandy, and con- 
 tinues so. North of the lake an extensive clump of 6 to 8-inch 
 poplar extends to another lake in Section 36, which is saline.— 
 W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 South, the surface is rolling.. Small lakes, ponds and marshes 
 are frequently met with. There is no wood along the line, but 
 there is some about three miles north. Soil, black loam, 4 to 9 
 inches deep class 1.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 3 
 
 Outlines.—The surface is generally hilly, broken and sandy, with 
 numerous large ponds. There is a large lake at the north-east 
 corner, containing very saline water. Another lake at the south- 
 west corner contains water which is moderately good. There is 
 plenty of wood, in the shape of small poplar, all along the line; 
 also considerable scrub, some willows, and, in a few places, belts 
 of small poplar timber, 8 to 12inchesin diameter. Soil: Sections 
 6, Tand 31, principally sand. Class 3 in the two latter, and class 
 4 in the first. Sections 18 and 19, about 12 inches of loam, over 
 clay. Class 2 in the latter, and 2 to 3 in the former. Section 30, 
 chiefly sand, or sandy loam. Classes 2 to 3.—J. F. Garden, 1883. 
 Hast, rolling and hilly country, covered with scrub, brush- 
 wood and,in the south, clumps of fair sized poplar.—W. A. 
 Ashe, 1882. | 
 
 . Outlines—The north-west part is much broken by hills and 
 
 ridges, with poplar clumps, a large portion of it being dead. The 
 
 north-east corner is lower, and gently-rolling land, with but little 
 
 wood. An open sandy valley extends from Section 7, easterly, 
 three or four miles. Along the southern boundary hilly, sandy 
 land is found, with scattered poplar brush and numerous ponds, 
 some of them being alkaline. A part ofa large saline lake enters 
 it in the south-east corner. The soil is either a sandy loam or 
 sand, and classes from 2 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 North of a pond, in Section 12, an extensive clump of 6 to 8- 
 inch poplars extends north along the east boundary. The land 
 is well suited for settlement, containing several tracts of excellent 
 soil._—W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the surface is principally undulating, except 
 on Sections 31 and 385, which are somewhat broken. On the 
 former is acreek about 3 feet deep, with rapid current and good 
 water, and course north-easterly. The valley of the creek which 
 is about 90 feet deep, contains some fair sized spruce. A little 
 south of the line a smaller creek flows into the first. There 
 
 is some heavy poplar in the west of Section 38, and small poplar, 
 
 willow and scrub elsewhere. Small lakes and ponds also occur 
 
18 
 
 nH ASN ACSA RAR AGS rw ge 
 Ue OTE Ugo ‘ | Vir ite Pl ee 2 og eae 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 
 
 at intervals. The soil is, for the most part, sandy loam, over sand, 
 
 with now and then an interval of clay. Rated class 1 in the east 
 and 2 in the west.— ‘7. Kains, 1883. 
 
 The easterly portion is open prairie, with a large valley lead- 
 ing northerly into the valley of Battle River. The westerly parts. 
 contain many sand ridges, with a large quantity of poplar and 
 brush. Many of the trees are 13 inches in diameter and 50 feet 
 clear. Ribstone Creek crosses the extreme north-west corner, 
 running in a narrow coulée 150 feet deep. Exposed layers of 
 sandstone were noticed in the sides of the valley. Pasturage is. 
 very good among the poplars, and about the ponds, vetches and 
 peavines are plentiful. The soil is sandy loam or sand. 
 Classes 2 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Along the south-east of the township poplars abound, till a 
 lake is reached, between Sections 12 and 13. A trail crosses Sec- 
 tion 25, and there are a few small marshes. The land is well 
 suited for settlement, as it contains several tracts of excellent soil. 
 —W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie, interspersed with bluffs of small 
 poplar, mixed with willows and dry wood. Battle River runs 
 through the centre, from west to east. It is a stream about 12 
 chains broad by 3 feet deep, and where it is crossed by the west 
 boundary has a sandy bottom, and fresh water. Its current runs 
 at the rate of two miles an hour. It lies in a valley of about 
 one and a-halfmiles wide and 100 feet deep. A belt of timber—a 
 mixture of poplar, cottonwood, birch, cherry and thick willows— 
 appears along its shores. A beautiful creek (Ribstone) runs from 
 the south across Sections 6, 7, 8 and 17, to Battle River, in aravine 
 100 feet deep. The soil is rated class 1, being a clay loam on a 
 clay subsoil. There are numerous fresh-water ponds.——P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1884. 
 
 The Battle River is fairly wooded, and there are clumps of 
 trees in the north of the township. The land is well suited for 
 settlement, and water fresh W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 South, the surface is principally undulating. On Section 6: 
 there is a creek, about 60 links wide and 8 feet deep, with good 
 water. The valley of the creek contains some fair-sized spruce. 
 There is some heavy and small poplar, willow and scrub all along 
 the line. A few small lakes, ponds, &c., occur. The soil is sandy 
 loam, and occasionally clay.. Rated class 1 in the east and 2in 
 the west.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling prairie, interspersed with bluffs of poplar, 
 
 willows and dry wood. There are numerous ponds of good water. — 
 The soil ranks first class, and is either clay or black loam, with clay 
 subsoil.—_P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 The eastern boundary crosses and recrosses the valley of a 
 creek several times. There are clumps of timber along the creek, 
 and a few elsewhere. The land is well suited for settlement, con- 
 taining several tracts of excellent soil. Water good and fresh.-— 
 W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
7. 
 
 “i Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—RangeT. 19 
 
 Outlines—Heavy rolling prairie, somewhat hilly in west half, 
 
 with a few patches of willows in the eastern portion and bluffs 
 
 of young poplar, willows and dry wood in west half. It is well 
 
 _ watered by ponds and Blackfoot Creek, which runs through its 
 
 centre in a southerly direction. This is a small stream, about 10 
 to 20 links broad and 1 foot deep, of excellent water. The soil 
 is a good sandy loam, with clay subsoil, and ranks first class.— 
 P. &. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 _ On theeastern side of the township, going north, there is 
 brushwood, some scattered clumps of small poplar and afew small 
 marshes. There is alsoacreek in Section 24. Water is good 
 and fresh in all the ponds and creeks. The land is well suited 
 for settlement, and contains tracts of excellent soil—W. A. Ashe, 
 
 1882. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, the surface is mostly rolling prairie, but on Sec- 
 
 tions 35 and 34 it is knolly. There are numerous ponds, grass 
 and willow swamps, some small poplar, brush, scrub, &c, and 
 on Section 86 some scattered poplar bluffs. The soil consists of — 
 black loam, 4 to 12 inches deep, with clay loam subsoil. Class 1.— 
 T Kains, 1882. 
 
 ‘Is rolling prairie, well watered by ponds, springs and large 
 
 sloughs, which appears to be the head of Blackfoot Creek. A few 
 
 4 patches of willows are seen in the eastern portion. The tele- 
 
 ‘graph line crosses through the township. The soil is sandy loam, 
 
 with clay subsoil, and rates first class—_ P. R. A. Belanger, 1834. 
 The growth of wood in the east is principally brushwood. 
 A trail is crossed in Section 1, the telegraph line in Section 12, a 
 pond and trail in Section 24, a marsh and trail in section 25, and 
 a pond in Section 36. Water is good and fresh in all the creeks. 
 
 _ The land is well suited for settlement.— W. A Ashe, 1882. 
 
 9. 
 
 Outlines.—There is brushwood and scattered poplar in the north- 
 eastern part. There is a small marsh in Section 1, and another in 
 Section 25. Water is good in all the creeks. The land is well 
 suited for settlement.— W. A. Ashe, 1882. | 
 
 The south is rolling prairie, with swamps and ponds, and a 
 few poplar and willow bluffs. Soil, a black vegetable mould, 4 to 
 12 inches deep, on a subsoil of clay or sand loam. Class 1:—T. 
 Kains, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Is high, rolling prairie, thickly studded 
 
 with clumps of poplar and willow, large enough for fuel and 
 
 50. 
 
 fencing. The soil is a good clay loam, with occasional small 
 stones. There are several small lakes and ponds of good water, 
 and, as a whole, this township is well adapted for agricultural 
 purposes.—J. Doupe, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—Along the eastern boundary there is a creek in Section 
 12, a trail and creek in Section 13, another creek in Section 24, 
 and two ridges, 30 feet high, in Section 36. There are almost 
 continuous clumps of small poplars along the boundary. Water 
 is fresh in the creeks. The land is well suited for settlement.—. 
 W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 2* 
 
20 
 
 oi. 
 
 Dz 
 
 Es 3 
 
 ‘| atest Baap ‘ie PO ae Pee MOOS ETI gre 
 al Si ted Pe Rie dc Z 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial. Meridian.—Range I. 
 
 Sub-division—Is rolling land, thickly covered with brush, — 
 
 with numerous bluffs of dead poplar. There are a number of 
 
 bluffs of green poplar, containing a small quantity of timber fit for 
 
 building purposes. The soil is a good clay loam, with plenty of 
 fresh water.—J. Doupe, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—The eastern part is crossed by a creek in Section 1, a 
 trail in Section 24, and a creek in a valley in Section 86. There 
 
 are scattered clumps of small poplar through this township. The 
 
 water in the creeks is fresh. The land is well suited for settle- 
 ment.—W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Is rolling land, covered with bluffs of poplar 
 and willow of small size, poplar of about 10 inches in diameter 
 
 being the largest. There are numerous marshes, and two small 
 creeks of fresh water through the southern part of the township. 
 The northern row of sections is broken by adeep ravine. The 
 
 soil is a good clay loam.—J. Doupe, 1882. 
 Outlines.—In the north-east half of the township there are scat- 
 
 tered clumps of wood, but none in the north-west portion. There: 
 is a lake in Section 84, a small pond and a lake in Section 1, and 
 another lake between Sections 1 and 18. There is a creek on Sec- 
 
 tion 25, and two trails in 24. Allthe surface water is invariably 
 fresh, and the land is of a uniformly excellent character, and well 
 suited for settlement.— W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The north-eastern portion is very rough and 
 hilly, and thickly studded with poplar bluffs and clumps of wil- 
 low. The remainder is rolling land, with bluffs of poplar and wil- 
 low and a good deal of scrub and brush. The timber is small, 
 
 seldom exceeding 8 or 9 inches in diameter. The soil is - 
 
 xood clay loam, with clay subsoil. There are several lakes, the — 
 
 largest of which extends from the north-west of Section 15, to the 
 north-west angle of the township. On the whole, this may be 
 
 considered a fair township for farming purposes, the soil and 
 water being good throughout; but the north-eastern portion is 
 
 more suitable for grazing than for agriculture —J. Doupe, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—In the south-east portion there are to be found scattered — 
 clumps of wood. In Section 8 there is a lake which extends into 
 
 the township to the south. Going north, on the east boundary, 
 there are small marshes and clumps of poplar. In Section 13 is a 
 small creek and a marsh which falls into the valley of the Saskat- 
 
 chewan River. Along this creek there is some timber. The river 
 
 crosses between Sections 24 and 25, and is about 40 chains wide, 
 All the surface water is fresh ; the soil is of an excellent character. 
 and is well suited for tillage.-— W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Generally very rough and hilly. The North — 
 
 Saskatchewan River flows south-easterly across Sections 34, 35, 26 
 and 25. Its average width is about a quarter of a mile. Both 
 banks are pretty well timbered with aspen, balsam, poplar, and 
 
 some small birch. The portion south of the river is nearly equally 
 
 divided by a coulée running south-east into the Saskatchewan. 
 To the north of this coulée the country is generally thickly tim- 
 
 bered with light poplar, with occasional trees running up to 10 — 
 
“es 
 aaa 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 21 
 
 or 12 inches in diameter, and the soil isa sandy loam. South 
 of the coulée, the bluffs are light and more scattered, but the soil 
 is a good clay loam. The country north of the Saskatchewan is 
 very rough and hilly. Water throughout is very plentiful and 
 good. The township is generally rather hilly for farming purposes, 
 
 _ but the soil is excellent.—J Doupe, 1882-3. 
 
 o4. 
 
 55, 
 
 56. 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally prairie, with numerous poplar bluffs and 
 tracts covered with scrub. A small portion, lying in the north- 
 easterly corner, has a sandy soil, but the remainder of the land is. 
 much better, and will average 2nd class. The township is well 
 supplied with water by numerous small lakes and ponds, and 
 also by the River Saskatchewan, which flows south-easterly 
 through Sections 7, 8,5 and 4. In these and the adjoining sec- 
 tions the land is somewhat broken by ravines, and by the banks 
 of the river, which are here about 150 feet high; but the balance 
 of the township is mostly rolling land. The most southerly of 
 two high conspicuous hills lies in the north-easterly corner.—E. 
 Bray, 1884. 
 
 Kast, scrubby prairie, with soil of fair quality. Ponds of 
 water occur at intervals.—G. B. Abrey, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The northerly sections are on high land, covered with 
 woods of small poplar, with occasional small tracts of spruce of 
 fair size. South of these sections the land is mostly rolling, and 
 dotted with bluffs of poplar and scrub, and somewhat broken by 
 ponds, lakes, &c., which are sometimes bordered by belts of 
 spruce. Some of the soil is poor, but, on the whole, will average 
 2nd and 8rd class.—E. Bray, 1884. | 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is rough and broken 
 with many ponds and muskegs. The timber is of small size, and 
 is intermixed with patches of spruce, and without any relieving 
 patches of prairie.—G. B. Abrey, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Appears to be wholly covered with woods of poplar 
 (generally small), and occasionally spruce and pine of fair quality 
 and size. In some sections the land is rough, though generally 
 it is rolling and broken by lakes, some of which are of consider- 
 able size. The soil varies in quality, but will average between 
 2nd and 8rd class.—E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Along the north boundary it is thickly timbered with pop- 
 lar and scrub, and with patches of spruce in places. The timber 
 is small, and of little value. The land is poor, very rough and 
 broken; and cut up by ponds muskegs, &c., Hast ; broken country, 
 with numerous ponds, lakes and muskegss, and densely wooded 
 with small poplar, intermixed with patches of spruce. The soil 
 is of fair quality —G@. B. Abrey, 1833. 
 
STM Rat AA Lica at Trae Colla Data bea tN ut rt kA A ae Pt a a oe 
 et RON Abin ah atin aah A EEE LER eae ye 
 4 4 : EN) ERE Sy oe elt i) : Fae 
 
 b 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE II. 
 
 . Outlines.—Along the western boundary, in the north and alongall 
 the east it is broken and hilly, with surface boulders, and in the 
 south-west it is undulating prairie. The west line crosses Medi- 
 cine Lodge Coulée on Section 80. In it there is a creek flowing 
 east, along which is some small wood and scrub. The line is also 
 crossed by a creek on Section 31 and by another on the south of 
 19. The upper soil is—westwards—3 to 5 inches deep, over clay 
 subsoil. Class 2, excepting on Section 19 and the northern half 
 of 31, where it is class 4. Hastwards, it is sandy, with gravelly 
 hill tops. Good pasture in the valleys. Between and on Sections 
 25 and 386 is a valley containing a creek flowing east. There is 
 also another small stream on Section 1.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Along the southern boundary, rolling prairie, with dry, stony 
 soil. Willow Creek flows southward through Medicine Lodge 
 Coulée, which, at this point, is about one and a-half miles wide, 
 and occupies adjoining portions of Sections 2 and 1.—O. J. Klotz, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West, very broken and hilly country, covered with 
 small boulders. Soil, sand and gravel, with clay and gravel sub- 
 soil. East, undulating country, with sandy loam soil. mixed with 
 gravel. There are many coulées along the line.—C. E. Wolff, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—West ; surface, rolling and level prairie. A creek, flow- 
 ing south, follows the course of this line along the first four 
 northerly miles, after which it turns and flows westward. There 
 is some excellent grazing land along this line, particularly on Sec- 
 tions 80 and 7. Soil, gravelly in the north; sand and clay in the. 
 south. Rated class 2 throughout. The south-eastern half is rolling, 
 but in Section 24 the surface rises to the Cypress Hills plateau, 
 which possesses an excellent soil.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—This township is rolling or undulating prairie, 
 with a very stony surface from the south base of the Cypress Hills 
 —which occupy the north of the township—to the southern 
 boundary. The southern slope of the hills is gradual, but much — 
 cut up by ravines, in which small creeks flow south to the plain. 
 The summit of the hills is undulating prairie, with a deep black 
 loam soil. No wood.—J. F. Snow, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines —Going south, on the west boundary, it is, for the first 
 two miles, rolling prairie. Along the third and fourth mile, some- 
 what broken, and covered with poplar, spruce, tamarac, brulé and 
 windfalls. This is on the slope of the Cypress Hills, the bottom 
 of which is very marshy. Immediately west of this point isa 
 
 body of good water, called Elk Water Lake. The hill plateauis f 
 
 level, and is crossed by the Fort Walsh trail. Soil, principally of 
 gravel formation, with some sandy loam toward thenorth. Along — 
 
Pee POM e ee on Wee aT yet eh 
 % * “it ite bar Pray By 1 NN) 8 oe i re 
 ase Wea BEPaN Al Y a Vhat 
 ai ied ath ay ! - iP 
 
 vA 
 
 0 ibdies f Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range Il. | 4 2 
 
 the wooded portions the soil was in some places burnt off by 
 
 bush fires but may be, rated class 2, on the hill plateau, class 3. 
 on the two northern sections, and class 4 on Sections 1% and 19. 
 Over towards the east the summit plateau of Cypress Mountain, 
 with a fine soil, occupies the south-east half. Then the surface 
 descends to the north, with a very rolling and coulée-furrowed 
 
 surface, and considerable growth of wood.—J. G. Sing, 1883. . 
 
 10. 
 
 Sub-division.—The portion lying south of the northern crest 
 of the Cypress Hills is gently-undulating, with rich black loamy 
 soil. The northern slope of the hills is very rough, and covered 
 with a dense pine brulé and windfalls. Some of this timber is. 
 still suitable (1884) for lumber. There are two large marshes in — 
 the north-west corner, one of which isa floating bog, dangerous: 
 to cross at any point.—J. F. Snow, 1884 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie. Ross Creek flows through NSec- 
 tion 31, crossing the line nine times within the mile. The water 
 of this stream is excellent; its average width is about 18 feet. 
 There is also a small spring creek in the south of Section 18, flow- 
 ing north-west, and a number of ponds of good water in Sections 
 7and6. Eastwards, the surface is also rolling, although consid- 
 erably broken towards the south by a number of lakes and ponds. 
 In Section 1 a creek flows westward from a lake a few chains east. 
 of the line. There is no water in the northern sections, and no 
 wood. Soil, clay, gravel or gravelly clay. Class 8, on both sides. 
 of the township.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, grey clay, and clay 
 mixed with stones on all clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 3. Two 
 cart trails cross the township. All the creeks dry as the season 
 advances, but there are in the south many good clear-water 
 marshes. The southern portion is excellent for grazing. The 
 northern portion is more adapted for agricultural purposes.— 
 J. E. Sirois, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— For the first four miles northward the surface is rolling 
 prairie. Ross Creek follows the east side of the line to Section 18, 
 where it passes to the west of it. At this point there is consider- 
 able timber, and also on the southern half of Section 31, where © 
 the creek again passes near the line. Soil: in Sections 18 and 19 
 clay, and in the other sections, generally, clay or gravel. Class 8, 
 
 excepting in Section 6 and the southern portions of 7 and 19, 
 
 Al, 
 
 where it isclass 2. Hastwards, it is rolling prairie, very stony 
 in the three southern sections. No wood or water. Soil, clay 
 gravel, or gravelly clay. Class 8 everywhere, but in the northern 
 half of Section 24, where it is class 2.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—All rolling prairie. Soil, grey clay, and clay 
 and stones. Classes 2 and 3. Some very good for agricultural 
 purposes. The north-west and south-east corners, and, in fact, 
 most of the west half, is more or less broken by dry creeks and 
 high banks. Two trails cross the township. Water is scarce. 
 No wood.—J. E. Sirots, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Sections 30 and 31 are hilly and broken, but south of 
 these the country is generally rolling. In Sections 31 Ross 
 
. 24 
 
 Az. 
 
 AS 
 
 © 
 
 14. 
 
 +4 UPAR ACE 0 PAO) 
 Nine 4 ve aa Ay : : . 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range II. 
 
 Creek, which flows northward through the next range, crosses 
 the line several times. A little north of this the C. P. R. and 
 the trail to Medicine Hat. On Section 80 is a succession of 
 stony hills and hollows, among which is considerable coal. 
 There is no wood, excepting a little on the banks of Ross Oreek. 
 A trail to the Cypress Hills for wood and timber courses through 
 the western tier of sections. Soil, chiefly clay, class 2, but on Sec- 
 tions 6 and 380, and the southern half of 31, it is gravelly, and 
 rated classes 8 and 4. On the east side of the township Sec- 
 tions 36 and 25 are in an alkaline flat, class 3; the rest is rolling 
 prairie, broken at intervals by deep coulées, some of which are 
 stony. On the central and southern sections, particularly the 
 latter, the soil is clay loam; classes 1 and 2,—J. G. Sing, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, on grey 
 clay subsoil; class 2. In places deep coulées and ravines occur, 
 with wood in them suitable for fuel. Water is scarce. The C. 
 P. R. crosses Sections 25 to 81. Irvine Station is located here. 
 —F, Vincent, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country is very hilly; there are numerous 
 ponds in these hills The soil on the hill tops is sand and gravel, 
 but in the bottom of a fair quality. In many places the surface 
 is stony.— C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 This township is rolling in the west and the south-east, and 
 broken and hilly in the north-east. The soil is sandy and clay 
 loam, west, class 1, and in the east classes 2 and 3, and occa- 
 sionally 4. The northern half of Section 25 is an alkaline plain; 
 and in the north part of Section 86 is a marsh. The land is 
 well adapted to farming, but wood and water are somewhat 
 scarce.—J. G. Sing, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, a good sandy loam on 
 clay subsoil; class 2. Water scarce. No wood. Some deep 
 
  coulées occur.—F. Vincent, 1838. 
 
 Outlines —Surveyed the north, west and east of this township. It 
 is generally rolling prairie, with some heavily-rolling portions. 
 The depth and quality of the soil varies. It consists of a sandy 
 loam over a sandy subsoil, and is rated class 2 in the south and 
 class 8 in the north. There are several alkaline ponds in the 
 eastern portion, and in the north there are a few good springs—a 
 large one in Section 24. The grass, generally, is fair. There is no 
 wood.—P. R A Belanger, 1832. | 
 
 The southern part of the country is very hilly, with alkaline 
 ponds in the hills. The soil on the hill topsis sand and gravel, but 
 in the bottoms it is of a fair quality.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Level and rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, of 
 
 -fair quality for agriculture, but with a scanty supply of water, 
 
 except in the northern portion, where there are some living springs, ~ 
 some of them impregnated with sulphur and iron.—C. E. 
 Towle, \883. 
 
 Outlines..—Surveyed all the outlines of this township. The soil 
 is generally sendy, with gravel hills and rolling prairie. Good 
 water is rather scarce. There are several alkaline ponds. The 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range Il. 25 
 
 grass is fairly good. A stretch of marsh, nearly a mile in length, 
 extends south-westwardly in Section 36. In the north of Section 
 
 AS 
 
 46. 
 
 A? 
 
 1 is a small lake, and in the south-west corner there is a large one. 
 —P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-atvision.—Northwards, itis level and rolling prairie ; 
 southwards, it is more hilly and broken by valleys and ravines. 
 Soil, sandy loam, class 2, mixed, in the more hilly portions and. 
 ridges, with gravel and stones. A large alkaline lake lies in the 
 south-western corner, but elsewhere, fairly good water is obtain- 
 able. The township is good for grazing.—C. E. Towle, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed north, east and south outlines. The surface 
 of the country is rolling prairie. Water is scarce; but the soil 
 and grass, which are much the same as in Township 13, are 
 pretty fair.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. | 
 
 Along the western boundary, for the first three or four miles, 
 going north, the line passes within, and afterwards immediately 
 west of a shallow valley, about half a mile wide, which extends 
 throughout the township. In the northern part of this valley is 
 a creek flowing south, which is joined by another flowing west 
 through a branch ravine. The soil has an average depth of about 
 8 inches, on a clay subsoil, and is rated class 2.—J. A. Maddock, 
 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Well suited for agricultural purposes. Soil, 
 sandy loam and clay loam, well supplied with water in numer- 
 ous small sloughs, some of which are fresh, some slightly alka- 
 line. The surtace of the country is generally rolling prairie, 
 broken in places by hills and ravines.—C. E. Towle, 1833. 
 
 Outlines.—Northwards, the country is hilly prairie, strewn with 
 some boulders, and having a small number of wet marshes. The 
 soil is a fair sandy loam; grass pretty fair. The country appears 
 more rolling to the south.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 The western line was run over all-rolling prairie, with a 
 sandy loam soil. The south-east is heavily. rolling —J. A. 
 Maddock, 1882. 
 
 South and east, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil, 
 having a good growth of grass, a few small creeks and marshes. 
 Fair agricultural land.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Very hilly and broken. Soil, sandy loam 
 Class 2, on clay subsoil, generally best for grazing, but suitable 
 for tillage in the bottoms and lower levels. No wood.—C. EF. 
 Towle, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed north, west and east boundaries. Hilly 
 country Soil, light sandy loam, 6 to 18 inches deep, class 1, 
 with sandy and sometimes gravelly subsoil. Sections 35 and 36, 
 and part of the east boundary, are undulating. On Section 7 the 
 west line crosses a valley 120 feet deep, in which there flows a 
 winding creek, with marshy shores. On Section 1 the line crosses an 
 alkaline pond about half a mile wide. A couple of small sloughs 
 are crossed in Section 86. No timber.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 Going west on the south boundary, the east end lies ina 
 small alkaline lake. All along the line the surface is inclined 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian — Range if. 
 
 to hilliness, with some small marshes in the bottoms, a fair sandy 
 loam soil and growth of grass.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 Sub-division—Hilly and rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam om 
 
 _ clay subsoil. Class 2. Numerous fresh-water marshes occur, and 
 
 is, 
 
 i9. 
 
 29. 
 
 the pasturage is rich and abundant. The summits of the hills 
 are gravelly and stony. No wood.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— All the west and south of the township consists of hilly — 
 country, except in the east, where it is undulating prairie. Gene- 
 rally the soil is light, sandy loam, from 8 to 18 inches, in depth 
 with sandy subsoil. Some stones occur occasionally. Wherethe - 
 surface is hilly the altitudes are from 30 to 150 feet, the summits 
 having stones and boulders. The grass is short, and there is no 
 wood and very little water, the sloughs drying up early in the 
 season.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.--The eastern portion, rolling and undulating ; 
 small fresh-water marshes and good pasturage. Soil, the western 
 portion rolling, with several high, gravelly ridges ; fresh-water 
 scarce, but pasturage fair. Soil, classes 2 and 8. The soil is aclay 
 loam over clay, and class 2 generally, but there are occasional in- — 
 tervals of sandy loam over clay, and particularly in the northern. 
 
 ‘tier of sections poor sand loam over sand.—J. McLaichie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines This township is rolling prairie, except within the 
 influence of the Saskatchewan River, which traverses it ina north- 
 easterly direction, from Section 19 to 86. The river has broken 
 and precipitous banks, which have coulées extending from them. 
 for miles. On Section 56 is a creek flowing east and entering the 
 river. The surface of this section is consequently much broken 
 by the banks of both streams. Sections 25 and 24 have a few sand- 
 hills, but southwards from thence the surface is covered. with hills.. 
 of drifting sand. The soil elsewhere classes 2 and 3, except on 
 Section 86, where it is gravel mixed with clay.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—The South Saskatchewan River enters by Sec- 
 tion 18 and leaves by 36. It has a swift current, is about 12 chains. 
 —about 800 feet—broad, and 8 to 8 feet deep. The banks, for a. 
 mile inland on either side, are much broken by ravines and cou- 
 lées. The south-eastern portion of the township is very sandy and 
 covered with willow and cherry scrub. Water scarce, except in 
 the river. The rest of the township, both north and south of the 
 river, is rolling, with a sandy loam soil. Classes 2 and 8 and fair 
 for agriculture.—J. McLatchie, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—-North, the three eastern sections are level; the rest, 
 rolling prairie, excepting 31, which is hilly. No wood or water. 
 Soil, sandy loam over sand ; rated class 4 on Section 31, and class: — 
 8 on all the rest.— 7. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 The west side of the township is rolling prairie, with. 
 numerous sandhills on some sections. Soil, sand or sandy loam, 
 which is class 2over the west centre, and classes 3 and 4 else- — 
 where. No wood or water. The eastern side is very much 
 broken by the banks, and the numerous ravines, hills, &c., lead- 
 
 ing therefrom, of the South Saskatchewan River, which, after: — ; 
 passing across the south-east corner of Section 1 turns, and flows: ce 
 
a1. 
 
 22. 
 
 23. 
 
 (oT: 
 
 northward some distance east of the line for about five miles. 
 Soil, on Sections 86 and 12, sandy loam (or light clay) ; class 2. 
 Elsewhere, it is chiefly clay, mixed with sand or gravel, except 
 een 1, where it 1s pure clay, and is rated class 4.—J. G. Sing, 
 
 Sub-division.—The South Saskatchewan River crosses Section 
 1, where the country is much broken by ravines from 100 to 300: 
 feet deep. The southerly portion of the township is very sandy, 
 as is also Sections 28, 29, 82 and 33. Fresh-water marshes are- 
 scarce. The remainder of the township is undulating prairie, 
 with clay and sandy loam soils; class 2, and well suited for settle- 
 ment.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The southern half is principally rolling prairie, light — 
 sandy soil and gravelly knolls, the north-east half being undulat-. 
 ing and rolling prairie, with sandy loam soil and clay or marl 
 subsoil.—C. F’. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Along the south boundary, as far as Section 6, the land is 3rd 
 class. That section is sandhills in many places, with no signs of 
 vegetation. Fourth class—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. Soil, sandy loam, of poor 
 quality for agricultural purposes. Some portions with a clay loam 
 soil occur, which may be utilized for farming or grazing. Consi- 
 derable surface water may be found in marshes. No wood.—v. G. 
 Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The north half is more or less broken by the Red Deer 
 River and its high clay banks, which are precipitous in places 
 The river is very tortuous, has a rapid current of three miles an 
 hour, and is full of sand bars, the depth in the main channel being 
 from 6 to 10 feet. The soil in the valley consists principally of a 
 very stiff clay, with but poor vegetation, and in some places cov- 
 ered with blown sand, The timber, of which there is a fair quan- 
 tity in the valley, consists of cottonwood, reaching the dimensions 
 of about 18 inches in diameter, and generally accompanied by a. 
 dense growth of underbrush. The south part is very fair, and 
 consists of rolling prairie, with a sandy loam, 12 to 18 inches in 
 depth, with subsoil alternately sandy loam or marl. Class 1 on 
 all, except Section 6, where it is class 2.—C. F’. Miles, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating. The Red Deer River 
 enters on Section 30 and encircles the four north-west sections. It 
 has a current of about three miles an hour and a channel of 6 feet 
 deep, with a bank belt of small birch and underbrush, and some: 
 cottonwood. The banks are broken inland by ravines, and are sandy 
 and gravelly. The rest of the township is sandy and clay loam. 
 Classes 2 and 3.—C. G. Sheppard, 1883. | 
 Outlines.—Is rolling prairie, with a few sloughs (dry in August),. 
 and broken by coulées near the Red Deer, two of them extending 
 all the way across the township. Soil, heavy clay, except in the 
 
 river valley, where it is either strong clay or sandy loam. Water 
 
 is scarce, what there is, being strongly alkaline. The Red Deer 
 River runs close to the south side of the township, nearly all the- 
 way across. The river is rapid, with an average width of 25. 
 
-98 
 
 24. 
 
 ‘26, 
 
 an Oey ‘eo: 1 aha, ey 
 Ea ae ae 
 Ny 
 
 . iy fre 
 } ‘ iS sean as 
 4 ey es Ma Wace { th A st ky y ieee 4 
 yas NG \Gka Coa, Sipps ' \ i 
 its AOR A REN RR ng i 
 NO ah hut Mae pu 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range II. 
 
 chains, but in some places over half a mile. The main channel is 
 from 5 to 7 feet deep. Numerous sand bars, which are constantly 
 changing their position, divide the stream into several shallow 
 channels. There is some lumber along the river.—A. W. Mc Vittie, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —Northwards, the surface is gently-rolling and 
 undulating. Where the hills occur they are gravelly and stony. 
 The soil is, however, good clay and sand loams, and suitable for 
 settlement and tillage. Nowood. A number ofcreeks flow south 
 to the Red Deer River, which crosses the south-east part of the 
 township.—C. G. Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed the west, south and east. The eastern side 
 is rolling prairie, with a few sloughs (dry in August), and broken 
 by coulées. The soil is heavy clay. Wateris scarce, and some of 
 it alkaline. There are several creeks flowing southwards across 
 the township, tributary to the Red Deer River.—A. W. McVittie, 
 1882. 
 
 Northwards, rolling, ridges gravelly, sometimes covered with 
 granite boulders; the flats generally fair, loamy clay. Good 
 grass everywhere. A few small meadows. Very little water. 
 Subsoil generally hardened clay.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. PB 
 
 Sub-division.—Level and undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam 
 generally, and class 1. Excellent land for agricultural purposes. 
 A creek crosses the township in a south-easterly direction, with 
 steep and high banks towards the south.—C. G. Sheppard, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines—This township is undulating and rolling. Soil, 
 
 generally clay loam, overclay. Class 1, with a few intervals of 
 sandy loam over sand, the average depth of surlace soil being 
 about 12 inches. No wood and little water, there being only a 
 small creek crossing the township from north to south, which 
 was dry at time of survey (6th August.)—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Southwards, the surface is rolling; ridges. gravelly, some- 
 times with granite boulders; the flats generally fair, loamy clay ; 
 good grass everywhere; a few small meadows; very little water. 
 W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—tIn the south-east the surface is highly-undu- 
 lating ; the remainder is gently-rolling. The soil is composed, in 
 some places, of clay loam, and in other places of sandy loam, and 
 is excellent for agriculture and pasturage. No wood.—C. G. 
 Sheppard, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The western and eastern sides consist of rolling 
 prairie, with a fair supply of surface water in the north-west, but 
 scarce elsewhere. The soil is principally clay loam, averaging 
 about 13 inches, on aclay subsoil. Class 2, excepting on half of 
 Sections 6 and 7, where it is gravel, over clay, and is rated class 
 3, and on section 1, where it is class 1---C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling prairie. Good water in the sloughs and 
 marshes, and excellent grass. Soil is generally a good clay loam 
 on a clay subsoil, and in a few places a sandy loam on clay sub- 
 soil. Class 2. No wood.—J. Dudderidye, 1883. 
 
: 
 
 sea 
 
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 ats, Le og EW a ee ORM See TE SN AB TOT CAL SVR MAEE RIB GR RY Un GARE ae SL ATP a iy 
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 » ve ey me SS ee) DATA! N) } i grt ie ; 
 
 27, 
 
 ‘28. 
 
 29. 
 
 80, 
 
 2 
 
 “B2. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. Range II. 29 
 
 Outlines._—Rolling prairie westwards, with some low, hilly prairie 
 to the east. There is no wood, and water is generally scarce. Soil, 
 on the southern sections, clay loam, 12 to i8 inches deep, over 
 clay. On the central sections it is either clay loam over alkaline 
 clay, or sandy loam over sand, with an average depth of 14 inches 
 of alluvial soil. Northwards there is much gravel loam, 10 inches 
 deep, over sand. The rating is generally class 2 everywhere, ex- 
 cept in the north-west, and in Nections 18 and 25, where it is class 
 3.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—N orth wards, the soil is arich clay loam, some 18 inches 
 in depth, the surface gently-undulating, and the country nicely 
 watered by ponds and sloughs, mostly fresh. A small stream, 4 
 feet wide and 4 inches deep, bearing south to a small lake, was 
 crossed in Section 26.—T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Generally it is rolling prairie, with a few ponds. The south- 
 erly tier of sections is more or less hilly, and is broken by lakes 
 and ponds, and here it rates 3rd class. Section 31 is also hilly, 
 with knolls and a few sloughs. On Section 7 there is a creek, ori- 
 ginating in a marsh immediately west of the line. Soil, generally, 
 on the west side, sandy loam, sometimes gravelly, averaging about 
 10 inches in depth, on a sandy subsoil. Class 2. On the east side 
 it is clay loam, 10 to 18 inches deep, on aclay subsoil. Rated class 
 1, except on Section 1, where it is classes 2 and 3. No wood, and 
 little water in the township.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—In the south-west half is rolling, with a few scatttered 
 hills ; the remainder is hilly, with numerous ponds and lakelets. 
 Stones are plentiful on the hill tops. Good water is abundant. 
 No timber of any kind. The soilranges from quite a light sand - 
 loam at the south to a very fair sand loam at the north. Classed 
 from 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 The soil, southwards, is a good clay loam, of a considerable 
 depth. The surface is gently-undulating, with a good supply of 
 ponds and sloughs, which are mostly fresh. Sage bush is 
 growing in places, but no large wood.—T7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—is rather hilly in general, rising to quite a high range 
 of hills at the extreme north. There is both good and bad water 
 in abundance. No timber. The land, though hilly, is not very 
 
 stony. The soil is about equally divided between sand loam and 
 
 clay loam, and, as arule, is very good. Classed from 1 to 3—F. 
 W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is in general of a rolling character, having the central 
 southern portion rather hilly. Sounding Creek, a slightly saline 
 stream, with a soft, muddy bottom, averaging about 15 inches 
 in depth and 20 feet in width, with very slow current, meanders 
 along a wide saline flat, with a general north-east course, and 
 crosses the north-west angle of this township. Good water is 
 not plentiful No timber of any kind. The soil, except in the 
 creek flat, is very good, being sand loam and clay loam. Gene- 
 rally classes 1 and 2, with some 3 and 4—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Along the northern boundary, for the first 4} miles, 
 going west, the surface is rolling prairie, and from thence hilly, 
 
30 
 
 33. 
 
 35. 
 
 36. 
 
 Hf Neei ym ie) sya ts os eae 
 SUNS ot iads tha h bien We tha 9 
 
 Townships West of Third Initial Meridian.—Range II. 
 
 descending towards and into a marshy valley on the western half 
 
 of Section 31, in which is a sluggish stream about 16 rods wide. 
 The line also crosses several small marshes, most of which are on 
 Section 33. The soil consists of clay loam, averaging about 8 
 inches in depth, on a clay subsoil. Rated class 2, except on Sections 
 31 and 82, where it is class 3—L. Bray, 1883. Tne 
 
 The west half is either composed of sand knolls, or lies in the 
 wide saline flat of Sounding Creek. The east half is rolling to 
 hilly at the north, with some stony tracts. This is badly cut up 
 in the central part by Sounding Creek (a little saline), which, at 
 
 the extreme north, is over a chain in width, and in general 
 
 about 3 feet in depth, with no perceptible current. The general 
 course of this stream is northerly, but its bed is very tortuous. 
 Good water is not plentiful in the west part, but in the east is 
 fairly abundant. No timber. The soil varies all the way from 
 pure sand to almost pure clay. Classed from 2 to 4—F. W. 
 Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—\s mostly rolling in character, with some hilliness both 
 at the north and south. Sounding Creek-—very wide, deep, 
 
 muddy and slow—crosses the south-west angle, having a general — 
 
 north-west course. The water in the creekis hard. There is con- 
 siderable stony land. Good water is plentiful throughout. No 
 timber. Soil, sandy loam. Classes 1 to 38, with some 4.—F. W. 
 Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 South, the surface is mostly rolling. Sounding Creek crosses. 
 ina marshy valley about a third of a mile wide, in the western 
 portion of Section 6. A number of small marshes are on Section 
 4. The soil consists of clay loam, class 2, except on Sections 5. 
 and 6, where it is class 3.— EL. Bray, 1883. 3 
 
 . Outlines —Is, in general, hilly, with numerous ponds and lakelets. 
 
 of both good and bad water distributed over it. Stones are abun- 
 dant in places. Some nice tracts of rolling land—though small 
 in extent—are to be found here and there. Good water is plenti- 
 ful. Notimber. The soil is generally very good, being a sand 
 loam of more or less weight. Classed trom 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 
 18"4. 
 
 Outlines.--Is, in general, very hilly, with a few small nice tracts 
 of rolling land. The hills rise to a very high range near the north 
 
 boundary. On the hill tops stones are plentiful. Water, both - 
 
 good and bad, is abundant in ponds and marshes. No timber of 
 any kind. The soil is, in general, a good sandy loam. Classed 
 from 1 to 3.—F.. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The greater part of the country along the north bound-- 
 ary is in the valley of Eye Hill Creek, and consists of rolling 
 
 prairie, gradually growing more smooth toward the west, till on 
 
 Section 31 it becomes undulating. For nearly two miles, however, i 
 
 beginning about half-way on Section 386, the line passes along the 
 range of hills bounding the valley on the south side. On these 
 
 hills there are some boulders and large stones. Westward there 
 
 are a few more boulders, and a number of hay marshes, ponds and 
 
 swamps. There is no wood, except some poplar bush in the east 
 
37. 
 
 3S, 
 
 39. 
 
 40. 
 
 ROE 
 r Farha rhs Hh: : 
 r ag UP eBay 
 
 am ee Ge 
 nn 
 ee an | 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range II. 31 
 
 of Section 36. Soil: in the east, sand; on the central sections, 
 sandy loam, 2 to 8 inches deep, on a sandy subsoil; and in the 
 west, clay. It is rated class 1 on Sections 38 and 82, and class 2 
 on the rest. A range of high hills, running in a westerly direc- 
 tion, was noticed about four miles south of the line —T: Kains, 
 1883. 
 
 Is rolling in the northern part, but at the south rises to a 
 high range of hills. The tops of the hills are stony. A few small 
 clumps of small poplars (for firewood and rails only) may be found 
 near the extreme north. Good water is reasonably abundant. The 
 soil over the northern two-thirds is light—in places pure sand 
 and drifted. In the southern and hilly portion the soil is very 
 good—mostly sand loam. Classed from 2 to 4—F. W. Wilkins, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —This township is traversed in the southerly end by Eye 
 Hill Creek, running easterly in a valley from 70 to 100 feet deep, 
 containing marshy land with long grass. A small quantity of 
 poplar may be found along the southern boundary. The re- 
 mainder is open, high and rolling land, which becomes hilly 
 along a part of the western boundary. The soil varies from a 
 loam and clay loam, in the west and northerly parts, to sandy 
 loam in the south-east, and is classed from 1 to 3—J. F. Garden, 
 1884. 
 
 Proceeding along the southern boundary, Sections 1 and 2 
 consist of hilly prairie. The remaining sections are undulating 
 prairie, and have a sandy loam soil. There are a few grass - 
 swamps scattered along the line.—T7'. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is an open prairie, with hills and valleys, and some 
 large ponds in the south-west, the remainder of it having gener- 
 ally a rolling surface: Some large ponds are also found in the 
 south and east, with good grazing about them and in the hollows. 
 Thick pea-vines and vetches make the north-westerly parts par- 
 ticularly good for pasturage. The soil varies from clay loam in 
 the south to sandy loam and sand in the north, and is classed 
 from 1 to 3.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —A long narrow lake, running east and west, crosses the 
 southerly end of this township. The easterly half is generally 
 high and rolling or hilly, the west being rolling or undulating, 
 It is without wood, except a small bluff of poplar on the south 
 
 ‘branch of the lake above mentioned. In the north-east the 
 
 southerly end of another long lake extends into it about one and 
 a-half miles, the water in both of them being fairly good. Some 
 permanent water was found in sloughs, with good grasses 
 about them. The soil varies from loam and clay to a small area 
 of low sand ridges in the south, and is classed from 1 to 4.—J. F. 
 Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The surface along the north boundary is principally 
 rolling. There is a small creek on the west of Section 35 and a 
 few small small marshes on 36. No wood. Soil, black loam, 4 to 
 12 inches in depth, ona sandy, and sometimes stony, subsoil. 
 
 WD th" oh toa’ Te ORR) 5 Be) Wt ee Otel ee Fe Pe Ade, Poi Faded Sa) ce YR ae ans NS AA Te wee AS Vee Gea ag Se) AY Been 1 eee, Fe eee ee Yd Le se Tae © s 
 Vide Pire ht TU AU ii ayes AY he TESTE EStIs hae act oe) mein! / if ty at yey, 
 
 ne ate: ie BRS ere et del TPR es ached | Byte Hehe ae % 
 PAAR ton fy i (a ean 4 . y 1 
 
32 
 
 41. 
 
 42. 
 
 Gai yh esta ct MRPAD Toe yA POEM GRR PP RRC Hine RR 
 Apa woe eat i aR my ARTA he) eMa- a Ray aa PN 
 iy Cea Gat SY i eit 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range II. 
 
 Class 2 on Sections 32 and 38, but class 1 on the rest.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1883. | ? 
 
 Has arolling, open surface. A long, narrow lake extends north- 
 westerly from the south-east corner for three or four miles. Numer- 
 ous sloughs and ponds with permanent water occur in the easterly 
 part, with good grazing about them. The soil here isa black loam, 
 and classed 1. In the westerly portions the soil changes from 
 clay loam to sandy loam, and is classed from 1 to 2.—J. F. Garden, 
 1884. | | 
 
 Outlines——The north-easterly quarter is hilly and sandy, with a 
 small quantity of poplar. The remainder is open. A valley leads 
 into the north-east corner, containing alkaline bottom‘lands and a. 
 
 small running brook, which empties into the lake in Township 41, — 
 Range 1. Another valley crosses the southern end in an easterly 
 direction. The rest of the township has a rolling surface, except 
 in the north-west corner, where it becomes hilly. A number of 
 sloughs and ponds are scattered over the surface. The soil varies. 
 from sandy to clay loam. Classes 1 to 2. Soil, generally, clay 
 loam, 10 or 12 inches deep, over clay, for the easterly southern two- 
 thirds, from which point, northwards, it is sand or sandy loam, 
 over sand. It is rated class 1 on the southern, class 2 on the cen- 
 
 tral, and classes 2 to 8 on the northern divisions.—J. F. Garden, 
 
 1884. 
 
 Southwards, it is rolling and hilly. Poplar bluffs were seen 
 from three to five miles north of the line. There are also several sand. 
 hills. The soil, however, is generally a black loam, 4to 12 inches 
 deep, with sandy and, sometimes, stony subsoil. Class 2 on Sec- 
 tions 4 and 5, but class 1 on the rest.— C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The northern boundary is crossed by a high range of 
 hills in Sections 33 and 34, which extend southerly through the 
 township. The north-east and north-west portions are undu- 
 lating sandy land, and the remaining area is rolling or hilly. 
 Along the western boundary the country is open. Bluffs of pop- 
 lar may be found scattered over the rest of the township. There 
 are also numerous ponds, with good grazing about them, scattered 
 about. Southwards, the soil is sand, class 4, but it improves 
 gradually towards the central portion of the township, where 
 there is a broad belt of better soil—sometimes gravelly—which 
 consists chiefly of clay loam, 12 inches deep, over clay. Classes 2 
 and 3. On the north-easterly,one-third itis also rated classes 2 
 and 8, but consists, principally, of sandy loam over sand.—J. 
 F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Ribstone Creek crosses the west boundary in Section 7 
 and runs north-east, crossing the northern boundary in Section 
 34. A high range of hills extends south-westerly through it, 
 from Sections 34 and 35. The west part of the township is 
 thickly covered with willow and scrubby poplar, the soil here 
 being sandy loam, classes 1 to 2. Along the northern bound- 
 ary the country is bare of brush, but over the remainder of 
 the township scattercd clumps of poplar are frequent. Adjoining 
 the eastern boundary the surface is knolly and broken, except in 
 
44. 
 
 AS 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 4°77. 
 
 ‘Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range Il. 33 
 
 Section 12, where a sandy open valley enters it and extends west. 
 On the high land the soil is loam or clay loam, and is classes . 
 1to 8. Numerous ponds, with capital grazing about them, are 
 situate in this township.— J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outiines.—Northwards, the surface is rolling. A few ponds and 
 several swamps are to be found, Poplar bluffs are frequent, and 
 of considerable magnitude; but the timber, although from 4 to 8 
 inches in diameter, is rotten at the heart, and unfit for building 
 purposes. Soil, sandy loam; on the two eastern sections class 1,. 
 on the rest, class 2.—T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Das a gently-rolling or undulating surface, with a small 
 quantity of poplar and willows. Ribstone Creek runs northerly 
 along the eastern boundary, in .a valley which gradually deepens 
 to 150 feet, where it leaves it in the north-east corner. Along this 
 valley the most bush in this township may be found. Some of 
 the poplar trees are 12 inches in diameter and fully &0 feet clear. 
 The central and southern part appears to have but little bush. A 
 good many ponds and sloughs, with good grazing, about them. 
 The soil varies from dark, sandy loam in the west, to sand in the 
 east, and is classed I to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines——Gently-rolling prairie, interspersed with numerous. 
 bluffs of poplar, mixed with willows and dry wood. It is broken 
 in its north half by the Battle River, the valley of which is about 
 the same width and depth as already described in Township 45, 
 Range 1. Groves of large cotton wood-—mixed with thick willows, 
 birch and small cherry—may be seen in the valley along the shores 
 of the river. Good water is in abundance. The soil is either clay 
 or clay loam, of a first class quality —P, R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Southwards, a few ponds and several swamps are to be found. 
 The soil is sandy and clay loam. Poplar bluffs are frequent, and 
 of considerable size.—T. Kains, 18838. nat 
 
 Outlines— Gently-rolling prairie, interspersed with bluffs of young 
 poplar, willows and dry wood. There is good water in quantity 
 in deep ponds. The soil ranks first class, being clay or clay loam, 
 with clay subsoil.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The soil is a good sandy loam, with a clay subsoil. 
 The country is generally rolling prairie, interspersed with 
 clumps of small poplar, dry wood and willows, increasing in 
 extent along the south boundary. There are numerous ponds and 
 lakelets, mostly of excellent water. The Battleford and Edmon- 
 ton trail crosses through this township. MHeavy-rolling prairie, 
 but hilly inthe south-east quarter. The soil is a good sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil, well watered by numerous ponds and 
 lakelets. Patches of willows and small poplar appear here and 
 there—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.--Northwards, it is high, hilly prairie, with numerous 
 
 ponds or small lakes and swamps, which, in places, have a border of 
 small poplar and willows. Soil, first class quality, being a black 
 vegetable mould, varying from 4to 12 inches in depth, with a 
 subsoil of clay or sand loam. There are two or three running 
 
84 
 
 AS. 
 
 eo, 
 
 a2, 
 
 Met Oo aa rae 
 7 we Vena 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. —Range IL. 
 
 creeks in the east, and a couple more in Section 31, one of which 
 drains a large grass swamp in the eastern half of it—T. Kains, 
 1882. ; 
 
 Outlines.—Southwards, the soil is a black loamy mould, overly- 
 ing a subsoil of clay or sandy loam, and is rated class 1. The 
 
 surface of the country consists of high, hilly prairie, in the val- 
 
 leys of which there are ponds, swamps and even small lakes, 
 many of which are bordered with small poplar and willows —T. 
 Kains, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division—Is rough and hilly prairie, with numerous 
 bluffs of small poplar, fit for fencing and fuel. There are a num- 
 ber of small lakes and marshes throughout the township; in fact, 
 nearly every quarter-section has on it a pond of good fresh water. 
 The soil is and excellent clay loam, with but few stones.—J. 
 Doupe, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is rolling land, rather rough in the southern part, 
 being broken by a deep coulée. Wood fit for fencing is very plenti- 
 ful, the northern portion of the township being covered with 
 bluffs of poplar and willow, interspersed with prairie openings. 
 There are a few bluffs of poplar large enough for building pur- 
 poses. The water is excellent. The soil is clay loam, upon 
 which the wild grasses are of a luxuriant growth.—J. Doupe, 
 1888. , 
 
 . Sub-division—Is undulating prairie, thickly studded with blufis of 
 
 burnt poplar and willow, of a size suitable only for fencing and 
 fuel. There are also afew bluffs of green wood. Small ponds 
 are numerous, and there are several creeks of good water. travers- 
 ing the township The soil is a rich black loam, with clay and 
 sandy subsoil.—J. Doupe, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north boundary the line crosses a lake in Sec- 
 tion 36, creeks in 31 and 35, and a marshin 34. The timber is small 
 sized poplar, in clumps, with much underbrush. The land is of 
 
 an almost uniformly excellent character, and the water almost — 
 
 universally fresh —W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 Sub-division—Consists of rolling land. The north half is 
 pretty well covered with bluffs of small sized poplar, with thick 
 
 brush and willows The south half is more prairie than timber. 
 
 The soil throughout is first class black clay loam. The timber is 
 fit only for rails and fuel, with occasional trees large enough for 
 house logs. The water is very good. Inthe southern part of the 
 township isa beautiful lake, four miles long. Its outlet flows 
 north-west to the Vermillion River. On the whole, the township 
 is well suited for farming purposes.—J. Doupe, 1882. 
 
 . Outlines. —The southern boundary line crosses a lake in Section 1, 
 
 a marsh in Section 8, and creeks in Sections 2 and 6. Small 
 sized poplars grows in clumps, with much underbrush. The 
 land is excellent, and the water is generally fresh._—W. A. Ashe, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with bluffs of dead poplar 
 and willows and green poplar scrub. The soil isa beautiful rich, 
 
SAY 1h OEM oe Cun ath ey At re RECT A Ame | CARN ee MI eS UC EM Aye Hy Er i 
 4 pees =a REAM ay pais HK eats a hee. atl iu sams i cay eh ola 
 &. Ay Fae, Mee Ge AMT eT Tess ty Yap 3 a 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range II. 35 
 
 black loam, except in Section 36, where it is inferior. In the 
 central portion of the township several small creeks flow from 
 marshes, and, joining together, flow north-westerly in a deep 
 coulée. The water in the creeks is good, as is also that in the 
 small lakes and ponds. The timber is only fit for rails and fuel. 
 The township is well adapted for agricultural purposes.—J. 
 Doupe, 1882. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is a mixture of prairie, poplar bluffs and scrub, and 
 
 has a soil which is generally of good quality. The Saskatche- 
 wan River enters in Section 18, and after flowing in a north- 
 easterly direction for a distance of four miles, bends to the south- 
 east and makes its exit in Sections 12 and 18. The banks of the 
 river are from 150 to 180 feet high, and consequently the adjoin= 
 ing sections are broken and hilly, but the remainder of the town- 
 ship is composed of rolling land, with plenty of lakes and ponds, 
 which furnish good, fresh ‘water.—E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—The westerly half is composed of rough and hilly 
 
 land, mostly covered with bluffs of small poplars and scrub, and. 
 broken by almost countless small lakes and ponds. The south- 
 easterly part is a rolling country, being prairie, alternating with 
 woods of poplar and scrubby land, which is joined on the north 
 by a low, swampy tract, mostly timbered with spruce or poplar, 
 which again changes to high, dry land in Sections 36 and 85. 
 The Fort Pitt and Edmonton cart trail passes diagonally through 
 this township, from Section 1 to Section 31, along which light 
 sandy land is often seen, though elsewhere the soil is mostly of 
 fair quality.—E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The whole northerly and easterly portion (comprising 
 about three-fourths of this township) is rolling land, covered with 
 woods of small poplars, with occasional bluffs of spruce and pine, 
 which often attain a fair size; while the south-westerly one- 
 quarter is very rough land, broken by ponds, &c., and mostly 
 covered with woods of small poplar and scrub. The Frog Lake 
 Indian Reserve lies partly in the north-westerly part of this 
 township.—F. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Along the north boundary it is thickly timbered with 
 poplar and scrub, and with patches of spruce in places. The 
 timber is small and of little value. The land is poor, very rough 
 and broken, and cut up by ponds, muskegs, &c.—G. B. Abrey, 
 1883. 
 
 3% 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RanGE III. 
 
 - Outlines—This township consists of broken and hilly country, 
 greatly cut up with coulées, and the surface in many places 
 covered with small boulders. The soil is composed of sand, and 
 sandy loam and gravel, onaclay and gravel subsoil.—C. E. Wolf, 
 1888. 
 
 Along the south boundary, rolling, prairie. Several creeks 
 flow toward a common centre along the middle portions of this 
 line. Soil, somewhat hard and clayey. There is no wood.—O. J. 
 Klotz, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines——Broken and hilly country, greatly cut up with cou- 
 lées in the east, but also somewhat in the west. The surface is 
 in places covered with small boulders. The soil is sand and gra- 
 vel, resting on a clay and gravel subsoil—C. E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—The west is rough and broken, especially on Sections 24 
 and 25, the vicinity of which is heavily timbered with spruce, 
 poplar and hazel. Soil, sandy or gravelly loam, chiefly classes 3 
 or 4, The east is rolling and level prairie. A creek follows the 
 boundary line along the first four northerly miles, and then flows 
 westward. There is some excellent grazing land, especially on 
 Sections 25 and 12. The soil is gravel—mixed in the north and 
 clay in the south, and class 2 throughout.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines —Along the north boundary rolling prairie, with numer- 
 ous ponds. Soil, a good dark, sandy loam. No wood.—0O. J. 
 Klotz, 1883. 
 
 The west is hilly and stony. Soil, gravelly or sandy loam, 
 chiefly class 4. There are creeks of running water on Sections 6 
 and 31. The north-eastern sections are rolling prairie. The cen- 
 tral east is somewhat broken, and covered with poplar, spruce, 
 tamarac, brulé and windfalls. This is on the slope of the Cypress 
 Hills, at the bottom of which it is very marshy. There is here a 
 body of good water, called Elk Water Lake. The south-east is level 
 ‘prairie, and is crossed by the Fort Walsh trail. Soil is of gravel 
 formation, with sandy loam toward thenorth. Along the wooded 
 portions the soil was in some places burnt off by bush fires. It is 
 rated class 2 on Section 12 and the southern half of 1; class 3 on 
 the two northern sections, and class 4 on Sections 13 and 24.—J. 
 G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very rough, and broken by the Cypress Hills. 
 The mountain head, or summit, is situated on Section 9. The hills 
 ‘rise about 1,000 feet, and extend in a north-easterly direction 
 across the township. The north slope is very rough, and cut up 
 by deep ravines. The surface is densely covered with brulé, and 
 windfalls and young pine, 2 to 8 inches through. On the moun- 
 
oh hem. 4 ited Mat ON Eee wy eg as, et ini 
 Me ted At es Ca i ak yh a , 
 
 10. 
 
 il, 
 
 | Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range III, 87 
 
 tain plateau the surface is level prairie, with patches of pine, 7 to 
 
 12 inches through, and a rich black loam soil. From the foot of? 
 the hills, northward, the surface is hilly, with fine level tracts 
 
 here and there, and a remarkably rich soil. Elk Water Lake, on 
 
 Sections 23, 24 and 25, isa beautiful sheet of water, abounding in 
 
 game and fish. On Section 25 a large steam saw mill is in opera- 
 
 tion. There are three other small lakes. The north of this town- 
 
 ship should settle up rapidly.—J. F. Snow, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—This township is well adapted for farming. The soil 
 
 is a fine clay loam. In parts, however, it is clay and gravel, and 
 rates as low as classes 2 and 3. The numerous ponds furnish any 
 amount of good water. The township is alsoconveniently situated. 
 for procuring wood from the Cypress Hills—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Southwards it is rolling, with a good sandy loam soil and a 
 fair supply of water.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with a good clay loam soil on 
 a Clay subsoil, and generally class 2. Water may be found nearly 
 everywhere. There is no growth of wood whatever. This is a 
 fair township for agricultural purposes.—F. Vincent, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Soil, clay gravel or gravelly clay. Rated classes 1, 2 
 and 3 in various proportions on different sections. The township 
 is fairly watered, and well adapted to farming. The surface .is 
 generally rolling, with heavy-rolling in the north-east. Ross 
 Creek follows the course of the east line until it reaches the 
 northern portion of Section 18, which it crosses several times. At 
 this point there is considerable timber, and also in the southern 
 portion of Section 31, where the creek again passes near the line. 
 —J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-diviston—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, with a grey 
 clay subsoil. Class 2. There are some ravines and coulées in 
 which wood, good for fuel, may be found. Water is scarce, but is 
 abundant by digging for it.—F. Vincent, 1883. | | 
 
 Rolling and hilly.‘ Soil, sandy loam—class 2—on clay sub- 
 soil; well watered, and producing an excellent crop of grass. The 
 higher lands and ridges are gravelly and stony.—C. E. Towle, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines —The surface of this township is chiefly rolling prairie. 
 Section 18 is traversed by a tortuous creek, and covered with 
 small hills. A small creek also winds across Section 6. Ross 
 Creek flows north within a mile west of the eastern boundary, 
 and then bows twice across the boundary line in Section 36, after 
 which it flows westwards in the direction of and close tothe . 
 C.P.R. andthe trail to Medicine Hat. In Section 25 there is a 
 succession of stony hills and hollows, in which there are consider- 
 able indications of coal. There is some poplar, from 6 to 10 
 inches in diameter, along the banks of Ross Creek, in Sections 1, 
 12 and 18. The soil in the east is generally clay, and class 2, but | 
 in Sections 1, 25, and part of 386, it is gravelly, and classes 3 and 
 4. In the west the soil is generally clay, mostly class 1, but in 
 the gravelly parts—which occur at intervals—classes 2 and 3.— 
 J. G. Sing, 1888. a : 
 2 ee 
 
88 
 
 12. 
 
 is; 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range III. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—This township is all rolling prairie. Thesoil 
 is a good sandy loam on a sandy and grey clay subsoil, and class 
 9. The O.P.R. crosses the northern portion of the township. 
 Wood, suitable for fuel, may be found in some of the ravines. 
 Water is scarce, but may be obtained in Ross Creek which crosses 
 the township—F. Vincent, 1888. 
 
 Outlines-—The north-east is slightly hilly, but the balance of the 
 north is rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loamandgravel. Ross Creek 
 appears about two miles south, and running in a westerly direc- 
 tion.—C: A. Magrath, 1882. Ph na 
 
 Sections 7 and 18 are nearly all an alkaline flat, south of 
 which the O.P.R. crosses, and through which a wide stream, 
 called Ross Creek, flows in an easterly direction. The surface is 
 generally rolling prairie. The soilis of excellent quality, consist- 
 ing of a mixture of sandy and clay loam, rated class 1 everywhere, 
 except at long intervals, where it is classed 1to 2 and 1 to 3. 
 But for the absence of wood and water, this country is admirably 
 adapted to farming.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a good black clay and 
 sandy loams, with black and sandy clay subsoils. Generally a 
 good class 2. The C.P.R. crosses Sections 7, 8,5 and 4. Water is 
 scarce, and there is no wood.—T. Vincent, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The north boundary passes through a valley from one- 
 
 - third to two-thirds of a mile wide, and 20 to 40 feet deep, with 
 
 numerous ravines leading into it, most of which are on Section 32. 
 Bordering on Section 36 is a lake of fresh water. Soil, 6 to 14 
 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Is rated class 1 on the eastern half 
 of Section 33 and the western portions of 31 and 34, and class 2” 
 everywhere else, excepting the eastern portion of Section 36, where 
 the soil is gravel. Class 3. No-wood. West, rolling prairie, rising 
 norhward from Sections 6 to 19. In Section 80 the line crosses a 
 valley 20 rods wide, and about midway on Section 31 it descends 
 into another wider and deeper one. ‘There is no wood or water 
 on the line. The upper soil averages 8 inches deep, on a clay 
 subsoil, and is rated class 2 everywhere, except in the valley on 
 the northern half of Section 31, where it is class 1.—J. A. Mad- 
 dock, 1882. 
 
 The east. line is nearly all over rolling prairie, with a sandy 
 loam soil. Class 2 in the south and 3 in the north. Very little 
 water, except a lake on Section 36.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. — 
 
 Sections 1 and 2 are not so hilly as the adjoining ones in 
 in Range 2. Westwards from this point the surface bears a rolling 
 SpDeaten es and has asandy loam and gravel soil_— C. A. Magrath, 
 
 882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Level or rolling, except northwards, which is. 
 more hilly. Soil, sandy loam of very good quality—class 2—on 
 clay subsoil. The supply of surface water is somewhat limited, 
 although there is a lake in the western part, which is surrounded 
 with excellent hay meadows, and in several parts of the township 
 there are marshes. No wood.—C. LE. Towle, 1888. 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initiat Meridian.— Range III. 39 
 
 84. Outlines—Along the northern and western boundaries, princi- 
 
 15. 
 
 i6. 
 
 Cah 
 oe 
 met) 
 7 
 
 pally rolling prairie. There are creeks in ravines on Sections 31 
 and 32, dry in September. No wood. Soil, chiefly 3 to 8 inches 
 deep, on a clay subsoil, class 2, but on the greater part of Sec- 
 tion 34 and the eastern portion of 36, itis gravel and rated class 8. 
 The west is considerably broken on the three southern sections 
 by hills and ravines, rising or falling from 20 to 40 feet.—J. A. 
 Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Rolling prairie along the east line. Soil is generally sandy 
 loam, with fair growth of grass. The hills are gravelly. Good 
 water is scarce.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The north-east half of this township is roll- 
 ing prairie, of asand loam soil, generally class 2, and without 
 much surface water. The south-west half is more inclined to be 
 
 ‘slightly hilly or very heavily-rolling, and with a fair distribution 
 
 of surface water. There are, in addition to small marshes, several 
 lakes, one of which is on Section 1, and is fresh. <A large lake— 
 probably of 600 or 700 acres—and asmaller one closely north of it, 
 submerge much of Sections 16 and 17. There is no wood.—C. LE. 
 Towle, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—There is a valley, which runs in a south-westeyly direc- 
 tion in Section 36, after which the country northwards is rolling 
 prairie, rising westwards until, in Section 82, the line descends 
 into another narrow valley which extends into Section 31. This 
 western section is very hilly and broken by numerous ravines, and 
 at the end of it is a largeshallow fresh-water lake averaging about 
 one-quarter of a mile wide. From thence southwards the country 
 is rolling prairie, rising steadily for a couple of miles, and after- 
 wards sloping gently to the south. Alluvial soil over both lines 
 is 2 to 8 inches in depth; subsoil, clay; class2. No wood. The 
 eastern boundary lies nearly all its length in a valley with a good 
 sandy loam soil_—J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Is almost divided into two portions by a 
 slightly alkaline lake. The surface of the country is level and 
 rolling, but in the vicinity of the lake is broken by hills and 
 ridges. The soil is a sandy loam, averaging about class 2. It rests 
 on a clay subsoil, and the township is a fair one for settlement.— 
 C. E. Towle, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north the soil is sandy, and water almost . 
 totally wanting, the marshes being almost all dried up. The 
 western part is a labyrinth of ravines running into the Saskatche- 
 wan. They are not wide, but very steep, and upwards of 400 
 feet deep. Their sides are sandy clay, in which huge sandstone 
 blocks are imbedded. In one of these ravines was a thin seam of 
 lignite.— O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 The western boundary is broken and hilly. For nearly 24 
 miles, beginning at the north-west corner of the township, the 
 line passes through a deep valley, with numerous ravines leading 
 into it from the west. A shallow fresh-water lake, about one- 
 third of a mile wide, extends northward through Sections 6 and 
 7. The line is also crossed by two creeks in Sections 18 and 19. 
 
ie : PR as Me r we cre ty Hida rae ¥ alte. 
 
 40 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian,—Range III. 
 
 Soil: on Sections 80 and 81, sand; class 8; balance, 5 inches: of 
 alluvial soil on a subsoil of clay; class 2. The east is all rolling ~ 
 prairie, with heavy-rolling in the south-east.—J. A. Maddock, — 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The valley of the Saskatchewan River extends 
 into the north-west and north, rendering this portion hilly and 
 broken. The soil is generally a sandy loam, class 2, but is dry, and 
 is, in places—particularly on the ridges—mixed with gravel and 
 stones.—C. E. Towle, 18838. : 
 
 U7. Outlines —Surveyed the northern and eastern boundaries of this 
 township; also the western boundary of the tier of sections from 
 4to 33. The whole township is either high-rolling or hilly. The 
 western sections are very much broken by the Saskatchewan 
 River. The soil consists of sandy loam on a sandy subsoil, In 
 many parts there are, however, areas of gravel formation, such as 
 in Sections 4, 9 and 21. In Sections 28 and 38 there is a portion 
 in which the soil is alkaline, about I8 inches deep. On Section 12 
 the line crosses a valley 120 feet deep and about 14 chains wide, 
 
 with a marshy creek at the bottom. The soil is poor for farming, 
 and the grass is short. Water is very scarce, all the slonghs 
 (and they are few and far between) being dry. The only wood 
 found on the banks of the Saskatchewan River is driftwood. 
 The banks are extremely high and precipitous, from 150 to 200 feet, 
 and sometimes even 400 feet in height. The water is very diffi- 
 cult of access. The river here is about 200 yards wide, deep and 
 rapid, with here and there large stones showing above the sur- 
 face. West of the river the country becomes sandhills.—Z. C. 
 Denny, 1882. 
 
 The southern sections appeared to be rolling, dry and sandy. 
 The south-west is much broken. by deep ravines leading to the 
 Saskatchewan River, which has rocky and precipitous banks, 
 those on the south measuring 530 feet. A few trees and some 
 drift wood were found on the edge of the stream, which is about 
 30 chains wide, and is very rapid.— O. J. Klotz, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division The South Saskatchewan River runs through 
 the westerly tier of sections. It has very high banks, sandy and 
 gravelly. The south-western part of the township is furrowed 
 by extremely deep and preciptious coulées, one of them about 
 350 feet deep and almost impassible, and another 200 feet deep. 
 The soil is a rich mixture of sand and clay, but back from the 
 river itis dry. Some of the coulées have spring streams.—J. I. 
 Dufresne, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—Hilly country, the hills being from 30 to 150 feet 
 high. The soil is a light sandy loam poor for farming. Water is 
 very scarce, even in the rainy season. The Saskatchewan River 
 has banks which are extremely high and precipitous, and the — 
 river is very difficult of access. Its width is about 200 yards, 
 deep and rapid, and its ravines break up the west of the town- 
 ship very much. Its course is northward through Sections 5, 8, 
 7, 18, 19, 830 and 81. There is no wood.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—The Saskatchewan River crosses through the 
 western tiers of sections, with the usual features, and high, inac- 
 
 18 
 
19. 
 
 re 
 “Townsrips West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range III. 4} 
 
 cessible banks of 300 to 350 feet, broken by correspondingly deep 
 ravines and gullies, which stretch into the country on eitherside 
 of the river. The remainder of the township is an open, rolling 
 prairie. Soil,a rich mixture of sand and clay, rather dry, but 
 
 “nevertheless should prove good for agricultural purposes..—J. I. 
 
 Dufresne, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with hills of drifting sand along the 
 
 central and western sections. The soil towards the river is sandy 
 loam. Class 8. No wood or water. The South Saskatchewan 
 River enters this township a short distance east from the south- 
 west corner, and flows in a north-easterly direction, breaking the 
 surface very much. The banks are very steep and precipitous, 
 deep coulées extending from the river for miles. The Middle 
 Sand Hills occupy the entire north-west half. The east boundary 
 is also rolling, broken and hilly Soil, principally sand, or sandy 
 loam ; rated class 4.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The South Saskatchewan River enters in 
 Section 6, and leaves in 13 and 24. Has a swift current, a depth 
 of 4 to 8 feet, a width of about 800 feet, and banks 200 to 300 
 feet high, and very broken by numerous ravines for some distance 
 inland. A seam of coal is bared near the water’s edge, on the 
 south bank of the river, in Section 9. The portion north of the 
 river is sandy hills and alkaline flats, covered with willow and 
 cherry scrub, and worthless as farming land. Portions of it, 
 however, would do for grazing, being well supplied with water. 
 South of the river is an undulating prairie, with a sandy loam 
 soil. Class 2, suitable for agricultural purposes.—J. McLatchie, 
 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Towards the north the soil is 4th class, being sandhills 
 
 in many places, with no signs of vegetation.— 7. Drummond, - 
 1882. 
 
 The Middle Sand Hills occupy the south-easterly two-thirds 
 of this township ; the balance is rolling prairie. The soil consists 
 of a light sandy loam down to drifting sand. Mostly classes 3 
 and 4, but a few places are rated class 2. No wood or water on 
 the east or west lines.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—South-east and north-east, drifting sand, with 
 rose willow and cherry scrub. The balance of the township is 
 undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, classes 2 and 8, 
 fairly adapted for agricultural purposes. There is a fair supply of 
 
 _ fresh water in a spring creek on Section 3, and in several marshes. 
 
 3 
 
 —J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Prairie, rolling in the east and slightly undulating in 
 the west, with soil principally clay in the north-eastern sections, 
 and alternating with sandy loam in the west, and entirely light 
 sandy loam or sand in the south. Section 33 is considerably broken 
 by coulées. No wood or water, speaking generally. The greater 
 part of this township is of an inferior quality, consisting ofrolling 
 and hilly prairie, sandhills, and some alkali flats, with the excep- 
 tion of a strip along the north side, which is mostly undulating 
 
a 
 
 42 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range III. 
 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 
 prairie, with a sandy loam and clay subsoil. Fourth class.—C. F- 
 Miles, 1882. | ae 
 
 South, the surface consists almost entirely of sandhills, class 4, _ 
 the only exception being Section 6, which has a black loam soil, 4 
 inches in depth, on a sandy subsoil. Class 3. No good water, 
 and no wood.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Very rolling and undulating; hilly and stony 
 in places. Soil, light clay, or sandy loams or sand ; generally poor 
 for farming, but may answer for grazing. Several large marshes 
 occur, some of which are alkaline —C. G. Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines —The northern line runs very diagonally across the Red 
 
 Deer River and its valley, which embraces nearly all the line. 
 The valley is unfit for anything more than grazing. There is 
 some wood near the river.—A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 The north half is adapted for little else than grazing, on 
 account of its being greatly cut up by the banks of the Red Deer 
 
 _ River. The banks are from 275 to 300 feet high in places, and 
 
 often precipitous. The extreme south part of this township con- 
 sists of good land, being rolling in the east and slightly undulat- 
 ing in the west, with soil principally clay on the two eastern 
 sections, and sandy loam on the rest. Class 1, excepting the 
 eastern half of Section 4, where the surface is considerably broken 
 by coulées, and the soil rated class 3.. No wood or water.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1882. 
 
 Very undulating and rolling, broken by ravines running 
 north and south. Soil, sandy loam generally, and class 2. Good 
 for agricultural purposes. There is no wood.—C. G. Sheppard, 
 18838. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie, with a few sloughs (dry in August), 
 and broken by coulées near the Red Deer River. Two of these 
 coulées extend all the way across the township. Soil, heavy 
 clay, except in the river valley, where it is either strong clay or 
 sandy loam. Water is scarce, what there is being strongly alka- 
 line. Red Deer River runs across the township, close to the south 
 side. It is rapid, and has an average width of 25 chains, but in 
 some places is over half a mile. The main channel is from 5 to 7 
 feet deep. Numerous shifting sand bars divide the stream into 
 shallow channels. About two miles east of the west side there 
 is a large valley about a mile and a-half wide, with numerous 
 and large patches of cottonwood, running up to 380 inches in 
 diameter.—A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Is, in parts, gently-rolling, undulating and 
 level; in others, highly undulating, hilly, stony and gravelly. 
 The Red Deer River crosses the township in the south-west. 
 This is an excellent township for settlement. No wood.—C. G@. 
 Sheppard, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines—-Along the north boundary it is generally very knolly 
 and stony. Some small meadows are to be found. Soil is gravelly 
 loam, from 4 to 10 inches deep. Subsoil, gravelly clay, hardened, 
 and very little water.--W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
ener Sere Rar na Wh RNt te Tecate a haVaaM ht ry AAS Cam ENT ial Cutie ke pgs A 
 BSF Ae ee +e Ts he RR Py AS tee 7 ee ea | 
 
 25 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian— Range III. 48 
 
 Broken and hilly prairie, with surface gravel and field stone, 
 and numerous sloughs. The soil is heavy clay. About the centre 
 is a group of sandhills, with a few fresh-water springs——A. W. 
 Mc Vittie, 1882. | 
 
 _ Sub-division—Very undulating and hilly in places. Soil, 
 sandy loam, of classes 2 and 3, but generally very suitable for agri- 
 cultural purposes, except where it is very broken by hills and 
 ravines. The water in the marshes is generally fresh—C. G. 
 Sheppard, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.— Hilly prairie. Soil, mostly clay loam, 8 to 14 inches 
 
 ‘ deep, on a clay subsoil; but on Sections 31 and 6 the soil is gra- 
 
 27 
 
 28. 
 
 velly. Itis rated class 2 on Sections 6, 25, 31, and the northern 
 portions of 7 and 19. Eastwards, the surface is undulating. Soil : 
 on the: three southern sections clay loam, 18 inches deep, over 
 clay; class 1. On the remaining portions, clay loam over clay, 
 with one or two short intervals of sandy loam over sand. Rated 
 class 1 on Section 24 and class 2 on 25 and 36. Water scarce.— 
 C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Southwards, the surface is of a knolly character. The soil is 
 a gravelly loam, averaging 5 to 6 inches deep, on clay subsoil. 
 There is not much surface water.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The west is rather hilly, undulating and stony, 
 of classes 3 and 4, whilst the remainder is more gently-undu- 
 lating, with a soil of superior quality for agriculture. The west is 
 more adapted for pasturage.—C. G. Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The west is principally undulating prairie. Soil: on 
 the three southern sections chiefly sandy loam, 6 to 12 inches 
 deep, over sand ; and on the remaining ones clay loam, averaging 
 about 15 inches in depth, with clay subsoil. It is rated class 2 
 throughout. In Section 30 there is a large expanse of marsh. The 
 east is rolling prairie. There is a small lake between Sections 25 
 and 36, and a small creek in Section 13. Soil, principally clay 
 loam, averaging about 13 inches in depth, over clay subsoil. Class 
 2, excepting the adjoining semi-sections of 1 and 12, where it is 
 gravel over clay.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—In places undulating, hilly and gravelly. Soil, 
 generally a sandy loam and a clay loam. Classes 1, 2 and 3. Water 
 is abundant, and good hay marshes abound. An Edmonton trail 
 crosses the north-east corner.—C. G. Sheppard, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The surface of this township is generally rolling prairie: 
 with a few hills on fSection 386, and occasional high ridges else- 
 where. Eastwards, the soil is generally a clay loam, about 12 
 inches deep, on a subsoil of clay, except on the adjoining portions 
 of Sections 24 and 18, where it is a sandy loam over sand. The . 
 rating is generally class 2, but on Section 36 it is class 3. The 
 western side of the township alternates in clay and sandy loam 
 soils, and in places there are numerous ponds, some of which are 
 of an alkaline nature.—C: F. Miles, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines—Very hilly and rolling prairie, abounding in small lakes 
 and marshes. Soil, a good clay loam on clay subsoil, but, on 
 account of the broken surface, class 2.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
44 
 
 29 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range III. 
 
 Fast, rolling prairie. Section 86 is hilly, with knolls and a 
 
 few sloughs. On Section 12 there is a piece of marsh, from which 
 there emerges a watercourse. Soil, generally sandy loam or 
 gravel, in alternate intervals, averaging about 10 inches deep, on 
 subsoil of sand. Class 2. No wood. Generally the township is 
 rolling prairie, with alkaline ponds and some ravines in the south- 
 east half. Rates second and third class —C. F. Miles, 18838. 
 
 The south is somewhat hilly. Ponds and marshes are numer- 
 ous. The soil is good. On the hill tops scattered boulders are 
 imbedded in the soil —7. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Is, in general, of a rolling character. A saline flat of 
 considerable extent lies in the northern part. A numberof saline 
 lakelets are scattered over this flat. Good water is plentiful. No 
 timber. The soil varies from a light to a very fair sand loam, 
 with some clay loam. Classed 1 to 2, with some 3.—F. W. Wiil- 
 kins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Fully one-half of this township is occupied by the wide 
 saline flat forming the valley of Sounding Creek. The rest of the 
 townsnip is rolling, except at the north-east, where it becomes 
 hilly. Sounding Creek crosses from south-west to north-east, its 
 course being first easterly, then almost due north. This stream is 
 here about 10 feet in width, very shallow (with deep pools), and 
 has a current of about 2 miles an hour. Its bed is exceedingly 
 tortuous. Good water is in abundance. No timber, with the 
 exception of a few bunches of small willows along the creek. The 
 
 soil, except in the creek flat, is a very good, ‘sand loam. COlassed 
 
 i, 
 
 5 
 
 from 1 to 4.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 Outlines.—A large portion is occupied by the broad saline flat of 
 
 Sounding Creek. The balance is, in general, rolling, but a good 
 
 deal cut up by ravines draining into Sounding Creek. This 
 stream is generally slow and deep, is about 20 feet wide, and has 
 a soft, muddy bottom. Good water is plentiful throughout the 
 rolling portion. No timber. The soil, except in the creek flat, is 
 
 good, principally sand loam. Classed from 1 to 4.—F. W. 
 Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north the country consists of both hilly and 
 rolling prairie, with a few swamps and ponds in the north-west, 
 
 and mostly poor soil_—E. Bray, 1888. 
 
 ls rolling, exceptin the north and east, where it becomes 
 
 hilly. Stony tracts were met with. Several watercourses 
 
 (almost dry at the time of survey) cross from west to east. Good 
 water is reasonably plentiful. No timber. The soil is light in 
 
 general, becoming pure sand at the north-east. Classed from 2 
 to 4.—F. W. Wilkins; 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The greater portion is occupied by several shallow 
 
 lakes of considerable size—expansions of Sounding Creek. The 
 portion not covered by water is rolling at the north and hilly at the 
 south. Good water is abundant. Even the water of the Sound- 
 ing Creek Lakes may be used, though the creek itself is saline. 
 No timber of any kind. The soil is generally very light and 
 sandy. COlassed from 2 to 4.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Meri 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range ILI. 45 
 
 34, Outlines—The north-east half is rather hilly, and the south-west 
 
 37 
 
 38. 
 
 half is rolling. Sounding Creek (here a very small, slow and 
 muddy stream) crosses the south-west angle, having a north-east- 
 erly course. A good sized saline lake lies in this township. Good 
 water is plentiful. No timber. The soil iscomposed of all grades 
 of sandy loam. Classed from 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 . Ouilines—lIs hilly at the east and north. Elsewhere it is rolling. 
 
 Along the west side there are a good many ravines draining west- 
 ward into Sounding Creek. (Good water is plentiful No timber. 
 The soil is mostly a clay loam of excellent quality. Classed from 
 1 to 3.--F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, this line passes over numerous marshes, ponds 
 
 and muskegs, especially toward the west. On Section 31 is an 
 alkaline lake, a couple of branches from which extend northward 
 across the line. Generally rolling prairie, with sandy soil. Class 
 3 everywhere, but on Section 86 class 2. There are a few places. 
 where the soil consists of clay. There is no wood on the line, but 
 Se egies 385 some poplar bush lies within sight of it—T7. Kains, 
 
 The north two-thirds is rolling, and the south one-third is 
 very hilly, and a good deal cut up by deep ravines draining north- 
 westerly into Sounding Lake, which enters this township at the 
 extreme north-west angle. Considerable poplar wood, some of 
 good size, and in good sized bluffs, may be found in the northern 
 part, and some large poplars grow in the deep ravines at the south. 
 Good water is reasonably abundant. The soil at the north is 
 almost pure sand, changing at the south to a sand loam of good 
 quality. Classed from 2 to 4.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—As 1t appeared from the line, the southern part is 
 generally gently-rolling prairie, with occasional grass swamps 
 and lakelets. The soil is sandy, and rates second and third class. 
 —T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 The north-easterly end of Sounding Lake extends one and a- 
 half miles into the south-west corner. The land in this part 
 ascends from the lake in broken ridges and hills to the north, to a 
 height of from 80 to 100 feet and is covered with a large area of 
 small poplar brush, a few of the trees being 8 inches in diameter. 
 Poplar is also scattered over the west half of the township. The 
 soil in this part is sandy, and classed from 3to 5. Good grass 
 abounds in the hollows. The easterly half is high, open and 
 rolling, or hilly prairie; the soil being loam or sandy loam. 
 Classes 1 to 8. Eye Hill Creek flows easterly through the 
 southerly part of the township, being the outlet of Sounding 
 Lake.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—With the exception of a small quantity of poplar in 
 the south and south-west parts, is entirely open prairie. A valley 
 or depression, containing large ponds and sloughs, is crossed by 
 the western boundary in Section 18, and extends east and south- 
 east. Good grazing may be found in it, vetches being abundant. 
 The remainder of the township is rolling. The soil is either 
 loam or sandy loam. Classes 2 to 3.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
46 
 39. 
 
 40, 
 
 41, 
 
 4. 
 
 43. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range III. 
 
 Outlines—The west part is high and rolling. The south, east 
 and north portions are gently-rolling or undulating. No bush of 
 any consequence was observed. Two or three miles of a long, 
 narrow lake, extending northerly, lies in the north-west part. 
 Numerous ponds and sloughs in the south-east and north-west 
 
 ‘portion, all containing fairly good water. The soil changes 
 
 from loam in the north to loam and sandy loam in the south, 
 and classes 1 to 2.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the surface is principally undulating or rolling. 
 On Section 84 the line passes along the bottom of a valley about 
 a mile wide, extending east and west. There is no wood and not 
 much water along the line. The soil is principally black loam, 
 averaging about 5 inches in depth, with sandy subsoil, class 1 
 throughout.—C. A Magrath, 1888. 
 
 The continuation of the lake mentioned in Township 39 
 extends from Section 5 in a north easterly direction about three 
 miles, having an average width of about 30 chains. The surface is 
 open and rolling, with numerous sloughs, containing good, per- 
 manent water. The soil changes from clay to sandy loam and 
 gravel, and is classed from 1 to 8, the lighter description being in 
 the north and north-west parts.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The whole of this township is open land, with the 
 exception of a small quantity of poplar and willow on 
 the north boundary. The surface in the south-east parts is 
 rolling, with a sandy loam soil and some scattered stones. Classes 
 1 to 2. But few sloughs occur. A small creek, running northerly, 
 enters in Section 7 and leaves the township in Nection 382, 
 bordered, in some parts of its course, by low, marshy land. The 
 westerly part of the township is high and rolling, or hilly, with 
 scattered stone, gravel, and sloughs in the hollows. A range of 
 hills extending southerly crosses Section 33, along the west base 
 of which the creek above mentioned runs. The soil is generally 
 sandy loam or sand, and rates classes 1 to 3.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 South, some small ravines run northward. Granite boulders 
 crop out fromt he hillsides. Soil, first class—C. A. Magrath, 
 1888. | 
 
 Outlines.—The creek mentioned in Township 41 enters this towne 
 ship in Section 5—running north-easterly—and leaves it in Sec- 
 tion 85, where the channel is 15 feet wide, water 2 feet deep, 
 sandy bottom, rapid current and good water. The surface is open 
 and hilly or rolling, along the southern boundary. The soil is 
 
 loam or sand, classed 1 to 3. The rest is undulating or rolling, with 
 
 sand ridges or knolls and small scrub poplar; also muskegs and 
 ponds in the northerly part. The soil here changes from sandy 
 loam to sand, and is classed from 2 to 4.—J. F. Garden; 1884. 
 
 Outlines.--Has a rolling surface, broken, in the greater part, by 
 low sand ridges covered with small poplar; much of it scrubby, 
 with willows in the hollows and ground cedar on the knolls. In 
 
 the north-east corner a small tract of good land, with sandy loam ~ 
 
 soil was noted. Classed 1 to 2. The remainder of the township 
 is sandy and broken, classed 3 to 4. Ribstone Creek enters on 
 
44. 
 
 45 
 
 46. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range lI. AT 
 
 Section 19, crosses it in an easterly direction, is bordered by a. 
 muskeg with willows, and leaves it in Section 12.—J. F. Garden, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly country, with bluffs of poplar and patches. 
 of willow covering nearly halfof the surface. Ponds are numerous 
 in the west. The soil is principally clay loam, 3 to 6 inches deep, 
 over clay. Class 1—T7. Kains, 1882. 
 
 - Has, generally, a rolling or undulating surface, except in the 
 north-west corner, where it is high, broken by short ridges, anda. 
 ridge 70 feet high in Sections 2 and 3. Poplar—much of it dead 
 —and willows are widely scattered over it. There are many | 
 
 ponds and sloughs, with good grazing landabout them. The soil 
 
 is principally a good loam, classed 1 to2. Some sandy soil extends. 
 
 across the southern parts, classed 3 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally roiling, with the exception of the south- 
 west quarter, which is hilly and knolly. It is interspersed with 
 bluffs of young poplar and willows, generally suitable for all pur- 
 poses. The soil is either clay or clay loam, of a first class quality. 
 Battle River runs through the north-east quarter, in Sections 25, 
 26, 33 and 34. It is generally 4 feet deep, with a sandy bottom, 
 and a two to three mile current.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 The country along the southern boundary is dotted with 
 numerous poplar bluffs and some ponds andswamps. The soil is 
 of a first class quality.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—The south-west half is hilly, and broken by Battle 
 River and its deep adjoining ravines. Clumps of fair sized poplar 
 appear all along the river banks. Good water is in abundance 
 in deep ponds and lakelets. The soil is either black loam or clay 
 
 loam, with clay subsoil, and ranks first class.—P. R. A. Belanger, 
 
 4g 
 
 48. 
 
 49, 
 
 1834. 
 
 Is generally rolling and open in the north half, but is somewhat 
 hilly, and interspersed with numerous bluffs of small poplar, dry 
 wood and willows in the south half. The soil is a rich sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil, watered by numerous ponds and a small 
 creek which crosses through the west boundary and empties into. 
 Battle River.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 North, the surface is alternately high-rolling and hilly prairie 
 with black loam soil, averaging about 10 inches in depth, on a 
 subsoil of clay loam. Class 1. A large lake extends throughout 
 Section 31 and the western half of 32, about half a mile south of 
 the line. There is also a large pond between Sections 88 and 34. 
 No wood.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Is rolling prairie, with a first-class soil. Numerous large lakes. 
 are met with on the west boundary. The telegraph line and Bat- 
 tleford-Edmonton trail cross through the south half.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—As it appeared from the west boundary, this townshi,’ 
 is rather hilly or heavy-rolling, with numerous ponds and lakelets 
 in its centre. A prominent hill—forming part of Blackfoot Hills— 
 appears in Sections 6 and 1, and another one in the south-east 
 
48 
 
 49. 
 
 &O. 
 
 aD, 
 
 ; 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range III. 
 
 quarter. Bluffs of poplar and willows are abundant, principally 
 in the south-west half. The soil is ranked first class.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—In the neighborhood of the southern boundary the 
 country becomes high and hilly prairie. There are numerous 
 ponds, swamps and, in some instances, small lakes, amongst these 
 hills. There is also a considerable growth of small poplar and 
 willows in the vicinity of these. The soil is a black vegetable 
 mould, and of a first-class quality —T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—Is heavy-rolling or hilly prairie, as may be judged 
 from the west boundary. The soil is a first class clay or clay 
 loam, with clay subsoil. A small border of willows appears 
 around ponds here and there.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—The north boundary crosses creeks in every Section, 
 
 except 38, where a marsh is crossed. The Vermillion River flows 
 north, through the township, emerging from it on Sections 31 and 
 82. Here there is a@ little timber, and very small, and in other 
 parts of the line there are scattered clumps. The valley is 100 
 to 115 feet below the country on either side. The land is of an 
 excellent character in this range, and the water almost universally 
 fresh.— W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling land and brushy prairie, dotted with 
 bluffs of small poplar and willows and interspersed with small 
 willow marshes. A few balm of Gilead, of 12 or 14 inches— 
 suitable for building-logs—may be found in some of the bluffs, 
 and the smaller woods of these bluffs will furnish ample supplies 
 of fuel and fencing. The soil is good clay loam—in a few places 
 slightly mixed with sand—on a clay subsoil, and yields a luxu- 
 riant growth of grass. The supply of surface water is very good, 
 and of excellent quality. The Vermillion River flows through 
 Sections 5, 17, 16, 21, 28, 29 and 31, and receives, in its course, 
 many small creeks and springs. The township is considerably 
 cut up with ravines and gullies, but notwithstanding these 
 objections, is very favorable for settlement, owing to its fine soil 
 and good supplies of water and wood.—J. Doupe, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —The land in the vicinity of and along the southern 
 boundary is excellent, and first class for farming. A number of 
 creeks, which are tributary to the Vermillion River, cross the 
 southern tier of sections, flowing south.— W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Rolling land; mixed prairie and blufis of 
 poplar and willow, with a good many wet willow marshes. The 
 soil is an excellent clay loam on a clay subsoil, yielding a luxu- 
 riant growth of grass. The Vermillion River enters Section 5, 
 and pursuing a very tortuous course in a valley half a mile wide 
 and about 100 feet deep, leaves the township near the north 
 centre of Section 82. In its course it passes over Sections 6, 5, 4, 
 8, 9, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31 and 82. In the early spring this stream 
 overflows the banks; but soon reduces to 60 or 70 teet broad and 
 10 feet deep in mid-channel, and in July to half these dim- 
 ensions, revealing numerous rapids. By August it becomes 
 @ very insignificant stream. The water is fresh both in this 
 
4, 
 
 ebeo. 
 
 26, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range III. 49 
 
 stream and in the creeks and marshes of the township. The 
 timber is chiefly small poplar, but limited in quantity. A very 
 good township for settlement.—J. Doupe, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The Saskatchewan River enters at or about Section 38 
 and flows in a southerly direction for a distance of about four 
 miles; it then bends to the north-east, and leaves in Section 18. 
 Vermillion River enters in Section 4, and runs north-easterly to 
 the Saskatchewan River, making the junction about Section 15. 
 Along these rivers the land is more or less broken by high banks. 
 Kast of the Saskatchewan and Vermillion Rivers the country is a 
 mixture of rolling prairie, poplar bluffs and scrubby land; while 
 to the west of these rivers it is gently-rolling, and appears to be 
 almost all covered with scrub and bluffs of small poplar. Some 
 light sandy land was found along the south boundary, but gen- 
 erally the soil will average second class.—L. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The easterly part is rough or hilly, broken by numer- 
 ous small lakes or ponds, and is covered with bluffs of small pop- 
 larand scrub. The central sections are mostly composed of partly 
 open, rolling land ; while those to the west are rolling, but have 
 considerable tracts of woods of small poplar and scrub. The 
 Saskatchewan River flows south-easterly through Sections 18, 8, 5 
 and 4, and Frog Oreek runs southerly through Section 31 to Sec- 
 tion 18, where it joins the Saskatchewan. The soil will probably 
 average second class.—E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is composed of open land, alternating with compara- 
 tively extensive tracts covered with woods of small poplar and 
 scrub. The land is generally rolling, and the soil about second 
 class. Frog Lake lies partly in the north-easterly corner, and its 
 outlet, Frog Creek, runs south-westerly, crossing the south bound- 
 ary at Section 6. The greater part of this township is covered by 
 the Frog Lake Indian Reserve.—L. Bray, 1884. 
 
 The north boundary is thickly timbered with poplar 
 and scrub, and with patches of spruce in places. The timber is 
 small, and of little value. The land is poor, very rough and 
 broken, and cut up by ponds, muskegs, &c.—G. B. Abrey, 1882. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE IV. 
 
 Outlines.—Very broken country, greatly cut up by a network of 
 coulées. The soil westwards is a grey granular clay, on a hard 
 clay subsoil, and almost destitute of vegetation. Towards the 
 east the soil is sand and gravel on aclay and gravel subsoil.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 The country along the south boundary consists of broken 
 
 ‘prairie, with a peculiar clay soil and an abundant growth of cac- 
 
 tus. It is the climax of bad lands There is a creek on Section 1 
 and another on Section 4, both of which flow south. No wood.— 
 O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—Broken and hilly, with numerous coulées in the east 
 
 and south, and undulating in the north-west. The soil westwards 
 is a sandy clay loam over a clay subsoil, and eastwards it is sand 
 and gravel on clay and gravel.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines—Rough and broken, hilly and stony. Sandy and gra- 
 
 velly loam soils. Classes 8 and 4. A small creek crosses the west 
 line several times in Sections 31 and 30. On the latter section 
 there is a trail. The vicinity of Medicine Lodge Coulée and Bad 
 Buttes, in Sections 24 and 25, is heavily timbered with spruce, 
 poplar and hazel. Water is not difficult to obtain—J. G. Sing, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The north boundary is rather hilly, with numerous. 
 fresh-water ponds. In the valleys the soil and vegetation is good. 
 The knolls are stony.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 For the northerly two thirds of the west boundary the sur- 
 face is rough, broken, hilly and stony, with sandy loam soil. Class 
 3 on the first two miles, and gravelly soil, class 4, on the rest. The 
 remaining one-third on the south is rolling prairie, with gravelly 
 soil ; class 3. On the east boundary the surface is hilly and stony. 
 Soil, gravelly or sandy loam, principally class 4. In Sections 1, 6, 
 80 and 36 are creeks running from the hills. Some timber on the 
 south-east portion of Section 12. Some fine meadow land on Sec- 
 tion 1.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is very hilly, with numerous fresh-water ponds. 
 The foot hills of Cypress Mountain extend across the southern 
 portion, rendering it very rough, and broken by deepravines. The 
 soil is a good clay loam in the valleys, with stones on the hill 
 tops. This township has abundance of grass and water, and is 
 more suitable for grazing than agriculture. There is some wood 
 good only for fuel, on Sections 1, 2, 10 and 11.—J. F. Snow, 1884 
 
 . Outlines.—This township is all rolling prairie, well watered with 
 
 numerous ponds and small lakes The soil is clay, gravel and 
 gravelly clay, alternating, and grades in classes 2, 8 and 4 in the 
 
ao 
 
 Ul, 
 
 a2. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range lV. 51 
 
 -west, and in the east in class 3, which greatly predominates.— 
 J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 The south is rather hilly, with numerous fresh-water ponds. 
 In the valleys the soil and vegetation is good.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Hilly. Soil, a good black clay loam and a good. 
 sandy loam, with subsoils of black and sandy clay. Class 2 
 generally. There is a fair supply of surface water throughout in 
 marshes and small ponds. A good township for settlement. No 
 wood.—J. F. Snow, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Chiefly rolling prairie, with clay, gravel or gravelly 
 clay soil. Classes 1, 2, and some 3. Along the eastern boundary, 
 the first of these soils occur on Section 36, class 1; 24, classes 1 
 and 2, and 13, where there is excellent grass, classes 1, 2 and 8. 
 The second, partially on{Section 25, which is classes, 1 and 2, and 
 the gravelly clay on Sections 1 and 12, where it israted chiefly 
 class 2. The township is fairly suited for farming. On the west, 
 Secton 6 is hilly, and a creek wanders along 19.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—This township is rolling prairie. The soil is 
 composed of sandy and clay loams on sandy clay and black clay 
 subsoils, and will rate nearly all class 2. Water throughout Is 
 very scarce, and there is no wood. A couple of coulées, with 
 spring creeks only, furrow the township in a northerly and 
 southerly direction.—F. Vincent, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The surface is rolling prairie. The soil is of good 
 quality, consisting of sandy loam, clay, sand and clay or sand 
 and gravel. It is rated chiefly class 1, with some second and 
 third class land along the west, central and southern sections. 
 Sections 6 and 7 are a little stony, and the surface is very broken 
 along Section 18, which is traversed by a large creek. Another 
 creek winds its way across Section 1.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, broken by several dry creeks. 
 Soil, clay loam, class 2, on clay subsoil. Water scarce.—C. C. 
 Du Berger, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north boundary rolling prairie, with asandy 
 loam soils, sometimes mixed with gravel.—C. A Magrath, 1882. 
 West, rolling prairie, broken by acouple of deep coulées, and, 
 in Section 19, by the valley of Ross Creek, which stream flows 
 in a north-westerly direction. The soil is sandy loam in the 
 northern, and clay loam in the central and southern sections. 
 Classes 1,2 and 3, the best land being on the southern and the 
 poorest on the middle sections. The line is crossed in Section 7 
 by the C.P.R., and in 80 by a trail. At the east, Sections 12 and 
 13 lie in an alkaline flat. The former section is crossed by the 
 C.P.R. and the latter by Ross Creek, near which there is a trail. 
 The soil is chiefly clay loam, about 3 inches in depth, on a clay 
 subsoil, chiefly rated class 1, with some second class land occur- 
 ring at intervals. There is no wood.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 Sub-division—Generally rolling prairie, except the western 
 part, which is very broken. The ©.P.R. crosses this township, 
 and Dunmore Station is located here. South of the track the land 
 
 rises 80 feet, and continues southwards to be rolling. The soils 
 4* 
 
52 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range IV. 
 
 are a clay loam and a red clay and gravel. Classes 1 and 2.. 
 There is abundance of fresh water—C. C. DuBerger, 1883. 
 
 13. Outlines.—Along the north boundary, going west, the first mile 
 passes through a shallow valley about two-thirds of a mile wide. 
 The second mile crosses a dry slough, two-thirds of a mile long, 
 after which the surface is rolling prairie. Soil: on the three east- 
 ern sections, from 8 to 14 inches on clay; class 1in Section 36, and 
 class 2 to the middle of Section 33. On the remaining two and’ 
 a-half miles the soil is rated class 3, consisting of grayel on the 
 adjoining portions of Sections 83 and 32, and from thence to the’ 
 end of the line, sand. There is no wood or water. Kast, rolling 
 prairie, with rising inclination to the north on the southerly two- 
 thirds. The upper soil is generally class 2, and overlies a clay 
 subsoil. In the north-east it is class 1—J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Along the western boundary. going north, the first two sec- 
 tions are undulating prairie, with a clayey loam soil. Then the 
 surface rises to the north, and in the last section there are sand- 
 hills. Along the southern boundary it is a rolling prairie, with a 
 sandy loam soil, sometimes mixed with gravel—C. A. Magrath, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.— Beautifully rolling and undulating, with low 
 hills of gentle slope, and well adapted for tillage. Soil, a rich,. 
 brown, sandy leam, of moderate depth. The sloughs and marshes 
 dry up as the summer advances, No bush or trees are to be seen. 
 The grass is short, but nutritious, and horses and cattle were pas- 
 tured thereon all last winter—1882-83. The north-west corner 
 of the township is very sandy in beds and knolls. The town- 
 ship is an excellent one, and under a favorable rainfall will pro- 
 duce fine crops.— 7. Brownjohn, 1888. | 
 
 94, Outlines.—Along the north and east boundaries the surface is. 
 chiefly rolling Inthe south-east, however, there are hilly or heavy 
 undulations of from 20 to 50 feet. No wood or water. Soil, gen- 
 erally, 6 to 12 inches, alluvial, on a clay subsoil, and is rated class. 
 2. An approximate description of the south of this township is. 
 given in the north of Township 18.—J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Along the western boundary, Section 6 is rolling prairie, with 
 a very good soil. The remaining five sections, going northwards, 
 contain coulées, from 50 to 100 feet deep, running into the South 
 Saskatchewan River, which is from 1} to 4 miles west of the boun- 
 dary, and running in a northerly direction.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—All open prairie, without timber, wood or even 
 brush, and at the time of survey (October) no water, except one 
 slough. The surface of the country is rolling ; the hills are high, 
 but the slopes are very gradual. The soil is generally mixed with 
 coarse sand or fine gravel, and in places numerous boulders dot 
 the surface. The herbage is scant and short, but much relished 
 by horses and cattle, and it appears to be better adapted for graz- 
 ing purposes.—T. Brownjohn, 1888. 
 Outlines.—The north is all rolling prairie, with heavy-rolling at the 
 extreme ends and sandy loam soil to the west. The north-eastern 
 corner falls in a long, shallow, fresh-water lake, averaging about 
 
 Wd, 
 
16. 
 
 iv. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range IV. 58 
 
 one-quarter of a mile wide. Southward from thence the country is 
 rolling prairie, rising steadily for a couple of miles, and afterwards 
 sloping gently to the south: Alluvial soil, 2 to 8 inches in depth; 
 subsoil, clay. Class 2. No wood.—J. A. Maddock, 1888. 
 
 On the west boundary it is sandy soil, with some dry marshes, 
 until the southern part is reached, where it becomes pure drifting 
 sand.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—This township is level and gently-rolling prai- 
 rie, with numerous dry hay marshes, and having a sandy loam 
 soil of classes 1 and 2, well adapted for agriculture—particularly 
 for growing oats. Water is scarce; only one small lake occurs, 
 and that in the north-east corner, the water of-which is fresh.— 
 A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the western limit the country is hilly and the 
 soil stony and sandy, while on the north the soil throughout is 
 sandy and dry. There are afewravines. Water in this township 
 is very scarce.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Along the eastern boundary the country is broken and hilly. 
 For nearly 24 miles, beginning at the north-west corner, the line 
 passes through a deep valley, with numerous ravines leading into 
 it; then two creeks are crossed in Sections 24 and 18. <A shallow 
 fresh-water lake, about one-third of a mile wide, extends north- 
 wards through Section 1 and east of 12. Soil, on Sections 25 and 
 36, sand ; class 3. On the four remaining ones, 5 inches, alluvium,. 
 on a subsoil of clay; class 2. There is no wood. The south is all 
 rolling west of Section 1—J. A. Maddock, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating and rolling prairie, except in the 
 east and north-east, which are very broken. Soil, in the first part, 
 is sandy loam, of 6 inches deep, class 2, and on the hilly portions. 
 gravel and sand, with stones. Water becomes scarce as the season 
 advances, when only a few marshes remain, and a fresh-water 
 creek in Sections 24 and 25,—A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.--Is composed of hilly country, the hills being from 30: 
 to 150 feet high, with stones and boulders on theirsummits. The 
 soil is light sandy loam, not fit for farming, and the grass is short 
 and poor. Water is very scarce, all the sloughs (and they are few 
 and far between) being dry, their appearance indicating very 
 little water, even in the rainy season. The only wood is drift, 
 found on the banks of the Saskatchewan River. The banks are 
 extremely high and precipitous, from 150 to 300 feet. The water 
 is very difficult of access, about 200 yards wide, deep and rapid. 
 —H. C Denny, 1882. 
 
 Southwards, soil throughout is sandy and dry. There are a few 
 ravines. Water in this range is very scarce. On the west bound- 
 ary there are sandhills, with abundance of cactus. On Sections 
 19 and 80 the river is crossed. The banks here are not very high 
 nor steep. The soil is sandy.—O. J. Klotz, 1882 
 
 Sub-division.—The South Saskatchewan River divides this. 
 township into about two equal parts, taking a crookedly diagonal 
 course across from Section 30 to 12. The river is not conveniently 
 accessible anywhere, owing to the high and precipitous banks, 
 
 44 
 
54 
 
 is. 
 
 19. 
 
 20 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range IV. 
 which are 800 to 350 feet high, and intersected and broken by 
 
 ‘gullies and ravines for nearly a mile inland. The remainder of 
 
 the township is sandy or sandy:clay soils, and dry. Only some 
 patches here and there good for settlement.—J. I. Dufresne, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Along the west boundary the soil, generally, is of a 
 sandy nature, and poor for agriculture. The northern part con- 
 sists of a large alkaline flat, so much so that the ponds therein 
 are bordered with an efflorescence as white as snow.—O. J. Kloiz, 
 1882. 
 
 Is composed of low, hilly country. The soil is light sandy ~ 
 loam, and not fit for farming purposes. The grass is short and 
 poor. There’is no wood, and very little water remains on the 
 
 surface, even in a rainy season.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very dry, sandy and broken surface. The 
 best part of the township is Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 30, 31 and 19, 
 where the soil is a mixture of sand and clay. Wood is to be had 
 along the Saskatchewan, a few miles off, but none in the township. 
 J. I. Dufresne, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Section 18, northwards, is prairie, with high-rolling 
 hills, but southwards there is a descent into a deep valley, which 
 extends through the township in a south-easterly direction. At 
 the foot of the descent is a level flat, in which is a large alkaline 
 lake, which extends southward for two miles, south of which the 
 
 ‘country is rolling prairie. The soil is sandy, but on Section 81 it 
 
 consists of a couple of inches of clay loam, over gravel. There is 
 
 also.a subsoil of gravel on Sections 80-:and 18. It is rated class 
 
 4 throughout. No wood.—7'. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 The east is rolling prairie, with hills of drifting sand along 
 the:central sections. On Sections 1 and 12, sandy loam, class 
 8,,and the remainder of the line sand, class 4. No wood or water. 
 —J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—A large alkaline clay valley crosses the town- 
 ship from Section 6 to 33 and 34, containing a lake and several 
 ponds. Wear the correction line there are. some high gravelly 
 ridges, with intervening ponds and good pasturage. The rest of 
 the township is divided between drifting sandhills, partially 
 covered with clumps of rose, cherry and other scrub, and rolling 
 prairie, with asoil of sandy and. clay loams. Olass 3.—J. 
 McLatchie, 1883. 7 
 
 ‘Outlines —The north and west consists of prairie, with high-roll- 
 ing hills. The soil along the northern sections is, black loam, 3 to 
 
 / 18 inches deep, with generally sandy subsoil, excepting Section 31, 
 
 where it is yellow clay. It is rated class 3 on Section 36 and class 
 2-on all the rest. On the western sections it is chiefly gravelly, 
 
 _ but on the southern portions of 19 and:6,it is clay, and on the 
 
 northern portions of the two latter, sandy. Class 2 on the three 
 
 »southern sections and class 8 on the rest.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Eastwards, the surface is rolling prairie, with sandy loam soil, 
 rated class 8 everywhere, except on Nection:36, where itis class 2. 
 No wood or water. Westwards, the land is very poor, while to 
 
21, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range IV. 55. 
 
 the north it is rather good, the soil ranking class 2.—J. G. Sing 
 1883 
 
 Sub-division —Rather broken—-especially southwards. On 
 Sections 8 and 4 there is a large alkaline lake, surrounded by hills 
 from 200 to 250 feet high, and fed from springs in these hills. The 
 northern portion is less broken, and has a good soil of clay loam, 
 but, owing to the broken surface, will be difficult to cultivate. It 
 will answer, however, well for grazing.—J. McLatchie, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—The north boundary has a sandy loam soil, 12 to 18. 
 inches deep, on a clay subsoil, and is class 1 in the eastern. half. 
 The western half, however, being broken by coulées running 
 northward into the Red Deer River, is rated class 4, excepting the 
 eastern portions of Sections 83 and 32, where it is again class 1. 
 No wood. The east is prairie, rolling on the southern and cen- 
 tral, and undulating on the northern sections, the soil being gener- 
 ally sandy, with an occasional admixture of clay or gravel. 
 Class 2, excepting for two miles north from the middle of Section 
 12, where the soil is class 8, and has numerous knolls covered 
 with boulders. No wood or water.—C. F. Miles,18%2. |. 
 
 West and south, the surface consists chiefly of prairie, with 
 high-rolling hills. Soil, black loam, 4 inches deep, over clay subsoil, 
 excepting Section 31, where it is sandy and stony, with subsoil of 
 gravel. Itis rated class 1 on Sections 7, 18 and 19, class 3 on 
 Section 1 and class 2 on all the rest. No wood or water.—T. 
 Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Sections 8, 17, 18, 19 and 20 are hilly prairie, 
 25, 26, 27, 34, 85 and 86 are level, and the remainder of the town- 
 ship is rolling, except 32, which is rough and much broken by 
 ravines from the river valley. The soil is a sandy loam—class ?— 
 on a sand and gravel subsoil. South-eastwards there are several 
 ridges of drifting sand. No wood; but plenty can be got from 
 the adjoining Township, No 22. Water is very scarce, and the 
 township, on this account, is classed down to between 2: and 3.— 
 J. 8. O’ Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—The north is heavy-rolling and hilly, being very rough 
 
 near the north-east corner, where it is broken by the Red Deer 
 River. The soil is a heavy clay, and there are quantities of field 
 stones in places. The banks of the river are high and precipitous. 
 —4. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 The Red Deer River, flowing east, crosses Section 6, Itis 
 shallow, and full of sand bars, with banks 150 feet high. North 
 of this the surface is generally rolling prairie, rising toward the 
 north on Section 7, and much broken by gullies on 18. The soil 
 is chiefly sand and clay in the south and _ stone and gravel in the 
 north, all rated class 4. No wood anywhere along the line.—T. 
 Drummond, 1382. 
 
 The Red Deer River, running nearly diagonally across this 
 township from south-west to north-east, crosses the west boundary 
 in Section 6. At this place the banks are 150 feet high. There 
 appears to be timber all along this river, except where there are 
 cut banks on both sides, but it is a narrow belt, and does not. 
 
56 
 
 23 
 
 24. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range IV. 
 
 amount to much. The timber consists principally of cottonwood 
 and poplar. The land is poor, and ranks as 8rd and 4th class. Only 
 a small portion of the township would be available for agricul- 
 tural purposes, though probably adapted for grazing. The south- 
 east quarter consists of some very fair land.—C. F, Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—LHxceedingly rough, due to the precipitous 
 banks and connecting ravines and gullies attending the course of 
 the Red Deer River, which runs almost diagonally through the 
 township south-west to north-east. The banks are 100 to 200 feet 
 high. With the exception of isolated tracks, whole sections—1, 2, 
 8, 4,10, 11, 12 and 22—are the only portions adapted for agricultu- ~ 
 ral purposes, and also portions of Sections 7, 8, 33, 34, 21, 27 and 
 28, which are rolling or flat. The soil is generally asandy loam 
 —class 2—on a sand or gravel subsoil. Timber is to be had along 
 the banks of the river, and beyond the river water is scarce. The 
 river is narrow, and probably about an average depth of 5 or 6 
 feet ; current about three miles, and would be navigable for steam- 
 ers having as much as 3 feet draft.—J. 8. O’ Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed north, east and south, and find this township 
 is broken and hilly, with surface gravel and field stone, and 
 numerous sloughs. The soil is a heavy clay At the large bend 
 near the east side the banks are very rough, with a precipitous 
 bank a short distance back from the river, about 300 feet high, 
 where outcrops of sandstone protrude, consisting of a friable 
 grey and hard sandstone, with an overcrust of about 50 feet of 
 gravel and clay.—A. W. Mc Viitie, 1882. 
 
 Westwards, very rough and stony; poor, gravelly soil, from 6 
 to 15 inches deep ; subsoil generally gravel. The southern half 
 of this township is occupied by the valley of a creek which, 
 where the line crosses, was dry, with the exception of a few 
 water holes. The water was strongly alkaline—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, except Sections 28 and 88, 
 which are hilly, and that portion—the south-eastern corner— 
 traversed by the Red Deer River, which embraces Sections 1, 2, 
 11, 12, 18 and 14, all exceedingly broken by the banks, bluffs and 
 ravines contiguous to and extending from the river. Wood was 
 found along the river,and in Section 14, but not in great quan- 
 tity. Soil is a sandy loam, and classed between 2 and 3, owing to 
 limited supply of surface water.—J. S. O’ Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Northwards, the country is generally very knolly 
 and stony. There are some small meadows. Thesoil is a gravelly 
 
 loam, from 4 to 10 inches deep, on a subsoil of gravelly hardened 
 
 clay. Very little water. Along the west boundary the surfaceis 
 rolling, with a light clayey loam soil, from 8 to 16 inches deep, on 
 a hard subsoil of clay and sand.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Broken and hilly southwards, and rolling, heavily-rolling, 
 and, in parts, hilly, eastwards. The soil is chiefly a sandy loam. 
 There are numbers of small dry sloughs —A. W. Mc Vittie, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Hilly prairie. Soil, a sandy loam, of 8 inches, ~ 
 class 2, on a subsoil of gravel, and stony in many places. Many 
 small lakes and sloughs were met with, and one lake of 35 acres, 
 
25. 
 
 26, 
 
 ze 
 
 28. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—RangeIV. 54 
 
 all of which contain fresh water. This township is suitable for 
 grazing, having fine grass, excellent water and plenty of shelter. 
 A good cart trail crosses the township diagonally to the Saskatche- 
 wan.—J. 8. O'Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Sections 6 and 18 rolling; 7 hilly, and the remainder 
 of the west, undulating. There are several watercourses along 
 the line, but they were all dry at the time of survey (31st July). 
 The east is hilly. Throughout the township the soil is clay loam, 
 averaging about 10 imches in depth, with clay subsoil, rated 
 class 2 on Sections 6, 19, 30, 1, 25 and the northern halves of 18, 
 12 and 24, and class 3 on the rest. Eastwards, there is no water, 
 excepting a large pond in a deep ravine on Section 13, and 
 another in the south of Section 1.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 Along the south boundary the surface, generally, is very 
 knolly and stony. There are some small meadows. Soil is . 
 gravelly loam, from 4 to 10 inches deep; subsoil, gravelly clay, 
 hardened. Very little water.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—The first two tiers of easterly sections are hilly. 
 To the west of these the remainder is rolling prairie. Sections 9, 
 10 and 16 are broken by a large fresh-water lake, and 32 and 34 
 by marshes. The soil is a hard sandy loam, of .8 or 9 inches, 
 class 2, on subsoil of clay and gravel. There is plenty of surface 
 fresh water. The east is adapted for grazing, the west for agri- 
 culture. The soil, though hard, is good, and would only require 
 some breaking up to produce well.—J. S. O. Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east, surface principally rolling prairie, with 
 a few ravines and hills towards the south. There are a number 
 of marshes and reedy ponds in the valleys or ravines on Sections 
 18 and 19, but, on the whole, water is rather scarce. Soil, clay 
 loam, averaging 14 inches in depth, on a clay subsoil, excepting 
 on the three south-easterly sections, which are sandy loam, 6 to 12 
 inches deep, with sandy subsoil. It is rated class 2 throughout. 
 In the north of Section 25 there is a large expanse of marsh, about 
 seven-eights of which is east of the line. There is a creek leading 
 out from it towards the west, which was dry at the time of sur- 
 vey (4th August).—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The west half of this township is rolling 
 prairie. A small portion of the north-east is undulating, and a few 
 
 sections at the south-east corner are hilly. Soil, hard sandy loam, 
 class 2, similar to Township 25. Water plentiful and fresh. There 
 
 are three lakes, aggregating 160 acres, and many small marshvs. 
 Sections 9, 10, 15, 16, 35 and 36 are broken by lakes, and on Sec- 
 tion 3 there is an alkaline marsh. This township, though pos- 
 sessing a hard soil, will produce excellent crops after breaking 
 up.—J. S. O’ Dwyer, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with high ridges and ponds. Soil, 
 principally clay loam. Rates second and third class-C. F. Miles, 
 1883. | | 
 Outlines—The north is very hilly prairie, interspersed with many 
 marshes and lakes in the valleys. Soil, rich clay loam, of 15 
 
58 
 
 29 
 
 30, 
 
 oi, 
 
 ae, 
 
 33. 
 
 ‘Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range IV. 
 
 inches, on clay subsoil. Class 2. The north-west is less hilly 
 than the north-east.-—T. Fawcett, 18838. | 
 
 Along the western boundary, for the first two miles going 
 north, rolling; and after that, undulating prairie. Ponds and 
 marshes occur all along the line, and are quite numerous toward 
 the north. Section 18 is crossed by a trail. Soil, clay loam on a 
 clay subsoil, Rated classes 1 and 2.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The south-west one-fourth is hilly, with numerous 
 small ponds and grass swamps.. The remainder is rolling. Stones 
 are abundant on the hill tops. Good water is abundant. No- 
 timber of any. kind. The soil is principally clay loam, and is 
 excellent throughout. Classed, principally, 1 and 2, with some 3. 
 —F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 The southern portion is hilly, with numerous ponds and 
 marshes among the hills. The soil is a good clay loam. There 
 are scattered boulders on the hill tops.— 7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Is rolling throughout. Sounding Creek, flowing in a 
 deep valley, about half a mile in width, crosses from west to east. 
 This stream is here about 10 feet wide, 6inches deep, with current 
 about two miles an hour. Its water is slightly alkaline. A’ deep 
 valley, containing the bed of a very small stream (dry at the time 
 of survey) joins the main valley of the creek in this township. 
 The land is stony along the sides of the valleys. A large marsh 
 enters the township near the north-west angle. Good water is 
 plentiful. .No timber of any kind. The'soil is, in general, good, 
 being both sand and clay loam. Classed 1 to 2, with some 3.—F. 
 W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling to heavily-rolling, in general. Several water~ 
 courses, draining to south-east, cross this township. Some stony 
 land was seen. Good water is abundant. No timber of any kind. 
 Soil, in general, a good sand or clay loam. Classed 1 to 2.—F. 
 W. Wikins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north boundary,rough hilly prairie, becoming 
 smoother toward the east. On the western half of Section 36 is a 
 creek, which connects with a small body of water a few rods north 
 of the line. No wood.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Is, in general, hilly, with some rolling land in . the southern 
 part. The hills rise to a high range near the extreme north. 
 Water, both good and bad, is plentiful. Some stony land, in 
 ridges, exists in places. No timber of any kind. The soil is gen- 
 erally a sand loam, rather light in the south-east. Classed from 1 
 to 3.— F.. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The south-west half is rolling, while the north-east 
 half is very level, being in the broad valley of Sounding Creek. 
 A very small stream, tributary to Sounding Creek, crosses the 
 towuship at the south. On or about Section 17 are several hills. 
 of considerable altitude, composed of soft sandstone, with bands of — 
 clay ironstone and brown shale. Good water is reasonably plen- 
 tiful. No timber, other than a few cherry and saskatoon bushes. 
 
 _ near the Sandstone Hills. Raspberries and gooseberries were 
 
34. 
 
 35 
 
 & 
 
 36. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range IV. 59: 
 
 plentiful in this locality also. The soil in the south-west is very 
 good, sand loam and clay loam. In the creek valley the soil is. 
 rather light. COlassed from 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outiines—As arule, is very level, lying almost wholly in the 
 broad valley of Sounding Creek. In the south, this creek expands 
 into a good sized shallow lake, and at the north finds its way to 
 the north, through a large marsh. Good water is not plentiful. 
 No timber of any kind. The soil, in general, is very light and 
 sandy, and in places gravelly. Classed mostly 3—F. W. Wilkins, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The central one-half from north to south lies in the- 
 valley of Sounding Creek, and is almost a dead level. The bal- 
 ance is mostly rolling land, considerably cut up by deep ravines 
 draining from both sides into Sounding Creek. This creek runs 
 almost due north, is about 25 feet wide, 3 feet deep, with a very 
 muddy bottom, slow current and slightly saline water. Good 
 water is reasonably plentiful throughout the township. No 
 timber of any kind. The soil in the creek valley is a hard clay in 
 general. Elsewhere it isa good sand loam. Some very stony 
 tracts exist. Classed from 1 to 4—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Oullines.—The north boundary line crosses the two horns of 
 crescent-shaped Sounding Lake. The first arm of this lake is 
 one and a-half miles wide; the second is nearly three miles in 
 width, while the peninsula between them has a width of one and 
 three-quarter miles. It is surrounded by a hilly country, con- 
 taining a considerable quantity of fair sized poplar. The outlet of 
 the lake, Eye Hill Creek, is situated about 20 chains north of where 
 the base line first strikes the easterly shore. This last mentioned 
 creek flows easterly, keeping from one to three miles north of the 
 base.— 7. Kains, 1882. 
 
 A considerable portion of the northern part is occupied by 
 the two arms of Sounding Lake. This lake (the water of which 
 is good except when very low) is of considerable extent; and is 
 apparently very shallow. The greater portion of the land part of 
 the east boundary of this township lies in the valley of Sounding 
 Creek. The balance is very hilly and stony (except immediately 
 along the lake shore), and rises toa very high range of hills at 
 the south. Good water is plentiful im the hilly part, only whére 
 some very stony land exists. Sounding Creek is about 25 feet 
 wide and 8 feet deep, with a muddy bottom, saline water and 
 slow current. One nice clump of poplar wood, fit for firewood 
 and rails, lies to the south of Sounding Lake, in the north-east. 
 There is no first class land in this township; either it is too stony 
 and hilly, or it is too light, or too hard. Classed from 2 to 4.—- 
 F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The south is broken by Sounding Lake, which has an 
 extreme east and west length of about six and a-half miles. The 
 north shores and sides of valley, are thickly wooded with poplar. 
 Poplar is also thinly scattered over the remainder of the surface.. 
 The soil is of a poor, light, sandy description; and classes 3 to 4. 
 
60 
 
 38. 
 
 39. 
 
 40. 
 
 41, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range IV. 
 
 Good grazing is procurable in many places—F. W. Wilkins, 
 1884. 
 
 The south is broken by Sounding Lake, which is surrounded 
 by a hilly country, containing a considerable quantity of fair 
 sized poplar. The arms of the lake extend south of the base 
 about two miles. The easterly arm terminates in a ee creek 
 flowing north into the lake.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—A range of hills runs north-westerly from the south- 
 east corner of this township, and has a scattered growth of poplar 
 on the easterly part, which becomes very dense and heavy where 
 the west boundary crosses it in Sections 19 and 30, many of the 
 trees being from 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The north-east half 
 is open and generally rolling, and a depression or valley, contain- 
 ing large ponds, extends westerly from Section 25. The soil varies 
 from dark loam in the north to sandy loam and sand in the south, 
 and. is classed 1 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Along the western boundary the surface is generally 
 broken by hills and valleys, with some scattered poplar and wil- 
 lows, the soil being sandy, and classed 8 to 4. A valley, with its 
 large ponds or small lakes enters the north-west corner. ‘ The 
 greater part of its area is open and rolling, and in one or two 
 places hilly prairie, with some large ponds in the south-east, 
 containing good water, and with some grazing about them. The 
 soil is a dark loam or a sandy loam, classed 1 to 2.—J F. Garden, 
 1884, 
 
 Outlines.—North, the surface is chiefly undulating or rolling, and 
 in some places low and wet. Section 32 consists of low sandhills 
 with willow scrub, alkali beds, marshes and willows in water. 
 Soil, principally, black loam, averaging about 8 inches in depth, 
 with sandy subsoil. Class 1—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Is high and broken along the western boundary, which passes 
 through sand ridges with scattered poplar and willows and alka- 
 line bottom lands. Some large ponds are situated in the south- 
 west. This portion is class 4. The easterly and larger portion of 
 the area is open, rolling prairie, with good grass in the hollows 
 and about the sloughs. The soil is principally loam, or light sandy 
 soil, being class 1 to 3.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Has but very little bush, having Sonera an open, 
 
 rolling or hilly surface. Along part ‘of the northern boundary the 
 surface is undulating, the soil being dark loam, class 1. A large 
 alkaline slough or marsh crosses into it in Sections 18 and 19, 
 extending easterly. Along this side the soil is sandy loam,or sandy, 
 classes 2 to 8. In the eastern parts the surface is hilly or broken. 
 The hollows contain ponds or sloughs, and the soil is a hard sandy 
 loam. Class 3. A valley, with marshy land, runs westerly from — 
 Section 12, being the source of the small creek in Township 41, 
 Range 3 Bey fh Garden, 1884. 
 
 South, undulating or rolling. Soil, principally, black loam, 
 
 averaging about 8 inches in depth, with sandy subsoil, Class 1.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
42. 
 
 43. 
 
 44, 
 
 45. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range IV. 61 
 
 -Outlines.—The north-west portion is high, and broken by sandy 
 
 ridges, with poplar and willows, and small lakes or ponds in 
 some of the valleys. Class 4. Along the southern boundary the 
 surface is open, rolling or undulating, the soil being dark loam ; 
 class 1. In the easterly part the surface is cut up by low sandy 
 ridges, with scrubby poplar; class 4. Inthe north it is high and 
 rolling, with a little poplar and willow, and some good clay loam 
 soil; class 1. A small stream leading from extensive muskegs 
 and ponds in the north-westerly parts runs north-easterly, leaving 
 the township in Section 33.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—In the north-west corner the land is sandy, hilly and 
 broken, thickly covered with poplars, some of them 8 inches 
 through, mixed with willows and scrub brush; class 4. Along 
 the west boundary, south of this broken part, the surface is undu- 
 lating and sandy, with low scattered poplar, willow, ground 
 cedar and poor grass; class4. In the eastern portions the land 
 is broken by sand ridges, and has small poplars, willows, poor 
 grass and no water; class 4. Ribstone Creek crosses the north- 
 east corner, running in a south-easterly direction, entering in 
 Section 35 and leaving in Section 24. Its valley contains mus- 
 keg and willows. There is some good clay loam soil along the 
 southern boundary, which is generally rolling, with a little 
 poplar; class 1.—J F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly country, with numerous ponds and bluffs 
 of poplar and willow. In Section 34 there isa lake. The greater 
 part of Section 33 is covered with poplar timber, some of which 
 is of good size and quality. There is also some birch wood. The 
 soil in this Section is chiefly clay loam over clay, and is rated 
 class 8. Along the rest of the line it is alternately clay or sandy | 
 loam, 3 or 4inches deep, with clay or sandy subsoil; class 1.— 
 T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 In the south-westerly corner a high range of sandy hills, 150 
 feet elevation, falls to the north and east, densely covered with 
 poplar; class 4. Inthe north-west the land is undulating and 
 falling to the south, with but little bush. Ribstone Creek enters 
 in Section 80, and following a south-east course, leaves the town- 
 
 _ ship in Section 2, having low, wet flats, with willows and rank 
 
 grass’ adjoining it. In the north-east the surface is high, and 
 broken by short ridges and knolls, descending to the south, with 
 ponds, sloughs and good grass in the hollows. The soil here is 
 dark loam, classes 2 to 8. Some burnt poplar bluffs appear in 
 this portion. In the south-east low sand ridges, with poplar, 
 break the surface. Large ponds, extending east and west, were 
 observed in a depression in Section 13. On the south boundary 
 the country is hilly and knolly, and, in the centre, is much broken 
 by large ponds, surrounded by a fair growth of good sized poplar. 
 —J. F. Garden, 1884. , 
 
 Outlines.—Is very hilly, and broken by deep ponds and lakelets, 
 and heavily timbered with large poplar in clumps, mostly dry, 
 having been destroyed by prairie fire. The soil is a rich black 
 loam, of a first class quality. A creek crosses Section 36. From 
 
62 
 
 46. 
 
 AT 
 
 AS, 
 
 4D, 
 
 SO. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range IV. 
 
 thence the country becomes rolling towards the north.—P. R."A.. 
 Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Is hilly, and mostly covered with burnt underbrush. 
 The soil is good in the south half, and rates Ist class, but it turns 
 to light sand in the north half, and in the neighborhood of a 
 large lake near the west boundary. There is good water in the 
 ponds —P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The south-west half is hilly, and broken by Battle 
 River, which runs along the west boundary and enters Section 7, 
 running across the south tier of sections in an easterly direction 
 as far as Section 1, where it turns south-easterly and crosses the 
 correction line. Scattered clumps of young poplar are occasionally 
 met with, principally in the valley of the river, where they are 
 large in size. The north-east half is ordinary rolling prairie. The 
 soil rates first class —P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The surface is principally hilly prairie, with black 
 loam soil, 10 inches deep, on a clay subsoil; class 1. About midway 
 on Section 841is a. lake, on the line, about a milelong, along the 
 shores of which is some scrub and small poplar. West of this there are 
 a few ponds and grass swamps, and one or two small creeks flow- 
 ing southward across the line on Sections 81 and 32, respectively. 
 Wood is scarce.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Is rolling prairie in the west half and hilly in the east half, 
 which forms part of Blackfoot Hills. It is broken by a, consider- 
 able quantity of ponds, marshes and lakes. Bluffs of wood appear 
 amongst: the hills. The Battleford and Edmonton trail and. 
 telegraph line cross through the south part. The soil has been 
 classified as first class ——P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—High, hilly prairie, interspersed with large bluffs of 
 large sized poplar in the hills. This township is mostly occupied 
 by Blackfoot Hills, and appears to be the height of land between 
 Saskatchewan and Battle Rivers. It is broken by numerous ponds, 
 lakelets and hay marshes. The soil is a clay loam, of first-class 
 quality. —P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The south-east is high, hilly prairie, with numerous. 
 ponds and swamps, in places bordered with small poplar and 
 willows. Soil, first class quality, being a black vegetable mould. 
 West half not so hilly as the east half.—T7. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Is generally heavy, rolling. prairie, with the exception of the 
 
 - south-west quarter, which is high and hilly, and where numerous 
 
 ail, 
 
 bluffs of heavy timber were seen. A large lake occupies the centre. 
 of the township. It is bordered in many places with willows. 
 
 This lake takes its water from the hills around it, and flows north- 
 
 easterly into the Vermillion River, and then into the Saskatchewan 
 
 River. Numerous ponds and lakelets. The soil ranks first class, 
 
 except around the lake on, the south side, where it is alkaline.— 
 
 P. kh. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Is mostly prairie, with a very few patches of willows. 
 and young poplar. It is heavy rolling in the east half and gently 
 rolling in the west half. Numerous ponds and lakelets occur- 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range lV. 63 
 
 with. An extensive lake is crossed by the,west boundary of Sec- 
 tions. 6, 7 and 18. A creek runs through the centre, of this town- 
 
 ship in a north-easterly direction ,to the Vermillion River The 
 
 ae, 
 
 soil ranks first class, being either .black loam or clay loam, 
 with clay subsoil—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is ordinary rolling prairie, with clumps of young pop- 
 lar and willows on its west boundary, but turns hilly and knolly 
 
 in its centre, where it also appears heavily timbered. The Ver- 
 
 million River enters in Section 6 and runs across the township 
 
 easterly and north-easterly. It then goes out in Section 12, and 
 
 flows into the Saskatchewan River. It isastream 8 feet deep by 1 
 
 chain and 382 links broad, where crossed on west boundary, and 
 has good water, amuddy bottom and slow current. A large belt 
 of long hay grows along its shores, for many miles on both sides 
 of the west boundary. Another beautiful stream, from 10 to 15 
 links broad and 1 foot deep, running through a lake in the 
 north-west corner, runs in a south-easterly direction, probably to 
 
 _ the Vermillion River. The soil is first class, being rich clay loam, 
 
 Oe 
 
 o4 
 
 deo 
 
 D6, 
 
 with clay subsoil—P. R. A. Belanger, 188+4. 
 
 The north boundary line crosses a marsh on Sections 36, 35, 34 
 and 33. In Section 31 it crosses two ponds, and then a high ridge, 
 and passes on the north side of a lake in Section 31. There are 
 some clumps of timber of good size, as large as 12 inches. The 
 land is of an almost uniformly excellent character. Universally 
 fresh water.—W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—From the westerly boundary, so far as the surveyor 
 had opportunity to notice, he found the land to be either rolling 
 or rough prairie, dotted with bluffs of poplar and scrub, and 
 broken, to some extent, by small lakes. Part of Section 36 is com- 
 posed of light sand, but the soil of the remaining sections appears 
 to be very good. Vermillion River flows in a north-easterly 
 direction through the south-easterly part of this township.—E. 
 Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—This is rolling land, mostly covered with bluffs of small 
 poplar and scrub. Ponds of good water are plentiful, while a 
 fine stream runs easterly through the southerly part, along which 
 the soil is frequently a poor sand. Some light sand was also 
 found in Sections 31 and 32. With these exceptions, the soil in 
 this township is of very fair quality. —E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The Saskatchewan River runs south-easterly from 
 about Section 83 to Section 13. North of the river the and is 
 mostly covered with woods of small poplar. Timber of the same 
 description is also abundant on the south side of the river, for a 
 width of about one mile: while further south the land becomes 
 scrubby, and sometimes open. . Excepting the river banks, the 
 surface is generally rolling and the soil about 2nd class.—£. Bray, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The Saskatchewan River enters in Section 7 and flows 
 south-easterly, crossing the south boundary at about Sections 5 
 and 4. The small tract lying south of the river is wooded with 
 
64 Townships West of the Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range IV. 
 
 poplar and spruce, and tamarac swamps and some open land in 
 Section 6. North of the river, each boundary passes over scrubby 
 or timbered land, of fair quality, but in the interior of the town- 
 ship, extensive tracts of poor, open sandy land abound, which 
 alternate with bluffs and belts of pine, spruce and poplar. Some 
 hilly land lies in and near the north-westerly corner of the town- 
 ship but elsewhere the land is rolling.—E. Bray, 1884, Lute 
 Along the north boundary it is thickly timbered with 
 poplar and scrub, and with patches of spruce in places. The 
 imber is small, and of little value. The land is poor, very rough 
 nd broken, and cut up by ponds, muskegs, &c.—G. B. Abrey, 
 1883. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 
 RANGE V. 
 
 . Outlines—Along the south boundary, rolling prairie, broken 
 
 toward the east by ravines. The soil is poor. Cactus is abundant. 
 —O. J. Klotz, 1883 : 
 
 West, rolling and undulating, and crossed by a number of 
 coulées, one of which, on Section 19, is well wooded with maple, 
 poplar and willows. There is also good water in this coulée in 
 small quantities Hastwardsit is a very broken country, greatly 
 cut up by a regular network of coulées. The soil throughout the 
 township is a granular grey clay, with hard clay subsoil, and 
 almost destitute of vegetation.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—Undulating prairie. Soil, a hard, grey clay, in many 
 
 places mixed with gravel; subsoil, clay. In Section 6 is a large 
 coulée, with several smaller oues running into it. Over on the 
 east side of the township the surface is a little hilly, and broken 
 by a number of coulées in the south, and the soil is a sandy clay 
 loam, with clay subsoil—_C E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines —West, rolling prairie, broken at intervals by deep coulées, 
 
 in one of which, in Section 18, is a small creek. Soil, clay loam ; 
 class 8 in the west, and the gravelly and stony portions in the east, 
 class 4. A creek crosses the line several times in Sections 36 and 
 25. A trail passes across the latter section.—-J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—The north is rolling prairie, but is considerably broken 
 
 by ravines toward the east, in some of which there are creeks or 
 ponds. The eastern half of Section 36 is a marsh. There is no 
 wood. The soil is good.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 Rough, broken, rolling and stony prairie, with coulées and 
 numerous smal] hills, except in the south-east, where it is rolling. 
 Piegan Creek crosses at Section 6. A portion of a large lake in 
 the north-west quarter of this township extends into Sections 30 
 and 81. Soil, black sandy loam, class 3, except in the central east, 
 where the soil is gravelly, class 4. On the southern half of 
 Section 36 is a running creek, which takes its rise from a lake east 
 of the line.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—Hilly and broken with deep ravines, which 
 generally have small creeks flowing in them. The soil is a fair 
 clay loam in the valleys, but stony on the elevations. The rough 
 character of the township renders it unavailable for agricultural 
 purposes, but it is fine for grazing. There is a large fresh-water 
 lake in Sections 29, 30, 31 and 82. There is no wood of any kind 
 in the township.—J. F. Snow, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Judged from the west and east, it is all rolling prairie, 
 very stony on the northern sections, where the surface is con- 
 siderably broken by hills and coulées. The soil is either clay loam. 
 
66 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range V. 
 
 or clay mixed with sand or gravel. Class 2, generally, but with 
 considerable 8 and some 4. A small creek flows northward 
 through Sections 80 and 81. The township appears to be fairly 
 well watered by sloughs and small lakes, which are more plenti- 
 fulon the east side.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Southwards, good soil, but cut up by deep ravines, having 
 creeks, the greater part of which will probably be dry in the fall. 
 The cut banks of these ravines are a sandy clay, with erratic 
 blocks of granite and sandstone imbedded.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very rolling, and broken by several dry creek 
 valleys and ravines. Soil, a clay loam, generally class 1, and 
 lying on a subsoil of all clay. Fresh water is scarce, but good. 
 —C. C. Duberger, 1888. 
 
 10. Outlines—Westwards, the soil is principally clay, or clay and 
 sand. Class 2. Big Plume Creek flows northwardly, not far east of 
 the line. East, clay, gravel or gravelly clay soil. Classes 1 and 
 2. Section 1 is hilly, with clay and gravel. Class 3. On Sec- 
 tion 24 the line is crossed three times by a creek surrounded by 
 hills. The general surface is rolling.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very similar to No. 9 of this range Is a good 
 agricultural township, and has some wood growing in the ravines 
 in the western portion, measuring from 4 to 1, inches in diameter, 
 suitable for fuel and fences.—C. C. Duberger, 1883. 
 
 Al. Outlines—The west has wide valleys, containing fine grazing land. 
 Soil, principally, sandy loam ; class 2. The east is rolling prairie, 
 with good soil, consisting of sandy loam, clay, sand and clay, or 
 sand and gravel. Chiefly class 1, with some 2 and 3 along the 
 central, east and south-east sections. Sections 12 and 1 are alittle 
 stony. Plenty of water is furnished by lakes and sloughs.—J. G. 
 Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is less a rolling . prairie than Township No. 9 
 of this range, but is exactly similar in all other respects. There 
 are no trees, but wood may be obtained in abundance from the 
 Saskatchewan River, which crosses the next adjoining township 
 to the north.—C. C. DuBerger, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —The South Saskatchewan River crosses Section 33 in a 
 valley 250 feet deep. Hast of the river is a large clay flat. About 
 60 chains south of the north line, Bull’s Head Coulée enters the 
 valley from the south-east, and along this coulée the C.P. R. 
 approaches the river. West of the river there is a grove of cotton- 
 wood trees, 8 to 24 inches diameter. Fine flats on the south 
 side extend westward from Bull’s Head Coulée past Seven Per- 
 sons’ Coulée. Quite a settlement has sprung up here.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 The west boundary lies over, principally, rolling prairie, but 
 ov the northern sections it is broken by the South Saskatche- 
 wan and Seven Persons’ Rivers.: The width ofthe former is 52 
 rods, and of the latter about 20 feet. On.the banks of each there 
 is some poplar bush.. The line is also crossed by the O. P. R. near — 
 the north-west corner of the township, and a little further south 
 by the Calgary and McLeod trails. The soil is chiefly sandy Joam, 
 
 i2 
 
13 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range V. 67 
 
 with some gravelly clay in the neighborhood of the Saskatchewan. 
 It is rated class 2 throughout. The east is rolling prairie, broken 
 by one or two deep coulées, and by the valley of Ross Creek, flow- 
 ing north-west, on Section 24. Soil, sandy loam. Classes 1 and 2 
 on the two northern sections; on the rest, clay loam, classes I, 2 
 and 8, improving toward the south. The C.P.R. enters the 
 township on Section 12.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Much broken by the valleys of the South Sas- 
 katchewan and Seven Persons’ River, and Big Plume and Ross 
 Creeks. The soil is generally sand and clay, classes 2 and 3, and — 
 is very dry. There is an excellent mineral spring on the eastern 
 boundary of Section 21. The C. P. &. passes diagonally across the 
 township, and crosses the Saskatchewan by a bridge at Medicine 
 
 . Hat, in Section 31. A local ferry is in operation at this point also. 
 
 —A. C. Webb, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The south-westerly quarter is a level prairie, and very 
 fair land. The soil is a grey clay, on a bluish clay subsoil, inter- 
 spersed with occasional intervals of sand. There are some 
 settlers here The north of Section 18 is crossed by the South 
 Saskatchewan River, which then flows north, immediately west 
 of the line, which it re-crosses on the southern half of 31, and 
 from there, meanders along the north boundary. Cottonwood of 
 good size, quality and quantity, grows all along the river bottom. 
 There are also many indications of coal on the southern banks. 
 Medicine Hat crossing is just south of the township.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1888. ; 
 
 The west of the south boundary is broken by the Saskatche- 
 wan—already described in the north of 12. The eastern end is 
 undulating, as is also the eastern boundary, going north, for the 
 first two miles, with aclay loam soil. After that the land rises 
 to the north, and on Section 36 there are sandhills.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Very broken by the. valley of the Saskatche- 
 wan River, particularly in the southern half, which is permeated 
 by gullies and ravines. The soil is a dry, sandy loam, and classes 
 Qand 3. The best land lies towards the north, but none can be 
 classed excellent. The South Saskatchewan River courses over 
 the south-east corner sections in a very circuitous manner and 
 according to the bends of the river, alternates in high, abrupt, 
 precipitous and broken banks on the one side, and comparatively 
 level flats on the other. The water in the river (September) was 
 cold, clear and pure, about one-eighth of a mile wide, with a four 
 mile current and a depth of 2 to 10 feet. The banks are fully 300 
 feet high, and frequently broken by deep coulées and precipitous 
 
 . cliffs, extending inland, in many instances, for two miles. There 
 
 are many evidences of coal (lignite) seams along the banks. The 
 soil of the township—where not broken by coulées—is more 
 fertile than the river flats, which are not so good as their position 
 would lead one to expect, and which is shown by the wild cactus 
 and sage bush growing on them. There are some squatters on 
 
 Sections 4, 6 and 18, who have log houses constructed from cot- 
 5* ) 
 
8 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range V. 
 
 ~ tonwood trees, and have done some “ breaking ” and planting with 
 
 a4 
 
 5 
 
 satisfactory results. About 1,100 head of cattle are grazing here 
 (1883), and look well. They areto remain over the winter. Itis 
 an admirable grazing ground.—T. Brownjohn, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, west and south is a rolling prairie. The soil, 
 for the most part, is pure sand. There are some good springs of 
 water flowing through deep ravines down to the _ river. 
 Poplar of considerable size may be found growing along these 
 gullies. The river traverses this township. That portion of the 
 township to the east is one mass of conical-shaped clay cliffs.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1838. 
 
 Westwards, it is very sandy, almost destitute of vegetation.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 East, Section 1 is rolling prairie. Soil, very good. The 
 remaining five sections of this line going northwards, pass over 
 coulées from 50 to 100 feet deep, running into the South Sas- 
 katchewan River, which is from one and a-half to four miles west, 
 and runs in a northerly direction.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The South Saskatchewan River crosses by a 
 very circuitous route from west to east, which breaks up the ~ 
 township very much. The banks—alternating with the bends 
 
 -of the river—are very abrupt, precipitous and broken, from 200 
 
 to 300 feet high, and the right bank is especially broken, as from 
 it, run inland steep and broken coulées, forming a very chaos of 
 cut banks, hills and ravines. Where there are any plains or 
 plateau, the soil is sterile sand and gravel, and there are few 
 inviting parts for the agriculturist. In Sections 32 and 33 isa 
 long lake, called the Old Channel Lake, supposed to be a former 
 bed of the river. Evidences of coal (lignite) are not frequent.— 
 T. Brownjohn, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The northern portion is hilly and broken, the soil a 
 poor, light sand. The prairie is overgrown with cactus and sage 
 plants. The southern portion is not quite so hilly. The Saskat- 
 
 _ehewan flows from south to north, very circuitously, through the 
 
 16. 
 
 centre of the township.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Hastwards, going southwards, the sand increases, until the 
 southern part, where it becomes pure, drifting sand.—O. J. Klotz, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The South Saskatchewan River flows north- 
 wards across the centre of this township, maintaining an extre- 
 mely meandering course, which makes the valley of the river very 
 wide, and the area of broken land very extensive in consequence. 
 The soil is generally sandy and gravelly in the river sections, but 
 more loamy on the east and west parts of the township. There is 
 some wood in Sections 3, 4,21, 22, 27 and 28, good for fuel only.— 
 A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, soil sandy and dry. The river banks here are 
 300 feet high, and, in places, precipitous. Formations are hori- 
 zontal clay, alternating with friable sandstone. There is an abund- 
 ance of friable lignite in these seams, in the banks. Seams, two 
 feet thick, of shaly, earthy lignite, were also found, but this is 
 
A? 
 
 e 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range V. 69 
 
 worthless. Generaliy, on the concave side of the course’ of the 
 river is a flat, on which are a few green trees, poplar and scrub, 
 the opposite, or convex side, being precipitous. Going westward. 
 from the river, and along the eastern boundary, the country is hilly. 
 The soil stony and sandy.— O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Is hilly and broken. The soil is a poor light sand. No 
 water, except in the river, which almost divides the township in 
 two. ‘The prairie is overgrown with cactus and sage plants. 
 There is some timber in patches along the river banks in the 
 valley, which is only approachable’ in a few places, being about 
 250 or 300 feet deep. The river, at the time of the survey, was 
 about 12 feet deep in the centre, and about 12 chains wide. The 
 current is very strong.—F’, W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The South Saskatchewan River flows through 
 this township, entering midway on the southern boundary and. 
 making a comparatively straight course, passes out on Section 36. 
 For about halfa mile on each side of the river the land is very much 
 broken by the banks, and is class 4, the soil in many instances 
 being pure sand. Many seams of good coal occur, particularly on 
 Sections 28, 16 and 10 On the southern portions of Sections 3 
 and 4, on both sides of the river, there are a number of cottonwood. 
 trees, 18 to 20 inches in diameter. West of the river banks the 
 country is principally rolling prairie, but is broken, hilly and 
 stony at intervals. The soil is generally a mixture of sand and 
 gravel. Class 3. There is, however, some good land on Section 
 18 and in its vicinity, where the surface is undulating prairie, and 
 the soil sandy loam over clay. Class 1. The country on the east 
 side of the river and its banks is rated classes 1, 2 and 8, the sur- 
 face being mainly undulating prairie, and the soil sandy loam. 
 A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling‘prairie. Saskatchewan River flows through 
 the south-east corner in a deep valley, wooded in places with 
 cottonwood, some of which exceeds 18 inches diameter. This 
 township is very rough and broken by deep ravines running into 
 the river. Soil is below class 2, being boulder strewn, gravelly 
 and very dry, with scanty vegetation. Contains little wood.—L,, 
 R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Southwards, this township has a sandy and dry soil. The 
 Saskatchewan River has here steep and precipitous banks, which 
 are described in Township 16. The south-westerly sections are 
 hilly, stony and dry. Along the east boundary there are sand- 
 hills with abundance of cactus. The river leaves the township 
 in Section 24, and at this point the banks are not very high or 
 steep.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The south Saskatchewan River flows through 
 the two eastern rows or tiers of sections. The banks are high, 
 but the river is more accessible here than further east, and the 
 neighboring sections—10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, © 
 27 and 30—are good sections for settlement, having a pretty rich 
 sandy loam. ‘The remainder of the township is poor—J. I. 
 
 Dufresne, 1883. 
 | Bye 
 
 _% 
 
70 
 
 18, Outlines—Surveyed the north, west and south. It is open, rolling 
 
 19, 
 
 > | 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range V. 
 
 prairie. No wood. Soil, classes 2 and 8, shallow, dry and sandy, 
 with saline lakes.—JZ. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 East, the soil is sandy. In the north-eastern part is a large . 
 
 alkaline flat, rnanning north-easterly and south-westerly, the ponds 
 therein being very bitter and unfit for use.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Rough and broken. Soil, clay and sand, on 
 sandy subsoil. Classes 2,3 and 4. Marshes and small lakes 
 occur in various places, but they aresaline. Fresh water is scarce, 
 
 but may be obtained anywhere at afew feet deep.—J. I. Dufresne, 
 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—East, the land along here is very poor, and towards the 
 southern part very alkaline, with high, rolling hills. In Section 
 18, and southwards, a level flat, bordering on a large alkaline lake, 
 which extends from here to Section 1. The soil is, for the most 
 part, sandy, but on Section 86 it consists ofa couple of inches, 
 clay loam, over gravel, and is class 4 throughout. No wood.—T. 
 Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Surveyed north, west and south. Open, rolling prairie; no 
 wood ; little water. Soil, class 2, shallow and gravelly. A litt 
 vegetation.—L. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The surface features of this township are very 
 similar to those of No. 18.—J. I. Dufresne, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and east, prairie, with high rolling hills. No 
 wood or water. In the north: soil, clay ; rated class 2 on Sections 
 81, 82 and 86, and class 3 elsewhere. In the east, the soil, for the 
 most part, is gravelly, but the southern portions of 24 and 1 are 
 
 . clay, and the northern portions sandy. It is rated class 2 on the 
 
 three southern sections.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 West and south, open, rolling prairie. No wood. Soil, class. 
 
 2; sandy loam of fair quality, but very dry. Grass, in general, 
 luxuriant. Numerous brackish ponds in western portion.—Z. R. 
 Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Similar features to Townships 18 and 19 of 
 this range. Probably has a less supply of surface water.— 
 J. I. Dufresne, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—Very hilly and stony. The average height of the 
 
 hills is 15 or 20 feet. Soil, a sandy clay, with sometimes sandy 
 loam, of a poor quality, in Sections 34, 85 and 86. The ground 
 rises for about three miles from the southern boundary, going 
 
 north; then slopes down constantly, undulating considerably, 
 
 towards the Red Deer River. The south sections, therefore, 
 
 possess ponds and marshes containing very good water; but as 
 soon as the ground falls towards the Red Deer, not a drop of 
 
 water is to be found. The township, generally, may be classed 
 as 8rd rate, However, in the rows of sections adjoining the north 
 boundary the surface is level, and without stones.—C. Desjardins, 
 1882. 
 
 Kast, chiefly prairie, with high rolling hills. Soil, princi< 
 
 pally black loam, 4 inches deep, with clay subsoil. On Section 36 
 it is stony and sandy, with gravel subsoil. It is rated class 1 
 
 % 
 
 ] 
 
 e 
 
 - 
 HY 
 
2. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range V. TE 
 
 on Sections 12, 13 and 24, and class 2 on therest. Southwards 
 
 the surface is rough, and soil class 2.—7. Drummond, 1882. 
 Sub-division—The north and north-east is flat and undu- 
 
 lating. The diagonal central belt—being the greater portion—is 
 
 rolling, and the south-west is hilly. The soil is a sandy loam— 
 
 classes 2 to 83—the subsoil being sandy and gravelly. Water 
 
 scarce. No wood; but an ample supply may be obtained in 
 Township 22, adjoining the Red Deer River. The Red Deer 
 Valley cart trail—an excellent one—passes along the north.— 
 J. 8. O Dwyer, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Hilly and undulating. The Red Deer River crosses in 
 the southerly third of the township. There are sand bars, and 
 several channels. The river, on the 26th of August, was 31 to 4"feet 
 deep at the west boundary, in the deepest water. The north of 
 the river is covered with willows, young poplar and scattered cot- 
 tonwood. The north bank of the valley extends to Section 19. 
 North of that the surface only shows long undulations. South 
 and south-east, this township is composed of light sandy loam, 
 while north it consists of light clay and gravel. It is third class 
 for agricultural purposes.—C. Desjardins, 1882. 
 
 Hast: on Section 1 the Red Deer River, flowing east, is shal- 
 low and full of sand bars. Its banks are about 150 feet high. For 
 two miles north of this the surface is generally rolling prairie, 
 
 considerably broken by gullies on Section 138. The three northern 
 
 sections consist of prairie, with high, rolling hills, and gravel soil ; 
 class 8. The soil along the rest of the line is composed of stone 
 and gravel, with some sand and clay on Section 1 and the north- 
 ern half of 12, all rated class 4. No wood, except that there appears 
 to be a little cottonwood and poplar timber all along the river, 
 where there are no cut banks.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Lhe Red Deer River—coursing east—divides 
 the township into two parts. The valley is 175 to 200 feet below 
 the surrounding country, and has a width of from 1} to 3 miles, 
 
 and contains rich agricultural land—a clay loam, class 1, parti- 
 
 238. 
 
 cularly in Sections 7, 8, 17 and 18. The remainder of the valley, 
 
 on the north bank, contains, equally good soil but is occasionally 
 
 broken by ridges, between which rich land is procurable. The 
 river has a width of from 19 to 34 chains and a current of about 
 21 miles an hour, It would offer a safe passage to boats of 3 or 4 
 feet draft, and contains very few sand bars. A cart trail follows 
 the river bank. The country north of the river is hilly, suitable 
 for grazing ; that south of the river is, with the exception of Sec- 
 tion 8 and parts of 2 and 4, very broken by bluffs and ravines 
 extending from the river inland. Water, generally, is scarce. 
 There is an ample supply of wood.—J. S. O'Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —This township is very hilly. The hills are from 80 to 
 150 feet above the valley of a dry creek which crosses the north- 
 east half of the township. The soil is light, sandy loam and 
 gravel; the hills are stony, with boulders of gneiss and lime- 
 stone. Very few marshes, and water very scarce in middle of the 
 summer.—A. F. Cotton, 1882. ' 
 
Qed 
 
 “G2 
 
 24 
 
 25, 
 
 26, 
 
 | Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range v. | 
 
 East wards, the surface is very rough and stony. Poor gravelly 
 soil, from 6 to 15 inches deep. The southern half of the easterly 
 tier of sections is occupied by the valley of an alkaline creek, 
 nearly dry.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Hilly prairie, in places rough and broken. 
 Soil, sandy loam, classes 2 to 8, on sandy and gravelly subsoil. 
 Abundance of good fresh-water contained in marshes and creeks. 
 The township is suitable for grazing, having excellent grass and 
 plenty of water and shelter, but in many places, especially in the 
 lower levels and between the ridges and hills, there are good 
 localities for settlement.—J. S. O’ Dwyer, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface rolling. Soil, sandy loam, sometimes. 
 sand, from 6 to 12 inches deep, Subsoil generally clay. Very 
 little water.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Mostly high-rolling prairie, excepting in the south, hilly and. 
 broken. The soil is alight sandy loam and gravel. A greatmany 
 boulders of gneiss and limestone form a great impediment to- 
 agriculture. There is a creek, dry when seen, running through 
 the centre, from north-west to south-east. It has a valley about 
 three-quarters of a mile wide, and is about 150 feet below the 
 prairie level. Water scarce.—A. F. Cotton, 1882. 
 
 East, surface rolling. Soil, a light clayey loam, from 8 to 16. 
 inches deep. Subsoil, clay and sand hardened.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Flat in the east; rolling in the centre, and. 
 hilly in the west, where the surface is broken by the valley of an 
 alkaline creek, running southwards. Soil, sandy loam, classes 1 to- 
 to 2, with a subsoil—east wards—of clayey sand and—westwards. 
 —of gravel. Surface water is in limited supply, except a few 
 small ponds. The eastern half is well adapted for settlement and. 
 agriculture; the west for grazing —J. S O’ Dwyer, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The west is all undulating prairie. Alkaline for some. 
 distance north and south, about a mile east of the boundary. 
 Over to the east, Sections 1 and 138 are rolling. Section 12 hilly, 
 and the rest undulating prairie. There are several watercourses. 
 along the east line, but they were all dry in July. Soil, clay 
 loam, averaging about 10 inches in depth, with clay subsoil. 
 Rated class 2 on Sections 1, 24 and the northern half of 13, and 
 class 3 on the rest.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 South, rolling. Soil, sandy loam, sometimes sand; subsoil, 
 gravelly clay. Very little water— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, except a few of the northern 
 sections, An alkaline creek courses along the 8rd meridian from 
 the east outline, and breaks these sections more or less. Sections. 
 8, 17 and 20, are broken by a couple of alkaline lakes, and the 
 easterly tier of sections contain a series of alkaline marshes, con- 
 nected by a creek. The soil is a hard, sandy loam. Most of the 
 surface is adapted for agriculture, although uninviting at first 
 sight; but it ought to produce good crops after a thorough 
 breaking up.—J. S. O’ Dwyer, 1883. 
 Outlines.—W est and east, surface principally rolling prairie, with a 
 few ravines and hills towards the south. There are a number of 
 
27 
 
 ans 
 
 29. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range V. "8 
 
 marshes and reedy ponds in the valleys or ravines on Sections 1, 
 12, 13, 31 and 24, but, on the whole, water is rather scarce. East- 
 wards, the soil is clay loam, averaging 14 inches in depth, on a 
 clay subsoil ; rated class 2 on Sections 25, 86 and the south of 24, 
 and class 3 on the rest.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The west half is undulating; eastwards, it is 
 more broken by a range of high hills following the 2nd Meridian 
 from the east, southward, for four and a-half miles, and hay- 
 ing a belt width about one mile. With the exception of this hilly 
 range, the remainder of the east is rolling prairie, havings cattered 
 fresh-water sloughs and marshes. A large portion of this town- 
 ship is fair agricultural land, and the soil, though at first sight an 
 uninviting and hard sandy loam, will yield well if broken up.— 
 J.8. O' Dwyer, 13838. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with gravelly knolls and numerous 
 ponds. Soil, sandy and clay loam. Rates second class. C. F. 
 Miles, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling and undulating prairie; generally good 
 land, rich clay and black loam, 15 to 20 inches, on clay subsoil 
 —class 1. Some places are hilly, and interspersed with numerous 
 marshes and small lakes —T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 ' Rolling prairie, with ponds. Soil, clay loam, with clay sub- 
 soil. Rates first and second class.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is inclined to hilliness in the south half, with numer- 
 ous ponds and lakelets. The north half is more rolling. A valley. 
 
 of considerable width, and containing lakelets, exists in the cen- 
 
 30, 
 
 31 
 
 tral part. Good water is plentiful. No timber. The soil is a fair 
 sand luam; classed from 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 South, gently-rolling prairie. Land, first class.—T. Fawcett, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is, in general, of a rolling character, and about equally 
 divided into north and south halves by Sounding Creek, which 
 is here contained in a wide valley, along the sides of which there 
 is a good deal of stony land. Sounding Creek has an eastern 
 course, is about 6 feet wide, 6 inches deep, and has a current of 
 about 14 miles an hour. The water is saline. A small tributary 
 stream meets this creek fromthe north. Good water is reason- 
 ably abundant. Notimber. The soil is principally a sand loam, 
 of fair quality. Classed from 1 to 4—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling, in general, with some hilliness at the south. 
 Both good and bad water is abundant. Notimber of any kind. 
 The soil is, in general, a good sand or clay loam. Classed 1 and 2. 
 —F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The country along the north boundary is rolling in the 
 
 west and hilly in the east. A creek flows in a north-easterly 
 
 direction through the eastern portion of Section 86. No wood.— 
 E. Bray, 18838. 
 
 Is rolling in the south-west half, but is exceedingly hilly 
 
 in the north-east half, where some extremely high hills exist, with 
 
 one conspicuous peak, visible for twenty-five miles around, are 
 
14 
 
 SB. 
 
 34. 
 
 30. 
 
 36, 
 
 37 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range V. 
 
 known asthe Sharp Hills. Except at the extreme north-west, water 
 is plentiful throughout. A small stream, having a north-easterly 
 course, rises in the Sharp Hills, and drains to Sounding Creek. 
 The water of this stream is strongly impregnated with iron. 
 Stones are plentiful on the hill tops. A little small poplar and 
 cherry wood was found in the Sharp Hills, in a deep ravine. The 
 
 soil is, in general, a good sand loam. Classed from 1 to 3.—F. W. 
 
 Wilkins, 1884. 
 Outlines—Is mostly rolling, with a tract of hilly country in the 
 
 central and southern portions. Good water is abundant. No | 
 
 timber of any kind. The soil is principally a fair sand loam. 
 Classed from 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Rolling in the south-west, and hilly in the south-east. A 
 creek flows across the south-east corner of Section 1. No wood. 
 —E. Bray, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling throughout. A small stream of good water, 
 with a rapid current, flowing through a deep, wide valley, crosses 
 from south-west to north-east. Some nice groves of large poplars 
 are growing in the ravines opening into the creek valley. The 
 sides of the valley and ravines are very steep and stony. Good 
 water is everywhere abundant. The soil is principally a fair san 
 
 loam. Classed from 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. . 
 
 Outlines —The central and northern portions are inclined to hilli- 
 ness ; the rest is rolling. A very small stream of good water, in 
 quite a deep, wide valley, crosses the township from west to east, 
 near the south boundary. Stones are plentiful in the hilly por- 
 tion. Good water is everywhere abundant. No timber of any 
 
 kind. The soil is, in general, a good sand loam. Classed from 1 
 
 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—North, the surface is principally high, hilly prairie, and 
 the soil sandy loam, 2 to 8 inches in depth, on a sandy subsoil, 
 with occasional intervals of clay loam, over clay, towards the east. 
 Rated class 1 on Sections 35, 84 and the western half or 31; class 
 2 on 88, 32 and the balance of 31; and class 3 on 86. Sounding 
 Lake extends into the latter section for a short distance on the 
 east. In the east of 34 the line is crossed a couple of times by a 
 
 creek. There is also’a large pond in Section 382, slightly alkalie. 
 
 No wood.—T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Is very hilly in general, rising to very high hills at the north. 
 There are two lakes of good size in the west part. Stones are 
 plentiful in the hilly tract. Some excellent wood exists in a 
 number of deep ravines amongst the hills at the extreme north. 
 Cherries, saskatoon berries, raspberries and gooseberries grow in 
 great profusion in these ravines. Good water is everywhere 
 abundant. The soil, in general, is a good sand loam. Classed from. 
 1 to 3.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—South, high, hilly prairie, rising northwards, with a 
 soil of sandy loam, 2 to: 8 inches deep, on a sandy subsoil. In the 
 west, class 2, and some clay loam over clay towards the east. 
 Class 1. A portion of Section 1 is marshy, Sounding Lake extend- 
 
38, 
 
 39. 
 
 40, 
 
 41, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VY. (cs 
 
 ing to this point. The line passes through several valleys, in 
 which are some large ponds toward the west, and on Section 3 
 there is a creek.— 7". Kains, 1888. 
 
 The Neutral Hills—having an elevation of from 150 to 200 
 feet above the prairie level to the north—pass across the south- 
 west corner. A few clumps of poplars were observed in the 
 hollows. The soil here is a sandy loam, and classes from 8 to 4, as _ | 
 the surface is very irregular and broken. There is good water in 
 ponds and sloughs, which are located in many of the hollows. 
 Arms or inlets of Sounding Lake jut into the south-east corner for 
 a short distance. The balance of the surface is rolling and sandy 
 land, with scattered poplar and some willow in the north-east 
 half. Good water in ponds and sloughs, with good grazing about 
 them, were frequently met with in the north-west parts. The hills 
 have poor grass on them, and in many places large quantities of 
 ground cedar. The township classes from 3 to 4.—J. F. Garden 
 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines—A sand ridge, about 150 feet high, crosses from Section 
 24 to Section 30, and is thickly wooded with poplar, up to 8 inches 
 in diameter. Poplar bush is also scattered over the rest of the 
 township, the surface being either rolling or hilly, with sandy 
 soil, and classes from 3 to 4. Numerous ponds are distributed 
 throughout, with good grazing about them.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is composed of poor agricultural land, being broken by 
 sand ridges or hills, ponds and sloughs, and in some places with 
 alkaline bottom lands. Poplars and willows are scattered over 
 the surface, and on many of the ridges ground cedar is common. 
 In the north-west corner balm of Gilead trees, 12 inches in dia- 
 meter, were observed. Good grasses grow about the ponds and 
 sloughs. Classed from 8 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—North, principally rolling country, with bluffs of 
 poplar,2 to 8 inches in diameter. Towards the west there are 
 some stretches of muskeg, willows in water, &c. Section 31 
 consists chiefly of hay meadows. Soil, sandy. Class 4 in Sections 
 38 and 35, and class 3 in the rest.—C. A. Magrath, 1838. 
 
 Has an undulating or rolling surface, with—in some parts-— 
 low sand ridges, poplar bluffs and willows being thinly scattered. 
 There are many ponds and marshes, with good pasturage about 
 them. This township can only beclassed from 3 to 4.—J. F. 
 Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Southwards, rolling surface, poplar bluffs, some mus- 
 keg and hay meadows, and a sandy loam soil. Classes 3 and 4.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 Is broken by hills, with ponds, lakes and sloughs in the hol- 
 lows. A valley, about 60 feet deep, crosses the south-west corner, 
 
 containing open, marshy land and sloughs. Ribstone Creek enters 
 
 from the west in Section 30, and flows north-easterly in a broad, 
 
 open flat, with marshes and coarse grass. The eastern portion is 
 
 open and rolling. Some puplar clumps and willows are scattered. 
 in the south-western parts. The soil is poor, being light and 
 
16 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range VY. 
 
 sandy—about third class. Some alkaline bottom lands are situate 
 in the township —J. F’. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines -——Has generally a surface much broken by sandhills and. 
 ridges, with poplar and willows, which, in the northerly portions, 
 become quite dense, some of the trees being 10 inches through. 
 A number of good sized lakes were noted, one of them being in 
 the south-east corner, another in Section 19, and another in Section 
 25. Ribstone Creek crosses the south-west corner, running north- 
 westerly through a valley with muskeg and willows. The soil is 
 principally sand. Classes 3 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 43. Outlines.—Has ahigh or hilly sandy surface in the northerly part, 
 with much poplar and willow bush and some large lakes in the 
 north-west corner. Ribstone Creek enters in Section 7, running 
 north-easterly. It is bordered by a broad muskeg, with willows 
 and with rolling sandy land. The south-easterly parts are rolling q 
 sandy land, with low scattered poplar and willows ; also ground | 
 cedar. Without much water,and classes 3 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 44, Outlines—North, the land is rolling, with scattered clumps of 
 poplar, but eastward it becomes very broken and hilly. Numer- 
 ous ponds among the hills. All of the latter are more or less 
 heavily timbered. The soil in the bottoms is first class, but that 
 on the hills is inclined to be light and sandy.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Ribstone Creek runs north-easterly through this township, and 
 
 leaves it in Section 25. Along the western boundary the surface 
 is undulating or rolling with clumps of poplar and willows, good 
 grazing and sandy loam soil. Class 2. In the north-east the 
 land is rolling, and falling southerly to the creek, with ponds and 
 sloughs and good pasturage. Sandy loam soil. Class 2. In the 
 south-east the surface is broken by a range of sandhills 150 feet 
 high, thickly wooded with poplar and willows, and contains. 
 some large ponds, having good water. This part has been classed 
 from 8 to 4.—J. F.Garden, 1884. : 
 Outlines—Seen from the east boundary, is hilly in the east half, 
 and heavily timbered. The west half appears to bea rolling 
 country. It is broken by a considerable quantity of lakes and 
 ponds, The land is first class.—P. #. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 South, the surface is principally rolling, with numerous 
 ponds, swamps and clumps of poplar, willow and scrub, which, 
 on the three eastern sections, are generally standing in water. 
 The soil is, alternately, sandy or clay loam, 3 to 4 inches: deep, 
 with clay subsoil. Rated class 1 on the first and last miles, and 
 class 2 on the rest.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 46, Outlines —Is hilly, and mostly covered with burnt willows. This 
 township, as well as Township 45, must have been heavily tim- 
 bered at one time, to judge by the great quantity of dead wood 
 lying on the ground. The north half is considerably broken by 
 Battle River and itsravines. The soil is generally good.—P, R. A. 
 Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Grizzly Bear Coulée enters this township, and empties 
 its water into Battle River, which runs across the north half, as. 
 
 i 
 
 45, 
 
 e 
 
 RT, 
 
 ae a aes ain 
 
® 
 
 49, 
 
 Si. 
 
 52. 
 
 * 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range V. qT 
 
 far as the east boundary, and then turns south and follows the 
 boundary for many miles. The land, though first class as to the. 
 soil, is much broken by the Coulée and Battle River in the north 
 and east halves. Good water is in abundance in ponds.—P. R. 
 A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly prairie, except on Section 36, where it is roll-. 
 ing prairie. Ponds and grass swamps are nnmerous in the eastern 
 and middle sections. Patches of scrub or willows occur, to some 
 extent, on nearly every section, and, towards the west there are 
 some scattered poplar bluffs. There are acouple of watercourses on 
 Section 34 and another, of good spring water, in the east of 32. 
 Soil, black loam, 10 inches deep, on an average, with clay subsoil. 
 Class 1.—7T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 The country is rolling and open in the east half, with a first 
 class soil and numerous ponds, marshes and lakelets. Bluffs of 
 timber appear in the west part. Grizzly Bear Coulée enters the 
 north-west corner and runs across in a south-easterly direction.— 
 P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Is mostly high, hilly prairie, interspersed with 
 numerous ponds and lakes, and afew clumps of poplar that were 
 met with in the south-west quarter and in Section 36. A small 
 creek runs through the south-west half, in a southerly direction, 
 to Grizzly Bear Coulée. The soil is either clay or clay loam, of a 
 first class quality —P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 South, hilly prairie. Ponds and grass swamps are numerous.. 
 Scrub or willows occur on nearly every section. The soil is black 
 loam clay subsoil. Class 1.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 . Outlines—Forms part of Blackfoot Hills, and is very hilly and 
 
 knolly in its south-west half. Numerous clumps of poplar, mixed. 
 with underbrush, are seen amongst the hills, principally in the 
 east half, where they appear in greater quantity. Numerous ponds. 
 and lakes, with good water occur. The soil is clay or clay loam of 
 an excellent quality —P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally undulating or rolling, with the exception 
 of a chain of small hills, about 40 feet high, seen in the east half. 
 There are numerous bluffs of young poplar, principally in the 
 west half, which is mostly covered with an undergrowth of poplar 
 and willows. The soil is generally second class, being sandy 
 loam with sand subsoil, somewhat inferior in the west half. A. 
 large swamp, with willows, encroaches in the north-west corner. 
 The Vermillion River enters Section 18 and runs across north- 
 easterly. It is—where crossed by the west boundary—2 chains. 
 and 23 links broad, with four feet of water, anda very muddy, soft 
 bottom and slow current. It flows between banks 40 feet high.— 
 P. h, A. Belanger, 1884. : 
 
 Outlines.—North, Section 36 is much broken by lakes. A small: 
 lake is in 35, and two marshes and two lakes in 34; a marsh and 
 a trail in 33. Timber, scattered and small, with much underbrush. 
 The land is of an almost uniformly excellent character. Water 
 fresh.— W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 ’ } 
 
48 
 
 Os. 
 
 54. 
 
 6, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range V. 
 
 Is rolling, but somewhat hilly in the centre. There are bluffs 
 of young poplar and willows, principally in the south half, where 
 they appear in greater quantity. The soil is a clay loam, of first 
 class quality. There is good water everywhere in abundance. A 
 beautiful lake—lying mostly in this township—is crossed by the 
 west boundary of Section 19. It is about two and a half miles 
 long by one mile broad. It appears to be very deep, and flows south- 
 easterly to the Vermillion River. Its water, though not the best, 
 
 is yet fit for use. A large swamp, with thick willows in it, 
 
 encroaches on the south-west corner, and is from 2 to 4 feet deep, 
 with good water.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is composed of rolling and occasionally hilly land. 
 Along both the east and west boundaries there are some bluffs of 
 poplar and scrub, while thecentral and southerly sections are gen- 
 erally open prairie. The soil is of good quality, and water 
 is sufficiently abundant for all purposes.—E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 South, land excellent. Timber scattered and small; a great 
 deal of underbrush. Numerous ponds, lakes and marshes, all 
 containing fresh water.—W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—Varies from rolling to hilly, and is mostly covered with 
 willow or poplar scrub, or bluffs of poplar. Sections 35 and 36 
 are partly composed of light sand, but the soil of the remainder of 
 the township is either a clay or sandy loam, of good quality. Some 
 lakes, containing good water, were crossed by each boundary line, 
 while others were noticed in the interior.—Z. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The Saskatchewan River runs easterly through this 
 township, and divides it into two nearly equal parts. The land 
 along the river is broken by rough and high banks. Generally, south 
 of the river the land is rolling, and of fair quality of soil, and is 
 
 ‘covered with poplar woods and willow scrub. Along the north 
 
 side of the river, for a width of about one mile, the land is dotted 
 thickly with bluffs of poplar, and sometimes spruce, while farther 
 north are extensive open tracts of light, sandy land, bordered with 
 belts of poplar, spruce and pine. This description of country does 
 not apply to that at and near the easterly boundary, which is 
 generally fair land, mostly covered with bluffs of poplar and scrub. 
 Some rough land lies in the north-easterly corner of this township, 
 but the remainder is generally rolling.—Z. Bray, 1884. 
 
 North, thickly timbered with poplar and scrub, and with — 
 
 patches of spruce in places. The timber is small, and of little 
 value. The land is poor, very rough and broken, and cut up by 
 ponds, muskegs, &c.—G. B. Abrey, 1883. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE VI. 
 
 . Outlines.—Going north, on the west boundary, the first two miles. 
 
 is level prairie, covered with sage brush. From thence north it 
 is sandy ridges with clumps of cherry brush. Soil, grey clay 
 throughout. A small creek in Section 31. The east is rolling and 
 undulating. Soil, a hard grey clay, in many places mixed with 
 gravel. In one of the coulées, on Section 24, there is considerable 
 maple, poplar and willow, and some excellent water.—C. E. Wolf, 
 1883. 
 
 Along the south boundary, undulating prairie. The soil is 
 dry, stony and “washed out.” Big Timber Coulée is crossed on 
 the eastern half of Section 3.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—This township is undulating prairie. On Section 1 is 
 
 a large coulée leading south-west, with two or three smaller ones 
 opening into it. Throughout, the soil is a hard, gréy clay, in 
 many places mixed with gravel.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 ‘@. Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken at intervals by coulées, in which 
 
 8 
 
 10. 
 
 there are generally small creeks. Soil, clay or sandy loam. 
 Classes 2 and 3, principally the former.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The country along the north boundary is broken, but 
 has good sandy loam soil, with good pasture.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 The west is rolling prairie, with two or three coulées in the 
 north. Soil, mostly sandy loam. Class 3 in the north and class. 
 2 in the south. Neither water nor wood. The east ismore rough, 
 broken and stony. Piegan Oreek crosses the line on Section 1. 
 Soil, black sandy loam. Class 3—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—Southwards, rough; sandy loam soil; good pasture.— 
 
 O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 A branch of Big Plume Creek flows southward through Sec- 
 tion 31. There is considerable wood along its banks, and some 
 scrub in a coulée in Section 19. The general surface is rolling, stony 
 prairie, very much broken eastwards on the northern and south- 
 ern sections, particularly the former, by hills and coulées. The 
 soil in the east is either clay loam or clay, mixed with gravel or 
 sand, rated class 2, and in the west it is a sandy loam. Class 2 in 
 the south and 8 in the north.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Hilly, and broken by deep ravines and gullies, 
 in some of which there are scattered poplar trees. The soil is a 
 clay loam, generally class 2, on account of its dryness. Water, 
 generally, is scarce.—C. C. DuBerger, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken in the south-west by coulées 
 and low hills, which are generally gravelly and stony. The soil 
 along the west line is a sandy loam. Class 3 on the two southern 
 sections, and class 2 on the rest. The line is crossed three times - 
 
80 
 
 al. 
 
 a2. 
 
 Ad 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range VI. 
 
 on the southern half of Section 1 by a creek with scrubby banks. 
 The rest of the line is dry and bare. In the east the soil is chiefly 
 clay or clay and sand. Class 2.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, broken by deep ravines, in 
 which there is scattered poplar timber. Surface water is very 
 scarce. Soil, dry clay loam. Class 2. Some of the ravines are 150 
 to 170 feet deep, but most of the township being rolling, may be 
 settled upon.—C. C. DuBerger, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Both west and east of this township is rolling prairiés 
 Soil, sandy loam. Class 2. A creek, at the bottom of a coulée, 
 flows westward across the west line in Section 19. In the east 
 there are some wide valleys containing fine grass—J. G. Sing, 
 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—Generally, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 
 class 1, on subsoil of clay. Several small ponds and marshes 
 occur, but, generally, water is scarce. Water may be obtained by 
 digging, and good crops may be expected under agood tillage and 
 a propitious rainfall_—cC. C. DuBerger, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The eastern end of the northern boundary lies for about 
 
 four miles in the valley north of the Saskatchewan. On the west 
 
 of this there is a narrow clay flat, after which the line passes over 
 a number of deep coulées running into the river from the south. 
 In these coulées soft coal is procurable at a depth of from 4 to 9 
 feet. The O.P.R. crosses in Sections 35 and 86.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1882. 
 
 Rolling prairie, generally, but very broken in the north-east, 
 chiefly by the valleys of the South Saskatchewan and Seven 
 Persons’ Rivers, the former passing through Sections 338, 34, 35 and 
 36, where it crosses the line. Its width is about 18 chains at 
 this point. The line is also crossed here by the Calgary trail and 
 the C.P.R. There is wood in Sections 36 and 25. The soil is 
 
 chiefly sandy loam, with some gravelly clay in the neighborhood 
 
 of the Saskatchewan. Rated class 2 on both the east and west of 
 the township.—J. G. Sing, 1883. ! 
 Sub-division.—The Saskatchewan River enters in Section 33 
 and courses through 84, 85 and 86. The Canadian Pacific 
 Railway also runs across the north-east corner. North of 
 the river, between the high hills and the river, there 
 is a fine plateau, about 20 chains broad. The south 
 side of the river is very abrupt. The soil is a rich sandy loam, on 
 a subsoil of clay, in the valleys, and sand and gravel in the 
 
 hills. The Seven Persons’ River also runs through this township, 
 
 over its south-east corner. The water in its standing pools is 
 good. The banks of this so-called river are high and precipitous, 
 and the land on either side is of the best quality. The Fort 
 McLeod trail passes through this township from Section 25 
 to 19.—A. F’. Martin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The country on the west side is level, or gently-rolling. 
 prairie. In Section 7 is the South Saskatchewan River, running 
 in an easterly direction in a valley about 300 feet deep, with very 
 abrupt banks. The depth of water was about 8 feet, with very 
 
- Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range VI. 3 
 
 rapid current. The soil on the south side of the river is sand and. 
 gravel, thickly covered with small surface boulders. On the north 
 side, however, it is a good sandy loam, with clay subsoil, 
 and is very suitable for agricultural purposes. Going east, on 
 the north boundary, the soil is a sandy loam, with clay subsoil, for 
 three miles. Further on it gets sandy, and on the east side of 
 
 this range it is clear sand, almost destitute of vegetation.—C. E. 
 
 Wolff, 1882. 
 For about three miles along the eastern boundary, going north, 
 
 - the surface is level prairie, and the soil a white clay loam. Class 
 
 2. From thence the country is more or less broken by the South 
 Saskatchewan Kiver, and the soil is sandy, and class 4. The river, 
 immediately after entering the township between Sections 13 and. 
 24, turns and flows northward, winding to and fro near the line. 
 There is some poplar wood and scrub in the ravines along the 
 river banks.—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The Saskatchewan River enters this township 
 by Section 7 on the south-west, and courses south-east, leaving 
 the township on Section 4. The Canadian Pacific Railway crosses 
 the south-west part from Section 2 to Section 19, where there is a 
 station and telegraph office. A cart trail to Fort McLeod also 
 crosses the township. The south-east is very much broken and 
 hilly, owing to the location of the river, and the soil features are 
 very similar to Township 12 this range, being a good average 
 second class. The even-numbered sections have been squatted 
 upon by settlers, who have broken up small portions of land and 
 have erected log houses with the cottonwood trees in the vicinity. 
 The oats and the root crops seemed to be thriving well, consider- 
 ing the dryness of the season—1883. These settlers were chiefly 
 employed in the C. P. R. construction, and in the coal mines of 
 the Saskatchewan. In the coulées and ravines opening into the 
 river valley seams of coal lignite appear, from 1 to 6 feet 
 thick. This lignite is of superior quality. On Section 7 the Sas- 
 katchewan Coal Co. are successfully working mines and hastening 
 means for further and more extended operations. There are 
 remarkable line shows of coal on River Lots 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 of 
 
 _ the left bank, and good terra cotta clay on Lots 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of 
 
 14, 
 
 the right bank. Coal seams crop also out on Section 26, and River 
 Lots 18, 19 and 20, on the left bank. The river banks are 200 to 
 275 feet high. The water is about 10 feet deep and the current 
 about five miles an hour.—T7. Brownjohn, 1883. . 
 
 Outlines.—On the north and west boundary the country is level 
 or rolling prairie. Soil, clay, loam with clay subsoil. The soil 
 gets sandy near the north-west of the township. For the first 
 three miles, going east, on the south boundary, the soil is sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil. Further on it gets sandy, and on the 
 east side of this range it is clear sand, almost destitute of vegeta- 
 tion.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Along the eastern boundary the country is rolling prairie 
 with sandy soil. Class 3. Somewhat jstony on Section 36.—F. 
 W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
FF Da Ae Fo Pea ee 
 pee Pee att 
 ¥ A x i. 
 ; ¥ 
 
 P 
 
 82 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range VI. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam. Class 2. 
 No wood. There are very tew marshes, and only a spring or two 
 of limited supply in the south-east. The soil is rather dry, 
 and the grass and herbage short. Under a favorable’ rainfall this 
 ought to be a good agricultural township; but if this is not — 
 usual, the township is still an excellent one for grazing.—T. — 
 Brownjohn, 1888. 
 
 15. Ouilines—North, the country is very undulating; on the other 
 _lines, gently undulating. Thesoilis principally sand in the north, 
 but in some places mixed with gravel. In the west itis some- | 
 what similar, and in the south it is clay loam, with clay 
 subsoil.—C. £. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Of the country along the eastern boundary, the northern half 
 is hilly, broken and stony, and the rest rolling prairie. The soil, 
 consist chiefly of a sandy surface, with a hard clay subsoil, is 
 rated class 3.—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with several heavily-undulat- 
 ing portions to the east centre, the highest rising 150 feet. The soil 
 is a sandy loam, and generally class 2. A good township, with a 
 limited supply of surface water, but no wood whatever. The 
 Saskatchewan River passes within a couple of miles to the east 
 of the township. A small lake occurs on Section 30.—A. 
 Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 6. Outlines—Northwards, the country is very hilly and stony, with 
 no water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Surveyed west and south. The country is broken, hilly and 
 undulating. The soil is light sand and gravel. Grass is very 
 scarce on the hills, but in low lands there is a good growth. 
 Water scarce.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Along the eastern boundary the country is generally hilly and 
 broken, with a stony and gravelly surface, and is rated class 3. 
 Section 12 consists of blown sandhills, and is class 4—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1882. \ 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Broken and _ hilly prairie, except’ southwards, 
 where it becomes gently-rolling and partly level. Soil, sandy - 
 loam and gravelly. Classes 2 and 8. The south soil is more loamy, 
 and rests on a subsoil of clay loam. Water is in fair supply and 
 is fresh. No wood.—A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, west and east; open, rolling prairie. Scanty 
 vegetation. Little or no water, except some meadows, one stretch- 
 ing along three sections on the east line. Soil, class 3—gravel 
 and clay, impregnated with alkali. Stony on the hills.—Z. R. 
 Ord, 1882. | 
 The country is very hilly and stony in the south, and with-— 
 out water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Rough and broken, and studded with isolated 
 conical hills of from 50 to 70 feet high, the summits of which are 
 _ crowned with detached rocks and boulders. Soil, generally, poor 
 for cultivation, but might be useful for the growth of forest or 
 fruit trees, which could find a natural shelter from high winds 
 among the hills.—J. I. Dufresne, 1883. 
 
 i7 
 
Nera ee ey PS | 
 Tie al san 
 
 18. 
 
 19. 
 
 20, 
 
 > 
 
 Be 
 
 i 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range V1. 88 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed all the boundaries. Open, rolling prairie. 
 Little water. Soil, class 2 Sections 19, 31 and 18 are in valley 
 or bottom land.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division——Very similar to Township No. 17 of this Range. 
 A large gully, 80 to 100 feet deep, crosses the township, and num- 
 erous lakes and marshes occur, which are generally alkaline. A 
 large lake on Sections 8, 17 and 20.—J. I. Dufresne, 18838. 
 
 Outlines —Surveyed all the boundaries. Open, rolling prairie. Very 
 heavily rolling, and having ravines in the south-westerly two- 
 thirds ofthe west line. Soil, class 2. Fair, but dry and shallow; 
 gravelly and stony on the hills.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly open, rolling: prairie. Soil, a good 
 sandy loam, on a subsoil of sand and gravel. Classes 2 and 3. It 
 is hilly and broken among the sections of the south-westerly cor- 
 ner, and has generally very little surface water.—J. I. Dufres n 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North: surface, prairie, with high rolling hills. Soil,. 
 clay. Class 2. Water scarce.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 West, east and south, open, rolling prairie. Soil, class 2. Fair 
 in the valleys, but boulder-strewn on the hills.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Open, rolling prairie. Soil, good sandy loam, 
 on a subsoil of sand, and, in places, gravel. _Numerous small 
 lakes and marshes, with fresh water, around which farming may 
 be made advantageous. No wood.—J. I. Dufresne, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The south half is hilly, the hills being sandy, and cov- 
 ered with stones, while the valleys intervening consist of a mix- 
 ture of sand and clay. The north-half is better, because the 
 ground, though of the same quality, is undulating, not hilly, and 
 contains fewer stones. This township falls to the Red Deer 
 River, and is perfectly drained to it—C. Desjardins, 1882. 
 
 The soil is almost all second class, and the country very 
 rough, as far as the eye could reach from the south boundary.— 
 T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, except the south third, which 
 is somewhat hilly, and Sections 26, 27, 28, 38, 34 and 35, which 
 are broken by the bluffs and ravines of the valley of the Red 
 Deer River. Soil, a sandy loam, of classes 2 to 3. Water is 
 scarce in the northerly third, but more plentiful southwards, in 
 fresh ponds and sloughs. No timber, but plenty in the valleys of 
 the next townships. A good cart trail passes through the north- 
 east corner into the valley of the Red Deer River, on which heavy 
 loads may be drawn.—J. S. O’ Dwyer, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines—The north consists principally of high . rolling prairie, 
 with a sandy loam soil. Class 3, excepting in Section 81, where 
 the surface being hilly and the soil sand and gravel, it is class 4. 
 Water scarce.—A. F. Cotton, 1882. 
 
 Is better than the townships east and north, on account of 
 its having in its centre a large flat valley of sandy loam, adjoin- 
 ing the Red Deer River on both sides. South and south-west of 
 
 this valley is a region composed of a mixture of sand, clay and. 
 6* | 
 
84 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range VI. 
 
 stones. The river enters into this township between Sections 30 
 
 vand 19, and leaves it in Sections 1 and 12. It has here a margin 
 
 _ of bush and cottonwood trees on the north shore. The valley 
 
 23 
 
  ] 
 
 o. 
 
 mentioned forms a good pasture ground. Ina creek about one > 
 
 and a-half miles from the western boundary is a vein of coal.— 
 C. Desjardins, 1882. é 
 Sub-division.—The Red Deer River runs diagonally across the 
 
 township in a south-east course, dividing it into two parts, which 
 
 parts, along with the intervening valley of the river; may be 
 described similarly to the general description of their correspond- 
 ing continuations in the adjoining township, No. 22, in the 5th 
 Range. A settler has located in the valley, in Section 17.—J. S. 
 O’ Dwyer, 1888. 
 
 Cutlines.—Is very hilly, both on the east and west sides, while 
 in the centre it is high rolling prairie. On the west side'the 
 valley of the Red Deer River is met at the north of Section 7, 
 where the land falls to the river in four steps of about 80 feet high 
 each, with small plateaus between. A great part of these is 
 broken by gullies. The soil is light sandy loam and gravel, with 
 numerous boulders of gneiss and limestone, some being of great 
 size. A few marshes were seen, but only one containing water. 
 —A. F. Cotton, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—North-easterly it is hilly; south-westerly it is 
 broken by the ravines of the valley of the Red Deer Riyer; 
 centrally—the greatest portion—it is rolling prairie. It contains 
 a few sloughs and ponds, and a lake of 80 acres—all fresh. Soil, 
 sandy loam, of 4 to 8 inches deep, on a gravelly subsoil. The 
 loam is darker in the north and lighter southwards. The 
 central portion is adapted for cultivation; the hilly portions for 
 grazing.—ZJ. S. O'Dwyer, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—N orth, surface generally rough ; many boulders on the 
 ridges and knolls. Soil, gravelly and loamy clay, from 10 to 15 
 inches deep; subsoil, hardened clay and gravel. Very little 
 water ; a few small meadows.-— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Is high, rolling prairie. The south-east corner is hilly. The 
 soil is sandy loam, with a little gravel; subsoil, white clay. In 
 the northern portion the boulders are not so. numerous as on the 
 hilly portion. A few hay marshes were seen. Water very 
 scarce.—A. F’. Cotion, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Hilly prairie all over. Contains numerous 
 marshes and ponds, and three lakes of from 34 to 48 acres in area. 
 Soil, a dark sandy loam, of 4 to 8 inches deep. Class 2. On the 
 
 hills the soil is gravelly. Owing to its hills, the township is un- 
 
 adapted for agriculture; but from the good supply of water, 
 excellent grass, and shelter afforded by the hills, it is admirable 
 for pasturing cattle—J. 8. O Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The surface is chiefly undulating. The soil on the 
 west is principally clay loam, averaging about 10 inches in depth, 
 on a clay subsoil. Rated class 2 on Sections 6, 30, 31 and the south- 
 ern and northern portions, respectively, of 7 and 19. What 
 remains is class 8. Along the east boundary the soil, for the 
 
 = ee . Rg ae 
 PO Pea oO ee apy a Oe 
 
26, 
 
 ad 
 
 28. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range VI. 85 
 
 first one and a-half miles, going north, consists of 8 to.14 inches 
 clay loam, over clay. From thence it is principally sandy loam, 
 averaging about 10 inches in depth, on a subsoil of sand. It is 
 rated class 2 throughout. Water scarce. No wood.—C. F. Miles, 
 1883. 
 
 South, surface rough ; boulders on the knolls. Soil, gravelly 
 and loamy clay. Water scarce—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling prairie, except the westerly tier of 
 sections. Sections 21, 20, 28, 29, 32 and 33 are somewhat broken 
 by a deep ravine opening to the south, and containing an exten- 
 sive marsh. Soil, sandy loam. Class 2, and adapted for tillage. 
 Water is plentiful, but is altogether alkaline. Any quantity of 
 good water may be obtained by digging a few feet in the vicinity 
 of the alkaline sloughs, or at a greater depth elsewhere.—J. S. 
 O’ Dwyer, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—All rolling prairie. In the west, sandy loam soil, 
 about 12 inches, on asandy subsoil. Class 2. On Section 7, 
 however, and the greater part of 21, the soil consists of clay loam 
 over clay, and on Section 19 the surface is undulating prairie. 
 There is no wood, and very little water. Over to the east side is 
 principally rolling prairie. The soil is clay loam over clay on 
 Sections 12, 13 and 24, and sandy loam over sand on the two 
 northern Sections. Class 2. Section 1 has a surface soil of gravel 
 7 to 12 inches deep, on a subsoil of sand.. Rated class 3.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Section 3is broken by a ravine. 
 Soil, a hard sandy loam, of about 8 inches deep, on a subsoil of 
 clay, which contains asmall proportion of alkali, especially in 
 the central sections. Class 2. Water is plentiful, but altogether 
 alkaline. Four lakes have a combined area of 3385 acres. This 
 is a good township for agricultural purposes, if plenty of water 
 can be got by digging a few feet, and of which there is not much 
 doubt.—J S. O Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The west is principally high-rolling prairie, with occa- 
 sional knolls on the northern and central sections. The soil is 
 clay loam. Class 2 everywhere, except on the adjoining portions 
 of Sections 18 and 19, where it is class 3. There is quite an extent 
 of marsh on the last named section, and two or three sloughs on 
 Section 30; but, generally, water is scarce. Excepting Section 36, 
 which is rolling prairie, the country along the east boundary is 
 broken and knolly. The soil is about equally divided between 
 clay loam over clay, inthe north, and sandy loam over sand, in the 
 south. Class 2 generally, but class 3 on Section 13, half of Sec- 
 tion 1, and portions of 24 and 25. There is no wood and scarcely 
 any water.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Along the south boundary is principally rolling prairie, with 
 sandy loam soil on a clay subsoil. Class 3. There is some water 
 on Sections 3 and 6. No wood.—J. S. O’ Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, rolling and undulating. Soil, clay loam, class 1, 
 and good farming land. Water abundant. No wood.—T. Fawcett, 
 1883. | 
 
 64° 
 
86 
 
 29. 
 
 20 
 
 ol 
 
 Be. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range Vi. 
 
 The country is principally rolling prairie, class 2. Sections 
 19 and 30, however, are undulating, and class 1. The soil, through- 
 out, is a clay loam, 10 to 18 inches, on a clay subsoil. There is. 
 some water on portions of Sections 6, 1, 86 and 380, but generally 
 there is little —C. F. Miles, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines—South, rolling prairie, with numerous lakes and 
 
 marshes.— 7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is rolling prairie. Soil, 
 generally sandy loam, about 8 inches deep, on a clay subsoil, 
 class 2, but there are a few places where it is clay loam or sticky 
 clay. Itis class 1 on the adjoining portions of Sections 25 and 
 36, and class 3 on the northern half of 24. One or more ponds or 
 marshes occur on every Section, except 25. There is no wood.— 
 F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Along the west boundary is rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam 
 over clay. The southerly two-thirds is class 1; but on the adjoin- 
 ing portions of Sections 30 and 31 is an alkaline valley, nearly a 
 mile wide, and class 3. The semi-sections bordering on this flat 
 are rated class 2. There is no wood, and on the northern sections 
 no water; but several small ponds occur in the south. The trail 
 
 from Red Deer Forks to Edmonton is crossed on Section 18.—J. K. 
 
 McLean, 1884. 
 Outlines—Westwards, rolling prairie, with a clay loam soil on a 
 
 clay subsoil. Class 2. In Sections 6 and 7 is an alkaline flat, nearly. 
 one and a-half miles wide, in which isa small creek flowing 
 east, the water of which is only slightly alkaline. There are also a 
 
 couple of small ponds in Section 31, but, on the whole, waiter is 
 scarce. There is no wood.—J. A. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Along the east boundary the country is principally rolling 
 prairie, with asandy loam soil. Class 1 on Section 36 and the 
 northern half of 24, and class 8 on the northern portions of Sec- 
 tions 12 and 25, the former of which is somewhat broken and 
 
 extremely stony. The latter lies in a valley. ._Elsewhere, the land 
 
 is class 2, excepting Section 13, where, being hilly, and broken, 
 and gravelly, it is class 4. Sounding Creek crosses this section. No 
 wood.—F’. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, without wood and with little 
 
 water. The alluvial soil is principally sandy loam, 6 inches deep, © 
 
 on a subsoil of sand or clay, but on the first one and a-half miles 
 going north it is clay loam over clay. The land is rated class 2 
 throughout.—J. K. McLean, 1884. | 
 
 Along the east the surface is rolling prairie, and the soil 
 
 principally sandy loam, 9 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Class 2. 
 
 F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The country along the north boundary consists of level 
 prairie in the east and gently-rolling prairie in the west, witha 
 clay loam soil, varying in depth from 4 to 12 inches, on a clay 
 subsoil. It is rated class 2, excepting on Sections 31 and 82, where 
 the greater depth of alluvium occurs, and it is classed 1 and 2. A 
 large lake lies immediately south of the line, on the adjoining por- 
 
= ys 
 no 
 
 abed, 
 
 be. 
 
 "i LSC Se tee NEAR e RM SAMO RD IR TREO Ney Anis ity id 
 ieee, A RY ST ie ROIRE MOR RAUL IA NL v5), Py, 
 OP Rie Take Rliian feats, aye vce wie (at sc ees hay y 
 ; > DME URNS PE Hee, ie ca Sy \ 
 eee 4 ¢ ie Pt y Ta 
 
 Airy 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range VI, 87 
 
 tions of Sections 34 and 85, anda small lake is crossed on the 
 western half of Section 31. There is no wood.—Z. Bray, 1883. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with a shallow pond on each section. 
 The majority of these ponds are fresh. There isno wood. The 
 soil is principally sandy loam over sand. Class 1.—J. K. McLean, 
 1884. | : 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is rolling prairie, and the 
 soil principally sandy loam, with, generally, a clay subsoil. ~The 
 land is rated class 2, excepting the first one and a-half miles, going 
 south, where it is class 8. Water is scarce, and there is no wood. 
 —F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie. Shallow ponds ‘of fresh water 
 occur ai intervals on the first four and a-half miles going north. 
 In the north of Section 18 is an alkaline valley and creek. ‘There 
 isno wood. The soil is generally clay or clay loam, though © 
 there are occasional stretches of sandy loam, the depth varying 
 from 4 to 12 inches. The land is rated class 1 everywhere but 
 in the vicinity of the valley —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Along the east boundary, rolling prairie, having a soil of 
 sandy or clay loam, with, generally, a clay subsoil. Class 3. 
 There is marsh land on parts of Section 24. There is a small 
 stream flowing north-west on Section 36.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Level in the south-east and gently-rolling in the south-west. 
 Alluvial soil, clay loam, 4 to 12 inches deep; subsoil, clay. Class 
 2, excepting on Sections Sand 6, where itisland2. The line 
 crosses a small lake on Section 6, and there is also some water on 
 Section 2. There is no wood.—L. Bray, 1883. : 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling prairie. Shallow ponds, most of which 
 are fresh, occur at intervals. In the north of Section 31 isa 
 small alkaline valley, with a creek flowing east. Soil, sandy 
 loam, over clay. Class 2. There is no wood.—J. K.McLean, 
 1884. 
 Along the east boundary the surface is generally rolling 
 prairie, but at one and three-quarter miles from the south isa 
 valley about 150 feet deep and one mile wide, with very steep 
 and stony sides, and.a small creek. Some good wood is scattered 
 throughout the valley. lu the south of Section 241s adeep ravine, 
 and about a mile further north is another. In each of these is a 
 small stream flowing east, and in the former there is some wood. 
 The quality of the land is as follows: South of the Jarge valley, 
 class 1; north of it, class 2, and in it classes 3 and 4, the soil 
 being a sandy loam throughout.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—Along the west boundary the surface is rolling prairie. 
 
 On the northern half of Section 30 is a small alkaline lake. Fresh 
 water is scarce, and there is no wood. The alluvial soil is alter- 
 nately sandy or clay.Joam, and the subsoil clay. Class 1.—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. i 
 
 _ he country east is sandy loam throughout. Sections 1, 25, 
 36, and the southern half of 24, rolling prairie; class 2; the 
 remaining sections are broken and hilly, and class 3. A ston 
 valley, about 150 feet deep, embraces the entire width of Section 
 
88 
 
 36 
 
 28; 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range VI. 
 
 12, and at the bottom of it is a winding creek flowing east. There 
 is also a small stream in a shallow ravine on Section 1, and on the 
 northern and central sections are a number of marshes. There is 
 no wood.—F. W. Wilkins, 1884. Mern 
 
 Outlines.—North, Sections 86 and 35 are hilly and broken, the 
 former by a number of wooded ravines, and the latter by ravines, 
 not wooded, in one of which is a creek flowing south. Along the 
 next three miles the country consists of rolling prairie, with a few 
 ponds and grass swamps. Section 31 is very hilly prairie, with 
 numerous deep ponds and grass swamps. Soil, principally sandy 
 loam, 8 to 6 inches in depth, on sandy subsoil. Rated class 2 from 
 Section 34 to the middle of 32, inclusive, class 3 on the east of this, 
 and class 1 on the west.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Along the west boundary the surface is rolling and hilly 
 prairie. On Section 18 is an alkaline lake. Shallow ponds of 
 fresh water occur at intervals in the southerly half. The soil is 
 sandy loam andthe subsoil clay; but occasionally the order is 
 reversed. The land is rated as follows: Sections 6, 7,30, and the 
 north of 18, class 1; Sections 19 and 31, class 2; and the south of 
 18, class 8. There is no wood.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Along the east boundary, going south, the second half of the 
 first mile spans a deep ravine, heavily wooded with poplar, up to 
 10 inches in diameter, at the bottom of which is a small creek. A 
 little beyond this is a body of very saline water, called Gooseberry 
 Lake. About midway on Section 12 the north shore of Round 
 Lake is reached. Its water is somewhat brackish. Generally speak- 
 ing, the country is broken, hilly and stony, with a sandy loam 
 soil. It is rated classes 3 and 4, except Section 24—class 2.—F. W. 
 Wilkins, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—South-east, hilly, and broken by wooded ravines. The 
 remainder of the country along the line is rolling prairie, except- 
 ing Section 6, which is very hilly. Soil, sandy loam, on a sandy 
 subsoil, with a few intervals of clay loam over clay. Rated classes 
 1, 2and 3.—T. Kains, 18838. 
 
 Fully half of the area of this township is composed of the 
 Neutral Hills, which cross it in a north-westerly direction from 
 the south-east corner. Their southern slope is rolling and open, 
 with hard sandy loam soil and some scattered stones. These 
 hills are about 200 feet above the level of the country to the north, 
 and are broken by numerous ravines and coulées, with a small 
 quantity of poplar on the north exposure of some of them. There 
 is good pasturage about the few sloughs and pends lying in the 
 hollows. In the north-west the surface is open, dry and rolling, 
 with a light sandy loam soil. The easterly portions contain a 
 small quantity of poplarand some large ponds. The soil issandy. 
 The classification varies from 2 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The southerly portion of this township has a rolling 
 surface, which rises to the north, becoming hilly and broken, some 
 of the valleys being 150 feet deep. The westerly portion is open, 
 but there are scattered poplar and willows in the easterly part, 
 and near the north-east corner it is covered with thick bush. 
 
BC fa tee ee en ee CS yas 7 i 2 if 
 nae andes ALY Recents ance EMA 
 hg ies 2 oer ch a yk f 
 
 39. 
 
 40. 
 
 41 
 
 VINTEC DRA Cee Ane RL Me EML Ot Bey luce 
 aE Tete GHA ee LT a pe ¥) Rehan? Mh caban ye A USE 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range VI. 89 
 
 Scattered stones and gravel were noticed on many of the hills and 
 ridges, whch have a poor growth of grass. There is good grazing 
 about the numerous ponds and sloughs in the hollows. The class 
 is from 3 to 4—J. F. Garden, 1884. . | 
 
 Ouilines.—Ribstone Creek—having a badly defined channel— 
 flows with a sluggish current, in a north and north-easterly direc- 
 tion, to Battle River, through an almost impassable slough or marsh, 
 varying in width from 10 to 30 chains, which is situated in the 
 
 ‘west part of this township. In the north-west corner it joins a 
 
 small lake. The greater part of the township is open, rolling or 
 hilly, except in the south-east part, where a rather large quan- 
 tity of poplar is growing among sand ridges, which are from 20 
 to 40 feet in height. There is asmall lake in Sections 13 and 
 24, and in the same vicinity areseveral alkali bottom lands. The 
 soil is light sandy loam, or sand, and classed from 2 to 4.—J. F. 
 Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, a sluggish stream, about 1} chains in width 
 and 2 feet deep, called Ribstone Creek, flows eastwardly through 
 Sections 85 and 86. East of the creek is a low flat, covered 
 with water. West of it the country is principally rolling, with 
 scattered bluffs of poplar and clumps of willow, sometimes in 
 water. A couple of lakes, one of which occupies the greater part 
 of Section 33, and in the west a few ponds and marshes. Soil, 
 generally black loam, about 5 inches deep, on a sandy subsoil. 
 Class 1. On Section 36 and a part of 35 it consists of white clay, 
 and is rated class 2.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. : 
 
 The marsh bordering Ribstone Creek extends into this town- 
 ship in the south-west part, two and a-half or three miles. The 
 creek leaves it at its northerly end, in a well-marked channel of 
 about 20 feet in width. The depth of the water is about 2 feet, 
 with arather rapid current, and is of good quality. The country 
 is high and broken along the westerly boundary, and contains a 
 little poplar, some of the trees being 8 inches in diameter. Ground 
 cedar is also to be found here. Some poplars grow along the 
 eastern boundary, but the central and greater portion of the 
 township is open. Numerous ponds, and some alkaline. bottom 
 lands, are scattered through the township. One of the ponds or 
 lakes is situate in Section 80, and another in Sections 1 and 12. 
 The soil varies from black loam in the west, to sand in the east, 
 and classes from 2 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Ribstone Creek runs northerly through the eastern part, 
 leaving the township in Section 25, the land, immediately to the 
 west being rolling and open, and to the east hilly, with poplar. 
 The surface along the west boundary is undulating or rolling, with 
 a large quantity of poplar and willows, some of the trees being 8 
 inches through, and suitable for building purposes. Excellent 
 pasturage in the hollows about the ponds, and among the poplar 
 clumps. The soil varies from a rich loam to a sandy loam in the 
 west, classes 1 to 3, to sandy in the east, classes 3 to 4.—J. F 
 Garden, 1884. 
 
90 
 
 42, 
 
 AS. 
 
 44, 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 
 Phd) ged Memhe See eS Be Ge ENS, PETARE COs RLM MED) COMPU OO MEERT BE ATCD OBA ar Le SR RRM GR emt At a hoe - t 
 Dd Nake em Li i Say Ge a ate Ue eRe AP AU ap Real ati Care tant ie a WE $y vibe oie Be vt YS) 5 
 a SER ADA Mes emia ATs IN) ond et Wa Se Atal bed ys 1 ae ae 
 \ } i igs ww Cee Tate as 4" Wik ¢ tee £ eer ao 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VI. 
 
 South, Ribstone Creek crosses Sections 1 and 12, and con- 
 tinues northward through this township. The country in the 
 east is principally wet and rolling prairie, with scattered bluffs 
 of poplar. In the west it is dryer, with a few small ponds and 
 marshes. Soil, generally black loam. Class 1—C. A. Magrath, 
 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Ribstone Creek enters this township in Section 12, and — 
 
 runs north-west and north, through marshes and muskegs, with 
 willows. The easterly portion is broken by sand ridges, with a 
 large quantity of poplar. Classes 3to4. A good sized lake enters 
 the township in Section 24. In the south-west the surface is rolling 
 or hilly, with poplar up to 8 inches in diameter, willows and 
 numerous sloughs. The soil is loam or sandy loam, and class 2. 
 The north-west part is broken by low sand ridges, with poplar 
 and willows. Few sloughs, and a sandy soil, class 4—J. F. 
 Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Kibstone Oreek passes north-easterly through the south- 
 
 east corner, leaving it in Section 12, being bordered by a broad 
 muskeg, with willows and rank grass. The easterly part of the 
 township is broken by sand ridges, hills and lakes, one of the latter 
 partly in Section 25, being from 2 to 3 miles from east to west, 
 and surrounded by high land, thickly wooded with poplar. Some 
 of the ridges are very steep and abrupt, from 25 to 40 feet high, 
 with bush only on the north slopes. In the west part the surface 
 is either hilly or rolling, with scattered clumps of small poplars 
 and willows. A good many sloughs are Jocated here, with luxu- 
 riant grazing about them and among the clumps. In the north- 
 west a valley extends east and west, with bush, large ponds and 
 sloughs. The soil is a sandy loam, and classes from 2 to 3.—J. F. 
 Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The surface is rolling on the two western sections and 
 undulating on the rest. There is a growth of grey willows and 
 small poplar scattered over it, except on the first mile and a-half 
 going west, which is open prairie, with alkaline spots. Swamps, 
 ponds and marshes occur at intervals along the line, and in the 
 eastern half of 32 is a small running stream of good water. Soil, 
 
 sandy or clay loam, chiefly the latter, on a clay subsoil. Class 1. 
 —T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Has generally an undulating or rolling surface, with scattered 
 poplar and willow sloughs. The soil is loam or sandy loam, and ~ 
 
 classes 2 to 8. The best land lies in the easterly portions.—J. F. 
 Garden, 1884. ; 
 
 Outlines—Is undulating, with many ponds and lakes. Poplar 
 bluffs are numerous. A lake encroaches on the north-east corner. 
 Soil, first class. —J. J. McArthur, 1883. : 
 
 Along the south boundary the surface is rolling and undulat- 
 ing. Swamps, ponds and marshes occur at intervals. On Section 
 5 isa small-running creek. Soil, sandy or clay loam, chiefly the 
 latter. Class 1.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—From the south-west corner, Battle River runs north 
 along the west boundary, and then north-east. A lake encroaches 
 
47. 
 
 48, 
 
 49, 
 
 Si, 
 
 TO APSE Ce et Aa Piel i NN a a 
 ris ee ty 4 ye int od aN ay, bfr: tet 
 
 f Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range VI. 9fL 
 
 on the south-east corner. The interior of the township is undu- 
 lating, with many swamps and ponds, and interspersed with bluffs 
 of dry and green poplar. Soil, first class.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.——Battle River crosses the south-east corner. A large lake 
 extends through the interior. The remainder is very undulating, 
 and interspersed with bluffs of dry and green poplar. Soil, first 
 class.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines-——North, in the east of Section 36 is a wooded valley, 
 called Grizzly Bear Coulée, with a stream of good water. West of 
 this the country, to the end ofthe mile, is rolling, with afew | 
 swamps, and patches of willow and poplar scrub. The next three 
 sections consist of hilly prairie, with a few ponds and swamps, 
 and numerous poplar bluffs and patches of scrub. In the west of 
 Section 33 is a lake which extends into 32. Thecountry west of 
 the lake is almost entirely covered with heavy poplar and dense 
 underbrush. It is hilly along the first mile, and from thence to the 
 end of the line, rolling. Soil, black loam, averaging about 10 
 inches in depth, with clay subsoil. Class 1—T7. Kains, 1882. 
 
 In the south part isalake. The north-west portion is, in 
 places, heavily timbered. The remainder is very undulating, and 
 interspersed with bluffs of dry and green poplar. In the neigh- 
 borhood of Grizzly Bear Coulée, which crosses the north-east 
 corner, the soil is of an inferior quality.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Is hilly, and timbered in the west half, the timber 
 increasing in extent in the western tier of sections, which are 
 entirely covered with poplar, willows and dry wood, generally 
 suitable for all purposes. The eastern half is mostly prairie, with 
 afew patches of willows and small clumps of young poplar. 
 Grizzly Bear Coulée runs through this township south-easterly 
 from its north-west corner. The soil rates first and second class. 
 It is considerably broken by deep ponds, marshes, sloughs and 
 lakes.— P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. | 
 
 In the south-east the country is rolling, with a few swamps 
 and patches of poplar. West of this it is hilly prairie, with 
 numerous poplar bluffs. At the west end of the line, rolling. Soil, 
 black loam. Class 1.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 . Outlines—The country is hilly, broken by large ponds and lakes 
 
 and interpersed with bluffs of poplar, willows and dry wood. 
 The timber is generally fit only for fuel and fencing. The soil 
 is sandy loam, with sand subsoil, and ranks first and second class. 
 —P. R.A. Belanger, 1884. . 
 
 Outlines.—Is a rolling country, interspersed with bluffs of poplar 
 increasing in extent in the north-east quarter, which appears 
 thickly covered. A large belt of timber was seen all along the bank 
 on the south shore of Vermillion River, which runs through the 
 south half. This river enters the township in Section 6, is about 
 1 chain broad by 3 feet deep, with a sandy bottom, and runs 
 across the correction line for a mile or two, finally leaving in 
 Section 18. A chain of small hills appears in the south-west 
 quarter, on the north bank of the river, extending from centre of 
 
$2 
 
 52 
 
 4, 
 
 oe, 
 
 Fa 2 nb AD FY eri Su Pe EM RUG Re AW aM, Ke We Ok ny Yo 4 ee ee roy x 
 KE FSS On Ne Me PORN ng Th Seige 2 Pk a cr 
 
 Hay, bait 
 ROR 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian — Range VI. 
 
 the township towards the west boundary. Large quantities of 
 good hay may be cut in the valley on both sides of the river. 
 The soil ranks first and second class, and is sandy loam, lighter in 
 the neighborhood of the north side of the river.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north boundary the surface is hilly, and the 
 soil sandy loam, on a sandy subsoil. On the western portions of 
 
 Sections 31 and 32, where the alluvial soil is 18 or 20 inches 
 
 deep, the land is class 1, but elsewhere it is rated class 2. Small 
 lakes and ponds of good fresh water, and bluffs of poplar, gener- 
 ally of good size, occur all along the line.— W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 - YThecountry is heavy-rolling, and interspersed with numerous 
 bluffs of poplar in its centre, and in the south-east quarter, where 
 it becomes thick bush on Nections 1 and2. A large lake is 
 crossed by the east boundary of Sections 24 and part of 265. 
 Another lake or swamp, with willows, encroaches on the south- 
 east corner. There is a plentiful supply of good water in 
 numerous ponds. The soil ranks first class, and is a clay or clay 
 loam in the north half, and a sandy loam, with clay subsoil, in 
 the south halfi—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Along the south boundary the land is generally of an 
 excellent character. Good water is abundant. A few poplar bluffs 
 occur all along the line. ~ W. A. Ashe, 1882. 
 
 Some of the northern sections are rough and hilly, while 
 the remainder is composed of rolling land. Some open country 
 was seen, but the greater part is covered with scrub and bluffs 
 of poplar and willow. Good water can easily be found in lakes 
 or ponds, while the soil is good, and pasturage in open land is 
 excellent.—E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Is composed of rolling, rough and hilly land, mostly 
 covered with scrub or woods of poplar, the latter being usually 
 on the north slope of hills. Lakes and ponds of good, fresh 
 water are abundant. Small openings occur in many locali- 
 ties, on which the pasturage is excellent, thus indicating a good 
 rich soil. EE. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, timbered with poplar and scrub, but the timber 
 
 is small and of little value. The land is broken and the soil 
 poor.—G. B. Abrey, 1883. | 
 
ul 
 
 x 
 
 10 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Ranoe VII. 
 
 Ouilines.—Lake Pakoghkee occupies the south-west. The country 
 north of the lake, consists of undulating prairie, with sand ridges, 
 and a soil of white sand. On the east boundary, the surface is 
 generally level and thesoil grey clay; in the south-east, over- 
 grown with sage bush, and in the centre and north-east, drifted, 
 with sandy ridges, and having clumps of cherry.—C. E. Wolf, 
 1883. | 
 Along the south boundary the country is a level clay and 
 sage-bush flat, and is the beginning of the so-called bad lands. 
 The south-west of the townshipis submerged by Lake Pakogh- 
 kee. There is no wood.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines.—Undulating and level prairie, with gravelly ridges and 
 
 surface stones. The soil south-westward consists of white sand. 
 Elsewhere it isa sandy loam, on-+a sandy clay subsoil.—C. £. 
 Wolff, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— Rolling prairie, broken in the west only by the valley 
 of Peigan Creek, on Section 19, and in the east, at intervals by 
 coulées, in which there are generally small creeks. Soil, sandy 
 orclay loam. Classes 2 and 8—chiefly the former.—J. G. Sing, 
 1883. 
 
 - Outlines—Rolling prairie. Gravel and sand in the north-west, 
 
 and gravelly loam on the south-west. Class 2 throughout, and 
 very dry. In the east, sandy loam. Class 3 in the north and 
 class 2 in the south.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 The south is rolling prairie, well watered, and soil of good 
 quality.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling prairie, stony in places, and broken in the east, 
 
 at intervals, by coulées. A branch of Big Plume Creek meanders 
 southward through Section 36, with some timber along its banks. 
 Soil, sandy loam. Class 2in the south-east and class 3 in the 
 north-east; and in the west, for the most part, gravelly, rated 
 class 3 in all the sections, except 6, 7 and 31, in the first and last 
 of which it is sandy or sandy loam.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—A deep valley traverses this township through 
 Sections 50, 32 and 33. Southwards, the land is highly-rolline 
 and an excellent soil of clay loam. Classes 1 and 2. Elsewhere— 
 excepting some gravelly and sandy parts—it is a sandy loam, 
 generally class 2. Several creeks—dry in summer—permeate the 
 township. In some places their banks rise 100 to 150 feet high. 
 Water is generally scarce. A luxuriant hay meadow occurs in 
 Section 31—A. F. Martin, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken in the south-east by hills and 
 coulées, which are generally gravelly and stony. Soil, sandy 
 
4h Vadis TOs he 
 Bye ENgra tt oe? 
 
 94 
 
 ii, 
 
 as. 
 
 OTE ee UA TN ea RAMS WN, Eres DANE i oo ere RS LT KA TS eer rin og RS None : SNE i eae Ag i) eet 
 rats WAY - tet pee Ae me rs Aleta Novy Mahe att fa crs SHR «rho “Abi kd we 1) 
 Sarhitnat ih i Wikies Tihs oie ies. hs Sx ce Signy Mea Ve Nia aie ete, sat ery NTR RY TS OA 
 PLU Se Tan A ee eg a eA eae Uae there RA aS Aaa ee TSE Mineg TTS Ar ENR TEMP Cag ee 
 is t velit: Se a AVA aha AY esky. iW reat a a Reon ne Cy 
 ¥ e » Niet eT ds 4 ibe En Ah 5 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range Vie> 
 
 loam. Class 8 in the south-east and class 2 in the north-east, 
 and all of the west, except Section 31, which is poor and gravelly. 
 The east line is crossed three times in Section 1 by a creek, but 
 elsewhere along the linethe country is dry and bare. The inte- 
 rior of the township is watered by tributaries of the Seven Persons’ 
 River.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Sections 2, 3 and 4 are hilly, but the remainder 
 is a level prairie, with a rich clay loam of the finest quality, and 
 highly adapted for agricultural purposes. Both branches of the 
 Seven Persons’ River enter the township, and although they 
 diminish in volume during thesummer, yet contain plenty of fresh 
 water in the pools. The banks ofthe river are deeper and more 
 abrupt towards the north part of the township.—A. F. Martin, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam in the north, west 
 and the east, sand and gravel in the central west, and light clay 
 in the south-east, all rated class 2. The McLeod trail crosses 
 Section 81, and a creek Section 24.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, gener- 
 ally clay loam on clay subsoil. Class 1. The east and west 
 branches of the Seven Persons’ River run along Sections 2 and 3, 
 and out at Section 18, in a valley having very high and precipi- 
 tous banks. The water is good. The land in the southern por- 
 tion of the township is class 1, and that in the northern part is 
 lighter, although good—nearly class 1.—A. F. Martiu, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Section 86 is cut up by coulées, which run back one © 
 
 and two miles from the river. In 383 the line crosses the river, 
 west of which, 31 and 32 are level prairie. The soil throughout is 
 sandy loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. . 
 
 Rolling prairie, except Section 30, occupied by the South 
 Saskatchewan River and valley, in which are numerous coal 
 banks, coulées, &c. Section 19 is also somewhat broken by hills - 
 and coulées. Soil, sandy loam. Class 2 on all, except Sections 30 
 and 19, which are clay, and clay mixed with stone and gravel, — 
 classes 8 and 4. The McLeod trail crosses the east line on Sec- 
 tion 24.—J..G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—-The Saskatchewan River runs through the 
 north-west corner of the township, through Sections 29, 30, 32 
 and 33. The Fort McLeod trail also crosses the township. A 
 deposit of coal occurs on the river, where a shaft 80 feet deep has 
 been driven, and a 6-foot bed or seam has been found. There 
 are several other locations on Sections 29 and 380 containing 
 seams of coal. About the river the land is broken, and generally — 
 it is a good sandy loam, on a subsoil of clay ; but water is very 
 scarce in the south.—A. F. Martin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North and west is rolling prairie, without water 
 or wood The soil is a grey clay, with blueish white clay sub- 
 soil. The grass is very short.—F. W. Armstrong, 1833. 
 
 East, the country is level or gently-rolling prairie. In Sec- 
 tion 7 is the South Saskatchewan River, running in a valley about 
 300 feet deep, with very abrupt banks. The depth of water was 
 
414, 
 
 1d. 
 
 16, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range Vii. 95 
 
 about 8 feet, with a very rapid current. The -soil on the south 
 side of the river is sand and gravel, thickly covered with small 
 surface boulders. On north side, however itis a good sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil, and is very suitable for agricultural pur- 
 poses.—C. LE. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 From the south-east corner the south line crosses many cou- 
 lées, and then the Saskatchewan River in Section 4, after which | 
 Sections 5 and 6 are level prairie, witha sandy loam soil.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally undulating. Soil, clay loam, of 3 
 and 4 inches, on clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. The River Sas- 
 katchewan traverses the south-east from Section 4 to the boundary 
 of 12 and 13, and has steep banks, with deep intersecting ravines, 
 which break up the south-east of the township very much. The 
 tiver is navigable for steamers of light draft, and is from 800 
 to 1100 feet broad, with a moderate current. The C. P. R. crosses 
 
 the north-easterly part of the township. No wood.—J. Warren, 
 18838. 
 
 Outlines-—North is undulating: Soil, a dry sand and clay loam, © 
 with a good clay subsoil. Surface water scarce. East, level or 
 rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, with clay subsoil, with sand near 
 the north-east.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 South and west, rolling prairie. Soil, grey clay, with clay 
 subsoil. Gravelly in places. Grass very short ; water scarce.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-divison.—Generally undulating, with afew watercourses 
 traversing and breaking the surface, but without water in them. 
 The soil is very light in the north part, and in the south part the 
 loam, though better, is shallow. The C.P.R. crosses Sections 5, 6 
 
 and 7 (Bowell Station). No timber. Water scarce.— J. Warren, 
 1883. . 
 
 Outlines.—The soil is sand and gravel, in many places thickly 
 strewn with small boulders, until close to the south boundary, 
 where it turns to a loam, either of sand or clay over a good clay 
 subsoil. The country is very dry, it being almost impossible to 
 find surface water.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Level prairie, generally sloping, north-west- 
 wardly. The soil in the south is rather dry andsandy. Classes 2 
 and 3. Northwards it becomes more loamy, lies ona clay subsoil, 
 and ranks classes 1 and 2. Water is in fair supply, and is fresh. 
 Marshes are more abundant in the north, and a lake occurs on 
 Section 34, slightly alkaline. No wood.—A. Bourgeault, 1888. 
 
 Outlines. —North, is hilly, dry and baked, furnishing very poor 
 feed.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 East, the country is in turn very broken and hilly, then undu- 
 lating. The soil is a light sand and gravel. Grass is very scarce 
 on the hills, but in low lands there is a good growth.—C. E. Wolf, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division Broken and hilly prairie. Soil, generally a 
 sandy loam, on a clay and sand subsoil. Classes 2 and 3. Fresh 
 water is in fair, but not plentiful supply, and there is no wood 
 
96 
 
 a7. 
 
 Es. 
 
 2. Dry and shallow, with sandy and stony patches.—Z. R. Ord, 
 
 ES. 
 
 ‘21, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range VIL. 
 
 whatever. Many alkali marshes are to be found in the flat bottoms 
 of the ravines. The tops of the hills are generally cone-shaped, 
 and very stony. There is an alkali valley running through the 
 centre, north-west and south-east.—A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie. ~ Soil, classes 2 and 3. Dry, 
 sandy and stony; scanty vegetation.—L. A. Ord, 1882. 
 
 South, is hilly, dry and baked, with poor grass.—O. J. Klotz, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling westwards; undulating eastwards. 
 Soil, sandy loam. Class 3 in the west, and a shade better in the 
 east. There are numerous sloughs and marshes, except in the 
 north and east, where the water is rather scarce. No wood.—P. ' 
 Gosselin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie. Scanty vegetation. Soil, class 
 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-divison.—Rolling prairie, somewhat hilly in the east. 
 Numerous fresh-water sloughs and some alkaline ponds lie in the 
 north-east and north. The soil is stony in the east, but is a good 
 sand loam westwards, with some sections of clay loam, and rates 
 classes 2and 3. It is well suited for farming in the west, and for 
 grazing eastwards. No wood.—P. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines——Open, rolling prairie. Soil, class 2 ; fair, but shallow 
 
 and gravelly in places. A few saline ponds. There is a valley 
 
 on Sections 84 and 85.—L. R. Ord, 1882. / 
 Sub-diviston.—Partly hilly and partly rolling prairie. The 
 
 hilly portion occupies the east. Soil, clay loam in places, and 
 
 sandy loam on subsoils of clay and sand. .Classes 2 and 3. There 
 
 are numerous sloughs of water, which are fresh, and a few which 
 
 are alkaline. No wood or running streams. Generally the town- 
 
 ship is fairly suited for farming.—P. Gosselin, 1888. 
 
 - Outlines.—North, prairie, with high rolling hills. Clay soil; class 
 
 2. A small alkaline lake in east of Section 33. Neither good water 
 nor wood.-—-7Z. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 South, open, rolling prairie Soil, classes 2 and 3; fair, but 
 gravelly in places, and on most of the hills. Saline lake, about 80 
 chains long, inSections 2 and 3.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Heavy-rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, 
 gravelly in many places; class 3, on sandy subsoil. A fresh-water 
 lake occurs in Sections 2, 8 and 10, of 175 acres. There are some 
 alkaline ponds and numerous marshes throughout the township, 
 which is fairly suited for farming in places where the soil is not 
 too sandy. No wood.—P. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The western part of this township is hilly and broken 
 prairie, with numerous alkaline ponds. The soil is sandy loam 
 and gravel.—A. F. Cotton, 1882, 
 
 North, undulating prairie, with numerous sandhills. The 
 soil is light, and is generally a mixture of sand and clay. Class 3. 
 Sections 31 and 82 are sand and stones Along the east boundary 
 the surface is undulating and hilly, and the soils and, mixed with 
 clay. No wood or water.—C. Desjardins, 1882. 
 
22. 
 
 23. 
 
 24, 
 
 ee hy APR A a setae gia ines re ee 8 NR OA bag Sed Sela OL) ca a on I ol ae a 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range VII. 97 
 
 In the south it is clay soil, class 2. A couple of small lakes 
 in east of Section 4. Wood and water scarce.—TJ. Drummond, 
 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, on a sandy 
 subsoil, and generally class 2. The township is not well suited 
 for farming purposes. There are several small ponds or small 
 lakes, and a number of marshes, throughout the township. 
 There is no wood.—C. P. Aylen, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The Red Deer River leaves this township on Section 25, 
 and is at this point about 96 rods wide. It has a swift current, 
 shifting sand bars, numerous wooded islands and, frequently, a 
 margin of willows, poplar and cottonwood trees. The river valley 
 is a good pasture ground, the soil being sandy loam; but else- 
 where the land is poor, consisting of a mixture of sand, clay and 
 stones.—C. Desjardins, 1882. 
 
 Along the north and west boundaries, hilly prairie, with a 
 soil of sandy loam and gravel. The Red Deer River flows south- 
 ward across Sections 85 and 86. There is a very small quantity 
 of wood on the river banks. A creek, which starts from a small 
 lake immediately west of Section 6, winds to and fro along the 
 west line, as far as Section 31.—A. F. Cotton, 1882. 
 
 South, undulating prairie, with numerous sandhills. The 
 soil is sand and clay, class 3; but on Sections 5 and 6 it is only 
 sand.—C. Desjardins, 1882. Y 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam—class 2—on 
 a sandy clay subsoil. There are a number of marshes, particularly 
 in the south-west. The Red Deer River runs across the north-east 
 corner, and in the vicinity are some bushes of poplar and cherry 
 trees suitable for fuel. The north and north-eastern portions are 
 hilly.—R. J. Jephson, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed all boundaries of this township. Hilly 
 prairie, with a very hard sand loam and gravel soil. The southern 
 half of this township is very much broken by deep gullies running 
 into the Red Deer River, which enters on Nection 6. Here, on the 
 north bank, there is a small quantity of wood, and its width at 
 this point is 88 rods. Looking eastward, down the river, some 
 sandhills were observed. On Section 7 are small hills covered with 
 gravel and boulders. Section 19 is almost level, but 30 and 31 
 have a very broken surface. Section 18 is an alkaline flat. There 
 is no wood, except in a few places along the river, principally on 
 Sections 1, 2, 3, 9 and 10.—A. F. Cotton, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Hilly, especially inthe southern half, whichis 
 permeated by numerous deep gullies running into the valley of 
 the Red Deer River, whichis about two miles broad. On Sections 
 7, 8, 17 and 18 an alkaline flat occurs. The soil is generally a 
 sandy loam—class 2—and somewhat stony in the western part of 
 the township, with some very large granite boulders on the hilly 
 places. This township will make a good grazing township, but 
 is rather rough for farming.— Rh. J. Jephson, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface much broken by knolls and ridges. Soil, 
 generally light sandy loam, from 10 to 15 inches deep. Subsoil, 
 
93 
 
 wee. 
 
 ~6, 
 
 Tenth) Wier ON Se SIR Re Wet ru Ue A ee ae Pee ne a hms We Pe Lied Me BOS pte a a OV AG RU em), pana, Saeed RN Se eae Oe 
 sat, (eet TARO: SORE Boy RRC EMT Aen FOR AEC EN a OTR EOS OCU 2 Co. Rar, A 
 era 4 Ary a LORS e Ne CONE Seale he a Ny Oey ct a rt A Ahi ' { 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian— Range VII. 
 
 hard clay. Very little water; some small meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 
 1882. | 
 
 West, east and south, high, rolling prairie, with a few 
 gullies anda very few marshes, of which the only ones seen 
 containing water were on the western tier of sections. On Section 
 19 is a pond of good clear water. Soil, sandy loam and gravel, 
 very hard. Subsoil, white clay.—A. F. Cotton, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Hilly prairie. Soil, sandy loam, gravelly and 
 poor, on the hills, but having a luxuriant growth of grass in the 
 bottoms. The rating is generally class 2, and fresh water is in 
 fair supply in the marshes. No wood. R. J. Jephson, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and broken prairie, with sandy and clay loam 
 soil. Marsh on middle of Section 6. Water generally scarce.— 
 W. Ogilvie, 1882. | 
 
 The surface is usually undulating, and the soil a clay loam, 
 10 inches, on a clay subsoil. Class 2 in the west, the north-east 
 and south-east, and 3 in the central east. A couple of trails. 
 leading to the Forks of the Red Deer River cross the western 
 boundary.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Kastern half, hilly; ‘western half, rolling. 
 Sections 26, 27, 34 and 35 are largely broken by a large lake and 
 some smaller attached ones. Seetion 22 is broken by an alkali 
 lake, and 10 by an alkali marsh. Soil, dark, sandy loam, 6 to 
 12 inches in depth, on a gravelly subsoil in places, and clay in 
 others. All the lakes are fresh, those on Sections 22 and 35, 
 being quite large. This is a fair township for settlement.—/. S. 
 O’ Dwyer, 1888. 
 
 Outlines Surveyed the west and east boundaries. The country 
 is rolling and the soil, generally, sandy loam, 12 inches deep, and 
 class 2. In some parts it is, however, a clay loam, particularly in 
 the west and north-east, In Section 12 this clay loam is some- 
 what alkaline in a flat trending to a lake in the south-west of the 
 section. Surface water is fairly distributed, but is more plentiful 
 in the southwest half of the township. West boundary and the 
 west is principally hilly prairie—C. F. Miles, 1883. a 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with a large quantity of sur- 
 face water, all fresh. Soil, sandy loam, 10 inches deep, and class. 
 2. it overlies subsoils of gravel and clay or a mixture of both. 
 This township is well adapted for either agriculture or grazing, 
 
 _ as the soil is good and the grass and water excellent. A cart trail 
 
 bs 
 nt 
 
 28, 
 
 29. 
 
 passes over the south-eastern corner.—J. S. O’ Dwyer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—High, rolling prairie, with some ponds and knolls. 
 Soil, clay loam, with clay subsoil. Rates first and second class.— 
 C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The north is rolling prairie, with numerous lakes and 
 marshes. A long lake from Section 34 lies parallel with the north 
 boundary to Section 32.—T. Fawcett, 1888. | 
 
 Rolling prairie, with a few sloughs. Soil, clay loam. Rates 
 second class.—C. F. Miles, 1888. | 
 
 Outlines.—Along both the west and east boundaries, rolling 
 prairie, with clay loam soil,3 to 6 inches deep, on a clay sub-- 
 
BO. 
 
 hh, 
 
 = 2B 
 
 “abeb, 
 
 oA, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range V1l. 99 
 
 soil. Water scarce. No wood. The land is rated class 1, except- 
 ing in the north of the township, in astony alkaline valley, nearly 
 
 a mile wide, it is class 8. Thesemi-sections adjoining this flat are 
 rated class 2. There is no wood, and in the north no water, but 
 several small ponds occur in the southern sections. The trail 
 from Red Deer Forks to Edmonton crosses from Section 18 to 81.— 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, rolling prairie, with numerous lakes and marshes. 
 Soil, clay and dark loams. Class 2.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Along the west boundary, going north, the first one 
 and a-half miles lies in a stony alkaline flat, which stretches 
 across the township. The rest of the township is rolling prairie, 
 with a clay loam soil, 3 to 9 inches deep, and occasional intervals 
 of sandy loam ona clay subsoil. Class 2. There are small ponds 
 scattered about, but, on the whole, water is scarce, and there is no 
 wood. A creek, 4 feet wide and 1 foot deep, crosses the southern 
 portion of the township, the water of which has but slight indi- 
 cations of alkali.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The surface, both east and west, is rolling prairie. 
 There is no wood, and only a few ponds of water. Soil, prin- 
 cipally sandy loam, on a subsoil of sand or clay, but on the first 
 one and a-half miles, going north on the east line, it is clay loam 
 over clay. The usual depth is 6 inches. The land is rated class 
 2. A narrow, muddy pond, about a mile long, runs parallel with 
 the line in Sections 80 and 31. There is also a small distribution 
 of ponds and marshes, but the number is not great. No wood.— 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—The country along the north boundary is open prairie, 
 with a good soil. In Section 35 is a creek connecting with a 
 lake north of it. Several small marshes on the four eastern sec- 
 tions. No wood. —Z£. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Rolling and undulating prairie. Clay loam and sand loam 
 soil; clay subsoil. Along the west boundary, generally, sandy 
 loam, and the subsoil, alternately, sand or clay. Class 2. Section 
 6, and part of 7, is clay loam. There is no water or wood. Along 
 the east boundary there are shallow, fresh-water ponds in each 
 section.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Sand loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2. 
 A small creek crosses the northern portion of this township. Water 
 is scarce along the west boundary. Along the east boundary, on 
 Section 13, is an alkaline valley, in which is a creek. Shallow 
 ponds of fresh water occur at intervals on the first four and a-half 
 miles going north. Excepting the vicinity of the valley, on Sec- 
 tion 18, the land is rated class 1.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, open prairie, with a good soil. No wood.—£. Bray, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Clay loam and sand loam soil; clay 
 
 subsoil. Chiefly 4th class, but along the west boundary all sandy 
 loam soil, 8 to 8 inches deep, on a clay subsoil.. Rated as follows: 
 
 ections 7, 18 and 19, nearly all class 1. Numerous fresh, shallow 
 7% . 
 
100 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 37. 
 
 38 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VII. 
 
 ponds occur on the first four miles going south, and along the east 
 boundary also. There is no wood in the township.—J. K. McLean, 
 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Along the north boundary, very broken country, with 
 
 a second class soil.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie. Class 1, except the north-west portion, which 
 is broken and hilly and class 8. West, rolling and hilly prairie. 
 Alluvial soil, sandy loam; subsoil alternately clay or sand. The 
 north half of Section 7 is rated class 1. The southern portions of 
 Sections 6 and 7 class 2; and what remainsclass8. Allthe east is 
 clay loam, and class 1. There is plenty of water, but no wood in 
 the township.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly prairie, with numerous ponds, grass 
 sloughs and small lakes. Soil, sandy loam, averaging about 4 
 inches in depth, on a subsoil of sand. Rated class 2 everywhere, 
 except on the western half of Section 83, where it is class 1.— 
 T'. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Nearly the whole of this township is very broken and hilly. 
 Class 8. On Section 18 is an alkaline lake. For the first four and 
 a-half miles going north, on the east side, shallow ponds of fresh 
 water were met with occasionally. As a general rule, the soil is 
 sandy loam over clay, but sometimes the order is reversed. The 
 classes of soil are chiefly 1 and 2, with some 8. In the south- 
 west water is scarce. There is no wood in the township.—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. ! 
 
 Outlines.—The first three miles of the west boundary, going north, 
 is heavily-rolling prairie. The remainder of the line is in the 
 Neutral Hills, which rise to a height of 400 to 500 feet. There is 
 a considerable quantity of poplar among them, the most of which 
 is on Section 80. Water is not very plentiful, but one or more 
 small ponds occur on every section, excepting 19 and 31. The 
 soil is generally sandy or clay loam, over clay. Rated class 1 in 
 the south, and classes 1 to 8 in the north.— LZ. R. Ord, 18838. 
 
 The surface is broken and hilly, with gravelly and stony 
 ridges. There is some wood on Section 24 and in the north of 13. 
 On Section 1 is a smalllake. Small sloughs or watercourses 
 occur on every section. Soil in the east, a hard sandy loam, 
 over sand. Classes 3 to 4. The best land is on Section 36.— 
 J. F. Garden, 1884. : ) 
 
 South, hilly, with numerous ponds and sloughs. Soil, sandy 
 loam, class 2.—7'. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the west boundary the surface is heavily-rolling 
 prairie, excepting the two northern sections, which lie in a clay 
 flat. The soil is principally sandy loam, 8 to 10 inches deep, on a 
 subsoil of clay or sand. Classes2 and 3. On Section 6 is a lake, 
 nearly half a mile wide, and on the northern half of 31 is a small 
 creek flowing east. One or more small ponds occur on each of 
 the other sections. There is no wood.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Along the east boundary, the first four miles, going north, is 
 open prairie, -with numerous short ridges. On the two northern 
 sections, broken and hilly land, with a few clumps of poplar. 
 
39. 
 
 40 
 
 41, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range VII. 10% 
 
 Ponds or marshes of small size occur on every section. The soil 
 is rated class 3, being generally alight sandy loam.—J. F. Garden, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the west boundary the surface is heavily-rolling 
 prairie, with a plateau on adjoining portions of Sections 80 and 31, 
 and a coulée in the northern part of the latter. There is no water 
 or wood. Soil, principally, sandy loam over sand. Rated class 2, 
 generally, the best land being on Section 18 and the poorest on 6 
 and 19.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Section 1 is high, open prairie, with a dark sandy loam soil 
 on a sandy subsoil. Class 2. Ribstone Creek, which enters this 
 township near the south-west corner, crosses the east boundary 
 on Section 12, and from thence flows due north through a long 
 interval of marsh, 40 to 120 rods wide, portions of which are 
 almost impassable. The great bulk of this marsh is without the 
 township, but on Section 25 and the south of 36 it is about equally 
 divided by the line. It is generally fine hay land. The land 
 adjoining the marsh, in the valley of the creek, is open, even and 
 sandy, being rated class 3 on Sections 12 and 36, classes 3 to 4 
 on 25, and class 4 on 13 and 24. The country rises gently to the 
 west of the valley. There is no wood —J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Along the west boundary the surface is rolling prairie, 
 with numerous small bluffs of poplar. The greater part of Section 
 31 is densely wooded. There are several ponds on Sections 19 
 and 80, and in a ravine, nearly half a mile wide, on the north of 
 Section 6, isa small creek flowing east. The soil is sandy loam, 
 and is generally rated class 1—Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 North, principally rolling prairie, very stony on the eastern, 
 sections. Lakes, ponds and marshes occur all along the line, except 
 Section 34. Wood is scarce, though not altogether absent. Soil, 
 principally black loam, with sandy subsoil. Rated class 1 on Section 
 36, class: 2 on the next two sections, and class 3 on the rest.—C. 
 A. Magrath, 1883. 7 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is generally hilly, broken 
 or high and rolling. There is a tolerably good supply of wood, 
 most of which is found on Sections 12 and 13. Water, as a rule, 
 is plentiful. On Section 25 is a lake, over three-quarters of a mile 
 wide. Section 86 is somewhat stony. The soil is generally a 
 dark sandy loam, over sand, and rates as follows: Section 36, 
 classes 1 to 2; 25 and’24, classes 2 to 8; 13, 12 and 1, class 83.—J. 
 F. Garden, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines—Is composed of rolling land, with some high land or 
 ridges in the west, and and covered with poplar, some of it being 
 8 inches in diameter. Poplars, willows and numerous sloughs 
 are widely distributed over the surface. Some scattered stones 
 were observed. First class grazing land here and there. Part 
 of a lake lies in a depression in Section 7, which extends some 
 distance eastwards. The soil is a dark sandy loam. Classes 
 2 to 3.— J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 74* 
 
102 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range VII. 
 
 The southern part of the township contains scattered bluffs 
 of poplar, and has a first class soil. A few large lakes are to be 
 seen lying on the southern tier of sections. —C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 42, Outlines—The central part is hilly, with poplar bluffs and 
 numerous sloughs and ponds, and is best described as a park-like 
 country. The soil is a dark loam. Classes 1 to 2. In the south 
 the surface is rolling, but otherwise with similar features. Inthe 
 north the land is broken by low sand ridges, with scrub poplar 
 and willow. Class 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The westerly part is broken by low sand ridges or roll- 
 ing sandy land, with scattered scrubby poplar, except in the south- 
 west, where some of the trees are 12 inches in diameter. Only a 
 few sloughs were noted, and the grass being poor it was classed 
 4. In the easterly portion the surface is high and rolling south- 
 wards, but becomes lower and undulating in the north, while in 
 the north-east corner a valley, with large ponds and capital graz- 
 ing land, extends westerly. Clumps of poplar and willows, and 
 numerous ponds and sloughs, are scattered over this section, with 
 good grazing about them. The soil varies from loam to sandy 
 loam, the classification being 2 to 3.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 44. Outlines——North, the line passes over a hilly and knolly country, 
 almost covered with a growth of short, stunted poplar, generally 
 rotten at the heart. The soil is sandy, and rates third class.—T-. 
 Kains, 1883. 
 
 The surface, in the west part, is composed principally of low 
 sand ridges, with scattered poplar bush, ground cedar, poor grass, 
 and not much water. Classes 3 to 4. The easterly part is rolling, 
 with more water in the sloughs and ponds. The grazing in this 
 section is good, with somewhat better soil, varying from loam to 
 light sandy loam. Classes 2to 3. Poplar and willows are scattered 
 over it, the former being quite thick in Section 18.—J. F. Garden, 
 1884, 
 
 45 Outlines.—The soil, in the south-west part, is sandy and mostly 
 overgrown with small poplars and willows. Battle River runs 
 through the south part of the township. Along the east boundary 
 the land is good and interspersed with bluffs of young poplar — 
 J. J McArthur, 1888. 
 
 The southern tier of sections is covered with short and 
 stunted poplar, which is only fit for fuel. The surface is inclined 
 to be hilly and uneven, witha sandy soil, which rates third class. 
 —T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 46. Outlines.—From the south-west corner, the valley of Battle River 
 follows the east boundary for four miles. Buffalo Coulée touches the 
 north-east corner. The remainder of the township is high and 
 undulating, with many bluffs of dry and green poplar. Soil, first 
 class.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating, with many lakes and marshes, and inter- 
 
 spersed with poplar bluffs. Buffalo Coulée runs across the town- 
 ship. Soil, first class. —J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 2 
 
 KG, 
 
48. 
 
 49 
 
 2) 
 
 52. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VII. 103: 
 
 Outlines.—North, country more or less timbered, some suitable for 
 building purposes, but mostly willow scrub and some dead poplar. 
 Numerous ponds and swamps and small lakes, some of which are 
 saline. Soil, first class quality, being a black vegetable mould, 
 varying from 4 to 12 inches in depth, with a subsoil of clay or 
 sand loam.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Undulating, with many lakes and ponds. The western part 
 is thickly interspersed with poplar bluffs. Soil, first class —J. J. 
 McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Heavy-rolling or hilly, and nearly all covered with 
 poplar, willows and dry wood, suitable for building and other 
 purposes. A belt of large timber, about 10 chains wide, appears. 
 all along the south bank of Grizzly Bear Coulée, which crosses in 
 the north half. Here, this coulée contains fresh running water, 
 about 10 links broad by 2 feet deep, the valley being about 20 
 chains wide, and having banks about 80 feet high. This water 
 comes from a lake that encroaches on the north-west corner. It is. 
 considerably broken in the south half by very deep ponds and 
 lakes, some of which are slightly alkaline. The soil ranks first. 
 and second class.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 South, Section 1 consists of rolling country, thickly dotted 
 Over with scrub and small timber. Several branches of a large 
 lake extend northward across the line along Sections 2 and 3. On 
 the eastern half of Section 4 is a small lake. Between this and a 
 large lake on Section 5 there is an interval of rolling country. 
 Soil, black loam. Class 1—T. Kains, 1882. sini 
 
 Outlines.—The country is hilly, and interspersed with numerous 
 clumps of poplar, some of which are suitable for building pur- 
 poses. Theland. though broken by ponds, generally rates first class.. 
 —P, R.A. Beliunger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Is ordinary rolling prairie, with patches of willows 
 and a few clumps of small poplar in the east half. The west half 
 rolls more heavily and is more timbered. There is a lake, about 
 four miles long and from 10 to 60 chains broad, in the south 
 half. A small creek of fresh water flows across the west 
 boundary of Sections 6, 7 and 18. The Vermillion River enters 
 this township in Section 6, and runs easterly across the southern 
 tier of sections. It is here but a stream of 75 links broad, with 
 2 feet of water. A large belt of hay appears in the valley on 
 both shores. The south bank is all along covered with tim ber,. 
 from 4 to 12 inches diameter. The soil rates first, second and some 
 third class, in the vicinity ofthe river, where it is red crystal sand.. 
 —P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—In Section 86 there is a small lake; in 35 a creek 
 and small marsh; in 34 two marshes, a cart trail and creek; 
 a creek between 82 and 33; in 32, a marsh and Indian cart trail, 
 and in 81 a pond. Some, birch, poplar and scrub timber along 
 line. The land is of an almost uniformly excellent character. 
 This range is as fine as any passed over in the North-West. 
 
 Water all fresh—W. A. Ashe, 1882. , 
 
104 
 
 oo. 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VII. 
 
 - The eastern half is rolling prairie, with very few patches of 
 willows. The west half slopes gradually towards the east, and is 
 heavily timbered with poplar, cottonwood and some birch. Along 
 the first four miles and a-half on the west boundary, from the 14th 
 Base, a continuous bush of timber of all sizes, from 1 to 24 inches 
 diameter, and may be adapted for all purposes of building and 
 lumbering. A beautiful creek, from 5 to 10 links broad, with 6 
 inches of excellent water, flows in an easterly direction from a 
 small lake crossed by. the west boundary of Sections 6 and 7. 
 Another small creek, with good water, was crossed on west 
 boundary of Section 81. Numerous lakelets and ponds appear in 
 the eastern portion. The soil is either clay or sandy loam, with 
 clay subsoil, and of first class quality.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Generally, is rolling land, though a few small tracts 
 were seen which may be called hilly. To the south-west of a line 
 drawn through Section 4 to the northerly limit of Section 19 the 
 land is covered with poplar woods, which will range 5 inches in 
 diameter ; while to the north-east of such line the timber is in 
 bluffs, with considerable scrub and some open land. The soil is 
 generally of fair quality, and water is abundant.—£. Bray, 1884. 
 
 The country, as it appeared from the southern boundary, con- 
 tained numerous small marshes and several small creeks. The 
 soil is of a very fine character, and the water is fresh.— W. A. Ashe, 
 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally rough land, mostly covered with willow 
 scrub and poplar timber, the latter being of an average size of 
 about 4 inches in diameter. The soil varies considerably in differ- 
 ent parts of the township, but it will probably average second 
 class. The township is well supplied with water by ponds, &c., 
 and also by a stream which runs north-westerly from Section 1 to 
 Section 30:—E Bray, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, timbered with poplar and scrub, but this timber 
 is small, and of little value. The country is broken and the soil 
 poor.—G. B. Abrey, 18838. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN 
 Rana@e VIII. 
 
 Outtnes.—Undulating and rolling country. woil, a sandy loam, 
 with light, blue clay subsoil, in many places mixed with stone 
 and gravel. Lake Pakoghkee covers most of this township. The 
 country north of the lake consists of undulating prairie, with 
 sandy ridges and a soil of white sand.—C. E. Woiff, 1883. 
 
 The easterly two-thirds of the south boundary is in Lake 
 Pakoghkee. West of the lake the vountry is undulating prairie. 
 The soil is “ washed out” and the vegetation poor.—O. J. Klotz, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating and rolling country. Soil, a sandy loam, 
 with light, blue clay subsoil, in many places mixed with stone 
 and gravel. South-east it is white sand.—C. E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken on Section 19 by an alkaline 
 coulée, the banks of which are very stony, and by the valley of 
 Peigan Creek on Section 24. Soil, sandy loam, class 8, in the 
 west, and clay loam, class 2, in the east.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, gently-rolling in the north-east and undulating 
 
 ‘in the north-west. Section 331s broken by Seven Persons’ Coulée, 
 containing a sluggish, shallow stream, along the banks of which 
 there are a few trees and some willows Soil, sandy loam, 15 
 inches deep. Class 2. There is very good grass.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 Rolling prairie, very dry, with scanty growth of grass. Soil, 
 principally gravelly loam and sand. Class 3. It is rated class 2, 
 however, along Section 31, and on a few other sections, where the 
 character changes to sandy loam. The Peigan Creek flows through 
 this township from one to two miles east of the line.—J. G. Sing, 
 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken by several coulées, containing 
 
 water. Soil: in the west, clay, rated generally class 2, and in the 
 east, for the most part, gravelly, and rated class 8 on all except 
 Sections 1, 12 and 86, in the first and last of which it is sandy or 
 sandy loam. Water very scarce and the grass poor, owing to lack 
 of moisture.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 South, level to undulating prairie, with good sandy loam soil. 
 Intersected by the Seven Persons, or Big Sandy Coulee, a fine 
 valley of nearly a mile in width, through which flows a stream 
 in the spring time, but afterwards merely a succession of pools. 
 A few ash-leafed maples are on its banks.— O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The southern portion of the township is hilly, 
 
 ‘but the land is remarkably good. The northern halves of Sections 
 
 ‘86, 85 and part of 34, are good hay lands. The west branch of 
 
 Seven Persons’ River runs through this township. It dries up to 
 
106 
 
 10 
 
 il 
 
 iz 
 
 13 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range VIII. 
 
 a small creek in summer, but leaves fresh pools, here and there, of 
 good water. There are two lakes of good water in the north-west 
 corner.—A. F. Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines——Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam. Class 2, except 
 north-east, where it is gravelly, and rated class 8, and on Sections 
 7, 18 and 81, which are broken by stony coulées. This township: 
 is watered by a large creek, which enters at the north-west corner 
 of Section 31, and continuing in a south-easterly direction, crosses 
 the eastern boundary on Section 1. There are also a number of 
 smaller creeks, mostly tributaries of this one.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally rolling. Soil, clay loam, on aclay — 
 and clay loam subsoil. Class 1. Several creeks—dry in summer 
 —cross the township, and surface water is scarce. There is no 
 wood whatever.—A. F. Martin, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam in the north-east» 
 sand and gravel in the middle, and light clay in the south-east, 
 clay or clay loam in the west, and all class 2. Water very scarcer 
 there being only a couple of very small creeks in the south part of 
 the township.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, generally, a clay loam 
 on clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. The surface water is generally 
 alkaline, and good water is very scarce. There is no wood. The 
 Fort McLeod and Medicine Hat trail crosses the township.—A. F. 
 Martin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, Sections 32 to 36 are undulating prairie. Soil, 
 sandy loam, the Saskatchewan River lying from one to five miles. 
 south. In Section 81 the river passes to the north side. The- 
 north side ot the valley is about 100 feet high. There is a clay 
 flat on the south side of the river, about 30 chains wide.—-C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 East, the surface is rolling prairie, excepting in the vicinity 
 of the South Saskatchewan River and its yalley, in which are: 
 numerous coal banks, coulées &c., and the high hills bounding 
 the valley on either side. The river itself enters the township. 
 near its north-west corner ; continuing in a south-easterly direction 
 till near the middle of Section 21, it turns its course, and proceeds 
 north-eastwardly crossing the line on Section 25. Noil, generally 
 sandy loam. Olass 2, except where it is rough or clay, class 4, or 
 clay, with gravel and stone, class 3.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The South Saskatchewan enters the township- 
 by Section 31, courses over 32, 28, 21, 22, 23, 26, and leaves by 25. 
 The land along the river is rather light, but it improves consider- 
 ably in quality at ashort distanceinland. Deposits of bituminous. 
 coal exist along the bank of the river, but the beds are rather small. 
 The immediate banks of the river are broken, but not so much 
 inland as in other townships. The soil is good, generally, and,is. 
 well suited for settlement.— C. Desjardins, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Generally, is a rolling prairie, without water or wood. 
 The soil is a grey clay, with bluish white clay subsoil. Grass: 
 very short.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
14, 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Inttial Meridian —Range VIII. 107 
 
 The west boundary, going north, strikes the river in 18 chains, 
 and for two sections is in the valley. The remaining sections are 
 rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam. The first five southerly sections 
 are undulating prairie, with a sandy loam soil. Section 6 is 
 broken by the Saskatchewan River.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The surface is gently undulating, but not hilly. 
 The soil is a clay loam of a shallow depth. The South Saskatche- 
 wan runs across the south-west corner, which renders Section 6 
 very broken and hilly. The surface of the township is very dry, 
 and water is scarce; grass much stunted, and no wood; but oats 
 and barley were likely to thrive better than wheat.—J. Warren, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, south and east boundaries, rolling prairie, with- 
 out water or wood. The soil is a grey clay, on a bluish white 
 clay subsoil. Gravelly in places. The growth of grass is very 
 short.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 West, this township is rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 -Sub-division—Level, with a few slopes to the south. Soil, 
 clay loam, classes 1 and 2, of shallow depth, 3 to 5 inches; but 
 suitable for barley and oats, which seemed to thrive well along 
 the C. P. R. track. Water is scarce, and there is no wood. The 
 C. P. R. runs through Sections 12 to 20 inclusive, and 30.—J. 
 Warren, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Along the north boundary, broken and hilly country. 
 Soil, sand and gravel, in many places strewn with small boulders. 
 These features predominate until close to the south boundary, 
 where it turns to a loam.—C. E. Wolf, 1882. 
 
 West, the country is hilly and dry, the soil being clayey, 
 hard and baked.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 South, principally rolling land, with clay soil. The eastern 
 sections have a stony and gravelly surface. No wood or water. 
 —F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 1% 
 
 North, broken and hilly. Soil, sand and gravel, in many 
 
 ‘places thickly strewn with small boulders.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Mostly, rolling and undulating prairie. 
 The soil is, in general, very poor, being sandy and gravelly, and 
 ranks 2 and 8, except the east of Sections 29 and 32, which are a 
 sandy loam, class 1. There are some alkali marshes in Sections 
 12 and 15, but elsewhere, water is fresh. The ©. P. R. crosses 
 the southern part. A small lake occurs on Nections 9 and 8, 
 entered by a large coulée running through the west part of the 
 township.——A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North and west is hilly, dry and baked, furnishing 
 very poor feed. At the western extremity is an alkaline valley, 
 having a north-easterly course.—O. J Klotz, 1882. 
 
 East, is a very broken country. The soil is light sand and 
 
 gravel, with a white sand and clay subsoil. Southwards, the sur-- 
 
 face isin many places thickly strewn with small boulders.—C. 
 E. Wolff, 1882. 3 i 
 
108 Townships West of the Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VIII. 
 
 1. 
 
 _AS, 
 
 19. 
 
 20, 
 
 Sub-division—Mostly rolling prairie, with some ridges and 
 gullies on the north and east which are stony and gravelly, and 
 class 3. The rest of the township is sandy, sandy loam and sand 
 and gravel. Classes 2 and 3. Fresh water in the hay marshes. 
 No wood.—A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North and east, open, rolling prairie. Very scanty 
 vegetation. Soil, classes 8 and 4, very poor and barren. Brackish 
 lake in Sections 13 and 14.—LZ. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 The country along the west and south is hilly and very dry. 
 The grass and general vegetation is very poor. An alkaline 
 valley lies to the south-west.— O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Heavy, rolling prairie in the east, south {and 
 west parts, the north part being level. There are numerous 
 marshes, mostly containing soft water. The soil throughout is a 
 poor sandy loam, not suited for tillage. A deep valley runs 
 through Sections 1, 2,8 and 4, whichis about 40 chains wide 
 and has a clay soil.--P. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the surface is generally rolling prairie. Alluvial 
 soil, 2 inches deep; subsoil, clay. Class 2. No water or wood. 
 W. Bell, 1882. 
 
 West, this township is rather level. In northern half there 
 are several wet marshes.-~ O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 South and east, open, rolling prairie. Very scanty vegetation. 
 Soil, classes 8 and 4; very poor and barren. No wood.—L. R. Ord, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Heavy-rolling prairie. The east part is hilly, 
 rough and gravelly, and the whole of the township is well inter- 
 spersed with fresh-water marshes. On Sections 13 and 24 there 
 is a fresh-water lake of 220 acres. The soil is generally a sandy 
 loam, of class 3; but the west portion might be made suitable for 
 agriculture. The east part would only be adapted for grazing.— 
 P. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, east and south, rolling country, with second 
 class soil—generally a hard clay. The water in some of the sloughs, 
 is alkaline, and in others fresh. There are no running streams, 
 No wood.—W. Bell, 1882. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with aclay soil. Class 2. No wood 
 and no water, except a small pond in the south of Section 6.—T 
 Drummond, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with some sections of undu- 
 lating prairie. Soil, partly clay and sandy loams. Classes 1, 2 
 and 3. There are numerous sloughs and marshes, and a few ponds 
 of good, water, but no running streams.—P. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the surface consists of prairie, level in the west, 
 rolling on the two intermediate sections, and covered with high- 
 rolling hills in the east. Soil, clay. Class 2. No wood and 
 scarcely any water. Westwards, rolling prairie, with a clay soil. 
 Class 2.. In Section 30 isan alkaline lake, in its immediate 
 vicinity the land is rated class 4. No wood or fresh water.—T. 
 Drummond, 1888. 
 
“Re. 
 
 “238. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range VIII. | 109 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is uneven and hilly, and 
 
 on the south undulating. The soil is of fair quality, being gen- 
 erally a hard clay, and rates class 2. The water in some of the 
 
 sloughs is fresh, and in others alkaline. There are no running 
 streams and no wood.— W. Beil, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam class 2, with 
 some sections of good sandyloam. There are three lakes—one in 
 Section 13 (alkaline), and the others in Sections 15 and 30, which 
 
 are fresh. There are numerous marshes, which dry as the sum- 
 
 mer advances. No wood. A good farming township.—P. 
 Gosselin, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines—North and east, high-rolling prairie, with numerous 
 
 alkaline ponds. The soil is light sandy loam, very dry and hard ; 
 subsoil, clay. Very well suited for grazing, as there is a very good 
 growth of grass.—A. F. Cotton, 1882 
 
 Along the west boundary the surface is rolling. Soil, clay. 
 Class 2. Several ponds occur in Sections 19 and 30, but the south- 
 ern sections are dry. There is no wood. The south is level in 
 the west, rolling in the middle, and has high-rolling hills in the 
 east. Soil, clay. Class 2. Water scarce.—7T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—North, south and east boundaries, hilly prairie, broken 
 in the north-west corner by the Red Deer River, which runs 
 through a valley 300 feet deep and from one to two miles wide. 
 Numerous deep ravines run into the valley. Soil, light sandy 
 loam and gravel.—A. F. Cotton, 1882. 
 
 West, the land is almost all second class, and the country is 
 very rough. The Red Deer River crosses the line in Section 80. The 
 banks at this point are 250 feet high. There seems to be timber 
 all the way along the valley, except where there are cut banks on 
 both sides; but it is a narrow belt, and not of much account. The 
 wood is principally cottonwood and poplar.— T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—North, south and east boundaries, very much broken by 
 deep gullies, and in the south-east corner by the Red Deer River, 
 which lies in a valley about 3800 feet deep. The soil is sandy 
 loam and gravel, very hard. There is a clear creek of fair size in 
 
 - Section 4, flowing south. No wood.—aA. F. Cotton, 1882. 
 
 West, surface knolly and rolling. Soil, generally sandy loam, 
 10 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, gravel and hardened clay. A little 
 water and some small meadows. In the middle of this township 
 there is a large creek of saline water, averaging about 30 feet wide 
 and 1 foot deep.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The Red Deer River and valley crosses the 
 
 -south-east corner, with similar land and water features described 
 in Township 22 of this range. The north-east, and Sections 16, 
 
 17 and 18, are hilly and rough. The north-west and south centre 
 
 -west are rolling. Soil, sandy loam on a sandy clay subsoil 
 
 —class 2—and on the hills and ridges sandy, stony and gravelly. 
 In the valleys the grass grows luxuriantly, and is good for grazing. 
 
 An alkaline creek flows eastwards to the centre of the township, 
 
 where it is buried, runs underground for two miles, and then 
 
 -yeappears on Section 17. No timber.—R. J. Jephson, 1883. 
 
110 
 24. 
 
 ty) 
 
 26. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VIII. 
 
 Outlines—Along the north and west boundaries, rolling and‘ 
 broken prairie, with some knolls, boulders and gravelly ridges. 
 Soil, sandy and clay loam. In the north there are some flats of 
 good gravelly loam, from 12 to 15 inches deep ; subsoil, hard clay. 
 In the north centre there are also some ponds of deep, fresh water, 
 and some fair meadows; but in the west there are only a few 
 small meadows, and very little water— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 On the east side the country is high-rolling prairie. There is. 
 a lake on Section 24, and there are also a few marshes on the 
 northern sections. Along the south boundary the surface is hilly,. 
 and much broken by deep gullies. Soil, sandy loam and gravel ; 7 
 very hard. No wood —A. F. Cotton, 1882. ! 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, a dry sandy loam on a 
 
 sandy subsoil. Vegetation is sparse, except in the valleys. There: 
 is plenty of good water to be had in sloughs, which are deep and 
 fresh. There are also two lakes on the north boundary, which are 
 occupied in the fall by numerous flocks of wild fowl. There is no 
 timber in the township.—R. J. Jephson, 18838. 
 Outlines.— Along the west boundary, rolling and undulating in 
 the southerly two-thirds and hilly in the north-west. Tt%s also. 
 hilly in the northerly two-thirds of the east side of the township. 
 Soil, clay loam, 8 to 18 inches deep ; subsoil, clay. Class 2. Several 
 watercourses occur toward the north, but they were all dry in 
 the month of July. There is no wood.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Generally, as seen from the southern boundary, the surface: 
 was rolling and the ridges gravelly. The bottoms had good gra- 
 velly loam, from 12 to 15 inches deep. Occasional ponds of deep. 
 fresh water, and some fair meadows-— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Highly rolling prairie, hilly in the north-east. 
 Soil, clay loam on clay subsoil, and class 1. The grass is very 
 luxuriant and heavy. The northern two tiers of sections are fine’ 
 wheat sections. There are some fairly fresh-water marshes, 
 sloughs and lakes, except some lakes in the south, which are- 
 fresh in spring, but occupied in fall by immense flocks of wild — 
 fowi, which raise an unbearable stench.—R. J. Jephson, 1883. 
 
 Oxitlines—In the east the land is hilly, and rates class 2; but 
 along the west boundary, Section 6 is hilly and the -rest rolling 
 pra:rie. The three southern sections are rated class 2, and the. 
 rest class 1. The soil on both sides is principally clay loam, over 
 clay. Water is generally somewhat scarce, and there is no wood. 
 C. F. Miles, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie, hilly towards the east. Soil, 
 a rich loam—on clay subsoil—growing a luxuriant crop of grass. 
 The water in the sloughs—which are few and deep—is fairly 
 fresh and soft. There are also two or three small stagnant lakes 
 much occupied in fall by wild fowl. No timber. A fine town- 
 ship for farming.— R. J. Jephson, 1888. 
 
 ( ilines—Wast and west boundaries, hich, ‘undulating and 
 rolling prairie, with a depression in the centre, containing ponds. 
 and lakes. Soil, clay loam. Rates second class—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
“28 
 
 “29. 
 
 20, 
 
 31, 
 
 2, 
 
 a, 
 
 4, 
 
 BS. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VIII. tit 
 
 Outlines —North, rolling prairie, with numerous marshes, marshy 
 lakes and ponds. Soil, clay loam on clay subsoil. Generally class 
 2.—T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 East and west, undulating prairie. The north-west half 
 consists of a large alkaline flat, with lakes and grassy marshes ; 
 drained near the north-west corner by the Blood Indian Creek. 
 The east half rates first and second class; the west half second 
 and third class.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling prairie, with a clay loam soil, 3 to 6 inches 
 deep, on a clay subsoil. Rated class 1 on all the east sections, 
 except 81, where it is class 2. The greater portion of the north is 
 in an alkaline valley. The trail from Red Deer Forks to Edmon- 
 ton is crossed on this section. There is no wood, and water is 
 scarce.—J. K McLean, 1884. 
 
 Southwards, rolling prairie, with numerous lakes and 
 marshes. Soil. clay loam over clay. Generally class 2.—T. 
 Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—In the south-east there is a stony alkaline flat, near 
 which is a narrow ravine, with a creek flowing east. The balance 
 of the country is rolling prairie. There is no wood. Soil, east- 
 wards, clay loam, 3 to 9 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Class 2. 
 Westwards, light and sandy.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Eastwards, the country is rolling prairie, with soil 
 principally sandy loam over clay. Class 2. Water scarce. No 
 wood.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Along the north boundary, level prairie, with good 
 soil. On the eastern half of Section 32 the line is crossed by a 
 creek flowing north-east. There is no wood, and water is scarce. 
 —H. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with alluvial soil, generally sandy loam and 
 the subsoil alternately sand or clay. Class 2. On Section 1 and 
 part of 12 the soil is clay loam over clay.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Along the east boundary, rolling prairie, with sandy 
 loam soil over clay. Class 2. Water scarce. No wood.—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, level prairie, with good soil. A creek on Section 5, and 
 on Sections 8 and 4 a small lake. No wood.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie, with sandy loam soil, 3 to 8 inches 
 deep, on a clay subsoil. Rated as follows: on the east side, Sec- 
 tions 12, 18 and 24, class 1; the south half of Section 1, class 8 ; 
 and what remains class 2. Numerous shallow ponds occur, nearly 
 all of which are fresh. There is no wood.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling and hilly prairie, with sandy loam soil on a 
 subsoil of clay or sand. The northern halfof Section 1 is rated class 
 1; the southern portions of Sections 1 and 12, class 2; and what 
 remains, class 8. There is plenty of water, but no wood.—J. K. 
 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 36, 
 
 Outlines.—North : surface, for the first two miles westward, very 
 hilly and broken ; on the next two, rolling ; and from thence to the 
 
112 
 
 DY 
 
 38. 
 
 29. 
 
 AD. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VIII. 
 
 end of the line, undulating prairie. There are numerous ponds- 
 and swamps on Sections 83 and 35, and a few lakes, ponds and 
 grass sloughs on Section 36. Soil, principally, sandy loam 8, to 
 inches in depth, over sand ; but there are occasional intervals of 
 clay loam over clay, or other variations. Itis rated class 1 on 
 Sections 34, 82 and 31, and class 2 on the rest.—7. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Except along the western boundary, this township is very 
 broken and hilly prairie, with sandy loam soil, varying in depth. 
 from 2 to 10 inches, on a clay subsoil. Class 3. Shallow ponds, 
 some fresh and some alkaline, occur at intervals on the northern 
 sections, but in the south water is scarce. There is no wood.— 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines——Rolling prairie. Very rough and uneven, and in the 
 north-east corner rising into the Neutral Hills, some 400 or 500 
 feet above the plain, and cut by numerous deep ravines. Another 
 range of hills, about 300 feet high, lies in the sonth-west corner, 
 and both these tracts are wooded on the slope facing north, and 
 in the ravines. The remainder of the surface is heavily-rolling, and 
 dotted thickly with lakelets and ponds. Soil, a sandy loam, 10 
 inches deep, with a clay or sandy loam subsoil. Very dry, and 
 would rank below second class.-~ Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 South-east, hilly, and towards the south-west, rolling and 
 undulating prairie. Numerous ponds and swamps. Soil, prin- 
 cipally sandy loam. Rated class 2—T. Kains, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines —Rolling prairie. A clay flat, with asmall creek, crosses 
 south-west to north-east. The creek flows north-east, with a slow 
 current, and the banks are wooded, in places, with small cotton- 
 wood, poplar, willow and cherry. The other sections are bare of 
 timber, and heavily-rolling and hilly in places, with ponds and 
 lakelets. Soil—with the exception of Creek Valley—is a sandy 
 loam, 8 inches deep, with sandy and gravelly subsoil, and often 
 gravel and boulders strewn on the hill tops. The Creek Valley 
 is a clay flat, alkaline in places, and baked hard and dry by the 
 sun, and is worthless for agriculture. Banks average second and. 
 third class.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie towards the north-west corner, wooded 
 with scattered bluffs of poplar, and rough and hilly in places. 
 The hollows are generally occupied with small ponds, which 
 have nearly all good water. The land is poor, being a sandy 
 loam, averaging 4 to 6 inches deep, with a sand and gravel 
 subsoil; very dry, but improving greatly towards the west 
 boundary, where it is almost first class —JZ. R. Ord, 1388. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the surface is generally rolling and stony, with 
 poplar bluffs, a few willows, numerous ponds and a few marshes: 
 and smal! lakes. The soil is sandy loam, averaging about 8 
 inches in depth, with sandy or, in a few places, clay subsoil. 
 Rated class 1 on all, except Sections 35 and 86, where it is class-2 
 on the former and 3 on the latter—C. A. Magrath, 1888. * Ihihto 
 Heavy-rolling land, with numerous bluffs of poplar and 
 willow, and dotted with ponds. The timber is only fit for fuel 
 and temporary buildings. Towards the southern line the blufis 
 
41. 
 
 43. 
 
 44 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. Range VIII. 113 
 
 are more sparsely scattered, while in the south-east corner there 
 is open prairie, rough and hilly in places. The soil is, in general, 
 a sandy loam, averaging 6 inches deep, with clay loam and sandy 
 loam subsoil. Class 2.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines—The greater part is hilly, with scattered poplar and 
 willow bluffs of the park-like description. In Section 12 part of 
 a small lake lies in a depression extending westerly. A high 
 range of sandy land extends westerly in Sections 13 and 24, 
 thickly covered with poplar. To the north the surface is undu- 
 lating with poplar and willow bluffs. Numerous ponds and sloughs 
 are scattered over the township, with good grazing land about 
 them. The soil varies from loam to sandy loam and sand, and 
 classes from 2 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 The southern portion of this township is rather hilly, but the 
 soil is first class. There are a number of small lakes among the 
 hills.—C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is of the park-like description of country, being gener- 
 
 ally a high-rolling or hilly surface, with poplar bluffs and willow 
 sloughs. In the easterly part the soil is a dark loam, and classes | 
 from 1 to 2. In the west the land is undulating or gently-rolling, 
 except in Section 25, where a range, about 70 feet high, extends 
 west. A few ponds were also found in this part of it, with good 
 grazing. Poplar and willow are scattered over the surface. The 
 soil is from dark sandy loam to light sand, and classes from 2 to 3. 
 -—- J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Battle River crosses in the extreme north-west corner, 
 entering in Section 31 and running north-easterly in a valley 
 about one mile broad and 250 feet deep, with deep coulées, con- 
 taining bush, extending back from the valley. The bed of the 
 river is stony and gravelly. Water from 2 to 6 feet deep. Current 
 from 2 to 4miles an hour, rapids frequently occurring. The cut 
 banks of the river are from 10 to 12 feet deep of sand and clay. 
 The water is good. The remainder of the township has a rolling 
 or undulating surface, with low sand ridges in the north-east. 
 Scrubby roplars, in bluffs, are scattered over it. Some willows 
 and sloughs were noticed. The grass is generally thin and poor, 
 and the soil mostly sand. Classes 3 to 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The north boundary, with the exception of Sections 81 
 and 86,is broken by the valley of Battle River. This valley, 
 which is three-quarters of a mile in width, is timbered rather 
 heavily in certain places. Thi river runs in a sandy bed, 2 chains 
 wide, with a swift current, and 175 feet below the surface of the 
 adjoining country. It crosses nearly all the north sections.— 
 T. Kurns, 1888. 
 
 Battle River traverses the west part inanortherly direc- 
 tion, the west edge of the valley being about one and a-half miles 
 east of the north-west corner In the east the surface is mostly 
 broken and useless, low sand ridges being the prevailing charac- 
 teristic, with scrubby poplar, some willows, ground cedar{jand 
 
 ‘scant grass. Class 4.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
114 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range VILI. 
 
 45. Outiines —From Section 5, Battle River runs north-east through 
 
 46. 
 
 ANG. 
 
 48, 
 
 49, 
 
 a0. 
 
 ek, 
 
 4 
 
 the south half. South of the river the soil is sandy, and more or 
 less overgrown by small poplars and willows. The remainder is 
 high and undulating, with many swamps and bluffs of poplar. 
 Soil, good.— J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 The whole of the southern tier of sections, with the exeep- 
 tion of Nos. 1 and 6, is broken by the valley of Battle River.—T. 
 Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Is undulating, and interspersed with bluffs of green and 
 dry poplar. Soil, excellent —J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines. —Undulating, with bluffs of dry and green poplar. 
 Buffalo Coulée runs through the north-eastern part of the town- 
 ship. oil, first-class—J. J. McArthur, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Nurth, country more or less timbered, some suitable for 
 building purposes, but mostly consists of willow scrub and some 
 dead poplar. Numerous ponds and swamps and small lakes, 
 some of which are saline. Soil, first-class quality, being a black 
 vegetable mould, varying from 4 to 12 inches in depth, with a 
 subsoil of clay or sand loam.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Undulating. The south-eastern part is open, but the 
 remainder is thickly interspered with poplar bluffs and many 
 lakes and swamps. Soil, first-class —J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Seen from east boundary, it is hilly, and thickly covered 
 with willows, young poplar and dry wood, and considerably bro- 
 ken by ponds and lakes. Some clumps of fair sized poplar, suitable 
 for building, appear here and there. The soil is black orclay loam, - 
 with clay subsoil, and of first class quality—P. R. A Belanger, 
 1884. 
 
 South boundary, rolling prairie, generally covered by a dense 
 undergrowth of scrub, with considerable small poplar in the east, 
 dead timber along the centre and toward the west, and on Sec- 
 tion 6 some small timber. Ponds and swamps are numerous on 
 the eastern and central sections. The soil consists of black loam, 
 averaging about 8 inches in depth, ona subsoil of sandy loam. 
 Class 1—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally rolling, and interspersed with numerous 
 bluffs of poplar. Vermillion River runs across Sections 35 and 
 36. There is water in abundance in ponds and lakes, some of 
 which are slightly alkaline. The soil is clay or clay loam, of first 
 class quality. —P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Appears heavily timbered, as may be judged from the 
 east boundary. The north half is most thickly covered. Ver- 
 million River appears to run across the Correction Line in a south- 
 easterly direction, and then turns north-east and enters Section 1. 
 The soil is a good clay loam.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—As seen from the east boundary, it appears entirely 
 covered. with timber of all sizes, and seems to occupy the top of 
 a coteau. Ponds of good water occasionally occur on the east 
 boundary. The soil is either sandy or clay loam, with clay sub- 
 soil, and of first-class quality.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
BS. 
 
 4, 
 
 os thins West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range VII. 115 
 
 Outlines—A width of about four miles, extending across the 
 southerly part (being about two-thirds of the area), is covered with 
 woods of poplar, growing very closely together, but having, gen- 
 erally, a small average size. The remainder of the township is 
 mostly covered with scrub and poplar bluffs. The soil is of fair 
 quality, and water is plentiful, but the land i is usually of a rough 
 and hilly nature.—E. Bray, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—Only a small portion is rolling, the greater part being” 
 rough and hilly, and is mostly covered with scrub, with poplar 
 woods on the northerly slopes of the hills. The soil is generally 
 of good quality, and in the openings produces excellent pasture. 
 A stream of good clear water runs through Sections 19, 30 and 31, 
 while another runs through Sections 25 and 386, each flowing 
 northerly, and evidently joining at no great distance.—E. Bray, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, timbered with poplar and scrub, but the timber 
 is small and of little value. The country is broken and the soil 
 poor.—G. B. Abrey, 1888. 
 
 8% 
 
10 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 | RANGE IX. 
 
 . Outlines.—Undulating and rolling country. Soil, a sandy loam, 
 
 with light blue clay subsoil, in many places mixed with small 
 stone and gravel. On Section 13 the line crosses an arm of Lake ~ 
 Pakoghkee, half a mile wide, and extending westward for about 
 four miles.—C. E. Wolff, 1888. : 
 
 Along the south boundary, undulating prairie, somewhat 
 stony. Vegetation thin.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 Outlines —Undulating and rolling country. Soil, a sandy loam, 
 
 with light blue clay subsoil, in many places mixed with small 
 stone and gravel.—C. HE. Wolff, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines —Generally rolling prairie, with stony coulées on Sec- 
 
 tions 7, 18, and 24. The northern half of 18 is occupied by 
 Long Lake, the water of which is alkaline. Soil, north of the 
 lake, gravel and sand, class 3; south of it, clay mixed with sand 
 or gravel, class 4, excepting Section 1, where it is sandy loam, 
 class 3. Fresh water is very scarce and grass poor. On the east 
 the soil is sandy loam. Class 3 on all the Sections, except 24 and 
 the northern half of 18, where it is class 4.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—Rolling prairie, very dry, and the grass poor. Soil, prin- 
 
 cipally, gravelly sand. Class 2 on Section 36; class 3 on all the 
 rest, changing to sandy loam on Section 1.—J. G. Sing, 1833. 
 
 Outlines.—The surface west and east consists of rolling prairie, 
 broken only by a few coulées, one on Section 25, having a pond 
 nearly half a mile in length and from 2 to 4 chains wide. Soil, 
 clay. Rated class 2. To the west there is some gravelly soil. Class 
 2. Notimber or water, and very little grass.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 South, undulating prairie, intersected by one coulée. Sandy 
 loam soil, and rather dry. The few marshes dry up rapidly — 
 O. J. Klotz, 1888. . nee 
 Sub-diviston—Generally rolling prairie. Soil, a good, rich 
 sandy loam, class 1, suitable for farming. There are many hay 
 marshes, which usually dry up during the summer, except 
 one on Sections 8 and 4. There is no wood.—C. Desjardins, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie, broken on the eastern side by stony 
 coulées. Soil, clay and clay loam on the west, with much gravel, 
 and sandy loam on the east. Rated class 2, generally. The town- 
 ship is rather poorly watered by a couple of small creeks, one of 
 which extends south-easterly from Section 30 to Section 12.—J. G. 
 Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—High and rolling. Soil, good sandy and clay 
 loams. Class 1. The clay loam soil generally lies in the valleys 
 and bottoms. Good water is scarce. No wood.—C. Desjardins, 
 1883. 
 
: Lee y 
 
 can : b it Ae 
 gels ig Pe ae ee Oe rx fecal 
 
 BY 5 DP adr dese vie Reh tage Sh PAN Te a 
 
 U1. 
 
 ‘Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range IX. 117 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, a little stony toward the south very 
 dry, and the grass poor. Soil, sandy loam on the west, and most 
 
 - clay and clay loam an the east. All class 2. Water very scarce.— 
 
 Az. 
 
 J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, class 1, on 
 clay subsoil. The top soil is very light, and gravelly on the ridges. 
 Good water is very scarce, and there is no wood.—C. Desjardins, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north line the country is so broken up by 
 coulées that it is almost impossible to chain. These coulées con- 
 
 _ nect with the valley of the Saskatchewan River, north.—-C. A. 
 
 a3. 
 
 4, 
 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Rolling prairie, excepting the north, which is overrun by the 
 hills and coulées of the South Saskatchewan River. The hills rise 
 gradually from the river for about 50 chains southward, where 
 they reach a height of something like 800 feet. They contain 
 numerous seams of good coal. In this vicinity the soil is class 4, 
 but elsewhere it is class 2, consisting of clay in the east and sandy 
 loam in the west.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally rolling, except in the northern part, 
 where it is much broken by ravines. The soil consists of the best 
 sandy loam, and water is very scarce. There is no wood.—C. 
 Desjardins, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling or undulating, dry prairie, in which, at the time 
 of the survey, water could only be procured from the Saskatche- 
 wan River. The soil isa fair sand, somewhat gravelly on the 
 tops of hills, suitable for agricultural and cattle raising purposes, 
 there being plenty of good grass. The south tier of sections in 
 this township is broken by the Saskatchewan River, which is 
 about 15 chains wide and from 6 to 8 feet deep, flowing between 
 banks from 250 to 300 feet high, and abounding in whitefish, 
 pike and pickerel. Seams of coal crop out in the banks of this 
 river in several places in this township.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 South, the country is very much broken up by coulées from 
 the Saskatchewan River, which courses easterly through the 
 southern tier of sections. Starting northwards from the south- 
 east corner, the line almost immediately crosses the River Nas- 
 katchewan, after which it leaves the valley in Section 13. The 
 remaining three easterly sections of this township are rolling 
 prairie, with a sandy loam soil-——C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The north-half is gently-undulating. The 
 south is very much broken by deep ,ravines running into the 
 valley of the Saskatchewan River, which crosses Sections 1, 12, 11, 
 10, 3,4,5 and6. Theriver here is deep, the south banks steep 
 and rocky, with indications of seams of coal in some places, but no 
 wood. The soil isa clay loam, of a depth of 8 to 4 inches, and 
 inclined to be of a dry nature—J. Warren, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—This township is rolling or undulating, dry prairie, in 
 
 which, at the time of the survey, water was difficult to procure- 
 
 The soil is a fair sand, somewhat gravelly on the tops of the hills, 
 83% 
 
¢ HF AA at a OAHU arbi ah ht eo ball Aa its 
 
 4 Wage Ds al Bi FAIS aaa bk APRS CHAS ME MR 
 
 CoS Geib 8 2h rid HMO BION PU HA ae aR URSA ile, ella athe 
 Ree DR ae bh SRA 3) aL Ne As a 
 
 118 » 
 
 15, 
 
 16. 
 
 IZ. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range Tx: 
 
 suitable for agricultural and cattle raising purposes, there being _ 
 plenty of good grass—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. ‘ 
 Kast, this township is rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam.— 
 
 1G. A: Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Level prairie. Soil, clay and sandy loam, on a 
 clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. It is not well watered, and there is 
 no wood. The C.P.R. crosses the north portion of the tewnship,. 
 and Suffield Station is here located. The township might be 
 adapted for barley and oats, as some patches of these were seen 
 growing along the C.P.R.—J. Warren, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, west and south, rolling prairie; alluvial soil, 4 
 to 10 inches deep; subsoil, generally, clay, excepting along the 
 south boundary, on the sections east of 382, where it is sand or 
 gravel. The land is rated classes 2 and 8, as a rule. The C. P. R. 
 crosses the south-west corner of this township. There is no wood 
 or water.—J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 East, hilly and dry, the soil being clayey, hard and baked.— 
 O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Gently-undulating and level prairie. Soil,. 
 sandy loam on a clay subsoil. Ranks classes 1 and 2, and is well 
 watered by hay marshes of fresh water. The C. P. Rt. crosses: 
 Sections 7, 6,4 and 5. No wood.—A. Bourgeault, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating, dry prairie, with short thin grass. 
 East, the country is hilly and dry, the soil being clayey, hard — 
 and baked.—-O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 West, rolling prairie; alluvial soil, generally about 6 inches. 
 deep; subsoil, clay. Class 2. No Wee or water.—J. A. Mad- 
 dock, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-rolling prairie rising to hilly in the- 
 north-east. Soil, sandy loam. Class 2 on the former, and sandy 
 and gravelly on the latter portions. The township is well 
 watered by marshes of fresh water; but there is a large alkali 
 valley in the north-east corner.—A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Is composed of high, hilly country (hills from 30 to 
 150 feet high), with numerous sloughs, nearly all dry at the time 
 of survey. The north boundary of this township runs over a. 
 gently undulating country, the hills running along about half a 
 mile to the south. The soil is a light sandy loam, of good 
 quality.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 East and south, the country is hilly nid dry, the soil being 
 clayey, hard and baked, with short and thin grass.— O. J. Klotz, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division. rah and hilly, with some strips or helts of — 
 undulating surface. Soil, a good sandy loam, which would be 
 well suited for farming but for the hilliness of ‘the surface. There 
 
 _ are numerous sloughs containing good water.—P. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 18, 
 
 there are several wet marshes.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—Is gently-undulating prairie, with numerous sloughs. 
 The soil is a light sandy loam, and well adapted for farming 
 purposes.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 Kast, this township is rather level. In the northern half — 
 
a9. 
 
 20. 
 
 Qh. 
 
 22. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range IX. 119 
 
 Sub-division—The west part of this township is undulating 
 prairie; the east part is rolling. Numerous sloughs occur, with 
 good water, which dry up towards the end of summer. The soil 
 is a light sandy loam, generally class 8. In some parts there is 
 better soil—a clay loam—class 2. The township is fairly adapted 
 for agriculture. No wood.—P. Gosselin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— West, sandy and gravelly prairie, with neither wood 
 nor water. Rated class 4—J. Bignell, 1882. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, with a clay soil. Class 2. No water, 
 except a small pond in the south of Section 1—T. Drummond, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Undulating and rolling. Soil, half clay, half 
 sandy loam,on subsoil of clay and sand, generally class 2, and well 
 adapted for farming purposes. There are numerous sloughs, with 
 good water, but which dry up towards the end of summer.—P. 
 Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the land is almost all second class, and the 
 country very rough. At Section 32 begin the Rainy Hills, which 
 extend to the western limit of the township. East, rolling prairie, 
 with clay soil. Class 2. On Section 25 is a large alkaline lake, 
 and in its immediate vicinity the land is rated class 4. There is 
 no wood or fresh water.—T. Drummond, 1883. 
 
 West, the surface is generally undulating prairie, with a few 
 sandhills on Nection 7, and boulders in the south of 138. Soil, sand 
 or gravel, and sand. Class 4. Neither wood nor water.—J. Big- 
 nell, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam. Classes 1 and 
 2. There is an alkaline lake, of nearly 500 acres, on Sections 
 22, 24, 25 and 26. There are some smaller alkaline ponds, and a 
 large number of marshes, which dry as the summer advances. 
 This township is well suited for agricultural purposes.—P. Gosse- 
 lin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—South and east, the land is almost all second class, and 
 the country is very rough. Sections 5 and 6 are in the Inner 
 Rainy Hills.—7.. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Is rolling and hilly prairie, with sandy loam soil and clay 
 subsoil. Hill tops and knolls generally gravelly, and covered 
 with boulders. Probably better adapted for grazing than the 
 raising of cereals.— C.F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—Nearly all broken by ‘Red Deer River Valley and its 
 banks and gorges, here over 800 feet high, in many places precipi- 
 tous. Parts of the valley offer very fair facilities for grazing 
 
 purposes; other parts, again, are nearly barren, having been 
 
 covered with a white clay, washed down from the banks.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1882. 
 
 East, the land is almost all second class, and the country is 
 very rough. The Red Deer River crosses the line in Section 25. 
 The banks at this point are 250 feet high. There seems to be 
 cottonwood and poplar timber all the way along the valley in a 
 marrow belt, except where there are cut banks on both sides.— 
 T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
j Ay Uaioe, Ye Se ee Se a ha ie OB iy 4 XN 35 Al vhs AS 
 SE EST? byt Se Of ter thy xy eas. Sy AACS Meee Nat Ny Sh Iebemte a: 9 i n Fetes 
 Te RGA oe ¥ % MBNe fo pede bnew), ART! ON I . PP a ae PRM TAC. eA: 
 
 NW , ite 4 Th , ar : ne at PSRs he PROG Y Vet her tra. Ae Abeer. y AY 
 me | . ec ak CAA) MN Or ts on aR Mi : 
 
 120 
 23 
 
 24. 
 
 see. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Inttial Meridian.— Range IX. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, pretty well watered by numerous: 
 sloughs, in which the water is only slightly alkaline. Soil, clay 
 loam to heavy clay. This township, for agricultural purposes, 
 may be classed as second.—A. W. Mc Vitiie, 1882. | 
 
 Hast, surface knolly and rolling. Soil, generally sandy loam, 
 10 to 15 inches deep. Subsoil, gravel and hardened clay. A little 
 water and some small meadows. A saline creek, on its way to- 
 the Red Deer, crosses this township,with a south-easterly course.— 
 W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—An alkaline creek, about 15 feet in width, 
 crosses the township. The township is high and rolling, except. 
 in the vicinity of the valley of the creek, which is hilly, and 
 about 150 to 175 feet deep below the surrounding country. The- 
 water is only slightly alkaline, and courses over a very stony 
 bottom. The soil is generally a sandy loam, and the hills and 
 hillocks are not, as usual, gravelly or stony, but grow a luxuriant 
 crop of grass. There is no timber in the township.—R. J. 
 Jephson, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Surface rolling in the north and knolly and rough in 
 the east. Soil, sandy loam, from 10 to 15 inches deep. Subsoil, 
 generally. gravelly clay, hardened. Very little water. The saline 
 creek mentioned in Township 23 was crossed in the north-west. 
 —W. Ogilvie, 1882. ! 
 
 Generally, rolling prairie. There are numerous sloughs, 
 which are slightly alkaline, dotted here and there. The soil 
 varies from a clay loam to a heavy clay, and is generally class 2. 
 —A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Hilly, rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy loam, on 
 sandy clay subsoil, generally class 2. The hills are slightly 
 gravelly ; and it is gravelly also along the creek valley from 
 Section 81 to Section 4. The water of the creek is slightly 
 
 alkaline. A lake on Section 15 is also alkaline, and the water in 
 
 the marshes is indifferent. Luxuriant grass intermingled, with 
 vetches, grows among the hills —R. J. Jephson, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— Along the east boundary, going north, the 1st and 3rd 
 miles are rolling, the 2nd and 4th undulating, and the remain- 
 ing two hilly prairie. Soil, clay loam, 8 to 18 inches in depth,. 
 onaclay subsoil. Class 2. Several large watercourses occur 
 toward the north, but they were all dry in the month of July. 
 There is no wood.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 The southern portion, generally, possesses a rolling surface, 
 with a deep sandy loam ona subsoil of gravelly clay. There is 
 very little surface water A saline creek passes down fromthe 
 north part of the township. This stream is a tributary of the 
 Red Deer River.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 4 
 
 Sub-division—Open, rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, 
 rich clay loam. Classes 1 and 2, perhaps well down to No. 2 
 throughout. This isa good township for farming; plenty of 
 good water, good soil; and hay marshes—though small in size— 
 very numerous. No wood.—F. Purvis, 1888. 
 
26, 
 
 y 
 
 29, 
 
 20, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range IX. 121 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling in the west, with little water, and rough and 
 heavily-rolling eastwards, with a fair supply of surface water in 
 the bottoms. Soil, clay loam. Class 2. An old trail to the Forks 
 of the Red Deer crosses the north-east corner.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rough, rolling prairie, well suited for grazing. 
 Hay marshes and fresh-water ponds occur in nearly every quarter- 
 section, and nearly all admit of easy drainage, if requisite. Soil, 
 a dark clay loam. Class 2. A deep gully, with precipitous banks 
 —hbetween which runs a small alkaline stream—occupies the 
 western part of the township, affording excellent shelter in winter 
 for cattle.—F. Purvis, 1888. 
 
  Outlines.—High and undulating prairie, drained by Blood Indian 
 
 Creek, which runs southerly through the township in an alkaline 
 bed, containing pools of standing water. The soil is clay loam and 
 rates second class.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam; 8 to 
 
 16 inches, on clay subsoil. Class 2. Fair supply of surface water. 
 
 —T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 High and undulating prairie. Soil is clay loam, and rates 
 second class. Blood Indian Creek runs southerly through the 
 township. It contains pools of standing water, except early in 
 the season. The water is slightly alkaline.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, clay loam soil, clay subsoil. Classes 
 1 and 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, rolling prairie, with numerous lakes and marshes.— 
 T. Fawcett, 18383. , 
 Outlines.—The eastern portion of this township is light and sandy. 
 Class 2. Large alkali flats occur towards the west. Class 3.— 
 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 31 
 
 Be. 
 
 5 5 3 
 
 34. 
 
 abe). 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie; sand loam soil; sand subsoil. 
 Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The country along the north boundary is nearly level 
 prairie, with a fair soil. Several marshes occur toward the west. 
 There is no wood. A cart trail crosses the line on the eastern 
 half of Section 32.—E. Bray, 1888. 
 
 Undulating prairie; sand loam soil; sand subsoil. Class 2.— 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie; sand loam soil; sand subsoil. 
 Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, nearly level prairie. A fair soil, and several marshes 
 towards the west. No wood.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie, very stony in places. Sand loam 
 and clay loam soil; sand and clay subsoil. Second class.—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and undulating prairie, changing from second 
 to first class going west. The south-west sections are occupied 
 by a bay of a large lake.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—North, undulating prairie, cut up by deep ravines, 
 with small creeks. Some good poplar is in the ravines, in occa- 
 
wiht ie: pad! d s 4 . 
 
 HE NW Sot itee AEE SN YE PR ak ay eA i Mane aE Na enya: Ot hi eh te 
 is i) <2 ¥ 4 we ete ui EN Ae fe Pe Sei ial “a Ki rae Nave eo it eae ey ie Siaekiaths ie ect 
 1? CER ND ‘ rh SLUT BY \“ ia j i Uh aries rll a 
 
 122 
 
 37. 
 
 8s. 
 
 29, 
 
 40. 
 
 4, 
 
 a4 es t \ \ on by . 
 " ha « ie 
 rhe NS es 
 
 bet 
 
 ROP 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range 1X. 
 
 sional bluffs, and also on the open prairie. Soil, first and second 
 class.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling and undulating prairie. Classes 1 and 2. The meri- 
 dian west of this township, for several miles, follows a ravine, in 
 which there is a small creek running north.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. The hills from Range 8 are wooded on 
 their southern slopes. Ravines occupy the south-east half, and 
 make the surface generally rough, and several deep coulées flow- 
 ing north-east cut the plains about the foot of their slope. The 
 soil is principally sandy loam, 8 inches deep, and the subsoil clay 
 loam, or sand and gravel, on the alternate sections. Sections 25 
 and 386 consist of a clay flat. Water scarce.—JL. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 As seen from the southern boundary, this township appears to 
 be generally undulating prairie, with many ravines containing 
 poplar. The soil, in the southern part, is first and second class.— 
 T. Kains, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, dotted with lakes and ponds, particu- 
 larly in the north-west part. A range of hills rises to an eleva- 
 
 tion of 300 feet above the plains in the south-east corner of this 
 
 township, and these are wooded on some of the northern slopes ; 
 otherwise, the surface is bare of timber. The soil is good in the 
 northern sections, but, towards the south, becomes lighter and of 
 
 ‘poorer quality—generally a sandy loam, averaging second class. . 
 
 —L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling land, with bluffs of poplar, thickest in the 
 north-west, and becoming more scattered towards the south-east, 
 where the country spreads into open plains. Numerous lakes 
 and ponds dot the township. The soil is a sandy loam, some 10 
 inches deep, with clay loam subsoil, and ranks as class first.—L. 
 
 _R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country is hilly, with deep lakelets. The 
 
 line crosses Battle River, which was'from 8 to 8 feet deep.—C. 
 
 A, Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Heavy-rolling land, with numerous thick bluffs of poplar; 
 the hollows generally occupied by lakes and ponds. Battle 
 River flows from Section 19 to Section 33, in a valley about one 
 and a-half to two miles wide and 3800 feet deep, with clay banks, 
 wooded, with occasional open patches. The river is about a chain 
 wide and 18 inches to 8 feet deep, flowing over a mud and 
 gravel bottom, at the rate of about two miles per hour. The soil 
 
 is a sandy loam, 4 to 12 inches deep; subsoil, clay loam. Class 1. 
 
 L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Battle River runs north-westerly to Section 80, thence © 
 
 northerly, the west boundary crossing it five times. The land is 
 hilly and broken in the south-west and west with thick poplar 
 and scattered stones. Classes from 3 to 4. Balm of Gilead and 
 dense willows occur in many places along the banks of the river. 
 In the east the surface is rolling or hilly, and thickly wooded with 
 poplars. Numerous large ponds and sloughs, with willow, abound. 
 The country, generally, is well adapted for grazing purposes. The 
 
 } 
 
ES, 
 
 $4. 
 
 AS, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range IX. 123 
 
 soil is clay loam or dark loam. Classes 1 and 2.—J. F. Garden, 
 
 1884. 
 
 South, hilly, with deep lakelets. Battle River, which was 
 from 3 to 8 feet deep, flows northwards in the west of this town- 
 ship.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Battle River runs northerly along the west boundary, 
 
 crossing it eleven times. Much poplar and willow borders the 
 river. The soil is sandy loam in the valley, and classes from $ 
 to 4. In the east, the surface is gently-rolling or undulating, 
 except in the north-east corner, where there are high sand ridges 
 running north-west. Poplars and willows are dotted over the 
 country, with a few ponds and sloughs in the hollows, with good 
 grasses about them. The soil is a dark sandy loam. Class 2.— 
 J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Battle River runs across the township from the south- 
 west to the north-east corner. The north-west portion is hilly 
 land, with poplar and willow, and with numerous ponds and 
 sloughs. Stones occur on some of the ridges and hills. Soil, 
 sandy loam. Classes 2 to 3. On Section i8 a small, rapid creek 
 runs easterly in a broad valley to the river. Some scattered bush 
 was found in this vicinity. In the south-west the land is sandy, 
 undulating and open, the classification of the township being 
 from 2 to 8. The north-west half is well adapted for grazing.— 
 J. F. Garden, 1884. ° 
 
 Outlines.—North, somewhat hilly, with numerous basins of 
 water, which are not so plentiful as the east boundary is 
 approached. Scattered clumps of poplar were met with, and 
 timber appears both north and south of the line. The soil is clay 
 loam, easily worked, and of first-class quality. —T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 The westerly sections are principally hilly and broken. 
 There are numerous sloughs and ponds in the hollows, with 
 willows about them. Small poplar in bluffs are also numerous. 
 Good pasturage can be procured in this portion. The soil is 
 black or sandy loam. Classes 2to 8. In the north-east the — 
 surface is sandy, undulating and rolling, and falling easterly to 
 Battle River, with large coulées running in the same direction. 
 In Section 12a large valley was crossed, extending westerly, 
 which leads to the river. The south-east corner falls in the 
 river valley. Poplar bluffs and willows are thinly scattered over 
 the township. The soil is chiefly sandy loam, and classes from 2 
 to 3.—J F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—A valley, through which flows a creek, extends in am 
 easterly direction across this township. South of this valley the 
 land is high and broken. To the north it is undulating, with 
 many bluffs of poplar and some swamps. Soil, good.—J. J. Me- 
 Arthur, 1883. 
 
 The south is hilly, with numerous ponds among the hills. 
 These ponds are, however, not so plentiful towards the east. 
 Occasionally, patches of poplar and other timber appeared to the 
 north of this line. The soil is a clay loam, and will rank first- 
 
 -class.—T7T. Kains, 1888. 
 
194 
 
 47. 
 
 48. 
 
 49. 
 
 50. 
 
 ro) 
 
 abo, 
 
 abeb 
 
 4. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. —Range IX. 
 
 Outlines.—\s undulating, with many ponds and swamps. Poplar- 
 
 bluffs are numerous. Noil, of a good quality.—J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Is undulating, with many ponds and marshes. Poplar 
 bluffs are scattered throughout. In the western part the ponds 
 are innumerable. Soil, good.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Buffalo Coulée, running south-east, crosses the north- 
 east corner. To the south of this coulée the country is high and 
 undulating, with innumerable lakes and ponds, and thickly inter- 
 spersed with poplar bluffs. Soil, good.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling, covered with poplar bluffs and patches of 
 willow scrub Numerous deep pond holes occur, having a margin 
 of willows. A lake of considerable size was met with on the north 
 end of Section 12 and south of 18, which extends for nearly one 
 mile both east and west of the Range Line. Bordering on this 
 lake there is some poplar which is large enough for building. The 
 water is good, and the soil first class, being sandy loam, on a clay 
 subsoil.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The south half is inclined to be hilly, with numerous 
 bluffs of green and dead poplar of small size. In Section 13 a 
 small creek crosses the line, the water of which is clear and good. 
 The north half of this township slopes gradually north to the 
 Vermillion River. The soil is a good, dark sandy loam, on a clay 
 subsoil.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling country, timbered with poplar. A small 
 lake in Section 6, a marsh in 18, anda creek flowing east through 
 asmallravyinein 31 Alluvial soil, 2 to 6 inches deep; subsoil, 
 gravel or sand. Class 3.—M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Along the west boundary the surface is rolling, the 
 first and second miles, going north, being timbered with poplar, 
 
 the second and third open prairie, and the fifth and sixth covered 
 
 with brulé, timber and windfalls. Vermillion Creek enters this: 
 township at the north-west corner of Section 7. iis width atthis 
 point is about 8 rods. There is no other surtace water. The 
 northern portion of the prairie interval is crossed by three trails, — 
 about half a mile apart. Alluvial soil, 8 to 6 inches deep; sub- 
 soil, generally sand or gravel. Class 3.—M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Centrally, east and west, this township is undulating. 
 The soil is an excellent class 1. There are numerous ponds, 
 swamps and marshes, and there are blufts of poplar and willows. 
 In the central west of the township there is a large lake, about 
 one-third of a mile wide and a mile long.—M. Aldous, 1879. 
 
 The south-easterly one quarter is covered thickly with woods. ; 
 
 of small poplar, while the balance is made up of scrub, poplar 
 bluffs and openings. The surface varies from rolling to hilly, and 
 is dotted with lakes and ponds of good water. The soil is either 
 sandy loam or clay loam, the former predominating, and will 
 average about class 2.—E. Bray, 18#4. ; 
 Outlines——The land varies from rolling to hilly, and is broken, to. 
 some extent, by lakes and ponds. The surface is mos'ly covered. 
 
56, 
 
 57 
 
 a8, 
 
 D9. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian——Range IX, 125 
 
 with scrub and woods of poplar, with some openings. The soil 
 is generally a good sandy or clay loam, except in the north- 
 westerly corner, where it is swampy.-—E. Bray, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, heavily-rolling country, densely timbered. 
 There are three lakes, one on Section 86, a second on 83, and the 
 third on 31. The first is nearly half a mile wide, but is nearly 
 all north of the line; the second is almost wholly south of it. 
 Water in small ponds or marshes is plentiful all along the line, 
 eg on Section 82. The land is rated class 3.—G. B. Abrey, 
 18838. ; 
 
 Outlines.—The country is generally very hilly, with the excep- 
 tion of the north-eastern portion of the township, which is un-- 
 dulating. The timber in the southern portion consists of poplar, 
 from 5 to 12 inches in diameter, and clumps and belts of spruce 
 of the same diameter. The northern portion is timbered with 
 bluffs of from 4 to 8-inch poplar. Egg Lake submerges the most 
 part of Sections 2, 8, 29, 80, 31, 32 and 88, and is connected by a. 
 chain of sloughs with a lake of similar size in the adjoining 
 township to the west. The water in Egg Lake is apparently 
 stagnant, and unfit for use. The eastern half of Section 1 is also 
 submerged by a lake, while there are other small lakes, but no 
 running streams of any importance in the township. The 
 alluvial soil varies from black sandy loam to black loam, and 
 sometimes clay, and is underlaid by a gravelly subsoil. The 
 Victoria and Fort Fitt trail passes through Section 36. The 
 township is unsuited for agricultural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Country generally rolling throughout, with the excep- 
 tion of a few sections in the northern portion of the township, 
 which may be classed as undulating. There are a few ranges of 
 small hills in the township, and it is wooded with blufts of 3 to 
 8-inch poplar and scrub willow. A considerable portion of Sec- 
 tions 4 and 5 is submerged by Egg Lake, while the country is 
 otherwise well watered by small lakes without any apparent out- 
 lets. The Victoria and Fort Pitt trail, running along the north 
 shore of Egg Lake, passes through Sections 3, 4,6 and 6. The allu- 
 vial soil consists of about 9 inches of black loam, sometimes bear-- 
 ing traces of sand, and is underlaid by clay and gravel.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—Is hilly country, broken by some large lakes. The hill 
 tops are almost bare. In the valleys there is a great deal of fallen 
 timber, of large size, which is now overgrown with small poplar 
 
 and willow scrub. The soil is a good sandy loam.—A. F’. Colton, 
 
 6O 
 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Is gently-rolling country, covered, for the most part, with 
 
 small poplar and willow scrub, with afew opening. Nearly 
 all the timber is fire-killed. A few lakes and muskegs occur.’ The- 
 soil is a good sandy loam.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
bi 10. 
 
 a 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF THE FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 
 RANGE X. 
 
 Q 
 
 crosses the north of the township.—C. E. Wolff, 1883 
 
 'G, Outlines—Undulating and rolling, and, in soil, similar to town- 
 
 ship 5.—C. EF. Wolff, 1888. 
 
 @. Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken on Section 36 by hills and cou- 
 lées. Very dry, and the grass poor. Soil, gravelly loam, class 4, 
 in the north west, and sandy loam, class 3, southwards. East, 
 stony coulées on Sections 12 and 138, and in the northern 
 half of the latter Long Lake—alkaline. Soil, gravel and sand north 
 of the lake, and clay mixed with sand or gravel south of it. There 
 
 is no timber, and fresh water is scarce.—J. G. Sing, 1383. 
 
 “®&. Outlines—North, undulating prairie. Sandy loam soil. Some 
 
 marshes. Good pasture.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, extremely rough on Section 6, and broken by 
 stony hills and coulées. Very dry, and the grass poor. Soil, sandy 
 or clay loam in the north, and gravelly loam elsewhere. Rated 
 
 classes 2 and 8 cn all but Section 6—class 4.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 2 Outlines —Rolling prairie, very dry, with scant growth of grass. 
 Soil, clay, in the west, and gravelly in theeast. All-class 2. No 
 
 timber or water.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-divisiton—EHast part, rolling prairie; west part, partly 
 rolling and partly level. Soil, a brown sandy loam, of 12 inches 
 deep, on a sandy and white clay subsoil, gravelly on the ridges. 
 Ponds and marshes are scarce. Rainfall is said to be light during 
 the summer in this section. No wood, but the proximity of coal — 
 
 deposits will supply fuel.—C. LeBer, 1883. 
 
 South, undulating prairie. Dry sandy loam soil.—O. J. 
 
 Klotz, 1888. 
 
 in the west. Class 2 throughout.—J. G. Sing, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—Generally high-rolling prairie, except in the 
 north-west part. Soil, a clay loam, somewhat dry, but class 1. 
 There is very little surface water, except in a small pond of fresh 
 water on Section 35, near the Fort McLeod trail_—C. Desjardins, — 
 
 1883. | 
 
 poor.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines ——Undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy loam, 
 with agravelly clay subsoil in the west, and a lighter sandy loam, 
 on blue clay, eastwards. A coulée, tributary to Pak-oghkee Lake, 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, very dry, and grass poor. Soil, for 
 the most part, gravelly, with clay loam in the north-east and clay 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with sandy loam soil. Class 2. A little 
 stony towards the south-east, and generally very dry, and the grass 
 
;) a2. 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 PTE Te PR ERAN a rere Been RNR A eter hs ia. 
 Scien Mae a ay ii pes BSS wih Had < {co Seah a MR UP piety tts Mle cl on aaa : 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Unitial : Meridian.—Range Me | 127° 
 
 Sub-division—Generally undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam: 
 
 of good quality, but water scarce. No wood.—C. Desjardins, .. 
 1883. . : 
 Outlines—Sections 86 and 385 are broken up by coulées, and in 
 Section 84 the line strikes the Saskatchewan River Up to this. 
 point the river flows in a north-easterly direction and is about 15 
 chains wide. Sections 33, 82 and 381 are rolling prairie. Soil, 
 sandy loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West and east, rolling prairie, broken on Sections 7 and 6 by 
 the hills and coulées extending from the South Saskatchewan, 
 which crosses the west line on Section 6, and flows north-east to-- 
 Section 34. Soil, sandy or gravelly loam, over clay. Class 2 in 
 the north and 3 in the south.—_J. G. Sing, 1888. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The Saskatchewan River crosses the township - 
 in a diagonal direction, entering on Section 6 and leaving by 34. 
 The country, for two miles on each side of the river, is much 
 broken by deep ravines, but further inland is rolling and undul- 
 ating. Soil, generally asandy loam, somewhat dry and light, with 
 a gravelly subsoil as it approachesthe river. There are signs and 
 deposits of coal along the river, but no exposures of beds.—-C. Des- 
 jardins, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling or undulating, dry prairie. Surface water — 
 only procurable from the Saskatchewan River. The soil is a fair 
 sandy loam, somewhat gravelly on the elevations, and suitable 
 for agricultural and cattle raising purposes, there being plenty 
 of good grass. Sections 1, 2 and 3 are broken by the Saskatche- 
 wan River, 15 chains wide, 6 to 8 feet deep ; banks 250 to 300 feet» 
 high. Seams of coal in the river banks in several places.— P. R. 
 A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Sections 1, 2 and 8 are very much broken up by the Sas- 
 katchewan River, which flows across these sections in an east- 
 terly direction. Sections 4, 5 and 6 are rolling prairie, with a 
 sandy loam soil.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Undulating. Soil, clay loam on clay subsoil. 
 Class 2. There are a few scattered ponds, but no hay lands. The 
 south-east part is much broken up by ravines running to the 
 Saskatchewan River, which courses through Sections 1, 2 and 38. 
 The river is from 1,000 to 1,800 feet wide, and is deep in this por- 
 tion of it. It gives the usual features to the surrounding country. 
 There is no wood, and no indications of coal_—J. Warren, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—South, east and west, the surface is gently-rolling or 
 undulating prairie. Alluvial soil, 5- inches deep; subsoil, sand. 
 Class 2. No water or wood.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 North, rolling prairie. Alluvial soil, 2 to8 inches deep; sub- 
 soil, clay. Classes 2 and 8. No wood or water. There is a large 
 dry slough over a mile and a half in length, most of which is on 
 
 Section 32.—J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—-All open prairie, and gently-undulating, with 
 long easy slopes. Soil, clay loam, of 2 to 4 inches deep, on a clay 
 subsoil ; ground dry, and very little surface water, except a lake 
 on the north part of Sections 31, 32 and 33. No wood.—J. Warren, 
 1883. 
 
ee Tht) ie a ke fine oe Se et SY AS eee es ae Lt ove 4 afn'y 
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 ‘ ‘ y 
 
 428 
 
 5. 
 
 AG, 
 
 AY. 
 
 18. 
 
 Mi 
 ar « 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range X. 
 Outlines.—Surveyed all outlines. Surface, rolling prairie, with 2 
 to 8 inches of alluvial soil, on aclay subsoil. Generally rated class 
 2, but on Sections 19, 30, the southern half of 31, and the adjoin- 
 ing semi-sections of 24and 25, it is class 1, and there are occasional 
 intervals where it is class 8. There is no wood or water. The 
 C.P.R. runs diagonally across this township.—J. A. Maddock, 
 1882. ; 
 | Sub-division.—Generally rolling prairie. Soil, asandy and gra- 
 velly clay, hard and dry. The grass is short, poor and thin, except 
 in occasional places. There are no creeks, and the only water is 
 in the lake—a shallow, muddy sheet of water—largely covering 
 Sections 4, 5 and 6. There are a few other sloughs, but the water 
 in them is decidedly bad No wood, and—at date, August, 1883 
 —no settlers. The C. P. R. crosses the township, and Langevin 
 Station has been located here.—F. Lynch-Staunton, 1888. 
 
 Outlines, —North, level prairie, and very dry. The line crossed one 
 pond, containing several acres of putrid water, from 1 to 2 inches 
 deep.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 West, east and south, rolling prairie, with 2 to 8 inches allu- 
 vial soil, on a clay subsoil. Generally rated class 2. No water or 
 wood.——J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy and gravelly 
 clay, on a clay subsoil. Grass poor and short, except in the bot- 
 toms. No timber and no water, except in a few small sloughs. 
 No settlers.—F. Lynch-Staunton, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —The eastern half is high, hilly country, with sandy loam 
 
 soil. The west boundary runs over a level prairie, and through a 
 
 great deal of water. Section 7 is marshy, the soil is stiff blue 
 clay, mixed with alkali. The soil, generally, on this line, isa good 
 clay loam. The hills, from the east, fade out about a mile from 
 this line. About one-sixth of this township is fit for farming pur- 
 poses.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 South, level prairie, and very dry.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—A high, hilly country, except in the west and 
 south parts, which are level prairie. The soil, generally, consists 
 of a sandy loam—class 3—on a subsoil of sand. There are a few 
 sections of clay loam offair quality. Numerous sloughs were met 
 with having good water. A marsh covers a large part of Sections 
 7,18 and 19. About one-third of this township is fit for farming 
 purposes.—L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Much of this township is submerged by a large lake, 
 about four miles long and broad, containing good water. What 
 land there is, is level and composed of sandy loam to the east and 
 south of the lake, and clay loam to the west of same. An alka- 
 line creek, about 2 feet deep, with a current of two miles per 
 hour, empties itself into the lake from the west. The soil and 
 situation are admirably adapted for farming purposes.—dH. C. 
 Denny, 1882. . 
 Sub-division.—The south-east part of this township, for a 
 mile broad, is very high, hilly prairie, the hills ranging from 50 to 
 150 feet high. The other parts are nearly all level prairie. In 
 
AS. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range X. 129 
 
 the north-west there is a large muddy lake, about four miles long 
 
 by two and a-half miles broad. To the west of this lake the 
 soil is a good clay loam—class 2—and to the east of the lake it is 
 asandy loam. There area few sloughs in the township, which 
 contain good water. The land throughout is excellent for farm- 
 ing.—L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.--Surveyed east and west. Surface rolling and undu- 
 lating, with some heavy-rolling in north-east. Water scarce 
 
 , J. Bignell, 1882. 
 
 “20. 
 
 1, 
 
 Sub-division.—Partly undulating and partly rolling prairie, 
 witha few level places. Noil, a clay loam generally, and rates 
 class 2. There are some fresh sloughs which remain, but most of 
 them dry during the summer. Tide Lake covers parts of Sections 
 5,6and 7. The water is fresh, but very muddy. There are no 
 running streams. This township‘is well suited for farming.— 
 L. Gosselin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines——-North, the land is almost all second class, and the 
 country 1s very rough, being greatly cut up by ravines and gul- 
 lies. The Rainy Hills extend as far west as Section 83. West of 
 these hills is the beginning of Dead Man’s Canon.—T. Drummond, 
 1882. | 
 
 West and east, sandy and gravelly prairie, level and undu- 
 lating. Neither wood nor water. Generally rated class 4—J. Big- 
 nell, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—\olling prairie, except in the south-east, where 
 it is hilly, being known as the “Inner Rainy Hills.” The north- 
 east part is heavy-rolling prairie. The soil, generally, is a sandy 
 loam. Class 8. There are a number of marshes, but all dry up 
 during the summer, except the largest ones. There are no run- 
 ning streams, and no wood isto be found. No settlers yet.— 
 L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The south-east half of the township is a rolling and 
 hilly prairie, with sandy loam soil and clay subsoil. The greater 
 part of the north-east quarter may be rated as first-class. About 
 30 per cent. of the township—the central part, which is broken 
 
 by the Red Deer River and its ravines —is of very little value. A 
 
 coal seam was noticed.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 South, the land is second class and the country is very rough. 
 —T Drummond, 1882. ; 
 
 Sub-division.—The Red Deer River enters on Section 7 and 
 leaves by 34, and is 250 to 300 feet below the prairie level. The 
 banks are broken by deep indents, and are precipitous, but the 
 washouts are less frequent and extensive than in Township 21, 
 Range 11. West of the river the surface is level or slightly un- 
 dulating ; east of the river it is more rolling, and even hilly, 
 especially along the south and east sides, with sloughs in the 
 valleys and gravel on the ridges. The soil is a sandy loam on a 
 clay subsoil. In the narrow valleys and slopes along the river 
 the soil is poor washed clay and sand, supporting a fringe of 
 jangle here and there, only fit for fuel. The river, in spring, 
 carries a large volume of water, but is shallow in fall. Large 
 
 hi Npaw te wy ib oslo Ae Me an ~~ % PRY ON VR Pee PSST Ri Ot TEs Oe eee a ee ROR Cie he re anes ere aad oe Re UB OE OMY ISR, oer US eel 
 ba aE Me A Aa UA 8 a ea AU ca DO I, A 
 iy eC RRS? RLM ie eae Si Ney tee a F BA Sih pe Se Ade ie vat) CP Aca abe 
 
130 
 
 Aas stove 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range X. 
 pieces of coal were fornd scattered along the river, being brought: 
 
 down by the current; but no coal—in sitw—was visible in the 
 vicinity. —-J. A. Snow, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—West and north, gently-undulating prairie, with a few 
 
 marshes in the north, but very little surface water westwards.— 
 A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 Along the east boundary the surface is rolling and hilly 
 prairie, being broken by the Red Deer River, which crosses the _ 
 
 _line on the south half of Section 24, where it is about one-quarter 
 
 ofa mile wide. Its banks arecovered with dense willow. The soil — 
 is generally a sandy loam, 12 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. 
 Rated classes 1, 2, 8 and 4, according as the country is more or 
 less broken.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The Red Deer River enters this township on— 
 Section 3, and leaves by 24, is 200 to 250 feet below prairie level, 
 has precipitous banks, deeply furrowed by ravines and wash- 
 outs, extending inland from one-quarter of a mile to two miles ; has 
 an average width of 16 chains, and banks of clay, alternating 
 with sandstone of various thicknesses and density, which latter 
 is worn by the action of the water into strange shapes and 
 figures. The banks support a fringe of sage bush and a jungle of 
 thorn cherry and bull berry, with an occasional whitewood tree. 
 The river carries a large volumne of water in spring, but is only 
 2 or 3 feet deep in September, and full of quicksand bars. The 
 township, generally, is undulating or rolling prairie, with a 
 sandy loam soil on a clay subsoil, very uniform in character, Om 
 Sections 17 and 13 surface boulders are common, with gravelly 
 ridges.—J. A. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, pretty well watered by numerous. 
 sloughs, in which the water is only slightly alkaline. Soil, clay 
 loam to heavy clay. This township, for agricultural purposes, 
 may be classed as second.—A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. . 
 
 Sub-division.—Open prairie, either rolling or undulating, with 
 sloughs in the valleys, containing good water. The soil is asandy 
 loam, from 2 to 18 inches deep, resting on a gravelly clay subsoil. 
 The growth of grass was fair and, in many places, suitable for hay. 
 —J. A. Snow, 1883. | 
 
 24. Outlines—North, surface rolling and knolly. Soil, generally, sandy | 
 
 loam, sometimes a clayey loam, from 10 to 15 inches deep ; subsoil, 
 hard clay. Some grassy ponds of fresh water.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Rolling prairie, dotted with numerous small marshes, the 
 water of which is only slightly alkaline. The soil is a clay loam 
 
 anda heavy clay. Generally class 2.—A. W: Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—At the time of survey (end of July) no rain 
 had fallen for six weeks, yet the water was abundant and good in 
 the sloughs and small-ponds. The surface is generally rolling, 
 with easy slopes; the soil a sandy loam, from 1 to 18 inches deep, 
 resting on a hard clay subsoil, mixed with rounded pebbles, and 
 apparently impervious to water. On the tops of the swells the 
 surface is gravelly and, in places, strewn with boulders. A stream,. 
 
zed. 
 
 26. 
 
 28, 
 
 29. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Ronge X, 131 
 
 10 feet wide, crosses Sections 34, 35, 26, 25 and 24. No wood.— 
 J. A. Snow, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines—Surveyed west and east.. Undulating, with a few 
 ravines, marshes and ponds. A large lake submerges portions of 
 Sections 7 and 18.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Surface generally rolling, and sometimes knolly, with soils. 
 of sandy and clay loams on a subsoil of hard clay. A few fresh 
 grassy marshes.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division —Rolling and undulating prairie, with sandy 
 and clay loam soils ona clay subsoil Good water is scarce, 
 excepting in two lakes in the south-west corner. Two creeks, 
 containing alkaline water, run across the township in a south- 
 erly direction. The soil is good for agriculture, except forits lack 
 of moisture. No wood.—F. Purvis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— West and east, undulating, with a clay loam soil. 
 Class 2. A few creeks, which dry up soon, in the west; but no 
 surface water eastwards.—C. F’. Miles, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. Soil, a clay loam. Gener- 
 ally class 2, but lacking in moisture, which will prove a serious. 
 drawback to its settlement. No wood.—F. Purvis, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—Undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam, with clay subsoil. 
 
 Rates second class —C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 
 Generally classes 2 and 3. Many marshes in some places.—T. 
 Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam, with clay subsoil. Rates. 
 second class.—-C. F. Miles, 18838. | \ 
 
 Outlines.—South, rolling prairie,with numerous lakes and marshes. 
 —T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie. Clay loam soil; claysubsoil. Classes 1 and 
 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie, broken on the east side by alkali 
 
 - flats, becoming better towards the west. Classes 2 and 3.—J. K. 
 
 oi 
 
 32. 
 
 33. 
 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and undulating prairie; sandy on the east side, 
 changing to clay towards the west. Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Along the north boundary the surface is nearly level 
 prairie, and the soil 2nd and 8rd class. Small marshes occur at 
 intervals along the central sections, and in the west there are 
 two or three large ponds. There is no wood.—Z£. Bray, 1%83. 
 
 Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil class 2. No wood.— 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The south is level, and the soil 2nd and 8rd class. 
 Surface water is plentiful, but there is no wood.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Undulating prairie. Sand loam soil on a sand and clay 
 subsoil. Class 2. A large lake occupies the north-eastern, 
 portion of this township. The water is fresh, but extremely 
 
 muddy.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 g* : 
 
132 
 BA. 
 
 3D. 
 
 36, 
 
 37. 
 
 aS, 
 
 39 
 
 40, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range pei 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie. Sand loam soil; sand and clay 
 subsoil. Class 2. The southern portion is almost entirely occu- 
 pied by a large lake, the water of which, although soft and sweet, 
 is so muddy as to be unfit for use—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —lolling prairie. Sand and clay loam soil; clay sub- 
 soil. Chiefly class 1. A large muddy lake occupies the southern 
 portion.—- J. A. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, open, undulating prairie, interspersed with 
 ponds and grass swamps, and with occasional alkaline spots. For . 
 the most part, the soil is first class, although here and there are 
 spots of second class land.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling and undulating prairie. Numerous fresh-water ponds 
 were seen. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884, 
 
 Outlines —Open ptairie, generally rolling in the west part, but — 
 becoming more uneven towards the east line. Generally dry, with 
 afew ponds and sloughs. The soil, in the former sections, is a 
 clay loam, some 10 inches deep, with clay loam subsoil, and is 
 first class lands but towards the east becomes lighter and more — 
 sandy. It would, however, rank as first class, the vegetation being 
 rich. —Z. R. Ord, 1888. | 
 
 Surface water is in fair supply in ponds and marshes, some 
 of the latter of which are grassy. There are occasional alkaline 
 spots to be found. The soil, asa rule, is first class, but like other 
 land, a proportion of second class land appears in patches.—T- 
 Kains, 1888. 
 
 Outlines. Gently-rolling prairie, bluffy towards the northern boun- 
 dary, but generally open. A few ponds dot the surface. The soil 
 is excellent. The southern part is a clay loam, and towards the 
 north a black sandy loam, some 12 to 15 inches deep, with a clay 
 loam subsoil, and well fitted for agriculture.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling, bluffy land, with numerous ponds and sloughs. 
 Towards the western portion there are fewer ponds, and the bluffs 
 are thicker and heavier. Soil, generally a sandy loam, 10 to 12 
 inches deep, with clay loam subsoil, and well fitted for agricul- 
 ture. Ranks as class first. Battle River flows through Sections 
 31 and 82 into the next township.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, the country is hilly, with a gradual slope 
 towards Battle River. Deep lakelets are interspersed among the 
 
 -hills. This range is well wooded with poplar in bluffs. Soil, first 
 
 class.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Is crossed by Battle River from Sections 5 and 6 to Sections 
 24 to 25, in a valley some 330 feet deep and one and.a-half miles 
 wide. The remainder of the township is broken by deep ravines 
 flowing into the river. To the north-west of the latter the land 
 is generally open, with scattered bluffs, in which the large trees 
 have been fire-killed and are now standing in dense brush. South- 
 east of the river the land is heavily-rolling, and covered with 
 thick bluffs of green poplar, some of the trees attaining a fair size. 
 
 The soil is a sandy loam, 10 to 12 inches deep, with generally a 
 
il, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian— Range X. 188 
 
 clay loam subsoil, and, excepting parts in the valleys and hill tops, 
 would rank as first class. —Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling prairie, with numerous poplar bluffse 
 Several lakes in Sections 6, 7, 18, 19 and 30; also hills in southern 
 half of Section 7.—-Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Kast, hilly and rolling prairie, much broken by the valley of 
 Battle River, which crosses this line at several points in Sections 
 25 and 36. Marshes appear in Sections 1 and 12, also hills in 1, 
 
 12, 18 and 24. Wood is plentiful, especially on banks of river— 
 
 MA. 
 
 43, 
 
 AA 
 
 45. 
 
 J. F. Garden, 1884. ; 
 
 The general surface of the country is hilly, with an eastward 
 slope towards Battle River, the valley of which lies along the 
 eastern boundary. The intersections of the hills are filled with 
 deep ponds, and the surface of the country is covered with poplar 
 bluffs. The soil is first class —C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie. Poplar bluffs. Sections 30 and 
 31 are much broken by a valley about 40 chains wide, which is 
 traversed by asmall creek. Lakes in 7and 18; alsoa marsh, 
 from 8 to 10 chains wide, in Section 7.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Hast, hilly and rolling prairie, broken by the valley of Battle 
 River, which crosses line at points in Sections 1, 12, 25 and 36. 
 Hills appear in Sections 18, 24, 25 and 86. Poplar and willow.— 
 J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, prairie, very rough and broken. Hills in Sec- 
 tions 6, 7, 18, 19 and 30; also a lake in 6, and one situated on the 
 line between Sections 6 and 7. Scrub on 6, 19 and 30.—L. R. Ord, 
 18838. 
 
 East, hilly and rolling prairie, with numerous poplar and 
 willow sloughs. Good grazing in the hollows. Lakes are situate 
 in Nections 1, 12 and 24; alsoa creek, having high banks, course 
 eastward, in Section 13. Hills appear in every section along the 
 line Poplar occurs only in small quantities.—J. F. Garden, 1884. 
 
 Ouilines—West, rolling prairie. Hills in Sections 6, 1, 18 and 
 19 and 30. Sections 6, 7,18 and 19 are traversed by a creek | 
 flowing southward. A lake about 15 chains wide, intersects the 
 northern half of Section 30; also an old trail. Scattered poplar 
 in 6, 18 and 30.—Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Kast, hilly and rough, broken land, with willow sloughs aad 
 poplar brush. A lake, from 15 to 18 chains wide, in Nection 36 ; 
 also others of smaller dimensions in 1, 12, 24 and 25.—J. F. Gar- 
 den, 1884. oy 
 
 The whole of the northern portion of the township is broken 
 by a large ravine, about 100 feet deep, and its branches. The 
 sides of this ravine are sloping, and in places, thickly dotted with 
 poplar of fair size, and numerous ponds of strong alkaline water — 
 are scattered throughout its bottom. The soilis sand and clay 
 loam, but stony in certain places.—T. Kains, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—High, undulating, and much broken by ponds and. 
 lakes. There are many poplar bluffs. Soil good.—J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. | 
 
 94° ae 
 
134 
 
 46. 
 
 Ad 
 
 48, 
 
 49. 
 
 50, 
 
 3 4 
 
 a3. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range X. 
 
 The southern part of this township is broken by a large 
 ravine, described in Township 44 ofthis Range. The soil consists: 
 of sandy and clay loams, sometimes stony.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—High, undulating, and, much broken by ponds and — 
 lakes. There are many poplar bluffs. Soil good.—J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. . 
 
 Outlines.—High and undulating, with innumerable lakes and 
 ponds. Soil good, and vegetation luxuriant.—J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines —High and undulating, with innumerable lakes and. 
 ponds. Thickly interspersed with bluffs of poplar. Soil good, 
 and vegetation luxuriant.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is hilly in the south half and much broken by innn- 
 merable deep ponds, which, however, are less numerous in the 
 north half. The township is about one-half covered with poplar’ 
 bluffs, the timber in which seldom exceeds 4 inches in diameter. 
 In the south end of Section 36 is a ravine running north-west 
 and south-east, about 20 chains wide, containing a continuous: 
 grass muskeg. The soil is a rich dark loam, 12 to 14 inches. 
 deep, on a subsoil of clay or clay loam.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Is a high, rolling country, with scattered bluffs of 
 small poplar and willow, and a few ponds in the south half. In. 
 Section 24 a large muskeg occurs, through which runs a deep © 
 creek, 50 links wide. Eastward, towards the Vermillion River, 
 and north of this muskeg, the timber is all fire-killed. The soil 
 is a good sandy Joam, and some parts of this township would: 
 rank as first class farming land.—A. F Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Hast, prairie, covered with bush. A branch of the 
 Vermillion River, flowing in a north-easterly direction, and which 
 has its source in a lake about ten miles to the south-west, crosses- 
 the township and passes out through Section 36. This line 
 intersects a small lake in Section !, and a ravine between 12 and. 
 18. There are several marshes and ponds to the west of the town- 
 ship.—M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, rolling prairie, considerably broken by lakes and’ 
 ponds. aA lake, about one-half mile wide, in Section 7, and a 
 smaller one in 18. Several ponds in 6, 7, 18, 30 and 31; alsoa 
 small creek, course west, in 380. Sections 18, 19 and 30 are well 
 wooded. East, rolling prairie, with bush in Sections 1 and 12. 
 Burnt bush in 25 and 386. The Vermillion River, passing through. 
 a valley a little over one mile wide, crosses on the line between 
 Sections 12 and 13. Two trails in Section 24; also another in 13.—- 
 M. Deane, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Surveyed the east boundary. The Vermillion River 
 runs to the south-east through this township. West of this river 
 the country appears. to be rough, and nearly all covered with. 
 scrub and poplar woods. Last of the river the land is sometimes. 
 hilly, but usually rolling, and is only partly covered with scrub 
 and occasional bluffs gf poplar. The soil is generally second or 
 third class. —£. Bray, 1884. : 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range X. 185 
 
 34. Outlines—Surveyed the east boundary. The land appears to be 
 
 Oe. 
 
 5S. 
 
 rolling, and in some places hilly, and is mostly covered with 
 scrub and woods of small poplar. In the north-easterly corner 
 the land is swampy. The soil is second and third class.—£. Bray, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The eastern portion is generally very hilly. Towards 
 the west the country partakes of a more rolling or undulatin 
 character. The eastern half is densely timbered with 4 to 8-inc 
 poplar, and clumps and belts of 5 to 12-inch spruce. The northern 
 and western portions are wooded with blufis of 4 to 8-inch poplar 
 and willow. Occasional birch trees may be found. A large lake, 
 connected by a chain of sloughs with Egg Lake, submerges about 
 one-seventh of the township. There are several other lakes, with- 
 out any apparent outlets. The surface soil consists chiefly of 
 about 8 inches of black loam, over clay, which bears traces of gra~ 
 vel. This may be classed 2 as an agricultural township.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines —Country generally rolling, with bluffs of 3 to 8-inch ° 
 poplar, also high, grey and scrub willow, and abundantly watered 
 by numerous small:lakes. Thealluviai soil consists of black loam, 
 varying in depth from 4 to 12 inches, and underlaid by clay. The 
 Victoria and Fort Pitt cart trail crosses from Section 6 to Section 
 12. There are also a few old trails. This township may be classed 
 second rate for agricultural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is hilly country, broken by lakes and ponds. The hill 
 
 tops are generally bare, while in the valleys there is a dense 
 growth of scrub. The trees have been all fire-killed. The soil is 
 a good sandy loam.—A. I’. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 “60.” Outlines.—Is hilly country, covered with small poplar and willow. 
 
 Some fair sized lakes occur in this township, which are fringed 
 with spruce. The soil is a good sandy loam —A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF THE FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 
 Rance XI. 
 
 ®. Outlines.—South, dry, undulating prairie, somewhat stony. Vege- 
 
 10. 
 
 tation thin. A small marsh in Section 4.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 The east is undulating and rolling. Soil, a sandy loam, on a 
 gravelly clay subsoil —C. E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—The east is undulating and rolling. Soil, sandy loam, 
 
 on a gravelly clay subsoil.—C. E. Wolf, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines—Hastwards, rolling prairie, very much broken, on Sec- 
 
 tion 36, by deep coulées. Soil, gravelly loam, class 4, on the two 
 northern sections, and sandy loam, class 3, on the rest. Very 
 dry, and grass poor.—J. G. Sing, 1888. | 
 
 Outlines.—Along the east boundary the surface is rolling, except 
 on Section 1, which is extremely rough; and broken by stony 
 hills and coulées. Soil, sandy or clay loam in the north, and 
 gravelly loam on the rest. Rated class 2 on all, except Section 1, 
 where it is class 4.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—West and east, surface rolling prairie, broken, on Sec- 
 
 tions 7 and 18, by Forty-Mile Coulée, resting in whichis Yellow 
 Lake. For acouple ot miles on the north side of the lake the 
 land rises gradually, and is rather stony. Soil, principally, sandy 
 loam in the west and clay in the east. Class 2 throughout.—J. 
 G. Sing, 1883. | | 
 
 South, level prairie, intersected on its western part by the — 
 Forty-Mile Coulée. This coulée is a valley of. about a mile in 
 width, in which are a succession of marshes and lakes, all con- 
 nected during high water. Into this coulée smaller and shorter 
 ones run from eachside. The bottom of the valley is alkaline.— 
 O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Partly rolling and partly a level, sloping 
 prairie. Soil, a dark brown loam, with a sand and clay subsoil. 
 The soil on the hills and ridges is more or less gravelly. The 
 south-western part, on the banks of the Forty-Mile Gully, is 
 stony. Water is scarce, and was only found in a lake and a marsh 
 in the south-west. The land is excellent for farming purposes, 
 under a favorable rainfall.—C. LeBer, 1888. , 
 
 Outlines—All rolling prairie. Very dry, and the grass poor. 
 Soil, clay in the east, and sandy loam in the west. All class 2. 
 The McLeod trail crosses Section 30. No wateror timber. Section. 
 31 is stony —J. G. Sing, 1883. : : 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, on a clay 
 and sand subsoil. Class 2. Water is very scarce. The land is 
 good for farming purposes, but is dry, except under a favorable: 
 rainfall, the want of which is often felt. There is no wood; but 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XI. 137 
 
 for the purposes of fuel coal can be obtained cheaply.— 
 C. LeBer, 1883. 
 
 R1. Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken at intervals by deep coulées, the 
 
 Az, 
 
 As. 
 
 a4 
 
 banks of which are, as a rule, stony. The Saskatchewan River 
 passes through the township. The banks are very high, and con- 
 tain an abundance of coal. Away from the river water is scarce, 
 and the grass is poor. Soil, sandy loam, class 2, but at intervals 
 —south of the river—there is much class 3.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. Soil, clay and clay loam, 
 on subsoil of clay. Class 1. This township is generally well 
 adapted for agriculture, although surface water is somewhat © 
 scarce beyond the limits of the Saskatchewan River. This river 
 enters the township in Section 18, courses east to 15, when it 
 courses north and leavesin 35. It isabout 600 feet broad and 7 
 to 8 feet deep, with banks from 50 to 100 feet high. No wood. 
 The McLeod trail crosses the township —L. Grondin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—N orth, the country isrolling prairie. Soil, clay loam.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Kast and west, rolling prairie, broken in Sections 12 and 1, by 
 hills and coulées, which extend from the South Saskatchewan, 
 which, entering the township near the south-east corner of Section 
 8, and continuing northward for a couple of miles, turns to the 
 southeast, and crosses the east line in Nection 1. Soil, sandy or 
 garvelly. Class 2 in the north and west and 3 inthe south-east. 
 —J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The Saskatchewan River breaks in upon the ’ 
 four south-easterly sections, giving a rough character to this por- 
 tion of the township The remainder of the township is undu- 
 lating, with a good clay loam soil. Class 1, but rather dry. There 
 is very little surface water beyond the river, and no wood. It is 
 adapted for agriculture.—L. Grondin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—North and west, rolling, dry prairie. No water—J. A. 
 Maddock, 1882. : 
 
 Kast, dry and rolling prairie.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 South, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Gently-undulating prairie, with long, easy 
 slopes to the south. Soil, a clay loam, of 3 to 6 inches, on clay 
 subsoil. Class 2. Water very scarce, and no wood.—J. Warren, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, west and south, undulating or rolling prairie. 
 Scarcely any surface water, and no growth of wood.—J. A. Mad- 
 dock, 1582. 
 
 East, rolling prairie. No water on this line.—P. R. A. Belan- 
 ger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally level. Soil, clay loam, of 3 to 4 inches 
 deep, on aclay subsoil. There is very little surface water, and 
 no indications of wood.—J. Warren, 1383. 
 
 15. Outlines.—On all the boundaries it is rolling prairie. The Cana- 
 
 dian Pacific Railway crosses in the western half of Section 36. 
 
 _ There is a large clear-water pond in 34, and a marsh in 31. West, 
 
188 
 
 iG. 
 
 17, 
 
 «as. 
 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XI. 
 
 the arms of a large shallow slough were crossed in Sections 7 and 
 18. Generally, however, the township is a dry one.—J. A. Mad- 
 dock, \882. 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. Soil, hard sandy clay, on 
 a subsoil of clay. The grass is ‘thin, short and poor, hardly making 
 asod. There are some sloughs, in several of which the water, 
 though inferior, is drinkable. There is no timber of any kind, and. 
 no settlers.— F. Lynch-Staunton, 1888. 
 Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, of gravelly Sie loam, with 
 some water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 West, east and south, slightly undulating prairie. The line 
 of the C.P.R. reaches from Section 1 to 81. There are marshes in 
 
 6 and 80. The marsh in 30 is quite extensive, but dries early. 
 
 There is also a large clear-water pond in 8, and a marsh in 6.—J. 
 A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally rolling prairie. Soil, a hard sandy 
 clay, in places stony and gravelly, especially in the north. The 
 grass is poor and thin. The lakes are shallow sloughs of surface 
 water, and small sloughs are numerous, but there are no running 
 streams or springs. "No wood, and no settlers. The C.P-R. has 
 Kininvie Station here.—-F. Lynch-Staunton. 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Is composed of undulating prairie, interspersed with — 
 numerous sloughs.’ The soil is good sandy loam. This township 
 is very suitable for farming purposes.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 | South, undulating prairie, with gravelly clay loam, with 
 some water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-divison —Generally undulating prairie, except in the 
 middle part, where it is rolling prairie. Soil, a good sandy and 
 clay loam. Class 2. Numerous sloughs, with good water, m the 
 township, which is suitable for farming purposes. No wood.—L. 
 Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east is rolling prairie, with numerous sloughs, 
 most of which are dry at this season of the year—July—August. 
 The soil is good sandy loam.— H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie, broken in many sections by 
 numerous sloughs, most of which dry up as the summer advances, 
 and all contain good water. In Sections 19 and 20 there is a 
 fresh-water Oe of 30 acres in area, The soil is a good sandy 
 loam, classes 2 and 3, and, on the whole, is well adapted for farm- 
 ing.—L Gosselin, 1383. 
 
 Outlines.— West and east, this {Ounleniy is all undulating and dry 
 prairie.—J. Big-nell, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division: —Mostly undulating prairie, with some sections 
 rolling. The soil is a good clay loam. Classes 1 and 2. The 
 south-west partis a little stony. The aresome fresh-water sloughs, 
 but most of them dry up during summer. There is a large marsh 
 between Sections 21 and 28. In the north there is some broken 
 prairie. Numerous ravines in Section 81.—L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, the land here is of little use for agricultural 
 
 purposes, being too much broken by ravines, which are very 
 numerous, with precipitous banks, about 400 feet high. They 
 
i, 
 
 Bm. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XI. 139 
 
 ‘run for a long distance out from the river. This place is known, 
 as Dead Man’s Canon, and is very well named.—T. Drummond, 
 
 1882. 
 
 This township, both west and east, is prairie, with the 
 morthern half much broken by ravines. A few also appear in 
 Sections 6 and 7. A marsh, about 20 chains wide, in northern . 
 half of Section 81. Neither wood nor water.—J Bignell, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division Generally undulating prairie, much broken by 
 gullies and ravines from 50 to 200 feet deep, which form a strong 
 obstacle to farming. The soil, generally, is a clay loam, and rates 
 class 2. Surface water is very scarce.—L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Ouilines.—The north-east half may be rated as first class rolling 
 and undulating prairie. Soil, sandy loam; clay subsoil. Nearly 
 the whole of the south half is unfit for any agricultural purposes 
 whatever. The river valley, varying in width from one to three 
 miles, is here over two miles from bank to bank, and has assumed. 
 @ very extraordinary and rough appearance. ‘ihe banks are over 
 300 feet high, and consist of layers of clay, sand, sandstone of 
 various degrees of hardness, and clay slate, in the upper strata-of 
 which there are large petrifactions. No ingress or egress to or 
 from the valley can be had here with a wheeled vehicle for many 
 miles east or west.--C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 The Red Deer River runs through this township near the 
 
 south limit, with precipitous banks of sandstone about 400 feet 
 
 high, cut up by the weather into needles, cones, caves, &c., &c. 
 A few deep coulées on the north side of the river. Numerous belts 
 and patches, frequently covering an area of over half a square 
 mile, composed of cottonwood, up to 24 inches in diameter, occur 
 along the river; also a few small poplar, with scrub cherry, &c. 
 —A. W. McVittie, 182. 
 
 The Red Deer River runs through the southern portion of 
 this township. The land here is of little use for agricultural pur- 
 poses, the place being known as The Deadman’s Canon, and almost 
 anaccessible Ihave already described it in Township 20.—-T. 
 Drummond, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-divisiton.—The Red Deer River enters by Section 7 and 
 leaves by 12, and forms the centre of what is known as the Dead 
 Lodge Canon. Here the bed of the river is 800. feet under the 
 prairie level; the land on both sides is broken by precipitous 
 banks and extensive washouts, leaving conical clay hills, capped 
 with sandstone, with deep and sharp ravines and gulches between 
 them, nearly destitute of vegetation. Most of the south half of 
 the township bears this broken character, and is of little value. 
 The north half of the township is level or slightly undulating, 
 with a uniform sandy Joam soil on a clay subsvil—class 2— 
 and having a fair growth of grass. There is no wood, except a 
 fringe of jungle along the river here and there-—J. A. Snow, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Nolling prairie, pretty well watered by numerous 
 sloughs, the water of which is only slightly alkaline. For agri- 
 cultural purposes the township may be classified as second class. 
 Soil, clay loam to heavy clay.— A.W. Mc Vitite, 1882. 
 
140 
 
 ze, 
 
 25, 
 
 =O, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XI. 
 
 Sub-division—Open prairie. The north-easterly part is roll-- 
 ing, and in some places hilly, but the south-western part is level, 
 or very slightly undulating. The soil is invariably a sandy 
 loam, variyng in depth from 2 to 18 inches, and resting on a. 
 subsoil of clay, or clay and gravel. There are no running streams. 
 in the township, and the sloughs are dry.—J. A. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed all outlines. Rolling prairie, watered by 
 numerous sloughs, slightly alkaline. Berry Creek also flows. 
 through the township. The soil ranges from clay loam to a heavy 
 clay, and rates class 2—A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Open prairie, either rolling or gently-undu- 
 lating. Soil, a light sandy loam, from 2 to 18 inches deep, on a. 
 grey clay subsoil. The grass was short, owing, no doubt, to the 
 exceptionally dry season (1%83)—no rain having fallen from the 
 10th of June until the 15th of September. There is no wood. 
 The only stream in the township is a branch of Berry Creek, 
 entering on Section 86 and leaving by Section 6. This stream 
 Was diy, except in pools, by midsummer.—J. A. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, surface rolling and knolly. Soil, sandy loam. 
 On westerly side a large grassy fresh-water pond extends south-— 
 wards about two or three miles.— W. Ogulvie, 1882. 
 
 Rolling prairie, pretty well watered by numevyous sloughs, 
 the water of which is only slightly alkaline. Berry Creek also 
 flows through the township. For agricultural purposes the town- 
 ship may be classified as second class. The soil is clay loam to heavy 
 clay.—A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally rolling and entirely open prairie. 
 Soil, a sandy loam over a hard clay subsoil. There was grass in 
 many places suitable for making hay. The township is well 
 watered by a tributary of Berry Creek and two branches, in all of 
 which there was good water in the pools along their courses. 
 There are also several ponds of good water, and also a large lake 
 in Sections 29 and 82. No wood.—J. A. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Surveyed west and east. It is all undulating and open 
 prairie, with sandy and clay loam soils. Water is in fair supply 
 in the east centre and south-west. Elsewhere it is scarce, except 
 in Berry Creek, which flows along the easterly tier of sections.— 
 C.F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 South, surface rolling and knolly Soil, sandy loam. In 
 Section 3 there is a fine large fresh-water creek, 3! feet wide, and 
 very deep. In Section 5 is a large, grassy fresh-water pond exten- 
 ding nearly a mile north of the line and more than two miles. 
 south of it.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—High, dry, open prairie. Soil, sand loam and 
 clay loam. Class 2. There is plenty of fresh water in the sloughs 
 and marshes, which lasts through the summer. An alkaline creek 
 runs through the eastern part, with plenty of water. No wood. 
 This township is very suitable for settlement.—F. Purvis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east, undulating prairie, almost unbroken on 
 the west,‘ except by a ravine traversed by a small creek, anda 
 small marsh on Section 18. No wood. On the east there are. 
 
ae 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XT ak 
 
 ravines in Sections 1, 12, 24 and 36, some having dry water- 
 courses. There is a small creek running south-west, and small. 
 marshes appear in 24 and 25.—C. F. Miles, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.— Rough, rolling prairie, suitable for settlement:. 
 Good fresh water in abundance. Small hay marshes are numerous. 
 Soil, a clay loam on a clay subsoil. Class 2. The grass is good, 
 and fine for grazing.— F. Pur vis,1888. aa 
 
 Ouilines.—Undulating prairie, with a number of shallow ponds 
 and lakelets in the north half. These contain alkaline water. The- 
 soil is clay loam, with clay subsoil. Rates second class.—C. F. 
 
 Miles, 1883. 
 
 28, 
 
 Ouilines.—North, rolling prairie. In Section 86 the line crosses 
 and re-crosses a small stream, several times. In Sections 82 and’ 
 33 two other streams were crossed, their course being south-west, 
 towards the hed Deer River. The water was good, but with slight 
 indications of alkali —T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Undulating prairie, sloping west to Berry Creek, which runs 
 south-westerly through the north-west half of the township. The 
 creek here is dammed up by beaver, in many places, causing pools 
 of 5 and 6 feet in depth between the clay banks, which, in many 
 
 _ places, rise 10 feet in height. The soil is clay loam, with clay 
 
 29 
 
 subsoil, and rates second class.—C. F. Miles, 1885. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. The- 
 south-west portion is class 3, the remainder being class 2.— 
 J. K. McLean, 184 
 
 South, undulating and rolling. Soil, clay loam. Classes 2. 
 and 3. Several creeks of good water course through the north. 
 Marshes are in fair supply, and a considerable growth of cactus. 
 appears in places. No wood.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 30 to 39. Outlines——These townships are all rolling and undulating. 
 
 Nos. 30 and 31 have sandy and clay loam soils over a clay subsoil. 
 
 Nos. 32, 38, 4 and 85,aclavy loam. No. 33 is stony in places, and 
 
 36. 
 
 37. 
 
 85 has numerous small alkaline flats. The soil throughout will 
 generally average class 2. Berry Creek flows south through Nos. 
 34 to 80, and a long narrow lake enters 34 from the north- west.— 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, open, undulating prairie, interspersed with 
 ponds and grass swamps, with occasional alkaline spots. Forthe 
 most part the soil is first-class, although here and there spots of 
 second class land occur.—T. Kains, 183. 
 
 Rolling prairie ; clay loam soil ; clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. 
 —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.--Open and generally rolling plains. A few coulées cross, . 
 and some marshy ponds dot the surface. The soilis either ofa 
 very light and sandy character, or else a hard and sun-baked clay, 
 and would rank below second class.—L. R. Ord, 18838. 
 Southwards, surface water is in fair supply in ponds and 
 marshes, some of the latter of which are grassy. There are occa- 
 sional alkaline spots to be found. , The soil, as a rule, is first class, | 
 
942 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XI. 
 
 but a proportion of second class land appears in patehes.—T. 
 Kains, 1883. 
 
 $8 Outlines—Open, rolling plains. A few scattered bluffs and some 
 small brush close to the northern boundary. The country is very 
 dry. The soil improves towards the north, and ranks as class 
 first, although there are some tracts of sandy, dry and worthless 
 lands.--L. R. Ord, 1888. 7 
 
 “BB. Outlines.-—Rolling land, generally bluffy. The surface is much bro- 
 ken by deep ravines and Battle River, which crosses from Sections 
 1 and 12 to Section 36, in a valley about a mile wide and some ~ 
 300 feet deep, with steep clay banks. The river is sluggish, and 
 its course is very tortuous. The valley is mostly wooded, but 
 with timber of not much value, save for fuel. The greater part 
 of the arable surface lies south-east of Battle River, and is rolling 
 land, with numerous thick bluffs of poplar along the valley, gra- 
 dually spreading into open prairie at the south line. The soil is 
 a black sandy loam, very rich in places.—Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 40, Outlines—North, the country is rolling, and in the western part 
 is fairly timbered with poplar. Soil, first class—C. A. Magrath, 
 1833. 
 Rolling land, with niany thick bluffs of poplar. Sloughs, 
 ponds, a few shallow coulées and muskegs, cross the township. 
 Soil, a sandy loam, 12 to 15 inches deep, and 1n places very rich 
 class 1. Along the north boundary it is rolling prairie. In the 
 western part the line leaves the true prairie and passes into a 
 bluffy country.--Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 “4. Outlines—Rolling countrv, mostly prairie, with bluffs of poplar 
 which are thickest in the south and south-east, but thin out 
 towards the north. A range of hills, rising to about 300 feet above 
 the plain, lies in the south and south-west. Soil, of fair quality, 
 and is sandy loam, some [2 to 15 inches deep, with sandy and, at 
 places, clay subsoil. Would rank as first class. Along the south 
 boundary it is rolling.—JZ. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Southwards, is rolling prairie. There is a good growth of 
 poplar in the south-west, and the soil, generally, is first class.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 ~ 42, Outlines —Rolling prairie, with sparsely scattered bluffs of poplar, 
 somewhat broken by ravines in the north-east corner. A large 
 marshy lake crosses the west line in Section 19, and discharges by 
 a small creek through the ravines in Sections 25 to 36. Soil, sandy 
 loam, rich in places, but averaging below first class.—Z. R. Ord, 
 18838. | 
 
 - &%. Out/ines—Rolling prairie, dotted here and there with clumps of 
 small poplar bush. Towards the east line the surface is broken 
 by broad and deep valleys, into which run numerous ravines, 
 making the country rough and hilly. The slopes are, in many 
 places, clothed with poplar woods, some of the timber being of 
 fair size. Soil, commonly light and sandy, and would rank as 
 elass second.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 ~ 
 
44, 
 
 AS, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. — Range XI. 143°. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating country, broken by ravines contain- 
 ing alkaline lakes. A few poplar bluffs occur. The soil is sand. 
 and clay loam, but stony in places.—7. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Open, rolling prairie, with a few scattered patches of very 
 small poplar. A creek from the west, some 40 links wide and~ 
 18 inches deep, flows in a valley, deepening to eastward, from 
 
 ‘Section 18 across the township to Section 25, and after crossing © 
 
 the boundary flows south to opposite Section 1, where it turns — 
 south-east, and may be traced by the eye to Battle River, several 
 miles distant. The valley is, in places, wooded, but usually bare - 
 of timber. The township is not well fitted for agriculture, being — 
 too dry and arid, with very light sandy soil. Indeed, in places, — 
 it is loose sand, and ranks below class 2.—Z. R. Ord, 18838. 
 Outlines.—A long, narrow alkaline lake extends from the south- 
 east corner diagonally across the township. In the interior are 
 several lakes. The western part is well wooded. Land, high: 
 and undulating. Soil, of a fair quality —J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 The surface along the southern boundary has heavy undu- - 
 
 — lations, in the troughs or ravines of which, are alkaline lakes and 
 
 46. 
 
 AZ. 
 48, 
 49. 
 
 50. 
 
 ol, 
 
 $2. 
 
 ponds. Poplar, in bluffs, grows here and there. The soil is a- 
 sandy and clayey loam.—T7. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—A valley, about 50 chains in width, and in which is a 
 long alkaline lake, extends east and west through this township. 
 To the south of this valley the country is much broken. To the 
 north it is undulating, with scattered bluffs of poplar and good 
 soil._—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is undulating, with many lakes and ponds. There are 
 many scattered bluffs of poplar. Soil, good, and pasturage 
 excellent.—J, J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Very undulating and dotted with lakes and ponds: 
 Bluffs of poplar are numerous. Soil, excellent.—J. J. McArthur 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is hilly, and broken by deep ponds and small lakes 
 Bluffs of poplar and willow cover about one-half the surface. 
 The soil is a good sandy loam; subscil, clay.—A. F. Cotton, 1884_ 
 
 Outlines.—Is hilly and broken, and bluffs of poplar and willow 
 are numerous. A large lake extends from the east boundary 
 across this and Range 12. It is over three miles wide in some 
 places, and covers fully one-third of the township. The soil in the 
 south half is a good sandy loam, while the north half is little 
 better than blown sand.—A. F.. Cotton, 1884. . 
 
 Outlines.—West and east, rolling prairie, much broken by ponds. 
 and lakes. Sections 6 and 7 are almost entirely submerged by an 
 arm of a large lake. Sections 19, 30 and 31 are much broken by 
 lakes and ponds, and also by a marshin 30. Wood is plentiful in’ 
 19, 80 and 41, and in the south of 6. Ponds in Sections 1 and 36, 
 also a trail in 25. Bush on east line in 86 and north half of 25 ; 
 also scrub in 13 and 24. Hills in south of 13—WM. Deane, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east, rolling prairie, considerably broken by 
 lakes and ponds. A lake, about half a mile wide, on Section 12, 
 
144 
 
 De. 
 
 aa, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial “Meridian,—Range XI. 
 
 and a smaller one on 18. Several ponds in 1, 12, 13, 25 and 86; 
 also a small creek, course west, in 25. Sections 18, 24 and 25 are 
 well wooded. Wood is also plentiful westwards. A trail in Sec- 
 ion 7.—M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally rolling, with ranges of small hills and 
 wide valleys. Has no running streams, but is well watered by 
 small lakes, and is densely wooded with 2 to 4-inch poplar and 
 high grey willows. There are also bluffs of 4 to 8-inch poplar. 
 The alluvial soil consists of from 4 to 8 inches of sandy loam, and — 
 the subsoil is, for the most part, a coarse sand. The township is 
 unsuited for agricultural purposes, and there are no trails, passing 
 across it.—C. A’ Magrath, 1884. - 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally hilly. The only body of water of impor 
 tance is Vermillion Lake, which stretches across the central por” 
 tion of the township, from Section 12 to Section 30. The width 
 of the lake varies from 10 to 40 chains. A range of hills, 50 feet 
 high and 70 chains distant from the lake, follows it across the 
 township onthe south side. The country is densely wooded with 
 poplar, from 4 to 8 inches in diameter, and some scattered spruce 
 and high grey willows. A cart trail, running slightly south of 
 east, passes through Section 13. The township is unsuited for 
 agricultural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The North Saskatchewan River runs along the north- © 
 ern boundary in Section 36, and is here about 16 chains wide. On 
 either side of the river the banks have a more or less gradual 
 rise to the height of about 200 feet above the water level, and on 
 the south side of the river are densely timbered with 5 to 12-inch 
 poplar and spruce, and some birch. Otherwise, the township is 
 chiefly wooded with small burnt 1 to 3-inch poplar, and bluffs of 
 3 to 7-inch poplar and willow. The country is generally rolling, 
 and not well watered. The soil consists of about 4 inches of 
 black loam over clay and gravel, and here and there large bould- 
 ers appear upon the surface. There are no trails in the township, 
 and it is not well adapted for agricultural purposes.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Country generally rolling, with small hills and deep 
 coulées towards the south. A large and prominent bare hill, 150 
 feet high is about equally distributed upon Sections 11.and 14. In 
 the central and eastern portions of the township there are a few 
 large lakes, one of which, lying chiefly within Sections 14 and 15, 
 has for its outlet a creek which drains the central portion of Sec- 
 tion 12 and the north-eastern portion of Section 1. This creek 
 flows through a deep coulée. Other small creeks drain the town- 
 ship, which is, for the most part, open country, with an occasional 
 bluff of 8 to 6-inch poplar and willow. There is also some scat- 
 tered 4 to 10-inch poplar. The soil consists of from 5 to 10 inches 
 of black loam over a stiff clay. This is essentially an agricultural 
 township. There are no trails.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. | 
 North, thickly timbered with poplar, and with patches of 
 spruce in places. The soil is fair.—G. B. Abrey, 1888. 
 
DG, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XI. 145 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally rolling, with the exception of a few sec- 
 tions, which are undulating. Most of this township is prairie, 
 with occasional bluffs of 8 to 7-inch poplar and scrub willow. 
 In the western portion the bluffs are larger and more 
 numerous: Sections 138, 14, 23, 24 and 26 are, for the most part, 
 submerged by Duck Lake, which has a very small outlet at its 
 north-west limit. There are a few small but heavily-timbered 
 islands in this lake. Small portions of Sections 7, 8, 18 and 86 are 
 also submerged by lakes. A branch of the Fort Pitt trail passes 
 from Section 30 to 1. The soil consists of a black loam, varying 
 in depth from 5 to 15 inches, and is underlaid by clay. —C. A. 
 Magrath, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is generally'rolling, with the exception of a few hilly 
 
 sections in the south-east. Bluffs of 4 to 8-inch poplar, and a con- 
 siderable amount of willow, are distributed throughout the town- 
 ship. A large portion of Section 18 is submerged by the eastern 
 part of Saddle Lake, out of which Tail Creek flows in a direction 
 slightly north of east, draining the central portion of the town- 
 
 * ship. A portion of Section 12 is also submerged by a large lake. 
 
 9, 
 
 69. 
 
 The surface soil consists of about 5 inches of black loam over clay. 
 The Fort Pitt cart trail passes through the southern and central 
 portions, from Sections 7 to 12. This township is suitable for 
 agricultural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Is hilly, and broken by swamps and lakes, and is 
 covered with small poplar and willow scrub. The soil is a good 
 sandy loam.—A. F’. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling country, broken by several lakes of consider- 
 able size, the largest of which is Floating Stone Lake. The timber 
 is principally small poplar, a great deal of which is dead, while the 
 lakes are all fringed with spruce and alittle tamarac. A few 
 
 . openings, covered ‘with low scrub, occur. The soil is a good sandy 
 
 loam. Some Indians have built houses, and are living near 
 Floating Stone Lake.—A. F’. Cotton, 1884. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. — 
 RANGE XII. 
 
 Outlines:—West, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil. A deep- 
 ravine, traversed by a small creek flowing eastward, is intersected. - 
 in Section 7; also. a small marsh in 6. No wvod.—F. W. Arm- 
 strong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil. In the 
 
 north, Chin Coulée crosses the township, and further south, in 
 same section, there are low hills. A small creek in 18. No wood. 
 —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. ! 
 
 %. Outlines —West, rolling land. Soil, a sandy loam. In the south: 
 
 & 
 
 10, 
 
 ii, 
 
 half of Section 6 Chin Coulée was crossed.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling land, with a sandy loam soil. Trail to 
 Fort Walsh enters on Section 7.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines—West, rolling land, with a sandy loam soil. A small 
 
 creek crosses the line in Section 6.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, broken, on Sections 12 and 18, by the: 
 Forty-Mile Coulée and Yellow Lake. For a couple of miles north: 
 of the lake the land falls southward, and is rather stony. Soil, 
 principally sandy loam. Class 2 throughout.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 South, fine level prairie, covered with rich grass and flowers, 
 the soil being a friable sandy loam, without stones.—O. J. Klotz, 
 1883. | | 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally a rolling prairie. Soil, alluvial brown. 
 loam, 12 inches deep, on a subsoil of sand and clay, and on the 
 ridges stony and gravelly. The land is good for farming pur- 
 poses. There is no wood, but the proximity of coal will supply 
 this want for fuel purposes —C. LeBer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling land, with a sandy loam soil. A small 
 lake, having cut banks, in Section 7, and a trail to Medicine Hat 
 in 18. -No wood on line-—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 East, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam. Class 2. The 
 McLeod trail crosses on Section 25, thence south-west. Neither 
 water nor timber.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy loam of 12 
 inches, on a subsoil of clay and sand. Class 2, except the north- 
 west, which is rather sandy. Good farming soil, except for its. 
 dryness. No wood; but for the purposes of fuel coal may be 
 obtained from the mines not far distant. Water, generally, is. 
 scarce, except in a long fresh-water lake which crosses Sections 
 7, 8,9, 10, 2 and 8, and extends into the adjoining townships 
 south and west.—C. LeBer, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—East, the South Saskatchewan River flows through 
 this township from Section 7 to 24 and 18. Both these Sections. 
 
yan 
 
 43 
 
 x 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XII. 147 
 
 ‘are more or less broken by the river banks, the latter being very 
 rough and uneven throughout. There is plenty of good coal in 
 this vicinity. Therest of the country is rolling prairie. The 
 soil is principally sandy loam, and class 2, with some third class 
 occurring at intervals, south of the river.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Generally undulating prairie, except in the 
 vicinity of the Saskatchewan River, which courses across the 
 township through Sections 7, 8, 9, i6, 15, 28, 24 and 18, giving 
 the similar features to the neighboring country as in Township 
 12, this range. The river is also about the same size as there 
 stated, but possesses higher banks--in places, 200 feet. The soil 
 south of the river is dry and sandy. Classes 2 and 8. North of 
 the river it is much better, being clay and clay loam, with but 
 little surface water.—L. Grondin, 18883. 
 
 . Outlines—North, Sections 36, 85 and 84 are rolling prairie. Soil, . 
 
 clay loam. In Section 383 the line descends into the valley of 
 Bow River, which is from 6 to 8 chains wide here. The valley 
 is not more than 70 feet deep, and in a great number of places 
 the country is sloping gradually towards the river.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1882. 
 
 Kast boundary, rolling prairie, with sandy loam soil. Class — 
 2. The Bow River flows southward through this township, 
 entering the north-west corner of Section 33 and leaving near the 
 south-west corner of 7.—J. G. Sing, 1883. 
 Sub-division—The Bow River courses across this township, 
 entering at Section 33 and going south as far as 8, where it takes 
 a bend and leaves the township at Section 7. The land in the 
 vicinity of the river is broken and stony; the banks in some 
 places are 120 feet high, and entered by ravines running into the 
 
 - adjoining country. The river is about 5 feet deep and 300 to 450 
 
 ° 
 
 feet broad. The country back from the river isan undulating 
 prairie, with a clay and clay loam soil. Classes 1 and 2. Beyond 
 the river water is scarce, and there is no wood.—L. S. E. Grondin, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and east, unbroken, rolling prairie. Wood and 
 water scarce.—J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 
 Section 7 is broken by coulées running into the valley of 
 the Bow River, which is about 60 chains east of the west line, 
 and running in a southerly direction. Section 30 gradually des- 
 cends into the valley of the Bow River, which is flowing south- 
 easterly.. On the north side of the river coal is to be seen crop- 
 ping out of the bank in seams about 8 inches in depth. The 
 first three south sections are rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam. In 
 the fourth section lies the valley of the Bow River. Generally, 
 the country is sloping gradually towards the river—.C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. | ME 
 
 Sub-division.—Northwards and eastwards the township is | 
 gently undulating ; southwards it is very much broken with 
 ravines running to the Bow River, which courses over Sections 
 30, 19, 20, 17, 8, 7, 6, 5 and 4, an has and average width of about 
 ‘700 feet. In the last two sections a large island is formed in the 
 
 10* 
 
148 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range Xi 
 
 14, 
 
 DS he Ee eee Ree NS Maner rh 
 
 river, the soil of which is deep and fertile. The soil in the centre- 
 and east is deep and rich, and admirable agricultural land. There 
 is no wood, hay or meadow land or marshes.—J. Warren, 1888. 
 
 Outlines Section 6 is undulating, and 7, 18,19, 30 and 31 are 
 rolling prairie. Soil, light and sandy, and in some places a large 
 percentage of gravel.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 North, east and south, rolling prairie. Neither wood nor 
 
 water. Soil dry and grass stunted.—J. A. Maddosk, 1882. 
 
 Hd. 
 
 Sub-division—The general surface of the township is undu- 
 lating, with a few hills in the south-east. Soil, clay loam, of an ~ 
 average depth of 3 inches upon a clay subsoil. Class 2. Water 
 is very scarce and the soil somewhat dry, and crops would be 
 stunted in dry season. No wood.—J..Warren, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, generally level, with places slightly undulating. 
 Small sloughs in Sections 31 and 32. To the east, the township is 
 rolling. This line intersects a dry slough, over one mile long, in 
 
 _ Sections 12 and 13. There is no wood in the township, and very 
 
 16, 
 
 ivA 
 
 little surface water.—J. A. Maddock, 1882. 
 Level prairie westwards, with the exception of a stony val- 
 ley in the south-west. Great scarcity of water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a hard clay, sandy and 
 dry. The grass is poor, short and thin. Surface water is scarce, 
 and there is no wood of any kind, and no settlers—F. Lynch- | 
 Staunton, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.--North and west it is level prairie, with great scarcity 
 of water. Sandy loam soil, and some scrub.——O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 East, the country is slightly undulating. There are marshes 
 in Sections 1 and 25, that in the latter section is quite exten- 
 sive, but, being shallow, dries up early. The soil is a sandy loam. 
 ——J. A. Maddock, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Almost all rolling prairie. Soil, a hard, dry, 
 sandy clay, with a poor thin crop of grass only a few inches high, 
 except in the bottoms of the hilly portion, where tolerable grazing 
 may be found. ‘There are some marshes, but all poor water. No. 
 wood, and no settlers. The C.P.R. crosses the north-east corner.— 
 F.. Lynch-Staunton, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.— W estwards, the prairie is level, becoming undulating 
 toward the north. The soil is sandy loam, with clay subsoil—cac- 
 tus and sage brush occurring throughout. The south is level, dry 
 prairie, with a sandy loam soil.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 East, undulating prairie, interspersed with numerous sloughs. a 
 
 Soil, a good sandy loam.—H. C. Denny, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Nearly all level prairie, and very suitable for — ; 
 
 farming purposes. The soil is partly a clay and partly a sandy 
 loam. Class 2. Numerous sloughs occur in this township, but 
 most of them dry up as the summer advances. Water is good 
 only in the large marshes. The C. P, R. and the Medicine Hat 
 and Calgary trail cross the township through Sections’2, 3, 10,9, 
 16, 7,18 and 19.—Z. Gosselin, 1888. : 4 
 
a 
 
 Thsenships West of. Fourth Initial Meridian, —Range XII. 149 
 
 18. Outlines.—West, the prairie is level, becoming undulating toward. 
 
 the north. The soil is sandy loam. with clay subsoil—cactus and 
 sage brush occurring throughout. A creek on Section 31, and 
 small scattered marshes throughout.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. | 
 Kast, rolling prairie, with numerous sloughs, most of which 
 are dry insummer. The soil is good sandy loam.—H. C. Denny, 
 1882. 
 Sub-division—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, sandy 
 
 loam, with a few sections of clay loam. Classes 2 and 8. Numer- 
 
 ous sloughs, having good water, may be found in early summer, 
 but many of them dry up later on. One of these sloughs covers. 
 
 - most of Section 36. Norunning streams, and no wood.—L. Gosse- 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 lin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The land to the west is all third class.—T. Drummond, 
 1882 
 
 East, undulating and dry prairie.—J. Bignell, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, mostly 
 a sandy loam, and class 3, the south part being very dry and stony. 
 A number of marshes may be found in early and mid-summer, 
 but dry shortly after. On Sections 13 and 14a pond of 81 acres 
 (September area) occurs, containing fresh water. The Little Sand 
 Hills Creek crosses Sections 32, 33, 34 and 35, and a gully, 40 feet 
 deep, Section 36.—L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Ouilines—The land along the north boundary is too much broken 
 for agricultural purposes. The ravines are very numerous, with 
 precipitous banks, about 400 feet high. Along the west boundary 
 the land is all third class One-Tree Creek crosses the line in 
 Section 31, and in the vicinity of this creek the soil is very sandy. 
 —T.. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 East, prairie ; northern half much broken by ravines. A few 
 also appear in Sections 1 and 2. A marsh, about 20 chains wide, 
 in northern half of Section 36. No wood, and water scarce.—J. 
 Bignell, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —Level and undulating by turns. Soil, clay and 
 sandy loams. Class 3. In the east there are large gullies or ravines, 
 from 50 to 150 feet deep, running some eight miles southward. 
 These are a great obstacle to farming in that portion. Late in the 
 summer water becomes very scarce, and is only to be found in the 
 pools of Little Sandy Hills Creek, between Sections 32 and 33.— 
 L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The land in this township, along the west meridian, is 
 second class, and in the south it is broken, ay and worthless.— 
 dh Drummond, 1882. 
 
 . The Red Deer valley cuts up a large area of this baoehie: 
 making it unfit for settlement. However, portions of the north- 
 east and south-west quarters consist of good open, undulating 
 prairie. Some cottonwood grows in the river valley. Parts?of 
 the valley are well adapted for grazing purposes.—C. F. Miles, 
 $oaee0 |. 
 
 The Red Deer River runs through this township, with pre- 
 cipitous banks of, sandstone, about 400 feet higk cut up by the 
 103* 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XII. 
 weather. Numerous belts and patches, frequently covering an 
 area of over half a square mile, composed of cottonwood, in sizes 
 up to 24 inches diameter, grow along the river; also a few small 
 poplar, with scrub of cherry, sarvis berry, &c., &c A few deep 
 coulées on the north side of the river.—A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—The Red Deer River enters Section 33, runs 
 south and then south-easterly, leaving by Section 12. A large 
 portion of the river here lies in the Dead Lodge Canon, described 
 
 ' in Township 21, Range 11, and the features there mentioned are 
 
 28. 
 
 similar to those here, the whole being a perfect chaos of deep, — 
 precipitous gulches, and rounded bare clay and _ projecting 
 sandstone surfaces. The river, in its course, receives two tribu- 
 taries from the south, known as the One-Tree and Sand Hill 
 Creeks, which, in their turn, run in deep, sinuous and precipitous 
 gullies, from 150 to 200 feet under prairie level and, approaching 
 
 the river, form into extensive washouts and counter ravines of 
 
 a similar character to those of the main river. The township is 
 almost useless for farming, except where the soil is not disturbed, 
 in Sections 5, 8, 80, 23, 24, 25, 26, 835 and 36, where portions, fairly 
 level, with a sandy loam soil, supporting an average crop of 
 grass, are to be found.—J. A. Snow, 1882. 
 
 . Outlines—Northwards and eastwards it is rolling prairie, well 
 
 watered by sloughs, the water of which is only slightly alka- 
 line. For agricultural purposes this part of the township may be 
 ranked as second class. Soil, clay loam to heavy clay. A fine 
 stream of fresh water—Berry Creek—runs nearthe north and east 
 side.—A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 The soil in the west is second class. The Red Deer River 
 crosses the line in Section 7, where the banks slope gradually 
 down to the river, and are only about 50 feet high. At this place 
 there is an old crossing of the river. North of the river the line 
 crosses, in Section 18, a well-beaten cart trail to the forks of the 
 Red Deer and South Saskatchewan Rivers. In Section 30 the line 
 crosses a creek with running water. North of the river the land 
 is third class.—T. Drummond, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is beautifully undulating. Soil, 
 a good sandy loam on a clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 8. The Red 
 Deer River passes through the south-eastern sections 7, 8, 9 and 4. 
 In this township the river banks are not over 100 feet high, and 
 slope to the river valley. On Section 8 are the remains of an old 
 fort or trading post of the Hudson Bay Company, and immediately 
 above it an excellent river ford. A fine tributary, Berry Creek, 
 joins the river in Section 4. This creek is about 70 feet wide, 1 to 
 
 3 feet deep, and hasafine gravelly bottom, clear, fresh water, and — ; 
 
 is well stocked with fish. This stream crosses the township from 
 the north, and is forked, in Section 26, by a tributary. Both of 
 
 these streams meander through the township in a valley from one- 4 
 
 half to one mile wide, with easy sloping banks. On the whole, 
 this township is an inviting one for settlement.—J. A. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West, surface gently-rolling. Soil, light sandy loam, _ 
 10 to 12 inches deep ; subsoil, loamy clay, hardeued. Many ponds 
 of brackish water.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. | me 
 
24, 
 
 26. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XII. 151 
 
 East and south, rolling prairie, watered by numerous sloughs, 
 slightly alkaline. Berry Creek flows through this township, 
 passing close to the north-east corner. Soil ranges from a clay 
 loam to a heavy clay, and rates class 2—A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —At the time of survey (July) terry Creek and 
 its tributaries contained an abundance of water. These skirt the 
 township on the east, south and west, but surface water is scarce 
 in the central and northern parts. The soil is a fair sandy loam, 
 varying from 2 to 20 inches deep, on aclay subsoil, and, no doubt, 
 in a moist climate, would produce fine crops. No wood.—J. A. 
 Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west, surface generally rolling. Soil, sandy 
 loam, 10 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, hard clay and sand. No. 
 water. In the west there are some small meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 
 1882. 
 
 Rolling prairie, pretty well watered by numerous sloughs,. 
 the water of which is only slightly alkaline. For agricultural 
 purposes the township may be classified as second class. The soil. 
 is clay loam to heavy clay.—A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly undulating or level. Soil, sandy loam, 
 from 1 to 20 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Class 8. One small 
 stream or branch of Berry Creek winds through Sections 6, 8, 1%, 
 20, 29, 82and 38. This stream was dry, except in pools, where: 
 the water is good. No wood.—-J. A. Snow, 18838. 3 
 
 . Outlines.—West and east, undulating, open prairie. In Section. 
 
 6 Berry Creek was crossed twice, and again in 80.- Sandy and 
 clay loam soil. A fair supply of water in the south, but scarce. 
 towards the neorth.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 South, rolling. Soil, sandy loam; subsoil, hard clay and 
 sand. Water scarce—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie, with a few deep sloughs of 
 fresh water. Berry Creek—fresh water—passes through the 
 north-west corner. The soil is principally a yellow loam on a 
 clay subsoil. Class 2. Vegetation is thick and long, and the . 
 supply of water inexhaustable. It is a good grazing township.—. 
 G. E. MacMartin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines —All undulating prairie. Very little water in the west 
 and in the east. Only a small creek and a small marsh on Section 
 13. No wood.—C. F. Miles, 18838. | | 
 Sub-division—Mostly rolling prairie. The western portion 
 is considerably broken by Berry Creek, which contains good water, 
 and plenty of it. The sloughs contain fresh water. The soil is 
 composed of yellow and clay loam, of a depth of from 4 to 8 inches, 
 on a very hard clay subsoil, and rates class 2, with some class 3. 
 No wood, except some small willow on the creek. It is a capital 
 township for grazing—water and feed being abundant.—G. E. 
 
 Mac Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—High, undulating prairie. Berry Creek runs southerly 
 through the township. On or about Section 22, in the valley of 
 the creek, is situated Stone Pile Hill, having a commanding view, 
 
Co MN iH, ACIS MRE ALGO hoa LN Aa iL 
 PAH abe ys tht ‘ \ 
 gh a | 4 
 
 152 
 
 28. 
 
 29 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridtan—Range XII. 
 
 and around the east side of which skirts the reek. The soil is 
 clay loam, second class.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—In the north, rolling and undulating. Fewer marshes 
 than the more easterly townships. Soil, clay loam, generally class 
 1. Good farming land. Some cactus. No wood. All water fresh. 
 T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Undulating and rolling prairie. Clay loam, with clay sub- 
 soil. Berry Creek meanders south-westerly through the south-east 
 corner.—C. F. Miles, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and undulating prairie. Clay loam soil; clay 
 
 subsoil. Class 2, except a portion at the south-east corner, which 
 
 is class 8. A creek, in a valley about 20 chains wide and 50 feet 
 deep, passes through the north-east corner.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 South, rolling prairie. The soil is good, while the ponds and 
 
 - marshes afford fresh water.— JT. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 30 
 
 w 
 
 7 
 
 B2 
 
 83. 
 
 B84 
 
 35. 
 
 36 
 
 ye 
 
 Outiines—Undulating prairie. Clay loam soil ; clay subsoil. Class 
 2. T'wo creeks pass through this township. One coming from the 
 north-west leaves the township near the south-east corner, and 
 
 the other crossing the meridian in Section 19 runs south-east. 
 
 Both run in valleys from 30 to 60 feet in depth, and have a slight 
 fringe of willow along their banks. The water has but slight indi- 
 cations of alkali.—J. AK. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating to level prairie. Clay loam soil; clay sub- 
 soil. A small creek passes through this township, entering in 
 Section 31. Excepting a large flat in the north-east, which is class 
 3, this township is class 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—North, gently-rolling prairie, with a second or third 
 class soil. A branch of Berry Creek, flowing south-east, in Section 
 
 34, and a marsh about three-quarters of a mile wide in 35 and 36, 
 
 are intersected by this line. No wood.—Z£. Bray, 1883. 
 Rolling prairie. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2. 
 —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating to rolling prairie, very stony in places. 
 Classes 2 and 3—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating to rolling prairie. Stony clay loam soil; 
 clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 3. A muddy lake extends about two 
 and a-half miles into the north-east portion. —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Ouilines.—Rolling prairie. Clay loam soil, clay subsoil. Class 2. 
 —J. K. McLean, 1884. | i 
 
 Outlines.—North, open, undulating prairie, interspersed with 
 
 ponds and grass swamps, with occasional alkaline spots. Soil is — 
 
 first class, generally, although here and there are spots of second 
 class land —T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Rolling prairie. Sand loam and clay loam soil; clay subsoil. a 
 
 Classes 1 and 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outiines.—Westwards, undulating prairie, with a sandy loam 
 soil. Dry watercourses in Sections 6, 18, 30 and 31, those in 
 30 passing through deep ravines. In 31 a creek, in a bottom 
 
 about 40 chains wide, was only standing pools of water, there 
 
38. 
 
 a9, 
 
 4a 
 
 42, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range X11. 158 
 
 ‘being no current. Soil, first-class. No wood.—F. C. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Kastwards, rolling prairie. Ravines, traversed by creeks, 
 which dry up early, were crossed in Sections 12 and 25; also a 
 small marsh in 24. Wood and water scarce.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 As seen from the southern boundary, the surface appeared to 
 be undulating, and without wood. There are a number of ponds 
 and grass swamps, and some indications of alkali. The soil is 
 first-class, with some patches of second-class.—T7. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, undulating prairie. Some large spruce in ravine - 
 and on south bank of creek in 31. Soil in southern section is 
 first-class ; towards the north second and third-class, being of a 
 sandy loam. Ravinesin 6 and 81; also, an old cart trail in north 
 of 18. A branch of Battle River was crossed three times in 81, 
 banks being 150 feet high at some points.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 Kast, open, rolling prairie, crossed by a small tributary of 
 Battle River. Depot trail in Section 86 and a small lake in 24. 
 The centre of Section 1 is broken by a dry creek bed. Small hills 
 appear here, and bush on hills south of creek in 86.—ZL. R. Ord, 
 18838. d 
 
 Outlines.— West, undulating prairie in south; north is much bro- 
 ken by Battle River, having banks 250 feet high. Soil, a sandy 
 loam in south, class 1, but in the north is rated class 3. Battle 
 River crosses line three times in Section 30. Marshes in 6 and 1. 
 Poplar and willow.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 East, rolling, scrubby prairie. Sections 1, 12, 13 and 24 are 
 hilly, with several ravines. Battle River is intersected by this 
 line in Sections 1 and 12.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, the land is rolling and partially wooded, with 
 
 scattered bluffs of small poplar. There are some large lakes.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 West, slightly-undulating prairie, with a sandy loam soil 
 Class 1. Sections 80 and 31 are an alkaline flat. There are several 
 small marshes in 7, 18and 19. Small poplar and clumps of willow. 
 —CO. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with poplar bluffs in north and small scrub 
 in south. Small sloughs in Sections 18 and 25. Soil of fair qua- 
 lity, and a sandy loam.—Z. R. Ord, 18%3. 
 
 Outlines.—EHast and west, gently-rolling prairie, nearly all open, 
 with a few bluffs in patches over the surface. The soil is of good 
 quality, generally a sandy loam, some 15 inches deep, with sandy 
 .0am subsoil in the eastern parts, changing to clay loam towards 
 the west. Class 1.—2L. R. Ord, 18838. 
 
 South, rolling, with scattered bluffs of small poplar. There 
 are some lakes. C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, for ‘the most part prairie, with a few scat- 
 tered bluffs of poplar, these increasing in number in the north- 
 
 ern sections. Soil, a good sandy loam, i5 inches deep, witha sandy 
 
 loam subsoil in the eastern parts. changing to clay loam towards 
 the west. Class 1—JLZ. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
© Ay Neck ALATA PERU aS GAD AU Pca PIOGABS BPS hak CA a tae iN 
 
 HEE ane TE NEE NS Sen NT eC PPG RTE WrgiE ha CSUR RO 
 2 yh MN iw ‘ vain UN tN tos MUNRO TER MR eden ve P51 
 
 s - Mi wh “fy tng pis (ta ' A Aye ho i Ney Saehiu % 
 
 154 
 43. 
 
 A, 
 
 45. 
 
 46, 
 
 4%. 
 
 48. 
 
 49. 
 
 50. 
 
 dl, 
 
 | Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XI. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling land, the southern half bluffy; woods and 
 prairie about equally divided. The timber is poplar, larger than 
 that in many of the ranges to the west, but only good for fuel. 
 The northern half is open prairie. The township is very dry, 
 with but few sloughs and ponds, and the soil light and sandy. 
 Ranks below class 1.—4. R. Ord, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating and rolling prairie. Thesoil is gen- 
 erally first class.— 7’. Kains, 1883. | 
 Rolling prairie. Along the base line the country is wooded 
 with bluffs of poplar, but the greater part of the township is open 
 plain. A creek flows across to the eastward, and a few ponds— 
 some of brackish water—dot the surface. Though there is some 
 good land along the base line, and also scattered in patches, the 
 soil would not average above class 2, as the greater part of it is a 
 light sandy loam, in many places a sandy soil, and too dry to be 
 of value.—JZ. R. Ord, 1883. ui a 
 
 Outlines.—Is high, undulating, and much broken by lakes an 
 ponds. The soil is a sandy loam, about 6 inches in depth, with 
 clay subsoil._—J. J. McArthur, 1883. | 
 
 South, undulating and rolling. Soil, first class—T. Kains, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—A good portion of this township lies in the Rolling 
 Hills. The country is very broken, and dotted with lakes and 
 ponds. The north sides of the hills are more or less densely 
 wooded. The soil is good and the grasses luxuriant.—J. J. 
 McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Very undulating, and broken by ponds and lakes. 
 Poplar bluffs are numerous. The soil is good and the pasturage 
 excellent.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Very undulating, and broken by ponds and lakes, 
 Poplar bluffs are numerous. The soil is good and the pasturage 
 excellent.—J. J. McArthur, 18838. 3 
 
 Outlines.—Is an undulating country, with a fine sprinkling of 
 small bluffs of poplar. About the middle of this township there 
 is a small creek running nearly north, which, after passing 
 through some large ponds, empties itself into a large lake in 
 Township 50. The soil isa good sandy loam; subsoil clay.— 
 A. F. Cotton, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines—The southerly tier of sections is rolling and sloping 
 to the north. A large lakeis met with at the extreme north of 
 Section 1. This lake covers more than one-half of this township. 
 The water is some 10 or 15 feet above the level of former years, as- 
 the tops of dead poplar appear far out in the water. It is, no 
 doubt, caused by beaver having dammed upthe outlets. Many 
 ponds in the vicinity exhibit the same peculiarity. The norti 
 of this lake is well timbered.— A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —All rolling prairie, with timber all along the western ae 
 
 line, and numerous ponds and small lakes along both eastern and 
 
 western lines. Ponds in Section 6, 7 and 30, A small creek im p 
 
52. 
 
 O ianushens West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XII. 155. 
 
 northern part of 31. Sections 1 and 12 are almost entirely sub- 
 
 -merged by an arm of a large lake; 24, 25 and 86 are much broken 
 
 by lakes and ponds, and also by a marsh in 25. Wood is plentiful 
 in 24, 25 and 36, and in the south of |.—M. Deane, 1883. ; 
 
 Outlines.—All rolling land, with timber and scrub, but more dense 
 
 in the east. Several ponds were crossed, and in Sections 30 and 
 
 31 acouple of small lakes. In Sections 18 and 31 creeks cross the 
 west line. In the east ponds are numerous, and small lakes in 
 Sections 13, 24, and on line between 25 and 26; marshes in 18 
 
 ~ and 36; also trails in 12 and 36.—M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 56. 
 
 Outlines.—Sections 36, 35 and 84 are thickly timbered with pop- 
 lar, and with patches of spruce in places. The soil is fair. Sec- 
 tions 33, 32 and 31 are very rough, and nearly all covered with 
 poplars and broken by high hills —G. B. Abrey, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is rolling prairie, with bluffs of 3 to 8-inch poplar 
 and high grey willow. The Snake Hills—which occupy a con- 
 siderable portion of Sections 17 and 20—lie in a direction about 
 north-east and south-west. Across the valley from these—about 
 one mile and a half distant—there is another range of hills run- 
 ning in a similar direction and covering a small portion of the 
 township south of the Victoria cart trail. The Saskatchewan. 
 River runs in a south-east direction through Sections 18, 8 and 4, 
 and is joined in its course by Saddle Lake Creek, which drains 
 the central portion of the township. A Government farm is 
 situate on this creek, in Sections 84 and 35; an Indian storehouse 
 is situate upon the river, in Section 18, and there are a number of 
 Indian houses in Section 39. The larger portion is suitable for agri- 
 cultural purposes, the soil consisting of about 6 inches of black 
 loam over clay. The Victoria and Saddle Lake trail passes. 
 through the north-western portion. The country is well watered 
 by small lakes and creeks, in the neighborhood of which scat- 
 tered spruce timber may be found.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 , Outlines.—Is generally rolling, with the exceptions of a few sec- 
 
 tions, which are of a more hilly nature. Is an open country, with 
 bluffs of 4 to 8-inch poplar, and high grey willow, and is well 
 watered by large lakes and running streams. The chief body of 
 water is Saddle Lake, which covers a large portion of Sections 11, 
 12,18 and 14, and a small portion of Section 15. This lake is. 
 fed at its north-westerly limit by a creek passing through the 
 central portion of the township, from Section 19, and is drained 
 by Tail Creek, at its eastern extremity, and another creek running 
 through Sections 11 and 12 towards the Saskatchewan. Portions. 
 of Sections 30 and 81 are also submerged by lakes. A cart trail 
 to Fort Pitt runs east across the township from Section 7. 
 Another from Victoria to Whitefish Lake crosses from Section 3: 
 to 80, with a branch passing through Sections 2 and 11, and 
 joining the Fort. Pitt trail in Section 12. This is a first class 
 agricultural township, the soil consisting of from 2 to 10 inches. . 
 of black loam over clay. There is a small settlement, with 
 several improved farms, along Saddle Lake Creek, in and about. 
 Section 11.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 y Ry peal ; H fre 1 Y 
 Wry ; eed, 
 
59, Outlines, Totes a sole: ouaeey: covered wie aren popldn 
 
 60, Outlines.—Is high-rolling country. In Range 12, Sections 31 and — 
 
 a few small openings. A great many lakes and ponds occur ; 
 this township. The soil is a fair sandy loam.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 82, lies the south end of Reed Lake, which is about two and- a-half i 
 
 miles long by two miles broad. West of the lake the timberis __ 
 thick, though none of it measures more than 6 or 8 inches in 
 diameter. East of the lake the country is hilly, but more open. 
 The timber is small; the soil is a good sandy loam. A few 
 Indians have built in the north-east corner —A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
m4 ie at Vila” She Be Pe lee ig Mel Sten FE SOA gl te "a or EE Ia gee ie Malar UTD AED OE a ee TAR hs Lear i AO he A ay a Pere iN vee ee le ‘Or 
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 AP SN a Tae Pathe OE i A cM ae TL lc 1 SAS ao A Re a IVa Maer iy he Eee nue HRM gna OA Mn GPU A 
 PAs ee! : UMM EE co gv 2 gaat 4 nll had spo ie i A Nc eT PaaS ia 1AM! me \ : ; 
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 ED 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RanGE XIII 
 
 - Outlines.—West and east, rolling land; sandy loam soil. A 
 
 marshy valley in Sections 7 and 18; also a small ravine in 19. A 
 deep ravine and small creek in Section 12; also a small marsh in 
 1. No wood anywhere.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 South, dry, undulating prairie, somewhat stony; grass short ; 
 
 _Yavines in Sections 2 and 3.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 » Outlines.— West and east, rolling. Soilis sandy loam. No surface 
 
 water in the west. On the east, in Section 18, the line crosses a 
 small creek, and in 36 runs into Chin Coulée.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West and east, rolling prairie. Soil is sandy loam. 
 Chin Coulée crosses the south from Section 7to 1. In Section 6 
 is a small creek.—F.. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines—West and east, rolling prairie. Soil isasandy loam. 
 
 The Fort Walsh trail was crossed in Sections 12 and 7. No wood, 
 
 and water scarce.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 North, level prairie, with a fair sandy loam soil. A small 
 
 clear-water pond was crossed in Section 35.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines —The west side consists of a very dry, rolling prairie, and 
 
 a soil of very light sandy loam, which bakes very hard. On the 
 west line, in Section 19, is a long narrow lake, in a deep gully, 
 which was taken to be the head waters of Forty Mile-Coulée. 
 Soil in many places stony. In the south-east corner there is a 
 creek.— F. W. Armsirong, 1888. 
 
 South, level prairie, with a fair soil of sandy loam.—oO. J. 
 Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division —Rolling prairie, generally. Soil, a dark brown 
 loam, of about 12 inches deep, on a sand and clay subsoil. Stony 
 
 and gravelly on the ridges and hill tops. This township is fairly 
 
 20, 
 
 adapted for farming purposes. Water is scarce. An alkaline lake 
 occurs on Sections 19 and 20. There is no wood, but a coal seam 
 is exposed on the north boundary of Section 23.—C. Le Ber, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east,is a very dry, rolling country. Soil, 
 very sandy.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.— Rolling prairie. Soil—in the south—a sandy 
 loam, of 12 inches, on a clay and sand subsoil; in the north, a 
 rather poor sandy loam. The southern partis only good for farm- 
 ing. Water is scarce, except in the south-east, where the lake 
 referred to in No. 10 of Range 12 crosses Section 12. Thereis no © 
 wood, but this lack is compensated for by coal deposits not far 
 
 -distant.—C. LeBer, 1888. 
 
RRR ORNS 1 4t4)) oy Plas Eine SLE A 
 
 158 
 At, 
 
 Townships West of the Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XIII. 
 
 Outlines. —This township is very broken by Belly and Bow Rivers, 
 
 which have their confluence in it, and form the South Saskatche- 
 wan River. . There is a little timber at the mouth of Big Bow 
 River. The land is all very light and rolling, with surface stone. 
 On the north side of the South Saskatchewan, in some of the 
 large, deep coulées, there are strong indications of coal. The 
 river here flows in a valley which is 300 feet deep and about 
 half a mile broad.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The Bow River enters this township by Sec- 
 tion 35, courses southwards and then eastwards, leaving by 12. 
 It is a fresh stream, of various depths—from 4 to 8 feet—and has a 
 good current. Its banks are of different heights, ranging from 
 100 to 200 feet. Itis joined, in Section 27, by the Belly River, 
 
 which enters the township between 18 and 19, and pursues a 
 
 12, 
 
 is. 
 
 very meandering course up to the junction. The township is. 
 gently-undulating, except along the rivers, where it is greatly 
 broken. The soil is generally a clay loam of good quality, and 
 
 —especially south of the river—is very suitable for agriculture. — 
 
 Along the northern tier of sections it is very sandy and arid. 
 Surface water is scarce beyond the river, and there is no wood, 
 except in patches near the rivers and along their banks. This 
 wood is only fit for fuel—JL. Grondin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the first four sections are rolling prairie. Soil, 
 
 clay loam. The remaining two sections are light and gravelly.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1882. ; : 
 
 Is very rolling, with sandhills scattered over it. Some few 
 sloughs. A corner of it is cut off by Bow River. No timber.— 
 FF. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The Bow River crosses the south-east corner — 
 
 sections. It has here low banks, with good land in the vicinity. 
 The surface of the country is generally undulating, with a clay 
 loam soil, rather dry, but good and suitable for agriculture. There 
 is very little surface water, and no wood of any kind.—L. Grondin, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines. —North, hilly and flat land; broken and stony. The soil 
 
 is grey clay. The Bow River flows along the northern part of 
 
 this township, crossing the line in Section 35, twice in Section 
 34 and twice in 33. In Sections 35 and 36 coal seams were found 
 in the steep clay banks. In the west the surface is rolling prairie. 
 The soil is a grey clay. The grass throughout is short. No water, 
 except at Bow River.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 __. East, Section 12 is broken by coulées running east into the 
 valley of the Bow River. In Section 25 the line descends into 
 
 the valley. On the north side of the river coal may be seen crop- 
 ping out of the bank in seams about 3 inches in depth.—C. A, 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 are rolling prairie, and have a clay loam 
 soil. Sections 5 and 6 have a light and gravelly soil. C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The Bow River enters on Section 81, crosses- 
 
 the north boundary and finally leaves on 25. Depth in fall seasom 
 
44, 
 
 15, 
 
 16. 
 
 5 le 
 
 Tabnshins West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XIII, 169 
 
 about 4 feet, and current about 34 miles an hour. Seams of 
 anthracite coal, from 6 to 15 inches, are bared on its banks. The 
 general character of the township isa level prairie, of a sandy clay 
 soil, inclined to dryness. The banks of the river rise by two 
 terraces or plateaus, the surface of which is rich, and good for 
 agriculture.—J. I. Dufresne, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—All the boundaries, except the south which is very much 
 broken by the river, are rolling prairie. The soil is a grey clay. 
 The grass throughout is short. No water.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Going north, on the east line, Section 1is undulating prairie; 
 then the remaining sections are rolling prairie. Soil, light and 
 sandy, and in some places gravelly.—C. A Magrath, 1882 
 
 Sub-division—The Bow River enters the township along the 
 southern boundary and re-crosses to Township 18, on Section 31. 
 Seams of anthracite coal are exposed along its banks. The banks. 
 rise by plateaus or terraces about 100 feet above the river, and to 
 the rear of these the country is nearly level, except a large valley 
 in the south-east. The soil is a clayey sand, generally class 2.— 
 J. I. Dufresne, 1883. 
 
 Outlines. --Is a slightly rolling prairie. The soil, where good, isa 
 grey clay. A large portion of the township is sandy. There are 
 a few good sized sloughs, but dry.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Level prairie in the east, with the exception of a stony valley 
 in the south-east. Great scarcity of water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882, 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally an even surface, sloping gently 
 southwards. Towards the north there are hills of sand, and the 
 ground is rough, and covered with thick, coarse weeds and sage 
 bush. Large herds of antelopes inhabit these arid tracts. On the 
 remainder of the township the land is a hard, dry, sandy clay, the 
 grass poor, and there is no wood and no surface water, except 
 some small alkaline sloughs.—F. Lynch-Staunton, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Level prairie; great scarcity of water, and light soil 
 along the northern and eastern boundaries .—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Is aslightly-rolling prairie. The soil, where good, is a grey 
 clay. A large portion of the township is sandy. ‘here are a few 
 good sized sloughs, but dry —F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling or undulating prairie, with numerous 
 places —formerly slough-beds—where the soil seems impregnated 
 with alkaline matter. The grass is generally poor, and does not 
 even formasod. There is no wood, and no water, except in 
 some stagnant pools. The land is poor for agricultural purposes, 
 on account of the dryness of the seasons here, but may be suited 
 for potatoes better than cereals.—F. Lynch-Staunton, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, undulating prairie. Soil, class 2; fair but dry, 
 sandy loam. No water,—JL. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 East, level, becoming undulating toward the north. The 
 soil is sandy loam, with clay subsoil—cactus and sage brush 
 occurring throughout. South, dry prairie; short grass; soil, 
 light.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The C. P. R. station—Tilley—is situate on the 
 east boundary line. The surface is mostly level or undulating. 
 
iis Epes 8s Ts 
 
 160 
 
 «18. 
 
 PUL i ay A" 
 SO ans nie aE i Aa 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XIII, — 
 
 Soil, a sandy loam, on a clay subsoil. There are a few sloughs, 
 
 which, however, nearly all dry up as the season advances. On 
 parts of Sections 23, 24, 25, 26 and 36 the land is low, and some 
 of it wet, even in the middle of summer. The soil is a good 
 second class, and well suited for agricultural purposes.—T7. 
 Cheesman, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating prairie. Soil is a sandy loam, with 
 some clay loam, all class 2. Small clear-water pond in Section 36. 
 On the west the soil is clay. Water is scarce on both lines.—Z. 
 
 RR. Ord, 1882. 
 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 
 21, 
 
 East, level prairie, becoming undulating toward the north. 
 The soil is sandy loam, with cactus and sage brush.—O. J. Klotz, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is high-rolling and undulating 
 
 prairie, excepting Sections 2, 11, 14, 23 and 26, which are nearly 
 
 level. There are some sloughs or marshes of considerable dimen- 
 
 sions on Sections 18, i4, 23 and 26, and there are other smaller 
 
 ones scattered throughout, which dry up in summer. The soil is 
 
 a sandy and clay loam, on a stiff clay subsoil, and may be con- 
 dered class 2.— 7. Cheesman, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, undulating prairie. Soil, class 2; sandy loam ; 
 
 fair, but very dry. Water scarce. A couple of dry creek beds in 
 
 Section 7 and a small clear-water pond in Section 1.—Z. R. Ord, 
 1882. 
 
 Along the east boundary the land is all third class. Dry, 
 rolling and level prairie —T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The surface is slightly rolling and undulating. 
 Soil, clay loam, on a stiff, yellow clay subsoil. Class 2. The water 
 in the township is usually dry in the late summer, , and i is even 
 scarce 1n midsummer —7'. Cheesman, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —The soil northwards is fairly good, and is rated princi- 
 
 pally as second class. The west half of Section 32 and the east 
 of 81 arelow and wet. LEastwards, the land is all third-class. One- 
 
 Tree Creek crosses the line in Section 36, and along this creek the 
 
 soil is rather sandy.— T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Undulating prairie. Soil, class 2; a sandy loam, fair, but 
 
 shallow and dry. Little water.—L. R. Ord, 1882. 
 Sub-division—Hither level or gently-rolling prairie. Soil, 
 
 generally a sandy loam on a hard sand subsoil. Class 2. The few 
 
 watercourses in the township were dried up, with the exception 
 of occasional pools, at the time of survey (June). In Sections 31 
 
 and 32 there is a large wet marsh, and another in 30 and 29.— 
 
 T’. Cheesman, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—West, undulating and broken prairie. A creek in Sec- 
 tion 7, and.a spring creek, with two branches, in 19.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1883. 
 
 The land in this township, along the east meridian and the 
 southern sections, is fairly good, and is rated principally as second 
 class. Sections 5 and 6 contain an area of low, wet ground.— 
 T'. Drummond, 1882. | 
 
22. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIII. ~161. 2 
 
 Sub-division—Generally speaking, this is a poor township, 
 the soil being light, and strongly impregnated with alkaline 
 matter; while alkaline ponds, marshes and flats are very numer- 
 ous. No fresh water and no wood in the township.—F. Purvis, 
 1888. 
 
 Outlines-—West, rolling and broken prairie. The Red Deer River 
 enters in Section 6 and crosses the south of the township.—P. R. 
 A. Belanger, 1883. 
 
 On the east side the soil is second class. The Red Deer River 
 crosses the line in Section 12, where the banks slope gradually 
 and are only about 50 feet high. In Section 18 a well beaten cart 
 trail crosses to the forks of the Red Deer and South Saskatchewan. 
 In Section 25 is a creek with running water. North of the river 
 the land is third class —7. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—This is an average township. Berry Creek 
 flows through the north-west corner, in a valley nearly one mile 
 wide, which is excellent farming land. The Red Deer River flows 
 across the southern portion of the township, entering by Section 
 6 and leaving by Section 12. Its banks are fringed with scattered 
 bush and brush on the north, and scattered poplar and white 
 
 _ wood, with thick brush and scraggy timber, on the south. The 
 
 25. 
 
 islands in the river are covered with willow. The soil in the 
 valleys of both the Red Deer River and Berry Creek is a rich clay 
 loam on a sandy subsoil. Hunting Hill is a plateau 200 feet 
 above the river, and lies in the south-west corner.—F. Purvis, 
 1888. i | 
 
 Outlines.—West, undulating prairie. Water is scarce.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1883. 
 
 Eastwards, the surface is gently-rolling. Soil, light sandy 
 loam, 10 to 12 inches deep; subsoil of loamy clay, hardened. 
 Many ponds of brackish water.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is specially adapted for grazing, 
 the absence of large hay marshes being the only drawback The 
 central part is watered by Berry Creek, which flows in a southerly 
 direction. its valley is nearly a mile wide, and contains excellent 
 land, while the water is all that could be desired. The soil, 
 though light and sandy in places, would, under cultivation, pro- 
 duce good crops, particularly hay. The surface is all open, rolling 
 prairie.— F. Purvis, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.— North, surface gently-rolling. Soil, light sandy loam, 
 
 10 to 12 inches deep; subsoil, loamy clay, hardened. On the 
 eastern side there is a fine large fresh-water creek, 30 to 40 feet 
 wide, with large flow of water in it. The surface is rolling, and 
 the soil sandy loam. Some small meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 West, undulating prairie. Creeks cross the line in Sections — 
 6,7 and 80, all flowing in a south-eastern direction, all being 
 tributary to Dead Fish Creek, which courses through the westerly 
 tier of sections.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1888. - 
 
 Sub-divisions.— Well adapted for settlement, the soil being a 
 rich sandy loam, and well watered by Berry and Dead Fish 
 Creeks. Small fresh-water ponds and marshes are numerous. 
 
 iste ae Pi i ON eee toe bitte Slee det! aed e\i TO AA Eris balk a aN iy be - ‘aaa Bi Ciel Shp RPL 2 ig wl) AP. ay 
 as ae She ae oy ¥ b RIG AND of 4 ar RS) Yat cI at eps Shari ae 
 +4 ¢ 
 
162 
 
 fe) 
 ol 
 
 “26, 
 
 27, 
 
 28 
 
 29. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIII. 
 
 The water of Berry Creek, which courses over the south-easterly 
 sections, is good and pure, while that of Dead Fish Creek is 
 slightly alkaline. The surface of the township is undulating, and 
 there is no wood of any kind growing.—F Purvis, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines —All undulating prairie. Only a few small marshes on 
 
 the west line,and water scarce. In the east, in Section 1, Berry 
 Creek was crossed twice, and again in Section 25. This creek 
 flows along the easterly tier of sections, and contains good water. 
 —C. F. Miles, 1388. 
 
 The southern tier of sections is gently-rolling, and has a light 
 sandy loam soil on a loamy clay subsoil. Down the eastern tier 
 of sections there flows a fine creek of fresh-water, about 35 feet 
 wide. There are some small meadows scattered along the south- 
 ern boundary.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly rolling prairie. Soil, mostly a yellow 
 loam, class 2, and of a depth of from 4 to 10 inches, on a hard clay 
 subsoil. Two creeks—Dead Fish on the west, and Berry on the 
 east—cross the township. Both contain good water, of which 
 these is always an abundant supply in the latter. No wood. 
 Vegetation is good and water is plentiful, and the township 
 is altogether a superior one for grazing. The trail to Red Deer 
 Forks crosses Sections 38 to 36.—G@. E. MacMartin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— West and east, undulating prairie. Very little surface 
 water. Soil, a fair loam, class 2, over a subsoil of clay.—C F. 
 Miles, 1888. . 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, principally a yellow 
 loam, averaging 6 inches deep, on a hard and dry clay subsoil, and 
 where clay exists alone it is lumpy. No timber, and no surface 
 water, except in early summer. Although there is a scarcity o 
 surface moisture, yet late in summer there was still grass in 
 abundance, and the township might be rated class 2 for farming 
 or grazing.—G. EH. Mac Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines. —Undulating prairie, with a soil of clay loam, and clay 
 subsoil. Rates second class. A small creek in Section 6, and a 
 few marshes along the east.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam, - 
 18 inches deep, on subsoil of clay. Class 1,and where there are 
 scattered boulders, class 2. Several creeks in Section 31.—T 
 Fawcett, 1888. : 
 
 The west and east of this township consists of slightly undu- 
 lating and level prairie. A creek in Section 7; Muddy Lake and 
 a marsh in 18; the trail from Blackfoot Crossing to Battleford in 
 19; a creek in 30 and 31, and a small creek in 1. The north-west 
 is low and flat, with muddy ponds, emptying into Bull Pound 
 Creek. Cacti are numerous. The south half rates second class, 
 and the north-west, half second and half third class.—C. F. Miles, 
 1883. | 
 
 Outlines. — West and east, undulating and level prairie. A couple 
 of creeks, nearly dry, in Section 19. Several clear-water ponds 
 —one a large one—in 24. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2. 
 J. K. McLean, 1884. PS, 
 
30. 
 
 53 & 
 
 34, 
 
 35 
 
 36. 
 
 37. 
 
 : Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XIII. 163 
 
 Baath: the soil is good, with the surface gently-undulating, 
 while the ponds and marshes afford fresh water.— 7. Fawcett 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Classes 2 and 8. A coulée, with cut 
 clay banks, about 50 feet high, runs through the south-west por- 
 tion. This coulée, in which there is a small creek, is about one 
 and a-half miles wide, the bottom being very stony and devoid of 
 alluvial soil. Occasional outcroppings of sandstone were seen. 
 —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling and undulating prairie; clay loam soil; clay 
 subsoil. Class 2. In Section 36 the east line crosses a small 
 creek, but generally water is scarce.—J. K. McLean, 1884. — 
 
 2. Outlines—-North, gently-rolling prairie, with a fair soil. Creeks, 
 
 flowing south, cross the line in Sections 31, 34 and 36.—E. Bray, 
 18838. 
 
 Slightly rolling prairie ; clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class, 
 2. Several large clear-water ponds were crossed by the west line, 
 and the east line crosses creeks in Sections 25 and 36.—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines —Rolling prairie. The western portion class 2; the | 
 
 eastern, being very stony, class 3. Creeks and ponds in Sections 
 6, 19. 18 and 36.—J. A. McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, rolling; fair soil; creeks in Sections 1,3 and 6.— © 
 Es. Bray, 18838. 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie; clay loam soil; clay subsoil. The east- 
 ern portion is very stony, class 3; the western, class 2. In 
 Section 19 there is acut clay bank flat, without alluvial soil. 
 There are occasional small marshes, and a large clear-water pond 
 in Sections 6 and 7.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairies; loam and clay loam soil; clay sub- 
 soil. Class 2. A few small clear water ponds were crossed on. 
 both west and east lines, and in Section 13 an old cart trail—J. 
 K. McLean, 1884. 
 Outlines.—North, open,undulating prairie, interspersed with ponds. 
 and grass swamps, with occasional alkaline spots. Generally, the 
 soil is first class, although here and there are spots of second class. 
 Jand.—7. Kains, 1883. | | 
 Slightly rolling prairie. Numerous fresh-water ponds, fringed 
 with small willows. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2. Trail 
 from the Red Deer Forks to Edmonton was crossed in Section 7 
 —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —Is open,undulating prairie,somewhat broken by ravines, 
 running northerly. A creek, with standing pools of water, and 
 without any current, crosses and re-crosses the east boundary. 
 Another creek rises about the south-west quarter, and running 
 
 north-westerly, leaves this township in Section 18. Soil, mostly | 
 
 sandy loam, with clay subsoil. First class.—C. F. Miies, 1884. 
 The southern tier of sections are undulating prairie, with 
 many ponds and grass swamps, and occasionally patches of alkali. 
 11* 
 
164 
 
 38, 
 
 39. 
 
 40 
 
 e 
 
 Al, 
 
 42 
 
 aes 
 
 ; | Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIII. 
 
 The soil is first class, with some places that are second class.—T. 
 Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie, broken by creeks and ravines. 
 Bluffs of poplar on the south-east quarter. A creek, with broken 
 banks, runs along the northerly and westerly tier of sections, 
 easterly, into the Battle River, with banks about 150 feet high on 
 Section 86. An old trail runs south-easterly through the north- 
 east corner. Soil, sandy loam, with clay subsoil. First class.— 
 C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —Undulating prairie, much broken by ravines and 
 creeks, running into Battle River. Battle River runs south- 
 easterly through the north-east corner, about 250 feet below 
 prairie level—the immediate banks being about 20 feet above the 
 level of the river—which is about 100 feet wide. Soil, sandy 
 loam, with generally sandy subsoil. Second and third class.— 
 C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—In the north-eastern part the land is rolling, and par- 
 tially wooded with scattered bluffs of small poplar. In the 
 north-western part it becomes undulating, with scattered bluffs 
 of poplar. Soil, first class —C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Undulating prairie, dotted with poplar bluffs. The 
 Battle River runs south-easterly through the south half, 
 between banks about 200 feet high. The river level is about 15 
 feet below the river flat, which is timbered on the south side 
 with poplar. Deep ravines run in from both the north and the | 
 south. An old trail crosses the river in this township, the 
 water at the ford being about 5 feet deep at time of survey 
 (September).. Soil, sandy and clay loam, with sandy and clay 
 subsoil. First and second class.—C'. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie, with scattered bluffs of poplar 
 and brush. The soil is generally a clay loam, of fair quality, but 
 somewhat dry. Class 1—Z. R. Ord, 1888. : 
 
 South, Sections 1, 2 and 3 have a rolling surface, while Sec- 
 tions 4,5 and 6 are undulating. There are scattered bluffs of 
 poplar all along these sections, and the soil is generally a first 
 class one.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with scattered bluffs of poplar, thickest 
 in the north-east corner. Soil, sandy loam and, in places, clay 
 loam, 15 inches deep, with sandy and clay loam subsoil. Some- 
 what dry, but class 1—JZ. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. In the western part open, with patches 
 of brush, and in the northern sections a number of ponds and 
 sloughs. A tract, in which the blufis are more numerous, com- 
 mences about two miles from the western boundary, and extends 
 across the township eastward, where the bluffs, in places, form 
 almost continuous strips of woods, some of the trees attaining a 
 fair size. Soil, class 1—JLZ. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, undulating prairie and, towards the north-east, 
 
 rolling. A few grass swamps and ponds. A creek was crossed in 
 
Wo nchins West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIII, 165 
 
 Section 35, running south. The soil, though gravelly in some 
 places, with boulders of small size, is generally first class—T. 
 Kains, 1883. Be ace | | 
 
 Open, rolling prairie, with patches of small scrub and occa- 
 sional bluffs of young poplar in the west. The hollows are often 
 occupied by hay marshes and sloughs, and a creek from Range 14 
 crosses the northern part of the township. The soil of the west- 
 ern sections is a sandy loam, averaging 8 inches deep, with clay © 
 
  lom subsoil , but towards the eastern line it becomes more sandy, 
 
 and the vegetation is less luxuriant. This portion of the town- 
 ship is open, rolling prairie, with poor soil, but would suit for 
 grazing purposes, as there are flats of clay and stones in which, 
 though unfit for cultivation, the grass is rich. The land would 
 average class 2 for agricultural purposes.—ZL. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Is traversed by a creek flowing south-east to the Battle 
 River. The land is high and undulating. In the north part are 
 scattered bluffs of poplar. In the interior of the township are 
 several alkaline lakes. Soil, first class—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 The easterly ones of the southern tier of sections are rolling 
 prairie; the more westerly ones are undulating. There are afew 
 swamps and ponds. A creek, meandering south-easterly through 
 the township, leaves by Section 2, and is supposed join Battle 
 River. The soil is generally first class, with some gravelly places. 
 —T. Kains, 1883. 7 
 
 46. Outlines.—Is high and undulating, with many swamps. A creek 
 runs south through the west part of this township. There are 
 many scattered bluffs of poplar. Soil, first class—J. J. McArthur, 
 
 ys 1883. 
 
 4'7. Outlines—In the south-east part the land is undulating, with 
 swamps and scattered bluffs of poplar. The remainder forms part 
 of the Fifteen-Mile Plain, the soil of which is a stiff clay, with 
 scant vegetation.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 48. Outlines—North, prairie, with bluffs of small poplar and clumps 
 of willow. The line crosses a few marshes.—-C. A, Magrath, 1883. 
 Sections 1, 12, 18, 24 and 25 are well wooded with poplar. 
 The remainder of the township forms part of the Fifteen-Mile 
 Plain, the soil of which is a stiff clay, with scant vegetation.— 
 
 J. J. McArthur, 18838 : . 
 
 49, QOutlines—Is an almost level country, with scattered bluffs of 
 poplar and willow scrub, except the westerly tier of sections, 
 which form part of the Fifteen-Mile Plain, the soil of which isa 
 poorsandy loam. A coulée, 90 feet deep, crosses in Section 25 from 
 the west, and then turns north a few chains east of the meridian, 
 and continues this course through Section 31 of Township 49, 
 Range 12, where it turns east. In some places along this ravine 
 is some fair sized poplar, suitable for building purposes. The 
 
 _ soil is a good, dark sandy loam.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 50. Outlines.—Is rolling country, and broken by a few ravines run- 
 ning east into the large lake which lies in the easterly portion of 
 113* | ; 
 
 45 
 
 — an}, 
 toned ~e 
 pe , 
 
166 
 
 51. 
 
 32. 
 
 D3. 
 
 >4. 
 
 55. 
 
 56, 
 
 D7. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIII. 
 
 this township. The south half has scattered bluffs of poplar; - 
 while the northis thickly covered with small poplar. Sections: 
 
 6, 7 and 18 form part of the Fifteen-Mile Plain. The soil is a good’ 
 sandy loam; subsoil clay.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Timber both east and west. Ponds and marshes are 
 numerous. Small lakes in Sections 1, 7 and 25. A small creek 
 in 36.—M. Deane, 1&838. | 
 Outlines.—North, the country is hilly, and covered with poplar 
 and willow. In Sections 35, 86 and 38 good sized lakes were 
 crossed.—C, A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Rolling land, covered with timber and scrub. Several ponds. 
 
 and marshes were crossed, and in Sections 25 and 86 a couple of 
 small lakes. In Sections 18 and 36 creeks cross the line.—M.. 
 Deane, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is hilly country, and covered with a dense growth of 
 young poplar. The soil is a good loam ; subsoil clay.—A. F. Colton, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is hilly in the south half, and densely wooded with 
 small poplar. The north half is undulating, and contains a large 
 marsh and pond. <A creek, 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep, runs. 
 north-easterly through the north-west part of this township, and 
 joins the chain of lakes which form the head waters of the Ver- 
 million River. The soil is mostly a good dark loam, subsoil 
 clay.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 -Outlines——Is hilly. The north half is covered with small poplar 
 and willow, while the south half is almost open, with only an 
 occasional bluff of poplar. The south-west corner lies in a lake: 
 with marshy margin, and is 150 feet below the hills to the north. 
 This lake is one of the chain of lakes which forms the head: 
 waters of the Vermillion River. The soil is sandy loam and 
 gravel.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Is hilly, and covered withadense growth of small 
 poplar and willows. <A few patches ofspruce and tamarac were: 
 seen. The soil is a good sandy loam, with gravel ; subsoil clay.— 
 A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 _ North, very rough, and is nearly all covered with poplars, 
 and broken by high hills—G. B. Abrey, 1883. 
 
 Outlines——Rolling and, for the most part, wooded with bluffs of 
 8 to 8 inch-poplar and high grey willow. In the neighborhood 
 of the Saskatchewan River the timber is much heavier, consisting 
 of 5 to 12-inch poplar, 5 to 15-inch spruce, and some birch. 
 from 4 to 8 inches in diameter. This river passes through the 
 township from Section 7 to 18, and is supplied from either side 
 by small affluents. These and large coulées drain the country along 
 the river. There are a few small lakes and creeks in the town- 
 ship. A cart trail in the western portion runs north from 
 the Saskatchewan River to Whitefish Lake. The soil varies 
 greatly, consisting, in some cases, of about 5 inches of black loam 
 over clay, and, in others, of about the same depth of sandy loam 
 over sand,— C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
28, 
 
 a9. 
 
 60. 
 
 "Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XIII. 167 
 
 Outlines.—Hilly, except a few sections in the south-western por- 
 tion, which are very level. The eastern portion is wooded with 
 bluffs of 4 to 8-inch poplar and willow. | The western portion is 
 wooded chiefly with a dense growth of 1 to 4-inch poplar and 
 scrub willow. Some scattered poplar, and also clumps of spruce, 
 from 5 to 12 inches in diameter, may be found. Lakes are 
 numerous, and a large portion of Sections 25 and 86 is submerged. 
 A creek about 50 feet wide passes through Section 24, in a south- 
 easterly direction. An old trail—running north to Whitefish 
 Lake—passes through the central and western portion, while the 
 Victoria and Saddle Lake trail passes through Section 6. Soil, 
 8 inches of black loam, underlaid by clay. This may be classed 
 as a second rate agricultural township.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Is gently-rolling country, covered with poplar and 
 spruce, and a little pitch pine. A few muskegs and swamps 
 occur. The timber is small. The soil is.a light sandy loam, and 
 stony.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is a rolling country, covered with poplar and spruce 
 bush, with afew muskegs. ‘The timber varies from 2 to 8 inches 
 in diameter. The soil is a sandy loam.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
| TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH, INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 
 10. 
 
 RANGE XIV. 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with surface stones on the south halfof 
 
 the west line. A large coulée, containing a dry watercourse was, 
 crossed in Section 7. Soil, sandy loam, both west and east, but in 
 many places mixed with gravel : subsoil, generally clay. —C. i.e 
 Wolff, 1888. 
 
 South, dry, undulating prairie, somewhat stony. ae gTass 
 is rather short.—O. J. Kote, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines:—West, undulating and rolling country. Soil, sandy 
 
 loam, in many places mixed with gravel, on a clay subsoil.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling. Soil isa sandy loam. Water scarce.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—EKast and west, rolling land: sandy loam soil. Chin 
 
 Coulée crosses from Section 12 to 19. In 1a small creek crosses 
 the line.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, with a'good soil. Marsh in 
 Section 35 and a creek in 31.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 West and east, the country is rolling and the soil a sandy 
 loam. The trail to Fort Walsh crosses from Section 12 to 18. Very 
 little water.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines,—A very dry, rolling prairie. Soil, very light sandy loam, 
 
 and bakes very hard. A few shallow sloughs. The land in many 
 places is very stony. On Section 24 there is a long, narrow lake, 
 
 In a deep gully, and in 19 a small creek.—_F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 South, undulating prairie, with good soil. Shallow marshes 
 occasionally, and a creek in Section 6.—O. J. Klotz, 18838. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy loam, 10 inches 
 deep, on a clay and sand subsoil. Generally class 2. The tops of 
 the hills are gravelly. The township is fairly adapted for agricul- 
 ture, but surface water is scarce. There is no wood. The western 
 end of a salt lake occupies the boundary between Sections 24 and 
 25, and 23 and 26.—C. LeBer, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—East and west is a very dry, rolling country. Soil, 
 very sandy.—-F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 South, level or undulating prairie. "Water very scarce. —C, 
 LeBer, 1883. : 
 
 Sub-divisvon. —Undulating and rolling prairie. The two 
 northerly tiers of sections are sandy, and there are many hills of 
 pure drifting sand. Towards the centre and south the soil becomes. 
 more of a clay loam, graduating from class 2 to class 1. There are 
 some swamps of salt water, but generally surface water is scarce. 
 The Fort McLeod trail crosses the township —L. Grondin, 1888. 
 
= eh, hoe 
 7 no 
 ee > e. i 
 
 : Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XIV. 169 
 
 il, 
 
 12, 
 
 13. 
 
 14 
 
 Outlines—East and west is rolling prairie. Soil, sandy and stony. 
 No timber along the Belly River.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Belly River enters on Section 19 and courses 
 over 18, 20, 17, 16, 15, 10, 11, 14, 18, and leaves by 24. The river 
 meanders very much, and passes in a valley about half a mile wide, 
 having almost perpendicular banks of clay and gravel, and allu- 
 vial flats along the shore line. The river is about 650 feet wide 
 and 3 to 8 feet deep, with a swift current. On both sides of the 
 river, the land in the township is undulating. Soil, sandy loam, 
 and finely adapted for farming, excepting the extreme south, which 
 is sandy.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, and in some 
 places gravel.—C. A. Magrath, 1882.’ | 
 Isa dry, heavy, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy and stony. Some 
 few scattered sloughs. No timber.—F W. Armstrong, 1:83. 
 Sub-divisions.—Generally level prairie. Soil, genevilly clay 
 and clay loam, on clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. There is very 
 little surface water, and no wood.—L. Grondin, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, is rolling prairie. The soil is light sand and 
 gravel, with clay and gravel subsoil. In Section 36 the line 
 crosses Bow River. West, is level and rolling prairie. Soil, a 
 sandy loam, with a clay and gravel subsoil.—C. E, Wolff, 1882. 
 In the east the soil is grey clay. Bow River crosses the 
 northern part of Section 36.—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 ; South, dry rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam—C. A. Magrath, 
 882. 
 Sub-divsion.—The Bow River touches the north-east corner. 
 Open and gently-rolling prairie. Soil, dry sandy loam, on subsoil 
 of sand and gravel.—J. I. Dufresne, 1383. ) | | 
 
 Outlines —Northwards and westwards it is level and undulating 
 prairie. Soil, sand and gravel, with clay subsoil. The south- 
 ern sections, as far as could be seen, consist of rolling prairie, 
 with a light sandy and gravelly soil, on a clay and gravel sub- 
 soil. The Bow River courses in a tortuous direction through the 
 township from Section 19, leaving by Section 1. The river has a 
 very rapid current (about 8 feet of water) and runs in a valley 
 about 250 feet deep, in which there is good grazing. As far as 
 could be seen, there is no timber growing along its banks in the 
 
 _ south-east, but there is considerable driftwood.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 15. 
 
 East, Undulating, with a grey clay soil. No water.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Open and rolling. Soil, dry sandy loam, 
 except along the Bow River. This river takes a meandering 
 diagonal course north-west and south-east across the township 
 and there are fine rich belts of soil in broad terraces along its 
 valley. Some of these belts are; however, spoiled by deep gullies 
 in Sections 47, 48, 49 and 50. Seams of anthracite coal are 
 exposed here and there.—J. I. Dufresne; 1888. 3 
 Outlines.—The west half of the north boundary lies over alkaline 
 hills and sloughs. The east half is undulating prairie, the soil 
 being all sand, and growing scarcely anything but tall, rank weeds. 
 
170 
 
 16 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XIV. 
 
 South and west are undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, a light 
 sandy loam, mixed with gravel. The north half of 19 and all of 
 30 are in alkali hills. Water scarce.—C, FE. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 East, undulating, with a sandy loam soil. No water.—F. W. 
 
 Armstrong, 1882. | a 
 Sub-division—A great part of the west half is very hilly. 
 
 There is grass in the bottoms, but little herbage of any kind else- — 
 
 where. The eastern side is somewhat better and more rolling, 
 and has some good grazing. Neither timber, creeks, springs, 
 nor settlers in the township.—F. Staunton, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Going west, on the north boundary, first part is level, — 
 
 but towards the middle, rolling prairie. In the valleys there are 
 
 numbers of shallow, saline ponds, unfit for use—O J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 bg 
 
 a8, 
 
 South-westwards there are alkali hills and sloughs. The soil 
 
 throughout this township is all light sand and gravel. There 
 
 very little grass on the hills, but most of the valleys have plenty 
 in them. The south-east half is undulating prairie, the soil being 
 all sand, and growing scarcely anything but tall, rank weeds.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 East, undulating, with a sandy loam soil. No water.—F. W. 
 Armsirong, 1%82. 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly very hilly. In some places the summits 
 are 100 feet above the alkaline marshes which lie in the valleys. 
 The soil is poor, light, stony and gravelly, and produces a thin 
 crop of grass. There is a spring on Nection 9. There is no timber 
 and no settlers. The tewnship is an inferior one for agricultural 
 purposes.—F. Staunton, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie. Soil, poor and gravelly ; and un- 
 dulating prairie, fair soil. A lake about four miles long, of good 
 water, lies close to west boundary of township. Soil averages 
 class 2, and is mostly a fair sandy loam in the west and clay loam 
 in the east, but often alternates in areas.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 South, Sections 1 and 2, on the south boundary, are level, 
 after which it is rolling prairie, dotted in the early season with 
 alkaline ponds —O. J. Klotz, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The first tier of easterly sections is level or 
 moderately rolling. The other part rises in fairly bold ridges or 
 conical hills, and might be denominated hilly. The soil is mostly 
 sandy and clay loam on a clay subsoil, and good for cultivation. 
 A large lake, containing fresh and good water, lies in this town- 
 
 ship. The valleys possess considerable width.—T. Cheesman, 
 1888. | 
 
 Outlines —Open, rolling prairie, dotted in the south-west half 
 
 with small ponds of fresh water. Soil, classes 2 and 8, gravelly 
 and stony in places, and on hill tops. Inthe north the soil is a 
 clay loam. A small creek in Section 84, but water is scarce in 
 both north and east.—JZ. R. Ord, 1882. 
 Sub-division—The C. P. R. has Bantry Station here. A 
 
 range of sloughs from north to south divides the township into © 
 
 nearly two equal parts and features. On the west it is hilly and 
 
 broken. Soil, mixed with gravel and with scattered boulders, and — 
 
ps RAN fa, Re Cdk 8 I a SN ees Ae ic 
 eRe eben Lin, Hi 7h ; 
 4 : ES es pa 
 
 29. 
 
 iO 
 
 > i 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range XIV. 171 
 
 of little use for farming ; while on the east the surface is compara- 
 tively level. Soil, clay or sand loam, free from gravel, and class 
 2 for agricultural purposes. There are two small lakes in the 
 north-west, and a muddy pond on Sections 21 and 22-7. Chees- 
 man, 1888. ; 
 
 Outlines——North, east and south, undulating prairie, with a clay 
 loam soil. Class 2. Water scarce. Small creeks were crossed in 
 Sections 2 and 35, and creek beds in 12.—L. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 West, level prairie. Clay soil. No water.—W. Bell, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—High-rolling ridges run through the middle 
 of the township, scattered over with large, loose boulders ; but 
 east and west of these ridges the surface assumes a level ora 
 gently-rolling face. The soil is generally a clay loam and clay 
 subsoil—a good class2. There are a few sloughs and water- 
 courses, most of which dry up as the summer advances. The 
 ridges mentioned are gravelly and full of stones.—7. Cheesman, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, soil is fairly good, and is rated principally as 
 second class.—T7'. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 West, along the western boundary the soil is light and sandy, 
 and may be rated second class. The surface is level or gently- 
 undulating. Water is very scarce; but what was found was 
 fresh. There was no timber to be seen.— W. Bell, 1882. 
 
 Open and undulating prairie. Soil, class 2; fair, but gravelly 
 in patches. A few small lakes.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Sections 11, 14 and 23, and parts of 10, 15, 22, 
 25 and 26, are broken by ravines, ridges and hills, some of the 
 latter being of considerable altitude, especially the Crows Buttes. — 
 Their tops are gravelly, and scattered over with large blocks of 
 granite and boulders. The balance of the township is level or 
 gently-rolling, with a sandy loam soil on a sandy subsoil—a fair 
 class 2, and fit for farming. Surface water is scarce towards mid- 
 summer, except a shallow, muddy pond in Section 25.—T. Chees- 
 man, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is an undulating prairie in its south half, and hilly and 
 roughly broken by deep ravines in its north-east quarter. Itrates 
 first and second class in its south-east quarter, the soil being a 
 good sandy loam, with a mixture of sand clay for a subsoil. The 
 remainder of the township may be rated third and fourth class, 
 
 being light sand, with small ponds of alkaline water. A chain of 
 smali hills occupies part of the north-west quarter of this town- 
 
 ship.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1883. 
 
 Sub-dtvision.—This 1s not what may be considered a suitable 
 township for agriculture, the absence of wood and water being 
 among the objections. The soil in the southern and central por- 
 
 tions is of an average quality, being class 2. The north-easterm 
 
 portion is only fit for grazing, being much cut up by a ravine, 
 having broken banks, nearly 100 feet high. A large creek flows — 
 through this ravine, but the water is execrable—F. Purvis, 1883. 
 
 2 Outlines.—The centre is broken by the Red Deer River and deep 
 
 ravines running to it. The river enters the north-west angle and | 
 
mG, 
 
 Rive he Malta No dr rl) ee Woy ee ee Se ea Arlee! ee ee ee ee : + SiS OO Eee ee ne 
 x oy * rt Wainer ire at ao ; * 
 > ; ’ ae em Pte a ATs E cy Eee 
 ' . G ena! rate)? ab 
 y vk ini Ao a 
 pet Fh 
 
 172. Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XIV. 
 
 runs to the south-east angle. It is a large stream, 
 
 varying from 10 to 20 chains broad and from 3 to 10 
 feet deep, with a bottom of shifting sand; current 4 miles 
 an hour. It abounds in whitefish, pickerel, goldeneyes and ground- 
 lings. Both'shores are in many places bordered with timber suit- 
 able for fuel and building purposes, with a thick undergrowth of 
 willows. The soil rates third and fourth class for agricultural pur- 
 poses, but as a grazing land is may be considered first class on 
 the north-east half, the grass being 1 foot high, and in abund- 
 ance The surface is generally undulating. Section 12 occupies 
 part of the south-west slope of Hunting Hill, which is about 100 
 
 feet high, and runs into Range 13. The south-west half of this 
 
 township is broken by deep ravines, and generally occupied by 
 small sandhills. among which the ponds are mostly alkaline. A 
 vein of coal was found in the bank of a small creek on Section 6. 
 —P. R. A. Belanger, 1883. — | 
 
 Sub-division —The Red Deer River crosses this township 
 from the north-west corner to the south-east corner, pursuing a 
 bow course, first easterly and then southerly. The general width 
 of the river is about 26 chains (1,716 feet), the depth about 4 feet, 
 and current 200 feet per minute. The river contains several large 
 islands, which are thickly wooded. The banks are also well 
 wooded or fringed with poplar and whitewood and, in places, 
 willow. Much of the timber is suitable for building purposes, 
 and should be left for the use of settlers. ‘the whole of the up- 
 lands of the township are light and sandy, some portions being 
 drifting sandhills. The valiey of the river contains some long 
 stretches of fine, arable land.—F. Purvis, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is nearly the same as Township 24 in the general aspect 
 
 of the ground and the quality of the soil, with the exception of 
 the south part, where the sand is somewhat lighter. The west 
 
 line runs through the Red Deer River in Section 6, and again in 
 
 Section 7. Timber occurs on both these sections.—P. R. A. Belan- 
 ger, 1888. | 
 
 Sub-division—The eastern portion is an open, undulating 
 prairie, with immense clay and alkaline flats, growing, in some 
 instances, a fair quantity ofhay. The south-western and western 
 parts are very much broken by the Red Deer River valley. A 
 considerable quantity of poplar, white and cottonwood, grows 
 along the banks of the river, fit only for fuel, although some might 
 be used for buildings. Some very good flats are to be found in 
 the valley and on the west side, but the east is valueless.—F. 
 Purvis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is undulating prairie. Soil, a light sandy loam. Class 
 2. A few marshes, where fresh water may be found. <A small 
 creek, 25 links wide, runs across Section 1, in an easterly direction, 
 having 1 foot deep of excellent water, and in 19, 30 and 31 there 
 are other creeks. In Section 18 the line crosses the Red Deer 
 River. There is wood inthe vicinity of the river.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1883. | | | ih 
 Sub-division.—Chiefly rolling prairie, having a light sandy 
 Joam soil lying on a sandy subsoil, which would grow excellent 
 
 5 oe 
 
a eee ee MA Oe eh OP Pa ae 
 ‘ oy he ee ae 
 
 25. 
 
 26, 
 
 27. 
 
 28. 
 
 Ae 0 Se WA DO ody, | F 
 yon ORE ree Od | 
 Renee oe 
 
 i, Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XIV. 178: 
 
 crops under a favorable rainfall. There is no wood, except in the 
 valley of the Red Deer River, which flows through the south- 
 west corner. A great deal of this wood is dead, and only fit;for 
 fuel. The soil of the valley is first class, but in the hills is worth- 
 less. Bull Pound Creek crosses the north-west corner in, a deep- 
 and rugged valley.— F. Purvis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—West and east, undulating prairie. Only a few 
 marshes were crossed by these lines.—C. F. Miles, 1883: 
 
 South, the surface along the southern boundary is rolling, and 
 has a sandy loam soil. The valley of a fresh-water creek, which 
 flows down the centre of the township, and is a tributary to the. 
 Red Deer River, leaves the township by Sections 5 and 6. There 
 is some small timber in it— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, ayellow and clay loam, 
 averaging 6 inches deep, on a hard clay subsoil, all class 2, excepting 
 that portion broken by Bull Pound Creek, which is class 8. This 
 creek courses across the township ina south-westerly direction. 
 it has banks from 50 to 100 feet high, enclosing a valley about, a 
 half a mile wide, and contains a plentiful supply of fresh-water. 
 Along the creek there isred willow brush, which is very thick, 
 about 12 feet high, and fit for fuel. This township is better 
 suited for grazing than farming.—G. E. MacMartin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east: soil, aclay loam and clay. Classes 2 
 and 3. The surface is undulating prairie. A small creek in 
 Section 7, but generally water scarce.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.— Rolling and broken prairie. Bull Pound Creek 
 crosses the township in a south-westerly direction, and the sec- 
 tions through which it passes are much broken by the valley and 
 by deep coulées, which run easterly and westerly from either. 
 sides of the creek. The soil is a yellow and ‘clay loam, about 6 
 inches deep, on a hard clay subsoil, and rates class 2, with some 
 class 8. Small red willow, of a maximum size of 8 inches, and 
 about 12 to 15 feet high, and also willows in clumps, may be 
 found along the creek. Well suited for grazing, as there is 
 abundance of feed and water during the entire season. Is also: 
 fair for farming. No minerals—G. EB. MacMartin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines ——Undulating prairie. Bull Pound Creek runs south 
 through the east half of the township, with cut banks in some 
 places 50 feet high. A depression, with alkali beds, runs south- 
 westerly through this township. The soil is clay loam, with 
 clay subsoil, and rates second class.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the soil is good, with the surface gently-undu- 
 lating, while the ponds and marshes afford fresh water. The 
 country south of Section 33 is broken by several coulées, which 
 invariably show outcrops of sandstone and ironstone.—T. Faw- 
 cett, 1883. 
 
 The greater portion of the east half is composed of a level 
 alkali flat, rating third class. The west halfis high-rolling prai- 
 rie, with a general slope southwards. The soil is a clay loam, 
 with clay subsoil, and rates second class. The east line crosses 
 
 creeks in Sections 12, 25 and 36 ; Muddy Lake and a marsh in 
 
174 
 
 29. 
 
 BO. 
 
 31, 
 
 33, 
 
 oA, 
 
 5 te 
 
 36, 
 
 2) AY) Sipe ae Piss ee ye eR aN NA tad un | 1 7m ar oe 4 Ne ete ls 
 Tht FC inh ha, a Ps ¥ 
 
 Townships West of Fourth pal Meridian.— Range XIV. 
 
 Section 13, and the trail from Blackfoot Crossing to Battleford in 
 24.—C. F. Miles, 18x38. 
 
 Outlines.—The west line is in the Hand Hills. In Sections 6 and > 
 
 31 creeks cross the line.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1883. 
 
 East, undulating and level prairie. From this boundary the 
 country gradually falls west to a large clay flat. Several ravines, 
 Sap ny small creeks, nearly dry, were noticed —J. K. McLean, 
 
 Rolling prairie along the southern boundary, with a soil of 
 elay loam. Classes 2 and 8, and supplied by large lakes and 
 marshes.— T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling and hilly prairie. Several marshes wer 
 
 crossed, and in Sections 7 and 19 a couple of creeks.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1888. ° 
 
 The eastern portion, undulating prairie. Clay loam soil ; clay 
 
 iv subsoil. Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Broken and hilly prairie; with numerous intervening 
 ponds of fresh water. A small creek, now (19th August) merely 
 a succession of pools, runs south-east through Section 7. The 
 soil is clay loam, with clay subsoil. Class 3.—J. XK. McLean, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly prairie, with a good soil. A number of 
 marshes were crossed by the line —F. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Very broken and hilly prairie. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. 
 Class 3. A bay, from a lake which extends several miles west, 
 occupies Sections 18 and 19, as well as a portion of 6 and 7.—J. 
 K.. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —Broken and hilly prairie. Clay loam soil; clay sub- 
 soil. Class 8. Section 6 is a level clay flat. In’Sections 1, 24, 
 19 and 30 there are several large clear-water ponds.—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, hilly prairie, but good soil. .Several marshes.—E. 
 Bray, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Except a strip of rolling prairie along the east side, 
 the whole is in Sullivan’s Lake —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Nearly the whole of this township is taken up by 
 Sullivan’s Lake, a shallow, muddy lake, from six to eight miles in 
 width, and extending north from the south limit of Township $4 
 of this range about twenty miles. East of the lake there is only a 
 narrow strip belonging to the township, and it is undulating and 
 rolling, with a few small ponds.—J. K. McLean, 1834. 
 
 Outlines—North, open, undulating prairie, interspersed with 
 ponds and grass swamps, with occasional alkaline spots. For the 
 most part, the soil is first-class, although here and there spots of 
 second-class land occur.—T. Kains, 18838. 
 
 Rolling and undulating prairie. Clay loam soil; clay sub- 
 soil. Third class. The eastern bay of Sullivan’s Lake occupies the 
 central portion of the south half of this township, and the trail 
 
 from the Red Deer Forks to Edmonton crosses north of it—J. K.. 
 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
OST Ss ta CO A a eae na 
 Mee iret aren fey hry es at ete keh 8 
 We alts arte PS Sern 
 
 38. 
 
 531] 
 
 4i. 
 
 A, 
 
 43. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XIV. — 16 
 
 . Outlines —Open and undulating prairie, with the exception of the 
 north-east coner, which issomewhat broken by a creek having” 
 
 cut banks in many places. It is about 100 feet below the prairie, 
 which is furrowed by many ravines branching out from the 
 valley. The north-east corner is pretty thickly wooded with 
 poplar bluffs. The north-west corner is covered by part of a good 
 sized lake, the whole lake probably covering 3,500 acres. ‘The 
 trail from Edmonton to the Forks of the Red Deer River runs 
 south-easterly through the south-west corner of this township. 
 Soil, clay and sandy loam, with clay subsoil. First and third 
 class —C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 The south is-open, undulating prairie. Has ponds and 
 grass swamps, alkaline spots, and a first-class soil— 7’. Hains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is considerably cut up by deep coulées and ravines— 
 the principal crossing the south boundary, and running northerly 
 and easterly, with many branches from the east and west. Numer- 
 ous blufis of poplar, principally second growth, cover the north- 
 east quarter; also several groves of spruce occur on the southern 
 escarpment of the ravines. The waterin the bottom of the prin- 
 cipal ravine is dammed by old beaver dams, thus forming deep 
 ponds. Soil, black sandy and clay loam, with generally a clay sub- 
 soil, First and third class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating prairie, thickly dotted with poplar bluffs, 
 and is much broken by a creek, supposed to be Beaver Dam, run- 
 ning easterly about 200 feet below prairie level. In the valley of 
 this creek, and the ravines running into it, some good spruce was 
 observed. Soil, principally dark sandy loam, with clay and sandy 
 subsoil. First and third class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, gently-rolling, with scattered bluffs of small 
 
 poplar. Soil, first class —C. A. Magrath, 1883. bite 
 
 Battle River runs east south-easterly across this township, in 
 a valley about 160 feet below prairie level—the level of the river 
 being about 15 feet below the river flats. | The remainder of the 
 township is undulating prairie, thickly dotted with poplar bluffs 
 and willows. Soil, dark sandy and clay loam, with clay subsoil. 
 First class.—C. F Miles, 1884. 7 | 
 
 Outlines —Rolling prairie, with bluffs of poplar, most numerous 
 in the south-west corner, and occasional ponds. A good deal of 
 of the wood is fire-killed. Soil, sandy loam, 18 inches deep, with 
 sandy and clay subsoil. Class 1—J. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie, with a few scattered bluffs and 
 brush, numerous ponds and marshy sloughs. Soil, clay loam, 
 12 inches deep, with clay subsoil. Class 1.—Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Nearly all open, rolling prairie, with occasional bluffs 
 of small poplar and patches of willow bush. Shallow sloughs 
 occupy many of the hollows. Timber of no value. Soil, sandy 
 loam, 8 inches deep, with clay loam and, in places, gravel subsoil. 
 Class 1.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. } 
 
eb (3) 
 
 44, 
 
 45, 
 
 AG. 
 
 KE. 
 
 ES, 
 
 £9. 
 
 c5) 
 
 + 4 EN a SEPALS Se ey SPOR a 2 ee te a fe Tite © hikoie | Oke tan 
 ek. yet ¥ ey “y Wests erate rel 12 CUR aL yt ‘i 
 
 Wt i \ 5 , AT ATO ON i) \ id + 
 \ ? Hf f i 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIV. 
 
 Outlines.—North, clumps of willow and small poplar are dotted 
 over an undulating :country, which, towards the east side, 
 changes into partially first class prairie land.—T. Kains, 18838. 
 
 Rolling land, nearly all open, with a few tracts where the 
 bluffs of poplar are thickly scattered, and the remainder of the 
 township dotted here and there with patches of brush, generally 
 in the hollows surrounding sloughs. A lake crosses the north- 
 west corner, and the creek draining it flows eastward close to the 
 north boundary. The soil is of good quality—a sandy loam, 
 averaging 8 inches deep, with clay loam subsoil. Class 1— 
 LR. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The western part is high and undulating, and more or 
 
 less thickly interspersed with bluffs. of poplar. Light soil. The 
 east half is open and undulating. Soil, sandy loam, with clay 
 subsoil.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Sections 1, 2 and 38 are almost up to first-class prairie land. 
 To the west the grade is not quite so good. The surface, generally, 
 is undulating, with clumps of willow and small poplar.—T. Kains, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines——Is undulating, with a few poplar bluffs, and gravel and 
 clay ridges. Soil, a shallow, sandy loam, with clay subsoil—_ 
 J.J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —The west is undulating, with scattered blufts of poplar 
 
 and willow. A small creek in Section 18.—C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 The east is comparatively level, with a few poplar bluffs. 
 
 Soil, a sandy loam, with clay subsoil—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, timber all along this line, also several marshes, 
 and in Section 85 a small creek.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 is level, and forms part of the Fifteen-Mile Plain. The soil is 
 a stiff clay, in some places mixed with gravel. Vegetation scant. 
 —J. J. McArthur, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—West and south, rolling country, with bluffs of poplar 
 and willow. The Vermillion River flows, generally north, along — 
 the west line, crossing it in Sections 18, 19, 30 and 31. Marshes 
 and ponds are numerous —C. A. Magrath,1883. Ss 
 
 East, undulating prairie, with a few willows in Sections 1 
 and 12. No water.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 : Outlines.—West, rolling country, with scattered bluffs of poplar 
 
 and willow. In Section. 6 a small creek.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1888. . 
 
 East, nearly level prairie, with numerous clumps of willow 
 in north. Lakes were crossed in Sections 12, 18 and 24; alsoa 
 marsh, about a half a mile wide, in 36, and two smaller ones in 
 12.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, rolling country, with scattered bluffs of poplar 
 and willow. Ponds and marshes numerous. Vermillion River 
 in Section 18, and the cart trail from Edmonton to Battleford in 
 19.—C. A. Magrath, 18838. 
 
 Wood all along the east line. Ponds and marshes numerous. 
 —IM. Deane, 1888. — 
 
io 3. West of Fourth TaD Meridian. — Range XIV. 11 
 
 52. Outlines. —North, prairie, much broken by. numerous small 
 marshes. Vermillion River in Section 32, and two small creeks 
 in 35. Clumps of willow, bluffs of poplar and hills, in 84 and 
 86.—C. A. Magrath, 1883.. 
 
 West, undulating, with scattered blufis of willow and pop- 
 lar. In Section.6 the line crosses the Vermillion River, and in 19 
 a small creek.—C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 Kast, timber and scrub, with several ponds and marshes 
 
 Ss along this line —M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 53. Outlines —Level to undulating country, with patches of thick 
 willows, interspersed with numerous ponds and swamps. A cart 
 trail passes through the westerly side of this township and seems 
 to have been greatly used a few years.ago. The soil is excellent, 
 being a black loam, from 2 to 12 inches deep, with a subsoil of 
 clay « or clay loam.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 54. Outlines—Level country, containing no timber of any size; but 
 numerous clumps. of thick willows are abundantly scattered over 
 its surface. Ponds and swamps are interspersed throughout the 
 township, which has been rated first and second class. A cart 
 trail passes through the south-westerly portion.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 82 Outlines—Rolling country, with numerous willow clumps and a 
 fair sprinkling of poplar bluffs. Ponds and swamps are numerous, 
 and the country seems well drained by the general incline of the 
 
 country to the eastward. Soil, first and second class —T7. Kains, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Much broken by very high hills, the northern faces of 
 which are covered with a dense growth of small poplar and willow. 
 Numerous ponds and swamps exist, the waters of which flow east- 
 ward into the river Saskatchewan. Soil, second and third class.—T. 
 Kains, 1884. 
 3 North, timbered with poplar and scrub. The . timber 
 small, and of little value.e—G. B. Abrey, 1883. 
 
 437, Outlines.—Is generally rolling, and wooded throughout. In the 
 south-western portion there is a dense growth of 2 to 4-inch 
 poplar and willow. Inthe remainder the timber consists of 
 bluffs of 4 to 8-inch poplar, clumps of 5 to 15-inch pitch pine, and 
 belts of 5 to 12-inch spruce. There is some birch along the 
 Saskatchewan River, which passes in a south-easterly direction 
 from Section 30 to Section 12. The river varies in width from 
 12 to 16 chains, while in most cases its banks are over 200 feet 
 above the water level. Numerous coulées, with an occasional 
 small creek, may be found feeding this river and draining the 
 country surrounding it. There are several small lakes. The 
 township is unsuited for agricultural purposes. The soil in the 
 eastern portion consists of about 7 inches of black sandy loam over 
 sand, but towards the west it becomes heavier, and a subsoil of 
 clay, generally yellow in color, is overlaid by from 10 to 20 inches 
 of black loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —A few sections in'the south-west are very level; other- 
 wise, it is rolling, and wooded, for the most part, with bluffs of a 
 
 26 
 
 8, 
 
178 
 
 ye 
 
 29. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIV. 
 
 to 8-inch poplar and high grey willow. Some portions are wooded 
 with scattered poplar, spruce and pitch pine, from 6 to 12-inch 
 diameter. The Victoria and Saddle Lake trail passes through 
 from Section 30 to Section1. There areno large bodies of water 
 or running streams. Itis, however, well watered by small lakes. 
 The soil consists of about 5 inches of black loam over clay. It is. 
 sandy, however, where it is accompanied by a growth of pitch 
 pine.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Resembles Township 60, with the exception that there 
 are more lakes andcreeks. The timber is the same, being small | 
 spruce, poplar and pitch pine. The soil is a light sandy loam, and 
 in some places stony.—A. F. Cotton, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is a succession of flats and ridges. The flats are almost 
 
 invariably spruce and tamarac muskegs, the timber in which is. 
 small, and a great deal ofit dead. Theridges, which run almost 
 north and south, are covered with poplar, very little of which is. 
 large enough for building. A few patches of scrubby pitch pine: - 
 appear here and there. The soil isa light sandy loam.—A. F.. 
 Cotton, 1884. 
 
10. 
 
 - Outlines. 
 
 { 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE XV. 
 
 . Outlines——Rolling prairie. In the east a large portion is very 
 
 undulating and thickly covered with surface boulders. Soil, sandy 
 loam, in many places mixed with gravel, on a clay subsoil.—C. E. 
 Wolff, 1283. 
 
 South, undulating. Dry, baked clay soil, somewhat stony. 
 Vegetation thin —-O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Undulating and rolling. Soil, a sandy loam, in some 
 places covered with surface boulders, and in others mixed with 
 gravel, and all on a clay subsoil. A small creek in Section 6, and. 
 in 30 a large marsh comes very near the line—C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating and rolling. Soil, alight sandy loam, 
 with clay and gravel subsoil. The grass is very short. Chin 
 Coulée crosses Sections 19 and 30. The banks are very stony.—-. 
 C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 East, rolling land, with a sandy loam soil. In Section 24. 
 the line crosses Chin Coulée.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.--Undulating prairie, with a good soil‘—O. J. Klotz, 
 
 1883. 
 
 West, undulating and rolling. Soil, a lght sandy loam, 
 with clay and gravel subsoil. The grass is very short. The 
 Walsh and McLeod trail was crossed in Section 18.—C. E. Wolff, 
 1884. 
 
 East, the country is rolling and the soil is a sandy loam. 
 The trail to Fort Walsh was crossed in Section 18. Very little 
 water along the line.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.-—South, undulating surface and a good soil. Numer- 
 
 ous boulders in the shallow marshes —O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Very dry, rolling prairie, with a very light, sandy loam 
 soil, very stony in places. Creeks in Sections 6, 24 and 7, and in 
 19 the trail to Medicine Hat. In the east the surface is both hilly 
 and rolling.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—A valley, about 60 feet deep and half a mile 
 wide, crosses this township in a north-easterly direction, and 
 furnishes fine drainage for the land. North of the valley itis 
 undulating prairie, soil, clay loam. South of the valley it is. 
 rolling prairie ; soil, sandy loam. Both sides are good for farming 
 or pasturage, and generally class 2. The Fort McLeod and Medi- 
 cine Hat road crosses the north-west corner.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West and east is a very dry, rolling country. Soil, very 
 sandy.— F. W. Armstrong, 1883. ? 
 Sub-division.—North, rolling and hilly; south, undulating 
 Soil, sandy loam, on clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 3. The entire 
 12* 
 
180 
 
 i, 
 
 12, 
 
 413 
 
 “14, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. — Range AY: 
 
 township is suitable for stock raising, but only the south for 
 farming! No wood. The Medicine Hat road crosses the south- 
 corner.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West and east, rolling land, with a sandy loam soil. 
 Creeks cross the west line in Section 7, and the Belly River 
 between 7 and 18. No timber along this river—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1883. 
 
 -  Sub-division.—Belly River crosses Sections 7, 18, 8, 9, 10, 15, 
 11, 14, 23, 13 and 24. The features of the river, its banks—flats 
 and size—are similar to descriptions in Townships llof the 16th 
 and 14th Ranges. The banks are a mile apart, and 150 feet | 
 high, and along them, on Sections 8 and 9, beds of coal are ex- 
 posed. South of the river the surface is undulating, with a 
 sandy loam soil, good forfarming. North of the river is more 
 broken, and the soil is a lower grade.—J. McLatchie, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, surface rolling. Soil, sandy loam.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West. and east is a dry, heavy-rolling prairie. Soil, sandy 
 and stony. Some few scattered sloughs. No timber.—F. W. Arm- 
 strong, 1888. ih | 
 
 Sub-division—A marshy valley runs north and south through 
 this township, bounded by stony knolls and ridges. The rest of 
 the township is undulating prairie. Soil, sandy loam on clay 
 subsoil; class 2, and well suited for farming. No wood—J. 
 McLatchte, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west, rolling and level land, with a grey 
 clay soil. No water along the north line, but west, in Section 19, 
 a large marsh was crossed.— F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 East is level and rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy loam, with a 
 clay and gravel subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 On base line, across Range 15, the surface is rolling. — Soil, 
 sandy loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1882 
 
 Sub-division.—Nearly level prairie. Soil, sandy clay and 
 loam, on a subsoil of sand and gravel, class 2, but inclined to 
 dryness —J. I. Dufresne, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling prairie. Soil, aclay and sandy loam, 
 with a clay and gravel subsoil. East, level and undulating. Soil, 
 sand and gravel, with clay subsoil. In Section 24 the line crosses 
 Bow River, running ina north-easterly direction, in a valley, 
 about 250 feet deep and three-quarters of a mile wide. There is 
 good grazing in the valley.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 West and south, rolling, with a grey clay soil. In Section 30 
 the Bow River was crossed.—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 Sub-diviston.— Level prairie, except along the Bow River, 
 which enters on Section 30 and leaves-on Section 24. This river. 
 has banks 50 to 100 feet high, a current of three and a-half miles 
 an hour, and in autumn a depth of 4 feet. Seams of anthracite 
 
 coal are exposed here and there along its banks. Along the ter- 
 
 raced valley of the river there isa rich belt of alluvial soil. 
 poneage and the soil is a dry, sandy loam, class 2.—J. I. Dufresne, 
 1883. ) | 
 
\ 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XV. 181° 
 
 15. Outlines—Along the north boundary, for the first four miles 
 
 going east, the country is level; the balance is broken and hilly. 
 Soil, sand and gravel, with a subsoil of sand and clay. On the 
 west thé country is level and rolling prairie; along the south it 
 is rolling only, and both south and west have a sandy and a clay 
 loam soil on a clay subsoil. On the east it is undulating and 
 level, except part of 24 and all of 25, which are in the Alkali 
 Hills. Water scarce everywhere.—C. E Wolff, 1882. 
 Sub-division——lIs a plane surface, sloping gently towards the 
 Bow River. The north-east section is rather hilly, and a strip 
 down the eastern boundary is of the same description. In the 
 valley there is good grazing. The remainder of the township 
 rates about class 2, but the grass is better southwards than north- 
 wards. ‘The soil, generally, is a sandy clay on a clay subsoil. 
 Surface water is scarce, and there. are no running streams, and 
 
 no trees. This township is a better one than No. 16, adjoining | 
 
 16, 
 
 ay, 
 
 north. No settlers.—F. Lynch-Staunton, 1888. 
 Outlines.—North, slightly undulating prairie, with dry sandy 
 soil.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 West, level prairie; good grass land. South, proceeding 
 eastwards along the south, the first four sections are level; the 
 
 easterly two are broken and hilly. Soil, sandy and gravelly. Up 
 
 the eastern boundary there are alkali hills and sloughs. The 
 western boundary is the best, having a good grey clay soil on a 
 
 subsoil of clay ; the grass along this line being very heavy, and 
 
 making good feed. The soil, generally, throughout the township, 
 is a light sand and gravel, with very little grass on the hills, but 
 plenty in the valleys—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Generally level or slightly-rolling prairie, 
 with some hilly portions near its eastern boundary. The out- 
 line surveyor reports it ‘good grazing land,” but it isnot up to 
 this grade, unless the season’s rainfall is much greater than is 
 reported. At the time of survey (July, 1883) the grass was poor 
 and thin, and no birds were to be seen, showing that 
 they could not obtain sustenance. There is no water fit for use, 
 and no timber or settlers. The soil, generally, consists of a clay 
 or asandy clay ona clay subsoil.—F. Lyuch-Staunton, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west, the soil is clay, with scarcely any 
 mould on the surface. Found it hard, from want of rain, to build 
 mounds. The land may be rated second class, and the surface is 
 level or gently-undulating. Water was very scarce, but the few 
 shallow lakes or ponds found were fresh. There is no timber in 
 this section of country.— W. Bell, 1882. | 
 
 East, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil. A large body 
 of clear water lies to the east of the line, and crosses it in Section 
 12.—L. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Surface, undulating and high-rolling prairie. 
 Some of the sections adjacent to the lake are hilly, but with val- 
 leys of considerable width and area, and slightly undulating. 
 There are some boulders scattered through the township. There 
 are a few sloughs and a small portion of the lake on the east side. 
 
 123% 
 
182 
 
 18, 
 
 19. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XV. 
 
 The soil is various, being either a clay or a sandy loam on a clay” 
 subsoil. Generally class 2.— 7. Cheesman, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The soil is clay, with scarcely any loam. Found it hard’ 
 to dig up. Class 2, The surface is level or gently-undulating. 
 Water was very scarce, but the few shallow lakes or ponds were 
 fresh. No timber. The west line runs into a small lake in Sec-- 
 tion 6.—W. Beli, 1882. 
 
 Kast, the prairie is rolling and the soil gravelly. Water is: 
 scarce.—L. R. Ord, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-diviston—Undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam on clay 
 subsoil, Class 2. Fair agricultural land. In the north-western 
 part it is light and sandy. There is a fair supply of surface water 
 throughout the township. The C.P.R. crosses the northern tier of 
 sections.—G. Ross, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Surface level, or almost so. The soil isa hard, dry clay, 
 covered with or mixed with loam, only in places may be rated 
 second class. Surface water was very scarce, but fresh.. There is- 
 no timber.— W. Bell, 1882. | , 
 Sub-division.—Cassils Station (C.P.R.) is on the south-west 
 corner. High-rolling prairie, the ridges considerably broken, and 
 and scattered over with large, loose boulders and gravel. Many 
 large stones are embedded in the valleys. The soil varies from a 
 sand to a sandy loam, with patches of gravel here and there, and: 
 rests on a subsoil of gravelly clay. Class 2, and is fair for agricul- 
 
 _ tural purposes. A large slough occurs on Sections 33 and 34, and 
 
 20. 
 
 1. 
 
 another on 15 and 16, and a muddy pond on 22 and 23.— T. Chees- 
 man, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the soil is fairly good, and is rated principally as. 
 second class.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 The outlines of this township are undulating prairie. The 
 soil is clay, of a fair quality in the west, and in the east. light 
 and sandy. Rated second class. Surface water is very scarce, 
 but in the few shallow lakes or ponds which occur itis fresh. No- 
 timber.— W. Bell,-1882. “ | 
 
 Sub-division.—High, dry, rolling prairie, especially around a 
 small fresh-water lake in Sections i{1and 12. ‘This portion, and 
 parts of Sections 8, 10, 12, 14 and 23, are strewn over with loose: 
 boulders. ‘The soil is a friable brown clay, resting on a clay sub- 
 soil, with patches of gravel here and there, and averaging class 2: 
 for agriculture. The marshes and watercourses usually dry up 
 with the advance of the hot season.—7. Cheesman, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The east half of this township is generally occupied by 
 small sandhills, with pools of alkaline water. The soil in this 
 part ranks third and fourth class. The west half is level or undu- 
 lating prairie, of second class sandy loam. A small creek of fresh 
 water, running north-westerly, furrows across the south-west 
 boundary.—P. Rf. A. Belanger, 1883. cares 
 South, the soil is fairly good, and principally second class.— 
 T. Drummond, 1882. | 
 Sub-division—An average township, the surface being uni- 
 formly undulating, and the soil well adapted for the successful 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XV. 133. 
 
 cultivation of crops. Both alkaline and fresh-water marshes are 
 
 numerous. The soil is a sandy loam, of from 10 to 20 inches deep, 
 
 on a subsoil of sand. No wood. In Sections 35 and 36 are hills 
 
 of drifting sand, and in the latter is an alkaline creek.—F. Purvis, 
 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—The eastern half of this township is generally occupied 
 
 by small sandhills, with pools of alkaline water. The soil in thi 
 part ranks third and fourth class. The west half is level or undu- 
 lating prairie, of second class sandy loam, with the exception of 
 
 . the north-west quarter, where the sandhills continue. Section 36 
 
 2d. 
 
 24, 
 
 is crossed by Red Deer River, which; at that place, is 23 chains 
 and 50 links broad, and from 3 to 10 feet deep, with a bottom of - 
 shifting sand. The rate of its current is about four miles an hour. 
 A small creek of fresh water—running north-westerly—furrows 
 across the south-west boundary.—P. &. A. Belanger, 1883. 
 Sub-diviston.—Not suitable for agricultural purposes, as it 
 consists mainly of small hills of drifting sand, strongly imprég- 
 nated with alkaline matter. A creek, containing,some very bad 
 water, runs through the southerly tier of sections. The Red Deer 
 River flows through the north-east corner.—F’. Purvis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Township 23 is mostly level and undulating prairie. 
 Rated second class. The Red Deer River crosses Section 12, 
 south-westerly, and Section 1, ina south-easterly direction. On its 
 north shore, in Section, 1 is a large belt of timber, varying from 3 
 to 15 inches in diameter, and consisting of poplar and cotton- 
 wood. On Section 13.is a small creek running from a spring in 
 the ravines to the river —P. R. A. Belanger, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Generally speaking, a poor township, 
 75 per cent. being sandhills. Alkaline flats and ‘hay 
 marshes are numerous. The Red Deer River flows through the 
 south-east corner. Small islands of dead and decaying poplar, 
 white and cottonwoods, are scattered along the westside. A 
 small grove of timber, suitable for building, lies on the east bank 
 of the river, on Nection 1.—F. Purvis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, surface broken by ravines; very stony. Soil, 
 light and gravelly. Valley of Red Deer River and ravines occupy 
 most of the north. This valley is about 300 feet deep, and from 
 one and one-halfto two miles wide. River about 8 chains wide ; 
 water 3 to + feet deep. Soil here is very sandy and light, but is 
 well wooded with poplar and cherry. Some of the poplar would 
 make good building timber.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 The east boundary of this township runs all along through 
 the ravines and valleys of Bull Pound Creek and Red Deer River. 
 Bull Pound Creek crosses Section 86 in a south-westerly direc- 
 tion, running down to the Red Deer River. It is a small stream 
 of fresh water, of about 10 to 20 links broad and 1 to 2 feet deep, 
 with a sandy and gravelly bottom. It runs in a valley about 
 150 feet deep and half a mile broad. Patches of scrub and small 
 timber grow along this creek and its adjoining ravines. The 
 Red Deer River crosses partly on Section 13 and partly on Sec- 
 tion 12, ina south-easterly direction. It is about 17 chains broad 
 
184 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XV. 
 
 and from $to 9 feet deep, with a light sand bottom and a current 
 
 ‘of about four miles an hour. It runs in a valley about one and 
 
 2d, 
 
 26 
 
 27. 
 
 one-half miles broad and about 300 feet deep, with abrupt clay 
 banks. On both shores are belts of large timber, consisting of 
 poplar and cottonwood, suitable for fuel and building purposes.— 
 P. Rh. A. Belanger, 1883. 
 
 * Sub-division.—The Red Deer River crosses the north-east 
 portion, flowing through a valley over a mile wide. The land, 
 west of the river, except some tracts in the valley, is worthless, ~ 
 being rough, hilly, sandy and stony. The soil of the uplands 
 in the remainder of the township, is a sandy loam, light in 
 places, but plentifully supplied with alkaline sloughs and small 
 hay marshes. Small groves of very good timber are scattered 
 along the valley. Bull Pound Creek joins the river in Section 
 25, and a good ford is found a mile below this.—F. Purvis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating prairie, broken in Section 18. The west 
 line crosses a creek in Section 7, the Red Deer River in 19, and 
 the trail to Battleford in 30. Timber on the south bank of the 
 Red Deer. A few marshes were crossed by the east line.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1883. 
 
 The valley of the Red Deer River, with ravines running into 
 
 it, occupy all the southern sections, except 1 and 6. The valley 
 
 is about 300 feet deep and from one to two miles wide. The 
 river is about £00 feet wide and 3 to4feet deep. Soil, sandy and 
 light, and is well wooded with poplar and cherry, some of the 
 former being fit for building purposes.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling, hilly prairie and bush, broken by the 
 Red Deer River, which courses in a south-easterly direction, and, 
 by several coulées which run towards the river. There is abun- - 
 dance of good water in creeks and intheriver. Soil, yellow clay 
 loam, 6 inches deep, on a clay subsoil, mostly class 2. There is. 
 plenty of wood for fuel in the valley of the river. No minerals. 
 Well suited for farming, and particularly for grazing, as there is 
 grass and water in abundance.—G.. E. Mac Martin, 18838. 
 
 -Outlines.-—East, undulating prairie. A small creek was crossed: 
 
 in Section 12.—C. F. Miles, 1883. , 
 
 Sub-division.-—Rolling and broken prairie. It is broken by 
 several creeks, which have high banks, and by coulées and 
 sloughs. The water in the creeks is alkaline and ceases running 
 after midsummer. The sloughs contain good water throughout 
 the entire season. The soil is mostly a yellow and clay loam, 
 averaging 4 inches deep—-class 2, with some class 8—-on a subsoil 
 of hard dry clay. No wood. Well suited for grazing, having’ 
 abundance of grass and water during the entire season.--G. EL. 
 Mac Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with knolls. Soil, clay loam, with clay 
 subsoil, and rates second class. On the west side there are several. 
 clear-water ponds.—C. F. Miles, 1883. | 
 South, rolling prairie. Soil, yellow clay loam. A creek and 
 2% cart trail to Battle River in Section 1.--G. £. Mac Martin,. 
 888. | 
 
28. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range Xv. 185 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam. Class 1. Several 
 small streams occur, with slow currents, and especially in the 
 west the country is very hilly, and interspersed with lakes and 
 marshes.—T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, with clay subsoil. Rates, 
 second class. Water is plentiful in the west—a large pond in 
 Section 19 and an extensive marsh in 30; while in the east, 
 several marshes were crossed, and in Section 86 two creeks.—C. 
 
 _ FF. Miles, 1883. 
 
 30. 
 
 31, 
 
 33. 
 
 34, 
 
 35. 
 
 . Outlines—Is all occupied by the Hand Hills, the summit of 
 
 which is about at the centre ofthe township, and slopes gradually 
 towards east and west. The soil may be rated as second class, it 
 being a fair sandy loam, with clay or sand subsoil. It is consi- 
 derably broken on the north-east and north by deep ravines run- 
 ning from the hill, and by numerous ponds and hay marshes. 
 A large lake occupies part of Sections 7,18 and 19.—?. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1883. 
 
 _ South, the soil is good, with the surface undulating. The 
 surface towards the westerly boundary becomes more hilly, and 
 Le eal ay more broken by lakes and marshes —T. Fawcett, 
 
 3. 
 
 Outlines—Is partly rolling and partly hilly prairie. The soil 
 ranks second class in the east half, and generally third class in 
 the west half, where it islight sandy loam. Numerous ponds and 
 hay marshes will furnish abundance of good water.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 18838. 
 
 Outlines—Except a few sections of first-class prairie near the 
 north-west corner, this township is class 8. An alkaline flat takes 
 up the south-west portion, the remainder being broken and hilly. 
 A creek in: Section 6, a large pond of alkaline water in 7, and 
 several smaller ponds elsewhere.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, rolling and hilly prairie, rising eastwards. In 
 
 Section 31 are arms of a large lake.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 A large lake occupies the south-east quarter of this township. 
 An alkaline valley, dotted with small lakes, runs north-west from 
 this lake. The countryis broken and hilly to the north, with 
 rolling prairie towards the west.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Very broken and hilly prairie. Clay loam soil; clay 
 subsoil. Class 3. The north-east and south-west corners are low, 
 and have ponds of water, but the rest of the township is high and 
 dryer.— J. K. McLean, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—The east side is taken up by Sullivan’s Lake. The 
 northern sections are undulating prairie, the remainder being 
 very hilly. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 3.—J. K. McLean, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Sullivan’s Lake occupies nearly all the eastern half, the ° 
 remainder being hilly prairie. Class 3. Occasional patches of 
 poplar and willow scrub appear on Sections 30, 31 and 32.—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
186 
 
 36. 
 
 87. 
 
 38. 
 
 oo 
 
 40. 
 
 44h, 
 
 ' 42, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XV. 
 
 Outlines ~The north line crosses the north end ofSullivan’s Lake. 
 The water is muddy and alkaline. Fine samples of lignite were 
 noticed on the east shore, but the soil in the immediate vicinity 
 of the lake is of poor quality, and is rated third class.—T. Kains, 
 1883. ne 
 The north-western extension of Sullivan’s Lake runs through 
 the middle of this township, with rolling prairie on each side. 
 Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2. A little scrub on Section 
 6, and a creek in 7. Two ponds in 6.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Open and undulating prairie, with the exception of 
 some bluffs of poplar on the north-east quarter. Sullivan’s Lake 
 —a large muddy lake—runs about a mile across the south bound- 
 ary into this township. Ancther large lake—containing very 
 fair water—lies partly in the north-east corner. The trail from 
 Edmonton to the Forks of the Red Deer River runs south-easterly 
 through the north-east corner.—C. F. Miles, 1884 
 
 Outlines—Undulating prairie, with bluffs of poplar about the 
 centre of the township. A portion ofa large lake extends from 
 the south into the south-east corner. Olay and sandy loam soil, 
 with clay subsoil. First class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Undulating prairie, but very much cut up by Beaver- 
 dam Creek and its tributaries, which cross this township, running 
 easterly This creek runs in a valley about 200 below prairie 
 level, and deep ravines enter from both sides. Besides this, there 
 is Vermillion Creek in the north-west corner, the country adjacent 
 to which is cut up for some distance. Some fair spruce grows in 
 the ravines. The east half is pretty thickly wooded with poplar 
 bluffs. Soil, generally, black sandy loam, with clay subsoil. First 
 and third classes.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—North, gently-rolling, with scattered bluffs of small 
 poplar. Soil, first class—C. A Magrath, 18%3. 
 
 Is considerably broken by the Battle River and Vermillion 
 Creek, one of its tributaries, and the ravines running into them. 
 Battle River runs easterly across the north half of this township, 
 with a current of about two miles an hour and an average depth 
 of 6 feet in a valley about one mile in width. Its immediate 
 banks are about 20 feet high. The country adjacent to Vermillion 
 Creek, and for some distance back, is much broken. n °: 
 (vermillion) was observed in considerable quantities in thisjvici- 
 nity. Soil, black sandy and clay loam, with clay subsoil. First 
 and third classes.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, generally, crossed with bluffs of poplar, 
 which thin out towards the northern part. The surface is dry, 
 with occasional ponds. The soil is sandy loam and, in places, clay 
 loam, 18 inches deep, with a clay subsoil. Class 1—JZ. R. Ord, 
 1883. | 
 
 Outlines —Rolling land, with bluffs of poplars, and ponds. The 
 soil is, in places, stony, but usually a clay loam, 10 inches deep, 
 with clay subsoil. Class 1—JZ. R. Ord, 1883: fire 
 
£ 
 
 AD, 
 
 AG, 
 
 AZ. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XV. 18% 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with numerous bluffs of poplar, and 
 patches covered by willow brush. A large portion of the land 
 in the south-west and south parts of the township is low and 
 wet, and covered by large marshes ; but as we go eastward it 
 becomes more’ rolling and dry. Here the soil is not so rich and 
 deep, but in spite of a few gravelly patches would rank as class 
 1, being, in general, a sandy loam, 8 inches deep, with a clay 
 loam subsoil -—L. R. Ord, 1882, 
 
 Outlines.—North, the land, which falls gradually towards a large 
 lake that occupies most of Sections 34, 35 and 36, is of first rate 
 quality, and is interspersed with willow clumps, small poplar 
 bluffs and patches of excellent prairie land. Scattered along the 
 shore of the lake bluffs of poplar are frequent.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, covered with’ blufts of small poplar and wil- 
 low brush, the hollows commonly occupied by grassy sloughs. 
 The northern part seems to be overflowed by a stream, for in 
 the north-west corner is a large tract of recently drowned land, 
 while in the north-east corner a lake of considerable size crosses 
 the base line, and is also surrounded by drowned land, in which 
 the poplars and willows are either still green or recently killed. 
 This wet.area is only close to the base line. Further south the 
 land is dry and rolling, and of excellent quality, with a black 
 loam soil, averaging 10 inches deep, and a good loam subsoil. 
 The wood is only good for fuel.-—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—A large lake nearly covers the east half of this town- 
 ship.. The remainder is high and undulating, with many poplar 
 bluffs and swamps Soil, first class—-J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 A large lake extends over the easterly third. The soil, south- 
 west of the lake, is first rate quality prairie land. There is some 
 willow and small poplar.—T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly poor land, and stony, excepting at the 
 north-east corner, beyond the lake, where some of it is very good. 
 Wavy Lake covers about 4,500 acres im the east. Parts of the 
 township are thickly covered with thick, high willows and a 
 good deal of brush, and there are many ponds and swamps, A 
 considerable portion of the north part of the lake is drowned 
 land, where dead poplarand willow brush are standing in 4 feet 
 of water. In the north numerous marshes were crossed ; also a 
 creek in Section 34, and brulé in 32 and 386.—W_ Beatiy, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—East and west, undulating, with many scattered bluffs 
 of poplar and swamps. Soil, first-class —J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating, scrubby prairie, with patches of 
 poplar and thick clumps of high willow. There isa large num- 
 ber of grassy ponds and willow swamps. The soil is a good 
 black earth, overlaying a clay subsoil, 3 to 15 inches.— W. Beatty, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, prairie, with scrub and bush. Marshes are 
 numerous and large.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. | 
 
 East, country is undulating, with scattered bluffs of poplar 
 and willow. A small creek in Section 13. Soil, good.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1888. 
 
188 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XV. 
 
 48. Ouilines.—North, prairie, scrub and bush. Section 31 is very 
 wet, being almost all marsh. Several other marshes were crossed, 
 and in 36 a creek, flowing north._—/’. A. Magrath, 1883. ve 
 
 In the western part of this township are many poplai bluffs, 
 and the soil is good. The eastern half forms part of the Fifteen 
 Mile Plain. Soil, inferior quality.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 49. Outlines—Undulating country, thickly dotted with poplar bluffs 
 and thick willow clumps. The poplar timber is generally small, 
 fit only for fuel and fence rails. Numerous ponds and swamps 
 are dotted over the surface, none of which are of large extent, and 
 are generally shallow. The soil is a black loam, from 12 to 15 
 inches in depth, with a subsoil of clay or clay loam, and ranks 
 first class.— 7. Kains, 1884: 
 
 Kast, rolling country, with bluffs of poplar and willow The 
 Vermillion River flows, generally north, along this line, crossing 
 it in Sections 13, 24, 25 and 36. Marshes and ponds are numer- 
 ous.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 20. Ouilines—Undulating country, about one-half covered with pop- 
 lar bluffs and willow clumps. The timber is small, and fit only 
 for fuel and fence rails) Ponds and swamps are numerous, but 
 of small size, and generally shallow. The soil is excellent, being 
 a rich black loam, 10 to 15 inches deep, with a subsoil of clay.— 
 T Kains, 1884. . 
 
 Kast, rolling country, with scattered bluffs of poplar and 
 willow. In Section 1 the line crosses a small creek —C. A. 
 Magrath, 1888. 
 
 2h, Outlines—West, Section 6 is brulé; balance, scrubby prairie, 
 except about half of Section 80, which is bush. A creek was 
 crossed in Section 18, anda lake in 19. Ponds are numerous.— 
 IM. Deane, 18838. ‘ton 
 Kast, rolling country, with scattered bluffs of poplar and 
 willow. Ponds:'and marshes numerous. Vermillion River in 
 Section 18, and the cart trail from Edmonton to Battleford in 24 
 —C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 @2. Outlines.—North and east, undulating prairie, with bluffs of 
 poplar and clumps of willow. A large creek flows east, along the 
 north line, in Sections 31, 82 and 33. In Section 1 is the Vermil- 
 lion River, and in Section 24 a small creek.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 West, a large lake covers part of Section 6, all of 7 and part 
 of 18. Smaller lakes in 18 and 80. and in 18 a trail. Surtace, 
 scrubby prairie, and very fair soil—M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 5B. Outlines.—Country falling slightly to eastward, with numerous 
 poplar and willow bluffs, and patches of excellent prairie land, 
 Ponds and swamps abound throughout the township, which are, 
 however, shallow, end contain excellent water. Soil; excellent. 
 Class 1.— T. Kains, 1884. a 
 
 54. Outlines.—The land falls gently to the east, and contains numer- 
 ous ponds and swamps. The timber is heavier at the west side 
 of the range, and gradually becomes less as we proceed eastward. 
 This land has been rated first class, though a great variety of soil 
 
a7 
 
 a9. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth initial Meridian —Range XV. 189 
 
 was noticed—black loam, clay loam, sand loam, with clay and 
 sand subsoils.—7. Kains, 1884. | 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling country, inclined to be low and wet towards 
 
 the south and east. There are clumps of thick willows, which 
 are, in many places, burned. Poplar timber exists in fair quanti- 
 ties, and occasionally of sufficient size for building purposes. Soil, 
 first and second class.—T. Kains, 1884. ; 
 
 - Outlines—Country broken by hills and lakes, and partially 
 
 covered with poplar and willow, which, at the north part of the 
 township, is of fair size. Egg Lake breaks into this township at 
 the west side, and at the south-easterly shore of the lake the coun- 
 try is low and wet. Ponds and swamps are fairly numerous. A 
 considerable creek runs south-easterly through this township, 
 which is also cut by numerous cart trails. Soil, first and second 
 class.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 North, partly open country. Some desirable land —G. B. 
 Abrey, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Is gently-rolling, with a dense growth of 1 to 3-inch 
 poplar, and bluffs of 8 to 8-inch poplar and high grey willow. 
 The banks of the Saskatchewan River, which passes through 
 Section 25 in a south-easterly direction, are heavily timbered 
 with spruce and poplar, from 5 to 12 inches diameter, and some 
 birch 4 to 8-inch. The eastern portion is watered by numerous 
 lakes, but in other portions the supply is moderate. The subsoil 
 consists of blue and yellow clay, overlaid by black loam, from 10 | 
 to 24inchesdeep The township is unsuited for agricultural pur- 
 poses, and has no trails.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is rolling, except the north-eastern portion, where there 
 
 are a few ranges of hills, about 120 feet in height. Is wooded 
 chiefly with a growth of 2 to 4-inch poplar and willow, and bluffs 
 of 8 to 8-inch poplar. Along the banks and coulées of the Sas- 
 katchewan River, however, the timber is heavier, consisting of 5 
 to 12-inch poplar and spruce. -The Saskatchewan River passes. 
 through the western half, in a south-easterly direction, from Sec- 
 tion 31. It varies in width from 12 to 16 chains, and its banks 
 are over 200 feet above the level of the water. There a few small 
 lakes and creeks in the township. The Victoria and Saddle Lake 
 trail, with a branch to Lac Ja Biche, passes through the north- 
 eastern portion. The soil consists of about 10 inches of black 
 loam over a clay subsoil. Towards the west the subsoil becomes 
 sandy.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is generally undulating, with the exception of a few 
 sectionsin the south-western portion, which partake of a more 
 rolling and sometimes hilly nature. A number of the central 
 sections are low-lying and wet, or bottom lands. The alluvial 
 soil in the eastern portion consists of a black loam, varying in, 
 depth from 8 to 10 inches, and underlaid by clay. Towards the west. 
 the soil isof a sandy character.. The White Mud River drains. 
 Section 6, runs in a south-easterly direction, and enters the Sas- 
 katchewan River, which forms part of the southern boundary of 
 
£90 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XV. 
 
 ‘the township. Hills, about 125 feet high, enclose a narrow valley 
 
 60, 
 
 along the White Mud River. The township is otherwise watered 
 by a few small affluents of this stream and other small creeks and. 
 lakes. This is essentially a bush country. Small portions of it 
 may be classed as bluffy. The wood consists chiefly of poplar, 
 from 4 to 8 inches in diameter, with scattered 5 to 15-inch pitch 
 pine in the eastern, and tracts of solid pine brush in the western 
 portions of the township. There is also some 5 to 15-inch spruce 
 in the central sections. The Victoria and Saddle Lake, trail 
 passes through Section 6.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 -Outlines.—Is generally rolling, with numerous small muskegs 
 
 towards the north and some flat and gently-undulating country 
 towards its south. The soil is, for the most part, sand, sometimes 
 overlaid by about 5 inches of black sandy loam. In low portions 
 a stiffclay predominates. There are a few small creeks and 
 numerous small lakes, surrounded by marsh or muskeg land. The 
 township is densely wooded, to the east, with 5 to 12-inch spruce, 
 with 4 to 10-inch poplar, and scattered 5 to 15-inch pitch pine; to 
 the west, north and centre, with a dense growth of 2 to 6-inch 
 poplar, while pitch pine may be found on small hills and knolls. 
 There is considerable 4 to 8-inch tamarac in the northern portion, 
 
 and pitch pine and scattered 4 to 10-inch poplar in the southern 
 
 portion. This township is wholly unsuited for agricultural pur- 
 poses, and without any cart trails—C A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
10 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Ranoe XVI. 
 
 . Outlines——Undulating androlling. Soil, a sandy loam, with clay 
 
 subsoil. The tops of the ridges in the west are solid beds of gravel, 
 and in the east the surface is, in many places, covered with 
 boulders. Very little surface water, and grass scarce.—C. E. Wolff, 
 1888. 
 
 South, undulating prairie. Soil is hard and dry, and desti- 
 
 _ tute of water.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 . Outlines—Almost similar to Township 5. Section 18 contains a 
 
 coulée and a creek, and in 1 there is a small creek, while in 25 
 a large marsh comes very near the line —C. E. Wolf, 1884. 
 Outlines.—This township is almost similar to Township 5. From 
 Sections 80 and 31 Chin Coulée crosses to 24and 25. The banks 
 are very stony. In the bottom of the coulée is a dry watercourse. 
 —C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.-North, undulating prairie, very much waterworn, 
 
 il, 
 
 making it inferior.—-O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Undulating and rolling. Soil, a light sandy loam, with clay 
 and gravel subsoils. The grass is very short, and there are sur- 
 face boulders. The Walshand McLeod trail crosses the township. 
 —C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—East and west, a very dry, rolling prairie, and soil a 
 
 very light, sandy loam, and bakes very hard. The only water to. 
 be found is in a lake. The land, in many places, is very stony. 
 A trail to Medicine Hat from here.-—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 - Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. , Soil, clay loam—classes. 
 1 and 2-—onclay subsoil. It is well adapted for agricultural pur- 
 poses. Horse Fly Lake is situate on Sections 10, 11 and 15, and 
 affords fine drainage for the surrounding country. It has a stony 
 bottom, is shallow,.and is marshy at the north-west end. Another 
 marsh occurs on Sections 8 and 9. The Fort McLeod and Medi- 
 cine Hat trail crosses east.— J. Mc Latchie, 1888. 
 
 Outlines'—Is a very dry rolling country. Soil, very sandy. Belly 
 River flows through the west tier of sections. There is some tim- 
 ber in the river valley.— fF. W. Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Level and gently-undulating, except along the 
 Belly River, where many ravines run towards the river. The soil 
 is a sandy loam, class 2, and is fairly adapted for agriculture, 
 except in Sections 7, 17, 20, 23, 24, 29 and 30, where it consists of 
 gravel and sand. Water is scarce beyond the river, and there is 
 no wood, except in the vicinity of the river, where some exists. 
 suitable for fuel—A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The Horse Shoe Bend of the Belly River is mostly in 
 this township. The river courses northwards through the west- 
 
92 
 
 ‘ES. 
 
 a4, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XVI. 
 
 erly sections, then flows over to the east, and courses southwards 
 along the easterly tier of sections. There is no timber along the 
 river. Inland from the river the soil is very ‘light and the surface 
 is rolling —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-divisoin.—Belly River crosses through Sections 6, 5, 8, 17, 
 18, 19, 30, 29, 82, and leaves by 33; it re-enters by 35 and crosses 
 36, 25, 24, 12 and 13. The river valley i is a mile wide, has almost 
 perpendicular banks, and encloses alluvial flats formed by the 
 river windings, which are rich for farming or pasturage. Width 
 of river, 650 feet; depth, 2 to 8 feet. Swift current. Beds of coal, 
 3 or 4 feet thick, are exposed on the banks, on Sections 8 and 19. 
 Surface, undulating. Soil, sandy loam, fine for farming. except ~ 
 the northern tier of | sections, which is sandy. —J, McLaichie, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North; soil, sandy loam the northerly sections are 
 
 rolling and level prairie.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 Kast and west is very rough, the surface being very broken 
 
 by hills, and very stony. Very little water. No timber.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1858. 7 
 
 Sub-division.—Belly river traverses Sections 2, 3 and 4, width 
 650 feet ; depth, 8 to 4 feet, and swiftcurrent. The southern banks 
 
 ‘rise gradually, but the opposite ones are 150 feet high, very broken 
 
 and precipitous, and composed of clay and gravel. A bed of coal 
 of 3 feet is exposed on Section 4. Expanse Coulée empties into 
 the river in Section 2. It crosses the entire township from Sec- 
 tion 35, is half a mile wide, and increases in depth from 385 feet 
 
 150 at the river. Elsewhere the township is undulating prai- 
 rie. Soil, sandy loam, well suited for agriculture —J. McLatchie, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is a rolling prairie ; very dry. Soil, grey clay. The 
 grass is very short. No wood. In Section 24 a large marsh.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 The southern portion of this township isin part level and 
 rolling, with a sandy loam soil. Up the western side it is rolling | 
 only, and has a sandy loam soil, with the exception of some gra- 
 vel ridges in Section 80--C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division. ~-Rolling or level prairie. Soil, sandy loam on 
 a sandy subsoil. Water is scarce. Small sloughs are numerous, 
 but dry up early in the season. No wood. This township is well 
 adapted for agricultural purposes.—-J. W. D’Amours, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.-North, east and south is a rolling prairie; very dry. 
 Soil, grey clay. The grass is very short. There is ho water, ex- 
 cept at Bow River, which runs through the township. No wood. 
 There are some strong indications of coal along the banks of the 
 river.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 West, level. Soil, sandy loam, and in some places clay loam. 
 
 —C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division. --Open, undulating prairie. Soil, asandy loam, 
 from 4 to 8 inches deep, on a sandy subsoil ; somewhat dry. The 
 north-east corner is broken by the Bow River, which flows towards 
 
 ‘the south-east, and contains an abundance of good water, running 
 
15. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian— Range XVI. 1398 
 
 with acurrent of three to four miles an hour. The banks of the 
 river are from 40 to 100 feet high.—J. W. D’ Amours, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Going west, on the north boundary, level prairie to the 
 Bow River, running through Section 32 in a south-easterly direc- 
 
 tion, in a valley about 100 feet deep, and half a mile wide; depth 
 
 16, 
 
 of water, about 3 feet, with very rapid current. The country west 
 of the river is undulating, and the soil a dry, light sand. The 
 east is level and rolling. Soil, a sandy and clay loam, with clay 
 subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 West, undulating prairie of good sandy loam, supporting a 
 good vegetation of grass. No water.-—-O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Dry, and nicely undulating prairie, excepting in 
 the vicinity of the Bow River, which enters by Section 32, and 
 coursing south-eastwards, leaves by Section 1. The river has 
 abundance of fresh water, running with a current of three or four 
 miles. The banks are about 100 feet high, and along them are 
 several exposed coal seams. The average width of the river is 
 about 860 feet. The soil of the township is a sandy and a dark 
 loam, between classes 1 and 2.—J. W. D’Amours, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west, soil good; grass long, some flowers. 
 The Bow River, with its clear blue waters, flows through the 
 western part. The river is about 10 chains wide, with a rapid 
 current and stony bottom. Its sidesalternate with slopes and 
 abrupt clay banks, from 50 to 100 feet in height. Driftwood 
 plentiful, but no green wood.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 East, is rolling prairie. Soil, a good grey clay, with clay 
 subsoil. The grass s along this line is very heavy. The southern 
 sections, {from I to 5, are level prairie. Here the Bow River breaks 
 the surface. The south-east corner is undulating, and the soil a 
 dry, light sand.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—A high, dry and gently-rolling prairie, except- 
 ing where crossed by the Bow River, which courses down the > 
 
 . centre of the two westerly tiers of sections. The average width 
 
 ud. 
 
 of the Bow River is about 800 feet. The water is good, and the 
 current strong, and navigable by small steamers. There are some. 
 coal veins along its banks. The soil along the river is light and 
 sandy, but inland it is much better and, in places, classes 1— - 
 J. W. D’Amours, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The soil is hard clay, with scarcely an y mould, second 
 class, and the surface is level or gently-undulating. Bow River 
 passes through this township in the south-west part, and is the 
 only running stream. Water was very scarce, but the few shallow 
 lakes or ponds found were fresh. No timber._W. Bell, 1882. 
 West,soil, good sandy loam, well adapted for farming. South, 
 as seen from the southern boundary, the soil is good and the grass 
 long. ‘the Bow-River crosses the south-east of the township, but 
 has been already described in Township 16.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Gently-undulating, and broken by a few 
 shallow marshes, and some coulées. Soil, generally, a clay loam 
 and, in places, a sandy loam, all well adapted for agricultural pur- 
 poses. The Bow River enters on Section 18 and flows south-east 
 
194 Towastips West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVI. 
 
 18. 
 
 and south. The current is rapid, the water clear and good, and 
 about 8 feet deep ; the left bank is abrupt and precipitous, from 
 60 to 100 feet high, and intersected with short gullies, and the 
 other side is sloping to the water’s edge, and somewhat gravelly. | 
 —G. Ross, 183. 
 
 Outlines—North, east and south, gently-undulating prairie. Water 
 is scarce. The soil is generally clay. Class 2. A small lake in 
 
 - the extreme south of Section 1.. No timber.—W. Bell, 1882 
 
 mt} 
 
 ys | 2 
 
 West, sandy loam soil, and full of depressions, 6 to 12 inches 
 in depth, as if washed away, and more or less destitute of vege- 
 tation.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Gently-undulating. Soil, grey clay loam, all 
 good second class land, well adapted for agriculture, and having 
 a subsoil of clay. The marshes are few in number, but contain 
 good water. No wood.—G. Russ, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North and south, gently-undulating prairie. Not much 
 water. The soil is clay, and of a poor quality. In the east the 
 surface is high, undulating prairie, with a clay soil.—W. Bell, © 
 1882. 
 
 West, level prairie Clay soil. Water scarce —T. Drummond, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-undulating. Svil—in the eastern 
 part—light, sandy loam on clay subsoil. Sections 31 and 32 are 
 broken by coulées; Sections 10, 11, 22, 2, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 21, 27, 
 23 and 34 by shallow prairie, lakes and marshes. The south- 
 western part is adapted for agriculture, and the remainder, though 
 possessing some good land, is better suited for grazing. The C.P.R. 
 crosses the north-east. Southesk Station is situate at the north—. 
 G. Ross, 1883. ) 
 
 Outlines.—North and west the soil is fairly good, and principally 
 second class. Water is very scarce. The surface is level prairie, but 
 in Section 7 the line crosses a coulée.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Hast and south, gently-undulating prairie, with a clay soil of 
 fair quality. Water is scarce.— W. Bell, i882. 
 
 Sub-division —Generally undulating and rolling, hilly in 
 some places. Soil, clay loam on clay subsoil. Class 2. Sections 
 23 and 24 are broken by a large marsh, and a number of wet and 
 dry smaller marshes occur elsewhere. The south-west part of the 
 township is stony, and the alluvial soil is wanting in many 
 places. The township is fitted for agriculture or grazing. The 
 C.P.R. crosses the south-west.—G. Ross, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is level prairie; rated second ‘class. Soil, a fair sandy 
 
 loam, is very suitable for agricultural purposes. A small creek of 
 fresh water furrows across the east boundary of Section 86.— 
 P.R. A. Belanger, 1883. | 
 
 West and south, soil principally second class. Water is very 
 scarce.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—All rolling prairie. Soil, principally clay and. 
 yellow loam, of a depth from 6 to 12 inches, but of a dry nature. 
 Surface water is scarce, and only to be obtained in early summer.. 
 No timber. The soil is a good class 2, but owing to the lack of. 
 
22, 
 
 2. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Init‘al Meridian Range XVI. 198, 
 
 moisture is below the average for, farming purposes.—G. EF. 
 Mac Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is nearly the same as Township 21, with the excep- 
 tion of the north-east half, which is a rolling prairie of a lighter 
 soil. A small creek runs through the east boundary of Section 1 
 in a north-easterly direction. The water in the ponds is mostly 
 alkaline——P. R. A. Belanger, 1883. 
 
 West, level prairie. Waterscarce. Soil, both clay and sandy 
 loam, scarcely class 2.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—-Rolling prairie. Soils, composed of clay, 
 
 ‘sandy and yellow loams, 6 to 15 inches deep, but generally of a 
 ‘dry nature. There are twoslightly alkaline lakes in Sections 12, 
 
 13 and 14. The creeks are dry. The soil is generally class 2. 
 There is abundance of good land for settlement, and in comparison 
 with other townships it is above the average. No wood.—G. E. 
 MacMartin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling and broken surface, with knolls of sandy 
 loam. No water.—W. Ogilvie, 1884. 
 
 Level or gently-rolling prairie. The soil is a light sandy 
 loam, rated second and third class. The ponds are mostly alka- 
 line.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with a soil of yellow loam on 
 a hard clay subsoil; classes 1 and 2, but mostly class 2. There are 
 two alkaline lakes, one on Sections 29, 32 and 33, and the other 
 on 10, 11,14 and 15. There are also a number of fresh sloughs, but 
 these dry up by midsummer, This is a very good township for 
 farming. No wood.—G. E. MacMartin, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, surface, rolling; sandy loam flats and gravelly 
 
 ridges. Soil from 10 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, sandy clay, 
 hardened. Very little water ; a few small marsh meadows. West, 
 surface generally very knolly and gravelly. Some of the flats 
 fair, clayey loam, about two feet deep; some ponds and many 
 small meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Level or gently-rolling prairie. The soil is a light sandy 
 loam, rated second and third class.. The ponds are mostly alka- 
 line; however, fresh water may easily be obtained from hay 
 marshes in the west half of the township, where the surface of 
 the soil becomes more rolling and improves in quality.—P. R, A. 
 Belanger, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—High-rolling prairie, broken by several alka- 
 line lakes and numerous fresh-water sloughs. The soil is yellow 
 and sandy loam on a hard, dry clay subsoil, excepting in the 
 western portion, which is of a gravelly nature, and around the 
 lakes, where it is impregnated with alkali. No wood or minerals.. 
 There is abundance of vegetation and fresh water, which will 
 make this a good grazing township.—G. E. MacMartin, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—North, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil. In 
 
 Section 83 the Red Deer River was crossed, and in 82 bare clay 
 panks.—J. J. Burrows, 18838. 
 13* . 
 
196 
 
 26. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Inttial Meridian —Range XVI. 
 
 West, undulating prairie. Creeks in Sections 19 and 31, and’ 
 a few small marshes. East, undulating prairie, broken in 
 Section 18. A creek in Section 12, the Red Deer River in 24, 
 and the trail to Battleford in 80. Timber on the south bank of 
 the Red Deer.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The Red Deer River crosses the north-east 
 quarter of the township in a diagonal direction. The valley of the 
 river extends back on either side of the river from one-half to ~ 
 three-quarters of a mile. The north side of this valley is quite 
 flat, with a gradual ascent to the abrupt clay banks, which are 
 from 70 to to 100 feet high. The south side of the valley is not so 
 flat, but is permeated by numerous small gullies and’ ravines 
 extending from the river’s edge, where the bank is from 10 to 25 
 feet high. This uneveness extends back from the river for from 
 one-half to one and a-quarter miles, where it meets a series of 
 clay banks of from 60 to 120 feet high, The remainder of the 
 township consists of gently-rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil 
 on a clay subsoil. Class 2. The soil in the valley of the river is 
 of a better quality, being a clay loam on a clay subsoil._—J. J. 
 Burrows, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken in the west, in Sections 7, 18 
 
 and 19, by the Red Deer River and its banks. This line also 
 
 28. 
 
 crosses creeks in 6, 7 and 19,and a small lakein 31. The soil isa 
 
 sandy loam, Class 2.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The Red Deer River crosses diagonally the. 
 south-west quarter of the township. There is a narrow belt o 
 poplar and willow along the river, suitable for fuel only The 
 south half of the township is much cut up by ravines, while the 
 north half is of a gently-rolling character. The soil is of a good 
 quality of sandy loam, averaging 7 to 10 inches deep on a clay 
 subsoil.—J J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—The greater part of this township is very hilly, with 
 
 prairie intervening. There are also alkaline depressions. Soil, 
 clay loam, and rates second and third class. The west line crosses. 
 a large pond in Section 7, a creek in 18, and an old trailin 30, and. 
 in the east a number of clear-water ponds were observed.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, the easterly portion is very hilly, and much 
 broken; but from Section 35, westward, the country is well 
 drained into a large lake, 24 miles south of the line. A large 
 stream, with high banks, bearing south-west, empties out of the- 
 lake, south of the line, into the Red Deer River.—7T: Fawcett, 
 1883. | a 
 
 The greater part is very hilly, with intervening prairie, except 
 in the north-west quarter, which is undulating and sloping to the 
 
 ‘south, . There are ponds and alkaline depressions. In the south 
 
 quarter there is a lake containing good water, and covering about 
 £500 acres. It is said to contain whitefish. It empties south- 
 west into the Red Deer River. In Sections 19, 80 and 31 creeks. 
 cross the west line, and in the east the line crosses a large pond in 
 Section 24 and an extensive marsh in 25.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
Townships West of Third Initial Meridian —Range XVI. 197 
 
 “29. Outlines.—Occupied by a large plateau, sloping gradually from 
 
 BO. 
 
 the centre towards the east and the west, and forming part of the 
 Hand Hills. Sections 1, 3, 10, 11 and 12 appear to be very hilly, 
 and broken by deep’ponds and marshes. A large lake, apparently 
 very deep, with sandy bottom and gravelly shores, occupies parts 
 of Sections 11 and 12, and all of 18, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 35. This 
 lake is about 5 miles long, by 2 miles wide. Its water is very 
 saline. The soil is second class in the east half, and first class in 
 the west half, where it is a rich black loam, with a clay subsoil. 
 Around the lake are patches of willows, that may be used for line 
 pickets or fuel.— P. R. A. Belanger, 1884. 
 
 Southwards, undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam, of 15 inches 
 deep, on clay subsoil. Class 2. The south-east is hilly.—T. Faw- 
 cett, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —West, broken and hilly. A creek in Section 19, and a 
 couple of ponds in 31.—J. K. McLean, 1884. | 
 Heavy-rolling prairie in the north half, and rough,: hilly 
 prairie in the south half, where the deep ravines and gullies of the 
 north side of the Hand Hills originate. These hills appear about 
 200 feet above level prairie, and are very rough. Water 1s in abund- 
 ance in hay marshes and ponds, of which some of the latter are 
 dikaline. Thereare also springs running from the hills. There 
 are a few patches of sma]l timber in the ravines, suitable only for 
 fuel. The soil ranks second and third class—P. R. A. Belanger, 
 
 1884. 
 
 53 
 
 33. 
 
 34, 
 
 Qutlines.-- Except Sections 23 and 42, which are broken and hilly, 
 
 and Sections 1, 12 and 13, nearly the whole of which are in an 
 
 alkaline flat, this township is rolling prairie, clay loam soil, and 
 clay subsoil. Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, rolling prairie, with a good soil. A large lake 
 
 in Section 86, and a much smaller one in 31.—E. Bray, 1888. 
 
 Rolling prairie. A small creek, nearly dry (2nd September), 
 crosses the southern sections. Clay loam soil ; clay subsoil ; class 
 2. Several ponds were crossed, and in Section 25 is an alkaline 
 flat, while the greater part of 36 is an alkaline lake.—J. XK. 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—An alkaline flat, dotted with small lakes, extends from 
 the south-east to the north-west corner. East of this flat it is 
 hilly prairie, while west it is rolling prairie, with sand loam soil, 
 clay subsoil. Class 2. Large bodies of water in Sections 6, 30 
 and 31, the greater part of 30 being under water.—J. K. McLean, 
 1884, , 
 
 South, rolling prairie with a good soil. A long lake extends 
 north-west into the township from the south-east corner.—E. 
 Bray, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—Nearly the whole is very broken and hilly, with ponds 
 intervening. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 3—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. ) 
 
 13} 
 
198 
 35. 
 
 36. 
 
 oe. 
 
 38, 
 
 ‘39 
 
 40 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVI. 
 
 Outlines.—The sections along the northern and western bounda- 
 ries are rolling prairie, the remainder being very hilly. Clay loam 
 soil; clay subsoil. Class 8. Water abundant.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating or level prairie. A few grass swamps. 
 
 Soil, generally first class—.T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling and undulating prairie. Clay loam soil; clay sub- 
 soil. Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is an open, undulating prairie, intersected by a few dry 
 watercourses. Soil, sandy and clay loam on clay subsoil, some- 
 what stony. A dry watercourse, with standing pools of water, 
 crosses and re-crosses the east boundary, with a southerly course 
 into Sullivan’s Lake. Second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884 — 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating prairie, with some scattered blufis of 
 second growth poplar and willows. The trail from Edmonton to 
 the Forks of the Red Deer River runs south-easterly through the 
 north-east corner. Big Knife Creek leaves this township, running 
 north-westerly in Section 30. This creek is still inhabited by 
 beavers, which have dammed the creek in many places, thus form- 
 ing a series of deep ponds. Soil, sandy and clay loam, with clay 
 subsoil. First class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Consist of undulating and nearly open prairie. It is 
 somewhat broken by Vermillion Creek, and more especially by 
 ravines and alkaline depressions or washouts on the north-east 
 quarter. Groves of poplar bluffs were observed about the centre 
 of the township. Soil, black sandy loam, with clay subsoil. 
 Second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —North, néar the Battle River the country is heavily 
 wooded. The river valley is about one mile wide and 170 feet 
 deep. On the west side of the river is a very fine grove of spruce, 
 many of the trees being 100 feet high, and from 8 to 20 inches in 
 diameter. Leaving the valley of the river the line followsup a 
 deep ravine, well timbered with poplar. Soil, first-class —-C. A. 
 Magrath, 1883. , 
 
 Undulating prairie, interspersed with blufis of poplar and 
 willows. Vermillion Creek meanders through the south half. 
 Battle River runs south-easterly through Section 36, in a valley 
 about a mile wide and more than 200 feet below prairie level. 
 The valley is wooded with poplar of good size, with good spruce 
 
 in the ravines on the south side of the river. The north-east 
 
 44. 
 
 quarter is rather broken by ravines running into the valley of 
 Battle River. Soil, sandy loam, with clay subsoil. First and 
 second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, a good deal broken by ravines to the 
 Battle River Valley, which crosses from Sections 18 and 19 to 2 
 and 8. The valley is wooded with poplar and occasional spruce, 
 and is about one mile wide and 200 feet deep. The stream is — 
 very crooked, with gravel and clay banks. The township is 
 mostly wooded with poplar, and occasional ponds dot its surface. 
 The soil is a sandy loam, some 18 inches deep, with a sandy loam 
 subsoil, and ranks as class 1—JZ. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
42, 
 
 AS 
 
 44, 
 
 45, 
 
 46, 
 
 Townships West of Third Initial Meridian.—Range XVI. 199 
 
 The southern part of the country is heavily wooded in the 
 vicinity of the river. Some of the spruce in the ravines are 100 
 feet high. The soilis first-class —C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Battle River. crosses the south-west corner, 
 through a valley about 60 chains wide, on an average, and 150 
 feet deep. This valley has a very poor quality of soil, being a 
 hard white clay. That portion of the township lying on the north 
 side of the river is very fair quality of land, being an alluvial 
 deposit of black loam, from 8 to 12 inches deep, and clay subsoil. 
 It is avery desirable place for settlement. Poplar grows in 
 sufficient quantities for fuel and fencing. Along the south bank 
 of the river valley, and ina ravine running through the south 
 tier of sections, small quantities of spruce, fit for building pur- 
 poses, can be obtained. That part lying on the south side of the 
 river is much broken by ravines. The soil is adapted for grazing, 
 and has a good supply of water—W. Crawford, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling land, generally open, with patches of scrub: 
 and bluffs. In the south-west corner the surface is very wet, 
 with willow marshes, and here the soil is of fair quality, but in 
 the greater portion of the township it is a very dry clay loam,. 
 less than 10 inches deep, witha hard, baked clay subsoil. Ranks: 
 second and third class.—L. R. Ord, 18%38. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with bluffs of poplar and willow 
 brush, the wood of small size. The land is well drained, and 
 dry; but in places the soil is shallow, and is a sandy loam, with 
 clay and clay loam, but in places a gravelly subsoil. Class 1.—— 
 L. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rises slightly to the east, and contains a great. 
 many swamps. large ponds and numerous clumps of willows, 
 with a few poplur bluffs. The supply of timber is not large, and 
 the dimensions of it tuo small to be of any use for building pur- 
 poses, although suitable for fuel and fence rails.— T. Kains, 1883. 
 Rolling land, with bluffs of poplar, willow brush and 
 marshy stretches. The soilis of good quality, though not well 
 drained in the northern portion, and improves south. The soil is 
 a black sandy loam, with clay and a clay loamsubsoil. Class 1.. 
 —L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—East and west, undulating, with small scattered bluffs 
 of poplar and many swamps. A lake encroaches on the north- 
 west corner. Soil, first class —J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—There are about 1,200 acres of water in the 
 north-west corner. South of this the western part is greatly 
 broken with willow swamps and muskegs. The remainder of 
 the township is undulating, scrubby prairie, with here and there 
 bluffs of poplar and willow swamps. The soil is of fair quality, 
 generally class 2—W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Ouilines——Bush and scrub, alternating with prairie. Several 
 marshes and ponds. The west is much broken by a large lake or 
 marsh. There are many patches ot poplar and willows. Soil, first. 
 class.—J. J. McArthur, 18838. 
 
200 ‘Townships West of Third Initial Meridian.—Range XVI. 
 
 Sub-division.—The western side is mostly under water from 
 2 to 10 feet. In the shallower portions of the lakes. dead wil- 
 low and small poplars are standing, showing a recent increase in 
 the area of the water. The soil of the township is good, and the . 
 general surface is rolling, scrubby prairie, with frequent bluffs of 
 poplar and willow.-—-W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 47. Outlines.—Undulating, and intersected with poplar bluffs. Soil» 
 first class. The marshes are numerous and large.—QJ. J. McArthur 
 18838. 
 
 48, Outlines—North, alternate prairie and bush, with a little scrub. 
 Several marshes were crossed, and in Section 32 a little brulé.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 Undulating, with scattered poplar bluffsand swamps. Soil, 
 first class —J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating country, thickly dotted with poplar blufis 
 and willow clumps, the timber of which is small, and unfit for 
 building purposes. Numerous small ponds and swampsare scattered 
 over the surface. The soil is first class, being a rich vegetable 
 mould from 10 inches to 15 inches in depth, with a subsoil of clay . 
 or clay loam. ~ T. Kains, 1884. | 
 
 50. Outlines —Undulating country, about one-half covered with 
 poplar bluffs and willow clumps, the timber of whichis generally 
 small. Numerous ponds and swamps are scattered throughout 
 the township, on the west side of which they are more abundant 
 and of larger area than in the interior. Thesoil is good, being a 
 black loam, from 12 to 15 inches, a clay or clay loam on subsoil. 
 —T'. Kains, 1884. 
 
 51. Outlines—West, the country is scrubby. Numerous lakes and 
 
 _ ponds. East, also scrubby prairie, except about half of Section 
 25, which is bush. A creek in Section 18, a lake in. 24, and small 
 ponds generally distributed.—_. Deane, 1883. 
 
 $2. Outlines—North, willow and scrub, with bluffs of poplar. 
 Marshes and ponds —C, A. Magrath, 1883. : 
 All scrubby prairie, with a little bush. In Section 80 a trail. 
 A large lake covers part of 1, all of 12, and part of 18. Smaller 
 lakes in 18 and 25.— MM. Deane, 1888. 
 53. Outlines.—Rolling to undulating country, with poplar bluffs and 
 willow clumps, the timber of which is generally small Ponds 
 and swamps alternate with fine prairie openings, which contain 
 land of first class quality. The ponds are larger at the west side 
 of the range, and the timber seems heavier and more abundant at 
 the north side of the township than it is elsewhere.—TZ. Kains, 
 1884. | 
 Outlines —Undulating country, dotted with numerous ponds and 
 swamps, which are heavily fringed with thick, large willows. 
 Poplar bluffs are numerous, and contain large quantities of good 
 sized timber. Soil, first class. A cart trail from Beaver Lake te 
 Victoria passes through the north-west corner.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
D5. 
 
 a6. 
 
 57, 
 
 38. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XVI. 201 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating country, containing some heavy poplar in 
 scattered bluffs, and occasional clumps of spruce. This township 
 is pretty fairly covered with willows, and broken considerably by 
 ponds and swamps. Several cart trails run through it. Soil, good. 
 Classes 1 and 2—T. Kains, 1884. | hi 
 
 Outlines.—Is broken by Egg Lake, which occupies almost one- 
 third of its area The country around the lake is low and wet, 
 affording large quantities of hay. Blue Quill’s band of Indians 
 has a settlement at the north-west part of the township. The 
 remainder of the township is rolling country, containing some fine 
 poplar and spruce. The soil is excellent and, on the survey lines, 
 
 has been rated first class —7. Kains, 1884. 
 
 North, the surface is quite flat and wet.—G. B. Abrey, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Undulating country, heavily timbered at west side of 
 range with poplar, willow and spruce. The poplar in the centre 
 and easterly portions of the township is generally small. Some 
 very large muskegs were crossed on the west boundary. Ponds 
 and swamps are numerous. Egg Lake Creek runs north through 
 the westerly part, and a cart trail to Victoria passes also along the 
 easterly bank of the creek. Soil, first and second class.—T. Kains, 
 1884. | 
 
 Outlines —Is broken by the River Saskatchewan, which enters it 
 about the middle, and flows easterly. In the vicinity of the river 
 the timber is large, and consists of poplarand spruce. The north 
 trail to Battleford is located on the north side of the river. The 
 country on the south side of the river is partially open, being 
 
 . thickly dotted with poplar bluffs, willow clumps and numerous 
 
 59 
 
 GO. 
 
 ponds and swamps. Some fine patches of spruce north of the 
 river. Soil, second class.—T': Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Is generally rolling, with the exception of a few sections 
 in the central and more southerly portions, which are gently un- 
 dulating. Soil, a black sandy loam, from 8 to 10 inches, generally 
 uhderlaid by sand. In some places a black loam, overlying clay. 
 The White Mud River passes through Section 31, and is supplied 
 from both sides by small affluents. It is about 50 feet wide, 5 
 feet deep, has a mile and a-half current, courses through a valley 
 which is about half a mile wide. and is flanked on either side by a 
 range of hills. There are numerous small lakes in the township. 
 The eastern portion is wooded with 5 to 12-inch pitch pine. Other 
 portions are wooded with 4 to 8-inch poplar, and small, narrow 
 belts of 5 to 12-inch spruce. There is considerable open and 
 bluffy country in the central part. An old cart trail passes through 
 the township from Section 13. The country is unsuited for agri- 
 cultural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Generally rolling, with a few ranges of small hills. 
 There are numerous muskegs in the north and marshes in the south. 
 One large creek, 50 feet wide, 2 feet deep, current two miles per 
 hour, which follows the western boundary in Sections 31 and 80 
 in a southerly and thence south-easterly direction, drains consider- 
 able of the north-westerly and central portions of the township 
 
302 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVI. 
 
 Another creek, of similar size and volume, bordered on both sides: 
 by willows, passes through Section 6. Numerous other small 
 creeks, which rise in small, deep lakes, and flow, for the most part, 
 in a southerly direction, serve to drain the township. The soil 
 consists chiefly of sand, sometimes overlaid by 3 to 8 inches of 
 black sandy loam. This township is densely wooded—in the 
 eastern and central portions with 4 to 8-inch poplar, some 5 to 12- 
 inch pitch pine, and belts of 5 to 12-inch spruce in the northern 
 and north-western portions, with 4 to 8-inch tamarac and poplar, 
 with heavy pitch pine on the small hills and knolls, and in the 
 west with 4 to 8-inch poplar, and some pine and tamarac. An 
 old cart trail, passing through Section 6, follows the valley of the 
 White Mud River. The township is unsuited for agricultural 
 
 purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884, | 
 
10 
 
 il 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Rana@E XVII. 
 
 . Outlines—-Surface, undulating. Soil, gravelly clay, with clay 
 
 subsoil in the west, and sandy loam, on clay and gravel subsoil 
 in the east. In Section 18 is a large fresh-water lake, half a mile 
 wide, and extending about three miles east and one mile west of 
 the line —C. E. Wolff, 1888. | : 
 South, rolling prairie Soil, dry and hard ; vegetation poor ; 
 some alkaline ponds; a creek in Section 3.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines—Surface, undulating. Soil, gravelly clay, with clay 
 
 subsoil in the west, and sandy loam, with clay subsoil, in the east. 
 Surface stones in Section 6. A creek and coulée stretches from 
 Section 30 to 13.—C. E. Wolff, 1884. . 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling and undulating country. Soil, a light sandy 
 
 loam, in many places covered with small surface boulders. The 
 
 country is very dry. In Sections 35, 25 and 86 is Chin Coulée. 
 
 Very stony.—C. E. Wolf, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, with sandy loam soil and 
 
 good grass. Water scarce.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Dry and rolling prairie. Soil, a light sandy loam, having, 
 small surface boulders in places. In Sections 19 and 30 an alka- 
 line lake was crossed in Chin Coulée. The Walsh and McLeod 
 trail crosses the township.—C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—East and west is very dry, rolling land. The soil is 
 
 very light sandy loam. Growth of grass short. The trail to 
 Medicine Hat crosses the township A large marsh between Sec- 
 tions 30 and 31.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 South, good undulating prairie, covered with good grass and 
 flowering vetches. Rather deficient in water. Sandy loam soil. 
 —O. J: Klotz, 1888. é 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Level and gently-undulating prairie, with a 
 sandy and a sandy loam soil. Classes 1 and 2, but rather dry at 
 time of survey (September). The Fort McLeod trail crosses the 
 
 - township. There is a scarcity of surface water, and no wood 
 
 whatever.—A. Bourgeault, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—East and west is very rough and broken, being cut up 
 by Belly River, and some very deep and long coulées running 
 into it from the south. The soil is very sandy. There is some 
 timber along the river.—F.. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Much broken by the gullies of the Belly River,. 
 which crosses Sections 19, 20, 17, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, and also 86. 
 The soil is a sandy loam, of class 2, and is gravelly in many 
 places. No wood —A. Bourgeault, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is a very dry, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy and’gravelly.. 
 A creek in Section 36.—F. W. Armstrong,*1883. 
 
 oe 
 
204 
 
 2. 
 
 AS. 
 
 “H4, 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVII. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating and level. Soil, a good clay loam 
 on a subsoil of clay, class 1, and suitable for farming purposes. 
 Water is scarce, except in the Belly River, near.the south-east. 
 No wood, but a coal location occurs at the middle crossing of the 
 Belly River.—P Gosselin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country is hilly. Soil, clay loam.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. , 
 
 Kast and west is dry, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy and stony. 
 No timber. Water scarce.—F. W. Armstrong, 1383. 
 
 Sub-division.—Partly rolling, partly undulating. Soil, a good 
 clay loam and, in some places, a black loam on clay subsoil—class 
 1—and well adapted for farming. Water is scarce.—P. Gosselin, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west the land is undulating or gently-roll- 
 ing, and first class sandy loam, with a kind of grey clay subsoil. 
 Abundance of grass. Water is very scarce-—P. R. A. Belanger, 
 1882. 
 
 Kast, rolling, with the exception of some gravel ridges in 
 Section 25. Soil, sandy loam. In the south the country becomes 
 hilly, and has a clay loam soil.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The land is good, but is light and sandy in 
 places. The east is slightly rolling, but the west half is rather 
 hilly. There is no wood or brush. Small sloughs are very abun- 
 dant, but all dry up after the heat of summer begins. The soil is 
 ,composed of a sandy loam on a sandysubsoil. Classes l and 2.— _ 
 J. W. D’ Amours, 1888. 
 
 Outlines——Surveyed the north, south and west.. This township 
 resembles No. 18 of this Range.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Kast, level. Soil, sandy loam, and in some places clay loam. 
 —C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Beautifully rolling prairie, mostly composed of 
 a fine loam and clay, ranking class i for agricultural purposes. 
 Small sloughs are abundant, but dry up with the heat of early 
 summer, after which surface water is scarce. There is good, sweet 
 grass all over the township. No wood.—J. W. D’ Amours, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, south and west, undulating or genily-rolling, 
 having a soil of'a good sandy loam, lying on a kind of grey clay 
 subsoil, and covered with abundance of grass. There are small 
 pools of water of good quality.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 East, undulating prairie of good sandy loam, supporting a 
 good vegetation of grass. No water.—O. J. Klotz, 188%. 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, ana may be ranked class 1 for 
 agricultural purposes, although surface water is scarce. The soil 
 consists of sandy and black loams—class 1—lying 3 to 6 inches 
 deep, on a clay subsoil.—J. W. D’Amours, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and east, undulating prairie of good sandy loam, 
 supporting a good vegetation of grass, but water scarce.—-O. J. 
 Klotz, 1882. 
 
 ~Undulating or gently-rolling. Second class. Sandy loam; 
 grey clay subsoil, covered with an abundance of grass. Water 
 scarce.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. : 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XVII. 205 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly open, undulating prairie, dry and a 
 little stony. Soils, dark and sandy loams—classes 1 and 2—on 
 sandy clay and sandy subsoils. Sections 21 and 28 are broken by 
 an alkaline lake, which is muddy and stony. The prairie in the 
 vicinity of the lake is also very stony.—J. W. D’ Amours, 1888. 
 
 AZ. Outlines—West and east, uadulating prairie, with some stony 
 ridges, a stiff clay soil and scant vegetation. Bow River meanders 
 easterly through this townsaip, and varies in width from eight to 
 ten chains, with a rapid current—five and a-half miles an hour— 
 stony bed and good clear water; the banks vary in height from 
 150 to 200 feet. Hates second class.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Kast, soil, good sandy loam, well adapted for farming. The 
 Bow River crosses near the centre of this boundary. South, undul- 
 ating, dry prairie, with good vegetation.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Bow River enters by Section 31 and crosses, 
 by a very crooked course, south-east, south-west and east, leaving 
 at Section 18, Grassy Island--formed by two channels on Sec- 
 tion 15—-is 12 feet above summer level, and rich with grass. The 
 river is about 650 feet broad, 7 feet deep, and swift. The valley 
 is about a mile wide, with banks 100 to 150 feet high. The right 
 bank is steep and broken, and abuts the river; but the left bank 
 base is distant from the river about half a mile, and the interven- 
 
 ‘ing space is occupied by fertile flats. On Section 10 is an outcrop 
 of coarse sandstone, and a seam of superior lignite coal about 15 
 feet thick. Exposures of coal also occur on the River Lots 9 to 16, 
 87 and 38, in seams of 6 to 10 feet. The township is undulating, 
 with clay loam soil, and well suited for farming.—G. Ross, 1883. 
 
 48. Outlines—West, principally undulating prairie. Soil, of a variable 
 clay and sandy loam, with clay and sandy subsoil Mate princi- 
 pally second class. In Section 18 is a small creek, and in 30 and 
 81 a couple of small marshes.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 East, sandy loam soil, and full of depressions, 6 to 12 inches 
 in depth, as if washed away, and more or less destitute of vegeta- 
 tion.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The eastern part is undulating and dry ; the 
 western is principally high and rolling. Soil, chiefly a clay loam 
 on a clay subsoil, and slightly broken by marshes, making the 
 whole township well fitted for agricultural purposes. The grass, 
 north-west wards and northwards, is rich and long.—-G.. Ross, 1883. 
 
 19. Outlines.—West, open, rolling prairie, rating principally second 
 ... Glass. The soil varies trom a sandy loam to a clay loam, with 
 some gravelly knolls —C, F. Miles, 1883. 
 East, level and dry prairie—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. Noil, clay loam on clay 
 subsoil, slightly broken by marsh land, which dries up towards 
 fall. Sections 85 and 36 are broken bya shallow lake having 
 alkaline water. The township is well adapted for agriculture. 
 No wood.—G. Ross, 1888. 
 
 20, Outlines.—North and east the soil is fairly good, and is rated 
 principally as second class. Water is very scarce, as the surface is 
 
2)6 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range XVII. 
 
 21. 
 
 ae, 
 
 28. 
 
 level prairie. In Section 12 a coulée was crossed.— T. Drummond,,. 
 1882. 
 
 ‘West, open, rolling prairie ; rates principally second. The soil 
 varies from a sandy loam toa clay loam, with some gravelly 
 knolls.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.South and south-west the township is dry and 
 undulating. Soil, clay of fair quality A shallow alkaline lake 
 breaks upon Sections 2and 3 The remainder of the township: 
 has a light sandy soil, which has a good growth of grass, except 
 the extreme northern quarter sections, which are very sandy. 
 Parts of Sections 22, 23 and 28 are broken by a marsh With 
 these exceptions, the township is good for farming and grazing. 
 The C. P. R. crosses the township, and has Latham Station.—G. 
 Ross, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Sections 6, 7, 18, 19 and 30 are yndulating, while 81 is. 
 
 hilly. In 6 are some small sandhills. Boulders in 19 and 30. No 
 
 water was found, though a dry alkali slough was crossed in 6. 
 
 Soil, light sandy loam, averaging second class.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 East, dry and level prairie.— T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Divided into level, rolling and hilly prairie. 
 It has two small alkaline lakes and a few small sloughs of fresh 
 water, which, together with some creeks, dry up towards mid-- 
 summer, so that good water is not plentiful. The soil is composed 
 of yellow clay and gravelly loams. There are also a few sections 
 strongly impregnated with alkali to the depth of 2 feet. No 
 timber. A fair township for farming. Mostly class 2.—G. E. Mac- 
 Martin, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling and hilly prairie. The alluvial soil is 4 
 inches deep, resting on a clay subsoil. Along this line water is. 
 scarce.—A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 Undulating and broken prairie, with soil principally clay 
 loam, and covered with boulders in many places. Mostly second. 
 class. In Sections 19 and 30 isa large, dry alkaline slough.—C. 
 F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Kast, level prairie. No water was found in this six miles.— 
 T. Drummond, 1882. : 
 
 Sub-division.—Divided into high, rolling, hilly and level 
 prairie, with soils composed of yellow. clay and gravelly loams. 
 of fair depth, averaging class 2. The township is suitable 
 either for farming or grazing, and compares favorably with 
 any of the surrounding townships. The hills are small, and 
 thickly covered with vegetation, and the sloughs. though not 
 numerous, are fresh. An alkaline lake lies along the west boun- 
 dary.— G. E. MacMartin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rough and hilly prairie, with numerous sloughs, 
 many of them dry. The soil is clay, with a little surface gravel 
 and field stone. This township ranks as third class. South,. 
 rolling and hilly prairie, the soil 4 inches, on aclay subsoil. Water 
 is scarce.—A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 4a 
 
“wk, 
 
 e 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XVII. 207 
 
 Hast, generally very knolly and gravelly. Some of the flats 
 fair clayey loam, about 2 feet deep. Some ponds, and many small 
 meadows.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.-High, rolling and hilly. The hills are small 
 and the sloughs in the valleys numerous and fresh, and all shallow, 
 except one in Sections 14 and 28. A lake along the northern 
 boundary is alkaline. The soil is composed of yellow, grey and 
 clay loams, ofa fair depth, and class 2. There is no wood, and no 
 minerals. This township is a fair one for settlement.— G. E. Mac- 
 Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—North, surface very rough, with light gravelly soil ; 
 subsoil gravel. Many small meadows. There is a large ravine 
 running northerly and southerly. Alongside this ravine there is 
 aridge of high hills, which rise about 200 feet above the plains. 
 Kast, surface generally very knolly and gravelly; some of the 
 flats fair, clayey laam ; some ponds, and many small meadows.— 
 W. Ogilvie, 1882. | 
 West, rough and hilly. Numerous sloughs, many of them 
 
 dry. The soil is clay—third class—A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 26, 
 
 Sub-division.—High-rolling and hilly, a number of the hills 
 being very high, especially those on either side of an old river bed 
 which runs south-west. There is a large lake on Sections 38, 4, 9 
 and 10, the water of which is slightly alkaline. The sloughs are 
 fresh, and there is a good spring on the north boundary of Sec- 
 tions 83 and 34. The soil consists of yellow clay and gravelly 
 loams, of fair depth, and class 2, with some scattering boulders. 
 This township is well suited for grazing, as vegetation is good on 
 both high and low lands, and shelter among the hills. No wood. 
 —G. E. Mac Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—West, hilly country. No water—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 East, undulating prairie. Oreeks cross .the line in Sections 
 24 and 36. A few small marshes were crossed.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Southwards, rough, gravelly, and with many small meadows. 
 A deep ravine and a ridge of high hills cross the southern boun- 
 dary.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —Rolling prairie. The soil of the northern tier 
 of sections, and of the western half of the township. is of better 
 quality than that found in the remaining parts. The soil, gene- 
 rally, is a sandy loam, having chiefly a clay subsoil, and is class 2, 
 on ah average. A valley, 75 feet deep, crosses Sections 3, 10, 11, 
 14, 23, 24, 25 and 36.—J. J.. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Outlines — West, very hilly and rolling country. In this six miles 
 no water was crossed.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 East, rolling prairie, broken, in Sections 12, 13 and 24, by the 
 Red Deer River and its banks. The river was crossed in Section 
 13. The line crosses creeks in Sections 1, 12 and 24, and a smail 
 lake in 36.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, of 8 
 to 12 inches:deep, on a subsoil of clay loam. Class 2. The Red 
 Deer River runs south-east from Section 33, and courses over 34, 
 27, 26, 28,24 and 18. The valley of the river consists of flats, 
 
208 
 
 27. 
 
 28. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XVII 
 
 which have a rich soil, and extend inland, on either side, for from: 
 one-half to three-quarters of a mile, where they are met by clay 
 banks, having an elevation of 80 to 120 feet.—J. J. Burrows, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, rolling prairie, except Sections 30 and 31, which 
 are hilly. The Red Deer River crosses in Section 18. Here, also, is. 
 a deep coulée, with cut banks.— T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie. A large pond in Section 12, a creek in 
 18, and an old trail in 25.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 South, the Red Deer River was crossed in Section 4, and 3 
 and 4 are broken by the valley of the river Deep ravines were 
 crossed in Sections 5 and 6.—J. J. Burrows, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Very hilly prairie; rather high, and intersected in the 
 valleys with small streams, which dry up as the season advances. 
 Soil, generally clay loam. Class 2.—T. Fawcett, 1833. 
 
 West, the country along this line is hilly. Creeks cross the 
 line in Sections 18 and 19. TJ. R. Hewson, 1583. 
 
 East, undulating and rolling prairie. Sections 12 and 13 are 
 partly covered by a large lake. “In Sections 24, 25 and 36 creeks 
 
 - eross the line.—C. F. Mites, 1883. 
 
 29, 
 
 2 Q, 
 
 53 Fi 
 
 Outlines.—W est, rolling and hilly prairie.. Creeks, flowing in a 
 south-westerly direction, cross the line in Sections 19, 30 and 31. 
 — J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 As seen from its east boundary, forms part of the Hand Hills, 
 and is oceupied by one of the large hilly plateaus. The soil is a 
 rich black loam, with clay subsoil, and is very suitable for all kinds 
 of farming purposes. There are belts of large timber in this range, 
 in the gullies, on the north side ofthe hills, both in this town- 
 ship and in Township 30. Water appears to be scarce.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1883. 
 
 The extreme south of this township consists of very hilly 
 prairie, and is intersected in the valleys by small running 
 streams, which very soon dry up. The soil is generally a clay 
 loam.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie in the west, and broken and hilly in 
 the east. In Sections 7, 19, 80 and 24 the boundaries cross creeks, 
 and a couple of clear-water ponds in 36.—J. HK. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling prairie, with the exception of Section 1, which 
 
 is broken by low hills. A pond was crossed in Section 12, 
 and a creek in 36, Clay loam soil ; clay subsoil, class 2.—J. K. 
 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 o2 
 
 8 
 
 33. 
 
 Outlines.—North, good, rolling prairie land. The line crosses a 
 marsh in Section 834.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Rol'ing prairie. Two small creeks, which, at the time 
 of survey (2nd September), were merely a succession of pools, 
 cross the township. Olay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2.—J. 
 K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines——A shallow, muddy lake extends across the north end 
 of this township, entering from the east from Section 25 to 31. 
 South of this lake, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil, chang- 
 
34. 
 
 33° 
 
 36, 
 
 37. 
 
 38. 
 
 39. 
 
 40, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVII. 209 
 
 ing to clay loam towards the west; clay and sand subsoil. Class 
 9.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Kxcept the row of sections. along the north end, and 
 the four south-east ones, this isahilly township. Clay loam soil; 
 clay subsoil; class 2. West, the south half of Section 6, with 
 the exception of a sand flat inthe northern part, is covered with 
 
 water, and water existsin nearly every section —J. K. McLean, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie ; clay loam soil; clay subsoil; class 2. 
 Occasional bluffs of poplar, from 4 to 6 inches in diameter, mixed 
 with poplar and willow scrub, appear on the north-western Sec- 
 tions. A large lake, containing muddy water, lies on the town- 
 ship westwards, and extends along the line, crossing in Sections 
 19 and 381. Water is abundant everywhere —J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —North, undulating prairie, and level. A few grass 
 swamps are met. Soil, generally first class—7T. Karns, 1882. 
 
 The south-western sections are taken up by the north-east 
 bay ofa lake of considerable size. The remaining sections are 
 undulating prairie. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil; class 2.—J. 
 K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is somewhat cut up by clay lakes, which resemble 
 mud puddles on a large scale. Some of these Jakes cover as 
 much as 3,000 or 4,000 acres. The alluvial soil appears to have 
 either been burnt off by repeated fires, or washed off the surface 
 of the lands in the immediate vicinity of these lakes, leaving 
 nothing but the bare, stiff clay subsoil, with but scant vegeta- 
 tion. This township is gently-undulating, and, except around 
 the lakes, may be classed as No. 1, but very dry. Soil, sandy loam, 
 with clay subsoil.—C. F. Miles, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating prairie, with a few scattered bluffs of small 
 poplar and willows. The soil is principally a clay loam, with a 
 clay subsoil, and first class. Big Knife Creek, formed into deep 
 ponds by numerous beaver dams, meanders north-westerly throug! 
 the north-east corner. At the time of survey, in September, there 
 was no perceptible current in the creek, and the water was very 
 muddy, on account of the workings of the beaver.—C. F. Miles, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Nearly all open, undulating prairie, with Big Knife 
 Creek running across it from south to north, thereafter emptying 
 into Battle River. Small tributaries of Paint Earth Creek run 
 north-easterly across the east boundary. The trail from Edmon- 
 ton to the Forks of the Red Deer River crosses the township 
 diagonally. About the centre of the east half the trail runs 
 through a grove of poplar bluffs The soil, generally, is a black 
 sandy loam, and first class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling, and partially covered with bluffs of 
 poplar and willow scrub. The line crosses a ravine bearing east 
 to Battle River. A small creek flows through the ravine, and 
 along its sides some excellent spruce. Soil, first class. —C. A. 
 Magrath, 1883. 
 
210 
 
 Gi, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVIL. 
 
 Undulating prairie, with poplar bluffs and willows on the 
 north-west half; nearly open prairie on the soutn-west half. Red 
 Willow and Big Knife Creeks meander north-easterly, the former 
 within high banks, cut in many places. Nome good spruce grows 
 along the banks of these creeks. Soil, black sandy loam with clay 
 subsoil. There are numerous ponds and lakelets in the north- 
 east corner. The trail from Edmonton to the Forks of the Red 
 Deer River runs diagonally through the south-west quarter.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, much broken by Battle River Valley, . 
 which crosses from Sections 85 and 86 to Sections 18 and 24, and 
 also by creeks and ravines, draining into it. The surface is gener- 
 ally wooded with poplar, and in the valley is some fair spruce. 
 In places the soil is good, but on account of its unevenness would 
 only average class 2.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 South, as appeared from the southern boundary, the surface 
 is rolling, with bluffs of poplar and willow scrub. Cut Knife 
 Creek crosses about Section 4,in a ravine along which there is 
 
 ‘some excellent spruce. The soil is first class.—C. A. Magrath, 
 
 1888. 
 Sub-division.—Is badly broken by Battle River, the two 
 
 _ branches of Meeting Creek, and several small lakes and ponds, 
 
 A De 
 
 The river is very crooked, and flows through a valley about three- 
 quarters of a mile wide, and about 140 feet below the table land. 
 The soil in the valleys is very inferior, being a hard white clay, 
 impervious to water, all rain running directly into the river, 
 causing it to rise rapidly. The table land is of good quality— 
 black loam, from 6 to 12 inches deep, and clay subsoil. There is 
 plenty of poplar for fuel and fencing. On Sections 9 and 10, in 
 the valley of the south branch of Meeting Creek, is some good 
 spruce and fair sized poplar, fit for building purposes. The river, 
 creeks, lakes and ponds supply a good quality of fresh water.— 
 W. Crawford, 1884. , 
 
 . Outlines-—Much broken, and east of Battle River, comparativel 
 
 valueless ; to the west, it is a good deal cut by coulées. The soi 
 is fair in places, but the subsoil in most of the township is either 
 gravel or a hard clay, that, from some cause —probably excessive 
 drouth—has solidified nodules or concretions, becoming almost a 
 clay stone, and too tough to be broken with a spade. The average 
 is below class 2.—L. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Battle River flows from Section 33 to Section 
 2, through a valley nearly a mile wide. Those sections adjoining 
 the river valley are badly broken by ravines and are only fit for - 
 grazing purposes. The top soil on the table land is fair, but the © 
 subsoil is inferior, being a very hard clay. There is no timber of 
 any value, except for fuel and fencing. The water in the ponds 
 and sloughs is fresh and good.— W. Crawford, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie; nearly all open, with occasional bluffs 
 of small poplar and stretches of brush. It is not so wet as the 
 towuship to northward, but it contains a good many ponds. The 
 land towards the southern sections, deteriorates in value, and is 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian——Range XVII. 211 
 
 <eut by numerous coulées and ravines, dise arging into Battle 
 River valley, which crosses the south-west corner. The average 
 is class 2—L. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—The south-westerly portion is broken by 
 Battle River valley and ravines. The soil on the north side of 
 the river is a black loam, and the subsoil on the greater portion is 
 hard clay. There is no timber of any value, except for fuel and 
 fencing. The river and ponds furnish an abundant supply of 
 fresh water. The land in the valley of the river is very inferior 
 and unfit for settlement. On the table land it is fairly well 
 adapted for agricultural and grazing purposes.—W. Crawford, 
 1384. 
 
 ‘24, Outlines—North, generally level, with numerous ponds and 
 swamps, bordered by willows, while scattered poplar bluffs of 
 small sized timber, are met with frequently. The soil is first 
 quality.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie ; scattered bluffs of small poplar, and strips 
 covered with brush. Towards the northern line the land is low 
 and somewhat wet, and dotted with numerous ponds and marshes, 
 but southwards itimproves. The soil is well adapted for settle- 
 ment, being a rich sandy loam, averaging 12 inches deep, with a 
 clay and clay loam subsoil, and nearly all ranking class 1—L. R. 
 Ord, 1888. 
 
 45. Outlines—West and east, slightly undulating, with many ponds. 
 and swamps and bluffs of poplar and willows. Soil, first class.—- 
 J. J. McArthur, 18838. 
 South, generally level, and‘has a first class soil. Numerous. 
 ponds and swamps. Bluffs of small poplar dot the country.—T. 
 Kains, 1888. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Much of it is low and swampy; on the western | 
 side it is drier and rolling. The eastern boundary of Sections 25 
 and 86 is broken by the western side of a large lake extending 
 into Range 16. Much of the township is covered with bush. The 
 soil in places isgood ; but much of it, especially in the high places, 
 is stony and hard.—W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 46. Outlines.—West and east, slightly undulating, with many swamps 
 and patches of poplar and willows. Soil, first class—J. J. Me- 
 Arthur, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The western portion of this township is gen- 
 erally dry and nearly level, and has growing patches of willow 
 and poplar. The eastern portion is generally rolling, with large 
 stretches of bush, willow, and, in parts, burnt willow: There is 
 much surface water towards the eastern portion, with flats of 
 excellent hay land A large marshy lake lies on the east bound- 
 ary, and extends into Range 16. Soil, generally, class 2—W. 
 Beatty, 1883. 
 
 47. Outlines—Slightly undulating, with many ponds and swamps, 
 and scattered with bluffs of poplar and willows. Soil, first class 
 —J. J. McArthur, 1883: 
 14* 
 
212 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XVII. 
 
 48, Outlines.-- North, good prairie, with scrub and bush. Numerous: 
 marshes. In Section 86 a cart trail crosses the line—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Soil, first class. Similar to Township 47.—J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. 
 
 49. Outlines——Undulating country, interspersed with numerous grass 
 swamps, thick clumps of willows and poplar bluffs of small sized 
 timber. The soil is a rich clay or sand loam, having, for a subsoil, 
 clay or sand, and rated first class —-7: Kains, 1884. 
 
 80. Outlines.—Almost level country, with scattered bluffs of small © 
 poplar and clumps of small thick willows. Timber is very small, 
 and unfit for buildings of any kind. Hay swamps are numerous 
 and the soil first class. This township is well adapted for farming 
 purposes, and contains some choice sections.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Beaver Lake submerges the west of this township, and 
 the country along the east is scrubby, with numerous lakes and 
 ponds.— MW. Deane, 1883. 
 
 52. Outlines.—North, prairie; scattered willows and numerous 
 marshes. The trail from the settlement to Victoria was crossed in 
 Section 35; and that from Fort Saskatchewan to the settlement in 
 83 In the west half of 82 the line enters Beaver Lake. This lake 
 extends over the whole of Section 31, and part of 32.—C. A. 
 Magrath, and G. A. Simpsan, 1888. 
 
 East, scrubby prairie, with a little bush. Ponds and marshes. 
 are numerous.—M. Deane, 1883. 
 
 33 Outlines.— West, Beaver Lake covers the greater part of Section 6. 
 A large marsh and Beaver Creek in Section 7. orth of this, 
 small scrub and willow bluffs —G. A. Simpson, 1888. 
 
 Rolling country, containing poplar bluffs, willow clumps, 
 and numerous ponds and swamps. Soil, first class and well 
 adapted for farming purposes.— 7. Kains, 1884. 
 
 84, Outlines —Undulating country, containing poplar bluffs and wil- 
 low clumps with a fair sprinkling of ponds and swamps. Some 
 of the poplar timber is of fair size, and would be found useful for 
 building purposes. Soil, first class. A cart trail from Beaver Lake 
 to Victoria passes through this township.— 7. Kains, 1884. 
 
 55. Outlines.—Rolling country, more or less heavily timbered;with 
 poplar and willow, and occasional clumps of spruce. Pretty. well 
 cut up by creeks, the waters of which find their way into; Ege 
 Lake to the north-east. Soil, second class.— 7. Kains, 1884. 
 
 56. Outlines—Undulating country, heavily timbered on east side of 
 range. Rest of township fully one-half covered with thick willows 
 and poplar bluffs. Numerous ponds and swamps. Soil, good, 
 classes 1 and 2.— 7. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Along the north boundary, the surface is quite flat and wet. 
 —G. B. Abrey, 1883. | 
 
 57, Outlines.—West, low and swampy. Spruce, tamarac, poplar and 
 high willows. Numerous sandhills.—D. Beatty, 1882-88.; _ 
 
 5 | 
 
58. 
 
 59. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XVII. 2138: 
 
 Flat country, and pretty generally heavily timbered with 
 poplar, willow and spruce. Numerous muskegs, ponds and 
 swamps. Soil, second class.—7. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The River Saskatchewan runs through the southern 
 portion. South of the river is dense bush, interspersed with 
 muskegs. Poplar and clumps of spruce, with thick willows, 
 cover almost the whole surface. The country north of the river 
 is dense bush, consisting of small poplar and willows, with the 
 
 exception of a narrow belt at the immediate north side of the 
 
 river, through which the Edmonton and Battleford trail is 
 located. The village of Victoria is situated on Sections 11, 13 
 and 14, and a grist mill is located on Smoky Lake Creek which 
 runs into the Saskatchewan near the east boundary of the range. 
 Soil, second class. Settlers claims extend along the north side of 
 the river the whole width of the township.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines——Is undulating, with an odcasional ridge of small hills. 
 Is wooded, chiefly with 8 to 7-inch poplar and high, grey willows, 
 also small clumps or belts of spruce. White Earth River passing 
 through Section 86 drains the north-eastern portion, while a creek, 
 rising in Smoky. Lake and flowing south-east, drains its southern 
 and western portions. There are numerous small lakes. The soil 
 varies greatly. Inthe east a clay subsoil is overlaid in some 
 
 ‘cases by from 8 to 10 inches of black loam, in others by about 5 
 
 690. 
 
 inches of a dark sandy loam. Towards the west the soil becomes 
 heavier, consisting of about 5 inches of clay loam over a stiff clay 
 subsoil. This township is not well suited, generally, for agricul- 
 tural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The north and north-eastern portions are hilly; the 
 eastern and central portions rolling, and the western portion 
 undulating. There are several ranges of hills of considerable size. 
 The White Earth River crosses south-east from Section 7. The 
 valley of this river, which is bordered by hills over 100 feet high, 
 is about one mile wide. On the north side of the river the valley 
 consists chiefly of muskeg, wooded with 4to 8-inch tamarac. To 
 the south the country along the valley is more open, with a good 
 soil, and otherwise suited for agriculture. There is a pack trail 
 along the south side of this river. A cart trail crosses the north 
 boundary in Section 32, and the west boundary in Section 1; from 
 thence it follows along the north side of the White Harth River 
 and joins the Victoria and Saddle Lake trail. There are numerous 
 small lakes in the north surrounded by muskegs, with tamarac 
 timber, and drained by small creeks. The township is wooded, 
 
 . for the most part, with 4 to 8-inch poplar, and a dense growth of 
 
 1 to 4inch poplar. The hills and knolls are densely timbered with 
 5 to 15-inch pitch pine, while there is considerable 5 to 12-inch 
 spruce scattered throughout. The alluvial soil consists of about 
 5 inches of a black sandy loam; this is underlaid by sand.—C. A, 
 Magrath, 1884. 
 
 144% 
 
rs 
 
 HO, 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Rance XVIII. 
 
 . Outlines—Rolling prairie. Soil, in the west, sandy loam, with 
 
 clay subsoil, gravelly in many places. In the east gravelly clay, 
 with clay subsoil. In Sections 1 and 12 the line runs along the 
 bottom of a coulée, and in 24 crosses a long fresh water lake, 
 which is about half a mile wide.—C. E. Wolff, 1384. 
 
 South, undulating prairie, with a fair soil—_oO. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines —Rolling prairie. Soil, westwards, sandy loam; east- 
 
 wards, gravelly clay, both on clay subsoil. Surface stones in 
 Section 1. In Section 25, a creek crosses the line three times. 
 Surface water scarce.—C. EH. Wolf, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines —Surface, undulating. Soil, sandy loam mixed with 
 
 gravel. The grass is poor. In the south-half of Section 6 isa 
 watercourse ; but the country is very dry, only one small marsh 
 being crossed in Section 138.—C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, mixed 
 with gravel and small boulders. From Section 6 the Walsh and 
 McLeod trail crosses the township. In Sections 24 and 25 a large 
 alkaline lake was crossed in Chin Coulée. Water scarce.—C. E. 
 Wolff, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is very dry, rolling land, broken only by a largeslough 
 
 in Chin Coulée. The soil is very light, sand loam; growth of 
 grass, Short. The trail to Medicine Hat was crossed, and there is 
 alarge marsh between Sections 25 and 36.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1883. 
 
 South, good undulating prairie, covered with good grass 
 and flowering vetches. Chin Coulée Valley is about half a mile 
 wide, and the banks about 50 feet high. In it are a succession 
 of pools and lakes of alkaline water.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The soil is class 2, and composed of a sandy 
 loam, of from 1 to 3 feet, on a substratum of clay. The north two- 
 thirds is gently-undulating, but, upon approaching the south 
 
 boundary, the surface becomes rolling, with a slight mixture of 
 
 gravel on the tops of the ridges. A few rapidly disappearing 
 ponds may be found at this time (May, June) of the year. The 
 grass is of very good quality.—C. A, Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north boundary it is an open-gently rolling 
 prairie, except in Section 31, which is very broken and hilly, 
 being the north bank of the Belly River. This river flows from 
 Section 31 across the township to Section 24, from which it passes 
 to the next range. The. country on both sides of the river is 
 much broken by gullies. Thesoil northwards is sandy and sandy 
 Aes on a sandy loam subsoil. Classes 1 and 2.—A. Bourgeault, 
 1883. 
 
il, 
 
 A2,' 
 
 13. 
 
 14, 
 
 415. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVIII. 215. 
 
 West and east is a dry rolling prairie. Soil, very light. 
 Belly River runs through the-northern portion. Some timber 
 along the river.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—The greater part of this township is a good 
 sandy loam, and generally second class. Belly River, with its 
 high banks and numerous coulées, flowing through the north 
 part of this township, is the cause of a great deal of waste land. 
 There were a few fresh-water ponds at the time of survey (May- 
 June). Two or three small groves of cotton-wood are growing 
 on the river bottoms. There is abundance of coal of a good 
 quality in this township.—C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating prairie. The soil is a light sandy 
 loam. No water.—L. Gosselin, 1883. : 
 
 West and east is a very dry, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy and 
 gravelly —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.— With the exception of Sections 5 and 6, the 
 land in this township is very even and unbroken. The surface is. 
 undulating and the soil a light sandy loam, supporting a fair 
 growth of grass. In ordinary seasons this township would be 
 very dry and almost worthless. Belly River touches the town- 
 ship at the south-west angle (Section 6).—C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 Outlines.—North, the country is partly hilly and partly rolling. . 
 Soil, sandy loam, and in some places a whitish clay loam.—C. A, 
 Magrath, 1882. | 
 
 West and east is a dry, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy and 
 stony. No timber.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Mostly rolling prairie. Soil, a good clay loam, . 
 subsoil of clay. and class 1. Towards the close of summer all the . 
 surface water in this township has completely evaporated, and 
 water is only to be had by digging. The township, under a 
 favorable rainfall, however, with its good soil, ought to produce 
 good crops.—L. Gosselin, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, west and east, undulating or gently-rolling 
 prairie. First class, good, sandy loam, with gray clay subsoil ; 
 abundance of grass; water very s¢arce.— P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Either rolling or hilly. Soil generally class 1 
 for agricultural purposes, being a sandy loam, a little stony, sandy 
 and gravelly in a few places. Surface water is scarce, and there 
 is no wood.— J. W. D’Amours, 1888. 
 
 Outlines——Surveyed all the boundaries, gently-rolling prairie, 
 First class sandy loam soil, with a kind of grey clay subsoil. 
 Water scarce ; but vegetation abundant.— P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 _ Sub-division.—Nicely rolling or undulating. The soil is 
 composed mostly of a good sandy loam, but is inclined to dryness. 
 There is no surface water and no wood.—J. W. D’Amours, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.— Undulating or gently-rolling prairie of first-class sandy 
 loam, with a clay subsoil, covered with abundance of grass. In 
 this township are small pools of fresh water.—P. R. A. Belanger, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Dry rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy, and in 
 places, gravelly loam on sandy clay and gravelly subsoils—gen- 
 
216 
 
 46, 
 
 A’, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XVIII 
 
 erally good soil, although a little stony in some places. No 
 
 wood, and surface water scarce.—J. W. D’ Amours, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North is undulating dry prairie, with good vegetation. 
 —O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Undulating prairie. Soil, first-class sandy loam, covered 
 with abundance of grass. Water is scarce.—P.R. A. Belanger, 
 1882 3 
 
 Sub-division.—Is open, dry, rolling prairie. Soil is pretty good, 
 being a good loam or clay. In the north-west corneris a small 
 lake.—J. W. D’Amours, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Dry, undulating prairie, with scant vegetation. Princi- 
 pally clay soil; in many places with gravelly subsoil and gravelly 
 elevations. The Bow River and a creek cross Section 36, and both 
 this Section and 25 are broken prairie—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—Undulating. Soil, clay and clay loam—class 
 2—on clay subsoil. The Bow River crosses the north-east corner. 
 
 _ The right bank is high and abrupt, and broken by deep coulées ; 
 
 aS, 
 
 a9. 
 
 the left bank is flanked by a flat valley, half a mile wide, with | 
 good grass, but gravelly soil. There are a few marshes in the 
 township, and it is well suited for cultivation. The river is clear 
 and pure, with a depth of 7 feet and a current of 3 miles.— 
 G. Ross, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Undulating prairie. There are some grassy marshes 
 and good vegetation in the depressions. The north-west corner is 
 rollmg and hilly.. The Bow River meanders southerly through 
 the east half, which consists principally of undulating prairie.— 
 C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—The. north-western part of the township is 
 broken by the Rocky Buttes prairie, rounded hills and ridges, 30 
 to 60 feet high, stony in places, but generally having good clay 
 
 ‘soil and a good growth of grass, making very desirable pasture 
 
 lands. The remainder of the township is undulating prairie, with 
 
 clay soil and well suited for agriculture, excepting the portion 
 
 broken by the Bow River, which flows through the eastern part, 
 
 in a southerly direction. “The banks of the river are high and 
 
 abrupt on the one side and close to the river, and on the opposite 
 side are flanked by an intervening valley or flat of halfa mile wide. 
 This feature changes sides during the course of the river, accord- | 
 ing to the bend or direction of the current. The water is 
 
 -elear and pure, 7 or 8 feet deep, and moves with a current 
 
 of three or four miles over a gravelly bottom. The balance of the 
 township is well suited for farming, being undulating -and 
 having a clay soil.—G. Ross, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The Bow River, flowing southerly and easterly through 
 this township, divides it into nearly two halves. The northerly 
 half consists of rolling and undulating prairie, with some good 
 flats along the river for. gazing. The south-east quarter, west of 
 the river, is very hilly, being in Stony Buttes, with the Bow River 
 Winding around them on the north and east sides, forming high 
 broken, and cut banks. The Stony Buttes are the two highest 
 elevations among these hills, from the summit of which the Sweet 
 
20. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XVIII. 217 
 
 Grass Hills, at the International Boundary, can be seen on a clear 
 day.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division —Bow River enters by Section 31, courses south 
 to 30, east to 24, and finally south to 2, thus taking a circuitous 
 south-east route across the township. The banks of the river 
 range from 200 to 400 feet high, and the descriptive features of © 
 the river valley and banks are similar to those in Township 18 of 
 this range. The portion of the township, north of the river— 
 except in its immediate vicinity—is undulating prairie, with clay 
 soil and well suited for farming. South and east of the river is 
 hilly prairie with excellent clay soil, but better suited for grazing. 
 —G. Ross, 1883. | . 
 
 Outlines——North, the land is made up of third and fourth classes, 
 and averages third class.—7. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 West and east, principally rolling prairie. Soil, mostly sandy 
 loam. Rate second class. The Canadian Pacific Railway runs 
 
 through Section 86.—C. F. Miles, 1888. ! 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with a black sandy loam, soil 
 
 of from five to ten inches deep, upon a clay and sandy subsoil, 
 
 - good enough for agriculture, but water is rather scarce and the 
 
 grass throughout is of an inferior quality. Section 6 is broken by 
 
 _ the Bow River. There is no wood in this township. The Cana- 
 
 » 4 F 
 
 dian Pacific Railway crosses near the north-east corner.— E. Boi- 
 vin, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —This township is generally undulating prairie, and 
 
 sandy and clay loam, with clay subsoil. Principally first class. 
 The west is undulating and stony, and water is not plentiful, 
 though some was seen. In the east, Section 36 is hilly, and the 
 northern part of Section 1 has small sandhills, while boulders 
 occur in the north of 24 and in 25.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The C.P.R. crosses the township. Mostly roll- 
 ing, except from Section 12 north to the chord, which is hilly. 
 Water is scarce, there being only one large slough of fresh water. 
 Good water can also be obtained in the Bow River, near the south- 
 west corner of the township. The soil is principally a clay and 
 yellow loam, except in the hilly part named, where it is a sandy 
 and gravelly loam. No timber. This township is very well 
 adapted for settlement and agricultural purposes, being class 2, 
 the only drawback being a lack of moisture.—G. £. MacMartin,: 
 1883. : 
 
 Outlines —North, hilly and rolling prairie. The alluvial soil is 
 4 inches deep, resting on a clay subsoil. Water is scarce.—A. W. 
 Mc Vittte, 1882. . 
 
 Rolling prairie, with some stones. Soil, aclay loam, generally 
 first-class, but water scarce. Sections 1, 12,13 and 24 have 
 stones and gravelly knolls. In 24 and 25 isa large alkaline 
 slough, dry in summer.—C. F. Miles, 1382. 
 
 Sub-division —High-rolling and hilly, particularly the eastern 
 portion, which is situated high and dry, and class 3. The south- 
 erm and western portions are rolling. and less hilly. There are 
 numerous sloughs, but many dry up after mid-summer, rendering 
 
218 
 
 23. 
 
 24 
 
 2d, 
 
 =6 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XVIII. 
 
 surface water scarce. There is an alkali lake in Sections 23 and 
 24. The soil in the eastern portion is mostly gravelly, with a 
 sparse vegetation. The southern and western portions are clay 
 and yellow loams, class2. No timber. This township is better 
 suited for grazing than farming.—G. E. Mac Martin, 1888. 
 
 Outlines —West, east and south, rough and hilly prairie, with 
 numerous sloughs, many of them dry, especially in the south. 
 
 The soil is clay, with a little surface gravel and field stone. The 
 
 township ranks as third class—A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—High-rolling and hilly, with numerous fresh- 
 water sloughs, many of which dry as the season advances. The 
 soil is composed of yellow clay and gravelly loams. Class 2. No 
 timber and no minerals. This township is suitable for farming 
 or grazing, for although the surface is classed as hilly, still these 
 elevations are small, and not a serious bar to cultivation. It is a 
 fair township on the whole.—G. E. MacMartin, 18838. 
 
 Cutlines.—North, surface very rough. Soil, generally a gravelly 
 loam, from 10 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, gravelly clay.— 
 
 _ W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 On the west, Sections 6 and 7 are rolling, and 18, 19, 80 and 
 31 are very hilly. The east is all hilly prairie. Throughout 
 there are numerous sloughs, many of them dry. The soil is clay, 
 and ranks as third class.— A. W. McVittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Principally rolling prairie, except a small 
 portion along the eastern boundary, which is hilly. The hills are 
 small and fresh-water sloughs numerous. Water, generally, is. 
 plentiful, and is good and deep in the sloughs. A fresh lake lies in 
 Section 31. The soil is yellow and clay loam, class 2, with some 
 sections of class 1. The township is very well suited for farm-. 
 ing or grazing, and may b2 divided thus: four southerly tiers of 
 sections for farming, and the remainder, northwards, for grazing. 
 G. LE. MacMariin, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west, dry and rolling prairie—J. J. Burrows 
 1883. 
 
 East, hilly country. No water, except in a large fresh lake 
 on Sections 24 and 25. Soil, very heavy, dry clay. —T7. R. Hewson, 
 1883.° 
 
 South, rough. Soil, a gravelly loam; subsoil; gravelly clay. 
 —W. Ogrivie, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division._-The northern and southern tiers of sections are 
 of a heavy-rolling character, and the remainder of the township is 
 
 undulating. The soil is a sandy loam, of 6 to 9 inches deep, .rest- 
 
 ing on a subsoil of gravelly clay in the first-named portions, and 
 on pure clay in the second division of the township. Class 2. 
 Two fresh-water lakes lie within the township. Sa-oo Lake breaks 
 on Sections 13, 14, 28, 24 and 25, and Mat-to-ye-kue Lake on 8, 9, 
 10, 15, 16 and 17.—J. J. Burrows, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— West, Sections 6 and 7 are rolling ; the remaining four 
 are hilly. The northern part of Section 19 and the southern part 
 of 80 are scrubby. A small creek in 19. East, very hilly and. 
 
 \ 
 
28. 
 
 29 
 
 30, 
 
 82. 
 
 32, 
 
 iy } 
 poe Tp igs 
 
 7 Kid ghag tee Ad ede ani Sh ade Yay SLA eS WAR OMY pO ot ewe Var ees Poe |) Aenea ea cag it em ey ees Soe TMS a Per MRS nk " 
 ie a eee ee PS Parks Pas Sse lee tee pee ir h bat eg Lt Gs wn of The a eo ? 4 ‘ae, 
 3 € Heys a ,, “ eR OW doe Pe. « fy ? ‘ hs 
 
 ’s 
 ah PUCer athe ae hoc Cy Pee . rey ee 
 ee ¥! a 4 4 < r 
 ’ ' : f f 
 
 bs 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVIII 219 
 
 rolling. Without water. Soil, generally a very heavy, dry clay. 
 —T. R. Hewson, 1883. | . 
 
 Sub-division.— Heavy-rolling prairie, except the northern tier 
 of sections, which are hilly, and on the slopes of which there are 
 small bluffs of willow and poplar scrub. Good fresh water is. 
 abundant, and at the base of the elevations or small hills springs. 
 of excellent water are found. A small creek flows through Sec- 
 tions 1, 2, 9,10 and 11. This township is well adapted either for 
 agricultural purposes or stock-raising, having a deep sandy loam 
 soil, pay sres with a rich and heavy growth of grass—J. J. Bur- 
 rOWS, j ; 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling country ; third class in character. Very much 
 cut up by deep coulées running towards the Red Deer River, 
 which crosses the east boundary of Section 13 ; very slow current. 
 Some small poplar along the banks of the river and the coulées. 
 —T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Outlines— Very hilly prairie northwards. The hills intersected. 
 by small spring streams. Soil, clay loam, generally class 1; rich 
 pasture land. Seams of coal, 6 feet thick, crop out along the banks. 
 in Section 385.—T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Hilly country, very much cut up by ravines, except the 
 extreme north-west, which is rolling. Soil, clay loam, with clay 
 subsoil In the south-west the Red Deer River was crossed, and 
 creeks cross the line in Sections 18 and 24.—T7. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— Broken by ravines, some of which contain small creeks. 
 on each side. Rolling prairie in the centre. Sand and clay loam 
 soil, with clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 3.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 The southern part of this township is on the southern slope 
 of the Hand Hills, and consists of many ravines trending to Wil- — 
 low Creek, which renders it very hilly and uneven. There are 
 many small spring streams in the sides of the hills. The soil is 
 a clay loam, and generally class 1, with rich vegetation. T. Faw- 
 cett, 1883. — ; | 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Several small creeks running into Red 
 Deer River cross this township. The creeks actually crossed were 
 in Sections 7, 19,12, 24 and 25. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. 
 Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Classes 2 
 and 8. A creek in Section 19, and afew ponds elsewhere; but 
 water rather scarce.—J. K. McLean, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, good rolling land. A cart trail in Section 34.— _ 
 E. Bray, 1888 
 
 Rolling prairie. A few ponds occur, and a small creek crosses 
 the southern sections. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil—J. K. 
 McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The north-west quarter is very hilly, with a heavy 
 fringe of willow around the numerous ponds. Class 3. The 
 remainder is rolling prairie. Sand and clay loam soil, clay sub- 
 soil. Class 2—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 * 
 
220 
 
 2-4, 
 
 3. 
 
 36, 
 
 37. 
 
 28 
 
 39. 
 
 40, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian— Range XVIII. 
 
 Outlines—The sections along the north boundary are rolling 
 prairie. Class 2. The remainder is very hilly, with willow scrub 
 around the sloughs. Sand and clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 
 38. <A large lake was crossed in Sections 30 and 31, the greater 
 part of 31 being under water. In the east numerous clear water 
 ponds were crossed, and Section 1, with the exception of a sand 
 flat in the northern part, is covered with water.—J. K. McLean, ° 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines—A large shallow lake occupies the east half, A range 
 of hills, about two miles in width, runs through the centre of the 
 west half, with rolling prairie north and south. Sand loam soil; 
 clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 3.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating to rolling prairie, with scattered 
 bluffs of poplar near the north centre. Soil, clay or sand loam, 
 with clay subsoil. Rated first class —T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Several of the south-east sections are taken up by a portion of 
 a muddy lake. The remainder is rolling and undulating prairie, 
 the sloughs and ponds towards the west being heavily fringed 
 with willow scrub. Sand and clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 
 2.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The southerly half is principally open prairie, with a 
 few scattered bluffs of second growth poplar and clumps of wil- 
 lows. Is undulating, and may be rated as second class—whereas 
 the northerly half. which is covered by numerous bluffs of poplar, 
 may be rated as first class—the soil amongst the bluffs being a 
 rich black sandy loam. This township is somewhat cut up by 
 muddy, shallow lakes, with clay banks and beds. In the imme- 
 diate vicinity of these lakes the land is more or less devoid of 
 vegetation—consisting of a clay, with white clay subsoil.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—This is a superior township, consisting of undulating 
 prairie, with few scattered poplar and willow bluffs. Soil, clay 
 loam, and clay subsoil. First class.—C. F. Miles, 1834. | 
 
 Outlines—Consists of undulating prairie, with a few scattered 
 bluffs of willows and small poplars. Red Willow Creek runs 
 north-easterly through the north half. Soil, black sandy loam, 
 ‘with generally a clay subsoil. First class—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country is open and rolling. Soil, first class. 
 —C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 The north-west corner is high-rolling, and somewhat hilly 
 prairie, broken by numerous ponds fringed with high grey wil- 
 lows and some poplar. The remainder is more undulating, with 
 ponds, lakelets and poplar bluffs in the north half, which thin out 
 toward the south. Red Willow Creek runs easterly along the south- 
 east corner, and then crosses and re-crosses the east boundary, 
 leaving this township in Section 24. The trail from Kdmonton to 
 the Forks of the Red Deer river runs through the east half, leaving 
 at Section 13, near where the trail crosses the Red Willow 
 Creek. On the north escarpment of the banks of the creeks, just 
 above the water’s edge, there is visible a coal seam, which has 
 
“4h, 
 
 42, 
 
 43. 
 
 ~f., 
 
 ve 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVIII. 221 
 
 been smouldering for years, and which, at times, fanned by a 
 southerly wind, emits dense volumes of smoke. A few spruce 
 along the banks of the creek.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Generally open, rolling land, with scattered bluffs, 
 mostly fire-killed, brush, and numerous lakelets and ponds 
 The north-east corner of the township is broken by the valley of 
 Meeting Creek, which traverses it, lowing east in a valley a 
 mile wide and some 200 feet deep, open on the flat, but wooded 
 on the southern hill. The soil is a sandy loam, very rich in 
 
 quality, and 10 to 18 inches deep, with clay and clay loam sub- 
 
 soil, and very rich vegetation.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, open in the east, but covered with brush 
 in the western part. Meeting Creek crosses from Section 19 to 
 
 Section 3 in a valley which deepens to the south-east in banks of 
 
 clay, ironstone and a friable sandstone. Traces of carbonaceous 
 shale are visible at the foot of some of the hills, but no coal. The 
 soil, in places, is good, but would not average above second class. 
 In Section 19 there is a cart trail. The valley of the creek is very 
 wide, extending from two to two and a-half miles. Sloughs are 
 numerous.—L. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with bluffs of poplar and willow. 
 Battle River traverses the township from Section 32 to Section 
 13, and the surface is somewhat cut by ravines draining into it. 
 Here it is a swift stream, about 1 chain wide, and makes its way 
 through cut clay banks, at the bottom of a valley rather over a 
 mile wide. At the river’s edge, and about 100 feet below the 
 plains, there crops out, here and there, a seam of coal about 4 feet 
 thick.—L. R. Ord, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is nearly all covered with poplar and willow 
 scrub. The soil is a black loam, from 6 to 10 inches deep, on the . 
 south side of the river, with a clay subsoil. On the north side 
 the soil is a light loam, and the subsoil hard clay. Battle River 
 flows from Section 32 to Section 18. The valley, on an average, 
 is over three-quarters of a mile wide, and the soil very poor. 
 The south bank of the river valley is nearly all covered with 
 small poplar, of no value except for fuel and fencing. There is 
 an abundant supply of good fresh water. + The table land on the 
 south side of the river is fairly well adapted for settlement.— W. 
 Crawford, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, Sections 31, 82 and 83 are hilly. After this 
 hilly part is a more open country, dotted with a few scattered 
 poplar bluffs and numerous ponds and swamps, the latter fringed 
 with willows. There is a large marsh, terminating to the south 
 in a creek, and flowing south-west to Battle River, in Section 36. 
 First class land.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with bluffs of willow and and small poplar. 
 The township is excellent for agricultural purposes, the surface 
 
 -being gently-rolling, with occasional ponds, and the soil a rich 
 
 sandy loam, averaging 10. inches deep, with clay loam subsoil.— 
 L. R. Ord, 18838. 
 
222 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. Range XVIIL,; 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 
 AZ. 
 
 48 
 
 Sub-division —Undulating prairie, dotted with small poplars. 
 and willows, which form into larger bluffs towards the north 
 and west. In the south are many sloughs—some of them large. 
 
 The soil is well fitted: for farming, being composed of a rich fer-- 
 
 tile sandy loam, 12 inches deep, on a sandy subsoil. The vegeta- 
 
 tion is luxuriant, Alkaline matter lies here and there on the’ 
 
 margin of the Battle River. This river enters the township on 
 the west side of Section 6 and flows through Sections 6 and 5 in. 
 a south-east direction. The scenery along the north bank of the 
 river is varied and beautiful. Water, generally, is good.—H. Kerr, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Dried Meat Creek takes its rise in a marsh situated in 
 
 the north-east, and then flows east. In the south-east corner is 
 
 another large marsh, connected with this creek by a slough. 
 Along the south boundary the land is undulating, with many 
 ponds, and bluffs of poplar. The remainder is overgrown by 
 willows, with many small swamps. Boil, first class.—J. J Me- 
 Arthur, 18838. 
 
 South, Sections 1, 2and 8 are in a fairly open country, having 
 some small poplar and numerous ponds and swamps. A large — 
 
 marsh, in Nection 1, extends into the township south of this. 
 
 Sections 4, 5 and 6, in the vicinity of the southern boundary, are 
 hilly ; but this does not seem to reach any great distance to the 
 north, as beautiful undulating country was noticed from the 
 
 tops of some of the knolls. The land is first class —T. Kains, 18838. 
 Sub-division—Contains much fair and good Jand—-class 2— 
 especially towards the south and east, where the surface is rolling. 
 
 The north-western part is much broken by swamps and marshy 
 
 lakes. Some fine stretches of country are found near a sma 
 
 stream, which sinks in places, and runs through the township, 
 
 connecting a line of ponds and swamps. Small scrub willow, 
 brush and poplars constitute the prevailing growth of wood.— 
 W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—EHast and west, slightly-undulating, with many 
 swamps. There are poplar bluffs scattered throughout, and inter- 
 spersed with patches of willows. Soil, first class.—J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Mauch broken by small ponds, hay swamps or- 
 
 marshes and muskegs. It is well suited for grazing, as the supply 
 of hay and water is abundant, while the bluffs of wood afford 
 good shelter.— W. Featty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Is slightly-undulating and thickly interspersed with 
 
 patches of willows and swamps. Poplar bluffs are scattered 
 throughout. Soil, first class —J. J. McArthur, 18838. 
 
 Outlines—The northerly tier of sections have a soil of first class 
 quality, being a black mould on a subsoil of clay or sandy loam. 
 There are numerous swamps and small lakes, some of which are 
 
 alkaline. There is a considerable quantity of poplar, some of 
 
 which is of good size.—T. Kains, 18838. 
 
 Is undulating, and thickly interspersed with swamps and 
 
 patches of willows. In the east half is a large quantity of poplar. 
 
 at 
 
 a as 
 scat 
 
\ 
 ~ 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XVIII. 223 
 
 49, 
 
 50, 
 
 OE, 
 
 A lake encroaches on the east side, and covers two sections. Soil, 
 first class.--J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.-Generally level country, thickly dotted with bluffs of 
 poplar, some of which are of considerable area. Willow clumps 
 are numerous, and fringe the many ponds and swamps which are 
 scattered throughout the township. The soil is a black loam, 
 varying from 10 to 15 inches in depth; clay and, in places, ‘sand 
 loam subsoil.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Slightly undulating country, thickly dotted with dense 
 willow clumps and bluffs of small sized poplar. The northern 
 part of the township is broken by Beaver Lake, while the whole 
 of it is well drained by a medium sized creek which flows north 
 nearly through the centre of the range. The timber is small, 
 though occasional bluffs are met with containing timber of fair 
 size. This is a first class township, and well adapted for farming 
 purposes. The soil is excellent, being a black loam, from 7 to 18 
 inches in depth, having a subsoil of clay.--T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is entirely in Beaver Lake, with the exception of a 
 narrow strip of land varying from one-half to one mile in width, 
 lying along the westerly boundary. Several of these broken sec- 
 
 - tions have settlers upon them, who find thesoil to be of first class 
 
 2, 
 
 OS. 
 
 4, 
 
 3d, 
 
 6, 
 
 quality and well adapted for farming purposes, Three fair sized 
 creeks enter the lake within a short distance of each other in this 
 township, and abound in fish.— 7". Katns, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division—-The east part of the township is covered by Beaver 
 Lake; the balance is thickly covered with dense grey willows, 
 poplar and fallen timber. A creek crosses the line in the southern 
 part of Section 30. The soil is excellent.—G. A. Simpson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Low and, in many places, wet, with extensive alkali 
 swamps. The surface is covered with small brush and clumps of 
 willow. Beaver Lake is partly in the south-east corner of the 
 township, covering Section 1 and part of 2, 11 and 12. The town- 
 ship is better adapted for grazing than for agricultural purposes. 
 —G. A. Simpson, 1882-88. 
 
 Sub-division.—Low-and wet, being covered with numerous willow 
 marshes. The high land is covered with willow and occasional 
 bluffs of poplar. Beaver River enters on Section 1 and leaves on 
 31. This stream is about 120 feet wide and 6 feet deep. The soil 
 is classes 2 and 8. The Edmonton and Battle River trail crosses 
 from Section 18 to 3.—G. A. Simpson, 1883. , 
 
 Sub-division.—Four-fifths of the township is timbered with poplar, 
 and the balance with high and scrub willows. The soil is gen- 
 erally good, and class 1. Beaver Creek passes through the west- 
 ern side of the township.—D. Beatty, 1882-83. 
 
 Sub-division.—North, timbered with thick willows, poplar, and a 
 few birch, and in Section 84 spruce. The line crosses several 
 marshes.—J. J. McArthur, 1888.. 
 
 Sub-division.—Timbered throughout with poplar, except a 
 few openings, which are covered with scrub and high willows. 
 
224 
 
 57, 
 
 58. 
 
 aS, 
 
 69. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XVIII. 
 
 There is a large muskeg or lake extending across the township» 
 from Section 18 to 86, averaging about 250 yards wide. It has 
 thick willows on both sides. In Sections 86, 13, 14 and 16 are: 
 also lakes with muskeg and willows. The soil, generally, is. 
 good.— D. Beatty, 1882-83. 
 
 Sub-division.—Chiefly timbered with poplar and, in places, with. 
 pitch pine and small spruce. The soil of the township is generall 
 light on the high ground, and the lower portions are full 
 willow swamps and muskegs, which cover about one-third of the- 
 township. There are numerous sandhiils and several swampy 
 lakes, one of 300 or 400 acres being in Section 7.—D. Beatty,. 
 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.—This township is cut into almost two equal parts by 
 the River Saskatchewan. The part lying to the south of the 
 river is solid bush and muskeg. There are clumps of fine spruce 
 near the river, while the balance of the timber is small poplar: 
 and willow. The part north of the river is undulating, almost 
 covered with dense poplar and willow, but the timber is gener- 
 ally small. Scattering spruce were noticed throughout this part 
 of the country. The Edmonton and Battleford trail is on the 
 north side of the river,and keeps close to the top of the bank 
 throughout. Soil, second-class. A few settlers are located on the 
 north side of the river, at the east side of the range.—T. Kains, 
 1884, | 
 
 Outlines —Is generally undulating throughout, and wooded with 
 2 to §-inch poplar, high grey willows, scattered bluffs of poplar, 
 and clumps or belts of spruce, from 4 to 10 inches in diameter. A 
 great portion of the north-eastern part is submerged by Smoky 
 Lake, along the south side of which there are numerous large 
 marshes. The country is well watered by small lakes and a few 
 small creeks. The soil to the east consists of about 5 inches of 
 clay loam, which is underlaid by a stiff clay. In the western 
 half a subsoil of sand is overlaid by about 6 inches of a black 
 sandy loam. The township is unsuited for agriculture.—C. A. 
 
 Magrath, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The eastern portion consists of hills, densely timbered 
 with 5 to 15-inch pitch pine and small poplar, also flats, which 
 are generally muskeggy, and wooded with spruce and tamarac 
 from 4 to 10 inchesin diameter. The western portion is generally 
 undulating, and wooded with 4 to 8-inch poplar and spruce and 
 tamarac in the small muskegs. The southern portion is, for the 
 most part, submerged by Smoky Lake, along the north side of 
 which there is a pack trail. The country surrounding this lake 
 is not so heavily timbered, there being less spruce and tamarac 
 and more small poplar, with burnt and fallen timber, than in the 
 northern portions of the township. The White Earth River runs 
 south-east from Section 85 to Section 12, and there are numerous 
 small creeks and lakes throughout the township. In the eastern 
 
 parts a light sandy loam overlies a sandy subsoil, while in, the 
 
cand The township is is id Aare 
 
 ee aclayloam. Thet 
 ses.—C. i Magrath, 1 
 
40. 
 
 TOWNSHIPS. WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Rance XIX 
 
 . Outlines.—West, surface undulating, rolling and broken by 
 
 numerous coulées, which have small ponds along the bottoms. 
 Soil, sandy loam, mixed with gravel. A creek crosses the north- 
 west, and the McLeod and Benton trail passes south-east from 
 Section 31. The east is rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, with 
 clay subsoil ; gravelly in places.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 South, rolling prairie, with the soil washed out; somewhat 
 stony. Vegetation rather poor, and signs of alkali.—O. J. Klotz, 
 1888. 
 
 . Cutlines—Surface undulating and rolling. Soil, sandy loam, 
 
 mixed with gravel, and much of the subsoil, clay. A marsh in 
 the north half of Section 81, but water, generally, very scarce.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—West. Soil, a hard grey clay. Part of Section 6 is 
 
 covered by a shallow marsh, and in Section 1 the line crosses a 
 watercourse, but, generally, water scarce. In the east the soil is 
 a sandy loam, mixed with gravel, and the grass is poor. The 
 general surface of the township is undulating. —C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, with sandy loam soil and: 
 
 good grass. No water.—O. J. Klotz, 1884. 
 
 West, this township consists of undulating and rolling 
 prairie. The soil in the west is a hard grey clay. In the east it 
 is a sandy loam, mixed with gravel. The grass is poor and water 
 scarce. The Walsh and McLeod trail crosses the township.—C. 
 E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—Along the north it is an open, level prairie, with a 
 
 soil varying from sandy to sandy loam, on a sandy loam subsoil. 
 No wood. A coulée crosses Section 86.—A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Is very dry, rolling land, broken only between Ranges 18 
 and 19 by a large slough in Chin Coulée. The soil is very light, 
 sandy loam. Growth of grass, short.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 South, good, undulating prairie, covered with good grass and 
 flowering vetches. Rather deficient in water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The greater portion of this township is an 
 excellent clay loam, and under cultivation would produce excel- 
 lent crops. It hasa good growth of grass and wild vetches. 
 There are several large fresh-water ponds or lakelets in the 
 interior. A few sections in the south-east part are broken 
 by Chin Coulée and its smaller tributary couiées the banks of 
 which are strewn with boulders. Except in these sections, the 
 land is all class 1.—C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north it is a broken and rolling prairie 
 Belly River crosses Sections 31, 32, 83 and 34, when it enters the 
 
 ry bee ee 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range X1X. 22% 
 
 next township north; it re-enters on Section 36, flowing eastward 
 into Range 18, in a valley about 1,300 feet broad and 200 feet deep, 
 wooded, in places, with cottonwood trees and willows. The land 
 is undulating prairie, with a soil of fair quality, ranging from a 
 sandy to a sandy loam.—A. ‘Bourgeault, 1883. | 
 _ Is broken on the north by Belly River. Some wood in river 
 valley. On the east and west boundaries the soil is a light and 
 te sandy loam, and the surface is rolling.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 Sub-division—The soil is a sandy loam, of a fairly good quality. 
 The north part is very much broken by Belly River, along which 
 afew groves of cottoluwood are growing. Excellent river bottom 
 lands occur in Sections 83, 84 and 85. Fresh-water ponds existed 
 at time of survey (July) in various parts of the township.—C. A. 
 Bigger, 1884. 
 
 A, Outlines.—Is divided in two by Little Bow River, which, in the 
 south-east has its confluence with Belly River. The soil is all very 
 light and stony. No timber, except on Belly River.—F. W. Arm- 
 strong, 1888. 
 
 Belly River makes a bend into the south-east of the town- 
 ship, entering by Section 8 and leaving by Section 1. Along the 
 southern boundary the land is undulating prairie, with a sandy ~ 
 loam soil. Near the south-east corner the north branch of the 
 river—after coursing southwards from the north centre of the town- 
 ship—enters and forks into the Belly River.—A. Bourgeault, 1888. 
 
 Sub-divison.—The greater part of the land is inferior. Little 
 Bow River runs through the east part north and southwards, 
 with numerous coulées branching from it in every direction, 
 which leaves very few eligible sections in the east half of the 
 township. Belly River enters in Section 8, and, after making 
 several curves, leaves near the south-east angle of Section 1. The 
 soil is chiefly a light sandy loam. A grove of good timber grows 
 on the line between Sections 2 and 8, and on. Section 1, on the 
 north bank of Belly River.—C. A. Bigger, 1883. 
 
 12, Outlines.——North, Little Bow River is about two and a-half miles 
 south of this line. The soil is principally clay loam.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 18%2. 
 
 Is broken by Little Bow River, whose banks here are steep 
 and very stony. ‘The soil east and west is very light and sandy. 
 —F. W. Armstrong, 1888. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The soil is poor, and very few sections higher 
 than class 3. The Little Bow River enters on Section 80 and 
 flows across the township, which it leaves on Section 2. The 
 banks are high, and are broken by numerous coulées. Owing to 
 the great rainfall of this season quite a body of water was flowing 
 down this river, which, at this season of the year (end of July), 
 usually exists only in pools. The soil is generally a light sandy 
 loam, supporting a slight growth of grass. There is no wood.— 
 C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The land is all undulating or gently-rolling prairie, and 
 ranks first class land, of a good sandy loam, with a kind of grey 
 15% 
 
 13 
 
ik) 
 ro 
 oo 
 
 44, 
 
 ‘5, 
 
 “16 
 
 A? 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridtan—Range X1X. 
 
 clay subsoil, covered with abundance of grass. Water is very 
 scarce.—P. R. A Belanger, 1882. 
 ~- South, the soil is principally clay loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 Sub-division._-Gently-undulating prairie, composed of a light 
 sandy loam soil, from 4 to 9 inches deep, on a grey clay subsoil. 
 The growth of grass was short, and only fit for grazing purposes. 
 No surface water and no wood.—J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —The surface is undulating or gently-rolling prairie, and 
 the soil first class, being good sandy loam, with a grey clay sub- 
 soil and abundance of grass. Water is very scarce.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-undulating prairie, with an even sur- 
 
 face and a soil composed of sandy loam, from 6 to 12 inches deep, 
 
 on a grey clay subsoil. Under an ordinary rainfall this soil 
 ought to produce excellent crops; but owing to the extreme dry- 
 ness of this season (1883) the vegetation is rather stunted. 
 Surface water is scarce, and there is no permanent supply nearer 
 than the Little Bow River, three miles from the western bound- 
 ary.—J. F. Snow, 18838. 
 
 Outlines. Gently-rolling prairie, with first class sandy loam, on a 
 clay subsoil. Abundance of grass, but surface water is very 
 
 -scarce.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. as 
 
 Sub-division—Towards the north it is rolling, but south- 
 wards it isa fine level plain. The soil is a clay loam, very uni- 
 form throughout, and first class. Water is not plentiful, and the 
 marshes and sloughs dry up in summer. Ifthe want of surface 
 water is not felt, this township is eminently suitable for cultiva- 
 tion. There is no timber.—S. LZ. Brabazon, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, is rolling prairie, with rich grass vegetation, 
 generally; but no water was found in the numerous marshes 
 between the hills.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. ; 7 
 
 All undulating or gently rolling prairie. Soil, first class 
 sandy loam, on a grey clay subsoil. The township is covered with 
 abundance of grass, but surface water is very scarce.—P. R. A. 
 Belanger, 1882. ek 
 
 Sub-divison.—Very similar to Township 15 of this range. 
 Towards the south.it is rolling, but northwards it is undulating, 
 with long slopes. There are a good many surface stones, but they 
 are small in size, and not detrimental to cultivation. Undera 
 favorable rainfall this township would give a luxuriant crop, but 
 under any circumstances must be good. There is a scarcity of 
 surface water, and no wood.—S. L. Brabazon, 18838. : 
 
 Outlines—Principally hilly and rolling prairie, with gravelly 
 knolls, a clay subsoil, and an upper soil which rates mostly second 
 class.— C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 South, rolling prairie, and rich grass vegetation. Numerous 
 dry marshes between the hills.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—There is some fine land in this township, and 
 sufficiently level for agricultural purposes in a number of places, 
 though the general character is rough and uneven. The soil is 
 
 dry and, in places, stony, and consists of clay loam and sandy 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIX. 229 
 
 loam. Classes 2 and 8. Water is scarce. Except for grazing, most 
 of the township is not eligible land, and wells would require to 
 be dug for the cattle—S. ZL, Brabazon, 1883. 7 
 
 . Outlines. Rolling and hilly prairie, with some few ponds in the 
 north half. The west half is principally sandy loam. The east 
 half is clay loam, rating second class.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very hilly: Soil, sandy loam, and about class 
 2; but the uneveness of the township renders it unfavorable for 
 tillage. There are several wet, marshy places, or ponds, which, in 
 most cases, dry up as the summer advances. Although the sum- 
 mer rainfall may be light, appearances indicate that the soil in 
 this region possesses the property of ‘preserving grass green 
 through a drought which would kill vegetation in the Province 
 of Quebec.—S L. Brabazon, 1888. 
 
 - Outlines.—Hilly and rolling prairie, the most easterly tier of sec- 
 tions being much broken by deep ravines running into the Bow 
 River. Soil, clay and sandy loam, with tops of elevations gen- 
 erally gravelly. There are numerous ponds among the hills in 
 the westerly half of the township.—C. F. Miles, 18838. 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie, with black 
 sandy loam, from 8 to 11 inches deep, on a clay and sandy subsoil. 
 Very good for cultivation in the low places or bottoms, but in 
 general it can only be rated class 2, owing to the scarcity of water. 
 There are several small swamps, in which grass is plentiful. There 
 is no. wood.—H. Boivin, 1884. 
 . Sub-division— The ©.P.R. crosses the township. North of the 
 road the country is nearly level prairie—classes 2 and 8—and well 
 suited for agricultural purposes, especially the north-west.’ Water 
 is, however scarce.—--E. C. Dawson, 18838. 
 
 Norz —The portion north of the 0.P.R. consists of about two tiers of sections. All south of 
 the railway. lies in the Blackfoot Indian Reserve. ° ' 
 
 es 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and hilly. Soil, clay loam, with a few stones. 
 may be classified principally as number one. Several good soams 
 of coal were observed in this township.—C. F. Miles, 1882- 
 
 Sub-division.—Mainly rolling prairie. The north partis more 
 hilly than rolling, and the tops of the hills arestony The south- 
 eastern corner is very sandy, gravelly and bare. Surface water 
 appeared to be scarce at the time of survey (September), except 
 some sloughs in the valleys. Judging from the quantity of 
 manure, this must have been a favorite spot for the buffalo.—Z. 
 C. Dawson, 18838. 
 
 Outlines. —Undulating prairie, with clay'loam soil.—C. F. Miles, 
 1882. 
 
 Rough and hilly prairie, with numerous sloughs, many of 
 them dry. The soil is clay, with a little surface gravel and field 
 stone. This township ranks as third class —A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, sloping south-easterly and 
 north-westerly from a ridge which extends from Section 18 to 
 Section 35. The soil is a light sandy loam, of from 4 to 11 inches 
 deep—except on the before-mentioned ridge, where it is more or 
 
 154% 
 
230 
 
 24, 
 
 25. 
 
 3 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XIX. 
 
 less gravelly—and overlies a subsoil of clay, and may average 
 class 2. There are a few small ponds throughout the township, 
 which are fresh and good.—J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface very rough. Soil, generally a gravelly 
 loam, from 10 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, gravelly clay, hardened. 
 From the middle of this range there is a clear view of the Rocky 
 Mountains —W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with a few stones. Dead Horse Lake 
 covers Sections 19 and parts of 18 and 80. The water is muddy 
 and shallow.—C. F. Miles, 1882. — 
 
 East, Sections 1 and 12 are rolling prairie; Sections 18, 24, 25 
 
 and 86 are very hilly. There are numerous sloughs, many of them 
 
 dry. The soil is clay, with a little surface gravel and field stone. 
 This township ranks as third class —A. W. Mc Vittie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Heavy-rolling prairie, with a soil of sandy 
 loam, class 2, excepting Nections 20, 29, 30, 81 and 32, which are 
 clay loam, and class 1. A shallow alkaline lake occurs on Sections 
 8, 9, 16,17 and 18. Dead Horse Lake breaks the western boun- 
 dary in Sections 18, 19 and 30. 1ts waters are shallow and muddy. 
 No wood.—J. J. Burrows, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—South, surface very rough. Soil, generally a gravelly 
 loam from, 10 to15 inches deep.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Heavy-rolling prairie, the north and south 
 portions of the township being more elevated than the centre. 
 The soil is a sandy loam ona clay subsoil, except the northern 
 and southern tiers of sections, which havea gravelly subsoil. 
 Several small lakes occur, one of which, on ‘Sections 21 and 22, 
 is fresh and good; and two of which, on Sections 30 and 81, 
 are alkaline. The township is fairly adapted for farming.—J. J. 
 Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—-West, the country is hilly. Water was crossed in Sec- 
 tions 6and 18. East, Sections 1 and 12 are rolling. The remaining 
 four miles are very hilly. The northern part of 24 and the 
 
 southern part of 25 are scrubby. A small creek was crossed in the 
 
 northern part of Section 24.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. ~ 
 
 In the north-east there are some poplar bluffs. Soil, second 
 class.—7', R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—The south half is gently-rolling prairie, while 
 the balance is rougher, and inclined to be hilly, especially the 
 two northern tiers of Sections Many fine water springs are 
 found in the hilly portions. The soil is a sandy loam—generally- 
 class 2—overlying a subsoil of clay in the southern portion, and a 
 gravelly subsoil in the northern portion —J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines.—The country is rolling, with a little inclination to 
 
 roughness in some parts of the east. Sloughs were crossed in 
 
 Sections 7 and 19. A. little wood was found between Sections 25 
 
 and 36.—T. R. Hewson, 1888. | 
 South, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil. -: No water.— 
 
 J.J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
28. 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—-Range XIX. 281 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating, and rolling towards the north-west, 
 and along the banks of the Red Deer River, and for some distance 
 inland, the country is broken and hilly, with steep and precipi- 
 tous banks, from 180 to 600 feet high. Clay, ironstone and coal 
 Seams crop out in abundance along these banks. Back from the 
 river the country is good for farming. Soil, clay loam. Class 1.— 
 T. Fawcett, 18838. . 
 
 Hilly country. Soil, dry clay. The confluence of the Rose- 
 bud and Red Deer Rivers is on this township. The country in 
 
 _ the vicinity of the Red Deer is much broken by deep ravines, 
 
 ' 29. 
 
 3O. 
 
 oh: 
 
 in which there is considerable poplar and spruce timber.—T. R. 
 
 Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The eastern portion of this township is broken by — 
 ravines, some of which contain small creeks. The grass is scant 
 —scarcely sufficient growth to form sod. Clay soil. Class 3.—J. 
 K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 South, Sections 1, 2 and 8 are hilly. Nos. 4, 5, and 6 are bro- 
 ken by the steep banks of the river valley. "Red Deer River crosses 
 the line in Section 6.. Coal was found in the river valley in this 
 section. A creek crosses the line in Sections 6 and 5, and an old 
 trail in 3.—T7'. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Outlines— West, open, rolling prairie. A creek crosses the line 
 in Section 18, and a branch of it in 19. In the vicinity of the 
 creek a small quantity of wood was found.——Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 The eastern portion broken by ravines. Grass, scant. Clay _ 
 soil. Class 3.—J. AK. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —West, open, rolling prairie. A small creek crosses the 
 
 - line in Section 7.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 32. 
 
 — 633. 
 
 The eastern portion is rolllng prairie, with scant grass. 
 Clay soil. Class 3.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 Outlines. —North, Sections 34, 85 and 86 are rolling prairie; Sec- 
 tions 31, 32 and 33 are hilly. The soilis fair. The line crosses 
 several marshes.—E Bray, 18838. 
 
 West, open, rolling prairie. The line crosses a lake in Sec- 
 tions 30 and 81.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Rolling prairie. Clay loam soil; clay subsoil. Class2. A 
 creek in Section 1.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, open, rolling prairie. Water is abundant, in 
 numerous ponds.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 The east half is hilly, with a heavy growth of willow round 
 the numerous ponds. Sand and clay loam soil; clay subsoil. 
 Class 3.--J. A. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie. Marshes are numerous. Wood 
 
 and scrub around the ponds.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 The south-east quarter, hilly prairie; third class. The north- 
 east, rolling prairie; class 2. Sand loam sel; clay subsoil. Poplar 
 and willow scrub round the ponds. Last, hilly and rolling prai- 
 rie. A large lake was crossed in Sections 25 and 86, the greater 
 part of the line, in 36, being under water.—J. K. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling, brushy prairie. Line crosses several 
 ponds, and in Section 31 a creek.—ZL. R. Ord, 1884. . 
 
232 
 
 » 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XIX. 
 
 A range of hills runs through the centre of the east half. 
 North and south of these hills, rolling prairie, the sloughs and 
 
 - ponds being heavily fringed with poplar and willow scrub. 
 
 36, 
 
 Sand loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2.—J. A. McLean, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, going westwards, the first two miles is hilly, 
 and broken by numerous ponds and basins of water, after which 
 
 ~ there is undulating prairie, with a few grass swamps and ponds. 
 
 37 
 
 38. 
 
 39 
 
 40, 
 
 41. 
 
 A large lake, extending about two miles north and one and a- 
 half miles south of the line, was crossed in Sections 31 and 32. 
 Poplar and willow ofsmall size occur. Soil, first and second class. - 
 T. Kains, 18838. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with scattered bluffs. In Section 6 a 
 marshy creek crosses the line. Water near the line in 30 and 31. 
 Surface soil, class 2, oniclay subsoil—JL. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 The east half is rolling prairie, the ponds being fringed with 
 willow. Sand loam soil; clay subsoil. Class 2.—J. K. McLean, 
 1884, 
 
 Outlines—Some hilly prairie in the east, but generally, rolling 
 and undulating. Partially wooded with poplar bluffs and clumps 
 of grey willows. Numerous ponds, fringed with willows. The 
 east line crosses a muddy lake in Section 25, and another in 36. 
 Soil, sandy loam, with sandy subsoil.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 The south-east is hilly, with wet valleys. The south centre 
 is rolling, and a great part of the four south-westerly Sections are 
 covered with a muddy lake. Soil, classes 1 and 2—7 Kains, 
 1888. 
 
 Outlines-—Rolling and undulating prairie, interspersed with 
 numerous ponds and lakes, and densely wooded, in places, with 
 poplar and willows, with the exception of the north-east quarter, 
 which is more open. Soil, black sandy loam and clay loam. 
 First class. —C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The north-west quarter is rather hilly and rolling, with 
 deep ponds and bluffs of poplar and willows. The remainder is 
 undulating and more open prairie. The soil consists, generally, of 
 a black sandy loam. First and second class. A branch of Red 
 Willow Creek meanders easterly across this township, emptying 
 ultimately into the Battle River. The supply of water in the 
 northerly half is plentiful, but limited in the south.—C. F. Miles, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.——-North, the line passes through a well-wooded section 
 of poplar, from 2to 8 inches in diameter. It also intersects a 
 range of low hills, which slope towards Buffalo Lake. The west- 
 ern part is considerably broken up with small and deep lakes. 
 Soil, first class—_C. A. Magrath, 18838. 
 
 Consists of, principally, hilly and rolling prairie, with numer- 
 ous ponds, interspersed with bluffs of poplar and’ willows. Soil, 
 black sandy loam,, Second-class. The greater part of the line in 
 Section 31 is undér water —C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie, alternating with ponds, lakelets 
 and poplar, and willow bluffs. An old Edmonton trail was 
 crossed in Section 7.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
A. 
 
 43. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XIX. 23838 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie. In Section 1 is alittle brush, and in 
 Sections 13 and 25 some scrub. Sloughs are very numerous. Soil, 
 very good.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling, hilly and undulating prairie, with 
 poplar bush and numerous ponds and lakelets. The north-western 
 pare Section 7 is almost all covered by alarge lake.—C. F. Miles, 
 
 Kast, rolling, prairie with poplar and willow bluffs and scrub. 
 In Section 24 the line crosses the Edmonton cart trail and.Meeting 
 
 Creek. The valley of the creek is very wide, extending from the 
 
 southern half of Section 18 to the centre of 25. In Section 36 is 
 
 another creek, running in the bottom of acoulée. Sloughs are 
 -numerous.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, thickly covered with 
 patches of poplar and dense brush. Several ponds were crossed, 
 and in Sections 31 and 82 a good sized lake. The Bear Hill trail 
 was crossed in Section 81.—J. Kerr, 1884. 
 
 Gently-undulating and rolling land, with bluffs of small 
 poplar. The wood is small, and of no economic value, but the 
 land is excellent for agriculture. The soil is a rich black loam, 
 
 | 12 inches deep, with clay subsoil —Z. R. Ord, 18x38. 
 - Outlines.—North, Battle River crosses the base in Section 31, and 
 
 having widened out into a lake, completely fills the whole valley. 
 This lake extends north six or seven miles, and has a width of about 
 halfa mile. The hills leading down to the lake are about 90 feet 
 
 high. On the west side some good poplar, of fair size, was noticed. 
 
 The balance of the range is undulating country, having first class 
 soil, and contains ponds and swamps, clumps of willows, and 
 some poplar bluffs, the timber of which is of fair size.—T. Kains, 
 1833. 
 
 Gently rolling land, with bluffs of small poplar. Battle River 
 crosses the north boundary in Sections 81 and 32. Here is a lake 
 expansion, about 30 chains wide, at the bottom ofa valley, a mile 
 across and 300 feet deep, with banks’ of clay, mostly wooded. 
 This lake expansion extends nearly all the way across the town- 
 
 ship, and is said to abound in fish.. The land is all generally good, 
 
 with a black loam, slightly sandy, and well fitted for settlement. 
 —L. R. Ord, 1838. . 
 
 Sub-division.——Battle River, in its lake expansion, enters on 
 the north boundary of Section 381, and flows first south through 
 Sections 31, 80, 19 and 18, then east through Sections 17, 16, 9, 
 10, 11 and 2, leaving on the eastern boundary of Section J. The 
 river valley is nearly one mile broad, with banks from 200 to 800 
 feet high, generally sloping towards the river, but occasionally 
 precipitous. The soil is rich and fertile, being composed of a clay 
 or a sandy loam, about 12 inches deep, and having good vegeta- 
 tion. The surface is dotted with bluffs of small poplar and patches 
 of thick brush. Sloughs, lakes and a few brooks, with excellent 
 water, in most pars of the township.—J. Kerr, 1884. 
 
 45, Outlines.—Hast and west, the expansion of Battle River runs 
 
 through the south-west corner of this township. The south half 
 
23 
 
 46, 
 
 ANT, 
 
 48, 
 
 49. 
 
 0. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XIX. 
 
 is traversed by Dried Meat Creek, a creek about 50 links wide, 
 which flows into Battle River. The south-west part is inter- 
 spersed with poplar bluffs and beautiful prairie openings. The 
 remainder of the township is slightly undulating, with numer- 
 ous small swamps, and more or less overgrown by willow scrub. 
 The soil, throughout, is of the best quality.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 South, undulating prairie, with poplar, willow and scrub. 
 Dried Meat Lake, an expansion of Battle River, was crossed in 
 Section 6. A few small marshes were crossed also.—TZ7. Kains, - 
 1888. , 
 
 Sub-division.—High-rolling land, with deep ravines along the 
 creeks which flow into Dried Meat Lake, which crosses the south- 
 west corner of the township. The general elevation of the sur- 
 face is about 150 feet above the lake, and Dried Meat Hill, on Sec- 
 tions 17 and 18, rises 150 feet above the general level. The town- 
 ship is generally scrubby prairie, with patches of poplar and high 
 willow, and has a fair supply of surface water. The soil isa good 
 class 2, of 12 inches deep on a clay subsoil.— W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West and east, is slightly undulating, and more or less 
 overgrown by willow scrub. There are poplar bluffs scattered 
 throughout, and many marshes. Soil, first class—J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Slightly undulating, with a black loamy soil, 3 
 to 15 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. There are a few small ponds, 
 and numbers of muskegs and willow swamps. The general 
 surface of the prairie is scrubby, with patches of high willow 
 and poplar.— W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Is comparatively level, with scattered bluffs of poplar. 
 There are many small swamps, and the whole township is more 
 or less overgrown by willow scrub. Soil, first class.—J. J. Me- 
 Arthur, 1888. | 
 
 Outlines —North, prairie, with clumps of bush and numerous 
 ponds and sloughs. . A large lake covers the western half of Sec- 
 tion 35.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 In the interior is a large lake. The land is undulating, with 
 many ponds and marshes. Alkali is noticeable in low spots. 
 There are many scattered bluffs of poplar. Soil, first-class.— 
 J.J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Is broken by the Beaver Hills, which traverse its 
 eastern boundary and extend well into the centre. The rest of 
 the township is undulating country, with bluffs of poplar and 
 clumps of willows, the timber of which becomes heavier in the 
 Beaver Hills. A cart trail runs north and south, nearly through 
 the middle of the range, and connects the telegraph trail with a 
 small settlement on the western shore of Beaver Lake. The soil 
 is excellent, being a vegetable mould, from 10 to 15 inchesin 
 depth, with a clay subsoil_—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— Undulating country, more or less covered with timber 
 of fair Size, especially towards the western boundary, which 
 is altogether in the Beaver Hills. Ponds and swamps are 
 
oi, 
 
 58. 
 
 5d 
 
 ~~ 66, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. — Range XIX, 236 
 
 numerous, the margins of which are fringed with thick willows, 
 and when the water becomes low excellent hay land is afforded. 
 A cart trail runs from north to south, almost in the centre of the 
 range, connecting the small settlement on the west shore of 
 Beaver Lake with the telegraph trail. Soil is excellent, and 
 
 classes 1 and 2.—7T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Lies on the easterly slope of the Beaver Hills ; is well 
 wooded, and excellently drained by three fair sized creeks, whick 
 run easterly into Beaver: Lake. Numerous ponds and swamps 
 were noticed containing—in dry weather—excellent hay lands. 
 Soil, first class —7". Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The eastern third is on the slope of the Beaver Hills. 
 There is a growth of dense grey willows, poplar and fallen 
 timber. A creek crosses the east line in the southern part of 
 Section 25.—G. A. Simpson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-divtsion—North, the line runs through part of the Beaver 
 Hills. Timber consists of poplar, spruce, birch and grey willow. 
 A large marsh was crossed in Section 34. The hills range from 
 10 to 70 feet high. To the east there is small clumps of willows. 
 The land les low, and rates classes 2 to 4. To the west the 
 township is heavily timbered with poplar and spruce, and the 
 soil is poor. Most of the timber is small, but some of it in the 
 south-west sections measures 12 to 30 inches. There is a good 
 area of surface water, but net in the quantity of numbers of the 
 neighboring townships.—G. A. Simpson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-diviston._-The south-western half is in the Beaver Hills, and 
 is hilly and well wooded. The elevations range from 10 to 80 feet 
 high. The north-east half is covered with willow scrub, and being: 
 full of marshes, it only appears to be suitable for grazing purposes. 
 It was, however, surveyed in April. The Edmonton and Battle 
 River trail crosses north-east.—C. A. Simpson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.-—-The greaterportion of the township is lying between 
 Beaver Creek and the Beaver Hills. The south-west corner extends 
 into the hills. The township is timbered with poplar, broken 
 into bluffs, with dense high and scrub willow. The soil is gene- 
 rally good, but is, in places, light and sandy. Blind Creek was 
 crossed three times in Section .12, and in Section 1 another creek. 
 Oreeks cross the west line in Sections 18 and 31, and the Sas- 
 katchewan and Beaver Lake trail in 19.—D. Beatty, 1882-88. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating, with poplar and willows. In 
 Sections 36, 35, and the east half of 84, the wood is heavier than 
 in the remaining sections, where it is scrubby. Several marshes. 
 In the west are poplars and numerous sloughs. Beaver Creek 
 was crossed in the north half of Section 6.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The north two-thirds is timbered with poplar. 
 The south one-third is covered with willow scrub, high willow 
 and scattered poplar. There are willow swamps and muskegs 
 scattered throughout. The soil isgood. Beaver Creek, the outlet 
 of Beaver Lake into the Saskatchewan River, runs across the 
 south-west corner. It is about 70 feet broad and from 6 to 10 
 feet deep.—D. Beatty, 1882-88. | 
 
236 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range X\X. 
 
 37. Outlines.—West, overgrown with willows and poplar. Line 
 eo e several marshes. Soil, light and sandy.—J. J. MeArthur, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Timbered throughout with poplar, which, in a 
 few places, is mixed with small spruce, and has a dense under- 
 growth of willow. About one-quarter of the township is low 
 and swampy, and the soil on the high grounds is generally light. 
 —D. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 BS. Outlines.—Is cut by the River Saskatchewan, the greater portion _ 
 being on the south side of the stream, and consists of solid bush 
 country, with a sprinkling of muskegs and swamps. The part 
 north of the river is much broken by the valleys of numerous 
 streams which empty into the river, and is thickly dotted with 
 poplar and spruce. A band of Indians occupy the land on the 
 north side of the river, and have several houses, and a few improve- 
 ments, in the way of ploughing, &c., made. Soil, second and third 
 class. The cart trail from Edmonton to Victoria crosses in Sec- 
 tion 25.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 29. Ovtlines—Generally undulating throughout, and, for the most 
 part, densely wooded with 8 to 6-inch poplar and high grey wil- 
 ~ lows. There is considerable fallen timber and scattered spruce in 
 some portions, while in other portions—towards the south—the 
 country is not so rough. This township may be classed as bluffy. 
 In the eastern half about 7 inches black sandy loam overlies sand. 
 The soil becomes heavier and richer towards the west, consisting 
 of about 7 inches of black loam over a clay subsoil. Is well 
 watered by small bodies of water, but has no large lakes or run- 
 ning streams of any importance. There are several pack trails in 
 this township, many parts of which are unsuited for agricultural 
 purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 ®. Ouilines.—Towards the north it is low-lying, wet and slightly 
 undulating. The surface rises to the south, and is undulating 
 throughout. The township is densely wooded in all parts, chiefly 
 with 3 to 7-inch poplar and willows. Towards the north there 
 is considerable 5 to 15-inch spruce and 4 to 10-inch tamarac. 
 There are numerous marshes to the south. These are generally 
 bordered with spruce timber. The soil consists of black loam to 
 the depth of about 5 inches, overlying a stiffclay. Smoky Lake 
 submerges the greater part of Sections 12 and 18, about half of 
 Sections 11 and 14, and a small portion of Sections 10 and 15. 
 There are numerous small bodies of water, surrounded by either 
 marsh or muskeg. There are a few pack trails. This township 
 is unsuited for agricultural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN 
 
 RANGE XX. — 
 
 - Outlines—Undulating country. The south-west and much of the 
 
 east is broken by numerous coulées, which have small ponds along 
 
 the bottoms. Soil, sandy loam, mixed with gravel. The McLeod 
 
 ey 
 
 and Benton trail crosses 86.—C. E. Wolff, 1884. ; 
 South, rolling prairie. The soil is good. Good grazing land. 
 Creeks cross the line in Sections 1, 2, 5 and 6.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Surface undulating and rolling. Soil, sandy loam, 
 mixed with gravel—C. E. Wolff, 1888 
 
 - Outlines—Undulating country. Soil, clay loam, with clay sub- 
 
 soil. Water scarce.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, with sandy loam soil, and 
 
 _ good grass. A small marsh in Section 82.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 ad 
 
 10. 
 
 il. 
 
 West, rolling land, with a sandy loamsoil. The trail to Fort 
 Walsh and a small creek were crossed in Section 6. Water scarce. 
 —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 East, undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, a hard grey clay. 
 No water on this side of the township.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—W est and east is very dry, rolling land. The soil is very 
 light sandy loam. Growth of grass, short.— F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 South, good undulating prairie, covered with good grass and 
 flowering vetches. Rather deficient in water.—O. J. Klotz, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.— Level prairie. Soil, clay loam, of 4 to 6 inches 
 deep, on a clay subsoil. Class 2. Surface water is somewhat scarce, 
 and there is no wood. The Fort McLeod and Medicine Hat trail 
 crosses the township —J. Warren, 1883. : 
 
 Outlines— West and east is dry, rolling prairie. Soil, a light, 
 sandy loam. Belly River flows in a valley which is about half a 
 mile broad, and with banks about 300 feet high. Coal crops out 
 in numbers of places along the banks. The river enters the town- 
 ship on Sections 18, 19 and 80, and leaves by 25 and 36, after a 
 circuitous course.—I’. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 _ Sub-division.—The south half is rolling and undulating. The 
 north is much broken by the ravines of Belly River, which crosses 
 the township by a circuitous route from west to east—Nection 19: 
 to Section 36. The soil of the south is a sandy and clay loam, but 
 more sandy and gravelly near the banks of the river. No wood.— 
 A. Bourgeault, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east is a very dry, rolling prairie. The soil is, 
 in some places, a light sandy loam, with surface stone, and in 
 others a grey clay.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. | : 
 Sub-division.—In portions either level, rolling or hilly. Soils, 
 either a good clay or asandy loam, and class 1 for agricultural 
 
288 
 
 L2, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XX. 
 
 purposes. Surface water is scarce, and there is no wood.—J. W. 
 D’ Amours, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The north line enters the valley of Little Bow River, 
 which, in Section 88, is about 80 feet in depth. ‘The bed of the 
 river, at Base Line, is 38 feet wide, and in the river bed water lies 
 in pools about 2 feet deep. No current visible. The west side 
 of the valley is thickly strewa with boulders.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1884. 
 
 The north-east quarter is broken by Little Bow River, whose 
 banks there are steep and very stony. The soil in other parts is 
 very light and sandy, except the west, which is agrey clay. Creeks 
 cross the west line in Sections 7 and 30.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
  Sub-division.—The land is rather too sandy or stony, and is 
 generally rolling, except those sections broken by the banks of 
 
 . Little Bow River, which vary in height from 200 to 400 feet. The 
 
 AS. 
 
 a4 
 
 river is dry in some places, and crosses Sections 83, 28, 21, 22, 28, 
 14, 13 and 24. There are neither trees nor sloughs in the town- 
 
 ship.—J. W. D’Amours, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Sections 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,18 and 19 are rolling, 4 and 5 
 are in the river valley, and 30 and 31 are hilly. The Little Bow 
 River crosses south, about two miles east of the west boundary, 
 in a very broken valley, already described in Township 12.—C. 
 A, Magrath, 1882. | 
 
 Is rolling prairie, broken in the west by Little Bow River, 
 a stream about 85 feet wide and 1 foot deep, running through a 
 valley about half a mile wide and 80 or 100 feet deep. Suitable 
 for cattle raising.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The Little Bow River crosses this township, 
 entering from the north, crossing Sections 33, 29 and 80, then 
 south through 19, 20, 17, 9 and 4. The valley of this river is 
 from three-fourths of a mile to one mile broad and from 75 to 100 
 feet below the prairie. The volume of water depends on the sea- 
 son. In July itis about 60 feet broad and 2 to 4 feet deep, witha 
 rapid current, but in September it only lies in pools. The portion 
 of the township east of the river is gently-undulating, with a 
 sandy loam soil on a grey clay subsoil. The portion west of the 
 river is more rolling, andis broken by deep ravines running into 
 the valley of the river.—J. F. Snow, 18838. 
 
 Outlines. —West, Section 6 is hilly; then 7 and 18 are cut up by 
 coulées running in a north-easterly direction into the valley of 
 
 ~ Little Bow River. In Section 19 the valley of this river is entered ; 
 
 then the remaining sections are rolling. Soil, sandy loam.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1882. 
 
 North, east and south, the township is dry or rolling prairie. 
 Little Bow River crosses the south line in Nection 4, running 
 through a valley about half a-mile wide and 80 or 100 feet deep. 
 Township is suitable for cattle raising.—P. R. A. Belunger, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, inclined to be hilly in the 
 western part. The soil is various. Along Little Bow River it is 
 sandy and gravelly. The valley of the river is irregular in width, 
 and broken by many deep ravines. Outside of the valley the soil 
 
15 
 
 16, 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. Range XX, 239 
 
 is a sandy loam, on a yellow or grey clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 
 3. In the valley, class 4. The river crosses from Section 3 to 
 Section 18. The township is of little value, except for grazing. 
 No wood.—J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines——Rolling prairie, rather hilly in the north. The soil is 
 a black loam, slightly inferior in quality in the southern part of 
 the township. There is generally good grass growing over the 
 township.—P. R. A. Belanger, 1882. 
 
 West is dry, rolling prairie, with good soil, and small scattered 
 marshes.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. xh 
 
 Sub-division—Rolls heavily in places, has a very good loamy 
 soil, sometimes sand, sometimes more of a gravelly nature, and an 
 average class 2. Water is scarce, and beyond the 1st of July 
 could not be depended upon for stock, except by means of wells. 
 (See remarks in 17 and 18 of the 19th Range.) There is no timber. 
 —S. L. Brabazon, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—-The north and west is rolling prairie, and very dry. 
 This township is inferior to the one east of it. In the southern 
 part of this township is the height of land between the north and 
 south. From the 5th Base Line, between Ranges 20 and 21, the 
 Rocky Mountains can be plainly seen to the west and south-west. 
 —O. J. Klotz, 1882. ; 
 
 Rolling prairie, rather hilly in places, The soil is a black 
 sandy loam, generally class 2. There is good grass.—P. R, A. 
 Belanger, 1882. ° 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Rather rough, especially in the north, where it 
 is hilly Soils, gravelly and sandy loams, in places, the best 
 being class 2. The hills are nearly all gravel. The township 
 shows fair crops of grass, and water is found in limited quantities. 
 in afew sloughs; but there are no running streams. There is no 
 timber. (See remarks on Township 15 of this range).—S. Z. Bra- 
 bazon, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Is undulating prairie, till towards the northern part of 
 the township, where it becomes rolling, and some water in 
 marshes occurs.—-O. J. Klotz, 1882. . 
 
 East, rolling and hilly prairie, with varying soil; knolls 
 generally gravelly, with clay subsoil—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very hilly along the western boundary, but 
 the land eastwards, merges into gently rolling and unduating 
 prairie. The soil is a light sandy loam, about class 2. 
 There are some wet marshes and a few ponds, and in their 
 vicinity there is always to be found a luxuriant crop of grass. 
 The chief value of the township is in its fitness for cattle grazing. 
 There is no timber.—S. L. Brabazon, 18838. 
 
 Outlines —West, especially good is the soil in the southern part 
 of this township, and fairly watered with ponds and marshes.— 
 O. J. Klotz, 1882. . | 
 East, rolling and hilly prairie, with varying soil; knolls 
 generally gravelly with clay subsoil_—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—It is quite hilly along the northern and western 
 boundaries. The soil is mostly a clay anda black loam, and, 
 
240 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XX. 
 
 419. 
 
 ‘21, 
 
 ty 
 
 judging from the crop of grass, might be almost rated class 1. 
 There are some marshes possessing a luxuriant crop of grass, and 
 there are some ponds, all of which are fresh. In this Section 
 
 ‘much of the surface water dries. At time of:survey (last of June) 
 
 the grass was fast becoming hay. No wood.—S. L. Brabazon, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—West, prairie, with high-rolling hills. No water.—T. 
 Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Kast, hilly prairie, with numerous ponds and grassy marshes. 
 There is a good growth of grass among the hills.—C. F. Miles, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The soil is all of excellent quality. The sur- 
 face is rolling and undulating, and towards the east part very 
 hilly, where numerous fresh-water ponds occur (August) in the 
 valleys. The soil is mostly a black loam and class 1, being 6 to 
 10 inches deep on a clay subsoil. Several alkaline rivulets course 
 
 through the township. The Blackfoot Indian Reserve lies to the 
 
 north.—C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—East, undulating prairie; some stones. Several good — 
 seams of coal were observed in this township ; also, some little 
 timber, principally cottonwood, in the river valley.—C. F. Miles, 
 1882. . 
 
 West, in Section 6 lies a large seam of coal, which had been 
 lately worked. ‘On the north side of the river is Crowfoot Creek, 
 a stream of some size, with running water. The land ranks as 
 
 - second and third class.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The C.P.R. (Crowfoot Station) crosses this 
 township. North of the railway it is mostly rolling prairie, with 
 a soil of black loamy earth, and class 1. Surface water is scarce, 
 but if the climatic conditions are favorable this is the best kind of 
 agricultural land. South ofthe railway isin the Indian Reserve, 
 and was not surveyed. The Bow River passes to the south in the 
 reserve.— E. C. Dawson, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines—North, rolling and hilly prairie. Soil is sandy and 
 
 clay loam—classes 2 and 8—stones and gravel. Crowfoot Creek 
 was crossed in Section 84, and another in 33. East, rolling 
 prairie, with some stones. Very little water.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 West, from Section 6, as far as Section 18, the land is second 
 class. The remainder may be ranked as first class—T. Drummond, 
 1882. 
 Sub-division.—W est of the Crowfoot Creek it is much broken 
 
 and very hilly, with a soil of good quality, but which would be 
 
 difficult to plough on the slopes. The land in the valley of the 
 creek is very suitable for agriculture, and in the creek is a good 
 supply of water. On the east side the land is not so hilly, but 
 is dry and stony, although it consists of a good soil, which ought 
 to produce good crops under a fair supply of rain.—. C. Dawson, 
 1883. ° 
 
 Outlines.—West, surface rolling. Soil, generally a good grey 
 clay, from 15 to 24 inches deep; subsoil the same, hardened. A 
 few small meadows. Grass everywhere good. The valley of 
 Crowfoot Creek occupies most of this township, and in it are 
 
ve Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Rtange XX. 241 
 
 4, 
 
 ZO. 
 
 26. 
 
 many fine farm sites. No water in the creek, except in spring or 
 a wet season. Excepting a few willows, there is no timber along 
 it, but a good deal of drift coal.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Undulating prairie, with clay loam soil. In the south the 
 surface is rougher, and the soil is both sandy and clay loam, with 
 stones and gravel. Classes 2 and 8.--C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very rolling. Soil (greater portion) clay loam, 
 and class 1, with a number of locations having sandy loam. 
 Classes 1 and 2. Most of this township is well suited for agri- 
 cultural ourposes. Several small creeks enter the township, the 
 largest of which, Crowfoot Creek, courses over Sections 19, 18, 
 17, 16, 9, 10,3 and 2. A coal bed exists on the west bank of this 
 creek on Section 16.—J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface rolling—sometimes flat. Some of the 
 flats are a fair clay loam, from 12 to 18 inches deep. West, soil 
 generally a good grey clay, from 15 to 24 inches deep. A few 
 small meadows on both lines, and grass everywhere good.— W. 
 Ogilvie, 1882. 3 | 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, with a few stones. Dead Horse Lake 
 covers Section 24, and parts of 18, 14, 23, 26 and 25. The water is 
 muddy and shallow. This is a very fair township, being a rolling 
 prairie with a clay loam soil.—--C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Heavy-rolling prairie, except in Sections 4, 5, 
 6, 7 and 8 and portions of 13, 14, 28, 25 and 26. The soil is chiefly 
 a sandy loam, of 5 to 9 inches deep, on aclay subsoil. There is 
 but little surface water, except in Dead Horse Lake, where it is 
 muddy and alkaline. —J. J. Burrows, 18838. 
 
 C-tlines—South, surface rolling. There are some flats witha 
 fair clay loam, and a few small meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Heavy-rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, on a 
 clay subsoil. Class 2. This township is well suited for agricul- 
 tural purposes, and has an abundant supply of water. Several 
 small lakes of good water upon Sections 3, 4, 8, 9, 14, 15, 31 and 
 25.—J. J. Burrows, 1888. ; 
 
 Outlines—Comprises a portion of the Wintering Hills. The soil. 
 is a good clay loam. There are numerous sloughs, and among the 
 hills numerous springs. Good agricultural country.—T. R. Hew- 
 son, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, on a 
 clay subsoil, generally class 2. Surface water in limited quantities 
 is found in oneor two small lakes, and in a few fresh-water 
 springs.—J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Hilly and: rolling country. Rosebud River crosses the 
 
 line in Section 19. Timber was found in the vicinity of the 
 river, and a little in the north-half of Section 31. Clay soil.—T. 
 R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North boundary, from Red Deer River, at the north-east 
 
 boundary of this township, inland, for several miles, the surface is 
 much broken and hilly, with outcrops of coal, sandstone and 
 
 carbonate of iron. West of this it is a rolling prairie, which has 
 
242 
 
 9. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XX. 
 
 a clay loam soil. Class 1, and luxuriant vegetation. In the deep 
 ravines poplars and spruce grow from 3 to 15 inches diameter.— 
 T. Fawcett, 18838. ! 
 
 Very much broken by the deep coulées of the Rosebud and 
 Red Deer Rivers. There is considerable second growth timber 
 in all the coulées. On the east boundary of Section 1 the line 
 crosses the Rosebud River, which runs through a valley averag- 
 ing about 600 feet in depth. The river at this point is about 35 
 feet in width, with very little running water, and gravel bottom. 
 Clay soil.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—-Rolling prairie, very rough and broken in the southern 
 part by the valley of Red Deer River, and numerous coulées and 
 ravines draining into it. The river crosses the township from 
 Section 18 to Section 1, ina valley from 350 to 500 feet deep, 
 with cut clay banks. Occasional patches of spruce and small 
 poplar clothe the slopes, and a straggling belt of poplar and 
 cottonwood runs along the margin of the stream, which is about 8 
 
 _ chains wide and 6 to 8 feet deep, flowing over a bed of gravel and 
 
 30 
 
 54 Fi 
 
 oe. 
 
 33 
 
 34, 
 
 ¢ 
 
 25, 
 
 mud, at an average rate of about two and a-quarter miles per hour. 
 In the northern sections the surface is more even, but the soil is 
 everywhere a stiff clay, parched and dry, with a scanty growth of 
 grass, and would no where rank above third class.—L-R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie. A small creek follows the east- 
 ern boundary, flowing south in a valley about 30 feet deep, and 
 one or two shallow coulées traverse the western sections. The 
 soil is a stiff clay, with scanty vegetation, and of little value for 
 agricultural purposes, as it would no where rank above third 
 class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, generally very dry, with a few grassy 
 ponds towards the north line, where the land becomes more 
 uneven. A small creek flows south through the eastern sections. 
 Soil, clay ; ranks third class.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 3 
 
 Outlines —North, Sections 31, 32 and 38 are rolling; 84, 85 and 
 86 are hilly prairie. The soil is good. Numerous marshes were 
 crossed—a very large one in Section 33.—E. Bray, 1883. . 
 
 Rolling prairie, rough and uneven, with occasional small 
 grassy ponds. The soil is clay or clay loam, ranking second and 
 third class. A large marshy pond in Sections 18 and 19, and a 
 lake in Sections 25 and 86.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with grassy ponds, some of considerable 
 size, often fringed with brush. Thesoil isa sandy loam, with 
 clay subsoil, improving towards the north, but averaging only 
 second class. Small scattered bluffs of poplar and willow.—Z. R. 
 Ord, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie, with small scattered bluffs of poplar 
 
 and brush, and many ponds. The soil is a sandy loam, and aver- 
 
 ages second class, on account of shallow and gravelly tracts.—L. 
 R. Ord, 1884. y 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, rough and hilly, the hollows filled 
 with ponds, frequently fringed with willow brush. Towards the 
 
36, 
 
 37. 
 
 38 
 
 9, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XX. 243 
 
 northern line the country is covered with bluffs of poplar. -Soil, 
 sandy loam, of first class quality. —L. R. Ord, 1884. 7 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly country, much broken by ponds and. 
 swamps. Poplar bluffs of small timber and clumps of grey wil- 
 low are numerous. The soil is first class, supporting a heavy » 
 growth of grass, besides immense quantities of pea-vine.—T. Kains, 
 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with bluffs of poplar and willow, generally 
 of small size, and many ponds fringed with brush. Soil, sandy 
 loam, with clay or gravel subsoil. First class —Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and undulating prairie, partially wooded with | 
 poplar bluffs and clumps of grey willows. Numerous ponds. 
 fringed with willows were crossed. A large lake was crossed in 
 Sections 6 and 7, the line in Section 7 being almost all under 
 water. Soil, sandy loam. Second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 South, hilly country, much broken by swamps and ponds. 
 
 Poplar bluffs of small timber and clumps of grey willows are 
 
 numerous. A lake extends four or five miles north of the line. 
 The soil is first class, supporting a heavy growth of grass.—T7, 
 Kains, 1838. | 
 
 Outlines —Undulating and rolling prairie, with ponds and lake- 
 lets. Poplar bluffs of considerable extent, with clumps of dense 
 grey willows. Soil, black sandy loam. First class. In Section 
 13 an old trail crosses the line. The supply of water in the 
 north-easterly three miles is plentiful, but limited in the south. 
 Section 18 is flat prairie, with alkaline depressions. A creek 
 crosses the line in Section 81.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with willow and willow scrub, and 
 numerous ponds. Soil, black sandy loam. Frst class.—C. F.. 
 Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outiines.—North, in Section 386 the line enters Buffalo Lake, 
 which is about twelve miles long’ and from two to five miles 
 wide. The water in this lake is excellent, and abounds in large 
 pike and suckers. On.the south side of the lake the country is 
 open prairie. The lake occupies most of the north-west of the 
 township.—C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 The greater part of the township lies in Buffalo Lake, a large 
 sheet of water extending north and west; the remainder consists. 
 of hilly and rolling prairie, interspersed with numerous ponds 
 and lakelets, fringed with willows and poplar. Soil, dark sandy 
 loam. Second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
  Outlines.—The south half of this township is covered by Buffalo: 
 
 Lake. The remainder is hilly and rolling prairie, cut up by 
 numerous deep ponds and lakelets, winding in and out amongst. 
 the hills, on the south side of which there is generally a good — 
 growth of poplar and willow, and on the north side a small 
 prairie opening. The soil is a black sandy loam, with sandy 
 subsoil—nevertheless—covered by a luxuriant growth of grasses, 
 
 _ vetches and pea-vines. The water, generally, contained in the 
 
 ponds, is more or less alkaline. Second class—C. F. Miles, 1884, 
 16*. 
 
AS 
 
 ~44, 
 
 AS, 
 
 244. Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XX. 
 
 Quilines.—Rolling and undulating, cut up by numerous deep 
 ponds and lakelets, and covered thickly with bluffs of poplar, up 
 to 12 inches in diameter. Along the most northerly tier of sec- 
 tions there isa fine stretch of undulating and slightly-rolling 
 prairie, which is superior to the remainder of the township. 
 Soil, black sandy loam. Second class, with the exception of the 
 northerly part, which may be rated as first class—C. F. Miles, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with bluffs of small poplar and wil- 
 low, which become more scattered towards the south. Meeting 
 Creek crosses the township, flowing east, in a broad and shallow 
 depression. The timber is of no value. The soil, everywhere, is 
 excellent, being of a rich black loam, 12 to 18 inches deep, with 
 clay and clay loam subsoil, except in the valley of the creek, 
 where some patches of boulder-strewn land occur.—ZL. R. Ord, 
 1888. | | 
 
 Outlines—North, rolling and undulating. The land is of first 
 class quality, with occasional patches of stone and gravel. Thick 
 willow and grass swamps are dotted over the country ; also, a 
 few scattered bluffs of small poplar, very dense in places. The 
 surface .rises towards the middle of the township, and then as 
 gradually falls again——T. Kains, 1882. 
 
 Rolling land, wooded in the western sections with small 
 poplar and willow ; towards the east line more open patches are 
 seen, the country rolls more heavily, and is dotted with numerous 
 lakes and ponds. The timber, as a rule, is small, and of little 
 value, but the soil is of good quality, being a black mould, 
 averaging 12 inches deep, with clay and sandy loam subsoil, but 
 generally the former.—ZL. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines. —West, undulating country, with poplars, willows, 
 ponds and swamps. Soilis class 1. A creek, flowing in a south- 
 easterly direction, crosses the line in Section 80. The soil is first- 
 class, occasionally mixed With patches of stone and gravel.—T. 
 Kains, 1888. : 
 
 East, the Battle River runs in a south-easterly direction, 
 almost diagonally across the township. A few miles from the 
 western boundary it expands into a lake about half a mile wide, 
 which extends for many miles. To the south of the river the 
 land is high and undulating, with:scattered bluffs of poplar and 
 willows. Soil, first class. North of the river the township is 
 slightly undulating and thickly interspersed with poplar bluffs 
 
 and many small swamps. Soil, first class —J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division-—Rolling land and fair quality of soil, the 
 greater portion covered with scrub and occasional bluffs of poplar 
 and high willow. The alluvial soil varies from 6 to 15 inches, on 
 
 a clay subsoil... A portion of Dried Meat, Lake—through which 
 
 Battle River flows—crosses the township in a north-westerly and 
 south-easterly direction.’ The banks of the lake are about 100 
 feet high, and thickly wooded on the west side. Surface water 
 abundant.— W. Beatty, 1883. ‘ 
 
46, 
 
 A’. 
 
 48, 
 
 49, 
 
 9, 
 
 o4, 
 
 - 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XX. 246 
 
 Outlines.—West, slightly-undulating, with poplar and. willow 
 bluffs. Soil is class 1. Cart trails were crossed in the north and 
 and south halves of Section 6, and the Battle River in the south 
 half of 7.—T. Kains, 1888. * eat 
 The eastern part is traversed by a creek running south into 
 Battle River. The remainder is interspersed with poplar bluffs 
 and small swamps. Soil, first class. —J. J. McArthur, 1883... 
 Sub-division.—About one half of the area of the township is 
 covered with poplar ; but it is in bluffs, excepting in the northern 
 part, where there are intervening patches of scrub and willow in 
 a poplar forest. The Battle River passes through the south-west 
 part of the township. The soil, generally, is good.—D. Beatty, 
 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—In the interior are several large marshes. The Pretty 
 Hills are situate in the north-west part. A creek, flowing south 
 to Battle River, runs through the eastern part of the township. 
 Poplar bluffs are scattered throughout. Soil, first class—J. J. 
 McArthur, 18838. 
 
 Outlines—North, timber and scrub. Numerous ponds and 
 marshes.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 The south half is broken by small lakes and marshes. In the 
 north half, through which the Battleford trail runs, there is much 
 poplar bush. The country is undulating, with many swamps. 
 Soil, first class—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines. Is entirely in the Beaver HiJls, and is much broken by 
 muskegs, ponds and lakes, some of which are of large area. The 
 timber is poplar, from 2 to 10 inches in diameter, with a fair 
 sprinkling of small birch. Spruce was noticed in the. vicinity of 
 some of the larger lakes, but not in large quantities. The soil is 
 of a sandy nature, with an inch or two of vegetable mould lying 
 on the surface. It has been classed three, on account of the 
 numerous muskegss and its generally broken surface.—T. Kains, 
 1884. aie 
 
 Outlines.—Is entirely in the Beaver Hills, and consists of rolling 
 to undulating country, timbered with a dense growth of small 
 poplar and birch. Spruce occurs in patches on the borders of the 
 numerous muskegs which abound in this country ; but no large 
 belts of this timber were noticed. The poplar and birch timber 
 varies from 1 to 3 inches diameter, but stands so closely together 
 that quite a great deal of extra cutting had to be done in order to 
 produce the lines carefully. The soil is of fair quality, but the 
 country is so much broken by ponds and muskegs that it has 
 been classified 2 and 3.—T’. Kains, 1884. 
 
 . Sub-division.—This township is heavily timbered with poplar 
 
 and some spruce. The soil, generally, is poor, and class 3. There 
 are several large lakes and a number of smaller ones, besides 
 swamps and muskegs.—G. A. Simpson, 1883. : 
 
 Sub-division.—Very hilly, and covered with small poplar and 
 
 willows, with much fallen timber. Soil, sandy ; numerous lakes, 
 163°* | 
 
246 | Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XxX. 
 
 muskegs and beaver ponds. A large lake—with islands thereon— 
 occupies portions of Sections 14, 15, 22, 28, 26 and 27.—G. A. 
 Simpson, 18838. 
 
 39. Sub-division—The Beaver Hills extend from the north about three 
 miles into this township, and along their base the ground is very 
 wet and swampy. The soil, generally, is of a light character. The 
 whole township is timbered with poplar and, in places, covered 
 with dense willows. The Saskatchewan and Beaver Lake trail 
 crosses the township.—D. Beatty, 1882-83. 
 
 56, Sub-division.—Timbered with small poplarand dense scrub and 
 willows, with pitch pine and scattered spruce and tamarac in the 
 north-west. The soil is generally light, and in the north- 
 western sections sandhills occur. Beaver Creek enters in Section 
 1 and passes out in Section 32.—D. Beatty, 1882-83. 
 
 7. Sub-division.—The Victoria trail crosses the township. Timbered, 
 principally, with poplar, of an average size of 6 inches in diameter, 
 with a thick underbrush of scrub, and in many places a dense 
 growth of willows. TheSaskatchewan River passes diagonally 
 across the township from Section 6 to 36. The greater portion of 
 the township—owing to the bend of the river course—lies to the 
 north-west, and is light and sandy. The soil on the south-east is 
 much betier.—D. Beatty, 1882-88. | 
 
 58. Outlines—Slightly undulating country, almost covered with 
 small poplar and willows, and on the west side of the range, and 
 in the vicinity of the Saskatchewan River, clumps of spruce 
 exist. The river enters the township in Section 1, and runs due 
 north for over four miles, when it suddenly bends toward the 
 east. Sucker Creek enters the river near where it turns to the 
 east. Muskegs and swamps are numerous, especially near the 
 west side of the range. The Edmonton and Battleford trail keeps 
 within a short distance of the river throughout the township. 
 Soil, second and third class.—7'. Kains, 1884. 
 
 South; poplar, willow, tamarac, spruce and pitch pine. A 
 few sandhills. Line crosses the Saskatchewan River in Section 1, 
 and the trail to the Victoria Settlement in 2. Marshes were 
 crossed in Sections 5 and 6.—D. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 39, Outlines—Is generally undulating throughout, and densely 
 wooded with 3 to 7-inch poplar and high grey willows. Scat- 
 tered here and there are spruce trees from 5 to 12 inches in 
 diameter. The more southerly portions are not so densely tim- 
 bered, and might be classed as bluffy country. There is con- 
 siderable fallen timber. There are no large bodies of water, but 
 it is well watered and drained by small lakes and creeks. The 
 subsoil consists of a stiff clay throughout. This is overlaid in 
 the east by about 7 inches of black loam, and in the west by 
 about 5 inches of clay loam.—C,. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
 60. Outlines——The northern portion is, for the most part, one large 
 muskeg, densely timbered with tamarac from 4 to 10 inches in 
 diameter, and spruce from 5 to 15 inches in diameter, Here and 
 there may be found an occasional knoll, wooded with 4 to 8-inch 
 
 \ 
 
Townships West of Third Initial Meridian.— Range XX. 247 
 
 . poplar and high grey willows, with fallentimber. This portion is 
 watered by a few small, deep lakes, and drained by small creeks. 
 - The country rises gradually to the south, where it: assumes an 
 undulating character. In this portion the wood consists of 3 to 
 T-inch poplar and high grey willows, with burnt and) fallen 
 timber. There is also some scattered spruce in this portion of the 
 township. There are no trails. The townshipis not well suited 
 for agricultural purposes.—C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 | | Ranon XXI. 
 
 . Outlines—Undulating and level prairie. West, the soil is oy 
 
 loam, and east it is sandy loam, in many places mixed with gravel. 
 The south-eastern half is greatly cut up with coulées, in most of 
 which are small ponds. A tributary of Pot-hole River crosses the 
 township.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 2 
 
 South, rolling prairie; excellent pasture. Numerous coulées 
 
 - were crossed, and in Section 3 a creek flowing north.—O. J. Klotz, 
 
 N 
 
 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, good sandy 
 
 loam. Sections 82 and 33 are broken by Pot-hole River and 
 valley. The Fort Benton, U.S., trail crosses the line in Section 
 36, and atributary of Pot-hole River in Section 35.—C. A Bigger, 
 1884. 
 
 West, undulating and level prairie. Soil, clay loam. Pot- 
 hole River flows north, within a mile east of the line, at the 
 bottom of adeep gulch. Water was lying in ponds in it at the 
 time of survey (6th July). Eastwards the soil is a sandy loam, 
 in many places mixed with gravel.—C. E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, undulating and rolling prairie. Soil, a good 
 sandy loam. A trail was crossed in Section 83, and the Fort 
 Walsh trail in 85.—J. Warren, 1883. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with a sandy clay soil over clay. On 
 Sections 19, 18 and 7 is St. Mary’s River, which has a very rapid 
 current. It lies in a valley 250 feet below the prairie level. There 
 are some rich seams of coal cropping out along its banks. East, 
 undulating country. Soil, clay loam, with clay subsoil.—C. £. 
 Wolff, 1883. iat 
 
 Sub-division.—There is a great deal of waste land in this town- 
 ship. St. Mary’s River, in the westerly tier of sections, and Pot- 
 hole Creek in the interior, with their numerous coulées intersecting 
 the township in every direction, make it a good township for 
 grazing purposes. There is some excellent soil in the south-east 
 part, and the whole township supports an excellent growth of 
 grass, especially in the bottom lands. An excellent seam of lignite 
 coal is exposed on the south bank of St. Mary’s River, in Section 
 7, and crosses to the north bank. Water is abundant at all 
 seasons.—C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North and east, sandy loam. West, clay loam. All roll* 
 ing surface. Belly River crosses Sections 18 and 19. Trail t® 
 Medicine Hat crosses from Section 2 to 81. In the vicinity of the 
 river the country is broken by deep ravines. The trail to Fort 
 Walsh crosses the south half of Section 1.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-undulating, but not hilly. The western 
 
 % 
 
10, 
 
 ii, 
 
 12, 
 
 the centre ofthe township.—J. ‘Warren, 18838. 
 
 Soil, sandy loam. The western part is very much broken 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXI. 249 
 
 portion is somewhat broken by ravines running into the valley of 
 
 the Belly River, which forms a bow upon Sections 18 and 19, and 
 possesses similar features to those described in Township 9 of this 
 range. The soilof'the townshipis aclay loam of 8 to 5 inches 
 deep, and inclined to dryness. There are some better sections in 
 
 the 
 deep coulées adjoining the Belly River, which flows north, just 
 ‘west of the township, and then comes in on Sections 30 and 31.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1883. ? 
 Sub-division—Mostly level or gently-undulating, excépt in 
 
 Outlines —South, east and west is very high and dry rolling land. 
 y 
 
 the north-west, which is very much broken by the ravines running 
 
 to the valley of the Belly River, which crosses the township on 
 the two north-westerly sections. The river is shallow in places, 
 
 ‘but with a strong current ; is about 400 to 600 feet wide; has high 
 
 banks, precipitous in places, and of hard, dark clay, with occa- 
 sional small scrubby trees on the flats. The soil of the township 
 is.a dry clay loam, of shallow depth:-—J. Warren, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is a dry, rolling prairie. Soil, alight sandy loam. It 
 is one mass of coulées and river bottoms. The Belly River flows 
 in a valley, which is about half a mile broad, and with banks 
 
 about 300 feet high. Coal crops out in numbers of places along 
 
 the banks.—F. W. Armstrong, 1383. 
 
 Sub-division.—For agricultural purposes, this township is of 
 very little value ; but as a ranche for stock it cannot be excelled. 
 Belly River enters on Section 1 and passes out on Section 24, after 
 an exceedingly tortuous course. The banks are high, and numer- 
 ous coulées extend far inland, forming many sheltered valleys for 
 stock during inclement weather, so that it will be a good win- 
 tering spot for cattle. _There is a good grove of cottonwood in 
 Section 1.—C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is a very dry rolling prairie. The soil is a light 
 sandy loam, with surface stone in the west and a grey clay soil in | 
 the east.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Kither dry, rolling, level or gently sloping 
 prairie; very good for agricultural purposes, being entirely com- 
 posed of a good loam and clay. There is no surface water, except 
 a few small sloughs, and in Section 27 a nice mineral water spring — 
 Black Spring—where the water is good and abundant. There is a 
 good belt of grazing land around this spring. No wood.—J. W. 
 D Amours, 18838. : 
 
 Outlines —The three north-easterly sections are rolling. Section 33 
 is higher country, and in Section 82 the Rocky Mountains are first 
 visible. Soil, sandy loam —C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West and east is a rolling prairie Soil, light sandy loam 
 in the west and grey clay eastwards. Black Spring Ridge was 
 crossed in Sections 6, 7 and 18.. Small creeks in 19 and 31, and 
 a couple of small marshes in 80. Small creeks also cross 12 and 
 25.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
250 
 
 18. 
 
 14, 
 
 15. 
 
 Townships West of Third Initial Meridian.—Range XXI. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Generally rolling prairie throughout the town- 
 ship, with soils of loam and sandy loam on a clay sub-soil, classes 
 1 and 2, the latter class being a little stony, but chiefly confined 
 to the eastern half of the township. There is no wood and no 
 surface water.—J. W. D’Amours, 18838. . 
 
 Outlines.—North and west is a rolling prairie, but rough and 
 broken on its eastern portion. It forms part of the range of hills 
 known as the Black Spring Ridge. The grass is short, and the 
 water scarce.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 East, the first four southerly sections are rolling; then the 
 remaining two become hilly. This boundary approaches within 
 60 chains of the Little Bow River. -C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The western half is rolling prairie, and the 
 eastern irregularly hilly. The soil on the hill tops and slopes is 
 stony and gravelly, with scant vegetation, The bottom soil is a 
 sandy loam on a clay subsoil, supports a fair crop of grass, and 
 contains numerous small ponds in spring time, but which dry up 
 as thesummer advances. No wood.~-J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. The grass is short. Very much 
 broken on the north by deep ravines running into the valley of — 
 Little Bow River, the banks of which here are very high and 
 steep.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Section 1 is hilly and 12 and 13 are cut up by coulées run- 
 ning ina north-easterly direction into the valley of the Little Bow 
 River. In Section 24 the valley of the same river is entered; and 
 the remaining sections—25 and 86—are rolling. Soil, sandy loam. 
 —C€. A. Margrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Very much broken by the valley of the Little 
 Bow River and the numerous ravines leading thereto on either 
 side. The river enters by Section 82 and crosses over 29, 38, 28, 
 34, 27, 26, 23 and 24, rendering these sections almost useless. The 
 valley soil is very poor, being the subsoil wash from the hillsides. 
 The southern and western portions of the township are rolling, 
 with a soil of sandy loam on a clay subsoil—class 2—and well 
 adapted for grazing. No wood, and no surface water beyond the 
 river — J. I. Snow, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Is divided in two by Snake Valley. It is very rough 
 and broken. The soil is a grey clay, with surface stone. The 
 water is very scarce. There are some good hay marshes in the 
 valley.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. : | 
 
 East, is dry, rolling prairie, with good soil.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The Snake Valley crosses this township. The 
 banks of the valley are very much broken by ravines and deep 
 coulées which run into it from both sides. The sides appear, 
 from the nature of the soil, to be disintegrating at a rarid rate, 
 and are at present about 100 feet high. At the time of survey 
 (June) there was little water in the valley. The Little Bow River — 
 crossing the south-west corner—is a small stream of clear water. 
 
 ‘There is some fair land in the south and west, near the boun- 
 
 _ daries ; but the township is better suited for grazing. There are 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXI. 251 
 
 indications of coal deposits in the valley. No wood.—S. L. Bra- 
 
 _ bazon, 1888. 
 
 16, 
 
 A@. 
 
 18. 
 
 49, 
 
 Outlines.—South and west, very rough and broken. The soil is | 
 a grey clay, with surface stone. The water is very scarce. There 
 are some good hay marshes in the valleys.—F. W. Armstrong’, 1883, 
 
 North, is dry, undulating prairie, of fair soil. About the centre 
 of this range is a valley running north and south, which is un- 
 doubtedly. one sheet of water in the spring. The east is dry, rolling 
 prairie, which, at the southern part of this township, reaches the 
 height of land between the north and south.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Snake Valley runs almost due north and south 
 through this township, but it is not so deep, the banks are not so 
 steep and precipitous, nor does it break up the adjoining land like 
 Township 15 of this range. There is also to be found in it a more 
 luxuriant crop of grass and damper soil, and the cattle would find 
 in it good feed, good shelter and a sufficiency of water. Through- 
 out the remainder of the township the advantages offered to the © 
 agriculturist are small, owing to its broken and hilly nature. No 
 wood.—S, L. Brabazon, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, open, rolling’prairie. Soil, class 2; gravelly and 
 stony on hill tops. No water.—-Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 East, is undulating prairie, till toward the northern part 
 where it becomes rolling, and some water in marshes occurs.—O. 
 J. Klotz, 1882. ; 
 
 Sub-division.—Snake Valley runs almost due north and 
 south. It becomes shallower and possesses less rugged features 
 than in the southern townships. It is marshy, but is likely dry 
 by the Ist of August. A creek enters from Section 32 and loses 
 itself in the marsh. The description given of Township 16 of 
 this range will answer for this township also. The soil is, how- 
 ever, not below class 2. There is no wood.—S. L. Brabazon, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west, open, rolling prairie, with a second 
 class sandy loam soil. No water northwards, but a large shallow 
 marsh covers the central west.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 East, especially good is the soil in the southern part of this 
 township, and fairly watered with ponds and marshes.—O. J. 
 Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—There is some good land fin the south-western 
 portion, but elsewhere it is very rough and uneven. The soil — 
 between the hills is good, and there is abundance of grass and 
 sufficient water to make it valuable as a cattle run; but it is not 
 a desirable place for cultivation while better places are not filled 
 up. No wood. Sections 7, 18 and 19 are covered with a large 
 marsh.—S. L. Brabazon, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rich land; clay loam subsoil. The trail from 
 McLeod to Blackfoot Crossing crosses Section 31. No water Sgroctty. 
 on this line, but a few shallow and muddy ponds in the township, . 
 and a large shallow, alkaline lake in the western centre.—L. R. 
 Ord, 1832. 
 
252 
 
 et 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXI 
 
 Kast, prairie, with high-rolling hills. No water—T. Drum- 
 mond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—A large portion of the land in this township is 
 of small value. Rattlesnake Lake, which lies in the interior of the 
 western part, covers a large tract of land, while a still larger tract 
 
 is subject to overflowing in wet,seasons, owing to its being almost 
 level with the lake. The eastern part of the township is rolling 
 
 land, of a fairly good soil.— ©. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie. The line of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway was crossed in Section 33. ‘West of this is the Blackfoot 
 Indian Reserve. Country along the line isdry.—J. J. Burrows, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, black earth, 12 inches 
 deep, on sandy loam subsoil, and very good for agricultural pur- 
 poses. Is a fractional township, and immediately north of the 
 
 _ Indian Reserve. The Canadian Pacific Railway crosses this 
 
 pep 
 
 Ps 3 
 
 township, and has Cluny Station located here——-EZ. C. Dawson, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines ——-West, Section 6 and part of 7 are in the Blackfoot | 
 Indian Reserve. Dry and rolling country. Canadian Pacific — 
 Railway and a trail cross the line in the south half of Section 
 7—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 East, as far as Section 18 the land is second class; the 
 remainder may be marked as first class.—7'. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —Rolling prairie. Soil, mostly a deep black clay 
 loam on a clay subsoil, and well suited for agricultural purposes. 
 There are two excellent springs of water on Section 25. The 
 Canadian Pacific Railway crosses the south-west from Section 4. 
 About a quarter of Section 5, and almost all of Section 6, are in 
 the Blackfoot Indian Reserve —J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West ; rolling prairie. An alkaline creek, with cut 
 banks, was crossed five times in the south half of Section 19. 
 Crowfoot Creek, flowing in an alkaline flat bottom, crosses the 
 line in Section 31.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. , 
 
 Kast, surface rolling. Soil generally a good grey.clay from 
 15 to 24 inches deep; subsoil the same, hardened. A few small 
 meadows; grass everywhere good.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie, with several small creeks 
 running through it, the largest of which are the Crowfoot and 
 Little Crowfoot. The former runs through Sections 31, 29, 28, 21, 
 22, 27, 33 and 24, and the latter through 34, 35 and 36, emptying 
 into the former, which has also several other smaller creek 
 tributaries. The soil is a deep clay loam, well adapted for agri- 
 culture.—J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Ouilines——North and east, surface rolling. Soil, generally a good 
 grey clay, from 15 to 24 inches deep; subsoil thesame. A few 
 small meadows; grass everywhere good.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 West, rolling country. A creek, in an alkaline flat bottom, 
 crosses the line twice in Section 6.—7.. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 _Sub-division.—Gently-rolling, and well adapted for settle- 
 ment, It is well watered by several creeks, the largest of which 
 
 7 
 
Townships West of Third Initial Meridian—Range XXI. 258 
 
 is the Little Crowfoot Creek which runs south-easterly through 
 Sections 31, 32, 29, 20,21, 16, 15,10 and 8. The soil is a black 
 clay loam on a clay subsoil. Class 1.—J. J. Burrrows, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—South, rolling prairie. Clay loam soil. No water, creeks. 
 being dry.— W. Ogilvie, 1884. F 
 Sub-division—South and east it is gently-rolling prairie, 
 while the north-west quarter is more rolling, with places inclined 
 to be hilly. The soil is a sandy loam on a clay subsoil. Class 2. 
 In the north-west quarter the soil is a shade lighter, with a more 
 gravelly subsoil. Several fresh water springs were found, and 
 also many small ponds, the largest of which are situate on Sections 
 1, 2, 11 and 12, and on Section 86.—J. J. Burrows, 1883. ° 
 
 . Sub-division—Heavy-rolling, and well supplied with water. Soil, 
 a sandy loam on a clay subsoil. Class 2. Many fresh-water springs 
 occur, a few small creeks and five small lakes. Coal abounds in 
 Sections 19, 20, 29 and 80.—J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Hilly country, traversed by the Rosebud River. Soil, 
 of first class character. The soil south of the river is principally 
 heavy clay, but not so much so as that to the north. Good agri- 
 cultural country. A creek crossing Sections 6 and 7, flows north 
 and joins the Rosebud River, which crosses the west line in 7 and. 
 18. Wood was found in the vicinity of the river and creek.—T. 
 R. Hewson, 1888. | 
 
 . Outlines.—North, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam. Class 1. Scat- 
 tered poplar bluffs, luxuriant grasses and rich vegetation. Water 
 in creeks good.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie. On the eastern boundary of Section 1 is a 
 creek, in the valley of which there is spruce and second growth 
 poplar. Soil is sandy loam of first class character. Thin seams of 
 coal may be traced along the banks of the creek aforesaid. Good 
 agricultural country.—T. R. Hewson, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie Red Deer River crosses the township 
 from Section 34 to Section 13, and is joined by a stream which 
 flows from Section 7 to Section 23. This stream, as well as the 
 main river, runs in a valley 300 feet deep, with banks, in many 
 places, nearly perpendicular, which, with numerous ravines and 
 coulées, make the surface very irregular. Poplar and spruce appear 
 on some of the slopes, and belts of poplar and brush fringe the 
 stream. A marshy pond crosses the western line in Section 18, 
 and this is the only water on the highlands of the township. 
 There is some fair soil in the southern sections, but over the 
 remainder the soil is a stiff clay, which, with the broken nature 
 of the surface will make the township comparatively valueless for 
 agriculture. It would hardly average above fourth class.—L. R. 
 Ord, 1884. | | 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, traversed by Red Deer River, from 
 Sections 34 to 2 and by a stream which joins it from the west 
 in Section 8. Both these flow in valleys upwards of 300 feet 
 deep, with nearly perpendicular banks, bare of timber, except a 
 narrow belt along the water’s edge. Numerous deep ravines dis- 
 
254 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XX1. 
 
 charge into these valleys, making the surface very uneven. Soil, 
 
 a stiff clay, ranking third and fourth class.—Z. R. Ord, 1884, 
 
 Si, 
 
 B2, 
 
 abe. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, cut up by ‘the valley of Red Deer 
 River: from Section 82 to Section 8, and numerous ravines dis- 
 charging into it. Northwards, the banks become more precipi- 
 tous, being in many places nearly perpendicular. Timber was 
 found in many of the ravines, and along the river side in small 
 quantities. Soil, a.stiff clay, averaging third to fourth class.—L. 
 R. Ord, 1884. ! 
 
 Outlines.—North ; rolling prairie; rich soil. Red Deer Rive* 
 crosses the line in Section 81. Along the line a couple of marshe® 
 were crossed.—E. Bray, 1888. , | 
 
 Very rough, and broken in the western sections by numerous 
 ravines and by the Red Deer valley, which crosses from Section 
 31 to Sections 4-5. The valley is some 400 feet deep and about a 
 mile wide, wooded along the margin of the river and in some of 
 the coulées. The only arable land is in the eastern half of the 
 township, where the soil is a clay loam, with a clay subsoil. 
 Average, class 4.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with small scattered bluffs of young 
 poplar and willow, anda few ponds and lakelets, generally 
 
 ‘fringed with brush. The soil is fair, improving towards the 
 
 53 
 
 3d. 
 
 36, 
 
 north—a sandy loam, with clay loam subsoil—first class. Red 
 Deer River crosses Section 6. In the vicinity of the river 
 willow, poplar and cherry brush were found. —ZL. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken by Red Deer River and its 
 ravines, which cut up the north-western half of the township. 
 Patches of spruce and poplar clothe many of the slopes and the 
 margin of the stream, and small bluffs of young poplar and occa- 
 sional ponds dot the uplands. The soil is generally shallow and 
 gravelly, though good tracts occur, and the township ranks second 
 and fourth class.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. | ; 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken by Red Deer River, which 
 divides the township nearly in halves, flowing from Sections 31-32 
 to 2-3 in a valley some 400 feet deep, and wooded with poplar and 
 spruce. East of the valley the country is rough and hilly, with 
 numerous ponds and thick bluffs of poplar. The surface of the 
 western part is similar, but the wood is smaller. Soil, first class. 
 —L. R. Ord, 1884. ) 
 
 Outlines.—North, very hilly and much broken by ponds, which 
 are very deep, and are fringed with a dense growth of poplar and 
 willows. At the centre of the range the land falls slightly 
 towards the Red Deer River, and is almost covered with small 
 
 ‘poplar and willows. The soil is first class, supporting a heavy 
 
 growth of grass, besides immense quantities of peavine.—T. Kains, 
 1883. : 
 
 Rolling prairie, very rough and hilly, and wooded with thick 
 and numerous bluffs of poplar. Most of the hollows contain deep 
 ponds, fringed with brush. The soil is deep and rich, and vegeta- 
 tion luxuriant. A sandy loam ; first class in quality. Red Deer 
 
37. 
 
 38. 
 
 29. 
 
 40, 
 
 41. 
 
 42. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXI. —_.255- 
 
 River crosses the west line in Section 18, and Sections 6 and 7 
 are broken by the banks of the river and the coulées running into 
 them.—JL. R. Ord, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—The greater or south-west part consists principally of 
 high-rolling and hilly country, with extensive bluffs of poplar 
 and grey willows—fire-killed in many places—-and numerous 
 ponds. Soil, generally black sandy loam. The lesser, or north- 
 east part, is rolling and undulating prairie, partially wooded with 
 poplar and willows. Numerous ponds occur. Soil, black sand 
 and clay loam. Second class. Part of a lake about three or four 
 miles long lies in the south-east corner.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The west half is rolling prairie, with numerous ponds 
 
 and blufis of poplar, with grey willows. The east half is flat 
 prairie, with alkaline marshes draining north-westerly, by a small 
 stream, into Tail Creek. Soil, sandy loam. . First class—C. F. 
 Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie, with numerous ponds, grey willows 
 and poplar bluffs. Soil, principally, sandy loam on a sandy 
 subsoil. Second class. An arm of Buffalo Lake extends to the 
 north-west corner. There is a creek in the south half and an old 
 cart trail in the north half of Section 6. Another trail, running 
 on the north side of a large lake, was crossed in the south half of 
 30.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —North, in Section 34 the line leaves Buffalo Lake. In 
 this broken range the country is undulating and covered with 
 small poplar and willow scrub. Soil, first class—C. A. Magrath, 
 18838. 
 
 The greater part of this township lies in Buffalo Lake,a large 
 sheet of water extending over three ranges and part of two town- 
 ships. The south-east corner is a rolling and hilly prairie, in- 
 terspersed with ponds, fringed with poplar and willows. Soil, 
 sandy loam. Second class. The north-west corner is an undu- 
 lating prairie, broken by numerous ponds, with some bluffs of 
 poplar and willows. Soil, sandy loam. Second class.—C. F. 
 Miles, 1888. f 
 
 Outlines —An arm of Buffalo Lake divides this township into the 
 south-west and north-east parts. The south-east part is prin- 
 cipally high-rolling country, with a second growth of poplar and 
 willows. The north-east part is more open, but cut up by 
 numerous ponds and lakelets, fringed with poplar and willows. : 
 The soil adjoining the lake is generally light, with sandy subsoil. 
 Soil, sandy loam. The cart trail around Buffalo Lake, and a creek, 
 were crossed in Section 19. An old trail in 18, and a marsh and 
 a lake in 81.—C. FP. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and hilly, cut up by numerous ponds and 
 lakelets, and poplar bluffs of considerable extent. Berry bushes 
 of every variety, indigenous to this country, are very profuse in 
 growth, including the wild cherry, choke-cherry, saskatoon, high 
 bush cranberries, goose and raspberries. An old trail from Todd’s 
 
/ 
 
 256 
 
 43, 
 
 44, 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXI. 
 
 Crossing runs south-easterly through this township. Soil, sandy 
 loam. Second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. —Rolling land, generally prairie, with bluffs of willow 
 and poplar of small:sizes. Red Deer Lake crosses the south- 
 western corner of the township, and extends north-west several 
 miles. Beaver Lake, drained by Meeting Creek, crosses the north 
 boundary. The land is excellent, and well fitted for agriculture, 
 the only drawback being that little of the poplar is large enough 
 for building purposes. A few stretches of boulder-strewn lands 
 occur, but the greater part of the soil is a rich black loam, 12 to 
 15 inches deep, with clay loam and, in places, gravelly subsoil— 
 L. R. Ord, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling and undulating in long slopes. The 
 land is of first class quality, although occasional patches of stone 
 and gravel were noticed. Thick willows and grass swamps are 
 dotted over the country, while there are a few scattered bluffs of 
 small poplar, very dense in places.—T.. Kains, 1883. 
 
 The western portion lies in the Beaver Hills, and is rough 
 and hilly, and well wooded, with numerous lakes. The eastern 
 half is more open, and not so uneven, but covered, in great part, 
 with young willow and poplar, nearly all the timber being too 
 small for use. The soil is excellent—a rich black loam, 15 to 
 18 inches deep, with sandy loam subsoil—ZL. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West, high and rolling, and more or less overgrown 
 with willow scrub. Swamps are very numerous. There are pop- 
 lar bluffs scattered throughout. Soil, first class—J. J. McArthur, 
 18-38. | 
 
 Hast and south, undulating country, with poplars, willows, 
 ponds and swamps. Soilisclass 1. A creek, flowing in a south- 
 easterly direction, crosses the line in Section 25.—T7T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating, and covered with alternate patches 
 of scrubby prairie and bluffs of high willow and poplar. There 
 are numerous small ponds, hay swamps and marshes. The soil is 
 rich black earth on a clay subsoil—W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, the Battle River runs east through the south 
 half of this township. The south side of the valley is well 
 wooded with spruce. The part of this township to the north of 
 the river is thickly interspersed with bluffs of poplar. The land 
 is excellent. Section 31 is submerged by Bittern Lake, and other 
 lakes and marshes were crossed. Trail to Peace Hills crosses 
 Section 19.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 East boundary, first class land. Undulating, and contains 
 ponds, swamps and willow clumps, which become thicker on the 
 north side of Battle River. This stream, running in an easterly 
 direction, was crossed in Section 7. At this point it is about 80 
 feet wide, and runs in the bottom of a valley one-half mile wide 
 and from 80 to 90 feet below the surface of the adjoining country. 
 Some very fine spruce timber was growing on the south bank of 
 the river. The direct trail from Red Deer Forks to Edmonton 
 crosses the river near the meridian. A number of half-breed 
 
 ‘ 
 
A'G. 
 
 48, 
 
 49, 
 
 BO, 
 
 DD, 
 
 ‘BA. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXI. 25% 
 
 settlers have been located in the vicinity for a number of years.— 
 T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—One-third of the township is timbered with 
 poplar, but it is scattered throughout in bluffs, intermingling 
 with scrub and heavy willows. There is very little open prairie. 
 The soil is generally good. The Battle River crosses the town- 
 ship from Section 18 to Section 12. A large lake was crossed in 
 Sections 35 and 36, and all of 31 and part of 32 is submerged by - 
 Bittern Lake. Marshes numerous.—D. Beatty, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—A large part of the western half of this township Is 
 covered by Bittern Lake (alkaline). From the lake the land rises 
 gradually for about two miles, and then becomes hilly, and broken 
 by small ponds. The slope from the lake is thickly interspersed 
 with poplar bluffs and prairie openings. The soil in this part 
 cannot be surpassed. In the remainder the soil is good, although 
 alkali is noticeable in low spots.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Out/ines.—North, timber all along this line Section 35 is almost 
 enticely submerged by a large lake. Little Hay Lake covers the 
 greater part of Section 32 and about half of 838. Trail to Battle 
 River was crossed in Section 32, and the telegraph line in 31.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1883. | 
 
 The north-west part is heavily timbered -with poplar, and 
 poplar bluffs are scattered throughout the remainder. A creek 
 running south from Little Hay Lake to Battle River traverses the 
 east half. The country is rolling, with first class soil. The trails 
 from Battle River Settlement, and from Battleford to Edmonton, 
 join about the centre.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The south-west one-quarter is rather open country, bro- 
 ken by lakes and ponds, and thickly dotted with poplar bluffs 
 and large sized willow clumps. The telegraph line is located 
 through the extreme south-west corner, and the Hay Lakes trail 
 traverses that part of the township also. Heavy poplar timber, 
 with small birch and some spruce, cover the balance of the town- 
 ship. There are some large sheets of water here, along the margin 
 of which some spruce was noticed. Muskegs numerous. The soil 
 ranks second and third class.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Hilly country, much broken by ponds and lakes, around 
 which a fair amount of good spruce was noticed. The timber is 
 much heavier at the west side of the range than it is at the east, 
 probably on account of the westerly portion being much broken 
 by large sheets of water. This township is altogether in the 
 Beaver Hills, and is class 3.—T. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division.—Lies in the Beaver Hills. Is wooded with large and 
 small poplar, fallen timber, grey willow and scrub. There is not 
 much surface water, and the soil is very light.—G. A. Simpson, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Lies in the northern part of the Beaver Hills. The 
 surface is much broken by muskegs and beaver ponds, and is 
 
 composed of alight sandy soil. It is timbered with small and 
 
258 
 
 BS, 
 
 a6, 
 
 57. 
 
 58. 
 
 59, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XX. 
 
 heavy poplar, spruce, birch, grey willows and fallen timber. A 
 creek in Section 18, and in 36 two more.—G. A. Simpson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Much broken up by swamps and muskegs. The 
 higher lands are timbered with poplar and, in places, with dense: 
 willows. The soil, generally, is good, although in the east some- 
 what light. Two creeks cross the line in Section 1, two in 12 
 and one in 86, and in the latterthe Saskatchewan and Beaver 
 Lake trail. The Battleford road was crossed in Section 7, and the 
 Saskatchewan River in Section 31.—D. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The greater part is thickly timbered with poplar, 
 with -dense underbrush. There are about 3,000 acres in the 
 centre of the township timbered with pitch pine and scrub. 
 poplar. Thesoilis light and sandy. The Saskatchewan River 
 enters the township at the south-west corner and passes diagon- 
 ally in a north-easterly course through it. There are many small 
 and large marshes. The Victoria trail crosses the township.—D. 
 Beatty, 1882. ; 
 
 Sub-division.—Is thickly timbered with poplar, averaging about 6 
 inches in diameter, with the exception of a narrow belt of pitch 
 pine along the east boundary, and afew scrub tamarac swamps 
 and muskegs. Soil, light and sandy. Red Water Creek crosses 
 the tewnship.— D. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—Country is rather level. Thick poplar, willow and 
 scattered clumps of spruce are growing everywhere. Around the 
 numerous swamps and in the vicinity of the low lands willows 
 grow to a great size—T7'. Kains, 1884. 
 
 South, poplar, willow, dead and fallen timber and willow 
 bush. Marshes were crossed in every section along this line, 
 and the Vermillion River in the west half of Section 6.—D. Beatty, 
 1882. | ‘ 
 
 Outlines—Undulating country, with marshes. Poplars, willows, | 
 and some pine. A creek was crossed in Section 13. A creek 
 
 and two pack trails cross the line in Section 24.—C. A. Magrath, 
 
 60. 
 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines —Marshes and muskegs. Poplar, spruce and tamarac. 
 A pack trail was crossed in Section 24. The north half of See- 
 tion 36 is a large muskeg.--C. A. Magrath, 1884. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF THE FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 
 S. 
 
 RANGE XXII. 
 
 Outlines.—Undulating and level prairie. Soil, clay loam. Pot-hole 
 Creek flows north-easterly through this township, passing out at 
 the north-east corner of Section 36.—C. E. Wolff, 1888. 
 
 South. undulating prairie, with good soil and good grass. 
 Pot-hole Creek was crossed in Section 34. Country broken in 
 places by coulées and ravines.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines.—Undulating and level prairie. Soil, clay loam. Pot-hole 
 
 Creek flows northward, at the south-east corner, and St. Mary’s 
 River crosses the north-east quarter by an exceedingly winding 
 course.—C. E. Wolff, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—All west of St. Mary’s River is in an Indian Reserve. 
 The portion available for settlement comprises two small corners, 
 one at the north-east and the other at the south-east —C. E. Wolff, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling land, witha sandy loam, soil. Line 
 crosses a trail in Section 33, and the Belly River in the west half 
 of 36. The Coal Banks Shaft is situated just north of the line, a 
 few chains north-west of the quarter-section post, on the north 
 boundary of Section 35. Timber was found in Sections 31 and 36, 
 in the vicinity of the Belly River. Hast, the surface is undulating. 
 Soil, clay loam. Belly River crosses and re-crosses the line, and 
 deep ravines run to the valley of the river.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division—-The Belly River crosses this township by a 
 very circuitous and meandering route. The banks of the river are 
 high, rugged and precipitous, with an occasional margin or flat 
 of bottom land between these banks and theriver. The soil of 
 the township appears to be a good clay loam, and should class 1; 
 but the herbage is scant and dwarfish. There is some good bot- 
 tom land on Sections 9 and 10, where settlers are harvesting a fine 
 crop of oats. The township is not surveyed south of the river.— 
 S. L. Brabazon, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—The west and east boundaries are very rough, and 
 broken by the valley and adjacent ravines of the Belly River. The 
 soil is light. Some timber along the river. Southwards it is roll- 
 ing land; sandy loam soil. Trail to the Coal Banks was crossed 
 in Section 4, and Belly River in Section 1. The Coal Banks Shafts 
 are situate in this section.—F’. W. Armstrong, 1883. , 
 Sub-division.—Is a beautiful plain, nearly all first class land, 
 
 of black and clay loam, except where it is broken by the preci- 
 
 pitous sides, ravines and valley of the Belly River. The bottom 
 lands are rich, and the trees and herbage luxuriant and rich in 
 17% ah 
 
260 
 
 10. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXII. 
 
 color. Coal seams crop out along the river, and in Section 1’ 
 there is a colliery, which is forming the nucleus of a village. 
 There is no surface water in the township, except in the river.—- 
 S. L. Brabazon, 1888. | 
 
 Outlines.—EHast and west, a dry, rolling prairie. Soil, a light 
 sandy loam, with some surface stone.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 Sub-division —A beautiful plain ; all first-class land. A rich 
 clay loam; but water is very scarce. There are some flats where | 
 the grass is heavier than elsewhere The cattle that were grazing 
 in this locality were in fine condition; and although they had 
 eaten the grass down quite close, and the soil was quite dry, the 
 
 - grass retained much of its original color, which would lead to the: 
 
 iW. 
 
 12, 
 
 13, 
 
 belief that it was very nutritious. Pie-aimie, or Extension Coulée,,. 
 was crossed in Section 86, and a marsh in 32.—S. L. Brabazon,,. 
 1883. 
 Outlines —. West and east is a very dry, rolling prairie. The soil 
 is a light sandy loam, with surface stone. Scabby Bute, well’ 
 named from its appearance, is in this township. Coal crops out 
 in the banks of the Bute. In Section 1 Extension Coulée was. 
 crossed, and in Section 36 is the Black Spring Ridge and a small. 
 creek.—F’. W. Armstrong, 1883 
 
 Sub-division—Very good for agricultural purposes, being 
 composed of good loam and clay, and being nicely-undulating 
 prairie. There is no timber, and no surface water.—J. W. 
 D’ Amours, 18838. 
 
 Outlines —North, undulating prairie. - No water along this line. 
 Soil, good sandy loam and clay.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West and east is a rolling prairie. Soil, light sandy loam. No: 
 timber, and water scarce. In the east Black Spring Ridge was 
 crossed in Sections 1, 12, and 18, small creeks in 24 and 36, and 
 a couple of marshes in 80.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Very good for agricultural purposes, with a 
 surface generally rolling or gently-sloping. Small sloughs are: 
 abundant, but are usually dry by midsummer. The land is com-- 
 posed of sand and clay loams on a clay subsoil. Generally class 1. 
 No wood.—J. W. D’Amours, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.--North, the country is undulating and rolling prairie. 
 The north-west half of this township is sandy ; the north-east half 
 is a fair sand and clay loam, with clay and gravel subsoil. West, 
 two miles broken and hilly; the rest is level. The soil is a light 
 sandy loam, with good clay subsoil——C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 East, rolling prairie. Grass short and poor, and water 
 scarce.—F’. W. Armstrong, 1883. Bt 
 | Sub-division.—Lies in the Black Spring Ridge, a broad eleva- 
 tion 100 feet above the surrounding country. The ridge is fine 
 rolling prairie, sloping from the middle of the township to the 
 east and west, and composed of a good black loam on a grey clay 
 subsoil, with a fine growth of grass. At the base of the ridge 
 
 the soil is light and sandy, with poor vegetation. No wood, and. 
 
 in the month of July no surface water.—J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXII. 261 
 
 44. Outlines —North, line runs along Little Bow River, crossing it in a. 
 
 15. 
 
 16 
 
 oe 
 
 couple of places in nearly every Section. Its course is principally 
 around clay cliffs and cut banks. The soil along this line is. 
 gravel and clay, thickly covered with surface boulders. In the 
 west the country is rolling prairie. The soil is a light sand and 
 clay loam, with a subsoil of clay. In Section 18 the Little Bow 
 River crosses, running in a north-easterly direction, in a valley 
 100 feet deep and a mile wide. The average depth of water was 
 15 inches, with a current of about three miles per hour. The 
 south-west of the township is sandy ; the south-east is a fair sand 
 and clay loam, with clay and gravel subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—EHast half, undulating prairie, somewhat 
 broken by the valley of a small creek, which rises in the south- 
 east corner and courses over Sections 1, 12, 13, 24, 25 and 36, to 
 join the Little Bow River. In Section 24 there are indications of 
 large deposits of coal. By July the creek dries up to pools, which 
 contain poor water. The west half ofthe township is rolling, but. 
 much of the surface is broken by deep ravines running to the valley 
 of the Little Bow River. The soil is generally a sandy loam on a 
 grey clay subsoil. The Little Bow River crosses the north-west 
 of the township, in a valley of about three-quarters of a mile 
 wide. The bed of the river is 40 to 100 feet wide, and at the 
 time of survey (July) was shallow. There is no wood in the 
 township.—J. F. Snow, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country is very undulating. The soil is a 
 clay loam, with clay subsoil. The west is rolling, with a light 
 clay and sandy loam, on aclay subsoil, and in the south the line 
 runs along the Little Bow River, crossing it in several places. 
 The soil along this line is gravel and clay, thickly covered with 
 surface boulders.—C. E. Wolff, 1882 
 
 Kast, prairie. The line crosses a creek in Section 1, and marshes 
 in 18 and 25.—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division——Undulating, without wood or brush. Soil, a 
 grey clay loam ona clay subsoil. Classes land 2. The Little 
 Bow River crosses the township in a valley 200 feet below the 
 prairie table land, which is cut up by numerous deep ravines. 
 running into the valley, especially on the southern side. In the 
 bed of one of these ravines, in Section 5, there are good indica- 
 tions of coal.— W. Crawford, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines. —North, good, but dry, rolling prairie.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 West, undulating prairie. The soil is a black clay and sandy 
 loam, with a clay and sand subsoil. South wards, the soil is a clay 
 loam, with clay subsoil. The surface is undulating, broken and 
 hilly prairie. Some surface boulders. In Section 6 the line crosses 
 the southern extremity of Snake Lake. With the exception of 
 this lake, no water was crossed along the line.—G. #. Wo/ff, 1882. 
 East, prairie. Line crosses asmall marsh in Section 12, and a 
 dry creek bed in 86.—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Heavily-rolling prairie. The east quarter is 
 hilly and stony. The soil’ is a grey clay loam, upon a gravelly 
 clay subsoil. Class 1. There are several alkaline springs in the 
 west half. No wood.—W. Crawford, 1883. 
 174* 
 
262 
 17, 
 
 18, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXII 
 
 Outlines.—Open, undulating prairie, with a clay soil. Class 2. 
 
 ~No water of consequence, the creeks, at the time of survey (Sept- 
 
 ember and October), being dry.—Z. R. Ord, 1882. 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling prairie, without any wood upon it. 
 The soil is a clay loam on a clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 3. Snake 
 Creek crosses the township. It drys, except in pools, by autumn. 
 —W. Crawford, 1883. . 
 
 Outlines——North, hilly and rolling prairie. Good land. Cart 
 trail to Fort McLeod was crossed in Section 35.— W. Bell, 1882. 
 Open, rolling prairie, dotted with small ponds of good water 
 in north-west portion. Soil, class 2; gravelly on hill tops. The 
 McLeod and Blackfoot Crossing trail crosses the township. A large 
 marsh in Section 6 at the time of survey ‘(September and October) 
 wasdry. The dry bed of a lake extends over Sections 24, 13, and 
 the greater part of 12.—L. R. Ord, 1882. 
 Sub-division—The west half is very hilly ; the east half roll- 
 ing slightly, with gentle slopes, to Snake Lake Valley. In the 
 eastern tier of sections the soil is gravelly and stony on the eleva- 
 tions, but elsewhere it is a good clay loam on a clay subsoil. 
 Little Snake Creek is nothing more than a mere ravine (August), 
 
 with a few stagnant pools.— W. Crawford, 1883. 
 
 419 
 
 22. 
 
 Outlines.—Western part is hilly, but the soil, except in a few sec- 
 tions, is first class, being composed of a rich mould, varying from 
 6 inches deep, on the hills, to 12 inches in the valleys, with clay 
 subsoil. There are no running streams, but water, wherever 
 obtained, was fresh. There is no timber in any of these town- 
 ships.— W. Bell, 1882. 
 
 Rich land; clay loam subsoil. The’ trail from McLeod to 
 Blackfoot Crossing in Section 86. Water scarce, the only creek 
 in 80, being dry at the time of survey (September and October).— 
 LL. R. Ord, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-divisionNearly all of the soil of this township rates 
 second class. The west part is exceedingly hilly. There are 
 many fresh-water ponds, and the soil supports a good growth of 
 grass. The east part is rolling, with some alkaline flats and 
 rivulets—dry at the time of survey (August).—C. A. Bigger, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—West, the C.P.R. crosses the line between Sections 7 
 and 18. South of the line is in an Indian Reserve. North of the 
 line is prairie country, hilly in places, and without surface water. 
 On the east boundary the soil in that portion of the township 
 north of the railway is a good clay loam, with clay and gravel 
 subsoil. This portion ofthe township is weil adapted to agricul- 
 ture generally. There is no timber —T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly easy-rolling prairie, with a first class 
 agricultural soil. The C.P.R. traverses the township across the 
 second tier of southerly sections. in the centre and west centre 
 there occurs some considerable tracks of marsh land, and small 
 marshes are scattered throughout. No wood. A good township. 
 The southerly tier of sections is in the Indian Reserve.—J. J. 
 Francis, 1888. 
 
23. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXII. 268: 
 
 Ouitlines.—Traversed by tributaries of Crowfoot Creek. The soil, © 
 in parts, is very poor, being alkaline, and the township is devoid 
 of timber ; but with these exceptions, is well adapted for agricul- 
 ture.—T' R. Hewson, 1883. 
 Sub-division—Mostly rolling. prairie, with some undulating, 
 and a portion, about Sections 9 and 10, of level table-land. The 
 soil is generall class 1, with intervening stretches of class 2. No 
 
 _wood.—J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 24, 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface rolling. Good grey clay, from 12 to 18 
 
 - inches deep; subsoil, clay. No water. The bed of Crowfoot Creek 
 
 26, 
 
 ae 
 
 28. 
 
 crosses the west side,of the township.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Traversed by tributaries of Crowfoot Creek. The soil is.very 
 poor where it is alkaline. There are a number of hay marshes, 
 and in general this township is well adapted to agriculture — 
 T. & Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, mostly a black loam, 
 with intervening stretches of sandy loam, both on a subsoil of 
 clay. Classes 1 and 2. No wood. A good township.—J. J. 
 Francis, 1883. : | 
 
 . Sub-division.—Surveyed the boundaries and sub-divided this town- 
 
 ship. The southern half is rolling prairie, sloping southerly, 
 while the north half is more hilly, and contains many springs, 
 which are the sources of three creeks flowing south-east—one 
 through Sections 7, 5 and 6, one through 20, 21, 16, 9 and 3, and 
 another through 13 and 12. The soil in the south half is a clay 
 loam, and in the north half a sandy loam, both overlying a clay 
 subsoil —J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, level country. A small creek, with scrub on its 
 banks, crosses “ection 30.—T7T. R Hewson, 1888. 
 
 The east is rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil. An alka- 
 line creek was crossed, on the line, nine times in Section 24. 
 Another creek in 25.—J. J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Mostly rolling prairie. The southern tier of 
 sections is broken and hilly. Towards the centre there are level: 
 tracts, and here and northwards the land is particularly good. The 
 soil is mostly a black loam, with some portions of sandy loam, and 
 good land, apparently, for settlement.—J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The northern half of this township is high-rolling 
 prairie, with numerous sloughs. The southern halt is very badly 
 cut up by the coulées of the Rosebud River, which traverses the 
 township. Soil, first class. Good agricultural country. Savasse- 
 berry Creek crosses the west line in Section 18.—T7. R. Hewson, 
 18838. | 
 Outlines.—N orth, undulating, but mostly rolling prairie. Abund- 
 ance of poplar timber in the ravines, and rich vegetation. Soil, 
 clay loam, 15 inches deep, on clay subsoil. Class 1—T. Fawcett, 
 1883. | | 
 
 Something over half of this township is much broken by 
 coulées, which contain spruce and second growth poplar. The 
 balance is rolling country, with numerous sloughs. Soil, first. 
 class. Good agricultural country.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
29, 
 
 30, 
 
 Dl, 
 
 -BS. 
 
 “SB 
 e 
 
 BA, 
 
 “BS. 
 
 3G, 
 
 264 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXII. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, cut up by the valley of Knee Hill 
 Creek, which crosses from Section 18 to 12, and by numerous 
 coulées and ravines. The only water, except in this creek, is in 
 a large, marshy pond in Sections 18 and 14. The remainder of 
 the township is a very dry clay, with scanty vegetation, and 
 would not average above classes 2 and 3.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 South, prairie, with a rich loamy soil, broken by wooded 
 ravines. Creeks in Sections 2, 8, 4 and 5.—T'. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, traversed by two streams from north 
 and west, joining about Sections 11 and 14. That from the west 
 runs in a valley 175 to 300 feet deep, with cut banks and many 
 
 ravines ; the other in a shallow coulée, with grassy slopes, bare of 
 
 timber, which is only to be found in some of the ravines of the 
 first creek. Soil, clay or clay loam. Second class.—L. R. Ord, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. A creek flows in a shallow valley 
 from Section 38 to Section 3. Soil, clay or clay loam. Is second 
 class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, good rolling prairie land. In Sections 33 and 
 85 the line crosses marshes. The east half of Section 36 is broken 
 by the west bank of the Red Deer River, and a large coulée run- 
 ning into it.—Z. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, traversed through the western sections by a 
 stream which crosses the line flowing south, and somewhat broken 
 in the east by ravines discharging into the Red Deer River. Soil, 
 a clay or clay loam. Averages between second and third class.— 
 L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— Rolling prairie. Red Deer River curves through the town- 
 ship from Sections 34 and 85 to Sections 1 and 12, and is joined by 
 some deep ravines from the west, where the soil is clay and clay 
 loam, and ranks second class. To the eastward of the valley a 
 sandy loam prevails, and scattered bluffs. In the vicinity of the 
 river willow, poplar and cherry brush were found.—Z. R. Ord, 
 1884. 
 Outtines—Rolling prairie, having a gentle slope to the south- 
 east, where the Red Deer River crosses from Sections 18 and 24 to 2 — 
 and 3, the valley here being 500 feet deep, and very rugged. The soil 
 is a sandy loam, ranking nearly first class. There are scattered 
 bluffs of poplar and willow. Cherry and poplar brush were found 
 in the vicinity of the river.—L. R Ord, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with scattered bluffs of small poplar, 
 and many ponds, fringed with brush. Soil, sandy loam.—L. R. 
 Ord, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines—North, the Red Deer River runs southward near the 
 line between Sections 85 and 36. The water is very clear, the 
 current swift, and the bottom stony. The river is about 100 
 yards wide, 6 feet deep, and flows in a valley 200 feet deep below 
 the surrounding country. There are quantities of spruce, birch 
 and poplar on both sides of the valley. The hills at this point 
 are very steep. Leaving the Red Deer, rolling and slightly 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXII. 266 
 
 -Yising country is met with. Poplar and willow are scattered 
 thickly over the surface. The soil—a vegetable mould—is ranked 
 first-class.—T. Kains, 1883. | | 
 Rolling prairie, with bluffs of poplar and willow, and many 
 
 ponds, fringed with brush. Red Deer River flows through the . 
 
 - north-eastern corner, but the country is not broken by ravines, 
 though somewhat hilly. Soil, black sandy loam, of first-class 
 quality, with rich vegetation. An arm of Quill Lake was crossed 
 in the north half of Section 6.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—High-rolling prairie, with numerous clumps of poplar — 
 and willows. Several marshes and ponds were crossed.—C. F. 
 ' Miles, 1*84, 
 
 South, the Red Deer River crosses the base line and runs 
 southward near the line between Sections 1 and 2. (See descrip- 
 tion of river in Township 86). Rolling and slightly-rising country, 
 with poplar and willows scattered thickly over the surface. The 
 soil—vegetable mould—is ranked first class.—T7'. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling and undulating prairie, with scattered bluffs of 
 poplar and willow. An old cart trail was crossed in Section 1. 
 In the north half of Section 86 a creek and a trail cross the line. 
 C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 -39, Outlines.—The Red Deer River runs easterly through the south- 
 west corner, within banks over 200 feet high, covered with a 
 dense growth of poplar, spruce and birch, the first largely pre- . 
 dominating. The waters of Buffalo Lake discharge by Tail Creek 
 through the east half of this township into the Red Deer River. 
 The westerly half is high-rolling and hilly prairie, with numerous 
 ponds and poplar bluffs of considerable magnitude, and willows. 
 The easterly half is much cut up by ponds and lakelets, with 
 numerous bluffs of poplar and some spruce along the banks of 
 Tail Creek. Soil, black sandy loam, becoming lighter as Buffalo 
 Lake is approached. Second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The east end of the north line commences in a fine 
 flat, which appears to run from the north to the south arm of 
 Buffalo Lake, and then westwards about two miles, after which it 
 slopes towards a large creek, 80 links wide and from 8 to 5 feet 
 deep. A few chains west of this creek is a lake about two miles 
 wide, and large marshes adjoin its north and south shores. A 
 -ereek from the south empties into the lake. It is about 50 links 
 wide and 2 feet deep, with a soft, muddy bottom Leaving the 
 ‘lake, the line traverses a range of hills about 200 feet high. 
 Bluffs of poplar are scattered along their slopes.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1883. | 
 The greater part is covered by ponds, lakelets and lakes, 
 ‘besides Buffalo Lake, lying on the east half, and Spotted Lake, 
 occupying the north-west quarter. Spotted Lake Creek, meander- 
 ing south-easterly through the north-east quarter, discharges into 
 Buffalo Lake. The soil is generally a rich black sandy loam, and 
 rates as first class, although in the immediate vicinity of Buffalo 
 “Lake the subsoil is a light sand. Poplar bluffs and grey and 
 xd: willow clumps are plentiful. Buffalo Lake contains very fair 
 
 SS 4 
 
 od 8, 
 
 AO 
 
266 
 
 41. 
 
 42. 
 
 43. 
 
 44, 
 
 45 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXIV. 
 
 water, with a sand and gravel beach. Both pike and suckers are 
 to be caught in'the lake, at the outiet of Buffalo Lake into Tail 
 Creek, and also at Spotted Lake Creek, where the Tail Creek trail 
 crosses the same.—C. F’. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Part of Spotted Lake lies on the south-west quarter. 
 There is a gradual rise north from the south boundary towards. 
 the centre of the township. The southerly half is more or less 
 covered with willows.and willow scrub, and second-growth pop- 
 lar. The northerly half is more broken by hills. ponds and 
 lakelets, fringed with poplar and willows, the former, here, being 
 of a larger size. Soil, black sandy loam, of considerable depth. 
 The southerly half rates as first class; the northerly hali as 
 second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. . 
 
 Outlines—Rolling: and somewhat hilly country, with poplar 
 bluffs of considerable magnitude, which diminish in size towards 
 the north. There is a fine nearly open flat on the north half. 
 Various kinds of berry bushes are very plentiful on the south: 
 half—a favorite resort for Indian camps during the berrying 
 season. An old well-travelled trail runs southerly through this 
 range from Todd’s Crossing, on the Battle River, to the Tail Creek 
 crossing of the Red Deer. Soil, black sandy loam. North half, 
 first class; south half, second class —C. F. Miles, 1884.) ©) 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, mostly prairie, with bluffs of poplar and 
 willows, and tracts covered with brush. The timber is ot inferior 
 quality. and but little of it is fit for building; but the township is ~ 
 well adapted for settlement, the soil being a rich ‘black loam, 
 generally exceeding 15 inches in depth, with sandy loam and clay 
 loam subsoil Numerous lakes and ponds occur, the principal of 
 which is Red Deer Lake, a sheet of good fresh water, about a mile 
 wide, with apparently no discharge or outlet, lying south-east 
 and north-west, and crossing the north-east corner of the town- — 
 ship several miles into it-—Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—North, rolling and rising. The land is of first class 
 quality, although occasional patches of stone and gravel were 
 noticed. Thick willows and grass swamps are dotted over the 
 country, while a few scattered bluffs of small poplar, very dense 
 in places, were encountered.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Is generally heavily-rolling, particularly the eastern part, 
 among the Beaver Hills It is open in the western part, but well 
 wooded in the sections with poplar of small and medium . 
 sizes, and willow and _ poplar brush. The hollows are 
 nearly always occupied by lakes, some of) fair size which. 
 dot the surface in all directions. The vegetation is luxu- 
 riant, and the soil is rich and fertile, being a deep black loam, 
 with clay subsoil. The west line crosses a trail in Section 6 and 
 and two more in.3!.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West and east, Battle River runs through the north-. 
 west portion of this township. The west halfis very undulating 
 and broken by lakes and ponds. The east half is more level. 
 There are many poplar bluffs scattered throughout. The soil is. 
 
 of first class quality —J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian — Range XXII. 267 
 
 South, first class land. Undulating, and contains ponds, 
 
 swamps and willow clumps.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 46, 
 
 4°77. 
 
 48, 
 
 49. 
 
 Sub-division —High-rolling land and, in places, hilly with 
 intervening lakes and small ponds. The soil is very rich and 
 covered—where not timbered—with very rank grass, affording™ 
 one of the best grazing tracts. Battle River flows through the 
 north-westerly sections—30 and 81—and lakes are abundant in 
 every section of the township.— W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West and east, Battle River runs through this town- 
 ship. The south side of the valley is more or less thickly wooded. 
 with poplar, and a few patches of spruce. To the south of the 
 river the land is high and undulating, and of first class quality. 
 The soil to the north is equally good, but the country is much 
 broken by lakes and. ponds.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The northern part of the township is timbered 
 with poplar, having small intervening patches of willow and 
 scrub. ‘! he central and southern portions are covered with poplar 
 bluffs, willow and scrub,.there being no open prairie. Battle 
 River runs north, along the eastern boundary of Sections 6 and 7, 
 thence north-easterly across Section, 17, thence easterly across 
 the township, passing out at Section, 18. The soil is good. Bittern. 
 Lake breaks on the north-east. sections —D. Beatty, 1833. 
 
 Outlines.—A. great part of this township is submerged by large 
 lakes. On the west, Section 6 is scrubby prairie, and 7, 18, 19 
 and south half of 80 are covered. with poplar bush. A large 
 lake, with innumerable islands, submerges Section 31 and the 
 north half of 830. The township is generally well wooded, and 
 the soil excellent.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, prairie and scrub, alternating with heavy bush 
 and numerous marshes. Big Hay Lake submerges Section 81 and. 
 the greater part of 82. Onthe shores of the lake wood was found. 
 —C. A. Magrath, 1883. ; 
 The north-western part of this township lies in Big Hay Lake.. 
 Another lake, with innumerable wooded islands, encroaches on 
 the south-west part. Between the latter and Big Hay Lake is a 
 beautiful strip of country, watered by a creek. Another creek. 
 connects the lake, in which are wooded islands, with Bittern 
 Lake, which encroaches on the south-east corner. The remainder 
 of the township is more or less densely wooded with poplar, and 
 dotted with deep ponds. The soil is first class.—--J. J. McArthur, 
 1883. 
 
 Ou/lines.— West, undulating, with many swamps. Country is 
 timbered all along the line. A good sized lake was crossed in 
 Sections 18 and 19,.and the telegraph line in the south of 18.— 
 J.J. McArthur, 1884. . Bo 
 
 Is very much broken by ponds and muskegs. The timber is 
 of fair size and quality, and consists of poplar, large willow and 
 some spruce. The telegraph line runs through the southern por- 
 tion, while the Hay Lakes trail traverses the north-easterly part. 
 The soil is of fair quality, but on account of the broken character 
 
268 
 
 50 
 
 -§1 
 
 O22. 
 
 53 
 
 o4 
 
 ay 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXII. 
 
 of the country it has been ranked second and third class — 
 T. Kains, 1884. | 
 
 Outilnes.— West, undulating, with poplar bush. Line crosses a 
 creek in Section 19 and a cart trail in 80. Water is very plentiful, 
 large bodies of clear water being crossed in every section.—J. J. 
 McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Undulating to hilly country, much broken by lakes, ponds 
 and muskegs. In the vicinity of the Hay Lakes trail fine prairie 
 openings exist. The timber is poplar, birch and spruce, the first 
 named being much more abundant than the others Willow 
 grows to a wonderful magnitude in thiscountry. This township 
 has been classed 3.—T7. Kains, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Sections 6 and 7, scrub and brulé, with a little spruce ; 
 81, 80, 19 and the north of 18 are heavily timbered with poplar, 
 interspersed with spruce. Creeks were crossed in 6, 30 and 31, 
 and a small lake in 19. A large lake submerges the south half of 
 18 and part of 7.—LZ. R. Ord, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines—North, heavily wooded. Old Man’s Creek crosses the 
 line in Section 33; branches ot it in Sections 31 and 32. In Sec- 
 tion 84 a marsh was crossed, and in 85a creek. The soil is light, 
 and class 8.—G. A. Simpson, 1888. 
 West, heavy timber, except the north half of Section 6 and 
 the south of 7, which are scrubby Section 6 is broken by two 
 good sized lakes. Soil, of a light character.—C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—Is on the western limit of the Beaver Hills. Soil, 
 light, and class 3. Timber small, fit for fuel only, and sur- 
 rounded by a dense willow growth, Water is scarce. In Sections 
 6,7 and 81 is some good building poplar, spruce and fallen 
 timber. Other sections are scrubby. Creeks cross the west line 
 in Sections 31 and 19, and Old Man’s Creek 4, 5,6 and 7. From 
 Section 80 the Edmonton trail crosses the north-west.—G. A. 
 Simpson, 1882. | ! 
 
 Outlines.—West, Section 30, and the north of 6, are scrubby, the 
 remainder of this line being bush. Trails cross the line in Sec- 
 tions 19, 80 and 31. North Saskatchewan River crosses the line 
 in the north half of Section 30. Sections 31, 30 and part of 19 are 
 in the Fort Saskatchewan Settlement.—G. A. Simpson, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—About one-third of this township is timbered 
 with poplar in bluffs; the remainder is covered with a dense 
 growth of high willows and willow scrub. The soil is generally 
 good. There are a dozen or more settlers, who have good log houses, 
 and from 5 to 25 acres each under cultivation. The headquarters 
 of the Mounted Police is located in Section 31, and Sections 31, 
 32 and part of 33 are in the Fort Saskatchewan Settlement. The 
 Battleford trail and another cross the line in Section 34. Two 
 more trails, one called the Ridge Road, cross in 88. The North 
 Saskatchewan River runs in a northern direction through the 
 centre of the settlement.—D. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 554 Sub-division.—The soil is good, and class 1, but is covered with 
 
 clumps of heavy poplar and thick, dense willows. There ara 
 
af 
 
 S7, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXII. 269 
 
 “small swamps or muskegs scattered throughout. The Saskatche- 
 ‘wan River enters on Section 86, receives the Sturgeon River— 
 ‘from the north-west —on Section 23, and passes out on Section 4. 
 ‘The land along the Sturgeon River is high and rolling. The 
 ‘south-central portion is occupied by the Fort Saskatchewan Set- 
 ‘tlement. Beaver ‘Lake and Hattletord road crosses the south 
 
 east.—D. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 . Sub-division.—-Thickly timbered with poplar, except along the 
 
 Victoria trail, where the poplar-is scattered with high willow 
 and scrub. Soil, light and sandy.—D. Beatty, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Thickly timbered with poplar, averaging 6 inches 
 in diameter, with dense underbrush. In many places willow, 
 with scattered willow swamps and small muskegs. Soil, light 
 and sandy.—D. Beatty, 1882. 
 
10. 
 
 Al. 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH IN ITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE XXIII. 
 
 . Outlines.—That portion of the township which has been surveyed. 
 -lies east of the St. Mary’s River, and is undulating. Soil, clay 
 
 loam, over clay.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. | 
 
 South, undulating prairie, with good sandy loam soil, and 
 covered with bunch grass. A coulée containing a creek was 
 crossed in Section 32.—O. J. Klotz, 1883. : 
 
 . Outlines——As far as St. Mary’s River, the surface is undulating. 
 
 Soil. clay loam. West.of the river is an Indian Reserve.—C. E. 
 Wolff, 1888. 
 
 . Sub-division—-Consists only of about 150 acres in extent, formed 
 
 by a bend of the Belly River. The rest of the land which should 
 form the township lies in the Indian Reserve.—S. L. Brabazon, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines —West and east is cut up by Belly River. The soil is 
 light and land rolling. Some timber along the river.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1883. ) 
 
 Sub-division.—The survey of this township southwards ceases. 
 at the Belly River, Old Man’s River enters the township at the 
 north-west, and forms a junction with the Belly River on Section 
 27. There is considerable bottom land in the township, some of 
 which is under cultivation. The bottoms of both rivers join in 
 Sections 33 and 88, and there is a fine flat to the left of Old Man’s 
 River, and in Sections 28, 20 and 23, which is all occupied. The- 
 bottoms below Old Man’s River are very stony. The rest of the 
 township is a black or aclay loam. There is some poplar.—S. Z. 
 Brabazon, 1883. - 
 
 Outlines.—West and east, adry, rolling prairie. Soil, a light 
 sandy loam, with some surface stone. The Old Man’s River flows 
 across the south-westerly corner, and has its confluence with the 
 Belly River in the, township southwards.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Has a large area of excellent land. Soil, clay 
 loam on clay subsoil. Class 1. The surface rises and falls in 
 gradual and long undulations, and there isno broken land, except 
 on the margin of Old Man’s River, in the south-west angle. A 
 gravel ridge enters near the centre of the north boundary and 
 continues half a mile southwards, when it ceases to be grayelly. 
 There is some bottom land on Section 6, near the river. Surface- 
 water is scarce throughout the township.—S. L. Brabazon, 1888. 
 
 Outlines. —West and east isa very dry, rolling prairie. The soil 
 is a light sandy loam, with surface stone.--F. W. Armstrong, . 
 1883. 
 
a2. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXIII. 271 
 
 Sub-division.— Hither level or undulating prairie, composed 
 of a good clay or a sandy loam soil on a sandy subsoil. Class 1. 
 There are no signs of water or wood in the township. Excellen 
 grazing prairie, generally.—J. W. D’ Amours, 18838. . 
 
 Outlines.—The north line descends into a level flat, which con- 
 tinues across the township. Soil, very good.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1882. 
 
 West and east isa rolling prairie. Soil, light sandy loam. 
 No water ; no timber.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Suitable either for agricultural purposes or for 
 grazing. The surface is nicely-rolling or level throughout, com- 
 posed of a good loam and clay subsoil, and covered with a good, 
 soft grass. Small dry hay sloughs are abundant. No wood.—J. 
 
 _ W. DAmours, 1883. 
 
 AS. 
 
 a4, 
 
 Outlines.— West, undulating prairie, with a sandy grey clay soil. 
 Water scarce. Fort McLeod trail crosses north and south, near 
 the line. East, undulating and level. A small watercourse in 
 Section 12, and marsh in 25.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling or undulating prairie, composed of a 
 good sandy loam, class 1, on a grey clay subsoil, and well 
 suited for either agricultural or grazing purposes. The Little 
 Bow River enters the township in the north-west corner and 
 breaks on Sections 31 and 82. It has a sluggish current 
 towards midsummer, and is then much reduced from its spring- 
 time volume.—J/. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North and east is undulating prairie. Soil, a, light 
 sandy and clay loam, with a clay subsoil. In Section 13 Little 
 Bow itiver was crossed, running in a north-easterly direction, 
 in a valley 100 feet deep and a mile wide. The average depth of 
 water was 15 inches, with a current of about two miles per 
 hour.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. wx 
 
 West, undulating prairie. Soil is a sandy grey clay. No 
 water. Section 31 is a large flat.—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —Undulating prairie, except the valley of the 
 Little Bow River, with a sandy loam soil, averaging 8 inches 
 
 deep, on a subsoil of grey clay. Along the valley of the river, 
 
 a5. 
 
 which runs through Sections 5, 4, 8, 10, 14, 13 and 24, the soil is 
 very changeable, being clay, gravelly and sandy by turns. Grass 
 is generally better outside than in the valley. The water is 3 or | 
 4 feet deep in spring, but dries into pools in September. There 
 isno wood. The township is valuable for grazing.—J. F. Snow, 
 18838. | 
 
 Outlines.—The townships is undulating and rolling. The soil is 
 a light clay and sandy loam, with aclay subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie of grey clay loam soil on a 
 gravelly clay subsoil. Classes 1.and 2. The alluvial soil has a 
 depth of from 6 to 10 inches. There are a number of dry creeks, — 
 which probably contained water before the time of survey (Sep- 
 tember), aud there are several springs throughout the township, 
 which are slightly alkaline. No wood. The cart trail from Fort 
 
272 
 
 16, 
 
 1? 
 
 18. 
 
 19, 
 
 ‘ 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Intttal Meridian.— Range XXIII. 
 
 “McLeod to Blackfoot Crossing crosses the township.— W. Crawford,.. 
 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, good, but dry, rolling prairie. The trail from. — 
 Fort McLeod to Blackfoot Crossing runs through this township. 
 The line crosses a creek in Section 86, and three more in 35.— 
 O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 West and east, undulating prairie. The soil is a black clay” 
 and sandy loam, with a clay and sand subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling and hilly, of aclay loam soil on aclay— 
 subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. No wood. A fair supply of surface- 
 water in the west half. The Fort McLeod trail crosses the town- 
 ship.— W. Crawford, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —West, very undulating, greatly cut up with coulées and. 
 one or two small creeks running south-east to the Little Bow 
 River. The soil is a good sandy loam, with clay subsoil_—_C. E. 
 Wolff, 1883. 
 
 East, open, undulating prairie, with a clay soil. No water on 
 this line, though a creek was crossed in Section 18, but at the time: 
 of survey (September and October) it was dry.—L. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling and hilly prairie, traversed by Snake 
 Creek, which was dry at the time of survey (August and Septem- 
 ber), except in stagnant pools.. The soil is a good quality of clay 
 loam on a clay subsoil. There is a spring of good water near the- 
 east boundary of Section 21. No wood.— W. Crawford, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, very undulating, and greatly cut up with coulées.. 
 
 The soil is a good sandy loam, with clay subsoil. Excellent 
 grazing land. Marshes were crossed in Sections 6, 7 and 18, and. 
 a creek in 6.—C. E. Wolff, 1884. 
 
 Kast, open, rolling prairie. The McLeod and Blackfoot Cross-. 
 ing trail, and, in September, a large dry marsh, in Section 1.— 
 L. R. Ord, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.— Rolling and hilly, without any growth of 
 wood. Inthe north-east corner the hills are gravelly. The hol- 
 lows or bottoms are good land. Several small but good meadows. 
 lie in the north half of the township. Soil, clay loam on a clay 
 subsoil, except on the hills. Berry Water Marsh covers the whole: 
 of Section 14 and half of Section 12, and has fairly good water. 
 There are numbers of small hay meadows, sloughs and marshes, 
 dry and wet at time of survey (August).— W. Crawford, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West, very undulating. The soil is good and the 
 grass plentiful, but on the tops of the ridges the soil is light.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Kast, hilly country. The soil, except in a few sections, is. 
 first class, being composed of a rich mould, varying from 6 inches 
 deep on the hills to 12 inches in the valleys, with clay subsoil. 
 There are no running streams, but wherever water occurs it is 
 fresh. No timber.— W. Bell, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division—The east half is very knolly, and filled with 
 small fresh-water ponds, abounding in game. The soil is a rich 
 clay and black loam, and luxuriant grasses cover the spaces 
 between the ponds. The west half is first class undulating 
 
22. 
 
 28. 
 
 24, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range XXIII. 273 
 
 prairie, admirably adapted for agricultural purposes. There is no 
 wood.—J. F. Snow, 1884. 
 
 Outlines. — East, the C.P.R. crosses the line between Sections 12° 
 and 13. South of the line is an Indian Reserve. North of the line is 
 prairie country, hilly in places. No water.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—-The C.P.R. crosses this township, which is. 
 rolling prairie, with a first class soil. It is only a little hilly and 
 broken in the vicinity of Section 26. Gleichen Station (C.P.R.) 
 is situated on the eastern boundary. South of the railway is an 
 Indian Reserve. —J. J. Francis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines West, rolling prairie. The C.P.R. crosses the south- 
 west corner through a large alkaline slough. A large alkaline 
 lake submerges parts of Sections 6 and 7. The south half of 
 Section 30 is a level prairie table-land. To the east the country 
 is rolling. Creeks cross the line in Sections 12 and 25.—T. R. 
 Hewson, 1883 . 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, a black 
 loam, 2 to 9 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Generally rated class: 
 2. No wood. The north-east corner sections are somewhat 
 broken and hilly.—J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface rolling. Good grey clay, from 12 to 18. 
 inches deep ; subsoil, clay. Water scarce.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Rolling country, with a sandy loam soil, of second class: 
 character. On the east boundary of Section 12 a tributary of 
 Crowfoot Creek crosses, alkaline water in pools, no current. This. 
 township is devoid of timber. Hay marshes are numerous, and 
 the land is fairly adapted to agriculture.—T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating. Soil, a black loam 
 on clay, sandy and sandy clay subsoils. Classes 2 and 3. There 
 are some good grazing sections, and in the vicinity of Sections 19,. 
 20, 29, 1 and.3 the land is somewhat broken and hilly. No wood. 
 —J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—West, rolling country. The only water seen was a 
 
 small creek crossing the line in Section 31.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 East, prairie. Creeks cross the line in Sections 1, 12 and 25. 
 At the time of survey (August) the creeks in 12 and 25 were dry. 
 Soil, clay and sandy loams.—J, J. Burrows, 1883. 
 
 South, surface rolling. Good, deep, grey clay soil.—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Broken and hilly, and high-rolling in the north- 
 westerly (diagonal) half of the township, and rolling prairie in the 
 south-east and easterly corner. Sections 32, 38 and 84 in the 
 north, are high-rolling. Soil, generally a sandy clay and sandy 
 loam. Class 2.—J. J. Francis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and level country. A small creek, with scrub 
 on its banks, crosses the line in Section 30. The soil isa clay 
 loam ona clay subsoil. Class 2. Water scarce.—T. R. Hewson, 
 18838. | 
 Sub-division.—Low, level, and’ gently-rolling prairie. Soil, 
 classes 1 and 2. The level portions are bottom lands, and 
 
274 
 
 28. 
 
 29. 
 
 541% 
 
 ol, 
 
 35. 
 
 > Ei, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXM1. 
 
 rich. Prickly Pear Creck crosses the township, and has a small 
 tributary joining it. The north-westerly sections are somewhat 
 broken and hiliy. No wood.—ZJ. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 . Ouilines-—Rolling country. Good clay soil, watered by Sav- 
 
 asseberry Oreek, which is a clear stream, with sandy bottom and 
 averaging in width about 40 links. Well adapted to agriculture. 
 —T. R Hewson, 18838. 
 
 Ouitlines.—North, rolling and undulating prairie, Soil, clay 
 loam. Classes 1 and 2. Some streams and marshes occur, but 
 generally water is scarce.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Rolling country. Arrow Creek, crossing the east line in the 
 south half of Section 13, turns and flows in a southerly direction, 
 almost parallel to the line. Good clay soil.—T7T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling prairie, broken by the valley of Knee Hill 
 Creek, and by numerous ravines discharging into it. This val- 
 ley crosses from Sections 18 and 19 to Section 13, and is from 150 
 to 200 teet deep. Some small poplar and spruce grow on the 
 slopes and in the valley. Towards the north boundary the coun- 
 try gradually rises into hills, some 150 feet above the plain. Soil, 
 clay loam or clay. Third class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. ; 
 
 South, prairie, undulating and _ hilly. Soil, clay loam; good 
 quality. The line crosses creeks in Sections 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6.— 
 L. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling prairie, heokan by Three Hills Creek, crossing 
 from Section 31 to Section 13, in a valley, deepening to the east- 
 ward, and joined by numerous deep ravines, principally from the 
 high. land in the southern part of the township. A small amount 
 of timber is growing in the valley and ravines. Soil, a stiff clay 
 or clay loam. Averages third class.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie The eastern part lies in the valley of 
 a creek, which flows through Range 22, and here the soil is a 
 hard clay, below third class, but the greater portion of the town- 
 
 ‘ship is gently-rolling prairie, with rich vegetation and first class 
 
 sandy loam soil.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 € 
 - Outlines.—North, rolling prairie, with a rich soil. A creek 
 
 crosses the line seven times in Section 36.—£Z. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie in the. eastern sections, with a clay soil, of 
 poor quality, improving towards the west, where it becomes first 
 class, with rich vegetation. Devil’s Pine Creek crosses the line in 
 Sections 24 and 25. .The south-eastern portion of the Three Hills 
 was crossed in Section 18.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, very dry, the only water being a creek 
 that crosses the township, flowing south-east. The soil is, in 
 places, fair, but averages second class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, becoming more uneven towards the 
 north, where the ‘country is dotted with occasional grassy ponds. 
 The soil is generally a sandy loam, of fair quality, averaging 
 second class. A small creek was crossed in Section 7, and Devil’s 
 Pine Creek in 18 —Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
35, 
 
 36. 
 
 29 
 
 #1, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXIII. 275 
 
 Outlines—Very heavily-rolling prairie, with bluffs of small pop- 
 lar and numerous ponds and lakes, generally fringed with 
 willows. The southern parts of two of the Quill Lakes lie in the 
 north-eastern sections. Soil, in places, is rich, and vegetation 
 very luxuriant, but it would not average above second class.— 
 L. R. Ord, 1884. th 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country is rough and rolling, and broken by 
 numerous ponds and swamps. Poplar and willow are thickly 
 scattered over the surface. The soil, which is composed of vege- 
 table mould, is ranked first class. A cart trail to the old barracks 
 of the Mounted Police, situated on the Red Deer River, about ten 
 miles north, crosses the line in Section 86.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling land, with bluffs of poplars and willows. Waiter is 
 plentiful in ponds, which are numerous. An arm of Quill Lake 
 was crossed in the north half of Section 1. The soil, in places, is 
 rich and deep, but there are other places where it is light—L. R. 
 Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —The Red Deer River runs easterly through the south 
 half of Section 1. The banks here are over 200 feet high, 
 wooded with some good sized poplar, birch and spruce. The 
 southerly half is a rolling prairie, with bluffs of second-growth 
 poplars and willow. On the north half the bluffs are of greater 
 magnitude, and the timber—poplar—is of a larger size. Much 
 willow grows, particularly on the north half. Soil, black sandy 
 loam, with sandy subsoil. A creek, with high banks, cuts south- 
 easterly through Section 6, along the banks of which some spruce 
 trees are growing.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines——North, the line passes through a dense growth of 
 
 high, grey willows, and afterwards enters a hilly country, 
 which is wooded with poplar and high, grey willows. No 
 prairie openings on the line. Soil, first class—C. A. Magrath, 
 18838. 
 
 Is rolling, and much cut up by lakes and ponds. A good 
 sized creek runs diagonally south-easterly, spreading out in mus- 
 kegs in various places. It is more or less open adjacent to the 
 creek, and covered, in many places, with a dense growth of. willows. 
 The north-east half of this township is high-rolling and hilly, 
 with numerous ponds, and has a more or less dense growth of 
 poplar and willows. The south-west half is rolling, partly open, 
 but mostly wooded with second growth poplar, from 2 to 5 
 inches in diameter, and interspersed with ponds. Soil, sandy 
 loam. Second class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Is generally high-rolling and hilly country, with 
 numerous ponds, and more or less densely wooded with poplar 
 and willows. A good sized creek, emptying southerly into 
 Spotted Lake, crosses and re-crosses the east boundary. For 
 agricultural purposes, this township is rather too much broken, 
 but the growth of pea-vines, vetches and grasses is luxuriant, and 
 therefore it is probably better adapted for grazing. There is some 
 18* | 
 
ow 2 oe) A 
 
 % 
 
 216 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXIII. 
 
 spruce in the westerly half. Soil, black sandy loam. Second 
 class.—C. F’. Miles, 1884. 
 
 3 South, heavily wooded, and no prairie openings on the line. 
 Soil, first class. North of the line the country is very hilly, and 
 thickly covered with poplar.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 42. Outlines—North, undulating prairie, thickly covered with pop- 
 lar, balm of Gilead, spruce and thick brush. Creeks were crossed 
 in Sections 34, 55 and 31.—J. Kerr, 1884. 
 
 A creek, running south-easterly, meanders through the ~ 
 east half. But few prairie openings were met with, and it is: 
 more or less densely wooded with poplar, from 2 to 6 inches in 
 diameter, and willows. Some muskegs lie in the north-west 
 corner. The north-east corner is partially open, with bluffs of 
 fire-killed poplars. Soil, sandy loam. Second class.—C. F. Miles, 
 1884. 
 
 43. Outlines.—Battle River flows into the northern sections, spreading 
 into a lake expansion, surrounded by a large marsh, which occu- 
 pies several sections. The remainder of the township is gently- 
 rolling prairie, with bluffs of poplar and willow, these increasing 
 in number and density towards the western boundary. A slightly 
 brackish lake lies on the line, in Sections 12 and 18, and in its 
 vicinity the soil is white, in patches, from alkaline matter, although 
 very rich with luxuriant vegetation, and well fitted for agricul- 
 ture.—L. R. Ord, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—This township contains much water. Battle 
 River enters on the west side of Section 30, flows in an easterly 
 direction through Sections 29, 28 and 27, entering a lake in Sec- 
 tion 26. There are several lakes in the centre and north of the 
 township. The water is good, and the river and lakes abound in 
 fish. Sloughs and small brooks are numerous. The surface of 
 the country is undulating prairie, with poplar bluffs and patches 
 of thick brush scattered about. In the south-west portion of Sec- 
 tion 6 there are spruce trees, 20 inches in diameter, and generally 
 along the south boundary of the township large poplars and balm 
 of Gilead are to be found. Sections 33 and 34 are almost entirely 
 occupied by an immense marsh, which extends into Township 44. 
 The vegetation is good, and the soil is well suited for agriculture, 
 being a black sandy loam, about 12 inches deep, on a sandy sub- | 
 soil.—J. Kerr, 1884. | 
 
 44, Outlines.—North, the soil is generally first class. The country is 
 slightly undulating, with patches of willows and numerous ponds 
 and swamps, in the vicinity of which beds of alkali were noticed. 
 Battle River crosses the line in Section 86, and runs north-easterly 
 in a bed, one chain wide, at the bottom of a valley which contains 
 some fine building timber, and is about 75 feet below the sur- 
 face of the adjoining country.—T. Kains, 1883 
 
 | In the north-west half the land is rolling and mostly open, 
 with bluffs of poplar and willow. The other sections are also 
 rolling prairie, but more thickly covered with bluffs and dotted 
 with ponds and lakes. Battle River, in a shallow valley, traverses 
 the township, flowing north, and leaves it in Section 36, where 
 
46. 
 
 a’, 
 
 48 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXIII. YU d 
 
 several trails cross the stream. The land over all the township is. 
 excellent.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—Battle River Lake crosses the south boundary — 
 of Section 8, and soon narrowing into a river, flows north-west 
 through Sections 3, 4 and 8, then north through 17, 20, 29 and 82, 
 and finally east through 38, 34,85 and 86. The river banks are 
 generally about 30 feet high, and only 200 to 250 feet apart, 
 the river itself being only about 100 feet across, with a three-mile 
 current. Part of an immense marsh occurs in the south of Sec- 
 tions 3 and 4, and extends into Township 43. The surface is 
 undulating, with poplar bluffs and patches of thick brush. The 
 soil is a deep sandy loam, producing excellent vegetation. Small 
 
 sloughs are numerous, and the water is generally good.—J Kerr, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines —West and east, high and undulating, with many scat- 
 tered bluffs of poplar, and some marshes. Battle River runs 
 through this township, close to and sometimes crossing the east- 
 ern boundary. The land throughout is of first class quality —J. 
 J. McArthur, 18838. . 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling, scrubby prairie, with bluffs of poplar 
 and high willow. The upland is nearly all of excellent qua- 
 lity—black alluvial soil, of an average depth of 12 inches, on a 
 clay subsoil. Battle River is here about 70 feet wide, and flows 
 through the south-eastern sections in a valley ranging from 40 to 
 100 feet under prairie level, and 650 to 1300 yards wide, and is 
 filled with a dense growth of willow.—W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West and east, the north half is traversed by two 
 creeks—the Big Stone, and a tributary. The south half is high 
 and undulating, with a few scattered bluffs. Although light in 
 places, the soil is of a good quality.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, covered with thick scrub 
 willow and poplar. Soil, classes 1 and 2, and good throughout. 
 The north-east quarter of the township is timbered with poplar, 
 and the balance is divided between bluffs of poplar, scrub, willow 
 and open prairie. There isa plentiful supply of water in the 
 lakes and muskegs, which abound throughout.—D. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines — West, rolling prairie, with a third class sandy loam soil, 
 6 inches deep, with aclay subsoil, covered with poplar, excepting 
 Section 6 and south half of 7.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. | 
 
 East, Section 1 is scrubby prairie. Nos. 12, 13, 24 and south 
 half of 25, are covered with poplar bush. A large lake, with 
 innumerable islands, submerges Section 36 and the north half of 
 25.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 South, rolling prairie- with scattered poplar bluffs, willow 
 and scrub. Extensive marshes or reedy ponds were crossed in 
 Sections 2, 4, 5 and 6, the one in Sections 5 and 6 being over 75 
 chains wide, and clear, open water in the centre. Creeks in Nec- 
 tions 3 and 4.—D. Beatty, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The north-east quarter is submerged by Big Hay Lake. 
 The south-east is a beautiful strip of country. The township is 
 isp i 
 
‘278 
 
 Ag 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meéeridian—Range XXIII. 
 
 more or less wooded, and there is abundance of surface water.— 
 J. J.. McArthur, 1883. | | 
 
 North, bush and scrub. The surface is broken by numerous 
 lakes and marshes. Creeks cross the linein Sections 31 and 33.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1883. | , 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with a third class sandy loam soil, 7 — 
 inches deep, and a clay subsoil, timbered with poplar and some 
 spruce and birch. A small stream, having banks 150 feet high, 
 
 was crossed.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 49 
 
 50, 
 
 ol, 
 
 2, 
 
 O33. 
 
 Outlines.—East, undulating, with many swamps. Country is 
 timbered all along the line. A good sized lake was crossed in 
 Sections 138 and 24, and the telegraph line in the south half of 
 13.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines—East, undulating with poplar bush. Line crosses a 
 creek in Section 24, and a cart trail in 25. Water is very plenti- 
 ful, large bodies of clear water being crossed in every section.— 
 J. J. McArthur, 1884. ' 
 
 Outlines—North, bush and scrub, with a few prairie openings. 
 The line crosses creeks in Sections 82 and 86, and ponds and 
 marshes in all the sections except 86.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 West, poplar bush and scrub. Lakes were crossed in Sections 
 6 and 18; ponds in 18, 19, and 30; marshes in 31; and the trail 
 from Edmonton to Hay Lakes in the north half of 31. The east- 
 erly two-thirds of the township is in the Beaver Hills, and is 
 heavily timbered with poplar, interspersed with spruce. Creeks 
 were crossed in Sections 1, 25 and 36, and asmall lake in 24. A 
 large lake submerges the south half of 13 and part of 12.—Z. R. 
 Ord, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.—North, large poplar, fir, cottonwood, willow and fallen 
 timber. Water was found in every section, and a trail crossed in 
 Section 82.—G. A. Simpson, 1882. 
 
 West, bush and scrub, with a few prairie openings. Creeks 
 in Sections 6,19 and 30. Many marshes and ponds, and in 31 
 the Fort Saskatchewan trail. Hast is heavily timbered, except the 
 north half of Section 1 and the south of 12, which are scrubby. 
 South, bush and'scrub, with a few prairie openings. The line 
 crosses creeks in Sections 1 and 5, and ponds and marshes in all 
 the sections except 1. A little brulé was found in Section 6.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The easterly two-thirds lies in the Beaver Hills. 
 Is covered with a dense growth of poplar and willow, with some 
 spruce bluffs, and here and there a small tamaracswamp. The 
 soil is about second class, excepting in parts of the township 
 where the fire has burnt away the alluvial surface. Small ponds 
 of good water are numerous.— W. Beatty, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—The North Saskatchewan crosses circuitously from 
 Section 6 to 384, and the Edmonton trail from 6 to 24. The west- 
 ern and northern parts of this township are covered with blufts of 
 poplar and birch, suitable for fencing, andin many cases building 
 
 -Imaterial may be had. The Beaver Hills commence at Section 5, 
 
4, 
 
 55. 
 
 56, 
 
 57, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XXIII. 279: 
 
 and cover the south-east part of the township. Good timber is. 
 found here. Water throughout fis excellent. Soil, black loam, 
 
 with clay subsoil. It is in every way well adapted for settlement. 
 
 —G. A. Simpson, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—The Saskatchewan River flows through this town: 
 ship. The timber along its banks consists of poplar, fir and birch, 
 and is suitable for building purposes. Coal seams are numerous, 
 and traces of iron appear. The remainder of the township is. 
 covered with bluffs of poplar, in which some good building 
 material may be found. Soil—a rich black loam, with clay sub- 
 soil. Fort Saskatchewan is situated in the north-east corner, and. 
 there are settlers in other parts of the township, and a number of 
 trails. Surface water is plentiful—G. A. Simpson, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—™ orth, poplar, spruce, tamarac and willow. Sturgeon 
 River, flowing north, crosses the line in Section 32, the only 
 surface water being in a small marsh in Section 33.—D. Beatty, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Admirably suited for settlement, the land being 
 high and dry, and the soil a rich sandy loam. The divide 
 between the Saskatchewan and Sturgeon Rivers runs through the 
 township in a south-easterly direction, the land sloping gently to 
 the north-east and south-west on either side. The divide is cov-- 
 ered with a thick growth of poplar, with grey willow on the 
 lower slopes. Most of the poplar is of fair size, and would be 
 suitable for building material. The only stream is the Sturgeon 
 River, which runs through the north-west corner. It is very 
 tortuous, with high, precipitous banks, especially on the northern. 
 side, where, in places, they are over 200 feet in height. It is 
 thickly wooded on the north side. The land on the north of the- 
 river is much broken by deep ravines. There are a few hay 
 marshes towards the south.—G. A. Simpson, 1882.: 
 
 Outlines.—North, heavily timbered, except Section 34, which is 
 scrubby. Lakes submerge the greater part of theeast halves of 
 Sections 31 and 36. A largetamarac swamp or marsh was crossed 
 in 31. A creek, and the trailto Athabasca Landing, cross the 
 line in Section 34.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—About four-fifths is thickly timbered with 
 poplar, averaging about 6 inches in diameter. The remainder 
 consists of patches of willow and willow scrub. The soilis too 
 light for agricultural purposes, except that portion lying south of 
 theSturgeon River. A lakesubmerges much of Sections 25 and 
 36.—G. A. Simpson, 1882, 
 
 Outlines-—Timbered with a dense growth of poplar, with some 
 scattered pitch pine in the north-east. The soil is light and 
 sandy. Numerous marshes, swamps and lakes, especially in the 
 
 -northern*halfi—D. Beatty, 1883. 
 
&, 
 
 290. 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Rance XXIV. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is a fractional township, and unsurveyed south of 
 the Belly River. It consists almost entirely of bottom land of 
 excellent quality, and is nearly all occupied and under cultiva- 
 tion at the time of survey. An island in the Belly River is 
 heavily wooded with cottonwood trees, averaging 10 inches.— 
 S. L. Brabazon, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, with a sandy soil. A trail in 19, 
 
 and a small marsh in 7, were intersected. Neither wood nor water 
 on line—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 _ Hast, is a very dry, rolling prairie, broken by Belly River, 
 which flows across the south-eastern portion. Some good timber 
 along the river—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Contains fine prairie land, and also some 
 valuable bottom land along the Belly River. The banks of this 
 river are not nearly so high, rugged and precipitous as they are 
 
 further down, as loaded teams can pass, in many places, without © 
 
 difficulty, into the valley. The soil of the township is a clay 
 loam. Classes 1 and 2. There were large herds of cattle feed- 
 ing, and their fine condition gave indications of the nutritious 
 quality of their food; but the usual absence or lightness of rain- 
 fall in this region forces the conviction that the land is valuable 
 only as a cattle ranche.—S. L. Brabazon, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, with a sandy soil. Old Man’s 
 River in Section 30, and Coal Banks trail to Fort McLeod in $1, 
 were intersected. The soil to north of river is gravelly. Neither 
 wood nor water beyond the limits of the river.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 A dry, rolling prairie. Soil, a light sandy loam, with some 
 surface stone. The Old Man’s River flows diagonally through it. 
 There is a little timber along the river bottom.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Old Man’s River takes a diagonal and mean- 
 dering course across from the north-west corner to the south-east 
 corner. It is a beautiful and clear stream. The land is rough in 
 the vicinity of the river; the banks are high, rough and precipi- 
 tous, particularly in Sections 1, 2 and 8 on the south. On the 
 north side of the river the land is most excellent, surface rolling, 
 and soil a fine clay loam. At the time of survey large herds of 
 cattle were feeding upon it. Surface water is scarce, except in the 
 river, and there is no wood. A stratum of flagstone, 12 or 18 
 inches thick, resting on the clay banks, exists along the Old 
 Man’s River, and as it has been constantly undermined the pro- 
 
 Jjecting portions are periodically breaking off, and are scattered. 
 
 along the banks in large masses.—S. L. Brabazon, 1888. 
 
al, 
 
 12. 
 
 48. 
 
 M4, 
 
 - Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXIV 281. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie, with a fair sandy soil. There is 
 a small marsh in northern half of Section 30, but surface water, 
 generally, is scarce.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Kast, a very dry, rolling prairie. The soil, a light sandy loam, 
 with surface stone.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The southern portion of the township is chiefly 
 dry and gently-undulating prairie, broken, in places, by bottom 
 lands having a good growth of grass The soil is a black clay 
 loam, or a grey clay loam on aclay subsoil. Class 2. The northern 
 portion of the township is more undulating. Soil, aclay loam 
 and, in places, a sandy loam, ona subsoil of clay. The whole 
 township is very suitable for agriculture. Surface water is scarce. 
 — G. Ross, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The north of the township is rolling. Soil, clay loam, 
 ae in some places sandy loam. Water scarce —C. A. Magrath, 
 882. : 
 
 West. rolling prairie, with a sandy soil. There are small 
 marshes in Sections 6, 19 and 31.—No wood.—WM. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Kast, is a rolling prairie. Soil, light sandy loam. No water; 
 no timber.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The southern tier of sections is dry, undulating 
 prairie, with a good clay soil, and is fair agricultural land. The 
 remainder of the township is principally high-rolling prairie, 
 with a light sandy soil, better suited for grazing than farming. 
 Water is scarce and there is no wood.—G. Ross, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North and east, a good level prairie. Soil, good, but in 
 places gravelly; grass is very short; water scarce, except at 
 Little Bow, which runs through the township on its north 
 boundary. The Blackfoot Orossiag trail also runs through the 
 township.—F.. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 The west is rolling. Soil, clay loam, and in some places 
 sandy loam.—C. A Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with a sandy soil. A marsh, about 
 15 chains wide, in north of Section 19, and a trail from Fort Mc- 
 Leod to Blackfoot crossing, in 6, were intersected.—M. Aldous, 
 eb heyy 
 
 Sub-division —Undulating. Sandy loam soil, 6 to 10 inches 
 
 deep, on aclay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2, and better adapted for 
 
 grazing than agricultural purposes, though it will answer well 
 
 for the latter. The Little Bow River runs through Sections 34, | 
 
 85 and 36, in the north-east. (River described in Township 14, 
 Range 23). No wood.—J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, with a sandy and gravelly soil- 
 Little Bow River passing through a valley about 30 chains wide; 
 crosses in Section 6. No wood on line —M. Aldous, i881. 
 
 A level prairie The soil is a rich black loam. Water is 
 scarce, except at the Bow River, which flows westward along the 
 southerly tier of sections. There is no wood in the township.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. Sandy or clay loam soil 
 ona grey clay subsoil. Class 1; fair for agricultural purposes. 
 
282 
 
 15, 
 
 16 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initral Meridian—Range XXIV. 
 
 The Little Bow River runs along the southern boundary in @ 
 valley averaging three-quarters of a mile wide, and 50 feet under 
 prairie level. At the time of survey (August) the water only 
 stood in pools along the course of the river. No other surface 
 water, and no wood. The McLeod and Blackfoot trail crosses the 
 township.—J. F. Snow, 1883. . 
 
 Outlines.— West, dry, rolling plains, entirely without water, and 
 the vegetation, though in many places abundant, dry and 
 withered for want of moisture.--M. Aldous, 1881. ; 
 
 East, undulating and rolling prairie. The soil isa sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —Undulating prairie, of a clay loam on a clay 
 subsoil. Class 2. There are some watercourses, meadows and 
 sloughs, but all dry in September, and there is a spring of good 
 water in Section 32. No wood.——W. Crawford, 1883. 
 Outlines.—North, good rolling prairie, with several watercourses, 
 but all dry.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 West, dry, rolling plains, entirely without water, and the 
 vegetation, though in many places abundant, dry and withered 
 
 for want of moisture.—WM. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 1s. 
 
 East, undulating and rolling prairie. The soil is a sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1822. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam on a clay sub- 
 soil. Well adapted for cultivation, were it not for the scarcity of 
 rainfall. No wood.— W. Crawford, 18838. 
 
 Outlines —The west is a continuous undulating prairie, with clay 
 loam soil, and having a rich vegetation of grass. The south is. 
 good rolling prairie, with several watercourses, but all dry.— 
 
 O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 i8, 
 
 East, very undulating. Numerous small coulées and one or 
 two small creeks running south-east to the Little Bow River. The 
 soilis a good sandy loam, with clay subsoil_—C. EF. Wolff, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division,—The west haif is good rolling prairie. The east 
 half is broken by ravines and hollows forming the source of Little 
 Snake Creek. The soil is a good quality of clay loam on a clay 
 subsoil. No wood.— W. Crawford, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, is a continuous undulating prairie, with clay 
 
 ‘ loam soil, and having a rich vegetation of grass.—O. J. Klotz, 
 
 19. 
 
 1882. | 
 
 Kast, very undulating and greatly cut up with coulées. The- 
 soil is a good sandy loam, with clay subsoil. Excellent grazing 
 land.—C. E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 Sub-divison —Fine undulating prairie, with some good 
 meadows. Soil, dark clay loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, on a clay 
 subsoil, and class 1. A small but good spring creek crosses the 
 east bounuary of Section 9. This township is a fine one for settle- 
 ment, but is said to want sufficient rainfall. No wood.—W. 
 Crawford, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West, in Sections 35 and 25 there is a range of high 
 
 hills, sloping from about the centre of Section 25. The centre of 
 
22 
 
 ab 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian — Range XXIV. 283: 
 
 the township is rolling prairie ; the southern part level. A number 
 of spring rivulets flow from the hills — 7. Drummond, 182. 
 
 East, very undulating. The soil is good and the grass plen- 
 tiful, but on the tops of the ridges the soil is light. No creeks, 
 but a few spring rivulets—C. EZ. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Gently-undulating prairie, with a rich black 
 loam overlying clay. ‘There are a few small creeks and 
 fresh-water ponds, which afford a sufficiency of water (1884). 
 There is no wood. This isone of the best townships in the North- 
 West for agricultural purposes.—J. F. Snow, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Soil, black loam, with sandy loam 
 subsoil. This township, south of the railway, is in the Blackfoot 
 Reservation.— T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division —Mostly rolling, with some undulating prairie. 
 Soil, various, but mostly a black loam, class 1, and resting on a 
 clay subsoil. The Calgary trail crosses this township. Most of 
 this township is in the Indian Reserve.—J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, surface rolling. Soil, generally a light sandy 
 loam, from 10 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, sand and loam. No 
 water.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Rolling prairie. On the east boundary of Section 12 the line 
 crosses an alkaline slough three-quarters of a mile in width, and 
 on Section 1 the C. P. R. crosses the line. The Railway is the 
 north boundary of the Blackfoot Reservation.— T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, a black 
 loam on a clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 3. The C. P. R. crosses 
 this township, and has two stations—Strathmore and Namaka. 
 Eagle Lake (alkaline) occupies several of the north-west sections, 
 and another alkaline lake parts of Sections 11 and 12. The south- 
 easterly sections—1, 2 and 3—lie in the Indian Reserve.—J. J. Fran- 
 cis, 1883. | 
 
 . Outlines—North, surface rolling. Soil, clay and gravelly loam, 
 
 from 10 to 18 inches deep; subsoil, hard clay and sand. A few 
 small ravines are crossed in this range. No water. West, surface 
 rolling. Soil, generally a light sandy loam.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Kast, high-rolling prairie. Sandy loam soil, with sandy sub- 
 soil.— 7. R. Hewson, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, a rich 
 black loam, 10 to 20 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. There isa 
 good supply of surface water in lakes and marshes which are 
 scattered over the township. The lakes are mostly alkaline. A 
 large alkaline lake, called Hagle Lake, lies in the south-west. 
 Some good hay lands. No wood.—J. J. Francis, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines —Rolling country. Soil, heavy hard clay; second class 
 
 character. Traversed by a small creek.—T. R. Hewson, 1888. ;. 4 
 South, surface rolling. Soil, clay and gravelly loam, from 10 
 to 18 inches deep; subsoil, hard clay and sand. No water.—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1882. on 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling prairie. Soils, sandy loam and black 
 clay loam, on clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. The central sections 
 are rather hilly and broken, as also are the north central sections, 
 
284 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXIV. . 
 
 and Sections 7 and 8. An alkaline lake lies on the boundary of 8 
 
 and 9. Small marshes are numerous and hay and pasture lands 
 are plentiful. Crowfoot Creek—with good water—crosses the 
 township.—J. J. Francis, 1883. : 
 
 26. Outlines.—Rolling country. Soil, clay loam, with clay subsoil.— 
 T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 | Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie, except in and 
 about Sections 6, 7, 16, 14, 12,26 and 28, which is broken and 
 hilly. Soil, generally class 2. An alkaline lake lies on Sections 
 8 and 9, and several small creeks cross the township.—J. J. 
 Francis, 1883. 
 
 27, Outlines.—Open country. Good clay soil. Watered by Savasse- 
 berry Creek. Well suited to agriculture—T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 28, Outlines.—North, rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, clay loam, 
 inclined to dryness. Classes 1 and 2. Marshes and ponds scarce.— 
 T. Fawcett, 18838. 
 Open prairie. Good clay soil. Well adapted to agriculture. 
 —T. hk. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 29. Outlines.—Rolling prairie, crossed by Knee Hill Creek from Sec- 
 tiou 81 to Section 24, in a valley about 40 chains wide and 50 to | 
 100 feet deep, which is joined by numerous coulées and ravines, 
 many of these being wooded with poplar and willow. Soil, a 
 sandy loam, and would average second class, but there is very 
 little water.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 30. Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with long, gentle slopes and broad 
 valleys, but very little water. Soil,‘sandy loam. Ranks as second 
 class. —ZL. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 SI, Outiines.—Rolling prairie, traversed from Section 33 to Section 1 
 by Three Hill Creek, a stream 20 links wide and 2 feet deep, in a 
 broad, shallow valley. Soil, of fair quality—a sandy loam, with 
 clay loam subsoil, averaging second class.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 $2. Outlines—Rolling prairie, crossed by Three Hill Creek from Sec- 
 tion 31 to Section 4, in a slight depression. In Sections 138, 24, 
 and on the east boundary, three knolls rising, to about 150 feet 
 over the plain, and known as the Three Hills, form a conspicuous 
 landmark. Thesoil is good—a sandy loam; ranking first class.— 
 L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 $3. Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Soil,sandy loam, with clay loam sub- 
 soil. Is nearly all first class—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 34. Outlines—Rolling prairie, with occasional patches of brush. Soil 
 sandy loam. First class.—JZ. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 35. Outlines.—Rolling prairie, partly covered with brush and bluffs 
 of poplar; the southern sections open, and traversed by Devil’s 
 Pine Creek, flowing south-east. Occasional ponds dot the surface. 
 Soil, sandy loam, of first class quality.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 $6, Outlines.—North, rolling country prevails across this township. 
 In certain localities it his hilly,with good soil; in others, the soil 
 is sandy, supporting a poor class of vegetation. Poplar bluffs, 
 
39 
 
 £0 
 
 41, 
 
 42. 
 
 43. 
 
 . @ 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXIV. 285 
 
 with pends and swamps fringed with willows, are frequent. 
 The poplar is of fair size, and the bluffs of considerable magni- 
 tude. ‘The soil is first and second class.—T'. Kains, 1883. 
 Rolling land, with numerous bluffs and brush, and occa- 
 sional ponds and small lakes. Soil, in places, good, but in others 
 shallow and sandy. Ranks second class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Wooded ridges cross from east to west—the depres- 
 sions containing more or less ponds, with willows, poplars and 
 prairie Openings alternating. A creek crosses diagonally from 
 north-west to south-east—running, on the west half through a fine 
 level flat ; but cutting through hills of considerable elevation on 
 the east half. First class, supporting a luxuriant growth of grasses, 
 vetches, pea-vines, &c. Soil. black sandy loam.—C. F. Miles, 1884 , 
 
 Outlines.—North, scattered bluffs of poplar and willow. The 
 
 country is covered with poplar. The line crosses a small creek 
 
 iene times. Gently-rolling. Soil, first class—C. A. Magrath, 
 883. 
 
 A creek meanders through the northerly tier of sections, 
 which, during the rainy season averaged, about 8 feet in depth 
 and 66 feet in width; otherwise, only 1 or 2 feet in depth and 
 8 or 10 wide. From this creek thereis a slight, gradual, but rolling 
 ascent to the south until about the centre of the township where 
 the woods becomes denser, and the timber—where not destroyed 
 by recent fires—larger, commencing with scrub willow adjoin- 
 Ing the creek. The south half again forms a gradual southerly 
 descent, prairie openings alternating with bluffs of poplar, the 
 latter of less magnitude towards either the north or south 
 boundaries. There are numerous ponds, containing good water. 
 Soil, first class, consisting principally of a rich, black sandy loam, 
 excepting the, tops of the numerous knolls, which are more of a 
 sandy and gravelly nature, with either clay or sandy subsoil. 
 C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Is divided into the south-west half and north-east half 
 by a good sized stream running in a deep valley, widening 
 towards its outlet. The stream itself widens out into some quite 
 picturesque lakes, in which pike abound. This stream takes its 
 rise in Range 25, and is a feeder of Buffalo Lake—and a very large 
 feeder during the rainy season. This creek flows through a marsh 
 in the south-east corner, which, during the freshets, forms into a 
 good sized lake. This township is well wooded with poplar up to 
 12 inches in diameter, and a few belts of spruce, and also much 
 grey willow and second growth poplar. This township is rolling 
 and somewhat hilly ; but the soil is generally first class, consisting 
 principally of a black sandy loam.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—May be described as all wooded with, principally, 
 poplar and balm of Gilead, with very few belts (as far as observed) 
 of spruce. The soil is principally a black sandy loam, with 
 numerous muskegs. First class, excepting the north-east quarter, 
 which is second class.—-C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, commonly wooded with poplar, willow 
 and a few patches of spruce. There are a great number of ponds 
 
286 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXIV. 
 
 and lakelets, and several creeks, discharging into Battle River.. 
 The soil is fair, and averages class 2.--L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—The greater part of this township is rolling 
 ‘land, mostly covered with willow scrub. Numerous small lakes 
 and meadows are found. Poplar as large as 8 inches in diameter 
 can be seen in places. Battle river crosses through Sections 31, 
 32, 33, 384, 88, 86 and 25. The trail to the settlement crosses the 
 river in Section 26, passing through 25. All the sections in this — 
 township, north of the road line, between Sections 12 and 18, are 
 in the valley of Battle River, and are in every way suitable for 
 settlement In this township the riveris very crooked, while the- 
 banks are quite low.— WV. R. Freeman, 1884. 
 
 44, Outlines.—North, the soil is generally first class. The country is 
 slightly-undulating, with patches of willows and numerous 
 ponds and swamps, in the vicinity of which beds of alkali were 
 noticed.— 7. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Gently-rolling country, mostly open, with some bluffs of 
 poplar, and in the southern sections, along Battle River, occasional 
 groves of spruce. This township is as fine a strip of land as any 
 in the district. —Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 45. Outlines.—W est and east, rolling, and interspersed with patches. 
 of willows and many swamps. The soil throughout is of first 
 class quality.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 7 
 
 Sub-division.—The south-easterly part of this township is. 
 high-rolling prairie, and the surface soil is 20 to 30 inches deep. 
 The remainder of the township is lower, and slightly undulating, 
 the surface soil being about 12 inches deep, with small patches of 
 alkali near the Bow River trail. As a whole, this township is. 
 one of the best in this district, and lying, as it does, on the main 
 highway, isadmirably adapted for settlement.—W. Beatty, 1884. 
 
 46. Outlines —West and east, for the most part undulating. The- 
 Peace Hills are situate near the centre of the township. The Big 
 Stone Creek, 50 links in width, crosses: the south-west part. In 
 the neighborhood of this creek there is much poplar and spruce. 
 With the exception of the Peace Hills, the soil is a heavy sand 
 loam, from 9 to 15 inches in depth, with clay subsoil.J. J. 
 McArthur, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The north half is timbered with poplar, and in 
 the north-west part there are some scattered spruce. The southern: 
 portion contains small bluffs of poplar, willow and intervening 
 places of open prairie. The soil is light in the north-west, but 
 much better inthe remainder. Lakes and muskegs are plentifully 
 scattered throughout.—D. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 47. Outlines.— West, prairie, with a fair soil, timbered with spruce, 
 poplar and willow. A small lake and Pipestone Creek, in Section 
 19, and small marshes in 18, were intersected ; also a creek running 
 east in south of 6. Class 1.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, with a third class sandy loam soil, 6. 
 inches deep, with a clay subsoil, covered with poplar, excepting 
 Section 1 and south half of 12, which are open. Sections 24 and 
 25 are considerably broken by muskegs and marshes, and also by 
 
AS, 
 
 AD. 
 
 0, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—RangeXX1V. 28% 
 
 a small lake in 24. A creek and cart trail in 12, and another cart 
 trail and a smali lake in 1.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division—About half of this township is high-rolling 
 prairie, of poor quality, composed of a sandy soil. The remainder 
 of the township is marshy, with a good many muskegs and a few 
 small ponds. There are a few small patches of spruce, of a fair 
 quality, and suitable for building. The Peace Hills Government 
 Farm is located on Section 2. There is but little alluvial soil ; 
 even the lower portions are sandy loam. The Bow River trail 
 crosses the township, and is joined there by the Pigeon Lake and 
 the Selway Crossing trails.—W. Beat/y, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling prairie, with poplar and willow bluffs, 
 excepting Section 3!, which is open—the poplar being from 4 to 
 12 inches in diameter. Soil, rich black loam, with aclay subsoil. 
 Class 1. Small marshes occur in all the sections, excepting 31. A 
 lake, 8 chains wide, was intersected in 36.—C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, covered with poplar and willow bush, 
 with some spruce timber in Sections 7 and 18. Soil, in the north, 
 is first class, while in the south it is first and second. A small 
 marsh in 1%, and one, about 20 chains wide, in 19, were crossed. 
 A trail leading from Bow River to Edmonton crosses this section. 
 —L. R. Ord, 1883. . 
 
 fast, rolling prairie, with a third class sandy loam soil, 7 
 inches deep, and aclay subsoil. Timbered with poplar, and some 
 spruce and birch. Two small creeks cross in Section 24. Small 
 streams, running east, in 1 and 13, that in 1 having banks 150 feet 
 high. --J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is unfit for cultivation, being low, wet and 
 sandy. The eastern half is covered with large poplar, cottonwood 
 and some spruce; but this timber is hard to obtain in summer, 
 the place being fullof muskegs. The western halfis covered with 
 a growth of small poplar and willow.— W. Beatty, 1884. 
 
 Outlines——-West, prairie, with poplar and willow bluffs. Soil, 
 first class. A lake, from 18 to 20 chains wide, is crossed by. line 
 between Sections 19 and 80; also telegraph line in 30. There is 
 a small slough in 7 intersected. Poplar bush in northern part of 
 7.—L. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Contains very few open places, being nearly 
 all covered with dense poplar, high willows, windfall and burnt 
 timber, with patches of spruce and white birch in the vicinity 
 of the lakes and streams. The south is very low and marshy, 
 while the north is rolling, sandy land. The best portion adapted 
 for settlement lies west of Saunder’s Lake.—W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling prairie, with small poplar and willow, 
 A hay marsh and slough in Section 6, and ponds in 7, 18 and 19. 
 were intersected. Black Mud Creek, with willow bush on 
 banks, was crossed several times in 31. Soil, first class, being 
 mostly black clay.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Sub-divisiou.—Timbered with poplar—densely in places— 
 much of which lies fallen and dead. There are openings of high 
 
 and scrub willow scattered throughout, but in no place is there 
 
288 
 
 ol. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXIV. 
 
 any open prairie. The soil, generally, is good. The tawnship is: 
 plentifully watered by large and small lakes, muskegs and creeks.. 
 —D. Beatty, 18838. | 
 
 Outlines —West, prairie, with a first class soil, covered with 
 dense poplar and willow, intermingled with spruce. In Section 
 80 a small marsh and a small pond. West of 19 and 311s consider- 
 ably broken by Black Mud Creek, having high banks, which 
 crosses near northern boundary. This creek enters and crosses the 
 
 township from Section 6. In the east, poplar bush and scrub. 
 
 Lakes in Sections land 13; ponds in 18, 24 and 25; marshes. 
 in 36, and the trail from Edmonton to Hay Lakes in 36. South, 
 country having a first class soil, timbered with poplar and willow, 
 intermingled with spruce.—L. R. Ord, 1883. ° 
 
 Sub-division.—Timbered with poplar and a few scattered 
 spruce, among which there are openings covered with scrub and 
 high willow and poplar scrub. There is no open prairie, and the 
 soil is generally good.—D. Beatty, 1888. 
 
 Nortr.—North halt.of this township is an Indian reserve. 
 
 52. 
 
 Outlines —West, prairie, with a rich black loam. Soil, class 1, 
 mostly covered with bluffs of small poplar and clumps of willow, 
 also spruce, frorhn 8 to 20 inches in diameter, in the north of 
 Sections 7and 19. Sections 30 and 31 are broken by the North 
 Saskatchewan River, which crosses both. Small marshes and 
 ponds in 6 and 18. Pigeon Lake trail in north of 18. Small creeks | 
 in 6 and 7 were intersected. There are small tracts of broken 
 land in 6 and 31. In the east, bush and scrub, with a few prairie 
 openings. Oreeks in Sections 1, 24 and 25. Marshes and ponds 
 occur along the line. In 81 the Fort Saskatchewan trail was. 
 intersected.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. , 
 
 Sub-division.—Is nearly covered with’ high poplar and wil- 
 lows, with a few patches of spruce. The soil is a good alluvial 
 deposit, of from 12 to 16 inches in depth, but is broken by numer- 
 ous small ponds and marshes, and the Saskatchewan River, which 
 runs through the north-west corner. A portion of the Edmonton 
 settlement is in this township.— W. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 Norz —South half of this township is an Indian reserve. 
 
 a8. 
 
 54, 
 
 Sub-division.—Edmonton is built upon Sections 3, 4 and 5 of this. 
 township. The Saskatchewan River enters the township in 
 Section 8, and after coursing in a north-easterly direction leaves it 
 in Section 1. The land is all of excellent quality, and settlers 
 have a large area under cultivation, chiefly of barley and wheat. 
 The timber in every section is of a size suitable for fencing and 
 fuel, and in many places for building.—G. A. Simpson, 1882. - 
 
 Sub-division.—Is a rich black loam, on a clay subsoil, and mostly 
 covered with a thick undergrowth of young poplar and willows, 
 with heavy burnt and fallen poplar in places. There are a few 
 small lakes and hay marshes, with a creek and coulée running 
 through the township. A number of trails cross the township, 
 which is a good agricultural one, and has some settlers.—G. A. 
 Simpson, 1882. 
 
55. 
 
 D7, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXIV. 289 
 
 Sub-division.—The greater portion, that north of the Sturgeon 
 River, is nearly covered with a thick growth of young wood, 
 chiefly poplar and grey willow. - It is very much broken by deep 
 ravines, thickly wooded on each side, through which small streams 
 now flow into the Sturgeon River. The soil is of excellent quality. 
 The country on the south of the river 1s more open, being prairie, 
 scattered with clumps of willow. Soil, a rich loam. The 
 Sturgeon River flows in a north-easterly direction through 
 the lower part of the township. It is very tortuous, with high 
 banks, those on the north being from 100 to 200 feet in height. 
 The current is not rapid and the water is of good quality. Alto- 
 gether, the township is well adapted for settlement.—G. A. Simp- 
 son, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—North and west, prairie, with a first class soil, timbered 
 with poplar, tamarac, spruce and grey willow. The spruce in some 
 places are from 8 to 80 inches in diameter. Small marshes, ponds 
 and creeks are numerous.—C, A. Magrath, 1882. | 
 Sub-division.—About one-tenth is timbered with spruce, of 
 good quality ; the remainder with poplar. The greater part of the 
 spruce is in the north-west quarter. The soil is generally hight 
 and sandy, and there are numerous marshes.— D. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Timbered with poplar and scattered spruce, broken 
 with patches of scrub and willow. The soil is generally light and 
 sandy, but there about two thousand acres in the north-west part 
 of a better quality, and suitable for settlement. The eastern half 
 is, in places, very swampy.—G. A. Simpson, 1882. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE XXV. 
 
 Outlines.—Is a good grazing lease, but not much adapted to 
 farming. What land there is, fit for settlement, is taken up. 
 The Waterton makes its confluence with the Belly in the northern 
 portion of this township._-F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—The western half of the north line is level, while the 
 
 eastern half and the east is rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy loam. 
 Trails cross the line in Sections 31, 32 and 38, and extend north 
 and west of the Belly, north of which are also numerous other 
 trails. Timber was seen on left bank of Belly River—W. Aldous, 
 1881. 
 
 West, level and undulating prairie. The soil is a good clay 
 loam, with a clay subsoil—C. E. Wolff, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The southern outline of this township runs 
 
 through land of the poorest description. The south-west angle is 
 
 in the valley; but immediately to the east the character of the 
 land becomes mountainous, but without much elevation. 
 Towards the eastern boundary of Section 6 the land is fairly level, 
 and continues so until the river is reached; but the soil is very 
 stony. In the centre and in the east the land is much better, 
 being a large proportion of bottom land. There are a few 
 beautiful spring rills, and one or two permanent ponds. North 
 of the cross line the land is a beautiful plain, all first class soil. 
 The Belly River, forming the south-east boundary, has clear, fresh 
 water, low banks and a three-mile current.—S L. Brabazon, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines.—West, is very dry, rolling land. The only water is in 
 
 the Old Man’s River, which runs through the north-west quarter 
 of the township, in a valley almost inaccessible in places, and very 
 rocky. There is some poplar and cottonwood timber along the 
 river.—F. W Armstrong, 18838, 
 
 East, rolling prairie, with a sandy soil. A trail in 24, and a 
 small marsh in 12, were‘intersected. Neither wood nor water on 
 line. ~M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Gently-undulating and rolling. Clay and sandy 
 loam soils, on a grey clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. The Old 
 Man’s River enters by Section 18 and leaves by Section 34. The 
 valley of the river is from a mile to nearly two miles wide, and 
 100 feet under prairie level, with steep banks, except in Sections 
 17 and 18, where the valley slopes to the river by an easy descent. 
 The bottom lands of the valley are mainly washdowns from the 
 hillsides, and consist of grey clay on a gravel subsoil. A belt of 
 wood, chiefly poplar and willow of small size, grows along the 
 banks. Fort McLeod (headquarters of the Mounted Police), is 
 
 built on the south-west extremity of an island formed in the Old - 
 
 -Man’s River, and forms part of Section 18. The village around 
 
10. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXV. 291° 
 
 the fort contains a population of about 400. In the vicinity 
 numbers of settlers are engaged in farming, one of whom has 600 
 acres of well-fenced meadows and pastures, including 100 acres 
 in wheat and root crops doing well. Willow Creek, entering on 
 Section 30, joins the river in Section 29.—J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—W est. is very dry, rolling land. Soil very light. Some 
 timber on the Old Man’s River, which runs diagonally through 
 the eastern half of the township —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, with a sandy soil. Old Man’s River in 
 Section «5, and Coal Banks trail to Fort McLeod in 36, were inter- 
 sected. The soil to the north of river is gravelly. Neither wood 
 nor water beyond the limits of the river —M. Aldcus, 18%1 
 
 Sub-division Open and undulating, very much broken by 
 
 the valley of Old Man’s River, and deep ravines opening into it. 
 
 Al. 
 
 A, 
 
 The soil on the benches is sandy and clay loams, on a grey clay 
 subsoil ; on the bottoms it is fine clay washdown from the hills, 
 
 ‘on a gravelly subsoil. The river enters on Section 3 and leaves 
 
 by 25; is from 300 to 450 feet broad; 1 to 6 feet deep, witha 
 swift current ; meanders through the valley, 125 feet under prairie 
 level, and has steep cut banks, which are difficult of access. There 
 is a belt of poplar growing along the river, which varies from 100 
 feet to half a mile wide, and-is small in size, and only suitable for 
 fuel. There are a few settlers in the township, The trails from 
 McLeod to Blackfoot Crossing, and the high water trail from 
 McLeod to Medicine Hat, cross the township.—J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, level and rolling prairie. Soil, a clay loam, with | 
 a clay subsoil. A few spring marshes —C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, witha fair sandy soil. There is a small 
 marsh in northern half of Section 25, but generally no surface 
 water on line.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division—Gently-undulating or undulating prairie, with 
 good clay loam soil on clay subsoil. Class 2, The western part 
 of the township is somewhat gravelly, and broken by a few 
 detached buttes, varying from 30 to 70 feet high, and capped with 
 pure gravel. There areonly a few marshes, and there is a fair 
 growth of prairie grass. It is good agricultural land.—G. Ross, 
 1883. | 
 
 Outlines—North, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam and, in some 
 places, sandy loam.—-C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 . West, level and rolling prairie. Soil,a clay loam, with a clay 
 subsoil. There is scarcely any water along the line, only two 
 small ponds occurring—one in Section 6 and the other in Section 
 ‘7, and a considerable area of meadow land in Section 30.—C. E. 
 Wolf, 1888. 
 
 Fast, rolling in the south and hilly prairie in the north, with 
 a sandy soil There are insignificant marshes in Sections 1, 24 
 and 36.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—The surface is chiefly gently-undulating 
 
 ‘prairie, with good clay soil. Sections 24, 25, 26,85 and 86 are 
 
 high-rolling prairie, with light sandy soil, broken by ridges 60 
 19* 
 
13, 
 
 14, 
 
 15. 
 
 Townshins West of Fourth Initial Meridtan.—Range XXV. 
 
 feet high. There is a fine hay meadow of large dimensions in: 
 
 ' Section 18. The whole township, except those parts mentioned, 
 
 is very suitable for agriculture. The grass is of fair growth. 
 There is no surface water.—G. Ross, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West, is very dry, rolling prairie. Soil, light and sandy ; 
 grass poor. No timber.—F..W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 South and east, rolling prairie, with a good dark and gravelly 
 soil. Hill tops very gravelly. Surface water scarce. Small | 
 marshes in 24, 1,8 and 4, and the Little Bow River in 36.— 
 M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Excellent rolling prairie land. Soil, a dark 
 gravelly loam, 8 to is inches deep, on subsoils of clay and sand. 
 Classes 1 and 2. The northern tier of sections have several hills, 
 the tops of which are light in soil. The Little Bow River touches 
 Section 36, has low banks, averages 1 foot deep (June), and has a 
 three to four mile current. Surface water elsewhere is scarce. No 
 wood. The river valley is about 20 chains wide. A lake about 
 80 chains wide, with low lands on east margin, was crossed in 
 31.—J. J. Francis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines —West, is a very dry, rolling land. Soil, light and sandy. 
 In Ranges 25 and 26 there is a large lake, the water of which is 
 alkaline. This lake is in Nection 6, and the land on both sides, 
 for several miles, is hilly and sandy Little Bow River flows 
 through this township. No timber.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, with a sandy and gravelly soil. Little 
 Bow River, passing through a valley about 30 chains wide, crosses 
 in Section 1. No wood indicated on line.-—M. Aldous, 1381. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay and sandy loam, 6 
 to 10 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Little Bow River courses 
 the township from the north-west to south-east corners, in a valley 
 75 feet under prairie level, and about 1,400 feet broad, but sloping 
 so gradually as‘to make fine farming tracts. The average width 
 of the river is 60 links, and depth 12 to 18 inches, with a swift 
 current and numerous rapids, where mill sites might easily be 
 made and water procured sufficient to run mills to the end of 
 summer.—J. J. Francis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— West, is a dry, rolling, open prairie. The grass very 
 poor and no water, except in Little Bow River and Mosquito 
 Creek, which cross the south-west corner. No timber.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1888. tt 
 
 Kast, dry and rolling plains, entirely without water, and the 
 vegetation, though in many places abundant, dry and withered 
 for want of moisture.—M. Aldous, 1881. - 
 
 Sub-division.—Fine rolling prairie, composed of a clay loam 
 soil, 6 to 12 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Class 1. Surface 
 water, generally, scarce. Dry creeks in Sections 84 and 85, and 
 in 386 a. small. creek running south. Hills. were crossed 
 in 382 and 384. Little Bow River crosses the south-west 
 corner, entering by Section 7 and leaving by Section 5, having 
 high banks. No wood—J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
16. 
 
 ive 
 
 iS. 
 
 A9. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXV. 293 
 
 Outlines.—West, is a very dry, rolling, open prairie. The grass. 
 very poor and the soil sandy.— F. W. Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 North and east, dry, rolling plains, entirely without water, 
 and the vegetation, though in many places abundant, dry and 
 withered for want of moisture —M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 6 to 12 
 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Class 1. No surface. water 
 existed at the time of survey (August), and there is no wood.—J. 
 J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West, high-rolling prairie. The soil, a good clay loam, 
 with clay subsoil. The tops of the ridges are generally covered 
 with small boulders ——C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Kast, is a continuous undulating prairie, with clay loam soil, 
 and having rich vegetation of grass.—O. J. Klotz, 1382. 
 
 South, is good, dry, undulating prairie. The vegetation, 
 though in many places abundant, is withered from lack of mois- 
 ture.—M. Aldous, 1881. : 1 
 
 Sub-division—Mostly rolling, but rather hilly in its southern 
 part, although not sufficiently to be a drawback to farming. A 
 
 small stream crosses the township on Sections 14, 15, 16, 17, 20 
 
 and 19, which dries up before autumn. The soil is aclay and 
 black loam, of 15 to 20 inches deep, on a clay subsoil, and class 1 
 for farming. Surface water is scarce, but a lasting supply might 
 be obtained in wells.—G. P. Roy, 18838. 
 
 Outlines—West, low and flat, a good deal of it being covered with . 
 from 2 to 4 inches of water. Very soft and boggy. The soil is clay. 
 --C. E. Wolff, 1883. | 
 
 East, is a continuous undulating prairie, with clay loam soil, 
 and having a rich vegetation of grass.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. . 
 
 Sub-division.—A marsh lies on Section 23, which forms the 
 source of a small stream coursing over Sections 19, 30 and 31, but 
 drying up during summer. The township is generally rolling ; 
 but is level in the south-west, over a space of two or three miles. 
 The soil is clay and black loams, classes 1 and 2, according to 
 locality and subsoil. A few places are gravelly and sandy.—G. 
 P. Roy, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, well adapted for farming or 
 grazing purposes, the soil being a good clay loam, with clay sub- 
 soil. The country is thickly dotted with small lakes. The grass 
 is plentiful, and of good quality—C. E. Wolff, 1883. - 
 
 East, in Sections 81 and 30 there is a range of high hills, 
 sloping from about the centre of Section 30. The centre of the 
 township is rolling prairie; the southern part is level—T. 
 Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —The north-west corner is inclined westwards ; 
 the south-east corner is heavy-rolling, and the balance of the 
 township is a valley occupied by a small stream crossing Sections 
 4,-9, 16, 21, 27 and 34. Sections 86, 25 and 24 are rather rough, 
 and cut by gullies entering the valley. One of these gullies is 
 very wild looking, and 100 to 150 feet deep. The soil is all class. 
 1, and the water is good wherever found:—G. P. Roy, 1883. 
 
 194% 
 
294 
 20. 
 
 ai. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXV. 
 
 Outlines —West, rolling prairie, well adapted for farming or 
 grazing purposes, thesoil being a good clay and sandy loam, with 
 clay subsoil The country is thickly dotted with small lakes. 
 The grass is plentiful and of good quality.—C. E. Wolff, |888. 
 North, the land is excellent, and has been ranked as first 
 class. The soil resembles the black loam in the Province of 
 Manitoba. East, level prairie, with hills towards the south. 
 Arrow-wood Creek, winding through the north half of Section 13, 
 is crossed by this line at five different points. A branch of this 
 creek, which joins the main stream a short distance east, is also 
 crossed in the south of this section. This ime forms the western 
 boundary of Blackfoot Indian Reserve.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 Sub-division—Generally rough and hilly. A hill, 150 feet. 
 high, covers part of it, running in a north-easterly direction 
 towards the base line. A stream which enters by the south-east 
 corner and again courses over Sections 8, 11 and 13, curves and 
 twists in its course in every conceivable direction, and describes 
 all forms of figures. It contains good water. There is a good sup- 
 ply of fresh surface water in sloughs. The soil is all first class, 
 except on the elevations, which are gravelly.—G. P. Roy, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the land is all first class, with a rich black clay 
 loam soil. Undulating prairie, except.where broken by the Bow 
 River, in the valley of which there is a good supply of cotton wood 
 timber, with very fair spruce on the escarpment of the southern 
 banks. The water in the Bow River is clear as crystal. The river 
 flats are covered with a rich growth of grass. West, rolling 
 prairie, with a first class clay and sandy loam soil, having numer- 
 ous boulders in Section 6. Sections 6, 7,18 and 19 slope gradu- 
 ally northward to the Bow River. The north bank is wooded with 
 willow and with cottonwood, from 6 to 20 inches in diameter. 
 South half of 81 is much broken by coulées.—C. F. Miles, 188 2. 
 South, the land is excellent, and has been ranked as first class. 
 Soil, black loam.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—High, dry and rolling prairie, chiefly adapted 
 for grazing purposes, with a fair amount of good farming lands, 
 and is well watered. Soil is composed of sandy loam, 6 inches in 
 depth, with a clay subsoil, gravelly in places. Four to 12-inch 
 cottonwood, suitable for building, was found on the island in Sec- 
 tion 81. Islands in Sections 34 and 35 contain cottonwood and 
 poplar from 8 to 12 inches in diameter. In Sections 32 and 33 
 are scattered poplar and cottonwood, 4 to 10 inches in diameter. 
 —J. J. Francis, 18838. bes iit 
 
 . Outlines.—West, undulating prairie, with a black clay loam soil. 
 
 Hills were intersected in Section 81. Neither wood nor water . 
 on line.—C. F. Miles, 1882. é 
 
 Is bounded on the south-east by the Blackfoot Indian 
 Reserve. This part of the township is broken by the Bow 
 
 . ltiver, which crosses from the north of the southerly township. 
 
 The land is first class. The soil is a black loam.—T. Drummond, 
 1882. 
 
 _ South, the land is all first class, with a rich black clay loam 
 soil, Undulating prairie, except where broken by the Bow River 
 
 i 
 Pa 
 
25. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXV. 295 
 
 in the south-east, in the valley of which there is cottonwood and 
 spruce. The water is very clear.. The river flats are covered 
 with a rich growth of grass.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Good rolling prairie, with a fair percentage of 
 good farming land ; is well watered ; suitable for mixed farming, 
 containing some excellent bottom lands, with good hay. Soilis | 
 composed of sandy loam, of an average depth of 6 inches, with a 
 clay subsoil, gravelly in places. There is no timber, except on 
 the Bow River and on the islands, where it consists of poplar 
 and cottonwood as large as 1 foot in diameter principally on 
 General’s Island. Petroleum oil is observable on the island in 
 Section 1. With this exception, no indications of minerals were: 
 seen.—J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—West, rolling country. Ravines in Sections 6 and 7. A 
 
 grassy slough in (8 and atrailin 6. Wood and water scarce.— 
 T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Kast, surface rolling. Soil, generally a light sandy loam, from 
 10 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, sand and loam. No water.—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with isolated places inclined to. 
 be hilly, but not sufficiently so to prevent almost everywhere being 
 utilized. One hill on Section 10 is an exception ; it is rather steep, 
 and about 200 feet high. The C. P. R. crosses the township, and 
 the 16th siding is on the west part of Section 25 The trail from 
 Calgary to Medicine Hat crosses Sections 3, 4,5 and 6. The soil. 
 is first class, being a rich, deep, clay loam, on a clay subsoil.—G.. 
 P. Roy, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, surface rolling. Soil, poor, sandy loam ; subsoil, 
 hardened clay :.ud sand. There are many small alkaline ponds. 
 East, surface ruiling. Soil, generally a light sand loam, from 10 
 to 15 inches deep; subsoil, sand and loam. No water.—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1X82. 
 
 West. rolling, much broken in Sections 7, 18, 19, 80 and 31 
 by a saline creek, which is crossed by the C.P.R. in north half of 
 7. No wood.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—In the Carcass Hills’ country, and is heavily- 
 rolling in consequence. The inclinations are, however, all suit- 
 able for agricultural work, and the soil is a rich clay loam, suitable 
 for raising any kind of crops. There are numerous small lakes 
 scattered throughout the township, especially in the east, but 
 nearly all alkaline. The C.P.R. crosses the township from Section. 
 7 to 1—G. P. Roy, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling country, of a third class character. Numerous: 
 alkaline sloughs. Soil, sandy and alkaline. Hilly portions were 
 crossed in 1%, :9, 30, 81, 18, 24 and 86. No wood —T. R. Hewson, 
 1883. 
 
 South, surface rolling. Soil poor, sandy loam, on clay and 
 sand. There are many small alkaline ponds.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—-Rolling prairie, which becomes more hilly and 
 broken towards the north-east, north and centre; but not sufh- 
 ciently so to prevent tillage. The south and south-west is gently- 
 
 \ 
 
296 
 
 26, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXY. 
 
 rolling. The soil is mostly a sandy loam on a clay subsoil, and 
 class 2. There is an ‘abundant supply of surface water in small 
 lakes and marshes. Some of the lakes are’ alkaline. Crowfoot 
 Creek crosses the township. Good’ for agricultural purposes.—-J. 
 J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.-—All this township appears to be a rolling country, of a 
 third class character. Numerous alkaline sloughs. Soil, sandy 
 
 _and alkaline.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. — 
 
 27 
 
 28. 
 
 =9. 
 
 39. 
 
 ol 
 
 North, rolling prairie, with sand mounds that cannot be cul 
 tivated. There are large ponds with elevated margins ; also sloughs 
 and small marshes. No wood—-G. P. Roy, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, a sandy loam on a clay 
 subsoil. Class 2. There are a number of lakes and marshes scat- 
 tered throughout, the lakes being generally alkaline. No wood. 
 A fair agricultural township.—J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outiines—Rolling country; clay soil. There are sandy knolls, 
 which extend on east boundaries of Sections 1 and 12. West, 
 rolling prairie, with hills sloping north and south in Sections 18, 
 30 and 31. Savasseberry Creek crosses the township, flowing east 
 from 19. No wood.—T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Sub-divisiton. —North of the Savasseberry Creek fair second 
 class soil is to be found, except near the Correction Line and in the 
 south-west corner, where it is poor. Sections 9, 10, 11, 14 and 15 
 are worthless, except for a few bluffs of poplar. The Savasseberry 
 Creek crosses from west to east, and is slightly alkaline, but 
 drinkable. In the south are a few small alkaline ponds. The 
 south is rolling ; the north hilly.—G. P. Roy, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, nearly all rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 16 
 inches deep, inclined to dryness, but class 1. Ground rises east- 
 wards.— 7. Fawcett, 18838. 
 
 Rolling country; clay soil; no wood; water slightly alka- 
 line; some hay marshes. A hill, about one mile from base to base, 
 in Section 1.—T. R. Hewson, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie. Very little water. Soil, sandy 
 loam, of fair quality, ranking second class. A valley; about one 
 mile wide, traversed hy Knee Hill Creek, with scrub on shores, 
 was crossed in Section 36 ; also another narrow valley, with asmall 
 creek, in 24.—L.. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 South, undulating prairie, with a good soil for agricultural 
 purposes. Hills in 5, and small marshes in 5 and 6, were inter- 
 sected. No wood.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Open, rolling prairie. Knee Hill Creek passing through 
 a valley about 30 chains wide, flows across the township from 
 Section 80 to the south-east. There is also a smaller creek pass- 
 ing through a valley about’ the same width in 18, which is a 
 tributary to the former. North-east of Knee Hill Creek Valley 
 
 the land is rough and hilly. Soil-averages second class.—ZL. R. 
 Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Prairie, rolling in long, sweeping undulations, the land 
 in the centre of the township rising into the Knee Hills, some 
 
BS 2 5 
 
 33. 
 
 34, 
 
 35. 
 
 36 
 
 38. 
 
 39, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian — Range XXV. 297 
 
 250 to 300 feet above the plain. Soil, second class.—Z. R. Ord, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling prairie, with arich soil. Creeks flowing 
 south-east cross Sections 83 and 36. No wood on the line — 
 E. Bray, 1883. . 
 Rolling prairie, rising in the south-west half into a spur of 
 the Knee Hills, 100 to 150 feet high, and cut by some few ravines, 
 wooded with small poplar. The soil averages second class, 
 though a great part of the land among the hills is of excellent 
 
 quality.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. : 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. A creek flows south through the 
 eastern section. Soil, sandy loam. First class.—JZ. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 South, rolling prairie, with a rich soil. No wood. Two or 
 three creeks.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, brushy towards the northern boundary. 
 A creek flows south-east across the township, and a few ponds 
 are found in the western sections. Soil, first class —Z. R: Ord, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.--Rolling prairie, with a few bluffs of small poplar and 
 brush, and numerous ponds fringed with willows. Soil, gener- 
 ally a rich black loam, with clay loam subsoil. First class.—L. 
 R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling country. In certain localities it is hilly, 
 with good soil; in others, the soilis sandy, supporting a poor 
 class of vegetation. Poplar bluffs, with ponds and swamps 
 fringed with willows, are frequent. The poplar is of fair size 
 and the bluffs of considerable magnitude. The soil is first and 
 second class —T7T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with bluffs of poplar and brush, and numer- 
 ous ponds. Devil’s Lake, some six miles long and 40 chains wide, 
 crosses the east line in Section 12, lying north-west and south-east, 
 discharging in the latter direction, and well stocked with fish, 
 principally pike. The soil, a deep black loam, is rich and fertile, 
 with a rank growth of grass and pea-vine, ranking first class.— 
 L. R. Ord, 1884. : 
 
 Outlines.—West, this line is timbered with poplar, from 4 to 14 
 inches in diameter, and scattered birch, with clumps of spruce. 
 Red Deer River, passing through adeep valley, from 12 to 15 
 chains wide, crosses the township from Section 18. Small 
 marshes are numerous.— WM. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—A creek, coming from the west, crosses Section 36, 
 
 and another from the west leaves this township at Section 18. 
 Between these creeks a low ridge runs east and west, covered 
 
 with poplar and willows, increasing in extent westwardly. 
 South of the last mentioned creek, the ground rises gradually, 
 
 forming another low ridge. The south boundary of this township 
 runs along its crest, wooded with large bluffs of poplar and 
 willows, and interspersed with numerous ponds and some prairie 
 
 openings. The rating of this towuship is first class, and it is well 
 
 NS 
 
998 
 
 490. 
 
 Al, 
 
 42. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. —-Range XXV. 
 
 adapted both for the cultivation of cereals and grazing purposes— 
 a luxuriant growth of grasses and other vegetation being found 
 
 throughout. Soil, black sandy loam, with clay and sandy 
 subsoil.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—North, the surface is undulating, with a gradual slope 
 from the west. Scattered bluffs of poplar and willow. Soil, first 
 class.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. | 
 
 A high ridge, with, however, gradual slopes north and south, 
 crosses this township, draining north and south into a creek, both 
 flowing from west to east. The north half, up to the summit of 
 the ridge, is more or less thickly wooded with poplar, and some: 
 little spruce and willows; whereas the south half is principally — 
 open, with willow scrub. Besides the creeks already mentioned, 
 another runs north-easterly through the north-west quarter of the 
 township. There are excellent flats for haying purposes along the 
 creeks. Soil, generally black clay and sandy loam. First class. 
 C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The southerly portion, and a portion extending north- 
 erly in a wedge-shaped form to the north boundary, consists of a 
 flat more or less densely covered with willows and willow scrub, 
 and drained by a creek running southerly into another creek run- 
 ning easterly along the south boundary, crossing and re-crossing 
 the same. Much of this land is more or less springy, but there 
 being plenty of fall for drainage, it can all be brought under cul- 
 tivation. There is a gradual rise to the north-east and north- 
 west, until the tops of ridges are reached, when a thick growth of 
 poplar occurs, alternating, in some places, with second-egrowth 
 wood and willows, and some few belts of fair sized spruce. Soil, 
 
 first class, being principally a black sandy loam.—C. F. Miles, 
 1384. 
 
 . Outlines.—-North, rolling prairie, much broken by small marshes, 
 
 and covered with a growth of willow. Battle River and a cart 
 trail leading to Edmonton were crossed.—N. R. Freeman, 1&84. 
 
 is more or Jess densely wooded with poplar, in places second: 
 growth. High ridges cut across in a north-westerly direction, and 
 are densely wooded. Two creeks, running south-easterly, cross. 
 the east boundary, the northerly one widening out into a lake 
 between two high ridges, and the southerly one cutting its way 
 through rocky banks of friable sandstone. Some spruce was found 
 along these creeks. Some pike were observed in the above men-. 
 tioned lake andin the creek discharging from it. Soil, first class, 
 consisting of clay and black sandy loam, with clay subsoil, becom- 
 ing lighter towards the north boundary.—C. F. Miles, 184. 
 
 Outlines —Rolling, generally covered with willow and bluffs of 
 
 small poplar, and dotted with numerous marshes and ponds. Some 
 stretches of excellent land lie in the south-west corner, about 
 Battle River. South-east of the river the land is-wooded with 
 willow and poplar brush, with occasional open stretches and some 
 
 little spruce, and numerous ponds and marshes. The soil is class. 
 1.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
44, 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XXV 299 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is mostly rolling land, covered, 
 in places, with poplar, averaging 6 inches in diameter, and 
 willow thickets. It is well watered by numerous lakes and 
 ponds. Most of the lakes having fine grass meadows around 
 them. The Edmonton trail passes through Sections 54, 6, 9, 16, 
 22, 27, 34 and 35, and the Battle River in Sections 4, 9, 10, 15, 23, 
 35 and 36. The soil in Sections 18, 18, 20, .4, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 
 32 and 33 is first class, and well adapted for agricultural purposes. 
 
 The farms belonging to the Stony Indians adjoin the western 
 line of Section 6. Section 4, east of the river, is timbered with a 
 thick growth of poplar. West of the river is fine rolling prairie. 
 —N. R. Freeman, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—EHutering the west side of the township by the north 
 boundary, the country slopes gradually to Bear Creek, which 
 crosses the base in Section 32. After leaving this stream the 
 country gradually rises towards the east to the middle of the 
 range, with small willows, interspersed with patches of fine 
 spruce and poplar. Country of an undulating nature is then 
 crossed, extending one and a-quarter miles, and forming the top 
 of the Bear Hills. It then gradually descends towards the east, 
 and is covered with a growth of very fine spruce and poplar 
 timber, suitable for building and other purposes.— T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Rolling country in the western sections, through which 
 Bear Hill Creek flows, draining a number of lakes and muskegs. 
 The surface is about half open, and half covered with woods. 
 Some groves of spruce occur. Hastward the land flattens towards. 
 Battle River, where some excellent soil may be seen. Class, 
 average 2—L R. Ord, 1883. : 
 
 Sub-division.—NSections 1, 2, 3,7, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16, 17, 
 18, 21, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31, 32 and 35 are rolling 
 prairie, which, with their good depth of soil and luxuriant 
 vegetation, are well suited for settlement. In Sections 4, 5, 6, 8, 
 9, 33 and 386 poplar and spruce of fair size was found. Battle 
 River passes through Section 1, and the Calgary and Edmonton 
 cart trail through Nos. 1and 2. In Sections 81 and 32 is Bear 
 Creek, a stream 15 links wide and 4 feet in depth. Small lakes 
 and hay marshes are numerous.—N. ‘R. Freeman, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, prairie, with a third and fourth class sandy loam 
 soil, timbered with poplar, willow, and some spruce in Section 6. 
 Low willow swamps are numerous along this line. A creek 
 flowing north into Bear Lake crosses 18, 19 and 30 has low, 
 marshy shores in 80. The northern half of 31 is submerged by 
 Bear Lake (fresh water). East, undulating prairie, with scattered 
 clumps of willow. Soil, a sandy loam, with a clay subsoil. 
 Sect:ons 1 and 12 havea gradual slope to the north-east.-—J. J. 
 McArthur, 1888-8 4. 
 
 Outlines.—West, prairie much broken by Bear Lake, which sub= 
 merges the whole south-west of the township, and numerous 
 marshes. The soil is a fourth class vegetable and sandy loam soil. 
 This line is timbered with thick willow and poplar bluffs. East, 
 undulating prairie, with clumps of willow and some poplar. 
 
800 
 
 AG. 
 
 oO 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range XXV. 
 
 ‘Numerous small marshes. Big Stone Creek crosses in 25. A lake, 
 
 with a marshy shore, was intersected in 18. Soil, a sandy loam. — 
 Class 1.—J. J. McArthur, 1833-84. 
 
 Outlines.—West, prairie covered with poplar and willow bush. 
 Soil, first and second class. Section 18 is broken by numerous hills 
 and Pipestone Creek, which flows through a valley about 15 
 chains wide, in southern half of township. Several ponds here. 
 The east is all prairie, with a fair soil, class 1, and timbered with 
 spruce, poplar and willow. Pipestone Creek in Section 24, and 
 small marshes along the line.--.L. R. Ord, 1883.. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Is mixed second and third class land, much 
 broken by deep muskegs. There is very little good hay land. 
 The timbered portions consist mainly of poplar and willow, with 
 scattered spruce along Pipestone Creek The trail from Bow River 
 trail, westward to Pigeon Lake, passes through this township. 
 —W. Beaity, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, prairie, with a rich, black clay loam soil, covered 
 with willows, with occasional poplar bluffs. A small creek in 
 Section 31. A small marsh in 33, and Bow River trail in 36. Hast 
 part of 86 is a boggy plain.—C. A. Magrath, 183. | 
 This township is all rolling prairie, with poplar bush and 
 clumps of willow. In the south-west, Sections 19, 30 and 31 are 
 first class, while 6, 7 and 18 are first and second, 6 and 18 being 
 marshy In the east the soil to the north is first class, while in 
 the south it is first and second. A trail leading from Bow River 
 to Edmonton crosses Sections 24, 25 and 36.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—Principally covered with small poplar and 
 willow, valuable for local use in fencing and building, and for 
 fuel. There are occasional deep muskegs. The township is well 
 watered by running brooks and small ponds.—- W. Beatty, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines —West, prairie, having a first class soil covered with 
 
 willow bush and bluffs of poplar A small creek running east in 
 Section 30. Hast, prairie, with poplar and willow bluffs. Soil, 
 first class. A lake, from 18 to 20 chains wide, was crossed between 
 24 and 25, also the telegraph line in 25 —L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 Sub-division.—Contains land of fair quality in the eastern 
 part, through which the Bow River Trail passes, and is covered 
 with poplar, willows and small openings of scrubby prairie. The 
 western portion is a dense forest of poplar and high willow, with 
 
 occasional patches of spruce.—W. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, prairie, covered with poplar and willow bush, 
 interspersed with a few spruce. Soil, first class, except in the 
 north-west, where it is second and third. Muskegs in 81, 32 and 
 34. White Mud River flows north through the township, and 
 leaves it by Section 33. The rest of the township is nearly all prairie, 
 with a first class soil, which is covered with poplar, willow and 
 Some spruce. A branch of white Mud River, also a trail to 
 Edmonton, in 18 and 30. Generally, there is abundance of sur- 
 
 face water in hay marshes, sloughs and ponds.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The western half is low and swampy, and 
 covered with dense poplar and willow, with small patches of 
 
~@> i, 
 
 OS. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXV. 301 
 
 spruce The east half is more open, and somewhat higher, and is 
 covered with poplar and willow, excepting occasional openings 
 in the vicinity of the Bow River trail. Soil, fair quality. Classes 
 2 and 3 — W. Beatty, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, prairie, with a first class soil, covered with poplar 
 brush and some white birch. White Mud Creek and Black Mud 
 Creek, passing through valleys about 18 chains wide, were inter- 
 sected in Section 86. The Saskatchewan River in 33, a small 
 creek running through a narrow valley in 31, and Pigeon Lake 
 trail in 85.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. | 
 
 Prairie, with poplar and willow bush, interspersed with 
 patches of spruce. Section 6 and south of 7 are much broken by 
 the Saskatchewan River, and north of 7, and Sections 18 and 21 by 
 numerous ponds. Thesoil varies from first to third classes in the 
 west, third in the south-west, and first in the south-east and the 
 east. ‘The Saskatchewan flows from the south-west corner to the 
 north centre of the township, and the north-east is considerably 
 “ie by Black Mud Creek, which has high banks.--Z. R. Ord, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Well timbered with poplar, except a narrow 
 strip about half a mile wide, north and southwards, which is cov- 
 ered with scrub and willow, and along which the Pigeon Lake 
 trail passes. White Mud Creek passes through the township on 
 the eastern side, The soil is light and sandy, and generally poor 
 for agricultural purposes, and much dead and fallen timber lies 
 around The North Saskatchewan River crosses the township 
 from Section 6 to Section 33, aud has an average width of 700 
 feet.— D. Beatty, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—East and south, prairie, with a rich black loam soil. 
 
 Class 1, mostly covered with bluffs of small poplar and clumps 
 of willow ; also spruce, from 8 to 20 inches in diameter, in north of 
 Sections 24 and 12. Sections 25 and 36 are broken by the North 
 Saskatchewan River, which is crossed in both. Small marshes 
 and ponds in 1 and 13; Pigeon Lake trail in north of 13, and small 
 creeks in 1 and 12, were intersected.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 Sub-division.—Is nearly all covered with poplar and willow, 
 but has some tamarac and spruce of fair size. It is broken by the 
 Saskatchewan River, which runs diagonally across from the south- 
 west to the north-east, and numerous small creeks and coulées 
 emptying into it on the north side, and the White Mud Creek 
 flowing into it from the south. The ‘soil is sandy loam. The 
 Edmonton settlement touches the township on the east side.— W. 
 Beatty, 1888. 
 Sub-division—Is broken by a number of lakes and marshes, and 
 has, in the southern portion. a shaking bog, some miles square, 
 covered with small tamarac. The soil in some portions, particularly 
 along the trail between Edmonton and St. Albert, is very good, 
 while in other parts it is somewhat sandy. The wood is 
 principally poplar and willow, with some birch and spruce. St. 
 Albert settlement occupies the north-west, and borders on Big 
 
 _Lake, a body of water about six miles long, which enters the town- 
 
302 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXV. 
 
 ship here. The soil in this vicinity is second class. In the south 
 there is some first class soil in Sections 1 and 2. The remainder 
 
 _ of line is third and fourth class, being a low tamarac swamp. In 
 
 54. 
 
 Dd. 
 
 36. 
 
 a7. 
 
 the east the soil is a second and third class sandy loam and clay 
 soil, covered with poplar and willow bluffs. Numerous small 
 marshes were crossed.—W. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—On Sections 4, 5, 8 and 9 is situated the flourishing” 
 settlement of St. Albert, containing about six hundred settlers,. 
 chiefly French half-breeds The soil is a rich black loam, with 
 clay subsoil. The Sturgeon River crosses this township in a 
 south-westerly direction. Its average width is about 1 chain. 
 The eastern and southern portions are well timbered, and there 
 are large bluffs of poplar in the remaining portion.— W. Beatty, 
 1882. | 
 
 Sub-division.—The eastern part is timbered with poplar, some of 
 which is large enough for building purposes, while timber 
 sufficient for fencing only is to be found in the west part. There 
 are many very large hay marshes, but no lakes of any size, 
 although there are a number of small ones. The soil is a loam, of 
 from 30 to 36 inches deep, on a clav subsoil, and class1. As | 
 there isso much marsh and hay land, this township is better 
 suited for grazing than farming.—G. A. Simpson, 1883, 
 
 Sub-division —The eastern portion is heavily timbered with 
 spruce and poplar, and along the shores of Kge@ Lake fir timber, 
 from 12 to 24 inches in diameter, suitable for building. In the 
 west, is dense willow scrub, with poplar bluffs. Nearly 50 per 
 cent. of the township is taken up by swamps and muskegs, but 
 the high land is of excellent quality. The difficulty of access to- 
 it, however, renders it unavailable for agricultural purposes. 
 There are several large and a number of small lakes in the town- 
 ship.—G. A. Simpson, 1882. f 
 
 Sub-division.—Egg Lake, covering about four sections, lies in the 
 south-west corner, and is connected by a creek with Little Egg 
 
 Lake, which is to the south-east. Its average depth is about 4 
 
 feet. Fir, from 10 to 80 inches in diameter, grows in the eastern 
 
 part of the township, in a belt varying from half a mile to two- 
 miles in width, and mixed with the fir, is poplar of large size. 
 
 The remaining portion is covered with poplar, suitable for build-- 
 ing and manufacturing purposes, and dense willow.—G. A.. 
 Simpson, 18%2. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE XXVI. 
 
 Outlines.—Is good grazing land, and is divided by Belly River, 
 which runs diagonally through it. What bottoms there are along 
 the river are nearly all taken up. North and west, slightly-rolling 
 prairie, with a first class black loam soilin Sections 35, 36, 6, 7 and 
 18. The remainder is second class, the soil being stony and gravelly. 
 Belly River, wooded on south bank with poplar and willow, was 
 crossed in 6; also trails in 6,7 and 18. Waterton River, with 
 steep banks, and wooded on south bank, was intersected in north 
 half of 31; also small creeks in 31, 32, 83 and 36. The east has a 
 black clay loam, with a few surface stones. Class 1. Belly River 
 forms the north-westerly boundary of Blood Indian Reserve, and 
 
 crosses the township from Section 6 to 25.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1882-83. 
 
 6. Outlines.—Is rather broken, but the soil is good. Good grass; well 
 
 watered by the Waterton. Plenty of timber, chiefly poplar and 
 cottonwood, along the river. West, rolling land, with:a second 
 and third class soil. Sections 6 and 7 have a black loam soil. 
 The remainder is stony and gravelly. Small creeks in Sections 6 
 and 7 ; also small lakes in 30 and 31. The east has a dark loam 
 stony soil. sections 1, 24 and 25 are first class; remaining sec- 
 tions second and third. Grass short and poorin 12. Waterton 
 River, with scattered cottonwood on banks, was intersected in 
 north of 138, where it leaves the township, after crossing from 5 — 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1882-83. 
 
 “@. Outlines.—North, rolling prairie. Surface uneven and stony. Soil, 
 
 clay and sandy loam. Third class. Numerous ravines are crossed 
 in 81, 35 and 86. A fine spring in west half of 34-—S. L. 
 Brabazon, 18838. . 
 
 East, gently-undulating. The soil is a good clay loam, with 
 a clay subsoil._—C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines—North, undulating land, with a very gravelly soil. 
 Sections 31 and 32 are much broken by Old Man’s River.—F. W- 
 Armstrong, 1888. f 
 
 _° East, level and undulating prairie. The soil is a good clay 
 loam, with a clay subsoil.—C  E. Wolff, 1%82-83. 
 
 Sub-division.--The south outline of this township is on the 
 
 side of a rough, uneven hill, called the Hog’s Back. Deep coulées 
 and ridges are numerous, and the soil is poor, except in the bot- 
 toms, where there is heavy grass. A great deal of this was hay 
 stacked at time of survey (September). The Hog’s Back extends 
 about two miles north into the township, when the land becomes 
 better and more level. There are several lasting spring rills o 
 pure water. Hay must always bea valuable commodity here, 
 owing to the proximity of McLeod.—S. ZL. Brabazon, 1883. 
 
x 
 
 304 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVI. 
 
 2 Outlines —West, level and undulating prairie. The soil is a good’ 
 
 10 
 
 il 
 
 clay loam, with a clay subsoil.—C. E. Wolg, 1882-3. 
 
 Hast, is broken by the Old Man’s River and Willow Creek. 
 Along the river bottoms there is some poplar and cottonwood 
 timber. Fort McLeod is partly in this township and partly 
 in Range 25, situated on an island caused by two beds of the 
 stream, along both of which the water flows when high. The 
 soil south of the Old Man’s is nothing but gravel; north it is 
 dry, light sand.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Open, undulating prairie, broken by the valley 
 of Old Man’s River and Willow Creek. The former enters the 
 township by Nection 6 and leaves by Sections 13 and 24, forking 
 and re-forking into several large islands. The valley is about a. 
 a mile wide, and the banks have an easy slope to the river. Wil- 
 low Creek enters by Section 31, and flows eastward to Section 36, 
 in.a valley from one-half to a mile wide, and 60 feet under prairie 
 level. The creek is about 100 feet wide, 1 to 3 feet deep, and 
 swift. There is a fringe of poplar and willows along the banks. 
 The sections adjacent to Willow Creek are good farming lands, 
 with a sandy loam of good quality on a grey clay subsoil. Out- 
 side of the valley of Old Man’s River the soil is poor—chiefly gra- 
 velly. in the valley the soil is a fine clay loam, and a number of 
 settlers are here engaged in farming operations. There is wood 
 aiong the river suitable for fuel. Trails run along each bank of 
 the river to Fort McLeod—one from Peigan, the other from Por- 
 cupine Hills.—J. F. Snow, 1883. | 
 
 Outiines.— West, undulating prairie. The soil is a good clay loam, 
 well adapted to farming purposes. Jn Section 6 the line crosses 
 
 ‘Willow Creek, in a valley about 100 feet below the prairie level,. 
 
 and in 30 the McLeod and Calgary trail—C. E. Wolf, 1832-3. 
 
 Eastwards, the township is a dry, rolling prairie, the soil 
 being a light sandy loam, with some gravel ridges— F..W. Arm- 
 strong, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Hither undulating, gently-undulating or level 
 prairie. Sandy loam soil in places, and clay loam in others, on a 
 grey clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2; fine for farming, but ranking 
 among the best in the district for grazing. There is no wood, and 
 no surface water, except in Section 6, which is crossed by Willow 
 Creek. Two trails cross the township, the McLeod and Calgary, 
 from Sections 8 to 80, and the Blackfoot Crossing across Section 1. 
 —J. F. Snow, 1%83..- 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil. Willow 
 Creek crosses this line at several different points in the south- 
 west. The land to south of creek is flat, and is overflowed during 
 high water. A trail in Section 7, and a small slough in 18.--T7- 
 fi. Hewson, 1883 | , 
 
 Kast, level and rolling prairie. Soil, a clay loam, with a clay 
 subsoil. No water.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division — Hither undulating, gently-undulating or roll- 
 ing, composed of sandy or clay loam soils, about 8 inches deep, 
 upon agrey clay subsoil, class 1, the growth of grass being 
 
13. 
 
 14. 
 
 15 
 
 16. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XXVI. 305. 
 
 good, considering the dry season. There is no wood, and, at the 
 time of survey (September), no surface watcr.—J. F. Snow, 1883.. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, and in some 
 
 places sandy loam.—M. Aldows, 1880 
 
 West, unbroken rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil.—T. 
 R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Hast, level and rolling prairie. Soil, a clay loam, with a clay 
 subsoil. There is scarcely any water along the line. Only one 
 small pond in Section 12, and meadow on 25.—C. E. Wolff, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—Gently-undulating. Soil, good sandy or clay 
 loam, on a clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. Well adapted for grazing 
 and farming purposes, particularly the former, unless the want of 
 surface water (surveyed in September) is an objection. No wood. 
 —J. F. Snow, 18838. 
 
 -Outlines.—West and east is very dry, rolling prairie. Soil, light 
 
 and sandy ; grass poor; no timber.—F. W. Armsirong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Gently-rolling prairie, with a few small buttes. 
 Soil, dark sandy loam, 4 to 10 inches deep, on a hard clay sub- 
 soil. Classes 1 and 2, and generally good agricultural land. No 
 surface water.-~ John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Is very dry, rolling land. Soil, light and sandy. On 
 the east line there is a large lake, the water of which is alkaline. 
 The land on both sides of the lake is hilly and sandy—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1883. : 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay and sandy loams, 
 6 to 18 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Classes 1 and 2. Surface 
 water scarce, except in a lake covering part of Section 1. No 
 wood.— John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —West and east is a dry, rolling prairie, Soil, sandy ; 
 the grass fair. Little Bow River and Mosquito Creek both flow 
 through the township, the one from the north centre and the last 
 from the west centre, and both converge and flow out on Section 
 12.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The north is heavy-rolling prairie, with a first 
 class sandy loam soil, and a few stones in places. In general, 
 however, the township is fine, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 8 
 to 12 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Watered by Little Bow 
 River and Mosquito Creek, upon which there exists some very 
 fine slopes of land. There are some fine sandstone beds on both 
 the creek and the river, suitable for building purposes. No 
 wood.—John Francis, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling prairie, with a gravelly soil. Little 
 Bow River, passing through a valley about 40 chains wide, was. 
 crossed in Section 31. No wood.—WM. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 West and east is watered by Little Bow River. The land is 
 rolling ; grass fair; no timber. —F. W. Armstrong, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, principally clay loam, 
 6 to 12 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Watered by the Little ~ 
 Bow River, which (July-August) is a succession of pools, con- 
 nected by narrow and small rivulets. The banks of the valley 
 
306 
 
 17%, 
 
 is. 
 
 a9. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian — Range XXVI. 
 
 slope gently to the river through Sections 16, 20, 29 and 31, and, 
 
 having fine soil, will make good farming lands. No wood.— 
 John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling and level. The soil, a good sandy loam, 
 with clay subsoil. A few shallow ponds along the line. In 
 Section 18 Little Bow River was crossed, running south-east, 
 in a valley about 75 feet deep, and very rapid current; water, 1 
 foot deep. East, high-rolling prairie. The soil, a good clay 
 loam, with clay subsoil. The tops of the ridges are generally 
 covered with small boulders.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 Sub-division Rolling prairie, with a soil nearly all first 
 
 class, except on the tops of the hills and ridges, which 
 gravelly. The Little Bow River passes through the south- 
 western part, and contains the only permanent surface water in 
 the township —G P. Roy, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling and level. The soil a sandy loam, with 
 clay subsoil. Some small ponds and marshes. East, low and flat, 
 a good deal of it being covered with from 2 to 4 inches of water ; 
 very soft and boggy. The soil is clay.—C. EF. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Except a large slough on Sections 21 and 28, | 
 no surface water (September) was found; and although the soil 
 is a first class clay loam, 10 to 18 inches deep, the grass was short, 
 owing to want of rain. The season (1888) was a dry one, but a 
 scarcity of moisture in the atmosphere is reported as usual in 
 this section of country. The surface of the township is generally 
 rolling Section 1 is meadow land.—G P. Roy, 1823. 
 
 Outlines.—West, undulating prairie. The soil is a good sandy 
 loam, with a clay subsoil. East rolling prairie, well adapted for 
 farming or grazing purposes, the soil being a good clay and sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil. The country is thickly dotted with 
 small lakes. The grass is plentiful, and of good quality.—C. E. 
 Wolff, 1888. | 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, mostly 
 a rich clay loam on clay subsoil, but class 2, on account of the 
 want of water. Gravel and sand were found in some places. Some 
 sloughs were in existence when surveyed in July, but none 
 remained in September. Under a favorable rainfall the soil ought 
 to produce rich crops.—G. P. Roy, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines——North, the land is excellent. and has been ranked as 
 
 first class. The soil is a good black loam.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 West, undulating prairie. The soil is a good sandy loam, 
 with aclay subsoil. There are numerous small ponds or hay 
 marshes scattered over this township. Last, rolling prairie, well 
 adapted for farming or grazing purposes, the soil being a good 
 clay and sandy loam, with clay subsoil. The country is thickly 
 dotted with small lakes. The grassis plentiful, and of good qua- 
 lity.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. ; 
 Sub-division.—A hill, 150 or 200 feet high, rises on Sections 
 10, 11, 14 and 15, from which all the surrounding country may 
 be seen. This hill has, however—except near its summit, on the 
 east, which is rather steep—a gentle slope, offering no obstruction 
 
21. 
 
 we. 
 
 UL 
 
 res bt Ni tag VBI iel rear ney MO WO TE a m4 eam 
 OAS it CH LEME hae Medi hand Trg Aa es te Eh 
 ROR PAE Marae OER Paty Trt LESAN atin) MeEaR a oie, MRP at 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVI. cot 
 
 to the plough. The rest of the township is rolling. Towards the 
 north the surface is rough, with gravel ridges. Towards the south 
 the soil is good, and well watered, being a clay loam on a clay 
 subsoil, and class 1. It is specially good in the west part, and 
 offers many advantages to the agriculturist. The water in the 
 sloughs is good, but most of them probably dry up during 
 the summer. No wood.—G. P. Roy, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The land is all first class, with a rich black clay loam. 
 Undulating prairie, except where broken by the Bow River, in the 
 valley of which there is a good supply of cottonwood timber. 
 with very fair spruce on the escarpment of the southern banks. 
 The water in the Bow River is clear as crystal. The river flats 
 are covered with a rich growth of grass, and the country gradually 
 rises with an easy slope for several miles southward from the 
 
 river. Inthe east there are numerous boulders in Nection 1. The 
 
 north bank of the river is wooded with willow and cottonwood, 
 from 6 to 20 inches in diameter, and the south half of 36 is much 
 broken by coulées.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie, chiefly adapted 
 for grazing, with a fair percentage of farming ‘and. Well watered. 
 Soil is light, being composed of sandy loam, mixed, in places, with 
 gravel, 6 inches deep, with a clay subsoil. No timber, except on 
 the Bow River, along which spruce, cottonwood, poplar and wil- 
 low brush were found. In Sections 22 and 23, north bank of 
 river, 4 to 12-inch cottonwood was found, suitable for building. 
 In Nos. 24, 17 and 18, south bank of river, are scattered spruce, 6 
 inches in diameter. On the whole, the township is suitable for 
 mixed farming.—J. J. Francis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—The land is all first class, with a rich black clay loam 
 soil, and undulating prairie.—C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a black loam, of 4 to 12 
 inches deep, on clay and sandy clay subsoils. Nearly all class 1 
 
 _ for agricultural purposes. There is a fair supply of surface water 
 
 23, 
 
 in small sloughs and marshes (August), and there is no wood. A 
 good township, and convenient to the ©.P.R. and Calgary trail 
 and Saskatchewan River. ‘The north-east corner is in the Carcass 
 Hills —J. J. Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Surface, rolling prairie. Soil, black loam, with sandy 
 loam subsoil, except in the neighborhood of small creeks, tribu- 
 taries of the Rosebud River, where it is alkaline. The north- 
 western portion of this township is crossed by the C.P.R.—T. R. 
 Hewson, 1883. ; | 
 Sub-division.—Hasy-rolling prairie, in many places almost 
 level. The C.P.R. crosses Sections 19, 30, 29, 33 and 34. The 
 Medicine Hat and Calgary trail also crosses the township. Water 
 
 - is scarce (surveyed in September), but what there is is good. The 
 
 soil is a rich and deep clay loam, resting on a clay subsoil, and. 
 class 1 for agricultural purposes—G. P. Roy, 1888. 
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 808 ‘Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXVI. a 
 
 24. Outlines.—North, surface rolling. Soil, light sandy loam; sub- 
 soil, hardened clay. The beds of many small dry creeks run 
 through this range—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Surface, rolling prairie. Soil, black loam, with sandy loam sub- 
 soil, except in the neighborhood of some small creeks, tributaries- 
 of the Rosebud River, where it is alkaline. The south-eastern 
 portion of this township is crossed by the C.P.R.—T. R. Hewson, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie Fair soil and little water are 
 the main features of this township. Situated on the Carcass. 
 Hills ; the rolling merges into hilly prairie in many places. The 
 soil isa clay loam, mostly class 1, and although the surface is 
 hilly in many places, especially northwards, the inclination of the: 
 hills is slight and offers no obstacle, to agriculture. The C.P.R. 
 crosses Sections 8, 2,11 and 12. The station here is named 
 Cheadle.—G. P. Roy, 1888. 
 
 25. Outlines——Rolling country. Soil, of second class character, being” 
 a sandy loam, with a hard clay subsoil. Township is traversed by 
 a small creek, which is a tributary of the Rosebud River. Sey- 
 eral dry creek courses. Some deep sloughs in the north-east 
 corner. —7T'. R. Hewson, 1883. 7 
 South, rolling prairie. Soil, light sandy loam. Many small 
 creeks, but all dry.—W. Ogilvie, 18%2. 
 
 Sub-division.—Soil, class 2, generally, but gravel and bould- — 
 ers are embedded in some places; while, more particularly in the 
 western part, there is a rich black loam. The surface is level in & 
 the south, but rolls heavily towards the north. Water is scarce, 
 having been only found in a few sloughs.—G. P. Roy, 1884. 
 
 26. Outlines —Rolling couniry. Soil, of second class character, 
 being a sandy loam, with hard clay subsoil. Numerous alkaline 
 sloughs.—T. R. Hewson, 1888. y 
 
 Sub-division —A large number of small lakes. which are all 
 alkaline, dot the surface The water in the sloughs is fresh. 
 The soil is second class, and of fair quality, although it isa light © 
 sandy loam. Gravel patches occur, especially in the west. The 
 surface is rolling and level prairie—G. P. Roy, 1884. 
 
 27. Outlines—Rolling prairie. Soil, first class. There is a small 
 creek running through this township, which is a tributary to 
 the Savasseberry Creek. The line strikes it on west boundary of 
 Section 7. The main creek crosses the north-east quarter of the 
 township. Well suited for agriculture—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam and, in 
 places, clay and black loams. Classes 2 and 3. There are a few 
 small lakes containing alkaline water and a large marsh of soft 
 water in Sections 5, 6,7 and 8. There is fresh water in the sloughs 
 in the south-west. Savasseberry Creek enters on Section 35, and — 
 crosses south-east, leaving on Section 24, The water is slightly 
 alkaline. A tributary of this creek enters on Section 18, crosses 
 17 and 20, where it enters a 40-foot gully, in which it courses to 
 Section 28, and then joins the creek in 27.—G. P. Rey, 1884. 
 
28, 
 
 29, 
 
 30. 
 
 SL 
 
 S2. 
 
 34. 
 
 : Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXKVI. 309 
 
 Outlines.—North, nearly all rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 16 
 to 20 inches. Class 1. A few scattered marshes. Generally 
 good agricultural land —T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Level prairie. Soil, first class. At 10 chains on east 
 boundary of Section 1 the line strikes.a hay marsh which con- » 
 tinues up to 41 chains on the same section. Well suited to. 
 agriculture.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. : 
 
 Sub-division.—Very hilly and irregular, being crossed by 
 the Red Deer River, the banks of which are wide apart, and from. 
 150 to 250 feet high. The soil consists of a rich black loam on a. 
 clay subsoil, and class 1, except on the hills, where it is sandy. 
 Poplars, from 3 to 14 inches in diameter, cover the surface, and. 
 intermingle with afew clumps of spruce and birch—WM. J. 
 Charbonneau, 1884. : | 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, of fair quality, rank- 
 ing first and second class. Very little water.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, drained by some small creeks. Soil, 
 second class. Lone Pine Creek, a tributary of Red Deer River, 
 flows in a south-easterly direction. through the north-east portion 
 of this township.—JZL. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, crossed by two creeks flowing south- 
 east. One or two small, brackish lakes occur, but, as a rule, the 
 township is dry. Soil, fair. Second class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines —North, rolling prairie, having a rich soil. Hills in 31 
 and 36, a marsh in 82, and a creek, running south, in 33, were 
 intersected. No wood on line —E. Bray, 1383. 
 
 Rolling prairie, rising into hills near the east line, and drained. 
 by a small creek, flowing south, ina valley about 100 feet deep. 
 Soil, second class.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—Rolling prairie, crosssd by a creek flowing south. Soil, 
 
 second class—a sandy loam, with clay and clay loam subsoil.—L. | 
 hh. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, brushy towards the northern boundary, 
 and dotted with a few grassy ponds. Soil, first class.—Z. R. Ord, 
 1884. . 
 
 . Outlines.—The southern part of this township is rather heavily 
 
 timbered. The soil is generally first class, with occasional patches. 
 of second and third class land.—7J. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with bluffs of small poplar and brush. Soil, 
 first class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines —North, the first part of this range is rather open 
 
 country, with a few dry swamps. High buttes and ridges, the 
 slopes of which are covered with a dense growth of poplar, from 
 4 to 8 inches in diameter, were met with. Vegetable mould, 
 supporting a heavy growth of grass and pea-vine, shows the 
 character of the soil, but the country is rather too hilly to be 
 marked first class farming land. West, is almost covered by a 
 growth of fair sized poplar. The soil is generally first class, 
 2U3* 
 
$10 
 
 37. 
 
 238, 
 
 2D, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. Range XXVI. 
 
 with occasional patches of second and third class land.—T. Kains, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Partly covered with clumps of poplar and 
 underbrush. The centre is a fine open prairie, with’ excellent 
 hay marshes. The water in the creeks and lakes is fresh and 
 good. The soil is first class, except on the northern and western 
 boundaries, which are hilly. In the east it is a sandy loam in 
 Sections 25 and 36, and a black loam southwards and south- 
 westwards from here.—M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, this township is comparatively open, undulating 
 country, with scattered clumps of poplar and willow. The soil 
 is generally first class, with occasional patches of second and 
 third class land. In the south the soil is of a vegetable mould, 
 supporting a heavy growth of grass, but too hilly to be marked 
 first class farming land.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division-The northern and eastern parts are crossed by 
 a range of very high hills, covered with wood. The south 
 boundary also runs over another range of hills. Between these 
 hills isa valley of about four miles wide, which has first class 
 soil and some fine hay meadows. The soil on the hills is class 2. 
 This township is well suited for both farming and grazing. 
 Clumps of poplar, 4 to 8 inches in diameter, are scattered about. 
 —M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, the south-west of this township is comparatively 
 open, undulating country, with scattered clumps of poplar and 
 willow. The balance is heavily timbered with poplar, from 4 to 
 10 inches in diameter. The soil is generally first class, with occa- © 
 sional patches of second and third class land.—T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 _ Sub-division—The Red Deer River crosses this township, 
 flowing from Section 32 to 13, in a deep valley, from 12to0 15 | 
 chains wide, which is entered by several ravines. The banks of 
 the river are from 200 to 800 feet high. North and south of the 
 river, the eastern half of the township is rolling prairie ; in the 
 north it is covered with poplar, from 4 to 14 inches in diameter, 
 with scattered birch and clumps of spruce, and the soil a second 
 class black loam. The same soil prevails south of the river, on 
 this side, but the country is not so heavily timbered, and in Sec- 
 tions 1 and 12 is quite open. The west half of the township is 
 very hilly, and covered with thick willow and large poplar. The 
 soil here is good, but the roughness of the surface is unfavorable 
 to agriculture —M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division—Is crossed by the Red Deer River in the south 
 west corner. The land is rolling, and composed of sandy loam on 
 a sandy subsoil, and fairly adapted for agricultural purposes. It 
 is partly covered with poplar—averaging 5 inches in diameter— 
 and thick underbrush. The north is rolling land, with alternate 
 prairie, and thick willows and poplar, from 4 to 8 inches in dia- 
 meter. Soil, second class sandy loam. The west is rolling land, 
 with alternate prairie, and clumps of poplar, with a few spruce in 
 Section 31, from 4 to 8 inches in diameter. Sections 19, 30 and 
 51 have a first class sandy loam soil; remainder is second class. 
 
40, 
 
 41. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXVI. 31h 
 
 In the east there is poplar from 2 to 8 inches in diameter. Soil, 
 second class sandy loam, with a sand subsoil. Sections 13 and 
 25 are very low and wet, and covered with thick willow.—M. J. 
 Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, low ridges run north and south. A very supe- 
 rior flat of land. The woods consist of scattered bluffs of small 
 poplar, willow scrub, anda belt of spruce, cottonwood and poplar. 
 Soil, first class —C. A. Magrath, 1%83 
 
 The west and south is alternate prairie and poplar bush, from 
 2 to 14 inches in diameter. Soil, a second class black loam, with 
 a clay subsoil. A lake, 25 chains wide, was crossed in Section 31. 
 Small marshes are numerous all along the line. A trail to Cal- 
 gary in 19. The east. is covered with thick poplar and willow 
 bush. Soil, black loam. Second class Several small marshes, 
 also a small lake and a creek, were crossed.—M. J. Charbonneau, 
 1384. . 
 
 Outlines.—Is more or less thickly dotted with willow and willow 
 scrub, and some few poplar bluffs. The south-west corner is some- 
 what broken by knolls, ridges, ponds and poplar bluffs. Wolf 
 Creek meanders north-westerly through the westerly half, in a 
 nice flat, affording excellent hay. Another creek, emptying into 
 Wolf Creek, runs north-easterly through the westerly portion. 
 The Calgary and Edmonton trail also runs northerly and south- 
 erly. The east half is more or less wooded with poplar, princi-- 
 pally second growth, and belts of fair spruce. The land is gene- 
 rally undulating, becoming more rolling towards the north. West 
 
 of Wolf Creek the soil 1s principally black sandy loam. East of 
 
 42. 
 
 48. 
 
 the creek it is clay loam on a clay subsoil.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Th» south half is well wooded with poplar and some 
 little spruce, and is more or less rolling, with low, sandy ridges, 
 running east and west. The north half, undulating, and covered 
 principally with willow scrub and some willows. Soil, sandy 
 loam, growing lighter, however, towards the Battle River, which 
 enters from the north and leaves again at Section 36. This river 
 has a width of about 5 rods, with an average depth of about 18 
 inches. First class.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling land, mostly covered with small poplar, agreat 
 deal of willow and some spruce. Battle River crosses from Sec- 
 tion 30 to 8, anda strip of good land follows its course and extends: 
 through the eastern part of the township. Across the river, in 
 the south-west corner, the land is not so good, being somewhat 
 marshy, dotted with muskegs, and wooded with poplar and wil- 
 low of small size, and groves of spruce.—JZ. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, undulating country, thickly timbered with 
 
 small poplar, from 2 to8 inches in diameter, and dotted with 
 clumps of spruce. Numerous muskegs.—T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Rolling country, wooded with small poplar, willow and 
 spruce, in patches and groves. The land is generally low and 
 marshy, and dotted with muskegs; but towards the east: line 
 improves in quality,and becomes drier. Average, second class.— 
 L, R. Ord, 1888. 
 
312. 
 
 45, 
 
 AG, 
 
 A. 
 
 48, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVL 
 
 Sub-division.—Land generally undulating. The north half 
 is a network of muskegs, the work of beavers, in many instances. 
 The largest of these is formed by draining a small stream which 
 is still open at the north puting of the township. Another 
 stream, with a westerly course, rises:in the marshes in Section 9. 
 A few sections in the north-west and north-east quarters have 
 been run through by fire, and have some open prairie, but else- 
 where the land is wooded with poplar, about 6 inches in diame- 
 ter, and in the north a few clumps of spruce. The marshes are 
 fringed with an almost impenetrable growth of willow. The 
 soil is a black loam on clay, and a good second class.—J. A. Kirk, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, prairie, much broken by muskegs and marshes, 
 with poplar and thick willow intervening. Soil, sandy loam, 
 averaging 8 inches deep, ona clay subsoil. Class3. A small 
 ereek crosses in Section 7. East, prairie, with a third and fourth 
 class sandy loam soil, timbered with poplar, willow and small 
 spruce in Section 1. Low willow swamps are numerous along 
 this line. A creek flowing north into Bear Lake, across 138, 24and 
 25, has low marshy shores in 25. The northern half of 36 is sub- 
 merged by Bear Lake (fresh water).—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—This township is prairie, timbered with poplar and 
 willow, and, in Sections 30 and 31, intermingled with spruce. In 
 the west, marshy creeks were crossed in 6,7 and 18. A creek 
 running through a coulée, 100 feet deep, with poplar and spruce on 
 its shores, crosses in 30, and a cart trail at the base of the northern 
 bank. Soil, sandy loam, 8 inches in depth, with a clay subsoil. 
 Class 8. In the east, a fourth class vegetable and sandy loam 
 soil. Parts of Sections 1, 12 and 13 are submerged by Bear Lake. 
 A small lake in 24 and a creek in 25, both having marshy shores, — 
 were intersected.—J. J. McArthur, 18814. 
 
 Outlines —West, prairie, broken by muskegss and marshes ; tim- 
 bered with poplar and willow, and, in Sections 7 and 18, with 
 spruce. Creeks and cart trails were crossed in 6 and 7. Soil, 
 sandy loam, except 31, which is vegetable loam, with a clay sub- 
 soil. Class 3—J. J. McArthur, 1884. | 
 
 East, prairie, covered with poplar and willow bush. Soil, 
 first and second class. Pipestone Creek, which runs through a 
 valley about 15 chains wide across the southern half of township, 
 leaves by Section 13. A pond, from 5 to6 chains wide, was inter- 
 sected in this Section.—-Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, country covered with small poplar and high 
 willows, with occasional patches of open prairie. A few spruce — 
 in east of 36. Soil is first class black loam, having a clay sub- 
 soil. A creek in 82 and another in 35, both running north.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1888. 
 
 West, prairie with a third class sandy loam soil, covered with 
 scattered poplar and willow, with some.birch in Section 7. Con- 
 juring Creek winds through this section, and is crossed in 18, 19, 
 39 and 31. Marshes in 6 and 81, also Pigeon Lake trail in 31.— 
 J.J. McArthur, 1884. . 
 
Townships West of Third Initial Meridian—Range XXVI. 813 
 
 East, rolling prairie, with poplar bush and clumps of willow. 
 Sections 24, 25 and 86 are first class, but remainder varies from 
 first to second, 1 and 18 being muskegs.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 49. Outlines.—-North and west, country timbered with poplar, spruce 
 and. tall willows. Soil, sonone class. —D. Beatty, 1883. 
 Hast, prairie, having a first class soil, covered with willow 
 bush and bluffs. of poplar.—Z. R. Ord, 1883. 
 South, bluffs of small poplar, high willows and.some spruce. 
 Soil, is a first class black loam, with a clay subsoil.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 18838 | 
 
 -60. Outlines—East, prairie, with a first class soil, excepting 36, 
 which jis: marshy. The line is covered with poplar and willow 
 bush, interspersed with patches of spruce. A small pond and 
 muskeg, a branch of White Mud River, and a trail to Edmonton, 
 were all crossed in 12.—ZL. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.— Timbered: throughout with poplar, excepting 
 where there are some willow patches of scrub and dry muskegs. 
 The soil is classes 2 and 3and generally too light for. agricul 
 tural. purposes. The Saskatchewan River enterson Section 31 
 and leaves on 33, but again enters and passes | out on Section 365. 
 — D. Beatty, 1883. 
 
 -§1. Sub-division—Well timbered with poplar, and broken. bya few 
 lakes and many muskegs. The North Saskatchewan River passes 
 through a portion of the south part, entering on Section 3 and 
 coursing east, about a-quarter of a mile north of the Correction 
 Line, and passing out on Section 1, to enter it again on the east 
 boundary, along which the river courses for a mile before leaving. 
 The soil of the township is generally sandy, and not fe for 
 settlement.—D. Beatty, 1888. 
 
 -$2. Sub-diviseon.—This township is rolling prairie, timbered. with 
 
 _ thick willow and small poplar, with some tamarac and spruce in 
 
 the west and south-west. Soil, sandy loam in the north, and 
 
 rates from first to second class Other parts. alternate with some 
 
 second class between third and fourth class, in many places being 
 
 a pure sand. The western part of 36 is brulé, fallen timber and 
 
 dense scrub. The surface is broken by marshes of considerable 
 
 extent, and by small ponds. Sand Lake, on Sections 14, 15, 22 
 
 and 238, is a fine body of fresh water, and is said by the Indians to 
 afford good pike fishing.--W. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 -§3, Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, timbered in the north with poplar, 
 willow and spruce, interspersed with patches of prairie. Soil, 
 second and third class. In the west, timbered with large poplar, 
 tamarac and spruce, with clumps of willow and patches of open 
 prairie. Soil, third and fourth class alluvial soil, 16 inches deep, 
 with clay and sandy subsoils. In the east, thereare poplars and 
 high willows, scattered around the tamarac and spruce swamps. 
 Soil, second and third class. The southern portion is of second 
 class quality. Adjoining this, and south and west of Big Lake, is 
 a large tract of swampy land. North of the lake the land is good, 
 and is occupied by the St. Albert Settlement. Big Lake covers 
 
314 Townships West of Third Initial Meridian.— Range XXVI. 
 
 about three thousand acres. he water is shallow and brackish. — 
 W. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 34, Sub-division.—The Sturgeon River, a stream about 75 links wide, 
 with a sluggish current, enters the township near the north-west © 
 angle, and passes out near the south-east. There is some good 
 spruce and poplar along the river, but hardly enough for the use 
 of the settlers. The greater part is scrubby prairie, with clumps 
 of poplar and willow. Soil average second class—W. Beatty, 
 1882. | 
 
 Outlines.—South, unbroken prairie, with bluffs of high willow 
 and poplar.—W. Beatty, 1882. Y 
 
 Sub-division.—The soil is chiefly classes 2 and 8, there being 
 much alkali. The west is a rolling country, covered with grey 
 willow, poplar bluffs and small scrub. Soil, a first class clay loam 
 in all, excepting Sections 6 and 7, which is second class, being a 
 sandy loam. River Qui Barre, which winds through 7 and crosses 
 the line at several points, is 80 links wide, 3 feet deep, with a 
 muddy bottom and banks 10 feet high. Parts of Sections 6 and 
 7 are occupied by a Government farm. The eastern part is more 
 level, and supports a growth of willow scrub and bluffs. There 
 are a few good hay swamps and a few small lakes.—G. A. Simp 
 son, 1888. 
 
 36, Sub-division.—Rolling surface, covered with heavy poplar bluffs 
 and grey willow, among which there is a considerable quantity 
 of fallen timber. Water is plentiful, especially in the north-east- 
 erly half of the township. The soil is first class clay loam, aver- 
 aging 16 inches deep, with a clay subsoil.—G. A. Simpson, 1883. 
 
 87. Outlines.—South, prairie, covered with tall willow and scattered 
 poplar. . Soil, a first class rich black loam, with a clay subsoil. 
 Sections 2, 8 and 4 are much broken by lakes. A small creek, 10° 
 links wide, draining a small marsh in 3, and a marsh, 9 chains 
 wide, in 6, were intersected.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—The north-eastern portion is heavily timbered 
 with poplar, spruce and tamarac, and contains many muskegs and 
 marshes. The balance of the township is covered with a growth 
 of small poplar and willows, and afew spruce. The soil is mostly 
 very sandy, and but a small portion fit for cultivation. The 
 timber is excellent for building. In the east the soil is better 
 than elsewhere, being nearly first class. Sections.12 and parts,of 
 1 and 138 are submerged by Egg Lake.—G. A. Simpson, 1882. 
 
 Dd 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Ranez XXVII. 
 
 . Outlines.—Except south and north-east, this township is part of. 
 
 the Blood Indian Reserve.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 - Ouilines—Is broken by two large lakes, around which are some 
 
 good hay marshes. Belly River divides the township in two. — 
 There are some good bottoms along the river flats, and good 
 timber. There are some squatters along the river.—F. W. 
 Armstrong’, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines:—\s well watered by both the Waterton and Belly Rivers. 
 
 The land slopes both ways to the rivers, from a ridge running 
 about midway. The soil is light, but the grass is good, though 
 not long. Daywood Creek in the northern half of Section 30. 
 Creeks of smaller dimensions were crossed in Sections 19 and 81, 
 and clear-water lakelets in Sections 6 and 7. Bush was observed 
 on the banks of Waterten River and Daywood Creek.—F. W. 
 Armstrong’, 1883. | 
 
 . Outlines—Unwooded prairie, with numbers of ravines, some 
 
 creeks and small lakes. The northern part of this township is in 
 the Peigan Reserve.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. | 
 
 . Outlines——North, undulating prairie, with poor soil and scant 
 
 vegetation. Porcupine Hills, and a trail to Fort McLeod, were 
 crossed in Section 31. Old Man’s River, the banks being wooded. 
 with poplar and willow, crosses in 338, 34 and 36.—WM. Aldous, 
 1881. 
 
 . Outlines—West, in the Porcupine Hills. Rough and stony. Hast, — 
 
 level and undulating prairie. The soil is a good clay loam, with 
 a clay subsoil. In Section 24 a lake is crossed, about a mile wide 
 and two miles long.—C. EF. Wolff, 1«82-83. 
 
 South, undulating prairie, with poor soil, and scant vegeta- 
 tion. Porcupine Hills, and a trail to Fort McLeod, were crossed 
 in Nection 6. Old Man’s River, the banks being wooded with 
 poplar and willow, crosses in 1, 3 and 4.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 - Sub-division.—The westerly portion is mountainous, as the 
 Porcupine Hills extend in a northerly direction along the west- 
 erly boundary. The north-east portion is swampy, and the centre 
 is a succession of rolling ridges, with gravel tops and low flats 
 between. Along the southern boundary and Old Man’s River is 
 a level, useless, gravel ridge, about a mile wide. Old Man’s 
 River touches Sections 1, 3 and 4. In Section 4a bottom of 25 acres. 
 of bush land occurs, which contains the only bush land in the 
 township. The south-east quarter of Section 1 is occupied by a 
 settler, who is doing well. This township is admirably adapted 
 for grazing, water and rich grass being abundant. There are some 
 good farming tracts. A lake lies on Sections 24, 25, 18 and 23," 
 
CORNER AN eT AG! aoe Oh Oe oT Aa eb er oe 
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 Townstips West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVII. 
 
 covering about 1,000 acres, which, at the time of survey (September) 
 was almost dry; but in ordinary years contains 8 or 10 feet of 
 Water, and old residents have never known it to have been dry 
 before.—J. F. Snow, 1838. } 
 
 Outlines.—West, in Section 6, the line leaves the Porcupine Hills ; 
 from here north it runs through some small ridges, and across 
 a large hay marsh and several small creeks. East, undulating 
 prairie; the soil is a good clay loam, well adapted to farming 
 purposes. In Section 1 the line crosses Willow Creek, in a valley 
 
 about 100 feet below the prairie level. This creek appeared to 
 ‘course along this boundary about half a mile or more to the west. 
 —C. E. Wolff, 1882-838. 
 
 Sub-division —The westerly half is rolling ridges, with inter- 
 vening meadows, and is skirted on the west by the Porcupine 
 Hills, which lie about half a mile within the western boundary. 
 The soil in this part is black loam in the meadows and gravel on 
 the ridges. The eastern: portion is a high, undulating prairie, 
 with a sandy and clay loam soil on a clay subsoil. Willow Creek 
 meanders through Sections 86, 25, 24, 13, 12 and 1, in'a valley 
 half'a mile wide and -50 feet deep. It is about 80 feet wide in 
 September, and 1 to 2 feet: deep.—Three-fourths of this township 
 is good for farming.—J. F. Snow, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. The soil is a rich sandy loam, with 
 clay subsoil. The township is traversed by Willow Creek, which 
 is a clear stream, rising in the Rocky Mountains, and in this 
 region averages about 100 feet in width. On account of the 
 luxuriant growth of grass, the land is very well suited to grazing 
 purposes, and would be well adapted to agriculture, but it is said 
 to be subject to summer frosts.— ‘7. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating, except Sections 6 and 
 7, which are hilly, caused by the proximity of the Porcupine 
 Hills. Willow Creek enters on Section 32 and flows south-east- 
 erly to Section 1. In September the water was still 18 inches 
 deep. Soil, aclay loam, 5 to 15 inches deep, on a clay subsoil, 
 and mostly class 2, the balance being class 1. The creek is 
 fringed with small willows.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam. A trail 
 crosses 31. No surface water.—M. Aldous, 1882. . 
 Consists of high-rolling prairie. The soil is agood sandy 
 loam, averaging about 18 inches in depth, with clay subsoil. On 
 account of the luxuriant growth of grass, the landis well adapted 
 to grazing, and but for the frequent summer frosts which are 
 reported, would be well suited for agriculture. On the westside 
 
 of the township, in the southern part of Section 7, Trout Creek, 
 and in 18, Willow Creek, with hills on both sides, were crossed.— 
 
 T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Lies at the eastern foot of the Poreupine Hills, 
 and in the valley of Willow Creek, and is undulating prairie, 
 slightly inclined south-west. The soil isarich sandy loam, 6 to 
 12 inches deep, on a clay subsoil, and has a thick growth of grass. 
 The south-west corner is well watered by Willow Creek, a moun- 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVII. 817 
 
 tain stream, cold,clear and ‘blue, and fringed’ with willows. 
 Trout Creek joins the former in Section 6, and for two or three 
 miles around here the country is level and low, and in winter 
 show rarely ever remains. Soil classes 1 and 2; good for 
 farming, and second to none for grazing.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 -4A3. Outlines.—In the vicinity of the east and west boundaries the 
 surface is a very dry rolling prairie. Soil, light and sandy ; grass 
 poor, no timber.—F.. W. Armstrong. 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie and fair average land. Soil, 
 ey and stony on the tops of the rolls, but good black clay 
 oam, 5 to 12 inches deep, on a clay subsoil, in the intervening 
 hollows. Section 25 contains a pond of water holding a whitish 
 clay (perhaps marl) in solution, but otherwise good and sweet to 
 the taste. No wood.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 44, Outlines.—Very dry, rolling land, having a sandy loam soil. A 
 ravine, traversed by a creek flowing east, was crossed in northern 
 half of Section 1, being the only water observed.—F. W. Arm- 
 
 - Strong, 1883. 
 
 - Sub-divison.—Rolling prairie. Soils, black earthy and sandy 
 loams, 2 to 10 inches deep, on a gravelly clay subsoil, and 
 mostly class 1. Stony and gravelly on the tops of the rolls or 
 ridges. No surface water. No wood.—John Francis, 1883. - 
 
 “45. Outlines.—Dry, rolling, open prairie. The soil is sandy; the 
 grass fair. The northern portion of the township is crossed by 
 Mosquito Creek, having prominent banks and little water.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a gravelly clay. Classes 
 2 and 3. Mosquito Creek flows across the north and north-west, 
 and is a beautiful little stream, having clear water and numerous 
 rapids. In July it averages 40 links wide and 1 foot deep. The 
 banks are steep and sharp to the stream bed, and about 100 feet 
 high. Sandstone rock shows are frequent where the steepest 
 
 _ parts occur. No wood.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 «46, Outlines——North, unbroken, rolling prairie, with a gravelly soil. 
 
 —M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Westwards, it is well watered by Mosquito Creek. Along 
 both east and west boundaries the grass is fair. Soil, sandy 
 loam. No timber,—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie. Soil, a black 
 clay loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Class1. A 
 few small but good hay marshes occur in the east. No surface 
 water, except in Section 6, which is crossed by Mosquito Creek. 
 No wood.—John Francis, 18838. Hes : 
 
 “99. Outlines.—West, rolling and undulating prairie. The soil is a light 
 clay loam, with clay subsoil. There area few shallow ponds. 
 East, rolling and level. The soil is a good sandy loam, with clay 
 subsoil. A few shallow ponds along the line. InNSection 138 
 Little Bow River was crossed, running south-east, in a valley 
 about 75 feet deep, and very rapid current ; water, 1 foot deep.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1888. 
 
“| PERCE Na Mie ser Ne cPea PYG Ge NC ORIENT SESE ECE Sa TET 9d TO ccc 
 bh : wae en co) ff t: t Bicot viesle a 2S yg ep Pe 
 
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 318 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range X XVII. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie, generally. Soil, clay loam,. 
 class 2, but very poor in appearance. Little Bow River crosses. 
 the township, and contains abundance of water; but beyond the- 
 river surface water is scarce. The water in the river is good and, 
 in August, was running about 12 inches deep, and with a slow 
 current.— G. P. Roy, 1883. 
 
 418, Outlines.—West, rolling and undulating prairie. The soil isa 
 light clay loam, with clay subsoil. There are a few shallow ponds. 
 In Section 24 isa large lake, which extends north across the 
 boundary line. In Section 31 Little Bow River was crossed, run- 
 ning south-east, in a valley about 100 feet deep. The water is. 
 about 1 toot deep. with rapid current. East, rolling and level. 
 The soil is a sandy loam, with clay subsoil. Some ponds.—C. £. 
 Wolf, 1883. . 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with an inclination to hilli- 
 ness in the southern part of the township. A fresh-water lake of 
 considerable dimensions lies on the north-west corner, and con- 
 tains the only surface water—except in afew sloughs—in the 
 township. Most of the land is class 2, and poor in appearance, 
 and produces a scant vegetation, probably owing to the dry sea- 
 son —G. P. Roy, 1888. 
 
 Outlines— West, undulating and level prairie. The soil is a clay 
 loam, with clay subsoil. Inthesouthern part there is a large lake.. 
 In the east the soil is a good sandy loam, with a clay subsoil.— 
 C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling very slightly, with a sandy loam soil— 
 class 2—and better for farming than most of the surrounding town- 
 ships. The grass was rich, and all kinds of crops might be raised. 
 Water was scarce at the time of survey, in August, except in the 
 south-western part, where there is a lake.—G. P. Roy, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the land is excellent, and has been ranked as: 
 first class. ‘The soil resembles the black loam in the Province of 
 Manitoba. —T7T7. Drummond, 1782. 
 
 In the west, undulating and level prairie The soil is a clay 
 loam, with clay subsoil. In the east it is a good sandy loam, with ~ 
 a clay subsoil. There are numerous small ponds or hay marshes. 
 scattered over this township.—C. E, Wolff, 1883 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling prairie,rather heavy in the northern part. 
 Water was found in a few marshes, but was rather scarce- 
 (August). The soil is generally clay loam, class 2, which ought to 
 be class 1, but for the scantiness of the grass in many places.— 
 G. P. Roy, 1883. 
 
 21. Outlines——The land is all first class, with a rich black clay loam 
 soil. Undulating prairie, except where broken by the Bow River, 
 in the valley of which there is a good supply of cottonwood tim- 
 ber, with very fair spruce on the escarpment of the southern 
 banks. The water in the Bow River is clear as crystal. The 
 river flats are covered with a rich growth of grass.— C. F. Miles, 
 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Good rolling prairie, chiefly adapted for graz-- 
 ing purposes, with a fair percentage of farming lands, containing~ 
 
 19, 
 
 20 
 
 ay 
 rey 
 
oy 
 
 23. 
 
 "24 
 
 ‘2b 
 
 td i we ea rer ca ABE, OMAN 8 CMM BE! DN ae Nd A Smee ih Oe Re Oo Le ea 
 ye oS a heh kta STNG Ss Ieee psa Snags Oh de aia ea 
 » . es ‘4 Pai 21 Ue PaO igs aa Sea - 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVII. 319 
 
 some good pasturages and hay meadows. Soil, composed princi- 
 pally of light sandy loam, of an average depth of 6 inches; clay 
 subsoil, gravelly and stony in places. Well watered, and suitable 
 for mixed farming. No timber, except on the Bow River. On the 
 north bank is some 6 to 8-inch cottonwood—NSection 30. South 
 bank, a little spruce, on slopes, in Sections 19, 20,21 and 23. Along 
 the water’s edge, in 20, is good cottonwood; alsoin 21! and 22, 
 where it is from 4 to 12 inches in diameter South of the river, 
 in Sections 23 and 24, it ranges from 4 to 11 inches. Coal was 
 seen in Sections 20 and 30, on the right bank of the Bow.—J. J. 
 Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The land is all first class, with a rich black clay loam 
 soil, and undulating prairie. —-C. F. Miles, 182. 
 
 Sub-division —Gently-rolling and undulating. Soil, mostly 
 a black loam, broken by intervening stretches of sandy loam, and 
 rated classes 1 and 2. Small marshes are abundant (August), 
 especially in the eastern half and northern tier of sections, which 
 form good grazing and pasture lands. No wood—J.J.Francis, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—High-rolling prairie. The soil is black loam, with a 
 sandy loam subsoil. There are very few ponds or marshes. 
 The C. P. R passes through the central portion of this township 
 from Nections 19 to 24. In the north-eastern portion is situated 
 Weed Lake, lying between Sections 26 and 85 on one side, and 
 25 and 86 on the other. The water in this lake is alkaline, and 
 the banks low and marshy. The Calgary and Medicine Hat 
 trail crosses the township.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 ' Sub-diviston.—Soil, clay loam, 8 inches deep, on a clay sub- 
 soil. Class 2, except in the eastern tier of sections, which contain 
 a great deal of low, wet land. The greater portion of Weed Lake 
 is situated in the township. The C. P. R. crosses near the centre, 
 as also does the Calgary and Medicine Hat trail. Langdon 
 Station (C. P. R.) is situate here—R. Mc Phillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface rolling. Soil, poor clayey loam, 10 to 15 
 inches deep; subsoil, hardened clay. Very light grass.—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 The surface is high-rolling prairie ; the soil black loam, with 
 sandy loam subsoil. There are very few ponds or marshes.— 
 T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 8 inches 
 deep, on a clay subsoil, and class 2. There are afew hay swamps 
 near Weed Lake, and in Sections 1 and 2, low alkali flats where the 
 land is class 3.—R. C. Mc Phillips, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling country. The soilis of a moderately good 
 character. Water very scarce. In the northern portion there is 
 a creek which is partially dry.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 South, rolling prairie. Soil, poor clayey loam. Very light 
 grass.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—NSoil, class 2, but in many instances class 1. 
 The sloughs are not very numerous, but are large where found. 
 
 ‘The surface of the township is slightly-rolling.—@. P. Roy, 1034. 
 
Ser att, CVE Cee | Mik Ae MR ee Acree We CPT mR OLN ad PRY ses eS on are Sr Bey bh Ee a 
 y Was SOD Aa Aa ae SLSR Gy ap hee Natio ay io us Seana aii sat Te Aas has aa Ne ~ bee fs oat * ne & 
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 $20 Townships. West. of Fourth Initial, Meridian —Range XXVII 
 
 26. Outlines——Rolling country. Hills were crossed in Section: 
 7 East, 6,a small slough on line between Sections 12 and 18,. 
 
 but surface water scarce. No wood.—T. R Hewson, 1883. 
 Sub-division.— Rolling prairie. Water is rather scarce, except 
 in a few sloughs which would dry up in a dry season. The soil is 
 mostly class 2, being a sandy loam, and where there is no gravel 
 it isa very good class 2; but the gravel surface 1s very extensive, 
 and, with want of water, makes the township a poor one for 
 
 settlement —G. P. Roy, 18838. 
 
 27. Outlines—Rolling prairie. Soil, first class. There is a small: 
 creek in this township, flowing south-east. Well adapted to- 
 agriculture —T. R. Hewson, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie A deep ravine—contain- 
 Ing a spring creek—meanders through it in a south-easterly 
 _ direction from the north-west corner. There are some smaller 
 ‘Tavines in different parts of the township. The soil is a black 
 loam, with a clay subsoil, and class 1.—Z. Gosselin, 1884. 
 
 28. Ouilines.—Northward, mostly an undulating prairie surface. Soil, 
 clay loam and black loam. Class 1. Good marsh water and rich 
 _ pasturage in places. A good township for settlement.—T. Faw- 
 cett, 1883. : 
 Rolling prairie, with hills on the western line in Sections 6,. 
 18, 30 and 31. Water courses in Sections 6 and 31, and in the 
 southern half of Section 12 a creek crosses the east line three 
 times Wood and water are scarce.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 : South, undulating prairie. In Sections 8, 4 and 6 hills were 
 crossed ; also a creek, having a south-easterly course, in Section 6. 
 No wood.—L. Gosselin, 1884. : 
 
 29-30. Outlines—Rolling prairie. Soil, first class—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 $1. Outlines—Rolling prairie, drained by asmall creek flowing south- 
 east. Some marshy ponds discharge into the latter. Soil, second 
 class.—L. R. Ord, 1884. ~ 
 
 32. Outlines.—North, gently-rolling prairie, with a rich soil, covered 
 with bush in the western half. A creek, running through a val- 
 ley about 15 chains wide, in Section 338, and a ravine in 35, were 
 intersected.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with a few small lakes, generally brackish: 
 Soil, shallow and dry im places, but would average second class. 
 —L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 $3. Ouilines.—Rolling prairie, with some brush and bluffs of small 
 poplar in the western part., A coulée, about 50 feet deep, crosses 
 the township from Section 31 to Section 3, containing a small dry 
 creek. Soil, fair sandy loam, averaging second class.—L. R. Ord, 
 1884. 
 
 34. Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with a few bluffs of poplar and some 
 brush. A small lake lies in Section 21, and the creek draining it 
 joins a larger stream in Section 12, which flows through the east- 
 erly sections to the southward. The soil is a black sandy loam, 
 ranking first class over all the township, except ina few alkaline 
 patches along the, last stream.—L. R. Ord, 1884. : 
 
As i “ 
 men 
 FO 6 “ia Bh 
 
 , 
 ee 
 
 35. 
 
 ER ee ah Res 
 
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 SM ek Set Th be beth) bitte ea) Wt AYE rs 5 Sat Ne Ae 
 > " ’ pion ; Bah He oe Rie PAREN ERLE LL G4 ty yi 
 ' 
 
 Townships West of Third Initial Meridian.— Range XXVII. 321 
 
 Outlines —The south half of this township is heavily timbered 
 with poplar of fair size. The remainder is undulating country, 
 
 with scattered clumps of poplar and willow. The soil, generally, 
 
 36. 
 
 37. 
 
 is first class, with occasional patches of second and third class 
 land along the eastern boundary.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.-—North and east, rough, hilly country, with poplar and. 
 willow bluffs throughout the greater part Towards the west 
 boundary the country becomes more open, with a first class soil. 
 Going south on the west boundary there is an undulating country 
 with scattered clumps of poplar and willow. Soil, generally, is 
 first class —T7. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—The north-east and south-west corners are cov-- 
 ered with poplar and thick willows. The remainder of the town- 
 ship is alternate prairie, with clumps of poplar and willows. The 
 soil is class 1, except the eastern part, which is traversed by a 
 range of hills from 75 to 150 feet high, and in the vicinity of 
 Shoal Lake, where the land is low and alkaline. The township. 
 is well watered and drained by. fresh-water creeks, and is well 
 suited for agriculture.—WM. J. Charbonneau, 184. 
 
 Ouilines—This township is comparative:y open, undulating 
 country, with scattered clumps of poplar and willow. The soil 
 is generally first class, with occasional patches of second and third 
 class land.— 7. Kains, 18838. 
 
 Sub-division.—The south part of this township is covered 
 with groves of small poplar and thick underbrush. The north 
 part is watered by numerous marshes and creeks of fresh water. 
 Scattered spruce occur in the north-west corner, along the banks. 
 of a creek. The soil rates classes 1 and 2, and the township, 
 although suitable in many parts for farming, is well adapted, 
 generally, for grazing.— M. J. Charbonneau, 1834. 
 
 Outlines.—West, undulating country, with scattered clumps of 
 poplar and willow. The Red Deer River crosses the line in 
 Section 18. North of the river this township is heavily tim- 
 bered with poplar. The Bow River trail crosses the line at the 
 post between Sections 19 and 30. The soil, generally, is first 
 class. Some fine spruce was found close to the river. The south- 
 east quarter is comparatively open, undulating country, with 
 scattered clumps of poplar and willow. The north-east is 
 heavily timbered with poplar, from 4 to 10 inches in diameter. 
 The soil is generally first class, with occasional patches of second 
 and third class land.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 | Sub-division—The north-west part is very hilly and 
 covered with poplar suitable for fencing. The Red Deer River 
 crosses the township from Section 18 north-east to 34, and to the 
 south-east of it the country is mostly open prairie, alternating 
 with willow brush, scruband scattered clumps of poplar. Along 
 
 - the river there is considerable quantities of spruce, well adapted 
 
 for building purposes. The township is well watered by creeks. 
 and fresh-water marshes, and the soil is a rich black loam, 6 to 12 
 inches, and fine for agricultural purposes—WM. J. Charbonneau, 
 1884. is 
 
ae VR) RCE IP iy. GALE ag ee ERE SE oR i Se 
 r) ' . ’ y 4 } a re, 2 “ " c ri ¥, LJ ; “ » t i . ‘ J ae © - f 
 . he Ray tae r , ys ; : (ats rt ‘ 
 
 322 Townships West of Fourth Initial Mertdian—Range XXVII. 
 
 39, Sub-division—North part. The part of this township, north 
 of the Blind Man’s River, is gently-undulating, and sloping 
 gradually to the river The Calgary trail to Edmonton crosses” 
 Nections 15, 22, 26 and 25. The soil is generally first class and 
 well suited for agriculture. The water in the lake is fresh and 
 good. Poplars, 4 to 10 inches in diameter, are growing in bluffs, 
 especially near the riverand lakes. South part. The south is 
 nearly all covered with poplar and spruce. This township is 
 better suited for stock-raising than farming, as the banks and 
 margins of the Red Deer and Blind Man’s Rivers and lakes 
 furnish rich grass. The soil, generally, is a sandy loam, having, 
 in patches, a growth of scrub and bluffs of poplar bush, 2 to 10 
 inches. There are some excellent pieces of farming land. —M. J. 
 Charbonneau, 1884. | 
 
 40, Outlines.—North, the line passes through a well timbered section 
 - of country. Poplar and cottonwood, from 4 to 8 inches in diameter, 
 and belts of spruce, from 8 to 20 inches in diameter and 60 feet 
 high. Low ridges were crossed. The general appearance is undu- 
 lating. Soil, first class. On the west the surface is level. There 
 are a few prairie openings in the first two sections going south, 
 and the remaining four are covered with a dense growth of poplar. 
 Soil, first class—C. A. Magrath, 1882. | 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and hilly prairie. Soil, a rich black 
 loam, and class 1. On Sections 2, 8, 10, 11, 14 and 15 lies a beau- 
 tiful fresh-water lake, surrounded by high banks, which are 
 thickly wooded on the west. The water in the other lakes is also 
 good and fresh. The Calgary and Edmonton trail crosses the 
 township. Well adapted for grazing, and good isolated areas 
 suitable for farming. Hast, a lake, 14 chains wide, crosses Section 
 36, and the Calgary trail in Section 24. In the north-east there is 
 a considerable quantity of poplar trees, 2 to 14 inches in diameter ; 
 but southward from this the country is more open, and alternates 
 between open and brushy prairie.—M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 41, Outlines.—The easterly quarter is more or less burnt over, and is 
 now covered, in many places, by willow and willow scrub. The 
 westerly three-quarters is covered with a more or less dense poplar 
 bush, up to 12 inches in diameter, interspersed with numerous 
 beaver meadows and ponds. These latter could, without much 
 difficulty, be brought under cultivation, by removal of the old 
 beaver dams. Some belts of spruce are growing, sufficient for — 
 domestic purposes. Soil, black sandy loam. A creek, a tributary 
 of Wolf Creek, runs north-easterly through the south-east corner. 
 —C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 South, undulating surface. Soil, first class. Well timbered ~ 
 with poplar.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 4&2, Outlines—The south-east quarter is covered principally with 
 willow scrub and second-growth poplar bluffs. The north-east 
 quarter is covered with poplar of larger dimensions, partly fire- 
 killed, interspersed with beaver meadows and some belts of small 
 spruce. The remainder is more or less densely wooded with 
 poplar and balm of Gilead, and some spruce up to 12 inches in 
 
_ Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXVIT. 823: 
 
 43. 
 
 44. 
 
 diameter. A creek, which rises in the adjoining township west,. 
 and leaves it in Section 36 (running north-easterly), enters this 
 township on the north boundary, and running south-westerly,. 
 emptying into Wolf Creek, and leaves again in Section 9. The 
 flats extending on each side for several chains still contained the 
 frost, less than 1 foot from the surface, on the 8rd June. Soil, 
 principally black sandy loam, and may be rated first class.—U. 
 F. Miles, 1884. : 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling country, somewhat hilly in the west, but flat. 
 towards the eastern section, and wooded with poplar, the timber: 
 being, as a rule, small and of little value—Z. R. Ord, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and broken, with numerous small 
 marshes. A small stream drains the west half of the township, 
 and unites in the north-west quarter of Section 31 with another 
 stream to form Beaver Creek, which flows easterly across Sections. 
 31 and 32. The valley of the first named stream is mostly marsh, 
 and covers the greater part of Sections 5, 6 and 8, and 
 about half of 7, after which the valley is much narrower, not 
 exceeding over half a mile wide. The meridian line, from the 
 north-east angle of Section 23 southwards, passes through a net- 
 work of marshes, which, in Sections 18, 14, 23 and 24, deepen into 
 a lake of over 380 acres. Battle River flows south-easterly through 
 Sections 34, 35, 36 and 25, in a valley about 80 feet deep. The 
 banks are about 10 feet high, and at high water the stream is very 
 tortuous, uniformly about 58 feet wide, and with a two-mile cur- 
 rent, and a depth of 4 to 5 feet; broken by occasional shallow 
 spots or ledges of rock. The bottom is a bed of rock, overlain, 
 more or lest, with sand. The central third of the township is 
 well timbered with poplar of fair size, and occasional clumps of 
 spruce. North of this wooded belt, except in Sections 35, 36, 25, 26 
 and the south parts of Section 27 and 28, which have more or less 
 timber, the country is prairie, with patches of brulé and scrub. 
 South of the central wooded belt the timber is broken by prairie 
 openings. Spruce is more abundant, particularly in Section 1, 2, 
 1iand 12. The soil is a black loam on clay loam subsoil, in the 
 north, ranking class 2, but getting lighter southwards, where, in 
 places, it only ranks class 3 —J. A. Kirk, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—N orth, the Battle River crosses in Section 31, in a south- 
 easterly direction, heavily fringed with willows. Along the slopes 
 of the valley numerous clumps of spruce are scattered. Undulat- 
 ing country, thickly timbered with small poplar, from 2 to 8 inches. 
 in diameter, and dotted with clumps of spruce. Numerous mus- 
 kegs.— T. Kains, 1882. | 
 
 Battle River crosses from Section 81 to Section 2, in a broad, 
 shallow valley, generally marshy at the bottom. A strip of prairie, 
 about a mile wide, runs along the valley. The remainder of the 
 township is gently-rolling, and wooded south-west of the stream 
 with poplar and and a few spruce; while the northern half is a 
 tract covered with small poplar and occasional spruce, and where 
 not dotted with muskegs is totally unfit for cultivation, as it is 
 shallow and gravelly. Third and fourth class—Z. R. Ord, 1885. 
 
 21% 
 
324 
 
 Toonshis West of Fourth Initial Meridian. ane XXVIL 
 
 SubsHivision: -The:land: is reiting: ara in‘ the north and east 
 very marshy. Battle River enters the township in Section 31, 
 
 nd flowing south-easterly through a valley about 80, feet deep, 
 -crosses the south outline near the south-east angle of Section 8. 
 
 The cut banks of the: river are about 10 feet high, and confine the 
 
 stream at its highest:water to a tortuous channel, remarkable for 
 
 its uniform width of 58 feet. The current is sluggish—about two 
 miles an. hour—and the. depth at high water about 4 to5 feet, with 
 
 occasional shallow spots, formed by ledges of rock, the bottom 
 
 being rock, overlaid, more or less, with sand. The land to the 
 
 north-east is well, wooded with ‘poplar of small size, but along 
 the river there is a strip of prairie, with patches of brulé. Marshes 
 of large extent—the work, in. many instances, of beaver—are 
 
 numerous, and make large. areas useless. Low, gravelly ridges 
 run through the east. part ofthe township. To the south-west of 
 the river fire has destroyed much of the timber ; but there are still 
 
 a few belts of poplar and clumps. of spruce. The land is dryer 
 
 than.on the other side of the river... The valley is generally prairie, 
 with some scrub, which, in Sections 380 and 31, is thick, inter- 
 mingled. with fine clumps of spruce. . The soil is eravelly, and 
 class 2, especially in the east, which i is interspersed with gravel 
 ridges and marsh, and practically useless for agricultural purposes. 
 
 J. A, Kirk, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division.—The land. along the faust from Edmonton to. White- 
 
 ' fish Lake, in the north-eastern ‘part of the. township, is of good 
 
 quality. The southern portion ‘is much broken, by, small ponds 
 
 -nd marshes. . There:is:some. large’ sprucein the south-west, but 
 “not sufficient for lumbering purposes.— W. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 “53. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—Much of it is tamarac and spruce swamp ; timber 
 very thick, but of poor ‘quality. ° Soil, in the swamps, is coarse 
 
 sand; that of the ‘upland is of ‘fair quality. Alluvial deposit, 
 from 6 to 10 inches in. depth; ‘with*clay’ loam subsoil. The 
 
 Indian Réserve occupies Sections 25 to 28 and a to 36 and Poe 
 
 | of 29 and 82.—W. Beatty, 1882. 
 
 54. 
 
 iG, . 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly in the Indian” Resdrye hin" occupies 
 all except the westerly tier and half tier of Sections It’ is well 
 timbered with spruce ‘and’ poplar, suitable for building..." The 
 country is hilly. Soil, class 2. “Water plentiful. _ The Lake St. 
 Ann trail crosses here. © The Sturgeon’ eg crosses to the north. 
 
 G. A. Simpson, 1888. 4 
 . Sub-division. — About ‘one- me abi ell BP portion—of this 
 
 township is occupied by Chief Alexander’s Reserve. , It is heavily 
 timbered with poplar, and towards the: south-west’ part there is 
 
 -some good spruce.. ‘The soil rates" classes land 2. The surface 
 ‘is rolling. The Sturgeon River enters the sotith-westerly sec- 
 
 tions. , There are a few lakes, but water is not abundant.—G. A. 
 
 Simpson,.1883, 
 
 ‘Sub-division.—All taken - up me thao ia tats; reserve, oceupied by 
 
 chief Alexander, excepting the northerly tier. of, sections and parts 
 
 of the tiers of sections along the eastern and western boundaries . 
 
4, 
 
 (y) 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian Range XXVIII. 325 
 
 It is heavily timbered with spruce and poplar. The soil is class 
 2, and there is a plentiful supply of water —G. A. Simpson, 18838. 
 
 “Outlines—West, country timbered with poplar, spruce and 
 
 tamarac, with burned slash in Sections 7 and 30; 81 is marshy. 
 A. small creek crosses in 6.—W. Ogilvie, 1882-83. | 
 
 South, prairie ; well wooded ; especially in Sections 31, 35 
 and 86. A creek in 82, and marshes in 38 and 34, were inter- 
 
 2p 
 
10. 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Rance XXVIII. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is traversed by Belly River from south to west. The 
 
 land on the west side of it is light and broken and, in places, stony. 
 On the east the soil is better, being more of a clayey character, 
 but rough and broken. Some timber on river bottom.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—This township is bounded on the east by the Waterton: 
 River, and is cut by the Belly in the south-east corner. The land 
 slopes each way to the rivers. The grass is good. No timber or 
 water, except in the river bottoms.—F. W. Armstrong, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is hilly and broken, west of the Waterton River, which 
 
 flows through it from south tonorth. East of it the land is 
 broken by long and deep coulées, running back from the river. 
 No timber, except poplar and cottonwood in river bottoms.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1885. . 
 
 . Outlines—Is well watered by Foothill Creek, its many tributaries, 
 
 and the Waterton River. Along the latter there is some poplar 
 and cottonwood. The grass is good.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is open prairie ; rather inclined to be dry in summer.. 
 
 The grass is good. The northern half is in the Peigan Reserve. 
 The east is inclined to be high and hilly. No wood.—F. Wu. 
 Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.-The west and east lines run through the Porcupine 
 
 Hills. The country is very rough, and greatly cut up with deep 
 coulées. The soilin the valleys is generally composed of a black 
 sandy loam, with clay and gravel subsoil, but the hills are 
 invariably sandstone and gravel.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. ) 
 
 Sub-division.—Mostly hilly prairie. Lies at the south base of 
 the Porcupine Hills, and has a black loam soil, of 4 to 12 inches 
 deep, on a stony clay subsoil. Classes 2 and 1. Numerous. 
 springs abound, issuing from the sides of the elevations. The 
 township is generally too hilly for farming, except in those sec-. 
 tions in the valley of Olson’s Creek, viz., ¥, 8.4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16,. 
 16 and 28, and is altogether unequalled as a grazing country. 
 No wood.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, very rough and hilly, cut up with deep coulées.. 
 The soil in the valleys is generally composed of a black sandy 
 loam, with clay and gravel subsoil, but the hills are invariably 
 full of sandstone and gravel. Over to the east, in Section 1, the 
 line leaves the Porcupine Hills, and from here north it runs 
 through some small ridges and across a large hay marsh; also,. 
 several small creeks flowing east.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
‘Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXVIII. 327 
 
 a1. 
 
 Sub-division.—In the Porcupine Hills, and mostly too rough 
 
 and uneven for farming, except a few slopes or patches along the 
 
 hill sides and hollows, where the alluvial deposits have been 
 washed down from the hills. The soil is.a black loam, 3 to 8 
 inches deep, on a gravelly subsoil. Several spring creeks and 
 springs occur, and together with the luxuriant crop of grass 
 everywhere prevalent, renders this township an excellent one for 
 grazing. No wood.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, is both broken and hilly. The south Fork of 
 Willow Creek runs through the northern: portion. The grass is 
 good. There is some timber along the south Fork--F. W 
 Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 East, rolling prairie. The soil is agood sandy loam, with 
 clay subsoil. Very suitable for grazing, and, but for the frequent 
 summer frosts, well adapted to agriculture, the growth of grass 
 being luxuriant. —T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.-On the eastern slope of the Porcupine Hills 
 the southern and western tiers of sections are hilly, and the 
 remainder heavily-rolling, except the bottom lands of the small 
 valleys of Trout and Muddy Pond Creeks, which are level. 
 Sections 31, 32, 33 and 84 are crossed by Trout Creek, a fine 
 stream of cold, clear water, 40 to 50 links wide, and 10 inches 
 deep (October). Muddy Pond Creek originates near the south- 
 east corner, and is asmall brook having plenty of water here, but 
 drying up further eastwards. Thesoil is a black and sandy loam, 
 
 4 to 8 inches deep, on astony clay subsoil. More suitable for 
 
 12, 
 
 grazing than farming, although those sections near the creeks 
 have some Very fine land, particularly Sections 17, 28, 26 and 27.— 
 John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, unbroken, rolling prairie, with a sandy soil A 
 cart trail crosses the line in Section 31. Surface water and wood 
 scarce.—WM. Aldous, 1381. 
 
 West is broken and hilly. No timber. The south fork of 
 Willow Creek and another creek flowing into it, run through this 
 township, both being fed by the numerous springs everywhere 
 visible. The grass is good and long. It isa good ranche.—F. W. 
 Armstrong’, 1882. 
 
 Kast, is well adapted to grazing purposes, the growth of grass 
 being luxuriant. The surface is rolling prairie, and the soil a rich 
 sandy loam, with clay subsoil. The land is very suitable for agri- 
 culture, but is reported to be subject to frequent summer frosts. 
 Is traversed by Willow and Trout Creeks, the latter lowing into 
 the former on Section 12.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—The west side lies in the Porcupine Hills, and 
 the east side contains Willow and Trout Creeks. Sections 1, 2, 11, - 
 12, 18, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 36 comprise all the land fit for farm- 
 ing; the remainder is excellent for grazing. The soil of the bot- 
 tom lands is a rich, sandy loam, 8 to 10 inches deep, ona clay 
 subsoil ; the remainder of the township is gravelly. Willow Creek 
 is fringed with willow in places, and Trout Creek ia Sections 3 
 and 11, is more heavily bordered with cherry and willow —Johw 
 Francis, 1888. 
 
328 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXVIII. 
 
 1S. Outlines—Along the west boundary the country is hilly. In the 
 valleys, some of which are one mile wide, the vegetation is luxu- 
 riant. Soil, rich black leam.—C. Av Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Hast of ‘Willow Creek’the soil is lightiand sandy: West of it 
 it is gravelly: Thé Calgary and! McLeod ‘trail ‘runs through this. 
 township Theré’are some poplar and willows: along the creek. 
 The grass is very poor. No timber.— F. W. Armstrong, 1882: 
 
 Sub-division—Willow Creek crosses-in a-wide ravine, 80 feet. 
 
 ‘ under prairie level: The Pine Coulée—described:in 14 and 15— 
 enters this ravine in Section 27: The Porcupine Hills, cover the 
 two western;tiers of sections, and through them runs a ravine 
 which, in Section 7, has a depth of 1,000 feet. On the banks of 
 Willow Creek there is a thick belt of scrub, with a few scattered 
 cotton trees, averaging. about, 8 inches in diameter. The soil is ° 
 generally clay, having the surface plentifully, strewn with stones, 
 and owing to this fact is not to.be recommended for the farmer ; 
 but it.cannot be surpassed for grazing. The valley of Willow 
 Creek—where not stony-~-is very suitable for irrigating purposes. 
 —J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
 14; Outlines —West, the country is hilly; but in/the valleys, some of 
 which are one mile wide, the vegetation is luxuriant. Soil, rich: 
 black loam.—C. A. Magrath; 1882. 
 | East; is a dry, rolling prairie, with an occasional pond or 
 slough. The grass is poor. No timber, except in a pine coulée, 
 and ‘there in only small quantity. —F. W. Armstrong, 1882: 
 
 Sub-division.—The two westerly tiers of sections are hilly ;. 
 the rest is rolling prairie. Pine Coulée, a well: known: ravine,. 
 running almost’ due north and south’ for some twelve miles,. 
 crosses the centre. The soil on the hills is a black loam: on a ‘clay 
 subsoil, but the summits are frequently gravelly. On the rolling 
 land a clay lies which is difficult to break, but which is easily 
 pulverized after it is broken.—J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
 45. Outlines.— West, is excellent undulating prairie, with deep black 
 loam. Towards the west-centre are the Porcupine Hills. These 
 hills are, here, of very good soil, with long grass ; and, in,places, 
 outcrops of horizontal layers of a coarse and: somewhat:soft sand- 
 stone, fit for building purposes, appear. The first prominent hill 
 crossed’ was found by measurement to rise 1,000 feet above its. 
 valley. One pit on top of this hill: was dug: 8 feet: deep, into 
 solid black loam. This is generally the case on these hills. To the 
 south-west woods of pine could be seen.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Along the east boundary it is dry, rolling, open prairie. 
 Soil, sandy; the grass is fair—F. W. Armstrong, .1882: 
 
 Sub-division.—Open prairie The Porcupine Hills occupy a. 
 small strip of the west side. Cutting t*rough them is the Pine 
 Coulée, 590 feet deep, with almost’ perpendicular rock sides. 
 This coulée is a favorite refuge for cattle in: stormy weather. 
 There are a few pine trees on'the west. bank of the coulée. The- 
 soil is yarious—mostly a black loam, then clay, sandy loam and 
 pth a thie is Well suited for agricultural purposes.—J. A.. 
 
 irk, 
 
16, 
 ~ McLeod in 31, and a marsh, about 10:chains wide, in 32, were inter- 
 
 a. 
 
 18. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXVIII. 329: 
 Outlines aN orth, rolling prairie, with a gravelly soil. Trail to: 
 
 sectedi' Surface water and wood scarce.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 » The north is good; dry and undulating prairie. Trail from 
 Fort McLeod. to Calgary crossed in Section 31. West, is excellent 
 undulating prairie, with deep black loam. Mosquito Creek is in: 
 the northern part, and’ was :(13th September) only a succession of 
 pools of good: water.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. —: 
 
 The eastern half is a rolling prairie. Soil, sandy loam, and. 
 grass good,—F. W. Armstrong, 1882. ; OL ee 
 
 _ Sub-division.—Is, a: rolling. prairie, through which the Mus- 
 quito Creek, and,one of, its branches, passes, affording to several’ 
 
 sections opportunities for irrigation. The soil is a black loam 
 
 overlying a good clay subsoil—class 1—and well suited for farming. 
 —J. A, Kirk, 1883. . % 
 Outlines.-_West, good undulating prairie of black loam; grass 
 heavy and matted. Trail: from Fort McLeod to Calgary crosses. 
 Sections 6, 7 and 18 —O. J. Klotz, 1882. | 
 
 » Kast, rolling and undulating prairie. The soil is a light clay 
 loam, with clay subsoil.’ There area few shallow ponds.-, The- 
 Bow River crosses Section 36.—C. E. Wolff, 1833. 
 
 (  Sub-division—Rolling prairie, traversed by several ravines.. 
 The Little Bow River crosses Section 36. ‘Soil, a black loam, 5 to: 
 8' inches deep, on a friable clay subsoil, and class 1. The grass is: 
 short and wiry, forming. excellent pasturage, and the soil should. 
 yield fine crops, if the climatic conditions are favorable—-J. A. 
 Kirk, 1888. | 
 Outlines —-West, undulating prairie of good black loam, with a 
 good growth ot grass.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Hast, rolling and undulating prairie. The soil is a light 
 clay loam, with clay subsoil. There are afew shallow ponds. 
 In Nection 24 a large lake extends north across the Correction. 
 Line In Section 1 Little Bow River was crossed, running south- 
 east, in a valley about 100 feet deep. The water is about 1 foot 
 deep, with rapid current.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.— Rolling prairie. Soil, a black loam, averaging 
 6 to 7 inches deep, on a subsoil of friable clay, and class 1. In. 
 several places aconsiderable percentage of sand occurs, especially 
 in the vicinity of the’ lake; which, in part, occupies the north- 
 easterly sections of the township. This lake—which is slightly 
 alkaline—is the breeding place of numerous water fowls, and its 
 margin is surrounded by. large hay meadows. Owing to the 
 scanty rainfall, ponds‘and hay marshes are few in number, and 
 the settlers on High River,in the next township west, rely 
 éntirely on this:meadow for their supply of wild hay. The grass. 
 on the higher lands is short and wiry, and affords excellent pas- 
 turage allthe year round. Badger holes are numerous in the 
 township, and on.the soil which they’ have: excavated around. 
 their holes there. grows.a blue grass, conspicuous by its color 
 and length from the ordinary prairie grass, which leads. to the- 
 
 . inference that a changed or an improved quality may be obtained __ 
 
f 
 
 330 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian. Range XXVIII. ~ 
 
 419 
 
 20 
 
 wl 
 
 by tillage. The Little Bow River meanders in a south-easterly 
 direction across the southern sections, in a valley some 80 feet 
 below prairie level. It is a fresh stream, about 10 feet wide and 
 1 foot deep (June-July), running with a sluggish current over 
 a stony bed. Inthe banks of the ravine there are exposures of 
 arenaceous shale. This township is undoubtedly a magnificent 
 grazing country, and if the climatic conditions are favorable, it is 
 a very desirable agricultural country —J. A. Kirk, 1888. 
 
 Outlines —West and east, undulating and level prairie. The soil 
 is arich clay loam. The grass is, in every case, rich and plen- 
 tiful. In Section 19 Tongue Creek was crossed, about 25 links 
 wide and 1 foot deep, with sluggish current. In Section 6 High 
 River was crossed, running east, where the line crosses, but 
 it turns north shortly after crossing. The valley is heavily wooded 
 with large cottonwood, poplar and willow. The river is about 
 14 chains wide, 4 feet deep, and has a very rapid current.—C. E. 
 Wolff, 1883. ; 
 
 Sub-division.— High River and part of Tongue Creek tra- 
 verses the westerly portion of the township. The water is 
 good in these streams, and the High River is 3 to 4 feet deep 
 (September), with a four mile current. The soil along the streams 
 is a sandy loam, and throughout the remainder of the township 
 is a clay joam on acclay subsoil.. The prairie grass is short, but 
 suitable for grazing.—R. C. McPhillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the land is excellent, and has been ranked as. 
 first class. The soil resembles the black loam in the Province of 
 Manitoba. In Section 32 High River is crossed by the line, just 
 about a mile north of its junction with Sheep Creek, which flows 
 from the west.— T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 West, undulating prairie. The northern portion is covered 
 with small willow and young poplar. The soil is rich black 
 sandy loam, with good clay subsoil, and is excellent farming or 
 grazing land. In Section 19 Sheep Creek was crossed, in a valley 
 about 75 feet deep and about one mile in width. Sheep Creek is 
 about 8 chains wide and 3 feet deep. The valley is well wooded 
 with cottonwood and poplar. Passing over to the east the sur- 
 face is undulating and level. |The soil is a clay loam, with clay 
 subsoil The country through this township is very wet, many 
 miles being flooded with the melted snow of the preceding 
 winter.—C. E. Wolff, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. High River and Sheep Creek 
 run through the twnship. The soil is a clay loam, of 10 inches, 
 on a clay subsoil, except in the valleys, where it is a sandy loam, 
 
 on a clay subsoil also, and class 2, generally.— R. C. Mc Phillips, 
 1883 | 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling country, broken by small marshes in 
 Sections 7 and 80. Surface water and wood scarce. Hills were 
 seen in 7 and 18, and a small slough intersected in 6—T. R. 
 Hewson, 1883. 
 
 __The land is all first class, with a rich black clay loam soil. 
 Undulating prairie, except where broken by the Bow River, in 
 
<22. 
 
 -28. 
 
 “QA, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVIII. 33} 
 
 ‘the valley of which there is a good supply of cottonwood timber, 
 
 with very fair spruce on the escarpment of the southern banks. 
 The water in the Bow River is clear as crystal. The river flats 
 are covered with a rich growth of grass.—C. F. Mi/es, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Soil, a clay loam, 10 inches, on a clay subsoil. 
 Class 2. The Bow River crosses diagonally the north-east 
 quarter, and the High River courses from Section 5 across the 
 township and joins the Bow River in Section 26. These rivers 
 have a breadth of 5 or 6 chains, a depth of 3 to 4 feet, and a cur- 
 rent of three to four miles (July). In Sections 22, 23, 26 and 27 
 lies the Indian Industrial School Reserve. The land in the Bow 
 valley is a sandy loam. There are a few scattered hay swamps 
 and one lake in the township.—R. C. McPhillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling prairie. Bow River, flowing through a 
 valley about 40 chains wide, is intersected in Section 7, the line 
 crossing a small island. A small slough in 6. No wood.—T. R. 
 Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, the soil being a rich black clay loam.— 
 C. F. Miles, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie. Soil, a clay loam, 8 or 10 
 inches, on a clay subsoil, except in the valley of the Bow River, 
 where it is a sandy loam on a clay subsoil. A few. hay swamps 
 occur. The grass, though short, seems well suited for grazing. 
 The Bow River crosses the south-east quarter.—R. C. Mc Phillips, 
 1888. 
 
 Outlines. — West, surface rolling and knolly. Soil, a fair black 
 clayey loam, from 12 to 18 inches deep; subsoil, hard clay. Some 
 small meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 The east is high-rolling prairie. Soil, black loam, with sandv 
 loam subsoil. There are very few ponds and marshes. The C.P.R. 
 passes through this township; also the Calgary trail —T. RA. 
 Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling praizie. Soil, sandy loam. Classes 1 
 and 2. Many marshes occur on Sections 7, 8, (7, 21, 22, 34 and 
 85. Sloughs are plentiful, and large quantities of hay are cut 
 and cured in this township, for use at Calgary and its vicinity. It 
 is a fine township for farming. The C.P.R. crosses.—G. P. Roy, 
 1884. 7 
 
 Outlines.—North, surface rolling. Soil, clayey loam, 10 to 15 
 
 15 inches deep; subsoil, hardened clay; light grass. West, sur- 
 
 face rolling and knolly. — Soil, a fair black clayey loam, from 12— 
 to 18 inches deep; subsoil, hard clay. Some small meadows.-— 
 
 W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Kast, surface, rolling prairie. Soil, black loam, with sandy 
 
 loam subsoil. This township contains very few ponds or. 
 marshes along the line, but some west of it—T. R. Hewson, 1488 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, a sandyloam. Classes 
 
 land 2. There isa fair supply of water in the township. 
 large marsh covers parts of Sections 10 and 11. Hay lands are 
 
 also to be found, but not in very great areas. —G. P. Roy, 1884. 
 
332 
 
 25, 
 
 26, 
 
 aie, 
 
 28. 
 
 29. 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XXVIII. . 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, with many marshes. Clay soil, 
 class 1, and capital grazing.—7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 East, rolling country. The soil is of second class character, 
 being composed of a thin layer of sandy loam, with a hard clay 
 subsoil. Water very scarce and grass very scant,— 7. R. Hewson, 
 1883. 
 
 Southwards, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam, 10 to 15 inches. 
 deep ; light grass— W. Ogilvie, 1882. _ 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, with numerous hay sloughs. 
 The soil is a sandy loam, 8 to 6 inches deep. on a. dry sandy 
 subsoil. Class 2.—C. E. LaRue, 1883. ) 
 
 Outlines.—-West, very heavily-rolling land, having numbers of 
 marshes in the depressions, and good grazing. The soil is a clay 
 loam, and class 1.—T. Fawcett, 18838. 
 
 Rolling country. Soil, of a second class character, being com- 
 posed of a thin layer of sandy loam, with a hard clay subsoil. 
 Water very scarce, and grass very scant.— 7. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling, open prairie, interspersed with numer- 
 ous hay sloughs, and three Jakes—all fresh. The soil is sandy 
 loam, from 2 to 6 inches deep, on a sandy subsoil, and somewhat. 
 dry.—C. E. LaRue, 1883, 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling and undulating prairie, with many 
 marshes and scattered. willows. Soil, clay loam, class 1, on clay 
 subsoil, Splendid grazing Jand.—T. Fawcett, 1883. : 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie Good clay soil, well adapted to agri- 
 culture.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. Many small ravines: 
 occur. There is a fresh-water lake in the south-east of Sections. 
 land 12. Water is very scarce in the northerly sections. The 
 soil is a black loam on a clay subsoil, and class 1.—L. Gosselin, 
 1584. 3 
 Outlines —North and west, rolling prairie. Soil, clay loam—class 
 1—10 to 20 inches deep. Good land for settlement, and rich pas- 
 turage in the neighborhood of the marshes, which are fresh. 
 Bluffs of poplar occur occasionally in the valleys —T. Fawcett, — 
 1883. 
 
 Rolling country. Soil, black loam, with clay subsoil. There 
 are numerous small watercourses, which’ are partially dry. 
 Well adapted to agriculture.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. : 
 
 Sub-division.—Jndulating prairie, much broken by ravines, 
 from 20 to 100 feet deep, in several of which are streams of good 
 water, generally running in a south-easterly direction. One 
 
 ravine in the north-east contains a creek 15 links wide and 2 feet 
 
 deep of good water. The soil is a black loam on. a clay. subsoil, 
 and class 1.—L. Gosselin, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, broken by the valley of the Rosebud 
 River and asmaller branch of it, which crosses the township- 
 flowing south-east. North-east of the larger valley the,soil is rich, 
 and of first class quality, but the remainder of the township is of 
 lower rank, rating second and third class.--L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
30. 
 
 31. 
 
 32 
 
 eb 
 
 34 
 
 35° 
 
 a 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XAVITI, 338: 
 
 Outlines:—Rolling prairie. Soil, first class--a black sandy loam, 
 8 to 12-inches deep, with clay loam subsoil.—Z.’R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie. Soil; shallow and ‘dry, ranking second 
 and third class —L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—North, rolling prairie, with a rich soil. Some small 
 tributaries of Lone Pine Creek cross the line.—E. Bray, 1888. 
 
 Rolling prairie. A> small creek’ crosses the township from 
 north-west to south-east, and a long, narrow, marshy lake lies in. 
 the south-east corner. The soil is dry, shallow and gravelly in 
 places, but improves towards the north, averaging second class — 
 L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Rolling prairie, covered with willow brush, and cut 
 by one or two deep coulées discharging to the southward. Soil, 
 rich and fertile—a black loam, 10 inches deep, with clay loam 
 subsoil. First class—2LZ. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.-—Rolling prairie, with willow brush and bluffs of poplar, 
 broken by coulées. Soil, a rich black loam, 10 inches deep, with 
 clay subsoil. First class —L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, prairie, rollmg in the north, and level in the 
 south. Comparatively open, with scattered poplar and willow 
 scrub ; a few spruce in 31 and 80. A tributary of Red Deer River, 
 running through a narrow valley, crosses in 18, also a water- 
 course running north from a small marsh in7. Soil, good. Class 
 1.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 The south half is heavily timbered with poplar of fair size. 
 The remainder is undulating country, with scattered clumps of 
 poplar and willow. The soil is generally first class.—T. Kains, 
 1883. 
 
 Notr.—From here northwards allthe townships ofthis range adjoin the Fifth Initia 
 Meridian, and are fractional. 
 
 $6, Outlines. —North-eastwards the country is open, with scattered 
 
 willows. Red Deer River crosses the line, and runs northwards in 
 Section 82. The Bow River trail lies east of the river. The river 
 bed is 60 yards wide, and stony ; the water flows with aswift cur- 
 rent; in a valley about 100 feet deep, and having fine spruce and 
 poplar. This township is not quite full. Along the east boun- 
 dary the country is rolling and undulating, with bluffs of poplar 
 and willow on every section, except 36, becoming more plentiful 
 toward the south. A creek of good water flows northward through 
 Sections 24 and 25. The soil consists of a vegetable mould, 12 to 
 18:inches in depth, on a subsoil: of clay, and, rates class 1.—T. 
 Kains, 18338. 
 
 The western part of this township is in the valley of the Red 
 Deer River, and has a low, flat surface, with excellent soil. Class 
 1. The prairie is partially covered with low scrub and scattered 
 willow. Crossed the Red’ Deer River in Section 6. The river, at 
 this: point, is very deep and rapid, with intervening sand, bars.— 
 M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-division.—OCovered with groves of small poplar and wil- 
 
 ows. A few good bluffs of spruce were found along the banks of 
 
~ $34 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XXVIII. 
 
 the Red Deer River. The west part is broken by the Red Deer 
 River, and is very hilly. The east part is watered by several fresh- 
 water marshes. The soil is generally first class, being a rich black 
 loam, from 10 to 20 inches deep. This township is well adapted 
 for agricultural purposes. ~M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—West, prairie, heavily timbered with poplar, willow» 
 ta:marac, birch and spruce, except Section 6 which, is compara- 
 tively open. Soil, excellent in south, but is somewhat swampy 
 ‘in north. Small marshes and Kilickenick Creek, in the south- 
 ~west.-—M. Aldous, 180. 
 
 Red Deer River crosses the southern boundary and runs 
 -northward from Section 5 to 35, and the Bow River trail lies 
 _along the top of its eastern bank. The River bed is 4 chains 
 
 wide, and stony, and the water swift. Along the river banks 
 fine spruce and poplar grow. The surface is generally undu- 
 lating, and covered with scattered clumps of poplar and willow. 
 ‘Soil, generally, is first class. There is quite a settlement in this 
 township.—T. Kains, 1833 3 
 Sub-division.—Covered with good poplar, fit for fencing and 
 fuel, to the west of the Red Deer River, which divides the town- 
 ship—running in a north-easterly direction. East of the river 
 is principally covered with underbrush and bluffs of poplar and 
 willow, alternating with areas of open prairie. Along the river 
 good spruce occurs, averaging 18 inches, and good for building 
 purposes. The soil is a good black loam, 4 to 18 inches deep, 
 and classes 1 and 2. Well watered, and well suited for farming. 
 —M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The north-west is submerged by Swan Lake. The 
 margin, for about 10 chains inland, is a hay marsh. Numerous 
 ponds and hay marshes in the south-west, and timbered with 
 poplar and willow, intermingled with spruce. Soil, good. Class 
 1.—WM. Aldous, 1880, 
 
 Kast, undulating country, with scattered clumps of poplar 
 and willow. Red Deer River crosses the south-east, leaving by 
 Section 18. North of the river this township is heavily tim- 
 bered with poplar. The Bow River trail to Edmonton crosses 
 the line between Sections 24 and 25. Quite a settlement in the 
 vicinity of the Red Deer River and Bow River trail. The soil, 
 generally, is first class. Some fine spruce close to the river.—T. 
 Kains, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—Largely covered with poplars, from 4 to 12 
 inches through, with a thick underbrush of willow, and some 
 scattered birch in the northern and central parts of the township. 
 Some considerable islands of spruce occur in the north-west, and 
 along a small creek leading from Swan Lake to the Red Deer 
 River, and also along the river. ‘fhe trees are of large size—up 
 to 20 inches in diameter. The only open prairie is east of the 
 river and across the south-east corner. The soil is a rich black 
 loam, 8 to 12 inches deep.—M. J. Charbonneau, 1883-84. 
 
 “39 Outlines.—North, undulating, and’ comparatively open. West, 
 Blind Man’s River crosses the township from Section 20. The 
 
 abd. 
 
 38 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XXVIII. 335. 
 
 country here on both sides of the river is only scattered with. 
 poplar, but generally all south of the river is densely timbered.— - 
 C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West, level prairie, timbered with poplar and low willows - 
 intermingled with birch in Sections 29 and 32. Soil, excellent. 
 Class 1. Blind Man’s River, having fine clear water and rapid 
 current, crosses in 20.—M. Aldous, 1880. | 
 
 Sub-division—The north part is covered with clumps of' 
 poplar and a thick growth of underbrush and willow. A 
 deep fresh-water lake breaks upon Sections 21, 28 and 29, the 
 
 - south shore of which is covered with large poplars and scattered 
 
 40, 
 
 41. 
 
 42, 
 
 birch. The north-eastern part is rather wet, but the soil is first 
 
 class. The banks of Blind Man’s River are 80 feet high. The- 
 south part is heavy-rolling and entirely covered with poplar 
 
 bush, varying from 4 to 14 inches in diameter, with occasional 
 
 clumps of spruce, more particularly near Blind Man’s River. 
 
 The soil is rather sandy, and class 2, and not favorable for agri-. 
 cultural purposes-—M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, in Section 35, the line enters Gull Lake, which 
 is about twelve miles long and from three to four miles wide On. 
 the east side of the lake the country is densely covered with poplar 
 and high grey willows There are pike in this lake. Soil, second 
 class. The surface eastwards is level, and, except in the north- 
 east, is covered with a dense growth of poplar, Soil, first class. 
 South, undulating and comparatively open.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West, open prairie, with patches of poplar and willow. 
 Excellent soil. Class 1. Section 82 and part of 29 are submerged 
 by Gull Lake. In the south-west are a number of small ponds, 
 lakes and marshes. An old cart trail to Rocky Mountain House: 
 crosses the line.—W. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Outlines.—Is more or less densely wooded with poplar, willows, . 
 and afew belts of spruce of fair size, mixed with tamarac and 
 interspersed with beaver meadows. A ridge of high land, covered 
 with poplar bush, runs northerly along the second tier of sections 
 from the east ; the remainder, to the west, is covered by Gull Lake. 
 Soil, generally, first class, consisting of a black sandy loam of con- 
 siderable depth, but in some instances with a clay subsoil of a 
 depth of about 18 inches. The south-east corner of this township 
 is partly open, and covered with willow and willow scrub, with 
 a few bluffs of second-growth poplars.—C. F. Miles, 1884. 
 
 Gull Lake covers much of the township. On the east side of 
 the lake the country is densely covered with poplar, Soil, second 
 class —C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—West, prairie, rough and broken in Sections 17 and 20 3 
 covered with scattered poplar and scrub, intermingled with spruce 
 in 29. The greater part of 5 is submerged by Gull Lake.—M. 
 Aldous, 1880. : 
 Is adjacent to the Fifth Initial Meridian, and comprises little 
 more than three tiers of sections. Sections 1 and 36, having been 
 burnt over repeatedly, are now covered with willow scrub, in 
 many places very dense. The remainder of this township is more: 
 
336 
 
 AA, 
 
 ware dying from‘ the-excessive growth ‘of moss. ;.The Jarger.portion — 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXVIII. 
 
 or less densely wooded with poplar and willows, with a few belts 
 of spruce of fair’size, and some small tamarac. Soil, generally first 
 -class, consisting of a black sandy loam, which grows -lighter 
 
 towards the north Part of the north-east quarter, although not 
 lying very low, has been flooded at times by old beaver dams, 
 
 which, however, could’ be prevented by the removal of these 
 artificial obstructions. Is drained by a creek, tributary to Wolf 
 
 ‘Creek, running north-easterly across Section 386.—C. F. Miles, 
 “1884. 
 
 Outlines. Hastwards, rolling country, mostly, wooded, but a great 
 part has been overrun by fire, and nearly all the timber destroyed. 
 Soil, poor and gravelly. Second class.—L. R. Ord, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—A small lake in Sections 15 and 16 is the.source © 
 
 -of a creek, which, meandering south-easterly, enlarges in Section 
 
 1 into another Jake. The valley of the creek is from two,to two 
 
 .and a-half miles ‘wide, covered generally with a dense growth of 
 
 scrub, and in the west tier of sections bluffs of poplar and spruce. 
 On the south side of the valley there is a narrow belt of spruce, 
 
 -and a few clumps on the northside. , The balance of the township 
 
 is hilly. To the north of the valley the supply of wood is limited 
 to a few bluffs of poplar ; but on the hillside to the south, there 
 is a good supply of poplar, increasing in size to the west The 
 soil is. sandy, in the south, but heavier to the north, and ranks 
 second and third class.—J. A. Kirk, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country is partially covered with small pop- 
 lar, from 2 to 6.inches in: diameter, and with scattered clumps of 
 spruce, together with muskegs and swamps.—T. | Kains, 1882. 
 
 Kast, rolling country, generally wooded. with poplar,of small 
 and medium sizes, and a few patches of marshy prairie. ., No tim- 
 ber of value. . The soil is, of little worth for cultivation, as it is 
 very shallow, with sandy and gravelly subsoil. It ‘is rated third 
 class —L. R. Ord, 18838. | he 
 
 Sub-division:—The land is hilly. , Bluffs,of poplar are scattered 
 through the township, and in the valley,of a small stream,.running 
 north-easterly. :'There.are some clumps ofispruce, many of which 
 
 of the township has, been ovérrunby: fire;and a, dense second 
 growth: of ,poplarvhas »sprung up, with, which the,dead, wood is 
 entangled, so. as to-be,almost impassable. The soil.is light, and 
 will rank classes 2:and 3.—J. As Kirk, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—High-rolling country, mostly wooded with poplar, wil- 
 
 low, scrub and a few spruces. The line; in Sections °36:and 25, 
 
 ‘.passes through a. large muskeg, in which is situated Pigeon Lake 
 
 Creek, flowing'south. ) This stream ‘crosses. the; line several times 
 
 in 86, and then,passes eastward.’ There are a number of smaller 
 
 muskegs and marshes occurring at various points. On. the south- 
 ern halfiof Section 1 the line is crossed by the Battle; River. The 
 
 sland is'rated class 3 as far-north.as .the middle of Section 25, and 
 
 from thence. class 4. , The,alluyial soil, consists..of.sandy, loam, 7 
 ‘to'10 inches déep ;\the subsoil/of clay.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 2 
 
46. 
 
 £8, 
 
 49 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian— Range XXVIII, 337 
 
 Outlines.—The surface is generally rolling, and is heavily wooded, 
 chiefly with poplar, but the northern portion of Section 36 is 
 covered with heavy spruce, and some balsam or jack pine. Belts 
 of tamarac and spruce occur in several other places. The land 
 rates class 3, the soil consisting of sandy loam, 9 inches in depth, 
 on a clay subsoil. Marshes and muskegs occur in the south.—J. 
 J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling and undulating country, heavily wooded with 
 poplar, spruce and some birch. . The soil consist of sandy loam, 7 
 inches deep,'‘on a clay subsoil, and the land rates class 3.—J. J. 
 McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The country along the east boundary. is heavily 
 wooded with poplar, spruce, birch and tamarac. . In the south of 
 Section 13 is Witch Lake—shores marshy. On 12 is a very small 
 stream, flowing east. Water in’ marshes or swamps occurs on 
 every other section, except 24. Soil, sandy loam; subsoil, clay. 
 Class 3.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—The country, along the east boundary is, for the most 
 
 _ part, densely wooded with poplar and willow. Alluvial soil, 6 
 
 50. 
 
 inches, on sandy loam ; subsoil, clay., Class 3. Southwards, a few 
 small marshes. On Section 24 a creek flowing west, and on 25 
 two branches ofa creek flowing north-west. Peery McArthur, 
 1884, 
 
 Outlines.—Densely wooded with poplar and willows,-and there 
 is abundance of water. Good sized,marshes were crossed and, in 
 Section 12, a creek, which flows northward, through a deep cou- 
 lée, timbered with poplar, till it enters the North Saskatchewan 
 River, which crosses the township. Another tributary of this 
 river flows south- westerly from a tamarac muskeg. Jn the north 
 of Section 36 is a larger muskeg, bordered with tamarac and 
 
 spruce... Alluvial. soil, 6 inches of sandy loam; subsoil, clay. 
 
 5) B 
 
 +2, 
 
 Class els 8 McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Kolling and undulating country, densely: i ae with 
 poplar. ‘Some willows and scattered. spruce:and:tamarac muskegs 
 occur at intervals, one of which extends.acrossthejentire width 
 of Section 1. Most of the land is, rated class. 3, the soil, being a 
 sandy loam, 6 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. a alge ‘McArthur, 
 1884. 
 
 Sub-division. saHhicharal lanuey. Qnly consists. of. two-thirds 
 of theveasterly tier of sections. Surface,-rolling.. Soil, good ; water 
 plentiful ; timbered with ‘spruce and poplar bluffs, aay PY Simp- 
 
 “son, 1888. 
 
 abs, 
 
 -Sub-division.—Fractional ‘township, Only chhsists, of. .about;the 
 
 -veasterly tier of tsections.; Surface rolling. | Soil, good ; heavily 
 
 timbered.—G., A: Simpson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division —Fractional township. Only consists 68 about the 
 easterly tier of sections. ‘ Surface, very hilly: Soil} class 2. Water 
 plentiful.—G. A. Simpson, 1888. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE XXIX. 
 
 . Outlines—Is very rough, and broken by points of hills jutting 
 
 out from the Rockies. ‘The soil is poor, and grazing not very good 
 The Kootenai Lakes and Waterton River are about the middle of 
 the township.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—Is very broken and gravelly. The land is much broken 
 
 by sloughs, and covered with willows, scrub and young poplar. 
 —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines —Is very much broken by sloughs, and covered with 
 
 islands of poplar, scrub and willow brush. The grass is good and 
 water plentiful. A good summer grazing ranche, but snow lies. 
 too deep in winter.-—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 - Outlines.—Is divided in two by the Old Man’s River. The north 
 
 half is rather broken by gullies, but the grass is good. The south 
 half, though hilly, is an excellent grazing lease, having good and 
 numerous springs scattered through it, and good shelter for cattle- 
 under the ridges. Pincher Creek also flows through the south- 
 east corner of this township.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines.—North, going west, the country gradually slopes to. 
 
 Beaver Creek, which is crossed on the east side of Section 35 It 
 runs to Old Man’s River. As far as the west side of Section 38. 
 the country is undulating, with many gullies running to Beaver 
 Creek. Soil, rather light. In Section 82 is a high hill wooded. 
 with pine, spruce and balsam.-—C. E. Wolff, 1882-3. 
 
 Is very broken and hilly, being at the south end of the Por- 
 cupine Hills. Tennessee and Beaver Creeks flow through this 
 township on their course to the (ld Man’s River. Some excellent 
 
 _ grazing land and some scattered spruce timber along these creeks. 
 
 10. 
 
 —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. ; 
 
 . Outlines —-West, very hilly, and in many places densely wooded 
 
 with small spruce and balsam. There is also some very good pine: 
 and spruce. Near the south end of Section 31, the line strikes 
 Beaver Oreek. East, the line runs through the Percupine 
 Hills. The country is very rough, and greatly cut up with deep 
 coulées. The soil in the valleys is generally composed of a black 
 sandy loam, with clay and gravel subsoil.— C. E.. Wolff, 1882-8. 
 
 Outlines —Along the west boundary the soil is rated class 4, the 
 surface being very hilly, broken and rocky. It is generally 
 wooded with pine, and sometimes small poplar and willow. The 
 alluvial soil, where there is any, is generally a grey clay. On Section 
 6 the line crosses a great many bends of Beaver Creek, and on the 
 south of 7 the east branch of that stream, which joins the main 
 channel a few rods to the west. Two arms of another creek are 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXIX. 389 
 
 Xt, 
 
 12. 
 
 As. 
 
 14, 
 
 crossed in the north part of Section 81. East, very rough and 
 hilly, cut up with deep coulées. The soil in the valleys is gen- 
 erally composed of a black sandy loam, with clay and gravel 
 subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-3. , 
 
 Outlines.—Hilly. There is a good deal of pine timber, but of 
 inferior quality. The valleys are admirably adapted for ranching 
 purposes, the grasses being rich, and a never-failing supply of 
 water from creeks and numerous springs. The south Fork of 
 Willow Creek runs through the northern portion. The grass is. 
 good.— fF’. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—North, along the base line the country is hilly. In the 
 valleys, some of which are one mile wide, the vegetation is 
 luxuriant. Soil, rich black loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 West, is very broken and hilly, forming part of the Porcu- 
 pine Hills. There is little or notimberin this township. Trout | 
 Creek flows through the township, and is situated in a valley 
 about two miles broad, and sloping gradually to the creek. The 
 grass is good and water plentiful, there being a large number of 
 springs in the side hills —F. W. Armstrong, 188?. 
 
 In the Porcupine Hills there is some large pine and spruce. 
 The country is very broken. On the tops of the hills the soil is 
 light and somewhat stony, but in the valleys it is mostly a rich 
 black loam, with clay subsoil. In Section 7 the line crosses the 
 south Fork of Willow Creek. This stream is in a valley about a 
 half a mile wide, and is full of very fine trout. There is consid- 
 erable small poplar and willow scrub as far south as Willow 
 Creek, but on the balance of the line there is notimber. The 
 ground is considerably cut up with gullies running to Willow 
 Creek.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-8. 
 
 Outlines.—Is very rough, broken and hilly. The soil is a rich,. 
 dark losm, and the grass good and long. There is some spruce 
 timber to the south of Trout Creek, well adapted for building 
 purposes, and some dry, scattered trees throughout the northern 
 portion. Trout Creek flows from west to east, through the south- 
 ern portion —F’. W. Armstrong, 1882. . 
 
 ’ East, along the meridian the country is hilly; in the valleys, 
 some of which are one mile wide, the vegetation is luxuriant. Soil, 
 rich black loam. South, the country is hilly ; in the valleys, the 
 vegetation is luxuriant. Soil, rich black loam.—C. A. Magrath, 
 1882. 
 
 Outlines.-—Is hilly and broken. Willow Creek flows through the 
 southern portion, in a valley 100 feet deep, the banks on both 
 sides being very steep and rocky, and only accessible in places. 
 The stone in these banks isa hard sandstone, well suited for 
 building purposes. There is no timber, except along the creek. 
 The northern portion is thickly covered with willow scrub. The 
 grass is good and water plentiful. An excellent cattle ranche.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1882. 
 
 Along the east the country is hilly; in the valleys, some of 
 which are one mile wide, the vegetation is luxuriant, Soil, rich 
 
 22% 
 
340 
 
 Tuwnships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XXIX. 
 
 black loam. Musquito Creek crosses Section 18, flowing east.— 
 C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division—Lies in the Porcupine Hills, and is hilly prai- 
 rie. Large ravines run south into the valley of Willow Creek, 
 making the township very broken. The valley of the creek nar- 
 
 rows in Sections 4, 5 and 6 into a mere gorge, the banks, in places, 
 
 being perpendicular precipices. In the bottoms fine spring creeks 
 run, having abundance of clear water. Sections 18, 23, 24 and 26 
 in the valley, contain the best farming land ; the balance of the 
 
 township is excellent for grazing. The soil is a black loam, 4 to 
 
 10 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Ghost Pound Creek runs through 
 
 Sections 4, 5 and 6, is fringed with willow and poplars, the latter 
 
 averaging 6 inches, but very scattered. The south-west quarter 
 of Section 4 contains a bluff of 40 or 50 spruce trees of 12 inches 
 
 in diameter. Sections 20 and 29 have some willow bluffs—mixed 
 
 vad. 
 
 °16, 
 
 with poplar scrub—along the hill sides.—John Francis, 18838. 
 
 Outlines—The west lies in the northern part of the Porcupine 
 Hills. The country is very broken and greatly cut up with deep 
 coulées. The soil is a rich clay, from 18 to 30 inches deep. The 
 grass in the valleys is very luxuriant. The tops of the hills are 
 generally gravelly, and the grass lighter.—C. E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 Hast is excellent, undulating prairie, with deep black loam. 
 Towards centre of the township are the Porcupine Hills. These 
 hills are, here, of very good soil, and long grass ; and, in places, 
 there are outcrops of horizontal layers of a coarse and somewhat 
 soft sandstone. One hill measured 1,000 feet above its valley. To 
 the south-west woods of pine could be seen.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division —In the Porcupine Hills, which, here, reach an 
 elevation of 1,000 feet. On the hill sides are patches of poplar. 
 Vegetation is luxuriant, and the rainfall copious. In some of the . 
 ravines grass grows high enough to hide a horse. On the sum- 
 mits of some of the elevations areas of rolling prairie occur, where 
 the grass cures early ; but in the ravines it freezes while green., 
 Springs of the coldest water break from the hill sides everywhere. 
 The soil isa black loam. Class 1.—J. A. Kirk, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—North, dry, rolling plains. No water to be had at 
 time of survey (10th August), except in Mosquito Creek.—WM. 
 Aldous, 1881. ) 
 
 In the west lies the north end of the Porcupine Hills. The 
 country is very broken, and greatly cut up with deep coulées, 
 The soil is a rich clay, from 18 inches to 24 feet deep. The 
 grass in the valleysis very luxuriant. The tops of the hills 
 are generally gravelly, and the grass lighter.—C. E. Wolff, 1888. 
 
 Eastwards, is excellent undulating prairie, with deep black 
 loam. Mosquito Creek is in the northern part, and was (18th 
 
 .September) only a succession of pools of good water.—O. J. Klotz, 
 
 1882. 
 
 _  Sub-division.—Open prairie. The two northern tiers of sec- 
 tions are undulating; the balance is in the Porcupine Hills, and 
 
 -extremely rough and broken by ravines 400 to 500 feet deep. The 
 rainfall is copious and the vegetation luxurious. Beautiful 
 
Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXI1X. 341 
 
 springs of cold water burst from the hillsides everywhere. The 
 pasture is splendid in summer, but poor in winter, as the grass 
 freezes while green. Soil, isarich black loam. Class 1.—J. A. 
 Kirk, 1883. . | 
 
 ET. Outlines.—The west is undulating. The soil is sand and gravel, 
 with clay subsoil, and in many places covered with small surface 
 stones.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 The east is good undulating prairie of black loam. Grass 
 heavy and matted.—O. J. Klotz, 1882. © 
 
 Southwards, dry, rolling plain, except in Mosquito Creek and 
 Valley, which crosses the southern quarter of the township.—WM, 
 Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, broken by deep ravines The 
 soil is generally a black or a sandy loam, everlaying a friable 
 clay. On the higher places or ridges it is gravelly and stony. 
 Mosquito Creek crosses the southern part of this township in a 
 deep, broad valley. Owing tothe broken nature of the land it is 
 better for grazing; but settlers in the Mosquito Valley could, by 
 using the stream for irrigating, obtain a handsome return.—J. A. 
 Kirk, 1882 
 
 48. Outlines.—The west is undulating. The soil is sand and gravel, 
 
 | with clay subsoil, and in many places covered with small surface 
 boulders. In Section 80 High River was crossed, running east 
 in a valley about 60 feet deep. The riveris about 24 chains wide, 
 and the water about 4 feet deep, with avery rapid current.—C. E. 
 Wolff, 1883. 
 
 The east is undulating prairie, of good black loam, with a 
 good growth of grassy, Little Bow River crosses Sections 25 and 
 36.—O. J. Klotz, 1882 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie. Soil, black loam—class 1—on 
 friable clay. The High River flows through the north-west. It 
 is a mountain stream, fed by melted snows, and alive with trout. 
 At high water,in Juneand July, it is a perfect torrent, and 
 dangerous to ford. Its banks are lined with fine cottonwood and 
 poplar, and the flat or bottom land of the valley is admirably 
 situated for irrigation. The present settlers are using this method. 
 for root crops and oats, and for hay, but not yet for wheat. Hay 
 meadows in the north-east corner.—J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
 Norz.—All the townships, from here northwards in this range, adjoin the 5th Initial 
 
 Meridiav, aud are fractional. 
 
 19. Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, much broken by hills and coulées 
 in Section 18, where a valley 100 feet below the surrounding 
 country was crossed. Tongue Creek, running through a narrow 
 valley, from 80 to 100 feet deep, crosses in 19. No wood.—WM. 
 Aldous, 1880. 
 
 The east is undulating and level prairie. The soil is a rich 
 clay loam. The grass 1s, in every case, rich and plentiful. In 
 Section 24 Tongue Oreek was crossed, about 25 links wide and . 
 1 foot deep, with sluggish current. In Section 1 High River was 
 crossed, running east, where the line crosses, but it turns north 
 shortly after crossing. The valley is heavily wooded with large 
 
 224°% 
 
342 
 
 20 
 
 zi. 
 
 22 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.—Range XXIX. 
 
 cottonwood, poplar and willow. Theriver is about 1% chains 
 wide, 4 feet deep, and has a very rapid current.—C. LE. Wolff, 
 1883. . 
 Sub-division—Soil, a clay loam, 10 inches deep, on a clay 
 subsoil. High River crosses the south boundary in Section 2 
 and runs north-easterly through Sections 1 and 12. The land on 
 both sides of the river is well settled. Tongue Creek runs east- 
 erly through the township. The stream is about 10 links wide 
 and 18 inches deep (September). The McLeod trail crosses the 
 township.—R. C. McPhillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—Along north boundary the land is excellent, and has 
 been ranked as first class, the soil being like the Manitoba 
 black loam.—T7T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 West, rolling prairie, with a good soil—class 1—excepting 
 Sections 19 and 30, which are light and gravelly, and rated class 
 2. Sheep Creek, running through a wooded valley three quarters 
 of amile wide, crosses in 380. A coulée is intersected in 19.— 
 M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 The east, undulating prairie. The northern portion is covered. 
 with small willow and young poplar. The soil is rich black 
 sandy loan, with good clay subsoil, and is excellent farming or 
 grazing Jand. InSection 24 Sheep Creek was crossed, in a valley 
 about 75 feet deep and about one mile in width. This creek is 
 about 8 chains wide and about 3 feet deep, and its valley is well 
 wooded with cottonwood and poplar.—C. E. Wolf, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—The western tier of sections—adjoining the 
 5th Initial Meridian—is fractional. The soil is generally a clay 
 loam of, 8 to 10 inches, on a clay subsoil. Along Sheep Creek 
 the soil is a sandy loam ona clay subsoil. There is some timber 
 along the creek, principally of a small size. The McLeod trail 
 traverses the township. A number of settlers are located.—~ 
 R. C. McPhillips, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, much broken in Sections 19 and 
 80 by a large coulée, 100 feet deep, having a number of ponds 
 surrounded by marsh. A cart trail from Fort McLeod to Calgary 
 in 31, a ravine in 18, and a small marsh in 6, were: intersected. 
 Soil, good. Olass1. No wood.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Kast, high-rolling prairie. The soil is a sandy loam, with 
 subsoil of sand and gravel_—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Southwards, the land is excellent, being first class black. 
 loam.—T. Drummond, 1882. 
 
 Sub-division.—Soil, good clay loam. There are a few good 
 hay swamps throughout, and in the south some scattered willow 
 brush. The westerly tier of sections is fractional. The Fort 
 McLeod trail passes through the township.—Rh. McPhillips, 1888. 
 
 Outlines —W est, open prairie, with a good soil, having a few 
 stones in places. Class 1. Northern half is broken by Bow 
 River, which flows through a valley over one mile wide in 
 places, and crosses the line in Section 31 and on boundary line 
 between 19 and 30. Pine Oreek in 7; hills, 150 feet high, in 18, 
 and an Indian trail in 19, were intersected.—_M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
23 
 
 2d> 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian.— Range XXIX. 343 
 
 On the eastern side this township, as far north as the Bow 
 River, which is crossed by the western boundary on Section 12, 
 is high-rolling prairie, with sandy loam soil, having a subsoil of 
 sand and gravel. On the north side of the Bow River the soil 
 consists of a rich black loam, with a sandy subsoil— T. R. Hewson, 
 1883. | ‘ 
 
 Sub-division.—The Bow River enters on Section 32; again on 
 40; then crosses 20, 17, 8, 9, 4, 8,10, 11 and 12, discharging on 
 the last numbered section. The land along the river is a sandy 
 loam, and in the remainder of the township it is a clay loam, of 
 8 or 10 inches, on a clay subsoil. The land is class 2 for farming, 
 and is valuable for grazing. Quite a number of settlers are 
 located here.—R. C. Mc Phillips, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, rolling prairie, with a very stony soil. Class 2. 
 Bow River, being about 30 chains wide at this point, is crossed in 
 Séction 4. A ridge, 40 feet high, in 21,and a small marsh in 16, 
 were intersected. No wood along the line—WM. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Eastwards, the surface is rolling and knolly. Soil, a fair 
 black clayey loam, from 12 to 18 inches deep ; subsoil, hard clay. 
 Some small meadows.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. | 
 
 Sub-diviston.--Contains only twenty-four sections and irregular 
 quarter-sections along the Fifth Initial Meridian. Is an open, rolling 
 prairie, composed of a sandy and gravelly soil, and very dry. 
 Some hay sloughs occur. The C.P.R crosses the centre of the 
 township, and the Bow River the south-west corner.—C. E. 
 LaRue, 1883. | 
 
 . Outlines.—Surface rolling along the north boundary. Loamy clay 
 
 soil. Surface rolling along the east boundary, and knolly. Soil, 
 a fair black clayey loam, from 12 to 18 inchesdeep. Some small 
 meadows.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. ; 
 
 West, open, rolling prairie, with alight and gravelly soil. 
 Class 2. An elbow of the Bow River was intersected in Section 
 9; also a coulée and small creek in 16.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie, composed of a sandy and 
 gravelly soil, with a gravel subsoil, and very dry. Some hay 
 sloughs are to be found, but only afew. This township contains 
 only twenty-four sections, and forms irregular quarter-sections 
 along the Fifth Initial Meridian. The Edmonton trail crosses 
 the central portion, and the Bow River touches the western 
 boundary.—C. FE. LaRue, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—EHastwards, rolling prairie, with many marshes. Clay 
 soil—class 1— and capital grazing.—T7. Fawceisi, 1883. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—May be rated first class for agricultural pur- 
 poses. Is gently-rolling, or nearly level prairie. The soil is 
 remarkably rich and easily tilled. There are several good hay 
 marshes, from which hay has been taken and stacked for several 
 years. The grass is rich and luxuriant. There was no running 
 watér, but the appearance of the country leads to the supposition 
 that water may be obtained very near the surface. Fuel may be 
 obtained at the Bow River for the wants of settlers.—S. LZ. Bra- 
 bazon, 1884.. 
 
344 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28, 
 
 =o. 
 
 a, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian—Range XX1X. 
 
 Outlines.—Eastwards, undulating prairie, with fewer marshes 
 than township 25, Soil, clay loam, 12 to 20 inches deep. Class 1. 
 Good land.—7. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—Suitable for settlement. Soil, superior quality ; 
 surface, generally rolling—rather heavily towards the north—and 
 with the exception of a range of hills from the middle, along the 
 western boundary—the tops of which are gravelly and stony— 
 there is very little inferior land. These hills are, however, very 
 small. There are a few marshes from which hay may be cut, and 
 there is an abundant supply of fresh water. Nose Creek follows 
 the western outline, and there are two small lakes in the town- 
 ship—one in Section 2 and the other on the east boundary of 34. 
 The water in the latter is clear and sweet. There are some large 
 boulders in the north.—S. L. Brabazon, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Eastwards, rolling and undulating prairie, with many 
 marshes and scattered willows. Soil, clay loam—class 1—on 
 clay subsoil. Splendid grazing land.— T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Undulating prairie. A small creek of good 
 water runs through the south part. There is a lake in Sections. 
 25 and 26, the water of which is fresh, but not very good. A 
 part of a new trail from Calgary to Edmonton crosses the west. 
 Soil, a black loam, with a clay subsoil, and rates class 1.—Z. 
 Gosselin, 1884. 
 
 Oxutlines.—Northwards and eastwards, undulating prairie. Soil, 
 clay loam. Classes 1 and 2. Capital land and good grazing. 
 Poplar bluffs in various parts of the township along the banks of 
 the small streams.— 7. Fawcett, 1888. : 
 
 Sub-division —Undulating prairie A deep ravine, containing 
 a spring creek, furrows the north of this township in a south-east- 
 erly direction. Small poplars are to be seen alone the south 
 bank of this ravine, suitable for fuel. Soil, a black loam on a 
 subsoil of clay, and class 1.--Z. Gosselin, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, cut by numerous coulées discharging 
 towards the south-east. Soil, fair, but shallow in places, rank- 
 ing second class.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. : 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, crossed by the head waters of Rosebud. 
 River. Soil, of fair quality, ranking second class.—Z. R. Ord, 
 1884. | 
 
 Norz.—Townxships 31 to 34 consist of only a narrow strip adjoining the Fifth Initial 
 Meridian. | 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FOURTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 : RANGE XXX. 
 
 Notx—All the townships in this range adjoin the Fifth Initial Meridian, and are fractional. 
 
 4. Outlines—Is a heavy-rolling prairie, covered with willow scrub 
 and bluffs of poplar. Good grass and water, but it is of no use 
 for winter ranche, on account of the depth of snow. The Forks 
 of the Waterton, which flow through this township, divide it 
 into three different parts. These streams flow in valleys 150 to 
 200 feet deep, and are very rapid. Their source is in the moun- 
 tains —F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 ©. Outlines.—Is very broken by the foot hills. An excellent grazing 
 ranche in summer. Some good hay land, and plenty of water. 
 Not much timber, but plenty of willow, poplar, underbrush and 
 scrub.—F. W. Armstrong, 18838. 
 
 6. Ouilines.—Good farming land, as far as soil is concerned. Good 
 grass, and fairly well watered. Pincher Creek flows through 
 this township. The land along the creek is all taken up.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 %. Outlines.-—Broken and hilly. Some deep gullies run back from the 
 Old Man’s River, which flows through it. No timber, except 
 along the river. where there is a little spruce, poplar and cotton- 
 wood, Good grass and water. Excellent cattle ranche.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1885. 
 
 8. Outlines.— North, very broken and hilly.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-3. 
 Timber very scattered and of poor quality. Good grazing 
 country, but unfit for settlement—F. W. Armstrong, 1883 
 
 Outlines.—Very broken and hilly. The north sides of the hills are 
 all well timbered with spruce and white pine, of various sizes 
 and quality In the valleys and on the south sides of the hills the 
 grass is plentiful and good. Water is in abundance everywhere 
 in streams from the hills. Beaver Creek crosses the north-east 
 corner in Section 36.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Outlines-—Very broken and hilly. Some good spruce timber. 
 Unfit for settlement. The south part will make a fine cattle 
 ranche. as grass and water are plentiful, and good on latter portion. 
 —F W. Armstrong, 18883. 
 
 Hilly. The valleys are admirably adapted for ranching pur- 
 poses, the grasses being rich, and a never-failing supply of water 
 from the creeks and numerous springs. Abundance of timber for 
 building and fuel—C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
 WA. Outlines. —Very broken and rough. Amongst Porcupine Hills. 
 Unfit for settlement. Good grass and water. Some spruce groves 
 scattered through it.—-F. Ww. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
846 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXX. 
 
 a2, 
 
 13 
 
 a4 
 
 15 
 
 Hilly. There is a good deal of pine timber, but most of it is 
 of an inferior quality. In the valleys the grasses are rich, and 
 from the creeks and numerous springs, and there is abundance of 
 water.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.—Along the north boundary the country is hilly; in the 
 valleys, some of which are one mile wide, the vegetation is luxu- 
 riant. Soil, rich black loam.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Very broken and rough. Amongst Porcupine Hills. Unfit 
 for settlement. Good grass and water. Some spruce groves scat- 
 tered through it.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Kast, going south, the line runs in the Porcupine Hills. In 
 Sections 36 and 25 there is some large pine and spruce. The 
 
 country is very broken. The soil in the valleys is a rich black 
 
 loam, with clay subsoil. In Section 12 the line crosses the south 
 Fork of Willow Creek. This stream is in a valley about half a 
 mile wide, and is full of very fine trout. There is considerable 
 small poplar and willow scrub as far south as Willow Creek, but 
 on the balance of the line there is no timber. The ground is con- 
 siderably cut up with gullies running to Willow Creek, and to a 
 small creek which crosses the line in Section 1.—C. E. Wolf, 
 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines—Is very rough, broken and hilly. The soil is a rich 
 dark loam, and the grass good and long. There is some spruce 
 timber to the south of Trout Creek, well adapted for building pur- 
 poses, and some dry scattered trees throughout the northern por- 
 tion. Trout Creek flows from west to east through the southern 
 portion.—F. W. Armstrong, 1833. 
 
 Outlines.--East is hilly and broken. Willow Creek flows through 
 the southern portion, in a valley 100 feet deep, the banks on both 
 sides being very steep and rocky, and only accessible in places. 
 The stone in these banks is a hard sandstone, well suited to build- 
 ing purposes. There is no timber, except along the creek. The 
 northern portion is thickly covered with willow scrub. The grass 
 is good and water plentiful. An excellent cattle ranche.—F. W. 
 Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is fractional, being one mile and 68 chains 
 wide, and is situate in the Porcupine Hills. Sections 1 and 2 are 
 crossed by Willow Creek. Sections 18, 24 and 26, in the valley 
 of a spring creek, are, in part, fit for farming ; the balance is good 
 grazing land. Soil, a black loam, of 4 to 12 inches deep, on a 
 clay subsoil. Willow Creek is fringed with willows and a few 
 poplars, 4 to 6 inches in diameter.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —East, the country is very broken. ‘The soil is a rich 
 clay, from 18 inches to 24 feet deep. The grass in the valleys is 
 very luxurient. The tops of the hills are generally gravelly, and 
 the grass lighter.—C. E Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is fractional, and only about 47 chains wide. 
 Is located on the north slope of the Porcupine Hills. The water-. 
 shed or height of land between Willow and Musquito Creeks lies 
 across Section 12. Soil, black loam, 12 inches deep, on clay sub- 
 
16. 
 
 17, 
 
 18, 
 
 Townships West of Fourth Initial Meridian —Range XXX. 347 
 
 soil. Good land, but rolling heavily, and supporting bluffs of 
 willow.—John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Kast, north end of the Porcupine Hills. The soil is a rich 
 clay, from 18 inches to 80 inches deep ‘The grass in the valleys 
 is very luxuriant.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is fractional, being only 463 chains wide. The 
 surface consists of heavy-rolling prairie, well supplied with Wee 
 by a spring creek running into Musquito Creek. The soil is 
 dark clay loam, 8 to 10 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. No aod. 
 —John Francis, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—East, undulating. The soil is sand and gravel, with 
 clay subsoil, and in many places covered with small surface boul- 
 ders.—C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—Fractional. Rolling prairie. Soil, black loam 
 —class 1—on clay subsoil. A branch of the Musquito Creek runs 
 through the south part, but usually dries up as the summer 
 advances. There are exposures of coarse sandstone along the 
 creek.—J. A. Kirk, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—Hast, undulating. The soil is sand and gravel, with clay 
 subsoil. Some small surface boulders. In Section 25 High River 
 was crossed, running east in a valley 60 feet deep. The river is 
 about 24 chains wide, and the water about 4 feet deep, with a very 
 rapid current..-C. E. Wolff, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.—High iver flows through this township in a 
 wide valley, which is a tangled mass of scrub, with a few cotton- 
 wood trees, of about 8 or 10 inches. The soil is a black loam on 
 clay subsoil.—J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE I. 
 
 Outlines.—There is only a small portion of the eastern part that is 
 not in the mountains. Is very rough and broken, and the land is 
 covered with scrub, small spruce and poplar. One of the north 
 branches of the Waterton River was crossed in Section 13.—Ff. 
 W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The eastern portion is very much broken by gullies, 
 
 and the foot hills of the mountains. The land is covered with 
 
 scrub and poplar timber. There is some good spruce near the 
 southern boundary. The western part is in the mountains.—F. 
 W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 . Outlines—Some portions are fit for settlement. An excellent cattle 
 
 ranche. The South Fork of the Old Man’s River runs -through 
 this township. Part of it is amongst the foot hills of the moun- 
 tains. In the south of Section 18, the line is crossed by Mill Creek, 
 flowing north-east to join the river, which intersects the line 
 between Sections 18 and 19. In the east the line crosses a creek 
 in Section 12, and Pincher Creek and the trail to the Police Farm 
 
 in Section 24—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 - Outlines—The North, Middle and South Forks of the Old Man’s 
 
 River flow through this township. Good grass. Water in abun- 
 dance and good shelter. There is some timber, poplar and cotton- 
 wood, along the river bottoms. An excellent pasture ranche. 
 The snow never remains here longer than two or three days, 
 owing to the prevalence of the “ Chinook” winds.—F. W. Arm- 
 strong, 1883. 
 
 West, undulating. Soil, a rich black loam, clay subsoil. In 
 Section 31 the line crosses the Middle Fork of Old Man’s River— 
 width, 14 chains; rapid current; 2 feet deep. The south side of 
 river is lined with spruce and balsam, and the valley is generally 
 covered with willow brush and some good poplar.— C. “#. Wolff, 
 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines —Going west on the north boundary, the first three and 
 a-half miles are in the Porcupine Hills, and very rough. The 
 soil is very gravelly, and the tops of the hills covered with a 
 soft sandstone. There is some small pine and spruce on Sec- 
 tions 31 and 36. The North Fork of Old Man’s River was crossed 
 in the west half of Section 83. The river is about three and 
 a-half chains wide, with about two feet of water. From the 
 river going west, and then south along the west boundary, 
 the country is undulating, the soil light and gravelly, with 
 clay subsoil.—C E. Wolff, 1882-83. ) 
 
 The east is in the Porcupine Hills. A creek crosses the line 
 twice in Section 36, flows south, almost parallel to the line, and 
 
10, 
 
 11, 
 
 12. 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—-Kange I, 849 
 
 again crosses it in Section 25, receiving a branch in Section 24. 
 Not much timber. Good pasture—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—The east being in the Porcupine Hills is very hilly 
 and broken. Some timber on north sides of hills. Good grass 
 and water. Excellent pasture land.—F. W. Armstrong, 1883. 
 
 Sections 1 to 4are in the Porcupine Hills, and very rough. 
 The soil is very gravelly. Small pine and spruce on Sections 1 
 and 6. The North Fork of Old Man’s River flows south through 
 Section 4, with about 2 feet of water. Sections 5 and 6 are undu- 
 lating, and the soil light and gravelly. This soil continues 
 partly north along the west boundary, with intervening areas of 
 clay.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.—West, undulating. Soil clay. The. line crosses the 
 North Fork of Old Man’s River in Section 6. There is some good 
 limestone at this point. In Sections 18 and 19 the line crosses in 
 several places a creek which empties into the river—C. HL. Wolf, 
 1882-83. 
 
 East, is very hilly and broken. North sides of the hills 
 covered with timber of spruce and poplar. Unfit for settlement. 
 Good grass in the valleys and on the south sides of the hills. A 
 good cattle ranche and plenty of water.—F. W. Armstrong, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.— West, this line is crossed by a number of deep ravines. 
 On the third mile, going south, the line is crossed eight times by 
 a creek about 20 links in width, which is a tributary of the North 
 Fork of Old Man’s River. There are many small creeks running 
 out of the numerous ravines into it. The country is well adapted 
 to grazing.—T. R. Hewson, 1*83. 
 
 The east half is hilly and there is a considerable amount of 
 spruce timber; good grass and plenty of water. The township 1s 
 unfit for agricultural purposes, but there is good grazing land.— 
 F. W. Armstrong, 1883. | 
 
 Outlines.—The north boundary crosses numerous sandstone ridges 
 averaging about 1000 feet in height. In the valleys between 
 these ridges there is spruce and fir timber suitable for building, 
 fencing and fuel. The soil, in general, is a rich clay loam aver- 
 aging about 15 inches in depth, upon a sandstone or gravel for- 
 maticn. Numerous small mountain streams, averaging from 5 to 
 10 links in width, and which are tributaries of the South Fork of 
 Willow Creek, are crossed by this line. The grass in the valleys, 
 between the ridges, is very luxuriant, and the country well adapted 
 for ranching purposes. The west line runs along the edge of the 
 western ridge of the Porcupine Hills for about four miles south- 
 wards, from thence gradually descending into the wide valley 
 between the hills and the Rocky Mountains. The line crosses a 
 number of small creeks over the last three miles. There is timber 
 at intervals.—7. R. Hewson, 1883. : 
 
 The east half is very hilly, and there is a considerable amount 
 of scattered spruce timber; good grass, and plenty of good water. 
 The township is unfit for agricultural purposes, but there is good 
 grazing land. The line crosses creeks in Sections 1 and 36, and 
 
850 
 
 Ls, 
 
 q4. 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range I 
 
 Trout Creek, running through a marsh, in 138.—F. W. Armstrong, 
 1882-88. 
 
 Outlines—The west line runs along the western edge of the Por- 
 cupine Hills, crossing a number of high sandstone ridges, and a 
 very broken country generally, and the valleys of creeks which 
 flow to Willow Creek. Wood is very scarce and small, being 
 suitable only for fencing and fuel_—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Kast, hilly country. Trout Creek crosses the line in Section 
 12, and branches in 1 and 12. Another creek, flowing north- 
 eastwards, crosses the line in 13. Wood in places.—WM. Aldous, 
 1880. 
 
 Outlines.—The west line runs along the western ridge of the 
 Porcupine Hills, crossing a very rough and broken country. The 
 North Fork of Willow Creek is crossed by this line at about four 
 miles from the southern boundary. There is scarcely any wood 
 along this line, and what there is, is suitable only for fencing and 
 
  fuel—T. R. Hewson, 18838. 
 
 id. 
 
 16, 
 
 In the east the country is rough. Willow Creek and a 
 branch cross the line in Section 1. Line crosses two streams in 
 Section 13; one in 24; one in 25, and one in 86.—WM. Aldous, 
 1880. 
 
 Outlines.—Hast, hilly, open country, with a good soil. Class 1. 
 The Porcupine Hills commence in Section 12, reach an elevation 
 of 400 feet, and are covered with dead spruce. Small marshes in 
 24 and a couple of watercourses, running through ravines, in 18 
 were crossed.—M. Addous, 1880. 
 
 Outlines.—North and north-east, rolling prairie, with good soil in 
 places. A creek, flowing north, crosses the line in Section $8. 
 South-east, the country is hilly and open. Mosquito Creek © 
 
 _ erosses the line three times in Section 25. A tributary of this 
 
 i? 
 
 crosses the line once in 18, three times in 24, and three times in 
 25. Some stone and gravel in Section 36. Soil, excellent. Class 
 1. A low flat, with heavy poplar in 25.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Outlines. —East and south, rolling prairie, with a first class soil. 
 Sections 1 and 12 are slightly light and gravelly. A small creek, 
 running north-east, crosses from Sections 4 to 13.—M. Aldous, 
 1880. | 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie in the north and east, and 
 hilly in the south and west, a spur of the;Porcupine Hills running 
 through the latter portion. The south and middle Forks of the 
 High River join ashort distance west of the western outline, 
 and, flowing eastward, unite in the north part of Section 31 with 
 the north fork, or main stream, of the same river. ‘There is an 
 exposure of excellent freestone in the banks of the river in this 
 vicinity. On the hillsides and in the valleys is a luxurious 
 growth of grasses, but the hilltops are generally gravelly and 
 barren. Springs are numerous, and in the south part of the town- 
 ship several of them unite and form a branch of Mosquito Creek. 
 The soil is generally black loam over clay, but near the river it 
 gets sandy.—J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
18, 
 
 19, 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 851 
 
 Outlines—East, undulating prairie, with a good soil; slightly 
 gravelly in southern half. Class 1. High River, with a bank 
 on north side 50. feet high, while to the south, it is flat, and 
 timbered with poplar and willow scrub, crosses in Section 25.— 
 M, Aldous, 1880. ° 
 
 Sub-diviston—High River flows north-easterly through the. 
 township, mostly in a canon cut through sandstone rock, which 
 is universal in this district. In several places there are exposures 
 of excellent grey freestone, and in Section 22 a seam of lignite, 
 1 inch thick, was observed. Seams several feet thick are 
 reported exposed in the river banks, a short distance west of this 
 township. Overlaying the rock is a layer of coarse gravel, 
 which, in its turn, is overlaid with a friable clay, grey, and some- 
 times yellow in color, from 2 to 40 feet in thickness. The 
 river is fed principally by the melting snow. It is said to be the 
 best trout stream on this side of the Rocky Mountains. The 
 scenery from its banksis very picturesque. At Section 22 the 
 canon opens out into a wide valley, in which the banks are 
 lined with thick scrub, through which is scattered some cotton- 
 wood timber, averaging 9 or 10 inches in diameter. On the south 
 side of the river the line rises in a series of slopes. The soil is 
 generally a black loam on a clay subsoil, but near the river the 
 surface is, in many places, almost paved with small boulders. 
 On the north side the land rises for about two miles. There is a 
 marked difference in the grass as soon as the river is crossed. 
 On the south side it is short and wiry, curing early in the season, 
 but on the north side it is longer, and remains green for a longer 
 time, and is probably useless for fodder in the winter, as grass. 
 frozen when green looses its. nutritious properties. This differ- 
 ence is caused by a greater precipitation on this side of the river. 
 Many times during the season, indeed invariably, storms coming 
 from the mountains divided in the Foot Hills, one part following 
 the ridge of high lands on the north side of the High River, 
 the other keeping a south-easterly course through the hills 
 leaving the rolling prairie at their base almost entirely without 
 rainfall. Owing to the dryness of the land, agriculture without 
 irrigation could not be carried on successfully ; and, moreover, the 
 supply of water in the rivers and creeks is comparatively limited. 
 —J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —West, rolling. Good grazing land. Soil, second class, 
 
 Line crosses Tongue Creek and two marshes in Section 18, and 
 another marsh in 81.—L. Kennedy, 1881. , 
 
 East, rolling prairie. Tongue Creek crosses the line in Sec- 
 tion 24. Timber was found in small quantities near the creek. 
 The McLeod and Calgary trail crosses the line in Section 12.—M. 
 Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is principally rolling prairie. 
 The soil is clay loam, with clay subsoil, except along the Tongue 
 Creek, where the surface soil is a sandy loam. In the northerly 
 part of the township there are some very high hills, but owing to. 
 their long slopes it is difficult to form an estimate of their height 
 above the prairie level —R. C. Mc Phillips, 1883. : 
 
352 
 
 20, 
 
 1, 
 
 ze, 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 
 
 Ouilines—North and east, rolling to very hilly prairie. Soil, a 
 rich black loam. Scrubby in Sections 84 and 85. A creek runs 
 south through a marsh in 81 to join Sheep Creek, which crosses 
 the east line in Section 25. There is timber in its vicinity. Two 
 other streams cross in the same section.—M. Aldous, ‘880. 
 
 West and south, rolling land; good grazing. Soil, classes 1 
 and 2. Sheep Creek:and two branches cross the line in Section 
 80. Scattered poplar and brush in the vicinity of the Creek. Sec- 
 tion 31 is marshy.—L. Kennedy, 1881. 7 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is very hilly. The soil is aclay 
 loam, about 10 inches in depth, on a clay subsoil. Sheep Creek 
 runs easterly across the township and along its banks. The sur- 
 face soil is a sandy loam. Barter’s Ranch is situated in the north- 
 west quarter of Section 19. There is some wood along Sheep 
 Creek, suitable for fuel and fence rails, consisting of poplar and 
 willow.—R. C. McPhillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling land. Soil, first class. Creeks cross the 
 line, flowing north, in Sections 32 and 38. The cart trail to 
 Calgarry in Section 86. West, rolling and hilly. Soil, first 
 class. Good grazing. Scrub, cottonwood and willows all along 
 the line. A creek in Section 18.—LZ. Kennedy, 1881. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie. Line runs in the bottom of a deep 
 coulée through Section 24 and parts of 18 and 25. In Section 36 
 a trail. South, rolling prairie, with a rich black loam soil. A 
 small creek in Section 85.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division—The western part is mostly hilly, and has 
 numerous springs of beautiful water. A large gully runs down 
 the eastern tier of sections, and in it are two small alkaline lakes. 
 The soil is a good black loam, on a clay subsoil. Class 1. There 
 is considerable willow brush in the north and west of the town- 
 ship. There were no settlers at the time of survey, but a good 
 many have located there since.—R. C. Mc Phillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —North, west and south, rolling and level prairie. Good 
 grazing. Soil, first class. McLeod and Calgary trail crosses the 
 township. Fish River was crossed in Section 35. Timber and 
 scrub in the vicinity of the river, and in Section 31. Creeks 
 cross the south line, flowing north in Sections 4 and 5° Scrubby 
 in the vicinity of the creeks.—L. Kennedy, 1881. | 
 
 East, rolling prairie. The line crosses Pine Creek in Section 
 1, a trail in 13 and the Bow River in Sections 24 and 36. Small 
 quantity of timber in the vicinity of the river.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-division.—The surface is generally rolling prairie, except- 
 ing the western tier of sections, which is very hilly. The soil is 
 very good, being a black loam, 8 to 10 inches deep, on a clay 
 
 subsoil. Pine Creek runs through Sections 6, 5, 4, 10, 11 and 12. 
 
 The average width of the creek is about 7 feet, its depth about 1 
 foot, and the water good. Every available section is settled on. 
 The Indian Department Supply Farm embraces all of Section 35, 
 the greater portions 25, 26 and 36, and parts of 27 and 34. The 
 Fort McLeod trail passes through the township. The Bow River 
 
 xuns through Sections 24, 25 and 36.—R. GC. McPhillips, 1883. 
 
235, 
 
 24 
 
 Townships West of F ifth Initial Meridian —Range I. 353 
 
 Outlines.—In the north the country is open prairie, and the soil 
 mostly second class. Going south, on the west side, however, the 
 soil varies in quality, becoming better to the south, where it is 
 class 1. The north line crosses the Calgary trail in Section 34, 
 and two others in 32. Bow River was crossed in Section 36, also 
 two creeks. Line crosses two creeks in Section 85. The Elbow 
 River crosses the west boundary four times in Section 30, and 
 passes out of the township on 33. Fish Creek crosses the south- 
 ern tier of sections. Timber and scrub in the vicinity of the creek. 
 —L. Kennedy, 1881. : 
 Sub-diviston.—Rolling and hilly. It is traversed by a num- 
 ber of valleys. The alluvial soil is black loam in some places, and 
 
 in others sand and gravel. The subsoil is sandy and gravelly. The 
 
 Bow River flows southward through the eastern portion and the | 
 north-western and southern parts are traversed, the former by 
 
 Elbow River and the latter by Fish Creek. On the banks of 
 these streams there is a certain quantity of wood, poplar timber 
 
 and heavy brush, fit and sufficient for the wants of the settlers in 
 
 the township, as material for buildings, fences and fuel, during a 
 
 period of about five years. Some very good crops of vegetables 
 
 and oats were noticed on many settlers’ claims. The results of. 
 their efforts, thus far, have been very encouraging to them. The 
 
 township is well settled.—C. E. LaRue, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, very hilly and rolling prairie. Soil is gravelly 
 and sandy. The Edmonton and Calgary trail crosses the line in 
 Section 35. Line crosses Nose Creek in Section 34 and Nose Hill 
 in 82.—M. Aldous, 1881. | 
 
 West and south, the country is all open prairie. Soil mostly 
 second class. Bow River crosses the township from Sectiou 19 to 
 1, and the Elbow River from 4 to Calgary. East of Bow River 
 the land is stony.—L. Kennedy, 1881. | 
 
 East, rolling prairie. An arm of Bow River crosses the line 
 twice in Section 12. Nose Creek and Elbow River enter the Bow 
 a short distance west of the line—the latter from the south. At 
 the junction of the Bow and Elbow Rivers is situated Fort Cal- 
 gary. On the line, some distance south of the quarter-section post, 
 on Section 12, is an Astronomical Station, established by W. F. 
 King, 1880.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-division.—The surface is generally rolling and hilly, and 
 the soil sandy and gravelly. Classes 2 and 8. The Bow River 
 
 ‘enters from the west, on the southern portion of Section 19, and 
 
 pursues a gently-winding easterly course through a flat valley. 
 It is entered on Section 14 from the south by the Elbow River, 
 which flows north-easterly in a zigzag course from Section 4, and 
 on Section 18 from the north by Nose Creek. From this point 
 Bow River turns and flows southward through Sections 12 and 1. 
 ‘The width of this river is from 175 to 250 yards, and its depth, at 
 ‘low water, 3 to 6 feet. The Elbow River is 22 to 100 yards wide, 
 and 1 to 1% feet deep, at low water. Both these streams take 
 their rise in the Rocky Mountains. The current in each is very 
 rapid ; the water fresh, pure and good, and the bottoms stony. 
 
 The banks of each are, in places, from 50 to 100 feet high, and are 
 
“B54 
 
 2d 
 
 =6 
 
 Townstips West of Fifth Initial Meridian.— Range I. 
 
 partially covered with poplar, willow and brush. At the junction 
 of the rivers, on Section 14, is the town of Calgary, which will 
 soon become one of the most important places in the North-West. 
 Its geographical position, picturesque site, proximity to the Rocky 
 Mountains, access to wood and timber by way of both rivers, and 
 its ample supply of excellent water, all contribute to this end.— 
 C. E. LaRue, 1888. 
 
 Outlines. —West, rolling and broken country. No water. Sec- 
 tions 80 and 31 in Nose Creek bottom. Nose Hill in 7 and 18.— ~ 
 T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Kast, open prairie, rolling and undulating, with a light and 
 gravelly soil. Class 1. South, hilly and rolling. Soil, gravelly 
 and sandy. Nose Creek flows south through the township, leaving 
 by Section 2. In Section 5 is Nose Hill—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 '  Sub-division—All open prairie, heavily-rolling and hilly, par- 
 ticularly so in the south-west portion. Nose Hill attains consider- — 
 able altitude above Bow River. There are some parts, however, 
 suitable for cultivation—about 40 per cent. of the township— and 
 the soil is of the richest quality throughout. The two branches. 
 of Nose Creek join in Section 14. This stream furnishes an abun- 
 dant supply of excellent water. The grass is very luxuriant, and 
 wild pea was found in many places. The township is admirably 
 suited for grazing, the hills and coulées affording the best of 
 shelter for stock —S. L. Brabazon, 1884. 
 
 Outlines— West. High-rolling prairie. Nose Creek, bordering a 
 marsh, crosses Section 6. No wood, except some scrub in the south 
 half of Section 19.—T7T. R. Hewson, 18838. 
 
 East, open, rolling and undulating prairie, with a light and 
 gravelly soil. Class 2. A branch of Nose Creek winds along this — 
 line, and crosses several times in Sections 1, 25 and 36.—M. 
 Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-division.—All heavily-rolling and hilly prairie, with a 
 soil of superior quality, but probably not more than 60 per cent. 
 of it could be cultivated advantageously. There are numerous. 
 creek beds, where there is no doubt water during the greater part 
 of the season, and Nose Creek follows the eastern boundary, the 
 south branch of it crossing the south-west corner of Section 6. 
 There are very few hay marshes, but the grass is rich and luxuriant. 
 The township would make an excellent run for cattle.—S. L. 
 Brabazon, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—West, open, rolling prairie. First class land. Creeks 
 
 cross the line in Sections 6, 18, 19 and 81. Section 6 is scrubby. 
 Marshes were crossed in Sections 6 and 80.—T. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 Hast, undulating prairie, with a poor soil, being stony and 
 gravelly in places. Class 2. A watercourse, with high banks, 
 crosses in Section 24. No wood or surface water.—M. Aldous,. 
 1880. ; 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling and undulating prairie. Sections 33 
 and 34 are broken by a deep ravine, containing a creek, 9 inches 
 deep and 2 feet wide, with good water and a slow current. 
 This creek flows south along .the eastern side of the township.. 
 
28, 
 
 29. 
 
 BO. 
 
 Si. 
 
 B2. 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range I. 355 
 
 There are many small ravines, running generally in an easterly 
 direction. The trail from Calgary to Edmonton passes along the 
 banks of the creek. The soil is ablack loam, with clay subsoil, 
 and rates classes 1 and2. No wood.—JZL. Gosselin, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, with thick willows. Numer- 
 ous dry creek beds were crossed, and in Section 34 the Calgary 
 and Edmonton cart trail. Line crosses marshes in Sections 33 and 
 34 West, open, rolling prairie, suitable for all purposes of farm- 
 ing. Line crosses creeks in Nections 6, 19 and 31.—7. Fawcett, 
 1884. 
 
 East, open, undulating prairie, with a good soil. Class 1, 
 except Sections 1 and 12, which are light and gravelly, and rated 
 class 2. <A rivulet, with banks 40 feet high, was intersected in 
 36.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-divison.—Rolling and undulating prairie. It is all well 
 watered by creeks and sloughs. Sections 4, 5 and 6 are broken 
 by a deep ravine, containing a creek, about 9 inches deep and 2 
 feet wide, with good water. The current is not very swift. The 
 trail from Calgary to Edmonton passes through this township. 
 The soil is a black loam on a clay subsoil, and rates class 1 —L. 
 Gosselin, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—West, open, rolling prairie. Water scarce.—L. R. Ord, 
 1884. 
 
 Kast, level and* rolling prairie, with a good soil. Class 
 1. Tributaries of Rosebud River, with banks 70 and 80 feet high, 
 were intersected in Sections 25 and 86; also a watercourse in 1. 
 No wood.—WM. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 South, unduiating prairie, with thick willows. Numerous 
 dry creek beds were crossed, and several marshes.—T. Fawcett, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.— West, open, rolling prairie. A small creek flowing to 
 the Rosebud River crosses Sections 7 and 18.—L. R. Ord, 1884 
 
 Kast, open, rolling prairie, with a good soil; somewhat dry. 
 but class 1. A large coulée in Section 36 and a smaller one in 12 
 contained rivulets. A creek running through a valley about 20 
 chains wide and 80 feet deep crosses in 24, and a watercourse, 
 with banks 40 feet high, in 12.— MW. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 ‘Outlines —Prairie ; brushy and rolling in the north, and open and 
 rolling in the west, with rich soil all around. A marsh in Sec- 
 tion 18, and a creek, flowing in a south-easterly direction, in Sec- 
 tion 30, and in 82 a cart trail. Bray, 1883. 
 
 East, open, rolling, level and hilly, with a good soil. Class 
 1.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Outlines —East, open prairie ; undulating in north and level in 
 south. Soil, excellent, especially in southern half. Class1. A 
 bed of a creek, with pools of water in places in Sections 24 and 
 25. A small creek, with high banks in 13, and Calgary trail in. 
 12.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 23* 
 
856 
 
 bed, 
 
 aA, 
 
 3G, 
 
 BY @ 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Inttial Meridian —Range I. 
 
 West, gently-rolling prairie, with a rich soil. Line crosses — 
 marshes in Sections 6 and 80, and a cart trail in 19.—E. Bray, 
 1883. | 
 Outlines.—West, brushy prairie, slightly rolling. Soil rich. The 
 line crosses a creek in Section 6, and marshes in 19 and 30.— 
 E Bray, 18838. 
 
 East, rolling and undulating prairie, covered with willow 
 and scattered poplar in Sections 25 and 36. Soil good. Class 1. 
 Small marshes and a trail to Bow River in 25. Calgary trail in 
 24 and a watercourse in 138.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Outlines.—West, soil is light and sandy, but good. Woods of 
 willow and spruce. Section 81 is broken by ponds and marshes. 
 —E. Bray, 1883. | 
 
 East, undulating prairie, being rough and broken in Sections 
 24 and 25, and covered with dry and green poplar and willow 
 scrub. Soil, excellent Class 1.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 . Outlines. —East, prairie, rolling in the north and level in the 
 
 south ; comparatively open, with scattered poplar and willow 
 scrub, with a few spruce in 25 and 86. A tributary of Red Deer 
 River, running through a narrow valley, crosses in 18; also a 
 watercourse running north from asmall marsh in 12. Soil, 
 good. Class 1.-—M. Aldous, 1880. | 
 
 West, undulating, broken and hilly country. Poplar and 
 willows. Soil is first class. Little Red Deer River crosses the 
 line twice in Sections 18 and 80. In18 acreek, flowing north 
 to join the river, crosses the line twice. Marshes in Sections 6, 
 7 and 19, and scrubby prairie in 80 and 31.—T. Kains, 1883. © 
 
 Outlines.—North, almost covered witha growth of small willows, 
 among which are clumps of poplars The country is open 
 toward the west side of the range. Soil, rather light, and rated 
 second class. West, undulating country. Soil, First and second 
 class. Spruce, poplar and willow. Red Deer River crosses Sections 
 6 and 7, flowing east across the south of the township: Medicine 
 River and several smaller streams flow from the west side to the 
 Red Deer. Marshes in Sections 6,19 and 31. Sections 19, 30 
 and 81 are scrubby prairie.—T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 The eastern part of this township is in the valley of the Red 
 Deer River, and has a low, flat surface, with excellent soil. Class 1. 
 The prairie is interspersed with low scrub and scattered willow. 
 Red Deer River, was crossed in Section 1. The river at this 
 point is very deep and rapid, with sand bars covered with willow. 
 —M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Outlines.-~ West, Sections 6,7 and 18 are gently-rising country, 
 almost covered with willows; 19, 30 and 31 are high-rolling 
 country, with poplar and willows. Soil, classes 1 and 2. The 
 south-east appeared almost covered with small willows, among 
 which were clumps of poplar. The country is open toward south- 
 west. Soil, rather light, and rated class 2.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 __ Sub-division.—The western portion of this township is covered — 
 with an extensive growth of good poplar, from 5 to 12 inches in 
 
38, 
 
 oD. 
 
 4D, 
 
 41. 
 
 Townships West of Fifia Latteal Mer: dian.—Range I. 857 
 
 diameter, suitable for fence rails and building logs, intermingled 
 
 with clumps of spruce, averaging between 4 and 18 inches in 
 diameter. The eastern portion is largely covered with underbrush 
 and willow, and occasional clumps of poplar. The soil rates classes 
 1 and 2.—M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling country. Soil, generally first class. 
 Poplar and spruce, witha few swamps Two creeks cross the line 
 -~one in Section 7, the other in 30, both containing good water.— 
 T. Katins, 1888. 
 
 East, Sections 13 and 24, and part of 25, are submerged by 
 Swan Lake; the margin, for about 10 chains inland, is a hay 
 marsh. Numerous ponds and hay marshes were crossed in 1 and 
 12; the remainder is timbered with poplar and willow, inter- 
 mingled with spruce. Soil, good. Class 1—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Sub-division.—The greater portion of this township is covered 
 with a growth of poplar from 3 to 18 inches in diameter, with 
 scattered birch and clumps of spruce, averaging from 4 to 18 
 inches in diameter, suitable for building timber, &c. The south- 
 ern portion is mostly covered with underbrush and scattered 
 clumps of poplar. Swan Lake covers a large portion of the eastern 
 side, and Snake Lake parts of Sections 382 and 33. The soil is 
 classes 1 and 2, and is well suited to agriculture —M. J. Charbon- 
 neau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating; willows and poplar. Blind Man’s 
 River crosses the line in Section 35; a tributary crosses in 33 and 
 34,-—C. A. Magrath, 1880. 
 
 Kast, level prairie, timbered with poplar and low willows, 
 
 intermingled with birch in Sections 25 and 36. Soil, excellent. 
 Class 1. Blind Man’s River, having fine clear water and rapid 
 current, crosses in 18. Small marshes in 24 and 25.—M. Aldous, 
 1884. | . 
 South, this line is all through a timbered country. The 
 poplar grows from 3 to 18 and the spruce from 4 to 18 inches in 
 diameter. Soil, classes 1 and 2. Snake Lake extends over the 
 greater part of Sections 4 and 5.—M. J. Charbonneau, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, poplar and willow. Blind Man’s River crosses 
 the line in Section 32, flowing south. Gull Lake almost entirely 
 submerges Section 86, and extends about eight miles northwards. | 
 
 West, undulating. Clumps of willows and small poplar. 
 Line crosses creeks in Sections 6, 7 and 18, and in the south half 
 of 18 the Rocky Mountain House trail.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 East, open prairie, with patches of poplar and willow. Excel- 
 lent soil. Class 1. Section 86 and part ot 25 are submerged by 
 Gull Lake. Sections 1 and 12 are broken by small ponds, lakes 
 and marshes. An old cart trail to Rocky Mountain House crosses 
 in 24.—M. Aldous, 1880. : 
 
 Outlines.—The east of this township is entirely submerged by 
 Gull Lake.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 . Outlines.—East, prairie, rough and broken in Sections 13 and 243 
 
 covered with scattered poplar and scrub, interspersed, with spruce, 
 234% . | 
 
358 
 
 43. 
 
 44, 
 
 45. 
 
 4G. 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range }. 
 
 in 25. Muskegs in 25. The greater part of 1 is submerged by 
 Gull Lake.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 East, thick poplar bush, intermingled with some spruce, 
 Soil, sandy loam, 6 to 9 inches deep, ona clay subsoil. Class 3. 
 Section 1 is in Gull Lake.—J. J. McArthur, 1882-88. 
 
 Outlines.—East, country covered with tamarac, and willow swamps 
 and spruce, poplar and scrub intervening. There are open glades 
 and prairie in Sections 24 and 25. An arm ofa lake, and a muskeg 
 80 chains wide, in 18; also small creeks in 1 and 13. Soil, good. 
 Class 1.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 East, poplar, spruce, willow swamps, burnt poplar and 
 tamarac. Soil, sandy loam, 6 to 9 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. 
 The land rates class 3.—J. J. McArthur, 1882-88. 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling country, densely wooded with poplar and 
 birch along the middle and toward the western portion of the line.. 
 Sections 31, 32 and 386 are partially overgrown with small poplar, 
 In the western half of the first-named section is a spruce muskeg 
 about a quarter of a mile wide. Two creeks, flowing north, are 
 crossed on the western half of 35 and the eastern portion of 36, 
 respectively. The land rates class 3, the soil being 4 inches of 
 sandy loam on a clay subsoil —J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 East, country heavily timbered in southern sections, the 
 northern part having been overrun by fire. Soil. good. Class 1. 
 A small creek and slough in 13. The snow peaks of the Rocky 
 Maintains visible from Section 1; direction, west south-west.— 
 M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 East, poplar, brulé, willows, willow swamps and tamarac 
 swamps. On Section 13 is a creek flowing east. Alluvial soil, 
 sandy loam; depth, 6 inches; subsoil, clay. Class 3.—J. J. 
 McArthur, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.——East, rolling country with numerous spruce, willow and 
 tamarac swamps, and scattered poplar and pine bluffs. Soil, light 
 and sandy. SBattle River in Section 24, and small creeks in 1, 13, 
 24 and 36, were intersected Section 13 is broken by ponds and 
 a small lake, and 1 by small muskegs.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 The first one and a-half miles of the eastern boundary, going 
 north, is covered with brulé, and aoout midway on this interval 
 is a creek flowing east. North of this, Section 13 is largely occu- 
 pied by alake, surrounded by swamps. In Section 24 is the Battle 
 River and one of its tributaries. The former stream flows east, 
 and the latter south-west. Inthe north part of this Section is 
 another creek, flowing east along the edge of a spruce swamp. 
 From thence northward the land is high, undulating, and covered 
 with a thick growth of young poplar. Some birch and pine was 
 found on Section 86. Alluvial soil, 6. inches of sandy loam ; sub- 
 soil, clay. Class 3.—J. J. McArthur, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.—East, the northern half is submerged by Pigeon Lake, 
 which abounds in whitefish. The southern half is timbered with 
 a thick forest of tamarac, poplar, willow, and a few spruce. A 
 small creek crosses in Section 12.—M. Aldous, 1880. | 
 
Townships West of Fifth Initial Mertdian.—Range J, 359° 
 
 Sections 1, 12, and about one-third of 18, consist of high, 
 undulating country, densely wooded with poplar and spruce. 
 Soil, 6 inches of sandy loam over clay. Class 3. The balance of 
 the line is in Pigeon Lake. On the south shore of this lake there 
 is some birch among the poplar and spruce.—J. J. McArthur, 
 1882-83. 
 
 4&7. Outlines—East, the southern half is submerged by Pigeon Lake, 
 the northern half being heavily timbered with poplar, willow, 
 birch, spruce and tamarac, the poplar being from 1 to 2 feet in 
 diameter. A pack trail from Peace Hills to Pigeon Lake crosses 
 in Section 25.—M. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 Pigeon Lake extends northward on the east boundary for 
 nearly two and one-third miles from the southern extremity. The 
 balance of the third mile consists of low land, timbered with heavy 
 spruce. From thence the country is generally high and undul- 
 ating, and densely wooded with poplar, birch and spruce. In 
 the north of Section 24 is a creek flowing east. Alluvial soil, 6 
 inches of sandy loam; subsoil, clay. Class 3.—-J. J. McArthur, 
 1882-83. 
 
 AS. Outlines.—North, bush all along this line. Creeks, flowing north, 
 cross the line in Sections 32, 38 and 34, and marshes in Nos. 82, 
 8iand 35.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 The first mile of the eastern boundary, going north, is wooded. 
 with poplar, birch and spruce. The second is covered with willow, 
 intermingled with afew poplars and spruces, and near the middle 
 isa small creek. The third is timbered with spruce and poplar; 
 the fourth with tamarac and spruce, part being swampy; the 
 fifth by heavy poplar, a few spruce and some willows; and the 
 sixth with poplar. On the latter are two willow swamps. The 
 land rates class 8, the soil being a sandy loam, 6 inches deep, on 
 a clay subsoil.—J. J. McArthur, 1882-83. 
 
 4&9, Outlines—West, with the exception of Section 80 and the north 
 half of 19, heavily timbered. North of 19, and part of the south 
 of 30 is scrubby, acreek crossing the line several times. Remain- 
 der of 30 is a large muskeg. Section 31 is broken by a creek and 
 its valley, which cross the line three times, and a branch which 
 erosses once.—J. J McArthur, 1884. \ 
 
 The eastern boundary is covered with poplar bush, with 
 willow swamps occuring at intervals toward the south. A 
 _ereek was crossed in Section 86 and another in 25. The land 
 rates class 3, the soil being 4 to 6 inches of sandy loam over clay. 
 —J. JI McArthur, 1882-838. 
 
 30, Outlines—West, parts of Sections 7,18 and 19 are muskegs; 
 remaining portions of the line lie inabush country. Sections 
 $0 and 81 are broken by the North Saskatchewan River and 
 valley.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Hast, in Sections 1 and 12, a valley and a winding creek, 
 with anortherly course. In 12 and 18, tamarac and alder 
 swamps; then the North Saskatchewan River and valley, swampy 
 ou the north side. All the aforesaid country is more or less 
 densely wooded with poplar, but north of this is more scattered. 
 
350 
 
 i 
 
 52, 
 
 BS. 
 
 56, 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.— Range I 
 
 Soil, 4 to 6 inches of sandy loam, generally class 3.—J. J. Mc- 
 Arthur, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, spruce, with thick poplar. Broken by marshes and 
 clear-water ponds. In Section 19 a small stream crosses the 
 line twice.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. | 
 
 The country along the east boundary is wooded, generally 
 with poplar, but belts of spruce occur at intervals, usually on 
 the borders of swamps.®% The greater portion of Section 36 is 
 covered by alarge lake.“* The soil consists of sandy loam, 6 
 
 inches in depth, over clay, and the land is rated class 3.—J. J. 
 McArthur, 1882. 
 
 Outlines—North, rolling and level country. Poplar, spruce, 
 tamarac and willow. Section 36 is almost entirely covered by a 
 large marsh. 7. Kains, 1882-83. : 
 
 West, high and broken, overgrown with young poplar. Line 
 crosses several ponds and marshes, and in Section 6 a little brulé. 
 —-J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 The country along the east boundary is undulating in the 
 north and rolling in the south. It is generally overgrown with 
 willow or poplar scrub, through which are scattered poplar trees. 
 In the north of Section 1 is some thick spruce, bordering on a 
 large lake, a portion of which extends into the south-east corner 
 of this township. Alluvial soil, 6 inches of sandy loam ; subsoil, 
 clay. Class 3.—J. J. McArthur, 1882-838. 
 
 . Ouilines—West, broken with poplar and scrub. Line crosses a. 
 
 large pond in Section 19, and an extensive marsh and creek in 
 30. Soil, sandy loam.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. 
 
 East, prairie, much broken in northern half by hills, ponds. 
 and marshes, covered with poplar, tamarac and spruce, inter- 
 mingled with small patches of scrubby prairie. Soil, a sandy 
 loam, overlaying a clay subsoil. Classes 1 to 4. Numerous. 
 tributaries of Dog Creek were intersected along this line.-—W. 
 Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—West, undulating, with sandy loam soil, overgrown 
 with willows and poplar. In Section 6 line crosses. two creeks ; 
 in 19 an extensive marsh, and in the south half of 81a small. 
 marsh and the trail to Lac Ste. Anne.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 Kast, rolling in northern half, but much broken in south b 
 hills, ponds and marshes; heavily timbered with poplar, wit 
 spruce in places. A small creek, running through a deep ravine 
 in Section 18, and another traversing a marsh in 36, were 
 intersected.— W Ogilvie, 1882. 
 Outlines—East, country with a rolling surface, except Section 36, 
 which is rough and broken. Timbered with heavy poplar and 
 willow, also some spruce, interspersed with small patches of prai- 
 rie. A cart trail from St. Albert to St. Anne and Sturgeon River 
 in 6; small marshes in 25 and 1, and also a small lake in 18, were 
 intersected. Soil, classes 2 and 3.— W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
 Outlines.—East, rolling prairie, with the exception of Section 36, 
 which has a broken surface ; timbered with heavy poplar, spruce: 
 
Lownsnips West of fLifih iniiiai Mertdtan.—srange 1. 
 
 and willow. Parts of 24 and 25 are submerged by Dead Man’s 
 Lake. A small creek, 12 links wide and !4 feet deep, emptying 
 into Dead Man’s Lake, was crossed in 24, also other small creeks 
 of fresh water in 12 and 13. Soil, classes 2 and 3.—W. Ovilvie, 
 
 1882. - 
 . Outlines.—Kast, rolling and level prairie, timbered with poplar 
 willow and spruce, and burned slash, having groves of green 
 poplar and spruce in Sections 1,12 and 25. Section 36 is mus- 
 kegy, with scattered spruce and tamarac. A small creek in 1 and 
 amarsh in 13. Soil, class 2.—W. Ogilvie, 1882. 
 
oe 
 
 10. 
 
 il 
 
 12. 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Ran@e II. 
 
 Outlines.—South of the South Fork of Old Man’s River is very 
 broken and wet, and‘ all covered with willow scrub. The north- 
 ern portion is rough and broken, and the soil gravelly. What 
 little good land there isin it is occupied. There is some good 
 spruce timber, cottonwood and poplar, on the north-west portion 
 of the township.—F. W. Armstrong, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines.—Eastwards, the surface is undulating, with a rich black 
 
 loam on a clay subsoil. In Section 36 the line crosses the Middle 
 Fork of Old Man’s River, which has a rapid current, and is 2 feet 
 deep. The south side of river is lined with spruce and balsam, 
 and the valley is generally covered with willow brush and some 
 good poplar.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
 . Outlines.—East, undulating country. The soil is a sandy loamon 
 
 a clay subsoil.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
 . Outlines —The eastern side has an undulating surface and a clay 
 
 soil.—_C. E. Wolff, 1882-83. 
 
 Outlines.—EHast, undulating. Soil, clay. The line crosses the 
 North Fork of Old Man’s River in the north half of Section 1. 
 There is some good limestone along the north bank. In Sections 
 12 and 13 the line crosses a creek in several places, which empties 
 into the river.—C. E. Wolff, 1882-838. 
 
 Outlines—The east line is crossed by a number of deep ravines. 
 Between the second and third miles, from the northern boundary, 
 this line is crossed eight or nine times by a creek, about 20 links 
 in width, which is a tributary of the North Fork of Old Man’s 
 River. There are many small creeks running out of the numer- 
 ous ravines into it. The country is well adapted for grazing.— 
 ZT, R. Hewson, 1888. | 
 
 Outlines.—The north boundary crosses numerous sandstone 
 ridges, averaging about 1,000 feet in height. In the valleys 
 between these ridges there is considerable spruce and fir timber, 
 suitable for building, fencing and fuel. The soil, in general, isa 
 rich clay loam, averaging about 15 inches in depth, upon a sand- 
 stone or gravel formation. There are numerous small mountain 
 streams, which are tributaries of Trout Creek. The grass in the 
 valleys between the ridges is very luxuriant, and the country is 
 well adapted for grazing. The east boundary runs along the edge 
 of the western ridge of the Porcupine Hills for about four miles 
 southwards, from thence gradually descending into the wide 
 valley between the hills and the Rocky Mountains, where it 
 crosses a number of small creeks. There is considerable timber 
 at intervals along the line.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range II. 363 
 
 4S. Outlines—The east boundary runs along the western edge of the 
 Porcupine Hills, crossing a number of high sandstone ridges, and 
 a very broken country generally. The valley of Willow Creek : 
 lies’ in Sections 25 and 36, and in it is the South Fork of the 
 creek. The timber is very scarce and small, being suitable only 
 for fencing and fuel_—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 #4, Outlines.—The east of this township lies over the western ridge 
 
 | of the Porcupine Hills, and is very rough and broken. A branch 
 of Willow Creek crosses about four miles from the south. There 
 is scarcely any timber along this line, and what there is is suitable 
 only for fencing and fuel.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 BY. Outlines.—West, rough and hilly. Good soil in valleys. Line 
 crosses creeks in Sections 6,7 and 19, and the south branch ef 
 High River in 7. Timber was found in the vicinity of the 
 river.—IM. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Kast, hilly. High River, the only water on this line, was 
 crossed in Section 36. The country is high and hilly. On the 
 hill sides and valleys, is a luxuriant growth of grasses, but the 
 hill tops are generally barren —J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—The soil is a clay loam on a clay subsoil, and 
 generally rates class 2. There is considerable cottonwood 
 timber along the south branch of High River. This branch 
 enters the township on Section 7, and flowing north-east, joins 
 the main stream in Section 25. The main stream enters by Sec- 
 tion 3 and leaves by 86. The North-West Cattle Company have 
 ranche buildings on the north-west quarter of Section 8, and a 
 large number of cattle feed on the plains.—R. C. McPhillips, 
 1883. 
 
 48, Outlines.—West, rough and hilly. Soil is good on the slopes, 
 and the vegetation is rich. The line crosses two creeks in See- 
 tion 5, one in 18, one in 19, and High River in 30.—M. Aldous, 
 1881. 
 
 Kast, suo“ >>-heavily-rolling. A branch of High River crosses 
 the line in Section 1.—J. A. Kirk, 1883. 
 
 Sub-aivision.—This township is watered by the north branch 
 of High River. In Sections 3 and 4 the surface is very stony. 
 The soil in the greater portion of the township may be general] 
 described as a clay loam, 8 or 10 inches deep, on a clay subse 
 but along the river it is sandy loam, and on the hills, in the 
 northern part of the township it is gravelly. Several spring 
 creeks flow to the river.—R. C. Mc Phillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines —West, rolling and hilly country. Soil, rich black loam 
 at the south, but becomes sandy towards the north. Vegetation 
 rich. ‘longue Creek was crossed in Section 7, and others in 18, 
 19 and 80. Nos. 1& and 19 are scrubby. Small marshes in 6 
 and 31.— M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 East, rolling ; good grazing land. Soil, second class, Lime 
 crosses Tongue Creek and two marshes in Section 18, and another 
 marsh in 36.—L. Kennedy, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Rolling prairie, but the hills and valleys are 
 on a very large scale. The soil is a clay loam, of about 10 inches: 
 
 19 
 
364 
 
 20, 
 
 me 
 
 3 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range II. 
 
 depth, with a clay’subsoil. Two branches of the Tongue Creek 
 cross the township. The water in these streams is pure and 
 good.— Rf. C. Mc Philiips, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling towards the north and south; very 
 hilly in the centre. Creeks in Sections 6, 19 and 81, and in 6 
 Sheep Creek, Section 31 is wooded with poplar and willow. 
 Scrub only in Nos. 7, 18, 19 and 30.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 East, rolling land; good grazing. Soil, classes 1 and 2. 
 Sheep Creek, in two branches, crosses the line in Section 25. 
 Scattered poplar and brush in the vicinity of the creek —L. Ken- 
 nedy, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—Principally rolling prairie. Two branches of 
 Sheep Creek run through this township. The soil along these 
 streams is sandy loam, but in the rest of the township clay loam, 
 with clay subsoil— A. C. McPhillips, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and south, the country is rolling in the south 
 west, but becomes hilly in the north-west and south-east. Sheep 
 Creek crosses the south-west from Section 7 to 4, and there are 
 very small tributaries to it crossing 18, 19 and 31. There is low 
 scattered scrub all along the west line.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Kast, rolling and hilly. Soil, first class. Good grazing. 
 Scrub, cottonwood and willows found all along the line. A creek, 
 flowing east, crosses the line in Section 13.--L. Kennedy, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is not very desirable for settle- 
 ment, on account of the surface being very hilly and stony. The 
 summit of the highest ridge is about 500 feet above the surroun- 
 ding valleys. One of these valleys occupies the western and part 
 of the southern portion of the township. It is wide, very level, 
 and has a soil composed of black sand, with a gravelly subsoil. 
 It presents a fine prospect, being at the foot of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and traversed by Sheep Creek, which is a stream of good 
 water, 70 feet wide, and about 14 feet deep in low water time, — 
 having a large quantity of timber on its banks. Clumps and 
 ridges of poplar and other kinds of wood are very numerous in 
 many parts of this township.—C. E. LaRue, 1883. 
 
 Ouilines.—West, hilly country, with a rich black loam soil. Creeks 
 cross the line in Sections 19 and 30. Patches of thick willows 
 and thick scrub all along the line—WM. Alvous, 1881. 
 
 East, rolling land. Soil, first class. Good grazing. Scrubby 
 in places.—L. Kennedy, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—The surface is generally very hilly and broken 
 prairie, with a wide rolling valley in the northern part. There is 
 a sufficient quality of poplar timber for the requirements of settlers 
 for building, fencing and fuel, most of which is in the south-west 
 portion. The remaining portions of the township are covered 
 with a great quantity of brush. A good supply of water in several 
 creeks, of which the principal is Pine Creek, with its tributaries, 
 in the south. This stream traverses a narrow valley, which 
 expands somewhat towards the south-east In Sections 13 and 
 14 is a lake of considerable size, but the water is unfit for drink- 
 ing. There are a few hay marshes in the north-eastern part of the 
 
fOr 
 
 24. 
 
 2d 
 
 “Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range II. 365. 
 
 township. The soilin the northern portion and in the Pine Creek 
 valley is black loam and sand, very suitable for farming. The set- 
 tlement of the Pine Creek valley seems to be progressing very 
 well.—C. E. LaRue, 18838. 
 
 Outlines.— North, rolling prairie. Soil, sandy in the east and gra- 
 velly towards the west. In Section 36 the line crosses the Cal- 
 gary and Morleyville trail, and in Section 34 the Bow River. 
 Western half is timbered with poplar and spruce, together with 
 willow underbrush and scrub.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 West and south, rolling prairie. Good soil. Some willows. 
 Creeks in Sections 6, 7 and 18. Elbow River crosses the south- 
 west from Sectiou 7 to 4, in several channels. Fast, rolling prai- 
 rie. Good grazing soil, mostly second class. The line crossed 
 trails in Sections 1 and 18, and the Bow River in 24. No wood,. 
 but a small quantity of scrub in Section 1—L. Kennedy, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division—A very extensive plateau, over 100 feet above 
 the surrounding land, occupies the central part of the township. 
 It is covered with scattered brush, and is suitable only for grazing, 
 particularly for sheep. The remainder of the country is rolling” 
 and flat The Bow River traverses the north-east, and the Elbow 
 River the south-east corner, both furnishing good fresh water. 
 There is some bush on the islands of the Elbow River, and on its: 
 north bank sufficient for the use of settlers during a number of 
 years. The soil is generally sandy and gravelly, and rates class 3. 
 The C.P.R. passes through the valley of the Bow River, which is. 
 wide and flat.— C. E. LaRue, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West, rolling country. Line crosses the Bow River 
 and the Canadian Pacific Railway in Section 6, and the Morley- 
 ville trail in 30. Sections 30 and 31 are scrubby. East, very hilly. 
 Line crosses Nose Hill and numerous ravines running into Nose 
 Creek. The soil is of first class character, and the growth of grass 
 luxuriant. Can scarcely be surpassed for grazing, and but for the- 
 summer frosts it would be excellent agricultural country.—T. R. 
 Hewson, 1888. 
 
 South, surface rolling, with a sandy loam soil in the ’east, 
 getting very gravelly towards the west. The Bow River flows 
 east along Sections 3, 4,5 and 6, and its banks are wooded with 
 poplar and spruce, together with willow .inderbrush and scrub. 
 —M. Aldous, 1831. | 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is very rough and hilly, not 
 more than one-fourth of it being suitable for cultivation. The 
 north-west quarter is very much cut up by hills and ponds. In 
 Section 28 is a hill that rises about 100 feet above all others, afford- 
 ing an extensive view. The height of land is reached about the 
 middle of the township, and from thence to the bottom Jands of 
 the Bow River, which flows quite near the south boundary, from 
 the western outline to the south-east corner of Nection 8, it is a 
 continuation of high-rolling hills. The C.P.R. runs along the 
 north shore of the river, until it crosses on Section 3, at which 
 point the banks, on the north side, are high and precipitous. 
 Keith Siding is in Section 5. Along the south side of the river 
 
- 366 
 
 26. 
 
 e7: 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.— Range IT. 
 
 the banks are, in many places, over 200 feet high, and are covered 
 
 with bush, chiefly cottonwood and spruce, some of which would — 
 
 answer for building and fencing. An inexhaustable supply of 
 driftwood, suitable for fuel, can easily be obtained. The land in 
 this township is admirably adapted to grazing, as the grass is 
 rich and luxuriant, and would furnish feed for an almost unli- 
 mited number of cattle. The hills and coulées also afford excel- 
 lent shelter._S. LZ. Brabazon, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—Very hilly. Line crosses Nose Hill and numerous 
 ravines running into Nose Creek. On the east boundary of Sec- 
 tion 1 the line crosses Nose Creek, which is 22 links in width, 
 boggy banks, gravel bottom, numerous rapids and clear water. 
 The soil is of first class character and the growth of grass luxu- 
 riant. The country can scarcely be surpassed for grazing, and but 
 for the reported summer frosts, would be excellent for agricul- 
 ture. —T' R. Hewson, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division.--This township is very rough, broken and un- 
 favorable for settlement, but the soil is generally very rich. 
 Nose Creek runs diagonally through the township in a valley of 
 about 850 yards wide, the banks of which are, in many places, 
 rocky and precipitous, but excepting afew limited intervals, they 
 are covered with grass. In the south-west portion are high-rolling 
 hills and gullies. Part of Nose Hill runs across the south-west 
 
 corner, attaining a very high altitude. The geological formation | 
 
 is very peculiar. The valley of the creek is a sort of trough 
 between very high land on either side, but which falls irregularly 
 for a distance of about two miles toward it. The vegetation is 
 luxuriant, and there is complete shelter for stock.—S. L. Brabazon, 
 1884. 
 
 Outlines West, hilly and rolling. Water abundant in ponds. 
 A small stream in Nection 6.—C. F. Miles, 18838. 
 
 Kast, open, rolling prairie. First class land. Creeks cross 
 the line in Sections 1, 18, 24 and 86. Section lis scrubby. 
 Marshes were crossed in Sections 1 and 25.—7". Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 Suh-division.—The north-west quarter of this township is 
 rather hilly, and is covered with a light growth of willow scrub. 
 The rest is gently-rolling prairie. The soil is of excellent quality, 
 being a deep black loam, well adapted to agriculture. A deep 
 valley, varying from a quarter to a half a mile in width, runs 
 through the township dividing the following sections, viz., 34, 
 27, 22, 15, 16, 9, 8,5 and 6. Its banks are from. 80 to 100 feet 
 high, and from their sides many fresh-water springs run into 
 Nose Oreek, which flows south-westerly through the valley. 
 This stream is 6 to 13 feet wide and 8 to 4 feet deep, and has a 
 rapid current.—J. J. Burrows, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.—West, rolling prairie, with a rich soil. Line crosses a 
 
 spring creek in Sections 30 and 31, and a small marsh in 6.—C, 
 F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 North, undulating prairie, with thick willows, except Sec- 
 tion 82, which is scrubby. A small creek crosses the line in this 
 section. Last, open, rolling prairie, suitable for all purposes of 
 
390. 
 
 dA, 
 
 32. 
 
 32, 
 
 34. 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.— Range II. 367° 
 
 farming. Line crosses creeks in Sections 1, 24 and 36.—T. 
 Fawcett, 1888-84. 
 
 Sub-division—Rolling prairie, broken by a deep gully 
 running from the north-west to the south-east corners. All along ~ 
 the south bank is small poplar, willow and brush. Some of the 
 poplars were about 6 inches in diameter. There are a couple of 
 small lakes of good water in the gully, from which a creek, about 
 9 inches deep, runs in a south-easterly direction. Another gully 
 of about 75 feet in depth runs in a north-west direction from 
 Section 3, and contains a long slough. The south-west part of © 
 the township is very well watered by deep marshes and ponds of | 
 good water. There is also considerable brush in the central 
 west. The soil is a rich black loam, with a clay subsoil. Class . 
 1.—L. Gosselin, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines.— West, rolling prairie, with a sandy loam soil, 10 to 16 
 
 inches in depth, on a clay subsoil. Class 1. Beaver Dam Creek 
 follows the course of this line, immediately west of it, for the first 
 four miles going north, and is joined by a tributary, flowing 
 across the southern portion of Section 19. There is no wood. East, 
 is rolling prairie, and the soil principally black loam, 8 to 12° 
 inches deep, over clay. Class 1. There is, however, an interval 
 of about a mile, the greater portion of which is on Section 25, and 
 the balance on the adjoining part of 24, which is very gravelly. 
 There is no wood or water.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines — West, rolling prairie, with a soil of black loam, 10 to 
 12 inches in depth, on a clay subsoil. Class 1. ‘ In Section 6 is a 
 creek, flowing west. East, rolling prairie. Soil, generally sandy 
 loam or black loam, 4 to 12 inches in depth, on a subsoil of clay 
 or gravel. Classes 1 and 2. Water is scarce, and there is no 
 wood.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, with rich soil; there is, however, not 
 much surface water.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—West and east, gently-rolling prairie, with a rich soil. 
 There are a few marshes in the township, and a cart trail, from 
 Morleyville to the north. On the west there is brushy land, with 
 poplar bluffs —L. Bray, 183. 
 
 Outlines.—In the west there are woods of poplar and willows, and 
 a good soil. In the east it is brushy prairie, slightly rolling, with. 
 a rich soil. The line crosses a creek in Section 1 and marshes in 
 24 and 25.—E. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—The country along the west boundary is principally 
 rolling and covered with willow and small poplar. _The Little - 
 Red Deer River pursues a winding course eastward through a 
 wide valley on Section 18, and across the line there flows, at 
 various places, tributaries to it. In this valley, and also on Sec- 
 tion 19, there is considerable poplar and spruce bush. The soil is 
 black loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. The land rates 
 as follows: Section 7 and the northern half of 31, class 1, and the - 
 rest class 2.—Z. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
368 
 
 j 
 Tnwenships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range Il. 
 
 East, soil is light and sandy, but good. Woods of willow and — 
 spruce. Section 36 contains a number of ponds and marshes.— 
 E. Bray, 18838. 
 
 . Outlines—This township, both west and east, is an undulating 
 
 36, 
 
 B7, 
 
 40, 
 
 44 
 
 ° 
 
 country with poplars and willows, and a first class soil. The Red 
 Deer River crosses the north-west part of the township, and is 
 entered by a number of creeks. Little Red Deer River crosses the 
 east line twice in Sections 13 and 25. In 18 a creek, flowing | 
 north to join the river, crosses the line twice. Marshes are abun- 
 dant throughout.—T. Kains, 1883. 
 
 Outlines—North, Medicine Creek crosses the township, dia- 
 gonally, entering between Sections 34 and 35, and leaving by 
 24; it has a stony bottom, swift current, and is one chain wide. 
 Willow predominates in this section of the country. Poplar was 
 found in clumps toward the north-west. Soil, second and third 
 class. In the east, the surface is undulating, and the soil first 
 and second classes Spruce, poplar and willows. Red Deer River, 
 in Sections 1 and 12, and smaller streams in 12 and 25. Marshes 
 in Sections 1, 24 and 86. In the west, is a slightly undulating 
 country, nearly covered with willows. Soil, class 1. Marshes 
 were crossed in every section, and creeks in Sections 6, 30 and 
 31, all good water.—T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—The west is an undulating to rolling country, with a 
 light growth of willow scrub. Soil, classes 1 and 2. Water, 
 abundant, in numerous marshes. Creeks in Sections 7, 30 and 
 31, good water. Medicine Creek, which runs southwards across 
 the township, leaves between Sections 2 and 3, has a swift 
 current and is about 60 feet wide. Willow predominates in the 
 south-east, but there is some poplar toward the south-west. The 
 soil is second and third class in the south, and in the east it is 
 first and second. Sections 1, 12 and 13 are almost covered with 
 willows; 24, 25 and 86 are high rolling country, with poplar and 
 willows.—-T7'. Kains, 18838. | 
 Kast, prairie heavily timbered with poplar, willow, tamarac, 
 birch and spruce, except Section 1 which is comparatively open. 
 Soil, excellent in south, but is somewhat swampy in north. 
 Small marshes in 12, and a creek in 1 were crossed.—M. Aldous, 
 1880. | . 
 
 . Outlines—West and east, undulating country, covered with a 
 
 light growth of willow scrub, and the soil generally first class. 
 Poplar and spruce, with a few swamps on the east side of the 
 township. A number of creeks cross both lines, all containing 
 good water.—T. Kains, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—North and! east, undulating. Clumps of willows and 
 small poplar. Line crosses creeks in Sections 1, 12 and 18, and 
 in the south half of 18 the Rocky Mountain House trail.—C. A. 
 Magrath, 1888. 
 
 Outlines—Along the north boundary, going east, the first 34 miles 
 
 ' is mainly covered with brulé, intermingled by occasional bluffs 
 
 of small pine and two belts of pine, averaging about 8 inches in 
 
Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range II 369 
 
 diameter. Through Section 84, which consists of marsh land, 
 
 _ Blind Man’s River flows south. The western part of Section 35 
 
 49, 
 
 is a dry tamarac muskeg, and the central portion, prairie. From 
 thence, to the end of the line, the country is high-rolling and 
 covered with small poplar and willows. The land generally rates 
 class 3, the soil being sandy loam over clay.—J. J. MeArthur, 
 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—W est, scrub and numerous muskegs. Creeks in Sections 
 6,'7,18 and 19. The east is heavily wooded, with the exception 
 of Section 25, and the north half of 24, which are scrubby. In 25 
 is a large muskeg. In Section 36 is a creek and its valley, which 
 
 _ eross the line three times, and a branch which crosses once. The 
 
 30, 
 
 2, 
 
 south has poplar all along the line. Creeks, flowing north, cross 
 Sections 4 and 5.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—East, parts of Sections 12, 18 and 24 are muskegs; 
 remaining portion of the line liés in a bush country. Sections 25 
 and 36 are broken by the North Saskatchewan River and valley. 
 In south half of 25, a creek, flowing towards the river, crosses 
 the line.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 . Outtines—East, spruce and thick poplar. Many marshes and 
 
 clear water ponds. In Section 24a small stream crosses the line 
 twice.—J. J. McArthur, 1883. j 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly and rolling country. Poplar, spruce and 
 tamarac. Large lake submerges the greater part of Section 84. 
 Line crosses extensive lakes in almost every section.— 7. Kains, 
 1882-83. 
 
 West, high, open and rolling in south of Section 6. Greater 
 part of 7 and 18 broken bya lake. A largelake submerges all the 
 south half of 31, and about half of the north of 30. Bush in 6, 19 
 and 80. Trail in 1, and muskeg in 386. The alluvial soil, where 
 any exists, is sandy loam overclay. Hast, high and broken ; over 
 grown with young poplar. Line crosses several ponds and marshes. 
 —J. J. McArthur, 1888. ; 
 
i 
 
 a8 
 
 19. 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 Ranae III, 
 
 Outlines—West and south, rolling or hilly prairi» Bluffs of — 
 poplar and scattered pine, willow and spruce, soil, a gravelly clay 
 and clay loam, much of it, rich and class 1. In Sections 6 and 
 7 creek beds cross the line. Line crosses creek in Section 1, two 
 in 2, four in 8, one in 7, and one in 6. Some meadow land in 
 Sections 2 and 3.—7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 East, rough and hilly. Good soil in valleys. Line crosses 
 creeks in Sections 1, 12 and 24, and the south branch of High 
 River in the south half of 12. Wood in the vicinity of the river. 
 -—M Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Outlines.— West, thickly covered with the usual kinds of western 
 timber and scrub. Soil, clay Joam. Classes 1 and 2. The North 
 Branch of the High River enters and crosses the south-west corner, 
 flowing north-east across the township.— 7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 East, rough and hilly. Soil is good on the slopes, and the 
 vegetation is rich. The line crosses two creeks in Section 1, one 
 in 18, one in 24, and the High River in 25. Scrub in 24 and 36. 
 —WM. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Outlines.—West, thickly covered with willow and poplar scrub, 
 
 _ and scattered poplar, pine and spruce; some of it burnt. Soil, 
 
 20. 
 
 wi, 
 
 generally, clay loam, and class 1. Good land and fine spring 
 creek water.— 7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Kast, rolling and hilly country. Soil, rich black loam at the 
 south, but becomes sandy towards the north. Vegetation rich. 
 Tongue Oreek was crossed in Section 12, and others in 13, 2% and 
 25.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Outlines—North and west hilly and heavily rolling. Poplar, 
 spruce and willows scattered in places. Creeks were crossed in 
 Sections 34 and 83. The north branch of Sheep Creek crosses 
 around Section 31, and small tributaries almost every half mile of 
 the west boundary. —T'. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 East, Rolling toward the north and south; very hilly in 
 centre Creeks cross the line in Sections 1, 24 and 36, and, in the 
 south half of 1, Sheep Creek is crossed. Section 36 is wooded 
 with poplar and willow, but only scrub on the balance of the 
 line.—M. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling and highly-rolling prairie, covered with: 
 spruce, poplar and willows. Soil, clay loam. Classes 1 and 2. 
 The creeks are fresh water, and a few marshes were met with.— 
 T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 Kast, rolling country, becoming very hilly at thenorth. Soil, 
 rich black loam. Two creeks were crossed in Section 12 , the most 
 northerly one being Sheep Creek. This creek crosses the south of 
 
24, 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian—Range lll. 8°71 
 
 the township, and has a number of small branches along the east. 
 — MV. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division——The surface of this township, is mainly a suc- 
 cession of hills and valleys, the hills being generally from half a. 
 mile to a mile wide, and from 200 to 400 feet high, their 
 northern or north-eastern slope wooded chiefly with small poplar. 
 In the north-western part, the timber is principally spruce, about 
 9 inches in diameter. The southern and south-western slope of 
 the hills is generally prairie. At the foot of the hills there is. 
 usually a growth of willow brush. The eastern third of the 
 township is principally rolling prairie. Over the whole township 
 there are scattered shallow marshes and ponds of fresh water, and 
 and in the principal valleys, creeks of pure water, which are fed 
 by numerous smaller creeks and springs, the whole of which drain 
 into the north branch of Sheep Creek, a stream 60 to 100 feet wide, 
 and about 2 feet deep, with gravelly bottom and very rapid cur- 
 rent, flowing through the southern part of the township. The 
 soil is a rich black loam, with aclay subsoil. There is a most lux- 
 uriant growth of grass and vetches. The whole township is 
 exceedingly well adapted for grazing. The land, though rich, is 
 too moist for grain growing.—G. Ross, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—West, thickly covered with willow, poplar, spruce 
 and pine. Soil, clay and clay gravelly loam, highly rolling 
 and uneven. Fish Creek crosses the township and leaves by 
 Section 7, is about 30 to 40 links wide, and has a current of about 
 4 miles an hour.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 East, hilly country, with a rich black loam soil. Section 1 
 is very hilly. Creeks cross the line in Sections 1, 24 and 25. 
 Thick willows and scrub all along.— MW. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 Sub-division.—In this township there are numerous hills and 
 valleys chiefly west of Fish Creek. The central part is occupied 
 by the wide valley of this creek which is principally rolling 
 prairie. Clumps of poplar and spruce, the trees being from 4 to 12 
 inches,in diameter, are scattered through the township on the east- 
 ern and northern slopes of the hills. A considerable area is over- 
 grown with scrub. Fish Creek, with its north fork, meanders. 
 through the township in an easterly and northerly direction. 
 This stream is 30 feet wide and 2 feet deep, with very rapid 
 current, stony bottom and good water,and the whole township. 
 is well watered by numerous small creeks which drain into it. : 
 The soil is a rich black loam onaclay subsoil. On the tops of 
 some of the hills, is an out-crop of sandstone rock. The growth 
 of grass and vetches is luxuriant. The soil, though rich, is too 
 springy and moist for grain-growing, but the whole township is 
 admirably adapted for grazing.—G. Ross, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—-North, gently undulating or rolling prairie. Soil, 
 sandy and good. Scrub in 86 and 31. Creek in 86 and a marsh 
 in 83 —WM. Aldous, 1881. 
 
 West and east, rolling and hilly land. Soil, mostly class 2, 
 Some willows and scrub. From Section 18 the Elbow River, 
 crosses the township to Section 12. North of the river two trails. 
 
 24% 3 
 
312 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range III. 
 
 cross the line, and on both north and south, there are small tri- 
 butaries to the river.—JZ. Kennedy, 1881. | 
 Sub-division—The surface is hilly and rolling. On each 
 bank of the Elbow River, which traverses the middle portions 
 of this township, is a belt of poplar and spruce, averaging from _ 
 6 to 10 inches in diameter, suitable for fuel, buildings and fences. | 
 
 The soil consists of black loam, 8 inches deep, on a subsoil of clay, 
 
 “26, 
 
 27. 
 
 sand or gravel, and rates classes t, 2 and 3.—C. E. LaRue, 1888. 
 
 . Outlines—West, rolling country. Line crosses Bow River and 
 
 the O.P.R. in Section 30: Scrub in Sections 6 and 19, and in the 
 vicinity of the river. Hast, rolling country. Line crosses the 
 Bow River and the C.P.R. in Section 1, and the Morleyville trail 
 in 25. There are numerous sloughs and many clumps of poplar. 
 The soil is of first class character, and the growth of grass lux- 
 uriant. The country can scarcely be surpassed for grazing.— 
 T. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division—Bow River flows in an easterly and south- 
 
 -easterly direction, through this township, in a valley about 250 
 
 feet deep. The banks are generally clay, but are, in places, rocky 
 
 _and abrupt, and frequently broken by deep coulées. Along the 
 
 southern bank there is usually a fringe of cottonwood or poplar, 
 
 _and, where the bank is steep, of spruce. The flats along the river 
 -are well adapted for pasture lands, and in several of the coulées 
 
 there are good springs of pure water. The north-eastern and 
 
 south-eastern parts of the township consist of rolling prairie, with 
 
 a black loam soil, on a clay subsoil, and are first class agricultural 
 
 lands. Portions of Sections 7, 8 and 18 are covered by a large 
 
 deep marsh, the southern part of which is valuable as hay land. 
 The C.P.R. passes through this township in the valley ofthe Bow 
 River, and along its north bank.—G. Ross, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling country. A trail in Section 6, and Big 
 Hill Creek in 18. Most of the line is scrubby. The east has a 
 first class soil, and numerous sloughs and clumps of poplar. Can 
 scarcely be surpassed for grazing.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. 
 Sub-division—This township is particularly well adapted to 
 grazing, being in general too rough and hilly for agriculture. 
 There are a few hay marshes and ponds. In some places there is 
 a heavy growth of short, thick brush. Big Hill Creek crosses the 
 north-west of the township in a deep coulée, about 250 yards 
 wide, with a marshy bottom. The banks are about 250 feet high, 
 but generally covered with vegetation, which throughout the 
 township is remarkable for its richness, several varieties of pea 
 vine being in great abundance. There is a considerable quantity 
 of good firewood along the banks of the coulée, consisting chiefly 
 
 of poplar and spruce.—S. L. Brabazon, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—The west is rolling prairie, very little water along the 
 line. The east is hilly and rolling, with water abundant in ponds. 
 Fine grazing.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—The greater portion of this township is heavil 
 rolling country, mostly covered with willow scrub and very muc 
 broken by many small hills, among which are numerous ponds. 
 
Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range III. 373 
 
 On Sections 23 and 26 is a lake, the water of which, as in most of 
 the ponds, is of good quality. A deep valley, about a quarter of 
 
 -amile in width, and having banks about 100 feet high, runs 
 
 28, 
 
 29. 
 
 680. 
 
 southerly from the north-west corner through the westerly tier of 
 sections, At the bottom of this valley is a stream, flowing south, 
 3 to 4 feet deep, and from 6 to 15 feet wide, with a current of 
 about 4 miles an hour, called Cochrane Creek. The soil is of 
 average quality, being, generally, a black loam on a clay subsoil. 
 On account of the broken nature of this township it is best suited 
 for grazing purposes.—J. J. Burrows, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, undulating prairie, with burnt and green wil- 
 lows. A creek, 20 links wide, 2 feet deep, and containing good 
 water, was crossed in Section 86. Current, 4 miles an hour. Other 
 streams cross the line in Sections 32, 84 and 35. Morleyville and 
 Edmonton trail crosses in 82.—T. Fawcett, 1888. 
 
 West, rolling and hilly prairie, dotted with willow scrub. 
 Line crosses creeks in Sections 6, 7 and 31; marshes in 7, 18 and 
 30, and the trail to Morleyvilie in 19. East, rolling prairie. Line 
 
 ¢crosses a spring creek in Sections 25 and 36.—C. F. Miles, 1888. 
 
 Sub-division.—This township is generally ofa heavily-rolling 
 character. The southern portion is rather rough and hilly; while 
 in the north a deep gully—apparently an old river bed—varying 
 from 100 to 200 feet in depth, and having an average width of a 
 quarter of a mile, runs southward from Section 82 to the centre 
 of 21. There are many creeks of good fresh water, the largest of 
 which, Beaver Dam Creek, is about 17 feet in width and 18 inches 
 in depth, with acurrent of about 8 miles an hour. This creek 
 enters on Section 7, runs diagonally through the township in a 
 north-easterly direction and out at the north-east corner of Section 
 36; it is fed, in its course, by numerous smaller streams. The 
 eastern half of the township is open prairie, the remainder being 
 covered with a light growth of short willow. There are one or 
 two small bluffs of poplar, but the growth of wood in the town- 
 ship is chiefly confined to willow scrub. The soil is a deep black 
 loam, with a clay subsoil, and well suited to agriculture —J. J. 
 Burrows,.1884. 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie, with willow brush. Soil, black 
 loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, on aclay subsoil. Class 1. Dog Pound 
 Creek crosses Section 18. East, rolling prairie. Alluvial soil, 
 sandy loam, 10 to 16 inches in depth ; subsoil clay. Class 1. Beaver 
 Dam Creek flows northward through Sections 1, 12, 13 and 24, 
 turning towards the west as it enters 25. .No wood.—JL. R. Ord, 
 1884. | 
 
 Outlines—West, rolling prairie, covered with thick willow 
 brush. Alluvial soil, black loam; average depth, 15 inches; 
 subsoil clay. Class 1. Three small creeks were crossed, one in 
 
 Section 18, and the other two in 19. East, surface, rolling prairie. 
 
 Alluvial soil, black loam, 10 to 12 inches in depth; subsoil clay. 
 Class 1. In the south of Section 1 is a creek flowing west.—ZL. 
 R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 244% 
 
374 
 31. 
 
 S2 
 
 44, 
 
 49. 
 
 20. 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range II. 
 
 Outlines.—Rolling prairie, generally covered with willow brush, 
 but there are several large bluffs of spruce and poplar. Several 
 creeks were crossed and part of a large pond extends into the 
 south part of 6. The alluvial soil is black loam; depth, 12 to 18 
 inches; subsoil clay. Class 1.—L. R. Ord, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.— West, rolling prairie, with willow brush and poplar 
 bluffs. Alluvial soil; black loam; depth, 6 to 24 inches: 
 subsoil clay.—Class 1. Several small creeks were crossed on 
 Sections 6 and 7.—L. R. Ord, 1884. | 
 
 East, brushy land, with poplar bluffs. Good soil.—£. Bray, 
 
 1888. 
 
 Outlines. —North, along the easterly 24 miles, willows predo- 
 minate, with scattered poplar. Thick poplar brush, of recent 
 growth and small dimensions is then met with. , West, the tim- 
 ber increases in size, mixed with fair-sized spruce. Muskegs of 
 various widths, and extending long distances north and south of 
 the base occur near the west. These muskegs are generally sur- 
 rounded by a dense growth of poplar, interspersed with clumps 
 of knotty spruce, from 10 to 24 inches diameter, and are so 
 spongy, that it is frequently impossible to walk over them, with- 
 out falling through the surface. Hast, gently undulating. First 
 class soil. Many marshes and abundance of willows. There 
 are a number of creeks, and all contain good water.—T. Kains, 
 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—Of the first three miles of the north boundary going 
 east, about one half is muskeg, and the rest pine and poplar bush. 
 The fourth mile is covered with brulé, and the remaining two 
 miles with brulé, willows and bluffs of small poplar, and one 
 or two small muskegs. Through one of the muskegs, on Section 
 32, Medicine River flows south. Soil, sandy loam over clay; 
 classes 8 and 4.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—Surveyed west, south and east boundaries. Heavily 
 wooded with poplar, spruce pine, birch and tamarac. Creeks 
 cross the line on every mile, and marshes and muskegs are very 
 numerous. The soil consists of a sandy or vegetable loam, 6 to8 
 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. The land is rated classes 2, 3 and 
 4.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division.—Is on the south side of the North Saskatchewan 
 River with the exception of Section 31, and parts of 29, 30 and 
 82. The.river enters from the west in Sections 30 and 81, flow- 
 ing west to the centre of 29, where it turns sharply to the north 
 and passes out in Sections 31 and 82. Heavily wooded, over its 
 entire area, with spruce, poplar and cottonwood. Country is 
 rolling and fairly watered by small creeks, the largest of which 
 might possibly be used for driving logs. This creek enters the 
 
 ‘river in the south-west quarter of Nection 29. Soil is clay and 
 
 clay loam. The river banks on the south side are high and steep, 
 and in Section 29 contain a coal seam of considerable size.—S. B. 
 Lucas, 1884-85. 
 
Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range III. 815 . 
 
 SI. Sub-division—tThe greater portion ison the north side of the North 
 Saskatchewan River, which enters the township from the south- 
 west quarter of Section 5, flows north, and passes out in Sections 
 24and 25. Country is rolling and heavily wooded with large 
 spruce, poplar and cottonwood, and is traversed by many small 
 ereeks. Soilisclay and loam. White Whale River, the only one 
 which can be used for floating logs, enters the river from the 
 north (Section 25). The river banks are high and steep and, in 
 many places, perpendicular or cut banks occur. In Section On a. 
 4-foot coal seam is exposed (north of the river). In Section 23— 
 south side—there are two seams, 34 feet each, and in Nos. 25 and 
 5, 4-foot seams crop out,—S. B. Lucas, 1885. 
 
 82. Outlines —North, rolling and level country. Brulé and windfall; 
 spruce and poplar. A creek crosses the line once in Section 36, 
 and seven times in 85. Marshes in 31, 32, 34, 35 and 86, the 
 latter being very large.—T. Kains, 1882-83. 
 
 West, heavy spruce. Line crosses a trail in Section 7, and itis 
 White Whale River in 31. This river drains White Whale Lake, 
 which submerges the greater part of the north half of Section 81. 
 Kast, high, open and rolling i in south of Section 1. Greater part 
 of 12 and 13 broken by a lake. A large lake submerges all the 
 south half of 36, and about half of the orth of 25. Bush in 1, 24 
 and 25. Trail in 1, and muskeg in 36. The alluvial soil, where 
 any exists, is sandy loam over clay.—J. . J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIAN 
 RANGE IV. 
 
 4%, Outlines—South and east, thickly covered with wood of various: 
 kinds; willow and poplar scrub, and large and small poplar, 
 spruce and pine. Soil, clay loamand gravelly clay loam. All 
 class 1. Some fine clear spring creeks permeate the township. 
 The North Branch of High Kiver flows north-east across the town- 
 ship, from Sections 6 to 25 and 36. It has a width of 70 feet, a 
 5 mile current, clear water and stony bed.—T. Fawcelt, 1888. 
 
 20, Outlines—North and east, very rolling and uneven surface. Soil, 
 ‘various grades of black clay and sandy loams. Classes 1 and 2. 
 Poplar and spruce abound in every part, suitable for fuel, fencing 
 and building. Some fine creeks of fresh water were found, and 
 there is a thick undergrowth of willow, especially along the 
 the creeks. There are many suitable and good locations for farm- 
 ing and settlement.—T. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 22. Outlines.— West, rolling to the north, and somewhat hilly to the 
 south. Scrub in every section. Line crosses creeks in Sections. 
 6,19 and 18; marshes in 19 and 31; and the Morleyville ‘and 
 Calgary trail in Section 30.—/M. Aldous, 1881. 5 RL alls 
 
 East, heavily-rolling in places, and the soil mostly class 2. 
 There are willows and scrub along the line, and the Elbow 
 River was crossed, flowing east. On the north bank is the Morley- 
 ville trail.—ZL. Kennedy, 1881. 
 
 Sub-diviston.—The surface of this township is generally roll- 
 ing, except in the south-west corner, where it is hilly. About 
 one-third of it is covered with a growth of timber, consisting of 
 poplar, averaging 7 inches in diameter and 80 to 60 feet high, 
 with a few spruce. Most of the wood is along both banks of the 
 Elbow River, which traverses the south-eastern part, also in the 
 hilly portion of the south-west, on some of the ceniral sections. 
 and along a portion of the east bank of Jumping Pound Creek, 
 which enters from the west on Section 18, and flows due north 
 through the middle of the western tier of sections. A great quan- 
 tity of willow, averaging about 14 inches in diameter, covers the 
 remaining two-thirds of the township. The width of the Elbow 
 River is from 70 to 250 yards. and of Jumping Pound Creek, from 
 50 to'70 yards. The soil consists of black loam, 10 inches deep, 
 on a clay and sandy subsoil, and rates classes 1 and 2.—C. E. 
 LaRue, 18838. 
 
 2%, —Outlines—Rolling country, becoming very broken as it 
 approaches the coulées around Bow River, which are full of dense 
 willow scrub. Bow River crosses the eastern boundary on Sec- 
 tion 25, and the C.P.R. in the same section. The country on the 
 north side of the river is much broken by the coulées running to 
 
26. 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range lV. 377 
 
 it. There are several fine springs in this township. The soil 
 is of first class character, and the grass of luxuriant growth. 
 The township cannot be surpassed for grazing. —T7. R. Hewson, 
 1883. 
 
 Sub-division—This township is mainly rolling prairie, but: 
 in places there is a considerable growth of willow brush. The 
 Bow River flows through the north-eastern part, in a wide, deep 
 valley. Its banks are dotted with a few poplars or a fringe of 
 spruce. Jumping Pound Creek, a stream about 100 feet wide, 2 
 feet deep, with rapid current, stony bottom and pure water, 
 traverses the north-western part also in a deep, wide valley, and 
 in places has steep, rocky banks. A wide valley also extends 
 through the western part of the township. The soil, except in 
 the north, where in places it is stony and gravelly, is a rich black 
 loam, on a clay subsoil. The surface is slightly broken by marshes 
 of fresh water. The township is well adapted either for grazing 
 or agriculture.—G. Ross, 1884. 
 
 Outlines— West and east, very hilly. Is traversed by Big Hill 
 Creek, which is a fine, clear stream, 20 links in width, and very 
 springy along the banks, which are lined with occasional clumps 
 of spruce. It flows south-west to Bow River. The soil is of first 
 class character, and the growth of grass, luxuriant. Cannot be 
 surpassed for grazing land.—T. R. Hewson, 18338. 
 
 Sub-division.—Principally rolling prairie. Bow River flows 
 through the south-western part in a wide valley. Its banks are 
 generally skirted by a few poplars or spruce. A valley, about a 
 mile wide and 200 feet deep, in which flows a creek about 6 feet 
 wide and 9 inches deep, traverses the western part of the town- 
 ship in a southerly direction. The south-eastern part is much 
 broken by the banks of the Bow River, with its gorges, and the 
 coulée of Big Hill Creek, a stream about 10 feet wide and 10 
 inches deep. Onthe south bank of this coulée, in Sections 11 
 and 12, isa belt of poplar. Sections 27 and 28 are broken by a 
 lake of slighily brackish water. The stock kept by the British 
 American Ranche Co. resort to it for drinking to a large extent. 
 This company have their buildings on Sections 3, 10 and 4. 
 Cochrane Station, on the C.P.R., is situated on Section 3. The soil 
 except in the valley of the Bow River, which is stony, is black 
 loam on a clay subsoil. The growth of grass is good. There is 
 good agricultural land in the township, but it is better adapted to 
 grazing than to grain growing.—G. Ross, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—West, south third and north third are covered with a 
 
 a growth of small wood, and are rolling prairie. The central third 
 is in the valley of Horse Creek, and has quite a number of small 
 creeks.—7. Fawcett, 18838. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with high ridges, watered by spring creeks ; 
 contains some small bluffs of poplar and a few spruce, but mostly 
 burnt over. The soil is a rich clay loam, and rates first and second 
 class —C. F. Miles, 1883. | 
 
 Sub-division—The greater portion is of a gently-rolling cha- 
 racter, Sections 33, 34 and 35 are cut up by one large and two 
 
378 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range IV 
 
 small ravines, which extend easterly through them. Upon the 
 
 _ south banks of these ravines, and also on a part of the east boun- 
 daries of Sections 27 and 35 are situated small bluffs of poplar 
 bush, only fit for fuel and fencing. The following sections are 
 open, rolling prairie, viz, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, 31 and 32, the remain- 
 ing portions of the township being covered with a light growth 
 of short willow scrub, There is but one stream of any note, which 
 is known as Horse Creek, which flows southerly through Sections 
 19, 18, 7, 8 and 5, and has an average width of 10 feet and depth 
 of 2 feet. The water is good, and contains trout. The soil isa 
 black loam on clay subsoil. Class 1, and is well suited to general 
 farming.—J. J. Burrows, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the soil is of the best Haale grasses are luxu- 
 riant, and water plentiful. Several spring creeks, varying in size, 
 from a small streamlet toa creek of 50 links wide, are crossed. The 
 timber consists of poplar, balm of Gilead and willow. West, undu- 
 lating prairie, thickly covered with willow scrub and scattered 
 poplar and spruce, and some pine, good for fuel, fencing and 
 building. Soil, a deep clay loam, class 2. Some fine creeks 
 traverse the township, tributary to Dog Pound Creek.—T. Faw- 
 cett, 1883. 
 
 Rolling prairie, with high ridges, watered by spring creeks ; 
 contains some small bluffs of poplar and a few spruce, but mostly 
 burnt over. The soil is a rich clay loam, and rates first and second 
 class.—C. F. Miles, 1883. 
 
 Sub-division. —Very rolling surface, and well supplied with 
 good fresh water, by many small springs and creeks, of which 
 Dog Pound Creek is the largest. This creek enters from the west 
 on Section 19, and makes a circuitous course about the north-west 
 quarter of the township. Its current is about 5 to 6 miles an hour. 
 and it is well stocked with spring trout. Along each bank, in 
 the first three sections above named, is a narrow strip of spruce 
 and poplar bush of large size. There are also bluffs of poplar bush, 
 well suited for building and other domestic purposes, situated 
 along the northern boundaries of Sections 7 and 8, and the eastern 
 limits of 8, 18 and 30. The balance of the township is lightly 
 covered with a growth ofsmall willow scrub The soil is of excel- 
 lent quality, being composed of a deep black loam on a clay sub- 
 soil, and is well adapted for agriculture or grazing.—J. J. Bur- 
 rows, 1884. 
 
 29. Outlines —West, surface undulating and covered more or 1 with 
 scrub or timber. Soil, good. Class 2. Line crosses several creeks ~ 
 and marshes. Wood in Section 31 and the south of 19 —T. Faw- 
 cett, 1884. 
 
 Kast, rolling prairie, with willow brush. Soil, black loam, 6 
 to 10 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Class 1. Dog Pound Creek 
 crosses Section 18.—L. R. Ord, 1884. 
 
 $0. Outlines—West, surface covered more or less with scrub or wood. 
 The township is suitable for stock raising. A creek in the south 
 half of Section 6, and in the north half, Little Red Deer River. A 
 large marsh in 81 and smaller ones in 18 and 7.— T. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 28 
 
$2. 
 
 40, 
 
 44, 
 
 48. 
 
 50, 
 
 §2, 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian.—Range IV. | 879 
 m™ Hast, rolling; thick willow; black loam soil, 15 inches, ox 
 clay. Class 1. Three small creeks in Section 18 and two in 24 
 L. R. Ord, 1884. | 
 
 Outlines.—North, good land, mostly wooded with poplar. ’ Little 
 Red Deer River was crossed four times in Section 36, and twice 
 in 85; other streams cross in 82 and 33. Most of the line is 
 scrubby.—L. Bray, 1883. 
 
 Outlines. North, in Section 86, the line crossed a stream which is 
 about 1} chains wide, and from 2 to 5 feet deep. This stream is 
 the chief tributary of Medicine River. The eastern rortion is un- 
 dulating. Low ridges are scattered over the western part, with 
 afew muskegs among them. Willows, poplar, groves of spruce. 
 and tamarac, with quantities of fallen timber, are found. Soil, 
 first and third class.—C. A. Magrath, 1882. 
 
 Outlines——North, heavily wooded country, mostly pine, with some 
 spruce, poplar and birch in the eastern part. There is more or less 
 muskeg on every section, except 36. Soil, a shallow sandy loam 
 over clay. The land rates class 3, on Sections 35 and 386, but else- 
 where it is generally class 4. In a deep coulée, on Section 83, is 
 a creek flowing south —J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—East and south-east, the country is timbered with heavy 
 spruce and tamarac, mixed with some balsam and poplar, but in 
 the south-western part a large proportion of the land is muskeg. 
 The north-west of the township has an inclination to the Saskat- 
 chewan River. Section 1 consists of high land, wooded with small 
 pine in the centre, flanked on both sides by muskegs. Several 
 creeks, at intervals of from one to one and a-half miles, all flow 
 north, except one on Section 5, which flows south from a small 
 lake immediately north of the line. The soil is generally a sandy 
 loam, 6 inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Classes 2, 38, and 4.—J. J. 
 McArthur, 1884. 
 
 Sub-division—Is nearly equally divided by the North Saskatche- 
 wan River, which enters from the west, in the north-west quarter 
 of Section 18, runs a little north of west and passes out in the 
 north-east quarter of Section 25. Heavy woods, composed of 
 spruce, cottonwood, poplar and tamarac, cover the township. 
 General character is rolling, fairly watered by small creeks; very 
 few lakes occur. Soil is heavy clay. A large creek, the outlet of 
 Shoal Lake, enters the river from the north, after passing through 
 the south-west quarter of Section 21. This creek may be used for 
 driving logs. In the south bank of the river, Section 15, a large 
 coal seam is exposed for about 5 chains. Its thickness cannot 
 easily be ascertained as the bottom is under water, and the top 15 
 feet above low water mark. Seams were found in Sections 28 and. 
 35, the latter being worked for household purposes. North of the 
 river, seams that have been set on fire by lightning or bush fires 
 are seen in many places.—S. B. Lucas, 1884-85. 
 
 Outlines —North, submerged by White Whale Lake, except about 
 10 chains in the extreme east of Section 86, which is scruabby.— 
 T. Kains, 1882-83. 
 
380 Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian —Range IV. 
 
 West, rolling country. Two creeks in 18. Muskegs in 6 and 
 31. White Whale Lake submerges the greater part of Section 31. 
 Bush all along the line. Soil, sandy loam over clay. Class 3. 
 ast, heavy spruce. Line crosses a trail in Section 7, and the 
 White Whale River in 86. This river drains White Whale Lake, 
 which submerges the greater part of the north of the township. 
 Soil, sandy loam over clay. Class 3.—J. J. McArthur, 1888. 
 
TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RANGE V. 
 
 2s Outlines.—Very hilly country, thinly wooded with small poplar, 
 pine and spruce, and dense scrub. One or more small creeks, all 
 flowing east, were crossed on every western section, except 6. In 
 81 there are a couple of wet meadows. The soil is poor, and the 
 land generally rates class 3,in the north, and 4, in the south. The 
 eastern side of the township is bounded by the Sarcee Indian 
 Reserve, which occupies three townships due east.—T. Fawcett, 
 1884. 
 
 24 Outlines—Surveyed the north and east boundaries. The north is 
 somewhat hilly, with some spring creeks. The soil is a very good 
 black loam, and class 1. The vegetation in the valleys is luxuriant. 
 There are scattered trees of poplar and pine of small dimensions. 
 Jumping Pound Creek crosses the southern half of the township, 
 and the eastern line in Section 13; its course is then northward, 
 close to the west side of the eastern boundary. Aldous, 1880. 
 
 West, chiefly broken and hilly prairie. Alluvial soil, black 
 loam ; depth, 6 to 18 inches ; subsoil, clay. The land rates class 1, 
 except on Sections 6 and 31, where it is class 2. The former sec- 
 tion consists largely of marshy meadows. Water is plentiful, 
 every mile of the line being crossed by one or more streams, all 
 flowing east, among which is Jumping Pound Creek, 26 feet wide 
 18 inehes deep, current 6 miles an hour, on the southern half of 
 Section 7. In its valley is some green spruce and dead timber. 
 For about half a mile north of the creek the surface is gently-un- 
 dulating prairie, with some scattered poplar and pine. On Sections 
 19, 380 and 31are hills, wooded with poplar and spruce —T,. 
 Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 2, Ouilines.— West, principally open, hilly and broken prairie. The 
 southern half of Section 6 is wooded with poplar bush, including 
 some large poplar and cottonwood, with some scrub. The north 
 half of 6 is watered by two or three deep sloughs, and Section 7 
 by a creek, flowing north; but on the northern sections water is 
 scarce. Soil, generally clay loam, 8 to 18 inches in depth, ona 
 clay subsoil. The land rates as follows: Sections 6 and 18, class 
 1; 7, classes 1 to 2, and the rest, classes 2 to 3.—7. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 East, rolling country, with a soil of black loam over sandy 
 loam. Jumping Pound Creek enters the southern half of Section 
 12 from the east, and flows due north till it passes out at the 
 north-east corner of 24, shortly before which it is joined by a tri- 
 butary from the west. There is a small quantity of wood in Sec- 
 tions 1, 24 and 36.—T. R. Hewson, 1883. ; 
 
 26, Outlines— West, hilly prairie, stony in places. The C.P.R. crosses 
 the line near the northern limit of Section 7. The Bow River 
 
$82 
 
 ‘29. 
 
 oO 
 
 * 
 
 Townships West of Fifth Inittal Meridian.—Range Vv. 
 
 flows eastward through the north half of 18, and the trail to Cal- 
 gary passes near its north bank. A tributary of the Bow River 
 enters Section 30 on the southern half, and flows south-easterly 
 through 19. The soil is generally a clay loam, 8 to 14 inches 
 deep, on a clay subsoil. Classes 1 to 3.—T. Fawceit, 1884. 
 
 East, high rolling prairie. For the first 2 miles, going north, 
 there is a gradual descent toward the Bow River, which flows 
 eastward across the southern half of Section 18. The C.P.R. 
 passes through the valley of this stream along the south bank. 
 There are several fine streams running into the river, which 
 abound in mountain trout. North of the river the land falls gra- 
 dually, and toward the north the surface becomes somewhat 
 broken. A deep ravine on 386, containing a small creek. The soil 
 is black loam, and the subsoil sandy loam. Can scarcely be sur- 
 passed for grazing.— 7. R. Hewson, 1888. 
 
 Outlines.—West, Sections 6 and 7 are broken by the right bank of 
 the Little Red Deer River, flowing north-easterly, first west, and 
 afterwards east of the line, which it crosses several times on Sec- 
 tions 18 and 19. The width of this stream is 22 yards; depth, 2 
 feet ; current, 6 miles an hour ; banks, high, steep and rocky. The 
 country is wooded with poplar and pine. In Section 80 is a large 
 meadow. The land rates class 3. South, the country along this ~ 
 line is wooded with pine, poplar and scrub. Soil, clay loam over 
 clay, class 1, in the east, and gravel, class 3, in the west. East, 
 the country is all rolling, except in the south-east, where it is 
 level, and in Section: 36, which is heavily rolling and descending 
 to the valley of the Little Red Deer River, where there are dense 
 poplar woods, extending some distance east of the line. The soil 
 throughout is a black loam, class 1, and except in Sections 1 and 
 12, where it overlays some beds of gravel and sand, it rests entirely 
 on aclay subsoil In Sections 13 and 24 there are some large hay 
 meadows, and throughout there is some scattered poplar.—T. 
 Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—W est, hilly surface, covered with dense scrub and tim- 
 ber. Sloughs, hay marshes and small creeks occur all along the 
 line, except on Section 6. Inthe south half of Section 31 isa 
 stream, flowing east, which is about. 20 feet wide, 8 to 20 inches 
 deep, and has a current of 7 miles an hour. The land rates class 
 8. East, the whole line is rolling and undulating, except in Sec- 
 tion 1, which is in the valley of the Little Red Deer River. This 
 stream is about 60 feet wide, 1 to 2 feet deep, and has a 5-mile 
 
 - current. In the valley there are some spruce and pine trees, but 
 
 490. 
 
 elsewhere on the line there are only scattered poplars among a 
 dense growth of scrub. The soil is all a clay loam and class 1, 
 except in 86, where, in and about the marshes, it is a vegetable 
 mould, growing willows, and class 2-—T. Fawcett, 1884. — 
 
 Outlines.—North, rolling country, covered with poplar, spruce’ 
 pine, willows and some brulé, with fallen timber. A small lake 
 lies south of the line, on the eastern half of Section 82. On Sec- 
 tion 34 the line is crossed several times by a small creek.—C. A. 
 
 Magrath, 1883.. | 
 
Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian---Range V. 383. 
 
 44. Outlines.—North, excepting Section 86 and the greater part of 365, 
 which lies in a tamarac muskeg, the country along this line is. 
 heavily wooded with pine, spruce, poplar and birch. In Section 
 35 a creek, flowing north-east, was crossed several times. Smaller 
 muskegs occur at intervals all along the line. The Jand rates. 
 class 4.— J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
23. 
 
 4, 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RanaeE VI, 
 
 Outlines.—West, in the Rocky Mountains and inaccessible in the 
 south. High, rocky hills; timber on slopes. In Sections 19, 30 
 and 31 the line crosses creeks. The soil is very inferior, and the 
 land rates class 4. In the east the township is very hilly. Soil, 
 inferior. Timber, small and mostly dry. Dense scrub. Line 
 crosses three creeks in Section 12; one in 18; one in24; threein 
 25 and two in 31.—T. Fawcett, 1884. : 
 
 Outlines.—North, Section 81 is a meadow valley, wooded on the 
 hill sides by pine and poplar, and watered by two small tributa- - 
 ries of a creek, which flows along the north side. From thence 
 the country is more or less wooded with poplar, spruce and wil- 
 low, from 1 to 6 inches in diameter, and several marshes and lakes 
 were crossed, the water in every case being good. The soil is 
 generally clay loam over clay, but in some places it is sandy and 
 gravelly. The land rates class 2 on Sections 31 and 36, and class 
 3 on the rest. The west is in the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains; 
 very rough, and mostly timbered ; creeks in Sections 7, 18 and 31, 
 and brulé in nearly every section. The soil is of inferior quality, 
 and the land rates generally class 3. The east is prairie, timbered 
 throughout. Soil, varying from first to third class. Several 
 creeks and a number of marshes. Jumping Pound Creek crosses 
 Section 12.—T. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 Outlines—West, surface very hilly, and mostly covered with 
 timber. Line crosses two creeks in Section 6, one in 19, and the 
 Bow River in 31, also several trails at different points. The soil 
 is, as a rule, gravelly, and rates class 8. East, mostly open prairie, 
 varying from first to third class land. Line crosses a creek six 
 times in Section 12, and in 18 the trail to Calgary. Bush in the 
 south half of Section 1, and scrub in 18. Several ponds and 
 marshes. More than half of this township is in the Stony Indian 
 Reserve.—T. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 . Outlines—West, surface hilly and soil gravelly. More or less 
 
 timber in places. Creeks cross the line in Sections 6, 18, and 80. 
 Kast, hilly prairie, stony in places. A creek, about 8 feet wide, 
 1 to 2 feet deep, current, 6 miles an hour, flows southward through 
 Section 36 and the greater part of 25. Part of 36 is covered with 
 low scrub, and is in places wet and marshy. The line crosses 
 Bow River on 13, near its junction with Ghost River. The Cal- 
 gary trail passes near its north bank. The C.P.R. crosses the 
 south-east corner of the township. Soil, generally a clay loam, 8 
 a a inches deep, on a clay subsoil. Classes 1 to 3—T. Fawcett, 
 
Townships West of Fifth Initial Meridian. —Range VI. 885 
 
 28. Outlines.—North, broken and hilly country, more or less wooded 
 
 40 
 
 44. 
 
 with pine and poplar, from 1 to 10 inches indiameter. The Little 
 Red Deer River, with a tributary, flows north-easterly through 
 Sections 34 and 35, and crosses to the north on 36. Clumps of 
 baim of Gilead along its banks. Several small creeks were crossed. 
 on the three western sections. The soil is sandy loam, or sand 
 and gravel,on a clay subsoil. The land rates as follows, viz., the 
 western half of Section 32, class 1; 31, 35, 36 and the balance of 
 32, class 2, and the rest class 3—7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Oxtlines——North, is a bushy country, with a poor sandy soil,— 
 very little of it being above class 4. The wood generally consists 
 of poplar and spruce, and some tamarac and willow about the 
 swamps and low flats. There is some spruce large enough for 
 lumber, growing among the smaller timber.—C. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Outlines——North, Section 36 and part of 35, is thickly wooded 
 with pine bush. In the former section three small streams are 
 crossed. The western half of Section 31 is heavily timbered with 
 spruce, pine and poplar up to 3 feet in diameter. The remainder 
 of the country along this line is principally muskeg. The land 
 rates class 4.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
24, 
 
 mo. 
 
 26, 
 
 28, 
 
 40 
 
 TOWNSHIPS WEST OF FIFTH INITIAL MERIDIAN. 
 RaneGeE VII. 
 
 Outlines.—North, hilly country, wooded with small pine, poplar, 
 a few spruce and some willows. Smalls creeks on Sections 36 
 and 84, and several more on 33, all flowing north. A lake over 
 half a mile in width extends westward into 32, for a considerable 
 distance. The soil is generally sand and gravel over clay, and the 
 land rates class 3. West and east, this township is in the foot 
 hills of the Rocky Mountains, very rough and mostly timbered. 
 Creeks cross these lines in many of the sections. The soil is infe- 
 rior, and the land rates class 4 on the west, and class 3 om the 
 east. The Stony Indian Reserve lies partly on the north-west 
 quarter.— 7. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—Almost entirely occupied by the Stony Indian Reserve. 
 The C.P.R. and the Bow River cross this township. 
 
 Outlines._-The west is in the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains, 
 mostly covered with timber. Good pasture land to the east, in 
 valley of Ghost River. Creeks were crossed in many of the sec- 
 tions. Brulé in every section. The land rates classes 3 and 4. In 
 the east the soil is more or less gravelly.—T. Fawcett, 1884. 
 
 Outlines.—North, very broken and hilly country, wooded chiefly 
 with pine along with some poplar, spruce and willows. Towards. 
 the west the timber is from 3 to 15 inches in diameter, but in the 
 east it is smaller, and from 1 to 8 inches. Numerous small creeks. 
 all flowing south, were crossed all along the line. The Little Red. 
 Deer flows south- -easterly through Section 31, crossing the line 
 several times in the western part. The alluvial soil is sand and 
 gravel, and the subsoil clay, class 3.— 7. Fawcett, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, a large proportion of the country along this line 
 is covered with spruce, brulé and fallen timber, overgrown with 
 
 small poplar and willows. On the western half of 36 is a large 
 
 4 4, 
 
 spruce and tamarac swamp. Some large spruce, cottonwood, 
 and poplar occur on 34 and 35. 32 is broken by the Saskatchewan 
 River, flowing north, which, including an island, 286 yards wide, 
 is 530 yards in width. The soil is generally clay, and the land 
 rates class 4—C'. A. Magrath, 1883. 
 
 Outlines.—North, the country along this line contains heavy 
 spruce, pine and poplar, with occasional brulé and muskeg. The 
 land is rated classes 8 and 4.—J. J. McArthur, 1884. 
 
/ 
 
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 MAP OF TOWNSHIPS 53 TO 68 BETWEEN THE FOURTH 
 
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